D 629 .U6 P5 1917a Copy 1 The Work of the American Red Cross American Red Cross WASHINGTON, D. C. The Work of the American Red Cross Report by the War Council of appropriations and activities from outbreak of War to November 1, 1917 American Red Cross WASHINGTON, D. C. SsS^^^vS^i^^^ CONTENTS Page THE WORK IN AMERICA 7-73 The War Council 8 The War Fund 10 A Campaign for $100,000,000 11 More Money Will Be Needed 12 Collection of the War Fund 13 Expenditures Carefully Made ...14 Gifts Other Than Money 15 The National Organization 16 Foreign Relief 16 Medical Advisory Committee 17 The General Manager 17 Military Relief .^, 18 Bureau of Naval Affairs 19 Civilian Relief 19 Office of Records and International Interests 19 Other Bureaus and Officers 20 Red Cross Salaries 22 Volunteers at Headquarters 23 Chapters and Members 27 A Membership of More Than Five Million .• 27 The Junior Red Cross 27 Junior Auxiliaries 29 Naval Auxiliaries 29 Chapter Administration Decentralized. 31 Red Cross Map of United States 32 Country Subdivided 33 Handling the Chapter Output 38 Co-ordination op Relief Work 39 The Program of Co-ordination 39 Organizations Co-operating with the Red Cross 41-43 Work for the American Army and Navy 44 Base Hospitals 44 Ambulance Companies 46 The Red Cross and the Navy 47 A General Navy Hospital in Phila- delphia 48 The Anibulance Ship "Surf" 48 Laboratory Cars 48 Bureau of Sanitary Service 49 The Work of the Sanitary Units.... 50 The Prevention of Malaria 51 The Bureau of Camp Service 51 Field Directors at the Camps 52 More Sweaters, Etc., Needed 52 Home Service 53 Refreshment of Troops En Route.... 53 Christmas Celebration 55 Mobilization of Nurses 56 Reinforcing the Nursing Service 66 Conference on Nursing Problems 56 Work for Civilians 59 Government Aid to Dependent Families 69 Home Service 60 Division Directors of Civilian Relief. . 60 Training Workers in Home Service 61 Home Service Institutes 62 Disaster Relief 63 Town and Country Nursing Service 64 Woman's Work 65 Surgical Dressings 66 Hospital Supplies 66 Knit Goods 67 Comfort Kits 67 Red Cross Instruction 69 First Aid ; 69 Sanitary Training Detachments 70 Appropriations for Work in the United States 71-73 THE WORK IN EUROPE..... 74-144 France 75 The Commission to France 75 Infant Welfare Unit 76 Tuberculosis Commission 76 Medical Advisory Comnaittee 76 General Advisory Committee 77 Woman's War Relief Corps 77 Nursing Service 78 Organization in France 78 General Policies 79 The Needs of France 80 Striking Details of the Work in France 81-84 Estimates of Expenditures 84 Red Crass Transportation Service 85 Military Relief : Work for the American Army 86 Relieving the "Antilles" Survivors.. 87 Comforts for the Soldiers 88 A Shipment of Tobacco 88 Railway Canteens 89 American Women in Canteens 90 Canteens at Work 91 Base Hospitals 92 A Hospital Under Fire 93 Other Hospitals Taken Over 95 Hospital Supply Service 95 How the Warehouses Help 97 Military Medical Research 98 Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers. 100 New Uniforms for American Nurses. 101 Civilian Relief : Work for Refugees 102 Foodstuffs for the Sick and Needy.. 103 Distributing Relief Along the Front.. 103 Restoring French Villages 104 Housing Problems 105 Co-operation with the Friends' So- ciety 1C6 Caring for the Repatriated 107 Relief of Invalided Soldiers 108 The Mutilated and Blind 108 France- Losing Population 109 Special Relief for Children 110 Prevention of Tuberculosis 112 A Tuberculosis Sanatorium 113 Work with the Tubercular in Paris. 114 Les Tuberculeux de la Guerre 114 Detail of Appropriations in France. 115-119 Belgium 120-121 England 122-124 Italy 125-126 Russia 127-130 Roumania 131-133 Serbia 134-137 Armenia 138 Care of American Prisoners in Ger- many 1 39 Appropriations for Europe Outside of France 142-144 Recapitulation of Appropriations 144 Misrepresentations of the Red Cross.. 145 DEC fc iSl? Q THE AMERICAN RED CROSS Founded 1881— Incorporated 1905 President , . . . Woodrow Wilson Vice-President Robert W. de Forest ^ Treasurer John Skelton Williams j^ Counselor John W. Davis ^ Secretary-General F. W. M. Cutcheon General Manager Harvey D. Gibson Comptroller Charles G. DuBois Central Committee Appointed by the President of the United States William Howard Taft, Chairman Eliot Wadsworth, Vice-Chairman Robert Lansing, Secretary of State, to represent the Department of State. John Skelton Williams, Comptroller of the Currency, United States Treasury, to represent the Treasury Department. Major General William C. Gorgas, Surgeon-General U. S. A., to represent the War Department. Rear-Admiral William C. Braisted, Surgeon-General U. S. N., to represent the Navy Department. John W. Davis, Solicitor General, to represent the Department of Justice. Elected by Board of Incorporators Miss Mabel T. Boardman, Washington, D. C. Robert W. de Forest, New York, N. Y. John Bassett Moore, New York, N. Y. Judge W. W. Morrow, San Francisco, Cal. Albert A. Sprague, II, Chicago, 111. James Tanner, Washington, D. C. Elected by Delegates Cornelius N. Bliss, Jr., New York, N. Y. John M. Glenn, New York, N. Y. Franklin K. Lane, Washington, D. C. Alfred T. White, Brooklyn, N. Y. Charles D. Norton, New York, N. Y. Henry P. Davison, New York, N. Y, Executive Committee Elected by the Central Committee William Howard Taft, Chairman ex-officio Eliot Wadsworth, Vice-Chairman ex-officio Major General William C. Gorgas Miss Mabel T. Boardman Rear-Admiral William C. Braisted Henry P. Davison Franklin K. Lane Robert W. de Forest Charles D. Norton Wab Council Appointed by the President Henry P. Davison, Chairman Charles D. Norton William Howard Taft, ex-officio Cornelius N. Bliss, Jr. Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy John D. Ryan. Eliot Wadsworth, ex-officio The Work of the American Red Cross To the American People: The Red Cross War Council herewith reports on the w©rk of the Red Cross during the almost six months which have elapsed since its appointment by the President. Included herein are details as to collections on account of the War Fund and appropriations made from the Fund, up to November 1st. The growth of Red Cross activities among the suffering civilian populations in the different allied countries is, up to this time, the outstanding feature of Red Cross work in this war. The magnitude of the work in France is particularly impressive. Broadly speaking, the Red Cross War Council has proceeded upon the theory that the present work of the American Red Cross should contribute to these great aims. 1. Tc be ready to care for our soldiers and sailors on duty wherever and whenever that care may be needed. 2. To shorten the War — ^by strengthening the morale of the allied peoples and their armies, by alleviating their sufferings in the period which must elapse until the American army can become fully effective abroad. 3. To lay foundations for an enduring peace — by extending a .message of practical relief and sympathy to the civilian population among our Allies, carrying to them an expression of the finest side of the American character. The American people have generously supported the work of the Red Cross, and this report of activity is given with great fullness in the hope that through it the public may realize both the obligation and the opportunity which the future presents. The American Red Cross is attempting to respond to the most beseeching and far-reaching appeal ever made for mercy and rehef. The American people are to-day the richest people in the world, the richest in resources, richest in average intelligence, richest in obligations and in opportunities. The Red Cross aims to express in works of mercy the hearts and souls of America and to bind up the wounds of a bleeding world. Up to date approximately $85,000,000 in cash has been col- lected for the War Fund. Of this amount about $40,000,000 has been appropriated. The demands, however, in Europe, are increasing with great rapidity and on the present basis of expenditure the $100,000,000 War Fund cannot last much beyond Spring, Following the preliminary report recently made on the work in Europe of the American Red Cross, the War Council presents herewith a summary of the work of the Red Cross, both in the United States and in Europe, from May 10, 1917, to November 1, 1917. During this period the War Council appropriated from the War Fund for work in the United States $3,310,216.60. Besides this $7,659,000 was advanced from the War Fund for the pur- chase of materials for use by the Chapters. This will be returned to the War Fund. The sum of $20,601,240.47 was appropriated for use in France and $7,284,576.39 for use in other countries abroad. Part One The Work in America The principal purposes of the American Red Cross in its work in the United States may be summarized as follows: 1. To take such measures as are necessary, in co-operation with the Army and Navy, for the protection of the health and welfare of soldiers in camps and cantonments, and of civilians whose welfare is involved in war conditions. 2. To stimulate and guide the volunteer work of women in the manufacture of supplies and comforts needed by troops and civilians abroad and by men in training in this country. 3. To co-operate with the Government and with all relief agen- cies in caring for the dependent families of men in the military and naval service, and to relieve suffering caused by any disaster. 4. To maintain at the lowest cost consistent with efficiency, ma- chinery to assure the uninterrupted performance of these duties and of the relief work in Europe. While this record deals chiefly with policies initiated by the War Council and activities directed by the National Head- quarters of the Red Cross, it must be remembered that, in fact, the chapters are the Red Cross. They are the source of the money and the supplies which are bringing relief to wounded men and destitute families in all the allied countries; in our own country they are the local centers of the same beneficent activity. Their work must show a wide variety and it is impos- sible here to enumerate the many enterprises which the 3,287 chapters have now under way. This report does indicate, however, all the channels of na- tional relief through which the endeavor of Red Cross members, more than 5,000,000 in number, is now being directed. APPOINTMENT OF THE WAR COUNCIL On May 10, 1917, President Wilson, as President of the American Red Cross, appointed a War Council of seven mem- bers to direct the work of the Red Cross in the extraordinary emergency created by the entrance of the United States into the war. In a letter to the Chairman of the War Coimcil, the President said: The close co-operation between the American National Red Cross and the military branch of the Government has already sug- gested new avenues of helpfulness in the immediate business of our organization for war, but the present crisis is larger than that and there are unlimited opportunities of broad humanitarian service in view for the American National Red Cross. Battlefield relief will be effected through Red Cross agencies operating under the supervision of the War Department, but civilian relief will present a field of increasing opportunity in which the Red Cross organization is especially adapted to serve, and I am hopeful that our people will realize that there is probably no other agency with which they can associate themselves which can respond so effectively and universally to allay suffering and relieve distress. The original members of the War Council were: HENRY p. DAVISON, Chairman of J. P. Morgan & Co., New York CHARLES D. NORTON, of New York. Vice-President, First National Bank. MAJOR GRAYSON M.-P. MURPHY, of New York. Vice-President, Guaranty Trust Company. CORNELIUS N. BLISS, JR., of New York. Bliss, Fabyan & Company. EDWARD N. HURLEY, of Chicago. Formerly Chairman of the Federal Trade CoramisdoDi Ex-officio WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, Chairman, and ELIOT WADSWORTH, Vice-Cbairman of the Central Committee of the Red Cross. Mr. Hurley subsequently resigned, becoming Chairman of the Shipping Board. His place on the War Council was filled by the appointment of John D. Ryan, President of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company of Butte, Montana. In announcing this action, the President issued the follow- ing statement: I have today created within the Red Cross a War Council to which will be entrusted the duty of responding to the extraordinary demands which the present war will make upon the services of the Red Cross, both in the field and in civilian relief. The best way in which to impart the greatest efficiency and en- ergy to the relief work which this war will entail will be to concen- trate it in the hands of a single experienced organization which has been recognized by law and by international convention as the public instrumentality for such purposes. Indeed, such a concentration of administrative action in this matter seems to me absolutely necessary, and I hereby earnestly call upon those who can contribute either great sums or small to the alleviation of the suffering and distress which must inevitably arise out of this fight for humanity and democracy, to contribute to the Red Cross. It will be one of the first and most necessary tasks of the new War Council of the Red Cross to raise great sums of money for the support of the work to be done and done upon a great scale. I hope that the response to their efforts will be a demonstration of the generosity of America and the power of genuine practical sym- pathy among our people that will command the admiration of the whole world. !! THE WAR FUND The first task of the War Council after its appointment on May 10, 1917, was to secure an adequate fund with which to begin the tremendous work which the Red Cross is called upon to do. A National War Finance Committee, headed by Cleve- land H. Dodge, of New York, was appointed by President Wilson to undertake the financial campaign. Henry P. Davison was Vice-Chairman of the Committee; Seward Prosser, of New York, Executive Committee Chairman; Charles S. Ward, Secretary; Harvey J. Hill, Associate Secretary; and William G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, Treasurer. Other members of the Committee were: CORNELIUS N. BLISS, Jr., of New York. HENRY L. CORBETT, of Portland, Ore. WILLIAM H. CROCKER, of San Francisco, R. F. GRANT, of Cleveland, O. FRANK B. HAYNE, of New Orleans, FRANCIS L. HIGGINSON, Jr., of Boston. LOUIS W. HILL, of St. Paul, Minn. VANCE C. McCORMICK, of Harrisburg, Pa. JOHN B. MILLER, Pasadena, Calif. HENRY MORGENTHAU, of New York. CHARLES D. NORTON, of New York. FRANK S. PEABODY, of Chicago. GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER, of Philadelphia. LAWRENCE C. PHIPPS, Sr., of Denver. JULIUS ROSENWALD, of Chicago. JOSEPH P. TUMULTY, of Washington. FESTUS J. WADE, of St. Louis. ELIOT WADSWORTH, of Boston. President Wilson designated the week of Jime 18th to June 25th as ''Red Cross Week" by the following proclamation: Inasmuch as our thoughts as a nation are now turned in united purpose towards the performance to the utmost of the service and duties which we have assumed in the cause of justice and hberty; Inasmuch as but a small proportion of our people can have the opportunity to serve upon the actual field of battle, but all men, women and children alike may serve and serve effectively by making 10 it possible to care properly for those who do serve under arms at home and abroad; And inasmuch as the American Red Cross is the official recog- nized agency for voluntary' effort in behalf of the armed forces of the nation and for the administration of relief; Now, therefore, by virtue of my authority as President of the United States and President of the American Red Cross, I, Wood- row Wilson, do hereby proclaim the week ending June 25, 1917, as "Red Cross Week," during which the people of the United States will be called upon to give generously and in a spirit of patriotic sacrifice for the support and maintenance of this work of national need. (Signed) Woodrow Wilson. Washington, D. C, May 25, 1917. Plans for the campaign were outlined at the first conference of the War Council held in Washington, May 24-25. Speakers at this conference included General John J. Pershing, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker, Ian Malcolm, representing the British Red Cross with the British Mission then in Washington ; Herbert C. Hoover, John H. Gade, who had assisted Mr. Hoover in the Commission for Relief in Belgium; Frederick Wolcott, who had represented the Rockefeller Foundation in Poland, and, from the War Council and Campaign Committee, former President Taft, Mr. Davison, Mr. Bhss, Mr. Wadsworth, Mr. Hurley, Mr. Norton, and Mr. Charles S. Ward. A Campaign for $100,000,000 It was decided to ask the American people for $100,000,000, which amount was carefully apportioned to states, cities and towns throughout the country. A nation-wide organization was improvised by the National War Finance Committee to handle the campaign, by far the greatest ever conducted for philan- thropic purposes. The chapters, which were, called upon to conduct the local campaigns, responded with great enthusiasm. Not only did many of them voluntarily increase the allotments given them, but practically every city in the country exceeded the goal set for it. At the beginning of Red Cross Week President Wilson sent the following telegram to the mayors of one hundred cities in which intensive campaigns had been planned: The American people, by their overwhelming subscription to the Liberty Loan, have given a new endorsement to the high prin- ciples for which America entered the war. During the week now beginning, which I have designated as "Red Cross Week," they will 11 have a unique privilege of manifesting America's unselfishness as well as the real spirit of sacrifice that animates our people. May I urge that your city do its part in the raising of the $100,000,000 Red Cross War Fund, measuring the generosity of its gifts by the urgency of the need? Woodeow Wilson. The Results of the Campaign The response of the American people to the appeal for the Red Cross was prompt and generous. A sum in excess of $100,- 000,000 was pledged to the American Red Cross during the War Fund campaign. In addition to many large gifts made by private individuals, "Red Cross dividends" were declared by banks, cor- porations and business concerns of all kinds. Some of these gifts, notably that from the Rockefeller Foundation, and the special dividends from the United States Steel Corporation and the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, amounted to millions of dollars. The pledging of so large a sum clearly betokened the desire of the American people that the Red Cross should measure up to the extraordinary demand upon merciful effort created by this, the most tragic of all wars. Behind this contribution of money stand more than 5,000,- 000 members of the American Red Cross. The membership is constantly increasing, and these members are not only ready to do, but are actually doing, their part in the world task the American Red Cross has undertaken. The Red Cross has not yet finally determined its complete program of action, but at all times work which it may be called upon to do for our own Army and Navy will have first place in its consideration. The War Council has been impressed with the preparations made by the War and Navy Departments to care for the health and safety of the men composing our armed forces, and the American Red Cross regards it as an obligation to have avail- able at all times a sufficient portion of its funds to enable it to perform any relief or emergency service for our own soldiers and sailors that may be needed. More Money will be Needled It is already clear that if the generous impulse behind the Red Cross movement in the United States is to find full expres- 12 sion, work for suffering humanity upon a scale beyond prece- dent or anticipation will have to be undertaken. This will re- quire funds much in excess of those already pledged. Questions have been raised as to why work of such magnitude and consequence should not be an object of Government instead of private endeavor. The answer is threefold: 1. Through the Red Cross men, women or children, though they cannot go to the front, can find a way to aid those at the front. Thus the vohmteer spirit, a very precious asset, has an effective means of expressing itself. 2. Through the Red Cross one-half the nation, namely, the women, can most effectively serve their country in the war emer- gency; and 3. By concentrating through such a volunteer organization as the Red Cross, relief work can be accomplished with less delay and with more economy. This world calamity gives to the Red Cross an opportunity to give expression to the best and most characteristic side of American life, and to do it on a scale called for by the immensity of the sorrow and distress of mankind. Collection of the War Fund After the War Fund had been pledged, there remained the great task of collecting, during a considerable period of partial payments, so large a sum — the largest ever pledged in such a campaign — from points scattered all over the United States. An organization capable of handling this work had to be built up and adequate supervision provided. The Central Trust Company of New York, in compliance with the request of the Executive Committee of the Red Cross, is acting as Assistant Treasurer of the War Fund, without pay. At its own expense the Assistant Treasurer maintains a War Fund office in New York and has established an office with 25 employees at National Headquarters in Washington. The War Fund is deposited locally throughout the country by the chapters and campaign committees, as it is collected, all deposits being made in the name of the Red Cross War Fund, ¥/illiam G. McAdoo, Treasurer, subject to check of William G. McAdoo, Treasurer, and the Central Trust Company of New York, Assistant Treasurer. At present there are approximately 13 3,500 banks holding Red Cross War Fund deposits. The cash which has actually come under control of the Assistant Treas- urer is now approximately $85,000,000. The total amount collected in each state, territory and foreign country, as of November 1, 1917, is as follows: District Amount Alabama $296,281 .11 Alaska 12,009.01 Ai-izona 108,032.49 Arkansas 238,718.93 California 2,616,848.92 Colorado 970,528.39 Connecticut 1,958,414.71 Delaware 1,088,400.48 District of Columbia. . 152,018.57 Florida 239,974.81 Georgia 309,823.73 Guam 1,884.12 Idaho 121,996.04 Illinois 4,251,110.21 Indiana 1,056,092.52 Iowa 1,228,943.39 Kansas 1,149,592.31 Kentucky 371,924.40 Louisiana 722,975.42 Maine 606,055.34 Maryland 645,416.26 Massachusetts 5,124,777.62 Michigan 2,373,325.07 Minnesota 1,628,112.33 Mississippi 106,123.41 Missouri 1,589,170.14 Montana 131,752.02 Nebraska 514,799.35 Nevada 26,950.79 New Hampshire 265,845.74 District ^tmount New Mexico $87,119.22 New Jersey 3,324,873.84 New York 24,416,386.41 North Carolina 226,339.74 North Dakota 119,639.54 Ohio 4,572,501.07 Oklahoma 475,714.00 Oregon 205,078.28 Panama 11,536.06 Pennsylvania 9,181,100.27 Philippine Islands. . . . 1,374.61 Porto Rico 384.02 Rhode Island 839,893.87 South Carolina 268,709.48 South Dakota 113,138.38 Tennessee 491,014.39 Texas 995,517.48 Utah 154,444.66 Vermont 141,349.80 Virginia 327,529.24 Washington 1,015,159.62 West Virginia 358,702.39 Wisconsin 1,194,155.17 Wyoming 169,354.89 Hawaii 42,861.25 Chile 7,658.00 Cuba 10,808.35 Mexico 10.00 Nicaragua 128.00 Expenditures Carefully Made Expenditures from the fund are made only by authority of the War Council. Under the terms on which the War Fund was subscribed, the chapters are permitted to request the refund of a portion (not to exceed 25 per cent) of the money actually collected in their jurisdictions. The m.oney thus received by the chapter must be spent for local rehef work and such other local expenses as are approved by the Red Cross War Council. The expense of raising and collecting the War Fund has proved to be exceptionally small. Present indications are that 14 it will amount to little more than one-half of one per cent of the total, and it will certainly not exceed one per cent. This showing has been made possible through the generosity of con- tributors in many cities who bore personally a large share of these expenses. Gifts Other Than Money Large as these gifts of money are, American generosity has expressed itself in many other ways that are equally impressive. The greatest of these is, of course, the incalculable amount of time and labor that is being freely given by the American women who work at home and in chapter work-rooms on sur- gical dressings, knit goods, hospital garments and comfort kits. An estimate of the value of this work, during the next 12 months, on projects already under way, puts the total at $36,400,000. At National Headquarters, at the various division headquarters and at chapters throughout the country men and women of un- usual ability and exceptional training are devoting part or all of their time to the Red Cross. Property owners all over the United States have given houses atid offices free or at a reduced rental for the use of chapters. Notable special gifts, among many others that might be men- tioned, are the following: A credit of $500,000 given by the Ford Motor Company, to be used for automobiles, motor ambulances, or parts. A credit of $250,000 for telegraph and cable service, given by the Western Union Telegraph Co. Cigarettes to the number of 1,500,000, twenty thousand packages of smoking tobacco and 10,000 cuts of chewing tobacco, given by the Liggett and Myers Tobacco Company for shipment to France. 1,500 000 cigarettes given by the P. Lorillard Company. A motor kitchen completely equipped for service in France, given by Louis Sherry, New York. The buildings and grounds of the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital in Philadelphia, which had been condemned by the city in the course of street construction, put at the disposal of the Red Cross, rent free, by the City of Philadelphia. Twenty thousand feet of warehouse space, valuable docking and terminal facilities and expert service, at the Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, New York, given by Irving T. Bush. 16 Ill THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION The control of the War Fund and other Red Cross funds, and the general administration of the work of the Red Cross, are now vested in the Executive Committee, elected by the Central Committee, and the War Council, appointed by the Pres- ident. In order to inform itself accurately on the conditions in foreign countries which demand such relief as the American Red Cross can offer, the War Council has sent commissions to France, Russia, Italy, Roumania and Serbia, each composed of specialists in medicine and general relief, business men and other executives of large experience. Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy, a member of the War Council, headed the Commission to France ; Dr. Frank Billings that to Russia; Henry Watkins Anderson that to Roumania; George F. Baker, Jr., that to Italy, and Cor- denio Arnold Severance that to Serbia. A Department for Belgium has been established by the Commission to France, which has general supervision of all American Red Cross relief in Europe, and a Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner have also been sent to England. These commissions work in close touch with American military and diplomatic officers abroad. The recommendations of these commissions are considered and acted upon by the War Council, together with such meas- ures as are developed for relief in this country in co-operation with the National Government. The whole machinery of the Red Cross is devoted to carrying out the program so deter- mined. Foreign Relief While all the departments and bureaus of the Red Cross are thus concerned in the work abroad, a Department of Foreign 16 Relief has been established to have special charge of the requi- sitions for material and requests for personnel which are re- ceived from the commissions and approved by the War Council. Louis J. Horowitz, president of the Thompson-Starrett Co. of New York, is Director of Foreign Relief, serving without pay. In the filling of requisitions for hospital supplies and the se- lection of medical and nursing personnel for foreign service the Director of Foreign Relief has the advice and assistance of a Bureau of Medical Service for Foreign Commissions. Dr. R. M. Pearce, of Philadelphia, Professor of Research Medicine, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Medical Advisory Committee, is Director of the Bureau; Dr. W. C. Bailey, of Boston, Assistant Secretary of the Medical Advisory Committee, Associate Director, and Dr. Ralph Pemberton, of Philadelphia, Assistant. Medical Advisory Committee In all matters relating to medicine and sanitation, the War Council enjoys the advice and co-operation of the following Medical Advisory Committee, which includes, it will be noted, some of the foremost physicians and sanitary experts of the country : DR. SIMON FLEXNER, of New York, Chairman. Director Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. DR. JOHN W. KERR, of Washington. _ Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service. DR. HERMAN M. BIGGS, of Albany, N. Y. Director of the New York State Department of Health. DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH, of Baltimore. Director of School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. DR. FRANK BILLINGS, of Chicago. Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago. DR. M. J. ROSENAU, of Boston. Professor of Preventive Medicine, Harvard University. DR. WICKLIFFE ROSE, of New York. Director of the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation. DR. VICTOR C. VAUGHAN, of Ann Arbor, Mich. Professor of Hygiene and Physiological Chemistry, University of Michigan. DR. CHARLES V. CHAPIN, Providence, R. I. Department of Health. DR. RICHARD M. PEARCE, of Philadelphia, Secretary. Professor of Research Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. DR. WALTER C. BAILEY, Assistant Secretary. Former Chairman of the Massachusetts Commission on Tuberculosis. Ex-officio members of the Committee are the Director-General and Assistant Director- General of Military Relief. The General Manager The plans and policies adopted by the War Council and Executive Committee are entrusted for execution to the Acting 17 Chairman of the Executive Committee. The Acting Chairman is now a member, ex-officio, of the War Council, a position which involves so much attention to large questions of policy and prac- tice that it has been found desirable to delegate the duties of the operating head of the organization to a new officer, the General Manager. Harvey D. Gibson, President of the Liberty National Bank, of New York, has been appointed to this office. The whole field of relief is divided broadly between the Department of Military Relief, the Bureau of Naval Affairs and the Department of Civilian Relief, each with an executive head reporting to the General Manager. Military Relief The Director-General of Military Relief has charge of all work for the Army of the United States, except such service to the Expeditionary Force as is directly administered by the Commission to France. Jesse H. Jones, a business man of large affairs, of Houston, Texas, is Director-General of Military Relief. Under his di- rection a bureau in charge of Capt. S. R. Burnap handles the organization and equipment of base hospitals and hospital units. Another in charge of Lt. Col. C. H. Connor supervises the forma- tion of ambulance units, instruction in first aid, and the forma- tion of sanitary training detachments. There is also a Bureau of Sanitary Service, headed by Dr. Paul Preble, co-operating with Federal and State authorities in the sanitary care of the districts immediately outside the limits of military jurisdiction at camps and cantonments. Work with troops in camp or travelling under military orders is in charge of an Assistant Director-General of Military Relief, Winthrop M. Crane, Jr., Manager of the Crane Paper Mills, of Dalton, Mass, A Bureau of Camp Service, headed by H. S, Thompson, operates at cantonments and Army and Navy sta- tions to increase the welfare and comfort of the enlisted men. A Bureau of Canteen Service, Foster Rockwell, director, super- vises the work of refreshment units in extending courtesies to men on troop trains. 18 Bureau of Naval Affairs The Bureau of Naval Affairs, headed by Medical Inspector T. W. Richards, U. S. N., deals with matters particularly con- cerning the Navy and co-operates with the Department of Military Relief. Civilian Relief The Director General of Civilian Relief is W. Frank Per- sons, formerly Director of the Charity Organization Society, New York. The most important war activity of this Depart- ment is the organization and supervision of home service, which includes all the relief work done locally by Red Cross Chapters for the benefit of the dependent families of absent soldiers and sailors, as well as the after-care and employment of men crip- pled in the service. Disaster relief, a regular peace-time function of this depart- ment, is continued as needed during war. The Bureau of Town and County Nursing, in charge of Miss Fannie F. Clement, enrolls Red Cross public health nurses for special service in rural communities and supervises their work. This department also directs the annual Red Cross Christmas seal campaign, conducted co-operatively by the Red Cross and the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, which realizes large sums annually for the fight against tuber- culosis. OIHce of Records and International Interests The Secretary-General of the Red Cross is in charge of the Office of Records and International Interests. Franklin W. M. Cutcheon, a member of the law firm of Byrne, Cutcheon & Taylor of New York, has been appointed to this office. Its functions include matters of law and international relations, the protection of the Red Cross insignia, custody of Red Cross Records and management of National Headquarters, and the work of the Division of Personnel, the Bureau of Communication, the Bureau of American Prisoners' Relief, which transmits food and clothing to American prisoners in Germany by way of Berne, Switzerland, and the Bureau of Allied Prisoners' Relief, which performs similar services for prisoners from the forces of the Allies. 19 The Bureau of Communication is prepared to answer ques- tions concerning all matters connected with individual relief work in Europe whenever these relate to members of the Amer- ican Expeditionary Forces, to prisoners of war, or to people in the districts occupied by the Central Powers. Working in con- sultation with the Department of State it is prepared to give information as to the proper methods of forwarding money to civilians in invaded districts or to prisoners of war, to transmit letters to prisoners of war in the Central Empires, to secure in- formation concerning casualties. The Bureau will have ''search- ers" in all hospitals and rest stations and from them will re- ceive detailed casualty reports for transmission to families. All "missing" will go automatically on the "searchers' " list, but for all other casualty information families should make inquiries. Neither the Bureau of Communication nor any other agency is permitted to transmit civilian inquiries to persons in territories belonging to, or occupied by, the Central Powers. In some cases questions asked involve diplomatic matters not yet decided by the United States Government, and when this is the case, the inquirers will be so informed by the Bureau of Communication. Other Bureaus and Ofiicers The work of mobilizing and directing the great numbers of volunteer Red Cross workers and contributors, providing them with materials for the making of relief goods, shipping their products to their destinations, and other details of the relief program of the Red Cross are handled by a group of bureaus under the supervision of the General Manager. They may be enumerated as follows: The Bureau of Development, headed by Samuel M. Greer, Commercial Superintendent of the Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- phone Co. This bureau is charged with promoting and supervising chapter activity, including the work of the Junior Red Cross. It conducts membership campaigns, regulates and apportions the work to be done by the chapters, and publishes hand-books and special information for the use of volunteer workers. In all these activities the bureau deals with the chapters through the Division Managers. The Bureau of Standards, headed by Frederick P. Small, assistant to the president of the American Express Company. This is the commercial engineering department of the Red Cross, which standardizes all office practices and specifications, establishes stand- ards for new activities, and studies the potential strength and weakness of all new plans which are suggested for adoption by the chapters. In this work Mr. Small's wide experience in analyzing business propositions, particularly with a view to their practicability 20 for a large number of widely scattered offices, is proving of great value. The Woman's Bureau, directed by Miss Florence M. Marshall, formerly of the Manliattan Trade School, New York. All women's work done for the Red Cross, except nursing, including the making of surgical dressings, hospital supplies and garments, and knit goods and comfort kits, is standardized, supervised, instructed and inspected by this bureau, which is organized through the Division offices. Assisting Miss Marshall is an advisory committee of women of experience in Red Cross chapter work, composed as follows: MRS. WILLIAM K. DRAPER, of New York. Chairman. MISS MARY GOODWILLIE, of Baltimore. V ice-Chairman. MRS. PRESTON ARKWRIGHT, of Atlanta. MISS MABEL T. BOARDMAN, of Washington. MRS. WILLIAM CROCKER, of San Francisco. MRS. JOSEPH CUDAHY, of Chicago. MRS. F. V. HAMER, St. Louis. MRS. E. H. HARRIMAN, of New York. MISS LAVINA NEWELL, of Boston. MRS. GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER, of Philadelphia. MRS. LEONARD WOOD, Charleston, S. C. The Bureau op Nursing, which has been for eight years in charge of Miss Jane A. Delano, assisted by Miss Clara D. Noyes. maintains the Nursing Service, recruits properly qualified nurses for military and naval service, organizes nursing units, and super- vises the courses in elementary hygiene and home care of the sick, and home dietetics, which are offered to the public. The Bureau of Purchases is headed by Frank B. Gifford, who has been in charge of purchases for the Armour Company, of Chicago, for fifteen years. This bureau has charge of all purchases of the Red Cross, both for foreign and domestic relief and for administrative uses. The Bureau of Supplies, J. R. Flannery, president of the Flannery Bolt Co., and Vanadium Metal Co., of Pittsburgh, director, supervises the assembling of Red Cross supplies, the sale of raw materials to chapters, returning finished products to the divisional warehouses, transportation to port warehouses and shipment abroad. The Central Trust Company of New York is acting without pay as Assistant Treasurer of the Red Cross War Fund, and has detailed Frederick J. Fuller, Vice-President of the Central Trust Company, and several members of its paid staff for service at National Headquarters. 21 IV RED CROSS SALARIES Almost without exception the important posts of the Red Cross are filled by men and women who are accustomed to large affairs, but are now giving their services absolutely without pay for the lessening of human suffering. Throughout the Or- ganization persons are, similarly, either giving their time or are serving for nominal salaries. The record of the growth of Red Cross work and of the num- ber of workers to attend to it is briefly shown in the following table : In midsummer, 1916: (Red Cross on Peace Basis) Membership about 200,000 Chapters about 200 Paid officers and employees. National Headquarters 75 Salaries $2,000 to $7,500 29 On July 15, 1917: (Three months after the United States had entered the war) Membership about 2,500,000 Chapters, nearly 1,800 Paid officers and employees. National Headquarters 700 Salaries $2,000 to $7,500. .■ 43 On November 1, 1917: Membership more than 5,000,000 Chapters 3,287 Paid officers and employees, National Headquarters 423 Salaries $2,000 to $7,500 37 The above table shows that as the demands for men and effort have increased, the tendency has been for salaries to de- crease both in number and average size. The reduction may be accounted for partly by the decentralization of chapter admin- istration, which has transferred a considerable amount of routine work from National Headquarters to Division Headquarters, 22 and partly by the gradual improvement of the organization at National Headquarters. The Red Cross has thus added to its paid staff at National Headquarters, to handle the tremendously increased volume of work brought about by the entry of the United States into war, a net total of 348 ofl&cers and employees, of whom eight receive salaries of $2,000 a year or over. There is no salary in excess of $6,000 paid to any officer in the Headquarters organization who has been added since the declaration of war. The highest salary paid in the organization, $7,500 per year, was also paid when the Red Cross was on a peace basis. The wages and salaries paid to the staff at National Head- quarters are classified as follows: Less than $600 a year 85 $ 600 but less than $1,000 182 $1,000 but less than $1,500 86 $1,500 but less than $2,000 ^ 33 $2,000 but less than $2,500 10 $2,500 but less than $3,000 6 $3,000 but less than $5,000. 18 $5,000 to $7,500 3 Total 423 Volunteers at Headquarters Had the Red Cross been obliged to pay salaries to all the heads of departments at National Headquarters the present or- ganization would have been impossible. The development of a staff of executives who bring to the Red Cross such large busi- ness and professional experience has been possible only because of the many volunteers who have put their time and energy freely at the command of the Red Cross. Counting only members of the staff of National Headquar- ters and the Division Managers, and omitting a number of assistants and clerks at Headquarters and thousands of volun- teer executives and assistants connected in various capacities with the chapters, there are 63 officials serving without cost to the Red Cross. A number of other staff workers are lent to the Red Cross by the corporations or institutions which em- ploy them, or are paid by the heads of their respective depart- ments. 23 The officials who serve without salary are as follows: War Council HENRY P. DAVISON, of New York. Of J. P. Morgan & Co., Chairman of the Red Cross War Council. CHARLES D. NORTON, of New York. First Vice-President of the First National Bank of New York; Member of the Red Cross War Council. MAJOR GRAYSON M.-P. MURPHY, of New York. Vice-President of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York; Red Cross Com- missioner to Em'ope and member of the Red Cross War Council. JOHN D. RYAN, of Butte, Montana. President of the Anaconda Copper Company; member of the Red Cross War Council. CORNELIUS N. BLISS, Jr., of New York. Member of the firm of Bliss, Fabyan & Company, of New York; member of the Red Cross War Council. ELIOT WADSWORTH, of Boston. Formerly of the engineering firm of Stone & Webster, of Boston; Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee of the American Red Cross and ex-officio member of the Red Cross War Council. GEORGE B. CASE, of New York. Member of the law firm of White & Case, of New York; Legal Adviser to the War Council. MARTIN EGAN, of New York. Member of the staff of J. P. Morgan & Company, of New York; Assistant to Mr. H. P. Davison. IVY L. LEE, of New York. Assistant to the Chairman of the Red Cross War Council, JOSEPH M. HARTFIELD, of New York. Member of the law firm of White & Case, of New York; Counsel to the War Council. JOSEPH R. HAMLEN, of Little Rock, Ark. Vice-President of J. H. Hamlen & Son, Inc., of Portland, Me., New York, and Little Rock, Ark.; Assistant to the Vice-Chairman of the American Red Cross. STEPHEN C. MILLETT, of New York. Of the banking firm of Millet, Roe & Hagen, of New York; in charge of the Cable Department for the War Council. JOHN W. PRENTISS, of New York. Partner in the firm of Hornblower & Weeks; Financial Assistant to the War Council. War Fund RALPH HORNBLOWER, of Boston. Member of the law firm of Hornblower & Weeks, of New York; Cashier of the Red Cross War Fund. FREDERICK J. FULLER, of New York. Vice-President of the Central Trust Company, of New York; representing the Assistant Treasurer of the Red Cross War Fund. Administration HARVEY D. GIBSON, of New York. President of the Liberty National Bank, of New York; General Manager of the Red Cross. CLYDE A. PRATT, of New York. Executive Secretary of the War Relief Clearing House, Assistant to the General Manager. GEORGE MURNANE, of New York. Vice-President of the H. K. McCann Company; Assistant to the General Manager. FRANKLIN W. M. CUTCHEON, of New York. Member of the law firm of Byrne, Cutcheon & Taylor, of New York; Secretary- General of the American Red Cross. CHARLES G. DU BOIS, of New York. Comptroller of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company; Comptroller of the American Red Cross. JESSE H. JONES, of Houston, Texas. Business man and banker; Director General of Military Relief. 24 WINTHROP M. CRANE, Jk , of Dalton .Mass. Manager of the Crane Paper Mills, of Dalton, Mass.; Assistant Director General of Military Relief. LOUIS J. HOROWITZ, of New York. President of the Thompaon-Starrett Company; Director of Foreign Relief. GEORGE EATON SCOTT, of Chicago. Vice-President of the American Steel Foundries; Director of Division Organization . EDWARD S. MOORE, of Chicago. Vice-President of the American Brake, Shoe and Foundry Company; Associate Director of Division Organization. WILLOUGHBY WALLING, of Chicago. Lawyer and banker; Associate Director of Division Organization. SEITH SPALDING, of Chicago. Director of A. G. Spalding and Brother; Associate Director of Division Organiza- tion. HARVE G. BAGEROW, of Chicago. The Rockwood-Bagerow Company, insurance, Assistant to the Director of Division Organization. SAMUEL M. GREER, of Roland Park, Md. Commercial Superintendent of the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company; Director of the Bureau of Development. EDWARD C. CROSSETl , of Davenport, Iowa. Lumber manufacturer; Associate Director of the Bureau of Development. FREDERICK P. SMALL, of New York. Assistant to the President of the American Express Company; Director of the Bureau of Standards. HENRY G. ATWATER, of New York. American Telephone and Telegraph Company; Bureau of Standards. FRANK B. GIFFORD, of Chicago. General Purchasing Agent for Armour & Company; Director of th? Bureau of Purchases. J. ROGERS FLANNERY, of Pittsburgh. President of the Flannery Bolt Company, of Pittsburgh, and of the Vanadiiizn Steel Company, of Pittsburgh; Director of the Bureau of Supplies. MISS JANE A. DELANO, of New York. Formerly Superintendent oi the Bellevue Hospitnl Training School; Chairman of the National Committee on Nursing Service and Director of the Bureau of Nursing. HENRY S. THOMPSON, of Boston. Former partner of White, Weld & Company; Director of the Red Cross Camp Service. PERCY H. CLARK, of Philadelphia. Of the law firm of Joseph H. Clark; Associate Director of the Red Cross Camf, Service. WILLIAM R. CASTLE, Jr., of Boston. Former Assistant Dean of Harvard College; Director of the Bureau of Communica- tion. FRANKLIN ABBOTT, of Pittsburgh. Of Janssen and Abbott. Architects; Director of th e Division of American Prisoners' Relief. JULIAN PEABODY, of New York. Of Peabody, Wilson and Brown, Architects; Di actor of the Division of Allied Prisoners' Relief. DR. H. N. MacCRACKEN, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. President of Vassar College; Director of Junior Membership and School Activities EDWARD P. KEECH, Jr., of Baltimore. Of Keech, Wright and Lord, lawyers; Chief of the Division of Personnel. DAVID PAINE, of New York. Associated with the law firm of Ingraham, Sheehan and Moran, in charge of the New York office of the Division of Personnel. C. HARRIS CONNOR, of New York. Of Kissel, Kinnicutt and Company, bankers; Associate in the Division of Per- sonnel. GEORGE L. RADCLIFFE , of Baltimore. Vice-President of the Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland; Associate in the Division of Personnel. WELLS BLANCHARD, of Boston. Vice-President of the Portage Lake Mill Company; Department of Military Relief. Division Managers •^^^li^Sd^^t o/tWtaie Street Trust Company of Boston; Division Manager of the New England Division. ^™W?oli^S' SlnUn^New York; Division Manager of the Atlantic Division. 25 JAMES R. GARFIELD, of Cleveland, lawyer. Division Manager of the Lake Division. GEORGE W. SIMMONS, of St. Louis. Vice-President of tlie Simmons Hardware Company of St. Louis; Division Man- ager of the Southwestern Division. FRANK T. HEFFELFINGER, of Minneapolis. Division Manager of the Northern Division. JOHN W. MOREY, of Denver. Of the C. S. Morey Mercantile Company; Division Manager of the Mountain Division. CHARLES SCOTT, Jb. , of Philadelphia. Vice-President of the Giant Portland Cement Company: Division Manager of the Pennsylvania Division. COL. WILLIAM LAWSON PEEL, of Atlanta, Ga. Formerly President of the American National Bank of Atlanta, Ga.; Division Manager of the Southern Division. C. D. STIMSON, of Seattle. President of the Stimson Mills and the C. D. Stimson Company; Division Man- ager of the Northwestern Division. MARSHALL HALE, of San Francisco. Of Hale Bros. Department Stores, in San Francisco; Division Manager of the Pacific Division. LEIGH CARROLL, of New Orleans. Lawyer; Division Manager of the Gulf Division. BRUCE D. SMITH, of Chicago. Vice-President of the Northern Trust Company; Divi.sion Manager of the Central Division. HENRY WHITE, of Washington, D. C. Formerly Ambassador to France; Division Manager of the Potomac Division. OTIS H. CUTLER, of New York. Chairman Board of Directors, American Brake, Shoe and Foundry Company; Division Manager of the Insular and Foreign Division. Bureau op Medical Service of Foreign Commissions DR. RICHARD M. PEARCE, of Philadelphia. Professor of Research Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Secretary of the Medical Advisory Committee, Director of the Bureau of Medical Service of Foreign Commissions. DR. WALTER C. BAILEY, of Boston. Physician; Assistant Secretary of the Medical Advisory Committee of the War Council, Associate Director of the Bureau of Medical Service of Foreign Com- missions. DR. RALPH PEMBERTON. of Philadelphia. Physician of Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia; Assistant in the Bureau of Medi- cal Service of Foreign Commissions. Others who are donating their time to Red Cross work at Headquarters are: LEWIS S. BIGELOW MISS ELIZABETH McFADDEN GRAHAM F. BLANDY MISS SARA NIEMAN J. F. DRYDEN MISS MARGARET PERRY MRS. ALFRED M. HOUGHTON P. L. REED MISS M. B. JUSTICE B. T. WILKERSON There are also twenty business men giving their time as fiscal agents for as many Red Cross Sanitary Units which are work- ing in the vicinity of various cantonments. This list of volunteers is necessarily incomplete for new workers are being added constantly and many are giving a part of their time in addition to those named here who are giving practically all of their time. 26 CHAPTERS AND MEMBERS On May 1, 1917, just before the appointment of the War Council, the Red Cross had 486,194 members and 562 chapters. On November 1, six months later, there were more than 5,000,000 members and 3,287 chapters. In August more than a milhon new members were enrolled. Membership in the Red Cross involves the payment of dues of from one dollar per year to one hundred dollars at one time. There are six classes of membership as follows: Annual $1 per year Magazine 2 per year Contributing 5 per year Sustaining 10 per year Life . ; 50 Patron 100 All members paying two dollars or more are entitled to receive the Red Cross Magazine. About 90 per cent of the present members are in the annual class. Between 7 and 8 per cent are magazine members; be- tween 1 and 2 per cent contributing members. None of the other classes includes as much as one per cent of the total. The Junior Red Cross Through the Junior Red Cross, which has been created in accordance with a plan credited largely to Dr. H. N. Mac- Cracken, President of Vassar College, it is proposed to give the 22,000,000 school children of the United States an active share in the work of the Red Cross. The purpose of the Junior Red Cross is largely educational, and its activities will be carried on entirely in the schools, as a part of the school work. Through study and an active 27 participation in relief and welfare work, its members, who are at an age that responds immediately and strongly to the appeal of patriotic service, will be permanently enlisted among the creative forces of good citizenship. The service they will ren- der in the work of the Red Cross is obvious. By actual results, children in some schools, working under proper instruction and supervision, have already demonstrated their efficiency in pre- paring Red Cross supphes. Their value to the Red Cross will be further increased by the cultivation of an intelligent support on their part and the enlistment of their parents' interest. In addition to the pamphlets of instruction already pub- lished for chapter use, simple manuals will be issued by the Junior Red Cross to give additional directions for the making of supphes and to suggest further developments of Red Cross activity in the schools, such as the study of Red Cross work and history, home and personal hygiene, first aid, dietetics, partici- pation in Red Cross campaigns, chapter work of other sorts, the conservation of community resources, etc. President Wilson has endorsed the Junior Red Cross in the following proclamation : To the School Children of the United States: The President of the United States is also President of tne American Red Cross. It is from these offices, joined in one, that I write you a word of greeting at this time when so many of you are beginning the school year. The American Red Cross has just prepared a junior member- ship with school activities in which every pupil in the United States can find a chance to serve our country. The school is the natural center of your life. Through it you can best work in the great cause of freedom to which we have all pledged ourselves. Our Junior Red Cross will bring to you opportunities of service in your community and the other communities all over the world and guide your service with high and religious ideals. It will teach you how to save in order that suffering children elsewhere may have the chance to live. It will teach you how to prepare some of the supplies which wounded soldiers and homeless families lack. It will send to you through the Red Cross bulletins the thrilling stories of relief and rescue. And, best of all, more perfectly than through any of your other school lessons, you will learn by doing those kind things under your teacher's discretion to be the future good citizens of this country which we all love. And I commend to all school teachers in the country the simple plan which the American Red Cross has worked out to provide for your co-operation, knowing as I do that school children will give their best service under the direct guidance and instruc- tion of their teachers. Is not this perhaps the chance for which you have been looking to give your time and efforts in some measure to meet our national needs? Woodrow Wilson. 28 Organizing a Junior Auxiliary The organization of the Junior Red Cross aims at decen- tralization and the independence of the local unit. Contact with the Red Cross will be maintained only through the School Committee of the local chapter, the chapter, in turn, receiving its directions and material through the Division Director of Junior Membership. Upon application to Division Headquarters, any chapter will receive permission to form a School Committee. Any school, as a whole, with the approval of its authorities, will be enrolled as a Junior Auxiliary by the School Committee upon appHca- tion and the payment of dues to the chapter's School Fund. Other young people's organizations may become Auxiliaries on the same basis if their applications are approved by the Chap- ter School Committee. The dues of each Auxiliary are a sum equal to twenty-five cents for each member. This is required as a pledge of serious purpose, and is to be used by the Auxiharies in the purchase of materials for making supplies. It is not expected to cover all expenditures of this sort, if additional sums can be raised. The Chapter School Committee is empowered t/o accept a pledge of service in the place of dues, when this seems advisable, and to enroll single classes as Auxiliaries pending the organization of a school unit. Upon the enrollment of a school, every pupil and teacher automatically becomes a member of the Auxiliary, which then co-operates, through its own officers, with the Chapter School Committee. The school receives from its Division Director of Jmiior Membership a certificate of membership. Every member is entitled to wear the regular Red Cross membership button and the school may display a special banner, the design of which is furnished by the Chapter School Committee. Naval Auxiliaries At the request of the Secretary of the Navy, the Red Cross has arranged to have chapters form Naval Auxiliaries at vari- ous local points. A Woman's Advisory Committee on Naval Auxiliaries, of which Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury, of Philadelphia, is the Chairman, has been appointed. Mrs. George Dewey, widow of Admiral 29 Dewey, has accepted the chairmanship of the Naval Auxiliary of the District of Columbia Chapter. The letter in which Secretary Daniels requested the War Council to inaugurate these Naval Auxiliaries said, in part: Dear Mr. Davison: — For some months a large number of patriotic women of the country, animated by a desire to add to the comfort of the fine body of youths who have enlisted in the Navy, have been sending useful gifts of their own make. Some of these good women have done this work through the Red Cross and others through different organizations. It has been suggested that it would be wise if the Red Cross, the only national relief organization having ofl&cial recognition, be asked to extend its large sphere of usefulness by taking over entirely the direction of this laudable work of sending tokens of good will from willing workers to the men in the Navy by creating a Naval Auxiliary of the Red Cross, If your organization can do this, the Navy department and the Navy in all its units and the one hundred million Americans who are proud of their Navy will give cordial aid and hearty co- operation. Trusting that this suggestion will meet your favorable consid- eration, I am, Sincerely yours, JosEPHus Daniels. In response to Secretary Daniels, Mr. Davison sent the fol- lowing letter, outlining plans for the naval auxiliaries: My dear Mr. Secretary: Your favor of the 1st instant, in which you express the hope that we can favorably consider that the Red Cross extend its present organization for the purpose of creating naval auxiliaries to bend their efforts particularly to Navy work, duly received. The Red Cross, as you know, makes no distinction between the Navy and the Army in its work, our entire facilities being alike at the present time at the disposal of both branches of our Govern- ment. We have given your letter a great deal of thought, desiring to carry out your wishes in every way possible, and the following plan suggests itself to us as the most practical ior accomplishing the results indicated in your letter as desired by the Navy De- partment. In all communities where Red Cross chapters are organized, ladies who desire to work especially for the Navy shall be invited to organize and become an auxiliary of the Red Cross under the following conditions: 1. The name of such auxiliary shall be, in each community, the Naval Auxiliary of the American Red Cross. 2. In each community the Naval Auxiliary shall affiliate with the present local organized unit of the Red Cross and shall report to and be responsible to the Executive Committee of the chapter of the Red Cross or the branch, as the case may be. 3. A Naval Auxiliary may maintain separate headquarters or it may combine with the headquarters of the local Red Cross 80 work in any manner that may be determined upon by the Chairman of the Naval Auxiliary in question and the Executive Committee of the chapter or the branch under whose jurisdiction it is. 4. The rules governing Naval Auxiliaries shall be the same as the rules governing the present Eed Cross auxiliaries: (a) the name of the auxiliary shall be descriptive of its membership and affiliation and shall not be that of a person. (b) the purpose of the auxiliary shall be to carry out one or more specific lines of Red Cross work as prescribed in the certificate of organization. (c) the auxiliary must have at least ten members. All officers and members of committees shall be members of the American National Red Cross and of the chapter or branch within whose jurisdiction the auxiliary is located. (d) the auxiliary may be affiliated with the branch to which it is tributary, or may be placed directly under the jurisdiction of the chapter. What Red Cross chapters and branches shall do for Naval Auxiliaries: (a) transmit to them information and instructions received from the Central Committee through the Division Offices. (b) keep them supplied with literature, blank forms and other equipment necessary for their work. (c) assist them in obtaining raw materials for supplies. (d) establish a uniform system of accounting and records. (e) centralize the assembling and shipping of supplies. (f) give them full credit for work accomplished when re- porting to the Central Committee. An Advisory Committee of women particularly interested in naval affairs, nominated by you, would no doubt be helpful, and would be welcomed by us. Kindly advise if this method of procedure would, in a manner satisfactory to you, meet the situation you have in mind. It is needless for me to repeat that the Red Cross wishes to render any service within its power desired by the Department of the Navy. Yours very truly, H. P. Davison, Chairman, War Council. Chapter Administration Decentralized The unparalleled increase in membership and number of chapters since the United States entered the war made it neces- sary to change the method of chapter administration in order to maintain effective co-operation between the chapters and National Headquarters, and to relieve the staff at Headquarters of a rapidly growing volume of routine business which hindered that co-operation. Accordingly, a new plan of organization, based on the principle of decentralization, was devised and put into operation. Continental United States was divided into thirteen sec- tions, in each of which all operations of the chapters are now 31 i'3J ^ i\?l iP ^ A V S< < ^^. ^ l^fi o'i S, ^^ > \l . '''^l^ L- T- V ''. jj hr + if s 4. 1 j V L E --- t 145 "^ — "^ — ^~r^' "1 ^^ 1 i. ;r— ~^', H J A 1 (k-i t' -^ S? » >H_ , f ^ ^J^'fT » « C^ \ '' : 1 3 _, jf r^^^xL' c IV \ ■' • l^. - yK ^v K*-*--- "^- - / ■■v^^r "3 « i ; 5 w » ^ = 3 1 f s ^ J/ • p Af -is ! < > ! °0 / J i ■3 a ^ — 'T^^ ) , ^ d ^ 1 V ^1 — -^»- • — *^ i *^ ) K 1 { < i i ^ s k - % ^ 2 tiS w UJ •» k '° ' ^ - J * i Q « ■< 1 _^ ) u m0^ S I * w - ■<■ H ^ P^^ • 1 t ^i ? , ■ <> ^"^ r^ f L Z 11 ~ 0/ 1 *" / 1 a _^ 1 —" j / 1 / / i 7 / ' "^ / a / 1 ( /^ 1 / * ■ * 1 ^ / ' ° r ^ — f k : -2 e ^ T c8 1 * * > • 3 / ; '•J i Q * V / / * / i Ed /"^'"^ V •^ /~"~~««^ * / / 1 '""-^ ' ^ — „^ 1 / 2 J / "^ "^ "^ -^ ^^ c> / ^^^^^^^J'^ * / <; < S ■* ^ >'X. / .J < i i / I' »"/ : 1 '* / » / >* / ^ ♦ ■ z 1 Q under the supervision of a Division Manager. This officer, a prominent business man of high standing in his community, has volunteered his services in every case and devotes his entire time to the work of the Red Cross during the period of the war. Chapters in the insular territories of the United States and in foreign countries have been placed in a fourteenth division, similarly organized. At each of the Division Headquarters, located in large, central cities, departments corresponding to those at National Headquarters have been created, each with a chief who is re- sponsible to the Division Manager, who in turn is responsible to the General Manager. Thirteen division supply warehouses will be used for storage of the raw materials used in chapter work and for reception of the finished goods made by the chapters in the several divisions. Chapters now report directly to Division Headquarters and receive their instructions and supplies from the Division Man- ager, and officials at National Headquarters deal with the chap- ters through the Division Managers. The Bureau of Member- ship at National Headquarters has been discontinued. Mem- bership lists are kept only at the chapters, and membership reports are received by Division Managers, for transmittal in summarized form to National Headquarters. A standard form of chapter accounting has been prepared for the financial reports, which must also be submitted by all chapters to Division Man- agers. A Bureau of Division Organization, in charge of George Eaton Scott, vice-president of the American Steel Foundries, has general charge under the General Manager of effecting this reorganization. The Country Subdivided The organization of the fourteen Division Headquarters, so far as it has been carried to date, may be summarized as follows : New England Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island Headquarters — 755 Boylston Street, Boston. Manager — James Jackson, Vice-President State Street Trust Co., Boston. Director Bureau of Supplies — John L. Grandin, 142 Berkeley Street, Boston. 33 Director Military Relief — Robert H. Hallowell. Director Civilian Relief — Mrs. W. H. Lothrop. Director Bureau of Development — William DeFord Beal. Director of Woman's Bureau — Miss L. H. Newell. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Elizabeth Ross. Division Accountant — Carl T. Keller. Director Junior Red Cross — Mary G. Leadbetter. Directors Bureau of Publicity — A. J. Philpott and C. Nutter. Atlantic New York, Connecticut, New Jersey Ileadquariers^A^ East Twenty-third Street, New York. 'lU Warehouse — 57th Street and North River, New York. ^iS Manager — Ethan Allen, woolen merchant. Assistant Manager — Albert W. Staub. Director Bureau of Supplies — Fillmore Hyde, 5 Union Sqimre, New York. Director Military Relief— John Magee. Director Civilian Relief — Alexander M. Wilson. Director Bureau of Developm,ent — Albert T. Tamblyn. Director of Woman's Bureau — Miss Ellen L. Adee. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Carolyn Van Blarcom. Division Accountant — Douglas A. Elliott. Director Bureau of Publicity— Jason Rogers. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, Delaware Headquarters — 1601 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Manager — Charles Scott, Jr. Director Bureau of Supplies — Frederick H. Strawbridge. Director Bureau of Civilian Relief — J. Byron Deacon. Director Bureau of Development — Stephen Fuguet. wj^ Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. J. Willis Martin. IH Director Bureau of Nursing — Susan C. Francis. Division Accountant — John F. Porter Director Junior Red Cross — F. Corlies Morgan. Director Bureau of Publicity — Harry A. Thompson. Potomac Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia Headquarters — 932 Fourteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Manager — Hon. Henry White, formerly Ambassador to France. Director Bureau of Supplies — Admiral Richard Wainwright, 932 Fourteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Director Military Relief — F. G. McKelvey. Director Civilian Relief — J.^W. Magruder. Director Bureau of Development — David H. Brown. Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. F. N. Chapman. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Georgia Nevins. Division Accountant — Paul Quattlander. Director Junior Bed Cross — David H. Brown. 34 Southern North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and All OF Tennessee Headquarters — 424 Healy Building, Atlanta, Ga. Warehouse — 32 James St., Atlanta. Marmger—Co\. William Lawson Peel, formerly President Amer- ican National Bank, Atlanta. Associate Manager — C. D. Bidwsll. Director Bureau of Supplies— Lindsey Hopkins, 32 James Street. Director Military Relief — Z. B. Phelps. Director Civilian Relief — Joseph C. Logan. Director Bureau of Development — Guy E. Suavely. Director of Womayi's Bureau — Mrs. John W. Grant. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Jane Van de Vrede. Division Accountant — R. E. Dale. Director Bureau of Publicity— WiHis B. Milner, Jr. Lake Indiana, Ohio and All of Kentucky Headquarters— 929 Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Manager — James R. Garfield, formerly Secretary of Interior. Director Bureau of Supplies— W. S. Root, 942 Prospect Ave. Cleveland, Ohio. Director Military Relief— James R. Garfield. Director Civilian Relief — James L. Fieser. Director Bureau of Development — F. E. Abbott. Director of Woman's Bureau — Mrs. H. L. Sanford. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Mary Roberts. Division Accountant — F. L. Chamberlain. Director Bureau of Publicity — D. C. Dougherty. Central Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska Headquarters— 180 North Wabash Ave., Chicago. Manager— Brme D. Smith, Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer Northern Trust Company, Chicago. Director Bureau of Supplies— Frank Hibbard, Le Moyne Build- ing, Wabash and Lake Street, Chicago. Director Military Relief— Fremont B. Hitchcock. Acting Director Civilian Relief— T. J. Edmunds. Director Bureau of Development— J. J. O'Connor, 112 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111, Director of Woman's Bureaur— Miss Ina Taft. Director Bureau of Nursing— Miss Minnie Ahrens. Division Accountant — J. F. Dillman. Director Bureau of Publicity— James H, Hough. 35 Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico Headquarters — Fourteenth and Welton Streets, Denver. Manager — John W. Morey, of the C. S. Morey Mercantile Co., Denver. Director Bureau of Supplies — Roblin H. Davis, 14th and Welton Sts., Denver. Director Military Relief — Roblin H. Davis. Director Civilian Relief — Miss Gertrude Vaile. Director Bureau of Development — Henry Swan, State Capitol, Denver, Colo. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Lottie Welch. Division Accountant — W. A. Dixon. Director Bureau of Publicity — Henry Swan. Northwestern Washington, Oregon, Idaho Headquarters — White Building, Seattle. Manager — C. D. Stimson, President Stimson Mills and C. D. Stimson Co., Seattle. Director Bureau of Supplies — J. A. Baillargeon, First Ave. and University Street. Director Military Relief — Leslie W. Getchell. Director Civilian Relief — F. P. Foisie. Director Bureau of Development — Josiah Collins. Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. Lucy C. Hilton. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss May Loomis. Division Accountant — R. D. White. Director Bureau of Publicity — J. A. Wood. Pacific California, Nevada, Arizona Headquarters— 942 Market Street, San Francisco. Manager — Marshall Hale, President Hale Department Stores, San Francisco. Assistant Manager and Director Bureau of Supplies — A. B. C. Dohrmann, 831 Mission Street, San Francisco. Director Military Relief — Harrison Dibblee. Director Civilian Relief — C. J. O'Connor. Director Bureau of Development — John L. Clymer. Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. A. L. McLeish. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Lillian White. Division Accountant — E. C. Conroy. Director Bureau of Publicity — Guy R. Kinsley. Southwestern Kansas, Missouri^, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas Headquarters — 1617 Railway Exchange Building, St. Louis. Manager — George W. Simmons, Vice-President Simmons Hard- ware Co., St. Louis. 36 Director Bureau of Supplies — Horace M. Swope, 1230 Olive Street, St. Louis. Director Military Relief — Stanley Stoner. Director Civilian Relief — Alfred Fairbank. Director Bureau of Development — Mrs. H. M. Morgan. Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. Edmund F. Brown. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Lyda W. Anderson. Division Accountant — S. P. Schuyler. Director Bureau of Publicity — Louis La Beaume. Director Junior Red Cross — Mrs. E. R. Kroeger. Gulf Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana Headquarters — Post Office Building, New Orleans. Warehouse — U. S. Mint, New Orleans. Manager — Leigh Carroll. Director Bureau of Supplies — S. J. Schwartz. Director Military Relief — H. S. FlaspoUer. Director Civilian Relief — Emmet W. White. Director Bureau of Development — W. J. Leppert. Director Woman's Bureau — 'Mrs. E. E. Moberly. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss L. A.^Daspit. Division Accountant — H. J. Jumonville.v^ Director Bureau of Publicity — F. D. Armstrong. Northern Minnesota, North Dakota,' South Dakota, Montana Headquarters — Essex Building, Tenth and Nicollet Ave., Min- neapolis, Minn. Manager — Frank T. Heffelfinger. . Director Bureau of Supplies — Frank A. Bovey, 527 South Sec- ond Avenue, Minneapolis. Director Military Relief — Coler Campbell. Director Civilian Relief — Frank J. Bruno. Director Bureau of Development — J. T. Gerould. Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. C. B. Fridley. Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Edith A. Barber. Division Accountant — W. F. Grenell. Director Bureau of Publicity — R. C. Emery. Insular and Foreign Hawaii, Insular Territories of the United States, All Foreign Countries Headquarters — Washington, D. C. Ma7iager— Otis H. Cutler, Chairman Board of Directors, Amer- ican Brake, Shoe and Foundry Co, 37 Handling the Chapter Output The organization has been developed to insure effective allot- ment of the manufacture of rehef supplies among the chapters, economical purchase of raw materials, and proper handling of the finished products. The original requisition for relief supplies comes either from a designated official in charge of rehef work in this country or from one of the Red Cross Commissions now in service abroad. Each requisition, if approved, is carefully apportioned at National Headquarters among the fourteen divisions in which the chapters have been grouped. The Division Managers, in turn, allot to each of the chapters in their territories its share of the division's quota. Raw materials are purchased in large quantities by the Bureau of Purchases at Headquarters. This not only reduces very considerably the cost of the finished articles, but insures the quality and uniformity of the materials. The material is then shipped in appropriate quantities to each of the various division warehouses, where ordinarily three months' supply is held for sale to the chapters as needed, approximately at cost. The money appropriated by the War Council for the purchase of these raw materials is therefore returned to the War Fund and used for necessary relief at home or abroad. The finished articles and other supplies from the chapters are sent in weekly shipments to the division warehouses and there inspected, sorted, packed and made ready for shipment on instructions from National Headquarters. 38 VI CO-ORDINATION OF RELIEF WORK At the dedication of the Red Cross National Headquarters in Washington on May 12, 1917, President Wilson's address contained the following plea for the co-ordination of all relief work by the people of the United States: There will be many expressions of the spirit of sympathy and mercy and philanthropy, and I think that it is very necessary that we should not disperse our- activities in those lines too much ; that we should keep constantly in view the desire to have the utmost concen- tration and efficiency of effort, and I hope that most, if not all of the philanthropic activities of this war may be exercised, if not through the Red Cross, then through some already constituted and experi- enced organization. In accordance with the policy thus expressed by the Presi- dent, the War Council appointed a Committee on Co-operation, naming Judge Robert S. Lovett of New York as Chairman. Judge Lovett subsequently resigned the chairmanship, though remaining a member of the committee, in order to become a member of the War Industries Board. He was succeeded by Charles A. Coffin of New York. The other members of the committee are: HORACE E. ANDREWS, of New York. DR. LEE K; FRANKEL, of New York. ANTON G. HODENPYL, of New York. EDWARD B. BUTLER, of Chicago. JOHN F. MOORE, of Boston. GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER, of Philadelphia. BISHOP BRENT, of the PhiUppine Islands. The Program of Co-ordination A plan of co-operation based on the policy laid down by Presi- dent Wilson, and conditioned by the increasing difficulty of distributing relief effectively, by the inadequacy of transporta- tion facilities, and by the coming of the United States Army to France, was proposed by the Red Cross Commission in France and approved by eighteen of the leading American relief workers in Paris and by a number of relief workers in London. 39 Recognizing the generosity and effectiveness of the work done in France by Americans during the first three years of the war, the Commission points out that new plans are now necessary. The Army controls and apportions transportation facilities on which American relief work in France depends. Since it cannot deal with a great number of individual organizations, and since the Red Cross is, in a sense, associated with the Army and under its control, the Army has chosen to deal with the Red Cross as the central organization through which this relief work should be carried on by Americans. The problems involved in getting and assigning cargo space at sea, or railroad facilities on shore, made unified direction of all shipments a necessity. It became impossible, too, to con- tinue — what in peace time was possible — making deliveries always as specifically designated by the senders. The Red Cross, therefore, cannot wisely attempt to use the limited transportation space at its command for the distribution of individual contributions to designated points, but should rather accept such contributions as the donors are willing to entrust to it for such distribution as seems best to it and to its associated societies in France, so far as transportation facilities permit. In order to serve best the needs of the Army and bring about the greatest good, the Red Cross Commission suggests the fol- lowing program: First: For the Red Cross Commission in France, aided by the ex- perienced relief societies, to classify, standardize and requisition, in the order of their importance, the reUef supplies which are needed, and to determine what may either be purchased in France or dispensed with altogether in order to save transportation space, and at the same time fill the most pressing want: Second: For the Red Cross at home, aided by the experienced societies and relief organizations in America, to provide in a systematic way for furnishing the relief supplies so indicated as needed here and which may not be purchased here, and for their shipment in the order of their urgency . The plan was approved by American Relief workers in Paris, in the following terms: We, the undersigned, approve and endorse the message from the Red Cross Commission in Paris to the War Council, dated August 29th, and with knowledge of the situation and our experience on the ground here, we recommend to our friends and fellow workers at home the 40 acceptance of the views and the adoption of the plan proposed in that message . Signed: EDITH WHARTON MRS. WILLIAM H. HILL MRS. EDWARD TUCK MRS. WILLIAM K. VANDERBILT JOSEPH A. BLAKE AUGUSTUS F. JACCACI ATHERTON CURTIS MRS. E. W. SHURTLEFF WALTER V. R. BERRY MRS. C. K. AUSTIN JOHN GARDNER COOLEDGE MRS. BENJAMIN G. LATHROP MRS. R. W. BLISS EDWARD TUCK MISS ANNA MURRAY VAIL MRS. CHARLES R. SCOTT WHITNEY WARREN MRS. PHILIP BERARD The following relief workers in London also endorsed the message of the Red Cross Commission: MRS. WHITELAW REID MRS. JOHN ASTOR MRS. CURTIS BROWN WALTER BURNS MRS. HENRY CHAPIN ROBERT W. CHAPIN LADY RANDOLPH CHURCHILL MRS. ROMILLY FEDDON J. GRANT FORBES RUPERT GRANT, JR. VISCOUNTESS HARCOURT LADY ARTHUR HERBERT DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH MRS. CRAIG McKERROW SIR WILLIAM OSLER LADY OSLER L. P. SHELDON MRS. ROBERT P. SKINNER MRS. H. S. WAITE HONORABLE LADY WARD Organizations Co-operating with the Red Cross As a result of negotiations conducted by the Committee on Co-operation, a number of American organizations for war re- lief have entered into co-operation with the Red Cross. These societies retain their own identity and collect funds in this coun- try in their own name. In making war relief supplies, however, they give preference to work based upon the needs reported to the Red Cross by its foreign commissions, and done in accord- ance with the standards established by the Red Cross. When finished, the goods manufactured by these societies are delivered to the Red Cross for shipment abroad, after which they are dis- tributed to the places where, in the judgment of the Red Cross, they will be most useful. Among the national societies working on this basis are the National Surgical Dressings Committee, whose efficient distribu- tion service in France has become the Surgical Dressings Service Department of the American Red Cross; the American Fund for French Wounded, whose special service consists in the sending of supplies to the French hospitals, and which is co-operating 41 with the Red Cross in the United States and iu France; the Emer- gency Aid of Pennsylvania; the Needlework Guild of America, which has been co-operating with the Red Cross for about ten years; the "War Service League of the Salvation Army and numer- ous others. In addition to these national societies, a great number of local organizations have entered into various forms of co-opera- tion with the Red Cross, acting through its divisions and chapters. The American Relief Clearing House For about two years prior to August, 1917, the American Relief Clearing House at Paris, which maintained a transporta- tion and warehouses system through which it served a great number of American relief agencies, had been acting as distribut- ing representatives in France of the American Red Cross. As a result of the changed conditions brought about by the entry of the United States into the war, the Clearing House and its efficient distributing service were turned over to the American Red Cross in August, 1917. Mr. H. H. Harjes, President, and Mr. H. O. Beatty, Director- General of the American Relief Clearing House in Paris for more than two and one-half years, became High Commissioner for France and Director-General for France and Belgium, re- spectively, of the Red Cross. Mr. Ralph J. Preston of the Executive Committee of the American Relief Clearing House became a Deputy Commissioner of the Red Cross. In view of this change in France, the War Relief Clearing House for France and Her Allies, the corresponding organization in America, discontinued its warehouse and ceased the shipment of supplies, and recommended to all its correspondents in the United States, Canada, etc., some 14,000 in number, that in future they work through and in co-operation with the Red Cross. The Clearing House, continues, however, to handle funds for certain relief purposes. The executive secretary of the War Relief Clearing House, Mr. Clyde A. Pratt, has become Assistant to the General Man- ager of the Red Cross. The American Distribution Service Almost immediately after the Red Cross Commission began work in France, the American Distribution Service, organized and maintained by Mrs. Robert W. Bliss, was put at its disposal. 42 This service was commenced in August, 1914, and during its two years of activity had built up a most effective organization which served over 3,000 French hospitals and had distributed almost nine million articles. The service was supported entirely by Mr. and Mrs. Bliss of the American Embassy, and its tender to the Red Cross solved the problem of distribution to French hospitals. Les Tuberculeux de la Guerre The society for the relief of the tuberculous, known as Les Tuberculeux dela Guerre, founded by Mrs. Edith Wharton, has given its funds and property to the Red Cross to be used in its campaign against that disease. American Society for the Relief of French War Orphans The work of the American Society for the Relief of French War Orphans has also been turned over to the American Red Cross. This organization, of which W. D. Guthrie of New York was President, had been aiding directly about 15,000 French war orphans, largely in the devastated districts, and also con- tributing 30,000 francs ($6,000) per month to the Associa- tion Nationale Frangaise pour la Protection des Families des Morts pour la Patrie, which had 4,000 orphans under its care. All its expenses were met by membership dues and an under- writing fund, contributions for relief being used in full for the fatherless children in France. By the terms of the agreement the Society ends its separate existence, and its personnel and assets are placed at the disposal of the Red Cross. The Red Cross, in turn, assumes the responsibility of continuing, for a period of six months from October 1st, the assistance that the Society had been extending to French war orphans through French societies or committees. Other Relief Organizations The Red Cross is itself co-operating actively with many relief agencies, both American and foreign, either by agreements for joint service in specified fields, such as the tuberculosis campaign directed by the Rockefeller Foundation, and the canteen service of the Societe de Secours aux Blesses Militaires, or by direct contributions to their work. Among Armenian and Syrian refugees, for example, the Red Cross is represented entirely by the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, to whose work it has contributed $1,800,000. 43 VII , WORK FOR THE AMERICAN ARMY AND NAVY The work of the Red Cross in the United States for the American Army and Navy may be defined broadly as follows: 1. To co-operate with the medical service of the Army and Navy; (a) by recruiting, organizing and equipping base hospital and other hospital and ambulance units which may be called into service at the discretion of the Army or Navy Medical Corps ; (b) by handling special problems of health and sanitation which accompany the establishment of numerous cantonments, camps and naval stations; (c) by stimulating the regular manufacture of surgical dress- ings and hospital supplies of such sort and in such quantity that Army and Navy hospitals wherever located shall not be handicapped by lack of these necessary supplies. 2. To co-operate with the Army and Navy and with other established agencies in promoting the comfort and welfare of men in training in this country or en route to camps and training stations. Base Hospitals Two years before the United States entered the war the Department of Military Relief of the Red Cross, recognizing that hospital units must be organized and prepared in advance of war, if the Army Medical Service was to be able to meet the shock of such an emergency, had begun to recruit and organize, at important hospitals and medical schools, groups of doctors and nurses who could be called into service at any time by the Army Medical Corps. The work of selecting and equip- ping such units was pushed energetically, and when the United States entered the war six complete units were ready for service. A typical base hospital unit contains twenty-two surgeons 44 and physicians, two dentists, sixty-five Red Cross nurses, and one hundred and fifty-two men of the enlisted Reserve Corps. A commanding officer, a quartermaster, and a hospital sergeant are detailed to the unit when it is mustered into the Army Medical Corps. This early preparation for the necessities of war enabled the Red Cross to respond immediately to the call of the Army, which came within a fortnight after the entry of the United States into war. Six units were mobilized at once, and within seven weeks of the declaration of war one of these had reached England on its way to France and had been received by the King and Queen. Red Cross doctors and nurses who had been mustered into the Army Medical Corps were thus the first detachments of the American Army to reach the war zone for active service. Since that time the work of forming additional units and completely equipping those waiting for service has gone on. There are now 49, more than a dozen of which have already been sent into service in France. In several cases chapters of the Red Cross have assumed a large part, or the whole, of the expense of outfitting these hospitals, which are being supplied with all the necessary apparatus and materials at a total cost of approximately $2,000,000. After entering service in France several units, each prepared to handle a hospital of 500 beds, were called upon to care for much larger hospitals and have, therefore, received reinforcements to enable them to care for 1,000 or 2,000 patients. The units already formed have been built around the per- sonnel of the following hospitals and medical schools: Parent Institution Location Director 1 . Bellevue Hospital 2. Presbyterian Hospital 3. Mt. Sinai Hospital 4. Lakeside Hospital 5. Harvard University 6. Massachusetts General Hospital 7. Boston City Hospital 8. New York Post Graduate Hospital 9. New York Hospital 10. Pennsylvania Hospital New York City New York City New York City Cleveland, Ohio Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. New York City New York City Philadelphia, Pa. 11. St. Joseph, St. Mary and Augustana _ Chicago, 111. 1 2 . Northwestern University Medical School Chicago , 111 . 13. Presbyterian and County Hospital Chicago, 111. Dr. Edw. L. Keyes Dr. Geo. E. Brewer Dr. N. E. Brill Dr. Geo. W. Crile Dr. Harvey Cushing Dr. F. A. Washburn Dr. J. U. Dowling Dr. Sam'I Lloyd Dr. C. L. Gibson Dr. R. H. Harte Dr. N.M.Percy Dr.F.A.Besley Dr . Dean D . Lewis 45 Parent Institution Location Director 14. St. Luke-Michael Reese Hospital 15. Roosevelt Hospital 16. German Hospital 17. Harper Hospital (Allen- town) 18. Johns Hopkins Hospital 19 . Rochester General Hospital 20. University of Pennsylvania Hospital 21. Washington University Medical School 22. MilwaukeeCountyHospital 23 . Buffalo General Hospital 24. Tulane University 25 . Cincinnati GeneralHospital 26. State University of Minnesota 27. University Pittsbui^h Medical School 28 . Christian Church Hospital 29 . Medical School of Denver 30 . University of CaUf ornia 31. Youngstown Hospital 32. City Hospital 33. Albany Hospital and Medical College 34. Episcopal Hospital -^ 35 . Good Samaritan Hospital 36. College of Medicine 37. King's County Hospital 38. Jefferson Medical School 39. *YaleMobUeUnit 40 . Good Samaritan Hospital 41 . University of Virginia 42. University of Maryland Medical School 43. Emory University 44. Massachusetts Homeo- pathic Hospital 45 . Medical College of Virginia 46. University of Oregon 47. San Francisco Hospital 48. Metropolitan Hospital 49. University of Nebraska 50. University of Washington Chicago, 111. New York City New York City Detroit, Mich. Baltimore, Md. Rochester, N.Y. Dr. L. L. McArthur Dr. Chas. W. Peck Dr. Fred Kammerer Dr. Angus McLean Dr. John M.T.Finney Dr. JdinM.Swan Philadelphia, Pa . Dr . John B . Garnett St. Louis, Mo. Milwaukee, Wis. Buffalo, N. Y. New Orleans, La. Cincinnati, Ohio Dr. Fred T. Murphy Dr. C.A.Evans Dr.M.Chnton Maj. John B.Elliott Dr. Wm. Gillespie Minneapolis , Minn . Dr . Arthur A . Law Pittsburgh, Pa. Kansas City, Mo. Denver, Colorado San Francisco, Cal. Youngstown, Ohio Indianapolis, Ind. Albany, N.Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Los Angeles, Cal. Detroit, Mich. Br9oklyn,N.Y. Philadelphia, Pa. New Haven, Conn. Lexington, Ky. University, Va. Baltimore, Md. Atlanta, Ga. Boston, Mass. Richmond, Va. Portland, Ore. San Francisco, Cal. New York City Omaha, Neb. Seattle, Wash. Dr. R.T.Miller Dr.J.F.Binnie Dr. J. W. Amesse Dr.E.S.Kilgore Dr. CoUn R.Clark Dr. Edmund D.Clark Dr.W.A.Elting Dr.A.P.C.Ashhurst Dr. J. J. A. Van Kaat- hoven Dr. Burt R. Shurly Dr. Edwin H.Fiske Dr.Wm.M.L.Coplin J.M.Flint Dr. David Barrow Dr. Wm. H. Goodwin Dr. A. C Harrison Dr. E. C. Davis Dr. Wm. F. Wesselhoeft Dr. Stuart McGuire Dr. Robert C. Yenny Dr. Charles Levison Dr.Wm.F.Honan Dr. A. C.Stokes Dr.J. B.Eagleson *Organized by the Surgeon-General's Office. Ambulance Companies Forty-five ambulance companies, a total of 5,580 men, or- ganized by Red Cross chapters, have been mustered into the Army Medical Corps and most of them are seeing active service. Twelve have been training at Allentown, Pa., for service in France. One company is on duty at the Mexican border. The 46 remaining thirty-two have been assigned to cantonments and camps scattered over the country. In some cases the chapters not only recruited the personnel of the units, but also purchased their equipment, amounting to nearly $40,000 for each company. The organization of these ambulance companies completes the probable needs of the American Red Cross in this particular field. Each company consists of 124 men — a captain, four first lieutenants, two first-class sergeants, eleven sergeants, six cor- porals, one mechanic, three cooks, and ninety-six privates. Four ambulance companies are assigned to service with an army division, and the personnel may be used in whole or in part to man hospital trains, hospital ships, or where the need is great, emergency hospitals. The members of these companies have been given first-aid training under the direction of the American Red Cross — ^train- ing of the same character as that now being provided throughout the country in classes conducted by the various Red Cross Chap- ters. The Red Cross and the Navy The relation of the Red Cross to the Navy parallels its service to the Army. In both cases the Red Cross furnishes the first line medical reserve, recruiting the personnel for base hospitals and other medical or nurses' units. In the case of the Navy the base hospital units were originally somewhat smaller than those organized for the use of the Army. A typical unit, de- signed to care for a hospital of 250 beds, had a personnel of 171, including ten medical officers, one dental officer, forty' nurses,' twenty reserve nurses and one hundred enlisted men. The Red Cross has organized five of these units, two of which have been called into service abroad. It has, however, been found neces- sary to increase the capacity so that each hospital can care for 500 beds, and the necessary doctors and nurses are being added to these units. The original equipment of these five hospitals, which were organized at Providence, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Los Angeles, was furnished by the Red Cross, together with much of the supplementary equipment. Eight Naval Station Hospital Units have also been organ- ized in response to a call from the Surgeon-General of the Navy. One of these has already gone into service with its entire per- sonnel, three more are now being mobilized and others will be 47 called upon shortly. Each of these units includes five medical officers, twenty-one nurses and twenty-nine enlisted men. From Navy Detachments organized by the Red Cross Bureau" of Nursing 230 nurses have been detailed for active service. The Red Cross Supply Service serves the needs of 'N&yj hos- pitals as well as Army hospitals in emergencies and several important tasks have already been accomplished by the chap- ters in supplying surgical dressings and knit goods for the Navy. A General Navy Hospital In Philadelphia The Red Cross has established at Philadelphia the first gen- eral Red Cross hospital in this country. It contains 250 beds and is now being used by the United States Navy. The city of Philadelphia offered to the Red Cross, for an indefinite term, without rental, the building of the Medico-Chi- rurgical Hospital. This had been condemned by the city in order that a boulevard might be cut through its grounds. Its useful- ness was not, however, seriously affected. The Red Cross made necessary alterations in the building at a cost of $12,500, and has appropriated $20,000 for its cur- rent expenses and maintenance, both amounts coming from the War Fund, under the name of Red Cross General Hospital No. 1. The Ambulance Ship "Surf" Through the generosity of Dr. John A. Harriss of New York, the yacht Surf was put at the disposal of the Navy Medical Service, through the Red Cross, in June, 1917. It was used for four months as an ambulance ship, with a capacity of from 40 to 50 patients. During its period of service it carried more than a thousand patients, all its expenses, including part of the salaries of the civilian medical staff, being borne by Dr. Harriss. The Surf carried a detachment of Red Cross nurses and performed a notable service. Laboratory Cars The War Council has authorized the creation of four mobile laboratory units for emergency service at military cantonments, naval stations, and other troop centers. 48 Each unit will be housed in a Pullman car remodeled for this purpose, completely equipped with laboratory apparatus and supplies, and manned by a staff of expert bacteriologists. The entire equipment will be held constantly in readiness for quick dispatch to any camp or station where the outbreak of an epidemic may call for highly specialized laboratory work. Bureau of Sanitary Service The purpose of the Bureau of Sanitary Service is to assist the civil health authorities in meeting the emergencies result- ing from the war. The first of these emergencies is the neces- sity for establishing more thorough control of sanitary condi- tions in the civil communities adjacent to army encampments and naval stations. These communities, although in intimate contact with the military encampments and having an important influence upon the health of the military forces, are not under military control. The authority to enforce sanitary measures is vested in the local and State Boards of Health, which, in many cases, are not in a position to provide immediately the enlarged organizations necessary to meet the new conditions resulting from a sudden increase of population. On request from a Board of Health the United States Public Health Service will come to its assistance with trained sanitarians, qualified to make surveys and to supervise sanitary measures. But as the Public Health Service has many other duties, the personnel and funds which may be applied to supplementing the organizations around can- tonments are limited. The Red Cross Bureau of Sanitary Service is, therefore, fur- nishing personnel and funds to complete the sanitary organiza- tions in these districts, supplementing the resources of the local communities, the states and the Public Health Service until some provision has been made for supporting the organizations with- out the aid of the Red Cross. Assistance is given by the Red Cross only on request from a state and on recommendation of the Surgeon- General of the Public Health Service, under whose direction a sanitary survey is made in the vicinity of each cantonment. How Sanitary Help is Given Upon receipt of a report from the Public Health Service, stating the conditions in a district and establishing the need for 49 aid, the Red Cross promptly furnishes this supplementary as- sistance by assigning to the district a group of trained assistants ; bacteriologists, sanitary inspectors and Red Cross public health nurses, with an appropriation sufficient to provide the necessary- equipment, transportation and maintenance. This group is or- ganized into a "Sanitary Unit." The health officer in charge of the district, usually an offi- cer of the Pubhc Health Service, or one recommended by that service, is appointed director of the unit and is immediately responsible for its work. In this way the Red Cross unit, being under the same direction as the rest of the local organization, becomes virtually a part of it. Associated with the Director of the unit is a business man- ager who is the fiscal agent responsible for the funds appropriated. In a number of instances the Field Directors of the Red Cross Camp Service have consented to act as business managers of sanitary units. In other instances a local business man, endorsed by the local Red Cross Chapter, is appointed. Since the object of a unit is essentially to make up deficiencies in the existing organization, the size and make-up of a unit de- pend upon the circumstances in the district to which it is assigned. The places to which sanitary units have already been as- signed and the initial appropriation from the War Fund for each are as follows: Columbia, S. C. $10,000 Atlanta, Ga. $14,000 Little Rock, Ark. 7,150 Chillicothe, Ohio 10,000 Louisville, Ky. 7,700 Greenville, S. C. 9,000 Des Moines, Iowa 7,150 Macon, Ga. 10,000 Fort Leavenworth, Kans. 13,000 Manhattan, Kans. 9,000 Hattiesburg, Miss. 5,000 Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 10,000 Petersburg, Va. 6,000 Spartanburg, S. C. 7,000 Anniston, Ala. 10,000 American Lake, Wash. 1,500 Newport News, Va. 21,000 Montgomery, Ala. 5,000 Ayer, Mass. 5,000 Charlotte, N. C. 6,000 The Work of the Sanitary Units The work of these local organizations in which the Red Cross units co-operate is also varied to meet conditions, but in general it includes the following: A pubhc health laboratory, in charge of a competent bacteriologist, is established for bacteriological examinations of water and milk supplies and to assist in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. A house-to-house inspection of 50 sanitary conditions is made in the whole district. Unsanitary conditions must be remedied by the property owners, after which regular inspections must be made at intervals. Systematic in- spection is established for dairies, milk depots, restaurants, mar- kets and all places where food and refreshment are sold. Special effort is made to have all cases of infectious diseases promptly reported and to have each case, as reported, visited by an inspector or a public health nurse to instruct the attendants in necessary prophylactic measures and to see that they are carried out. / Prevention of Malaria Special work is necessary in some of the Southern districts for the prevention of malaria. This requires the eradication of malaria-bearing mosquitoes in a fairly wide zone immedi- ately around the cantonment, and in the adjacent city, which is visited frequently by men from the encampment. Of course, in the military reservation, every precaution is taken by the military authorities to eliminate mosquitoes, but in order to get the full benefit of this work it is necessary also to eradicate them in the surrounding territory, otherwise they would invade the camps from their breeding places near by. The work of mosquito eradication is not confined to com- munities in which malaria is highly prevalent. It is being car- ried out in all the districts where malaria mosquitoes are found in considerable numbers, and where there is a possibility that malaria might become more prevalent with the increase of population due to the establishment of the camp. The same principle applies to other sanitary work; and the fact that active sanitary measures are undertaken in the vicinity of a camp does not necessarily mean that previous sanitary conditions in that district were especially bad. The object is to have the best possible protection in the vicinity of all the camps. The establishment of a camp, moreover, in propor- tion as it increases the civilian population, tends to bring about dangerous unsanitary conditions which require additional effort to control. The Bureau of Camp Service The American Red Cross undertakes to keep in touch with the soldiers and sailors of the United States from the day they 51 join the colors, and to look out for their comfort and welfare whenever possible. The function of the Red Cross in the camps and naval sta- tions is to render emergency aid and to provide comforts (not luxuries) for the men, such as knitted outj&ts, comfort kits, etc. It does not undertake to outfit the Army or the Navy, but when the emergency justifies it will supply on military request some of the articles which the Government undertakes to furnish but has not available. In order that there may be no duplication, the Red Cross will not furnish any articles, whether they are part of the out- fit provided by the Government or are in the nature of addi- tional comforts, except upon the request of a military or naval officer. This prevents the Red Cross from intruding within the proper sphere of any branch of the Army organization. It is the invariable rule of the Red Cross that such articles as it provides are donated or lent. The officers of the Govern- ment, in accepting articles for their men, assume no obligation for themselves or the Government to pay for them. Field Directors at the Camps It is proposed to carry on this work through Field Directors. There are now Field Directors representing the Bureau of Camp Service in thirty-eight National Army cantonments, National Guard mobilization camps, and naval stations, and it seems probable that it will be necessary to appoint Field Directors at additional points. These men are careful not to duplicate the work of the Army or of the other organizations, such as the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A,, Knights of Columbus, and Commission on Camp Activities, which are now established in the camps. They are, however, to co-operate with representatives of other or- ganizations, to the end that the welfare of the men may be protected. More Sweaters, Mufflers, Etc., Needed There has been a heavy demand from all of the National Army and National Guard camps, and also from the naval sta- tions, for sweaters as well as for helmets, mufflers, wristlets and comfort kits. Many of these articles have been produced by the Red Cross chapters, but the demand has very much ex- 52 ceeded, and still exceeds, the supply of hand-made sweaters. The great number of men in camp and the approaching cold weather have accelerated the immediate demand so that it was necessary to purchase sweaters in this emergency. There is and will be an almost unlimited demand for hand-made sweaters, and the product of the chapters must be steadily increased. In distributing these garments, the policy has been adopted of equipping, first, the troops who are leaving the country, and next, those in the more northerly camps. There are now Red Cross warehouses in twenty-five camps and naval stations, and others are being secured as rapidly as possible. A number of articles, carefully chosen, will be held in these warehouses in stock in order to make it possible for the Field Directors to give prompt relief if emergencies arise. Co-operating in Home Service The Field Directors stand ready to serve the soldiers and sailors who consult them concerning personal home problems. They are able to bring the men into touch with chapters of the Red Cross in their home towns, which have prepared themselves under the direction of the Department of Civilian Rehef to extend relief to soldiers' families when the necessity arises. The Field Directors are also co-operating and assisting ac- tively in the work of sanitation which is being conducted in communities adjoining some of the camps and stations. This work is often done under the supervision of the Bureau of Sani- tary Service of the Red Cross. Refreshment of Troops En Route Refreshment Units, under the supervision of the Canteen Service, directed by Foster Rockwell, have been estabhshed in all the important chapters from coast to coast. Their function, briefly stated, is to supplement the efforts of the War De- partment and the railroads in providing sustenance for troops en route. The service is entirely of an emergency character and is performed in co-operation with the railroads. The War Depart- ment has issued instructions to the railroads to furnish informa- tion to accredited representatives of the Red Cross as to the time of arrival of troop trains at places where they are scheduled to stop. Refreshment Units are organized on a military basis, 53 and only the commanding ofl&cer and the inteHigenee officer have foreknowledge .of troop train movements in their respective localities. From this information they determine the character of the service to be rendered. Refreshment Units, in organization and function, might be likened to a fire brigade. They are prepared to come to the rescue when delays — such as accidents, floods, snow storms, etc. — tend to disarrange schedules, resulting in the exhaustion of troop train supplies and consequent discomfort to the troops. During the heavy troop movements of the past two months, countless opportunities have been offered to test out the ma- chinery of the Refreshment Units, and the general success at- tained in furnishing light refreshments on short notice bespeaks great credit for the men and women associated in this phase of chapter activity. More than 1,000 chapters have Refreshment Units. Recently, during the entrainment of the colored members of the new army in the states of Louisiana and Mississippi, the Red Cross Canteen Service estabhshed colored auxiliaries in all important chapters, which actually served over 1,600 men. The "Attention Service" has been as popular as the Re- freshment Service. One chapter's record shows that it has stamped and mailed, for soldiers travelling, an average of over 5,000 pieces of mail per day. This, together with handling soldiers' telegrams and sending their money orders, has taken the entire time of four members of the unit. « The Service is Appreciated The Secretary of War has commented on the service of one Refreshment Unit in the following letter: Washington, D. C, September 29, 1917. My dear Mr. Davison: I ought to have acknowledged the memorandum left with me some days ago about the work done by the Refreshment Unit of the Washington Chapter before this. It really makes an inspiring story, and this seems to me to be just one of the things which the Red Cross can do better than anybody else in the world; and also one of the things which will help to make us a strong and united people. Cordially yours, (Signed) Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War. Many letters of appreciation written by officers and soldiers to the chapters in acknowledgment of their courtesies have been received. 54 Christinas Celebration The Red Cross is preparing to take its full share in the plans to give every American soldier in camp or on active service a memorable Christmas. A Red Cross Christmas packet, con- taining a few useful gifts and, more especially, holiday treats, will be sent to every man. These packages, which will carry as much of the Christmas flavor as possible, will be made by the women and children of the chapters, including the members of the Junior Red Cross. The Naval Auxiliaries of the Red Cross will perform a like service for men in the Navy. These gifts will all come direct from the giver; no part of the War Fund will be applied to the purchase or manufacture of the packages. The Red Cross will also co-operate through its chapters in the local celebrations at each of the camps, cantonments, and training stations. While the form which chapter participation will take must be left to local conditions, the chapters in the vicinity t)f the camps will work with other agencies, including the Commission on Training Camp Activities, to provide a holi- day program which will omit nobody and contribute greatly to the enjoyment of the whole enlisted force. The Christmas undertaking of this year will repeat on a large scale what the Red Cross did last Christmas for the American soldiers on the Mexican border and for the American marines at Haiti and San Domingo. The Mobilization of American Nurses , The Nursing Service of the American Red Cross has enrolled for various kinds of duty more than 14,000 trained nurses. More than 3,000 Red Cross nurses are now engaged in active nursing service, of whom about 2,000 are in foreign countries. Another two thousand are doing teaching and committee work. Four thousand are enrolled with special units for immediate service. The remainder stand ready to serve as required. The number of trained nurses volunteering for service with the Red Cross now averages a thousand a month. The general scheme of unit organization has been to keep together groups of nurses and doctors with experience in the same training schools and hospitals. Fifty base hospital units for the Army have been recruited from alumnae of the schools connected 55 with the largest hospitals in the country, in groups of 65 to 100. Five Navy base hospital units, with 60 nurses each, have been recruited at the smaller hospitals. There are 27 hospital units of 21 nurses each; 6 naval station hospital units of 21 nurses each; and 45 Navy detachments of 10 to 20 nurses each, from which 230 nurses have been called into Navy hospitals. There are also 120 emergency detachments, containing altogether about 1,500 nurses, whose members can be utilized at any time for service where required. From this group 832 nurses have already been sent into service, the majority going to the cantonments. Specially trained nurses are being held in readiness for work in units devoted to pediatrics, orthopedics, mental diseases and public health. Public health and infant welfare nurses have already been sent to France and Roumania. Plans are also under way for special units of nurses trained in the care of mental dis- eases to serve in the mental wards of the hospitals established at the thirty-two Army cantonments. Units in orthopedics are being prepared to meet the needs of the maimed in the recon- struction hospitals. In the civil zones surrounding the training camps, cantonments and naval bases, fifty public health nurses have been assigned to work under the auspices of the Red Cross Sanitary Service, in co-operation with the local health authorities, as visiting nurses. Reinforcing the Nursing Service A thorough investigation of the present resources of the United States shows that there is no immediate lack of adequately trained nurses, and the Red Cross is taking steps to add to the available reserve. The real crux of the nursing situation lies in the future. While present needs are being met, the burden of the war will increase rapidly. It is of the greatest importance that able and educated young women should be urged to enter the regular training schools and take the usual course in order to fit themselves fully for nursing. Conference on Nursing Problems In order to utilize to the full the present nursing resources of the United States, the War Council called a conference on Red 56 Cross nursing problems which was attended by representatives of all the national organizations involved. A special committee was appointed by the chairman of this conference, consisting of: DR. SIMON FLEXNER. Chairman. MISS JANE A. DELANO. Chairman of the National Committee on Red Cross Nursing Service. MISS ADELAIDE M. NUTTING. Chairman of the Committee on Nursing of the Council of National Defense. MISS MARY BEARD. President of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing. DRS. WILLIAM H. WELCH and HERMANN M. BIGGS. Of the Medical Advisory Committee of the Red Cross. MAJOR WINFORD H. SMITH. Then Acting Director-General of Military Relief. The report of this committee, which has been approved by all the conferees, and by the War Council, provided for the increase of the available nursing reserve without threatening the standards of thorough training and efficiency maintained by the Red Cross Nursing Service. The minimum age for Red Cross Nurses, formerly 25 years, has been lowered to 21, and the upper limit has been left in- definite, to be dealt with separately in each case according to the character of the service and the physical quahfications of the applicant. The Red Cross has decided to consider for enrollment, in case of need, graduates of training schools which are recommended by State Boards of Registration as giving courses sufficiently thorough to prepare nurses for Red Cross service. Formerly only graduates of schools which had a daily average of at least 50 patients were accepted. About 500 schools, it is estimated, will thus be added to those which are furnishing trained nurses eligible for service with the Red Cross. If the exigencies of war make it necessary, the Red Cross will request the schools giving a three-year course of training to advance the date of graduation of their pupils, perhaps even to the end of their second year of study. Public Health nurses are being specially enrolled for service either in this country or abroad. There will be much need for these workers with sociological training in relief work, and it is important that they should not spend themselves on bedside nursing alone. The period of practical hospital experience (in connection with base hospitals or such others as are selected by the Red Cross) for volunteer nurses' aids, who have completed the course in elementary hygiene and home care of the sick offered by the 57 Red Cross, is extended to one month of eight hours' service each day, which is to be repeated yearly. These workers are not to be used for service outside the United States, and women under 21 years of age will not be selected. There is no pressing need for the extension of the nurses' aid enrollment at present. This program has been approved by the officers of the Red Cross Nursing Service; by officers of the Committees on Nursing of the Council of National Defense; by MISS ANNE GOODRICH. President of the American Nurses' Association. MISS MARY F. BEARD. President of the National Organization of Public Health Nursing. MISS S. LILLIAN CLAYTON. President of the National League of Nursing Education. MISS AMY HILLIARD. For a number of years Inspector of Training Schools in New York State. MISS DORA E. THOMPSON. Superintendent of the Army Nurse Corps. MRS. LENA HIGBEE. Superintendent of the Navy Nurse Corps; and by the Red Cross Medical Advisory Committee and the Red Cross Committee on Co-operation. 53 VIII WORK FOR CIVILIANS The program of the Red Cross in relation to service to famiUes whose welfare is jeopardized by the enUstment of the bread-winner has been announced by the War Council, as follows: Obviously the task of providing for the financial assistance of the families of our soldiers and sailors is so large that the Government alone can assume it. In no other way can the burden be discharged fairly and as a matter of right rather than charity. No volimtary organiza- tion, or organizations, could adequately cope with a duty of such magnitude. The American people will not, of course, permit families to suffer want because their bread-winners are fighting for their country. Cases will undoubtedly arise wherein the allowance of the government wiU not be adequate to protect a family from financial distress. Such instances the Red Cross will hope to provide for through its chapters. The Red Cross Chapters can and will provide also the friendly services which may be needed and acceptable because of ill-health or other misfortunes or because of family conditions, which, if neglected, would result in need and suffering or disaster to the home. That this work may be done with thoroughness and vmiformity, the Red Cross has published The Manual of Home Service for the guidance of chapters. This civilian reUef work is under the direction of W. Frank Persons, Director General of Civilian Rehef . Government Aid to Dependent Families The Home Service of the Red Cross is, of course, supple- mentary to government aid. A comprehensive measure providing for financial allowances to the families of American soldiers and sailors has been passed by Congress. The law adds to the functions of the Bureau of War Risk Insurance the administration of family allowances and allotments to dependents, of compensation for death or disability, and of life insurance for men in the military, or naval service. 59 Home Service More frequent and more important than financial relief from the Red Cross will be the work of helping famiUes to maintain their standards of health, education and industry. This broader service is outlined, and its general technique is set forth, in the Manual of Home Service (A. R. C. 201), from which this summary is taken: When the soldiers and sailors return from the war, the families entrusted to the care of the Red Cross should be found to have main- tained, as far as it is humanly possible, the essential standards of home life. It should be the object of the Home Service Section of each chapter, when help is needed, to safeguard the normal development of these famihes in health, in education, in employment, and in ideals of self-help and self-rehance. This work for the welfare of a home will demand more than a grant of money or a temporary reference to a doctor, lawyer, or some other adviser. I Tiding over some merely temporary difficulty caused by delay in receiving remittances and the like will, to be sure, be an important part of the work of the Home Service Station. Its chief effort, how- ever, will be absorbed by the task of child care and of maintaining physical and mental health and proper working conditions for the families visited. Division Directors of Civilian Relief Under the general supervision of the Director-General of Civilian Relief, the Division Directors of Civilian Relief will have charge of the work of the Chapters in the field of Home Service. These Division Directors are experienced social workers, as the following list indicates: New England Division (Boston)— Mrs. William H. Lothrop, formerly General Secretary of the Associated Charities of Boston, and now President of the American Association for Organizing Charity. Atlantic Division (New York) — Alexander M. Wilson, of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and in the Department of PubUc Charities in New York City. Pennsylvania Division (Philadelphia) — J. Byron Deacon, a leader among social workers in Pittsburgh for the past five years; Secretary of the Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Pennsylvania. Potomac Division (Washington) — J. W. Magruder, a prominent member of the National Conference of Social Work; for ten years head of one of the leading social agencies of Baltimore. Southern Division (Atlanta) — Joseph C. Logan, of Atlanta, for the lasl; fifteen years a prominent social worker in that city and state. 60 Gulf Division (New Orleans) — Emmet W. White, a Baltimore lawyer and member of the Maryland legislature; Chairman of the Civilian ReHef Committee of the Baltimore Chapter of the CiviHan ReUef Committee of the Baltimore Chapter of the Red Cross. Lake Division (Cleveland) — James L. Fieser, one of the Secretaries of the Chamber of Commerce, Columbus, O., and Associate Director of the Ohio State Institute for Public Efficiency; has been widely active in the Central West as an organizer of community activities. Centbal Division (Chicago) — T. J. Edmimds, who has been ap- pointed Acting Director, is from Cincinnati, where he has been a leader in social work. He had important assignments for the Red Cross in directing emergency rehef in the wake of sixty- three disasters, mostly cyclones, which visited the Middle West for a brief period beginning March 11 last. NoKTHERN Division (Minneapohs) — Frank J. Bruno, who has had wide experience in the administration of social work in New York City, Minneapolis and Colorado Springs, Col. Southwestern Division (St. Louis) — Alfred Fairbank, imtil re- cently Secretary of the Board of Children's Guardians, St. Louis, and a leader of social progress in that city and state. Mountain Division (Denver) — Miss Gertrude Vaile, one of the foremost executives in public charity work in the United States, and recently Superintendent of Public Charities of Denver, Col. Northwestern Division (Seattle) — F. P. Foisie, formerly Superin- tendent of the Cambridge Settlement House at Cambridge, Mass., recently attached to the National Headquarters of the Red Cross. Pacific Division (San Francisco) — C. J. O'Connor, an authority on civihan relief along the Mexican Border, and for three years Assistant Director of the Red Cross Department of Chapters. Training Workers in Home Service Home Service needs trained workers, and there is now no adequate supply of them. They can only be produced in sufficient numbers when adequate opportunity for training is afforded and used. Accordingly, the Red Cross is arranging for a series of Institutes in Home Service to be held in the fall and winter of 1917 in each of several cities representing every section of the country. These Institutes will be affiliated with leading univer- sities and schools of philanthropy and will give a six weeks' course. Mr. Porter R. Lee, of the New York School of Philanthropy, and Dr. Thomas J. Riley, formerly director of the St. Louis School of Social Economy, have been appointed National Di- rectors of these Institutes. A Syllabus of Instruction (A. R. C. 205) has been written by Mr. Lee and approved and adopted by the Directors of Home Service Institutes, to whom it was presented in a conference held in Washington, September 4-6, 1917. It outlines the course of 61 instruction which will be followed in all Red Cross Institutes in Home Service, and will be useful also in connection with the courses of training to be undertaken by chapters in many cities. The list of Home Service Institutes as of November 1, 1917, is as follows: Atlanta — Director, Miss Edith Thompson, 705 Gould Building. Supervisor, Miss Helen Muse. Affiliated with the Methodist Training School. Baltimore — Director, Miss Theo Jacobs, 16 St. Paul St. Super- • visor, Miss Mary C. Goodwillie. In co-operation with Johns Hopkins University and Goucher College. Boston — Director, Miss Katherine McMahon, 755 Boylston Street. Supervisor, Mrs. Ahce Higgins Lothrop. Affiliated with the Boston School for Social Workers. Chicago — Director, Miss Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, 2559 Michi- gan Ave. Supervisor, Miss Elizabeth S. Dixon. AffiUated with the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. Cincinnati — Director, Prof. S. G. Lowrie, University of Cincinnati. AffiUated with University of Cincinnati. Cleveland — Director, Mr. James F. Jackson, 2182 East 9th Street. Supervisor, Miss Helen W. Hanchette. Affiliated with Western Re- serve University. Columbia, S. C. — Director, Miss Margaret Laing, 1211 Gervais Street. Assistant Director, Miss Helen Kohn. Affiliated with Uni- versity of South Carohna. Columbus — Director, Professor J. E. Hagerty, Ohio State Uni- versity. Supervisor, Mr. Stockton Raymond. AffiUated with Ohio State University. ' Dallas — Director, Dr. Ivan Lee Holt, Southern Methodist Uni- versity. Supervisor, Miss Flora Saylor. AffiUated with Southern Methodist University. Den\"er — Director, Professor Loran D. Osborn, Mountain Division Office, Red Cross, 14th and Welton Streets. Supervisor, Miss Gertrude Vaile. Affiliated with the University of Colorado. Indianapolis — Director, Professor J. J. Pettijohn, 1016 Merchants Bank Bldg. Supervisor, Mr. Eugene Foster. Affiliated with the University of Indiana. Milwaukee — Director, Professor John L. Gillen, Madison, Wis. Supervisor, Miss Nell Alexander. AffiUated with the University of Wisconsin. Minneapolis and St. Paul — Director, Prof. A. J. Todd, Uni- versity of Minnesota. Supervisor, Minneapolis, Miss CaroUne Bed- ford, 25 Old Chamber of Commerce. Supervisor, St. Paul, Miss Kathleen E. Kunckel, 104 Wilder Building. AffiUated with the Uni- versity of Minnesota. New York City— Director, Mr. Porter R. Lee, 105 E. 22nd Street. Supervisors, Mrs, John M. Glenn, 30 E. 36th Street; Mrs. Janet Ander- son, 185 Montague Street, Brooklyn. AffiUated with the New York School of Philanthropy. New Orleans — Director, Miss Eleanor McMain, 1202 Annuncia- tion Street. Supervisor, Mr. JuUus Goldman. AffiUated with Tulane University. 62 Philadelphia — Director, Mr. Bernard J. Newman, 425 S. 15th Street. Supervisor, Miss Elizabeth Wood. Affiliated with the Pennsylvania School for Social Service. Pittsburgh — Director, Prof. Francis Tyson, University of Pitts- burgh. Supervisor, Miss Eleanor Hanson. Affiliated with the Uni- versity of Pittsburgh. Portland, Ore. — Director, Mr. Paul H. Douglas, Reed College. Supervisor, Mr. A. R. Gephart. Affiliated with Reed College. PouGHKEEPSiE — ^AffiHated with Vassar College. To be given in second semester. Richmond — Director, Dr. H. H. Hibbs, Jr., 1112 Capitol Street. Supervisor, Miss Loomis Logan. Affiliated with the Richmond School of Social Economy. St. Louis — Director, Dr. Geo. B. Mangold, 2221 Locust Street. Supervisor, Miss William Wilder. Affihated with the Missouri School of Social Economy. San Francisco — Director, Dr. Jessica Peixotto, University of California. Supervisor, Miss Lucy Stebbins. Affihated with the University of California. Seattle — Director, Prof. Wm. F, Ogburn, Universit}!' of Washing- ton. Supervisor, Miss Virginia McMechen. Affihated with the University of Washington. Springfield, III. — Director, Dr. J. G. Stevens, Urbana, 111 Supervisor, Miss Margaret Bergen, Springfield, 111. Affiliated with the University of Illinois. Washington— Director, Mr. Walter S. Ufford, 923 H Street, N, W. Supervisor, Mrs. Walter S. Ufford. Affiliated with George Wash- ington University. Disaster Relief While the Department of Civilian Relief has thus been devot- ing itself to the problem presented by the dependent families of soldiers and sailors, it has continued 'its work of providing im- mediate relief in case of disaster. Sixty-four such cases have been handled thus far in 1917. A flood disaster in Tien-tsin, which rendered 400,000 Chinese destitute, made American assistance urgently necessary in October, 1917. At the request of the American Mmister to China, the American Red Cross formed a reUef prganization headed by Roger Green, of the Rockefeller China Medical Board, and provided an initial fund of $125,000 for its use. An earthquake, which practically destroyed the city of San Salvador on June 7, 1917, made necessary another important work of rehef . The sum of $10,000 has been cabled and building materials, medicines and clothing to the value of $15,000 sent. Other disasters which required the appropriation of money from funds held at the National Headquarters of the Red Cross 63 in addition to the relief rendered promptly by chapters, in the period beginning May 10th, 1917, were as follows: May 26, 1917. Tornado at Mattoon and Charleston, 111. Fifty- two killed. Appropriation $25,000. May 27, 1917. Tornado at Hickman, Clinton and Bardwell, Ky. Appropriation, $15,000. May 27, 1917, Tornado at Kouts and Hebron, Ind. Appropria- tion $4,500. June 2, 1917. Tornado at Colgate, Okla. Ten killed, four hundred families destitute. Appropriation $5,000. June 18, 1917. Cyclone at Salem, Mo. Property loss $18,000. Appropriation $850. June 21, 1917. Flood at Princeton, Ind. Sixty thousand acres of crops destroyed, 300 families destitute. Appropriation $1,000. June 29, 1917. Flood at Kaskaskia Island, Mo. Sixty families destitute. Appropriation A notable instance of chapter relief was that rendered by the St. Louis chapter after the race riots in East St. Louis on July 4th, The chapter provided food, clothes and shelter within twenty-four hours for 5,000 refugees who fled across the river to St. Louis. Town and Country Nursing Service To encourage graduate nurses to obtain a special preparation for public health nursing in the small towns and rural districts, a scholarship fund has been raised by several Red Cross Chapters and individuals. Fourteen scholarships are being offered to qualified nurses for an eight months' course in public health nursing given in Boston, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Philadelphia and Richmond. The additional privilege has been granted of allowing recipients of a scholarship to utilize the Student Loan Fund of the Red Cross to an amount equal to the scholarship. Nearly 100 nurses are now at work under the Town and Coun- try Nursing Service in rural districts and towns under 25,000 population. In addition to bedside nursing they devote them- selves to the education of the rural population in hygiene and sanitation. A number of the nurses give their entire time to educational work when employed as county or as school nurses. As they meet the many-sided problems of social welfare work, either a post-graduate course or experience in public health nursing is required by the Red Cross in assigning nurses to duty under the Town and Country Nursing Service. 64 IX WOMAN'S WORK Millions of women have given a share of their time, in chapter work-rooms and at home, to the service of both soldiers and civilians. No part of Red Cross work is more important than this. The function of the Red Cross administration has been to direct and correlate this effort which has been so generously offered. Standard patterns and specifications for all the more important articles which can be made by women workers have been adopted. After cai^ful study of the whole field of women's work in the Red Cross by the Woman's Bureau, circulars of information have been issued, giving detailed instructions for the making of surgical dressings in chapter work-rooms, and- for the man- ufacture of hospital garments, and other supplies, knit goods and comfort kits. Miss Martha Draper and Miss EHzabeth Hoyt, as special representatives of the Woman's Bureau, have been investigating conditions in France and have reported the changing and special needs for articles which American women can make. The Woman's Bureau has also selected and mobilized a limited number of women workers for whom there was a special need in foreign service. Fifty-two women were thus sent to France to serve in army canteens, and others are being selected. Fifty women, also, have enrolled for special work in connection with handling surgical dressings. The volume of work done at home and in chapter work-rooms by women volunteers cannot be adequately measured. It is suggested by the statistics of goods shipped overseas. In the seven months ending November 1, 1917, the Red Cross sent to Europe 13,336 cases, containing approximately 13,000,000 separate articles, of surgical dressings, hospital supplies and cloth- ing. In addition to these, large quantities of similar supplies have been sent to camps and cantonments in the United States. 65 Major Murphy has recently cabled to the War Council: "In view of general conditions, please give right of way on ships to surgical dressings and hospital supplies." The War Council has promised him that 3,000,000 dressings will be shipped to France monthly for the next six months. None of the articles made by Red Cross workers are sold, under any circumstances. Surgical Dressings Standard and special dressings are now being made in chapter work-rooms. Those classified as "standard" are used constantly in all the military hospitals; they are the normal output of the work-rooms. When special dressings of any kind are needed overseas, the chapters are instructed by Division Headquarters to make them. Nearly all these dressings are needed for use in France. After being shipped there they are handled by a chain of warehouses and distributed by motor transports to 2,000 war hospitals with which the Red Cross Surgical Dressings Service keeps in constant touch. It is possible in this way to regulate the distribution of dressings according to the particular needs of each hospital. As an example of the readiaess and ability of Red Cross Chapters to meet the emergency call for surgical dressings it is worth noting that a small group of chapters recently provided surgical dressings for 188 battleships and destroyers. A total of 300,000 separate dressings was necessary and the entire consignment was filled and delivered to the Navy, the Navy stipulating that it would replace all the materials used in the manufacture of the dressings. Hospital Supplies and Refugee Clothing Directions for making hospital garments have been standard- ized and patterns are now available at all Red Cross Chapters and at retail dry-goods stores. Each of the large pattern com- panies issues official Red Cross patterns. Materials for the garments are specified on the patterns, and may be obtained from the chapters. Among the garments that are made for the use of patients are 66 pajamas, hospital bed shirts, bath robes and convalescent robes, in winter and summer weights; bed jackets, bed socks, undershirts, underdrawers, bandaged foot socks, ice-bag covers and hot water bag covers; for the use of doctors, there are opera- ting gowns, operating caps, leggings and masks. As new needs arise, other garments will be added to this Hst. The Woman's Bureau is also publishing pamphlets and stand- ardizing the patterns for clothing to be made for the use of refugees. Three circulars of instruction will be issued relating to clothing for infants, boys and girls, and adults, respectively. Knit Goods The urgent need for extra protection from the cold winter for both soldiers and destitute civilians in France, reported by Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy, head of the Red Cross Commission there, has greatly stimulated the knitting which is done under chapter auspices. His cable read: Begin shipping at once one and a half million each, knitted mufflers, sweaters, socks and wristlets. These are desperately needed before cold weather. In view of shortage of fuel and other discomforts they will be of incredible value in both mihtary and civiUan work. Last winter broke the record for cold and misery among the people here. They inexpressibly dread lest the coming winter find us without suppUes to meet the situation. I urge you on behalf of our soldiers and those of our aUies who wUl suffer in the frozen trenches. The chapters are now at work on garments for the use of men in training or service in this country and soldiers and refugees in France, as needed. More than $5,000,000 worth of yarn has been purchased or ordered for the Red Cross, payments being made out of the War Fund, and the unprecedented scarcity of material of appropriate quality is gradually being corrected. Directions for making these articles have been published by the Woman's Bureau in a circular of information. It should be understood however that any articles will be accepted even though they are not entirely in accord with the instructions, provided they are serviceable and otherwise satis- factory. Comfort Kits These are small bags of khaki cloth, containing in convenient pockets such personal accessories as soap, wash-cloths, heavy 67 socks, shaving articles, pipe and tobacco, khaki handkerchiefs, and the hke, together with writing materials and games. Each has an American jBag on the outside and is stoutly made for serviceability. Three types of kits are suggested by the Woman's Bureau, two for field use and one especially for patients in the hospitals. Thousands have already been made; the soldiers on the border last year received them, and the first detachments of the Ex- peditionary Force were quickly supplied before they sailed for France. The comfort kits are made at the expense of the worker and are filled with such articles as she wishes to include. No part of the cost is borne by the Red Cross. X RED CROSS INSTRUCTION To supplement the service of trained nurses during the war, it is very important that women in their own households should be fitted to deal competently with the nursing requirements of minor cases of illness, and thus reduce the demand on the depleted ranks of professional nurses. For this reason the two courses which are given by the Red Cross Nursing Service, one on Elementary Hygiene and Home Care of the Sick, the other on Home Dietetics, have no small bearing on medical preparedness. These courses, of fifteen lectures each, have been given during the past year at 307 points in the United States, with 3 to 250 classes at each. Twenty Chapters maintain ''teaching centers" with paid, full-time supervisors. Text-books are published by the Bureau of Instruction, and qualified, enrolled nurses and dietitians are assigned as instructors in every case. Over 34,000 women have completed the course in home care of the sick and are therefore prepared to provide for their own families a part of the service that a trained nurse would render. First Aid Seventy-five thousand certificates of proficiency in first aid have been issued by the American Red Cross during the past year, through its First Aid Division. Ten thousand classes have been organized, and by appointment of the Division more than 7,500 physicians throughout the country have served as instructors and examiners for these classes. Classes have been organized in practically every state, in the rural districts as well as in cities, in factory communities, in 69 mining and logging camps, in hundreds of remote places where the danger of accident is always present. In addition to its work through local instructors, the Red Cross is carrying its message of first aid and accident prevention to industrial communities through field representatives and by means of the First Aid Car. Special instruction has been given to lumbermen in the Northwest and to men in the marble and granite quarries of the New England states. An American Red Cross Life Saving Corps, with a membership of 1,868, has been organized with stations along all the coasts of the United States. The First Aid Division has a staff of experienced and trained physicians prepared to dehver illustrated lectures on First Aid in shock, sanitation, personal hygiene and accident prevention. Sanitary Training Detachments Sanitary Training Detachments are organized primarily for the purpose of instructing men so that they may be able to serve efficiently in the Sanitary Service of the Army and Navy. These groups, a number of which have already been formed, are organ- ized on a military basis and their members are drilled in accord- ance with the U. S. Army regulations for Sanitary troops, in addition to receiving thorough instruction in First Aid. Men who have served in these detachments are therefore especially fitted to enlist in the Enlisted Reserve Corps, from which the enlisted personnel of the base hospital units and other detach- ments of the Medical Corps is drawn. Those who join Red Cross Sanitary Training detachments are required to enroll in the Red Cross service for a period of two years; they are requested to signify their willingness to enlist in the medical service of the Army or Navy, but are not required to obhgate themselves to do so. A number of men from the Sanitary Training detachments have already enlisted in the Med- ical Corps. A detachment consists of three officers (a Commandant, an Assistant Commandant — both physicians in good standing — and a Quartermaster), 1 Pharmacist, 5 Section Chiefs, 4 Mechanics, 4 Carpenters, 2 Cooks, 2 Clerks, and 40 Privates. 70 XI APPROPRIATIONS For Work in the United States In accordance with the terms of its federal charter, the Red Cross reports annually to the Secretary of War and its accounts are audited by the War Department. Appropriations for general administration in the United States are made from the General Fund, derived from member- ship fees and miscellaneous sources. The appropriations made by the War Council, from the War Fund, from May 10, 1917, to October 31, 1917, for work in the United States, are as follows: HOSPITALS, ETC. Alteration of Red Cross General Hospital No. 1, Phila- delphia $12,500. Maintenance of Red Cross General Hospital No. 1 , Phila- delphia 20,000. PxKchase of special equipment for Navy Base Hospitals 32,000. Hospital funds for 40 hospitals at cantonments and camps 20,000. Purchase and outfitting of four mobile laboratory cars 52,000. Convalescent houses at Fort Oglethorpe and Fort Mc- Pherson, Ga. * 12,000. Six emergency stations for medical assistance to canton- ments 250,000. TravelUng expenses of Medical Advisory Committee 6,000. Equipment, including imiforms, for Army and Navy Nurses . 100,000. $503,500. SANITARY SERVICE. Development of Bureau of Sanitary Service $10,000. Sanitary imits for service in the vicinity of 17 camps and cantonments 173,500. 71 Divided as follows: 1 Columbia, S. C. $10,000 2 Little Rock, Ark. 7,150 3 Louisville, Ky. 7,700 4 Des Moines, Iowa 7,150 5 Fort Leavenworth, Kan. 13,000 6 Hattiesburg, Miss. 5,000 7 Petersburg, Va. 6,000 8 Anniston, Ala. 10,000 9 Newport News, Va. 21,000 10 Ayer, Mass. 5,000 11 Atlanta, Ga. 14,000 12 ChUlicothe, Ohio 10,000 13 Greenville, S. C. 9,000 14 Macon, Ga. 10,000 15 Manhattan, Kan. 9,000 16 Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 10,000 17 Spartanburg, S. C. 7,000 18 American Lake, Wash. 1,500 19 Montgomery, Ala. 5,000 20 Charlotte, N. C. 6,000 Expenses of survey to determine the need of isolation hospitals at cantonments $1,000. $184,500. CAMP SERVICE, ETC. Bathing pool. Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. Construction and maintenance of a soldiers' clubhouse at Chillicothe, Ohio Stocking warehouses at encampments, and expenses of field directors. Bureau of Camp Seivice Contribution to Training Camp Activities Commission Purchase of sweaters Purchase of blankets Purchase of comforters $5,715. 30,000. 711,000. 200,000. 639,500. 805,014. 137,500. $2,528,729. MISCELI-ANEOUS. Alterations and increased storage space, New York ware- house Funeral expenses of Miss L. D. Schrope, a Red Cross nurse, who died of tuberculosis contracted in service Traveling expenses of speakers for Speakers' Bureau Materials for use in membership campaign $31,357. 130.60 12,000. 50,000. $93,487.60 Appropriations for work in the United States 72 $3,310,216.60 In addition to the above appropriation for specific relief work, the War Council has advanced the following sums for the purchase of materials which are necessary in the work of the chapters. Since these goods are all sold to the chapters approxi- mately at cost, the moneys thus advanced will eventually be repaid into the War Fund and can then be appropriated for such purposes as the War Council finds advisable: ADVANCES, TO BE REPAID. Purchase of knitting yarn for resale to chapters Sl,900,000. Purchase of materials and supplies for resale to chapters 500,000. Purchase of knitting yarn, flannel for hospital garments, and khaki for comfort kits, for resale to chapters 1,500,000, Purchase of handkerchiefs, envelopes, pads of paper, and combination games for comfort kits and Christmas packages, for resale to chapters 226,800. Purchase of flannel, muslin, tarcovat blanketing and knitting yarn, for resale to chapters 3,457,200. Purchase of Red Cross buttons and pins, for resale to chapters 75,000. S7,659,000. Total appropriations for werk in the United States $10,969,216.60 73 Part Two The Work in Europe The purposes of overseas appropriations from the War Fund may be broadly given as follows: (1) To do everything possible to assist our army and navy in insur- ing the health and comfort of American soldiers and sailors abroad, and (2) To relieve suffering among the armies and destitution among the needy civilian populations of our allies. The following pages will give particulars of work already done and some of the plans for the future. To Learn the Needs of Our Allies By reason of the unique conditions surrounding American Red Cross effort in this war, so far from home, and of the impor- tance of all Red Cross work being conducted efficiently, economic- ally and with the best American spirit, the War Council has sent to Europe five separate commissions, each composed of repre- sentative Americans skilled in business administration, in medical and surgical work, and in other lines of Red Cross effort. On account of the crucial importance of the work in France, a Red Cross Commission to France was dispatched just as soon as it could be organized after the appointment of the War Council. That commission, which has general supervision over the Amer- ican Red Cross work in Europe, is headed by Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy, himself a member of the War Council, and is composed of sixteen leading experts in special lines of work. Commissions have also been sent to Russia, Roumania, Serbia and Italy. A Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner for England have been appointed, and a special department for Belgium has been created under the direction of the Commission to France. 74 FRANCE The personnel of the Red Cross Commission in France is as follows: Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy, head of Red Cross Commission to France and Red Cross Com- missioner to Europe. Senior Vice-President of the Guaranty Trust Co., New York. James H. Perkins, Vice-President of National City Bank, New York. Authority on industrial organization. Commissioner for France. DEPUTY COMMISSIONERS. H. O. BEATTY, of California. Former director of War Relief Clearing House. Director-General for France and Belgium. CARL TAYLOR, of New York. Of Byrne, Cutcheon & Taylor. GEORGE B. FORD, of New York, Expert in town planning. ERNEST McCULLOUGH, of Boston. Of Stone & Webster; an engineer. ERNEST P. BICKNELL. Former Director General of Civilian Relief, American Red Cross. In charge of the Department for Belgium. ALEXANDER LAMBERT, of New York. Professor of Clinical Medicine at Cornell University Medical College. Investi- gating tuberculosis and medical needs of France. Chief Surgeon. RALPH PRESTON, of New York. Former director of War Relief Clearing House. HOMER FOLKS, of New York. Expert in public relief work and care of destitute and delinquent children. Di- • rector of the Department of Civil Affairs. EDWARD EYRE HUNT. Formerly in charge of work in Antwerp for Commission for Relief in Belgium. Later director of Red Cross Bureau of Publications. In charge of the Bureau of Relief and Economic Rehabilitation in Liberated Areas. AMASA MATHER, of Cleveland, O. DR. EDWARD T. DEVINE, of New York. Director of the School of Philanthropy. In charge of the Bureau of Refugees and Home Relief. JOSEPH R. SWAN, of New York. Of Kean, Taylor & Co. , bankers. BERNON PRENTICE, of New York. Of Dominick and Dominick. Formerly associated with Herbert C. Hoover, ATTACHED TO MAJOR MUEPHY's STAFF. A. W. COPP. West Point graduate and veteran of Philippine campaign. In charge of U. S. Army Red Cross work. 75 Infant Welfare Unit. As at first constituted the Infant Welfare Unit consisted of the following persons: DR. WILLIAM PALMER LUCAS. Professor of Pediatrics in the University of California, Director. DR. J. MORRIS SLEMMONS. Of ttie Yale Medical School, an obstetrical authority. DR. JULIUS PARKER SEDGWICK. Professor of Pediatrics in the University of Minnesota. DR. JOHN C. BALDWIN. Specialist in diseases of children. DR. J. ISAAC DURAND, DR. CLAIN F. GELSTON. Assistants to Dr. Lucas at the University of California. DR. N. O. PEARCE, MRS. WILLIAM P. LUCAS, MRS. J. MORRIS SLEM- MONS, MISS ELIZABETH SLEMMONS, MISS ELIZABETH ASHE, MISS ROSAMUND GILDER. These women are specialists in child welfare work. At the urgent request of Major Murphy, other doctors and nurses have been sent to reinforce this unit, as follows: DR. CHARLES ULYSSES MOORE, of Portland, Oregon. Specialist in children's diseases, with a group of sixteen nurses who have had special training in the treatment of children's diseases and in social welfare work. DR. J. H. MASON KNOX, Jr., of Baltimore. DR. JOHN B. MANNING, of Seattle. DR. FLORENCE CHAPMAN CHILD, of Philadelphia. DR. EDMUND J. LABBE, of Portland. Ore. Professor of Pediatrics at the Universty of Oregon. DR. ETHEL LYON HEARD, of Galveston, Texas. DR. HELEN H. WOODROFFE, of Ocean Park, Cal. DR. DOROTHY CHILD, of Philadelphia. DR. O. H. SELLENINGS, of Columbus, O. DR. HUGH HEATON, of Melstone, Mont. , and fourteen additional Red Cross nurses. Commission for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. (Conducted co-operatively by the Rockefeller Foundation and American Red Cross.) "DR. LIVINGSTON FARRAND, Chairman. President of University of Colorado. HOMER FOLKS, of New York. Formerly Commissioner of Charities of New York City. SELSKAR M. GUNN, of Boston. Medical Advisory Committee A military medical advisory committee has been appointed by Major Murphy. Heading the committee is Dr. Joseph A. Blake, with whom are associated: 76 COL. WINTERS. COL. IRELAND. Of General Pershing's staff. DR. LIVINGSTON FARRAND. A member of the Rockefeller Foundation and President of the Uhivei-sity of Colorado. DR. ALEXANDER LAMBERT. Professor of Clinical Medicine, Cornell Medical School. DR. JOHN M. FINNEY. Professor of Clinical Sm-gery at Johns Hopkins University. DR. RICHARD P. STRONG, DR. W. B. CANNON. Professors at Harvard University. MAJOR GEORGE W. CRILE. Head of the Cleveland Base Hospital Unit, and discoverer of a method of eliminat- ing surgical shock which is reducing Inortality . DR. GEORGE E., BREWER. Of the Columbia-Presbyterian Base Hospital Unit of New York. DR. KENNETH TAYLOR. Of St. Paul, Minn., and associated with Dr. Blake. DR. HUGH H. YOUNG. Professor at Johns Hopkins University. DR. FRED T. MURPHY, Professor of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. DR. JAMES ALEXANDER MILLER, DR. WILLIAM P. LUCAS, DR. WILLIAM CHARLES WHITE compose a medical advisory committee for the Department of Civil Affairs. General Advisory Committee, william g. sharp, American Ambassador to France. JAMES STILLMAN, Chairman of Board of Directors, National City Bank of New York City. EDWARD TUCK, of France. Woman's War Relief Corps The Woman's War Relief Corps has been formed in France under Red Cross direction for the purpose of bringing together for effective work the American women in France who have been or are now engaged in war reUef or who wish to undertake it. The Corps registers at its headquarters nurses, canteen workers or other rehef workers or recruits for such service, and will indi- cate to them where they will be of most value. It will supply the Red Cross with such additional women workers, recruited in France, as it may need to supplement its regular staff. Among the activities into which the Corps will enter are canteens, diet kitchens, nursing, propaganda, refugee relief and other forms of social service. Membership is open to all American women in France or American wives of the subjects of Allied nations. The General Director of the Woman's War Relief Corps is Mrs. William G. Sharp, wife of the American Ambassador. Mrs. R. W. Bliss, Mrs. Edward Tuck, and Mr. Ralph Preston are the Executive Committee. Mrs. George B, Ford is Recording Secre- 77 taiy and Mrs. Charles Scott, Treasurer, includes the following: The Board of Directors MRS. EDITH WHARTON MRS. HILL MRS. CARTER MRS. LATHROP MRS. GEORGE MUNRO MARQUISE D'ANDIGNE MRS. COOLIDGE MRS. AUSTIN MRS. SAYLES MRS. SHURTLEFF MRS. ALEXANDER LAMBERT MRS. BRADLEY MISS RUSSELL MRS. HUBBARD MRS. W. K. VANDERBILT MISS CLEVELAND MRS. BARCLAY PARSONS The Woman's Bureau at Red Cross Headquarters in Wash- ington and the Woman's War Rehef Corps in Paris co-operate fully.- Nursing Service Miss Martha Montague Russell, of Pittsfield, Mass., for twelve years superintendent of the Sloane Hospital, New York, has been appointed official representative of the American Red Cross Nursing Service in France. In addition to advising Major Murphy and his associates on problems relating to this service, she will represent at Paris headquarters the many American nurses now serving in France under the Red Cross. Since her arrival abroad Miss Russell has been active in organizing a system of enrollment for American nurses in Europe not affiUated with the Red Cross. Many other men and women, a large number of whom are volunteers, are now working for the American Red Cross in France. No attempt will be made to give a complete list of personnel in this statement. The Organization in France The headquarters of American Red Cross work in Europe is, of course, in France. The personnel of the Commission, as above noted, shows the character and skill which have been enlisted in meeting the Red Cross problems in Europe. In spite of the very brief period of its stay in Paris the Red Cross Commission to France has already worked out a well ordered organization. It has perfected a complete understanding with French authorities, and Major Murphy has been made a member of General Pershing's staff, thus co-ordinating all American Red Cross effort with that of our Army in France. Of the staff of 864 persons handUng the work of the Red Cross Commission in France, 517 are serving without salary or living 78 allowance from the Red Cross. Among these volunteers are prominent American business men, technical experts and women experienced in the handling of relief supplies. Owing to the large number who have responded to the Red Cross call for volunteers it has been possible to organize the present efficient staff in Paris at an average cost to the Red Cross of only about $300 a year for each worker. There are 347 employes on the Red Cross pay-roll, including 95 day laborers used in handhng supplies and in construction. The average wage paid to these 347 persons is $800 a year. Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy cables further that he is "carefully studying pay-rolls with a view to further reduction." The remaining 517 workers are either serving without com- pensation and at their own expense, or are paid by their former employers, who have lent them to the Red Cross for war serv- ice, or are paid from private subscriptions. The expenses of the Infant Welfare Unit, for instance, are partly met by a special gift made for this express purpose by Mrs. William Lowell Putnam, of Boston. Major Murphy also obtained by private subscription, before he sailed for France, a fund of $100,000, which is applied toward the expenses of the Commission. The headquarters of the American Red Cross in Paris are in an ample building on the Place de la Concorde provided for the use of the Commission rent free for the current year by Ralph Preston, as a contribution to the Red Cross. "Of our 347 employes paid from the Red Cross fund," Major Murphy reports, "262 receive annual compensation of less than $1,200 per year. Fifty employes receive compensation of $1,200 and $2,100 annually. Fifteen employes receive from the Red Cross annual compensation in excess of $2,100 per annum." GENERAL POLICIES The general lines of activity undertaken in France by the American Red Cross have been determined after a careful survey of the situation by the Red Cross Commission. These purposes may be outlined as follows: 1. To establish and maintain canteens, rest houses, hospital recrea- tion huts and other means of supplying the American soldiers with such comforts as the Army authorities may approve; 79 2. To establish and maintain in France canteens, rest houses, and other means of supplying comforts for the soldiers in the armies of our allies; 3. To distribute supplementary hospital equipment and supplies of all kinds to military hospitals for soldiers of the American or allied armies; 4. *To establish and maintain emergency hospitals whenever the need arises. 5. To engage in civilian relief, including: (a) The care and education of destitute children; (b) Care of mutilated soldiers; (c) Care of sicK and disabled soldiers; (d) Rehef work in the devastated areas of France and Belgium, such as furnishing to the inhabitants of these districts agricultural implements, household goods, foods, clothing and such tem- porary shelter as will enable them to return to their homes; (e) Providing relief for and guarding against the increase of tuberculosis. 6. To furnish relief for soldiers and civilians held as prisoners by the enemy, and to give assistance to such civilians as are returned to France from time to time from the parts of Belgium and of France held by the enemy; 7. To supply financial assistance to committees, societies or in- dividuals allied with the American Red Cross and carrying on relief work in Europe. The Needs of France France has suffered beyond description . It will not be possible for the full force of American military effort to be felt in France for some time. To assist the French people in their very present distress is, therefore, not only an undertaking of the greatest mercy, but is also the most effective work which can be done by the American people to strengthen the courage and keep vigorous the morale of both the French Army and the French people in this critical period. Every particle of strength and confidence which America can give to the French people while they wait for the coming of the American forces is a real contribution not only toward relief but toward shortening the war. If the matter be put on no other than a purely practical basis all the assistance we can render to France right now, either in caring for her sick and wounded or relieving her destitute people, is a means of reducing the number of Americans who may be killed or wounded in France. Our Army is not in France in full force yet, but the Red Cross is there, and it is the purpose of the Red Cross to see to it that both the French Army and the French people understand that the heart of the American people is behind them, and that the 80 impulses of that heart are expressed now in works of real mercy and assistance. Striking Details of the Work in France The Red Cross Commission in France has made the following summary of its work to date. Further details of these activities will be found in the succeeding pages. The summary: Military Relief We have just completed a gift of 5,000,000 francs to needy sick and wounded French soldiers and needy families of soldiers. We have under our supervision four large military hospitals and are preparing to establish another. , We have established twenty dispensaries in the American Army zone to care for the resident civilians and to improve health conditions in that section before the coming of our troops. We are providing a dental ambulance at a port in France for the use of our soldiers and sailors, and have organized a nurses' service for American Army use. Our hospital distributing service sends supplies to 3,423 French military hospitals and is laying in a large stock for future needs; our surgical dressings service supplies 2,000 French hospitals and is preparing immense supplies for our own army. We are operating at the front line in co-operation with the French Red Cross ten canteens, and are preparing to establish twenty more. We are operating six canteens for use of French soldiers at important railway centers where we serve about 30,000 soldiers a day, and are planning many more. * * * In Paris, canteens operated by us, with the French, are serv- ing enormous numbers of soldiers as they come and go. We soon expect to have ready twelve rest stations for our own troops at important railway centers, also recuperation camps at suitable places for many of our soldiers. We are providing an artificial limb factory near Paris and special plants for the manufacture of splints and nitrous oxide gas. We have contracted for a movable hospital in four units accommodating 1,000 men. 81 Recreation in connection with hospitals, and diet kitchens. A casualty service for gathering information in regard to wounded and missing, and a medical research bureau. Civilian Relief Our work with the civil population covers mainly children, refugees and the tuberculous. We have opened a children's refuge and hospital at a point in the war zone where several hundred children have been gathered to keep them away from danger of gas and shell fire. At another point among the wrecked villages we have estab- lished a medical center and a travelling dispensary to accommo- date 1,200 children. We have undertaken extensive medical work for the repatrie children at Evian, about 500 of whom are daily returned from points within the German lines. « « • We have also opened a hospital and convalescents' home for these children at Evian, where we are also operating an ambu- lance service for the returning repatries, who are now coming in at the rate of 1,000 a day. We are about to establish infant welfare stations in connection with each dispensary in the nation-wide system planned by the Rockefeller Foundation. We have taken over and are carrying on and developing an extensive tuberculosis work formerly in charge of Mrs. Edith Wharton and other Americans. We are completing for the French an unfinished tuberculosis sanatorium near Paris, and are adding to the barracks for tubercu- losis patients erected by the city of Paris; this means adding 1,000 beds to those now available near Paris for tuberculosis patients. « • « We are organizing a comprehensive health center in one of the departments of France. We are making arrangements on a large scale to help refugee families through the winter with clothing, beds and shelter, and for this work the entire devastated district of France has been divided into six districts with a resident Red Cross delegate in each, and warehouses have been established at four points to which are shipped food, clothing, bedding, beds, household uten- sils and agricultural implements. 82 We are carrying on repair work in four villages in the devas- tated region to enable returned families to stay throughout the winter. We are co-operating with French agencies in various kinds of relief work in the principal agricultural centers in the devastated region, and are supplying portable houses for the use of families which have returned to this region. * * * We are providing barracks to assist in the work of training disabled soldiers, and we expect to establish for them experi- mental agricultural stations. We are organizing extensive work for relief of Belgians, both children and grown people, and in this connection, we are estab- lishing warehouses near the Belgian front in order that we may be ready to assist the Belgians who may be liberated by a change in the fighting line. We are aiding the Queen of Belgium in her work for the chil- dren, and we are assisting in the support of hospitals and other works for relief of Belgian soldiers. In addition we are bringing a certain number of children from occupied Belgium into France where they may be cared for. Transportation To enable us to carry on our work we have established large control warehouses in Paris, and distribution warehouses at important points from the sea to the Swiss border. In these warehouses will be stored hospital supplies, food, soldiers' com- forts, tobacco, blankets and household goods, kitchen utensils, clothing, beds and other articles for reUef . Two hundred tons of supplies are arriving in Paris daily, and 125 tons are being reshipped to various branch warehouses. # » * Our total warehouse capacity is 100,000 tons, and the ware- house personnel at present numbers 125 men, many of whom are volunteers — American men of education and business training not ehgible for military service. Our transportation department with a personnel of about 400 handles our supplies and furnishes automobiles for use in our work. It has an organized force at every port in France, and is able to handle about 350 tons of supplies daily. 83 We use 400 motor car vehicles, 250 of which are trucks of various sizes. In addition, we are preparing to operate a motor bus Hne through Switzerland from the German to the French border to aid in transportation of repatries and exchanged prisoners. We operate seven garages and make all repairs on our own cars. Our transportation work is directed by men experienced in transportation work in America. Estimates of Expenditures to be Made The Commission in France has already submitted to the War Council a preliminary estimate of the amount which will be necessary to carry on the work now under way in France. De- tailed budgets will follow. This statement suggests how im- portant it is that adequate resources be accumulated and main- tained in the United States, so that there may be no curtailment of the work of relief in France. The message in part follows: Our Departments have nearly completed their budgets for six^ months' period ending April 30th. As far as we can see now, if all the various lines of work now contemplated are to be actively carried on, the budgets v/ill call for an aggregate expenditure of at least $30,000,000 over the six months' period. This svun, added to appropriations already granted, wUl amount to about $40,000,000, or about four- fifths of the amount which we have understood is available for work in France from the War fund raised last summer. We do not know to what extent, if at all, we are justified in pro- ceeding on the theory that additional funds will be available, and consequently it is difficult to determine what we ought to count on spending during the next six months. We believe we could expend $30,000,000 and more in Red Cross work in France and Belgium with the armies and civUian population with most excellent results, and in many respects the coming winter will be a most crucial time. We must, however, at all hazards, reserve sufficient funds to meet all demands which may be made upon us by our Army diuring the comiag year and to enable us also to deal satisfactorily with the problem of emergency reUef which will almost certainly result from radical changes in the line in northern France and Belgium. If we can safely count on spending here approximately $50,000,000 only, it would be folly for us to proceed with the different branches of our work at a rate which will practically exhaust that sum by next summer. In this case it would be necessary tor us to curtail in a most radical way the plans now in prospect for useful work with the civilian population, including work for the care and prevention of tuberculosis, relief of refugees and children, the active prosecution of which is greatly de- sired by the French authorities . 84 Work done with civil population may have a more important bearing on the military situation even than work done with the forces, for men in the field will be able to carry out their work better with the knowledge that those left at home are being taken care of. We cannot state too strongly the critical situation that will arise during the coming winter and the necessity of action in every hne and in every field which will conduce to the firm establishment of the morale of the people and armies. The amount of work that can be done in this direction will be limited solely by the resources at om' com- mand, both money and material. Red Cross Transportation Service Fundamental to all Red Cross and all other American activi- ties in France, and indeed in all Europe, is the problem of trans- portation. Materials must be gotten across the Atlantic, they must reach the place in the interior where they are needed. A Red Cross transportation service has accordingly been established to handle the vast quantities of medical and relief suppHes now being shipped almost daily to France, Belgium, Serbia, Russia and other belligerent countries. This new branch of Red Cross activities was made possible through the co-operation of the French, British and Italian gov- ernments, the United States Shipping Board and the leading steamship and railroad companies. President Wilson has taken a personal interest in the establishment of this service. His aid and that of Chairman Edward N. Hurley, of the Shipping Board, formerly a member of the Red Cross War Council, have been invaluable to its success. Practically all the cargo space needed for the shipment of essential Red Cross supplies abroad has now been placed at the disposal of the War Council. Much of it has been given free by the steamship companies and the allied governments. This will be used only for supplies most urgently needed. The Red Cross will have cargo space on every steamer char- tered by the United States Shipping Board. Army transports also will carry Red Cross supplies. Practically every line has made reductions in its passenger rates for Red Cross nurses and representatives traveling in Europe. In making its ocean shipping arrangements it will be the policy of the Red Cross to distribute shipments among as many steamers as possible. By using all available lines, losses at sea, if sus- tained, will not seriously interrupt the Red Cross work of mercy o 85 Motor Transport Service Materials can be conveyed across the Atlantic in transports, but upon arrival at the French port the vitally necessary step is to get them where they are needed in the quickest possible time. The French railroads are overtaxed, and their facilities must be available for the military needs of the Army. The Red Cross is accordingly developing its own motor transport service. This has called for an original investment of considerable size, but it was fundamentally necessary and will make it possible for Red Cross service to be flexible and elastic to a high degree. The transportation department has now a personnel of about 400, and uses 250 trucks and 150 other motor vehicles. It is able to handle about 350 tons of supplies daily. MILITARY RELIEF Work for the American Army Speaking broadly, the first and supreme object of American Red Cross care is our own Army and Navy. Nothing that we can do to co-operate with the Army and Navy will be left un- done". The safety, the health, the comfort of our men who are fighting the country's battles three thousand miles from home will at all times be the prime objects of our attention. The American Army in France is received in large reception camps on the coast, and after several weeks of preliminary train- ing the men are sent across the country to permanent training camps back of the firing lines. Along the route followed by the troops the Red Cross is establishing infirmaries and rest stations, each in charge of an American trained nurse with an American man to assist her. Each infirmary contains ten beds, a stock of drugs and other necessities. The seriously sick are cared for at French hos- pitals in the neighborhood. Daily calls are made upon the American sick in the hospitals by the nurse and attendant, who take with them reading matter, tobacco, and other comforts. A dental ambulance is being provided at a port in France for the i use of American soldiers and sailors. | 86 i Dispensaries have been established in the American Army zone to care for civilians and to improve health conditions in the vicinity of the American camps. When our men reach their French base the Red Cross will continue to act as a friendly agency as opportunity may offer to supplement what the Army itself does to make the men com- fortable. Recuperation camps will be opened at suitable places, and recreation huts are being provided for the sick and con- valescent. Relieving the "Antilles" Survivors After the sinking of the transport "Antilles," the first naval disaster suffered by the United States since its entry into the war, the Red Cross was able to extend immediate assistance to the survivors who were landed at a port in France. Those who escaped Irrom the sinking ship were compelled to take to the boats and life rafts with such speed that many were in their night clothes or only thinly clad. They could take nothing whatever of their personal belongings save what they stood in. As soon as news of their arrival was received in Paris a repre- sentative of the Red Cross, provided with ample funds, was dis- patched to the port. He was met there by the commanding officer of the American Forces at the port and also by the Amer- ican Consul, and aided them in placing the survivors in hos- pitals and hotels. In order that the members of the crew of the transport, who were in Government employ, might receive without delay the pay due them, an amount sufficient for a week's wage for all of them was at once advanced by the Red Cross representative. Furthermore, the Red Cross representative was able to attend immediately to the matter of communicating to the families of the survivors in America the fact that they were safe and well, for it had not been possible for any of these men to send such messages home. In addition to aiding these men, the Red Cross was able to give funds and clothing to a number of Junior Army officers who were homeward bound on the transport and had been unable to save anything in the hasty abandonment of the sinking vessel. For those of the Army officers who could not receive donations, the Red Cross representative cashed personal checks. 87 Great care was given to visiting the wounded in the hospitals to make sure that they were receiving the best treatment and attention from the moment of their arrival in the port. It is now intended that a Red Cross office shall be established at this port at once to insure even more prompt action in any emergencies which may arise in future. Plans have been made to ship there a sufficient stock of clothing, shoes, underwear and the like to be stored on convoys for any eventuality. Comforts for the Soldiers Canteens are being established by the Red Cross at railway stations where American soldiers on reserve duty or on leave, and those returning to or from duty, may find rest and refreshment. Baths, food, and other^omforts will be made available at these canteens. Nearly four milHon cigarettes, 20,000 packages of smoking tobacco and 10,000 cuts of chewing tobacco have already been sent to France for the use of our men. When American troops start for France, the men are given comfort kits. Each kit contains heavy socks, handkerchiefs, wash-cloth and soap, pencil and writing-paper, a pipe and "the makings," playing cards, a mouth-organ or game, buttons, pin and other small articles. Christmas parcels will be sent over for all enlisted men in foreign service, in addition to the provision which the Red Cross is making for the Christmas cheer of men in camp in America. The Red Cross expects to see to it that no American soldier or sailor is forgotten at Christmas time. An appropriation has been made for the purchase, in France (to save cargo space) of similar articles to be given to French soldiers at Christmas. A Shipment of Tobacco In August the Red Cross received the following cablegram from its Commission to France: Please arrange to ship ten tons tobacco earliest date; 60 per cent, cigarette mixture; 20 per cent, pipe tobacco; 20 per cent, chewing tobacco. For use of troops. No sxiitable tobacco obtainable here. Supply American tobacco exhausted. Y. M. C. A. shipment lost. Prompt shipment important. 88 The War Council, therefore, availed itself of a very generous offer of the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. and the P. Lorillard Co. to donate for the use of American troops abroad 3,000,000 cigarettes, 20,000 packages of smoking tobacco and 10,000 ten- cent cuts of chewing tobacco. A large consignment of tobacco was accordingly forwarded immediately. The French Government having arranged to admit free of duty all articles consigned to American troops, chocolate, tobacco, cigarettes, games, playing cards and other ''comforts" are permitted free entry. Railway Canteens for the Troops When French Army officers were asked what the American Red Cross could best do to hearten the French Army and to give the French soldiers a concrete token of American co-operation, they said: "Give us canteens and rest stations." The Red Cross is accordingly establishing canteens at eleven important railway stations in France for the special use of sol- diers on leave, who are constantly passing on their way to and from the front. The need for such service and the general plan were thus outlined by Major Murphy: Great assistance can be given the French Army by co-operating in the organization of canteens, resting and sleeping quarters for men passing to and from the front. At points where trains must be changed, ordinary station facihties are absolutely inadequate. Men returning tired and dirty from the trenches wait many long hours, often over night, for train connections, and sleep on exposed platforms and in all available corners. Buffets are wanted beyond any possible capacity. These men, averaging several thousand daily at each station, should be provided with proper hot food at low prices, proper sleeping and reading rooms, and facilities for washing and disinfection from disease- carrying trench vermin, which otherwise would be brought into homes. Men return- ing to the front would be given additional stimulus and enthusiasm through such special attention on the part of American women. All of this tends to develop a better morale as well as physique. Work can and should be started immediately to provide against the particular hardships of the winter months. Remember that the diseases brought from the trenches to the home constitute a grave menace, also that long journeys in an exhausted condition deprive men of the necessary power of resistance. We believe no work more immediately important to safeguard the homes and the soldiers and to convince the country at large that we are working with them, and earnestly recommend an appropriation for the purpose. The entire plan will be carried out in accordance with the views of General Pershing and the French Army. 89 The War Council has made an appropriation to establish and maintain these eleven canteens and similar facilities at stations in and about Paris for men on leave. Much of the original equipment is provided by the French military authorities. American Women in Canteens The Woman's Bureau undertook to recruit one hundred American women to serve in canteens and rest stations in France . Only women of robust health, between the ages of thirty and fifty, were considered, and applicants were required to show that they had worked for the American Red Cross or in regular occupations requiring a high order of service and a capacity for self-sacrifice. Fifty-two of these women are already in France. Their names follow: MISS MARY VAIL ANDRESS MISS MARION H. BECKETT MISS EMILY M. BENNETT MISS SOPHIA BERGER MRS. AMELIA VANDER K. CHURCH MRS. KATHLEEN P. DAVIS MISS IRENE M. GIVENWILSON MISS CORNELIA B KNOX MISS MARY T. LANE MISS FRANCES MITCHELL MISS ELLA UNDERBILL OSBORNE MRS. ELEANOR C. PRIME MISS AGNES E. SHEEHAN MISS EMILY P. SIMMONDS MRS. ELIZABETH H. TAYLOR MRS. CARLOTTA DAVIS THRASHER MRS. ANNE TIFFANY MRS. BARBOUR WALKER MRS. MEREDITH WATERBURY MISS ELIZABETH D. YOUNG all of New York City MRS. ISABEL PERKINS ANDER- SON MRS. RANDOLPH DICKENS MISS CATHERINE RUSH PORTER, of Washington, D. C. MISS ELLEN P. KILPATRICK MISS ALICE WOLFF MILLER MISS MARY VAN ARSDALE TONGUE, of Baltimore, Md. MISS ALICE LORD O'BRIAN MISS ANNA PERIT ROCHESTER of Buffalo, N. Y. MISS EMMA S. LANSING MISS KATHERINE LANSING, of Watertown, N. Y. (Sister of the Secretary of State) MISS ELIZABETH ANDERSON MISS FRANCES ANDERSON of New Canaan, Conn. MISS FLORENCE HERRICK MISS HARRIETT P._HERRICK of Roselle, N. J. MRS. JEAN B. HULL MISS AMY E. BREWER, of Chicago, 111. MISS ALICE CYNTHIA ARCHI- BALD MRS. GERTRUDE L. HEATWOLE. of Northfield, Minn. MISS GRACE NICHOLS of Boston, Mass. MISS RUTH E.. SMITH of Yonkers, N. Y. MISS HARRIETTE ROGERS of Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y. MISS FRANCES E. SHELTON of Scarsdale, N. Y. MISS ETHEL BURNET of Watch Hill, R. I. MISS LOIS BRUNDRED of Oil City, Penn. MRS. MARY STICKNEY LAW- RENCE of Rutland, Vt. MISS MILDRED COWING of Wyoming, Ohio MISS MARY HELEN FEE of Oak Park, 111. MISS CORNELIA B. GREEN of Detroit, Mich. MISS BLANCHARD SCOTT of Ft. Mayer, Va. MISS WILHELMINA TENNEY of Honolulu, Hawaii The women in this canteen service will work under the direc- tion of Major Murphy and a committee of American women in Paris, of which Mrs. William G. Sharp, wife of the American Ambassador, is Chairman. 90 The Canteens at Work The first of these canteens was opened in September, and began immediately to serve large numbers of French soldiers and some American troops. It has been used by an average of 2,000 men daily. The first visitors were a troop of chasseurs who had been instructing the American troops, and on the same evening a large number of American engineers, leaving by a train at one o'clock in the morning, were given a warm welcome. There are eighteen women who serve, day and night. The menu includes soup, bread, meat, vegetables, salads, cheese, eggs, coffee, chocolate and tea; an additional store offers canned goods, chocolate, fruit and tobacco which men can buy to take with them on the train, as well as postcards and other small articles. Arrangements for announcing the departure of trains have enabled between 300 and 400 men to catch a few hours of much needed rest in comfortable, clean quarters, without fear of miss- ing their trains. Six hundred men can be so accommodated. Showers and wash basins are also provided. The picture presented by such a canteen when it is filled with soldiers is described in a cable to the Chicago Daily News from Junius B. Wood, in part, as follows: Back of a long porcelain-tiled counter American women in white caps and white aprons were pom-ing coffee, ladling soup and handing out sandwiches as fast as their arms could work. In front was an unending line of soldiers, American and French, with bowls of soup or coffee in one hand and sandwiches, sausages and tobacco in the other, making their way gingerly through the crowd from the counter to seats at the tables iu the big room. This canteen seats 360 an hour in the dining-room, which is capable of handling 5,000 guests daily. There are twenty- one shower baths, a barber shop, a clothes steriUzer and bombproof movie theatre. All is free except the food, for which there is a nominal charge. On the other side of the railroad tracks a garden has been laid out where, in a kiosk, the French Government dispenses wine to its own troops. While waiting for trains the soldiers relax and rest. Everything is sold at cost, no allowance being made for the big overhead expenses. In addition, much is distributed free. A bowl of soup, which is quite different from the usual onion-flavoured greasy hot water, costs 3 cents, and other things are sold at proportionately low prices. Soup and coffee are both served in bowls. There are no spoons, cups, knives or forks, for these never return. For 13 cents one gets a dinner consisting of soup, beef or lamb, vegetable salad, cheese, pudding or fruit, coffee, chocolate or bouillon. Tea is brewed especially for passing British troops. 91 ''The pleasure and appreciation of all the men who pass through is most gratifying," the Red Cross Commission reports, adding: To see the men comfortably swapping stories over a cup of coffee, struggling over a game or a puzzle, or chatting over the counter with our workers, convinces us that our first effort to divert the thoughts of the men from the excitement and horrors of the trenches into quiet and relaxing channels has been successful. Canteens in the Field Near the firing line the Red Cross is establishing field can- teens. Extending the work already begun by a branch of the French Red Cross (La Societe de Secours aux Blesses Militaires) it will provide one of these canteens for every corps of the French Army, and later for the American Army as well. Such canteens are placed in or near the second line where men going to and from the trenches can conveniently stop. A field kitchen is maintained there, from which the refreshing drinks are distributed along the front by wagons and light motor trucks. Each station can keep about 125 gallons of hot drinks at the boiling point . Four thousand portions — coffee , tea , cocoa , bouillon, lemonade, etc., — are sometimes served from one can- teen in a single day. Here, too, American workers will be found. A Red Cross representative and a French officer are on duty at each canteen. Many of the poilus will get their first glimpse of the American uniform in this way. Base Hospitals The work of the Red Cross in organizing and equipping base hospital units for service in the Army Medical Corps has already been described in Part I. In advance of the fighting forces the United States sent to the European battlefields six of these base hospitals, the first United States Army organizations which went to Europe. These were sent at the request of the British Commission. . More than a dozen base hospitals organized by the American Red Cross are now seeing active service in France, and others are rapidly being made ready for foreign service. 92 Base Hospital Units at Work An Associated Press dispatch from the British Headquarters in France and Belgium gives the following account of the work of six American base hospital units now in service abroad: The six medical xinits which were sent over from the United States to take charge of six British base hospitals have become a part of the smoothly running organization that the British have developed. The Americans feel that they are fortunate in their position. They realize that they have much to learn about war hospitals, and they are having the opportunity of learning rapidly from men who have had more than three years' experience. The British, on the other hand, recognize fully the sacrifices that have been made by the Americans, many of them eminent surgeons with big practices at home, in coming to France to assist in caring for the wounded. These sacrifices are appreciated, and the attitude of the British Medical Service, from the Director General down, has been most sympathetic and helpful. A Bright Spot in the War The excellent work being done by the American units has frequently been the subject of complimentary remarks by all ranks of the British medical organization. The service which the workers from the United States have performed' is characterized as one of the bright spots in a war which is causing so much misery. Roughly speaking, the six base hospitals conducted by the Americans have beds for about 1,500 patients each, and there are many times when they are filled to overflowing, for base hospitals must care, not only for their own wounded, but for Germans as well. The six base hospitals have, in addition to their other work, furnished some ten surgi- cal teams for service in casualty clearing stations near the firing-line. These teams usually consist of a surgeon, an assistant, a nurse and an orderly. American surgeons whose name& are famous internationally are laboring beside youthful medical officers who have sat under them in the classroom at home. Dr. Crile, of Cleveland; Dr. Gushing, of Harvard; Dr. Brewer, of New York; Dr. Harte, of Philadelphia; Dr. Murphy, of St. Louis, and Dr. Besley, of Chicago — they call them majors over here — all have been or are at present working night and day in casualty clearing stations, which have been caring for the wounded from the last great offensive. These surgical teams have had one characteristic experience. Their work is hampered and their lives are endangered by German airmen, who persist in hurling high explosives down among them. In one of the latest raids, the German aviators killed or re-wounded many of their own men, prisoners, who were being cared for in one of these hospitals. A Hospital Under Fire German airmen raided the U.S. Army Base Hospital Unit of Harvard University on the night of September 4th, killing an 93 officer and three Army privates, and wounding 32. A cable report of the attack and the behavior of the staff, from the Red Cross Commission, follows: Five bombs were thrown. The explosions instantly killed Lieutenant WiUiam T. Fitzsimons of the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps, U. S. Army, and three Army privates, and wounded Lieutenants Clarence A. McGuire, Thaddeus D. Smith, and Rea W. Whidden, O. R. C. U. S. A., six privates, a woman nurse, and 22 patients from the British lines who were imder treatment there for wounds already received. ) The aeroplane attack occurred at 11 o'clock at night. Just at that time, fortunately, no convoy of wounded was being received or the list of casualties would have been far greater. One of the bombs fell in the center of the large reception tent to which the wounded are first borne for examination. Ten seconds sufficed for the dropping of the bombs from the fast flying plane and within less than a minute after- ward the surgeons of the hospital were at the task of collecting and attending those who had been struck down. And for 24 hours they were at work in the operating room, one surgeon relieving another when the latter from simple exhaustion could work no longer. And the very next day, Just as if nothing had happened, these same surgeons were called upon to receive and care for 200 wounded sent in from the trenches of the British Expeditionary Force. The hospital, which is on the French coast, has 1 ,800 beds imder can- vas in a quadrangle 800 feet square. It is in a district in which there are many similar institutions, and is unmistakable as a hospital. At the time the German aviator flew over ijt, most of the surgical staff were engaged in making rounds of the wards. Lieutenant Fitzsimons, however, was standing at the door flap of his tent. There had been a brief warning of the presence of a bombing aeroplane in the neighbor- hood, because, a quarter of a minute before, the soimd of exploding bombs had been heard from a point perhaps 200 yards from the hospital. This warning sufficed to cause all lights in the tents to be extinguished immediately and those who had been under fire before threw themselves face down upon the ground. Then came five explosions in rapid succession in the hospital itself. The first two were directly in front of Lieutenant Fitzsimon's tent. The next two fell a himdred feet beyond in a five marquee ward in which there were many patients, and the last struck the reception tent. Over- head there was no sound. The German aviator flew too high to be heard, but he left his identity behind him, not only in the bombs he dropped, but in the derisive handful of pfennigs he scattered upon the hospital as he whirled away. A number of these were found when light came. Not the Smallest Sign of Panic Although the exploding bombs created horror in the hospital there was not the smallest sign of panic, and the work of discovering the wounded and collecting them was immediately begun. This was made cruelly difficult by the darkness, but everyone sprang to it with a will. Many of the injured had been blown from their cots, some even out- side their tents, where they were found tangled in the tent ropes. The American nurse, although struck in the face by a fragment of steel from the bomb, refused to be relieved and remained at her task courageously to the end. A hospital orderly, who worked untiringly, was found later to have been struck in the head by a fragment and pain- fully injured. He had tied up his head and worked on. 94 In the operating room, Captains Horace Binney and Elliott Cutler, with their assistants, worked all night long. Several delicate operations were performed and their task was made all the harder by the fact that in innumerable cases the patients were in serious danger of infection from the pieces of wood and nails and dirt which had been blown into their bodies. Lieutenant Colonel R, U. Patterson, U. S. A., commanding oflficer of the Unit, and Major Harvey Gushing, head of the surgical force, the latter being at the front at the time of the disaster, have expressed the highest admiration for the manner in which the emergency was met. Latest reports are that the condition of the wounded is progressing satisfactorily. Other Hospitals Taken Over The American Red Cross has taken over, under the control of the United States Army, the administration of the American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly. This was established in Au- gust, 1914, in a building designed for the Lycee Pasteur, and has had the loyal support of over 4,000 American contributors mar- shalled by the American Committee of the American Ambulance Hospital in Paris. It is now known as American Red Cross Military Hospital No. 1. The hospital in Paris directed by Dr. Joseph A. Blake, the distinguished American surgeon, now Major Blake, has become American Red Cross Military Hospital No. 2, and is adminis- tered by the Red Cross, which will henceforth supply the neces- sary funds for its support. It will be used primarily for soldiers of the United States Army, but for the present, by agreement with the French Army, it is continuing to care for a number of French soldiers. A Red Cross Medical Hospital for the care of non-surgical cases among the American nurses, ambulance drivers and other Red Cross personnel is being established near Paris, and it is expected that other new hospitals will have to be provided. Hospital Supply Service How to co-ordinate all the military hospitals maintained by American and other foreign societies and individuals, and to pro- vide them with the supplies and materials they needed at a mini- mum cost, was one of the first problems undertaken by the Red Cross Commission on its arrival in Paris. The distribution services maintained by the American Relief Clearing House 95 and Mrs. Robert W. Bliss, which were put at its disposal shortly after it began work, contributed to the solution of this problem. Sixteen warehouses have already been established in France as a part of the new Hospital Supply Service and others will be added. An appropriation of $1,019,000 has been made so that drugs, medicines, surgical instruments and other supplies will be available as needed. Six of these new Red Cross warehouses have been located in Paris and ten in departments outside the capital. Plans are under way to increase the warehouse facilities at French seaports. Approximately fifteen thousand tons of materials are now being distributed monthly from these warehouses by the Red Cross Commission, and 3,423 French military hospitals are being served. Two thousand French hospitals are reached by the Red Cross Surgical Dressings Service. The warehouses in Paris alone have a capacity of three and a half million cubic feet and can take care of sixty thousand tons of supplies at a time. The total warehouse capacity is 100,000 tons. As Director of the new Hospital Supply Service the War Council sent to France, Stanley Field, of Marshall Field & Co., of Chicago. He has been appointed a Deputy Commissioner. Assisting Mr. Field and in charge of the various warehouses is a group of business or professional men who volunteer their services for the period of the war. Among them are the fol- lowing: JOHN WOODWARD, of the Curtis Publishing Company, New York City. TODD W. LEWIS, of Minneapolis. KENNARD WINDSOR, of Boston. J. SHELDEN TILNEY and RUSSELL ARMSTRONG, of New York. HENRY S. SHERMAN, Cleveland, O. Vice-President of the Standard Car Wheel Co. PHILIP L. SMITH, Short Hills, N. J. Banker and member of the New York Stock Exchange. E. W. OGDEN, Knoxville, Tenn. President of the Citizens' National Bank. JOHNSON DE FOREST, New York. Lawyer and son of Robert W. de Forest, Vice-President of the American Red Cross. KNOWLTON MIXER, retired lumberman. GEORGE T. RICE, Boston, of the banking house of Bond & Goodwin. WALTER MORRISON, Minneapolis, retired lumbennan. C. H. MOORMAN, Louisville, Ky., law partner of United States Senator Beckham. LEWIS M. WILLIAMS, Cleveland, O. Of the Sherwin-Williams Paint Co. D. S. BLOSSOM, Cleveland, O., Vice-President of the William Bingham Co., wholesale hardware ALDEN SWIFT, Chicago. Of the packing firm of Swift & Co. The force of workmen is recruited from veteran French soldiers and Belgian men no longer fit for military duty. 96 All Kinds ©f Relief Supplies The stocks of goods carried by the warehouses are as varied as those of great wholesale houses or department stores. Every kind of medical suppHes, drugs, and surgical instruments is car- ried for the use of hospital staffs. Foodstuffs, clothing, build- ing materials, plowing implements and tools are also being im- ported in large quantities for the assistance of French refugees. A large portion of these supplies is received directly from the United States and is forwarded by the Red Cross Supply Service from chapter work-rooms and from rehef societies co-operating with the Red Cross. When it is possible, supplies are purchased in France, owing to the great shortage of ocean tonnage. Major Murphy re- ported in regard to such transactions: Our transportation problem is tremendous, and we must be in a position to prepare for it promptly. By buying here, we get immediate delivery and avoid transportation difficulties. We also place ourselves in a position where we can very largely take care of emergencies, not only for France but for our ovra Army. We are working as an absolute unit with the chief medical officers of our own Army here, and they desire us to accumulate a reasonable reservoir of supplies on which they can draw in case of emergency. Certain immediate purchases are necessary in order to avoid loss of material. It is absolutely necessary for us to take a position where we can properly care for our own troops. How the Warehouses Help What this hospital supply service means in increasing the effectiveness of many of the war hospitals in France is shown in a message received from Dr. Harvey Cushing, of Boston, now a Major in the United States Army and in charge of a base hos- pital which is serving behind the British lines in France. Major Cushing wrote in part: I cannot tell you how cheered I was when I found how well organized the Red Cross was in Paris and what a great start you had made. When an American officer could actually walk into the warehouse you had taken over and find Squibb's and MalUnckrodt's ether, bathrobes, adhesive plaster, aspirin, surgical instruments, kerosene lamps, canvas aprons, aspirating needles and many other things which our camps happen to need, I for the first time began to realize what the Red Cross might be able to do for waifs like ourselves over here. It all goes to show what an enormously important part the Red Cross will undoubtedly come to play as more people come over and our affairs overseas get more and more complicated. 97 Unquestionably countless emergencies will arise and sudden calls such as om-s will be made for odd and diverse things; and I hope that we may see huge storehouses established under you where those in need can get the supplies which are absolutely essential to their work — whether it be an automobile or a hypodermic needle. Certainly the people at home will subscribe with their accustomed liberality to an organization of this kind and you will do as much toward winning the war as the men who carry the rifles. Special Aid to Military Hospitals In response to an urgent cablegram from Major Murphy, the Red Cross has shipped to Europe 100,000 one-half pound tins of ether. The War Council, in addition, has authorized Major Murphy to establish, as soon as practicable, a central plant to manufac- ture nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas," one of the most effective and harmless of anaesthetics for short operations. American machinery will be shipped to France for this pur- pose, and American operatives will be sent over to conduct the plant. With the equipment will go materials for manufacturing the gas, hundreds of tanks for storing it and transporting it to the hospitals, and complete apparatus for administering it in the operating rooms. This will provide a complete plant for the manufacture of the anaesthetic, and will make the war surgeons independent of overseas importation. The Red Cross plant, with a capacity for producing 30,000 gallons daily, will about double the volume of nitrous oxide available in France. Also, by reason of the shortage of surgical apparatus, the Red Cross has planned to establish in France a small factory for the repair of surgical apparatus and the manufacture of splints and hospital appUances. Ten portable ice-making plants will be set up in France, with machinery sent from the United States, for the use of the American base hospitals. Military Medical Research The War Council has appropriated $100,000 for general military medical research work in France, including special methods of recognition and study of diseases among soldiers. This action followed a report from the Red Cross Commission in France to National Headquarters as follows: An extraordinary opportunity presents itself here for medical re- search work. We have, serving with various American units, some of the ablest doctors and surgeons in the United States. Many of these 98 men are already conducting courses of investigation which, if carried to successful conclusions, will result in the discovery of treatments and methods of operation which will be of great use not only in this war but possibly for years afterwards. To carry on their work they need certain special laboratory equipment, suitable buildings and animals for experimental purposes. At present equipment and personnel can- not be obtained through ordinary government sources without delay, which makes this source of supply quite impracticable. The foregoing recommendation, like all others of a medical nature from the Commission in France, was submitted to an Advisory Medical Board in France composed of leading Amer- ican doctors working with our own forces in that country. They approved it. This advisory board is headed by Dr. Joseph A. Blake, with whom are associated: COL. IRELAND, of General Pershing's staff; DR. LIVINGSTON FARRAND, President of tiie University of Colorado; DR. ALEXANDER LAMBERT, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Cornell Medical School; DR. JOHN M. FINNEY, Professor of Clinical Surgery at Johns Hopkins UniveFsity; DRS. RICHARD P. STRONG and W. B. CANNON, Professors at Harvard University; MAJOR GEORGE W. CRILE, , ^ head of the Cleveland Base Hospital Unit, and discoverer of a method of eliminating surgical shock, which is already reducing mortality; and DR. HUGH H. YOUNG, Professor at Johns Hopkins University. The committee in charge of this research work in France headed by Dr. W. B. Cannon, Professor of Physiology at Harvard, includes: DR. BLAKE, DR. HARVEY GUSHING, Professor DR CRILE, °f Surgery at Harvard; COLONEL IRELAND, '^^C^af M^didM ^f c'olumbi?°' °^ 5^- ^S^ii?^^«ipnM^^'^' DR. WILLIAmThARLES^WHITE, DR. RICHARD P. STRONG, Associate Professor of Medicine at DR. KENNETH TAYLOR, Pittsburgh; and DR. W. B. CANNON, Professor of DR. HOMESl F. SWIFT, Professor of Physiology at Harvard; Medicine at Cornell. The question has been raised as to whether the appropriation for medical research was not outside the proper scope of Red Cross activity. The answer is simple. The supreme aim of the Red Cross is to relieve human suffering growing out of war. The War Council was advised from the ablest professional sources available that an immediate appropriation for medical research would contrib- ute toward that end. The War Council could not disregard such advice. There are many unsolved medical questions of great impor- tance in this war. Numerous problems relating to the treat- 99 ment of wounds, the eradication of lice, fleas and scabies, the treatment of trench nephritis, trench heart, war neurasthenia, exhaustion, lethal gases, shell consussion, wound infection, com- pound fracture and a great variety of other diseases and injuries are still to worked out. The solution of such problems will contribute not only toward the relief of suffering but toward more effective prosecution of the war. Scientific experience is conclusive that the most rapid possible approach to such solution is through medical research. To safeguard expenditures under this appropriation it has been arranged that all applications for grants from it shall be made through the chief medical officer of the American Ex- peditionary Force, Brigadier General A. E. Bradley, and such recommendation is essential to consideration of such expendi- ture. The Red Cross and the Army in France All recommendations to the Red Cross War Council covering appropriations or work of medical, s-urgical or hospital character are, before being made by the French Commission, submitted to an advisory medical board in France, composed of leading American doctors working with our own forces in that country. Such recommendations are also laid before the Red Cross Medi- cal Advisory Board in this country, of which Dr. Simon Flexner is chairman. The Red Cross War Council thus has at its dis- posal in these vital matters the most expert advice obtainable. The whole Red Cross campaign in France is being carried through in close co-operation with General Pershing. The Red Cross is in perfect accord with the medical officers on his staff, and nothing which we can possibly foresee to save the soldiers of our army from suffering or hardship will be left uncovered. Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers The American Red Cross has appropriated $1,000,000 from the War Fund for the relief of sick and wounded French soldiers and their families. A portion of this amount will be used for the aid of such sick and wounded soldiers in the French Army as may be con- 100 sidered in special need by the French commanding generals. The relief to the families of sick and wounded soldiers is to be handled through the agency of the Conseils Generaux, non- political bodies composed of representative citizens, meeting in each Department of France with the purpose of considering the physical needs of their various districts. This form of dis- tribution has been recommended by the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs as the best possible means of effectively aiding the largest possible number of needy families. In regard to a portion of this gift, General Petain wrote the following letter of acknowledgment to Major Murphy: General Army Headquarters OP THE North and North-East General-Commander-in-Chief To Major Murphy, High Commissioner of the American Red Cross in Europe: I am in receipt of your letter of the 12th inst. in which you make note of the desires of the American Red Cross in regard to the distribu- tion of a sum placed at my disposal under date of Sept. 8, through the medium of General Pershing. In expressing my entire acquiescence with the contents of the com- munication, I wish personally to express my acknowledgment, and I pray that you will be good enough to act as my interpreter to the War Council of the American Red Cross in Washington, assuring them of my sincere gratitude for a gift so magnificent, which will contribute to the maintenance and the exaltation of the morale of our fighters. (Signed) Petain. New Uniforms for American Nurses On account of the limited laundry facilities in France, it has been decided that Red Cross nurses with base hospitals and other military hospitals in France shall wear gray uniforms instead of the usual white. The War Council has appropriated sufficient funds to supply the American nurses now in service abroad with the new uniforms. k 101 CIVILIAN RELIEF Work for Refugees A peculiar call for relief in France is on behalf of French refugees. The people come from the regions devastated by the German army, having fled on the original approach of the in- vader, or having been sent back into Germany and forced out over the Swiss and French frontiers. The position of refugees is becoming more difficult as the cost of food rises. Their hous- ing conditions are also bad in many instances, especially in the cities. The relief agencies report that in the cities an entire family often resides in a single room. When persons live under these conditions of bad housing and malnutrition, disease is sure to take hold and increase. The Red Cross is assisting in the work of finding suitable quarters for refugees in Paris. Dr. Edward T, Devine, of New York, has been appointed chief of the Bureau of Refugees and Home Relief, under the American Red Cross Commission to France. Dr. Devine is to be in charge of all relief work outside the city of Paris. He is one of the leading authorities on the subject of social wel- fare and relief work, professor of social economics in Columbia University and director of the New York School of Philanthropy, and was formerly editor of The Survey. At the time of the San Francisco earthquake and fire. Dr. Devine was special repre- sentative of the American Red Cross in San Francisco in charge of relief, and he served in a similar capacity in connection with the rehef of victims of the Dayton flood in 1913. In committing the vast work of refugee and home relief in France to Dr. De- vine, therefore, the Red Cross is placing it in experienced hands. The situation which confronts the Bureau of Refugees and Home Relief is outlined thus by Major Murphy: In the various departments outside the Seine there are about 850,000 refugees embracing all classes and ages except able-bodied men. Al- though employment at good wages is general, these refugees are never- theless in an unfortunate condition because of the complete loss of their possessions when driven out of the invaded territory. They have since been Uving in excessively congested quarters and, necessarily, under very unsanitary conditions. The Red Cross hopes to aid the authorities to lessen this congestion by supplying furniture to those who in this way could move into better Quarters, by completing buildings already partly constructed, and 102 even by furnishing portable houses of cheap construction, when neces- sary, as a temporary makeshift. It is proposed to estabUsh, in connection with the French authorities, health centers from which useful work can be done in such a way as fully to conserve the self-respect and independence of those who accept it. There are many voluntary agencies, as well as public relief authori- ties, through whom the Red Cross can give assistance. Dr, Devine's immediate task will be to co-ordinate those agencies and arrange for constructive relief for those victims of the war who cannot yet be returned to their own homes. Later it is hoped that there will be abundant opportunity for them to be re-established in the busy and fruitful regions in which they lived before the war. Foodstuffs for the Sick and Needy In response to a cable from the Commission in France, the War Council appropriated $1,500,000 from the War Fund to pur- chase foodstuffs to be sent to France. The cable was as follows : We hope you will use all transportation you can possibly secure to ship to us the following supplies. We must begin to prepare for the coming hard winter, and you cannot possibly send us more than we need of the following list, except where definite amounts are specified: Twenty 4-ton motor trucks; 50,000 yards of flannel; condensed milk; flour; dried preserved vegetables; corned beef; rice; beans; canned beef; preserved fruits; sugar; heavy shoes; blankets; knitting wool; heavy white cotton sheeting. The foodstuffs purchased will be used particularly for the relief of sick, wounded and starving people. They will be care- fully stored in France so as to be ready for any emergency which may confront either our own soldiers and sailors in France or the French population itself. Through the courtesy of Mr. Herbert Hoover and Mr. W. L. Honnold, of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, these food- stuffs were bought through the very efficient purchasing organiza- tion of that commission. The Commission for Relief in Belgium very kindly offered to do this work for the Red Cross at a merely nominal charge for overhead expenses. Further appropriations have since been made for foodstuffs upon Major Murphy's request. Distributing Relief Along the Front Along that desolate path of ruin, the French and British lines from Belgium to Switzerland, the American Red Cross work of 103- relief and economic rehabilitation under Edward Eyre Hunt, chief of the Bureau, has rapidly taken shape. Returning refu- gees and repatriates have earth under them and sky over them — that is all. The land has been swept clean, the Red Cross Commission reports, continuing: Frenchmen of the twentieth century have to begin again where North American Indians would begin — by himting for food, temporary shelter, a few clothes to cover them, a handful of household goods and utensils such as pots, pans, knives and spoons, an agricultural imple- ment or two and perhaps a rabbit and some chickens, and, if they are very lucky, a goat or a donkey. It is to help such people as these that the American Red Cross has located its reUef warehouses just behind the lines at strategic points, and is sshippingfood, clothes, blankets, beds, mattresses, stoves, kitchen utensils, reapers and binders, mowing-machines, threshing machines, garden tools and himdreds of other articles of prime importance to people who were prosperous and contented only three years ago. The service of relief and economic rehabilitation has divided its field into six districts: (1) for the extreme north and Pas de Calais; (2) for the Somme; (3) for the Oise; (4) for the Aisne; (5) for the Marne and the Meuse; (6) for the Meurthe and the Moselle. Resident American delegates have been assigned to each of these. Their duties are to oversee the distribution of relief, to report new needs, and to co-operate in every possible way with the admirable relief work of the French Government and scores of devoted French and other organizations. Restoring French Villages It is not the policy of the Red Cross to rebuild the villages of France, but it is our hope to be able to give a new start in life to a large number of persons who have been left destitute by the ravages of the German army. These populations, suffering from many forms of discouragement, the chief of which is separation from their homes and families, are largely idle. Many of them are too old to adapt themselves to new conditions and can be serviceable only in the districts from which they came. From the purely economic consideration of making it possible for this excess of people to recommence their usual labor and to regain the self esteem that results from self support the necessity of providing some form of habitation in which to work cannot be exaggerated. The Red Cross has accordingly appropriated $403,090 for a provisional experiment in this direction, the plans for the ex- periment having been worked out in France by Mr. Homer Folks, one of the most competent of living authorities on the relief of dependents. •104 The plan undertaken is to reconstitute 60 families in each of four villages. Each family is to consist of five persons, including in some cases persons not actually members of the family. There will be a total of 300 persons per village and of 1,200 persons for the entire enterprise. The Red Cross hopes and expects to do no more than to help these stricken people help themselves. But it does expect that its effort in that direction will be a source of aid and encourage- ment to a great many beyond those immediately affected. In reference to these efforts at rehabilitation, the Red Cross Commission to France has reported as follows: Our feeling is here that we should aim to give the dweller in the devastated regions a shelter which will keep out wind and weather for two or three years, during which period he will have time to get on his feet and do his own permanent reconstruction work. However, owing to the location of materials and the transportation situation, we may often find that we can at less cost do concrete construction work or brick work than wood work, and under these circmnstances we should do that kind of construction which is cheapest. We plan, for instance, to establish, at various points in the devas- tated regions, brick yards. Through these yards we can supply bricks for construction purposes at a much cheaper cost and much more rapidly than we could furnish lumber for contractors' shacks. In every case our governing principle will be to spend the least possible money in the least possible time in providing a dwelling for a given individual family. I may add that I am very hopeful that we can put a great many people under shelter simply by repairing those houses which have merely shell holes in the roofs and in the walls. In many cases the beams which unite the top walls have been cut away by the Germans, so that the tendency of the roofs is to thrust the walls apart, but I believe we can tie the walls together with steel or wire from the wire entanglements and military works in the neighborhood of the devastated villages. Housing Follows the Plow In view of the overshadowing importance of augmenting in every possible way the food supply, the Red Cross will carry on its first work of reconstruction in those portions of the devastated areas v/hich are selected by the government as the best wheat- growing regions, and to which the French government sends its batteries of tractors for plowing. The Bureau of Reconstruction describes its program thus: Representatives of three divisions of the American Red Cross in France — Planning, Engineering, and Civil Affairs — returned recently from a study of conditions in the devastated areas, having selected three villages in which provisional reconstruction work will be begun within a fortnight. 105 Fifty villages were visited. In some, the destruction of buildings was complete. In others, a portion of the buildings can be repaired. Nearly all the houses are without roofs, without windows and door frames, and with absolutely no furniture or utensils. The Red Cross plans to do provisional reconstruction of dwellings in several of these villages, and also, as the refugees return, to assist in their economic and social rehabilitation. In these particular villages, the population before the war was 3,387. Now it is 235. The repair of the houses will permit the return of the refugees, who can do much toward getting the land sown to wheat this autumn. In order to encroach as little as possible on the limited supply of lumber, the Red Cross is selecting villages in which the work will be largely that of provisional repair rather than of new construction. It plans to make on the spot its own brick and lime. Co-operation with the Friends' Society In this work of rehabilitation the Red Cross has estabhshed a plan of co-operation with the Friends both from the United States and from England. The American Friends' National Service Committee, as a preparatory step to its practical service, began last summer to train the American Friends' Reconstruction Unit of one hundred men at Haverford, Pennsylvania. The training, under a corps of practical instructors, including six native French teachers, embraced instruction in the mending of roads, the building of portable houses, first aid, the operation of automobiles, bricklaying and carpentry, the French language, and in every form of relief work. Scarcely had the instruction begun when a cablegram was received from Major Murphy in Paris requesting the immediate dispatch of the Haverford unit for urgent standardization work. It is now in service in France. The work of this group is altogether with the civil population in the devastated area. Entrance into the zone for this work is by special permission of the French Government. The members of the unit wear the Red Cross uniform and the Red Cross has furnished them supplies of various kinds, including tractors, motor trucks, motorcycles, agricultural machinery, planing mill, saw mill and carpenter tools, and medical, dental and laboratory equipment. In addition to this American effort, the following message, dated Aug. 28, from Major Murphy speaks for itself: The American Red Cross and the Enghsh Friends' Relief Committee for the Victims of the War established on Saturday last an effective 106 basis of active co-operation. The English Friends have 150 workers in France and an American unit of 100 is about to sail, and is likely to be followed later by an addition of 150. The work done by the English Friends has been carefully looked into by the American Red Cross. It deals with the care of refugees from the war area and with reconstruction and rehabilitation in the dev- astated areas. It has been supported by gifts from friends in England and America. The American Red Cross is so impressed by the spirit and efficiency of the work that it has made an appropriation of francs 533,000 ($106,- 600) for necessary plant and equipment for the immediate extension of the work, including an addition to the furniture fund, enlarging the Maternity Hospital, establishing a new refuge for children, a new work-shop and construction camp for making temporary houses, build- ing materials for 100 temporary houses, agricultural machinery, in- cluding threshing machines and a stock of smaller agricultural imple- ments and tools for distribution. With this added plant and equipment, the additional workers from America will be fully utilized and the demands upon the Friends and both England and America for even larger gifts for maintenance of the work will be increased. The Friends who are enhsted in this work are conscientious objectors to war, but they will be a powerful factor in remedying the evils of war. The Repatriated Repatriated Frenchmen from the occupied regions of France are now being brought to France via Switzerland at an average of about a thousand a day. At Evian they are examined and those who are ill are put into hospitals, whence they are dispatched, either to a relative or to the town or village on which they are billeted. Large numbers come to Paris. They arrive from Germany in most cases insufficiently clad and in very bad physical and mental condition. The German Government has always been careful to keep as secret as possible its intention to return civilians. On more than one occasion as many as a thousand refugees have come over the frontier without notice. The effort of the Red Cross is to en- deavor to separate the large number showing evidences of tuber- culous infection from the others, and to have them placed in special hospitals. What the Red Cross Commission to France is doing to aid these repatriated French families is described in the following cablegram from Major Murphy: Two trains of French repatries containing 1,000 people, 60 per cent of whom are women and children, arrive daily in Evian, homeless, sick, terrorized after three years of captivity. The American Red Cross is 107 co-operating with the Government and a local committee in the care of these people. On September 6th Dr. William P. Lucas, Chief of the Children's Bureau of the Commission, started the American Red Cross medical work for the children of the repatries pouring into Evian daily. These children are in very poor condition, many suffering from tuberculosis, skin and infectious diseases. The American Red Cross is opening a dispensary in connection with the receiving bureau at Evian, and an acute hospital of 30 beds for the sickest children. A convalescent hospital near Evian is being taken over by the Red Cross and plans are being made for a larger con- valescent hospital at another town nearby. One American nurse has been in charge of 120 beds for sick children for eight months and the results with the meager equipment have been marvelous. The American Red Cross has sent seven ambulances to Evian for transportation of sick children to the hospital. This was an acute need, and sick and exhausted women and children can now be handled by automobiles instead of trains. Relief of Invalided Soldiers The sick and disabled men discharged from the army on account of wounds or physical disabilities are divided into two classes: 1. (Mutiles.) Those discharged on account of woimds (this class receives a pension); 2. (Reform es.) Those discharged on account of physical disa- bilities (this class receives no pension). The number of class 2 was stated, in April, 1917, to be 300,000. Probably the majority of class 2 are tubercular. Dr. Biggs estimates the number of tubercular "reformes" at 150,000. Many of the "reformes" who are not tubercular are so broken in health that their earning power is slight. When they are dis- charged from the Army, separation allowance to their wives and children ceases. The family needs assistance until the man re- covers and finds employment, or, if unemployable, they may re- quire relief indefinitely. The uniforms of many of these dis- charged men are taken from them soon after their discharge, and they have no money with which to buy clothes. The work which the Red Cross has undertaken will comprise giving temporary relief to the men immediately after their dis- charge from the Army, and more permanent relief to the tuber- cular and unemployable. For the tubercular, special provision must be made, and in some cases, hospital care must be secured. The Mutilated and Blind The re-education of mutilated soldiers is being carried on partly by the Government and partly by private organizations 108 supported by voluntary contributions. There are between 50 and 60 schools for this work but many of them are small. There are a few, large and important, which are believed to be doing excellent work and which could extend their work and improve it if a reasonable amount of additional money were provided. The American Red Cross has provided more than 600 muti- lated French soldiers with artificial legs of the best type that American ingenuity can produce, and has established a factory near Paris where American artificial limbs are manufactured. This work is done in co-operation with the French Government . By arranging for consultation between the surgeon and the manu- facturer the Red Cross has been able to secure the best possible treatment for each case . The Red Cross has also undertaken to aid in establishing homes for a small number of blind soldiers, who have been re- educated and are to earn their living henceforth. France Losing Population Before the war the birthrate and deathrate in France were so nearly equal that publicists voiced their concern over the future of the national life. Last year, however, with the death- rate probably over 20 per 1000, not counting deaths of men in military service, the birthrate was officially estimated at only 8 per 1000. In New York State the birthrate is 23 or 24 per 1000, the deathrate about 14 per 1000. The total deaths in France in 1916 were about 1,100,000. Births numbered only 312,000. The net loss in population was 788,000, or nearly two per cent, of the whole. In Paris, where 48,917 babies were born in the year ending August 1, 1914, only 26,179 were born in the second year of the war, end- ing August 1, 1916. There is urgent need for effective work among children. Major Murphy cabled. He reported that there was also special need for doctors and nurseis for work with mothers and children. The Red Cross accordingly organized and sent to France an infant welfare unit, which has been reinforced, in response to urgent requests from Major Murphy, by two additional groups of doctors and nurses. These speciahsts are surveying the situation and studying the work already being done by the French. They are practicing among the people without receiving compensation from patients. 109 The task before the Red Cross is not only to co-operate with French speciaHsts but also to conduct a general educational campaign among French mothers in the interest of better pre- natal hygiene and scientific feeding and care of the babies. Special efforts will be made to protect children from tubercular infection. Special Relief for Children As an example of the activities of the American Red Cross in behalf of the children of France, the War Council has received the following report from the Commission in France: We have established a temporary children's shelter at a city in section of the war zone recently bombarded by the enemy. Gas ,bombs were being used by the Germans and the inhabitants of the nearby villages were obliged to wear face masks to escape asphyxia- tion. This mode of protection, however, is not feasible for children, and it was found necessary to send the children away at once. The Prefect of the Department telegraphed to a worker in Paris that 750 children had been suddenly thrust upon his hands and that he needed immediate assistance. The next day eight workers left the Red Cross headquarters, a doctor, an experienced nurse, two auxiliary nurses, a bacteriologist, an ad- ministrative director and two women to take charge of the bedding, clothing, food, etc. They found that 21 of the children were infants under one year and the remainder were under eight years. They were herded together in an old barracks, dirty, practically unfurnished and with no sanitary appliances. Sick children were crowded in with the well, and skin disease and vermin abounded. Within two days the children had been thoroughly cleaned and transferred to anew and clean barracks. Medical care had been given and nurses secured for the babies, suitable food provided and a classifica- tion of all the refugees made to prevent the separation of members of the same family. The organization of an institution for the care of these children has been worked out. The French Government has provided a new brick barracks of ten buildings, situated on a hillside a mile from the city, and will furnish coal, water, light, rough labor, beds and bedding, rations and trans- portation of supplies. The Red Cross is to direct the work of supplying doctors, nurses and administrative officers, and of installing sanitary apparatus. Twelve shower baths have already been set up. Supplies are being provided for recreation, education and the vocational training of children. It is expected that four or five hundred more children will come in the near future, and the Red Cross is planning to increase its staff to care for this number. The children will be kept here as long as con- ditions remain such that they cannot return to their homes. Several hundred children have been removed to this asylum from their refuges in caves and nearby villages. The work of 110 the infirmary established by the American Red Cross has been greatly augmented by the gift of a Children's Hospital from an American Committee. This hospital will become the center of the American Red Cross welfare work for the entire Depart- ment, a work heartily endorsed by the Prefect of the Depart- ment. The need of such work is overwhelming, and the American Red Cross is directing from this center an educational cam- paign on Child Hygiene and Preventive Measures that is reach- ing all the villages and big refuge asylums for children in neigh- boring towns. Another Children's Relief Center A second center of the work of the Children's Bureau has been established in response to an urgent appeal from Monsieur and Madame Amedee Vernes of the French Red Cross. An expert, sent to investigate the conditions, found villages looted and burned, with all buildings destroyed, and more than 1,000 children practically with no medical care, all miserably dirty, half of them infected with skin or eye lesions, and many actually ill. The equipment for any medical care was extremely meager; one old hospital stripped of all its apparatus; one aged civilian doctor left without drugs or means of getting them, with villages to look after besides his army duties, and one fairly intelligent midwife. The town immediately offered a tuberculosis pavilion, now unused, for the Red Cross headquarters, if the American Red Cross would help.- The doctor's recommendations upon his return were immediately accepted. The Children's Bureau began work by installing a central depot there, with ten beds, as a clearing house for the district, and by equipping an automobile as a travelling dispensary, with shower baths. The cars visit the villages on a daily round with one good trained nurse and two aides. A Travelling Shower Bath The work of this car in carrying medical aid and soap into regions where it is impossible to establish permanent dispensaries, in and where some of the children have gone unwashed since last winter, is described in the following message: On ne side of the camionette is a seat large enough to accommodate a nurse and sick child. Over their heads is a rack for medicines and instrument bags, and opposite is a rack for gauze and bandages. On the floor is the shower bath apparatus, of jointed wood and rubber and shiny pohshed nickel to catch the children's eyes. Warm water is poured into a wooden tub. The child sits in the tub and while the doctor pumps water through the shower the nurse scrubs. As the child whitens, the water blackens. At the finish the rubber shower tube is suddenly shifted into a bucket of fresh cold water and the bath ends with an unexpected douche. Prevention of Tuberculosis Nothing is so vital in France as to free the country so far as possible from tuberculosis. It is estimated that some 500,000 persons are afflicted with the disease as the direct result of the war. Scientific efforts to control the spread of the malady are not only of supreme concern to France herself, but they are of great importance in making France healthful for our own troops. The Red Cross is accordingly co-operating with the Rocke- feller Foundation in financing a commission for the prevention of tuberculosis, the Rockefeller Foundation paying administra- tive expenses. The commission sent to France is headed by Dr. Livingston Farrand, President of the University of Colorado, and formerly President of the National Association for the Study and Pre- vention of Tuberculosis. The sending of the commission was preceded by a very careful survey of the situation by Dr. Her- man M. Biggs, of New York City, formerly Health Commissioner of New York State. The work is beginning on a modest scale, the service to be extended as opportunity may offer and results justify. All work is being done under the general administration of the French Government, and by French people. The administration of the work is centered in Paris, in co- operation with the Central Committee for the Aid of Tubercular Soldiers. The central administration will conduct an intensive educational work by means of four mobile educational units. These educational units are establishing local anti-tuberculosis dispensaries. Four training centers for educating workers to man these 112 dispensaries are being established and maintained; one in Paris, one in Bordeaux, one in Lyons and one in Marseilles. It is expected that ultimately France will have between 300 and 400 anti-tubercular dispensaries, and upon them will fall the burden of controlhng tuberculosis in France. They will be maintained largely by local funds. In connection with each of the dispensaries provided three factors will be needed, which it is proposed the Red Cross shall provide, except in so far as they may be provided by French public authorities, organizations or citizens, viz.: (a) Special home relief for destitute families in which there is a case of tuberculosis, this rehef being of such nature and amoimt as the sanitary conditions require. (b) A hospital to which moderate and advanced cases, whose home conditions are such that they caimot remain at home without being a menace to their famihes, may be sent. It is not expected that these patients will recover, though they may improve, and the primary object of the hospital is not the cure, but the safeguarding of the health of other members of the family by removing the tuberculosis patients. (c) Special provision for the care of children who have aheady been intimately exposed to a serious case of tuberculosis. This pro- vision may either be institutional, with a special "regime" and special feeding in the nature of preventorium; or it may be the establishment of a special "regime" with medical and nm-sing supervision and special food in the homes of the children. A Tuberculosis Sanatorium In addition to the foregoing, the Red Cross Commission in France, on the invitation of the Sanitary Service of the French Army, is completing the unfinished building of the tuberculosis sanatorium at Bligny, some twenty miles from Paris. This admirable institution, which is in many respects a model, was occupying about one-half of its proposed plant when the war broke out. A large building, intended to accommodate two hundred patients, was about eighty per cent, completed. The walls, floors and roof were completed, doors and windows in place, but heating, Ughting and plumbing were lacking. All work was discontinued on the opening day "of the war, and every- thing has remained to the present day just as it was left. It is estimated that the building can be made ready for use before winter. It will be used by the military authorities during the war, and will then revert to the Sanatorium Association. 113 Work with the Tubercular in Paris Systematic visitation of Municipal Tuberculosis Hospitals in Paris has been begun by the American Red Cross, A cable- gram from Major Murphy says: During the past year the city of Paris has established temporary tuberculosis -pavilions on the grounds of six general hospitals. The total capacity of these pavilions is 464 beds, but, notwithstanding the enormous number of tubercular patients in Paris among the refugees and persons invalided from the Army, the pavilions are not more than half full. Many factors contribute to this result. The large amount of work thrust upon the civil authorities by the war conditions has not permitted much to make the pavilions attractive. The American Red Cross has secured permission to visit these hos- pitals and to befriend the tubercular patients. On the first visit in- quiries were made of the patients as to what they most needed. On the second occasion the visitors did not go empty handed; they took with them games, stationery, postage, jelly, colored crayons, sketch books, etc. The Red Cross hopes that not only will the lives of these patients be made much more comfortable, and their families relieved of anxiety, but that making the surroundings more cheerful, providing additional food, games, better equipment, reclining chairs and some form of recreation and entertainment, will result in the patients staying for longer periods. The use of the pavilions to their capacity would obviate the necessity of erecting additional tuberculosis hospitals with 300 beds, which would involve great expense and long delay. Les Tuberculeux de la Guerre Four chateaux equipped for use as sanatoriums, several auto- mobiles, a large supply of blankets, food and other supplies, office equipment and the funds of the Society were turned over to the Red Cross by the founders and directors of Les Tuber- culeux de la Guerre. The funds thus received, together with the proceeds of the sale of some of the property, have been set aside in a special Red Cross fund for the care of tubercular patients and the pre- vention of the disease. It is estimated that the cash and prop- erty turned over to the Red Cross will be sufficient to care for all existing liabihties and maintain the work for some time to come. In recognition of the extraordinary services of Mrs. Edith Wharton in this work, a new hospital at Yerres will be named the "Edith Wharton Sanatorium." 114 DETAIL OF APPROPRIATIONS For Work in France The work described above, as well as all other activities of the Red Cross in France, are covered in the complete list set forth below of appropriations made by the War Council for work in that country. The total amount of such appropriations from the War Fund up to November 1, 1917, was $20,601,240.47. The detail of the appropriations follows: Appropriations for Military Work in France. Budget to cover period until Nov. 1, 1917; prepared by J. H. Perkins, Director of Department of Military Affairs, Red Cross Commission in France: Work in connection with the United States Army, such as equipment and operation of rest stations and infirm- aries, enhsted men's clubs, a portable hospital and base hospitals $345,575.00 Divided as follows: Rest stations and infirmaries $134,940 Enlisted men's clubs 4,325 Base hospitals 73,525 Portable hospital 7,785 Supplementary appropriation 125,000 American Red Cross hospital supply service 1,019,000.00 Equipment and operation of diet kitchens in French hos- pitals 2,162.-50 American Red Cross surgical dressings service 38,925.00 (This provides for that branch of Red Cross work for- merly conducted by the Surgical Dressings Committee and now allied to the Red Cross organization.) Canteens at the front 50,689.00 (This work includes co-operation with French Red Cross in operating canteens for French soldiers at the front.) Canteens at other important points 519,000.00 (This provides an amount estimated as sufficient to equip and to operate, for three months, eleven canteens for the French Army at various points behind the lines . ) Work with permissionnaires at stations 34,600.00 (This provides for all expenses connected with canteen and other relief work for French soldiers at railway sta- tions in and about Paris.) Hospitals other than above mentioned 216,250 .00 (This provides the expenses of equipping, maintaining or contributing to several hospitals, such as the Amer- 115 ican Red Cross Hospital, now under the charge of Dr. Blake; Mrs. Trenor L. Parks' Hospital at Annel near Compiegne; Dr. Ralph R. Fitch's Hospital at Evereaux, and a r|.ew Red Cross Medical Hospital to be established for the care of nurses and ambulance workers and Red Cross personnel suffering from any non-surgical ill- nesses . This item also includes the equipment and oper- ation of a laundry to be operated for the benefit of hos- pitals in which the Red Cross is interested.) American Red Cross motor ambulance service $103,800.00 (This covers equipment and operation of the American Red Cross sanitary sections, sometimes called the Nor- ton-Harjes Ambulance Service.) Administration expenses of the Department at head- quarters 37,973.50 Prisoners, casualty and information service 43,250.00 Total $2,411,225.00 II Department of Civilian Relief in France. The budget prepared by Homer Folks, Director of the Red Cross Department of Civil Affairs in France, up to Nov. 1, 1917, is as follows: Provisional reconstruction and rehabilitation of four vil- lages in devastated areas $403,090.00 Care and prevention of tuberculosis 523 152.00 Clothing, bedding, garden implements, live stock for small farms, cooking utensils for practically destitute in devastated areas; this estimate based on unit of 10,000 children, 5,000 women and 2,000 men 707,500.00 Artificial limbs for mutilated soldiers, rehef of the blind, etc ■ 12,629.00 Assistance of orphans, destitute and neglected children, promotion and carrying on of agencies for prevention of infant mortality .- 173,000.00 Aid of refugees throughout France 259,500.00 Assistance of repatriated as received through Switzerland or elsewhere, particularly their temporary care, classifi- cation, diagnosis and distribution 129,750.00 Clothing, employment, transportation and home relief for reformes, medical examination, supervision and special relief for tuberculosis reformes 129,750.00 Supplementary work in re-education of mutilated at 59 centers throughout France 51,900.00 Work of American organisations for civil relief 51,900.00 General administration of the Department . . 18,296.00 Total ^ $2,460,467.00 116 Ill Department of Administration in Paris. The budget prepared by Carl Taylor, Director of Adminis- tration, up to Nov. 1 , 1917, is as follows: Salaries in Directors' offices $1,040 Bureau of Accounts 15,080 Bureau of Purchases 5,190 Bureau of Stores and Warehouses 34,690 General expenses 54,185 Insurance 2,475 Secretary's office 1,975 Unclassified personnel 1,065 Total....... $115,700 IV Planning Department. The budget prepared by George B. Ford, Director, up to Nov. 1, 1917, is as follows: Salaries .. . , $2,440 Supplies. 775 Travelling expenses 675 Total $3,890 V Additional Appropriations. In addition to the foregoing appropriations covering depart- mental work for the next few months, the following appropria- tions have also been made: Red Cross Transportation Service: Capital and property account $1,095,400.00 10 two-three ton motor trucks 28,925.00 10 5-ton dump motor trucks 47,833.25 Automobiles for field and administration use 13,295.00 Operating expenses, salaries, trucks, parts, etc 222,125.00 Hospitals, etc.: American Ambulance Hospital expenses . . : $400,000.00 Nitrous oxide plant. 35,000.00 Nitrous oxide and oxygen 11,898.90 Ether ..'. 23,000.00 Supplies for hospital and refugee work 400,000.00 117 Hospital funds for 200 hospitals $200,000.00 Purchase of 1 tent unit with 160 beds and 4 tent units with 250 beds each 121,100.00 Contribution to hospitals in France of the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service ... 50 ,000 .00 Laboratory suppHes 1 13,400.00 Ten portable ice-making plants 70,200.00 Relief of Nurses: Commutation to nurses abroad 15,000.00 Gray uniforms for nurses 14,000.00 Re-outfitting nurses 15,000.00 Other appropriations: Foodstuffs 2,870,300.00 Material for use in buildings, machinery, apparatus, etc. 99,375.00 Department of Engineering, expenses, shops, machin- ery, ecc 129,317 00 Aiding in work of Joint Committee of American and English Friends in France 92,209.00 Agricultural implements for American Friends' Recon- struction Unit 15,000.00 Medical, dental and laboratory supplies, carpenter tools, equipment for planing mill and saw mill for use in France of American Friends' Reconstruction Unit 4,012.02 Relief of mutiles 22,836.00 Equipping and maintaining model Health Center 1,000,000.00 Infant welfare unit 18J350.00 Blankets . 820,000.00 General and contingent relief funds 510,000.00 Relief of si ck and wounded French soldiers and families . 1 ,000 ,000 .00 Material, sheeting, shoes, and trucks for warehouse servicein France 235,000.00 Tobacco 8,700.00 Small articles similar to those placed in comfort bags, to be given to French soldiers at Christmas and other times 73,525.00 Medical research 100,000.00 Salary of Chaplain, N. Y. County Base Hospital No. 1 2,400.00 Travelling expenses, salaries, etc 10,000.00 Norton-Harjes Ambulance in Paris 8,500.00 Investigation and relief service 8,650.00 Donations to French societies for military relief 6,833.50 Divided as follows: Mon Soldat $5,190.00 Societe Declopes 1,038.00 Russian Volunteers in France 605.50 Typewriters and paper for use in France 5,626.80 Administrative expenses of Women's War Relief Corps . 17,300 .00 20clamptrucks 496.00 Clothing, hospital, medical and other supplies 1,350,351.00 Advance purchase of general stores for period begin- ningNov. 1, 1917. 4,325,000.00 Total $15,609,958.47 Grand total for France 20,601,240.47 118 Before appropriations are recommended by the French Com- mission they are carefully prepared by the director of the par- ticular department concerned. They are then considered by a Finance Committee, consisting of: MAJOR MURPHY, Chairman J. H. PERKINS WILLIAM ENDICOTT H. O. BEATTY RALPH PRESTON CARL TAYLOR JOSEPH R. SWAN HOMER FOLKS JOHN CROSBY BROWN Three of this committee constitute a quorum, and every appropriation reported must receive the consent of all present. After appropriations are made, the monej'' is expended with great care. A thorough accounting system has been installed in France, and the whole administration there is economically and carefully conducted. Every detail of the work done in France will be accounted for to the American people. By reason of the magnitude of the work being done and the importance of quick action, most of the reports, directions and advices must be made by cable. To facilitate the work of the French commission, the French government has arranged that all cables from Paris shall be given free transmission. Through the generosity of the Western Union Telegraph Companj^, a very large amount of free cable service is given from this side, thus greatly faciUtating the close co-operation on an economical basis of the War Council and the Red Cross Commission in France. 119 II BELGIUM Owing to difficulties of communication and transportation in France, a special department, under the American Red Cross Commission to France, has been formed to direct all Red Cross activities in Belgium. Dr. Ernest P. Bicknell, formerly Director- General of Civihan Relief of the American Red Cross, is in charge. Assisting him is the Rev. John Van Schaick, Pastor of the Church of Our Father, in Washington, D. C. The decision of the Commission to separate Belgian relief work from that in France was made after several audiences of Major Murphy with the King and Queen of Belgium. Head- quarters for the new Department are at Havre, now serving as the seat of the Belgian Government. Cordial approval of the plan has been made by Brand Whit- lock, United States Minister to Belgium, in a letter to Major Murphy. "I congratulate you and the Red Cross upon this very wise decision," wrote Minister Wliitlock, *'I know that it is particu- larly pleasing to the Belgian Government as another proof of the interest that America feels toward the Belgian cause. "It will be a great pleasure to me to have Mr. Bicknell and Mr. Van Schaick, both of whom I know well, here at the seat of the Belgian Government, and you may be assured that I will do all in my power to help them in their work and to make their residence here as pleasant as possible." At Havre, Dr. Bicknell and Mr. Van Schaick will keep closely in touch with the many relief interests of King Albert and Queen Ehzabeth, as well as with private agencies. They will ad- minister the aid which the Red Cross will give and will prepare the way for future operations in devastated Belgium. Major Murphy has made a journey of inspection behind the Belgian hues and planned a general program of rehef which, 120 • for the present, is to include financial assistance to Belgian hospitals, special care of about 6,000 Belgian children in co- operation with the Rockefeller Foundation, and aid to Belgian villagers who recover their homes as the Germans retire. The Work for the Children "The work for children," Major Murphy cables, "is not only one of the finest works the Red Cross could undertake, but also one of the most effective in aiding the future Belgium." Reconstruction in Belgian towns will be done in co-operation with the Belgian Government. When a village is recovered, the burgomaster and his assistants and a picked group of refugees are allowed to begin the work of rehabilitation. The Red Cross will furnish them with the tools, furniture, seeds, farm animals, and supplies needed to help refugees get on their feet. As fast as the work progresses the government will return other refugees to their homes. The Red Cross will thus be furnishing in each recovered town the shelter and equipment for a working nucleus about which the whole community can gradually be restored. Appropriations amounting to $720,001 have been made from the War Fund for the relief of Belgians not under the rule of Germany. Comprehensive plans were outlined in conferences between King Albert and Major Murphy. Warehouses and stores are to be erected immediately along canals and high- ways in Belgium to serve as centers of relief distribution. Particular attention is to be given to Belgian children and orphans, who have been the chief sufferers during the three years of the war. The Red Cross is planning to aid hostels, estab- lished under the direction of the Queen of Belgium, for the care of children under four years of age. Efforts are to be made to see that the schooling of these children, torn from their homes, does not entirely cease. Many are in continual danger so long as they remain near the battle zone. Six hundred children from especially dangerous places will therefore be brought to France and there maintained by the Red Cross. Refugee Belgian chil- dren, in other parts of France and Switzerland, are also to re- ceive the special care of the American Red Cross. Included in the appropriation, also, are funds for the opera- tion of a hospital for wounded Belgian soldiers, and for a part of the equipment of a typhoid hospital, to supplement the al- ready overtaxed hospital resources of the Belgian Government. 121 II! ENGLAND The work of the American Red Cross in England is directed by William Endicott, Commissioner, and Edgar H. Wells, Deputy Commissioner. Mr. Endicott, of Kidder, Peabody & Co., Boston, is an overseer of Harvard College and trustee of several Massachusetts hospitals and the Massachusetts School for The BHnd. Mr. Wells was formerly Assistant Dean of Harvard College. Owing to the particularly favorable opportunities enjoyed by the London Chapter for the shipment of supplies to points behind the British line in France and Belgium, the work of the Chapter is closely correlated with that of the Commission for France, and is guided by Major Murphy. Ambassador Page is President of the Chapter, and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid is Chair- man. The London Chapter maintains a distributing service for forwarding hospital garments, dressings and other supplies to France and England. In the past four months, it has. dis- tributed the contents of 509 cases from America and 20,000 articles from English sources. It also operates a workshop which employs at present about 2,000 women in London and adjacent cities on the work of making dressings, bandages, splints, pajamas, dressing gowns and other hospital necessities. About one-third of the present force is American and two-thirds British. The Chapter also maintains the St. Catherine's Lodge Hos- pital for Officers, at which there are forty beds for orthopedic cases. The house and equipment were given by Mr. and Mrs. William A. Salomon of New York, and the hospital is at present conducted by two American orthopedic surgeons, with Col. Sir Robert Jones, the great Liverpool orthopedist, as chief con- sultant. Active committees of the Chapter deal with comforts for 122 soldiers, with the distribution of books for American soldiers and sailors in France and on the high seas, and with entertain- ment for officers and nurses in London. A well-equipped and well-furnished house near the American Embassy is maintained as a clubhouse for the use of American nurses who are visiting in London. Hospitals in England The Red Cross Commission is beginning hospital work of the greatest importance. At a port in England, a hospital is being established for sick American soldiers and sailors. The Red Cross will furnish the equipment and maintain this hos- pital, although the staff will be detailed from the Medical Corps of the United States Army. An excellent location on the out- skirts of the city has been furnished to the American Red Cross at a nominal rental for this purpose. It is expected that the hospital will be in active service within a few weeks. The American Red Cross will also take over a hospital in South Devon, established in 1914 and supported since that time by the American Women's War Fund. Although meant primarily for English soldiers, this hospital will be available for American soldiers in emergency. The hospital for officers at Lancaster Gate, London, generally regarded as one of the best in the city, which has also been maintained hitherto by the American Women's War Fund, will henceforth be supported by the Red Cross. These two institutions have done notable work during the war. Co-operation with the British Red Cross Most agreeable relations exist between the American Red Cross and the British Red Cross Society and with the Y. M. C. A. , both British and American. On the occasion of the recent cam- paign conducted by the British Red Cross, culminating in *'Our Day," the American Red Cross made an appropriation of £200,000 to be expended under the supervision of the British organization, which was warmly received by the Government and by the British public generally. The appropriation was divided as follows: £50,000 (about $250,000) for relief and comforts to sick and wounded in hospitals, casualty clearing stations and on lines of communications in territories where British Forces are fighting. 123 £50,000 (about $250,000) for the maintenance of British Red Cross auxihary hospitals and convalescent homes in England. £100,000 (about $500,000) for institutions in Great Britain for orthopedic and facial treatment and for general restorative work for disabled British Soldiers. In announcing the gift to the British Red Cross, Major Murphy wrote as follows: May I express the peculiar satisfaction that we feel in making this subscription? From the standpoint of our best judgment we rejoice in an opportunity to assist in the superb work that you are doing to relieve suffering and distress. But in a larger way we hope you will accept our contribution as an earnest of the desire of our people to begin to take our share of the burden of the war which your forces have waged for three years in behalf of the whole civilized world. The King expressed his appreciation of the contribution at an audience with Major Murphy and other Red Cross repre- sentatives, and the Prime Minister, in a cordial interview with Commissioners Endicott and Wells and Major Murphy, handed them the following signed expression of British gratitude. I should like personally to express our profound appreciation of the action of the American Red Cross in contributing $1,000,000 to the funds of the British Red Cross. It is a gift characteristic of the gener- ous and friendly heart of the American people. It will bring relief to thousands of suffering men and women, and will be a further means of strengthening the real understanding between the United States and Great Britain, which the former's whole-hearted entry in the war for liberty has created. I know that I am expressing the thought dominant in the minds of my fellow countrymen when I say that they will always remember this gift with gratitude. (Signed) D. Lloyd George. 124 ITALY Late in July, the War Council dispatched a special Red Cross Commission to Italy. The purpose of the commission was to advise how American Red Cross activity could best be exerted to meet needs of the suffering soldiers and the civilian population of that country. This was the fourth Red Cross commission to go to Europe. It was headed by George F. Baker, Jr., Vice-President of the First National Bank of New York City. With Mr. Baker went: JOHN R. MORRON, President Atlas Portland Cement Company. DR. THOMAS W. HUNTINGTON, President of the American Surgical Association. DR. VICTOR G. HEISER, Of the United States Public Health Service. NICHOLAS F. BRADY, Central Trust Company, New York, Accompanying the commission, also, was Chandler R. Post, Professor of Greek and Fine Arts at Harvard University and one of the leading authorities in this country on Italy. Through the American Academy in Rome, it was arranged that the commission to Italy should have detailed to assist it, Gorham Phillips Stevens, Director of the School of Fine Arts, and Charles Upson Clark, of Yale University, Director of the School of Classical Studies, both of whom are now resident in Rome. To enable this commission to meet the more urgent needs which might be found to exist, an emergency appropriation of $200,000 from the War Fund was made by the Red Cross War Council. The Commission arrived in Rome on August 31. It visited Rome, Naples, Genoa, Milan, Florence, Venice, Bologna, Palermo, Brindisi, Bari, Faranto, Messina, Lecce, etc. Two weeks were spent at the front. The military reverses in November cost the Italians many hospitals and much material. An additional appropriation of $4,000 for medical supplies 125 has been made by the War Council on request of the Commis- sion to Italy. Other work in Italy will depend upon the report of this Commission as to how such efforts can best be made. The Commission has completed its investigations, and re- turned to the United States late in October. Members of the Commission were deeply impressed with the spirit of friendship for America, and spoke strongly of the need for regular and generous assistance from America. Special Aid to Italy The Red Cross responded promptly to the emergency created by the Italian retreat. The War Council, in the following tele- gram to Ambassador Page, promised that every effort which the Red Cross could make ivould be applied immediately to the relief of Italy: Please advise the Government and people of Italy that the American Red Cross is organizing an operating commission to proceed to Italy to establish permanent headquarters there and to take at once in co- operation with the ItaUan Government every practicable step to alle- viate suffering and especially extend to the soldiers and civilian popu- lation of Italy such assurance and comfort as may be possible. To that end and acting upon the recommendation of our recently returned Commission to Italy an appropriation has been made to develop an ambulance service and to operate such civilian rehef as it may be feasible to extend in the immediate future. Please advise the Government and people of Italy that it is the desire of the American Red Cross that nothing which can be done shall be left undone to assure the people of Italy in their present sacrifice and heroism of the cordial and continued support in every possible way of the American people. As a first step in meeting Italy's needs, the War Council then authorized the United States Ambassador to Italy to draw on the Red Cross War Fund for any amount up to $250,000 for emergency relief work. This was later raised to $750,000. Major Murphy, immediately after the Italian reverses, dispatched workers to Italy, and the press reports indicate that American Red Cross aid during the retreat was greatly appreciated by the Italians. Major Murphy went to Italy himself early in November to organize the relief work. Among the supplies shipped from Paris for quick relief were 2,000 mattresses, 8,000 blankets, 10,000 pairs of socks, and a generous amount of other bedding, clothing and medical supplies. An operating commisssion will administer the work of the Red Cross there. 126 RUSSIA As an initial step in carrying out its declared purpose "to do something immediately to hearten afflicted Russia," the War Council dispatched to Russia the American Red Cross Commission. The Commission carried with it three carloads of medical supplies and surgical instruments with which to meet most urgent needs. These are being distributed to hospitals, institutions and Red Cross organizations in Russia. The Commission was composed of twelve eminent experts in problems of medicine, public health, business and social service. The primary purpose of the Commission was not alone to render such immediate aid as it might, but to ascertain along the broadest possible lines in what manner the American Red Cross could extend most effective relief to the wounded soldiers and the needy and suffering civilian population of Russia. The Commission was headed by Dr. Frank Billings, of Chi- cago, and Mr. William B. Thompson, of New York. As advisers in solving the problems of sanitation, public health and social service, the Commission had the expert assist- ance of: RAYMOND ROBINS, of Chicago. DR. J. D. McCarthy, Expert in Tuberculosis, Uiiiversity of Pennsylvama, PROFESSOR E. A. WINSLOW, of Yale University. DR. GEORGE C. WHIPPLE, Professor of Sanitary Engineering of Harvard University. To deal with general medical problems, the Commission had the services of its chairman and PROFESSOR WILLIAM S. THAYER, Of Johns Hopkins University. DR. WILBUR E. POST, of Chicago. In its studies how best to assist Russia in providing adequate food supplies for its civilian population, as well as for convalescent soldiers and prisoners, the Commission has had the assistance of HAROLD H. SWIFT, of Chicago. Of the packing firm of Swift and Company, PROFESSOR HENRY C. SHERMAN, Of Columbia University. 127 In co-operation with the American Railroad Commission ah'eady in Russia, the Red Cross Commission studied the prob- lems of transportation, especially with reference to making sure that shipments of relief supplies may reach destination without delay. For this special work the Commission had as one of its members; HENRY J. HORN, Formerly Vice-President of the New Haven Railroad. In addition to the foregoing, the members of the Commission were: J. W. ANDREWS. ALLEN WARDWELL. H. S. BROWN. DR. ORRIN S. WIGHTMAN. THOMAS THACHER. Accompanying the Commission as inspectors and attaches, were the following: R. I. BARR. MALCOLM PIRNIE. NORTON C. TRAVIS. MALCOLM GROW. WILLIAM COCHRAN. HARRY B. REDFIELD. . WILLIAM C. NICHOLSON. D. HAYWARD HARDY. CORNELIUS KELLEHER. H. H. WYCKOFF. Such travelling expenses and salaries as were necessary to pay were very generously borne by Mr. William B. Thompson, himself a member of the Commission. A large number of the members of this, as well as other commissions, paid their own expenses, in addition to giving their time free. The Work of the Commission All along its route, which lay through Japan and Siberia, the Red Cross Commission was warmly welcomed. At Petro- grad the Commission established intimate relations with Premier Kerensky. It has worked harmoniously with the Administra- tion and with the public relief organizations of Russia, including the Russian Red Cross and the All-Union of Zemstvos and Towns, which it induced to co-operate not only with the Amer- ican Red Cross but with each other. The Commission has al- ready extended substantial aid to the Russian Red Cross and has made a painstaking study of the entire field of relief work in Russia. Dr. Billings and ten other members of the party have now returned to the United States, leaving a permanent organization with headquarters at Petrograd under the command of Lieut .- Colonel Wilham B. Thompson. The chief warehouse and dis- tributing center for American Red Cross supplies has been lo- 128 cated at Moscow, from which railroads radiate to the battle front. The Red Cross Commission found the work of all the public relief organizations of Russia excellent and reports that ''the initiative and inventive genius shown in devising appliances for surgical and orthopedic treatment equals or surpasses that of any hospital in America known to any member of the Com- mission." The excellent work of the Russian Army medical service is hampered, however, by the collapse of discipline at the front and the lack of certain drugs and surgical supplies. The work of the American Red Cross in R,ussia centers chiefly on the medical and surgical needs of the army. It had already forwarded to the Russian Red Cross, before the Commission started for Russia, drugs valued at $6,500. The Commission carried with it supplies to the value of $116,280.87, including among other articles 61 microscopes and 45,000 slides; 4,600 clinical thermometers; 288 operating knives; 23,000 lengths of catgut; 1,700 ice caps; 175,000 morphine sulphate tablets; and 200,000 antiseptic tablets. In response to the reports from the Commission after its arrival the War Council has appropriated $238,120 for additional shipments of drugs and surgical supplies to Russia. The most serious supply problem which will this winter con- front Russia, and especially Petrograd, is the lack of food, cloth- ing and footwear. A large number of Russians have already starved as a result of the war. There is enough food in Russia. The food question, in the opinion of the Commission, is primarily a matter of transporta- tion and economic adjustment. The principal opportunity of the American Red Cross to relieve the scarcity of food lies along the lines of supplying condensed milk and other concentrated foodstuffs to the people and especially the children of the larger cities. The Red Cross has therefore authorized the purchase of con- densed milk for shipments to Russia in such quantities as trans- portation can be secured for. "This will mitigate the sufferings of mothers, invalids and children," the Commission reports, "but no external help may hope to furnish the vast food supply neces- sary for the large civilian population in Petrograd and Moscow and the famine-stricken provinces." The American colony in Petrograd generously maintains an American hospital which the American Red Cross is aiding by a small monthly gift. Dental outfits have also been provided 129 by the JRed Cross for Y. M. C. A. canteens along the Russian war front. Ambulances for Russia As a part of its program for rendering effective assistance to Russia, the American Red Cross has shipped 125 motor ambu- lances and automobiles to the Red Cross Commission in Russia. Ambulances are acutely needed with the Russian armies. On the Eastern front there are now only 6,000 vehicles for the transportation of the wounded, while on the French front, only a third as long, there are more than ten times as many. The automobiles which have been shipped by the Red Cross will equip one Russian army corps with five complete ambulance sections. In view of the conditions now obtaining at the Russian front the Commission recommends that these cars be equipped with sanitary appliances so that they may be converted from ambu- lances to sanitary service cars as needed. For the present, personnel for ambulance sections will not be sent to Russia, but the machines will be operated by Russian drivers under the direction of the Red Cross. Twelve automobile ambulances and one motor truck for use in Russia have been given to the American Red Cross by the American Jewish Friends of Free Russia. Felix Gouled, Chair- man, and S. C. Lamport, Treasurer, representing the organiza- tion, personally appeared before the Red Cross War Council in Washington to convey this generous gift for relief work on the Eastern front. Under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel William B. Thomp- son, the Red Cross in Russia is energetically continuing its work of relief. 130 VI ROUMANIA On July 22nd, the Red Cross War Council announced the dispatch of a Red Cross Commission to Roumania. It was headed by Henry Watkins Anderson, of Richmond, Virginia. This Commission planned to undertake at once, in addition to its investigation of sanitary and health conditions, actual relief work among the Roumanian refugees. To do this work, a Red Cross medical unit of twelve doctors and twelve nurses accompanied the Commission. Quantities of medical supplies, serums, vaccines, and food- stuffs, urgently needed in Roumania, were sent with the Com- mission by the War Council. A special emergency appropria- tion of $200,000 from the War Fund was voted for Roumanian relief. In addition to Mr. Anderson, the Chairman, the members of the Commission to Roumania are: ARTHUR GRAHAM GLASGOW, an engineer of Washington, D. C. Mr. Glasgow is one of the leaders of his profession, and lias lived for more than twelve years in London, where he maintained extensive oflBces. DR. FRANCIS W. PEABODY, of Boston, Who represented the Rockefeller Foundation in its medical investigation in China. BERNARD FLEXNER, of Chicago, A lawyer who has taken a prominent part in many sociological movements in the Middle West. DR. H. GIDEON WELLS, of Chicago, Professor of Pathology in the University of Chicago. DR. ROGER GRISWOLD PERKINS, of Cleveland, Professor of Hygiene, Western Reserve University. DR. ROBERT C. BRYAN, of Richmond, Virginia, Who is one of the leading surgeons of the South. C. T. WILLIAMS, of Baltimore, Secretary and Treasurer of the Commission. As attaches and aides, COUNT VLADIMIR LEDOCHOWSKI, FRANK CONNES, and C. T. EARNEST accompanied the Commission. 131 Doctors and nurses of the medical unit accompanying the Commission were: DR. W. D. KIRKPATRICK, Bellingham, Wasliington. DR. RICHARD PENN SMITH, Fort Loudon, Pa. DR. D. J. McCarthy, Davenport, Iowa. DR. GEORGE Y. MASSENBERG, Macon, Ga. DR. R. H. RULISON,. Syracuse, N. Y. DR. C. B. HAMILTON, Syracuse, N. Y. DR. BENJAMIN EARL LE MASTER, Macomb, 111. DR. E. F. HIRD, Bound Brook, N. J. DR. W. T. LOWE, Pine Bluff, Ari;. DR. JOSEPH P. GRUENER, Chicago, 111. DR. GEORGE DURO GUCA, Chicago, 111. DR. WM. J. X<:UCERA, New Prague, Minn. DR. MORRIS DAVIDSON, New Yorl^City. DR. GERHARD B. SCHRIBMAN, New York City. FLORENCE PATTERSON, Head Nurse, Washington, D. C. RACHEL C. TORRANCE, New York City, N. Y. KATHERINE OLMSTEAD, Milwaukee, Wis. ALMA FORESTER, Chicago, 111. ALICE GILBOURNE, Chicago, 111. B. M. GOSLING, New York City. M. A. BROWNELL. New York City. J. B. DONALD, Bellingham, Vfash. MARY McINTYRE, Chicago, 111. A. H. ROWLAND, Washington, D. C. LINDA K. MEIRS. New York City. Wounds Dressed with Sawdust The appalling conditions prevailing in Roumania are sketched in the cable received from Henry W. Anderson, chief of the American Red Cross Commission to Roumania, on his arrival in Petrograd on his way to Roumania. The cable reads- After conference with the American Ambassador, Dr. BiUings (American Red Cross Commissioner to Russia), the Roumanian min- ister, and persons just returned from Roumanian front, I find that conditions there urgently require immediate shipment of suppHes — medicines, surgical instruments, hospital supplies, bandages, bed linen, clothes for patients, collodion, wax paper, iodine. Wounds are now being dressed with sawdust. Nails are needed for building protection sheds. Food is available, except delicacies for hospitals. We are advised that urgent need exists for ambulance transports, with drivers and m(chanics. Roumanian railways are badly crippled and it is impossible to make repairs. Deem it very important here to render relief liberally. Would arrange immediate shipment suppHes, especially those named, to cope with present heavy needs of wounded and avoid threatened tj^phus epidemic this winter. 132 Supplies of All Kinds Needed Further messages from the Commission, which has begun its work with headquarters at Jassy, the war capital of Rou- mania, confirm the fact that Roumania's need of supphes of many kinds is desperate . Mr . Anderson cables : Military hospitals urgently need mattresses, pillows, bed linen, bed shirts, surgical and medical supplies, all kinds, large quantities, none obtainable here; have cabled detailed list indispensable needs. Civil population worse condition, three million in territory inhabited by one million, no clothing, no shoes or material for same, obtainable any price. Eighteen thousand orphans registered, probably many more, all without clothes or shoes any kind for winter. The War Council has therefore made appropriations of $1,271,142.76 from the War Fund for the purchase of medical supplies, clothing, equipment and foodstuffs for shipment to Roumania. An appropriation of $400,000 has also been made for the purchase of selected goods from a cargo containing clothing, shoes, coffee, etc., which was available at Archangel. This purchase makes it possible to send supplies to Roumania very much more quickly than would otherwise be possible. 133 VII SERBIA Late in August, the War Council of the American Red Cross was able to announce the sending of a commission to Serbia to begin immediate relief work in that stricken country and to help its scattered population in the struggle against privation and disease. The Red Cross had done much relief work in Serbia before the appointment of the War Council. Early last spring, in response to a request from the Serbian Government, Dr. Edward W. Ryan, formerly head of the American hospital in Belgrade, went to Saloniki to organize the sanitary and relief work of Serbia. His work was to organize a war relief clearing house at Saloniki and to co-ordinate and develop relief work in and about Salonild now carried on through American effort. The work has necessarily been limited to the territor}?- behind the Allied hues north of Saloniki. In the districts under Dr. Ryan's supervision, though small as compared with the whole of Serbia, the demands upon Amer- ican relief resources have been large. Around Saloniki there have been thousands of refugees, reduced by the privations of more than two years of war to conditions even worse than those in Belgium and Roumania. Many of them have been depen- dent upon relief given by America. Next to Belgium and France, the chief center of American relief work abroad has been Serbia. The American Red Cross maintained a base hospital in Belgrade before the Teuton-Bulgar invasion, and with the aid of the Rockefeller Foundation undertook the battle against typhus. Cordenio Arnold Severance, of St. Paul, Minnesota, headed the special Red Cross Commission to Serbia. 134 Deputy Commissioners were: DR. SEVERANCE BURRAGE. Sanitarian, formerly of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. DR. FREDERICK T. LORD. Physician, of Boston. DR. EUGENE A. CROCKETT. Surgeon, of Boston. FATHER FRANCIS JAGER. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM. New York City. W. A. W. STEWART, New York City. L. D. WISHARD, Pasadena, California. EDWIN D. HASKELL. Minneapolis, Minn., Secretary. The sum of $200,000 was appropriated by the War Council to buy medical and other supplies for use in the discretion of the Commission. The Story of War-torn Serbia This, the fifth of the Red Cross commissions, went to study a problem acknowledged as one of the most formidable in Europe. There is hardly a family in Serbia that has not been uprooted and torn from its home, and few that have not lost some member on the battlefield. What have been the nation's losses during the past few years of bloodshed cannot be estimated. From an army of nearly half a million at the beginning of the war, over a hundred and fifty thousand men are estimated to have been taken prisoners by the Central Powers and are suffering from malnutrition in prison camps. Many thousands were lost in the retreat through Albania. The civilian population has suffered as greatly as the army. It has been harried over the face of Europe. One hundred and fifty thousand fatherless Serbian families, it is estimated, are facing destitution in various countries. Refugees in Russia, Roumania, Greece, Italy, France and Switzerland number over thirty thousand. The pressing needs of Serbia have been laid before the War Council by Dr. Edward Ryan, Red Cross representative at Saloniki, and by Miss Emily Simmonds, graduate of Roosevelt Hospital, New York, who enUsted in the Serbian Red Cross in 1914 and has since then assisted in the relief of thousands of refugees. 135 Miss Simmonds urged the dispatch of food, clothing, band- ages, blankets, seeds, agricultural tools, as well as doctors and nurses. In her informal report to the Red Cross, she said: "There were only 400 doctors in all Serbia at the beginning of the war, and the death rate has been high. Sixty died of typhus alone in January and February of 1915. There are 116 doctors now in the army, but only one dentist. Vv^omen doc- tors are especially needed for maternity work in the villages. One doctor in a small car could furnish medical supervision for several villages. A system of soup kitchens in the villages is an absolute necessity if famine is not to make good its threats this winter." Disaster Relief in Saloniki A recent newspaper dispatch from Saloniki reports: The American Red Cross has established a record for efficiency according to Gen. Sarrail, commander-in-chief of the Alhed forces on the Macedonian front, and British officials have taken over the rehef work, which the Americans began, for the people made destitute in the recent fire. Within twelve hours after the fire started Dr. Edward W. Ryan, of the American Red Cross, had 41 soup kitchens in full operation and thereafter fed 2,000 persons daily. This was the first relief work started, and was hours before other relief measures were under way, A cargo of foodstuffs, clothing, medical supplies, etc., originally consigned to Beirut by the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, which could not be delivered, was purchased by the American Red Cross in the harbor of Alexan- dria. These supplies have now been forwarded to Dr. Ryan at Saloniki to be used in relief which was made urgently neces- sary by the fire. Warehouse facihties at Saloniki were provided through the courtesy of the Standard Oil Company of New York. Supplies for Serbia The Red Cross has shipped 5,000 bags of flour for Serbians in Austrian prison camps. This is the first shipment of a series of purchases of food and other supplies which the Red Cross, in co-operation with the Serbian Government, is making. The Serbian Minister has deposited $1,000,000 to the credit of the Red Cross for the purchase of these supplies.- 136 The Allies must provide living necessities for their soldiers who are captured, because the Central Powers do not provide prisoners of war with sufficient food to keep them in good health. The shipments go to the Serbian Consul at Marseilles, and thence through the Serbian section of the Bureau de Secours at Berne, Switzerland , to prison camps in Austria . For use among Serbian refugees and in the Serbian Army, the Red Cross is sending to Saloniki 10,000 pairs of men's, women's and children's shoes, 10,000 blankets, 10,000 pairs of stockings with woollen yarn for 10,000 more pairs, 5,000 suits of underwear, and 50 Army dental field kits. Commissioner Severance reports a special need for dental service, and a further appropriation has therefore been made to cover the purchase of ten complete sets of dental equipment, including chairs, which are to be mounted on automobiles for service along the Army front and also among the civilians back of the fines. Dentists are being sent from the United States to handle this work. A small hospital for the civilian population of Vodena, Greece, where the Red Cross is feeding 2,500 refugees, is to be established shortly. A building has been secured without cost for this work, which will be almost entirely for the benefit of women and chil- dren. 137 VIII RELIEF IN ARMENIA In addition to the foregoing activities, the War Council has appropriated $1,800,000, to be expended for relief work in the Near East, through the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief. This appropriation is intended to cover the period ending January 1, 1918. The American Committee is the only organization outside of the Red Crescent (controlled by the Turkish Government), which is allowed to administer relief in certain portions of the Turkish Empire. The American Committee's field of operations includes not only Asia Minor and those portions of Armenia and Syria that are in the Ottoman Empire, but it also includes a large section of Armenia now dominated by the Russian army, as well as the Russian Caucasus, Persia, Mesopotamia and por- tions of Egypt, into which refugees, Armenian, Syrian and Greek, have fled in large numbers. The making of appropriations for relief in the Near East is in accord with the policy of the Red Cross to co-operate with relief agencies in the theatre of war to the end that there shall be the utmost aid accorded, while overlapping of effort is as far as possible avoided. The appropriation is made upon applica- tion of James L. Barton, Chairman, and C. V. Vickrey, Secre- tary, respectively, of the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, and after investigation and approval by the Red Cross Committee on Co-operation. 138 IX CARE FOR AMERICAN PRISONERS IN GERMANY The American Red Cross has perfected plans to care for Americans who may be captured and held in German prison camps. A Prisoners' Relief Committee has been organized at Berne, Switzerland, under the supervision of EUis L. Dresel, of the American Legation. Mr. Dresel served from the outbreak of the war in 1914 up to the breaking of diplomatic relations as an attache of the American Embassy at Berlin, where his duties included relief work for men of the entente nationalities in German prison camps. While only about 100 American prisoners are held in Germany today, comprehensive plans have been worked out for the care of all Americans who may be taken prisoners. Most of the prisoners now in Germany are civilians taken off American mer- chantmen sunk by Teuton submarines. More recent arrivals in the prison camps are members of the American Expeditionary Force or had served as gun crews, since the arming of our mer- chant ships. Speedy provision for their relief and for those who may be taken prisoner is necessitated by the German policy of giving prisoners war food totally inadequate to keep men in good health. The extremely high death rate among Russian, Serbian and Roumanian prisoners in Germany and Austria (30 per cent, in the case of the Roumanians) has been largely due to the in- abiUty of Russia and the Balkan States to organize the ration- ing of prisoners of their nationalities from their home countries. A recent cable dispatch from Paris tells of a French soldier just back from a German prison camp and in the last stage of tuberculosis. This soldier was one of a battalion of a thousand young and healthy men captured in a body, early in the war. More than fifty per cent, of the number are now dead, or have been returned to France, via Switzerland, as incurables. 139 Malnutrition, no less than unsanitary conditions, produces these results. British, Canadian and Australian prisoners of war in Germany now depend exclusively upon food shipped to them from London, and generally give the prison camp ration to prisoners of other countries, who are, as a rule, less well pro- vided for. Bread is already being dispatched from Berne to the Americans in Germany, and arrangements have also been made for transmitting letters and money from their families and friends 'in this country. A complete scheme for sustaining prisoners is now being worked out jointly by the War and Navy Department and the Red Cross. Thus far only bread Has been supplied by the Berne Commit- tee of the American Red Cross. Assorted food parcels and clothing will also be forwarded soon. In the meantime the Central Prisoners of War Committee of London is acting on behalf of American prisoners in Germany, sending them such foods as the Committee regularly dispatches to British and colonial prisoners. By arrangement with Germany, these food parcels are sent to the prisoner three times a fortnight. Each of them contains ten pounds of meat, butter, sugar, jam, coffee or tea, salt, rice, and dried fruit. The American Red Cross is forwarding to Berne stocks of the same foodstuffs, as well as cheese, evaporated milk, codfish, and mixed biscuit. Twenty-five tons of food- stuffs have been sent to Berne for the American Red Cross, and a recent appropriation covers the cost of 75 tons more. It is expected that sufficient food to sustain a considerable number of men for several months will have been accumulated in Berne before Americaiju troops begin active service on the fighting front. Already the Navy Department has shipped 100 outfits of clothing for the interned seamen in Germany; and the Quarter- master General's Department, 85 cases of clothing for soldiers and interned civilians. Foodstuffs, so far provided, have been purchased by the American Red Cross. Arrangements have been completed whereby the War and Navy Departments will deliver to the American Red Cross in Paris proper rations and clothing. These will be forwarded to the several prison camps by the Amer- ican Red Cross Committee at Berne, of which Ellis L. Dresel, of the American Legation, is head. Ninety-five per cent, of the British packages sent into Ger- many, with postal card receipts to be mailed back by the prisoner, 140 have been duly receipted for. The American Red Cross, also, will enclose postal cards, as a means of making sure that Amer- ican prisoners do actually receive the food parcels. 141 APPROPRIATIONS For Europe Outside of France A complete recapitulation follows of the appropriations made from the War Fund by the American Red Cross for work in Europe outside of France: Russia: Drugs $ 6,500.00 Medical Supplies 316,280.87 Ambulance Unit No. 1 31,400.00 Powdered opium for hospital use 38,120.00 Condensed milk 351,000.00 Foodstuffs 8,640.00 Shoes 607,500.00 Total $1,359,440.87 Roumania: Relief fund and medical supplies $200,000.00 Expenses of Commission to Roumania. . 47,000.00 Clothing, medical and hospital supplies, foodstuffs, equipment, wax paper, nails, etc 1,271,398.76 Total $1,518,398.76 Italy: Relief fund and medical supplies $200 ,000 .00 Additional medical supplies 4,000.00 Expenses of Commission to Italy 10,000.00 Total *$214,000.00 * Since this summary was prepared the War Council has appropriated $750,000 for emergency relief in Italy. 142 Serbia: Emergency relief fund $200,000.00 Condensed milk for Serbian Military Hospital 6,000.00 Cargo of foodstuffs, clothing, medical supplies, etc., purchased 138,673.76 Shoes, blankets, stockings, yarn, under- wear, and dental kits 113,670.00 Hospital at Vodena, Greece 5,000.00 Dental equipment 12,960.00 Underwear and socks for Serbian recruits in Canada 400.00 Expenses of Commission to Serbia 16,500.00 Total $493,203.76 Belgium: Storehouses for supplies, barges, auto- mobiles, etc. for distribution of sup- plies $86,500.00 Food, clothing, and supplies for relief .... 173,000.00 Addition to a school for Belgian children . . 17, 300 .00 Relief of 600 children in Belgium 103,800.00 Relief of Belgian children in France and Switzerland 216,250.00 Aid in construction of hospital for Belgian soldiers 86,500.00 Aid in establishing new hospital for ty- phoid patients 2,007.00 Barracks for a Belgian soldiers' canteen . . 3,460 .00 Adding to facilities of a refuge for Belgian boys 3,504.00 Emergency fund 17,300.00 Operating expenses , salaries and wages ... 10 ,380 .00 Total $720,001.00 England: Surgical supplies sent to London Chapter American Red Cross $3,800.00 Budget of London Chapter 69,020.00 Blankets, books and absorbent cotton for relief work of London Chapter 35,700.00 Expenses Commission to Great Britain . . . 5,000 .00 Contribution to British Red Cross, for relief and comforts to sick and wounded in hospitals, maintenance of British Red Cross auxiliary hospitals and con- valescent homes, orthopedic and facial treatment and restorative work for dis- abled British soldiers 953,000.00 Total $1,066,520.00 143 Other Appropriations: Armenian-Syrian relief $1 ,800,000.00 Relief of Anaericans in Germany. , : 20,000.00 International Red Cross, Geneva. 29,800.00 Equipment for foreign commissions . ... 25,000.00 Freight, etc., on apparatus purchased from restricted funds - . 1,000.00 Foodstuffs for American prisoners in Ger- many 37,212.00 Total $1,913,012.00 In addition to these appropriations from the War Fund the sum of $1,417,625.74, received by the Red Cross for designated purposes, has been apphed in accordance with the wishes of the donors. It will thus appear that the War Council has made appropriations from the War Fund as follows : In the United States $ 3,310,216.60 In France 20,601,240.47 In other countries 7,284,576.39 Designated Funds 1,417,625.74 $32,613,659.20 Advances for purchase of materials for chapters (to be repaid) 7,659,000.00 Grand Total $40,272,659.20 The greater part of these appropriations have been made for expenditure prior to January 1, 1918. Respectfully submitted, RED CROSS WAR COUNCIL, Henry P. Davison, Chairman. Charles D. Norton, John D. Ryan, Grayson M.-P. Mxtrphy, Cornelius N. Bliss, Jr. Ex-offido: William H. Taft, Eliot Wadsworth. November 1 , 1917. 144 To the Public Attacks upon the methods and motives of the American Red Cross have become so persistent and widespread that it is im- portant that the people of the United States appreciate the gravity of the situation and the actual facts. As long ago as October 15, Harvey D. Gibson, General Manager of the Red Cross, had the following telegram sent to all Red Cross Division Managers: It is evident that rximors and innuendoes, critical of and calculated to embarrass the Red Cross, are being industriously circulated as part of an anti-patriotic propaganda. In so far as such statements or ques- tions are merely efforts to obtain information they should be earnestly and sincerely met, but many of the stories, utterly unwarranted in fact, emanate simultaneously from too many different parts of the country to be merely accidental. The misrepresentations have taken many forms. Mr. Gibson found that one story, in particular, had gained a very wide cur- rency and issued the following statement to the public: A story is being circulated to the effect that sweaters, socks, and other articles knitted for the Red Cross are being sold, either to the public in shops or direct to the soldiers. This is emphatically not true. No articles whatever, either knitted or otherwise made by Red Cross workers and turned into any Red Cross Chapter, Branch or Auxiliary, or to any supply warehouse, are sold either to the soldiers or in shops. If any wilful case of this sort should come to the attention of head- quarters, the Charter of the Red Cross Chapter or subsidiary sanc- tioning it would be immediately withdrawn with full publicity. Should it transpire that an actual instance of the above character occurred wherein an individual sold articles after their having been turned in to the Red Cross, such action would be clearly in violation of the funda- mental law covering the Red Cross, and we would take vigorous steps to prosecute the offender. It is also true that any case of persons, other than those acquiring the right prior to January, 1905, using the name or emblem of the Red Cross to assist in the sale of merchandise, is a violation of the provisions 4 of the federal criminal law, and the offender should be reported to the United States district attorney for prosecution. There is no way to prevent people from making the same type of articles as are produced by Red Cross workers and selling them for their own advantage, thus subjectiag the Red Cross to unjust criticism. Should they use the name or emblem of the Red Cross in connection with such sales, however, they will be vigorously prosecuted. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 005 810 745 1