0^ c'JL ♦- ^ "^ Ck^ • • • *. '^ * 4 o .*■ . •^oV* '>o' •«o' .^"^ 'O. 5^ .: r. '^. ..^ *tw\1i,?Vc V ^-r ♦* 'V*. Jc^ 1^ '.-.0' ^0' ^Z^'"*^^^ %••... .. ^^v/vC,^' lV'^^ •PHg SEP. 27,1901 ^icHiasiv Book A STATE CYCLOPEDIA SECTIONAL COUNTY MAPS alphabetically arranged. Counties Schools Towns History Villages Institutions Railroads Lands Stations Laws Productions Elections population ol-eicials Etc., Etc. Etc., Etc. By SILAS FARMER, Member of American Historical Association., Fellow of American (Geographical Society, Author of History of Detroit and Afichigan. Champions of Christianity, Etc., Etc. PRICE, FIFTY CENTS. SILAS FARMER & GO (Estal-lished 1826), 2q Monroe Ajienne, cor, of Ear me r St., DETROIT, MICH. THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Two CoHta Received SEP. 27 1901 Copyright entry CLASS O/XXc. Nw.. COPY 3. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. all rights reserved. A liberal reward will be paid for informa- tion of the reprinting by any person., of material contained in our Books or Maps. SILAS FARMER &^ CO Press of John F. Eby & Company (Corporation! 66-69 W. Congress St., Detroit. TO DEXTER M. FERRY, In recognition of his courtesy and friendship, and of his worth as a citizen, these pages are dedicated. PREFACE. N the preparation of this work I have brought to my aid the results of the study and research of more than twenty years. The several editions of my "History of Detroit and Michigan" first published in 1884, and other local publications are the credentials offered in behalf of this work. My only request is that the work be judged not by its size or cost but by its com- pleteness and utility. The Author. » • • :€Y;Ct0PEDlA OF MICHIGAN. '■■ - ,i9'ira Aboriisrinal Iiibabitauts. ;9fd£i The origin of the first occupan^^s of this region is shrouded in mystery. Several writers have adopted the theory that they were descendants of the lost tribes of Israel and they fortify their position with a variety of interesting facts. The founder of our fair domain was a believer in this theory, and the archives of France contain a lengthy memorial written by Cadillac, in which he distinctly asserts hi« belief that the Indians are descendants of the Hebrew race, strengthening his argument with statements of many remarkable coincidences and custoijjis confirmatory of the idea. The researches of Schoolcraft, Pres- cott, Pickering, and others, indicate that the first comers w^e from Asia, that they were driven by winds and waves over t|ie Pacific coast and made their v/ay by the Aleutian Island^ or Behring Strait to Alaska, and from thence southward to- Mepc- ico and South America, afterwards spreading northward and eastward over the American continent. ; f> Elaborate and plausible arguments have been made to provd the converse theory — that the Chinese are descended from the Aztec race. In support of this supposition it is urged that the trade winds from the Peruvian coast pass directly to China and that even frail vessels could easily be wafted thither. Unique and ancient bronze implements are found alike in both countries ; the picture-writings of the two countries are in many cases similar, and in others are exactly the same; and the Feast of Souls, as celebrated in Central America, is remarkably like cer? ) tain of the Chinese ceremonies. The order of the ancient occupancy of the country seems to have been, first the Olmecs, then the Toltecs, then the Aztecs, or Aztecas. Various reasons give rise to the theory that the Aztec race were the first occupants of this particular region. Humboldt was of the opinion that the country of the Aztecas was in this latitude. The meaning of their tribal name is "Peo- ple of the Lakes," and there is no place in the United States in which small lakes are so numerous as in Michigan, while the state is nearly surrounded by lakes, which are almost seas in extent. The name Michigan is derived from two Chippewa words— Mitchaw, great, and Sagiegan, lake— Great Lake. The so-called Indian mounds in various western states, in their size, for^'an^,<^qnte^iit^;a,i[Jd force to the Aztecan theory. Abstracts of Title. See Lands— Abstracts of Title to. ' ';- • > '^f-'.i-^ Adjutant-General. '•' . • ^ee St^l!e A:djutant-General. '"'/ Adrian Collegre At Adrian, belongs to Protestant Methodist Church, was organ- ized in 1859, has 16 instructors, had 171 students during '97-'98, and ^aduated 10 in class of '98. Has had 467 graduates since its founding. Has library of 6,000 volumes. Value of grounds and buildings, $125,000. Agriculture. See State Agricultural Society, State Board of Agricultural College, State Crop and Live Stock Reports. State Live Stock and Sanitary Commission, State Veterinarian and Veterinary Board, State Board of Forestry Commissioners. Sheep, Forest Fires, Soil. Farms in Michigan; Barrels, Size of Fruit and Vege- table; Toll for Grinding Grain, Weight per Bushel of DlfEerent Products, Fruits, Apples, Beet Sugar, Peppermint Oil. Wheat, Celery, Potatoes. Agricultural Collegre. See "State Agricultural College." Au Sable B. Au Sable &N.W.R.R IOSCO Albion Oollege At Albion, belongs to Methodist Episcopal Churchj was organized in 1861, had 452 students during '98-'99 and has graduated 815 stu- dents. The grounds and buildings are valued at $100,000 and it has an endowment of $228,000. Alcona County AVas created in 1840, and first called Negwegon— a mongrel Indian name without special meaning. The name was changed to Alcona in 1843 and the county organized in 1869, with the county seat at Harrisville, where it now remains. Alcon was the name of a surgeon of great eminence at Rome in the first centur5^ Acres in county, 435,257. Population in 1860, 181; 1870, 766; 1880, 3,107; 1890. 5,409; 1894, 5,418; 1900, 5,691. Votes cast at spring elec- tion of 1899. 647. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 849, Bryan 145. LUCE WB 00 c: CO c cj is ■e es o &: « «: cS Oe ^ -i!*l!.^il^lil:i MARQUETTE Alger County Was created and organized in 1885, with county seat at Au Train. In 1901 the county seat was transferred to Munising. It was named after Russell A. Alger, governor of Michigan from 3884 to 1887. Acres in county, 588,759. Population in 1890, 1,238; 1894, 1,385; 1900, 5,868. Votes cast at spring election of 1899. 1,065, Pres- idential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,016. Bryan 416. See Citizenship. Aliens. OTTAWA :kent ^ 3. ^^fgchap =^ JLake-ijFi totvnT Gibs in o 111 ® }^ [s® - I Pedchbelt nfiu THfiM-^ Salein f))oriierSa - i]lmoie_CmtWjSt£ieixu Overisal [ : i-t^ L_ j Diamoad SD^Eng! K. 11 W. 1^ 1 Him|a; Br*dleyJ_fJ ^er Cove /r U" \ Ganges] Belknapo' I lean Pier[__o GJenu__ f ^$._^ii.l-VTVRt9° FEI jiivprtaker '-t-^^'x w^ ^L. ^^estCasec c T i i^^-x^ ^iiii f^ Cdsco \ ihead Iieisure ="^V _ : Mill Grov^§P^e'^<^°> , , .y rtf*/m «^ f 7ir^*,v }p?arle- I F^ZZea/^fNJZl-^^e\^«:^^ ■-_., — ^^, Hpppertlown Cliicora| /. h'^i^^f^ i^ J':; bx:< The state contains 58,915 square miles, or 36, 459,584 ''a!&r«si'" if is 9,745 square miles larger than the state of New York; 13,700 larger than .Pennsylvania; 17,855 liarger than Ohio; 22,'565 larger than Indiana, and 22,265 larger than Illinois. Ai-emac County Was created in 1831, merged into Bay county in 1867, and re^ created and organized in 1883. Tradition says that Arenac is an Indian word meaning beautiful and, that this region was so OGEMAW ; E. •mBumm sCaTvers * IOSCO Ref.: 1. Log Road. «!■»■■ Il'lllt II ■! 1 I 2 3. 2. M. G. R. ».n la : Dft >&'Mtick. Ry. Copyright 1901: by Siias Farmer. named from the picturesque Rifle river. Its first county seat was Omer, but it is now Standish. Acres in county, 235,002. Pop- ulation in 1890, 5,683; 1894, 6,943; 1900, 9,821. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,412. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 975 Bryan 800. Assemblies. The name assembly has come to mean, specifically, a sum- mer resort at which a regular program of entertainment and instruction Is provided, moral and religious addresses being given, interspersed with lectures and concerts. The more large- ly attended of these resorts are the following: Bay View Assembly.— This is located on Little Traverse Bayv Antrim County, just north of Petoskey. It is the oldest andv most largely and regularly attended summer gathering in the^ 11 state. The "corporation was organized in November, 187&, and the first meeting on the grounds held in the summer '■ of 1877. The grounds embrace 330 acres and are controlled by nine trus- tees, all of whom are connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church. The assembly, ^however, is undenominational , in char- acter. ConfiiBcted therewith is a suriimer school with instructors in almost all the higher branches of learning. A special charge is made for each of the classes, but tickets for the lectures and entertainments can be procured for the season or for single admissions. Besides the assembly, a camp-meeting is held .for several weeks. Hundreds of cottages, some highly ornate and attractive, are occupied by their owners, and opportunities for pure air and healthful recreation are plentiful. Spring water of- crystal clearness is abundant. , unj Epworth League Assembly. — This is located on the shore of L«ake MichJg;an, one and one-half miles north of Ludington with which it is connected by the Epworth League Railway. The grounds consist of 2^0 acres laid out in a very attractive munner, an^i the organization is controlled by 12 trustees. Since Its opening in 1894, it has been noted for its excellent hotel, largo auditorium and fine yearly programs. It has lots for sale and there are cottages to rent. Tenting facilities are attractive and rea.sonable. Members are given half-fare rates on the Pere Marquette R. R. during th« season. There are broad stretches of shelving beach, high bluffs, fine forest trees, an elevation of land known as Mt. Epworth, good fishing near bv, and the enchanting lake as continual attractions. Orchard Lake Assembley.— The Michigan Baptist Summer Assembly is held in the month of August in the buildings of the Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake, near Pontiac. The first meeting was held in 1898. A program such as is com- mon to all assemblies is provided. Lake Orion Oamp-Meeting and Assembly.— This interdenom- inational meeting place, modeled along the same lilies as Chautauqua and Bay View, was opened in 1896, Its location in the heart of the lake region of Oakland County makes it very desirable as a place of resort. There are all the facilities for /ecreation common to resorts of this character. It is reached by electic railway fom Detroit, or D., G. ig;.'.'.&,iM. R. R. Asylums. See "State Asylums," "State Home for the Feebleminded and\ Epileptic," and "State Hospital for the Insane." Attorney-General. See State At]torney-General. **^ Anditor-Ge'Tieral. See State Auditor-General. Banks and Banking*. The first bank in Michigan was known as the Detroit Bank. This was almost wholly a speculative scheme. It was organized in 1806 and came to grief, or the holders of its bills did, within three years. The first regularly organized and managed bank in the state was the Bank of Michigan, at Detroit. It was organized in 1818 and its business was closed in 1844. The "wild cat" banking mania of 1837-1844 prevailed in all- parts of the state. It was the natural outcome of a prosperous 12 and speculative period, brought to an abrupt termination by the forced return on the part of the existing banks, to specie payments ordered by President Jaclcson. In order to relieve the distress that followed this order and establish a value for lands, the Legislature, by Act of March 15, and amended Act of Decem- ber 30, 1837, provided for an unlimited number of so-called banks. Of the nominal capital of these "wildcats," only ten per cent in specie was required to be paid when subscriptions tO' the stock were made, and twenty per cent additional in specie when the bank commenced business. For the further security of the notes the stockholders were to give first mortgages upon real estate, to be estimated at its cash value by at least three county officers, and these mortgages were to be filed with the auditor-general as collateral security for the notes to be issued. First one and then three commissioners were appointed to superintend the or- ganization of these banks and attest the legality of their pro- ceedings, and upon the certificate of either of them, the auditor- general was to countersign and deliver to the bank circulating notes to the extent of two and a half times the amount of capi- tal certified to have been paid in. Under the Acts, at first twelve, and then any number of persons, upon signing an agreement to that effect, became a banking corporation, and almost any one might be a director. This monstrous banking system was welcomed alike by those who were hopelessly bankrupt and by those who saw a chance for unlimited knaVery ; and in a few months wherever two roads crossed, a bank was established. Many of the so-called banks had neither books nor office, and stock was transferred to, and represented as owned by persons who knew not that they were stockholders in these enterprising corporations. In most cases there was no coin to exhibit to the bank commissioner. "Specie certificates, verified by oath, were everywhere substituted, the identical certificates having been cancelled as soon as created by a draft for the same amount." In some cases certificates or specie would be bor- rowed to show to the commissioner. If specie, as soon as it had been examined in one bank, a fast team would take it to the woods where some other bank was located, and there it would again be counted as bank capital. The loan of specie by estab- lished corporations to these sham institutions became part of the regular banking business of the period, and banks put in operation by these fraudulent transactions were themselves In turn parents of similar offspring. In the language of an official report, "There is no species of fraud and evasion of law which the ingenuity of dishonest corporations has ever devised that has not been practiced under this Act." So utterly reckless did some of the operators become that they exhibited to the commissioner coin boxes filled with nails and window-glass, in lieu of specie. They hurried to New York in scores to urge the engravers to deliver without delay their circulating notes, which were issued to them by the auditor as rapidly as their so-called securities were perfected. The first bank established under the Act was the Farmers* Bank at Homer. Calhoun County. The articles were filed on August 19, 1837. In a little over four months nineteen more banks were created; in 1838 they were more plentiful than mushrooms and grew as rapidly. Forty-nine banks organized and nearly forty went into operation in one year, with a professed capital of Sl,745,000; thirty per cent was claimed to be paid in. In a few months two millions of dollars were distributed about the state of which probably not one ddllar was secured by bona fide capital, paid in for legitimate banking purposes. 18 Trade was immediately stimulated by the plentitude of the so-called money; the merchants took the notes eagerly, but sold them day by day, or deposited them with the older banks. When the latter sought to have them redeemed, various pre- tences were used to postpone a settlement; sometimes time drafts on the ii]ast were given, which were dishonored at matur-- ity. In order to make some use of the bills, the old banks were compelled to loan, and did loan, the bills of the new banks to persons whose credit could not command real money. At length the Supreme Court decided that the Banking Act was uncoix- stitutional. Of course all obligations under it were therefore void, and, like the gourd of Jonah, the Whole system withered in a night, and there was wailing and distress all over the land. To check these evil results the Legislature provided for the organization of new banks, and the suspension of specie pay- ments was legalized for a year. This legislation was repeated from time to time until 1841, but the millions of "wildcat notes" were dead beyond the hope of redemption, and were gathered and used as linings to packing cases; the children had them by the peck to play with; in some houses, room after room was papered with sheets of bills that had never been cut apart or signed. So sudden was the collapse that Mr. Hatch, a New York engraver, who came to Michigan to collect his money, lost $20,000 in uncollected bills. One of the "wildcat" banks, the Bank of Sandstone, was located in Jackson county, where a quarry of sandstone had been opened, the incipient quarrj^ being the sole business interest except the bank there established. The bank soon failed, and when its bills were presented for redemption, for every ten dollar bill a millstone was offered, for every five dollar note a grindstone, and for every dollar note a whetstone. "We now reach the panic of 1857. The beginning may be traced to the failure, on August 24, of the Ohio Life and Trust Company, followed on October 14 by the suspension of the New York banks. Simultaneously with the failure of the Trust Company the New York banks refused to discount, and began to call in loans, and as a result thousands of business men all over the land were ruined. The New York banks resumed within two months, but the evil of their suspension was past remedy. In 1860 the political and national crisis foreshadowed for many years was clearly near at hand. At the same time there was manifested very general distrust of Illinois and Wisconsin banks, many of which were known to be but little better than the banks of 1837. During the summer and fall of 1860 this distrust increased, and finally the discount on western money reached an average of from forty to sixty per cent. Meetings of business men were held from time to time to decide whether "stump-tail" currency, as it was called, should be received, but no definite rate of discount could be agreed upon, and the trouble increased apace. After the attack on Fort Sumpter on April 4, 1861, forty-tw< Wisconsin banks suspended. By this time it had become evident that a long and serious war was before us. The necessity of a currency to take the place of the broken and worthless western banks, and the monetary needs of the government because of the war with the south led Congress to provide for the issue of over a thousand million dollars of legal-tender notes, receivable for all debts due the Government except custom dues. These notes were called greenbacks, be- cause the backs were printed in green ink. As the war pro- gressed and prices advanced, the actual purchasing power of these notes declined; the uncertainty of the result caused gold 14 and silver to be more and more sought after, and coin was hoarded, and bought and sold on speculation, till at length, on June 11, 1864, gold reached the enormous premium of 285 per cent, and its purchasing power was more than three times that of a government note. Indeed, it was a common occurrence for a person with $1,000 in gold to obtain, in Canada, a $3,000 United States bond, drawing interest at six per cent. Next in order came the Act of February 25, 1863, which pro- vided for the organization of national banks, the capital stock of each to be not less than $100,000 in cities of over 100,000 persons, thirty per cent of the capital to be paid on commencing business, and United States bonds tO' the amount of $100,000 to be deposited with the United States as security for $90,000 in notes prepared by the government, and issued to the bank, the banks to be subject to taxation upon their circulation and deposits. The security these banks have afforded and the saving on the former system of irresponsible banks almost, if not entirely, equals the money cost of the war which brought the system into being. In 1901 there were in the state 85 national banks with nearly $12,000,000 of capital. Under law of June 21st, 1887, five or more persons may incor- porate as a State Bank with a capital of not less than $100,000 except that in a city or village of not over 1,500 inhabitants a bank may be organized wdth a capital of $15,000; in a city or village of not over 5.000 inhabitants a bank may be organized with a capital of $25,000; and in places where the population does not exceed 20,000, capital to the amount of ,$50,000 is required. Shares of stock must have par value of $100 and 50 per cent of capital stock must be paid in before the bank may begin busi- ness, the balance to be paid in in monthly installments of at least 10 per cent of the whole amount of capital stock. Each state bank must be managed by not less than five directors, to be elected by the stockholders and to hold oflice for one year or until their successors are chosen. Each bank must report quarterly to the State Bank Commissioner and comply with other regulations provided by law. The State Bank Com- missioner is required to examine the affairs of each bank at regular intervals and see that the regulations of law are ob- served. There are in Michigan 220 State Banks with an- aggre- gate capital of $13,000,000. Baiilcrnptcy. See U. S. Referee in Bankruptcy. Baraga Cotiiity Was created and organized in 1875. The last change in the county limits was made by Act of 1885. The county is named after Rev. Fr. Frederic Baraga, Bishop of Sault Ste. Marie and Mar- quette from 1863 to 1868. The county seat is at L'Anse. Acres in county, 583,735. Population in 1880, 1,804; 1890, 3,036; 1894, 4,232; 1900. 4,320. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 760. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 606, Bryan 332. Barbers. See State Board of Examination for Barbers. Barrels, Size of Fruit and Vegeta-ble. The law requires that the quantity known as a barrel of fruit, roots or vegetables shall be the quantity contained in a barrel made from staves 27 inches long and each head IQV2 inches in diameter, or ordinary flour-barrel size. 15 R. 31 W. iROisr ffef.:—1. D. S. S. & A. Rg. 2. C. M. & St P. Ry. 3. Sturgeon River. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Barry County Was created in 1829 and organized in 1839. It is named after William T. Barry, Postmaster- General of the United States from 1829 to 1835. The county seat is Hastings. Acres in county. 353,065. Population in 1840, 1,078; 1850, 5,072; 1860, 14,041; 1870, 22,204; 1880, 25,319; 1890, 23,783; 1894, 23,699; 1900, 22,514. Votes cast at sprhig election of 1899, 5,488. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,292, Bryan 2,896. Base Lines. See "Surveys: Base Lines." Battle Cx'eelc College . i; ^ ,,; W/, // At Battle Creek, belongs to Seventh Day Adventists, was or- ganized in 1874, has 30 instructors,, had 1,000 students durin,g '97-'98 and graduated 29. Has library of 3,000 voluines. Value of grounds and buildings, $165,000. < • KENT TONIA O <1 5. 4. I R. 7 w. KALAMAZOO • CALHOUN Ref.T~1. M.C.R.R. 2. Thofnapple Riuer. : 3. Pere Marquette R. R. 4. Chic. Kal. & Sag. /ty. _^ $r Cincinnati Nthn. R. R. ', . Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Battles. The names and dates of several important battles wherein Michigan has been interested are as follows: Bloody Run— July 31, 1763. Brownstown— August 5, 1812. Buena Vista— February 22, 1847. Gettysburg— July 2, 1883. Kaskaskia— July 4, 1778. , Lake Erie— September 10, 1813. ;;,', Miami— August 30, 1794. Niagara— July 24, 1759. Palo Alto— May 8, 1847. Quebec— September 8, 1760. Raisin— January 22, 1813. m Thames— October 5, 1813. Tippecanoe — November 7, 1811. Vicksburg, July 7, 1S63. Vincennes— March 5, 1779. , ■ Wyoming Massacre— July 3, m8. Bay Cotin'ty Was created and organized in 1857. It is so named because it borders on Saginaw Bay. The last change affecting its county R. 3 E. ;i^' T 1-^ ^ n-ToilCebo— L i— Garfield Uv^,^^ M\Gafiiel€\ ^^^^^ Crump P % Cu mmii i^o l eav e r Wm^lin " — Lgchn e Q i — v<3r _2_ ;^ TledeU • or Li-'cdo ,-^ ^O'-J' I P.O. ^-i.=r*:5^ I SAGINAW Ref.:—1. M. C. Marquette R. R. kawlin River. R. R. 2. Det & Mack. Ry. 4. Cin. Sag. & Much. R. ^,' Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmen limits was made by Act of 1SS3. The county seat is at Bay City, formerlv called Lower Saginaw. See also Arenac county. Acres in county, 284,735. Population in 1860, 3,169; 1870, 15,820; 1880, 38,081; 1890. 56,412; 1894, 61,304; 1900, 62,378. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 9,694. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,462, Bryan 5,090. Bays and Arms of Lakes. The principal bays, etc., are: Agate Harbor— Keweenaw county. 18 Anchor Bay— Macomb county. Au Train Bay— Alger county. Big Bay de Noqueue— Delta county. Big Bay— Marquette coiinty. Bete Grise Bay— Keweenaw county. Carver's Bay— Ontonagon county. Copper Harbor— Keweenaw county. Detour Passage — Chippewa county. Duncan Bay— Cheboygan county. Eagle Harbor— Keweenaw county. False Detour— Chippewa county. Good Harbor— Leelanau county. Grand Traverse Bay— Grand Traverse county. Grand Marias Harbor— Alger county. Green Bay — Menominee county. Hammond's Bay— Presque Isle county. Huron Bay— Baraga county. Keweenaw Bay— Baraga county. Little Bav de Noquette— Delta county. Little Traverse Bay— Emmett county. Munusco Bay— Chippewa count?'. North Port Bay— Leelanau county. Ogontz Bay— Delta county. Oronto -Bay— Gogebic county. Saginaw Bay— Bay county. Shelter Bay— Alger county. South Channel— Cheboygan county. South Bay— Alger county. St. Martin's Bay— Mackinac county. Straits of Mackinac— Mackinac county. Sutton's Bay— Leelanau county. Tawas Bay — Iosco county. ^ Thunder Bay— Alpena county. f^ Taquamenon Bay— Chippewa county. Trout Bay— Alger county. Train Bay— Alger county. Union Bay — Ontonagon county. "^aiska Bay— Chippewa county. TThite Fish Bay— Chippewa county. Wild Fowl Bay— Huron county. Beet Sugar. Michigan ranks second among the states in the production of beet sugar, California being first. A state bountv of one cent per pound was agreed to be paid by the state for seven years from August 30, 1S97, on all beet sugar made in the state which contained 90 per cent of crystallized The law also provided that producers shall be paid %i per ton for sugar beets containing 12 per cent of sugar and proportionate amounts for beets testing above and below this, as follows: 10 per cent sugar, $3.33 1-3 per ton; 11 per cent. $3.66 2-3; 13 per cent. S4 S3 1-3; 14 per cent, S4.66 2-3; 15 per cent, $5.fj«?; 16 per cent, $5.33 1-3. Each per cent is also divided into ten fractions and for each fraction the price varies 31-3 cents; that is. a ton of beets test- ing 13.7 per cent would cost the company $4.56 2-3. The Michigan Sugar Company's factory went into operation October 20, 1898. As pro%-ided by the law of 1S97, the company was entitled to one cent bounty for everj^ pound of sugar manufac- tured. December 9th the company made claim for bount-«- 19 on 1,422,591 pounds, and a draft on the state treasury for $14,225.91 was delivered to the company. December 3lst, another claim for bounty on 1,422,516 pounds was made and the company received $14,225.16. As the Act of 1897 only provided for an appro- priation for the years 1897-98 no bounty was paid during 1899. In October, 1900, the Supreme Court decided that the Bounty Law was unconstitutional. Statistics for season of 1899-1900: Acres contracted for (1900-1901 season.) Pounds of granu- lated sugar manufactured. OS 00 nj a Oi oo CO « i> ^ Average amount paid per ton. Gross weight of beets received in tons. 00 c< -H 00 eo ■«*< CO Number of em- ployes in factory. C« (M m iO O lO rt< C^ rH T— I T-4 C^ -,.-1 r-l (M Ti 0« Approximate cost of factory. ■ o ■ c8 •T3 : o ; a • VI ' *E Benzie Couixty -r ?■.>;{ Was created in 1863 and organized in 1869. The name is a cor- ruption derived originally from the name of the River Aux-becr scies, meaning Saw-Bill, and probably so called from the Saw- «2e Bill ducks seen there. The river was called by sailors the Betsies river and finally Benzles. The county seat was orig- inally at Frankfort, then at Benzonia and now is again at Frank- fort. Acres in county, 204,134. Population in 1870, 2,184; 1880. 3,433; 1890, 5,237; 1894, 8,063; 1900, 9,685. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,280. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,472, Bryan 628. Berrien Coniity Was created in 1829 and organized in 1831. It was named after John M. Berrien, Attorney-General of the United States from 1820 to 1831. The county seat, formerly at Berrien Springs, is now at St. Joseph. Acres in county, 363,216. Population in 1840, 5,011; 1850, 11,417; 1860, 22,274; 1870, 35,119; 1880, 36,780; 1890, 41,285; 1894, 45,635; 1900, 49,165. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 9,492. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,597, Bryan 4,956. LEELANAU R. 13 W. 2.3. h MANISTEE Ref.:-1. Manistee & N. E. R. R. 2. Pere Marquette R. R. 3. Ann Arbor R. R. Copyriqht 1 90 T, by Si fas Farmer. See Show Bills. Bill Posting. Birds. There are many birds in Michigan common to the far north, to the sea coasts and also to the Southern States. This is doubtless owing in part at least to our extensive coast line and to the influence on our climate of the large lakes which almost surround the State. A bulletin of the State Agricultural College gives a list of 332 birds found in Michigan, but many of these are very rare. Following is a list of 47 that are quite common in the State, and of manj'- of these there are several kinds: Bittern, blue-bird, blue-jay, black-bird, bobolink, brbwn thrasher, cat-bird, chickadee, crow, crossbill, duck, eagle, finch, goose, grebe (horned), gull, hawk, heron, humming-bird, king-bird, kingfisher, linnet, loon, martin, meadowlark, mock- 21 ing-bird, oriole, owls, partridge, pewee, plover, quail, rail, robin, scarlet tanager, snipe, sparrow, swallow, teal, tern, thrush, titmouse, tomtit, wagtail, warblers, woodcock, wood- pecker, wren, yellow-bird. See "Game." BirllLS ill State. In 1894 there were 59,889, of which 31,041 were male ajid 28,848 female. In 1899 there were 41,818 births. 3.. 1 5 6. 3. INDIANA Ref.l—I. Pefe Marquette R. R. 2. Dowagiac Creek. 3. M. C. R. /?. 4. C. C. C. & St. L. Ry. 5. M. B. H. & C. Ry. 6. St. Jos., South Berid & Southern R. R. from Benton Harbor to Buchanan, Copyright 1901, by Si las Farmer. Bishops and Dioceses. See Churches; Catholic, Roman; Episcopal, Protestant, and Methodist EJpiscopal. Black Hawk "W^ax. See War, Black Hawk. 22 Blind. See "State School for the Blind." Boundary of State. See State Boundary. Boundary Between tlie United States and Canada. Under the Treaty of Ghent, of Dec. 24, 1814, commissioners v/ere appointed to determine the boundary line between the United States and Canada, and on June 2, 1820, Colonels Hill and Barclay. British commissioners, and General Porter, American commissioner, with their secretaries, Dr. Bigsley, of the English and Major Praser, of the American Government, arrived at Detroit for the purpose of determining the boundary line.. Their report, Va^ in 1822, fixed it where it has since remained. CALHOUN ffjef,i-11. yif, c. 7?. /?. 2. L S. & M. S. Ry. 3. Prairie River. 4. St. Joseph River. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Bounty on B6et Sugar. See Beet Sugar. Bounty on Wolves. See Wolves, Bounty on. Braneln County Was created in 1829 and organized in 1833. It was named after John M. Branch, Secretary of the U. S. Navy from 1829 to 1831. The county seat, originally located at Branch, is', now at Cold- water. Acres in county, 320,456. Population in 1840, 5 715 ; 1850, 12,472; 1860, 21,197; 1870, 26,229; 1880, 27,941; 1890, 26,791; 1894, 26,207; 1900, 23 27,811. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 6,218. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 4,298; Bryan 3,416. Brick Clay. There is abundance of excellent brick clay in nunaerous local- ities in the state, so that this sort of building material is cheap and plentiful. Cadillac, Antoiiie Laiiiiiet de la Motlie As one of the very earliest French commandants in the country now included in Michigan and as the recognized founder of the earliest permanent settlement of Detroit, the name of Cadillac is especially worthy of remembrance. He was a soldier and a scholar, a student and a sage. Interested in all colonial affairs, he left his mark on the continent from Maine to Mobile. At once both courageous and considerate, his life and writings show that he was the peer of Penn in ability and of any of the puritans in daring. Equally at home on sea or land, he sailed along the eastern coasts and traversed the wildest regions of the continent, crossing the sea again and again in furtherance of the several enterprises in which he was engaged. Sententious and sensible in his utterances, he often gave a paragraph in a sentence, and unfolded many a truth in the form of a proverb. Possessed of large plans and lofty purposes in all his words and doings he exhibited a prescience far in advance of that displayed by many of his contemporaries. A very interesting and authentic account of his life is contained in Faj-mer's History of Detroit and Michigan. Callioiin County Was created in 1829 and organized in 1833. It was named after John C. Calhoun, Vice-President of the United States from 1825 to 1833. The county seat is Marshall. Acres in county, 447,126. Population in 1840, 10,599; 1850, 19,169; 1860, 29,398; 1870, 36,571; 1880, 38,452; 1890, 43,501; 1894, 47,472; 1900, 49,315. Votes cast at spring elec- tion of 1899, 9,614. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,226, Bryan 5,562. Canals, Abandoned In the earliest years of the state, during the flush times of 1837, the State Board of Internal Improvements not only pro- jected various railroads but also several canals as well. Among the most pretentious of these was the "Clinton and Kalamazoo," which was to commence at Mt. Clemens at the east, cross the state, and terminate at the month of the Kalamazoo river. Detailed estimates for its construction were made and considerable monies expended, but the canal never went into operation. Another canal known as the Saginaw or Northern Canal, to be fourteen miles long, was planned to connect the waters of Saginaw and Grand Rivers, but no part of it was completed. Canal, Cliicag-o Drainage This canal, which connects Lake Michigan with the Des- plaines, Illinois and Mississippi rivers, thus making a complete water highway to the Gulf of Mexico, was begun in September, 1892, and was first partly opened January 2, 1900, and fully opened on January 18, 1900. The channel is calculated to carry 300,000 cubic feet of water per minute and is intended both to afford the best of drainage facilities for Chicago and also a wd,terway be- 24 tween the lakes and the southern coast. It has a denth of 22 feet of water and is 150 feet wide at the bottoin^^ and is twenty miles iong. It cost $33,000,000 and was built by the city of Chicago Casial, L.ac Lia, Belle This canal connects the waters of Lac La Belle in Keweenaw county with the waters of Bete. Grise Bay. an arm o^ Lakl Superior It was built in 1S65 by a corporation which received a grant of 100,000 acres from the United States in aid of the wo^k Ihe canal was 100 feet wide at beginning and 75 feet wide at h«?. ""t? i^ ^1^* ^^^P- Jt ¥d Piers^ extending 600 feet in to the bay It has been practic?ally abandoned for many years as so much sand worked in tliat it was rendered almost uselS' ^''^ BARRY EATON M. 4.W. 6. 4, 3. BRANCH ;mLIiS o , . n. . * BALE Sef.,-~1. Gd. Trunk Western Ry. 2.- Battle Cfeeh 3. L S. &M.S.Ry. 5. Cincinnati Nthn. R. R. 6. St. Joseph Riuer., ': ' 7. Kalamazoo River. - Copyright 1901, by Siids Farmer. Canal, Mieliisran-L,ake Saperior Power Company +K^^i^^^ company, operating at Sault Ste. Marie, is engaged in ^^ci°^%K'l^^'°'^. °^^ hydraulic water-power carial, which will be about 2y2 miles long, carrying the water fi^om the foot of Lake Superior (American side) around the rapids, emptying it into St. Mary's river, below the rapids. The 6aAal, generlllv speakmg, is designed to be 200 feet wide and to carry I fl Jt of nmning water. The development for which this p?oject?oh °s made is expected to result in about 60,000 hydraulic horse poWert 25 which will be produced by 320 water wheels, located in 80 different penstocks in a power house 1,350 feet long, situated on the St. Mars'^'s river opposite the old Indian agency below the business portion of the city. The company has a capital of $20,000,000. Ca,iial, Portagre Lalce This important ship canal connects the upper extremity of Portage lake with the western shore of Kev/eenaw Bay, Lake Superior. It was built by a private corporation who were aided by a grant of 481,000 acres of land given by the United States. It was about 2y2 miles long and 100 feet wide and was finished in 1873. The corporation collected a small toll for Its use but it was not a commercial success, although saving a detour of 120 miles around Keweenaw Point. On August 4th, 1891, the U. S. government assumed control of it. Canal, Sault Ste. Marie St, Mary's River or Strait connects the waters of Lake Su- perior with those of Lake Huron. Nearly opposite the city of Sault Ste. Marie there is a fall or rapid of about 18 feet in its descent and one mile in length, which forms a complete barrier to water communication between the lakes. For the improvement of navigation at this point the state began large public expen- ditures just after being admitted to the Union. On March 21, 1837, an Act was approved appropriating $25,000 for a survey with maps, profile and estimate of cost of construction of a canal. The estimates which were then presented called for a canal 4,560 feet in length and 100 feet in width, save when it passed through rock, when it was to be 50 feet wide at the bottom and 75 feet at the top. There were three locks proposed, each to be 100 feet long and 32 feet wide, the estimated cost being $112,544. A canflict as to the right of the state to pass through certain lands prevented any further action at that time. The growing necessity, however, for some means of overcoming this great obstacle to navigation was made increasingly apparent by the discoveries of iron and copper in the Lake Superior region and Congress by act approved August 26th, 1852, granted 750,000 acres of land to the -state of Michigan "for the purpose of aiding in constructing and completing a ship canal around the Falls of St, Mary." The state of Michigan, by an act approved February 5, 1853, accepted the grant of land and authorized the governor to appoint commissioners to let the building of the canal, and agents to select the lands. The commissioners entered into contract with Joseph P. Fairbanks, Erastus Corning and others, for the building of the canal. This contract was subsequently assigned to the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal Co., incorporated under an act of the state of New York, on April 12, 1853. The company was organized May 14th, 1853; and the canal was begun, pushed to completion and accepted by the commissioners and state of Michigan May 21, 1855. "The cana.1 was three-fourths of a mile long, 100 feet wide and contained two consecutive locks, each 350 feet long^ 70 feet wide and 13 feet depth of water. The lands granted for its building were in large part selected by and through the use of Farmer's large map of Michigan, scale 7% miles to an inch, which had just been completed. The disburse- ments on account of constructing the canal and selecting the lands, showed the total cost of the work to the company to be $999,802.46. From the date of its opening the lake traffic increased annually at such a rate that in 1870 the United States govern- ment began its improvements of the canal which resulted in the 26 construction of the Weitzel and Poe locks. The contract for the Weitzel lock was let October, 1870, and on June 9. 1881, the state transferred the old canal and lock to the United States. On September 1st, 1881, the first United States lock was com- pleted and ready for navigation, eleven years having been spent in Its construction. The cost of building the lock and deepening the canal was $2,510,000. The lock is 515 feet long between gates. 80 feet wide, narrowing to 60 feet at the gates. The canal's If^S^^n IS 1% miles. Work on the Poe lock commenced May 4, 1887. On Monday morning, August 3rd, 1896, the gates were operied to the commerce of the Great Lakes. The lock is 800 feet long. Its width is 100 feet and it admits boats drawing 21 teet when the water is at its mean level. The approximate cost of the entire work was $5,000,000. The power house is massive and substantial throughout. It is 81 feet 6 inches long and 80 feet 9 inches wide. , n-'^^^ri,?^ *,'^® season of 1898, 4,598 vessels passed through the Poe lock. The locks are free to all boats. On the Canadian side there is also a lock and the freight ton- nage carried through the three locks during the season 1899 was enormously m excess of that of any previous year, being 25,255 810 tons. In 1881 the first year that a record was kept, the freight tonnage amounted to only 1,567,741 tons. The locks are now the largest m the world and more tonnage passes through them than through any others. Canal, St. Clair Flats This canal, located at the northern end of Lake St. Clair, is one of the most important of the government's lake improve- ments. The water in the locality is generally so shallow that without the deeper channel, which this canal provides, traffic with the upper lakes, would be confined to vessels of compara- tively light draft. It was built in 1871 at a cost of $650,000, and has since been greatly improved. It is 8,200 feet long and 200 feet wide. Canal, Stnrg^eon Bay This canal runs through Door County, Wisconsin, and con- nects Lake Michigan with Sturgeon Bay and Green Bay, thus cutting off nearly 60 miles of navigation. A company to build it was chartered by the State of Wisconsin in 1856, and succes- sive corporations were aided by the State of Wisconsin, but although the canal was finally completed it did not prove a successful venture from a business point of view, and it was turned over to the United States on April 24, 1893. It is 100 feet wide and 7,200 feet long. Canvassing; Votes. See "Elections: Canvassing Votes: General Rules;" also "Elections: County, Township, District and State Canvassing Boards.',' Capitals, Legrislative Under English rule the Legislature met at Newark, now Niagara, on September 17, 1792. Under the Northwest Territory the Governor and Judges who constituted the Legislature met at Marietta July 9, 1788, and subsequently at Vincennes and Cincinnati. Under the Territory of Indiana the Legislature con- tinued to meet at Cincinnati until the capital was moved to Chillicothe on November 3, 180(j?:' Under Michigan Territory and State the seat of the Legislature was at Detroit until it was re- moved to Lansing, the last session being held in Detroit on March 17, 1847. 27 : .1 Capital Puiiisliiweut. • "The last execution in Michigan took place at Detroit on September 24, 1830. Capital punishment was abolished in the state in 1S46. It is a curious fact that laws still in force define where prisoners sentenced to be executed shall so suffer, but there is no authority to inflict the sentence of death. Capital of State. Lansing was made the state capital in 1S47, the first session of the State Legislature held there began on January 3rd, 1848. It is located in the northwest corner of Ingham County. The place when laid out was called "Michigan," and during the early part of the session of 1848, the executive messages were dated from "Michigan." i_.'uring the session the name was changed to Lansing. The city nov/ includes the site of the former so-called Biddle City. The township was originally called Lansing after a town of that name in Tompkins County, New York. Capitol Baildingrs. Three buildings erected for the purpose have been used by the State Legislature. The first, located in Detroit, was built by the governor and judges under authority of an Act of Con- gress which gave them pov/er in connection with the laying out of the town of Detroit to erect a court house for territorial use. The erection of the building was, however, not begun until 1823, when it was contracted for at $23,000. It was located on what is now Capitol Park, and was first occupied on May 5th, 1828. It was destroyed by fire January 27, 1893. The second building erected as a state capitol was built at Lansing, in the summer of 1847, at a cost of §22,500 and was first used in January, 184S. The present state capitol was contracted for in 1873, ajid the cornerstone laid on October 2nd of that 3^ear, and the building was fully completed and occupied in Januarj-, 1879. It cost $1,427,743, and it is an interesting fact that of the amount appro- priated for its construction over $2,200 was not needed nor drawn. The biiilding is 34.5 feet long, 192 feet wide, and 26/ feet high. ^ass County- Was created and organized in 1829. It was named after Gov. Lewis Cass, Secretary of War under President Jackson and Secretary of State under President Buchanan. The county seat is Cassopolis. Acres in countv, 312,894. Population in 1840, 5,710; 1850, 10,906; 1S60, 17,895; 1S70, 21,097; ISSO, 22,008; 1S90, 20.953; 1894, 21,176; 1900, 20,876. Votes cast at spring election of 1S99, 5,007. Pres- idential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,217, Bryan 2,826. Cass Statue at Wasliinstoii. See Michigan's Representative in Statuary Hall. Caucuses. See "Elections: Primaries." Celery. At Kalamazoo, fho largest celery center in the United States, there are some thirty firms engaged in shipping celery, and the industry of growing the crop requires nearly 3,000 acres of land and gives employment to 2,000 men. The daily shipments often amount to 40 or 50 tons. The annual product is valued at up- wards of $1,000,000. Muskegon is also a great celery center and hardly second to Kalamazoo. Muck soils found in the iipper peninsula, especially at New^ berry, Luce county, have also been found especially adapted to the growth of celery. It is also largely produced at Tecumseh, Mich. Cement. It has been fully demonstrated that no place in the whole country has superior material for the manufacture of the best Portland cement, and immense factories in Hillsdale, Branch, Lenawee, Lake and other counties are turning out hundreds of thousands of barrels of this article yearly. Besides those coun- ties mentioned, Jackson, Oakland, Genesee and Newaygo possess marl beds of requisite properties. VAN BUREN 3.2. INDIAISTA Ref.:~T. M. C. R. R. 2. Grand Trunk Western Ry. 3. C. C. C. &St. L. Ry. Copyright 1901, by SHas Farmer. Census. See "Population." The U. S. census is taken every ten years and the state census every fourth year thereafter. Central Mieliisaii Normal School. See State Normal School, Central. . • ;u - ..i ; Chandler-Dnnbar Water I*oWer i6li. This company, located at Sault Ste. Marie, was incorporated In 1891 with a capital of $150,000. The power is derived by building a dam out into the rapids of the "Soo" river, "with Lake Su-. perlor as the mill pond." They have about 20,000 horse-power practically ready for use and can increase to 35,000 horse-power. 29 Cliai'ities and Correctiou». See "County Agent of Charities and Corrections," "State Board of Charities and Corrections," "Private Charities," "State Asyhims," "State School for the Deaf," "State School for the Blind," "State Hospital for the Insane in U. P.," "State Soldiers' Home," "State Home for Feeble-minded and Epilep- tic," "State Industrial School for Boys," "State Industrial Homo for Girls," "State Public School," "State Prison," "State House of Correction and Branch of State Prison in U. P.," "State House of Correction and Reformatory." lUHi- ! iuni ciiarities, Private, Incorporated The following exist in Michigan: Bethesda Home, Kalamazoo. Bissell House, Grand Rapids. Bethel Hebrew Relief Society, Detroit. Children's Home Society, Grand Rapids. Children's Free Hospital, Detroit. Deaf and Dumb Asylum, North Detroit. D'Arcambal Home of Industry, Detroit, Dewing's Children's Home, Kalamazoo, Florence Crittenden Home, Detroit. German Protestant Home, Detroit. Hebrew Ladies' Society for Widows and Orphans, Detroit. Holland Union Benevolent Association Home, Grand Rapids. Home of the Friendless, Detroit. Home for the Aged, Detroit. Home for the Aged Poor, Grand Rapids. Home for the Friendless and Industrial School, Saginaw. House of the Good Shepherd, Detroit. House of Providence, Detroit. Industrial School, Detroit. Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society, Grand Rapids. Lansing Industrial Aid Society, Lansing. Lutheran Home for the Aged, Monroe. McGregor Helping Hand Mission, Detroit. "Oak Grove" Hospital for the Insane, Flint. Polish Orphan Asylum, Detroit. Protestant Orphan Asylvim, Detroit. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Detroit. St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, Detroit. St. Luke's Plospltal and Church Home and Orphanage, Detroit. St. John's Orphan Home, Grand Rapids. St. Joseph's Retreat for the Insane, Dearborn, Wayne Co. Thompson Home for Old Ladies, Detroit. Union Benevolent Association, Grand Rapids. Woman's Protective Agency, Detroit. Woman's Hospital and Foundlings' Home, Detroit. Woman's Home and Hospital, Grand Rapids. Woman's Association of Charities, Bay City. Charlevoix County. Was created in 1840 under the name of Keshkauko, but in 1843 was changed to Charlevoix. The first name had no particular significance, while Charlevoix was the name of a distinguished Jesuit missionary who visited this region in 1721. The county was organized in 1869, and its present limits date from an act of 1895, and for municipal purposes Beaver Island and adjacent - islands are attached to it. The county seat has been located at the following , places in the order named: Charlevoix, East Jor- 30 dan, Boyne, and again at Cha^rlevoix. Number of acres In county, 265,215. Population in 1870, 1,724; 1880, 5,114'; 1890, 9,686; 1894, 11,246; 1900. 13,956. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,316. Presidential vg^ in 1900, McKinley 2,2^6, ^ryan 779. CliarIeyo^7 JVo)-/t'oorf| A ^-:j;H^c£ :e^ q:^i;- :3: ; rrr±^=^;r:f=7:^ In^o(>* e,o ANTRIM GQ rrrfr j 5 'EM'lftllT I p WMi«d O _X,alte g ■ gill: 5 ^,.-— ji-ij 5. 6. H. 4 W* (^TSIJGO f-i . Cteboysraii County. ^^■' Thi§ w§,.r*ctelted in 1840. The County'' o'/\Vyandot, which was also created in IStO, was merged into Cheboygan County in 1853, when the latter was organized. The present limits of the county date froni 1873. The county seat, at first named Diincan, was renamed Inverness and is now called Cheboygan. Various origins are given for the name, Cheboygan. In Wisconsin the name Is spelled "Sheboygan," and seemingly good authority says that it is an Indian word, meaning something "hollow" or "perforated," as a "hollow bone" through which a noise could be miade, and that it expresses the itradition that a great noise coming underground from Lake Superior was heard in this locality. Some say that it means "a river at which rice 31 ia gathered;" others, that it signifies "a place of ore," and still others, that it has reference to the "inland route" between Cheboyg-an and Grand Traverse. Acres in county, 463,273. Pop- ulation in 1860, 599; 1870, 2,197; 1880, 6,524; 1890, 11,986; 1894, 13,900; 1900, 35,516. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,562. Presi- dential vote in 1900, McKinley, 2,092; Bryan, 1,397. W 3. OTSEGO I K. 1 £. {MONTMORENCY .".;f. r/ Ref.:—1. Black or Cheboygan Lake. 2. Det. & Mack. Ry. 3. M. C. R. R. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Chicago Drainage Canal. See Canal, Chicago Drainage. , ^- Children. "^ 5ft'' May, 1900, there were in the state, of school age, betwe^. 5' ahd' 20, 721,698 children. 32 MQ.m.'. CiiPPewa County ,,.,„^|.r, Was created and org-anized in 1827. Its present limits date from 1887. The county seat is Sault Ste. Marie (Falls of St. Mary) popularly known as "The Soo." The county was named after the Chippewa tribe of Indians who formerly occupied Michigan bemg known as "The Ruling People." The tribe was also some- 3"oni 33 times called Ojibeways. Acres in county, 1,041,939. Population in 1840, 534; 1850, 898; 1860, 1,544; 1870, 1,690; 1880, 5,243; 1890. 12,019; 1894, 15,322; 1900, 21,338. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,674. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,474, Bryan 892. Clinrcli Statistics. U. S. Census of 1890. Protestant and Jewish Roman Catholic Methodist Presbyterian Baptist Congregational Protestant Episcopal Lutheran Unitarian Universalist Disciples of Christ Jewish Adventists Spiritualists Christians Brethren (River) Brethren (Plymouth) Christian Union Church of God Church of New Jerusalem. Bvangelican Association . . Friends German Evangelical Synod Latter Day Saints Mennonites Reformer Episcopal United Brethren Christian Scientists .; Moravians Dunkards S-H UPh ^^ 4,392 3,401 $15,011,621 347,243 406 360 3,671,350 222,261 1,578 1.198 4,144,427 101,951 252 243 2,242,236 25,931 523 466 2,135,694 39,580 331 299 1,533,055 24,582 191 177 1,653,651 18,136 380 307 1,109,058 62,897 12 13 168,500 1,904 27 26 221,800 1,549 73 49 160,650 5,788 10 9 154,000 3,693 170 72 118,275 5,724 27 1 11,500 2,565 40 29 62,200 1.834 7 2 550 52 21 — 200 466 8 3 12,000 436 16 10 8,300 373 5 4 34,600 163 134 97 188,450 6.677 18 17 26,900 1,458 50 43 242,450 10,926 33 6 4,325 1,540 15 7 5,500 356 106 114 484,800 15,404 302 183 252,800 10,803 6 — 150 125 2 2 4,500 168 21 17 17,475 844 Cburcli or Sectarian Appropriations Forbidden by Con- stitution. The Constitution says: "No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious sect or society, theological or religious seminary, nor shall property belonging to the state be appropriated for any such purposes." 3^4 Clinrcli Statistics. State Census of 1894. Value of No. of Seating Church Denomination. Edifices. Capacity. Property. Methodist Episcopal 993 294,614 14,263,835 Baptist, regular 355 111,612 f9^HJ2 Roman Catholic 352 150,369 4,539.386 Lutheran 349 98,160 M33,675 Congregational 276 87,635 l'^01,900 Presbyterian 226 81,195 2,318,8a0 Protestant Episcopal 136 40,827 1-680,745 United Brethren 132 30,455 151,780 Free Methodist 124 26,700 166,590 Evangelical Association 110 30,455 332,675 Seventh Day Adventists 71 16,790 125,775 Freewill Baptist 68 17,810 122,650 Christian Reformed 56 26,545 ^^^'^ Reformed Church in America... 49 20,270 302,450 Wesleyan Methodist 49 10,050 65,450 Disciples of Christ 47 13,925 180,900 Union 42 8,475 45,975 Christian (Christian Connection) 40 10,210 .68,800 Methodist Protestant 35 7,785 59,400 Universalist 25 7,250 172,300 African Methodist 18 4,200 38,930 Friends 14 3,625 21,790 Dunkards (Gerrxian Baptist).... 13 4,150 26,700 Church of God 12 2,600 10,800 Mennonite 11 1,885 8,690 Latter Day Saints (Mormon) .... 10 2,120 9,450 Reformed Church in the United States 9 2,325 32,700 Unitarian 9 3,555 137,500 United Presbyterian 7 1,900 13,000 Jewish 5 2,800 58,000 Salvation Army 5 1,525 4,600 Christian Adventist 4 1,100 7,900 Church of New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) 2 400 6.000 Baptist (regular, colored) 2 450 3,000 Evangelical Adventist 2 450 3,000 Presbvterian Reformed (Coven- anted) .; 3 1,200 27,900 Moravian 2 250 3,800 The number of church organizations in the state June 1st, 1894, was 3,936; church edifices, 3,715; and parsonages 1,679. The number of stone churches was 50, brick, 740, frame 2,894, and log 28, and for three the material was not reported. The seating capacity of churches was 1,138,832, and the total value of all church property $20,775,156, an average of $5,619 to each organ- ization. Cliiirclies: Seveiitli Day Adventists. The Michigan Conference of Seventh Day Adventists includes the entire state. It is presided over by one minister, who, with four others, constitute the executive committee. The state is further divided into thirteen districts, with an equal number of directors. In 1899 there were 175 churches connected with the Conference and 7,000 communicants. The national headquarters of the church are at Battle Creek, where they have also an ex- tensive prii:iting establishment. 35 Clmrclies: Baptist Regnlar. The Baptist Convention of the State of Michigan holds its annual meeting on the third Tuesday in October at such places as may be selected from year to year. There are connected with it the following 23 associations: Alpena, Chain Lake, De- troit, Flint River, Grand Rapids, Grand River, Grand Traverse, Hillsdale, Huron, Jackson. Kalamazoo River, Lenawee, Mar- quette, Osceola, Saginaw Valley. Shia.wassee, St. Joseph River, St. Joseph Valley, Swedish Northern, Swedish Southern, Wash- tenaw, Wayne and White River, which have from 8 to 36 churches each. In 1899 there were in the state 439 churches of this denom- ination, 286 pastors and 4,390 members. Cliorclies: Baptists, F'ree "Will. , The Michigan Association of Free Will Baptists includes all churches of that denomination in the state. Its annual meeting is held on the last Wednesday of October and it has as sub- divisions sixteen quarterly meetings as follows: Branch, Cold- water and North Branch, Cass and Berrien, Genessee, Grand Rapids, Hillsdale, Holland and White River, Lansing, Midland. Mecosta, Montcalm, Oakland, Osceola, Oxford, Sanilac and Van Buren. In 1S99 there were 111 churches, 100 ministers and 5,958 members. They have a denominational college at Hillsdale. Cliurclies: Catliolic, Roman. There are three Roman Catholic dioceses and bishops in Michigan, as follows: Diocese of Detroit, established March 8, 1833, comprises the lower peninsula south of the counties of Ot- tawa, Kent, Montcalm, Gratiot and Saginaw, and east of the counties of Saginaw and Bay; Bishop — Rt. Rev. John S. Foley, D. D., residence at Detroit. Diocese of Grand Rapids, estab- lished May 19, 1892, comprises the counties of the lower peninsula north of the southern line of Ottawa, Kent, Montcalm and Gra- tiot and Saginaw counties, and west of the east line of Saginaw and Bay counties, and the adjacent islands; Bishop — Rt. Rev. Joseph Richter, residence at Grand Rapids. Diocese of Sault Ste. Marie and Marquette, established vicarate apostolic July 29, 1853 and diocese 1857, comprises the northern peninsula; Bishop— Rt. Rev. Frederick Eis, D. D., residence at Marquette. In 1899 the statistics of these dioceses were as follows: Detroit diocese, number priests, 300; churches, 1898; population, 180,000. Grand Rapids diocese, number priests, 92; churches, 140; population, 90,000. Marquette diocese, number priests, 67; churches, 80; population, 65,000.. Cliurclies: Christian. The organization of the Christian or Disciples Churches under the name of the Michigan Christian Missionary Society in 1S99 had 61 church buildings, 110 congregations, 74 nainisters and 9,229 members in the state. Ctinrclies: Congresational. The Congregational Association of Michigan meets annually on the third Tuesday of May at such place as shall have been selected at the previous meeting. It has in the state in affilia- tion with it the following local associations: Cheboygan, De- troit, Eastern, Genesee, Grand Rapids, Grand Traverse, Glad- stone, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lake Superior, Lansing, Muskegon, North Central, Olivet, Saginaw, Sault Ste. Marie and Southern. In 1899 it had 339 churches, 305 mini-5ters and 32,247 members. 36 Cliiirclies: Episcopal, Protestant. There are three Protestant Episcopal dioceses and bishops in Michigan, as follows: Diocese of Michigan, organized m 18o5, comprises all that portion of the state lying east of the eastern line of the counties of Branch, Calhoun, Baton, Ionia, Montcalm, Isabella, Clare, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Antrim, Charlevoix and Emmett, together with the Island of Mackinac ; Bishop— Rt. Rev. Thomas Frederick Davies, D. D., LL. D., residence at Detroit. Diocese of Western Michigan, organized in 1874, is bounded as follows: On the north by Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mack- inac, on the east by the counties of Cheboygan, Otsego, Craw- ford, Roscommon, Gladwin, Midland, Gratiot, Clinton, Ingham, Jackson and Hillsdale. On the south by the northern boundai-y of Indiana; on the west by Lake Michigan. Bishop— Rt. Rev. George De Normandie Gillespie, D. D., residence at Grand Rap- ids. Diocese of Marquette, organized in 1895, comprises the north- ern peninsula of the state. Bishop— Rt. Rev. Gershom Mott Wil- liams, D. D., residence at Marquette. In the entire state in 1899 there were 100 parishes, 133 clergy- men and 22,690 communicants. Clmrclies: EJpiscopal, Reformed. This body has but one church in Michigan, located in Detroit. Cliurclies! Jewisli Congregations. The following cities contain Jewish congregations: Alpena, 1; Bay City, 3; Detroit, 4; East Saginaw, 1; Grand Rapids, 2; Jackson, 1; Kalamazoo, 1, making a total of 13 in the state. There are no lists of members of these congregations. Clinrches: Evangelical Association. These German churches are connected with the Michigan Conference of the Evangelical Association. There are 65 churches, 70 ministers and 7,259 members in the state (1899). ChnrcKes: Reformed of America. The churches in Michigan belonging to this body are con- nected with the Synod of Chicago. There are in the state 58 churches, 44 ministers and 8,636 communicants (1899). Clinrclies: Reformed of tlie United States. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 18 churches, 11 ministers and 1,100 members. Ch-iirclies : Evangelical Synod of North America. Connected with this synod there are in the "Michigan Dis- trict" 63 German ICvangelical Protestant churches, with 44 min- isters, 1,870 families and 3,519 males entitled to vote in church affairs (1899). Clmrcltes: German Evangelical lintlieran Synod of Wisconsin. This body in 1899 had' in Michigan seven churches, seven min- isters and 1,534 communicants. ; • ;< Chnrclies! Bnifalo Independent Synod of German liutlieran. vfs'ii .,?» This body in 1899 had in Michigan four cMti'rches, three min- isters and 450 communicants. 37 Chtirclxes: Illluois Coiifere^ioe of Augnstaim Lntlieran Synod. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 49 churches, 20 ministers and 10,588 communicants. CliurcliLes: Evangelical Lutlieraii Independent Synod of Micliigran and Otlier States. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 48 churches, 36 pastors and 5,364 communicants. Churches r iSuonii Finnish Independent Lutheran Synod. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 28 ciiurches, 12 pastors, and 6,000 communicants. - • Chnrches: EngrUsh Evang'elical Lintheran Synod of Missouri and Other States. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 2 churches, 2 ministers, and 300 communicants. Chnrches: The United NorTv^egian Lutheran of America. This body had in Michigan in 1899 13 churches, 813 communi- cants, and 13 pastors. Churches: Michigan District of the Missouri Synod of L'ltheran Church. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 143 churches, 108 ministers, and 35613 communicants. Churches: Evangelical Lutheran District Synod of Michigan. This body in 1899 had in the state 14 churches, 12 ministers and 3,200 communicants. ,uj j,. Churches: Hauges Norwegian Independent Synod of Lutheran Church. This body in 3899 had in Michigan 2 churches, one pastor and 418 communicants. Churches: W'arthargh German Synod of Lutheran Church. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 2 churches, 1 minister and 75 communicants. Churches; .Joint Synod of Ohio of Lutheran Church. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 25 churches, 23 pastors and 6236 communicants. Churches: Lutheran Synod of Io-?va. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 24 churches, 19 ministers, and 5,716 communicants. Chui'ches: United Danish Lutheran. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 7 churches, 2 ministers, and 432 communicants. Churches: Danish Evangelical Lutheran in America. This body in 1899 had in Michigan 10 churches, 6 ministers, and 750 eommunicants. 38 Cliurclies: Novthern Inttitltia Synod of HJvanj^ellcal liHtlieraii CIiui'cli. This body in 1S99 had in Michigan 12 churches, 7 ministers, and 1,000 communicants, '^\ f" Chnrclies: Metliedlst Episcopal. There are two conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Michigan, as follows: The Detroit conference includes that part of the State of Michigan in the lower peninsula east of the principal meridian as far north as the southern boundary of Ros- common county; thence west to the southwest corner of said county; thence north to the southern boundary of Charlevoix county; thence east to the southeast corner of said county of Charlevoix; thence north to the Straits of Mackinac; and it also includes the upper peninsula. This conference is divided into seven districts as follows: Ann Arbor, Bay City, Detroit, Flint, Lake Superior, Port Huron, and Saginaw. The total number of churches in the conference in 1899 was 501; ministers, 376; members, 47,547. The Michigan conference includes the State of Michigan in the lower peninsula west of the principal meridian as far north as the southern boundary of Roscommon county; thence west to the southwest corner of said county; thence north to the south- ern boundary of Charlevoix coiinty; thence east to the southeast corner of said county; thence north to the Straits of Mackinac, including Mackinaw City. This conference is divided into seven districts as follows: Albion, Big Rapids, Grand Rapids, Grand Traverse, Kalamazoo, Lansing and Niles. The total number of churches in the conference in 1899 was 550; ministers, 328; members, 48,864. The German M. E. churches in the state are connected with the Ohio conference. A branch of the publishing house of the church is located at Detrpit^ where all the publications of the church can be procured. CIiTirch.es: Metliodist Episcopal, German. Those in Michigan are connected with the Central German Conference of the M. E. Church. In 1899 there were in the state 31 churches, 19 ministers and 2,360 members. Cliurclies: 3Ietliodi§Jt Eipiscopal, African. This body had 27 churches, 23 ministers and 1,515 members in Michigan in 1899. Clinrclies: Free Metbodist. This body has three conferences in Michigan, namely: The Michigan, which includes all the state south of the Base Line, and in 1899 had 19 churches, 28 ministers and 959 members; the East Michigan, which includes all of the lower peninsula north of the Base Line and east of the boundary line between Eaton and Ingham counties extended north parallel with principal meridian to the Straits of Mackinac, and had 41 churches, 57 ministers and 1,705 members; the North Michigan conference, which includes all of Michigan north of the Base Line and west of the west boundary of the East Michigan conference, had 38 ehurches, 49 ministers and 1,806 members. Totals: churches, 98; ministers, 134; and members, 4,470. 39 Cliurclies: Mefhodist Protestant. There are two conferences of this church in Michigan known as the Michigan and "West Michigan, the principal meridian be- ing the dividing line between them. The total number of churches in 1S99 was 111, ministers 94:, and members 4.717. Clmrclies: Metliodist, TVesleyan. There are two conferences of the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Michigan, the boundary line running from the northwest corner of Ottowa county due east to the west line of Genesee county, then north to Saginaw City, and along the Saginaw River to Saginaw Bay. The portion south of this line is known as the Michigan conference, and the portion north of it as the North Michigan conference. The latter in 1899 had 42 churches, 29 ministers and 774 members ; the former, 6.3 churches, 54 min- isters and 1,801 members. Total: 105 churches, S3 ministers, and 2,575 members. Churelies: Mora,vian. The Moravians made their first appearance in Michigan in November, 1781, being brought to Detroit from near Sandusky, O., by the English commander, because they were believed to be communicating with the Americans. They were soon released, but in April, 17S2, were again brought to Detroit, and this time were compelled to take up their residence near Mt. Clemens, where they built the first Protestant church in Michigan. After remaining here four years thej- were allowed to return to Ohio. Clmrehes: Mieliigran Association of tlie IVevF Jerasaleni. This body had three churches in Michigan in 1S99. CImrclies: Presbyterian. The Presbyterian Synod of Michigan which meets in October of each year includes nine presbyteries. Their names and the counties included in each are as follows: Detroit— Wayne, Washtenaw, Livingston, Oakland, Macomb and St. Clair (below Marysville) counties; Flint— St. Clair (above Marx^sville), Lapeer, Genesee, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Sanilac, and Huron counties; Grand Rapids — Ionia (excepting Sebewa and Danby Tps.), Kent, Ottawa, Muskegon, Montcalm, Mecosta, Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Lake, and usceola counties; Kalama- zoo — Allegan, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph. Van Buren, Cass, and Berrien counties; Lansing— Jackson, Calhoun, Ingham, Eaton, Barrj', Clinton counties, and Sebawa and Danby Tps. of Ionia county; Monroe— Branch, Hillsdaje, Lenawee, and Monroe coun- ties; Petoskey — Missaukee, AVexford. Manistee, Benzie. Lee- lanau, Grand Traverse, Kalkaska, Antrim, Otsego, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, and Emmet' counties; Saginaw — Bay, Saginaw, Gra- tiot, Isabella, Midland, Clare, Gladwin, Arenac, Iosco, Ogemaw, Roscommon, Alcona, Oscoda. Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, and Presque Isle counties; Lake Superior — All the counties in the upper peninsula excepting Gogebic. The number of churches in the state in 1S99 was 259, ministers 252, members 31,048. CImrclies: Presbyterian, United. The United Presbyterian churches in Michigan are con- nected with the Synod of Ohio, that synod extending over the eastern half of Ohio and including the presbyteries of Mansfield, Muskingum, Steubenville and Detroit. In 1899 there were in Michigan 16 churches, 15 ministers, and 966 members. 40 Cliurclies; UnitRVian. This body in 1899 had in the state 12 churches, 11 ministers and about 1,860 members. : ,- ■. Cliurclies: Universalist. The body associated as the Universalist State Convention in 1899 had 24 churches, 17 ministers and 1,500 members in the state. ' ; Circuit Court. ;.^ - See both United States and County Circuit Cotirts' ' Circuit Court Commissioner. See County Circuit Court Commissioner. Cities. There are seventy-nine incorporated cities in the state. Their boundaries are indicated on Farmer's Sectional Map of Michigan. See also "Population of Cities." Citizensliip, United States Any alien may become a citizen of the United States by com- plying with the following conditions: 1. He must first declare his intention to become a citizen and to renounce his foreign allegiance before the clerk of some court of record. He may do this at any time after his arrival in the United States, and this is all that is nfecessary to enable him to take up a homestead upon United States land. After a continued residence of Ave years in the United States, and at least two years after his declaration of intention, he may become a citizen by taking the required oath in open court of record in any state or territory in which he has lived for one year preceding. 2. Any alien of the age of 21 years who has served one year or more in the United States army (regular or volunteer), and has been honorably discharged, can become a citizen by showing these facts and proving that he has resided in the United States for one year preceding his application. 3. Any alien who has resided continuously in the United States for five years, three years at least of which must have been during his minority, may become a citizen of the United States without any previous declaration of intention. 4. The minor children of naturalized aliens are, if residents of the United States, citizens thereof. 5. The widow and children of any alien who dies after the declaration of intention but before full naturalization, are con- sidered citizens of the United States. Q. Any alien who, having declared his intention to become a citizen, shall serve three years on any merchant vessel of the United States, may at the end of that time become a citizen by application to the clerk of any court of record and the produc- tion of his certificate of discharge and good conduct. City Officers. sn. As cities of different needs and coriditidris^ are incorporated by special charters granted to each by the State Legislature, the kind and number, names, duties, salary and mode of election or appointment of city officers are very liable to differ in different cities. 41 Clare County Was created in 1840 under the name of Kavkakee. The name was changed to Clare in 1843. There was no particular propriety in the first name. The present name is that of a county in Ire- land, the great emigration from that country in 1843 making Irish names very popular. The countj^ was organized in 1871. The county seat, originally at Farwell, is now at Harrison. Acres In county, 364,020. Population in 1880, 4,1S7; 1890, 7,558; 1S94, 7,976; 1900 8,350. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,328. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinLey 1,1S0, Bryan 643. MISSAUKEE I ROSCOMMON K. 3 W. ISABELLA Ref.: — 1. Ann Arbor R. ff. 2. Muskegon River. 3. P9re Marquette R. R. 4. Tobacco River. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Climate. The entire state is greatly and favorably affected by its being so largely surrounded by water. This is especially true of the western portion of the lower peninsula because of the immense body of water known as Lake Michigan, which borders on the west. Warmed up by the sum- mer's heat of sun and wind, the water yields up a portion of its heat in constantly ascending vapor, which the westerly winds bring directly to the Michigan shore, softening almost past credibility the climate along the whole eastern shore of Lake Michigan. For at least ten miles inland and also around Grand Traverse Ba3'", for a distance ranging from three to five miles, damaging frosts either in spring or fall seldom occur, and the same is true upon the hillsides and ridges of the rolling lands of the interior. See also Rainfall and Snowfall. 42 Clinton Comity Was created in 1831 and organized in 1839. It was named after De Witt Clinton, Governor of New York, and pi-ojector of the Erie canal, completed to Buffalo in 1825. The county seat originally at De V^ltt, is now at St. Johns. Acres in county.' 364,895. Population in 1840, 1,614; 1850, 5,102; 1860, 13,923; 1870, 22,852' 1880, 27,534; 1890, 26,509; 1894, 26,262; 1900, 25,136. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 4,866. Presidential vote In 1900, McKinley 3 787 Bryan 2,925. ■'. • ■> GKATIOT EATON ! INGHAM /?t>/,; 7. Ma/jle River, r 2. Ann Arbor R. R. 3. M. C. R. R. 4. Grand Riuer. 5. Stoney Cret'ft. 6. D. G. H. & M. Ry. 7. Pere Marquette R. R. CufHjrlght 1901. by Silas Farmer. Coal. It is estimated by geologists that one-fifth of the lower peninsula of Michigan is underlaid by coal-bearing deposits. The total area of the coal basin covers nearly 9,000 square miles running from Jackson county on the south to Roscommon county on the north, and from Huron county on the east to Mecosta county on the west. Not all of this area contains coal in veins profitable for working, but the rich finds in the Saginaw valley are believed to be an index of What will follow. There are now more than 200,000 acres under lease, the yield per acre being esti- mated at 4,500 tons. On January 1st, 1901, there were 31 mines in operation, thirteen in Saginaw county, eight in Bay five in Eaton, two in Shiawassee, one in Huron, two in Jackson county They may be seen at Saginaw, St. Charles, Sebewaing and Grand Ledge. It is said that Michigan now produces 60,000 tons of coal per month at an average value of $1.44 per ton. See also State Inspector of Coal Mines. 43 Coarnomeiis of State. The state is favored with five different popular cognomens. It is called the Lake State, because almost surrounded by the Great Lakes, and containing thousands of small lakes. The Peninsular State because so nearly surrounded bj' the waters of the Great Lakes. The Wolverine State, after the animal called the wolverine, which once was numerous in this region. There is now not much proprietj' in this name, which was fastened on the state at an early day. They are now rarely found, but in the fall of 1900 a number were seen in Antrim County. The wol- verine is about a foot high, weighs from 25 to 30 pounds, and has a stout body two and one-half feet long, with arched back. Its legs are short and thick and its claws strong and sharp. Its foot-prints resemble those of a bear, and the hind feet are about four inches broad. The tail is short and bushy, the head broad and rather pointed, with jaws resembling those of a dog, the eyes and ears small, and the fur generally of a dark brown, with lighter stripes on each side. The Mitten State, from the general resemblance of the outline of the lower peninsula to a huge mitten, the thumb being defined by the waters of Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay. The Summer State is the latest cognomen bestowed upon Michigan. It is one that cannot possibly be as appropriately applied to any other state. No other has or could have so many beautiful resorts wherein to avoid the heat of summer. "With Great Lakes almost surrounding it. with thousands of lakes within it, and with its health-giving climate and natural scenerj-, Michigan stands pre- eminent as the Mecca of the summer tourist. That portion between Lakes Huron and Michigan is known as the Lower Peninsula, and that lying between Lake Superior and Lakes Huron and Michigan, the Upper Peninsula. Colleg-es. See "Denominational Colleges." Colonial Claintants of Blicliisrau. The question as to what state, by virtue of its original colonial charter, possessed this portion of the west, has been frequentlj' discussed. The claim of Virginia seems as well founded as that of anj' of the other states, and her claims were fortified by the fact that she was the only colonial state that ever attempted to exercise authority or jurisdiction in the terri- tories north and west of the Ohio. In October, 1778, as appears by the Statutes at Large (Vol. IX., page 557), the Assembly of v'irginia organized the territory on the west of the Ohio, adjacent to the Mississippi, into the County of Illinois, and appointed Colonel John Todd military commandant. It is also shown by a letter from Winthrop Sargent, addressed to the President on July 31, 1790, and quoted in American State Papers, Public Land Series, Vol. I., that Todd transferred certain powers to a Mr. Legras, and that a court was held at Vincennes and various acts performed under direction of its judges. This would seem to be almost conclusive evidence of the rights of Virginia. Dissensions in regard to the claims of the several states hindered the formation of the Union; but all of the states finally surrendered their claims. To prepare the way for the cession, a law was passed in October, 1780, providing that the territory to be ceded should be disposed of for the common benefit of the whole Union; that the 44 states ,erected therein should be of suitable extent, not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square. After the passage of this law, on March 1, 1781, New York released her claims; Virginia, on March 1, 1784; Massachu- setts, on April 19, 1785; and Connecticut, on September 14, 1786, and May 30, 1800. Colored. Citizens. , , ,\ The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, on March 30. 1870, the Secretary of State declared fully ratified, made them citizens and voters. The restrictive word "white" was stricken from the Constitution of Michigaii by a vote of the people on November S, 1870, and the votes of the colored citizens were first cast in the state on the same day. See also "Slavery in Michigan" and "Schools, Colored Children in." . ■ Comniissioiiei' of HighTvays. See Township Commissioner of Highways. Compiled. La^^vs. See State Compiled Laws. Cons'i'essional Districts. See United States Congressional Districts. Conspii'aey of Poiitiac. See Wars. Constables. See Township Constables. Constitutional Amendments. See "S'tate Cnnstitational Amendments.'' Constitutions. State See "State Constitution," "State Constitution of 1835 and 1850," "State Constitution, Amendments to," and. "State Consti- tution, Revision of." - -' . Contagions Diseases, Pi'evention of. The State Board of Health is required to furnish data, and teachers in public schools are required to teach the best methods of preventing contagious diseases. Copper. The first discovery of copper was made at the Minnesota mine in 1847. Attention was attracted by the pits of the pre- historic miners. In one of the pits was a mass of native copper weighing six tons. The ancient miners had lifted it upon tim- bers five feet from the bottom of the pit. The tiinbers which had been placed beneath had decayed, the earth about the mass holding it in place above the pit's bottom. Growing from the earth which covered the mass was a hemlock tree which showed 395 annual rings of growth. Many stone hammers and a copper chisel were found in the pit. To this mine belongs the distinction of having yielded the largest mass of native copper ever taken from the earth. It was found in 1855 at a depth of about 220 feet, and weighed a trifie over 563 tons, requiring the services of forty men for six 'months to cut it into pieces small enough to permit of hoisting to surface and transportation to the east. As copper 45 was then worth about 50 cents per pound, the value of this nugget was upwards of $500,000. ^ • ., The Calumet and Hecla mine is one of the largest producers in the world and the only one in which copper is found in a pure state. Its equipment is unequaled by any other in the world; its shafts are the deepest — the vertical shaft being 4,900 feet in depth; and its stamp mills on the shore of Torch Lake treat somewhere about 2,000,000 tons of rock per year. It has an 8,000 horse-power hoisting engine at the Red Jacket shaft, fed with steam from ten boilers of 1,000 horse-power each. The mine has yielded to the company up to the year 1899, 1,265,426,320 pounds of ingot copper and has paid in dividends to June 28, 1899, the magnificent sum. of $60,850,000. Michigan's product of refined copper for 1898 was 76,830 tons, being 58 per cent of the world's supply for that year. Corn. The corn crop of 1899 amounted to about 38,253,265 bushels. Coroner. See County Coroner. Correction Lines. See "Surveys, Correction Lines." Counties of Micliigan. It Is an interesting fact that when this region was a territory all of Michigan was at one time included in the County of Wayne. Under the state constitution, unless by vote of the elec- tors, no county can be created containing less than sixteen gov- ernment townships. At the present time the state contains only 83 counties, every one of them being fully organized with county seats and county officers. Each county is traversed by one or more railroads and half of the counties border on some one of the Great Lakes. The derivation of the county names, the date of organization of each county, names of the county seats, number of acres in each county, census by decades and number of votes cast at spring election of 1S99, are given in connection with the names of the several counties in their alphabetical place. , Counties are created when boundaries are first defined and a name given. They are organized when they are given power to elect county officers. New limits are defined for a county when territory is added to or taken from a county. Counties are often created many years before they are organized and in the interim before organization they are attached to, and under the control of, some other county, and for all practical purposes are no more in existence than if they had never been created. seats are as follows: Co. Seat. Bay City, Frankfort. St Joseph. Coldwater. Marshall. Cassopolis. Charlevoix. Cheboyg^an. 46 The names of the counties and county Co. Seat. County. Alcona. . Harrisville. Bay. Alger. Munising. Benzie. Allegan. Allegan. Berrien. Alpena. Alpena. Branch. Antrim. Bellaire. Calhoun. Arenac. Standish. Cass. Baraga. L'Anse. Charlevoix. Barry. Hastings. Cheboygan. County. Chippewa. Clare. Clinton. Crawford. Delta. Dickinson. Eaton. Emmet. Genesee. Gladwin. Gogebic. Grand Traverse. Gratiot. Hillsdale. Houghton. Huron. Ingham. Ionia. Iosco. Iron. Isabella. Jackson, Kalamazoo. Kalkaska. Kent. Keweenaw. Lake. Lapeer. Leelanau. Lenawee. Livingston. Luce, Mackinac. Macomb. Co. Seat. Sault Ste. Marie. Harrison. St. Johns. Grayling. Eiscanaba. Iron Mountain. Charlotte. Harbor Springs. Flint. Gladwin. Bessemer. Traverse City. Ithaca. Hillsdale. Houghton. Bad Axe. Mason. Ionia. Tawas City. Ci-ystal Falls. Mt. Pleasant, Jackson. Kalamazoo. Kalkaska. Grand Rai)ids. Eagle River. Baldv/in. Lai>eer. L«sland. Adrian. Howell. Newberry. St. Ignace. Mt. Clemens. County. Manistee. Marquette. Mason. Mecosta. Menominee. Midland. Missaukee. Monroe. Montcalm. Montmorency. Muskegon. Newaygo. Oakland. Oceana. Ogtimaw. Ontonagon. Osceola. Oscoda. Otsego. Ottawa. Presque Isle. Roscommon. Saginaw. Sanilac. Schoolcraft. Shiawassee. St. Clair. St. Joseph. Tuscola. Van Buren. Washtenaw. Wayne. Wexford. Co. Seat. Manistee. Marquette. Ludington. Big Rapids. M.enomir.ee. Midlard. Lake City. Monroe. Stanton. Atlanta. Muskegon. Newaygo. Pontiac. Hart. West Branch. Ontonagon. Hersey. Mio. Gaylord. Grand Haven. Rogers. Roscommon. Saginaw. Sanilac Center. Manistique. Corunna. Port Huron. Centerville. Caro. Paw Paw. Ann Arbor. Detroit. Cadillac. Counties, Elxtinct In early territorial days a number of counties were given very awkward and unpronounceable Indian names, but these were soon displaced by the names they have borne since, the counties themselves having been in existence continuously. Four counties, however, were created and subsequently obliterated. Manitou County, consisting of the Beaver and Man- itou Islands, was created in 1855. In 1895 the islands were merged into the Counties of Leelanau and Charlevoix. Washington County was created in 1867 out of Marquette County, but the Svipreme Court held the act invalid as the county included no organized townships. Wyandotte County, created in 1840, was merged into Cheboygan County in 1853. The County of Isle Royale was created in 1875, but since 1897 the island has formed part of Keweenaw County. County Officers. The following officers exist or may exist in each county in the state. The time and mode of their election or appointment and the duties and salaries of each officer are given in connection with the name of each office, which will be found in its alpha- betical location: County Agent of Charities and Corrections. County Auditors. County Board of Supervisors. County Board of Election Commissioners. 47 County Board of Canvassers. County Board of Jury Commissioners. County Clerk. County Commissioner of Schxools. County Circuit Courts. County Circuit Court Commissioner. County Coroner. County Drain Commissioner. County Game and Fish Warden. County Judge of Probate. County Notaries Public. County Physician. County Prosecuting" Attorney. County Register of Deeds. County Sheriff. County School Examiner. County Soldiers" Relief Commiosion. County Superintendent of Poor. County Surveyor. County Treasurer. County Agent of Cliarities and Corrections. The Governor may appoint in ea,ch county a person desig- nated as above to hold office at the pleasure of the executiA'e, who shall investigate complaints against any child under 16 years of age, their parentage and surroundings and report to judges of the county on the advisability'' of binding them out or sending them to the reform school, and on order from the court the child may be bound out or committed to one of the reforma- tory institutions. Jt is the dutj- of the agent to visit any children so disposed of and to report his acts yearly to the State Board of Charities and Corrections. He is paid $3 for each case investigated, and his necessary official expenses, but not more than $3 per day. The amount paid in any one year may not exceed $100 for counties with a popula- tion of 30,000 or under; in counties of over 30,000 and under 80,000, $200; in counties of over 80,000. $300. In counties of 100,000 or over he may have one assistant, the amount paid both not to exceed $500. Connty Anditors. Owing to the singular presence in the state constitution of a special provision for county auditors in "^^ayne county, that county has county officers unknown to any other county. Their duties are indicated in the title of the office. They are paid $3,500 per year. County Boards of Supervisors. This board is composed of the several township supervisors in the county and meets annually on the second Monday of October, and may also hold special sessions. To a certain extent they possess both legislative and executive powers. They elect their own chairman, but the County Clerk acts as Clerk or Secretary of their meetings. A majority of all the supervisors of the county constitutes a quorum. In general their duties consist of the examination of the Treasurer" s accounts, the care of, and if need be, the construc- tion of county court houses, jails, etc. They determine com- pensation for services of any sort rendered the county and adjust all claims against the county. They apportion the state and county taxes to the several townships. They have power 48 to authorize the building or repair of bridges, to lay out or dis- continue roads, and to permit or prohibit the erection of dams. They appoint the County Superintendent of Poor, Physician, School Examiner, and Drain Commissioner. Every tenth year after 1895, when a county because of its inhabitants is entitled to more than one representative in the State Legislature, the Board of Supervisors of such county divides the county into state representative districts. It also has power to create new townships and define their boundaries and to determine the location of the county seat. Special acts for different cities provide that a certain num- ber of the aldermen may act as supervisors on the Board of Supervisors of the county in which the city is located. See Township Supervisor. County Board of J-avy Comiuissioxiers. These boards, by special laws, are provided for the Counties of Wayne, Saginaw, St. Clair and Macomb. It is their duty to make lists of jurors for courts in their counties. They are paid ten cents per mile for going to and from their meetings, and the secretary they elect may be paid, not to exceed $350 pery-S5#ar. County Clerk. This officer is elected at the general fall election for a term of two years and must have his office at the county seat. He is paid by legal fees and also such additional sums as the Board of Super-visors may prescribe. He acts as clerk of the Board of Supervisors and of the Circuit Court, is the custodian of gen- eral county records, records all corporation articles, issues and records marriage licenses, distributes the notarial commissions, distributes laws received from Secretary of State to the several officers entitled to them, draws out lists of petit jurors, issues certificates for wolf or sparrow bounties. By virtue of his office he is one of the Board of Election Commissioners of the county, and also of the Board of County Canvassers. County Circuit Courts. These courts sometimes include only a single county in their jurisdiction and require several judges. A large county popula- tion would necessitate this, but where counties are less populous a single court with but one judge sometimes includes several counties. Judges of these courts are elected for six years at a spring election. The general salary paid by the state is $2,500, but in certain circuits, because of amount of business, larger salaries are allowed to be paid by the County Board of Auditors or Supervisors. These courts have jurisdiction in cases of a civil and criminal character and in appeals frora justice's courts. The County Clerks are Clerks of the Circuit Courts of their respective counties. Their salary is fixed by the Board of Su- pervisors. See Judicial Circuits. County Circuit Court Commissioners. These officers are elected at the general state and county elections in November for terms of two years. One is elected in each county except in the case of counties having a popula- tion of 20,000 or more, where two are elected.- Their duties are chiefly the issuing of such papers, writs and executions as might be issued by the judge of a circuit court and in the hearing of cases for non-payment of rent and of the sale of property under an order of court. They are paid by the fees established by state law. County Comixiissioiier of Schools. This officer is elected at the annual election on the first Monday of April for a term of two years. He is one of the three members of the Board of School Examiners, keeps a record of all examinations of teachers, receives the insti- tute fees provided for by law and pays them over to the County Treasurer, keeps a record of all certificates granted or revoked, visits all the schools in the county at least once a year and exam- ines into the discipline, instruction and progress of each, counsels the teachers and strives to advance the interests of the schools generally. He acts as the medium of conveying and carrying out the directions of the Superintendent of Public Instruction and in counties containing fifty districts must be paid not less than $500 per year. County Coroners. Two coroners for each county are elected at the general fall election for terms of two years each. In Wayne County they receive a salary of $2,000; in other counties they are paid by fees. In cases of death without any attending physician he is author- ized to summon a jury of six men and hold an inquest. He is allowed $3 for such service, besides mileage of 6 cents per mile and 25 cents for each subpoena served, and may charge 10 cents for each witness sworn, but the total charge for swearing wit- nesses in any one case shall not exceed 50 cents. He may dis- pose of bodies of unclaimed dead to medical colleges in Michigan. Conuty Drain Comiuissiouer. This officer is appointed by the Board of Supervisors every two years, the term beginning in January of years ending with an even figure. He has jurisdiction over all drains in the county, lays out new drains and reports his assessment of the benefits of such drains to the County Clerk for purposes of taxation. He is paid $3 per day for time spent in his duties. County Election Commissioners. See Election Commissioners of Counties. County Game and FisJi Warden. One or more officers with this title may be appointed for each county by the State Game and Fish Warden. The various Boards of Supervisors determine their compensation, excepting in Wayne County, where the Board of County Auditors may do so. County Juds^e of Probate. This officer is elected at the regular fall elections for a term of four years, and must keep his office at the county seat. The amount of the salary he receives is practically at the discretion of the Board of Supervisors. He has the general oversight of the property of deceased persons and of the actions in law of administrators, executors, guardians and dependent children. He may give orders for the committment of insane persons to an asylum and is a\ithorized in certain cases to change the name of adults. By virtue of his office he is one of the Board of Elec- tion Commissioners and President of the Board of County Can- vassers. He also appoints the members of the County Soldiers' Relief Commission. 50 County Physician. This officer is appointed at the option of the Board of Super- visors and receives such compensation as they see fit to provide. County Prosecuting Attorney. This officer is elected at the regular state elections in Novem- ber for a term of two years and receives such compensation as the Board of Supervisors may prescribe. He appears for the state or county in all cases in which either is interested and reports yearly to the Attorney-General concerning the cases in which he has appeared. County Reg'ister of Deeds. This officer is elected at the regular state elections in Novem- ber for a term of two years and must keep his office at the county seat. He is paid by the fees prescribed by law. It is his duty to receive and record all deeds, mortgages, mechanics' liens, the discharges of mortgages, and to receive and file plats of all sub- divisions of property in the county. County School E^xaminer. When this office was first created, the Board of Supervisors appointed twO' school examiners, one for one year and one for two years, and since then one is appointed each year at the Oc- tober meeting for a two-years' term. These two examiners with the County School Commissioner constitute a Board of School Examiners. They examine candidates for the position of teacher twice a year at the county seat and grant certificates of author- ity to such as pass. They may also hold two additional exam- inations at such places as they see fit. They are paid $4 per day for time spent. They collect for certificates issued to male teach- ers $1, to female teachers, 50 cents. These latter fees are paid over to the County Commissioner of Schools, and by him trans- mitted to the County Treasurer and may be drawn upon by the Superintendent of Public Instruction to pay expenses of Teach- ers' Institutes. County SheriflP. This officer is elected at the regular general election for a term of two years and must keep his office at the county seat. The same person cannot hold the office for more than four con- secutive years in every six. He is paid by fees for serving legal papers and by profits on the board of the prisoners. In the Upper Peninsula he may be paid a salary by the County Board of Super- visors. It is his duty to preserve the peace, see that the laws are executed, quell riots, summon jurors, attend the circuit court sessions, and serve papers issuing therefrom. He has charge of the jail and is required to keep a full record concerning the sex, age, occupation, etc., of each prisoner, the cost of keeping them, and report the details yearly to the Secretary of State. County Soldiers' Relief Commission. This consists of three persons appointed by the Judge of Pro- bate. The first three were appointed for terms of one, two, and three years respectively, so that now one is appointed every year for a term of three years. This commission disposes of the tax of 1-10 of 1 mill laid for the purpose of the relief of honorably discharged soldiers, their widows and children, and reports year- ly to the Board of Supervisors. 51 County Superintendents of Poor. These officers to the number of three for each county are appointed by the Board of Supervisors. The terms of the original appointees were one, two and three years, respectively, and now one is appointed at the annual meeting for a term of three years. They have charge of the County House and its maintenance and administration, and general supervision in all matters pertaining to the poor of the county. They present yearly to the Board of Supervisors an estimate of the amount needed for the year and are entitled to receive $1.50 per day for actual services in addition to receiving expenses incurred in performing their duties. Dead bodies of paupers are allowed to be sold to medical colleges. County Surveyor. These officers are elected at the general fall election for terms of two years and are paid by fees for work performed. They make the surveys for highways and, when requested, establish corners and farm or other lines. Their pay is limited to $4 per day for services including the time spent in going to and coming from the place of such service. County Treasurer. This officer is elected at the general fall election for a term of two years. The same person can only serve four years out of six in succession. His compensation is determined by the Board of Supervisors. He must keep his office at the county seat. He collects all taxes and receives all monies due the county from any source, and pays out the same on order of the Board of Su- pervisors, signed by the clerk and countersigned by the chairman of said board, or in "Wayne on order of the Board of Auditors. He receives the state and county taxes from the Township Treas- urers, sends the Auditor-General a list of all lands on which the state taxes have not been paid, and conducts sales of land for non-payment of taxes. It is his duty to collect the liquor taxes on or before May 1st of each year and to report every month and also annually in December the name, place of business, date of payment and amount of tax paid by each person engaged in the liquor traffic. By virtue of his office he is one of the Board of Election Commissioners of the county. County Notaries Public. The governor may appoint any number of these officers in each county. They hold office for four years. They must be 21 years of age and residents of the county and make a written application for appointment, which must bear the endorsement of some member of legislature or county or probate judge. They are required to pay a fee of $1 to the State Treasurer. The com- missions are sent to and delivered from the office of the County Clerk before whom the recipient takes the oath of office, and must pay an additional fee of 50 cents. They are required to give bonds in $1,000 for the faithful discharge of their duties. These duties consist in drawing affidavits and taking acknowledgments of legal papers, for which they are paid nominal fees. CraTvford County was created under the name of Shawano in 1840. The name was changed to Crawford in 1843. Shawano was the name of an Indian tribe. It was named Crawford after Col. Wm. Crawford of the U. S. army, who, while in pursuit of Indians near Sandusky, Ohio, became separated from his command, was captured and 52 ' burned by them June 11, 1782. The county was organized in 1879. The county seat is Grayling. Acres in county, 359,459. Popula- tion in 1880, 1,159; 1890, 2,962; 1894, 2,680; 1900, 2,943. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 452. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 441, Bryan 253. OTSEGO 2. R. 1 W. ROSCOMMON Ref.:—1. Detroit & Charlevoix R. R. 2. M. C. R. R. 3. Au Sable River. 4. /'Manistee River. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Crop and Live Stock Reports. The Secretary of State is required each year to obtain month- ly statements as to the condition of live stock, condition and pros- pects of the growing crops, and as soon after the harvests as pos- sible, statements as to the yield of wheat and other farm and fruit products; the quantity of wheat, wool, apples and other pro- ducts marketed, and the quantity remaining in farmers' hands. And to prepare a monthly abstract of the information thus ob- tained, the number of townships from which reports have been received, and publish a sufficient number of copies of the same to furnish a copy to each member of the legislature, to each cor- respondent furnishing information and 1,000 copies for general distribution. Cruelty to Anixuals. Cruelty to animals, including the keeping of animals of any sort for fighting purposes, is punishable by fine and imprison- ment. Places where baiting or fighting is suspected to be going on may be searched by any sheriff, deputy sheriff, constable or pub- lic olflcer after providing himself with a search warrant from the proper magistrate. 53 Animals being transported on trains must be unloaded for food and rest 5 consecutive hours in every 33 unless the car in which they are being carried is arranged for giving them food and has proper space for rest. Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals may designate one or more persons in each county to discover and prosecute offenders and it is the duty of the sheriff to appoint such persons deputy sheriffs with power to act in cases of cruelty to animals. Curiosities in Micli.i|?a.ii, Natural. See Pictured Rocks, Mackinac Island, Sand Dunes. Geological Peculiarities, Singing Sands, Indian River, Customs. See U. S. Collector of Customs. Dairy and Food Commission. See State Dairy and Food Commission. Days of Grace. On notes, drafts or bills, due on demand, days of grace are not allowed by law. Deaf. See "State School for the Deaf" and "Schools for Deaf." Deaths. The number of deaths in the state in 1900 was 33,320. Delegates to Congress. See Territorial Delegates to Congress. Delta County- was created in 1843 and organized in 1861. It was so named be- cause the outline of the land in the southern portion afforded a reminder of the Delta of the Nile. The county seat was orig- inally at Gena, now known as Masonville. It is now at Es- canaba. Acres in county, 742,775. Population in 1860, 1,172; 1870, 2,441; 1880, 6,812; 1890. 15,330; 1894, 19.262; 1930, 23,881. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,370. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,081, Bryan 1,213. Denominational Colleges and Seminaries. See Albion, Alma, Adrian, Battle Creek, Detroit, Hillsdale, Hope, Kalamazoo, Olivet, and Suoini Colleges; also Holland Theological School and German Evangelical Lutheran Seminary. Denominational Statistics. See Church Statistics. Dentistry. See State Board of Examiners in Dentistry. Detroit. As the oldest and largest city in the state, and as the former state capital, Detroit claims special attention. Romance and religion, ambition and animosity, the disciples of Mars and the devotees of merchandise, all alike had a part in the plans which led to the founding of Detroit. Its earlier his- tory is the earlier history of France and is duplicated in its old- 54 nr'SSiin^n^'V^^^ff.V J^'^' Wisdom, wantonness and war were all ?fty"is''noV20o'?ea?sTld.°' ''' ^^''- ^°^^^^*^ '""'^ ^4. 1701. the fA«/"r^i^°^* ^^^ that pertains to city affairs progress is mani- fest. The city owns all the property it uses, and keens its build- ings m good condition. The stranger will find no Slbly schools The totiw« nJ^^f'^r "-l-^^P^ ^^?^^? h^^«^« ^^^ poSce^statiSSL ine total value of the city property is upwards of $20,000,000. For ALGEE 2. t -y. C&N. W. Ry. 2. Minn. St. Paul & Soo R,j. 3. Escanaba & Lake Superior Ry. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. ^^I'^c^lta^^ taxation the real estate in the city is valued at about $170,000 000, and the personal property at about $70 000 000 The \^U ?4Srnn^ IS ab9ut $16 per $1,000. The total bonded city deM IS $4,830,000, and the sinking fund amounts to nearly $1 500 000 There are over 500 policemen. 476 firemen, nearly 40 enSne and hook and ladder companies, an electric likhting plant rSnniSg 55 over 6,000 lights, and four immense engines at the water works which pump nearly 40,000,000 gallons daily, and they could pump several times that amount if necessary. The House of Correc- tion, owned by the city, is well worth a visit. Instead of being an expense, it brings an average revenue of $20,000 a year to the city. Of public school buildings there are 70 with nearly 900 teachers. Besides these are numerous medical and business colleges; also parochial and private schools, and taken in connection with su- perb high schools and public library, they afford educational ad- vantages which are unexcelled. The city is especially noted for its broad and cleanly streets, its wide and well-kept walks, its numerous and thrifty shade trees, its extensive and beautiful lawns and gardens, the number and attractiveness of its park and public squares, the varied and tasteful architecture of its residences, the stability of its mer- cantile life, and the range and extent of its manufacturing interests. In all kinds of merchandise and manufactured articles, Detroit affords the best of opportunities to buyers. It has abundance of capital, first-class transportation facilities, and in the man- ufacture of many articles leads every other city in the United States, both in amount and quality. The value of our yearly out- put of manufactured articles approximates $100,000,000. We make immense quantities of boots and shoes, boxes, burial caskets, cars, cigars, clothing, capsules, drugs, electrical apparatus, furs, furniture, fertilizers, glass, harrows, matches, organs, phis, pearl buttons, emery wheels, safes, salt, soda ash, soap and ships of all kinds. Not far from 40,000 persons are employed in factories. The banking capital of the 20 National and State Banks is upwards of $10,000,000. About $5,000,000 worth of goods are exported an- nually. Detroit Collegre. This is at Detroit, belongs to Roman Catholic Church, was or- ganized in 1877 and incorporated in 1881. The value of the prop- erty is $60,000. In 1899 there were 225 students and since it was founded it has graduated 142 persons. Detroit River. Over this beautiful waterway pass greater quantities of grain and mineral than pass over any other sheet of water in all the world. The river is 27 miles long, from one-half to three miles wide, with an average width of one mile. It is from 20 to 60 feet deep, with smooth yet rapid current, and with beautiful islands decorating almost its entire length. As it never overflows, it is never a menace, but always a joy and blessing. Yachts, sail boats, barges, ferries, and great steamers ply and fly over its silver and blue, and in the season of summer travel it is a panorama of beauty, gay with music, streamers and happy voyageurs. Dickinson County was created and organized in 1891. It was named after Don M. Dickinson, Postmaster-General under President Cleveland. The county seat is Iron Mountain. Acres in county, 491,917. Popula- tion in 1894, 14,700; 1900, 17,890. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,649. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,857, Bryan 453. Distances, Air liine. By referring to Farmer's Sectional Map one can easily determine the distance between any two places. EJach of the smaller squares on the maps, is a mile long on a side, and each ot the larger squares (oontammg 36 of the smaller squares) is SIX miles long on a side One should merely count the number of either large or small squares between the places and de- termine their distance apart accordingly. Or one can arrive at the same result by bearing in mind the scale of the maps Sfstancls """^ ^^^""^ ^^- ^^® ^^^° "Railroad Station? and MARQUETTE Anto; R. 38 W. WISCONSIN Ref.:—7. C. M. & St. P. Ry. 2. Escanaba River. 3. Escanaba & Lake Superior Ry. 4. Ford Riuer. 5. C. & N. W. Ry. 6. I^etwminee Riuer. 7. Micl^- igarntfie Riuer. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Disti'ict Court. See United States District Court. Divorces. Number of In state in 1898, 1,808. m Dos Tax. See Tax on Dogs. Drain. Commissioner. See County Drain Commissioner. Druggists. See State Board of Pharmacy. See also Liquors, Sale of D-«velling:s in Michigan. Year. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. ^Dweflinls 71.616 150.952 237,036 321.514 ^!)Te?l1ng" 5.35 4.96 5.00 5.09 Eastern Micliigan Asylum. See State Asylums. IONIA I CLINTON 1890. 1894. 434,370 483,685 4.82 4.63 elta 4. CALHOUN [JACKSON ffgf^:—1. Grand River. 2. Pere Marquette R. R. 3. Grand Trunk Western Ry. 4. L S. & Ml S. Ry. 5. Thornapple River. 6. M. C. R. /?. 7. Battle Creek. Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer. Eaton County Ejducational. + i^^o.^P^??^^' ^*^^® Normal College; State Normal School, Cen- tral; State Normal School, Northern; State University; State Re- gents of University, State Board of Education, State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, Adrian College, Albion College, ni^f" College, Battle Creek College, Detroit College, Hillsdale College, Hope College, Kalamazoo College, Olivet College, Suomi College, Holland Theological School and German Evangelical -Lutheran Semmary, Township School Inspectors, Township Board of Education, County Commissioner of Schools, County School Exammer: Blectious: Political Parties and Campaigns. The American system of government is based upon the sup- position that the people will always feel enough interest in the managenient of local and national affairs to provide for certain Preliminaries for elections without being required to do so by The primary elements in all elections are the nominations, and these are usually arranged by self-appointed committees, or by committees appointed at a political meeting. A caucus is held and nominations made viva voce, by ballot, or by selecting dele- gates to a nominating convention. The expenses of conventions and public meetings, including the printing of tickets, etc., are voluntarilv provided for bv the varwus candidates.. The expenses directly connected with the holding of an election, such as the providing of polling places publishing registration lists, and paying inspectors and clerks are defrayed out of the public treasury. The earliest political parties in the United States were known as Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The Federalists held strong- ly to the constitution and the Union and subordinated the states thereto, while the Anti-Federalists greatly favored state rights and more independence on the part of the several states. In the course of time, as new political issues arose, the Fed- ?o^o^^^®^^T?r^^-^"^® known as National Republicans, and then about ^^^^^^fJ^^'S^'.^y^^tually most of those in the north affiUated Til^Ji" S'^S^^^'^^l'"'^'' P.^''^-^' ^^*^^ ^^1^ "« fi^st national inven- tion in 1856. The preliminary meeting which resulted in the adoption of this name was held at Jackson, Mich., on Feb 22 1854, and at the state convention at the same place, July 6 1854' the name was formally adopted. Michigan was the first 'state to elect a Republican state government, which it did in the fall '^^^^ -^5.*^"^^?.®^^^^?.*^' strange to say, were soon given the name of Repubhcans" and later on were called "Democratic Re- publicans" and finally "Democrats." cmuuiauc ±te There have also been various party names applied to smaller organizations, such as "Greenbackers," "Free Silverites " "Podu lists," and "Prohibitionists," but none of them have' achieved success in national issues. We of the present day have little realization of the intensitv of the party feeling that existed, especially between the vears 1830 and 1844. In the effort to win a victory at the polls anv and every method was deemed legitimate. Voters by the dozen and even by the hundred, were imported, previous to elections' and their expenses paid. Many other methods employed in 'those days to influence votes were no better than those more recentlv in vogue. -^ The Republican party was the first to make use of regularly 59 officered political companies, known as "Wide Awakes" and "Tanners." They were uniformed in caps and capes, and being well drilled, presented an attractive appearance. Elections; Votes Cast in 1899 and 1900. The total number of votes cast in the state at the spring elec- tion of 1899 was 400,207. At Presidential election in 1900, McKmley 316,269, Bryan 211,685; all others 16.421. Elections: Primaries or Caucnses. Every person who falsely personates or votes under the name of any other person, or conceals or destroys ballots cast or com- mits any other fraud or wrong at a primary election is deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. , ^ . Any lawful voter may challenge the right of any person to vote at a primary election, who may be examined and sworn as to his right to vote at the primary of the party holdmg the caucus. If he swears falsely he may be punished for perjury. At least five days' notice of primary elections must be given by publication in one or more daily newspapers in places where said papers are published, and in other cases by posting up notices in at least three public places in the precinct for which the primary election is to be held. The time for holding is only provided for as followa: Cities of 30,000 and over, 2 to 8 P. M.; less than 30,000, 4 to 8 P. M. No primary election can be held m any saloon or bar-room, or in any place adjacent thereto. Elections, Primary, in Cities of 15,000 to 150,000. The following regulations are provided by state law for cities of 15,000 to 150,000 inhabitants, but any city of less than 15,000 may conduct its primaries in the same way, provided the Common Council so directs at the request of the voters of such city. The time for holding the primaries is determined by the principal committee of the party having charge of the particular purpose for which the primary is called. No two parties can hold their primaries on the same day, and the chairman of the city committee of any one party must notify the City Clerk or Recorder of the time fixed for said primary, within 24 hours after the same is determined. Notice of primaries to be held must be given by the city or ward committee of the respective parties five days in advance of holding them by notices in newspapers and posters placed in public places. The primaries must be held from 2 to 8 P. M. in cities of more than 30,000 inhabitants, but in cities of less than 30.000, mav be held between 4 and 8 P. M. Primaries must be held in each ward, and those of any one party in the several wards at the same time. In cities of 50,000 and not over 150,000 primaries may be held in the voting precincts. ... Any ward or precinct not holding its primary cannot be repre- sented at the general convention or election of the party so fail- ing to hold primary. ^ ^ ^ ^ -r ^ * Each primary is presided over by a Board of Inspectors, or which a member of the ward committee shall be chairman, asso- ciated with two voters, residing in the ward, who belong to the same party. , . . . , The ward committeemen and primary inspectors above men- tioned are elected for two years at a primary election. If a mem- ber of the primary inspectors' board is not present at the open- 60 ing of a primary, the vacancy is filled by viva voce vote of the electors present. No one caui vote at primary elections whose name does not appear upon the registration list of the last preceding regular election or upon the registration books of the party unless he makes oath that he is a qualified elector belonging to the party in whose interest the caucus is held. The name and residence of every voter at a primary election is required to be registered at the time his vote is deposited. Ballot boxes for primaries are to be provided by the Common Council. The inspectors must provide ballots of uniform color, not less than 3x6 inches, with the names of all the delegates to be voted for written or printed on said ballot. The names of the requisite number of delegates to be voted for must all appear on one ballot. It is unlawful for any voter to solicit or receive from any person any money, or promise .any place or position for his vote or support. It is unlawful to convey voters to the primaries unless they are physically unable to walk. Primaries can not be held in a saloon or room adjacent there- to. Fraud of any kind at a primary is punishable by fine and Imprlsonnfient. Assemblages of voters of any political party duly convened must not be interfered with by those of any other party. E^lections, Time of Koldixigr. "General" elections for state officers, representatives in con- gress, county officers and President of the United States, are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November in those years ending ^ith an even figure. "Spring" elections are held on the first Monday of April in years ending with an odd figure. On that day one judge of the supreme court and two regents of the university are voted for in the several townships and wards. On that day in the year 1899 and every sixth year thereafter one circuit judge is voted for in each of the several judicial circuits. The names of candidates for these offices all appear on one ballot, which is received in a special ballot-box, and the same rules apply to spring elections as govern general elections. The annual meeting of townships is held on the first Monday In April. The annual meeting of villages is held on the second Monday in March. The annual city election of fourth class cities is held on the first Monday In April. Other cities elect their officers at the time provided in their charters, which usually coincides with the time of the general state election. Special elections may be held when there is a vacancy in the office of Senator or Representative in the Legislature, Repre- sentative in Congress, Judge of the Circuit Court, Regent of the University, member of the State Board of Education, or when there has been no choice at general election for Representative in Congress. Special elections cannot be held within three months of the next general election unless the Governor so orders. Elections: Who Jflay Vote. The right to vote is conferred on two classes: 1. Males over 21 years of age who are citizens (that is, natives 61 or naturalized aliens) and have resided in the state three months and in any township or ward 10 days preceding any given election. 2. Male aliens of 21, not yet fully naturalized, who have re- sided in the state two years and six months, have declared their intentions to become United States citizens six months preceding any election, and have lived in any township or ward 10 days preceding such election. (See Citizenship, U, S.) Ejections: Instmctions to Voters. Chairmen of conamittees and candidates named on the of- ficial ballot may procure fac-similes of the official ballots printed on red, yellow or blue paper for the purpose of instructing the voters. But such ballots must have printed at their head the words, "Instruction Ballot." It is the duty of the Secretary of State to furnish printed in- structions for voters in large type upon cardboard to the County Clerks of each county, and the County Clerk must furnish such cards to the City and Township Clerks to be placed three on the outside and two on the inside of the voting place, and one in each polling booth. If stated by the clerk of the county that such instructions are needed in any particular foreign language, it is the duty of the Secretary of State to furnish them. All voting is done by secret ballot, and a voter on entering the polling place is handed a ballot bearing on the back the initials of one of the Inspectors, and immediately retires to a booth where he proceeds to mark his ballot according to the fol- lowing Instructions, which are printed at the head of each ballot: In all cases stamp a cross (X) in the circle under the name of your party at the head of the ballot. If you desire to vote a straight ticket nothing further need be done. Where only one candidate is to be elected to any office, and you desire to vote for a candidate not on your party ticket, make a cross in the square before the name of the candidate for whom you desire to vote on the other ticket. Where two or more candidates are to be elected to the same office, and you desire to vote for candidates on different tickets for such office, make a cross in the square before the names of the candidates for whom you desire to vote on the other ticket; also erase an equal number of names of candidates on your party ticket for the same office for whom you do not desire to vote. If you wish to vote for a candidate not on any ticket, write or place the name of such candidate on your ticket opposite the name of the office. Before leaving the booth, fold the ballot so that the initials may be seen on the outside. On leaving the booth, the voter hands his ballot to the In- spector in charge of the ballot box, who announces the voter's name; thereupon the poll clerks enter his name upon their re- spective poll lists opposite the number showing the order of his vote, and the Inspector then deposits the ballot and says "voted," No voter to whom a ballot has been delivered is permitted to leave the room without voting or returning the ballot to the Inspector. No ballots can be distributed outside of the railing and no ballot placed in the box unless it has been properly Initialed on the back. If a voter makes oath that he cannot read English or is physi- cally unable to mark his ballot, or if his disability is manifest to the Inspectors, an Inspector designated by the board In the pres- ence of a challenger of each political party, may mark the ballot tor him. 62 If a voter unintentionally spoils a ballot, he may obtain a new one, but the Inspector must give such spoiled ballots, to- gether with those unused, to the Township or City Clerk. Etlection Inspector's: General Rules. In case there are not four Inspectors present at the opening of the polls, or in case some of them do not remain during the election, the electors present may choose viva voce from among their own number enough to constitute a board of four inspectors. On the day of election the polls shall be opened at 7 A. M., and shall continue open until 5 P. M. In townships the polls may be closed from 12 to 1 P. M. if the inspectors so choose. Inspectors shall cause to be announced the opening of the polls and also the closing of polls, at 1 hour, 30 minutes and 15 minutes before closing. It is the duty of the Election Inspectors to provide a railing and appoint, at the opening of the polls, a gate-keeper, so that but as many persons as there are booths in which to prepare ballots, shall be admitted at one time to the polling place. Each booth must be so constructed that each voter in pre- paring his ballot shall be concealed from all other persons. The Board of Election Inspectors must designate one of their number, who shall write his initials in ink on the upper left-hand corner of the back of each ballot. Each political party may have two "challengers" at each place of voting, inside the polling place, who have the right to inspect the poll list and challenge any one whose right to vote may be doubted, and who have the right to remain until the canvass of the vote is entirely completed. At any election the ballot of a person who has been chal- lenged and who has sworn that he is a legal voter, if received by the inspectors, shall be marked by the inspectors with the number corresponding to the voters' number in the poll list. This number must be wholly concealed without being defaced by a slip of blank paper pasted over it. Eilections, Notification of. When a vaca,ncy occurs 30 days before a general election in the office of Judge of the Supreme Court, Judge of the Circuit Court, Regent of the University, or member of the State Board of Education, then the Secretary of State must cause a written notice to be sent to the Sheriff of each county where elections should be held to fill such vacancies at least 20 days before the election is to be held. In the case of general elections the Sheriff gives to the Town- ship Clerk of each Township and to one of the Inspectors of Election of each ward in any city in the county, 20 days' notice of the offices to be filled. On receiving notice of a general or special election, the Township Clerk or Inspector of Elections gives notice in writing of the time and place at which such election is to be held, with a list of the offices to be filled, which notice shall be posted up in at least three of the most public places in each township or ward. Whenever a proposed constitutional amendment is to be submitted to the people, the Secretary of State should notify the County Clerks at least 15 days before the election. Between July 1st and September 1st preceding a general election the Sec- retary of State must notify the Sheriff of each county in writing of the state officers to be then elected and also of the number of Senators and Representatives to the Legislature to be elected 63 in each county, specifying the number and boundaries of each district. He also notifies the several Sheriffs of any special election to fill vacancies ordered by the Governor, \rith the time of holding said election, the cause of such vacancy, the name of the office to be filled, and the time when the term of the person elected to that office shall expire. In the case of general, spring, or special elections the Sheriff shall notify the Township Clerk of each township and one of the Inspectors of Election in each ward of any city in the county that such an election is to be held. Special elections for certain county officers may be ordered by the Board of Supervisors of the county, who shall give notice to the Township Clerk of each township and to one of the Inspectors of Election in each ward of any city in the county. . Elections: Canvassing of Votes: General Rules. Immediately on closing the polls the Board of Inspectors shall proceed to publicly canvass the votes, the poll lists are first com- pared and corrections made until they are made to agree. The ballot box is then opened and the whole number of votes counted. If the ballots are in excess of the number shown on the poll list they are replaced in the box and one of the Inspectors shall draw out and destroy as many unopened ballots as are equal to such excess. The Inspectors then select and count the "straight" tickets and note the number for each candidate on these. All other tickets are laid on a table and cotmted in regular order in the manner most convenient for the determination of the result of the election. Any ballot which does not have the initials of the inspector or which has any distinguishing mark or mutilation shall not be counted. , Any ballot so marked as to make it Impossible to determine the elector's choice of candidates shall be void as to the candidate or candidates affected. All such ballots must be kept separate and marked "not counted" to distinguish from other ballots. The votes for the several candidates are noted on a "tally sheet" containing the names of all ca.ndldates. After the ballots are counted they, together with the tally sheet, are placed in the ballot box. which is sealed in such a manner that it cannot be opened without breaking the seal. The box is then placed in charge of the Township or City Clerk, but the ke^'- remains in the hands of the chairman of the Board of Inspectors, and the seal in the hands of another Inspector. After the tickets have been counted the number of votes for each candidate shall be publicly declared by one of the Inspectors. The Inspectors shall then file a duplicate "tally sheet," certified and signed bv them, with the Township or City Clerk. The Inspector shall then prepare duplicate statements of the result of the election, certified and signed by them, and send these to the Township or City Clerk, who files one in his office and sends the other, together with one of the original "tally sheets," to the County Clerk. One of the poll lists shall be delivered to the Township Clerk and the other to the County Clerk, which lists shall be filed and preserved bv them in their respective offices. In a city the ballots and one of 'such poll lists and statements shall be delivered to the City Clerk, and shall be kept and preserved by him. EJlection Polls, Adjonrnment of. If the polls have been adjourned at noon or any other time provided for by law, the clerks must immediately compare the 64 poll lists and under the direction of the Board of Inspectors cor- rect mistakes until they correspond in all respects; the ballot box is then opened and the poll list placed therein, the box locked, and at least live minutes before the removal of the same, the opening's in the box shall be so covered and sealed with the elec- tion seal as that the box cannot be opened without breaking the seal. The key is then delivered to one of the Inspectors, the box to another and the election seal to another. The box shall not be reopened until it has been publicly exposed for five minutes be- fore the reopening of the poll. On the reopening of the poll the seal may be broken, the box opened, the poll list taken out and the box again locked. Elections: To^vnsliip Aiiriiial 3Ieetins-. At the annual town meeting, held the first Monday in April, for election of township officers, the inspectors of election are the supervisor, two justices of the peace who do not hold the office of supervisor or town clerk, and whose term of office will first expire, together with the town clerk and the assessor, if there be one. The town clerk must keep faithful minutes of all the proceedings and a list of persons voting at the election. The polls shall be opened at 9 A. M. and closed bet^ween the hours of 3 and 6 P. M., and one hour's notice must be given before closing the polls. At 1 P. M. any officers to be chosen by viva voce vote shall be elected and any other business transacted. After the election the inspectors count the ballots and compare theih with the clerk's poll list and draw up and certify a statement of the result of their canvass and deposit the same with the Town Clerk, who must send a copy of such statement to the County Clerk. Within two days after the annual election the Town Clerk must notify any persons elected at such election. Elections, ToTvnsliip The Township Board of each Township constitutes a board of election commissioners for such township. Names of candi- dates must be given by party committees to these election com- missioners not less than five days before each election. These fur- nish ballots for local offices only, etc., in the same manner as election commissioners of counties. See Election Commissioners of Counties. The Township Registration Board consists of the Supervisor, Trea.surer and Clerk of the Township, and provides the Registers to receive the names of qualified electors. It meets the Saturday next preceding the general election, the annual township meeting and any special election. The Board of Registration shall be in session at the office of the Township Clerk from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. for the purpose of com- pleting a list of the qualified electors of such township; and every person who is a qualified elector is entitled to have his name entered, if it does not already appear on the registration list, the board having the right to question the person applying so as to assure the legality of his registration. This register must be deposited with the Township Clerk for safe-keeping. At every session of the Board of Registration of any Town- ship it is their duty to review the list of names in the register, and if it shall come to their knowledge that any person whose name appears therein is dead or has removed, and has ceased to be a resident of the township, they shall place the letter D against the name of such person or the letter R if he has re- 65 moved, with the date when this entry is made and the initials of the member of the board making it, and thereafter any such name shall be considered as no long'er on the list and be omitted in the printed copies made therefrom. In case such entry shall be falsely or maliciously made and without credible information, the member of the board making it shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to punishment. It is the duty of every Township Clerk within 20 days after each general election to make, certify and transmit to the County Clerk and also to the Township Treasurer a true copy of such register. Members of the Registration Board receive compensation at the rate of $1.50 per day. In case any township is divided into two or more election dis- tricts, the Township Board shall transcribe to a District Register for each district the names of such electors as belong to that district and may appoint a resident qualified elector of each dis- trict, who, with one of the members of the Township Board of Registration, may hold not to exceed three meetings of one day each, after giving suitable notice at such times and places as the Township Board of Registration shall direct, in order to complete said district registration. It is the duty of the Township Board of Registration to see that the register of district electors is present at each, district polling place for use of the Inspectors of Election. In all general or special elections, where any member of Con- gress or of the Legislature or any state or county officer is to be elected, or amendments to the constitution voted upon, the Super- visor and two Justices of the Peace, who do not hold the office of Supervisor or Town Clerk, and whose term of office will first ex- pire, together with the Township Clerk and the Assessor, if there be one. shall constitute Township Inspectors of Election in all townships undivided into election districts. But no person who is a candidate for election may hold the office of inspector at such an election. When the Supervisor is on the Township Board of Election Inspectors he shall be the chairman thereof, but if absent, the inspectors designate their own chairman. The Township Clerk acts as clerk of the election and the inspectors must appoint a second clerk, and if the Township Clerk is not present they may appoint two. One or more ballot boxes are required to be provided at the expense of the township and kept in the custody of the Town Clerk for use at any election. Ballot boxes must be examined before the polls are opened to be sure that they are empty, and after being locked and closed shall not be opened during the election. As soon as the poll is opened the Township Clerk shall cause the register to be placed in the hands of inspectors of election to be used by them during election and to be returned to him immediately thereafter, and the inspectors shall not receive the vote of any person whose name is not written therein; but in case any person shall claim the right to vote, his name may be registered by the clerk after he has made oath that he has re- sided in the township 20 days, that he is duly qualified as an elector and that it was owing to the sickness or bodily infirmity of himself or of some relative named or because he was absent from the township and was prevented from having his name registered, and if some qualified elector of the township shall also make oath that he has reason to believe that the statements 66 of the person proposing to vote are true; after which his vote may be received. The Inspectors of Election canvass the township vote and declare the same. The Township Board of any township containing 300 or more electors may divide such township into two or more election dis- tricts. Such division must be made 20 days before any election, and 15 days before the election notices and diagrams of the dis- tricts must be posted in three or more public places. The town- ship officers who, by existing laws constitute the Board of Elec- tion Inspectors in that township are the Election Inspectors of District numbered "one." Two Justices of the Peace and the Township Treasurer are the Election Inspectors of District No. "two." For each of the remaining districts, if any, the Townshio Board appoints three freeholders residing ixf. such districts, to act as and have the title of Inspectors of Election in District No. 3, etc., who hold office for one year. After the first election in District No, 3, etc., the Inspectors of Election are elected by ballot at the annual meeting of that district. The Township Registration Board furnishes a separate regis- ter for each district, and may appoint an elector of a district, who, with one of the members of the board, may hold, for three days, meetings for registration of electors residing in that dis- trict. ■,,',. ' '. '■ .'.'.. . ■., ' .■■'■":"., T^. The Inspectors of Election in. township districts other thah District No. 1, shall, at the conclusion of an election without ad- journing, publicly canvass the votes received by them, and on the same day shall set forth in writing in words of full length the whole number of votes given for each office, names of persons for whom such votes for each office were given and the whole number of votes given upon each question voted upon, with the number of votes for and against the same; this statement shall be certified to by the inspectors as correct, and on the day of election the statement and certificate together with the poll list and register of electors and the boxes containing said ballots shall be deposited with the inspectors of election for District No. 1. _ And said inspectors of District No. 1 shall immediately consohdate all of the district reports and the result shall con- stitute the official canvass of the township. Elections, Village ' The Village Clerk and two of the Trustees constitute the Board of Registration in all incorporated villages. They meet on the Saturday previous to the holding of any annual or special election and on any other days that the council may appoint from 9 a. m. to 8 p. m., for the purpose of completing the list of qualified electors. In the absence of the clerk or either' of the trustees, the other members of the board may appoint some per- son to fill the vacancy. Notice of the time and place of such registration must be given with the notice of election. Members of the board receive $2 per day as compensation. In villages incorporated since Feb. 19, 1895, elections are held on the second Monday in March, The President and Clerk and two of the Trustees, or any four of the Trustees appointed by the council, constitute the Inspectors of Election. The Presi- dent, when present, shall be chairman, and the Clerk, clerk of the board, and the Inspectors shall appoint one of their number ^s a second clerk. At least 10 days prior to an election the council must appoint 67 three Election Commissioners not more than two of them be- longing to the same political party, who shall constitute a board for the preparation and printing of ballots and act in the same manner as County Commissioners of Elections — see "Election Commissioners of Counties." Ballot boxes are provided by the council and kept by the Village Clerk. The polls shall open at 7 a. m., and be kept open until 5 p. m., and the Inspectors shall give notice, 1 hr., 30 min. and 15 min., before the closing of the polls. Immediately after closing the polls, the Inspectors shall, without adjourning, canvass the votes, declare the results, and on that same day or the next, set forth in writing in detail the whole number of votes cast and the number given for each office, certifying the same and de- positing it with the poll list and the register of electors and the boxes containing the ballots with the Village Clerk. Notice and details of an election must be given by the Vil- lage Clerk at least 8 days before such election, by posting notices in three or more public places and insertion in the village newspaper, if any. The annual village election is held on the second Monday ol March at which time the President, Clerk, Treasurer and As- sessor are elected for one year. The President and Trustees of any incorporated village having 650 or more electors may divide said village into as many election districts as they deem wise, all districts to contain as nearly as possible an equal number of qualified electors. They shall give not less than 15 days' notice of said division before the next ensuing election, either by post- ing in not less than three public places in each election district, a description of the boundaries of each district, the place of hold- ing the election therein, and the number of the district, or by stating same in a village newspaper for not less than two weeks prior to election. A record of the boundaries and number of each district must also be filed with the Village Clerk. Boundaries and number of districts may be changed by the President and Trustees after giving due notice as above. The officers of any village, who, by existing law, constituted the Board of Election Inspectors of the village, shall constitute the Board of Election Inspectors for District No. 1. One of the village trustees with two qualified electors who are freeholders and residents of the election district in which they are to serve shall be appointed by the officers of said village as Inspectors of Election for that district. Six days' notice of the first appointment for any district and of the place of holding the first election therein shall be given. Said district Inspectors of Election hold their office for one year and until their successors are appointed and qualified. Each Board of District Inspectors selects its own chairman and immediately after election, canvasses and reports the votes in the same manner as in township election districts, and all district inspectors other than those of District No. 1, deposit their reports and ballot boxes with the Board of Inspectors of District No. 1, (see Elections, Township), who consolidate the various reports and' declare the result as the official canvass for the village. Elections In Cities of Fonrtli C'laas. : All incorporated cities having a population not exceeding 10,000 are designated as cities of the fourth class. The annual city election shall be held on the first Monday in April. 68 The Board of Inspectors in each ward shall consist of the ward supervisor, the two aldermen, and one elector to be ap- pointed by the council. If for any reason there is a vacancy in said board, the council may, a week before election, appoint electors to fill such vacancies. Inspectors are paid $2 per day. At least 10 days prior to an election, the council must appoint three election commissioners, not more than, two of whom may belong to the same political party,, who shall constitute a board for the preparation and printing" of ballots and act in the same manner as County Commissioners of Elections. See "Election Commissioners of Counties." - The City Council acts as a Board of Canvassers on the Thurs- day next succeeding each election and determines the results. The City Clerk makes a statement of the result and transmits a copy of the same to the County Clerk. The Board of Registration of each ward consists of the alder- men of that ward, or if the ward has been divided into districts, the council may appoint two electors for each district. On the Saturday previous to a general city or special election and on such other days as the council may appoint the several ward Boards of Registration hold sessions from 8 A. M. to 8 P. M. for the purpose of completing the list of qualified voters. The place of said meetings must be determined by the council at least two weeks previous, and at least eight days before such meeting the City Clerk shall give notice by hand-bills posted in ten public places in each ward or district, of the time and place of such meetings. ' In the year 1900 and every fourth year thereafter there must be a re-registration of all voters. The polls shall open at 7 A. M. and be kept open until 5 P. M.. and the inspectors shall give notice 1 hour, 30 minutes, and 15 minutes before the closing of the polls. Inspectors shall choose one of their number as chairman, and shall appoint one of their number as clerk of the election, and another of their number as second clerk. Election Boa;rds in Cities. This article does not apply to cities of th^ fourth class nor to those specially provided for in the acts incorporating them. Such persons as are elected by the Common Councils of cities constitute a Board of Election Commissioners. Names of candi- dates must be given by party committees to them not less than five ,days prior to each election. These commissioners furnish ballots for local offices, etc., in the same manner as election commissioners of counties. See Election Commissioners of Coun- ties. . Boards of Registration ar6 composed of the aldermen of the city unless otherwise provided for. Books are provided, arranged to contain an alphabetical list of both christian and surname of voters in any precinct, with their residence (street and num- ber), and if none, a description of the locality where they live. On the third Tuesday and Wednesday preceding any fall, spring, charter or special election, from 7 a. m. to 8 p. m., the Board of Registration meets at such places in the several wards, as they E'hall- have designated two weeks previous by placing notices in one or more newspapers, and posting in at least ten conspicuous places a handbill in each ward, the said poster to contain a list of names then appearing in the register for the ward, and at such meeting they complete the list of oualified voters by adding those who will be qualified to vote at the next election and have not previously registered. 69 In order that the registration list may be kept as complete as possible, immediately at the close of the polls after any elec- tion and before the votes are counted, with the aid of the in- spectors, the Clerk of the Board shall insert, write upon, or attach to the printed hand-bill of registered electors, the names of all electors appearing on the election register and not on the hand-bill, so that such hand-bill so corrected shall be a copy of the list then appearing in the election register, which list shall then be signed by the inspectors, certified to and filed by them with the County Clerk. At the close of its sessions the board, or the members who attended to the registration, shall date and sign the list and deposit it with the City Clerk. At every session of the Board of Registration it is their duty to review the list of names in the register, and if it shall come to their knov/ledge that any person whose name appears therein is dead, or has removed and has ceased to be a resident of that township they shall place the letter D against the name of such person or the letter R if he has removed, with the date when this entry is made and the initials of the member of the board making it, and thereafter any such name shall be considered as no longer on the list and be omitted in the printed copies made therefrom. In case such entry shall be falsely or maliciously made and without credible information, the member of the board making it shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to punishment. . > ■- Each of the members receives compensation for services of $2 per day for every day actually spent. In all general or special elections, where any member of Congress, or of the Legislature, or any state or count3^ officer is to be elected, or amendments to the constitution voted upon, an alderman shall serve as one of the inspectors of election in each ward. . ■:.... In each ward or voting precinct in a city the: Board of Inspec- tors shall designate one of their number to act as clerk and niay appoint an elector as a second clerk. When any precinct in a city contains more than 300 electors then the City Council may divide it into two or more election districts. At any general, special or charter election, the City Clerk shall cause the registration list of electors in the hands of the inspectors of Election to be used by them and returned to him fmmediately after such election, and said inspectors shall not receive the vote of any person whose name is not written therein, but in case any person shall claim the right to vote, his name may be registered by the clerk after he has made oath that he has resided in the ward twenty days, that he is duly qualified as an elector, and that it was owing to the sickness or bodily infirmity of himself or of some relative named, or because he was absent from the township and was prevented from having his name registered, and if some qualified elector of the ward shall also make oath that he has reason to believe that the statements of the person proposing to vote are true; after which his vote may be received. City Canvassing Boards are provided for by the special acts incorporating each city. ■ (.' i'-r 'Elections: Re-Registration of Voters. Re- registration of all voters is required every four years be- ginning with 1900, in Detroit, Wayne County and fourth class 70 cities. In the latter it takes place at the time of the regular reer- i^tratioit; m Detroit on the fourth Monday and third Tuesday and Wednesday precedingr the, general election in November: and in Wayne County outside of Detroit on the first Monday in Oc- tober and on not less than three nor, more than six days, there- at ter. In Wayne County the hours of such general re-registra- tion are 9 a. m. to 1 p. m., and 2 to 5 p. m., and in Detroit and fourth class cities during the hours designated for registration preceding all general elections. E}lections, School District See Sohool District Elections. / ,, Section, County Coiuiuissioners of In each county of the state, the Judge of Probate. County Clerk and County Treasurer constitute a Boaird of Election Com- missioners. Two constitute a quorum and the Judge of Probate shall be chairman, and the County Clerk, secretary. This board must prepare printed ballots for county, state and national of- flces to the number of at least two for each elector according to the vote at the last preceding election. These ballots shall con- tain the names of the candidates nominated by the regular con- ventions of each party, which names must have been forwarded by the state, district or county committee to the Election Com- missioners not less than 20 days (in Wayne Co. 10 days) before any election, together with a copy of the vignette adopted by each party. The names of the several candidates must be printed m columns beneath their party vignette, but no candidate's name may appear in more than one column, although he may have "^T?j"^^°"^^"^*^*^ ^y more than one party, but he may elect in which column his name shall appear. The names of self-nom- inated candidates cannot appear upon the ballot. Any amendments to the constitution to be voted upon must also appear on said ballot. ^ In printing the ticket the vignette of the party having the largest number of votes at the last presidential election shall appear at the left of the ballot, the others in the same relative order. ^,-,^V^ ^\^ ^^"i.!® of ballots for spring elections, the names of can- didates for the offices of Circuit Judge, Justice of the Supreme Court and Regent of the University must all appear on one ballot. Besides ballots, blue or black pencils must be sunplied by the Election Commissioners to the Election Inspectors o^f each town- ship, ward or precinct. ,,„The ballots must contain specific instructions to voters— see Elections: Instructions to Voters." Elections: Comity Canvassiiig- Boards. The Board of Supervisors in every county except Wayne at their annual meeting m 1896 and every two years thereafter elect by ballot three electors (who shall not be candidates for office) who, together with the County Clerk, the last named having no vote on said board, constitute a Board of County Canvassers but no member of the Board of Supervisors is eligible to mem- bership on said board. ^f*'^^" In Wayne County the B9ard of County Canvassers consists of the Probate Judge who is chairman, the County Treasurer, the two County Auditors having the longer term to serve, and one elector chosen by the plurality viva voce vote of the Super- 71 visors of the county at their annual meeting. An alternate mem- ber for said hoard is also elected at said annual meeting. It is the duty of this board to meet at the office of the County Clerk on the first Tuesday after the first Monday following each general election before 1 p. m.. and also on the second Tuesday following a spring election. The County Clerk acts as clerk of the board and in counties except Wayne,* the members of the board elect their own chairman. They have power to adjourn from day to day until all the returns have come in. This board canvasses the A^ote of the county and prepares a statement setting" forth its findings, giving in detail the number of votes cast for each candidate and certifying the same. This statement or report must be published within 30 days in at least two newspapers. It is the duty of the clerk of the board within five days of the completion of the canvass to send by registered mail three certified copies of this report so far as it shall relate to the vote for state officers, electors for President and Vice-President, mem- bers of congress, members of legislature, and amendments to the constitution, together with a certificate of authenticity signed by himself and the chairman of the board— one copy to the Gov- ernor, one to the Secretary of State, and one to the State Treas- urer. The original is kept on file in the office of the County Clerk. A complete tabular statement of all offices voted for must be filed with the County Clerk and kept by him in a book kept for that purpose. The County Clerk must send certified copies of the findings of the Board of County Canvassers to all persons declared in their certificate to have been elected. Within 30 days after a general election, the Countj^ Clerk shall transmit to the Secretary of State a list of the members of the legislature elected in the county, designating both the Senators and Representatives by their respective districts, and also a list of all the count:/ officers elected in such county at such election, together with the respective postoffice addresses of all such sen- ators, representatives and county officers. As the state is divided according to population into state sen- atorial and representative districts, a counts'- may in itself be such a district or may contain two or more entire districts, or in- clude parts of one or more districts. When a county is in itself a senatorial or representative dis- trict, or i? divided into senatorial or representative districts, the Board of County Canvassers make separate statements of the vote for State Senator or Representative in each district. When a county includes parts of one or more state senatorial or representative districts, the board makes a separate state- ment of the votes for Senator and Representative, and sends such statements to the Board of District Canvassers for such districts. In case of an election to fill vacancy in the office of State Sen- ator or Representative during a session of the legislature, the Board of County Canvassers meet on the Thursdaj^ following the election, canvass the votes and declare the result. The members of the County Canvassing Boards are paid such sums as the Board of County Supervisors allow, not to exceed $4 per day. The Board of County Canvassers on the second Tuesday aiter an election of Circuit Judges and Regents of the University, can- vass and certify the returns, and the County Clerk transmits a copy to the State Treasurer. 72 ISlectjipn, Returns of State Senatorial and Repi'es^entative ■ ■, '/iT'-^' I -'.'f ■'■>'"•; Districts. ,Vi'' ..h ,:< ..'.■';.:'{ Election returns of districts composed of one coanty-or part of one county are given to the County Clerk: of that county. Election returns of a senatorial district composed of more than one county are sent to County Clerk of the county having the largest total presidential vote at last presidential election; those of a representative district composed of more than one county go to the Clerk of the county specified by law. Elections: District Canvassins" Boards. The districts into which the state is divided for Representa- tives and Senators in the legislature have District Canvassing Boards distinct from County Canvassing Boards when the limits of such districts are greater than that of one county. The Judge of Probate, Sheriffs and County Clerks of counties included In the district compose this board for canvassing the votes for State Senators and Representatives. Three members constitute a quorum; the County Register or County Treasurer, or both, of the county in which the meeting is held may act in order to con- stitiite a board of three. In representative districts they meet on the Tuesday after the daj^ on which the county canvass is held; in senatorial districts, they meet on the third Tuesday after the county canvass. Meetings are held in the office of the County Clerk of the county having the largest number of inhabitants according to the last census. County Clerks of counties in the district other than that in which meetings are held if not present themselves must furnish the original statement of votes in their counties. The board nfiust then examine these statements of votes given in the several counties, determine who have been elected and draw up a certified and subscribed statement in words of the whole number of votes cast in that district, together with the names of persons for whom the votes were ^iven, to which state- ment must be appended a certified paper stating who have been elected. This statement and certificate must be delivered to the clerk of the county in which their meeting is held and also printed in some newspaper in the district. The County Clerk receiving said statement and certificate without delay must mail a copy of the certificate to the Secretary of State and must also certify and mail other copies to the persons therein stated to have been elected. The members of the District Canvassing Boards are paid such sums as the Board of County Supervisors .allow. Elections: State Canvassing- Board. The Secretary of State, State Treasurer and Commissioner of the Land Office constitute this board. Two of these form a quorum. If no returns are received from the Board of County or Dis- trict Canvassers or County Clerks by the Secretary of State. Governor, or State Treasurer, then the Secretary of State shall send a special messenger to obtain the returns from County Clerks so failing to do their duty. This Board meets at the office of Secretary of State on or before the 15th of December after a general election and within 40 days after a special election to canvass the votes for all state officers and Representatives in Congress ; they then deter- mine what persons have been elected to the several offices and certify the same to the Secretary of State, who shall notify every person so elected under the seal of his office. 73 For the purpose of canvassing votes given for Presidential Electors, the board meets on the Wednesday after the third Mon- day of November, or on such other day as the Secretary of State shall appoint, to examine, determine and certify as to the election of such Presidential Electors, and the Secretary of State shall notify the persons elected. For the purpose of canvassing amendments to the constitu- tion or approving of any banking law or amendment thereto, the board meets on call of the Secretary of State on or before the 20th day of the month in which such amendments are voted upon, to examine, declare and certify as to the result of the vote on any such amendments. This board also canvasses the returns pertaining to Circuit Judges, Judges of Supreme Court and Regents of the University elected at spring elections. See also "State Board of Canvassers." Blectioxi I^aTvs;^ OfCens-es Agaiust Any person who, by. bribery, menace or other corrupt means or device, directly or indirectlj% attempts to influence any elector in giving his vote, or prevent or interrupt him, is liable to fine and imprisonment.- -- Any person not a qualified voter who gives in a vote or one who shall attempt to vote more than once is liable to fine and imprisonment. Any person who endeavors to induce any person to vote who is not qualified to vote, is liable to fine and imprisonment. Any person who shall bet or wager any money or other prop- erty on any election is liable to a fine of from $5 to $500. Any person who^ shall act as the custodian of any money or property wagered, or who shall keep a room for the purpose of registering or shall. record any such bets or wagers is liable to fine and imprisonment. Any person- who shall offer any office or employment in order to induce a, voter to vote or refrain from voting shall be deemed guilty of bribery and liable to fine of $200. Any person who shall solicit before or during any election any money, employment or office, for the control of his vote, shall be deemed guilty "of bribery and liable t^ fine. of ^$200. Any person who shall directly or indirectly . ' discharge or threaten to discharge any person for the purpose- of influencing his vote, shall be deemed guilty of corrupt practice and liable to fine and imprisonhaent. Any person who personates or votes under the name of any other person is deemed guilty of a misderaieanor and liable to fine or imprisonment. Bonafide payment by any candidate of fair and reasonable cost tor printing tickets and slips and of advertising in news- papers or by posters and reasonable and bonafide expenses in- curred in holding meetings, getting speakers, and gettmg people to the same and of obtaining and distributing papers and tickets and bringing voters to the polls, are held to be legitimate pro- ceedings. No delegate to any city, county, congressional or state polit- ical convention can delegate any other person to serve as his proxy. Vacancies in a delegation can only be filled by a majority vote of the delegation. /«' ■ No election can be held in a saloon, bar room, or room'*a^2 thereto; if such a place is established after the election place has been selected, the Inspectors maj^ meet and adjourn to some other place. 74 Eilectloneering; Expenses of Candidates. No candidate may provide/pay for, or engage to pay for any entertainment, for any meeting of electors prior to or during the election in which he runs for office, nor may he contribute money for any purpose connected with the election except for defraying the expenses of office room or hall rent, postage, sta- tionery and clerk hire, music at public meetings, the pay and expense of public speakers, transportation of committeemen, the pay of challenges at the polls and of persons to inspect the registration of voters and of persons employed to make lists of the votes in election precincts, and of printing, and the circu- lation of handbills and other papers previous to any such elec- tion, or for conveying electors to the polls. E^lectiou Voting; Macliines. The Board of Supervisors of any county or the Common Council of any city or village may authorize the use of any thoroughly tested voting machine at the township, city, or village election following their meeting. These machines must be prepared for an election by the Election Commissioners of the county or city. There shall be a booth for each machine and instructions for operating same placed in each booth. When a machine has been authorized to be used, it must be on exhibition at the registration preceding the election so that voters may become familiar with it. The use of the Rhines' Vote Recorder, the Abbott "Voting Machine and the Myers' Automatic Ballot Machine is authorized by law, and the manner of using them described in chapter 97 of the General Election Laws. r') [ Elections, Tvro Day. State elections lasted. for two days until the passage of Act of May 16, 1846. Electors, Presidential. The direct connection of the state with the Government of the United States comes primarily through the appointment, by vote at the presidential elections, of as many presidential electors as the whole number of United States senators and representa- tives to which the state is to be entitled when the President elected comes Into office. These presidential electors receive no pay and are bound by honor alone to cast the vote of the state in favor of the candi- date of the ticket upon which they were elected. They meet on the second Monday of January following the election in their own states, and deposit their votes. The record of their votes is then certified to and sealed, after which some one is appointed to de- liver it personally to the president of the senate at Washington before the first Wednesday in January following their meeting. This "messenger," so-called, receives railroad mileage for the service. Another copy Is sent by mail to the same officer, and a third deposited with the judge of the district. Only states fully admitted into the Union may choose presi- dential electors. The first presidential election in which Michigan participated was the thirteenth. It was held in the fall of 1836, and placed Martin Van Bur en in the presidential office.?// ;;.,, Electric Railroads. See "Railroads, Suburban and Electric." 75 Elinmet GoniiLty was created in 184G under the name of Tonedagana; the name was changed to Emmet in 1843. The original name did not com- memorate any Indian name of note, but the name Emmet was given to perpetuate the memory of Robert Emmet, the so- called "patriot leader" in Ireland, who was arrested as a rebel and hung Sept. 20, 1793. The county was organized in 1853 and its present limits date from an Act of 1895. The county seat was originally at Mackinaw City, then at Traverse City and is now at Harbor Springs. Acres in county, 299,234. Population in 1860, 1,155; 1870, 1,211; 1880, 6,640; 1890, 8,756; 1894, 10,382; 1900, 15,931. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,703. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,351, Bryan 1,291. ^ MACKINAW |)CltY CHARLEVOIX Ref.:—1 Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Walloon Lake. 3. G. R & I. Ry. Copyright 1901, by Sflas Farmer. Employees, Seats for "Female "All persons who employ females, in stores, shops, offices or manufactories, as clerks, assistants, operatives or helpers in any business, trade or occupation carried on or operated by them, shall be required to procure and provide proper and suitable seats 76 f 01' all such females, and shall permit the use of such seats, rests or stools as may be necessary, and shall not make any rules, reg- ulations or orders preventing the use of such stools or seats, when such female employees are not actively employed in their work in such business or employment."— State Law. Employees; Fire Escapes for. Fire escapes must be provided for all manufacturing estab- lishments two or more stories in height, if, in the opinion of the factory inspector, it is necessary to insure the safety of the per- sons there employed. Proper and substantial hand rails must also be provided on all stairways in manufacturing establishments, and where, in the opinion of the factory inspector, it is necessary, the steps of such stairs in all such establishments shall be substantially cov- ered with rubber securely fastened thereon for the better safety of persons employed in said establishments. The stairs shall be properly screened at sides and bottom where females are em- ployed, and where practicable the doors of such establishments shall swing outwardly or slide as ordered by said factory in- spector, and shall be neither locked, bolted or fastened during working hours. Employees: Legal Day's Woi'li in Certain Businesses. In all factories, workshops, salt blocks, sawmills, logging or lumber camps, booms 'or drives, mines or other places used for mechanical manufacturing, or other purposes within the State of Michigan, where men or women are employed, 10 hours per day shall constitute a legal day's work. Employees, Noon Meal Time in Factories for. Not less than 45 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal in any manufacturing establishment in this state. Employees: Who May Be Employed. No male under the age of 18 years and no female under the age of 21 years, shall be employed in any manufacturing estab- lishment or store employing more than ten persons in this state for any longer period than 60 hours in one week unless for the purpose of making necessary repairs to ma- chinery in order to avoid the stoppage of the ordinary running of the establishment: Provided, that no more than 10 hours shall be exacted from such male minors or females under 21 years on any day unless for the purpose of making a shorter work day on the last day of the week. No child under 14 years of age shall be employed in any manu- facturing establishment, hotel, or store within this state. No child under the age of 16 years shall be employed by any person, firm or corporation conducting any manufacturing estab- lishment in this state, at employment whereby its life or limb is endangered, or its health is likely to be injured, or its morals may be depraved by such employment. Above laws do not apply to canning factories nor evaporating works. Eq.tialization of Taxes. See State Board of Equalization. Escbeated Property. See "State Board of Trustees of Escheated Property." 77 E^xaniinations for School Teachers. See School Teachers, Examinations for. Exemption of Personal Property. See "Personal Property, Exemption of. from Forced Sale." See also "Taxation, Real Property Exempted." and "Taxation, Per- sonal Property Exempted." Express Companies. The following express companies operate in Michigan; for the names of the railroads on which they operate see "Rail- roads, Stations, and Distances": American, United States, Na- tional, Pacific, Adams and Western. Factories. In 1899 the State Commissioner of Labor inspected 4,438 fac- tories which were then in operation. There were then employed therein 161,332 males, and 23,221 females. Fairs, State. See State Agricultural Society. Families in State. In 1894 there were 506.779. Farms in Michigan. In 1900 there were 158,783 farms in the state with an average of 80 acres each. The total amount of improved land in farms was 9.533,700 acres, and of unimproved lands forming part of the farms, 4,412,1-32 acres. Federal Officei's. See United States Officials. Female Employees, Seats for See Employees, Female. Fences. A legal fence must be 4% feet high and line fences are to be paid for equally by owners on the two sides. Fires, Brnsh or Clearingr Every person who shall wilfully or negligently set fire to any woods, prairies or grounds, not his own property, or wilfully or negligently permit any fire to pass from his own premises to those of any other person, is liable to fine or imprisonment. Township Boards may prohibit the setting of fires for the pur- pose of clearing lands wherever they deem such fires danger- ous. North of parallel 44 of north latitude, which runs through the centre of Mason, Lake, Osceola, Clare, Gladwin and Arenac Counties, notice must be given in w^riting to residents adjoining one full day in advance of setting any fire for clearing land. Fire Escapes for Employees. See Employees, Fire Escapes for. Fires, Forest. Different sections of the state have occasionally suffered from forest fires. In the fall of 1871 forest fires did consider- able damage in various parts of the state. .7S ^ Ten years later, in 1881,, the state 'alsb' feuffe'red severely from the same cause and a special session oi the legislature was held in 1882, which voted :?250,000 to relieve the sufferers especially in Sanilac, Huron and Tuscola Counties. The legislature also voted $15,000 to aid in rebuilding school houses in the affected localities. Fire Insurance. ' , ' The aggregate of all fire insurance business,i in., Mik i^^afi' 'by ^authorized companies for 1900 wa$ fj^^ follo.^s:,., '^i ,"''i, ;'■'''%■■.'"";.' .;,,' .!;':' Risks "■Xosses.. ' ■ ;, .iWritten. Premiums. Incurred. Michigan Companies '„..... ,;..^, $30,636,346 $ 340,135 $ 132,41tj Companies of Other States.. 257,541,549 3,077,993 1,784,557 Foreign Companies, U. S. Branches 116,265,545 1,525,133 1.055,481 Totals $404,443,440 $4,943,263 $2,910,685 Taxes paid in Michigan: By Companies of Other States $94,837,22 By Foreign Companies, U. S. Branches v, $48j663.;93 First Wliite Visitors and Missionax'ies, It is almost literally true that wherever a stream of water flowed thC; Jesuits and French commandants followed its course* From the Lakes to New Orleans and eastward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, travelers, single and in groups, and eventually troops of soldiers, went, apparently with as little care as one now has in the journey of 100 miles in a palace coach, through a settled countr3\ It is impossible for us to realize the daring and bravery exhibited in those long and tedious trips. Jacques Cai'tier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence as early as 1534 and seven years later sought to establish a colony on the river of same name, but gave it up. Champlain is said to have visited this locality as early as 1610; that he came here in 1611 or 1612 is positively asserted in French colonial records. Notwithstanding these positive assertions, there seems to bfe no definite evidence that Champlain visited the Detroit. In the very complete translation of his works by the Prince Society, is the assertion that the location of the strait was described to him by the Indians as early as 1603; but there is nothing in his works so far as published, to verify the statements made in the New York Documents. The first known white visitor to any portion of the country embraced in Michigan was Jean Nioolet. He landed at Sault Ste. Marie in 1634 and was followed by the Jesuits, Raymbault and Jogues. in 1641, who maintained a mission for a fev/ years. Father Marquette came in 1668, re-established the mission at the "Soo," and within a year or two after missions were opened at Mackinac and St. Ignace. Pere Dablon came in 1669. Marquette died at what is now known as Ludington, on Lake Michigan, May 19, 1675, and in the spring of 1676 his remains were taken to Point St. Ignace, near Mackinac. The first white trav- eler through the Detroit was possibly the Sieur Joliet; he is be- lieved to have passed here in 1670. and was at Sault Ste. Marie in that year. In this same year the Sulpitian priests Galinee and Dollier, with three canoes and seven men, passed through the Detroit and Lake St. Clair. They left La Chine July 6, 1669, and arrived at Detroit in the spring of 1670. 79 In the fall of 1678, the Chevalier de la Salle sent 15 men up the lakes to trade with the Indians; and on July 22, 1679, M. Tonty with five men went from Niag^ira to join them. La Sa^lle, with Father Louis Hennepin, one other Franciscan monk, and 30 arti- sans, in Le Griffon, overtook those who had gone before, at or near the site of Detroit, on Aug. 10, 1679. Taking the others on board, Le Griffon proceeded on her way, visited St. Ignace, reached Washington Island safely, and on Sept. 18 started for Niagara, but was lost in the northern part of Lake Michigan. After it became evident that Le Griffon was lost. La Salle, with others of the party, crossed from St. Joseph to Detroit by land, arriving about the middle of April, 1680. Thej'- then crossed the Detroit River, on a raft and proceeded to Niagara. None of these miissions, however, were in any sense colonies or settlements, the first real settlement being made at Detroit in 1701. Monroe was settled by the French in 1784. Fisli ti,n«l Fisheries. Michigan has the most productive fresh water fisheries in the United States. All the important towns on the shores of the great lakes and their connecting straits are the centers of a fishing interest which employs steam and sail vessels of small tonnage, and has a large amount of capital invested in nets, shanties, ice-houses, boats and their outfit. The catch is prin- cipally whitefish, lake trout, sturgeon, bass, pickerel and herring. The capital invested in the commercial fisheries of the state exceeds ^1,000,000. The annual catch exceeds 35,000,000. lbs., hav- ing a wholesale value of over $1,000,000. More than 2,900 miles of nets are in use every year, and employment is furnished to about 4,500 men. It is estimated by men of intelligence that the value of our yearly catch of fish is greater than that of all taken in fresh waters in the remaining states of the union. There are nearly 1,000 streams in the lower peninsula, distrib- uted through 56 counties, all open to fishing and in which brook trout may be found in comparative abundance. ' There are five state fish stations, located as follows: At Paris, Mecosta County; Mill Creek, Kent County; Glenwood, Cass County; Sault Ste; Marie, and Detroit. Besides these there are several supplemental stations not having full equipments. At the Paris station, brook, rainbow and lake trout are hatched. At Mill Creek and at Glenwood, bass are hatched. At Sault Ste. Marie, whitefish and trout; and at Detroit, whitefish and wall- eyed pike. The hatchery at Detroit is the largest and most com- plete in the world. It contains 1,050 hatching jars, each capable of running four quarts of eggs; a total capacity of over 150,000,000 df I whitefish eggs. ■ : The total value of the property and apparatus of the State Fish Commission amounts to $46,677. 'the number and kinds of fish hatched and distributed during 3897 and 1898 were: Lake trout, 4,035,000; brook trout, 4,184,500; rain- bow trout, 144,000; landlocked salmon, 12,700; small mouth bass (fry), 3,000; small mouth bass (fingerlings), 3,150; wall-eyed pike, 73,920,000; whitefish, 120,420,000— Total, 202,722,350. ■— ; • . The kinds of fish caught in 1897 and 1898 and the nuiiiber bt pounds and their value is as follows : Fish caught. .'J;(i'- Pounds Value. Whitefish ". 4,639,014 $186,777.18 Lake trout , 6,580,454 246.121.15 80 Fish caught. Pounds. Value. Pike-perch 2,432,597 $82,982.24 Herring 12,957,646 98,510.53 Sturgeon 184,881 9,640.19 Bass 57,750 1,681.50 Saugers. :. 103,600 1,057.00 Perch . . . .=.«J .-c(.fJ.J. .moAJ. .tuiu. 2,090,8.50 25,172.92 Suckers v 2,163,300 24,428.00 Catfish •. ...'."...'... 229,650 5,806.50 Caviare 44,119 9,663.35 All other kinds 1,118,884 17,991.35 Total 32,602,745 $709,831.91 Nearly the entire state may now be regarded as brook trout territory, for it has been demonstrated that nearly all brooks and smaller watercourses are brook trout waters and may be planted with entire confidence as to results. See also "State Board of Fish Commissioners" and "Game and Fish Laws." Five Million Loan. . This state loan originated as follows: The crowds, of emi- grants that came just before and after the state was admitted, the new settlements they built up all over the state, the pressing need thus caused for more easy and rapid transit through the interior, and the rejoicing of all parties over the admission of the state to the union, caused the legislature to 4ct like one who, youthful and inexperienced, has suddenly become heir to an im- mense estate. In the month of March, 1837, was passed, not only the notorious Wildcat Banking Law, but also a law providing for borrowing on the bonds of the state the enormous amount of $5,C00,000, to be expended in internal improvements under -Otie direction of seven commissioners. The estinriated cost of the improvements undertaken reached the sum of neatly $8,000,000; these inclTjded four railroads, three canals, and the improvement of the Grand, Kalamazoo, and St. Joseph Rivers, and appropria- tions were actually made for the roads and canals, and for two of the rivers. All of the railroads and canals were to be built and operated solely by the state. The roads were named the "Southern," from Monroe to New Buffalo, the "Northern," from Port Huron to Grand Rapids, the "Central," from Detroit to St. Joseph, and the "Havre Branch," from Havre, in Monroe County, to the Ohio State line. Of the canals, the "Clinton and Kala- mazoo" was to extend from Mt. Clemens to the mouth of the Kalamazoo on Lake Michigan, the "Saginaw or Northern," from the forks of Bad River to Maple River, and the "St. Mary's" was designed to avoid the rapids in the St. Mary's River. The most of these projects were actually needed about as much afe the banks which kept them company. The railroads built by the state are elsewhere described. Upon the canals and river im- provements over $3,000,000 were expended, but no one of these pub- lic works was brought to completion. The embankments of sev- eral of these works look like Indian mounds, and xemaln to this day as relics of the dead past and departed glory. Out of the total sum of $5,000,000 worth of bonds the state, owing to the trickery and failure of those with whom they were negotiated, received only .S3, 525,565, but in order to presex-ve its credit the state has paid in full all of the bonds that have been presented. 81 Flags on Scbool Houses. See School Houses, Flags on. Flora of Micbig^an. .^ In 1881 the Michigan Horticultural Society published a list •w. 1,634 flowering trees and plants found in Michigan, with their" common and botanical names and their habitat. Floi*-er of State. See "State Flower." Forestry Commissioners. See "State Board of Forestry Commissioners.'.' Forts. 'Se0.U- S. Forts in Michigan. ' Fractional To-%vns and Sections. See "Surveys: Fractional Towns and Sections." Free Public Liibraries. See Libraries, Free Public. Frencli and Engrlisli Rule. The fish of Newfoundland, the furs of New France, and French jealousy of Spanish achievements, were all prime factors in the efforts made by F"rance to obtain possession of this new world. Added to these, there were political and religious ambi- tions that knew no limit, incarnated in men who feared nothing and would dare everything to further the interests of la belle France and the Jesuit order. They went everywhere, and every- where the "Lily and the Cross marked the route they traveled. Colonies f cllow^ed in their wake, and all deeds done in each were spread before the king, and discoursed upon by his ministers. From the time M. de Champlain visited the lakes, the French Government claimed this region as its own. All of Canada, and what is now known as the Northwest, was variously designated as New France, Louisiana, or Canada. During French rule, no less than three kings and three regents exercised authority over Detroit and its surroundings. After the death of Henry IV., on May 14, 1610, his widow, Mary de Medici, became regent, and continued as such until 1617, when Louis XIII., at the age of 16, assumed the kingship. The celebrated Cardinal Richelieu was appointed as his prime minister, and served until 1642. During his sway, on July 29, 1629, Quebec was captured by the English, and remained in their possession, with Louis Kertk as governor, until the treaty of March 29, 1632, when it was surrendered to the French. Louis XIII. died May 14, 1643, and his widow, Anne of Austria, became regent, with Cardinal Mazarin as prime minister. He continued in office until 1661. The regency of Anne of Austria ended in 1651, and Louis XIV., at the age of 14, became king. He reigned until his death, Sept. 1, 1715. The Duke of Orleans then became regent, serving Until 1723, when Louis XV.. then only 13 years old, was crowned king. During his reign, on Sept. 8. 1760, Canada was surrendered by Marquis Vaud- reull to General Jeffrey Amherst, and on Nov. 29, 1760, Detroit was given up by the French Commandant Bellestre to Major Robert Rogers. In 1763, by the Treaty of Paris, sometimes called the Treaty of Versailles, it was fully surrendered, and George 88 III. of England became the sovereign of Detroit. Four kings, therefore, have ruled this region. Frencli Faraus. See "Lands, Private Claims." Frost Bitten Convention. See State Boundary. Fruits. Lake Michigan is the cherishing mother of the fruit growers along its eastern coast. With its 3,400 cubic miles of water in one basin, it maintains a very even temperature throughout the year; and this, with the fact that about 65 per cent of our winter winds are westerly, gives the key to our peculiar success in hoi-ticulture. From at least a dozen harbors upon the lake shores large steamers laden to their gunwales with fruit and vegetables make dally trips to Chicago and Milwaukee, from which points the surplus is distributed through the northwest. Every variety of apple, pear, plum and cherry can be suc- cessfully grown upon nearly every farm, and the peach is a safe and profitable crop on all of the high rolling lands lying within 30 miles of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Grapes do well on the hillsides everywhere, and all varieties of berries yield large annual crops. "Michigan apples" are the tpye of excellence in all the states east of the Rocky Mountains. Monroe County is at the head of Lake Erie, and along its shores are the most extensive and suc- cessful vineyards in the state. Wild berries grow luxuriantly in all parts of the state, the most prolific being the blackberry, raspberry, cranberry and whortleberry. Currants and gooseberries thrive in all sections of Michigan. Within the past 10 years the interest in the growing of cran- berries has rapidly increased, and it is likely that within a short time the home-grown berries will supply the demand. The larg- est plantation is the Comings marsh in Berrien County, near St. Joseph, and another is at Whitefish Point, in Chippewa County. Closely following the strawberry in season comes the rasp- berry, red and black, and the blackberry, and of these enormous quantities are grown. In 1898 there was produced in Michigan 1,872,147 bushels of peache.s, 387,446 bushels of strawberries and 247,446 bushels of raspberries. Fruit and Vegetable Barrels, Size of See Barrels, Size of. Fruit and yegetable. Fur-Tr-ading-. For more than a century, under French, English and Amer- ican rule, the fur trade was the most important interest. Im- mense quantities of furs were received and forwarded. Over 100,000 beaver skins were shipped in a single year. In 1829 furs to the amount of $325,000 were exported and the shipments of raw furs to Europe, even now, reach a considerable value yearly. The methods of trade were much the same among all who trafficked with the Indig^ns, the slowness of the returns in some measure counterbalancing the otherwise large profits. Goods ordered in the fall would not arrive till the following summer. In the winter they would be exchanged, for furs, which generally did not reach London or Paris until nearly a year later. In this way, three years, and often 42 months, were required to complete the circuit of trade. 83 Pnrnitiire. Grand Rapids, known as the Furniture City, is doubtless the greatest furniture market in the country. Its semi-annual furni- ture fairs held for more than 15 years past, attract buyers from all over the United States and Europe, and the displays would attract attention in any part of the World. Game. Game is among our most important natural resources. Hares, rabbits and squirrels are numerous in the settled as well as in the newer counties. Michigan is peculiarly the American home of the partridge or pheasant (ruffled grouse) so highly prized by epicures, and the prairie chicken (pinnated grouse) is found within its borders. The list of feathered, game common in the state also includes the wild turkey, woodcock, snipe and plover and wild pigeon. The lakes and rivers about and in Michigan abound both in web-footed fowls and edible fishes. Wild geese and ducks of all varieties and in countless numbers feed upon their surface. Black bear and deer are also found in the north- ern counties. in the Upper Peninsula the game consists of rabbit, partridges, deer and bear. Wolves, otter, beaver, mink, muskrats and other fur-bearing animals are trapped. Speckled trout are plentiful in the streams and Lake Superior affords fishing grounds for them second to no place in the U. S. Gaiue and Fisb. liafvs. The following is a synopsis of the more important provisions of the Game and Fish L.aws of Michigan: l>eer — Open season Novenaber 8th to 30th, inclusive, in each year, except on the Island of Bois Blanc, and the counties of Lapeer, Huron, Monroe, Saniiac, Tuscola, Macomb. Allegan, Ottawa and St. Clair, where deer cannot be hunted until 1906; No person can kill more than thi*ee deer in any one year. No person can hunt deer without first procuring a hunter's license from the County Clerk. Resident license, seventy-five cents; non-resident license, $25. Use of dogs in hunting, pursuing or killing deer, and the killing of any fawn in the spotted coat or any deer in the red coat is prohibited. The use of anj' artificial light in hunting, pursuing or killing deer is unlawful. No deer or portion' of a deer can be lawfully shipped without a license tag accompanies same. Moose, elk and caribou are protected until 1911. Fox, Black and Graj^ Squirrels — Open season October 15th to November 30th, both inclusive. It is unlawful to pursue, injure, capture or kill any such squirrels at any time in any public or private park. Beaver are protected until 1906. Otter, Fisher and Marten- Open season November loth to May 1st. Wolf, Lynx and Wild Cats— Bounty of $15 on old wolf; $7 on wolf whelp under three months old; $5 on lynx; $3 on wild cats. Mink, Raccoon, Skunk and Musk-Rats— Must not be taken during the months of Sep- tember and October. Partridge, Quail, Spruce-Hen and Woodcock— Open season October 1st to November 30th, both inclusive. Prairie Chickens. Mongolian and English Pheasants, Wild Turkey and Wild Pigeon, not to be killed until 1910. Ducks, Geese and all Wild Water Fowl— Open season October 1st to November 30th, both inclusive, from one-half hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset in each day. Jack snipe, blue- Si bill, canvas-back, widgeon, pin-tail, whistler, spoon-bill, butter- ball and saw-bill ducks may be killed frona March 2d to April 10th in each year. The use of any floating device or contrivance propelled by, or using as motive power, steam, gas, naphtha, oil, gasoline or electricity, or the use of any swivel or punt gun, battery, sink boat or similar device, save only a gun of not greater size than ten caliber, such gun to be held in the hands at the time of firing, in hunting for or killing any wild water- fowl is unlawful. Antwerp or Homing Pigeon and Mourning Doves — It is un- lawful to capture or destroy by any means v/hatever any Ant- werp or homing pigeon or mourning dove at any time. No song or insectiverous bird, excepting blackbirds, English sparrows or crows, can be killed or captured at any time. • .< -. Dogs must not be practiced or trained uiiOTil wmy game bird or animal during their respective close seasons, provided that any person without firearms in his possession may practice or train dogs upon game birds for fifteen days next preceding the opening of the season in each year. Speckled Trout,' Grayling, Landlocked Salmon, California Trout, German Brown Trout— Open season May 1st to September 1st (excepting Maple River in Emmet County, which is from May 1st to August 1st) ; only to be taken with hook and line, and it is unlawful to have in possession any of these kinds of fish less than six Inches in length. It is unlawful to take from the waters of Au Sable River or any of its tributaries, any brook trout, speckled trout, rainbow trout or California trout of a less size than eight inches in length, or for any person to take from said waters more than fifty fish of the kinds abov« named in any one day, or to take with him therefrom or to have in his possession at any point away therefrom more than fifty fish of said kinds at any one time. Black Bass— May be taken with hook and line only, from May 20th to April 1st following thereafter; must not be sold during the close season. Speckled Trout. Grayling. Land-Locked Salmon, California Trout— May be killed from May 1st to Sept. 1st. Bass. Trout, Land-Locked Salmon and Grayling must not be cauRht in any way except by hook and line. Streams in which brook trout are not native, stocked with such trout, are protected by law three years after the first plant of such trout therein. It is not lawful for any person to capture in any manner In any; of the mland or public waters of the state, or* have In his possession, brook trout or grayling of a less size than six (6) inches m length. In Russell Creek or any of its tributaries flowing through sec- tions 18, 19. 20 and the S. W. quarter of section 17, in the Town- ship of Hart, Oceana County, fishing by any means whatsoever is prohibited until 1909. In Round Lake in Townships of Liberty a;nd Hanover in Jackson County, it is unlawful to catch black bass under d' inches and no fingerling lake troiit may be taken until 1904. ' ■ - In Bear Lake, Charlevoix County, and its tributaries, catch- ing small-mouthed bkss is prohibited from, Oct. ^5th to May 31st of year following. ..'■' --mi, <.>■.>■ . ■.■ In that part of Maple River flowing .through Center. Eggleston and Maple River Townships, Emmet County, speckled trout and grayling not to be taken from Aug. 1st to May 1st. 85 Ill Round Lake, Lenawee County, and Whitmore J^ake, Wash- tenaw County, fishing is prohibited during December, January, February and March; in Reed's Lake and Fisk's Lake, Kent County, prohibited during October, November, December, Jan- uary, February, March and April; in inland lakes of Alpena and PresQue Isle Counties, prohibited during January, February, March and April; in Walloon or Bear Lake. Charlevoix and Em- met Counties, for small-mouthed black bass, prohibited from April 15 to July 12; in Otsego I/ake, Otsego County, prohibited, ex- cept from May 1 to Nov. 1. In Indian and Magician Lakes, Cass County, it is unlawful to catch bass fi'om December 1st to June 1st, following. In south arm of Pine Lake, Charlevoix County, it is unlawful to catch any kind of fish within 300 feet of the mouth of any stream or within 300 feet north of the bridge connecting South Arm and East Jordan from November loth to April 15th. inclusive. In Mill Lake, Bloomingdale township, of Van Buren County, fishing is prohibited from December 1st to May 1st, until De- cember, 1904. ,. In Clam Lake, Grass and Clam Rivers, Antrim County, it is unlawful to catch any kind of fish from December 1st to April 1st of following year. Nets are prohibited in all waters of the State from October 30 to December 15. It shall be unlawful to fish with a net within a radius of one hundred feet of any fish chute or ladder. It is not lawful to use any kind of continuous nets at any time in the inland waters of the State. The sale or purchase, or shipment for the purpose of sale, of Grayling and Brook Trout is prohibited at all times. Inland Lakes. — Nothing but hook and line can be used in any inland lake. Even set lines or night lines are prohibited, and to be found on a lake with spear, jack, net. set lines, SLTti- ficial lights, explosives, etc., is prima facie evidence of guilt. Spearing Fish.— Spearing is not permitted in any of the inland waters of the State, excepting where local acts permit it. All swamp lands lying along the borders of Lakes Huron, Erie, Michigan, Superior and St. Clair, and between the shore line and the state boundary are set aside as public hunting grounds, excepting such parts of St. Clair Flats as have had, prior to Jan. Isf., IS99, at least $25 spent upon them in improve- ments. All of the lands belonging to the State in township 16 north, range 9 east, in Wild Fowl bay, in the county of Huron, in this State, commonly known as the "middle ground," lying between Kate Chay or Maison Island, in Saginaw Bay, and the main land, are set apart and dedicated for a public shooting or hunting ground. All that part of Lake Erie and marsh adjacent to the sur- veyed lands of Monroe and Wayne counties is set apart for a public hunting ground. ■'.■;;, No one may hunt on inclosed land without the permission of the owner or lessee thereof. Game Animals and Game Birds— All game animals or game birds transported under cover must be plainly marked on the outside of the package with the name of the consignor and con- signee, the initial point of billing and the destination, together with an itemized statement of the contents of such package. . Protected Game and Fish— Must not be transported tfejfORd the boundaries of this State at any time. No fishes taken from the waters of Branch or St. Joseph Counties can be transported beyond the limits of this State at any season of the year. The kinds of game mentioned above must not be sold or ex- posed for sale in the close season; and transportation compa,nies or carriersmay not carry or have in possession any game after the expiration of five days from the beginning of the close season. > i The violation of the law in any of the above points is punish- able by fine or imprisonment, or both. "Game and Fisli "Warden. See both State and County Game and Fish Warden. Garden. Beds. See Ancient Garden Beds. '< ^ * Gas, Artificial This was first supi)lied in Michigan, at Detroit, in 1851. Gas, Natural This was first piped from Ohio to Detroit in 1890, and sub- sequently from Canada, but in 1901 the supply was cut off. --'•- ^- . --Gaaetteer, The first Gazettee:^'^of the Territory was entitled "The Emi- grant's Guide, or Pocket Gazetteer of the Surveyed Part of Michigan," and was published by John Farmer at Albany, New York, in 1830. It was a small pamphlet of 32 pages, in fine type. It gave a very comprehensive view of the country, and for that time was relatively as complete as those of later days. It was sold both separately and in connection with a map of the Terri- tory and reached a circulation of many thousands. A second and revised edition was issued in 1831. In 183fi Mr. Farmer issued a new work entitled "The Emigrant's Guide, or Pocket Gazetteer of the Surveyed Part of Michigan." It contained information gathered from every postoffice and was !=old separately and in connection with a map of the State. For a number of years past R. L. Polk & Co., of Detroit, have issued biennially a very complete Gazetteer, Genesee Connty was created in 1835 and organized in 18.36. Its present limits date from 1843. It was named after a county of the same name in New York, from which many of its early settlers came. The ?c".n^*7o.?.®^V.^^ ^1^^*- Acres in county, 411,015. Population, in 1810, 4,208; 1850, 12.031; 1860, 22,607; 1870, 33,965; 1880, 39,219; i890 39,430; 1894, 40,553; 1900, 41,804. Votes cast at spring election of 1899 8,047. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,486, Bryan 3,931. GeojB;'rapliical. ">^i' ill' See Physical Geography, Geological Peculiaritfe^J '^gtitf'veys. Rivers, Lakes, Islands, Points of Land, Bays, Harbors, Pictured Rocks, Sand Dunes, Towns and Townships, Counties. Geolog-y. 1 ■^^i.®^?'^^ has a greater variety of geological formations than has Michigan. Geologists affirm with great confidence that this whole region was once like a sea of ice; that the Great Lakes 87 are, in large part, 'the result of the work of migihty glaciers and; icebergs- that once ploughed and floated over this region. These glaciers and bergs., as they wore away, deposited here and there the cobble stones and larger rocks that are found especially in the I^ower Peninsula They are thickly strewn in -ij laces where no other theory will account for their presence. Glacial action also accounts for the wearing away of the upper portions of S'tratified rocks so that the edges of different strata in many places are easily distinguished. In some cases- there are deposits of various rocks and sand or gra.'^el,- evidently SAGINAW 7. 2. 3. TUSCOLA 3. K. 8 E. OAKLAND LIVINGSTON : Hef.:-1.. Cin. Sag. & Mack. R. R. 2. Flint River. 3. Pere Marquette R. R. 4. Grand Trunk Western Ry. 5. D. G. H. & Mf\^-y'A 6. Shiawassee River. ■■■■■■ (f s Comjright 1901, by Silas Farmer. brought there by stranded and melted bergs in the long ago, and m some places the sediment so deposited has apparently been compacted and solidified by subsequent glacial action. That moving bodies of ice were succeeded by an inundation, and that this whole region was an inland sea or ocean, seems proved beyond a peradyenture. The action of the waves is shown on different strata all over the State, and both these and the lake coasts give evidence that at one time all were hidden beneath the waves. There are many evidences in both clay and gravel beds of this comparatively recent engulfuaent of tb& entire Lower Peninsxi la, and also a large part,- at^least, of the upper Peninsula partakes in large degree ol' t the ■tftin*-tal/& feat- ures of the Lower Peninsula. ;h ; :■ ^ The western part of the Upper PeninsulgL doubtless first rose aJsove the waters, and the peculiar formations, . ridges, j moun- tains and mineral deposits there found afford abnandan-t ey>i^ricG of volcanic, gaseous, or chemical action. • .■•:.-. ..- p>.mr'::' ■_ All of these theories easily account for the peculiarities of the Pictured Rocks and similar formations at St. Ignace and Mackinac Island, besides the various conditions existing . in connection with the numerous mineral deposits^ . i. Th6 chief, minerals found in the Upper Peninsula are iron, copper^ silver and gold. The principal deposits in the Lower Peninsula are limestone, sandstone, plaster, marl, salt and coal. Imbedded in the accumulations of marl and peat, remains of the elephant, mastodon and elk are found. The tW'O formed of which are now extinct from the continent, and the latter is only seen rarely in the remoter portions of the State. A frag- ment of a molar of the mastodon was found by Dr. Miles at Green Oak, in Livingston County. A perfect molar of an elf-, phant was exhumed in ditching in hhe northern part of Jackson County, Other remains occur in Macomb County.: By far the most interesting discovery was made in Plymiouth Township, Wayne County, where nearly ap entire set of teetji of a mas- todon, including a piece of one of the tusl^s sesveral ; .^leet in length Vv^ere found. I'V-i :. tjiiiji 11 .-. Geological Peculiarities. ' i 'rry^ii'. , Much of the limestone rock in Alpena County is literally ftiri of the remains of animal life, and there is one stratum ' at least of considerable thickness cropping out near the city of Alpena that is composed almost entirely of marine shells. "IThe rocks are all broken into fragments by the ancient earthquakes, so that water flows freely thi;ough them. In many places the sur^, face water drops into holes' and crevasses in the rocks, thUg forming, underground currents or streams. , This is emphatically true of the western part of Presque Isle county a:nd the noI;th- ern half of Alpena. ' I ' V. The gradual dissolving and wearing away ,bf the fallen debris has . left wells or pits of horrible depth arid prodigious -Size, of the existence of which very few people have any knowl- edge. In the northern part of Alpena county, in the township of Long Rapids, are some remarkable specimens of these giant wells. In one forty acre lot are five of these !deep pits, which are substnntial types of all the rest. One of these pits, in the southern part of Presque, Isle County, is worthy of more than passing notice. While approach- ing by the main traveled road, which leads close past the western margin, one is attracted by the sound of rushing waters long before arriving in sight of the pit. Leading, down to it, from the east, is a long, narrow rocky ravine more than a mile in length and perhaps an eighth of a mile wide, gradually deep- ening till at the western extremity it reaches a depth of at least 150 feet. This extremity is one of those giant wells such <^s have been described. • , . . The north branch of Thunder Bay river sweeps around from the northwest, and pours all its waters into this ravine. The entrance is at the upper b'r easterly end, and the river comes rus^hing and foaming down the rugged, rocky channel, forming a great eddying whirlpool 250 feet across. It sweeps round and round and is all swallowed up in this bottom- less pit. During the freshets of the spring and autumn this ravine generally fills up with w^ater, making a lake more than a mile in length and 150 feet in depth. The river then flows on over its hitherto dry bed beyond, not only undiminished in volume, but, on the contrary, largely augmented by great volumes of water boiling up from the same subterranean caverns that had formerly' swallowed it. All logs, drift- wood and debris which have accumulated at the head are now swept by the force of the current out at the foot. This wonder- ful curiosity is popularly known as "Sunken Lake." The number of these giant wells in the region of Alpena county reaches close to three hundred. Most of them are very large and deep, with perpendicular limestone walls, and. of course, cannot be explored without the aid of a pulley and line. Some are churn shaped, increasing in size downward, and it is more than probable that careful exploration would reveal very interesting subterranean passage-ways. Indeed, the finding of large caves in rocks so full of fissures, capable of swallowing up^ a large river, together with hundreds of creeks and smaller streams, could scarcely be a matter of surprise. Most of these pits seem to belong to a series which lie in a general line extending from Misery Bay, five miles east of Alpena, to town 34-1, perhaps sixty miles northwest. They un- doubtedly approximately indicate the course of the subter- ranean river. Misery Bay, where this subterranean river empties, is really a small, shallow, inland lake of about 200 acres area, connected with Lake Huron by a narrow entrance, sometimes too shallow for even a fish boat to enter. Its rocks have pitched downward toward the water, leaving a rugged rim and a deep rift in the rocks, half a mile long" and ten to twenty feet deep. The geologist who will squeeze his way along this narrow rift will find between the strata a rich harvest of very perfect Devonian fossils. In fact, the whole State of Michigan does not afford another field that can compare with the Thunder Bay region in the extent, variety and perfection of its fossil remains. In the bottom of this little bay are three of these giant wells, one of them larger and deeper than any heretofore noted. This is the one which constitutes the mouth of the underground river. In summer, the water boiling up from this immense pit is cold as spring water, while in the coldest winters ice never forms on the sxirface, but a broad open river leads out through the narrow channel into the open lake. Even when the thermom- eter is far below zero and the ice outside along the shore is from two to three feet thick, flocks of wild ducks find this secluded spot an inviting place to spend the entire winter. A strange peculiarity of this subterranean river is its intermittent flow. Every twenty minutes an immense volume of water pours out from down below, filling the little bay to a height of eight inches above the ordinary level, thus causing the water to rush out through the narrow opening into Lake Huron, and then for twenty minutes it rests again and the tide goes down, and thus the rising and the falling of the tide goes on, as if from the mighty pulsations of some great heart down in the bosom of the earth. Geoloerieal Survey. See State Board of Geological Survey. 90 Germnn E^vangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary. This is located at Saginaw. There were 23 students in 1899 and the property was valued at $12,000. Gladwin County- was created in 1831 and organized in 1875. It was named after Major Henry Gladwin, commander of Detroit at the time of the Pontiac Conspiracy in 1763. The county seat is Gladwin Acre ^/ j i ) \jy jr- J r „!-r ■;..!■/ Harbors. r Th^ire are' a fiximber of good natural harbors on the lakes and the government has provided others, which are shown o-n the charts provided for all navigators. The most notable governr ■ ment harbors are those at Grand Marias, Alger countj', and Har- bor Breach, Huron county. See Bays. Harbor Improvenients. See "U. S. Engineer's Office." HaTFlcers and Peddlers. No person shall be. authorized to travel from place to plaoe^ within this state, for the purpose of carrying to sell, or exposing for sale, any goods, wares, or merchandise, by sample lists or catalogues, unless he shall have obtained a license as a hawker and peddler in the. manner hereinafter directed. Every person desirous to obtain a license as a hawker or peddler, shall- apply to the treasurer of this state, and shall de- liver to him sL note ih writing, signed by such applicant, stating in what manlier he intends to travel and trade, whether on foot, or with one ot more horses or-oth^r beasts of burden, or with any sort of carriage. -- ' • ' '■■ Every such applicant before he shalt be entitled to a license shall pay into the state treasury the following duties: If he intend to travel on foot, the sum of $15; if he intend to travel and carry his goods with a single horse or other beast carrying or drawing a burden, the sum of $40; if he intend to travel with any vehicle dtawn by more than ohe horse or other animal, the sum of $75; if he intend to travel by railroad, steamboat or other pub- lic conveyance, the sum of $100; if he intend to travel in any man- ner for the purpose of taking, orders for goods, wares or. merchan- dise, by exhibiting samples, lists, catalogues or otherwise, the sum of $50.- , ■ ' t' Nothing stated above shall be construed to preveht aiKy manu- facturer, farmer, mechanic or nurseryman from selling his work or production, by sample or otherwise, without license, nor shall any wholesale merchant be prevented from selling to dealers by sample without license, but ho merchant shall bie allowed to peddle, or to employ others to peddle goods not hi^ own manu- facture, without the license pfovided by law.- Yearly licenses run from May to May and licenses may be granted for parts of a year for a suitable proportion of the yearly fee. Healtb. Legislative enactments provide for the establishment of local boards of health in all townships, cities and villages in Michigan. Each of these local boards is required by law to appoint a health officer, who shall be an executive officer of that board. See "State Board of Health." \' ',' ,' ' ." Health 'Hesrorts. Almost all of Michigan is a natural sanitarium. l*ine forestSi.," balsamic odors and cool breezes prevail over a large portion of the State, and waters of crystal clearness from mineral springs of great variety pour forth in a multitude of places. In addition to scores of so-called "summer resorts," there are many places, such as Petoskey and Marquette, and' points between, which are especially conrimended to those affected with hay-fever. 96 And in addition to all other resorts the state has a number of particularly successful Sanitariums and Health Resorts. Of these we name a few in the following- list, wfth facta about the institutions there located: ALMA.— The Alma Sanitarium at Alma has won a national rep- utation through the cures it has brought about. It is fav- orably located where the air is free from all miasma, and the surrounding's, both natural and artificial, are exception- ally healthfu] and pleasant. Pine River, on which Alma is located, affords excellent opportunities for fishing and hunt- ing in sum.mer and fall, and for skating and ice-boating in winter. The main building of brick and stonef is as com- plete as unlimited means and the best of skill could devise and execute. The heating and ventilation are perfect. Every room is lig^ht and the sun parlor for use throughout the year Is both unique and beneficial. All the appliances of a first-class hotel and scientific sanitarium are provided, and it has every facility for treating all forms of medical and surgical cases, with apparatus for all the "movement" cures and for thermal, mineral and electric baths of every sort. In the way of mineral waters, it is exceptionally well pro- vided. Its "Alma Bromo" well, having a depth of 2,863 feet, supplies the strongest bromide water known in the world. This water is especially beneficial in the relief of rheumatism, skin, kidney and nervous diseases, catarrhal and stomach troubles. The Park Mineral Spring furnishes a sparkling-, palatable water, used beneficially in dyspepsia and stomach troubles, and as a natural irori tonic. The analysis 'Of "Alma Bromo" water is as follows; Potassium Chloride 125.5798 grains Sodium Chloride S963.8725 Lithium Chloride traces Ammonium Chloride : 41.9133 Calcium Chloride 6514.2006 Magnesium Chloride 2465.4775 Ferrous Chloride 22.4089 " Sodium Bromide 84.9091 Sodium Iodide ^ traces Potassium Sulphate 15.8466 " Sodium Phosphate traces Alumina 5.0325 Silica 1.4883 Total 18,240.7291 ~ Analysis of Park Mineral Water is as follows: Total Solids 22.1140 grains per gallon Calcium Carbonate .... 11.0161 " " " Magnesium Carbonate , 2.3996 " «« .. Ferric Carbonate 6.1716 " " .<■!., Magnesium Sulphate 1.1453 " " " ^ Silica 9725 Sodium Chloride 4089 *' " Carbon Dioxide (gas) 1.5675 " " BATTLE' CREEK.— The Battle Creek Sanitarium, at Battle Creek, owned by the Seventh Day Adventist Association, in its extent and number of patients is second, to no institu- tion of its kind in the State. The main building has a frontage of 373 feet. Six hundred patients can be accom- modated, and there is every convenience and appliance known 97 to medical skill, with a staff both numerous and capable. T^^ke Goguac distant a short ride by electric car. affords , many varieties of recreation. The Phelps Medical and Surgical Sanitarium, also at Battle Creek, opened in October, IMO, is one of the most costly and best equipped health institutes in the world. It was erected at a cost of a quarter of a million and has acc.mmodations for 250 patients. It is built of undressed field boulders, and its size and beauty are such that the exterior would atti-act attention in any locality-. The in- terior is rich and ornate 'n the highest degree. Every known medical appliance and the best of skill are at the service ot the institution's patrons. BENTON HARBOR.— One mile south of this city and reached by electric cars are the Eastman Mineral Springs, ?0 in number. Four or more hotels at Benton Harbor furnish accommodations to those desiring to use the waters. Fol- lowing are the analyses of four of the springs in grains per gallon of 2;^! cubic inches: "King David" — Chloride of sodium. .119; bicarbonate of sodium, .676; sulphate of potas- sium, .145: bicarbonate of calcium, 8.124; bicarbonate of mag- nesium, 8. .^32; bicarbonate of iron, 1,298; phosphate of man- ganese, traces; alumina, .117; silica, .583; total, 14.594. Carbonic acid gas, 36.38 cubic inches per gallon. "Silver Queen"— Chloride of sodium, .096; bicarbonate of sodium, 1.364; bi- ^. carbonate of potassium, 1.074; sulphate of potassium-traces; I^. bicarbonate of calcium. 6.800; bicarbonate of magnesium, 3.235: silica, .117; total, 12.676. Carbonic acid gas, 35.46 cubic inches per gallon. "Saul" — Chloride of Sodium, .095; sulphate of sodium, .110; bicarbonate of sodium, 1.021; sulphate of potassium, .083; bicarbonate of calcium, 7.797; bicarbonate of magnesium, 6.144; bicarbonate of iron, 1.049; silica, .350; total, 16.649. Carbonic acid gas, 37.21 cubic inches per gallon. "Colonel's Own" — Chloride of sodium, .119; bicarbonate of sodium, .835; bicarbonate of potassium, 1.559; sulphate of potassium-traces; bicarbonate of calcium, 8.875; bicarbonate of magnesium, 6.296; iron and alumina, .234; silica, .117; total, 18.035 Carbonic acid gas, 38.96 cubic inches per gallon. The Excelsior Mineral Eath House at Benton Harbor is bu't a few minutes' walk from both docks and depots. It has a capacity for giving 300 baths daily and is open the year round. The baths are adapted for the treatment df rheuma- tism, neuralgia, gout, blood, skin and nervous diseases; ca- tarrhal troubles, morphine and opium habits. FLINT — Oak Grove Hospital here located is a private ins'titu- tion for the treatment of mental and neiwous diseases, and is elegantly furnished and completely equipped. It has Turkish and Russian baths, modern electro-therapeutic ap- pliances, a, fine g-ymnasium and the. essentials for enjoying all indoor and outdoor games. Oak Grove mineral water comes from a flowing well 265 feet deep. As seen from the following analysis (in grains per U. S. gallon), it is essen- tially "alkaline": Sodium- chloride, 98.363; potassium chloride, , 2.973; magnesium chloride, 1.253; calcium bicarbonate, 14.053; calcium sulphate, 13.703; magnesium bicarbonate, 12.945; alumina and iron oxides, .583; silica, trace; lithia bicar- bonate, trace. > ;i !'.-,'. j . HUDSON.— There is here located the "Zauber Wasser Health Resort," an institution provided "^ith mineral baths, etc. 98: MIDLAND.— The Midland Mineral Springs ;&anitarium has ex- cellent waters ;said to be especially Ipeneficial for, diseases of the 'iiver, constipation, paralysis of stomaohi dropsical and glandular affections, , hysteria, St. Vitus' dance, etc. Baths in this water are unsurpassed for the treatpaent of rheumatic and paralytic difficulties and all nervous derange- ..-.ments. Following is an analysis of the water: ^ Various solids in i Weight Properties of each. : . . .Solution. per gal. - , Sulphate of Lime 4.46 Stimulant, Restoratiyl^. „.'.,,,' Sulphate of Potassa.... 32.19, Aperient, Cathartic. .Tjo ,,'; Sulphate of Soda........ 2^.07 ' Cathar, Diuretic, Aper't,^. '^ Phosphate Alumina 1.73 Astringent. Cathartic,. :Bnii6tic. Chloride Calcium... 6.22 Tonic, Deobstruent. ' , Chloride Magnesia...... 2.19 Cholagogue, Purgative. Chloride Sodium. ....... 32.70 Large Doses— Emetic. Cajt.har. ; ,.^;f...qvb Small— Tonic. Altepatjive; 4-n- Silica' j^i-i'vy. .y v..!,. 2.96 thelmintic. ....... Organ^f ,^^t;terj., , _. . . . ^ . . . .^ | 2. 47 . ' " Loss ..j.,^. .;,...•..,, .j. . ,...j.i.g.fjj. 3. 21 Total weight per gal.. 110. 20 -,.. r ■•-■-' 'i\lii MT. CLEMENS.— Is known all over the cduiatry as' tile "'BktK City," and it might also oe called the. "Hotel City," for it has more and better hotels in proportion to its population .. than any other city in the State. It is on the Clinton River and is reached via Grand Trunk R. R. or Rapid Railway from Detroit in about one liour. The waters have' a medic- inal virtue almost magical, and several thousand seekerp, . for health patronize the luxurious hotels and bath houses .'the year round. Not far from Mt. Clemens and reache'd by ' electric car is Lake St. Clair, where excellent fishing, and dtick shooting may be enjoyed in season. TIhe baths^ .are especially efticacious for the .cure of rheilmati^tti and Wood diseases. ■ .'./.: ;'^ ST. CLAIR SPRINGS.— These are just south of ' ,the city of St. Clair on the St. Clair River. The Oakland Hotel is very large and comfortable, and during the summer seaJ-'on many come there to enjoy loutdoor exercise and receive the benefits of Salutaris mineral water, which is furnished to guests gratis. Mineral baths especially efficacious for rheumatisip can. be obtained. The shipping, which passes direbtly before the hotel, affords a continuous moving panorama. The follow- ing is an analysis of Salutaris water in grains per gallon of 231 cubic inches: Chlorido of sodium, 81.3344; chloride of potassium, 1.6979; sulphate of potassa, traces; bicarbonate of . soda, 4.8754; bicarbonate of lime, 5.1337; bicarbonate of mag- nesia, 3.8814; bicarbonate of Ammonia, traces; silica, .5715; organic matter, traces; total, 97.4913. Carbonic acid gas, 465.325. ; i ST. LOUIS;— This city of 3,000 inhabitants, in the northern part of Gratiot County, is 730 feet above tide-water. Its climate is remarkably salubrious and exempt from malaria. The Park Hotel and Sanitarium, located on the banks of Pine River, is provided with all the facilities for health and com- fort. The following is an analysis of the water used in the baths: Sulphate of lime, 66.5; silicate of lim^e* 6.72; chloride of lime, trace; bicarbonate soda, 106.4; bicarbonate lime, 69.4; bi-carbonate magnesia, 17.5; bicarbonate iron, 1.2; free silica, 2.88; organic matter and loss, 2.00; total, 272.6. Free carbonic acid in gallon, 6.21. LoFG. ' 99 SOMERVILLE SPRINGS.— These are just north of the city of St. Clair on St. Clair River. An excellent hotel, boating, bathing and ever-changing river scenes are the a.ttractions. The following is an analysis of the water in graiiis: Chloride of sodium, 8988.94; chloride calcium, 2803.78; chloride mag- nesium, 242.9; chloride potassium, 1680; sulphate calcium, 87.78: Hy. sulphate sodium, 11.9; iron oxide, 30.1; magnesium bromide, 68.6; silicic acid, 119; total, 14,028. SPRING LAKE.— This resort has been noted for Its mineral springs for many years past. It has an attractive location on Spring I^ake, Ottawa County, and the water has long been known to be very efficacious in the treatment of rheumatism and its complications; rheumatic gout, dyspep- sia and hepatic irregularities; atonic weakness of the di- gestive apparatus; chronic constipation, especially if attended with defective alvine secretion. In affections of the kidneys and bladder, caused by gravel and phosphatic deposits, this water with its powerful solvent properties acts with won- derful effect. Eczema in all its stages and all erruptive affections of the skin yield 'to its curative ingredients. Pol- lowing is the analj-sis in grains per gallon: Chloride of potassium, 4.288: chloride of sodium, 405.533; chloride of cal- cium, 113.42; chloride of magnesium, 36.2; bicarbonate of sodium, .0537; bicarbonate of calcium-, .1808; bicarbonate of iron. 1.006; bicarbonate of magnesium, .C'64; bicarbonate of manganese, .0647; bromide of magnesium, 2.17; sulphate of sodium, 46.7: silica, .503; alumina and lithia, traces; total fixed residue, 629.36S4. YPSILANTI.— The Ypsilanti Sanitarium offers every advantage "to persons who need rest and special treatment. It is easily reached from Detroit by M. C. R. R. or D., Y. & A. A. Electric Ry. Tlie town is traversed by the picturesque Huron river and there are many pleasant drives in the vicinity. It is at all times lively for the State Normal School is here loca>ted, and Ann Arbor, the "University Town," is distant only a 15-minute ride by electric car. A mineral ■A' ell furnishes water especially efficacious in the cure of urinary and Iddney diseases. Analysis in grains per im- perial gallon is as follov/s: Carbonate of lime, 20.23; sulphate of 'lime, 2.73; carbonate of magnesia, 7.00; carbonate of iron, 1.5: soluble silica, 1.00; alkaline chlorides, 2.45; lithium and nitrates, traces; total, 34.91. HigliTvays. See Township Commissioner of Highways; Township Over- seer of Highways; Roads; also State Board of Control of Swamp Land Roads. Hillsdale Collegre. This College, located at Hillsdale, belongs to the Free Will Baptist Church and was organized in October, 1855. The property is valued at $320,000. In 1899 it had 365 students and has graduated 950 since its founding. Hillsdale County Was created in 1829 and organized in 1835. It was so named be- cause of the rolling character of the land, it being "hill" and "dale." The county seat was originally at Jonesville, but is now at Hillsdale. Acres in county, 384,950. Population in 1840, 7,240; 1850, 16,159; 1860, 26,301; 1870, 31,691; 1880, 32,726; 1880, 30,660; 1894, 30,272; 100 1900, 29,865. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 6,697. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 4,787, Bryan 3,328. Historical. See in the order named Aboriginal Inhabitants, Ancient Gar- den Beds, First White Visitors and Missionaries, French and English Rule; Territories, Northwest and Indiana; Territory of Michigan, Rule of Governor and Judges, Wars. Calhoun! JACKSON 7. 2. Jaw] iQSCOi Jero'ii •^;.'f.. Bteam buj'g' WXmXj pijw Befese Lib iiseo' 4t,l- Hanierset !&On^ertsel Stafford ' SD Ohbrqh - ^v^' Locxjst 'Ji I ^Say^fc a jw$» ert ^ :__ g^ gjboy Walbrojn 'I. R* t W. ■: OHIO ■ " ^ ^■ Ref.:—1. L S. & M. S. Ry. 2. Cincinnati 2 \ Nthn. R. R. 3. St Joseph's River. 4. St. Joseph River. Copyright 1.901, bg Sifas Farmer^ Holidays, Licsal. ^ The following days are legal holidays: New Year's, Washing- ton s Birthday, Feb. 22nd; Decoration Day, May 30th; Juiv 4th- I.abor Day, first Monday in September; Thanksgiving Day. last Thursday in November; and Christmas. In case any of the holidays fall on Sunday then the Monday following is the legal holiday. Holland Theological School. This theological school, belonging to the Holland Christian iono^^^"^n^r.^^"^^^ °^ America, is located at Grand Rapids and in 1899 had 51 students. 101 KEWEENAW Allouez^/. ^ K.'^ilS'SiS.'} J ,\xr.^r(i^k)^SQAC\j met or"] ri)! Red Jsicke^ *^ ri— • : 0„ vOvi'^ Srhool- I f LAKE — -;: K. :i7 vv. IRON 102 Homesteads, Exemption of, from Forced Sale. A constitutional provision says: "A homestead, consisting of any quantity of land not exceeding forty acres, and the dwelling house thereon and its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any recorded town plat or city or village, or instead thereof at the option of owner, a quantity of land not exceeding in amount one lot, being within a recorded town plat or city or village, and the dwelling house thereon, and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of this state, not exceeding !til.500 in value, shall not be subject to forced sale on execution, or any other final process from a court, for any debt or debts growing out of or founded upon contract, either ex- press or implied, made after the third day of July, A. D. 1848. This section shall be deemed and construed to exempt such home- stead in the manner aforesaid during the time it shall be occu- pied by the widow or minor child or children of any deceased person who was, when living, entitled to the benefits of this Act. Such exemption does not extend to any mortgage thereon, law- fully obtained, but such mortgage or other alienation of such land by the. owner thereof , if a married man, shall not be valid without the signature of the wife to the same. "The homestead of a family after the death of the owner thereof shall be exempt from the payment of his debts contracted after the adoption of this constitution, in all cases during the minority of his children. * * * "if the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow, but no children, the same shall be exempt, and the rents and profit thereof sjiall accrue to her benefit during the time of her widow- hood, unless she be the ow^ner of a homestead in her own right." Homestead Lands. See Lands, Tax, Homestead; Land Office, State; Lands U. S. Homeste^d- i Hope College, At Holland belongs to Diitch Reformed Church, was organ- ized in- 1866. Statistics for college year '97-'98: 13 instructors, 256 students, 18 graduates. Has library of 15,000 volumes. Value of grounds and buildings, $85,000. Horse-shoeing. See State Board to Regulate Horse-Shoeing. Houghton County Was created in 1845 and organized in 1848. Its present limits date from 1S85. It was named after Dr. Douglas Houghton, the first state geologist. The county seat is Houghton. Acres in county, 646,470. Population in 1850, 798; 1860, 9,253; 1870, 13,8^1; 1880, 22,473; 1890, 35,389; 1894, 44,175; 1900, 66,063. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 4,878. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 8,032, Bryan 2,424. -i Hull's Surrender. See War of 1812. Huron County Was created in 1840 and organized in 1859. It was named after an old Indian tribe who frequented the region. They were also known as Wyandottes, taut were called Hurons by the French because of their, fierce aspect resulting from their mode of dressing their hair, thus "Huron" was derived from the French 103 '^■''fS/)b'::ji& CO 5" . ; -I.,.,*!? rri - ^ * .< Ol ft: X. 104 "hures," meaning- "heads." The county seat was originally at Sand Beach, then at Port Austin, and is now at Bad Axe. Acres in county, 535,958. Population in 1850, 207; 1860, 3,167; 1870, 9,049; 1880, 20,089; 1890, 28,545; 1894, 32,256; 1900, 34,162. Votes oast at spring election of 1899, 4,405. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,669, Bryan 2,134. -^ ' • See Health, Health Resorts, Poisons, Water, Contagious Diseases; State Boards of Health, Registration in Medicine. Pharmacy, Examiners in Dentistry; State Dairy and Food Com- mission, and Township Board of Health. Imiuig^rants, Early. Of the means that fostered immigration, none were more potent than the maps and gazetteers issued by John Farmer; the first appeared in 1825, and many thousands of copies of his maps (especially in 1830) were sold in the Eastern States, and as they furnished all the information obtainable, and in the most accurate manner possible, they were greatly influential in promoting emigration. Fifteen thousand immigrants arrived in 1830, and in 1831, 1834, and 1886 particularly the steamboats were crowded with pas- sengers for Michigan and the West. A paper of May 19, 1831, said: "To say nothing of those v/ho have arrived by land, and through Lake Erie by sail vessel, the following steamboats ar- rived at Detroit within the last week. The Enterprise, with 250 passengers; the Wm. Penn, 150; the Ohio, 350; the Henry Clay, 480; the Superior, 550; the Sheldon Thompson, 200; and the Niagara, 200, amounting to more than 2,000, and nearly all in the prime of life; mostly heads of families who have come for the purpose of purchasing land and settling in Michigan." Such was the tide of immigration during the entire season of navigation that both steam and sail vessels were crowded to their utmost capacity. On October 7, 1834, four steamboats brought nearly 900 passengers. In January, 1836, three steam- boats—two first class and one second class— arrived each day, with an average of 260 passengers each way. On May 23, 1836, 700 passengers arrived, and during the month there were ninety steamboat arrivals at Detroit, which was then the only Mich- igan port, each boat loaded with passengers. The roads to the interior were literally thronged with wagons. In 1837 the im- migration was fully as large; there was an average of three steamboats a day, Ayith from 200 to 300 passengers each, and on one occasion in the month of May, 2,400 passengers landed In a single d?ty. The larger part of these immigrants were from New York, and the rest mostly from New England. It is probable that, in proportion to its population, the State of Michigan has a larger percentage of New York and New England people tUaTr«M)er W /?osfon 1 Berltn ^^^3^_ ^ ^J*ORTLAN 6 ! ©Ics^ivQ^^- 4. ^ ^laiiksVilTe Campbell -v t j^ |;iAK B QDej SSA^ Jl. 8 W ' BARRY i EATOJPf Ref.:—1 Pere Marquette R, ff, 2. Maple River. 3. D. G. H. & M. Rn- 4. Loohingglass River. 5. Grand River. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Inheritance Tax. Under law of 1S99 any real or personal property of the value of $5'J0 or over, given by will or passing by law to any person not belonging to the immediate family of the deceased, or given to any corporation, is required to be af;.;Eub lie Instruction. '.' • - - R. 5 E ioSCODA ?AU' SABLE 'O ! H 2. 3. ARENAO Ref.:—1. Au Sable & N. \N, R. R. 2i//iet AMaoii. Ry.> S. Au Gres Rivet. Copy rig fit 1901, by Silas Farmer. Insurance. See State Commissioner of Insurance; also State Insurance Policy Comrhission, Fire Insurance and Life Insurance. Interest, licsal Rate of The legal rate of interest since May, 1899, in this State is 5 per cent; prior to that time it was 6 per cent. Intex-nal Revenue. See U. S. Internal Revenue Collectors. 109 Ionia County Was created in 1831 arid organized in 1837. It was nani-ed from the Greek province, which also gave its name to the Ionic order of architecture. The county seat is at Ionia. Acres in county, 366,526. Population in 1S40, 1.923; 1850, 7,597; 1860, 16,665; 1870, 27,676; 1880, 33,872; 1890. 32,801; 1894, 31.820; 1900. 34,329. Votes cast a,t spring election of 1899, 7.436. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 5,101, Bryan 4,058. Iosco Connty Was created under the name of Kanotin in 1840, but the name was changed to Iosco in 1843. The original name was only a pretended Indian name and was without meaning. The present name literally means "water of light." Iosco is the title of an Ottawa Indian legend written by H. R. Schoolcraft, a noted writer on Indian matters, the full title being "Iosco, or a Visit to the Sun and Moon." The county was organized in 1857. The countv seat. Tawas City, was formerly called Ottav/a City. Acres in countv, 353,750. Population in 1860, 175; 1870, 3,175; 1880. 6,873: 1S90. 15,224; 1894, 12.340: 1900. 10,246. Votes cast at spring election of 1899. 1,374. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,402, Bryan 680. '■ Iron Connty Was created and organized in 1885. It was so named because of the extensive deposits of iron ore contained in the county. The county seat was at first at Iron River, but is now at Crystal Falls. Acres in county, 759.903. Population in 1890, 4,432; 1894, 5,293; 1900, 8,990. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,069. Pr^- idential vote in 1900. McKinley 1,559, Bryan 259. r- t J '^ nq Michigan produces more iron ore than any other stat^. fft 1898 the total tonnage A'as one-third of the total product of the world. The nrst discovery of iron in Michigan was on the morn- ing of Sept. 19th, 1844. The compassman of a party surveying in Town 47, N. R. 26 W., Marquette County, noticed great fluctua- tions of the magnetic needle and finally found his needle pointing nearly south instead of north, and called the attention of the party to the wonderful variation. Mr. Burt, of the party, then requested the men to look about them and they quickly found specimens of iron ore, these being principallj' near outcrops. This was probably the first discovery of iron ore by white men in Michigan, and was later developed as the Jackson mine. The five ranges of the Lake Superior iron district, lying to the east, the south and the west of the copper country, are the \i sources of the largest, richest and purest supply of iron ore in the world. The growth of the mining of iron ore has practically all been since 3850. Michigan then ranked among the states as the eighteenth in amount of ore produced, but for nearly twenty years she has ranked first. The largest iron mine in the world is at Ironwoiod,' ^Gogebic Counti". The value of the marketed tonnage of iron ore for 1898 was $16,835,000, and the total tonnage mined was 7,380,319. If all the iron ore produced for the year 1898 in the State of Michigan was cast into a steel rail weighing 50 pounds to the foot, that rail would encircle the globe one and one-half times. See Pig Iron. 110 IfltABQUETTE | ONTO- Inagon GOGEBIC 111 Isabella. County Was created in 1831 and organized in 1859. It was named after Queen Isabella of Spain, who fitted out the fleet of Columtous. The county seat was originally at Isabella Centre, but is now at Mt. Pleasant. Acres in county, 368,741. Population In 1860, 1,445; 1870, 4,113; 1880, 12,159; 1890, 18,784; 1894, 21,439; 1900. 22,784. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 4,178. Presidential vote in 1900. McKinley 2,970, Bryan 1,997. CLARE R. 6 W. 1.2. m I Summerto:n / MONTCALM j GRATIOT Ref.:—1. Ann Arbor R, R. 2. Pere Marquette R. R. 3. Chippewa River. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Islands. The largest island falling within the boundaries of Michigan is Isle Royale. The larger of the numerous other islands with the counties to which they are attached are as follows: Beaver— Charlevoix County. Belle Isle— Wayne County. Bellows — I^eelanau County. Bois Blanc— Mackinac County. Charity Islands— Huron County. Crooked — Alpena County. Drummond— Chippewa County. Dickinson's — Macomb County. Garden— Charlevoix County. Goose— Mackinac County. Grand— Alger County. Granite— Marquette County. 112 Great or North Manitou— Leelanau County. Grosse He— Wayne County. Gross St. Martin— Mackinac County. Gull— Delta County. Gull— Charlevoix County, Gravelly— Delta County. Harsen's — Macomb County. Hat — Charlevoix County. High— Charlevoix County. Hog— Charlevoix County. Huron — Marquette County. Isle aux Galets— Emmet County. Isle Royale — Keweenaw County. Katechay or Maison — Huron County. Les Cheneaux — Mackinac County. Little or South Manitou— Leelanau County. Little Summer— Delta County. Mackinac — Mackinac County. Manitou — Keweenaw County. Marion — Leelanau County. Marquette — Mackinac County. Middle— Alpena County. Middle— Marquette County. Nebish — Chippewa County. North Fox — Leelanau County. Poverty— Delta County. Round— Mackinac County, Sailor's Encampment — Same as Nebish. Skilligalee — Same as Isle aux Galets. South Fox— Leelanau County. Squaw— Charlevoix County. Stannard's Rock— Marquette County. St. Helena — Mackinac County. St. Martin— Mackinac County. St. Martin's— Delta County. Stony— Huron County. Sugar— Chippewa County. Sulphur— Alpena County. Summer— Delta County. The Snows — Same as Les Cheneaux. Thunder Bay— Alpena County. Train— Alger County. Traverse— Houghton County. Trout— Charlevoix County. Waugoshance— Emmet County. "Whiskey — Charlevoix County. Wood— Schoolcraft County. Isle Royale. This island is 45 miles long, contains 132,913 acres, and is much the largest island included in the State of Michigan. It is located in the northwest portion of Lake Superior and described by one of the earliest travelers as containing copper and as a matter of fact abundant evidences of mining by a prehistoric race have been found upon it. It is said that when the commissioners were locating the national boundary on Lake Superior after the close of the Revo- lution, Benjamin Franklin, one of them, having read the early accounts of the presence of copper on the island, drew the line so as to include this island within the United States. At one time the island was constituted a county by Itself, but it is now attached to Keweenaw County. 113 Jack Pine Plains. These are extensive tracts of light, sandy soil in the northern central part of the lower peninsula, bearing a light forest growth of dwarf pines and scarlet oak, with a few trees of Norway pine. Jackson County Was created in 1829 and organized in 1832. It was named after Andrew Jackson, President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. The county seat is Jackson. Acres in county, 455,886. Popu- lation in 1810, 13,130; 1850, 19,433; 1860, 26,664; 1870, 36,042; 1880, 34,342; 1890, 39,273; 1894, 42,056; 1900, 48,222. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 11,011. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,329, Bryan 6,211. EATON liENAWEE 4. 5. HILLSDALE Ref.:—1. Grand Riuer. 2. M.O.R.R. 3. Grand Trunk 'R a. 4. L S. & M. S. Ry. 5. Cirwinnati Northern R. R^. Q, Kala- mazoo Riuer. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Jesnit Missionaries. See First White Visitors and Missionaries. Jndsre of Probate. See County Judge of Probate. Jndg'e of U. S.Oircnit Conrt. See U. S. Circuit Court. Jndgre oE U. S. District Court. See U. S. District Court. 114 Judicial Circuits. These are as follows: First— Lenawee and Hillsdale Counties. Second— Berrien County. Third — Wayne County. Fourth— Jackson County. Fifth— Barry and Eaton Counties. Sixth— Lapeer and Oakland Counties. Seventh— Genesee County. Eigrhth — Ionia and Montcalm Counties. Ninth — Kalamazoo County. Tenth— Saginaw County. Eleventh — Chippewa, Schoolcraft, Luce and Alger Counties. Twelfth — Baraga, Houghton and Keweenaw Counties. Thirteenth— Antrim, Charlevoix, Grand Traverse and Lee- lanau Counties. Fourteenth— Muskegon and Oceana Counties. Fifteenth — Branch and St, Joseph Counties. Sixteenth— Macomb County. Seventeenth — Kent County. Eighteenth — Bay County. Nineteenth— Lake, Manistee, Mason, Osceola Counties. Twentieth— Allegan and Ottawa Counties. Twenty-first— Clare, Isabella and Midland Counties. Twenty-second — ^Washtenaw County. Twenty-third- Alcona, Iosco and Oscoda Counties. Twenty-fourth— Huron, Sanilac and Tuscola Counties. Twenty-fifth— Marquette, Delta, Menominee, Iron and Dick- inson Counties. Twenty-sixth— Alpena, Presque Isle and Montmorency Coun- ties. Twenty-seventh — Mecosta and Newaygo Counties. Twenty-eighth — Kalkaska, Missaukee, Wexford and Benzie Counties. Twenty-ninth — Gratiot and Clinton Counties. Thirtieth — Ingham County. Thirty-first- St. Clair County. Thirty-second— Gogebic County. Thirty-third— Ma,ckinac, Emmet and Cheboygan Counties. Thirty-fourth- Arenac, Crawford, Gladwin, Ogemaw, Ros- common and Otsego Counties. Thirty-fifth — Shiawassee and Livingston Counties. Thirty-sixth — Cass and "Van Buren Counties. Thirty-seventh — Calhoun County. Thirty-eighth — Monroe County. Jury CoiuiULissioners. See County Board of Jury Commissioners. Justices. See Township Justices. Kalamazoo College. This is under the care of the Baptist Church. It originated in 1833 and was incorporated in 1855. It has a general endow- ment of $191,563, a special endowment of $5,020, and annuity funds amounting to $22,850. The real estate is valued at $60,000. In 1899 it had 154 students and has graduated since founding 259. 115 K.a.la,iu.a,zoo County Was created in 1829 and organized in 1830. The name was derived from a Pottowatamie Indian word meanmg the boilmg pot, which described the appearance of the Kalamazoo River at that point in its course. The county seat was at first located at T5rnn t King Strangr. The above title was applied for nearly ten years to James J. btrang, a lawyer, who embraced the Mormon religion in 1844 and two years later established himself and a small colony on Beaver Island in Lake Michigan. Almost the entire state north Of bagmaw was then practically a wilderness and he was allowed to have has own way for many years. He compelled his sub- jects, and the few fishermen who inhabited the island to pay him one-tenth of their earnings and severely ill-treated all who ^1 ere 1 3ed I ind ■ made any resistance. For one of his crimes, and they were numerous, he was arrested and brought to Detroit, but escaped punishment and was more dictatorial and defiant than ever. He was even elected on two occasions to the state legislature and by his ability and influence controlled the Beaver Islands and gave numerous Bible names to the several localities, some of which are used to this day. His crimes at length caused a new NEWAYGO • MONTCALM MUS- KEGON5, 7. 1. ^ ALLEGAN BARRY Ref..—1. G. R. & f. yty- 5. Tol. Sag. & Mush Ry. 3. Pere Marquette R. R. 4. Flat River. 5. D. G. H. & M. Ry. 6. M. C. R. R. 7. L S. & M. S. Ry. 8. Grand River. 9 ,Mgue River. Copyri§hi1MT,. by Silas FarTner. warrant for his arrest and in 1856 a boat was sent to the island for him. He started to accompany the officer, but while on his way to the vessel he was attacked by one of his subjects and so severely injured that he died a few days later, on July 9th, at Voree, in Wisconsin, his former home, whence he had been removed. 118 ' HOUGHTON T. I 56 « K. 31 W. Ref.,:—1. Hancock & Calumet R. R. Copyright 1901. by Silas Fanner. <3-m 119 Labor. See State Commissioner of Labor, State Bureau of Statistics of Labor, State Court of Mediation, Employees. ^Lake County Was created under the name of Aishcum in 1840, and name changed to Lake in 1843. The original name was a manufactured Indian word without meaning. The name Lake is certainly ap- propriate for a county in a state almost surrounded by lakes. The county was organized in 1871. The county seat, at first located at Chase, is now at Baldwin. Acres in county, 365.387. Population in 1880, 3,233; 1890, 6.505; 1894, 5,897; 1900, 4,957. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,054. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 840, BrysLXi 350. WEXFORD R. 11 W. NEWAYGO Ref.:~1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Manistee & Luther R. R. 3. Manistee & Gd. Rapids R. R. 4. Branch of G. R. & I. Ry. 5. North Branch, Pere Marquette River. 6. Little Manistee River. Cnnjirinht 1901. by Silas Farmer. liake State. See Cognomens of State. Lake Grie. Greatest length, 250 miles. Greatest breadth, 65 miles. Maximum depth, 250 feet. Height above sea level, 565 feet. Area, 9,760 square miles. 120 Lake Huron. Greatest length, 268 miles. Greatest breadth, 101 miles. Greatest depth,, 702 feet. Height above sea level, 581.28 feet. Area, 7,828 square miles. Lake Micltisran. Greatest length, 345 miles. Greatest breadth, 84 miles. Greatest depth, 870 feet. Height above sea level, 581.28 feet. Area, 16,981 square miles. L.ake St. Clair. Greatest length, 30 miles. Greatest width, 28 miles. Greatest depth, 20 feet. Iiake Superior. Greatest length, 412 miles. Greatest breadth, 167 miles. Greatest depth, 1,008 feet. Height above sea, 601.78 feet. Iiakes, Inland There are more than 5,000 lakes located in the various coun- ties of the state; many of them are exceedingly beautiful, and some of the smaller ones give their names to places of resort. They cover an area of about 1,200 square miles. The total water surface of the state is 1,485 square miles. The larger lakes, with the counties in which they are located, are as follows: Austin— Kalamazoo County. Aux Bees Seles— Benzie County. Baubee— Hillsdale County. Baw Beese — Hillsdale County. Bear— Manistee County, Bear— Charlevoix County. Big Sable— Mason County. Black or Cheboygan— Cheboygan County. Black— Ottawa County. Brule — Iron County. Burt— Cheboygan County. Brevoort— Mackinac County. Carp— Leelanau . Carp— Emmet County. Cass— Oakland County. Cedar— Alcona County. Ceclle — Same as French Lake. Clam— Wexford County. Coldwater— Branch County. Crooked — Barry County. Crooked— Emmet County. Crystal— Benzie County. Chegacon— Iron County. Cheboygan— Cheboygan County. Devil— Alpena County. Devil's— Lenawee County. Diamond— Cass County. 121 Duck— Grand Traverse County. Elk— Grand Traverse County. French— Emmet County. Glen— Leelanau County. Gogebic— Gogebic County. Goguac— Calhoun County. Grand- Presque Isle County. Grand Blanc— Genesee County. Grass— Antrim County. Grass— Benzie County. Gratiot— Keweenaw County. Qreen— Grand Traverse County. Gull— Kalamazoo County. • Gun— Barry County. Hamlin— Same as Big Sable. Higgins— Roscommon County. Hubbard— Alcona County. Houghton— Roscommon County. Independence— Marquette County. Indian— Schoolcraft County. Intermediate-^Antrim County. Lac La Belle— Keweenaw County. Lac Vaux Desert— Gogebic County. Lincoln— Same as Little Sable. Little Sable— Mason County. Long— Alpena County. Long— Kalamazoo County. Long— Grand Traverse County. Manistique— Luce and Mackmac Counties. Michigamme— Marquette County. Mille Coquins— Mackinac County. Manistee— Manistee County. Mona— Muskegon County. Moss— Delta County. Mullet's— Cheboygan County. Muscallonge— Luce County. Muskrat— Missaukee County. Muskegon— Muskegon County. Marble— Branch County. North Manistique— Luce County. Orchard— Oakland County. Otsego— Same as Clam Lakes. Otsego— Otsego County. Otter— Houghton County. Paw Paw— Berrien County. Pen twater— Oceana County. Pere Marquette— Mason County. Pierce— Emmet County. Pike— Mackinac County. Pine— Charlevoix County. Portage— Crawford County. Portage— Houghton County. Portage— Manistee County. Portage— Washtenaw County. Platte— Benzie County. Reed's— Kent County. Rush— Huron County. St. Helens— Roscommon County. Shelldrake— Luce County. South Manistique— Mackinac County. Tawas— Iosco County. 122 Torch — Houghton County. Torch— Antrim County, Train— Alger County. Turtle or Douglas— Cheboygan County. Turtle — Alpena Countj'. Twin — Montmorency County. Walloon — Same as Bear Lake, Charlevoix County. White — Oceana County. L.ake Traffic. The immensity of the lake traffic is shown by the following facts: In the lake navigation season of 1899, more than eighty million bushels of grain, nearly seven million barrels of flour, thirteen million tons of iron and a billion feet of lumber passed through the Sault Ste. Marie canal, bound toward the East and Europe. Land, Abstract.s of Title to Upon so important a question as the title to real estate there ought to be nothing vague or uncertain. A few lots in Michigan are held under deeds obtained under English rule, and for these a long chain of title can be shown. All other titles to lands are derived primarily from the United States; and secondarily: 1st, from persons to whom old French farms were confirmed by the United States commissioners; 2d, from the Governor and Judges, who were authorized to convey by Congress; 3d, in Detroit only, from the "Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen" of the city, and later the Common Council, who were made the successors of the Governor and Judges, and who also received some of the Military Reserves as a gift from the United States; 4th, from the United States, who deeded directly some of the Government Reserves; and 5th, from the State, which issues deeds for lands on which the taxes are not paid to any one who will pay the amount due. To constitute a perfect title there should be a chain of deeds starting from some one of these classes, and continuing, without a break, down to the latest claimant or owner; and each new deed should be signed by all the parties to whom the property had previously been deeded, or their heirs or assigns. If any relationship exists between any of the parties to a deed the nature of the relationship should be stated in the instrument. If any of the parties have married since a deed was made to them the man and wife should in all cases unite in the signing of deeds. If any of the parties making a new deed are the heirs of parties who made the last conveyance, it should be so stated in the deed. The description of the property conveyed should be the same in each deed; or, at least, it should be carefully exam-, ined to see that it covers the same land. To make it certain that there are no tax titles on the land, the books of the county and city treasurers should be examined, or, as is usual, a certificate or statement should be obtained from each of these officers show- ing that nothing is due for taxes or special assessments. If the land has been sold for taxes, this is a cloud upon the title that needs to be removed, and the books in either office will show who has acquired the tax title. A warranty deed from a responsible party is considered to insure a perfect title, but as mistakes may happen in the making cut of deeds, and parties may cease to be able to make good their warranty, the safe course is to make sure that the abstract of title shows the title to be vested in the party or parties who convey. A quit claim deed from parties in whom the title to 123 land is clearly vested, is considered as good as a warranty deed. If any mortgages have been given covering the land, it should be seen that they are all discharged by the parties to whom they were given. A discharge may be made either by a written docu- ment, which should be placed on record, or by the mortgagee writing "Discharged" on the face of the original record, with the date and their name. ,. ,; Land Office, StatfefoO sri All lands owned by this state are controlled by this office, which is located at Lansing. There are no local ..Qgents. Busi- ness can be done by letter. Plats are furnished at the.lega4 prices payable in advance, as follows: <'■'•' rri Showing vacant lands, 25 cents per township, ' ■,,,.\ Same, with streams drawn on, 50 cents per township. /, Showing vacant lands, streams and names of purchasers ,6t State lands, $1,50 per township. In ordering plats, always give the number of the town and range of the townships wanted. Total number or" acres held for sale and homestead entry, June 30, 1900, was 537,045.77, classified as follows: Primary school land, 155.989.82; University land, 40; Agricultural College land, 62,523.29; salt spring land, 280; asylum land, 1,122.98; swamp land, 81,648.56; Tax Homestead land, 235,441.12. The lands designated as asylum lands are lands that were originally granted to the state as salt spring lands, but which, by special act of the Legislature, were set apart to be sold, for the benefit of the state asylums. See also "Paper Cities" and "State Com. of Land Office." The price of swamp land is $1.25 and $2.00 per acre. These lands may be sold on not less than one-quarter pay- ment down to any person over twenty-one years old who makes affidavit that he will settle on the land within one year, that the land is not valuable mainly for the Pine, Cedar or Hemlock timber growing thereon, and that he has not had the benefit of the pre-emption act. This affidavit is to be made by the person desiring the land and signed and sworn to by him before a Notary Public or Justice of the Peace. Blanks for this purpose are furnished by the office. The law gives ten years' time on the balance due, with interest at seven per cent. The office will not force the payment of the balance at the end of ten years, provided the interest and taxes are duly paid. Any person having a State Homestead may buy any lot or swamp land which joins his homestead, on the terms and in the manner given above, but the number of acres must not be more than 160, homestead and all. Lots which only corner on a home- stead cannot be bought in this way. The price of Primary School Lands is from 50 cents to $6.00 per acre. These lands may be sold on not less than one-half payment down, if they are not mainly valuable for Pine, Cedar or Hem- lock timber. The person desiring to purchase these lands in this way must furnish this office with a Timber Affidavit. Blank forms are furnished by the office. The affidavit is to be made by two citizens who have made a personal examination of the land, and signed and sworn to by them before a Notary Public or Justice of the Peace. The affidavit must give a description of the land and tell what kinds of timber are growing thereon, with an estimate of the 124 amount and quality of the Pine and Hemlock, and the amount of Cedar, if any. It must be dated and signed by the Notary or Justice. It mvist then go to the Supervisor of the township where the land lies, who must certify that the two citizens who have made the affidavit are credible persons. By this affidavit the Commissioner will determine whether the lands wanted are subject to sale on part-payment. Time on the balance due is not limited. The balance or any part of it may be paid at any time. Salt Spring, Asylum, and Normal School Lands are for sale at the same price and on the same terms as School Lands. Agricultural College lands have been examined and appraised by the State Board of Agriculture at from $4.00 to $12.50 per acre. They may be sold on not less than one-quarter payment down, if they are not mainly valuable for the timber thereon. ^ Time on balance due not limited. Interest 7 per cent. . IJll^e balance due, or any part of it, may be paid at any time. ; . ,.?; To obtain a Patent for part-paid lands requires the payment of all dues to the State and the surrender to the office of the certificate and all assignments thereof, if any have been made Persons applying for a Patent will be required to show that the tax for the last previous year has been paid, by exhibiting their receipt for the same unless the tax was paid at the office. The Patent will be made in the name of the person who owiis the land according to the certificate or the last assignment thereof. In case of the loss of a Patent, a duplicate can be obtained by apply- ing to "Secretary of State, Lansing, Mich.," and enclosing to him $1.00. y ji'Ivr .1 Lands Granted to Micliiean by th.e United States. All of the land in the state not privately owned or not specifically granted to the state by Act of Congress, is held to belong in fee simple to the United States. • AVhen the State was admitted to the Union, Congress granted section 16 in every township of the Public Lands, or if said sec- tion had been sold its equivalent in other lands in the interest of public schools, also the 72 sections of land set apart by Con- gress in 1826 for the University, also 5 sections of land to com- plete the public buildings in the State, also all salt springs in the State, net exceeding twelve in number, with 6 sections of land adjoining or contiguous to each of said springs excepting such salt springs as were then vested in or should afterwards be con- firmed to private individuals, but with the provision that said salt springs should never be sold or leased by the State for a longer period than ten years without the consent of Congress. Congress also agreed that 5 per cent, of the net proceeds of all sales of public lands after deducting expenses connected therewith should be appropriated for building public roads and canals as the Legislature should direct. Within 5 years after the State was admitted to the Union by act of Sept. 14, 1841, the United States granted the State 500,000 acres in aid of internal improvements. On Sept. 28, 1850, the United States gave the State certain "swamp and overflowed lands" for the purpose of drainage and reclamation. This gift amounted to 5,891,598 acres. On July 2, 1862, a further grant of 240,000 acres was made to aid in establishing an agricultural college. lo ii'iroi', 125 Land Office, U. S. The United States Land Office for Michigan is located at Marquette. There are two officers, a Register and a Receiver, each of whom is paid $500 per year, and also fees and commis- sions. At the beginning of the year 1900 there were 473,013 acres of U. S. land for sale in the state. See also "Paper Cities" and "Lands, U. S., Homestead." Liands, Location of: Uofv Described. See "Surveys: Description of Lands." Lands, Private Claims. These claims consist of tracts of land, usually narrow strips along rivers or lakes in Mackinac, Macomb, Monroe, St. Clair and Wayne Counties. Over these lands the public surveys, so- called, were never extended, but were made to connect with the survey of these claims. These claims were granted to settlers under French and English rule and were subsequently confirmed by commissioners appointed by the United States and details concerning each claim are given in the American State papers. . Lands, State STvamp. These lands came into possession of the State under an U. S. law of 1S50, which ceded to each State "the swamps and over- flowed lands" remaining unsold therein and known and described as such on the public surveys, for purposes of drainage and re- clamation. Under this act Michigan received 5,891,588 acres. The prices of these lands range from $1.25 to $2.00 per acre at the State Land Office. Eighty acres or less of these lands, in one body in the lower peninsula, can be bought by any person on a first payment of one-quarter of the price down. The buyer must make affidavit that he will settle on the land within one year after the purchase. Blank affidavits furnished. Ten years' time is allowed to pay the balance at 7 per cent, annual interest. Swamp land scrip cannot be used in purchase or payment of balance due. These lands are subject to homestead entry; any citizen over 21 years old and not already owjiing 40 acres of land, may home- stead not to exceed 80 acres, but he may buy an adjoining 80 acres or less on quarter payment down, with ten years' time on the balance, with 7 per cent, annual interest. Blank applications furnished. In cases where swamp lands are paid for all down, payment will be received in money or in swamp land scrip, and there is no limit to the quantity purchased. Lands, Tax Homestead. Lands delinquent for taxes and sold to the State for taxes of one or more years and no application having been made to pay, purchase or redeem said lands for unpaid taxes, are deemed "abandoned lands" unless actually occupied by the person having the title of record. Any such lands are examined under direction of the Auditor -General and the Commissioner of the Land Office to ascertain their value and whether they are actually aban- doned. If there is no suit pending in the county where such land is situated to set aside the taxes or to remove the cloud occa- sioned thereby, the Auditor-General may deed to the Commis- sioner of the Land Office for the State such land. This deed shall 126 be recorded in the county in which the land is situated. Such lands are held by the Commissioner of the Land Office and are subject to entry as state lands by any person who is not the owner of 40 acres of land anywhere in the United States, in quantities of IfiO acres or less, but all over 80 acres must be paid tor at the rate of 10 cents per acre, but the person applying- must file an affidavit that he desires such lands for actual settlement for the purpose of a homestead. Thereupon, upon the payment of a fee of $2 a certificate is issued for the lands on condition that the person shall reside upon the land for 5 years and im- prove the same. At the end of 5 years, on proof of the fulfillment of his contract, the person is entitled to a deed from the State, Lands, U. S. Homestead. To obtain a homestead the party must first select and per- sonally examine the land he desires to enter and be satisfied of its character and true description. When a person desires to enter a tract of land under this law he must appear in person at the U. S, Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, or at the County seat before the Clerk of the Circuit Court or Judge of Probate in the county where the land lies and make his application. Accom- panying said application there must be an affidavit setting forth that he is over the age of twenty-one years (or the head of a family) and is not the proprietor of more than 160 acres of land in any state or territory, and is either native born, or is a natur- alized citizen of the United States or has declared his intention to become such, and that he has not heretofore made any entry under the homestead laws, and if the application is made out- side of the local office this clause must be inserted: "That owing to great distance and expense of travel, I am unable to appear at the local U. S. Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, to make this affidavit." If the entryman is not a native born citizen, evidence of his declaration of naturalization must accompany said application. If an applicant claims citizenship by virtue of his father becom- ing a naturalized citizen of the U. S, before he (applicant) became twenty-one years of age, he must furnish a copy of his father's naturalization certificate, together with an affidavit showing that he is the party he represents himself to be, and giving his age. The fees and commissions payable when application is made are as follows: For 160 acres, $14.00; for 120 acres. $13.00; for 80 acres, $7.00; for 40 acres, $6.00, Any tract of land exceeding 160 acres, the excess over and above the same must be paid for at the rate of $1,25 an acre. This is in addition to the $14.00. Six months from date of entry are allowed the entryman within which to establish his residence upon the land. Timber land embraced in a homestead or other entry not consummated may be cleared in order to cultivate the land and improve the premises but for no other purpose. If after clearing the land for cultivation there remains more timber than is re- quired for improvement there is no objection to the settler dis- posing of the same. But the question whether the land is being cleared of its timber for legitimate purposes is a question of fact which is liable to be raised at any time. If the timber is cut and removed for any other purt)ose it will subject the entry to can- cellation, and the person who cut it will be liable to civil suit for recovery of the value of said timber, and also to criminal prosecution. 127 A person who has entered under the homestead laws less than 160 acres of land and who has complied with the conditions or" the law with regard to the original entry, and has had the final papers issued therefor (viz: that of offering final proof) may- enter so much additional land as to complete the maximum quan- tity of 160 acres, and when an entry is made under this act, viz: Section 6 of the act of March 2, 1889. the entryman is required to reside upon, cultivate and improve the land as in ordinary home- steads. The land so additionally entered need not be contiguous to the original homestead. A party who has entered lands under the homestead lavf prior to March 2, 1889, which entry has been canceled, is entitled to enter 160 acres of land. If the entry was made, however, subse- quent to March 2, 1889, and the entry has been canceled for failure to comply with the requirements of the homestead law, he (en- tryman) has exhausted his right of homestead entry. A person possessing the requisite qualifications under th< homestead law (not having exhausted his right by previous entry thereunder) owning and residing on land not amounting in quantity to a quarter section, may enter other land lying con- tiguous to his own, to an amount which shall not with the land already owned by him exceed in the aggregate 160 acres. The parties will be required to fulfill the requirements of the home- stead law as to residence and cultivation, but will not be required to remove from the land which he originally owned in order to reside upon and cultivate that which he thus acquires under the homestead law, since the whole 160 acres are considered as con- stituting one farm or body of land; residence upon and cultiva- tion of a portion of which is equivalent to residence upon and cultivation of the whole. Final proof may be offered thereon after a period of five years from date of entry. A party desiring to relinquish his land to the United States may do so on the prescribed form or the following form written on the back of his Homestead Entry receipt, viz: "I hereby relin- quish to the United States all my right, title and interest in and to the within described land." This must be signed by the entry- man and sworn to in the presence of two witnesses before a Notary Public or other officer duly authorized to administer oaths,' and his official seal must be executed to said jurat. If such officer is not in possession of the seal he is. required to procure a certificate of the County Clerk setting forth that he is an officer duly authorized to administer oaths. To said cer- tificate must be affixed a ten-cent documentary revenue stamp. The homestead receipt must in all cases accompany said re- linquishment, or in case of its loss an affidavit of that fact executed under seal. A settler desiring to make final proof in support of his Home- stead Entry must first file with the Register and Receiver of the U, S. L.and Office at Marquette. Michigan, a written notice on the prescribed form of his intention to do so, which notice will be published by the Register in a newspaper to be by him desig- nated as nearest the land, once a week for six successive weeks, at the applicant's expense, viz: $5.00. Applicants should begin to make their proof in sufficient time to complete and file them in the land office within the statutory period of seven years from date of entry. If the entry was made subsequent to July 26, 1894, the appli- 12S cant has seven j'ears from date of entry within which to offer proof. If prior to July 26, 1894, he has eight years from date of entry within which to offer proof. Final proofs can be made before the Register and Receiver of the local U. S. Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, or before any Commissioner of the United States Circuit Court having jurisdiction over the county in which the land lies, or before the Judge or Clerk of the Circuit Court of the county in which the land is situated. Final proof cannot be made outside of the county unless before the Register and Receiver. Final proofs can only be made by the homestead claimant in person and cannot be made by an agent, attorney, assignee or any other person, except in case of the death of the entryman. In that event proof can be made by the widow of the deceased entryman, and if unmarried, by his heirs. Final proofs can be made only by native born or naturalized citizens, and if naturalized, evidence of sUch naturalization must accompany the proof. Where the homestead settler dies before the consummation of his claim, the widow, or in case of her death, the heirs may continue settlement or cultivation and obtain title upon requisite proof at the proper time. A deserted wife can also submit final proof. On the day set for the taking of the proof in the advertised notice the entryman must appear with two of the witnesses named therein. The fees to accompany said proofs are as follows: 40 acres, $1.00; 80 acres, $2.00; 120 acres, $3.00; 160 acres, $4.00, together with fifteen cents per hundred words for all written testimony in said proof, including affidavits, if any thefe be. The officer taking the proof should count the number of words In the written testimony and transmit the Register and Receiver the proper amount of money therefor, viz: 15 cents per hundred words, together with the above mentioned fees. Any officer, soldier, seaman or marine who served for not less than ninety days in the army or navy of the United States during the rebellion, and who was honorablj'- discharged therefrom, is entitled to have the term of his service in the army or navy, not exceeding four years, deducted from the period of five years' residence and cultivation required under the homestead laws. If the soldier was discharged from wounds or disabilities incurred in the line of duty, the whole term of his enlistment (not exceed- ing four years) is to be deducted from the required period of five years, but no patent can issue to any homestead settler who has not resided upon, improved arid cultivated his homestead for a period of at least one year after he commences his improvement. A certified copy of the soldiers' certificate of discharge (or the original) showing when he enlisted and when he was discharged, must be filed with the Register and Receiver or the Clerk of the Circuit Court at the time of offering final proof. If a homestead settler does not wish tO' remain five years on a tract of land he may pay for it in cash. To entitle a homestead claimant to the land upon making such payment he must prove his actual settlement, improvements and cultivation of the land for a period of fourteen months from the date of establishing residence upon the land and subsequent to the date of entry. Parties commuting homestead entries cannot be excused for any cause for failure to live upon, improve and cultivate the land 129 for the required period. They are not obliged to make proof within the short time in which commutation is allowed, and when such proof is made full compliance with law must be suf- ficiently shown. The fees to accompany all commuted proofs are $1.25 per acre, together with fifteen cents per hundred words for all writ- ten testimony in said proof, including affidavits if any there be. The homestead entry receipt or an aflidavit of its loss, to- gether with evidence of citizenship, must accompany all final and commutation proofs, together with proof of publication of the notice. All affidavits must have the ofTlcial seal of the officer before whom such affidavits were taken executed thereon, without which they cannot be accepted. If for any reason the proof is not made on the day designated in the notice, the officer before whom said proof is to be taken may adjourn the taking of the same from day to day for a period of ten days, and in that event the officer before whom said proof is to be taken will be required to furnish his certificate, under seal, showing that on the date set for the taking of the proof, or any of the subsequent days thereto, no one appeared in person or otherwise to protest against the allowance of the same, and the entryman will also be required to furnish an affidavit giving his reasons why proof was not made on the day set. All proofs must be received at the local land office within fifteen days from the taking of the same, otherwise the same must be rejected. A rejection of a final proof for non-compliance with law does not debar applicant from reoffering proof anew within the statutory period. Should a discrepancy appear, either in the spelling of claim- ant's or witnesses' names, in the final proof, from that of the advertised notice, the claimant will be required to furnish an affidavit correcting same, showing the true orthography of the corrected name. Proofs cannot be accepted should the names of both witnesses be signed differently from that appearing in the advertised notice. Any party desiring the sale of an isolated tract under the provisions of Section 2455. Revised Statutes, U. S., as amended February 26, 1895. will be required to file in the district Land Office an affidavit made by himself and duly corroborated by two wit- nesses, setting forth the character of the land, stating whether it is covered with timber or contains stone or any mineral, whether it is agricultural in character, for what purpose the land would be chiefly valuable, and why he desires the same ordered into mar- ket. It must also be shown that the tract is unoccupied by anyone having color of title thereto. No lands are subject to be ordered into market as aforesaid until the same shall have been subject to homestead entry for a period of three years after the surround- ing lands have been entered, filed upon or sold by the govern- ment. This affidavit, when received at the Land Office, will be transmitted to the General Land Office, Washington, D. C, for examination and when instructions are received ordering such lands to be exposed at public sale, the applicant will be notified of such fact and the party will then be required to deposit the sum of $5.00 to cover the cost of publication of said notice which must be published once a week for five successive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the vicinity of the land. On the day set for such sale the lands designated in 130 said notice will be sold at public auction to the highest bidder at the minimum price of $1.25 an acre. It must be observed that no more than 160 acres shall be sold to any one person at the offering under th\s act. Other purchases can be made at any time thipreafter, and such lands need not be contiguous. Any person desiring to enter land under the "Timber and Stone act" must appear in person before the Register and Receiver of tl^e United States Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, and execute an affidavit setting forth that he has not made any prior application under this act, and that he is by birth or naturalization a citizen of the United States, or has declared his intention to become such. If not native born record evidence of his prescribed qualifications must be furnished. The affidavit must show the legal subdivisions of the tract and of its char- acter stating that the same is unfit for cultivation and valu- able chiefly for its timber or stone, and is uninhabited, contains no mining or other improvements, nor as deponent verily be- lieves any valuable deposit of gold, silver, cinnabar, copper or coal, that deponent does not apply to purchase the same for speculation but in good faith to appropriate it to his own ex- clusive use and benefit and that he has not directly or indirectly made any agreement or contract in any way or manner with any person or persons whomsoever by which the title which he may acquire from the United States shall inure in whole or in part to the benefit of any person except himself. You will note that the land must be chiefly valuable for its timber and stone and unfit for cultivation if the timber was removed. A married woman may be permitted to purchase land under this act but in addition to the above she is required to make an additional affidavit at the time of entry, showing that she proposes to purchase said land with her separate money in which her husband has no interest or claim and that said entry is made for her sole and separate use and benefit. The foregoing affidavits can only be made before the Register and Receiver at the U. S. Land Office at Marquette, Michigan. After the filing of the aforesaid affidavit the sum of $7.50 is required to cover the costs of the publication of the notice which must appear in a weekly newspaper for ten successive weeks. On the date set the applicant (together with two wit- nesses) must appear at the U. S. Land Office at Marquette, Michigan, and offer final proof. The fees in connection with said proof are $2.50 per acre plus $10.00 government fees to be paid at the time of offering proof. This must be in currency. The applicant has only one timber and stone right which can be exhausted in an entry of forty acres of land, or the full complement of 160 acres. The lands embraced in any entry must be contiguous. A person who has made a homestead entry may relinquish, the same and enter the land under this act, providing the land is chiefly valuable for the timber or stone thereon. The charges to be made by the Register and Receiver for plats and diagrams of a particular township are as follows: For a township diagram showing vacant government lands, $1.00. For a township plat showing entries, names of claima.nt and character of entry, $2.00. 131 For township plat showing" entries, names of claimant, char- acter of entry and number, $3.00. For a township plat showing entries, names of claimant, chairacter of entry, number and date of filing or entry, together with topography, etc., $4.00. Lansings See State Capitol. ^ I - ' METAWiOFi^ ^ PTkorm-illle! M^ni^nt^tl OAKLAND j Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. P. 0. & N. R. R. 3. Gd. Trunk Western Ry. 4. Relle Riuer., 6^ M. C. R. R. 6. Flint River. Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer. Lapeer County "V^aW 'created in 1822 and organized in 1835. Its present limits were defined in 1855. "La" being the French for "the,." Governor Cass, who named this county, perhaps meant to indicate that it was the Peer, i. e., the equal of any of the existing counties. It has been claimed that he named it after a French officer named Lapere, who is said to have aided the colonists during the Revolution. The county seat is Lapeer. Acres in county, 424,030. Population in 1840, 4,265; 1850, 7,026; 1860, 14,875; 1870, 21,345; 1880, 132 30 138; 1890, 29,213; 1894, 28,879; 1900, 27,641. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 5,232. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,709; Bryan 2,217. , ^ o^ ^ Latitude of State. Reckoning- the southern boundary of the state where it strikes Lake Erie as its most southerly point, and the north {T^LMmcMTjp.Ledaf^^^ tTo'Lmiundm Tp,) ,■51 \Dindhain P 7 - - , I i O'.Centet /_, -. , 1 Sheflaiid I riile [6^ie».^r6o,^ l,Hci|orfeQ iBurdickviUp? ,^Cv^N^^.^^ ^ L l^mni^p', J^asson !4)'*\y^l?\ Traverse / r\ -r, .r_ r>.--^ 1^ VwKorris 28 ^Oyij^ttn . ,, _ LJjir_ J GreilMck viile^ ^'"^ ]V. [Manistee A K. ii VV. i/V. £. ff/^. GRAND TBAVEBSE Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 133 end of Isle Royale in Lake Superior as its most northerly point, the state liies between Latitude 41 degrees 44 seconds and 48 de- grees 12 seconds. See Longitude of State. gee Stkte^Cfempiled Laws. LiaTvs of State, Distribution of Copies of. The published Laws of the State are given away to nearly all State, County and Township officials and to all public and incorporated libraries. Lia-«vyers. See State Board of Law Examiners. lieelanan County. Was created in 1840 and organized in 1863. The name was derived from the Indian word, Leel-in-au, meaning "Delight of Life." For municipal purposes, Fox and Manitou Islands are attached to this county. The county seat was at first located at North- port, but is now at Leland. Acres in county, 219.288. Population in 1860, 2,445; 1870, 4.577; 1880, 6,253; 1890, 7,944; 1894, 9,395; 1900, 10,556. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,600. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,484, Bryan 637. liegrislative Conncil. See Territory, Legislative Council of. Liegrislatnre. See State Legislature IienaTree County Was created in 1822 and organized in 1827. It was named from the Shawnee Indian word, Lenawai, "Man," i. e., man redeeming the wilderness. The county seat is Adrian. Acres in countv. 482,795. Population in 1840, 17,889; 1850, 26,380; 1860, 38.497; 1870, 45,507: 1880, 48,343; 1890, 48.448; 1894, 48,541; 1900, 48,406. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 10,671. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,848, Bryan 5,965. Ijibrarian. See State Librarian. Libraries, Associate Any public incorporated school or college library having 1,000 or more volumes may by agreeing to certain rules be classed as an "associate library" and entitled to receive help and advice from the state library. All state documents are sent directly to them and any patron of an "associate" library may receive through the local librarian, books for a limited time from the state library. There are now twenty-six "associate libraries" in the state; many of their patrons have received books from the state library on special subjects. The following are the rules governing loans to associate libraries : 1. No reference book shall be loaned from the State Library, nor shall any book which because of its cost or rarity cannot be easily replaced. 2. Such precautions shall be taken in packing as to guard against any possibilitj- of injury in transportation. 3. All expenses of transportation shall be borne by the borrower. 134 4. The book borrowed will be accompanied by a slip giving the exact time during which the volume may be kept, and the date, on or before which, it shall be returned to the State Library. The provisions of this rule will be strictly enforced. 5. An Associate Librarian must protect the State Library against loss of, or injury to, the books owned by the State, and may apply to a traveling library the same local rules regarding the loans of books, that are in force for the Associate Library. 6. In case of the necessity arising for debarring an Associate Library of the privileges given under Act. No. 28, laws of 1895, such library may appeal to the Governor and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall act as arbiters in the matter. i.i E.JACKSON i WASHTENAW 1,2. ' ^ OHIO Ref.;- 1. Cincinnati Northern R.R.; . 2. L S. & M. S. Ry.; 3. Wabash R.R.; 4. Raisin River: 5. Detroit Southern Ry. Liibrai'ies, Micliissin Travelingr Acting under the "traveling library" provision of the State law, the state board of library commissioners has created "trav- eling libraries" so-called. These libraries are made up of fifty carefully selected books, about twenty per cent of which is fiction, the balance being divided between ethics, religion, litera- ture, biography, history, and travels. Special libraries bearing on certain lines of work are also made up for the use of study clubs, working in isolated portions of the state. Thirty-one of these special libraries are now in use. The books are sent out in neat oak cases and are accompanied by the simple machinery necessary for the care and circulation of the books. 135 The libraries are intended for the use of . residents of the small villages and rural districts, who are deprived of the hbrarj advantage? of the large cities and literary centers of the state. A library can be obtained on application of twenty-five tax- payers in a rural community; a grange or a farmers olub or in fact by any society organized for study. The books may be kept from three to six months, then they can be returned and another set of fifty volumes will be sent. The only expense to the re- cipients is a yearly fee of $5, which is used In paying all the transportation expenses both going and coming, of as many libraries as are desired during the year. For the benefit of those localities where, while needing the books, they ^are unable to pay the whole fee, the amount has been divided so that one- fourth of it may be sent, which will pay for one library. It is d?sSble to pay the yearly fee if possible, as that insures libraries for the entire year. Address the State Librarian at Lansing. Libraries, Public Any incorporated city, by its city council, may establish a Dublic library and may levy a tax of one mill on the dollar for the support of the same, and is authorized to provide for its management. . , . \j * « ^ The State Board of Library Commissioners, consisting of five persons, the state librarian being secretaxy, aid towns and villages desiring free public libraries in the following ways: First By furnishing lists of books selected with the .great- est, care and of the highest literary character, and securing, if desired by the purchasers, the highest possible discount on the Second By giving advice as to the classification, cataloguing and arrangement of books on the shelves; in fact, furnishing in- formation in all the details of library economy. /_ Third. The State Librarian will provide for the admission into the State Library, for a limited time, of men and wome« who may be appointed librarians of the free public. libraries The instruc- tion will be limited to the practical training and the elementary details of library work. There will be no charges made for this tuition- the only expense will be that of a personal character. Fourth. Public free and incorporated librax'ies will he fur- nished by the State with a valuable set of books called The Pioneer and Historical Society collections of Michigpan. This set now numbers 28 volumes and is of great historical value. Libraries, School District See School District Libraries. Library Commissioners. See State Board of Library Commissioners. ^'/y^ii ■ Library Director. '^''■Sik Township Board of Library Directors. Licenses. See Liquor Licenses, Marriage, Hawkers and Peddlers; also State Boards of Registration in Medicine. Law, Pharmacy, Den- tistry, Veterinary, for Examination of Barbers, and for Regu- lation of Horse-shoeing. 136 Liientenant Governor. See State Liieutenant-Governor. Life Insurance. The statistics of business in Michigan for 1900 is as follows : Number of companies^^g^igan^^.^.^ .......... . . . .... . . . i ^1 Number of new policies issues 19,416 Amount of new policies issued $29,043,449.99 Number of policies in force at end of year 83,213 Amouht of policies in force at end of year $158,174,154.33 Premiums received $ 5,594,510.64 Losses paid ....$ 2,153,118;33 iO .six .ft I iiiMjj' .m ,. ; ■.'";jj, --^fffJ^ fii "f >•>:•- <>;'_>" f'""^Xife Savins: Service. • ^di '^^e'^^^'i^'li^ife' Saving Service. '^'^ liigrlit Honses. li See IT. S. Inspector of Lighthouses. ."■ Limestone. There are nearly a dozen quarries in the state and the outt>ut is valued at about $100,000 yearly. r-rRrnoi .1 bnn r. --iToinj liiQnor Law of Maine in Micliisran. An act popularly known as the Maine Liquor Law, because modelea after the law of the State of Maine was passed by the Legislature on February 12, 1853, subject to the approval of the voters of the state. The state vote was as follows: For, 40,409; against, 23,034; majority in favor of the law, 17,395. :r; It nominally went into force, but in the greater portion of the state was so nullified that after 20 years' trial it was repealed and a Liquor Tax or License Law was passed instead. ' Meanwhile Section 47 of Article IV. of the Constitution ■Vvas still in force, and reads as follows: ■' - ^ "The Legislatvire shall not pass any Act authorizing the grant of licenses for the sale of ardent spirits or other Intoxicating liquors." The question of striking this article out of the Constitution iXfas submitted to the people, and in November,, 1876, th6 vote \vas as follows: 60,639 for striking out, and 52,561 against. A majority being in favor of so doing. Section 47 of Article IV. was stricken from the Constitution. ^^f'^, Liauors, Sale of, by Drngrsrists. It is unlawful for any druggist to sell or give away any spirituous, malt, brewed, fermented or vinous, or any mixed liquor to any minor except for medicinal or mechanical use, and on the written order of parent or guardian, nor to anypersoii in the habit of getting intoxicated, nor to any person when for-*- bidden in writing by his or her husband, wife, parent, child, guardian, or employer, or by the supervisor, mayor, director, or alderman, president or trustee of a village or superintendent of the pocr. And, unless licensed as retail liquor dealers, said druggists may only sell for medicinal, chemical, scientific, me- chanical and sacrimental purposes, and shall keep a list of the names of all persons, procuring liquors, the date of the sale, amount and kind of liquor sold, and the purpose for which the same was to be used as stated by the purchaser. m Liquor Saloons, Wlieii to Be Closed. "It shall not be lawful for any person to sell, offer to sell, furnish, give or have in his possession any liquors in any con- cert hall, variety show, theater, or other place of amusement, nor in any building opening into where any such concert hall, variety show, theater or other place of amusement may be. "All saloons, restaurants, bars, in taverns or elsewhere, and all other places, except drug stores, where any of the liquors mentioned in this act are sold, or kept on sale either at whole- sale or retail, shall be closed on the first day of the week, com- monly called Sunday, on all election days, on all legal holidays, and until 7 o'clock of the following morning, and on each week- day night from and after the ho\ir of 9 p. m. until 7 a. m. of the moi'ning of the succeeding day. The word "Closed" in this section shall be construed to apply to the back door or other entra,nce as well as the front door. And in prosecutions under this section it shall not be necessary to prove that any liquor was sold: Provided, that in all cities and incorporated villages, the common council, or board of trustees, or council, may, by ordinance, allow the saloons and other places where said liquors shall be sold to open at six o'clock in the forenoon and to remain open not later than eleven o'clock in the afternoon, and no longer of any week-night, except on elec-- tion days and holidays." State T-iaw. Liianor Tax. In all townships, cities and villages there must be paid annu- ally the following tax upon the business of selling or offering for sale spirituous or intoxicating liquors, or mixed liquors by re- ta:il, or any mixture or compound, except proprietary patent "medicines, which in whole or in part consist of spirituous or in- toxicating liquors, and anj' malt, brewed or fermented liquors, five hundred dollars per annum; upon the business of selling only brewed or malt liquors, at wholesale or retail, or at whole- sale and retail, five hundred dollars per annum; upon the busi- ness of selling spirituous or intoxicating liquors at wholesale, five hundred dollars ; or at wholesale and retail, eight hundred dollars per annum; upon the business of manufacturing brewed or malt liquors for sale, sixty-five dollars per annum; upon the issues of manufacturing for sale spirituous or intoxicating liquors, eight hundred dollars per annum. The^e taxes ai;e pay- able May ist to the County Treasurer. • "I %"* '''' . ' ' One-half of the^e taxes are placed to the credit of the town- ship, village or city from which the same was collected, and shall be by such county treasurer paid over, on demand, to the treasur- er of such township, village or city, to be applied as other gen- eral funds. The law went into effect the day it was passed. May 3, 1875, but only $600.00 was collected in that year. In 1876 the total collections vv^ere $4.^7,705.52. The number of dealers and the amounts collected in the several counties for the j'^ears indi- cated are as follows: 138 >«51Ol~-C0T-il>''-lO5i-iTj<»fl<»M«iQ0«0OmciS«O00O-i-ilO'^t- €© Wholesale Only. Wholesale or Retail Dealers E-i Wholesale Dealers. Retail Dealers. 0»-iC005500«Q0005C005'-'QOlOOkOi>-»r3lCi>?0 i> r)< o 05 o Ti T-i o o o T-i CO o CO Ti o ■«< Tji o eo OS ■ i-H eo t-1 J> -* ei?ooo!Cit^oo; i> ^_^a;_^ac — £- 1- oj 00 r-i^ci Tjt m 05 «J3^-^ !> c<3^io^i-<^c ;D t^£> CO i> cTcTiO rji Cij'oi " t-h^i-^cTiO CO i^tod-rii ui OS 00 o6 O CO CJ — T-. T-1 >-i (M TflM O O* r^e<37-itoo 35050'— C-J'T*-^ — C505 ^ TjH_cc> O O (N « :0 C5_Oi .t-'oTacoo •* o eo ■^ao'^' »n i-(i-ic»c* COS* oocococoooO'-otooocoo*; mo«Oi-ioooo»o-^ifteo»noooc5Cco UOC:— Tj<05^«Oi>CD*00-^OU3— occ ■^^00 -^o cQ o CO 'C}o £-^in 00 -^ ■» •*_i-'^co^ 00 (M i-l S5 (N t- Tl rl t- Wholesale Dealers. Retail Dealers. I-H O? rH 1-1 .-I ;00500 000(MSOe»i>0 c Wholesale Dealers. Number of Retail Dealers. ^*^ j,~ I.— V^ V*" Vii' 50 «OX) »ni -H c- ^ t- t- 1> JU ^ wJ CiOC- C5TP OO CO IS » oi T-1 ■* a: vi cc?o CO i-( ■(j?i-'eo 0'N>f5050t-mt-->-( coOsosOTfi-irrOt- i-<'»Oi>Ci50-*odi-!Qb ■'♦•^(SoO'^coeoQOo i-5"i-'odo5'rjr-.3i"e«"t4'- •r-n-l 0» ©} OJ « tc ;?• y (-! e8 O • o ^ ® X S 9 ^ sijo © © „^^ aiicSoS©©'S«©©.^|3c8tSo3c3cS©©2.2 140 »^5e>5-e0•^5aO^5T-fCOSO•>-^ — iftt0O»0rfOQ0»Ci0»0 SC10»Ct-C0rHCi3':0i0iQ0s05OO0<'>>)OC5«5f~-— < _^»o oj^t-^oo ■* QO^s> CO o « <> o ?o^o 00 1-( t- 00 -^^eo eo QOit 01 r-. T-lr-H 05t— IT-I'e— ITfi-tT-lcgeOl-Hl— I O ' i-H i-H -in OJi-OOOWJlOiraOO^OOOit-OOOOO^Dt-W^CD rJOOlC O0»O?CiC55We0OO«3O?D05OOOOC00i?C>O«5 go^OOJ otOllO■^-l■<*^ocDlr50ooeooJOO»CO>-"r^|£>»d^D^Jecioa^ QOcoo*Qoo«o«irtcooi-HW»oo-*»nt-icii3M>oo ^co Q-CO in 5d e« oT »c oo'^-'"(^^ eo"co^t-'eo'eo e«5"oj'-i-rod T^"ln' r>' o'-^'od ,-h qo in o" tH -^Jt l-l T-l Tl C> TH Tl ■«< r-l ciJOiOOT-i €^ o eo in t- in 00 CO OJ oo 00 i-c01(M i-irft-eo ©J 50 1- in o oi ■^ eo'eot-^T-TT-r ci" er3t-t-05CoeooinTf<.-c«D,-(Oeoin Qoer5rji->*ic4(MinTt^J> t- 00 05_co in -> o efrjTeo T-l T-l • (?i r-l 6? : en'l ; l-l-ti-J'^' -'' ■• T-lTH in T-f eor-i * ini- • eo mow CO- M -^03 cod OC0*> T-1 T)< 141 Liiqnor Traffic Resti'aints. The council of every incorporated village is invested with power "to suppress saloons for the sale of spirituous and intox- icating liquors, and license taverns and eating houses." — Com- piled Laws 1897, Section 2769. Acting under this law, councils have refused to accept the bonds offered by prospective saloon- keepers. No Justice of the Peace can hold court in any place where intoxicating liquors are sold. No spirituous or intoxicating liquor can be sold or given away on the parade grounds of the State troops. ~No Board of Registration can hold sessions in any room or building in which intoxicating liquors are sold, nor in any room adjacent thereto, connected by doorway. No election can be held in any saloon or bar-room or in any room or place contiguous with or adjoining thereto. After a cemetery site shall have been purchased or located no place for the sale of intoxicating liquors can be established within a i^ mile of the entrance thereto. No spirituous, vinous or malt liquors can be sold or given away on any election day. No caucus or primary election can be held in a saloon or bar-room, nor in any place adjacent to a room in which intox- icating liquors are sold. No person can sell or give away intoxicating liquor within two miles of the place where any religious society is actually assembled for religious worship. No w.oman or girl may be employed as bar-keeper or furnish music or dancing in any saloon or bar-room. It is not lawful to establish or maintain a saloon or other place where intoxicating liquor is sold, within one mile of the Soldiers' Home. It is not lawful to sell or give away intoxicating liquors in any concert hall, theatre or other place of amusement, nor in anj' room opening into any such place of amusement. Liiquors, liocal Option oii Sale of The first provision for local option in the State was by act of March 19, 1845, which provided that at each township and charter election, the question of license or no license should be submitted to the voters, and if a majority in any locality said no license, then it was illegal in that locality to issue licenses. The frequency with which the law was violated led to the in- sertion in the constitution of 1850 of a clause forbidding the granting of licenses; it v/as repealed in 1876. The present local option law dates from 1889. The steps in obtaining local option in any county are as follows: 1; File with the County Clerk a written application and petition addressed to the Board of Super- visors of the County, signed by 1-3 of the qualified electors, as shown by the returns of the last general election asking that an election be held in the county to ascertain whether the man- ufacturing of liquors and the liquor traffic shall be prohibited in the county, all the signers of said petition in anj'' one election district being grouped together, which list, together with the polling list, shall be posted in the three most conspicuous places in the county. 2. It is then the duty of the County Clerk at the next regular or adjourned meeting of the Board of Supervisors to lay before them said petition. S. The Board of Supervisors at such meeting shall issue an order to the effect that local option shall be voted on at the 142 ntxt election for township officers in all of the townships In the county to ascertain the sentiment of electors with regard to such a petition. • 4. The County Clerk shall then without delay cause a copy of such order, duly certified by him, to be delivered to the Tov^nsbip Clerk of each township and to one of the inspectors of election of each ward or election district of every city Jn the county, and shall also publish such order for three consecu- tive weeks in two newspapers published in the county. 5. The officers whose duty it is to furnish ballots at township elections must provide ballots with the question of prohibition printed on them at the next township election. SHIAWASSEE j GENESEE WASHTENAW Ref. :-1. Ann Arbor R. R. 2. Shiawassee Rioer. -i. Huron River. 4. Pere Marquette R. R. 5 Gd Trunk Ry. 6. Red Cedar River. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. 6. If the county canvass shows that the proposition to pro- hibit has been adopted, the Board of Supervisors must adopt resolutions prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors and the prohibition shall take effect from the first day of May following. After that date all sales of liquor are violations of law and sub- ject to fines and penalties, save such as are made by druggists and registered pharmacists under the special laws that govern such parties. But no such election may be held oftener than once In two years. Since 1892 both Eaton and Van Buren have been local option or no license counties. 143 Live Stoclv. . . ^^S ^*,^^1 ^^"^^ stock Sanitary Commission, also Croo aaci Liive Stock Reports. liivingrston County- Was -created in 1833 and organized in 1836. It was named after Edward Livingston, Secretary of State of the United Sta,tes i from 1831 to ISS-'?. The county seat is Howell. Acres in county, " 370,845. Population in 1840, 7,430; 1850, 13,475; 1S60, 16,629; 1870, lf.417- I 4, K. 8 W. MACKINAC Ref.:—1. Shellctrahe Lake. 2. Taquamenon Riuer. 3. D. S. S. & Atl; Ry. 4. Manistique Lake. 5. Manistique Riuer. Copyright 1901 . by Silas Farmer. 144 1880, 22,251; 1890, 20,858; 1894, 20,437; 1900, 19,664. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 5,313. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,858, Bryan 2,730. liocal Option. See Liquor. Local Option on Sales of. liongrtitnde of State. Reckoning Port Huron as its most eastern point, and the mouth of Montreal River at the west end of Gogebic County as its most western point, the State lies between longitude 82 de- grees 25 seconds and 90 degrees 25 seconds west of Greenwich, England. See Latitude of State. Lost Articles. If any person finds any money or other article of the value of $3 or more, he must post notice in two public places and also give notice to the Township Clerk of the finding of such article. If money or article found be of the value of $10 or over, the finder must advertise it in some newspaper in the county or in an adjoining county for six weeks successively.— State Laws. ' liuce County- Was created and organized in 1887. It was named after Cyrus G. Luce, Governor of the State from 1887 to 1891. The county seat is Newberry. Acres in county, 581,436. Population in 1890, 2,455; 1894, 2,348; 1900, 2,983. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 472. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 405, Bryan 159. Tjnmberin^. For many years Michigan was the center of the pine- lumber industry of the United States, and hundreds of thousands of houses and factories in many states have been built from timber grown in Michigan. There are probably more wealthy men in the State as the result of lumbering operations than from the pursuit of any other one industry. Square miles upon square miles of land, and in some cases practically whole counties have been ov/ned by single individuals or corporations, who have cut, sawed and shipped all the valuable pine in these localities. The State has also possessed immense forests of birch, maple and oak, and these also are being disposed of with great ra,pidity. In earlier days a heavy fall of snow was essential to suc- cessful lumbering, the logs being drawn on sledges to a mill or to the margin of some convenient rtream to be floated down in the spring. Of late years, what are known as forest or log- ging roads are laid into the fores;ts for the conveying of logs, and then taken up and relaid elsewhere as occasion de- mands. See also "Pine." Mackinac County Was created and organized in 1818. The name is an abbreviation of Michilimackinac, an Indian word meaning "Great turtle," having reference to the contour of the notable island which forms a part of the county. The county seat, originally at Mackinac Island, is now at St. Ignaoe. Acres in county, 648,857. Population in 1S4U, 923; 1850, 3,597; 1860, 1,939; 1870, 1,716; 1880, 2,902; 1890, 7,830; 1894, 7,237; 1900, 7,703. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,202. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,060, Bryan 632. 145 Mackinac Island. This enchanting island lies just north of the Lower Penin- sula in the Straits of Mackinac. A large portioa is a park, under the control of a State board. The place abounds in peculiar and interesting examples of nature's handiwork. Prominent among the points of special interest are Arch Rock, a wonderful natural bridge, eighty feet high; Fairy Arch, Sugar Loaf, Lovers' Leap, Devil's Kitchen, etc. A eopl, invigorating temperature prevails during the summer .months, and the views and drives are mag- nificent. Large hotels and summer cottages are thronged throughout the summer by people from near and far. LA peer; B£12 E. j ST. CLAIR Ref.i 2. 1. WAYNE Grand Trunk Ry. 2. M. V. H. ft. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer., Mackinac Island Park Commissioners. See State Board of. Macomb County was created and organized in 1818. Its present limits were de- fined in 15:32. It was named after Maj.-Gen. Alexander Macomb of the U. S. army, whose family were among the earliest set- tlers in Michigan. The county seat is Mt. Clemens. Acres in county, 306,963. Population in 1840, 9,716; 1850, 15,532; 1860, 23,112; 1870, 28,050; 1880, 31,627; 1890, 31,813; 1894, 32,387; 1900, 33,244. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 6,933. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 4,244, Bryan 3,489. 147 Mails. See Postage, Rates of. Ma-il Deliverj'. See "Rural Mail Delivery" and "Marine Mails." Manistee County- was created in 1840 and organized in 1855. It was named from the Manistee River, which flows through the county. Manistee is an Indian word meaning "river at whose mouth there are islands." The county seat is Manistee. Acres in county, 346,371. Population in 1860, 874; 1870. 6,074; 1880, 12,533; 1890, 24,230; 1894, 26.114; 1900, 27,856. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 4,529. Presiden- tial vote in 1900, McKinley 3,146, Bryan 2,340. B E H Z I E 7. 2.3 4. MASON J LAKER-13W. Ref-1. Arcadia & BeUey River Ry. 2. Pere Marquette R. R. 3. Ann Arbor R. R. 4. Manistee & N. E. R. R. 5. Mams- ten d Luther R. R. 6. Manistee & Gd. Rapids R. R. Copyright 1901. by Silas Farmer. Manufactures. Leading articles of manufacture are: Boots and shoes, Ireet- sugar, freight cars, cigars, cement, capsules, caskets, drugs, furs, furniture, fertilizers, leather, lumber, matches, organs, ships, silk thread, stoves, soda ash, varnish, white lead and woodenware. 148 iflanufactaireis in Micliiig^an. Census of 1S90. PRODUCT. Wool manufacture Silk Fertilizers y Acetate of Lime Potash Sulphuric Acid [ High explosives Paints (in oil ' I (ready mixed ) Varnish Pharmaceutical Preparations Wood Alcohol- (Cr de) . . . . * " (Refined) .. f Chemical establishments... . Iron and Steel > Rolling Mills Iron Steel Brick and Tile . Shipbuilding Year. Salt Newspapers and Periodicals . Gas Agricultural Implements Blacksmithing and Wheel- wrighting Boots and Shoes Carriages and Wagons Cars (railroad) Clothing Flour and Grist Foundry and Machine Shop products Chairs . '. Furniture Leather Liquors— Malt Lumber, etc Paper Wood Pulp Saddlery and Harness Meat Packing Tobacco- Chewing and Smok- ing Cigars, Cigarettes 1890 1890 1880 1890 1890 1890 1880 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1880 1890 1890 1890 1890 1880 1890 1880 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1S90 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 1890 43 1 15 19 4 179 185 73 62 81 657 27 65 1,026 12 407 5 20 544 260 8 108 20 78 1,918 21 10 323 10 5 373 4-5 Q, Q f 1,559,004 673,900 1.086,404 ] 571,200 o o $ 1,689,974 3,342,3^6 6,696,541 1,437,540 710,259 1,585,955 476,775 3,266,4r2 3,195,120 4,030,363 6,944,005 1,198,564 978,534 5,311,833 3,769,483 642, 6n2 8,472 852 14,331 924 703 635 8,625,321 1,20.1,982 2.744.353 110.990.H28 1.779,5*0 933,233 990.524 802,463 1,586,460 1,516,953 900 tons 18,715 tons. 3,135,653 lbs 2 995,259 lbs 98. ',000 lbs. 7,275,600 lbs 2.301 944 lbs 2,550,000 lbs 601,473 gals. 1,783 000 gals $3 035 999 89,806 gals 59,808 gals. $4,591,613 5,829,843 33,478 tons. 7,110 tons. " $822,475 1,179,605 3 steel vessels 66 wooden " 5 steel vessels wooden " 18,645 553 bu. $3,274,089 495.969,010 eft $3,955,306 1,763,135 2.065.53: 5,699,941 11.078,381 1,862,85?9 22,778,829 13,363.030 868 200 9.898.838 1,743.760 2,9;9,258 73,484,306 2,292.984 626,182 1.459,«]3 3,069,298 4,743,412 3,512,603 Ms 1,428 210 235 111 2,159 3,089 1,509 777 1,933 2,616 1,537 2,284 1.629 3,668 257 1,847 1,7.52 1,371 3,375 3,808 651 2,435 8,560 990 8.109 378 839 46,593 938 364 988 321 1.352 2,830 Total capital invested $262,412 240. Number of employees 163.941. Value of products $277,896,706. Marble. At Ishpeming, Marquette County, are several large outcrops of the finest verde antique marble found in the United States. It fully equals the best from foreign sources. ,^<.T» 3fai-gtte«« Cb.) \__^ . - i- sT-Kuron Mt. DICKINSON Hef.:—1. b. S. S. & A. Ry. 2. Mur.ising Ry. 3. C. & N. W Ry. 4. Escanaba River. 5. Escanaba & Lake Superior Ry. d. Ford River. 7. Michigainme River. 8. C. M.& St. P. Ry. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. DELTA I l" I 4. 'MENOMINEE * D E LT A 150 Marine Mails. The delivery of mails to, and the collecting of mail from, ves- sels passing through the Detroit River is unique, being peculiar to that locality. During the season of navigation, which lasts for eight months of the year a greater number of vessels passes Detroit than traverses any other body of water in all the world, there being an average of one steam vessel every three and a half minutes. ^ ■ All passing vessels are boarded, for the purpose of delivering and collecting mails, from a small boat, and Detroit is the only place in the world where this is done by night as well as by day. The service is hazardous and exciting and is warmly appreciated ; 16,200 weather maps were furnished to masters of vessels through this marine postofflce during 1S99. MANISTEE 1.2. R. 15 W. Ref.i-1. M=ftoirr- [Branch IcSriS Bass Lake { J 3. OCEANA Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Manistee & Gd. Rapids R. R. 3. Mason & Oceana R. R. Copyright 7901, by Silas Farmer. Mai'iiie Hospital. See U. S. Marine Hospital. Marl. See "Cement." Marquette County- was created in 1843 and organized in 1851. Its present limits were defined in 1891. It was named after the Jesuit missionary, Jacques Marquette, one of the very earliest visitors to the land of the lakes. The county seat is Marquette. Acres in county, 1,182,510. Population in 1850, 136; 1860, 2.821; 1870, 15,077; 1880. 25,393; 1890, 39,521; 1894, 38,008; 1900, 41,239. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 4,660. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 5,237, Bryan 1,476. 151 Marriage Iiicenses. Prior to 1887 no marriage licenses were required and returns were not regularly made of marriages to any public office, so that it is often difficult to prove marriages prior to that date. Now, however, marriage licenses are required to be obtained from county clerk (fee $1.00) before the ceremony is performed. Males and females nnust be 18 before they can marry, except that with the written consent of parents or guardians girls may marry earlier. The applicant for a license must give under oath the following facts: Full name of groom and bride, age of each at last birthday, whether white, black, mulatto, or Indian, resi- dence, birthplace, occupation, father's name, mother's maiden name, number of times previously married, and maiden name of bride, if a widow. OCEANA MONTCAIiM Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R R 2. Little Muskegon River 3. Muskegon Riuer Copyriaht 1901, by Silas Farmer. Marriagres. Number of, in State in 1900, 23,295. 3Iasoii County was created under the name of Notipekago in 1840. The name was changed to Mason in 1843. The original name was a sup- posed Indian word, but had no particular significance. The county was called Mason after Stevens T. Mason, the last ter- ritorial and the first state governor. The county was organized in 1855. The county seat was originally at Lincoln, then at Au Sable, and is now at Ludington. Acres in county, 315,526, Pop- ulation in 1850, 93; 1860, 831; 1870, 3,294; 1880, 10,063; 1890, 16,385; 1894, 152 18,422; 1900, 18,885. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,879. Pres- idential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,186, Bryan 1,252. Mecosta County was created in 1840 and organized in 1859. Its present limits were defined in 1857. The name is believed to have been derived from Irish sources, as were those of several other counties, which were created about the same time. It has also been suggested that Mecosta was the name of an Indian chief. The county seat was originally at Leonard, but is now at Big Rapids. Acres in county, 361,876. Population In 1860, 1,017; 1870, 5,778; 1880, 13,973; 1890, 19.697; 1894, 20,729; 1900, 20,693. Votes cast at spring election of 1897, 3,317. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,804, Bryan 1,376. Mediation and Arbitration. See State Court of Mediation and Arbitration. Medicine^ Registration in See State Board of Registration. Menominee County was created as the County of Bleeker in 1861. Its name was changed and the county organized in 1863. Its present limits were defined in 1891. It was named after the Menominee tribe of In- dians. The county seat is Menominee. Acres in count5^ 666.706. Population in 1870, 1894; 1880, 11,988; 1890, 33,639; 1894, 23,740; 1900. 27,046. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,776. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,122, Bryan 1,543. Mexican War. See War, Mexican. Michigran Agricultui*al College. See "State Agricultural College." Micliigan Allegorically. The Staite has been idealized in but one figure, namely, the crowning statue of the Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monu- ment at Detroit. This statue is of bronze, 11 feet high, and represents Mich- igan as a woman in aboriginal garb, holding in her right hand a short sword and in her left a shield, which is raised aloft as if prepared to defend. The thought is evidently to illustrate the legend, "I will defend," which is found on the State Seal, and the suggestion is, Michigan, fearless of danger, will pro- tect and defend her citizens and their rights. The tomahawk in the girdle taken in connection with other Indian accessories, represents the wilderness that in part is still as wild as ever. The 'headdress of feathers and wings speaks of high alti- tudes and swiftness, and the ample mantle of skins and fur symbolizes shelter and plenty. All of these emblematic ideas are more than realized in the experiences of the favored citizens of Michigan. Micbigran Asylum for tlie Insane. See State Asylums. Micbigra'n's Block in Washington Monument. On invitation from the society which was in charge of the erection of the Washirigton monument at Washington, the leg- 153 MARQUETTE R. a 5 W. PaitlioniiXc. *"- or Penibii 2 r River Ref.:—1. Ford River. 2. Minn. Si. Paul & Soo Ry. 3. Chic. & N. W. Ry. 4. Wis. & Mich. Ry. 5. Little Cedar River. Couyriqhi 1901. by Silas Farmer. 154. islature in 1850 appropriated not to exceed $1,000 to procure a block of native copper for insertion therein. The block was pro- cured and it was a magnificent specimen of rock containing a large proportion of virgin copper and also considerable silver. Its size was 351/^x21% inches and several inches thick. On the surface at the top in large letters is the word "Michigan" and underneath is the center of the state seal with the words "An Emblem of Her Trust in the Union." One corner bears the fol- lowing: "Native copper and silver from Lake Superior— 2,100 pounds." Micliigran, Colonial Claimants of See Colonial Claimants of. Micliig-an College o£ Mines. See State College of Mines. Micliiiiran — Dei'ivation of Name. The meaning of the word is "Great Lake," and it is derived from two words in the Chippewa language, Mitchaw, great, and Sagiegan, lake. Great Lake. Micliis^an Home £or Feeble-Minded and. Epileptic. See State Home for Feeble-Minded and Epileptic. Micliigan Hospital for Insane in Upper Feninsnla. See State Hospital for Insane in Upper Peninsula. Mieliis'an Farmers' Institutes. These institutes are held under the control of the State Agricultural Society, aided by the State Agricultural College. County Institute Societies are organized, which arrange the pre- liminary details as to place and topics. The state society, from its office at the Agricultural College, after consultation with the local society, determines the date of, and speakers for, the insti- tute. The institutes are free to everybody, and conducted at the expense of the state. During 1889-1900, 65 two-day and 72 one-day institutes were held. They are becoming influential factors in farm life. Micliisran Military Academy. This institution on the shore of Orchard Lake, Oakland County, 26 miles northwest of Detroit, was established in 1877 and has large grounds and extensive buildings and equipment. The officer in charge holds a commission in the United States army. It has academic, military and cavalry departments. Its diploma admits to prominent universities. Special attention is given to physical training, and an arnay outfit is furnished each cadet by the United States government. It is reached from Detroit and Pontiac by electric cars. MidLigan, My Micliig'an. By Mrs. Jane W. Brent. Tune, "Maryland, Mj?- Maryland." Home of my heart I sing of thee, Michigan, my Michigan, Thy Lake-bound shores I long to see, Michigan, my Michigan. From Saginaw's tall whispering pines To Lake Superior's farthest mines, Fair in the light of mem'ry shines, Michigan, my Michigan. 155 Thou gav'st thy sons without a sigh, Michigan, my Michigan. And sent thy bravest forth to die, Michigan, my Michigan. Beneath the hostile southern sky, They bore thy banner proud and high, Ready to fight, but never fly, Michigan, my Michigan. From Torktown on to Richmond's wall, Michigan, my Michigan, They bravely fight— as bravely fall, Michigan, my Michigan. To Williamsburg we point with pride, Our Fifth and Second, side by side. There stemmed and turned the battle's tide, Michigan, my Michigan. Afar on Shiloh's fatal plain, Michigan, my Michigan, ^,. Again behold thy heroes slain, Michigan, my Michigan; Their strong arms crumble into dust, And their bright swords have gathered rust. Their memory is thy sacred trust, Michigan, my Michigan. And often in the future years, Michigan, my Michigan, The widowed mother' 11 dry her tears, Michigan, my Michigan, And turning with a thrill of pride. Say to her children at her side, "At Antietam j'our father died," Michigan, my Michigan. Dark rolled the Rappahannock's flood, Michigan, my Michigan, The tide was crimsoned with thy blood, Michigan, my Michigan, Although for us the day was lost. Yet it shall be thy proudest boast, At Fredericksburg the Seventh crossed, Michigan, my Michigan. At Gettysburg a hundred graves, Michigan, my Michigan, Now mark the spot where sleep thj' braves. Michigan, my Michigan, And though that bloody field was won, Yet thou Shalt mourn for many a son. Whose work was but too bravely done, Michigan, my Michigan. So Vicksburg and East Tennessee, Michigan, my Michigan, Add to thy glorious history, Michigan, my Michigan. On many a well fought western field. Where rebel hosts were forced to yield. Thy sons in death their valor sealed, Michigan, my Michigan. 156 With General Grant's victorious name, Michigan, my Michigan, Thy sons still onward march to fame, Michigan, my Michigan, And foremost in the fight we see, Where'er the bravest dare to be, The sabres of thy cavalry, Michigan, my Michigan. When worn with watching traitor foes, Michigan, my Michigan, The welcome night brings sweet repose, Michigan, my Michigan, The soldier, weary from the fight. Sleeps sound, nor fears the rebel's might, For "Michigan's on guard tonight," Michigan, my Michigan. Mid. when the happy day shall come, Michigan, my Michigan, That brings thy war-worn heroes home, Michigan, my Michigan, What welcomes from thy own proud shore. What honors at their feet thou' It pour— What tears for those who come no more, Michigan, my Michigan. A grateful country claims thee now, Michigan, my Michigan, The deathless laurel binds each brow, Michigan, my Michigan. » And history the tale will tell. Of how they fought and how they fell, For that dear land they loved so well, Michigan, my Michigan. Micliigran, Notable Facts Concerning As compared with other states Michigan stands 1st in Lumber Products. 1 1 .(. .; 1st in Iron Ore, / '-;. 1st in Charcoal Iron. 1st in Salt. 1st in Gypsum. 1st in yield of Wheat per acre, 1st in value of farm crops generally^ per acre, 1st in Hardwood forests. 1st in Furniture. 1st in Fruit. 1st in Peppermint Oil— more than all of the rest of the coun- try combined. 1st in extent of coast line. 1st in lake commerce. 1st in ship building. 1st in inland commercial fisheries. 1st in number of summer resorts. In comparison with all the world, Michigan has the largest seed establishment. Michigan has the largest mint farm: Michigan has the largest drug manufactory. Michigan has the largest, varnish factory, 157 Michigan has the finest sandstone. Michigan is the greatest producer of celery. Michigan is the center of the silk-thread industry. Michigan has the longest sub-marine tunnel. Michigan has the largest pump. Michigan has the largest engines. Michigan has the largest ore-docks. Michigan has the largest stove and range works. Michigan has the largest car shops. Micliis'aii Keforuia^ory. See "State Reformatory." Midiigan's Repi'esentative in. Statuary Hall : at Wasli- insrton. The old House of Representatives at Washington was set apart by Congress as Statuary Hall, and each state was author- ized to furnish two bronze or marble busts or statues of its distinguished citizens, to be placed therein. In 1885 a resolution of the State Legislature authorized the expenditure of not to exceed $1U,000 to procure a statue of Gen. Cass for Statuary Hall. It was made by D. C. French at a cost of $3,000 and was formally accepted by Congress in an address by Senator T. W. Palmer. Micliig'an Scliool for tlie Bliud. See State School for the Blind. Micliigan School for tlie Deaf. See State School for the Deaf. Mich.ig'aii Soldiers' Home, See State Soldiers' Home. Michigran Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. At a war meeting held July 20, 1861, at Detroit, a resolution was adopted to erect a monument to our "heroic dead," and a committee was appointed to carry the resolution into effect, but for various reasons it was deemed advisable to defer active efforts, and it was not until July 20, 1865, that a committee was appointed to report a plan of work. On August 11, 1865, the committee reported, the association was organized, and one hundred and six directors with other officers appointed. The first public and inaugural meeting was held at Young Men's Hall, on August 31, 1865, and subscriptions amounting to $9,500 were then received. Several thousand dollars were subsequently contributed by the scholars in the public schools; other large amounts were received from the Masonic, Odd Fellow, and Good Templar organizations,* and also from various auxiliary Ladies' Monument Associations. Competing designs for the monument were advertised for on February 26, 1867, and on June 7 of the same year the design furnished by Randolph Rogers, of Rome (a former resident of Ann Arbor, Michigan), was accepted, and on September 25 a formal contract was made. The corner-stone was laid in East Grand Circus Park, Detroit, on July 4, 1867; delegations from various places in Michigan were present, and an immense procession of military, civil and secret societies preceded the ceremonies. The association was formally incorporated on August 12, 1867, under the name of the "Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monu- ment Association." The annual meeting is on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in September. 158 After much consultation, and in accordance with the recom- mendation of Mr. Rogers, it was decided to locate the monu- ment on the Campus Martius — in front of the City Hall. The corner-stone was accordingly removed from East Grand Circus Park, and relaid, and the monument erected by J. G. Batterson, of Hartford, Connecticut. On April 9, 1872, the monument was formally unveiled, and dedicated with appropriate and imposing ceremonies, which were witnessed by thousands of people from the interior of the state. The monument is designed as an offering to the memory of the brave men from Michigan who perished in the war with the South, and bears the following inscription: "ERECTED BY THE PEOPLE OF MICHIGAN, IN HONOR OF THE MAR- TYRS WHO PELL, AND THE HEROES WHO FOUGHT IN DEFENCE OF LIBERTY AND UNION." The body of the monument is of Westerly, Rhode Island, granite, and the statues are of golden bronze, cast in Munich, Bavaria. The general design of the monument is embraced in four sections. The first section has, at its corners, four bronze eagles. The second section has four statues, representing the four departments of the United States Service — Infantry, Marine, Cavalry and Artillery; each of the statues is seven feet high. The third section has four allegorical figures, representing Vic- tory, Union, Emancipation and History. The fourth section, or crowning figure of the monument, is eleven feet high, and represents Michigan allegorically, in aboriginal garb. On the four sides of the monument are bronzed medallions of Lincoln, Grant, Farragut and Sherman. The height of the monument, including the crowning figure, is sixty feet. Lack of funds prevented the finishing of the *f our figures for the third section at the time the monument was unveiled. Finally, on November 17, 1870, they were contracted for, and on July 19, 1881, were set in position and unveiled, with a parade of the military. The total cost of the monument was a little in excess of $70,000. The cost of the bronzes was as follows: the crowning statue, $8,000: the four army and navy statues, $20,000; the four allegorical figures, $10,000; the four medallions, $4,000; the four eagles, $2,400. By an Act approved January 31, 1883, the State appropriated $350 for repairs to the railing and foundation, and provided for the further expenditure of not exceeding $100 per year, for the care and preservation of the monument. Micliig-an Soldiers in U. S. Militai*y Cemeteries. The United States government set apart and cared for the cemeteries containing the soldier dead of the war with the South, but the state has also made large appropriations for that purpose. In 1864 and '65, $6,000 Was voted for the ground set apart for this state in the National Cemetery at Gettysburg. This cemetery contains the bodies of 3,559 Michigan soldiers, of whom 2,580 are identified. In 1867 the state appropriated $3,345 as its share towards the National Cemetery at Sharpsburgh, Md., where 37 of Michigan's soldiers are buried. At the National Cemetery at Andersonville, Ga., the remains of, 623 Michigan soldiers are buried. r : : : r .. -> r^i Micliig^an State Gx-ans-e. This organization, designed to promote and unify theijiter- ests of the farmers of the state, has 400 Granges, ,pj* local' asso- ciations, and 20,000 members, * i ' - 1S9 MicliigO'ii State Naval Brig'ade. See State Naval Militia. Micliigraii Territory. See Territory of Michigan. Mieliisaii Traveling Libi-aries. See Libraries, Michigan Traveling. GLADWIN Hi 03 M Jradford 4sfo-im4 ^Q-P^sj GBATIOT . SAGINAW Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. M. C. R. R. 3. Tittabawassee River. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Midland County was created in 1831 and organized in 1855. It was so named because a large part of it lies between the forks of the Chippewa and Tittibawassee rivers. It is also near the center of the lower peninsula. The county seat is Midland. Acres in county, 335,867. Population in 1850, 65; 1860, 782; 1870, 3,517; 1880, 6.894; 1890, 10,657; 1894, 13,218; 1900, 14,439. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,544. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,783, Bryan 1,224. Militia. See State Militia. Military. See State Military Board, State Inspector-General, State Quartermaster-General, State Adjutant-General, State Militia, State Soldiers' Home, Rebel Raid of 1863, County Soldiers' Relief 160 I Commi&sion, U. S. Ports, U. S. Military District, U. S. Pension' Agency, Michigan Soldiers in U. S. Military Cemeteries, Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Surrender, Dates of; Wars, Battles, Treaties; State Naval Militia. Minerals. See State Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, State Col- lege of Mines, Copper, Graphite, Iron Ore, Pig Iron, Ore Docks, Gold, Silver, Coal, Salt, Soda Ash, Cement, Brick Clay, Plaster, Sand, Limestone, Marble, Waverly Stone, Sandstone. KALKASKA R. 3 W. ^traiftirtfTiT. OSCEOLA CLARE Ref.: I. Manistee Riuer. 2. Branch Pere \ Marquette R. R. 3. Branch G. R. & I. Ry. 4. Ann Arbor R. R, 5. Muskegon Riuer. Copyright 190T, by SUns Farniey. Missaukee County- was created in 1840 and organized in 1871. It is believed to have been named from a Chippewa Indian chief. The word is a cor- ruption of Missisaging, meaning "at the mouth of a large river." The county seat was originally at Falmouth, but is now at Lake City. Acres in county, 362,798. Population in 1880, 1,553; 1890, 5,048; 1894, 6,955; 1900, 9,308. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,307. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,420, Bryan 617. Mitten State. See Cognomens of State. Money, Substitutes for The earliest money circulated in New France, and to some extent current in this region, known as "Card Money," was first 161 Issued in 1685, to pay the soldiers; it consisted of ordinary play- ing cards cut into four pieces, each piece being stamped with a fleur de lis and a crown, and signed by the governor, intendant and clerk of the treasury. This money was in use in Detroit in 1717, and was worth only fifty cents on the dollar in silver. It continued in use until 1729 or later. Specimens are preserved at Quebec. In 1763 Pontiac is said to have issued pieces of birch-bark as money, with the figure of an otter, his totem or seal, rudely drawn thereon, and tradition says that he faithfully redeemed them. The wampum used by the Indians was sold by traders for the purpose. It was largely manufactured by the Dutch at Albany from both the purple and the white part of clam and oyster shells, and the Hollanders of the Mohawk grew rich from the product of their primitive mint. The pieces of wampum were about half an inch long with a hole in them, and were car- ried on strings. The usual currency of the trading posts was the peltry of various animals; they were the chief productions, and were readily exchanged at Montreal and Quebec for goods of every kind. In earlier days there was little variation in the price of skins, and as the demand usually kept pace with the supply, there was but little depreciation in the currency. Accounts were often kept in beaver-skins, and other furs were reckoned accord- ing to their value in such skins. Otter skins were reckoned at six shillings each, and martens at one shilling and six pence. A stroud-blanket cost ten beaver-skins, a white blanket eight, a pound of powder two, a pound of shot or ball one, a gun twenty, a one-pound axe two, and a knife one beaver-skin. Buck and doe skins succeeded the beaver currency as a medium of exchange. Until the present century a good deerskin was equivalent to about a dollar. During revolutionary days accounts were usually kept in York currency, so called because issued by the Provincial Con- gress of New York, which, even at that day, was a controlling factor in the commerce of the country. The first York currency was issued under Act of September 2, 1776. The notes were of the denomination of fifty cents, and one, two, three, five and ten dollars. Soon after, notes for one-ninth, one-sixteenth, one-third and one-fourth of a dollar were issued. It was usual to reckon these notes at $2.50 to the pound. Halifax currency was esti- mated at $4.00 to the pound. Spanish dollars were the most valuable. Skins, as currency, were supplanted in 1779 by bills issued by merchants under authority of the governor. Each merchant was allowed to issue paper money, or due bills, to the value of the property he had on hand, and on a given day they exchanged with each other the bills they had received. This was the begin- ning of the clearing-house system. In the old Macomb ledgers of 1780 and 1781 there are frequent entries of "cash destroyed," the amounts evidently referring to the destruction of the bills of the firm after they had been re- deemed. The same sort of currency was continued under the earlier years of American rule, and was adopted as a means of driving out of circulation the "cut money,"— silver pieces that had been cut into many parts, and otherwise so mutilated that they were no longer desirable as a circulating medium. Various substitutes for money came into use soon after the war with the South began. Silver disappeared, and the noise of dropping coin was no longer heard on the 162 counter or in the tontribution-box. Single pieces were soon exhibited as a curiosity. In December, 1861, all the banks suspended, and before the close of the year thousands of dollars wdrth of postage stamps had been bought, and were circulating as change. Sometimes they were enclosed in a round brass case with mica covering, and packages in small envelopes, with the value marked, passed uncounted and unex- amined. So great was the demand for these sticky substitutes that enough could not be procured. In the fall of 1862 many busi- ness firms revived the custom of fifty years before, issuing little pasteboard cards and bills of various denominations, from five to fifty cents. Silver half-dollars, when they were in circulation at all, passed for sixty cents, quarters for thirty cejats, and ten-cent pieces for twelve cents. WASHTENAW ■Oakville I WAYNE 3. outl. kwood ^' veretti 4 JPal*/f Grid- /. I DlCiCinsoniOAshlandSta.^! Sllll Br]ookS t GROTON j"! Brooks I Asldaucl miOAshlandt.^,, , ^ ! or ^k&P.O,^!-- I Ensley '\_ jGrovfc* ! o Plumviile 7. I MUSKEGON i KENT Ref.:—1. Pere Marquette R. R. 2. Little Muskegon River. 3. Muskegon River. 4. Wfiite River. S. Pere Marquette River, See State State Normal Copyright 1901, hy Silas Farmer, Normal Scbools and Collegres. Normal School, Northern; State Normal College; School, Central. 167 Northern Midiigran Asylnm. See State Asylums. Northern State Normal School. See "State Normal School, Northern." North^vest and Indiana Territories. See Territories, Northwest and Indiana. I GENESEE 5 LAPEER WASH- 7. Ref.:-f. M. C. R. R. Ry. 4. Clinton River. Rouge. 6. WAYNE 2. P. 0. & N. R. R. 3. Gd. Trunk 5. D. G. H. & M. Ry. 6. River 7. Pere Marquette R. R. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Notary Pnhlic. See Covmty Notary Public. Oakland Connty was created and organized in 1820. Its present limits were defined in 1822. It was named from the abundance of its oaks. The county seat is Pontiac. Acres in county, 575,400. Population in 1840, 23,646; 1850, 31.267; 1860, 38,020; 1870, 40,906; 1880, 41,537; 1890, 168 41,245; 1894, 42,676; 1900, 44,792. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 9,565. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 6,174, Bryan 4,968. Oceana CoTinty was created in 1831 and organized in 1855. Its present limits were defined In 1859. It was named from its location on Lake Michi- gan, which in itself was regarded as a small-sized ocean. The county seat is Hart. Acres in county, 344,895. Population in 1840, 496; 1850, 300; 1860, 1,802; 1870, 7,222; 1880, 11,699; 1890, 15,698; 1894, 16,599; 1900, 16,644. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 3,221. Pres- idential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,406, Bryan 1,200. MASON 4 3, B. 15 W. MUSKEGON Ref.:-1. Mason & Oceana R. R. 2. Pere Marquette River. 3. White River. 4. Pere Marquette R. R. Copyright 1901. bu Silas Farmer. OgemaTr County was created in 1840 and organized in 1875. The name was derived from a Chippewa Indian word meaning "chief." The county seat is at West Branch. Acres in county, 365,959. Population in 1880, 1,914; 1890, 5,583; 1894, 5,638; 1900, 7,765. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,291. Presidential votes in 1900 McKinley 1,186, Bryan 518. Oil, Kerosene All oil which on test of one-half pint emits a combustible vapor at a temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit is to be rejected as unfit for general sale. During the last six months of 1899, 10,768,960 gallons of oil were inspected. See State Oil Inspector. 169 Oleomarsrarine. No imitation of butter can be sold in this state which is col- ored to look like butter, nor unless each package thereof has printed thereon in bold black letters the true name of the sub- stance, its ingredients, and the name and address of the man- ufacturer; the character of the substance must also be verbally told to every purchaser thereof. The proprietor of any store, hotel or restaurant where imi- tation butter Is sold or furnished must conspicuously place in the room where such is sold or furnished, a white placard on which is printed in Roman letters of not less than three inches in length and two inches in width, the words "Oleomargarine Sold or Used Here," the word "Oleomargarine" as defined by law covering all substitutes for butter. OSCODA B. IE- o T ^. GLADWIN 1 ARENAC Jfef.:—1. Det. & Mack. Ry. 2. Rifle RTuer. 3. M. C. R. R. 4. Log Road, Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. Violation of these laws is punishable by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $500 and eosts, or imprisonment at Ionia for not less than six months, nor more than three years, or both. Olivet Collegre at Olivet, belongs to the Congregational and Presbyterian Chxirches. Was organized in 1859. Statistics for college year, 1897-'98: 24 instructors, 258 students, 15 graduates. Graduates since founding, 455. Number of volumes In library, 26,000. Value of buildings and grrounds, $158,757. 170 . - Ontonagron County- was created In 1843 and organized in 1852. Its present limits were deAned In 1887. Ontonagon was the name of an Ottawa Indian chief. Some say that the name was derived from the Indian word, Nunda-norgan, meaning "hunting river." Others give "place of wooden bowl" as the meaning of the name. The county seat is at Ontonagon. Acres in county, 844,648. Population in 1850, 389; 1860, 4,575; 1870, 2,846; 1880, 2,565; 1890, 3,756; 1894, 6,873; 1900, 6,197. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 664. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 982, Bryan 430. Sane hurst ^ Ixntcyiorl Hef.:~1. Copper Range R. fi. 2. Mineral hange^ R. R. 3. C. M. & St. P. Ry. 4. D. S. S. & Att. Ry^l, -,^ . , 5. C.&N. W.Ry. 6. Lake Gogebic. j' ^^ ^^*"-^ j"^, j"*— — Copyright 1901. by Silas FarmerA w^^^V '^ JJ \S*^^ *^ I T. fe I ,. ., W^, . Interior 4J(\ 9 jN. O eOGEBIC { I 171 Ore Docks. No other part of the world has such facilities for the handling and transportation of vast quantities of ore as exist at Escanaba, Mich. The docks, together with their equipment of over 5,000 cars, cost $2,290,000. They can load 36 vessels at one time and from 20,000 to 30,000 tons can be shipped in 24 hours. The dimen- sions of the docks are as follows: Number. Height. Length. Pockets. Tracks. 1,104 184 2 1,082 192 2 1,212 202 2 1,500 250 2 1,392 232 2 1 46 ft. 2 39 ft. 3 39 ft 4 46 ft. 5 51ft. lOin Capacity. 23,000 long tons 19,300 long tons 20,000 long tons 33,200 long tons 40,600 long tons WEXFORD I MISSAUKEE ■ 4, MECOSTA Ref.:—1. G. R. & I. Ry- 2. Manistee & Gd. Rapids R. R. 3. Manistee & Luther R. R. 4. Pere Marquette R. R. 5. Muskegon Riuer. 6. Ann Arbor R. R. Copyright 1901. bn Silas Fanner. Ore and Forest Railroads. See Rail Roads, Ore and Forest. Osceola County- Was created under the name of Unwattin in 1840, but the name was changed to Osceola in 1843. The original name was a coined word without meaning. The present name was that of the cele- brated chief of the Seminole Indians. The county was organized 172 in 1869, The county seat Is at Hersey. Acres in county, 367,247. Population in 1860, 27; 1870, 2,624; 1880, 10,777; 1890, 14,630; 1894, 16,475; 1900, 17,859. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 2,404. Presi- dential vote in 1900, McKinley 2,635, Bryan, 880. Oscoda County Was created in 1840 and organized in 1881. Its name is the Indian word, Oscoda, meaning "pebbly prairie." The county seat is Mio. Acres in county, 365,127. Population in 1880, 467; 1890, 1,904; 1894, 1,806; 1900, 1,468. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 180.' Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 245, Bryan 60. MONTMORENCY Bv 1£. T. 88 N. o % r "* ^ 1 ■" 71 L (AljC ni '^ Pi mm Is 5 1 J ] 1 . • li / 1 7 ( M ir o ie I ) < . i t 1 A f^ 'i / m e % ( ki tt 18« V U A / V- -^ ~ F^ kU 3 &iy d( r 1 t \ ' i li lie i^ ?? 1 tt H id bi k <% I ^ W S - - ^ o - ^ 1 r i -pT i 'i E y — I k ^ -'''' ol ps r*" ^ — 1 r* ■\ y \l U ' s \ ^ LL LJj ,.; \ ^ IS Lc K **j tli li^ k. <> <1 i Da 90 Covington 298 L'Anse 1,360 1,468 Spurr 266 269 Baraga county... 4,320 3,036 Assyria 1,050 1,074 Baltimore 1,212 1,266 Barry 1,113 1,221 Carlton 1,300 1,357 Castleton 2,342 2,391 Hastings city 3,172 2,972 Hastings 1,025 1,187 Hope 1,128 1,214 Irving 1,346 1,379 Johnstown 962 1,068 Maple Grove 1,198 1,375 Orangeville 775 968 Prairieville 915 1,040 Rutland 899 1,030 Thornapple 1,849 1,684 Woodland 1,552 1,728 Yankee Springs ... 676 829 Barry county 22,514 23,783 Beaugrand \.. 506 332 Benton 1,063 770 Burt 404 376 Cheboygan city ... 6,489 6,235 Ellis 326 159 Forest 622 161 Grant 542 455 Hebron 379 207 Inverness 1,589 1,153 Mackinac 606 475 Mentor 463 391 Munro 418 254 Nunda 967 581 Tuscarora 711 380 Waverly 115 53 Wilmot 316 Cheboygan county 15,516 11,986 Bruce 1,071 1,318 Dafter 738 Detour 1,043 964 Drummond Isiland. 499 496 Kinross 144 Pickford 1,425 993 Raber 644 Rudyard 678 Sault S'te. Marie city 10,538 5,760 Sault Ste. Marie.. 878 669 189 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 Sugar Island 540 Superior 2,274 Trout Lake 367 Whitefish 499 Chippewa countj'. 21,338 Arthur 500 Clare city 1,326 Franklin 73 Frost 194 Garfield 294 Grant 848 Greenwood 484 Hamilton 199 Harrison 647 Hatton 380 Hayes 170 Redding 585 Sheridan 809 Summerfield 282 Surrey 1,292 Winterfleld 277 Clare county 8,360 Bath 1,065 Beng-al 1,045 Bingham 4,452 Dallas 1,647 De Witt 1,236 Duplain 1,831 Eagle 1,158 Essex 1,482 Greenbush 1,400 Lebanon 1,098 Olive 1,122 Ovid 2,555 Riley 1,155 Victor 999 Watertown 1,334 Westphalia 1,557 Clinton county... 25,136 Beaver Creek 316 Frederic 228 Grayling 1,716 Maple Forest 484 South Branch 199 Crawford county. 2,943 Baldwin 862 Bark River 1,075 Bay de Noc 469 Escanaba city — 9,549 Escanaba 792 Fairbanks 298 Minor Civil 1890 Divisions. 1900 563 Ford River 1,386 893 Garden 1,234 112 Gladstone city .... 3,380 551 Maple Ridge 653 Masonville 2,203 12,019 Nahma 967 Sac Bay 185 168 Wells 828 1,174 545 Delta county 23.881 134 • ••••• Breen 532 794 Breitung 1,074 259 Felch 400 508 Iron Mountain city 9,242 752 Norway city 4,170 535 Norway 1,230 192 Sagola 527 •'••^X Waucedah 715 693 147 Dickinson county 17,890 365 Bellevue 2,344 Benton 1,517 7,558 Brookfleld 1,243 ^ „„, Carmel 1,021 1>224 Charlotte city 4,092 1-1,1* Chester 1,243 4.252 Delta 1,383 1'668 Eaton 959 I'Sxi Eaton Rapids city. 2,103 1'773 Eaton Rapids 1,172 1-246 Bangor 1,195 1.5JJ gay City 27,628 1-453 Beaver 1.539 I'S.? Frankenlust 1,395 1.245 Eraser 1,656 2'»^5 Garfield 555 H-il Gibson 761 1-2S Hampton 3,319 1-505 Kawkawlin 1,864 1,699 Merritt 1.563 l^TTZ, Monitor 2,150 26,509 -j^^ Forest 350 i7n Pinconning 2,104 ofin Portsmouth 1,363 1 cS West Bay City .... 13,119 ^'llg Williams 1,818 ^ Bay county 62,378 ^'^^^ Almira 790 385 Benzonia 1,122 706 Blaine 498 478 Colfax 962 6,808 Crystal Lake 1,903 724 Gilmore 886 740 Homestead 1,009 IdO 1890 837 1,267 1,337 241 924 697 186 15,330 8,599 2,084 1,537 1,344 1,089 3,867 1,420 1,482 1,084 1,970 1,25B 745 27,839 879 1,206 950 147 335 2,890 1,249 1,0T7 1,702 " 1,956 1,156 12,981 1,SD0 56,412 278 606 346 404 1,472 755 330 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Inland 485 419 Joyfield 328 262 Lake 126 170 Platte .:.. 477 198 Weldon 1,099 97 Benzie county.... 9,685 5,237 Bainbridge 1,803 1,519 Benton 3,234 2,377 Benton Harbor city 6,562 3,692 Berrien 1,490 1,584 Bertrand 932 1.093 Buclianan 2,575 2,849 Chickaming 920 964 Galien 1,239 1,238 Hagar 1,105 953 Lake 2,694 1,518 Lincoln 1,877 2,112 New Buffalo 1,240 1,192 Niles city 4,287 4,197 Niles 1,131 1,364 Oronoko 1,951 1,815 Pipestone 1,386 1,446 Royalton 1,147 1,164 St. Joseph city.... 5,155 3,733 St. Joseph 1,070 574 Sodus 1,165 953 Three Oaks 1,844 1,754 Watervliet 3,009 2,016 Weesaw 1,349 1.178 Berrien county... 49,165 41,285 Algansee 1,265 1,38^" Batavia 1,133 1,210 Bethel 1,328 1,391 Bronson 2,323 1,991 Butler 1,169 1,303 California 922 861 Coldwater city .... 6,216 5,247 Coldwater 1,361 1,4^ Gilead 813 808 Girard 1,235 1,274 Kinderhook 623 639 Matteson 1,067 1,169 Noble 604 629 Ovid 969 1,036 Quincy 2,781 2,586 Sherwood 1,256 1,405 IPnion 2,746 2,406 Branch county.. 27,811 26,791 Albion city 4,519 3,763 Albion 760 799 Athens 1,527 1,469 Battle Creek city.. 18,563 13,197 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Battle Creek 1,008 552 Bedford 1,217 1,127 Burlington 1,387 1,325 Clarence 979 1,129 Clarendon 1,082 1,167 Convis 876 853 Eckford 975 1,098 Emmet 918 911 Fredonia 825 954 Homer 1,948 2,032 Lee 1,053 1,117 Le Roy 1,084 1,165 Marengo 1,023 1,110 Marshall city 4,370 3,968 Marshall 774 873 Newton 873 847 Pennfield 1,040 1,047 Sheridan 980 1,060 Tekonsha 1,534 1,538 Calhoun county.. 49,315 43,^1 Calvin 1,271 1,478 Dowagiac city 4,151 2.806 Howard 755 829 Jefferson 790 894 La Grange 2,256 2,23B Marcellus 1,883 1,849 Mason .,... 668 775 Milton 433 484 Newberg 1,313 1,42'6 Ontwa 848 929 Penn 1,351 1,530 Pokagon 1,039 1,214 Porter 1,310 1,575 Silver Creek 951 859 Volinia 1,033 1,239 Wayne .- 824 828 Cass county 20,876 20,^3 Bay 503 469 Boyne Valley 1,258 509 Chandler 273 144 Charlevoix 2,257 1,518 Evangeline 1,254 719 Eveline 847 923 Hayes 780 692 Hudson 255 US Marion 681 441 Melrose 620 438 Norwood 652 484 Peaine 372 St. James 420 — .. South Arm 2,839 2,103 Wilson 945 576 Charlevoix county 13,956 9,686 191 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Adams 3,253 1,475 Calumet 25,991 12,529 Chassell 1,088 680 Duncan 1,316 476 Elm River 532 Franklin 5,418 2,687 Hancock 5,995 2,735 Laird 658 159 Osceola 7,615 3,630 Portag-e 5,019 3,531 Quincy 1,667 1,258 Schoolcraft 4,197 3,325 Torch LA'k.e 3,314 2,904 Houghton county 66,063 35,3S9 Bingham 1,404 1,348 Bloomfield 884 692 Brookfield 981 867 Caseville 1,421 1,193 Chandler 1,214 1,047 Colfax 1,425 1,116 Dwight 1,585 1,424 Fairhaven 887 763 Gore 244 315 Grant 1,145 1,133 Hume 808 "^Sl Huron 1,100 923 Lake 448 333 Lincoln 834 532 Meade 1,231 922 Oliver 1,764 692 Paris 1,614 1,680 Port Austin 1,449 1,469 Rubicon 1,075 1,19J Sand Beach 2,431 2,288 Sebewaing 2,500 1,810 Sheridan 1,011 885 Sherman 1,719 1,318 Sigel 1,058 907 Verona 1,821 1,288 Wlnsor 2,109 1,279 Huron county.... 34,162 28,545 Alaiedon 1,172 1,287 Aurelius 1,387 1,489 Bunker Hill 920 1,012 Delhi 1,467 1,504 Ingham 1,155 1,232 Lansing city 16,485 13,102 Lansing 1,353 1,422 Leroy 1,441 1,572 Leslie 2,220 2,337 Locke 1,248 1,265 Mason city 1,828 1,875 Meridian 1,625 1,720 Onondaga 1,264 1,392 Stockbridge 1,389 1,27.6 Itt Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Vevay 923 1,131 Wheatfield 882 929 White Oak 1,026 1,070 Wrlliamston 2,083 2,051 Ingham county.. 39,818 37,666 Belding city 3,282 1,730 Berlin 1,167 1,573 Boston 1,865 1,940 Campbell 1,692 1,688 Danby 1,181 1,284 Easton 2,175 1,868 Ionia city 5,209 4,482 Ionia 1,534 1,482 Keene 1,004 1,024 Lyons 2,370 2,437 North Plains 1,410 1,477 Odessa 2,403 2,251 Orange 1,108 1,311 Orleans 1,231 1,397 Otisco 1,174 1,450 Portland 2,857 2.620 Ronald 1,284 1,371 Sebewa 1,383 1,416 Ionia county 34,329 32,801 Alabaster 464 372 Au Sable citv 1,116 4,328 Au Sable 752 170 Baldwin 349 2^ Burleigh 743 443 East Tawas citv.. 1,736 2,200 Grant 287 149 Oscoda 1,349 3,848 Plainfield 330 200 Reno 364 358 Sherman 280 168 I'awas City 1,228 1,544 Tawas 980 805 Wilber 268 299 Iosco county 10,246 15,224 Grand Ledge citv.. 2,161 1,606 Hamlin 1,086 1,224 Kalamo 1,428 1,591 Oneida 1,187 1,324 Roxand 1,598 1,731 Sunfield 1,979 1,891 Vermontville 1,755 1,881 Walton 1,900 1,995 Windsor 1,497 1,718 Eaton county 31,668 32,094 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 Bear Creek 1,387 Bliss 704 Carp Lfake 561 Center 636 Cross Village 544 Egleston 354 Friendship 369 Lrittlefield 877 Little Traverse .. 2,152 Maple River 516 Petoskey city 5,285 Pleasant View — 341 Readmond 479 Resort 752 Springva,le 630 West Traverse . . . 344 Argentine 927 Atlas 1,199 Burton 1,145 Clayton 1,227 Davison 1,768 Fenton 3,843 Flint city 13,103 Flint 1,172 Flushing 2,132 Forest 1,600 Gaines 1,619 Genesee 1,556 Grand Blanc 1,370 JMontrose 1,859 Mtt. Morris :. 1,158 Mundy 1,368 Richfield 1,338 Thetford 1,297 Vienna 2,123 1890 1,153 202 236 219 484 140 305 3?3 1,488 603 2,872 278 433 Emmet county... 15,931 8,756 1,069 1,256 1,233 1,337 1,617 3,667 9,803 1,330 2,444 1,696 1,735 1,588 1,430 1,654 1,22H 1,390 1,471 1,372 2,115 Genesee county.. 41,804 39,-f30 756 534 333 156 254 359 .. 101 775 732 713 668 213 Tobacco 1,070 Beaverton — Bentley Billings Bourret Buckeye ...... Butman j . . , , Clement ..... Gladwin city Gladwin Grout Sage Sherman 253 385 260 124 903 683 857 547 196 Minor Civil >r/ir>'io. • Divisions. -rlSOOr Bessemer city 3,911 Bessemer 817 Ironwood city 9,705 Iron wood 459 Mareniseo Ill Wakefield 1,438 Watersmeet 297 Gogebic county.. 16.738 Acme 692 Blair 797 East Bay 553 Fife Lake 1,019 Garfield 986 Grant 699 Green Lake 787 Long Lake 663 Mayfleld 878 Paradise 1,693 Peninsula 1,134 Tt averse City 9,407 Union 208 Whitewater 963 1890 2,566 680 7,745 562 22S 782 606 13.166 676 1,018 810 843 458 871 492 560 1,357 957 4,833 148 792 Grand Traverse county 20,479 13,355 Arcada ;. 3,489 Bethany. 1,691 Elba 1,895 Emerson 1,461 Fulton 1,797 Hamilton 904 Ithaca ...;... 2,179 Lafayette 1,497 Newark 1,251 New Haven 1,329 North Shade 1,331 North Star 1,583 Pine River 1,253 St. Louis city 1,989 Seville 1,403 Sumner' . 1,544 Washington 1,404 Wheeler :- 1,889 2,943 1,497 1,7SB 1,441 1,911 752 1,768 1,336 1,338 1,394 1,421 1,645 1,346 2,246 1,322 1,371 1,538 1,640 Gladwin county.. 6,594 4,208 Gratiot county.. 29,889 28,668 Adams 1,522 1,773 Allen 1,328 1,429 Amboy 1,137 1,236 Cambria 1,355 1,498 Camden 1,926 1,911 Fayette 1,941 1,833 Hillsdale city 4,151 3,915 Hillsdale 447 455 Jefferson 1,601 1,771 Litchfield 1,617 1,714 193 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Moscow 1,090 1,127 Pittsford 1,537 1,560 Ransom 1,215 1,403 Reading 2,163 1,989 Scipio 957 960 Somerset 1,216 1,237 Wheatland 1,195 1,260 Woodbridge 1,318 1,343 Wright 2,149 2,246 Hillsdale county. 29,865 30,660 Bingham 811 719 Centerville 1,285 927 Cleveland 506 552 Elmwood 824 734 Empire 1.155 596 Glen Arbor 593 353 Kasson 685 558 Leelanau 1,620 1,357 Leland 946 708 Solon 888 367 Buttons Bay 1,243 1,033 Leelanau county. 10,556 7,944 Adrian city 9,654 8,756 Adrian 1,708 1,860 Blissfield 2,139 2,137 Cambridge 1.125 1,104 Clinton 1,483 1,490 Deerfield 1,528 1,548 Dover 1,307 1,361 Fairfield 2,209 2,263 Franklin 1,197 1,405 Hudson city 2,403 2,178 Hudson 1,229 1,301 Macon 1,117 1,195 Madison 1,348 1,406 Medina '. 1,447 1,6B7 Ogden 2,069 2,136 Palmyra 1,663 1,765 Raisin 1,343 1,444 Ridgeway 1,507 1,399 Riga 2,189 2,301 Rollin ............... 1,519 1,559 Rome 1,204 1,256 Seneca 2,638 2,679 Tccumseh 2,948 2,784 Woodstock 1,432 1,434 Lenawee county. 48,406 48,448 Brighton 1,505 1,676 Cohoctah 1,340 1,286 Conway 1,206 1,298 Dfeerfield 898 1,072 Genoa «43 916 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 Green Oak 770 Hamburg 876 Handy 1,969 Hartland 969 Howell 3.365 Iosco 908 Marion ....•...,• 1,108 Osceola .•.•.•..•.•••.•.• • 865 Putnam !k ..... .-: /.' ? " 1.201 Tyrone 911 Unadilla 930 Livingston county 19,664 Columbus 204 Lakefield 297 McMillan 2,263 Pentland 219 Luce county 2,983 Bois Blanc 226 Brevort 377 Cedar 389 Garfield 601 Hendricks 727 Mackinac Island city 665 Marquette 445 Moran 329 Newton 1,046 Portage 173 St. Ignace city 2,271 St. Ignace 185 Sherwood 269 Mackinac county. 7,703 Armada 1,933 Bruce 1,789 Chesterfield 2,093 Clinton 1,825 Erin 2,440 Harrison ^ 721 Lenox 2,351 Macomb ........... 1,677 Mt. Clemens city.. 6,576 Ray 1,363 Richmond 2,275 Shelby 1,726 Sterling 1,915 Warren 2,567 Washington 1,993 1890 817 918 2,103 1.049 3,388 947 1,146 914 1,242 1,076 1,010 20,858 159 1,949 M7 2,455 313 58^ 1,090 282 750 310 452 762 171 2,704 130 7,830 1,770 2,021 2,121 1,819 2,449 695 2,385 1,721 4,748 1,404 2,486 1,653 2,038 2,423 2,080 Macomb county.. 33,244 31,813 191 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 ^Atkinson 366 -Bates ; 402 Crystal Falls city. 3,231 Crystal Falls ..;j.- 79V Hematite 694 Iron River 1,177 Mansfield 350 Mastodon 172 Stambaugh 1,201 1890 ""504 1,176 1,426 "m 711 Iron county 8,990 4,432 Broomfield Chippewa . 'Coe •Coldwater -'Deerfteld .•., -Denver .'i... Fremont Gilmore Isabella Lincoln Mt. Pleasant city Nottawa Rolland Sherman Union — Vernon — Wise '.iih 723 1,192 2,082 907 1,213 912 1,271 787 1,673 1,238 3,662 1,447 1,023 878 1,247 1,363 1,165 495 719 1,801 1,084 93S 681 1,176 571 1,523 1,248 2,701 S43 l.OBl l?.S 1.270 1,311 826 Isabella county.. 22,784 18,784 Blackman 1,695 .Columbia 1,579 Concord 1,330 Grass Lake 1,623 Hanover — .... — 1,431 Henrietta 1,091 Jackson city 25,180 Leoni 1,438 Liberty .............. 872 Napoleon ............. 948 Norvell' 800 Parma .............. 1,072 Pulaski ............. 961 Rives : 1,183 Sandstone — ...;.. 1,368 Spring Arbor . ; — 1,032 Springport ......... 1,422 Summit 1,047 Tompkins — 1,076 Waterloo 1,074 1,713 1,574 1,415 1,643 1.575 1,145 20,708 1,381 974 999 824 1,175 1,046 1.511 l.lSf 1,474 9'67 1,159 1.171 Jackson county.. 48,222 45,031 Alamo 1,213 1,185 Brady 1,2^§, ,1,410 Charleston .....•.:.. 907 384 Minor Civil ' Divisions. 1900 Climax 1,368 Comstock 1,694 Cooper 942 Kalamazoo city ... 24,404 Kalamazoo . .. .. 1,904 Oshtemo 1,069 Pavilion 986 Portage 895 Prairie Ronde 830 Richland 1,023 Ross 1,412 Schoolcraft 2,138 Texas 837 Wakeshma 1,430 1890 1,476 1,779 1,099 17,853 2,293 1,206 1,014 9il 998 1,135 1,347 2,124 893 1,536 Kalamazoo county . . . 44,310 39,273 Boardman 857 740 Clearwater 882 542 Cold Springs 270 137 Excelsior 438 339 Garfield 262 181 Glade 73 183 Kalkaska . . . . ; 1,727 1,542 Oliver 152 131 Orange 591 383 Rapid River 657 549 Springfield .'... 602 285 Wilson 409 148 Town. 25, N., range 6, W 133 Town. 26, N., range 5, W.. 14 ...... Town. 27, N., range 5, W 28 Town. 28, N., range 5, W 38 Kalkaska county. 7,133 5,160 Ada Algoma Alpine Bowne Byron Caledonia Cannon Cascade Courtland ...^ Gaines Grand Rapids city. Grand Rapids Grattan Lowell Nelson Oakfield Paris 1,308 1,982 1,471 1,340 1,944 1,593 1,055 1,200 1,311 1,342 87,565 2,748 1,102 3,097 2,132 924 2,058 1,296 2,077 1,382 1,214 l,7l5 1,7B5 1,115 1,147 1,280 1,351 60,278 8,325 1,109 3,145 2,147 1,048 3,171 195 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Plainfleld 1,771 1,571 Solon 1,631 1,769 Sparta 2,898 2,639 Spencer ............ 1,185 ,1,260 l^rone .............. 1,513 1,501 Vergennes 982 1,094 Walker 2,166 3,229 Wyoming 3,396 3,234 Kent county .129,714 109,922 Aliouez 1,610 1.103 Eagle Harbor 770 526 Grant 157 100 Houghton 576 189 Shermaa ., . 104 868 Keweenaw county 3,217 2,894 Chase ■.."...■.■... 1,075 1,169 Cherry ....•.'.■.■.■.■.:.. 211 301 Dover .....:.■.■.■.:... 396 303 Eden 1 : . ". 21 120 Elk 245 569 Ellsworth 1,080 1,949 Lake .....;... 177 59 Newkirk 811 Pinora 373 890 Pleasant Plains ... ,416 657 Webber '. , ". 1 . .7 .152 162 -i L«ake county.... 4,957 6,505 Almont 1,836 1,854 Arcadia 1,179 1,193 Attica 1,301 1,527 Burlington 1,292 1,518 Burnside 1,781 2,055 Deerfleld 1,106 1,072 Dryden 1,226 1.378 Elba 984 1,089 Goodland 1,093 1,126 Hadley 1,201 1,316 Imlay 2,373 2,620 Lapeer city 3,297 2,753 Lapeer 870 957 Marathon 1,686 1,846 Mayfield 1,148 1,204 Metamora 1,170 1,306 North Branch 1,779 1,886 Oregon 1,067 1,295 Rich 1,252 1,218 Lapeer county... 27,641 29,213 Albert 827 142 Briley 417 338 Hillman 819 5Bo Montmorency 445 177 196 Minor Civil Divisions. ' 1900 Rust , 371 Vienna , 355 Montmorency county 3.234 Blue Lake 149 Casnovia 1,940 Cedar Creek ... 367 Dalton 815 Eggleston 319 Pruitland 844 Fruitport 927 Holton .............. 846 Laketon 419 Montague 1,384 Moorland 86& Muskegon city 20,818 Muskegon 1,316 North Muskegon city 513 Norton .................. 1,416 Ravenna ; . .'. . ^j i-a. ^a 1,492 Sullivan ...*....::..: 447 Whitehall 1,582 White River 574 Muskegon county 37,036 Ashland 1,523 Barton 743 Beaver 503 Big Prairie 394 Bridgeton 585 Brooks 1,009 Croton 509 Dayton '. 1,930 Denver 1,193 Ensley ..,4.1,....illy) 1,164 Everett ..'..".. I'.*.'.'.. ; 390 Garfield .............. 1,387 Goodwell 350 Grant 612 Home 310 Lincoln 411 Monroe 439 Norwich 402 Sheridan 1,861 Sherman 734 Troy 224 Wilcox 1,000 Newaygo county. 17,673 Addison 1,116 Avon 2,584 Bloomfleld ......... 2,296 Brandon 1,179 Commerce 1,124 1890 20? 1,487 138 1,734 237 638 289 580 1,446 906 614 1,967 738 22,702 1,498 1,590 723 1,466 '2i6i4 633 40,013 1,489 773 4t)9 445 584 1,01^ 706 1,958 1,055 1.177 576 1,686 339 455 1,016 695 1,066 910 1,546 625 643 1,307 20,476 1,139 1,946 2,044 1,260 1,113 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Farmington 1,753 1,639 Groveland 828 917 Highland 1,142 1,393 Holly 2,266 2,120 Independence 1,191 1,297 Lyon 1,569 1,660 Milford 1,866 1,962 Novi 1,245 1,306 Oakland 870 896 Orion .- 1,507 1,297 Oxford 1,990 2,080 Pontiac city 9,769 6,200 Pontiac 1,016 947 Rose 862 958 Royal Oak 2,012 1,844 Soutbfleld 1,378 1,444 Springfield 906 1,064 Troy .1,527 1,470 Waterford 1,079 1,163 West Bloomfield... 999 1,229 White Lake ....... 718 857 Oakland county.. 44,792 41,245 Arcadia 881 671 Bear Lake 1,428 1,287 Brown 799 726 Cleon 1,237 810 Filer 2,283 2,101 Manistee city 14,260 12,812 Manistee ,.,... 3,128 2,631 Maple Grove 508 361 Marilla 404 341 Onekama 920 1,082 Pleasanton 659 593 Springdale 558 105 Stronach 791 710 Manistee county. 27,856 24,230 Champion 1,707 2,622 Chocolay 662 1,285 Ely 303 694 Forsyth 595 270 Humboldt 341 608 Ishpeming city ... 13,255 11,197 Ishpemdng 360 904 Marquette city .... 10,058 9,093 Marquette 200 268 Michigamme 1,143 1,435 Negaunee city .... 6,935 6,078 Negaunee 94 833 Republic 2,293 2,594 Richmond 892 1,132 Sands 192 Scandia 338 Tilden .' 1,448 908 197 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Turin 141 100 West Branch 282 Marquette county 41,239 39,521 Amber 1,329 1^036 Branch 614 319 Custer 1,541 1,287 Eden 782 579 Freesoil 1,112 87S Grant 569 301 Hamlin 293 85 Ludington city ... 7,166 7,517 Pere Marquette .. 965 944 Riverton 1488 1203 Sheridan 461 349 Sherman 1,026 550 Summit 486 508 Victory 1,053 658 Mason county.... 18,885 16,3Sff ■<■■ .; .>iiy'.) Aetna 946 1,!;, 122 Austin 713 695 Big Rapids city.... 4,686 5,302 Big Rapids 683 655 Chippewa : 870 969 Colfax 911 1,000 Deerfield 1114 1260 Fork 1,435 570 Grant 636 493 Green 1404 1311 Hinton 1,310 1,152 Martiny 745 633 Mecosta ;. 926 851 Millbrook 1,210. 971 Morton 966 967 Sheridan 864 430 Wheatland 1, 274 1,315 Mecosta county.. 20,693 19,697 Cedarville 813 536 Ingailston^ 769 . .491 Me-nominee city ... 12,818 10,630 Menominee 1,290 1,566 Mellen 1022 ...... Meyer 1,387 1,252 Nadeau 2,003 1525 Spalding 3,326 1915 Stephenson 3,006 2,279 Menominee county 27,046 33,639 Edenville 763 .460 Geneva 584 458 Greendale 247 151 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Homer 657 552 Hope 752 655 Ingersoll 1,304 1,130 Jasper 1,019 701 Jerome 533 503 Larkin 702 377 Lee 538 264 Lincoln 343 252 Midland city 2,363 2,277 Midland 1,057 1,020 Mills 241 Mt. Hayley 683 444 Porter 779 504 Warren 1,874 903 Midland county.. 14,439 10,657 Aetna 384 169 Bloomneld 284 159 Butterfield 221 Caldwell 708 405 Clam Union 987 678 Forest 2S5 193 Lake 1,099 636 Norwich 789 441 Pioneer 263 151 Reeder *..... 1,439 832 Richland 1,166 534 Riverside 1,368 617 West Branch 315 ^0 Missaukee county 9,308 5,048 Ash 1,913 1,997 Bedford 2,179 1,SS7 Berlin 1,820 1,906 Dundee 3,061 3,539 Erie 1,426 1,463 Exeter 1,696 1,716 Prenchtown 1,938 2,023 Ida 1,809 1,410 La Salle 1,320 1,315 London 1,271 1,315 Milan 2,111 2,079 Monroe city 5,043 5,258 Monroe 1,137 890 Raisinville 1,811 1,830 Summerfleld 2,169 1,858 Whiteford 2,050 1,901 Monroe county... 32,754 32,337 Belvidere 1,201 1,027 Bloomer 2,254 2,182 Bushnell 1,216 1,3£6 Cato 2,087 2,016 Crystal 1.445 1,344 Day 1,438 1,737 Ivlinor Civil Divisions. 1900 1850 Douglas 1,104 968 Eureka 816 933 Evergreen 1,367 1,308 Fairplain 1,183 1.181 Ferris 1,163 1,314 Greenville city .... 3,381 3,056 Home 1,653 1.498 Maple Valley ..... 1.842 l.SOS Montcalm 1,310 1.510 Pierson 1.250 1.410 Pine 1.186 1.072 Reynolds 2,015 1,804 Richland 1,136 1,140 Sidney 1,378 1,514 Stanton city 1,234 1,352 Winfield 1.095 1,137 Montcalm county 32,754 32.^7 Berlin 1.267 1.237 Brockway 2,325 2,^7 Burchvllle 532 572 Casco 1,722 1.811 China 1.318 1,380 Clay 2,462 1,681 Clyde 948 1.014 Columbus 1,054 1.158 Cottrellville 1,130 1.054 East China 257 2H Emmet 1,155 1,251 Fort Gratiot 774 774 Grant 923 1.142 Greenwood 1,236 1.4.57 Ira 1,304 1,495 Kenockee 1.264 1,202 Kimball 1,437 1,356 Lvnn 859 857 Marine City 3,829 3,268 Mussey 1,617 1,683 Port Huron city... 19,158 13.543 Port Huron 1.666 1,407 Riley 1,462 1,6P5 St. Clair city....... 2,543 2,353 St. Clair 1,554 1.807 Wales 1,432 1,635 St. Clair county. 55,228 52.105 Burr Oak 1.698 1,73S Colon 1.842 1,515 Constantine 1,919 2,141 Fabius 838 1,035 Fawn River 526 602 Florence 665 791 Flowerfield 1.048 1,184 Leonidas 1.269 1.452 Lockport 731 741 Mendon 1.776 1.893 19S Minor Civil Divisions. >1900 Mottville 493 Nottawa 1,577 Parh: 891 Sherman 765 Sturgis city 2,465 Sturgis 488 Three Rivers city. 3,550 White Pigeon 1,348 St. Joseph county 23,889 Argyle 1,107 Austin 1,010 Bridgehampton ... 1 ,327 Buel 985 Custer 1,202 Delaware .......... 2,042 Elk 1,539 Elmer 1,002 Evergreen 1,063 Plynn 1,049 Forrester 909 Fremont 1,062 Greenleaf 893 Lamotte 1,036 Lexington 2,653 Maple Valley 1,746 Marion 1,838 Marlette 2,569 Minden 1,068 Moore • 1,019 Sanilac 1,582 Speaker 1,331 Washington 1,566 Watertown 1,533 Wheatland 742 Worth 1,182 Sanilac county... 35,055 Benona 1,173 Claybanks 712 Colfax 314 Crystal ." 665 Blbridge 1,414 Perrv 972 Golden 958 Grant 840 Greenwood 482 Hart 2,396 Leavitt 1,052 Newfield 874 Otto 171 Pentwater 1,138 Shelby 2,568 Weare 915 1890 545 1,910 1,095 1,048 2,489 500 3,131 1.5^6' 25,356 767 1,015 1,479 852 721 2,178 1,427 816 835 889 933 1,095 806 649 2,6D2 1,592 1,837 2,370 1,114 883 1,889 1.430 1,447 1,2^4 45< 1.284 32,589 1,154 798 308 750 1,180 855 955 71§ 450 1,841 827 810 157 1,605 2,470 822 Oceaoxa county... 16,644 15,698 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 Churchill 594 Gumming 673 Edwards 591 Foster 115 Goodar 331 Hill .., 358 Horton 287 Klacking 38^ Logan 236 Mills 761 Richland Ill Rose 1,000 West Branch 2,325 Ogemaw county. 7,765 Bohemia 268 Carp Lake 69 Greenland 1,390 Haight 289 Interior 274 McMillan 868 Matchwood 156 Ontonagon 1,618 Rockland 1,265 Ontonagon county 6,197 Burden *.... 1,359 Cedar 314 Evart 1,194 Hartwick 540 Hersey 1,15T Highland 792 Le Roy 1,312 Lincoln 1,250 Marion 1.253 Middle Branch .... 518 Orient 758 Osceola 1,697 Richmond 3,401 Rose Lake 659 Sherman 1,002 Sylvan 653 Osceola county... 17,859 Big Ci-eek 349 Comins 681 Elmer 319 Mentor 119 Oscoda county... 1,468 Bagley 1,325 Charlton 176 Chester 325 Corwith 1,090 Dover 354 189U 318 197 ^17 167 97 47 224 291 59 66 3S2 211 . 1,776 5,583 92 18 272 '"559 597 ' 1*564 654 3,756 734 336 1,215 417 908 326 1,087 1,084 1,042 219 707 1,550 3,064 627 8ia 504 14,630 187 272 122 607 1,904 68«r 149 . 177 699 ' 158 199 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 Elmira 658 Hayes 254 liivingston 1,506 Otsego Lake 487 ' .Otsego county . . . 6,175 Allendale 1,429 Blendon 1,680 Chester 1,563 Crockery 1,318 Georgetown 1,878 Grand Haven city. 4,743 Grand Haven 823 Holland city 7,790 Holland 3,441 Jamestown 2,015 Olive 2,073 Polkton 2,298 Robinson 729 Spring Lake 1,765 Tallmadge 1,405 Wright 1,609 Zealand 3,109 Ottawa county... 39,667 Allis 1,758 Bearinger 198 Belknap 1,108 Bismarck 273 Case 1,291 Krakow 493 Metz 571 Moltke ; 511 Posen 1,681 Presque Isle 137 Rogers 800 Presque Isle county 8,821 Denton 84 Gerrish 129 Higgins 584 Markev 76 Nester 269 Richfield 147 Roscommon 396 St. Helens 102 Roscommon county 1,787 Albee 913 Birch Run 1,430 Blumfield 1,458 Brady 1,504 Brant 1.286 Bridgeport 1,873 1890 561 165 1.033 641 4,272 1,345 1,291 1,551 1,247 1,845 5,023 857 3,945 3,086 2,078 1,968 2,584 510 2,m 1,324 1,611 2,834 744 113 245 38S 26? 465 1,259 219 766 4,687 75 66 586 28 159 76 176 867 2,033 613 1,553 1,420 1,469 1,190 1,813 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Buena Vista 3,585 2,998 Carrollton 1,952 2,075 Chapin 855 681 Chesaning 2,540 2,361 Frankenmuth 2,063 1,815 Fremont 1,141 812 James 610 655 Jonesfield 1,316 1,105 Kochville 872 863 I^kefield 710 543 Maple Grove 1,610 1,703 Marion 810 582 Richland 1,630 1,221 Saginaw city 42,345 46,322 Saginaw 1,244 1,540 St. Charles 2,925 1,807 Spaulding 585 516 Swan Creek 588 ©3 Taymouth 1,723 1,579 Thomastown 1,185 1,200 Tittabawassee 1,576 1,581 Zilwaukee 893 1,963 Saginaw county.. 81,222 82,273 Doyle 750 Germfask 319 14g Harrison 517 422 Hiawatha 2,061 1,382 Inwood 673 Manistique 2,65J 2,161 Seney 254 774 Thompson 664 §91 Schoolcraft county 7,889 5,818 Antrim 904 992 Bennington 1,287 1,29S Burns 1,463 1,467 Caledonia 1,383 1,387 Corunna city 1,510 1,382 Fairfield 985 977 Hazelton 1,747 1,801 Middlebutt-y 848 965 New Haven 1,599 1,752 Owosso citv 8,696 6,564 Owosso 1,175 1,191 Perry 1,967 1,900 Rush 1,238 1,362 Sciota 1,430 1,448 Shiawassee 1,610 1,892 Venice 1,341 1,414 Vernon 3,878 2,291 Woodhull 805 865 Shiawassee county 33,866 30,952 200 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 Akron .............. 2,060 Aimer 1,299 Arbela ............. 1,228 Columbia 1,772 Dayton 1,309 Denmark 1,972 Elkland 2,133 Ellington 867 Elmwood 1,598 Fairgrove 1,900 Fremont 2,066 Gilford 1,199 Indian Fields 2,878 Juniata 1,159 Kingston 1,385 Koylton 1,047 Millington 1,772 Novesta ....:. 1,073 Tuscola 1,328 Vassar 2,884 Watertown 1,217 Wells 1,035 Wisner 709 Tuscola county.. 35,890 Almena 1,016 Antwerp 2,164 Arlington 1,440 Bangor 2,482 Bloomingdale 1,753 Columbia 1,591 Covert 1,728 Decatur 2,098 Geneva 1,559 Hamilton 855 Hartford 2,403 Keeler 905 iliawrence 1,683 Paw Paw 2,457 Pine Grove 1,524 Porter 1,028 South Haven 5,368 Waverly 1,130 Van Buren county 33,274 Ann Arbor City.. 14,509 Ann Arbor 1,036 Augusta 1,739 Bridgewater 1,011 Dexter 696 Freedom 1,013 Limia 961 Lodi 1,121 Lyndon 665 Manchester 2,146 Northfield 1,26G im l,69Sf 1,315 1,258 1,527 1,279 1,820 1,869 822 1,422 1,968 1,921 1,069 2,469 1,157 1,110 1,069 1.61^ 741 1,324 2,500 1,308 779 472 32,508 988 1,922, 1,549 2,384 1,952 1,551 1,381 1,789 1,428 2,430 1,114 1,779 2,450 1,734 1,091 2,92€ 1,114 30,541 9,?31 1,383 1,769 1,084 702 1,134 S91 1,261 617 2,17g 1,210 Minor Civil Divisions. 1900 1890 Pittsfield 1,050 l,t58 Salem 1,158 1,182 Saline 1,668 1,65^ Scio 1,893 1,946 Sharon 984 1,014 Superior 1,039 1,096 Sylvan 2,496 2,258 Webster 747 863 York 1,952 1,906 Ypsilanti city 7,378 6.129 Ypsilanti 1,233 1,236 WashtenaM^ county 47,761 42,210 Brownstown 2,031 2,321 Canton 1,218 1.184 Dearborn 2,752 2,346 Detroit city 285,704 205,876 Ecorse 6,675 3,567 Gratiot 1,333 Greenfield 2,360 2,465 Grossepoint 2,933 3,145 Hamtramck 3,078 4,025 Huron 1,978 1,960 Livonia 1,460 1,460 Monguagon 2,387 1,855 Nankin 3,812 3,288 Northville ;... 2,371 Plymouth 2,098 3,950 Bedford 1,990 1,868 Romulus 1,816 1,74^ Springwells 13,034 7,790 Sumpter '...',.r,..,,,.> 1,495 1,523 Taylor .....:....... 1,296 1,216 Van Buren 1,789 1,712 Wyandotte city . . 5,183 3,817 Wayne county... 348,793 257,114 Antioch 657 470 Boon 955 764 Cadillac city 5,997 4,461 Cedar Creek 1,937 ' 1,B03 Cherry Grove 417 216 Clam Lake 1,009 881 Colfax 678 463 Greenwood 375 197 Hanover 477 209 Harring 322 319 Henderson 208 138 Liberty 423 274 Selma 446 242 Slagle 460 South Branch .... 310 176 Springville I,2ii2 306 Wexford ^^52 55D Wexford county. 16,845 11,278 201 Population, Density of In 1894 the average number of inhabitants to the square mile in Michigan was 39.45; in the southern counties, 77.09; in the central, 50.02; in the northern, 17.93, and in the upper peninsula, 12.63. The average number of inhabitants to the square mile shown by the United States census of 1900 was 42.02. Population of State. The total population of the Territory of Michigan in 1810 was 4,528. In 1820, 9,048. In 1830, 32,538. The United States census is taken every ten years and a state census every ten years since 1854. 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1894 1900 212,267 397,654 749,113 1,184,059 1,636,937 2,093,889 2,241,641 2,420,982 See under each county for population of counties. Population of State, Nativity of The United States census of 1900 shows 1,879,329 native born, 541,653 foreign born, 2,398,563 white, 1,858,367 native white. Of the native white, 1,026,714 are of native parents and 831,653 of foreign parents; 540,196 are foreign whites. There are 22,419 colored, divided as follows: Negroes, 15,816, Chinese 240. Japanese 9, Indians (taxed) 6,354. In 1890, the foreign born in Michigan, with the place of their birth, was as follows: Canada and Newfoundland, 181,416; Mexico, 89; Central America, 14; South America, 75; West Indies, 138; England, 55,354; Scotland, 12,068; Wales, 769; Ireland, 39,065; Germany, 135,509; Austria, 3,639; Holland, 29.410; Belgium, 2,232; Luxemburg, 54; Switzerland, 2,562; Norway, 7,795; Sweden, 27,366; Denmark, 6,335; Russia, 11,889; Hungary, 637; Bohemia, 2,311; Poland, 15,669; France, 5,182; Italy, 3,088; Spain, 61; Portugal, 26; Greece, 10; Asia, 73; China, 140; Japan, 39; India, 70; Africa, 37; Atlantic Islands, 27; Australia, 122; Pacific Islands, 24; Sandwich Islands, 7; Turkey, 10; at sea, 409; other countries, 9. Total, 543,880. Population: Per Cent of Increase. From 1800 to 1810 764 per cent. From 1810 to 1820 84 per cent. From 1820 to 1830 261 per cent. From 1830 to 1840. 570 per cent. From 1840 to 1850 87 per cent. From laSO to 1860. 88 per cent. From 1860 to 1870 58 per cent. From 1870 to 1880 38 per cent. From 1880 to 1884 13 per cent From 1884 to 1890 13 per cent. From 1890 to 1900 15 per cent. When the State was admitted into the Union, less than 70 years ago, it ranked 23d among the states in population. In 1900 it was the eighth. Portagre Lake Canal. See Canal, Portage Lake. Postmasters. See U. S. Postmasters. 202 Postage, Rates of :)q Imj/. ,0 //.7l>I ;:i^;' Domestic. First class: ILetters, sealed packages and all matter closed against inspection, 2 cents each ounce or fraction thereof; no limit as to weight. Postal cards and private mailing cards, 1 cent each. Second class: Newspapers and periodical publications that have been entered as second-class matter, 1 cent per pound or fraction thereof. When mailed by persons other than publishers, 1 cent for 4 ounces or fraction thereof. Third class: Circulars, books and matter wholly in print, engravings, lithographs, wood-cuts, photographs, checks, deeds, insurance policies, in blank, etc., proof with manuscript accompanying same, matter reproduced by cyclostyle, hecto- graph, mimeograph, electric pen, or other similar process easy of recognition, when not in the nature of personal correspon- dence; seeds, bulbs, roots, scions and plants; visiting cards and business cards — 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof; weight limit, 4 pounds (except for single volumes of books — no limit.) Fourth class: Merchandise and matter not included in any of above classes, which is not in its form or nature liable to destroy or damage the contents of the mail-bag, or harm per- sons engaged in the mail service, 1 cent for each ounce or frac- tion thereof; limit, 4 pounds. All Foreign Countries, Except Canada and Mexico. Letters, per 15 grams (Vz ounce) 5 cents Single postal cards, each .' 2 cents Double postal cards, each ,.4 cents Newspaper and other printed matter, per 2 ounces ..1 cent Commercial Papers. Packets not in excess of 10 ounces 5 cents Packets in excess of 10 ounces, for each 2 ounces or frac- tion thereof 1 cent Samples of Merchandise. Packets not in excess of 4 ounces 2 cents Packets in excess of 4 ounces, for each 2 ounces or frac- tion thereof 1 cent Registration fee on letters or other articles ..8 cents Packages of samples naust not exceed 12 oz. in weight, 12 inches in length, 8 inches in breadth, and 4 inches in depth; if a roll— 12 inches in length and 6 inches in diameter. Ordinary letters for any foreign country (except Canada and Mexico) must be forwarded, whether any postage is prepaid on them or not. All other mailable matter must be prepaid at least partially. To Canada. Same rates as for United States, except that "Commercial Papers" are transmissible at the postage rates given above, under head "Commercial Papers;" that packages of seeds, plants, etc., are subject to the postage rate of one cent per ounce, and that the following articles are absolutely exclude^ from the mails, without regard to the amount of postage pre- paid, or the manner in which they are wrapped, viz.: All sealed packages other than letters in their usual and ordinary form; all packages (except single volumes of printed 208 books and packages of second-class matter), which weigh more than 4 pounds 6 ounces: Police Gazette, Police News, and pub- lications which violate any copyright law of Canada. To Mexico. Same rates as for United States, except that articles of mis- cellaneous merchandise (fourth-class matter), not sent as bona- fide trade samples, are required to be sent by "Parcels-Post;" and that the following articles are absolutely excluded from the mails without regard to the amount of postage prepaid or the manner in which they are wrapped, viz.: All sealed packages other than letters, in their usual and ordinary form; all packages (including packages of second-class matter, which weigh more than 4 pounds 6 ounces) except such as are sent by "Parcels-Post;" liquids, pastes, confections, and fatty substances; publications which violate any copyright law of Mexico. Single volumes of printed books in unsealed packages are transmissible to Mexico in the regular mails without limit as to weight. "Commercial papers," and bona-fide trade samples are transmissible to Mexico in the regular mails at the postage rate given above, under head "Commercial Papers" and Samples of Merchandise" respectively. To Cuba. Rates of postage same as in United States. To Hawaii. Rates of postage same as in United States. To Guam, Porto Rico and Philippines. Domestic rates and conditions apply to all classes of mail matter. Potatoes. A very large portion of the northern portion of the lower peninsula seems especially adapted to the growing of potatoes and literally millions of bushels are shipped from this region every season. In 1899 the state produced 18,485,828 bushels, an average of 75 bushels per acre. Poundmaster. See Township Poundmaster. Presidential Electors. See Electors, Presidential. Presque Isle County Was created in 1840 and organized in 1871. Its present limits were defined in 1873. The name is a French one and means "almost an island," i. e., a peninsula, and is appropriate from the fact that such a division of land extends from the county into Lake Huron. The countv seat is at Rogers. Acres in county, 428,149. Population in 1880. 3.113; 1890, 4,687; 1894, 5.911; 1900. 8,821. [ Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,307. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,332. Bryan 494. ■ 204 iiiii!liii;!lli;i!!IIIII]ii!!!lli^i!I!!i:!il!lii5!!l'^^ NvoAoaaHO 205 Primary Elections in Cities of 15,000 to 50,000. See "Elections, Primary, in Cities of 15,000 to 50,000." Primaries or Caucuses. See "Elections: Primaries." Private Claims. See "Lands, Private Claims." Private Schools. See "Schools^ Private." Probate Conrt. See County Judge of Probate. Productions. Michigan is remarkable for the variety and amount of its agricultural, mineral and manufactured products. See under these general heads and then look under the name of the par- ticular product for details. Property Exempt from Taxation. See "Taxation, Personal Property Exempt from"; also "Tax- ation, Real Property Exempt from." Property, Personal, Exempt from Levy or Forced Sale. The following property is exempt from levy and sale under any execution, or upon any other final process of a court: 1. All spinning wheels, weaving looms with the apparatus and stoves put up and kept for use in any dwelling house. 2. A seat, pew or slip, occupied by such person or family, in any house or place of public worship. 3. All cemeteries, tombs and rights of burial, while in use as repositories of the dead. 4. All arms and accoutrements required by law to be kept by any person; all wearing apparel of every person or family. 5. The library and school books of every individual and family not exceeding one hundred and fifty dollars in value, and all family pictures. 6. To each householder, ten sheep, with their fleeces, and the yarn or cloth manufactured from the same; two cows, five swine, and provisions and fuel for comfortable subsistence of such householder or family for six months. 7. To each householder, all household goods, furniture and utensils, not exceeding in value $250. 8. The tools, implements, materials, stock, apparatus, team, vehicle, horses, harness or other things, to enable any person to carry on the profession, trade or occupation in which he is wholly or principally engaged, not exceeding $250. 9. A sufficient quantity of hay, grain, feed and r^ts, whether growing or otherwise, for properly keeping for six months the animals in the several subdivisions of this section exempted from execution, and any chattel mortgage, bill ol sale, or other lien created on any part of property above described, except such as is mentioned in the eighth subdivision 206 of this section, shall be void, unless such mortgage, bill of sale or lien be signed by the wife of the party making such mort- gage or lien, if he have any. ; h :-. Property, Personal Taxablie See Taxable Personal Property. Property, Descent and Distribution of I. In the case of an unmarried man, his real estate descends as follows: 1. It goes to his father and mother in equal shares. 2. If there be but O'ne parent living, then to the survivor alone. 3. If he leaves neither father nor mother, it goes in equal shares to his brothers and sisters and the children of deceased brothers and sisters by right of representation, i. e., the chil- dren of a deceased brother or sister take the share which their parent would take, if living. 4. If he leaves neither father, mother, brother, sister, nor children of brother or sister, his estate descends to his next of kin in equal degree. There is a statutory provision with reference to collateral kindred in equal degree, claiming through different ancestors, but this is a case which does not often occur. The Personal Estate will be distributed in like manner as his real estate. Division "I" also covers the case of a widower who leaves Ho child or other lineal descendant. II. The case of an unmarried woman is governed* by the rules mentioned in division "I." Division "II" also covers the case of a widow who leaves no child or other lineal descendant. ; III. :. In the case of a widower, his real estate descends as follows: ' 1. If he dies without issue. (See division "I"). 2. If there be but ohe child, such child takes the entire of the real estate. - - : . 3. If there be more than one child, it goes in equal shares to his children. 4. In case, however, he leaves a child or children and the issue of a deceased child, it goes in equal shares to the children and to the issue of any deceased child by right of representation. i. e., the issue of the deceased child take the share which would have gone to the parent, if living. ^ k , 5. If there be no child living at his death, the lands go to all his other lineal descendants; if these descendants are in the same degree of kindred to the deceased, i. e., if they are all grand- children, they share equally; otherwise they take according to right of representation. The Personal Estate of a widower will be distributed in like manner as his real estate. IV. The case of a widow is like the preceding, and i& governed by the rules mentioned in division "III." For case of widow without issue, see division "II." 207 In the case of a married man, leaving no Issue, his real estate descends as follows: 1. One-half goes to the widow and the remainder to his father and mother in equal shares. 2. If but one parent be living, then one-half of his real estate goes to such parent alone, the other half to the widow. 3. If he leaves neither father nor mother, one-half goes to the widow, the other half to his brothers and sisters and the children of deceased brothers and sisters by right of representa- tion, i. e., the children of a deceased brother or sister take the share which their parent would take, if living. 4. If he leaves neither father, mother, brother nor sister, and there be no children of deceased brothers or sisters, the entire estate descends to the widow. The Personal Estate of a married man, leaving no issue, will be distributed as follows: 1. If if does not exceed $3,000, it goes to the widow. 2. If it exceeds $3,000, the widow takes $3,000, and one-half of the excess goes to the widow, and the other half to his father and mother, if living, in equal shares. 3. If either parent be deceased one-half of the excess goes to the widow and the other half to the surviving parent, 4. If both parents be deceased, one-half of the excess goes to the widow and the other half to the brothers and sisters, and the issue of any deceased brother or sister, In equal proportions, by right of representation. 5. If there be neither father, mother, brother nor sister, nor issue of such brother or sister, then the entire of the personal property goes to the widow. VI. In the case of a married woman, leaving no issue, her real estate descends as follows: This case is the same in so far as respects real estate, as the preceding case, and is governed by the rules respecting real estate mentioned in division "V," the husband taking the same interest in the real estate of the wife who leaves no issue, which the wife takes in the real estate of the husband in like case. The Personal Property will be distributed in such case as follows : 1. One-half goes to the husband, the other half to her father and mother, if living, in equal shares. 2. If either parent be deceased one-half goes to the husband and the other half to the surviving parent. 3. If both parents be deceased, one-half goes to her husband and the other half to her brothers and sisters, and issue of any deceased brother or sister in equal proportions, by right of representation. 4. If there be neither father, mother, sister nor brother, nor issue of any deceased brother or sister, then the entire of the personal property goes to the husband. VII. In the case of a married man leaving one child and no issue of any deceased child, his real estate descends as follows: 1. The widow takes her dower interest, i. e., an estate for life in one-third of the real estate. 208 2. Subject to the widow's dower, the entire of the real estate, goes to the child. The Personal Property will be distributed as follows: 1. One-half to the widow, the other half to the child. 2. In case he leaves no child, but issue of a deceased child, the personal property g-oes one-half to the widow and one-half to the issue of such child. VIII. In the case of a married woman leaving one child and no issue of any deceased child, her real estate descends as follows: The child takes the entire of the real estate, the husband having no interest whatever in such real estate. The Personal Property will be distributed as follows: 1. One-half to the husband, one-half to the child. ■"■' 2. In case she leaves no child, but issue of a deceased childl the personal property goes one-half to the husband, the other half to Issue of such child. IX. In the case of a married man leaving two or more children or issue of deceased children, his real estate descends as follows: 1. The widow takes her dower interest. 2. Subject to the widow' Sj dower, real estate goes. In equal shares to his children. , ■■> •:■. 3. In case, however, he leaves child or children and the issue of a deceased child, the lands go in equal shares to the children and to the issue of any deceased child by right of representation, i. e., the issue of the deceased child takes the share which would have gone to their parent, if living. 4. If there be no child living at his death, the lands go to all his other lineal descendants. If these descendants are in the same degree of kindred to the decedent, 1. e., if they are all grandchildren, they share the estate equally; otherwise they take according to the right of representation. In all the cases mentioned under this division "IX," the lands are subject to the dower right of the widow. His Personal Property goes one-third to the widow abso- lutely, and the remaining two-thirds to the children or to the Issue of any deceased child or children, if any there be. X. In the case of a married woman leaving two or more chil- dren, or issue of deceased children, her real estate descends as follows: ,; . ,:: 1. The husband takes no interest whatever in the real estate. 2. Except that the husband has no interest, the real estate descends to children and issue of deceased children in the man- ner mentioned in the preceding division "IX," and is governed by the rules here stated. The Personal Property goes one-third to the husband and the remaining two-thirds to the children or the Issue of any deceased child or children, if any there be. XI. 1. If any person dies, leaving several children, or leaving one child and the issue of one or more other children, and either of such surviving children dies under age, and not having been lawfully married, all the Real Estate that came to the deceased child by inheritance from such deceased parent, which has not 209 lawfully been disposed of, descends in equal shares to the other children of the same parent, and to the issue of any such other children who shall have died, by right of representation. 2. If, at the death of such child, who dies under age, and not having been married, all the other children of his said parent shall also be dead, and any of them shall have left issue, the Real Estate that came to such child by inheritance from such parent, which has not lawfully been disposed of, descends to all the issue of other children of the same parent. If all said issue are in the same degree of kindred to said child, they share the estate equally; otherwise they take according to the right of representation. XII. Kindred of the half blood inherit equally with those of the whole blood in the same degree, unless the inheritance, being Real Estate, comes to the intestate by descent, devise or gift of some one of his ancestors; in which case all those who are not of the blood of such ancestor are excluded from the in- heritance. XlII. The statutes of this State provide for the adoption of minor children, and making them heirs of the persons by whom they are adopted. In such cases great care should be taken to observe that the adoption is under the proper statute, as the Supreme Court, in 1889, declared unconstitutional a law which had been on the statute book for more than twenty-five years, under which many adoptions had been made. XIV. The words "Real Estate," as used above, are intended to refer to estates in fee or for the life of another, and are not meant to include lesser estates, as tenancies for years, etc., which are subject, in many instances, to different rules. The cases here given, with reference to. descents, are the cQmmonest, it not being designed to cover all possible cases. Property, Personal, Willing- of See Wills, Personal Property Bequeathed by Prosecuting: Attorney. See County Prosecuting Attorney. Public Instruction. See State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Public Scbools. See Schools. .:r Public Surveys. - See Surveys, Public. ; ; ; ' Pump, Largest in World. . > : .The largest pump in the world is located at Lake Linden, Mich., and is owned and operated by the Calumet & Hecla Min- ing Company, and named the "Michigan." It is a triple expansion pumping engine, with a daily capacity of 60,- 000,000 gallons, standing nearly 50 feet in height and requiring fifteen hundred horse-power for its operation. It has been proven by actual tests that the nominal capacity can be easily maintained for an indefinite time without injury or strain, and that if pushed to its full capacity the pump could handle ap- proximately 75,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. 210 Q,iiiEirter]na8ter General. See State Quartermaster General. Railroads. The first railroad in Michigan was the Detroit «fe Pontiac, which, in July, 1838, was in operation between Detroit and Royal Oak. It was operated by horse power. The first steam locomo- tive in Michigan was on the Erie «& Kalamazoo R. R., and ran between Adrian and Toledo on January 20, 1837. Under various acts of Congress the Unite^i States has grant- ed_ nearly 4,000,000 acres of lands in aid of different Michigan The total track mileage in Michigan in 1900 was 7,928 miles; passenger cars, 2,645; other cars, 175,482; locomotives, 4,672; employees, 48,311. The total cost of all roads up to 1901 was $1,033,- 634,582. The number of stations, 1,377. Raili'oad Car Feri'ies. At Detroit both passenger and freight cars are ferried across the river by enormous ferry boats, which carry from 16 to 20 cars each. Car ferries of immense size and strength also cross Lake Michigan from Ottawa Beach, Grand Haven, Ludington, and Frankfort and the Straits of Maujkinaw from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace. These boats ply even in the winter and literally crush through the thickest ice to their destination. Railroad Cbarters, Special. The following- railroads are not organized under the General Railroad Law, but have special charters; Michigan Central; Lake Shore & Michigan Southern; Detroit, Grand Haven & Mil- waukee. Railroad Conspiracy Case. This was one of the most noted cases ever tried in Michigan. It was brought by the Michigan Central R. R. against a number of persons and originated as follows: Many cattle had been killed along the line, and it was claimed that the company did not exercise sufficient care and did not pay in full for the losses. The persons aggrieved became increasingly angry, and finally, on November 19, 1850, the freight depot at Detroit was burned, causing a loss of about $150,000. The fire was evidently set by an incenrtiary, and so alarmed the corporation that active measures were taken to discover and arrest the instigators. These efforts were successful, and on April 19, 1851, thirty-three persons, arrested as railroad con- spirators, arrived at Detroit. Their trial began on May 28, and lasted almost continuously for four months. Hon. W. H. Seward was present as counsel for the prisoners, some of whom were wealthy farmers. On September 25 a verdict of guilty was rendered against twelve of them, and on the following day they received sentences of from five to ten years each. Railroads, Foi'est and Ore. The following roads are known as "ore and forest roads," being built for the handling and transportation of minerals, logs and timber. The counties in which they are located, and their length, is as follows: Comstock Bros.' Logging R. R., Presque Isle County. Crawford & Manistee R. R., Manistee County, 10 miles. Danaher & Malinda Lumber Co., Luce County. Empire Lumber Co., Leelanau and Benzie Counties. 211 Fuller & Friant Lumber Co., Schoolcraft County. Hecla & Torch Lake R. R., Houghton County, 6 miles. Lake Superior & Ishpeming R. R., Marquette County, 20 miles. Lewiston & South Eastern R. R., Montmorency and Oscoda Counties, 10 miles. Louis Sands Logging R. R., Kalkaska and Missaukee Counties. Manistee & Luther R. R., Manistee, Mason and Lake Coun- ties. Main line, 32 miles; branches, 63 miles. Peninsular Cedar Co., Mackinac and Luce Counties. Sagola Lumber Co. R. R., Dickinson Countj'. 8 miles. Sparrow-Kroll Lumber Co., Houghton County. Stevens Lumber Co., Otsego County- Wisconsin Land & Lumber Co., Menominee. The following are the principal non-incorporated logging roads: Alpena & Long Lake, Alpena County, 7 miles. Atlantic & Lake Superior, Houghton County, 14 miles. Bear Lake & Eastern R. R., Manistee County, Pierport to Bear Lake and Springport, 18 miles. Boyne Falls & Northeastern, Charlevoix County, 26 miles. Cadillac & Northeastern, Wexford County, 16 miles. Detour & Western, Chippewa County, 6 miles. East Jordan & Southern, Charlevoix County, 15 miles. Frost Jc. to Withey Jc, Houghton County. Glenn Arbor R. R., Leelanau County, 2 miles. Harbor Springs, R. R., Emmet County, 4 miles. Jennings & Northeastern, Missaukee County, 48 miles. Mancelona «fe Northwestern, Antrim County, 5 miles. Mohawk & Traverse Bay, Keweenaw County, 15 miles. Quincy & Torch Lake R. R., Houghton County, 6 miles. Sticknej' & Johnson R. R., Delta Countj', 12 miles. Railroad Mileag-e In Midiig-an. Year. Miles. Year. Miles. Year. Miles. 1838 63 1859 770 1880 3823 1839 71 1860 770 1881 4252 1840 104 1861 777 1882 4609 1841.. 147 1862 811 1883 4966 1842 147 1863 813 1884 5120 1^3 180 1864 891 1885 5447 1844 220 1865 931 1886 5577 1845... 233 1866 943 1887 ........5768 1846 279 1867 1066 1888 6411 1847 279 1868 1124 18S9 8760 1848 326 1869 i36i; 1890 6957 1849 353 1870 1739 1891 7275 1850 380 1871 229S 1892 7447 1851 421 1S72 28*^2 1893 7512 1852. 425 1873 3252 1894 7513 1853 425 1874 3313 1895 7609 1854 425 1875 3347 1896 7759 1855 462 1876 3410 1897 7816 1856 530 1877 3455 1898 7825 1857 579 1878 3564 1899 7805 1858 703 1879 3657 1900 7929 212 Railroads O-vrned by State. The line of the Miehig-an Central Road was projected in 1830, but the corporation, which at first was known as the Detroit & St. Joseph R, R., was not chartered until June 29, 1832. In 1834 the War Department was petitioned to survey the proposed route, on the gi'ound that the road would be a public benefit. The petition naet with favor, and Colonel John M. Berrien was detailed for the service, and provided with assistants and instrut- ments, the railroad company paying their expenses only. Colonel Berrien completed the work, and estimated the cost of a single- strap rail to Ypsilantl at $3,200 per mile. The work oi soliciting subscriptions in aid of the road began in 1835. Shares were fixed at $2.00 and were rapidly taken. Meantime, the projects of raising a loan of $5,000,000 and creating a Board of Internal Improvements were under discus- sion. The duties of the board , were to include the constructing and operating of all the railroads in the state, and to this end the St. Joseph Road was authorized, by act of March 20, 1837, and in May after the company had expended $117,000, the purchase was made, and the name of the road changed to Michigan Central. The building of the road went on, and as early as January, 1838, the road was in operation to Dearborn. , ', . On November 25, 1845, the State completed" tlief bad to Battle Creek, and on February 2d, 1846, to Kalamazoo. The fare to Chicago at this time was $6.50, including 55 miles of staging to New Buffalo and 60 miles of steamboating from there to Garden City. About this time public opinion became decidedly opposed to the participation by the State in enterprises of this kind, especially as there was a constant struggle for the political patronage and influence which the party in ' power wielded through its control of this and other roads. An open letter from Marshall, dated October 6, 1845, said: "There is a great defect in the arrangements of the Central Railroad in this State. It is disgraceful that so important a work should be so slovenly managed. In the first place it was shabbily built at an enormous expense, and it is conducted in all its departments by mere partisans. They were appointed because they were noisy poli- ticians." In November, 1845, this statement was made: "Four years ago the road was completed to Jackson. After three years more it was completed to Marshall, where it now stops. It is in a miserable condition, unfit for heavy transportation and requires to be relaid and repaired. High charges for freight and fare are fast driving business' into other channels." In addition to these complaints the expenditures by the State for various improvements had reduced its credit to the lowest point. State bonds to the amount, of $50,000 were sold at auction in New York for IS cents on the dollar; so straitened were the finances of the State, that at a general meeting of the State offlcers, it waJs determined to sell the railroads, and Henry N. Walker, then attorney-general, was appointed to go to New York, organiize a company and negotiate a sale. Mr. Walker went; interviewed Erastus Coming, of Albany, who then held a large amount of State bonds, purchased for about 30 cents on the dollar. J. W. Brooks, then superintendent of a railroad be- tween Rochester and Syracuse, was summoned, and a conference was held in the City Hotel at Albany, in regard to the proposed 213 railroad company. A rough draft for a charter was agreed upon, and Mr. Brooks was to come to Detroit in January, 1846, and with Mr. "Walker endeavor to secure its passage. The terms of the proposed purchase were 10 per cent above the original cost of the road in cash, the balance in bonds or obligations of the State. Mr. Brooks came, and on March 28, 1846, largely through the efforts of George B. Han-d, then a member of the Legisla- ture, an act was passed providing for the incorporation of the Michigan Central R. R. Company, and for the sale by the State of its interest in the road for the sum of $2,000,000. Several per- sons who had originally agreed to become corporators failed to fulfil their agreements, and Messrs. H. N. Walker and George F. Porter, at the request of Governor Barry and the leading men of Detroit, went to New York and Boston and organized a new company, and on September 23rd, 1846, the sale was con- summated. On September 17th, 1846, a new locomotive called the "Battle Creek" arrived at Detroit for the road, and up to the date of the transfer, the State had expended $1,954,308.28. Of pas- senger depots there were then only four on the line, and none of these at Detroit. The charter of the company relieved it of all taxation except the payment to the State of one-half of one per cent on its capital stock up to July 1st, 1851, after which it was to be increased to three-fourths of one per cent. It was also pro- vided that no railroad thereafter built west of Wayne County should approach within five miles of the road without consent of the company, and that no other railroad should approach within twenty miles of Detroit, or run to Lake Michigan, or the southern boundary of the State, the line of which, on an average, was within twenty miles of the Central. The charter also pro- vided that the State might buy the road at any time after January 1st, 1867. There seems to have been no sound reason for the sale of the property by the State. The reports of the officers showed a profit in 1837 of $16,703; in 1840, $20,637; in 1841, $25,655; in 1842, $63,075; in 1843, of $75,206; and in 1844, of $121,750. The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad and Its branches, so far as Michigan is concerned, had its origin in the Erie & Kalamazoo R. R., which was chartered on April 22, 1833. It was designed to build that road from Port Lawrence, now Toledo, to the head waters of the Kalamazoo River. The line as far as Adrian, a distance of 23 miles, was com- pleted and went into operation on October 1st, 1836, and was the first line opened in Michigan. The cars were drawn by horses up to January 20, 1837, on which date the first locomotive that ran over a Michigan road, arrived at Toledo. On August 9, 1849, a perpetual lease of the road was made to the Michigan Southern R. R.; this company had its origin in an act of March 20, 1837, which made provision for the survey by the Commissioners of Internal Improvements of a railroad through the southern counties of the State, from Monroe to New Buffalo. A subsequent act of March 22, 1838, authorized a change in the route, making the road pass through Niles. The survey was made by Joseph S. Dutton, and the first ground was broken at Monroe on May 14, 183S. Up to November 30, 1847, there had been paid out by the State on account of the road, the sum of $948,234,00. The road was opened from Monroe to Petersburgh 214 in 1839; to Adrian on November 23, 1840; and to Hillsdale on Sep- tember 25, 1843. The same causes that led to the sale of the Central Railroad brought about the act of May 9, 1846, which provided for the sale of this road and the incorporation of the railroad company. On December 23, 1846, it was delivered to the persons who had organized for its purchase; they paid $500,- 000. The rolling stock and plant, other than the road-bed. was estimated at $41,359.28. Railroad Passei»ser Rates. On all railroads except those created by special charter the following rates only are authorized to be charged: Distance not exceeding 5 miles, 3 cents per mile, including baggage of not more than 150 pounds weight. On all railroads, the gross earnings of whose passenger trains equaled the sum of $3,000 for each mile operated in 1888, only 2 cents per mile can be charged; on all railroads the gross earnings of whose passenger trains was over $2,000 and less than $3,000 for each mile operated in 1888, only 2^/^ cents per mile can be charged. On railroads whose gross earnings in 1888 were less than $2,000 per mile operated, 3 cents per mile can be charged. And if the gross earnings per mile of the passenger trains of any railroad in any year after 1888 increase so as to equal $2,000 or $3,000, such railroad can charge only 2*/^ cents in the first case and only 2 cents In the second case. In the Upper Peninsula, gross earnings of passenger trains per mile permit the following charges: $3,000, 3 cents per mile; less than $3,000, 4 cents per mile. Thousand-mile tickets must be sojd by the railroads operat- ing wholly or partly in the state at a price not to exceed $20 in the Lower Peninsula, nor $25 in the Upper Peninsula. These can be made non-transferable, but may be used by purchaser's family, whose names must appear on ticket. Such tickets are valid for two years, but within 30 days after the expiration of a ticket, any unused portion must be redeemed by the company who, however, may charge 3 cents per mile for the portion used. Railroads, Regrulation of. See State Railroad Crossing Board. State Railroad Consolidation Board. State Commissioner of Railroads. Railroad Stations and Distances. When a railroad starts at a point outside of the State, we give the name of the station from which the line starts, and then name only the stations in Michigan. If the road starts in Michigan and terminates at a point outside of the State, we name the terminal station as well as the stations in Michigan. If you do not find the name of the Railroad you are looking for in this list, then it has been consolidated with or leased to some other Railroad or the name has been changed, and you will find it under its old name with the name by which it is now known in the article "Railroads, old names and new." The numbers given the several lines are the numbers that are used as reference numbers along the line of the road on Parmer's map of the State. 215 M. Toledo, O. 9 Temperance 11 Samaria 17 Lulu 19 Federman 22 Dundee 27 Azalia 31 Milan 37 Urania 39 Ypsilanti June 41 Pittsfield 45 Ann Arbor 50 Northfield 57 Whitmore Lake 60 Hamburg 62 Lakeland 67 Chilson 72 Annpere 74 Howell 80 Oak Grove 85 Cohoctah 89 Byron 96 Durand 1. ANN ARBOR R. R. American Express. M. . 99 "Vernon 104 Corunna 107 Owosso % Owosso June. 116 Garland 120 Elsie 124 Bannister 128 Ashley 134 North Star 138 Ithaca 145 Alma 150 Forest Hill 156 Shepherd 164 Mt. Pleasant or Calkinsville P. O. 171 Rosebush 176 Burnham or Russell P. O. 179 Clare 184 Farwell 194 Lake George 198 Clarence M. 201 Temple 204 Pennock 209 Marion^ 213 Park Lake 217 McBains 221 Lucas 227 Cadillac 236 Millersville 238 Boon 245 Harrietta 249 Yuma 254 Sherman Sta. or Mesick P. O. 258 Bagnall or Farnsworth P. O. 262 Harlan 265 Pomona 268 Copemlsh 271 Thompsonville 278 Homestead 283 Beulah 292 Frankfort 2. ARCADIA & BETSEY RIVER RY. M. Arcadia 1 State Road 4 Sorenson 7 Malcolm 3. AU M. Au Sable and Oscoda 3 Tucker Farm 7 7 Mile Hill 11 Doan 13 Bisonette 19 Bryant 21 Batton American Express. M. 8 Butwell or Pleasanton P. O. 10 Saile 12 Glover's Lake M. 14 Humphrey 15 Springdale 17 Henry 21 Copemish SABLE & NORTHWESTERN R. R. American Express. M. M. 23 Vaughn 55 Plngree 25 Chevriers 58 Marsh 28 Bamfield 60 Hills 32 Flat Rock 68 Fitzpatrick 38 McKinley 70 LeLone 47 Millen 73 Hardy 48 Snyder 52 Wiggins 4. BOYNE CITY & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. Adams Express. M. M. M. Boyne City 4 Thumb Lake 6 White's June. 3 Doyle's Siding Juno. 7 Boyne Falls M. Caro 5. CARO & LAKE HURON R. R. Operated by M. C. R. R. M. M. 8 Columbia 20 Owendale 216 6. CHICAGO. KALAMAZOO & SAGINAW RT. M. Kalamazoo 3 Streeter 4 i<]ast Cooper 9 Richland June, or Springbrook P. O. American Express. M. 11 Cressey 14 Milo 18 Delton 21 Cloverdale 25 Shultz 31 Hastings M. 37 Coats Grove 41 Woodland 45 Woodbury CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RT. Changed to Grand Trunk Western Ry. Channing M. Milwaukee 232 (jhanning 240 Kelso 242 Ponca 248 Balsam 252 Amasa 261 Diana 7. CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. U. S. Express. Champion Branch. M. 221 Randville 228 Sagola 232 Channing 239 Floodwood 246 Witbeck . Crystal Falls Line. M. ' '\ ■■■' 8 Kelso. M. Milwaukee 208 Iron Mountain 211 Traders June. 215 Merriman 217 Granite Bluff M. 9. Ontonagon Branch. M. 265 Parks Siding 271 Tunis 279 Sidnaw 288 Stanton's Spur or Boyd's 291 Frost June. 3o0 Pori PAUL RT. M. 254 Republic 262 Wabik 263 Champion M. 15 Crystal FalLs M. 302 Hubbell's Mill or Rubicon P. O. 306 Range June. 307 Mass City 313 Rockland 325 Ontonagon lO. CHICAGO & NORTH-WESTERN RT. M. Chicago 265 Menominee 269 Kew 272 Birch Creek 280 Wallace 284 Ingalls 286 Stephenson 290 Daggett 293 Talbot 296 Bagley 299 Carney 300 Nadeau 303 Kloman 306 Powers 307 Spalding 308 Dougherty 311 Wilson 312 Houles ■ '^ : 314 Indian Town American Express. Main Line. .cf-M 315 Harris 317 Bark River 320 Narenta 322 Ford River Sta. or Hyde P. O. 327 Pine Ridge 329 Escanaba 331 Flat Rock 338 West Gladstone 340 Chaison 341 Brampton 345 Perkins 346 Beaver 348 Campbell 353 Maple Ridge 358 Lathrop 361 McFarland 363 Helena 217 • twT. lol M. 366 Cyr 369 Little Lake or Forsyth P. O. 372 Swanzy 375 Plains 378 Sands 382 Harvey .383 Cascade June. 385 Goose Lake 387 Partridge 391 Negaunee 394 Ishpeming 397 St. Lawrence 402 Diorite 406 Clowry 409 Wabik 418 Republic M. 11. Palmer Branch. M. Cascade June. 5 Palmer 12. Champion Branch. M. M. Wablk 1 Champion 13. Michigamme Branch M. M. M. M. Clowry 6 Dishno 14. Ashland Division. M. 10 M Michigamme Chicago 310 Gogebic 341 Ramsay 284 State Line 318 Wellington 344 Bessemer 292 Watersmeet 322 Marenisco 346 Siemens 299 Blemers 329 Hartley's 350 Ironwood 307 Thayer 338 Wakefield 390 Ashland, Wis. 15. Ontonagon River Branch. M M. M. TVatersmeet 12 Barclay 21 Sandhurst 4 Crozier's Mill Interior June. 15 Paulding 18 Craigsmere 16. Choate Branch. 24 Radford M. M. Sandhurst 1 Choate 17. Robbins Branch. M M. Cralgsmere 3 Robbins 18. Interior Branch. M. M. " - Interior June. 2 Interior 19. Iron River Branch. M. M. M. Powers 30 Antoine 55 Armstrong 4 Hermansville 33 Pulp 61 Saunders 6 Clytie 35 Spread Eagle, 67 Stambaugh 8 Cedar Wis. 68 Iron River 10 Summit 37 Hillside, Wis. 75 Hazel 12 Waucedah 39 Hematite, Wis. 76 Beechwood 15 Loretto 41 Common- 81 Basswood 19 Vulcan wealth, Wis. 86 Elmwood 22 Norway 43 Ridgetop, Wis. 95 Tamarack 25 Quinnesec 45 Brule, Wis. 103 Watersmeet 29 Iron Mountain 48 Stager 20. Antoine Branch. M. M. M. Antoine 14 Sturgeon 42 Felch June. 2 Loop June. 16 Sumac 52 No. Escanaba 13 Appleton Mine 30 Oro 218 M. Stager 3 Mastodon M. Mastodon M Crystal Falls 21. Crystal Falls Branch. M. M. 6 Panola 19 9 Crystal Falls 25 12 Great "Western 22. Mastodon Branch. M. 5 Dunn Mine 23. Mansfield Branch. M. 6 Mansfield 24. Atkinson Branch. Balsam Amasa M. Hazel M. 7 Atkinson 25. Metropolitan Branch M. 3 4 5 Escanaba Narenta Felch June. Shafer Alecto M. 8 Perronville 10 Whitney 13 Dryads 17 Faunus 26 Hylas jvr. 28 30 32 36 Hardwood Foster City Spruce Metropolitan 26. CINCINNATI NORTHERN R. R. American Express. Ohio Division. M. M. M. Jackson 19 Addison June. 35 Prattville 4 Lyonett 20 Abbott. 39 Waldron 5 Ackerson Lake 21 Manitou Beach 247 Cincinnati, O. 10 Clark's Lake 25 Rollin 13 Cement City 30 Hudson 27. Michigan Division. M. M. M. Allegan 42 Battle SCreek 9S Addison 5 Kellogg 46 Beadle Lake 97 Addison June. 7 Fisk 50 Ceresco 99 Devil's Lake or Watson P. 56 Marshall JOS Onsted O. 60 Wilders 108 Sand Lake or' 11 Monteith 63 Eckford Pentecost P. O 15 Hooper 68 Homer 111 Tipton 16 Neely 72 Grover 116 D. & L. N. Jc. 18 Doster 77 Wheelerton 117 Teeumseh 24 Kalamazoo Jc. or Pulaski P. 121 Ridgeway or Springbrook 0. 122 Stevens P. O. 81 Hanover 123 Britton 27 Richland 86 Moscow 129 Rea 30 Yorkville 89 Jerome 132 Detroit June. 31 Camp St. Louis 90 Baker 133 Dundee 33 Augusta 94 Knorr 155 Toledo, O. 219 28. CINCINNATI, SAGINAW & MACKINAW R. R. ,,, o p National Express. Opiated by Grand Trunk Western RY. M. M. M. Durand 33 Orville 50 Brooks 6 Lennon 39 Saginaw, E. S. 51 Salzburg 12 Flushing 40 Genesee Ave. 53 West Bay City 17 Brent Creek 41 Mershon 53 M. C. R. R. 21 Montrose 42 Carrollton 54 Banks 25 Burt 44 Zilw^aukee 58 Wenona Beach 27 Verne 45 McClures 59 Oaatka Beach 30 Fosters 46 Melbourne 29. CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUTS RY. American Express. M. M. M. St. Joseph. 13 Eau Claire 24 Niles Benton Harbor 1.5 Berrien Centre 31 Truitts 7 Sodus 19 Fairland 307 Louisville, Ky. 10 Hartman . <'i^i3. 30 . COPPER RANGE R. R. M. M. M. Houghton 17 Lakewood 37 Belt 5 Atlantic 22 Elm River 40 Mass City 6 Painsdale June 24 Stackpole 41 Range June. 8 Messner 27 Winona 12 Ricedale 31 Seager 31. Freda Branch. M. M. Painesdale Jc. 10 Freda 32. Painesdale Branch. M. M. Painesdale Jc. 3 Trimountain 2 Baltic 4 Painesdale 33. DETROIT, GRAND HAVEN & MILWAUKEE RY. National Express. M. M. M. Detroit 63 Gaines 140 Lowell 2 Gratiot Avenue 67 Durand 148 Ada 3 L. S. & M. S Jc. 70 Vernon 152 Dewey 4 Milwaukee Jc. 76 Corunna 158 Grand Rapids 8 Masson 79 Owosso % G., R. & I. Jc. 13 Royal Oak % Owosso June. 160 Fuller 19 Birmingham 84 Burton 167 Berlin 26 Pontiac 89 Ovid 173 Coopersville ^ P., O. & N. Jc. 92 Shepardsville 176 Dennisons 31 Drayton Plains 98 St. Johns 180 Nunica 34 Waterford 108 Fowler 185 CemeteryCr'g. 35 Clarkston 113 Pewamo 186 Spring Lake 42 Davisburgh 118 Muir 187 Ferrysburg 47 Holly 124 Ionia 1S9 Grand Haven 51 Fenton 125 Prison Siding 55 Linden 133 Saranac 220 34. DETROIT & CHARLEVOIX R. R. M. M. Frederic 23 Alba 18 Toad Lake 40 South Arm 35. DETROIT SOUTHERN National Express."" ' M. M. M Detroit 28 Carleton , 67 Indust'I Home 5 Delray 33 Scofield ^, . 68 Adrian 8 Ecorce 35 Maybee ' ^? .'■ ;,, 38 Rasinville' JunJC- 70 South Adrian 11 Wyandotte 79 Lima June. 16 Trenton 43 Dundee. 80 Packard 22 Flat Rock 59 Tecumseh 82 L.S.& M.S. Jo. 26 Briar Hill 65 Birdsall 157 Lima, O. From Dundee to Tecumseh over Cincinnati Northern R. R. From Adrian to Lima June, parallel with Wabash R. R. 36. DETROIT & MACklNAC RAILWAY. American Express. M. M M. Bay City 39 Twining 88 W, Greenbush 2 Poss 42 Turner or Mikado P. O. 3 N. Bay City 49 Emery June. 90 Gustin 7 Tobico 51 Am or 94 Lincoln 12 Linwood Park Mclvor P. 0. 98 Hawes 13 Leng-sville 54 Marks 100 Henry 17 Mlchie 60 Tawas City ' 102 Roe Lake 20 Pinconning 61 East Tawas 108 Black River 26 Saganing 74 AuSable and 118 Ossineke 29 Pine River Oscoda 130 Alpena June. 34 Omer 85 37. Handy North Division. 131 Alpena M M. M. Alpena 25 Metz 40 Austin's Siding 1 Alpena June. 26 South Rogers 41 Case 9 Cathro 29 La Rocque 47 Onaway 12 Bolton or Hawks P. O. 50 Tower 16 Polaski 32 Bunton 19 Posen 38 Millersburg 38. Valentine Lake Branch. M. M. M, La Rocque 5 Hurst 21 McPhee or Hawks P. O 11 Pack Siding 26 Valentine Lake 4 May Lake Jc. 13 Rainy Lake , 39. Rose City Division. M. M. M Emery June. 12 Hale Lake 22 Maltbys 5 Cooper's Cr. 16 Long Lake 27 Lupton 7 Taft 19 40. Smith June. South Branch. 39 Rose City M M. Smith June. i South Branch 221 M. Emery Jun<;. 4 Will ttem ore 41. Prescott Division. M 7 Mills 12 Prescott 42. DETROIT & RIVER ST. CLAIR RY. Operates over Rapid Ry. M (electric) at night for freight traffic only. M. M. M. Chesterfield 11 Fairhaven 24 Robert's Land- 6 New Baltimore 17 Pearl Beach ing 9 Anchorville 21 Algonac 28 Marine City 43. DULUTH, SOUTH SHORE & ATLANTIC RT. Western Express. Main Line. M. M. M. Sault Ste.Marle 136 Deerton 221 Perch U Brimley 140 Sand River 224 Sidnaw 19 Wellsburg 145 Gordon 228 Anthony 25 Rexford 151 Chocolay 230 Kitchi 35 Eckerman or Harvey P. O. 233 Withej^ June. 47 Soo June. 155 Marquette 233 Kenton 50 Sage 160 Basdad 239 Trout Creek 59 Newberry 163 Eagle Mills 246 Paynesville 60 Dollarville 167 Negaunee 250 Bruce's Cross 67 McMillan 170 Ishpeming 255 Ewen 79 Danaher 171 Winthrop June. 261 Matchwood 80 Seney 174 Stoneville 264 Groesbeck 88 Driggs 176 Greenwood 272 Lake Gogebic 95 Creighton 180 Clarksburgh or Ballentine 105 Shingleton 182 Humboldt P. O. 108 Evelyn 186 Champion 282 Tula 113 Wetmore 193 Michigamme 288 Thomaston 117 Munising Jc. 198 Three Lakes 292 Abitosse 120 Ridge or Redruth P. 0. 294 North Besse- 125 Au Train 201 Nestoria mer 129 Rock River 211 Vermilac 301 Montreal 134 Onota 216 Covington 420 Duluth 44. Mass City & Keweenaw Bay Division. M M. M. Riddle June. 14 White 31 Kelsey Mass City 17 Allston 33 Keweenaw Bay Peppard June. or Laird P. O. or La Fernier 4 Simar 19 Hazel P. O. 8 Motley 24 Pelkie 11 Otter 27 Bellaire 45. Evergreen Braneh. M. M. M. Peppard June. 1 Adventure 3 Evergrreen Bessemer Jc. or NorthBessemer 46. Bessemer Branch. M. 2 Bessemer 222 47. Mineral Range Division. M. M. M. Nestorla 41 Chassell 53 Franklm 1 Sturgeon 48 E. Houghton 55 Boston 7 Summit 49 Houghton 60 Osceola 17 Li'Anse H. & C. June. or Opechee P. 22 Baraga Hancock „„ 9" , ^ 27 Iron Bridge 50 Lake View 62 Calumet 30 Newton 52 Swedetown 48. St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie Division. M, M. M. St. Ignace 20 Palms 37 Hendrie 10 Allenville 23 Ozark 43 Soo Junction 11 Moran 27 Trout Lake Jc, 90 Sault Ste.Marie 49. Republic Branch. M. M. M. Humboldt 7 Milwaukee Jc. 9 Republic 491/^. Bay Mills Branch. M. M. Brimley 2 Bay Mills 50. EMPIRE & SOUTHEASTERN R. R. M. M. M. Empire 6 Lake Jc. 12 Empire Jc. 2 East Empire 10 Petreville 51. ESCANABA & LAKE SUPERIOR RY. Western Express. M. M. . M. Wells 22 Hendricks 39 Alfred 2 Groos 24 Dewey 45 Ward 10 Chandler 26 Watson 47 Ralph 13 Cornell 30 Mashek 64 Channing 17 Kingsley 34 Reade 19 White 36 Northland 511^. Ford River Branch. M M Kingsley 8 Ward 5a. GRAND RAPIDS & INDIANA RY. Adams Express. Main Line. M. M. M. Cincinnati 180 Indian Field 210 Bradley Richmond, Ind. 185 Kalamazoo 213 Wayland 149 Sturgis 14 M. C. Crossing 217 Moline 154 Perrin 191 Cooper 221 Ross 158 Nottawa 194 Travis 224 Carlisle or 159 Wasepi 197 Plainwell West Carlisle 164 Mendon 200 Bowens P. O. 168 Portage Lake 202 Monteith 227 Fisher 173 Vicksburg 203 Martin 233 So. Grd. Rapid 178 Austin Lake 207 Shelbyville 234 Grand Rapids 223 52%. Grand Fwapids-Petoskey Division. M M. M. Grand Rapids 69 Reed City 150 Antrim 1 Bridge Street 73 Milton June. 151 Mancelona 3 D. G. H. & M. or Orono P. O. 154 Wetzell Cross. 75 Ashton 157 Alba 5 Mill Creek 77 Dewings 166 Elmira 10 Belmont 81 Leroy 175 Boyne Falls 12 Childsdale 86 Tustin 182 Walloon June. 14 Rockford 89 Osceola June. 183 Clarion 17 Edgerton 92 Hobart 191 Petoskey 22 Cedar Springs 98 Cadillac 192 Bay View 26 Sand Lake 102 Missaukee Jc. 193 Kegomic 28 Pierson 108 Gilbert 196 Conway 34 Howard City 110 Manton 198 Oden 40 Morley 114 Haire 201 Alanson 44 Borland 119 Walton 204 Brutus 47 Stan wood 123 Fife Lake 208 Pellston 52 Byers 129 So. Boardman 211 Van 56 Big Rapids 132 Crofton 214 Levering 57 Upper Big R'ds 137 Kalkaska 218 Carp Lake 61 Paris 142 Leetsville 225 Mackinaw City 64 Crapo 147 Westwood 53. Olga Branch. M. M. M. Osceola Jc. 2 SutlifEs t Olga 54. Traverse City Branch M. M. M. Walton 13 Mayfield 26 Traverse City 6 Summit City 17 Slights 9 Kingsley 20 Keystone 55. . Walloon Lake Branch. M. M. Walloon June. 1 Walloon Lake 56. Muskegon Branch. M. M. M. Grand Rapids 12 Herrington 28 Sullivan 1 Bridge Street 13 Reno 33 Cloverville 3 Muskegon Jc. 17 Conklin 36 Fruitport Jiinc. 8 Kinney 22 Ravenna 40 Muskegon 57. Harbor Springs Branch. M. M. M Petoskey 4 MononaQua 7 Wequetonsing 1 Bay View Beach 8 Harbor Springs 2 Kegomic 6 Roaring Brook 58. Manistee Branch. M. M. M. Milton June or Orono P. O. 5 Deer Lake 9 Totten 59. Missaukee Branch. 12 Luther M. M. Cadillac 8 Round T»ake Jc. 4 Missaukee^ Jc. 16 Lake City 224 60. Jennings Branch. M. Round: Lake Jc. M. 2 Jennings Gl. GRAND TRUNK RY. National Express. Detroit and Port Huron Division. M. M. M. Detroit 8 Mount Olivet 38 Lenox 2 Gratiot Ave. 16 Fraser 49 Smith's Creek 3 L.S.&M.S.Jc. 22 Mt. Clemens 55 Tappan 4 Milwaulcee Jc. 26 Chesterfield 56 Tunnel June. 7 Forest Lawn 32 New Haven §7 Port Huron 62. Michigan Air Line Division. M. M. M. Jackson 39 Hamburg 74 Amy 1 M. C. Crossing 41 WhitmoreLake 80 Rochester 8 Root's 44 Rushton 81 D.&B.C. Cross. 11 Henrietta 47 South Lyon 86 Washington i/ 13 Munith 51 New Hudson 92 Romeo 18 Stockbridge 56 Wixom 99 Armada 24 Gregory 59 Walled Lake 106 Lenox or 27 Anderson 66 Orchard Lake Richmond P.O. 31 Pinckney 68 Sylvan Lake 36 Lakeland 71 Pontiac 63. GRAND TRUNK WESTERN RT. National Express. M. M. M. Chicago 176 Nichols 257 Duffield 114 Edwardsburg 182 Penfield 263 Swartz Creek 117 JefEerson 189 Bellevue 265 Otterburn 122 Cassopolis 194 Olivet or 270 Flint 127 Penn Ainger P. 0. 274 Belsay 131 Wakelee 202 Charlotte 279 Davison 136 Marcellus 208 Potterville 283 Elba 140 Chamberlains 216 Millett 289 Lapeer or Leesburg P. 219 Fair Ground 297 Attica O. 220 Lansing 301 Imlay City 146 Schoolcraft 223 Trowbridge 309 Capac 152 Vicksburg 229 Haslett Park 317 Emmett 157 Pavilion. 235 Shaftsburg 322 Goodell's 160 Scotts 239 Perry 327 Cornell 165 Climax 242 Morrice 331 Tunnel June. 169 Renton 248 Bancroft 335 Port Huron 175 Battle Creek 253 Durand :--.^;'/L 64. HANCOCK & CALUMET R. R. Western Express. M. Houghton Hancock 2 Ripley 4 Dollar Bay M. 5 Woodside 7 Mason 7 Lake June. 8 Mills 225 M. 9 So. Lake Linden 10 Linwood 10 Lake Linden 65. Fulton Branch. M. M. M. I>ake June. 1 Upper Mills 3 Midway 66, LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RY. U. S. Express. Detroit Branch. 5 Osceola 8 Belt Line Jc or Opechee P. 10 Kearsarge O. 11 Allouez 6 Tamarack 16 Fulton 7 Calumet M. M. M. Toledo 29 Stony Creek 51 Ecorce 15 Vienna or Erie or Meyers P. 0. 54 Delray P. O. 32 Newport 57 West Detroit 20 Lasalle 37 Rockwood 61 Wood ward Ave 25 Monroe 44 Trenton 62 D.G.H.&M.Jc. 26 Warner 45 Sibley's 63 Gratiot Ave. 48 Wyandotte 65 Detroit 67. Adrian and Monroe Branch. M. M. M. Adrian 13 Deerfield 28 Strasburgh 4 Lenawee June. 16 Petersburgh 33 Monroe 7 Wellsville 21 Federman 10 Sisson 23 Ida 68. Jackson Branch. M. M. M. Adrian 18 Clinton 36 Napoleon 4 Lenawee June. 21 River Raisin 41 Eldred 7 Chase's 25 Manchester 46 Jackson 9 Sutton 26 Manchester Jc. 13 Tecumseh 33 Norvell 69. Fort Wayne Branch M. M. 'm. Jackson 19 Mosherville 29 Hillsdale 6 Wilsons Sta. or Seipio 31 Banker's 11 Horton P. O. 36 Reading 14 Hanover 25 Jonesville 42 Montgomery 16 Stony Point % Ft. Wayne Jc. 70. Kalamazoo Division. 100 Ft.Wayne.Ind. M. M. m. Elkhart, Ind. 30 Portage 69 Hopkins White Pigeon 36 Kalamazoo 73 Hilliards 4 Constantine 42 Cooper 76 Dorr 7 Florence 45 Argenta 82 Byron Centre 11 Three Rivers 48 Plainwell 88 Grandville 16 Moorepark 52 Otsego 92 Eagle Mills 20 Flowerfield 56 Abronia 95 Grand Rapids 23 Schoolcraft 62 Allegan 71. Ypsilanti Branch. M. M. m. Hillsdale 20 Woodstock 50 Saline 7 North Adams 25 Brooklyn 54 Pittsfield June. 12 Jerome 31 Watkins 61 Ypsilanti 16 SomersetCentre 37 Manchester 18 Somerset 44 Bridgewater 226 M 72. Fayette Branch. M. M. Adrian 12 Ogden 22 Bimo 4 Lenawee June. 16 Jasper 26 Morenci 7 Palmyra 19 Weston 32 Fayette, O. S Grosvenor 73. Goshen and Michigan Branch. M. M. ^ M. Findley 7 Sturgis 74. Lansing Branch. 36 Goshen, ind. - M. M. M. Hillsdale 33 Devereux 59 Packard 4 Jonesville 37 Springport 63 G. T. Crossing 11 Litchfield 42 Charlesworth 64 Lansing 18 Homer 46 Eaton Rapids 65 North Lansing 21 Condit 52 Kingsland 26 Albion 56 Dimondale 75. Chicago and Toledo Division M. M. M. Chicago 169 Aliens 211 Adrian 120 White Pigeon 174 Jonesville 215 Lenawee June. 123 Fawn River 175 Ft. W^ayne Jc. 218 Palmyra 126 Klinger Lake 178 Hillsdale 219 Grosvenor 132 Sturgis 179 Baw Beese 221 Blissfield 138 Burr Oak 184 Osseo 223 Riga 145 Bronson 187 Pittsford 228 Ottawa Lake 150 Batavia 194 Hudson 244 Toledo 155 Coldwater 200 Clayton 162 Quincy 206 Cadmus 76. LAKE SUPERIOR & ISHPEMING RY. American Express. M. M. M. * Presque Isle 14 Queen Mine 18 Ishpeming 8 Dead River 16 Negaunee Yard 11 Eagle Mills 19 Ishpeming 77. MANISTEE & GRAND RAPIDS R. R.^'---^' ' Adams Express.j'; M. M. M. Manistee 25 Goodrich 47 Edgetts 5 Filer City 31 Canfleld's 49 Riverbank 8 P. M. June. or Peacock P. 50 Larsen 8 Marshes O. 51 Sprague 13 Hoags 39 Carey 53 Hewitt's Lake 1 15 Sauble 41 G.R.&LCross. 55 Tustin 16 Elmton 42 Luther 59 Rolfe 22 Millerton 45 Keenan 78. MANISTEE & LUTHER R. R. M. M. M. Eastlake 17 Peters' Farm 29 South Branclj' 5 6-Mile Crossing 21 Florence 32 Eleanor 10 Phillips' Farm 22 Pine Creek 35 Lincoln Mill 11 Little River Jc. 24 Bostwick Farm 40 Dolan's Camp 227 M. M. M. M. M. 8 12 15 M. M. 79. MANISTEE & NORTHEASTERN R. R. Manistee 1 P. M. Depot 6 Newland 8 Camp Two ionB 10 Onekama June 12 Goodrich 15 Chief Lake or Chief P. O. 18 Bear Creek or Tami^ P.O American Ex. M. 20 Kaleva 25 Lemon Lake ^0 Copemish 1^^ Nessen City 38 Twm Mountain 39 HorTcon 44 Wylies 45 Interlachen 49 Sherman's Mill M. 52 55 59 62 64 67 70 Lake Ann Cedar Run Solon Fouch Hatch's Cross' Greilickville Traverse City >-»'i ■' Onekama Jo. 80. Onekama Branch. M. 3 Onekama 81. Platte River Branch. Sherman's Mills Allyn M. Hayes State Road M. 11 Honor Solon 83. 82. Glen Arbor Branch. M. 3 Cedar City MANISTIQUE RAILWAY. Grand Marais Summit Farm Beaver M. 16 18 19 21 Bennett Youngs State Road Star Y M. 23 26 32 39 Liston Camp Seven Seney Germfask 84. MANISTIQUE & NORTHWESTERN RY. Manistique 3 ManistiqueRvr. 8 Sturgeon Hole 13 Hiawatha M. 16 Smith's Creek 23 Steuben 27 Delta Siding Scott's Camp M. 34 Richardson 39 Shingleton 30 85. Acker Branch. M. M. Scott's Camp 12 Acker 86. MARQUETTE & SOUTHEASTERN RY. M. M. Presque Isle 2 Marquette 26 Lawson •%7/' MASON & OCEANA R. R. M. Buttersville 7 Riverton 11 Wlleys M. 15 Fern 19 Crystal Valley 27 Walkerville M. 36 Station 42 Hesperia 228 88. MICHIGAN CENTJIAL. American Express. Main Ltine.i R. R. M. Detroit M 72 MichiganCentre M. 144 Kalamazoo: l 3 West Detroit 76 Jackson 149 Ostemo 10 Dearborn 81 Trumbulls 156 Matt a wan/. T 14 Inkster 86 Parma 160 Lawton '. OC 15 Eloise 88 No. Concord 168 Decatur ' > M 18 Wayne 92 Bath Mills 173 Glenwood .' '\^- 22 Sheldon 94 Newburg Mills 179 Dowagiac f t-i 25 Denton's 96 Albion 185 Pokagott,;/ C 29 Ypsilanti 101 Marengo 192 Niles: •', U ••;• 33 Geddes 108 Marshall 198 Buchanan 37 Ann Arbor 113 Ceresco 202 Dayton 41 Foster's 115 Wheatfield 205 Galien 43 Delhi 120 Nichols 209 Avery Scio 121 Battle Creek 211 Three Oaks '■ 47 Dexter 130 Augusta 218 New Buffalo i'' 54 Chelsea 135 Galesburg 284 Chicago 61 Francisco 140 Comstock (Foot 12th St.) 65 Grass Lake G.R.&I.Crbss'g 68 M. Leoni 89. M. Toledo Division. M. Detroit 16 Trenton 33 Frenchtown 3 West Detroit 17 Slocum June. 84 Warner 4 Woodmere Grosse Isle 35 Monroe 5 Delray 20 Gibraltar 40 La Salle 7 River Rouge 23 So. Rockwood 45 Vienna or Erie 9 Ecorse 28 Newport p. O. 12 Wyandotte 31 Stony Creek 59 Toledo 15 Sibleys or Meyers P. O. 90 Grand Rapids Division. M. M. M. Grand Rapids 25 Irving 60 Charlotte So. Gr'd Rapids 32 Hastings 70 Eaton Rapids 7 Bowen 37 Quimby 77 Onondaga or Crosby P. O 39 Thornapple 84 Rives Junction 10 Dutton 40 Morgan 90 Van Horns 15 Caledonia 45 Nashville 94 Jackson 18 Parnaelee 48 Vermontville 170 Detroit 21 Middleville 54 Chester 91. Mackinaw Division M. M. M. Bay City 41 Culver's 112 Otsego Lake % West Bay City 45 Greenwood 115 Sailings 5 Kawkawlin 48 Welch 119 Gaylord 11 Linwood 53 West Branch 128 Vanderbilt 12 Lengrsville 56 Ogemaw 135 Trowbridge 15 State Road 61 Beaver Lake 138 Wolverine 19 Pinconning 64 St. Helens 142 Rondo : 22 White Feather 77 Roscommon 148 Indian River 24 Worth 84 Cheney or 154 Topinabee 28 Standish Pere Cheney 160 Mullet Lake 30 Deep River P. O. 166 Cheboygan 32 Sterling 92 Grayling 177 Freedom 35 Quinns 101 Frederic 182 Mackinaw City 40 Alger 109 Waters 229 92. Bay City Division. M. M. M. Detroit 31 Rochester 69 Columbiaville 2 Bay City June. 35 Goodison's 74 Otter Lake 4 Gr'dRiverAve. 40 Orion 80 Millington 6 Woodward Ave. 43 Oxford 86 Vassar 7 Milwaukee Jc. 1/4 P.O.&N.Cross. Caro June. 10 North Detroit 48 Thomas 91 Denmark June. 14 Centre Line 52 Metamora 95 Reese 17 Warren 55 Hunter's Creek 98 Arn 24 Utica 60 C.& G. T. Cross. 101 Munger's 29 Yates 14 Lapeer 109 Bay City 30 M. A. L. Cross. 66 Carpenter's 93. Saginaw Branch. M M. M. Detroit 96 Veenfliets 108 Washington St. 86 Vassar 100 Frankentrost Vz Saginaw, 91 Denmark Jc. 101 Buena Vista Genesee St. 93 Richville 105 P. M. Cross. 94. Vassar-Caro Branch M. M. M. Vassar 5 WatrousvilleSta. 9 Wahjamega Va, Caro June. or Crossman P.O. 7 Ross's Cross. 13 Caro 941/^. Battle Creek Division. M. M. M. Battle Creek 13 East Leroy 31 Fairfax 5 Adams 19 Athens 35 Findley 8 Sonoma 23 Factoryville 11 Joppa 26 Leonidas 95. Air Line Division. M. M. M. Niles 29 Fabius 70 Tekonsha 4 Barron Lake 34 Three Rivers 77 Clarendon 9 Dailey 39 Centreville 80 Homer 14 Cassopolis 43 Wasepi 85 Pulaski 15 Forest Hall 48 Fairfax 89 Concord 16 Sandy Beach 50 Colon 90 Reynolds 19 Vandalla 55 Sherwood 93 Spring Arbor 23 Newburg 62 Union City 95 Snyder's 25 Jones' 66 Burlington 104 Jackson 27 Corey's 68 Osborns 96. Saginaw Division. 180 Detroit M. M. M. Jackson 59 Bennington 100 Saginaw, W.S. 6 Van Horns 64 Owosso SaginawBr.Jc. 11 Rives Junction 70 Henderson 102 Saginaw, 16 Leslie 74 Oakley's Genesee St. 21 Eden 78 Chesaning ¥2 Mershon 25 Mason 83 Fergus 103 Carrolton 30 Holt 86 St. Charles 105 Zilwaukee 37 Lansing 90 Garfield or 106 McClure's 38 North Lansing Eastwood P.O. 112 Brooks 42 Chandler's 93 Swan Creek 113 Salzburg 45 Bath 95 Paines 115 West Bay City 52 Laingsburgh ^ Bay City 230 97. North Midland Division. M. Bay City West Bay City 7 Monitor 98. Saginaw M. 11 Auburn 13 Fisherville or Laredo P. O. M. 16 County Line or Colden P. O. 20 Midland Bay and Northwestern Division. M. 3 5 Bay City Pinconning Woodville Nine Mile 99. M. Grayling 4 Tyler's 5 Alexander 8 Kneelands M. 8 Mt. Forest 12 Rhodes 15 Smiths 18 Highwood Twin Lakes Branch. M. 11 Bucks 15 Judges 18 Lovells 24 Dana M 22 "Winegar's 24 Howrys 25 Bliss Branch 28 Gladwin M 27 Vienna June. 28 Lewiston M St. Clair 5 Butlin's M. Kalamazoo 4 Brownells 9 Alamo 11 Williams 12 Harrison 15 Kendall's M. Niles 1 Main Street 100. Michigan Midland Division. M. M. 8 Adair 15 Lenox or 101. South Haven Division. M. M. 18 Pine Grove 29 19 Goble's or 30 Gobleville P. O. 32 23 Bloomingdale 35 25 Berlamont 40 28 Columbia 102. South B'snd Division. M. 5 Bertrand 12 South Bend, Ind. Richmond P. O. Grand June. Brown's Mills Lacota Kibbles South Haven 103. MILWAUKEE, BENTON HARBOR & COLUMBUS RY. American Express. M. Benton Harbor 1 Bankers 3 Napier 4 Nickerson 5 Somerleyton M. 6 Scotdale or Carl P. O. 8 Royalton 11 Hinehman 13 Stemms M. 17 Berrien Springs 20 Lighten 26 Baintons 27 Buchanan MINERAL RANGE R. R. See Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic R. R. 104. MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL & SAULT STE. MARIE RY. Western Express. M. Minneapolis 303 Faithorn June. or Pembina P.O M. 305 Malacca 311 Hermansville 318 Farnham 231 M. 325 Eustis Felch Jc. 331 Newhall M. M. M. 338 No. Escanaba 399 White Dale 439 Hubbell or Wells P. O. or Gulliver P.O. 442 Lewis 343 Gladstone 402 Parkington or Caffey P. O 348 Masonville 405 Gridley 450 Trout Lake 349 Rapid River 408 Huntspur 459 Alexander 355 Ensign 410 Carruthers 464 Fibre 360 St. Jacques 411 Pike Lake 467 Dryburg 363 Sturgeon River 415 Corinne 471 Rudyard 368 Isabella or Viola P. O. 476 Kinross 375 Cook's Mill 417 Bovee 480 Cottage Park or Cook's P. O. 422 Engadine 484 Dafter 381 Delta Junction 432 Gilchrist So. Shore Jc. 3S7 Manistique 436 Garnet 494 SaultSte.Marie 393 Marblehead or Welch P. 1(^, Rapid River Branch. M. M. M. Rapid River 19. Trenary 28 Town 46 N. 106. MUNISING RAILWAY. American Express. M. Munising 4 Hallston 5 Merriam 6 Munising June. 9 Stlllman M. 10 Vail 14 Dixon 18 Chatham 20 Eben 23 Rumely M. 25 Dorsey 28 Lawson 32 Carlshend 38 Little Lake or Forsyth P. O 107. PERE MARQUETTE R. R. SAGINAW DISTRICT. American Express. Toledo and Ludington Line. M. Toledo 10 Erie 16 Winchester 20 Monroe 25 Stedner 29 Grafton M. 30 Carlton 33 Waltz 34 Willow 37 New Boston 42 Romulus 45 Wayne June. M. 53 Plymouth 140 Saginaw 154 Bay City 280 Ludington 108. Detroit-Saginaw-Ludington Line. M. Detroit 5 Delray 13 Oak 16 Beech 18 Elm 20 StarK 25 Plymouth 28 Northville 32 Novi 36 Wixom 42 Milford 46 Highland 49 Clyde 52 Rose Centre M. 57 Holly 63 Belford or South Grand Blanc P.O 66 Grand Blanc 74 Flint 79 Horton 81 Mt. Morris 86 Clio 89 County Line 91 Birch Run 95 Blackmar 101 Bridgeport 105 Hoyt 282 M. 107 Saginaw, E.S. Saginaw, W.S. 108 Mershon 113 Lawndale 118 Freeland 122 Smith's Cross 126 Midland 133 Averill 135 Sanford 141 North Bradley 143 Alamando 147 Coleman 152 Loomis 154 Herrick M M. M. 157 Clare 196 Reed City 224 Branch 162 Farwell 200 Olivers 227 Merritt 169 Lake or 203 Chase 230 Weldon Creek Crooked Lake 207 Nirvana 233 Custer P. O. 211 lingers 236 Scottville 175 Chippewa or Forman P. O 238 Amber 179 Sears 214 Baldwin 245 Ludington 183 Bvart 216 Wingleton 192 Hersey 220 Stearns 109. Bay City Division. M. M. M. Saginaw E. S. 8 Cheboyganing 13 Bay City 2 Crow Island 10 So. Bay City 110. Manistee Division. M. M. M. Merritt 8 Fountain 24 Eastlake 3 Tallman 13 Freesoil 26 Manistee 4 Batcheller 21 111. Stronach Almont Division. M. M. M Port Huron 14 Wales 29 Smith's 2 Tunnel Station 16 Lambs 32 Hopkin's Road 4 Tappan 20 Memphis 34 Almont 9 Kimball 23 Doyle 11 Burns 26 112. Berville Eastern Division. M. M M. Port Huron 29 Melvin 65 Juniata 1 Tunnel Station 32 Valley Centre 70 Vassar 4 Tappan 35 Brown City 75 Tuscola 5 Wadham 45 Marlette 79 Gera 12 Abbotsford 50 Clifford 87 Hoyt 16 Avoca 53 Silverwood 90 Saginaw, E.S. 24 Yale 59 Mayville 113. Port Austin Division. M. M. M. Tunnel Station 26 Croswell 66 Wadsworth ■ Port Huron 30 Lewis Siding 70 Bad Axe r.<'- 1 Thomas Street 32 Applegate 75 CI arks 6 Gardendale 38 Carsonville 76 Filion 8 North Street 43 McGregor 79 Kinde 11 Atkins 45 Downington 82 Johnson 12 Zion 46 Deckerville 87 Port Austin 15 Blaine 52 Palms 89 Pt.AuxBarques 17 Jeddo 60 Tyre 91 Eagle Bay 20 Amadore 63 Ubly 92 Grindstone City 114. Harbor Beach Branch. M. M. M Port Huron 56 Minden 65 Helena 52 Palms 60 Ruth 70 Harbor Beach 233 115. Mt. Pleasant Branch. M Coleman 4 Wise 6 Delwln M. Flint 5 Horton 8 Genesee M. Clare 4 Moore's Siding 8 Atwood'sSiding M. Coleman M. 1 3 4 5 9 12 15 20 22 2»J 28 30 32 3t; 47 52 58 59 M 9 Leaton 10 Jordan 12 Isabella 116. Fostoria Branch. M. 11 Rogers or Rogersville P. O. 14 Otisville 117. Harrison Branch. M. 9 Hatton 12 Mann's Siding 17 Harrison 118. Beaverton Branch. M. 10 Beaverton M. 14 Mt. Pleasant M 19 Otter Lake 24 Fostoria M. 24 Leota GRAND RAPIDS DISTRICT— Pere Marquette R. R. 119. Petoskey Division. Grand Rapids Bridge Street Muskegon Jo Fuller Mill Creek Alpine Englishville Sparta Saxon Kent City Casnovia Bailey Ashland or Lake P. Grant Brooks Newaygo White Cloud Diamond Loch Otia Kopje O. M. 63 Bitely 65 Lilley 74 Baldwin 82 Conley 85 Canfield or Peacock P. O. 86 Peters 91 Irons 94 Florence 95 Dublin 98 Wellston 103 High Bridge 110 Kaleva 117 Henry 121 Thompsonville 126 Wallin 12S Clary 130 Bendon 134 Interlochen 138 Grawn 141 Beitner's 120. Sisson Branch. M. 147 Boardman 148 Traverse Citj 153 Acme 157 Bates 159 .Williamsburg 164 Barker Creek 169 Rapid City 172 Alden 176 Lull 179 Comfort 183 Bellaire 189 Snowflake 191 Central Lake 198 Ellsworth 202 Phelps 208 Cherrie 209 Belvedere 210 Charlevoix 218 Bay Shore 225 Petoskey 226 Bay View M. Lilley M. 4 M. Kirk Pickand M. 2 Sisson 121. Kirk Branch. M. 9 Kanitz 122. Elk Rapids Branch M. 11 Muskegon M. M. Williamsburg 5 Angell 10 Elk Rapids 123. Kalkaska Branch. M. M. M. Rapid City 11 Kalkaska 23 Sharon 3 Ricker 16 Saunders 30 Dempsey 6 Rugg 18 Spencer 33 Stratford 7 Leiphart 22 Sands 124. Fruitport Branch, M. M. Fruitport 2 Pickand 125. Big Rapids Division L. ■ M M. M. Muskegon 22 Reeman 46 Woodville 1 North Yard 25 Fremont 48 Lumberton 5 Berry 30 Wooster 49 Hungerford 12 Twin Lake 31 Ryerson 56 Big Rapids 18 Holton 36 White Cloud 20 Brunswick 41 Field's 126. Grand Rapids-Chicago Lind M M. M. Chicago 73 Riverside 112 Fennville 38 New Buffalo 76 Coloma 116 New Richmond 42 Union Pier 79 Watervliet 120 East Saugatucl? 44 Lakeside 84 Hartford 127 Holland 46 Harbert 88 McDonald 12S Waverley 48 Sawyer 92 Bangor 132 Zeeland 53 Bridgeman 95 Breedsville 136 Vriesland 55 Livingston , 99 Grand Junction 141 Hudsonville 58 Stevensville 103 Lee 145 Jenison 60 Gleri Lord 105 Hoppertown 147 Grandville ; . 65 St. Joseph 107 Bravo 153 Grand Rapid* ) 67 Benton Harbor 109 Pearle i 1261^. Paw Paw Lake Branch. M M Coloma 3 Paw Paw Lake 127. La Crosse Division. M. M. New Buffalo 38 La Crosse, Ind 128. Muskegon Division M. M. M. Allegan 36 Agnew 63 Berry 4 Mill Grove 43 Sheldon 65 Dalton 8 Dunning 44 Grand Haven 69 Sweet's 13 Hamilton 45 Ferrysburg 75 Whitehall 17 Filmore 46 Kirk's Junction 76 Montague 23 Holland 53 Lake Harbor 82 Rothbury 24 Waverley Sta. 86 New Bra 25 Cronje 55 Muskegon H'ts 90 Shelby 28 Harlem 57 Muskegon 96 Mears 33 West Olive 59 North Yard 129. Hart Branch. 103 Pentwater M. M Mears 3 Hart 235 130. M. Grand Ledge 4 Eagle 12 Portland 17 Collins 19 Webber 20 Lyons 26 Ionia 28 State House of Correction M. M M. Grand M 30 Ledge-Big Rapids Line. 37 40. 43 44 48 50 55 59 Strong Shiloh Fenwick Virgil Sheridan Colby's Stanton McBride's Edmore M. 62 Wyman 65 Murphy 68 Blanchard 70 Millbrook 74 Remus 79 Mecosta 82 Martiny 85 Rodney 94 Big Rapids Ionia . 4 Strong 132. Rodney 131. Kidd Branch. M. 8 Orleans 11 Chadwick Chippewa Lake Branch M. 6 Chippewa Lake M. 13 Kidd 133. M. Detroit 5 Delray 6 Rougemere 13 Oak 16 Beech 18 Elm 20 Stark 25 Plymouth 31 Salem 36 South Lyon 40 Green Oak 42 Island Lake 45 Brighton 51 Summit M. Grand Rapids Detroit-Grand Rapids M. 53 Annpere 54 Howell 63 Fowlerville 68 Webberville 74 Williamston 78 Meridian 82 Okemos 85 Trowbridge 88 Lansing 89 North Lansing 95 Delta 100 Grand Ledge 108 Mulliken Line. M. 113 Sunfield 117 Woodbury 121 Lake Odessa 127 Clarksville 131 Elmdale 134 Alto 138 McCords 139 Whitnej'ville 143 Maple Hill or Eardly P. O. 145 East Paris 149 Oakdale Park 153 Grand Rapids 134. Reed's Lake Branch. 135. Saginaw.E.S. 1 Nortn Saginaw 3 Saginaw, W. S. 7 Paines 11 Grahams 13 Sand Ridge 17 Hemlock 22 Merrill 24 Eaton 27 Wheeler 29 Breckenridge 36 St. Louis 40 Alma M. Clary M. 2 Reed's Lake Saginaw-Grand Rapids M. 44 Elwell 49 Riverdale 53 Vestaburg 56 Cedar Lake 59 Edmore 65 Six Lakes 67 Town Line 71 Lakeview 77 Amble 82 Howard City 86 Coral 91 Trufant 96 Gowen 136. Honor Branch. M. 2 Turtle Lake 236 Line, M. 101 N'th Greenville % Greenville 107 Kidd 108 Belding 112 Smyrna 117 Moseley or Vergennes P. O. 124 Lowell 130 Pratt Lake 131 Elmdale 152 Grand Rapids M 10 Honor 137. Remus Branch. M. . Remus 5 Foster M. Barryton 1 Chatterton M. Lowell 3 Pratt Lake 6 Waverly M. M. 5 9 8 Bundy 138. Mecosta Branch. M. 3 Winchester 139. Fre^Bort , ^vaniph. M. 6 Elmdale 9 Logan M. 13 M. 12 M. 12 Weidman Mecosta Freeport Saginaw, E. Creens Arthur 12 Reese 17 Gilford 22 Fair Grove 140. Ottawa Beach Branch. M.. • 6 Ottawa ;^each 141 S., T. & H. R. R. Division. S. M. M. 25 Akron 53 Pigeon 31 Unionville 57 Elkton 37 Sebewaing 60 Grassmere 44 Tarry fifi Bad Axe 46 Bay Port 48 Ribble Road 143. PONTIAC, OXFORD & NORTHERN R. R, Pontiac 6 Eames 9 Cole 14 Oxford 18 Shoup 21 Leonard 27 Dryden 33 Imlay City American Express. M. 39 Lum 43 King's Mills 49 North Branch 55 Clifford 62 Kingston 65 Wilmot 69 Deford 74 Cass City M. 80 Gagetown 85 Owendale 87 Linkville 92 Pigeon 93 Berne 100 Caseville J':!mi!i. 143. ST; JOSEPH, SOUTH BEND & SOUTHERN R. R. Operated by Indiana, Illinois & Iowa R. R. Adams Express. So. Bend, Ind. 19 Galien 25 Glendora M. 29 Baroda 33 Derby 36 Vineland M. 40 St. Joseph 144. SOUTH HAVEN & EASTERN R. R. American Express. M. Lawton 4 Paw Paw 9 Lake Cora M. 13 Lawrence 20 Hartford 25 Toquin 237 M. 29 Covert 32 Packard 37 South Haven 145. TOLEDO, SAGINAW & MUSKEGON RY. Operated by D., G. H. & M. Ry. National Express. M. M. M. Muskegon 31 Saxon 64 Virgil 1 Jefferson St. 35 Reeds 65 Sheridan 2 Simpson 40 Cedar Springs 71 Vickeryville 12 Halls 43 Sheffield 74 Butternut 14 Moorland 45 Evans 77 Carson City 17 Hines Crossing 47 Harvard 84 Middleton 19 Slocums 50 Lincoln Lake 85 Perrinton 21 Harrisburg 56 Greenville 89 Pompei 26 Gooding 58 Eureka Place 91 Ola 30 Sparta 61 146. Miller's WABASH R, R. 96 Ashley Pacific Exprefjs. M. M. M. Detroit 29 Willis 66 Sand Creek 4 Delray 32 Whittaker 68 Lima Jc. 5 Oakwood or 37 Milan 70 Seneca Navarre P. O. 42 Cone 73 North Morenci 12 Hand 47 Britton 80 Munson 19 Romulus 52 Holloway 272 Chicago, 111. 21 French 55 Raisin Center 481 St. Louis, Mo Landinff 59 Adrian 24 Belleville 60 S. Adrian M. 14; Bessemer 2 Siemens WISCONSIN CENTRAL RY. National Express. Penokee Branch. M. 6 Ironwood M. 7 Hurley, Wis. 148. WISCONSIN & MICHIGAN RAILWAY. Faithorn Jc. or Pembina P. O. 2 Blum 3 Brooks 4 Bird 8 Hammond 9 Nathan M. 22 Dobeas 23 Longrie 24 Koss 49 Marinette, Wis. 49 Peshtigo, Wis. American Express. M. M. 10 Arnold 12 Gardner 13 Ames 14 Hawley 17 Swanson 20 Kells 21 Cedar 149. Ingalls Branch. M. M. Koss 5 Ingalls Ra.ilTvays, Suburban and £}lectric. IN OPERATION. BENTON HARBOR, COLOMA & PAW PAW LAKE RY.— From Coloma to Paw Paw Lake — 3 miles. DETROIT & PONTIAC RY.— From Detroit to Royal Oak, Birm- ingham, and Pontiac— 25 miles. 238 DETROIT, YPSILANTI, ANN ARBOR & JACKSON RT.— From Detroit to SpringiArells, Dearborn, Inkster, Eloise, Wayne, Canton, Denton, Ypsilanti, Pittsfleld and Ann Arbor— 38 miles. Extension from Ann Arbor to Lima, Chelsea, Francisco, Grass Lake, Leoni, Michigan Center and Jackson— 38 miles. Saline Branch from Ypsilanti to Saline— 10 miles. DETROIT, LAKE ORION & FLINT RY.— See Detroit, Roches- ter, Romeo & Lake Orion Ry. DETROIT. PLYMOUTH & NORTH VILLE RY.— From ^Wayne to Plymouth and Northville — ^15 miles. Extension proposed from Northville to Novi and Walled Lake; also from Plymouth via Nankin and Pikes Peak to Detroit. DETROIT, ROCHESTER, ROMEO & LAKE ORION RY.— From Detroit to Royal, Oak, Clawson, Big Beaver, Troy, West Utica, Rochester, Lake Orion Junction, Goodison, Orion, Ox- ford, Ortonville, Goodrich, Atlas and Flint — 67 miles. Branch from Lake Orion Junction to Washington and Romeo— 11 miles. DETROIT & NORTHWESTERN RY.— From Detroit to Ravens- wood, Sherwell, Greenfield, Sand Hill, Clarenceville, Farm- ington Junction, North Parmington, Orchard Lake, Cass Lake, Sylvan Lake and Pontiac — 31 miles. Branch from Farmington Junction to Farmington, Sprague and North- ville— 8 miles. DETROIT & TOLEDO SHORE LINE RY— From Detroit to Mon- roe and Toledo— 60 miles. ESCANABA ELECTRIC STREET RY.— From Escanaba to Wells— 4 miles. GRAND HAVEN STREET RY. (STEAM)— From Grand Haven to Highland Park— 1 mile. GRAND RAPIDS, HOLLAND & LAKE MICHIGAN RAPID RY.— From Grand Rapids to Hanley, Jamestown, Zutphen, Zeeland, New Groningen, Holland, Macatawa Park and Saugatuck — 40 miles. GRAND RAPIDS «& REED'S LAKE RY.— From Grand Rapids to Reed's Lake— 4 miles. HOUGHTON COUNTY STREET RY.— From Houghton and Han- cock to Laurium, Calumet and Red Jacket— 15 miles. LANSING CITY ELECTRIC RY.— From Lansing to Agricultural College— 3 miles. LUDINGTON & NORTHERN R. R. (Steam)— From Ludington to Epworth Assembly, Lincoln Lake and Hamlin or Big Sable Lake— 8 miles. MANISTEE, FILER CITY & EASTLAKE RY.— From Manistee to Oak Hill, Filer City and Stronach— 6 miles. From Man- istee to Parkdale and Eastlake— 5 miles. From Manistee to Lake Michigan (Orchard Beach)— 3 miles. MARQUETTE CITY AND PRESQUE ISLE RY.— From Mar- quette to Presque Isle— 3% miles. MICHIGAN TRACTION CO.— From Kalamazoo to Comstock, Galesburg, Hewlett's, Augusta, Hume, Finlay and Battle Creek- 24 miles. Branch from Augusta to Gull Lake— 3 miles. NEGAUNEE & ISHPEMING STREET RY.— From Breitung (Negaunee) to Lake (Ishpeming) — 4% miles. Extensions pro- posed to Teal Lake and National Mine. NORTH DETROIT ELECTRIC RY.— From Detroit to North Detroit (Norris) — 4 miles. 239 OWOSSO & CORUNNA ELECTRIC CO.— From Owosso to Corunna — 5 miles. Extension from Corunna to Vernon and Durand — ^10 miles. PORT HURON & GRATIOT BEACH ELECTRIC RY.— From Tunnel Junction (Port Huron) to Huronia Beach and Gratiot Beach — 3 miles. RAPID RAILWAY SYSTEM— From Detroit to Greiner, Rose- ville, Midway Park and Mt. Clemens — 21 miles; Chesterfield, 25 miles; New Baltimore, 32 miles; Anchorville, 35 miles; Fair Haven, 37 miles; Pearl Beach, 43 miles; Point Tremble, 45 miles; Algonac, 47 miles; Roberts Landing, 50 miles; Marine City, 54 miles; Oakland Hotel, 61 miles; St. Clair, 62 miles, Somerville Springs, 63 miles ; Marysville, 67 miles ; Port Huron, 74 miles. The Detroit & River St. Clair Ry., a steam road, uses this line for freight between Chesterfield and Marine City. Shore Line Division operates from Grosse Pointe to Claireview, Lakeside Inn and Mt. Clemens, along shore of Lake St. Clair- 25 miles. ST. JOSEPH «& BENTON HARBOR ELECTRIC RY.— From St. Joseph to Benton Harbor — 1 mile. SAGINAW VALLEY TRACTION CO.— From Saginaw to Mer- shon, Carrollton, Zilwaukee, South Bay City and Bay City— 13 miles. TWIN CITY GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.— From Ironwood, Mich., to Hurley, Wis.— 1 mile. WYANDOTTE & DETROIT RIVER RY.— From Detroit to River Rouge, Ecorse, Wyandotte, Sibley's, Trenton and Grosse Isle —18 miles. BUILDING: DETROIT & CHICAGO TRACTION CO.— From Battle Creek to Marshall, Marengo, Albion, Parma, Sandstone, Woodville, Jackson, Michigan Centre, Grass Lake, Sylvan, Chelsea, Dex- ter and Ann Arbor. GRAND RAPIDS, GRAND HAVEN & MUSKEGON ELECTRIC RY. — From Grand Rapids to Berlin-, Coopersville. Nunica, Fruitport and Muskegon. Branch to Spring Lake and Grand Haven. LANSING, ST. JOHNS & ST. LOUIS ELECTRIC RY.— From Lansing to St. Johns — 19 miles. MICHIGAN WEST SHORE TRACTION CO.— From Benton Harbor to Riverside, Coloma, Paw Paw Lake, Covert and South Haven. MUSKEGON TRACTION & LIGHTING CO.— From Muskegon to Lake Harbor — 4 miles. SAGINAW SUBURBAN RY. CO.— From Oaatka Beach to West Bay City, Brooks, Saginaw, Bridgeport, Clio, Mt. Morris and Flint. TOLEDO & WESTERN RY. CO.— From Toledo to Metamora and Lyons, O., Morenci, Mich., and Fayette, O. TOLEDO, ADRIAN & JACKSON RY.— From Adrian to Pal- myra, Blissfield, Riga and Toledo. WEST MICHIGAN TRACTION CO.— From Benton Harbor to Sister Lakes. RailTv-ays, Street. In addition to suburban electric lines operating between various places, street railways are operated in the following cities: Adrian, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Bay City, Detroit, 240 Escanaba, Grand Rapids, Hancock, Kalamazoo, .Lansing, Me- nominee, Mt Clemens, Muskegon, Pontiac, Port Huron and Saginaw. See also "Railways, Suburban and Electric." Railroad Tax La^v. See "State Board of Assessors." Railroads, Valuation of. During 1900, under the direction of the Statei Tax Commis- sion, wt a cost of over $50,000, an elaborate examination and es- timate was made of the valuation of all the railroads in the State. The physical property of the railroads then existing was estimated at $164,812,230. The non-physical, including franchise values, was estimated at $35,988,632, making the total estimated valuation, $200,800,632. The estimated value based on earning power was $186,511,385. Rainfall. The mean annual rainfall is a little more than 31 inches and is ample for all crops. '^ Ran^e and To^vn Lines. See Surveys: Public Lands. Reading Circle. See "Teachers' Reading Circle." Rebel Raid of 1SG3. Early in November, 1863, the War Department was officially notified by Lord Lyons, the British minister, that a plot was on foot among southern sympathi;zers in Canada to take possession of some of the steamers on Lake Erie, surprise Johnson's Island, near Sandusky, and free the Southern prisoners there confined. The plot, however, did not take definite shape until September 19, 1864, when the steamer Philo Parsons was seized. Four of the raiders, including Bennet G.. Burley, one of the leaders, had taken passage on the boat at Detroit. On her way to Sandusky, she landed at Sandwich and Amherstburg, where the balance of the raiders, about thirty in number, came on board. Their baggage consisted of only one trunk, which was afterwards found to contain revolvers and hatchets. The boat reached Kelly's Island about 4 P. M., and while proceeding towards San- dusky, the conspirators took possession. Meantime, another party had seized the steamer Island Queen, with about twenty- five soldiers, at Middle Bass Island. Her passengers were put on board the Philo Parsons, and the two vessels went on to within four miles of Sandusky. Not receiving the assistance that was probably expected from that city, the conspirators abandoned the Island Queen and returned to the Detroit River. After landing part of the crew on Fighting Island, they pro- ceeded to Sandwich, where they arrived on Tuesday. Here theiy plundered and then abandoned the steaitner, which was recovered by the owners in a damaged condition, and brought to Detroit. The conspirators had a Confederate flag, and on their trial if was conclusively shown that they, were acting under orders frorri Richmond, Receiver pfJ^J.^S,^.XiflLnd p^ce. See Land Office U. S. ..iihooeO .Jbio'f-^ Res'cnts of University. See State Board of Regents. Register of Deeds. See County Register of Deeds. Resrister of TJ. S. Liaiid Office. See Land Office U. S. Registration in To^vuships. See Elections, Township. Religions Appropriations. See "Church or Sectarian Appropriations." Representatives in Legislature. See State Legislature and State Representative Districts. RepresentatiT'es, United States- i See "United States Senators and Representatives," and "U. S. Congressional Districts." ReserA"ed Seats in Theatres. See Theaters, Reserved Seats in. Revenue Cutter. See U. S. Revenue Cutter. Revolutionary War. See War, Revolutionary. River Improvements. Companies formed with the consent in writing of the Gover- nor and Attornej'-General may impr'^ve rivers for purposes of navigation or rafting of logs, but the Board of Control, consist- ing of the Governor, Auditor-General and State Treasurer, originally created to have charge of the state canals, may pre- scribe compensation or toll for use of such improvements. Rivers in Micliigan, Principal. Without exception everj' county and all parts of the State may be described as well watered, and yet such is the structural character of the land that there is practically no part of the State in danger of a flood or overflow. The Detroit, St. Clair, and St. Mary's Rivers are more prop- erly called straits. They are specially notable as they form part of the boundary between the United States and Canada, and because of their depth, width, and beauty, and the immense amount of tonnage which rides on their surface, making them unrivalled. Of the interior streams, there are several that have their rise in lands from 400 to 700 feet above the level of the lakes and that have, at various places in their course, a fall of from ten to sixteen feet and a number of them are navigable for boats for a considerable distance. Almost all of them have numerous branches, but we name only the longest and largest of thfe principal streams, telling through what counties they run: ii Aux bees Scies-^-Benzie County, into Lake Michigan. Au Gres — Iosco and Arenac Counties, into Lake Huron. Au Sable — Crawford, Oscoda, Alcona and Iosco Counties, Into Lake Huron. Belle — Lapeer and St. Clair Counties, into St. Clair River. Big Sable— Lake and Mason Counties, into Big Sable Lake. 242 Black— Otsego, Montmorency and Cheboygan Counties, into Blaclc or Cheboygan Lake. Black— Alcona County, into Lake Huron. Black — Van Buren County, into Lake Michigan. Black— Gogebic County, into Lake Superior. Black— Sanilac and St. Clair Counties, into St. Clair River. Boardmans— Kalkaska and Grand Traverse Counties, into Grand Traverse Bay. . Boyne— Antrim, and Charlevoix Counties, into Pine Lake. Brule— Iron County, forming part of boundary between Mich- igan and Wisconsin, into Menominee River. ,,,-: Carp — Mackinac County, into St. Martin's Bay. Carp — Marquette County,- into Lake Superior. Cass— Tuscola and Saginaw Counties, into Saginaw River. Cedar— Menominee County, into Green Bay. .. Cheboygan — Cheboygan County, into Straits of Mackinac. Chippewa— Mecosta, Isabella and Midland Counties, into Pine River. Chocolate— Marquette County, into Lake Superior, • - ; ' Clinton— Oakland and Macomb Counties, into Lake St: ^ 'Clair. Dowagiac Creek — Van Buten, Cass' and Berrien Cotinties, into St. Joseph River. Escanaba— Marquette and Delta Counties, into Little Bay de Noquette, Fire Steel— Ontonagon County, into Lake Superior. Flat— Montcalm, Ionia and Kent Counties, into Grand River. Flint— Lapeer. Genesee and Saginaw Counties, into Saginaw River. '. ■ • '' '>l ;•■' Flint Steel— Ontonagon Cotrntyj/'itito* Lkke Superior. Ford— Dickinson, Marquette, Mfefnb'ftiihefe and Delta Counties, into Green Bay. ' ',' i *',''■'' : Galien— Berrien County, into Lake Michigan.- ' -' Grand — Jackson, Eaton, Ingham, Clinton, Ionia, Kent ahd Ottawa Counties, into Lake Michigan. ''."'- Hubbard's— Alcona anil: Alperi^ Counties, into Thunder Bay River, .'..■■!:'••. •.■-' Huron— Oakland, Livingston, Washtenaw and Wayne Coun- ties, into Lake Erie. ■ = Huron— Baraga and Marquette Counties, into Lake Superior. Indian^Schoolcraft County, into Indian Lake, thence into Manistique River. Indian— Cheboygan County, connecting Mullets ; and Burt Lake. • • 'fuo' ■ i- .ri'u'i Iron— Ontonagon County, into Lake 'Superior. . . > Jordan — Antrim and Charlevoix Counties, into Pine Lake. Kalamazoo— Hillsdale, Jackson, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and Allegan Counties, into Lake Michigan. Little Manistee— Lake and Manistee Counties, into. Manistee Lakei ■■ ■' ' ' ' .; z';^!!.,!;. ' : ■ ' ■■>\-. : Little Sable— Mason County, into Little Sable Lake.. Looking Glass— Shiawassee, Clinton and lOnia Counties> into Grand River. Manistee — Kalkaska, Wexford and Manistee Counties, intp Manistique— Schoolcraft County, into Lake Michigan. Maple— Gratiot, Clinton and Ionia Counties, into Grand River. Maple— Emmet County, into Burt Lake. Menominee— Dickinson and Menominee Counties, forming part of boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, into Green Bay. • 243 Michig-amme-^Marquette, Dickinson k^' Ii'on Counties, into Brule River. ' Montreal— Gogebic Count3^ forming part of boundary-between Michigan and ' Wi^c!t)-hsin, into Lake Superior. ■, Munusco— Mackiiiac and Chippewa Counties, into Miintisco Bay. • '■ ■■'--■■ :■ ..;'• Muskegon— Missaukee, Clare, Osceola, Mecosta, ■ Newaygo and Muskegon Counties, into Lake Michigan. Ocqueoc-^Presque -Isle County, into Hammond's Bay. • ■Ontonagon— Houghton and Ontonagon Counties, into Lake Superior. Paint — Iron County, into Brule River. . Paw Paw— Van Buren and Berrien Counties, into Lake Michigan. Pentwater — Oceana County,, into Pentwater Lake. Pere . Marquette— rNewaygo, Lake and Mason Counties, into Lake Michigan. ■.'..:.■ \ , Pigeon— Otsego and Cheboygan Counties, into 'Mullet's Lake, Pigeon — ^Huron County, into Saginaw Bay. , . .,.: ' Pine— Chippewa and Mackinac Counties, into Green Bay. Pine — Isabella, Montcalm, Gratiot and Midland Counties, into Tittabawassee River. Pine— Alcona and Iosco Counties, i^ito Au Sauble River. Pinnebog— Huron County, into Saginaw Baj-. Platte— Benzie County, into Lake Michigan. Portage — Houghton County, into Keweenaw Bay. Presque Isle — Gogebic County, into Lake Superior. Rabbit— Allegan County,' into Kalamazoo River. Rainy — Presque Isle County, into Cheboygan or Black Lake. Raisin — Lenawee and Monroe Counties, into Lake Erie, Rapid — Delta County, into Little Bay de Nbquette. Red Cedar — Livingstone and Ingham Counties, into Grand River. Rifle — Ogemaw and Arenac Counties, into Saginaw Bay. Rouge — Wayne County, into Detroit River. Saginaw — Saginaw and Bay Counties, into Saginaw Bay. Saline — Washtenaw and Monroe Counties, into Raisin River. Salt — Isabella and Midland Counties, into Tittabawassee River. , , Shiawassee— Shiawassee and Saginaw Counties,, intp,,. Saginaw River. o '" St. Joseph— Hillsdale, Calhoun, Branch, St. Joseph, Cass and Berrien Counties, into Lake Michigan. Sturgeon — Baraga and Houghton Counties, into Portage Lake. Sturgeon — Dickinson County, into Menominee River. Sturgeon— Otsego and Cheboygan Counties, into Burt's Lake. Sturgeon— Alger and Delta Counties, into Big Bay de Noquette. Taquamenon — Luce and Chippewa Counties, into White Fish Bay. n Thorn Apple— Eaton, Barry and Kent Counties, into Girand River. ■• ; . ^ , . Thunder Bay — Montmorency, Presque Isle and Alpena Coun- ties, into Thunder Bay. Tittabawassee — Gladwin, Midland and Saginaw Countiesi into Saginaw River. Tiffins — Lenawee County, running into the State of Ohio. Tobacco — Clare and Gladwin Counties, into Tittabawassee River. Two Hearted — Luce County, into Lake Superior. 244 Waiska— Chippewa County, into Waiska Bay. White— Newaygo and Oceana Counties, into Lake Michigan. White Pish— Alger and Delta Counties, into Little Bay de Noquette. Willow— Huron County, .into Lake Huron. , ; Roads. No road, worthy of the name, existed in the Territiory until lJil2; the first was a sort of bridle-path which ran along the west bank of the Detroit and through the swamps in the vicinity of Toledo to Cleveland. It was somewhat improved by the troops who came from Ohio in 1812. Aside from this, only trails existed in the interior. The first surveyed road was the so-called Pon- tiac Road, which was established by proclamation of Governor Cass on December 15, 1815, and laid out by commissioners whose report is dated December 13, 1819. Other commissioners were at work upon it as late as 1824. In 1817 from one hundred and fifty to two hundred troops then stationed at Detroit were employed in opening a road to Fort Meigs, now called the River Road. They completed about thirty miles. On March 3, 1825, Congress made an appropriation to locate a military road from Detroit to Chicago, and on May 24, 1825, in laying it out, the commissioners began at the Campus Martius in Detroit. A law of March 2, 1827, appropriated $20,000 for com- pleting the road. Congress also provided for opening roads to Saginaw, Port Gratiot, and Sandusky. On October 29, 1829, the Legislative Council of the Territory sought to aid these efforts by authorizing a lottery, the proceeds of which were to be used to build a road between Detroit and Miami. On July 4, 1832, Congress passed a law providing for the: building Of what is now known as the Grand River Road. ■>■ Many applications having been made to the Legislature, in 1848 a General Plank-Road Act was passed, under which charters, to run sixty years, were granted to all applicants, i Many roads were at once incorporated that never went into operation, and numerous others were built that for want of traffic were allowed to decay. •. Most of t9ie roads now in use are the ordinary four rods or sixty-six feet wide highways laid out on the section lines or subdivisions of sections by direction of the Boards of Supervisors and cared for by the Commissioners and Overseers of Highways. A road used eight years becomes a public highway. Roads, S^vainp Land. ,*'''' Iri .1^0 Congress granted a certain quantity of l^nds khoWn a'^ ^wamp lands to be used iii improving the low lands of the State. These lands under certain conditions are granted by the State to parties for the building of roads through swampy regions, and roads so built by authority of the State are desig- nated as swamp land roads. The Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor-General, State Treasurer, Attorney-General and Com- missioner of State Land Office constitute a State Board of Con- trol, with regard to ^wamp land roads and ditches, wliich see. [; '< ■■.-'^ iRoscoHimoii County Was created in 1840 under the name of Mikenauk. This -vivas Changed to Roscommon in 1843. The original iiame was a sup- posed Indian word, without meaning. Roscommon is the name Of a county in Ireland from which there were many emigrants in 1843. The county was organized in 1875. The county seat is a^ 245 Roscommon, forjnerly Hig^ins Lake. Acres in county, 339,490. Population in 1880, 1,459; 1890, 2,033; 1894, 1,657; 1900, 1,787. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 323. Presidential vote in 190O, McKinley 328, Bryan 175. Rule of fhe Governor and Jndg:es. This title designates a form of government unlike anything afforded by the history of any other place in the United States. An irresponsible and uncontrolled autocracy fastened itself upon the people^ and for a long series of years this anomalous govern- ment, a strange compound of legality and assumption, held CRAWFOKD 1. - W in e r r i $ h r ■frKr?r'h •^10, sol A pi - w ,I}^;h«ri-£>kiU CIiARB .• GLABWIN Ref.:—1. M. C. R. R. 2. Log Road. Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. absolute sway, exercising almost unlimited control over the lands and laws, the persons and property, of the town. A con- dition of affairs existed, at once so exceptional and so singular, that the relation of actual facts seems like a irecord o;f feudal times. By a strange conjunction of circumstances, the G'overnor and Judges of the Territory, who had been appointed January 11, just five months previous to the fire, arrived on the day follow- ing that event. There was but little left in the town for the old trvxstees to exercise authority upon, and both trustees and people naturally turned for assistance and counsel to their territorial rulers. The Governor and Judges, having a whole Territory to care for, might very appropriately have availed themselves of the services of the officers of the town in the endeavor to bring order out of chaos, especially as the very act that created the corporation of Detroit in 1802 had been passed upon and approved 246 by the body that atppointed the Governor and Judges, and besides, there were among the trustees and citizens men whci were the ■equals of the new territorial ofBcers in learning and ability, and fully capable of acting in any capa,city. t Governor Hull and Judge Woodward, however, seeing an opportunity to obtain increased power and patronage, did not fail to improve it. They passed by all the prominent citizens of Detroit, ignored the officials and the corporation of 1802, and procured the passage of the act of April 21, 1806, which gave to them alone the power to lay out a new town and dispose of the town lands. From this time they acted in a dual capacity, becomiing, in fact, the executive officers of the town, as well as of the Territory. Many of the doings of the Governor and Judges were so utterly devoid of justice and such a mockery of government that the Inhabitants, almost en masse, were enraged and disgusted. There is abundant evidence that the picture of their misdoings could scarcely be overdrawn. A memorial of the citizens, of January 3, 1823, presented to Congress, and printed in The Detroit Gazette, says: "In September, 1820, the court frequently held its sessions from 2 P. M. till 12, 1, and 3 o'clock in the morning of the next day; and cases were disposed of in the absence of both clients and coun- sel. During these night sittings, suppers of meat and bottles of whiskey were brought into court, and a noisy and merry banquet was partaken at the bar by some, while others were addressing the court in solemn argument, and others presenting to the judges on the bench, meat, bread, and whiskey, and invit- ing them to partake." This statement of facts was effective, and on March 3, 1823, Congress enacted that the government of the , Territory be transferred to the governor and a council. The people were to elect eighteen persons, from whom the President was to select nine, who should, on confirm^ation of the Senate, constitute the Council of the Territory. - Rural Mail Delivei'y. '"^ The country has been divided into six districts, each district in charge of a special agent, while 50 subordinate agents and 30 route inspectors are constantly in the field, establishing- new routes or inspecting those already established. Application for the service must be signed by petitioners for such service, who must be heads of farhilies. The petition must show the relative population along the route, character of the roads, principal avocations of the people and the distances eacxi one now has to travel to receive mail. A map of the routes proposed is re- quired. The petition must be indorsed by either a Senator or Rep- resentative in Congress. This application is referred to a special agent in charge of one Of the six districts, and by him referred to a subordinate agent for investigation and report. If this agent reports favorably upon the petition, it is returned to the special agent in charge for a,pproval, and by him referred back to the chief special agent in charge. This petition is then approved by the special agent in charge, the service is put in operation, and the carriers appointed. Each route must be over 20 miles long, serving at least 100 families, and those desiring the delivery hereafter must be prepared to. put up suitable boxes. These boxes will be entitled to the protection of the United States statutes. Rural carriers are not required to deliver ordinary mail to houses standing back from the main road; They must not carry 247 other business than United States mail. Patrons are required to co-operate by keeping the roads up to the standard in all weather. The maximum pay for carriers now is $500 per annum for a full route of approximately 25 miles. Carriers are to carry a supply of stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards and must cancel stamps on all letters collected. Sas'lnatv County Was created In 1822 and organized in 1835. The present limits were defined in 1881. The name was derived from the Indian word Sac-e-nong, meaning Sactown,. or the town of the Sac or Sauk Indians who inhabited this region. The county seat is Saginaw. Acres in county, 519,861. Population in 1840, 892; 1850, 2,609; 1860, 12,758; 1870, 39,079; 1880, 59,095; 1890, 82,273; 1894, 81,847; 1900. 81,222. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 13,104. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 8,414, Bryan 7,618. KIDLAND HepTocg^ ' /.iCHetoftSTjl BAY .toassee i _ _ -:^^Jfefcj 2. 3.-1. •oiTtoji /. o < C5 Aft' _ _!j lA-jFoatifii o o il alee- . , - - - eld '.Fremoni 'fiwan cLal^eGarncldor EastJ'^ooa " Bi" . Fjactory ville^l 4 .Moore- pj V Lejonicfasf ,{ park I^^'TH" ImendonJ J THREE >vi ville Vshttu UVERS J H • JDtttrr Oajfej oakI rLake Fawn, i FawaOEivwl * /Mottvilly. ii,a.t« ^.1 — •— «i jj "?!'^"*'*V' " " 2.5. K. 9 W. INDIANA Ref.:-1. C. & G. T. Ry. 2. L S. & M. 8. Ry. 3. Q. R. &J. Ry. 4. M.'C.R.R' 5. St. Joseph Riuer: Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer. St. Josepli County Was created and organized in 1829. It was named from the St. Joseph River, which runs through the county. The river was named St. Joseph by the earliest French catholic explorers after Saint Joseph, the husband of the Virgin Mary. The county seat is at Gentreville. Acres in comity, 321,450. Population in 1840, 7,068; 1850. 12,717; 1860, 21,111; 1S70, 26,274; 1880. 26,626; 1890, 25.356; 1894, 25,087; 1900, 23,889. Votes cast ■ at spring election of 1899, 5.895. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 3,194, Bryan 3,293. Saloons. See Liquor Laws, also Liquor Saloons. Salt and Soda Asli. Michigan easily stands first among all the states in the pro- duction df salt. Practically almost all of the Lower Peninsula covers a bed of rock salt. The salt is fouild at varying depths 2^1 of from 800 to 2,200 feet, and in Wayne County the deposit reaches the amazing thickness of 600 feet. Near Detroit these briny deposits have reached their greatest development in the production of soda ash and other by-products. This locality is evidently destined to be the greatest center in the world for these articles. The total number of barrels of salt produced in the State in 1900 was 4,820,865. If all these barrels of salt were set upon end, one barrel touching another, it would make an unbroken line of over 1,500 miles in length. Since 1860 the State has produced 91,413,483 barrels of salt. Salt, Inspector of. See State Salt Inspector. - Sand. In Missaukee County, on the banks of Muskrat Lake, at Manist-ee, Manistee County, and also near Monroe, Monroe County, there is fine whfte sand very desirable for glass man- ufacture. .San\'iri '":■ iri:;.'-;-i ■ ;'.; Scliool Text Books. •Text books cannot be changed of tener than once in five y.^ar^ unless ordered by a majority of the voters in a district.] 7, ' Scliolars in Public Schools — Who Are Bligrible. All persons five years of age and over, of whatever race, color, or condition, are entitled to admission without charge to the public schools of Michigan in the districts in which they reside. School Trustees, Ellection of in Cities of the Fourth Cliiss. The election is held on the first Tuesday of September. Polls are open from 9 A. M. to 8 P. M. The President and Secretary 257 of the Board of Education and one School Trustee designated by the Board of Education constitvite the Board of School In- spectors. Qualifications of voters at this election are the same as for elections in School Districts. (See School District Elec- tions.) Scliool Year. The annual meetings of School District Boards are held, and the school year begins on the first Monday in September. Sclioolcra-t't County Was created in 1843 and organized in 1871. it^ present limits were defined in 1885. It was named after Henry R. Schoolcraft, the noted authority on Indian matters, who formulated and originated the names of many of the counties in the State. The county seat is at Manistique. Acres in county, 758,566. Popu- lation in 1880, 1,575; 1890, 5.818; 1894, 7,127; 1900, 7,889. Yotes cast at spring election of 1899, 1,107. Presidential vote in 1900, McKinley 1,141, Bryan 461. Seal of State. ,-. ,:,i n: The State Seal was adopted by the constitutional convention of 1835, On June 2 the president of the convention stated that he had received a design for a seal; and on the same day Mi\ Wilkins of Lenawee offered the following: "Resolved, That the president of the convention tender to Honorable Lewis Cass the thanks of this convention, represent- ing the people of Michigan, for the handsome State Seal pre- sented by him to the forthcoming state." This resolution was laid on the table, and adopted on June 22. On the same day that the design was presented, on motion of Mr. Norvell of Wayne, the following was adopted as part of the proposed constitution: "A great seal shall be provided by the governor, to contain device and inscription, described in papers relating thereto, signed by the president of the conven- tion, and deposited in the office of the Secretary of Territory." Concerning the mottoes on the seal, D. B. DufReld, in a letter to General John Robertson, quoted in his "Flags of Michigan," gives this information: He says, "When a law student with Major Lewis Cass, in the year 1841, we had some conversation on the subject, and as I now recall it, he then stated that * * * the late General Cass selected and modified the celebrated in- scription upon the black marble slab that marks the tomb of Sir Christopher Wren in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, of which he was the distinguished architect." That inscription reads, "Si monumentum requiris, circumspice." (If you' require a monu- ment, look around you.) In view of the distinguishing feature of the' state, its penin- sular character. General Cass modified the inscription as given on Wren's tomb by substituting "quaeris peninsulam amoenam" for the words "monumentum requiris," so that the motto, in its new form, would read "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you." Mr. Dufiield had no facts as to why the word tuebor was used, but surmised that it had reference to the fron- tier position of Michigan, as a defender on the border of British territory. More probably it was suggested by the desire and determination of the people to hold the territory on the south, then claimed by Ohio. The holding of that territory occupied a prominent place in the discussions of the very convention that adopted the seal. The description of the seal saj'-s that it shows a man with a gun in his hand. The word "man" was evidently 25S AliGEB ». 10 w W^s.s. & A. Ma, MMn- St Copyright 1901, by Silas Farmer^ used designedly, the idea being that it was a citizen or settler, not a soldier, that stood ready with his gun, saying, "Tuebor," —I will defend. Seal of Territory. A territorial seal was adopted on July 9, 1805, probably iden- tical with the private seal of Governor Hull. A seal, designed expressly for a territorial seal, was described by Governor Cass, and recorded on December 1, 1814. The motto, "Tandem fit surculus arbor" (The shoot at length becomes a tree), indicated that a measure of independence was secured by a separate ter- ritorial government. Sealer of Weisrlits and Sleasures. See W€ights and Measures, Sealer of. Seats for Female Employees. See Employees, Female. Secretary of State. ' See State, Secretary of. Section Liiues, Coi'ners and Numbers. See "Surveys: Section and Quarter Section Lines." Al'^o "Surveys: Section Corners, How Marked." Senatorial Districts. See State Senatorial Districts. Senators, State. See State Legislatute. Senators, United States. See United States Senators and Representatives. Sex of Inhabitants in Micliigan. Years. 1850. ISB'I. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. Males 209,896 394,694 617,745 862,355 1,091,780 1,248,905 Females.... 187.758 354,419 566,314 774,582 1,002.189 1,172,077 United States census of 1900 shows persons of school age (5 to 20) to be males, 397,510; females, 392,765. Native and foreign born and white and the colored population are classified by sex as follows: Native born males 952,866, females 926,453; for- eign born males 296.039, females 245,614. Total white males, 1.237,098; females, 1,161,465; native white males, 941,906; females, 916,461; native white (native parents), males, 522,852; females, .^03,862; native white (foreign parents), males, 419,056: females. 412,599; foreign white males, 295,192; females, 245,004; total, colored males, 11,807; females, 10,612; classified as follows: Negro, males, 8,220; females, 7,596; Chinese, males, 240; Japanese, males, 6; females, 3; Indian males, 3,341; females, 3,013. Sbeep. The number of sheep sheared in Michigan in 1899 was 1,467,- 445, and they produced 9,675,292 pounds of wool. SberifF. See County Sheriff. 26a ShiaTvassee County Was created in 1822 and org-anized in 1837. Its name was derived from an Indian word meaning "straight running," referring to the course of the Shiawassee River between Owosso and St. Charles. The county seat was originally at Byron, but now is at Corunna. Acres in county,. 343,964. Population in 1840, 2,103; 1850, 5,233; 1860, 12,888; 1870, 20,864; 1880, 27,059; 1890, 30,9-52; 1894, 32,854; 1900, 83,866. Votes cast at spring election of 1899, 7,143. Presiden- tial vote in 1900, McKinley 5,051, Bryan 3,443. SAGINAW 1.2. R. 4 E. 4, \ 5 INGHAM : LIVINGSTON Ref.:—1. M. C. R. R. 2. Shiawassee Riuer. 3. Cinn. Sag. & Mach. R. R. 4. Gd. Tfunh West- ern Ry. 5. Ann Arbor R. R. 6. D. G. H. & M. Ry.:, 7, tookingglass Riuer. ..'jr'"'^' Copyright 1901^ by Silas Farmer. SIiow Bills. "It shall be unlawful for any person to post, place or display on any sign board, bill board, fence, building, sidewalk, or other object, or in any street, road, or other public place, any sign, picture, printing, or other representation of murder, assassina- tion, stabbing, fighting or of any personal violence, or of the commission of any crime, or any representation of the human form in an attitude or dress which would be indecent in the case of a living person, if such person so appeared in any public street, Square or highway."— State Law. See State and U. Sigrnal Service. S. Weather Bureau. aSLv Silk Thread. It is not generally realized that the silk thread industry of the world has its center at Belding in this state. One firm here located has mills in other states and in Canada; they consume over a ton of raw silk daily, and employ over 3,500 people. The raw silk is spun, cleaned, twisted, dyed and made into thread of many sorts and varieties. The employees at Belding are mostly girls, who have the stamp of intelligence and character, and, in fact, the entire town of about 4,000 people is notable for evidences of thrift and self respect. Silver. Silver has always been found intermingled with copper in the Lake Superior region. A nugget weighing 80 lbs. was found in the Cliff mine, Keweenaw County, and this was possibly the largest ever found anywhere in the State.* It is said that the larger portion of the nuggets found never reach the mine own- ers, but are appropriated by miners as their perquisites. The total product reported for 1899 was valued at about $20,000. Siusins: Santls. What are known as "singing sands" exist at New Mission or Omena, Leelanau County, and at Forward Movement i^ark, near Douglas, Allegan County. Such sands are believed 'to exist in but very few places in the United States. As the sand is walked upon, especially if one strikes it sharply v/ith the feet, a peculiar and rather harsh note is heard, which is more noticeable if the sand is very dry. The sound is supposed to be caused by the peculiar shape and uniform size of the grains of sand. Slavery iu Micliisran. Slavery began almost with the settlement. The Indians who gathered near Fort Detroit brought with them captives taken in battle, and some of these were transferred to the French. Most of the Indian slaves were from the Pawnee tribe, and a few from the Osage, Choctaw, and other western tribes, who had been captured in war and sold to French and English residents. The Indians made excellent servants and commanded good prices. At the time of the capitulation by the French to the English it was stipulated that the French inhabitants could keep their negroes, but they were to restore those belonging to the English. The importation of slaves was discontinued after September 17, 1792, the Canadian Parliament, by law of that date, directing that no slaves should thereafter be introduced, and that all born thereafter should be free at the age of 25. The ordinance of 1787 had previously provided that slavery should not exist in the Northwest Territory. At that time, however, this region was not under control of the American Government, and there was no barrier to the holding of slaves at Detroit. After its surrender in 1796, slave owners at Detroit continued to hold their slaves under the Jay treaty of November 19, 1794, which provided that the inhabitants of the Territory surrendered to the United States should be protected in their property. The question as to whether slaves could be legally holden was adjudicated in 1807. A case came before the Supreme Court of the Territory in which Richard Patterson, of Sandwich, sought to apprehend as slaves Joseph Quinn and Jane, then residing in Michigan. The case was tried, and on September 26, 1807, Judge Woodward de- livered an elaborate opinion against the claimant, on the ground that slaver J-- was not admissible in Michigan "except as to per- sons in actual possession of British settlers within this Terri- tory on the 11th day of July, 1796." Those who had possessed slaves under British rule continued to hold them, and the official census for 1810 shows that, at that time, 17 slaves were held in Detroit. The census for 1830 showed that there were 32 slaves in Michigan, but by 1836 all the slaves were either ..dead or manumitted. Advertisements for runaway slaves appeared In the Detroit Gazette as late as 1827. See also Colored Citizens. , Snowfall. The average annual snowfall in the center of the state is four feet, but it is rare to find more than 12 inches of snow on the ground at any one time. The snow affords two or three months of sleighing each winter. Soda Asli. See Salt and Soda Ash. ,,.;=;^,^"' Soil. The possibilities in Michigan soil are shown by the quantity and quality of its products, as indicated herein under heads naming the various products. It is sufficient to say that all the well known grains, fruits and vegetables of a temperate climate are grown for use of our own people and are in great demand by other states. Soldiers' Home. ^ee State Soldiers' Home; also State Board of Managers of Soldiers' Home. Soldiers' Relief Commission. See County Soldiers' Relief Commission. . : Spanisli-American "War. See War, Spanish-American. Spectacle Reef Lisrlit. The building of this lighthouse in Lake Huron, off Cheboygan County, 16 miles from a harbor, was a most daring and success- ful piece of engineering. The work was eleven feet under water and ten miles from land. A coffer-dam of wood after being sunk was pumped out, the rock below cut level, and a structure built from the bottom with massive cut stone dove-tailed together and pinned to the rock below. Spring:s. p^^ Winter, '. • ; ' Standard Time. Central standard time was adopted by the state in I889. It is based on the 19th meridian of longitude west of Greenwich- It has not, however, been universally adopted by the people, sdme cities still using local or sun time in ordinary matters. All trains in Michigan run on central standard time. rft I Stannard Rock Liglit. In building this sentinel of the lake many difficulties w^re surmounted. It is built on a rock 12 feet below the surface of the water and 40 miles from the nearest harbor, Huron Bay, Lake Superior. In its erection, moving ice as well as dashing 263 waves had to be guarded ag-ainst. The base was formed by lowering a huge ring of boiler iron, 15 feet hig'h and 60 ;ieet in diameter, to which plates raising- it to 33 feet were riveted. This cylinder was then pumped dry and filled with concrete, whose ag-gregate weight was 20,000 tons. Upon this was built a stone and iron tower, whose height above the water is 78V^ feet. Work could only be done in calm weather and during- the mild season of fiou3?- months. Stiite, Admission of. Anticipating- admission as a state, a convention to draft a state constitution was lield, which- completed its work June 24, 1835, and the constitution was adopted . the . first Monday ' of October, 1835, and state officers elected. The, United States Con- gress did not agree to the boundaries which, the constitution provided, and on June 15, 1836, passed an act providing for the admission v/ith different boundaries, which were unacceptable to the people of Michigan, and the state was not fully and finally admitted with her present boundaries until January 26, 1837, be- coming the 26th state admitted to the union. It is, however, true that without specific congressional authority Michigan possessed a state government and a full set of state officers for nearly two and one-fourth years previous to such specific authority. This was an anomolous condition of affairs, such as has existed in connection with no other state. But in extenuation it may be said that under the ordinance of 1787 the people had a right to a state government because there were 60,000 inhabitants. . ;,,f{ v-* '.;!.*,..-' 1 f.w^iinalA JO tvState Adjutant General. This officer is appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate for a term of two years or until his successor has qualified. His salary is $1,000. All orders of the commander-in- chief are promulgated by him, and all communications of a mil- itary character, to the comimander-in-chief, are transmitted through his office. All pay rolls of state troops for encampment are required to be in duplicate and he extends them in amount and delivers them to the -quartermaster-general. Muster rolls, reports and returns of state troops are filed in his office, and all discharges from state service or coijarnissions therein are issued by, him. , v rv.- :|-Tnv/ --nT .■^:'ii-' State Advisory' Pai'd^n 'Board. Ji\ ■ ■ 1-. This consists of four members appointed by the Governor for terms of four years each. The terms of the original members were such that now two members are appointed every two years. The board holds its sessions when and where occasion may re- quire and has full power to send for persons and papers in the prosecution of its work. The entire period of all the sessions of the board must not exceed six months in any two years. Mem- bers are paid $5 per day while in the actual discharge of theipj du,t|eg; , g^d al so ^ necessary expenses. -^affiii HA State Agrricnltnral Society. This society was incorporated by act of March 31, 1849, and by act of 1879 is authorized to hold property to the value of $100,000. It has held an annual fair every year except in 1893, and distributes many thousands of dollars in premiums, but has received no direct aid from the state, except the printing of its annual reports. 264. state AgricTiItTiral College. The, State Agricultural College, consisting of 55 buildings, sit- .Ui^ted on a farm of 676 acres, is located three miles east of .Lan- sing. It was established Feb. 12, 1855, the Legislature appropriat- ing 22 sections of salt spring lands, the money from the sale thereof to be used for the purchase of a site and land for farm. .1 ; The legislature of 1857 appropriated $40,000 for the erection of fbuildings, and at each session since, sums have been appropri- ated, so that the present value, $478,714.40, represents about the first cost. The sources of inpom^rof • the Agricultural College are: Interest paid by state on fund derived from sale of 240,000 acres of land granted by the ; general government in 1862 (the total amount of the fund on June 30, 1899, wap $725,843.81); ap- propriation from U. S. treasury in 1890; Hatch experijnent sta- tion act, for experimental work, $15,000 per annum; receipts from farm, garden arid stu(;lents' fees. The number of instructors during the year 1899 was 47; number of students, 625; number of graduates, 23; nunnber of volumes in library, 21,000; number added during the year, 500; cost of annual tuition per student, $15 to nour residents; average cost of board per week, , $1.7S to $2.25; total average cost (per student) to stvident. $1.25 to $1.75; to-state, 80 cents; value of grounds, buildings, library, apparatus, etc.. $620,000; legislative appropriation, 1898, $11,000; amount of pro- ductive funds. $850,000; income from productive funds, $59,000.00; receipts during year from tuition fees, $275; receipts from all other sources, $55,321.19; current expenses during year 1899, $106,256.98. See State Board 'Df Agriculture. . ^ ■.']■''.. ' . . r Siiiite Asyliiiiis. The MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE Is located at Kalamazoo. It was built under act passed in 1848', at a cost of $511,889.37, and was first opened for patients April 3. 1859. The asylum consists of nine buildings, occupying a tract of land, con- taining 853 acres. The value of all the property in 1899 was $1,063, 804.S0; the number o,f patients for the year ending June 30. 1900, was, males 699, females 702. The total receipts for biennial period ending June 30, 1900, were $497,539.27, - and the disburse- ments were $502,691.36. There are eight medical attendants and 274 employees. The asylum is governed by a board of six trustees appointed by the Governor for terms of six years each, two being- appointed every two years. They are paid only their actual expanses while in' the performance of their duties. •■• ' The MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR INSANE CRIMIN'jILS. is located at Ionia,, and was organized in May, 1885. Its name .was changed to State Asylum in 1899. It consists of five buildings, occupying 132 acres of land. Its first cost was $83,283.29; and the present value of the property is $249,514.53; the number of patients June 30, 1900, was, male 256, female 41; receipts from main- tenanoe of patients for biennial period ending June 30, 1900, were $79,581.36; other receipts, including appropriations, $33,456.90: Balance on hand Jxme 30, 1900, $4,706.93. There are two medical attendants and 46 employees. The asylum is governed by a board of three trustees appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate for terms of six years each,, one trustee being appointed every two years. They are paid only for actual expenses while in the performance of their duties. 265 The NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANp: is located at Traverse City and received its first patient No- vember 30, 1885. The property consists of 15 buildings, occupying a tract df land containing 588 acres. Its first cost was $522,430. 6S and present value is $787,498.05; the number of patients during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, was, males 585, females 465. Total receipts from all sources for biennial period ending June 30, 1900, were $420,078.96, the disbursements for fiscal year ending June 30. 1900, were $224,083.94. There are six medical attendants and 233 employees. The asylum is governed by a board of six trustees appointed by the Governor for terms of six y«ars each, two being appointed every two years. They are paid only their actual and reasonable expenses while in the performance of duty. The EASTERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE is located at Pontiac and consists of 18 buildings, occupying a tract of 440 acres. It was first opened for patients August 1, 1878. Its first cost was $467,000, and present valuation is $937,927.82, the number of patients for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, were, males, 543, females 521; the expenses for the fiscal j^ear ending same time were $192,573.17; the receipts for the year ending same time were $203,439.45. There are seven medical attendants and 200 employees at the asylum. The asylum is governed by a board of six trustees appointed by the Governor for terms of six years each, two being appointed every two years. They are paid their actual and reasonable expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. See also "State Hospital for the Insane," and "State Home for the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic." State Attorney General. This office is required to prosecute and defend all actions in the supreme court in which the state shall be interested, and when requested by the Governor, any state officer, or the legis- lature, he is required to appear for the people in any court or tribunal in any matter, civil or criminal, in which the state or any department of the government may be interested. He i.s required to give opinions on questions submitted to him by the legislature, the Governor, or any state officer. He is bound to consult with and advise prosecuting attorneys when requested in all matters pertaining to the duties of their offices. He is elected at the regular state election for two years and has a salary of $800. ' '--'•'■■ State Auditor General. • This officer keeps the state accounts and examines and liquidates certain claims against the state, draws warrants on the state treasurer therefor; examines, adjusts and settles claims in favor of the state; examines state treasurer's accounts monthly, and countersigns receipts of state treasurer. He is a member of the state board of equalization, the board of fund commissioners, the board of review for the assessment and taxa- tion of telegraph and telephone lines, the board of escheats, and board of control of Portage Lake and Lake Superior Ship Canal. He estimates and charges specific taxes on corporations and issues warrants for collection thereof if not paid. He appor- tions state taxes and transmits apportionments to clerks of boards of supervisors. He is elected at the regular state election for a term of two years, and his salary is $2,000. State Board of Agrricnlture. This board consists of six persons besides the Governor and the President of the Agricultural College. Two members are appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate 266 every two years. They are paid their expenses only, but may appoint a secretary, who is paid $1,000 per year. They have special charge of the Agricultural College, and it is the duty of the secretary to further all interests connected with agricultural pursuits and preserve all documents and records pertaining thereto. State Board, of Assessors. The Board of State Tax Commissioners, ex-officio, consti- tutes a Board of Assessors for taxing the property of all rail- road, express, depot and fast freight companies operating in the State. ' They elect their chairman from their number and the sec- ffetary of the Board of Tax Commissioners is their secretary without extra compensation. The board may, however, employ additional clerks, the salary of no one of which can exceed $1,000. This board may subpoena individuals or firms having prop- erty to be assessed by the board, and also has the right to ex- amine the books of such firm or individual. Reports enumerat- ing taxable property and its cash value must be made annually between June 1st and 30th by the companies to be taxed, and on receipt of such reports and prior to December 15th, this board prepares an assessment roll on the basis of the cash value of the taxable property as it stood on the second Monday of April. On the third Monday of December in eaCTi year this board meets to review their assessment roll and they continue in session if necessary until January 15th following. During this time any railroad, express or like company may appear before the board and object to their assessment and if the board see fit they may correct such assessment. This board also receives from County Clerks reports of all assessments, etc., equalized by the various Boards of Super- visors, and from Supervisors or assessing officers direct, reports of assessments not equalized by said Boards of Supervisors — which reports must be in by November 1st of each year. As soon after as possible, and before December 15th following, the Board of Assessors must "determine the average rate of taxa- tion for the then current year levied upon other property upon which ad valorem taxes are assessed for State, county, town- ship and municipal purposes." This board must tax the property of the several companies as assessed by it at the rate determined by it, and the assess- ment roll is then delivered to the Auditor-General, who must immediately notify by registered mail the several companies to pay the tax to the State Treasurer on or before the 1st day of March following. All such taxes not paid before April 1st bear interest at 1 per cent per month, and constitute a lien on the property taxed, and the Auditor-General after legal process may levy the tax by sale of the property on which the tax is not paid. All taxes collected from railroad, express, depot and fast freight companies are applied in paying the interest on the primary school, university and other educational funds, and the interest and principal of the State debt in the order named, ex- cepting that so much as is paid by corporations which were not paying specific taxes on November 6, 1901, becomes a part of the general fund of the State. ^"'/ ^r* state Board of Auditors. This board consists of the secretary of state, state treasurer, and commissioner of the state land office, who must examine and adjust all claims against the state not otherwise provided tor by general law. They also constitute the board of state canvassers and their determination in matters over which they have jurisdiction is final and not subject to supervision or inter- ference by the courts. They meet on the last Wednesday of each month. Salary of each member is $1,800. State Boa.rtl of Canvassers. This consists of the secretary of state, state treasurer, and commissioner of the state land office, who meet to canvass votes for other than presidential electors, on or before Decem- ber 15th, after a general election, and within forty days after a special election; to canvass votes for electors, on Wednesday next after third Monday of November, to canvass votes on constitutional amendment or banking law, on or before twenti- eth of month next after electioh. State Board of C3iarities and Corrections. This board consists of four persons appointed by the Gov- ernor With the approval of the senate, the Governor being ex- officio a member of the board. Members are appointed for terms of eight years, one being appointed every two years. They receive no salary, but are paid actual expenses. They appoint a secretary and determine his salary; he resides at Lansing and devotes his whole time to the duties of the office. The entire yearly expense of the board is limited to $5,000. It is the board's duty to visit at least once a year the state penal, reformatory and charitable institutions. The estimates of the several boards of control of these institutions are sub- mitted to this board every two years, in order that it may report them. The board or secretary is also required to visit every county jail and poor-house at least once a year and to report to the boards of supervisors and sriperintendents of the poor as to the conditions, needs and management of these insti- tutions. The board also appoints a county agent in each county to report upon and advise with court officers as to all boys under 16 or girls under 17 who are charged with offences of any sort. State Hoard of Control of S-vramp Land Roads. This board consists of the Governor, secretary of state, auditor general, state treasurer, attorney general, and com- missioner of state land office. They have general care of the surveying, improving and constructing of the state swamp land roads. State Boards of Control for State Institutions. There are eight different state boards of control with from three to six members each for the following state institutions: State prison, state house of correction and reformatory, state house of correction and branch of state prison, state public school, state industrial home for girls, Michigan home for fee- ble-minded, Michigan school for the blind, Michig-an college of mines. See under the above heads and also^ state boards of trustees; State Board of Edncation. , This board has charge of the state normal schools, prescribes the course of study and examines and approves under the law text books for the public schools on physiology and hygiene. The board consists of the superintendent of public instruction 268 and three other persons, no two of whose terms expire the same year, so that one member of the board is elected at each reg-ular state election for a term of six years. Members are paid $3 per day for time actually spent and also their necessary expenses. State Board of Ea^aliaiatloli. This consists of the lieutenant governor, auditor general, secretary of state, state treasurer, and commissioner of the state land office. Regular meetings are held on the third Mon- day of August, in every fifth year after 1896. The lieutenant- governor is the only member that receives compensation, which is $3 per day and mileage of ten cents per mile each way to and from Lansing. Their duties are to equalize the valuations returned by the several counties for purposes of taxation, and thus determine the agg'regate valuation on which the Auditor- General fixes the tax rate. State Boar«l of Kxamination for Barbers. This is composed of three members appointed by the Governor for terms of three years each, one being appointed an- nually. The member whose tei-m expires soonest is president, the one whose term shall next expire is treasurer, and the one having the longest term to serve is secretary; its powers and duties are to examine into the ability and knowledge of barbers and grant certificates entitling them to practice. The board is required to meet four times a year, at least one meeting to be held in the Upper Peninsula. They are allowed their actual expenses, but no salary. The license fee for those who have not been practicing in the State for twO' years'is' $5. For' those who have been practicing two years, $1, and to all persons following this employment, fifty cents per year afterwards. State Board of Exaiuiners in. Dentistry.. T'.' iiOUi\< This consists of three members appointed by the GT)V- ernor for terms of three years each. The terms of the original appointees were such that now one member is appointed annu- ally. The member having one year to serve is president, the one having two years, treasurer, and the one having three years, secretary. They are paid $3 per day each for services. All fees in excess of $100, which their treasurer may hold, are to b€ paid to the state treasurer. ^ .' State Board of Pisli ComniiSsi^iners. This' board consists of three persons appointed by the Gov- ernor for terms of six years each and until their successors are appointed. They are allowed expenses and ha,ve power to ap- point a superintendent at a salary not to exceed $1,200 per year. They have general supervision of the state flsli hatcheries and of' the interests therewith connected. Their office is at Detroit. . .' ' ■■■'■',' % : State BoaiTd, of Forestry. C©m.ni,isj*ionertB.'^ - This is composed of three members, one of whom is com- missioner of the state land office; the remaining members ai^e appointed by the Governor, with th6 approval of the senate, for terms of four years each. The terms of the original mem- bers were such that now one member is appointed every two years. The board's duty is to inquire into the condition of all 269 timber and swamp lands of the state and suggest means for preserving and improving the same. They are paid no salary but are allowed traveling and necessary expenses. State Board of Fund Coniiuissioners. The Governor, auditor general and state treasurer constitute the state board of fund commissioners to invest any surplus funds of the state. State Board of Geological Sur-vey. The Governor, superintendent of public instruction, and president of state board of education constitute a board of con- trol with regard to the geological survey of the state. The state geologist is appointed, and his salary fixed, by this board. State Board of Health. This board consists of six persons appointed by the Gov- ernor with the approval of the senate for terms of six years each, two members being appointed every two years. They serve without pay, but their traveling and necessary expenses while engaged in the duties of office are defrayed. They may expend not to exceed $4,000 per year to cover salary of a secre- tary and all other expenses. They regulate all things that are a menace to health, suggest methods of prevention, procure the appointment of local health officers and issue bulletins of warning and"" of information in time of epidemics, and also tabulate and print tables received from local officials. State Board of liaw Examiners. This consists of five members appointed by the Governor for terms of five years each, one being appointed every year. They meet at the capitol twice each year and at other times and places as directed by the Supreme Court to examine candi- dates for and grant certificates of admission to the bar of the State. Three of said members constitute a quorum, and each receives a compensation of ten dollars a day for actual time engaged. Fees for examination must not exceed ten dollars. State Board of Library Commissioners. This is composed of four members, with the state librarian ex-officio a member. Appointments are made by the Governor for four years, but the terms of the original members were such that now two are appointed every two years. It is the board's duty to counsel and advise with all "free librarians" in the state as to the best ways of establishing and maintaining such libraries. The members are paid no salary, but may appoint one of their number secretary at a salary' of $300 to be paid by Uie state. State Board of Mackinac Island Park Commissioners. This commission was created in 1S95 to care for the old fort and grounds on Mackinac Island, which were granted to the State for a park by the United States on March 2nd, 1895. The commission consists of five persons appointed by the Governor for terms of ten years each, one being appointed every two years. The members serve without compensation, but are allowed actual expenses for one week in each j-ear to be paid together with all expenses for care of grounds, etc., out of funds derived from leases for sites for summer cottages or other privileges. They employ a superintendent who resides on the island and who will give any desired information. 270 state Boai'd of Managers of Soldiers' Home. This board consists of six persons appointed by the Gov- ernor with the approval of the senate, two members being ap- pointed every two years for terms of six years each. Members are paid $3 per day for time actually spent and also their neces- sary expenses. See Michigan Soldiers' Home. State Board oE Pliariuacy. This consists of five members appointed by the Governor, for terms of five years each, one member being appointed annu- ally. The president and secretary are elected by the board from its own members for a term of one year. The secretary and treasurer receive a salary fixed by the board, and their traveling and other expenses incurred in the performance of their official duties. The other members receive three dollars for each day actually engaged in this service, and all legitimate and neces- sary expenses incurred in the performance of their official duties. It is the duty of the board to examine all applications for registration, submitted in proper form; to- grant certificates of registration to such persons as may be entitled to the same under the law, and to investigate complaints and cause the prosecution of all persons violating its provisions. The meet- ings of the board are held on the first Tuesdays of March, July and November. The fee for registering those wjio have been licensed by any other Board of Pharmacy is $2. For original licenses it is $3, and for all after the first year, $1 annually. State Board of Railroad Consolidations. The attorney general, commissioner of railroads and secre- tary of state constitute a board to decide on the constitutional- ity and permissibility of all proposed railroad consolidations. State Board of Railroad Crossingrs. This board consists of the attorney .general, secretary of state, and commissioner of railroads, and is required to deter- mine the manner in which railroad crossings shall be made, whether at grade or otherwise, and what safeguards shall be pro- vided by the company to protect against accidents. The board shall approve of the map of the route proposed within 30 days or file in the office of the commissioner of railroads, written reasons for the disapproval of the map, and serve a copy of said reasons upon said company. Two of said board, of which the commis- •sioner of railroads shall be one, shall constitute a quorum. State Board to Regnlate Hoi'seslioeins. This is composed of one veterinary surgeon, two master horseshoers, and two journeymen horseshoers, appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, for terms of five years each. The terms of office of the original members were such that now one member is appointed each year. Its powers and duties are to examine those who follow the business of horseshoeing and to grant certificates of regis- tration to such persons. The members of this board receive $3 per day and their traveling expenses while in the discharge of their duties. Recipients of certificates from this board are re- quired to pay $3- The excess of fees received over expenses of the board is to be paid to the state treasurer. 271 state" Board of Regents of University. The University of Michigan is governed by a board of eight regents, who are elected for terms of eight years each; two are elected every two years at the spring election. They Herve without pay. See State University. "X \.'-y^'i =yi- State Board of Reg^istration in Medicine. This consists of ten resident freehQljders appointed by the governor by and with the advice and consent of the senate. The terms of the original members were such that now five members are appointed every two years for a term of four years. The different schools must be represented as follows: Regular, not more than five; homeopathic, two; eclectic, two; physio- medical, one. Persons appointed must be learned in the pro- fession of medicine, and recognized graduates of reputable colleges, having had six years' practical experience. Their duties are to examine certificates of qualification of all prac- titioners and to issue certificates of registration. Their secre- tary receives a salary and the members of the board are allowed their traveling and hotel expenses. Applicants for registration who possess a license issued by any foreign nation pay a fee of $25. Those presenting certificates from any other state, and all who pass examination in this state pay a fee of $10. State Board of ReviCTr for Assessment oE Telegrrapli and Teleplione Companies. . ' '•'/ The auditor general, the state treasurer, and the commis- sioner of the state land office constitute this board and meet in July of each year to assess such property and determine the rate of tax. They are allowed $3 per day for time actually spent in this duty. State Board of Tax Commissioners. The board consists of five resident free-holders, appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the senate. Each member appointed after the expiration of the terms of the first appointees serves six years. The board maj' elect a secretary at not to ex- ceed $2,000 salary. Members of the board receive a salarj^ of $2,500 each. The board is given access to all books or documents on file or of record in the state, counties, townships and muni- cipalities, has the right to subpoena witnesses, and it Is their duty to exercise general supervision over the supervisors and other assessing officers of the state, and to take such measures as that all properties in the state liable to assessment for taxa- ation shall be placed on the assessment rolls and assessed at their actual cash value. State Board of Trustees for Esclieated Property. The auditor general, state treasurer and secretary of state are made a board of trustees for the general care of all propertj^ left without any legal claimant. State Boards of Trustees for State Institutions. There are seven different state boards of trustees with from three to six members each for the following state institutions: Michigan Asylum for Insane, Michigan Asylum, Eastern Mich- igan Asylum, Northern Michigan Hospital for the Insane, Mich- igan Industrial School for Boys, Michigan School for the Deaf, Michigan State Asylum. See under these heads and also State Boards of Control. 272 ) io noUiaVuo State Boundary. ,^ y^i^hnu,.' p. Thef 'History of the legislation in regard -ta the -boundaries ox the Territory and the State of Michigan is a history of alternate enlargement and contraction of her possessions. . , ^ At the time of the creation of the State of Ohio by Congress in 1802, the north boundary was fixed as a line due east and west "through to the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, b •> When the Ohio constitutional convention met to f rame .^ State Constitution it was believed that a due east and w«st line from the southern end of Lake Michigan would not inter- sect the head of Lake Erie and include Maumee Bay, and the convention sought to have the boundary so described as that in any event the most northerly cape of Maumiee Bay would be included in Ohio, but Congress refused to accept the propo- Bition. •' '-^■^'^i When the Territory of Michigan was formed in 1806, / aM from that time to the passage of the Law of April 30, 1836, the Hne was left undisturbed and the region in dispute was admit- tedly under the jurisdiction of and a part of the Territory of Michigan. ' : _^ • , The region was not deemed of surpassing value, but Ohio greatly desired a larger lake coast and made such a struggle ■for the strip in question that Congress in the Law admitting ;Michigan into the Union insisted that assent be givefa to. the claim of Ohio. '■■ ^'''t ''• It will be remembered that when the Territory of Michigan was created in 1805, it did not include all of what is now knoA?m as the Upper Peninsula, but practically only that portion lyiug east of a line extended north from the upper end ot Green Ba.y. ;Subsequently, by laws of 1818 and 1834, other territory west of that line was temporarily added, including not only the entire \ Upper Peninsula, but also much other western territory. Certain of the inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula began to be restless because of their then seemingly interminable dis- tance from Detroit, and several propositions were made, for organizing that region into a territory by the .name Of MuroJi or Chippewa. 1 . i . rf-; I) Meantime many of the people in the Lower Peninsula becanie increasingly desirous of settling the boundary difficulties and securing admission as a State. ■ : The anticipated reception of a portion of the surplus revenue that the Government was proposing to distribute among the states accelerated action and finally, as a sort of a quid pro quo, a law was agreed upon and passed by Congress, which gave to Michigan all of the Upper Peninsula, as we now know it, In Ueu of the strip of land claimed by Ohio. i '/ini The territory disputed by Ohio was about five miles wid'e on the western end and eight miles on the eastern. It was some sixty-six miles in length along the present Counties of. Hills- dale, Lenawee and Monroe. An armed controversy over the question took place in the fall of 1835. See Toledo War.- ' On March 18, 1836, a public meeting was held in Detroit to protest against permitting Ohio to possess the territory in dis- pute. All protests against the curtailing of the southern boundary were, however, unavailing; and on June 15, 1836, Con- gress passed an Act admitting Michigan as a State, provided she would accept of boundaries which gave the disputed terri- tory to Ohio. A few days later, on June 23, Congress passed another Act, accepting the proposed constitution of the con- vention of 1835, with some modifications, which, denied to Mich- 273 igan the boundary she claimed. This last proposition of Con- gress occasioned much controversy, agitating the public mind all through 1836. Finally the Legislature of Michigan Territory, by Act of July 20, 1836, provided for the election of delegates to a convention, which was to be assembled to settle the question. The convention met at Ann Arbor September 26, 1836, and decided against accepting admission with the boundary as pro- posed by Congress. On November 14 following, the Democratic Wayne County Committee issued a circular, recommending the holding of another convention at Ann Arbor on December 14. They urged that the people of the State elect delegates to such a convention, saying that, although the vote of the Washtenaw County delegates defeated the acceptance of the proposition of Congress, the people of that county had since then elected mem- bers of the Legislature who were in favor of accepting the terms of Congress. Governor Mason favored the proposed convention and it was accordingly held. As no Legislative action had pro- vided for this convention, many people refused to participate in the election of delegates, and because of.- these facts it was popu- larly designated as the "Frost-bitten convention." It, however, unanimously resolved to accept the prescribed conditions of ad- mission; the validity of its action was recognized by Congress, and on January 26, 1837, the State was, by a new Act, formally admitted to the Union. Under this Act the state boundary is as follows: Commencing at a point on the eastern boundary line of the State of Indiana, where a direct line drawn from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan to the most northerly cape of the Maumee Bay shall intersect the same, said point being the northwest corner of the State of Ohio; thence with the said boundary line of the State of Ohio, till it intersects the boundary line between the United States and Canada in Lake Ei'ie, thence with said boundary line between the United States and Canada through the Detroit Kiver, Lake Huron and Lake Superior; thence in a direct line through Lake Superior to the mouth of the Montreal River; thence through the middle of the main channel of the said River Montreal to the head waters thereof; thence in a direct line to the. center of the channel between Middle and South Islands in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the southern shore of Lake Brule; thence along said southern shore and down the River Brule to the main channel of the Menominee River, thence down the center of the main channel of the same to the center of the most usual ships channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan; thence through the center of the most usual ship channel of the said bay to the middle of Lake Michigan; thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to the northern boundary of the State of Indiana; thence due east with the north boundary line of the said State of Indiana to the northeast corner thereof; and thence south with the eastern boundarj'^ line of Indiana to the place of beginning. State Bureau of Statistics of Ijabor. This is composed of the conamissioner of labor, the deputy commissioner of labor and the secretary of state. It is their duty to collect, systematize and publish statistical details on any and every subject connected with the interests of labor in the state. They have power to compel the attendance of and examine witnesses, and it is made the duty of officials gen- erally to aid them in collecting facts bearing on laboj questions. 274 state Capitol. See "Capitol Buildings." State Census. ,', See "Population of State." State Collegre of Mines. The Michig-an College of Mines is one of the largest and fore- most schools of mining engineering in the country, and the only one which has a full and free elective system. The college is located at Houghton, in one of the richest mining districts in the world. The college was first opened to students September 15, 1886. The property consists of fine buildings, equipment, library and five acres of ground, and its first cost was $135,000. Number of instructors, 1900, 18; number of students during year, 121; graduates during year, 18; number of graduates since founding, 152; number of volumes in library, 15,000; number added during j^ear, 904; cost of annual tuition, resident stu- dents, $25; non-resident (of Michigan), $150; average cost of board per week, $4.50; total average annual cost per student (to student), resident, $400; non-resident, $525; total average annual cost per student to state, $381.91. Value of grounds, buildings, library, apparatus, etc., $287,603.86; legislative appropriation, 1901, $43,750; receipts during year from tuition fees, $3,88,5; re- ceipts from other sources, $7,137; current expenses during year, $54,730. - This institution is governed by a board of control of six per- sons, who are appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the senate, for terms of six years each, two being appointed every two years. They serve without compensation, but are paid their actual expenses while^ in performance of duties. State Cognomens. See Cognomens of State. State Coniniissipnei* of Banking: Department. This ofllcer is required to supervise the business of banks and trust companies incorporated under the state law, to examine annually or semi-annually the cash, bills, collaterals or securities, books of account, condition and affairs of each bank under the law. He shall also ascertain whether the bank transacts its business in a place designated in the articles of incorporation, and whether its business is conducted in the manner prescribed by law. He is appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the senate, for a term of four years and has a jSalary of $2,500. T State Commissioner of Insurance. '-*' This officer is required to. ascertain, on the formation of a 'iiew corripany, if the requirements of the act under which it seeks to become a corporation have been complied with, it is his duty to make frequent examinations into its condition, and in case of an insolvent concern to apply to the proper court for the appointment of a receiver, and the winding up of its affairs. He is appointed by the governor, with the approval of the senate, for a term of two years and. has a salary of $2,000. , State Commissioner of Labor. This officer, his deputy and the secretary :of state, together, constitute a bureau whose duty is to collect, systematize, print and present in an annual report to the Governor, all such sta 275 tistical details relating to all departments of labor in the Stati- as such bureau may be able to gather, accompanied by such recommendations relating thereto as shall be deemed proper. He and his deputy or persons appointed by him are required to inspect all factories, hotels or stores employing more than ten persons annually and present a report thereon to the Governor on or before Feb. 1st. He is appointed by the governor, with the approval of the senate, for a term of two years, and has a salary of $2,000. State Coinmissioner of Land Office. This officer has the general charge and management of all the lands belonging to the state, or in which the state has any interest, or which are held by the state in trust for any pur- pose; the selling, leasing, and general disposition of all the lands of the State; the custody of the original field notes and plats of survej's of the State. He receives the principal and interest on all lands sold by the State, and collects delinquent taxes on all part paid lands. He is the custodian of all books and papers relating to public lands; and keeps the records of sale and disposition of all public lands; he sends lists of lands sold by him to county treasurers for the purpose of assessment for taxation. He is elected at the riegular State election for a term C^. t^Q, years and has a salary of $800. State Commissioner of Mineral Statistics. This officer has supervision of the collection of statistics relative to the mineral resources of the State and the mining and smelting industries, and the collection of specimens for the state board of education. He is appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the senate, for a term of two years, and has a salary of $2,500. State Commissioner of Railroads. This officer is appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent and advice of the senate, and serves until his successor has qualified. It is his duty to examine into the condition of and management of the business of the railroads of the State, so far as the same relates to the interests of the public, and to ascertain whether such railroad companies and their officers and employes comply with the laws of the State. It is also his duty to require annual reports from all railroad companies doing business in the State on the first day of April of each year, showing their condition and traffic operations for the year ending on the 31st of December preceding; at least once each year to visit every county in the State having a railroad station within its limits, and to inspect and examine the tracks, bridges, buildings and other structures, so as to know that they are in a safe and effective condition a;nd, managed in accordance with the police regulations of the ^^^j^. His salary is $2,500. State Compiled Laws. The latest edition of compiled laws embracing all state laws was issued in 1897 and consists of four volumes, the last being a verj' complete index. They can be obtained of the secretary of state, at Lansing on payment of $6. 276 state Constitutions. The first constitution was adopted by the State the first Monday of Octoben 1835, The second was adopted the first Tuesday of November, 1850, and became operative Jah-uary l§t-, 1851. See also "State Constitution Amendments to." ■)'~'.' '-! State Constitution of 1835 Vs. Constitution of 1850. The chief points of difference between the Constitution of 1835 and that of 1850 are as follows: By the Constitution of 1835, all judges and all State officers, except the Governor, and lieutenant-governor, were appointed, and . their salaries deter- mined, by the Legislature. The Constitution of 1850 made these officers elective, and fixed their salaries. The original Consti- tution provided that the Legislature might establish courts and appoint regents of the university; that of 1850 prescribed what .courts should be established, allowing only municipal courts to be created by the Legislature, and provided for the election of regents of the universitJ^ The Constitution of 1885 provided for annual sessions of the Legislature; that of 1850, for biennial sessions. The one of 1835 prohibited the passage of laws for general corporate organizations, and authorized special charters; that of 1850 prescribed a course directly the reverse. The first constitution provided that private property might be taken for public use by allowing just compensation, and the powers of boards of supervisors were quite restricted. The Constitution of 1850 made more stringent provision as to taking private property for public use, and gave larger legis- lative power to boards of supervisors. The Constitution of 1835 said nothing about the licensing of the sale of liquor; that of 1850 prohibited the Legislature from authorizing licenses for its sale. ',, State Constitution, Amendments to • •< Proposed amendments to the State Constitution may origi- nate in either House of the State Legislature and, if agreed to by two-thirds of the members elected to each house, they may be submitted to electors at the next spring or fall election; if a majority of the votes cast are in favor of an amendment it becomes a part of the constitution and is operative at the com- mencement of the following year. < The constitution of 1S35 was amended three times, twice- to J843 and once in 1S44. In 1843, Art. II., Sec. 1, was amended t-o read "entitled to vote in township or ward," in place of "dis- trict, county or township." Wards were first created in Detroit in 1839. In the same year an entirely new section was added, re-- quiring that "Every law authoi'izing the issue of state stocks, whereby a debt shall be created' on the credit of the State, shall specify the object for which the money shall be appropriated; and that every such law shall embrace no more than one such object, which shall be simply and specifically stated, and that no such law shall take effect until it shall be submitted to the people at the next general election, and be approved by a majority of the votes cast for and against it at such election; that all money to be raised by the authority of such law be applied to the specific object stated in such law, and to no other purpose except the payment of such debt thereby created. This provision shall not extend to or apply to any law to raise money for defraying the actual eixpenses of the Lfegislat^j;^. the judicial and state officers, for suppressing insurrection, ,rei- peliing invasion, or defending the State -in. time; of war." /.'.;. 277 In 1S44, Art. IV., Sec. 4, was amended by striking out the words, "on the first day of November and on the following day," and inserting in their stead the words, "on the first Tues- day of November." Since 1850 thirty-eight amendments have been made as fol- lows: In 1860 five amendments, to wit: To Art. IV., Sec. 15, eliminating the restriction of 40 days as the limit of time for which Legislators might receive pay while in regular session, and providing that members from the Upper Peninsula may be paid $2 per day extra. To Art. IV., Sec. 28, changing the limit of time for the intro- duction of new bills into the Legislature from any time prior to the "last three days of a session" to "not after the first 50 days of a session." To Art. IV., Sec. 33, omitting the obsolete provision for the meeting of the Legislature in January, 1861, and providing that the Legislature shall adjourn without day at such time as it may decide by concurrent resolution. To Art. XV., Sec. 3, making officers and stockholders of cor- porations liable not merely during the time of their holding office but during the "term" of their office, and also making them equally and ratioably responsible for the amount of their shares of stock in any corporation. To Art. XVIII., Sec. 2, providing that it shall not be neces- sary to call a jury when Commissioners of Highways in the dis- charge of their official duties appropriate private property. In 1862 seven amendments were made as follows: To Art. XII., adding a new section, i. e.. Sec. 8, giving the Governor power to examine into the manner of conducting any office and to remove from office for neglect of duty or corrupt conduct the Attorney General, State Treasurer, Commissioner of Land Office, Secretary of State, Auditor General, Superintendent of Public Instruction, members of the State Boai'd of Education, or any officer of the State except a legislative or judicial officer, and to appoint a successor for any unexpired term. To Art. XIII., Sec. 6, changing the phraseology concerning the election of the Board of Regents of the State IJniversity and providing for the election of eight Regents at the election of 1863, divided into such classes that the terms of two would expire every two years, in order that thereafter two Regents, would be elected every two years at the time of election of Judges of the Supreme Court, to hold office for eight years. To Art. XV., Sec. 1, giving the Legislature authority tc create, by a vote of two-thirds of the members elected to each House, a single bank with branches. To Art. XV., Sec. 2, making a slight change in phraseology and providing that no general banking law shall have effect until approved by a majority of the electors at a state election. To Art. XV., Sec. 4, providing that for "all banks organized under general law" the Legislature shall provide for a registry of their bills and notes, the object evidently being to protect the people from fraudulent bank Issues. To Art. XIX., Sec. 6, providing that elections for district, county and other officers in the Upper Peninsula shall be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November, in- stead of the last Tuesday of September; also that the county canvass shall be on the first Monday thereafter and the district canvass on the third Monday of November, instead of on the first and last Tuesdays respectively, as before. 278 To Aft. XX,, Seic. 2, providing that amen dment6 to the con- stitution when adopted shall take effect at the commencement of the year after their adoption, and omitting the word "politi- cal" before the words "year after their adoption." In 1866 an amendment was made to Art. VII., Sec. 1, adding a provision that ia time of war, insurrection, or rebellion, a Qualified elector shall not be deprived of his vote by reason of 'his absence from his place of residence, and giving the Legis- lature power to provide for the receiving and canvassing of tJie ballots of voters so absent. In 1870 four amendments were made as follows: To Art. IV., Sec. 3, striking out the word "white" and mak- ing other verbal changes so as to include colored persons in "the ectual number of inhabitants" which each Representative District p:just contain. All persons, except Indians who are members of tribes or are uncivilized, are how' counted. I , To Art. IV., Sec. 4, striking out the word ''white" and mak- ing other verbal changes, so that the Senate and Representative districts for the State Legislature should be based upon the same class and kinds of citizens provided for in Sec. 3. To Art. XVII., Sec. 1, striking out the word "white" so as to ipelude colored persons as part of the militia. Art. XIX-A, an entirely new article of two sections providing that' the Legislature may pass laws regulating passenger and freight traffic on railroads and prohibiting consolidation of rail- road stocks or property. In 1876 two amendments were made as follows: To Art. IV., striking out Sec. 47, which forbade the grant of license for the sale of intoxicating liquors. To Art. XX., Sec. 1, providing that proposed amendments to the constitution passed by the Legislature shall be submitted to voters at either the next spring or autumn election instead of only at the next general election as before. In 1881 three amendments were made as follows: To Art. VI., Sec. G, eliminating the number "eight," which restricted the number of Judicial Circuits in the State, givir,g the Legislature power to provide for 'more than one Judge in the Judicial Circuit, which included the City of Detroit, and authorizing the Board of Supervisors of Wayne County to grant additional compensation. To Art. VI., Sec. 12, eliminating the obsolete provision that the County Clerk should be clerk of the Supreme Court when it met in his county and providing that said court shall appoint its own clerk. ;,^ . , ■ To Art. XIII., Sec. :i^,, providing that libraries may be estab- lished by the Legislature in cities as well as townships, and that, unless otherwise ordered by the Township Board or Board of Education, the fines collected for infraction of penal laws shall be exclusively applied to the support of such libraries and that in no case m^y. such fines be diverted to other purposes than for schools or libraries. In 1882 one. amendment was made as follows: To Art. IX.,. Sec. 1, increasing the salary of Circuit Judges from $1,500 to $2,500 per year. In 1884 on*^ amendment was made as follows: To Art. VIj, Sec. 6,. granting the Boards of Supervisors of the Upper Peninsula, power to allow additional pay to Circuit Judges above the $1,000 provided for in Art. XIX., Sec. 5. < In 1888 one amendment was made as follows* 279 To Art. VI., Sec. 6, giving the Legislature power to provide for more than one judge in the Judicial Circuit, which includes the City of Saginaw, and to authorize the Board of Super- visors o'f Saginaw County to grant additional compensation to judges of said courts, ' In 1889 two amendments were made as follows: To Art. IX., Sec. 1, increasing the Governor's salary from ll.aOO to $4,000; Judges of Circuit Court, from $1,500 to $2,500; and striking out the provision for the Auditor General's salary of 11,000. To Art. XV., Sec. 10, authorizing the Legislature to provide by general law for the extension of the life of corporations for one or more periods of 30 years each. In 1893 three amendments were made as follows: To Art. VI., Sec. 8, providing that the jurisdiction of Circuit Courts should be extended to include "all such other cases and matters as the Supreme Court shall by rule prescribe." To Art. IX. Adding a new section to be known as Sec. 49, which gives the Legislature power to provide for a board of five commissioners, whose duty is to lay out county and town- ship roads, and to authorize a tax of $1,000 a, year for such purposes. To Art. XIV., Sec. 9, giving the Legislature power to auth- orize Grand Rapids to issue bonds to improve Grand River. In 1894 two amendments were made as follows: To Art. VII., Sec. 1. striking out the word "white" before "male inhabitant" in the sentence defining who may vote, to make the article harmonize with previous amendments, and pro- viding for the suffrage of foreign born males who have resided in the State 2 years and 6 months prior to Nov. S, 1894, and have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States 2 years and 6 months prior to said date; also providing that an elector must have resided in the State six months instead of three, and in the township or ward where he proposes to vote twenty daj'S instead of ten as formerly, before election; also providing that anyone in the service of the United States or State army or navy during time of war shall not be deprived of his vote, and that the Legislature shall provide the opportunity to such persons and have such votes canvassed and returned. To Art. VII., Sec. 5, providing that honorably discharged sol- diers, sailors and marines who have served in the militarj^ or naval forces of the United States or of the State, who reside in the Soldiers' Home may acquire a residence at such home and thereby a place to vote. In 1S&9 two amendments were made as follows: To Art. IV., by adding a new section, i. e.. Sec. 49, giving the Legislature general power to lay out and improve highways and bridges in counties and townships, to levy taxes for same and to change or do away with powers of township highway officers; also power to prescribe powers and duties of Supervisors as to highways: and providing that no count}' shall incur an indebt- edness of more than three per cent of its valuation and that no countj- road system provided by law shall go into operation un- til approved by a majoi'ity vote of the electors of the county. To Art. VI.. Sec. 6, giving the Legislature authority to pro- vide for the election of more than one Circuit Judge in each of the Judicial Circuits in which the city of Detroit and the coun- ties of Kent and St. Clair, and authorizing Boards of Supervisors of said counties to grant additional salary to the Circuit Judge or Judges in said counties. 2S0 In 1900 two amendments were made as follows: To Art XI ^7"., Sec. 11, adding- a proviso that the Legislature shall provide an uniform rate of taxation for property paying specific taxes, to be determined and assessed by a State. Board o"f A.ssGSSors ' ' . -i . i'l* To Art. XIX., Sec. 13. by substituting the year 1901 for im in the phrase, "1851 and every five years thereafter," wli^lch fixed the time at which the equalization of assessments is made by the State Board of Equalization, and adding a provision that such equalization may also be made at such other times as the Legislature mrjy direct. ^-'; In addition to the above amendments, other changes in the constitution, for which specific provision was made in thiie, constitution, ■ have been enacted. These are as follows: ',1 Art. "VI., See. 2 was amended by law of Feb. 5, 1887, whicli' provided for five Justices of the Supreme Court instead of four and made their terms of office ten years instead of eight. Art. XIX., Sees. 1, 2 and 3 .have been amended in accordance with provisions of schedule 2(5, appended to Art. XX. A law of March 19, 1863 abolished the office of District Judge of the Upper Peninsula, and a law of March 15, 1865, abolished the Office of District Attorney of the Upper Peninsula. , - . < .1 State Constitiitioit, ReTiision of This question is required to be submitted to tbe^VOt^iS pf the State every sixteenth year after 1898. ...<.}■>. r.>)..'ijj..." State Court of Mediation and Avbitl'atioili ' ' " This court is composed of three persons who serve for three years each, one being appointed annually by the Governor. They are paid $5 per day for time actually employed. The object of the court is to settle disputes and grievances between em-, ployers and employees. The members appoint one of themselves clerk, who is paid a. salary of $1,200.; The office is at Lansing. Disputes between employers and employed must be submitted in writing to the court, whereiipon an investigation of , the mat- ter is made by the court and a decision rendered. In case of strikes or lock-outs the court sits and makes its investigation ^l^^eji^uch strike or lock-out ma,y occur. ^ 5' ' ' ' State Dairy and Food Commissioiier. '. This officer is appointed by the Governor for a term of, tw,o, j^ears, and it is his duty to caremlly enquire into the quality- o'f the dairy and food and drink products, and of the several articles, which are the necessary constituents of food, which are offered for pale in the State. He must also examine, and test canned goods of all kinds, syjjups, vinegar, spices, extracts,. baking powder, and candy. He is also specially, charged w-it.h the duty of inspecting all cheese factories and all the varaous dairy products at their centers of distribution. He issues every month many thousands of bulletins giving the results of' his inspections. His office is at Lansing, and his slaary $1,200.- State Debt. The State is practically free from debt, and it ig prohibited by its Constitution from borrowing money in excess of $50,000, except in time of war. ; ' The State is indebted to various State "trust funds,!' to the amount of $6,120,003:56, but this is not properly d debt' as these 281 funds are composed of the sums realized from the sale of the lands granted for educational purposes. The proceeds of these sales have been expended by the State as received, and their amounts have been placed to the credit of five different funds, whose inviolability is guaranteed in the constitution, and upon which the State, as trustee of the institutions to which the grants were made, is compelled by the constitution to pay interest an- nually at a fixed rate. For the regular payment of the interest upon these funds the constitution of the State makes ample provision by declar- ing that all the "specific State taxes, except those received from the mining companies of the upper peninsula, shall be applied in paying the interest upon the primary school, university, and educational funds, and the principal and interest of any State debt." State Flo^ver. By act of 1897, the apple blossom was formally adopted as the State Flower. .^•^1 1 ' State Game and. Fisli "Wardea. This officer must enforce the laws relative to the preserva- tion of birds, game, and fish, and may arrest without warrant any person caught by him violating the game laws of the State. He may appoint ten deputies. Not to exceed three residents in each county may be appointed by him as county game and fish wardens, whose salary shall be fixed by the boards of super- visors. His salary is $2,000 and he is appointed by the governor for a term of four years. State Governor. This officer is the principal executive officer of the State and comma,nder-in-chief of the military forces. He may convene the Legislature in extraordinary session, grant reprieves, par- dons and commutations of sentence; demand fugitives from justice from the executive of any other State or Territory, and may issue warrants upon the requisition of the Governors of other States and Territories. He appoints all the principal officers of the State not elected by the people, and the members of the boards of the various state institutions, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. The Governor is ex-officio a member of the board of corrections and charities, state board of Agriculture, board of control of railroads, board of control of St. Mary's Falls ship canal, board of fund commissioners, board of geological survey, board of control of state swamp lands, board of managers Soldiers' Home, and board of commis- sioners of Upper Peninsula state prison. He is elected every two years and has a salary of $4,000. No person can be voted for or elected unless he is 30 years of age, has lived in the State two years and been a citizen of the United States five years. State Home for tlie Feel>le-Mliided and Epileptic. This institution is located at Lapeer on a tract of land con- taining 100 acres donated by that city, and was opened in August, 1895. The home is built on the "cottage plan" and comprises six buildings. The value of the property in 1900 was $139,600; number of inmates June 30, 1900, male 104, female 178; number of attendants, 17; teachers, four. The Home is governed by a board of control of three per- 282 sons, appointed by the Governor for terms of six years each, one being appointed every two years. They are paid only for their actual expenses while in the discharge of their duties. State Hospital foi- tlie Insane— Upper Peuiusnla. This is located at Newberry, Luce County, and the plan contemplates in all 20 buildings in the form of a quadrangle, each building to have a capacity for about 50 patients. The power house, laundry, farm house, barns, etc., are not included in the above. Six cottages have been built and one large hospital; five of the cottages are occupied by patients and one utilized as a temporary administration building. The hospital is a modern building, furnished with all modern conveniences for the care and treatment of the curable insane; the various forms of elec- tricity, hot, cold, plunge and shower baths, facilities for mas- sage treatment, etc., all in keeping with the most advanced treat- ment relative to the care of the insane. It was first opened Nov. 4, 1894. Value of property June 30, 1900, $310,000.00; number of inmates, June 30, 1900, males 195, females 150; disbursements for year ending June 30, 1900, $65,753.63; number of employees, 67. The hospital is controlled by a board of six trustees ap- pointed by the Governor for terms of six years each, two being appointed every two years. They are paid only for actual ex- penses incurred in performance of duty. State House of Cox'rection and Bi-aneli olf ^tate Prison in the Uppei- Peninsula, This was established in 1S85 at Marquette. The buildings arid grounds cost $205,989.45, and include 152 acres of land. The value of its property in 1900 was $285,525.64. Number of inmates June 30, 1900, 204. The expense for the biennial period ending June 30, 1900, was $82,662.89, and the receipts for the same period, $83,- 935.82. The number of officers is 23. Inmates are employed In removing sand from a sand bank and improving the institution and grounds. All inmates attend a military drill and school each one hour daily. The institution is controlled by a board of control of three persons appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate for terms of six years each, one being appointed every two years. They are paid only their actual and necessary ex- penses incurred in the performance of their official duties. ;. State Industrial School for Boys. This institution, formerly called the Reform School, is located at Lansing, and was first opened September 2, 1856. The property consists -of 260 acres of land and eight buildings, ex- clusive of shops and barns; the first cost was $25,000; the present value of its property is $260,812.08; the rieceipts for last biennial period were $178,648.40; the disbursements for the two fiscal years ending June 30, 1900, were $178,.352.14; the number of inmates for 19.00, 667; the number of teachers and employees is 52; the instruction given is common school education, four and one-half hours per day; industrial trades, carpentry, print- ing, baking, shoemakin'g, tailoring and farming are also taught. The school is governed by a board of three trustees appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate for terms of six years each, one being appointed every two years. They are paid only their necessary expenses while in the discharge of their duties. State Industrial Home for Girls. The Industrial Home for Girls, established in 1879, is located near the city of Adrian, Lenawee County. The property con- sists of 92 acres of land and 19 buildings; the first appropriation was $10,000; the present value of its property is $191,171.46"; dis- bursements for 1899-00, $93,560. - The number of inmates June .30, 1900, was 300; the number of teachers 33. Instruction is given to inmates in housekeeping, cooking, sewing, knitting, dressmaking and all useful duties of the household; inmates may be discharged for good conduct. The object of the insti- tution is the reformation of juvenile female offenders. This institution is governed by a board of control of three persons, at least one of whom must be a woman. The board is appointed by the Governor for terms of six years each, and one is ap- pointed every two years. They serve without compensation other than actual expenses while in performance of their duties. State Inspector '.of !C,oa,l MiijLe»,r This officer is appointed by the Commissioner of Labor and receives $3 per day and necessary expenses while traveling, but total salary and expenses must not exceed $1,500 per year. It is his duty to inspect the safety of all apparatus used in coal mines and to see that all laws especially those relating to the hours of labor, and sanitary conditions are; lObser-yed. State Inspector of Oils. This officer and his deputies are required to inspect oils used for illuminating purposes, and to reject all that do not answer the test. He is appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate for the term of two j^ears and has a salary of $1,500. iie may appoint not to exceed 22 deputies, who receive month- ly salaries, determined by the number of barrels of oil they inspect, but the salary for any one month cannot exceed $75. State Inspector of 'Salt. This officer has supervision of the inspection of all salt man- ufactured in the state. He is appointed by the Governor for a terai of two -years and has a salary of $1,500. '- ■ State Inspector General. ' This officer is appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, iind holds his office for two years or until his successor has qualified. His salary is $1,000. His rank is that if brigadier-general. He has charge and super- vision of the mustering and instruction of the national guard, arid all persons 'proposed for officers of companies require his certificate as to their fitness and qualifications. It is his duty when so ordered by the commander-in-chief, to examine any armory, arms, ordnance, or other military property of the state anja j^epoi^ti tj^i© condition thereof. State Institntions. The iseyej^l institutions owned and controlled .by the State, with their loGations. are as follows: State Normal School, Central, Mt. Pleasant. State Nonnal. School, Northern. Marquette. Eastern Michigan As5^1um, Pontiac. State Industrial School for Boys, Lansing. State Industrial Home for Girls, Adrian. Michigan College of Mines, Houghton. 284 Michigan School for the D.eAt, Flint. Michigan School for the Blind, "Lansing. Michigan Hospital for the Insane, Newberry. Michigan Reformatory, Ionia. Michigan Soldiers' Home, Grand Rapids. Michigan Asylum for the Insane, Kalamaaoo. Michigan Home for the Feeble-Minded and Epileptic, Lapeer. Northern Michigan Asylum, Traverse City. State Capital. Lansing. State Agricultural College, Lansing. State Normal College, Ypsilanti. State Public School, Coldwater. State Asylum, Ionia. State Prison, Jackson. --,,ii b.- ^ r ■ • State House of Correction and Branch o.r ,S1^fe' Prison m Upper Peninsula, Marquette. ••>.'* A V^: State University, Ann Arbor. ; jj r'"i.iQae»i For facts about each see under their several heads. State Insurance Policy Commission. This is composed of the commissioner of insurance, attorney general, and some suitable person appointed by the Governor for the term of two years. It is their duty to provide a standard form of insurance policy. State Land Office. See Land Office, State. ' State liegislature. It 's an interesting fact that, acting under the constitution of 1835, a meeting of the State Legislature, for which the former provided, was convened at Detroit on Nov. 2,. 1835, and an ad- gourned session began on Feb. 1, 1S36. An extra session was also convened on July 11, 1836. It thus appears that sessions of a State Legislature were held and its doings accepted as legal two years before the State was formally admitted into the Union. „ -, The first regular State Legislature met in Detroit January 2nd, 1837; the last s'ession held in Detroit closed March 17, 1847. The first session held in Lansing began January 3, 1848. The Constitti- tion of 1835 provided for annual sessions, that of 1850 for biennial sessions. By an amendment to the Constitution adopted Noi^enl- ber 8, 1874. the House of Representatives was made to consist of not less than 64 nor more than 100 persons. No township or . city may be divided to form representative districts; but all } from each city are to be elected on a general ticket. Counties 1 entitled to more than one representative are to be di'ykted for ' election purposes by the board of supervisors. ■ ' ';, By the Constitution of the State the Senate consifets.^of ^? TTl (^ TTl V) f^ 7* ^ ~ ' ' ' ' , At the first session of the Legislature after the gtEit6 enumeration, which occurs every ten years beginning with 1894, or at the first session after the U. S. census is taken, the State senatorial and representative districts are newly arranged ac- cording to population. ' ' The Legislature meets on the first Wednesday of January in years ending with an odd figure, and adjourns at its discretion. Special sessions may be called by the Governor. ^; - • The Legislature originates, and it is the duty of th'eJSt^t^ officials to enforce, the laws. ^ ifi- -^u 285 The pay of State Senators and Representatives Is $3 per day and 10 cents per mile traveled in going to and from the State Capital. The time for drawing pay during extra sessions is limited to 20 days. No one can be elected to the Legislature while holding any county elective ofHce or any United States oflSce. A majority vote from all the members elected to each house is necessary in order to make any enactment legal. Every bill or concurrent resolution except a resolution of adjournment must be presented to the Governor before it can become a law. If the Governor approves and signs it, it becomes operative. If the Governor does not approve it, he must return it to the body, either House or Senate, in which it originated, with his objections, and these must be entered in the journal of pro- ceedings. The bill may then be again put on its passage and if it obtains in each house a tworthirds vote of the members elected, it becomes a law. If anj'- bill is not returned disapproved by the Governor within ten days, Sundays not included, after it has been presented, it becomes a law as "effectually as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature by adjournment has prevented its return. The Governor has five days after the adjournment of a session in which to approve bills passed. State Legislature, Extra Sessions of. Under the constitution of 1835 three extra sessions of the Legislature were held, namely, in 1S36. 1837 and 1851. The extra session of 1836 was convened on Julv 11th, to take action on the decision of Congress not to receive the State into the Federal Union unless a boundary was accepted that would give disputed territory to Ohio. See ''State Boundary." The extra session of 1837 was convened June 12th to take measures to relieve, if possible, the financial embarrassment then existing because of the "panic" of that year. See "BanEs and Banking." The extra session of 1851 was convened June 9th because, un- der the constitution of 1850, it became necessary to maRe appropriations to carry on the State Government for the suc- ceeding two years, and to legislate concerning matters requiring attention under the new constitution. Since the adoption of the Constitution of 1850, eleven extra sessions have been held, namely in 1858, 1S62, 1864, 1870, 1872, 1874. 1882, 1892, 1898, 1899, 19W. An extra session beginning Jan. 20, 1858, was convened be- cause the receipts from, taxes levied by the State were insuf- ficient to meet obligations about to mature, and to provide circuit courts for several organized counties where no such courts then existed. An extra session, beginning Jan. 2, 1862, was convened to provide means for meeting the direct tax of about half a million dollars levied by the U. S. Congress in support of the govern- ment then in the first year of the war with the south. An extra session, beginning July 27, 1870, Was convened to provide for submitting a constitutional amendment, which would pem\it the people to vote bonds to aid in the building of rail- roads. An extra session, beginning March 13, 1872, was convened to provide for the re-distrieting of the State to allow for three additional representatives in Congress, to which the State had become entitled under the United States census of 1870. 286 f! An extra session, beginning March 3, 1874, was held to pro- vide for the submission to vote of the people of an amendment to the constitution proposed by the constitutional commission •of 1873 appointed under action of the previous Legislature. The amendment related to "Woman Suffrage," which see. An extra session, beginning Feb. 23, 1882, was held to provide relief for the sufferers by the great forest fires of the previous year, and to rearrange the congressional districts of the State. An extra session, beginning Aug. 5, 1892, was. jheld to remedy inequities, pointed out by the supreme court, in Legislative Apportionment Acts of 1885 and 1891. The extra session, beginning March 22, 1898, was called to provide and enforce a uniform rule of taxation on a basis or cash values. The extra session, beginning Dec. 18, 1899, was called to con- sider the submission of an amendment or amendments tp the constitution designed to secure the equal taxation of all prop- erty, but especially that of railroads, at its cash value. No amendments were agreed upon. The extra session, beginning Oct. 10, 1900, was called to .'con- sider the submission of amendments ito the constitution pro- viding for the taxation of railroad property on it's cash value, and also to take steps to secure the repeal of all special railroad charters. Amendments were agreed upon, and subsequently affirmed by the people. The extra session, beginning Dec. 12, 1900, was called to pass laws for the taxation of railroad and other corporate property at its cash value, as authorized by amendment 'to the constitu- tion adopted ajt the November election of that year. No acts, however, were passed. State Ijibrariam. ,^ This oflQcer has charge of the state library, and is authorized to expend the money appropriated by Legislature for the pur- chase of books for said library, with the advice and consent of the Governor; has charge of all collections of documents, books, pictures, curiosities, etc., which may be made by the Michigan State Pioneer Society. The librarian is appointed by the Gov- ernor, with the approval of the senate, for term of four years, and has a salary of $1,500. .; ., State i/ibrary. The State Library at Lansing contains 100,000 volumes and may be used by residents of Lansing and under certain rules may be loaned to Associate Libraries. See "Libraries, Asso- ciate." State Liientenaiit Governor. This officer performs the duties of Governor in case of the latter' s impeachment, removal from office, death, inability, resignation, or absence from the State. He acts as president of the State Senate and is allowed $3 per day during its sessions. He is elected at the regular State election for a term of two years. ,-,■.,.;,.;■,,■•'.:. State Ijivfe'' Stocilc'Saiiitai'y Coininission. This consists of three persons, one appointed by the Governor at each biennial session of tlie Legislatui-e, for a term of six years. Their duties are to protect domestic animals of the State from contagious diseases, and they are authorized 287 to establish and maintain quarantine regulations, etc. Each commissioner receives three dollars per day and necessary expanses for the time actually spent in the discharge of his duties. ^;; y^ , state Militia. The following- persons constitute the "enrolled militia" and are subject to military duty: All able-bodied male citizens of Michigan, including those of foreign birth who have declared their intention to become cit- izens of the United States, residing therein, of the age of 18 years, and under 45 years, and not exempted bv the laws of the United States or of this State. The following persons are exempt from such military duty, viz: Officers of the State government; judges of the supreme, circuit, district and probate courts; members of the Legislature; officers and guards of the State prisons and other State institu- tions; keepers of poorhouses and their assistants; firemen, after seven years' service as such; officers who have held commis- sions in the regular or volunteer army or navy of the Ignited States; commissioned officers of the militia of this State who have served in said militia fully uniformed and equipped accord- ing to law and regulations for the term of six years, and who have resigned after such service or been honorablj^ discharged: all county officers, except notaries public ; all teachers engaged in public institutions and public schools, and ministers of the gospel. '■^' The "enrolled militia" are not subject to active military duty" except when called into the service of the State or the United States, in case of war, rebellion, invasion, suppression of riots, or to aid civil officers in the execution of law. The "active militia" is composed of volunteers between the ages of .18 and 45 jears, and areknown as the Michigan National Guard and the Michigan State Naval Brigade, in case of war. rebellion, invasion, riots, etc., they are the first to be ordered into service. Minors over the age of 18 may be admitted into any company of the Michigan National Guard with the consent in writing of their parent, or guardian, or if they have none, with the consent in writing of a justice of the peace of the township or city in which they reside. Every applicant must furnish satisfactorj- evidence of good character, and before being accepted must submit to a physical examination. No volunteer is accepted as a member of any company of the Michigan National Guard .who does not reside within six miles of the armory of the company in which he proposes to enlist. The Michigan National Guard is composed of not less than forty companies of infantry, one company of which may be organized by the commander-in-chief with the advice of the state Military Board to act as a signal corps, provided that if more than forty companies are organized, at least one shall be com- posed of colored men. Each regiment of infantry must consist of the same number of battalions and companies, of' officers, non-commissioned officers and musicians as shall be prescribed from time to time for like organizations in the United States army, as near as may be, subject to regula- tions of the State Militarj- Board. The term of enlistmejit in the Michigan National Guard is three years, and companj- officers, except when elected to fill a vacancy, are commissioned for a term of three years or until their successors a,re commissioned. 28S The Commander-in-Chief is authorized to divide the State into four regimental districts, and may divide or consolidate companies and regiments therein as he and the Military Board see fit. Whenever forty-eight or more men within the same regi- mental district shall associate for the purpose of forming a com- pany of the Michigan National Guard, they may apply to the Commander-in-Chief, through the Adjutant-General, to be organized as such, and shall designate the persons for com- missioned officers. The Commander-in-Chief may then organize them upon the certificate of the Inspector-General that such company have complied with all requisites. Contributing members may be enrolled in each company of the Michigan National Guard not to e?cceed 150 in number. Such members must pay to the treasurer of the company annual dues of $10 and, like active members, are exempt during the ensuing year from jury duty and poll tax. Upon application by the commander of a company of the Michigan National Guard duly organized, the Quartermaster- General must furnish suitable arms and equipment at the expense of the State, and a sum not to exceed $400 a year for armory rental. Captains of companies of the Michigan National Guard receive $100 per annum. The adjutant and quartermaster of each brigade, regimental and independent battalion organization receive $100 per annum. The Brigadier-General commanding is appointed and commissioned by the Commander-in-Chief for a term of three years. The staff of the Commander-in-Chief con- sists of the Adjutant-General, Inspector-General, Quartermaster- General, Assistant Adjutant-General, Assistant Quartermaster- General, Assistant Inspector-General, four Aides-de-camp, the Judge Advocate and the Military Secretary. The Commander-in-Chief, by and with the advice of the State Military Board, may establish annually one or more camps In suitable places for the Instruction of the Michigan National Guard, and may order into such camps any company or regi- ment for a period not exceeding ten days ; he may designate the oflBcer to command such camp or camps. The annual encamp- ment Is held In August and costs the State about $50,000. About 80 per cent of the troops attend. The pay of those attending the annual encampment is as follows: To each private, non-commissioned officer and musi- cian, not less ithan $1.25 per day, besides seventy-flve cents per day as commutation of rations; to all commissioned officers of the line and to the field, staff and other commis- sioned officers, the pay as fixed by the United States army reg- ulations of United States officers of like rank. But it Is pro- vided that any officer, musician or soldier guilty of intoxica- tion going to, during, or coming from the annual encampment shall forfeit all pay for that encampment. In time of actual service for suppression of riots, etc., privates receive not less than $1.25 per day, and officers the same amounts as allowed officers of like grade in the United States army. At the present time there are 3,520 officers and men in the enlisted force. The total number of males of militia age Is 516,802. The number of citizens available for military duty Is, however, 275,000. State Military Board. This is composed of the adjutant general, the quarter- master general, the Inspector general, the brigadier general com- manding brigade, and the commander of the naval brigade. They elect a president from their own number and one of their assistants as secretar5^ The board constitutes an advisory body to the commander-in-chief on all State military matters, inspects and reports to the commander-in-chief on all claims of a military character against the State. It prepares and promulgates all regulations for the government of the Michigan National Guard. It also grants admissions of insane Michigan soldiers sailors and marines of the war with the South to the asylums for the insane. State Military Department. This is composed of the Adjutant-General, his assistant, the Inspector-General, his assistant, the Quartermaster-General, and his assistant. The assistants are appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the chiefs of the department, and their salary is fixed by the State Military Board, but may not exceed $1,800 each. State IVaval Militia. "When an enrollment of those liable to military duty is taken, the following are classed as naval militia: All seafaring men ot whatever calling or occupation; all persons engaged in naviga- tion of the lakes, rivers or other waters of this State; all per- sons engaged in the construction or management of ships or crafts, or any part thereof, upon such waters; all ship-owners and their employes; all yacht-owners; all members of yacht clubs and other organizations formed for the pursuit of aquatic sports; all ex-officers and former enlisted men of the U. S. navy. These constitute the "enrolled naval militia," but are a part of the general militia of the State and subject to laws and regulations which govern the same. The naval forces of the "active militia" (Michigan National Guard) are known as the "Michigan State Naval Brigade" and locally as the "Naval Reserves." This brigade may consist of not more than eight divisions of forty men each. Not more than four, nor less than two, of such divisions constitute a battalion. It is under the direct command of the Governor, who, however, is authorized to commission a "Commander of the Naval Bri- gade," who is the chief executive officer thereof. The latter is appointed for three years or until his successor is commissioned. The rules and regulations promulgated by the State Military Board apply to the Naval Brigade as well as to the Michigan National Guard. Each division may have 150 contributing or honorary members, who have the same rights and privileges as like members of the companies of the Michigan National Guard. The Naval Brigade may be ordered into service by the Governor for instruction and drill for a period not exceeding two weeks in any one year either on shore or afloat. When on active service the pay of officers and men is the same as that of those of similar rank in the U. S. navy. There is actually organized one battalion known as the "First," and this is composed of four divisions, the First and Third being located at Detroit, the Second at Saginaw, and the Fourth at Benton Harbor. State Normal Seliool, Central. This institution was started by private enterprise and Is located at the City of Mt. Pleasant, Isabella County. It con- sists of a commodious building, capable of accommodating three hundred students, situated on a campus of nine acres. The school was adopted by the State June 3rd, 1895, and 2W was opened as a State school the following September. For the year 1900 the number of instructors was 25; number of stu- dents during the year, 456; number of graduates, 1900, 129; gradu- ates since founded, 270; number of volumes in library, 1,500; cost of annual tuition per student (to student, $137; to State, $61); value of grounds, buildings, library, apparatus, etc., $60,000; legislative appropriation, 1901, $25,000; receipts during year from tuition fees, $1,270; current expenses during year, $26,606.72. State Normal Scliool Fnnd. The total amount of this fund on June 30, 1898, was $66,125.12. State Noi'mal Seliool, Nortiiern. This school, which is in charge of the State Board of Educa- tion, was established at Marquette and first opened on Sept. 19, 1899. The citizens of Marquette contributed, in order to secure it the sum of $5,000 in cash and twenty acres of ground valued at $20,000. The building cost $25,000. The institution opened Sep- tember 19, 1899, and had 80 students within the first six months. In 1900 had 14 instructors. State Nox'Mial College. The State Normal College is located at the City of Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County, and consists of five buildings, covering six acres of ground. Its first building was dedicated Oct. 5, 1852, being the first normal school established west of New York. The number of instructors during the year 1900 was 51; number of students during the year, 1,421; number of graduates, 302; num- ber of graduates since foundation of school, 3,607; number of volumes in library, 21,500; number added during the year, 500; cost of annual tuition per student, $9; average cost of board per week, $2.50; total average annual cost per student (to stu- dent), $1.75; to State, 63 cents; value of grounds, buildings, library, apparatus, etc., $331,148.60; Legislature appropriation, 1898, $61,150; amount of productive funds, $71,000; income from pro- ductive funds, $4,200; receipts during year from tuition fees, $8,603; receipts from all other sources, $1,605; expenses dur- ing year for permanent improvements, $5,500. State Officers. The State officers and boards that exist in Michigan are as follows: State Adjutant General, State Advisory Pardon Board, State Attorney General, State Auditor General, State Board of Agriculture, State Board of Assessors, State Board of Auditors, State Board of Canvassers, State Board of Charities and Corrections, State Boards of Control for State Institutions, State Board of Control of Swamp Land Roads, State Board of District Canvassers, State Board of Education, State Board of Equalization, State Board of Examination for Barbers, State Board of Examiners in Dentistry, State Board of Fish Commissioners, State Board of Forestry Commissioners, state Board of Fund Commissioners, State Board of Geological Survey', State Board of Health, State Board of Law Examiners, State Board of Library Commissioners, State Board of Mackinac Island Park Commissioners, State Board of Managers of Soldiers' Home, State Boai'd of Pharmacy, State Board of Railroad Consolidations, State Board of Railroad Crossings, State Board of Regents of the University, State Board of Registration in Medicine, State Board to Regulate Horseshoeing, State Board of Review, State Bureau of Statistics of Labor, State Board of Tax Commissioners, State Boards of Trustees for Escheated Property, State Board of Trustees for Sta1;e Institutions, State Commissioner of Banking Department, State Commissioner of Insurance, State Commissioner of Labor, State Commissioner of Land Office, State Court of Mediation and Arbitration, State Commissioner of Mineral Statistics, State Commissioner of Railroads, State Dairy and Food Commissioner, State Game and Fish Warden, State Governor, State Insurance Policy Commission, State Inspector of Coal Mines, State Inspector of Oils, State Inspector General, State Librarian, State Lieutenant Governor, State Live Stock Sanitary Commission, State Military Board, State Quartermaster General, State Salt InspectJor, State, Secretary of, State Treasurer, State Veterinarian, State Veterinary Board, Superintendent of Public Instruction, State Pioneer and Historical Society. This society meets annually at Lansing on the first Wednes- day in June. It has published nearly 30 octavo volumes of the recollections of early pioneers, together with papers of large historic interest. All volumes except 1 and 2 may be obtained from the State Librarian at 75 cents per copy, volumes 1 and 2, $1.50 -per copy. State Prison. This prison was established in 1839, at Jackson. The property consists of sixty-two acres of land, the prison occupying twenty acres. The buildings consist of an administration building, four cell wings, and fourteen other buildings. Thirty-five acres are used for farming purposes, and six acres for pasturage and stone quarry. The value of the property In 1900 was: Real estate, $828,500; personal property, $79,613.85; a total of $908,- 113.85. The average number of convicts is between 800 and 850. 292 The convicts are employed on contracts and industries on state account. The official force numbers 54. Instruction is given to inmates in the common English branches under the super- vision of an officer of the prison. There are nine, grades, hav- ing school four evenings in the week. The total expense for the biennial period of 1898 to 1900 was $227,898.03. Total earnings for same period, $209,898. This institution is governed by a board of control of three persons appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the I Senate, for terms of six years each, one being appointed every I two years. They serve without compensation, other than actual ' expenses while, in performance of duties. I State Public Scbool. i The State Public School located at Coldwater, was estab- ' lished in 1871, and opened in May, 1874. Its first cost was $93,000 and its present value is $250,000; the school consists of eighteen buildings, occupying 160 acres. The net expenses for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, were $31,000; the total number of wards cared for in 1900 was 375; the number of teachers is 4, and cottage matrons, 8. The instruction given to wards is that of graded primary schools and kindergarten. The average age of children is seven and one-half years. Those who are old enough are instructed in common daily labor. The conditions of commit- ment of wards are dependence, neglect, and ill-treatment. The age limit is from six months to twelve years, and wards must be sound in body and mind. Children are discharged for follow- ing reasons: When adopted, restored to parents, have become of age or self-supporting during minority, girls married during minority, and children returned to their respective counties, be- cause of disease, incorrigibility, etc. Since the institution opened 4,826 children have been received; most of them have gone into good homes; 89 1-5 per cent of all who have gone into homes have made good records, and there are now 1,426 in homes. Total average annual expense to the State per ward, $27.13. The school is governed by a board of control of three persons appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the Senate, for terms of six years each, one being appointed every two years. They are paid only their actual expenses while in performance of their duties. State Q-uartermaster General. This officer is appointed by the Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate, and holds his office for the term of two years, or until his successor is qualified. His salary is $1,000 and his rank is that of brigadier-general. All military property is committed to his custody, for which he is held accountable. He is the chief disbursing officer of the State military fund, paying all claims against the State incurred in the support of the State military establishment, upon proper vouchers ap- proved by the State military board. He obtains the necessary funds out of the military fund in the State treasury upon a requisition approved by the commander-in-chief and State military board. He provides the several military departments and the State troops with all necessary supplies as allowed by the military laws, rules and regulations; also provides each military company with a suitable armory for drill and storing its uniforms, arms and equipment. 293 State Reformatory. This Is located at Ionia, was established in 1877, and built at a cost of $250,000. The property consists of 156 acres of land and 10 buildings. The value of its property in 1900 was $404,226.43; the total disbursements for 1899-00 were $197,685.45; and the total re- ceipts for the biennial period ending June 30, 1900, were $196,196.47; number of guards and keepers, 45; number of inmates, June, 1900, 406. The inmates are employed in manufacturing furniture, print goods, miscellaneous articles, and in the care of the insti- tution and grounds, all on state account. This institution is governed by a board of control of three persons appointed by the Governor with the ^.pproval of the senate, for terms of six years each, one being appointed every two years. They serve without compensation, but are paid their actual expenses while in performance of their duties. State Representative Districts. One Representative is allowed every 24,200 persons until there are 100 Representatives. They are apportioned as follows: Allegan 2 Grand Traverse ... 1 Menominee 1 Alpena 1 Gratiot 1 Midland 1 Antrim 1 Hillsdale 1 Monroe 1 Barry 1 Houghton 2 Montcalm 1 Bay 2 Huron 1 Muskegon 1 Berrien 2 Ingham 2 Newaygo 1 Branch 1 Ionia 1 Oakland 2 Calhoun 2 Isabella 1 Oceana 1 Cass 1 Jackson . . .* 2 Osceola 1 Charlevoix 1 Kalamazoo 2 Ottawa 2 Cheboygan 1 Kent 5 Saginaw 3 Chippewa 1 Lapeer 1 Sanilac 1 Clinton 1 Lenawee 2 Shiawassee 1 Delta 1 Livingston 1 St. Clair 2 Dickinson 1 Macomb 1 St. Joseph 1 Eaton 1 Manistee i Tuscola 1 Emmet 1 Marquette 2 Van Buren 1 Genesee 2 Mason i Washtenaw 2 Gogebic 1 Mecosta 1 Wayne 14 The following districts include more than one county, but each district has only one Representative: District of Wexford and Lake Counties. District of Benzie and Leelanau Counties. District of Alger, Luce, Mackinac and Schoolcraft Counties. District of Baraga, Iron, Keweenaw and Ontonagon Counties. District of Roscommon, Clare and Gladwin Counties. District of Crawford, Montmorency, Presque Isle, Oscoda and Otsego Counties. District of Kalkaska and Missaukee Counties. District of Alcona, Iosco, Arenac and Ogemaw Counties. If any county is entitled to more than one representative in the Legislature, the Board of Supervisors at the first annual meeting after the apportionment has been made by the Legis- lature, divides the county into an equal number of districts with the number of representatives to which the county is entitled. See State Legislature. State Seal. See "Seal of State." 291 state Senatorial Districts. There are 32 of these, as follows: First District— Wards 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 of Detroit, and Town- ships of Grosse Pointe, Gratiot, Hamtramck, Greenfield, Red- ford, Livonia, Northville and Plymouth, in the County of Wayne. Second District— Wards 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 of Detroit. Third District— Wards 4, 6, 8 and 10 of Detroit. I Fourth District— Wards 12, 14 and 16 of Detroit, and Town- ) ships of Canton, Nankin, Dearborn, Springwells, Van Buren. ! Romulus, Taylor, Ecorse, Sumpter, Huron, Brownstown and Monguagon, and the City of Wyandotte, in County of Wayne. ' Fifth District — Counties of Lenawee and Monroe. I Sixth District— Counties of St. Joseph, Branch and Hillsdale. ! Seventh District— Counties of Berrien and Cass. I Eighth District— Counties of Allegan and Van Buren. Ninth District — Counties of Calhoun and Kalamazoo. I Tenth District— Counties of Jackson and Washtenaw. Eleventh District— County of St. Clair. Twelfth District— Counties of Oakland and Macomb. ' Thirteenth District — Counties of Genesee and Livingston. Fourteenth District — Counties of Ingham and Shiawassee. Fifteenth District — Counties of Barry and Baton. I Sixteenth District— Wards 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of City I of Grand Rapids, in County of Kent. Seventeenth District — Wards 6, 7 and 8 of Grand Rapids, and I Townships of Tyrone, Solon, Nelson, Spencer, Sparta, Algoma, I Courtland, Oakfield, Alpine, Plainfleld, Cannon, Grattan, Walk- er, Grand Rapids, Ada, Vergennes, Wyoming, Paris, Cascade, Lowell, Byron, Gaines, Caledonia and Bowne, in the County of Kent. Eighteenth District— Counties of Ionia and Montcalm. Nineteenth District— Counties of Gratiot and Clinton. Twentieth District— Counties of Huron and Sanilac. Twenty-first District— Counties of Lapeer and Tuscola. Twenty-second District— County of Saginaw. Twenty-third District — Counties of Muskegon and Ottawa. Twenty-fourth District— Counties of Bay and Midland. Twenty-fifth District— Counties of Newaygo, Mecosta, Isa- bella and Osceola. Twenty-sixth District— Counties of Manistee, Mason-, Lake, Benzie and Oceana. Twenty-seventh District— Counties of Wexford, Leelanau, Grand Traverse, Charlevoix, Kalkaska and Antrim. Twenty-eighth District— Counties of Gladwin, Arenac, Oscoda, Alcona, Ogemaw, Iosco, Crawford, Missaukee, Roscommon and Clare. Twenty-ninth District— Counties of Cheboygan, Presque Isle Otsego, Montmorency, Alpena, Mackinac and Emmet. Thirtieth District— Counties of Chippewa, Luce, Schoolcraft, Delta and Menominee. Thirty-first District— Counties of Marquette, Dickinson, Baraga, Iron and Alger. [J Thirty-second District— Counties of Houghton, Keweenaw, I Ontonagon and Gogebic. See State Legislature. State School for the Blind. The Michigan School for the Blind is located at Lansing, and was organized in 1880. The grounds comprise 45 acres. Number of instructors, 1900, 10; number of students during year, 124; number of volumes in library, 2,000 for the blind, and 1,000 reg- ular; volumes added during year, 200 for the blind; cost of an- nual tuition per student, $43.80; average cost of board per week, $1.12; total average cost per student to state, $252.10; value of grounds, buildings, library, apparatus, etc., $155,000; current expenses during 1900, $32,618.17; expenses for permanent improve- ment, 1900, $2,568.73. Aside from uie studies usually pursued in the public schools, pupils are educated in vocal and instrumental music, and are taught several mechanical trades. The boys are taught piano tuning, broom-making and hammock-making; the girls are taught knitting, sewing, cooking and the usual duties pertaining to housekeeping. The school is governed by a board of control of three per- sons appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate for terms of six years each, one being appointed every two years. They are paid only their actual and necessary expenses while in the discharge of their duties. State Seliool for tlie Deaf. This is located at Flint and was established in 1854. Number of instructors in 1900, 34; number of students during that year, 423; number of graduates since organization, 1,304; number of volumes in library, 4,178; cost of annual tuition per student, $48.09; average cost of board per week, $1.16; total average annual cost per student to the state, $188.10; value of grounds, building, li- brary, apparatus, etc., $493,490.36; legislative appropriation, 1900, $78,750; receipts from all other sources, $9,369.64. The school is governed by a board of three trustees appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate for terms of six years each, one being appointed every two years. They are paid only their traveling and necessary expenses while per- forming their duties. State, Secretary of. This ofRcer is the custodian of the great seal of the state, and affixes such seal to all executive proclamations, to various com- missions, to warrants, to pardons, to the requisitions for or extradition of fugitives from justice and countersigns the same. He is also the custodian of the laws and records of the state. He publishes the laws and resolutions of the legislature, and amendments to the constitution. He is also charged with the print- ing of certain annual reports relating to agriculture, vital and other statistics, the supervision of the printing of the reports of various state officers and boards; the preparation and publication of the legislative manual, and the compilation of various laws. He supervises the taking of the census of the state every tenth year. He is a member of the board of state auditors, the board of state canvassers, board on the consolidation and crossings of railroads, board of control of state swamp lands, board of trustees to take charge of escheated property and other state assets, state board of equalization, and the bureau of labor and Industrial statistics. He is elected at the regular state election for a term of two years; the salary is $800. State Soldiers* Home. The Michigan Soldiers' Home, consisting of eight buildings, established in 1885, is situated on Grand River, three miles north of Grand Rapids. The grounds, 132 acres, cost $16,500. The first cost of the home was $99,654.67, and it can accommodate 800. The num- ber of inmates in 1901 was 679; the presient value of the property is 296 $207,570.50. The following law states what persons may be admit- ted: "All honorably discharged soldiers, sailors and marines, who have served in the army or navy of the United States in the late War of the Rebellion, or in the Mexican war and Spanish-American war, and who are disabled by disease, wounds or otherwise, and who have no adequate means of support, and by reason of such disability are incapable of earning their living, and who would be otherwise dependent upon public or private charity, shall be entitled to be admitted to said home, subject to the rules and regulations that shall be adopted by the board of managers to govern the admission of applicants to said home: Provided, that no applicant shall be admitted to said home who has not been a resident of the State of Michigan for one year next preceding the passage of this act unless he served in a Michigan regiment or was accredited to the State of Michigan." The family annex was established for soldiers, sailors and marines, who served in the late civil war, their wives and mothers. This home was occupied in January, 1894, and to date has taken care of 153 beneficiaries. It is under the control of the board of managers of the Soldiers' Home. In ISi-P provision was made by the State for the erection of k dormitory for the widows, wives and mothers of honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, or marines, who served in the Mexican War or in the War with the South. But such widows, wives and mothers must have been disabled by disease or be without adequate means of support, and dependent on public or private charity: and in the case of wives or widows, thuy must have been married to such soldiers, sailors or marines prior to the first day of January, 1875. The yearly cost of the Home to the State is about $110,000. State Supreme Court. This court consists of one chief justice and four associate justices. They must reside at Lansing, and the salary is $7,000 per year. They are elected for terms of 10 years, and one Is elected every two years at the spring election. The Justice whose term expires soonest serves as chief justice. They appoint their own court reporter, who has a salary of $1,500; also a clerk, whose salary is $300 and fees. The jurisdiction is chiefly apellate, most of the cases coming 'before it being appeals from the circuit courts. Court is held at Lansing four terms per year, commencing on the first Tues- day after the first Monday in January, April, June and October. State Supei'lntendent of Public Instruction. This officer has general supervision of the public schools and of state educational institutions; collects and tabulates the school statistics of the state; apportions the primary school interest fund to the counties; gives information to school officers upon construction of school law; prepares iand furnishes blanks lor use of school officers, organizes and visits teachers' insti- ,tutes, and appoints instructors for them. He is a member and jsecretary of the state board of education, and is also a member of the state board of geological survey. He is elected at the regular state election for^ term of two years, and the salary is $1,000. State S^vauip Lands. See Lands, State Swamp. 297 state Treasurer. This officer is the receiving- officer and custodian of the state funds, including state taxes collected by the county treasurers; specific taxes upon railroads, insurance, telegraph, telephone, express and other companies; and proceeds of sales of state lands. He is a member of the boards of state auditors, of state canvassers, of equalization, of escheats, of control of state swamp lands, of claims growing out of sales of public lands, and of review for assessment of telegraph and telephone com- panies. He is elected at the regular state election for a term of two years, and has a salary of $1,009. State Univex'sity. The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor is the legitimate successor of the university schools established in Detroit in 1817. This is abundantly proven by the records of the old and new Institutions, and by a decision of the Supreme Court in Jan- uary, 1856. Aug. 26, 1817, is a memorable date, for on that day the "Catholepistemiad or University of Michigania" was born. Under the creative Act, 13 professorships were established, namely: of Universal Science, the professor to be also the president of the university; of Literature, embracing all sciences relative to language; of Mathematics, Natural History, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, and Chemistry, and of the Medical, Economical, Ethical, Military, Historical, and Intellectual Sciences, the last to embrace all "sciences relative to the minds of animals, to the human mind, spiritual existence, to the Deity, and to religion." The Act certainly had the merit of breadth, comprehending as it did the teaching of all the sciences the world had heard of, besides some never heard of before or since. It was drafted by Judge Woodward, who probably coined more words than any other American of his time. On Aug. 26, 1817, the Governor and Judges appropriated $300 towards the erection of a building and $80 for the lot. On Nov. 10 a further appropriation of $200 was made. The Act which established the university provided that the public taxes should be increased 15 per cent for its support, and also authorized the faculty to prepare four successive lotteries, and to deduct 15 per cent from the prizes for its benefit. On Sept. 8, 1817, all the professorships were conferred upon two men, and the proceeding was made still more strange by the fact that both of these men were clergymen, namely, the Rev. John Monteith, a graduate of Princeton College and pastor of the Protestant Church, and the Rev. Gabriel Richard, the Roman Catholic priest of St. Anne's. The first named held the presi- dency and seven professorships, and the other served as vice- president and held six professorships. The corner-stone of the university building was laid on Sept. 24, 1817. The building, 24 by 50 feet, was located on the west side of Bates near Congress street, Detroit. The university next commissioned Benjamin Stead, James Connor, and Oliver Williams as directors of a Lancasterian school, and on Aug. 10. 1818, a school under that name was opened in the university building. On April 30, 1821, the original University Act was repealed, and under the title of the University of Michigan all rights of the old corporation were committed to the Governor and 20 trustees. These trustees were authorized to establish schools and colleges at their discretion, but they devoted their attention solely to Detroit. In 1821, a large lot adjoining the one already in use was conveyed to them by the Governor and Judges. In 1821 and 1822 there was much discussion as to the merits of the Lancasterian methods, and whole columns of the "Gazette" were devoted to the subject. The discussions seemed to favor the system, and on Dec. 10, 1821, the trustees of the university secured the services of John Farmer, then of Albany, N. Y., as i teacher of a Lancasterian school. I On Jan. 26, 1824, Mr. Farmer resigned, in order to engage in other employment. After this date a number of different teachers were employed ] and at length the time seemed ripe for a fully organized uni- 1 versify, and on March 18, 1837, a law was approved organizing I and establishing the State University. Its government was vested in a Board of Regents, to be appointed by the Governor and senate. It was made their duty to establish not only the i university, but also such branches thereof in the different parts of the state as the legislature might authorize. A further act, approved March 20, 1837, located the university at Ann Arbor, on a site of 40 acres to be donated to the state for this purpose. It now has 64 acres of land and 21 buildings. The general control of the institution is lodged with a board of eight regents, who are elected at biennial spring elections. I They hold their positions for the period of eight yea,rs, the terms of two expiring every second year. It was endowed with two I townships of land by the general government, which were sold ( by the state; the net amount to the credit of the fund on June I 30, 1899, was $533,904, on which the state pays interest at 7 per cent, producing annually $38,500. The present value of the property is $2,100,000. Its current expenses for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, were $478,012.13. The net receipts from students' fees for the same period were $185,554.47. The legis- lature appropriation for current expenses is the one-fourth mill tax. There are seven departments, viz., Literary, Engineering, Medicine and Surgery, Law, Pharmacy, Homeopathic and , Dental. The collegiate year begins Oct. 1st in all departments. ' There were 3,712 students in 1900; the number graduated in 1900 was 730. The collegiate staff consists of 147 professors and in- structors. ,. . . State Veterinarian. This officer is appointed by the Governor with the approval of the senate. The term of office is two years, and his salary is $5 per day and expenses. It is his duty to investigate as to diseased animals and suppress contagion among them. State Vetei'inary Board. This board consists of three members appointed by the Gov- ernor for terms of three years, one being appointed annually. Members must be residents of the state, citizens of the United States and graduates of a regular college of veterinary medi- cine and surgery, but no two shall be graduates of the same college. Its powers and duties are to examine those who wish to practice as veterinary doctors, and to grant certificates author- izing such persons. They receive no salary, but their secretary receives $3 for each certificate issued, which goes towards the expenses of the board. State Weather Service. This service is under the control of the State Board of Agriculture and co-operates with the U. S. Weather Bureau in the accurate and rapid dissemination of weather forecasts and frosts and cold wave warnings, and the publishing of weather crop conditions. Observations relative to temperature, precip- itation, wind and cloudiness are taken daily and a monthly re- port furnished to the director of the central office at Lansing. Daily weather forecasts are telegraphed, telephoned or mailed to about 2,200 places in the state. The service publishes weekly during the planting, growing and harvesting season a bulletin, which gives in detail for each section of the state the conditions of the various crops as affected by the weather. The central state office is at Lansing, and there are 'eight other offices in Michigan, viz: Alpena, Detroit, Grand Haven, Houghton, Marquette, Port Huron, Sault Ste. Marie, Escanaba. See also United States Weather Bureau. The State appropriates $1,000 a year for instruments and expenses, and the United States fur- nishes the men and transmits free the matter sent out from the offices. In addition to the regular observers, there are 115 volun- tary observers scattered all over the state, who are furnished certain instruments, and who make, record and transmit their observations. See "U. S. Weather Bureau." Stations on Railroads. See Railroads, Stations and Distances. Statne of Governor Blair. An imposing statue of the famous war governor of Michigan — Austin Blair — occupies a portion of the square immediately in front of the capital at Lansing. It was erected in 1898 and accepted and unveiled on October 12, 1898. In connection there- with there was an imposing parade and addresses were deliv- ered by T. W. Palmer, John Patton, R. A. Alger, Gov. Pingree and Gen. Shafter. The statue represents the deceased governor in a standing position. The granite pedestal is appropriately inscribed. Steamboat, First. The first steamboat on the lakes v/as the Walk-in-the-Water. She arrived at Detroit on her first trip Aug. 27, 1818. Steamboatis, Inspector of. See U. S. Inspector of Steamboats. Sturgeon Bay Canal. See Canal, Sturgeon Bay. Snffrasre, Woman. See Woman Suffrage. Summer State. See Cognomens of State. Sunday Observance. "No person shall keep open his shop, warehouse or work- house, or shall do any manner of labor, business, or work, or be present at any dancing, or at any public diversion, show, or entertainment, or take part in any sport, game, or play on the first day of the week. The foregoing provisions shall not apply to works of necessity and charity, nor to the making of mutual promises of marriage, nor to the solemnization of marriage. And every person so offending shall be punished by fine not exceed- ing ten dollars for each offense. * * * "No person shall be present at any game, sport, play, or public diversion, or resort to any public assembly, excepting meetings 300 for religious worship or moral instruction, or concerts of sacred music, upon the evening of the said first day of the week; and every person so offending shall be punished by a fine not ex- ceeding five dollars for each ofCense."— State Law. Sunday- Scliool, First. : The first Sunday school in the state was held in the old uni- versity building in Detroit on Oct. 4, 1818. It was a union school, officered and managed by members of various denom- mations, with Lemuel Shattuck as superintendent. Full details concerning it are given in Farmer's History of Detroit an.d Michigan. Sunday Scliools. At the State Sxmday School convention, held at Owosso in ISOO, it was reported that there were 4,325 schools, 409,150 scholars, and 50,650 teachers in the State. Suouii Colleg'e and Seminary. This is a Lutheran institution, located at Hancock. In 190O it had 49 students, and the property was valued at $5,000. Superintendent of Poor. See County Superintendent of Poor. Supervisoi'S. See Township Supervisor and County Board of Supervisors. Supreme Conrt of Micliis'an. See State Supreme Court. Surrendei*, Dates of. The region including Michigan was surrendered by French to English after the victory at Quebec on Sept. 8, 1760; Detroit formally surrendering on Nov. 29, 1760. It was yielded to the United States by Great Britain by treaties of Nov. 30, 1782 and Sept. 7, 1783; but was not actually yielded up until July 11, 1796. It was surrendered to the English by Gen. Hull Aug. 16, 1812, and retaken Sept. 29, 1813. Surveyor. See County Surveyor. Surveys, Public. The public surveys of the region, including Michigan, wero begun in 1815 and completed in 1857. In the west, principal meridian lines, so called, are first established; these are lines running due north, usually from the mouth of a noted river, or from some prominent natural object. To distinguish them from each other they are numbered in regular order. The principal meridian for Michigan runs north and south, and is an established line running from the mouth of the Au Glaze, a branch of the Maumee River, in Ohio, On the map it forms the eastern boundary of Hillsdale County and extends due north to the northern boundary of Michigan. On the map alongside of this meridian line numbers will be found, which run north and south from the base line, which, at this point, is identical with the north boundary of Jackson County. These numbers indicate according to the U. S. survey the number of the town north or south of the base line. Surveys: Base Lines. Throughout the west at irregular intervals the "Principal Meridian Lines" are intersected at right angles by east and 301 west lines called "Base Lines." The location of base lines is not determined by any fixed rule, the primary object being to establish an accurate east and west line as the "base of opera- tions" in making- new surveys. The base line for Michigan is along the north boundary of Wayne County and due west along the north boundary of certain other counties until it intersects Lake Michigan. On the map the range numbers in Roman numerals will be found along this line, and also along "Correction Lines" (described below), and number east and west from the principal meridian, which inter- sects this line near the center of the north boundary of Jackson County. These numbers indicate the range numbers, accord- ing to the U. S. survey, of the towns east or west of the principal meridian. Surveys: Correction Tiines, Offsets and Jog's. Owing to the globular shape of the earth, any two lines both of which run due north, will continually approach each other until they meet at the pole. In consequence of this fact it is found that the south line of each township is a little longer than the north line, and the difference increases the further north the survey is extended. In order, therefore, to have the townships as nearly uniform in size as possible "Correction Lines" are established with fresh measurements from the principal merid- ian, the range lines are again run at exact distances of six miles and extended northwards. As these lines, for new townships are laid off on the correction line, the variation in width above al- luded to are quite apparent and they are spoken of as "offsets" or "jogs" in the survey. The differences in width between townships on the noryi and south sides of k "Correction Line" will of course be scarce- ly noticeable next to the principal meridian, but as the differ- ences are practically added together as you increase the number of towns and the distance from the meridian, they are soon quite noticeable and sometimes are several miles wide. In order to even up these irregularities the townships on each base and correction line are made as much wider as the north town line will be narrowed from the cause named, by the time a correc- tion line is reached. In surveying any township, any differences, however originating, are continually carried to the north and west, and, therefore, the southwesterly'- section in any town is always wider east and west than the northwesterly section, while the northern row of sections may be either wider or nar- rower north and south than the other sections in a township. It is often the case that lands are surveyed in isolated tracts, and when the lands between are surveyed and the lines are closed, it is found that the lines of the different survej^s do not agree; there is often an excess or a deficiency in the amount of land required for a standard township or section, and this is always thrown on the north and west sides of the last survey, and this fact with the attempt sometimes made to harmonize surveys made by different persons at various times, together with the ignorance, carelessness and dishonesty of many sur- veyors, the imperfection of the instruments used, and a variety of influences and magnetic attractions such as the presence of large deposits of iron mineral and the influence of magnetic currents, will account for irregularites in surveyed lines. There are five correction lines in the State. The first runs through Sanilac, Tuscola, Saginaw, Gratiot and Montcalm Counties, forms the north boundary of Kent County, and then crosses Muskegon County. 302 The second runs across the Lower Peninsula along the north boundary of the counties of Arenac, Gladwin, Clare, Osceola, Lake and Mason counties. The third runs through the center of Alpena, Montmorency, Otsego, Antrim and Leelanau Counties. The fourth through Delta, Menominee and Dickinson Counties. The fifth through Marquette, Baraga, Houghton and Onto- nagon Counties. For the sake of convenient reference the map gives the range numbers along these correction lines and in the Upper Peninsula along one other line. Snrveys; Ranj^e and Town Liines. In the making of the government survey after the "Principal Meridian" and "Base Lines" have been established, north and south, "Range Lines," so called, are run at regular intervals of six miles, reckoning from the meridian line, and these range lines are intersected at right angles every six miles by east and west lines called "Town Lines," which run parallel with the base line, and thus the land is divided in towns or townships, each six miles square and containing as near as may be, 23,400 acres. Surveys: Tow^n and Range Numbers. Each township when laid out has a town and range number peculiar to itself. Beginning at some particular base line and going north, all townships included in a certain district are num- bered in regular order 1, 2, 3, and so on; all townships south of the base line are numbered in a similar manner, the word north or south being added as the case may be, as, for instance, "town 31, north" or "town 4, south." On the map the numbers of the towns in plain figures are placed on the side of the prin- cipal meridian. The range lines, which form the east and west sides of the township give us the name of "Ranges" and each strip of land six miles wide lying between the range lines and extending north - or south is called a Range. Reckoning from any principal meridian each township and each tier of townships is numbered in regular order as being either east or west of the principal meridian, as, for instance, "range 14, west" of the principal meridian, or "range 2, east" of the principal meridian. The numbers of the ranges will be found on the map in Roman numerals along the base line and also along the "correction lines." As each township has both a town and range number, both numbers must be given in order to accurately describe its loca- tion, for example, "town 29, N. R. 5, west" would describe only one township of six miles square, and this would be in Antrim County. Surveys: Fraf»lional ToTvns and iSections. Towns or sections which overrun or fall short of containing the regular number of acres, or of irregular shape because they border on rivers, or lakes, are called "fractional," but are num- bered the same as if they contained the usual number of acres. Surveys: Section and Q,uarter Section L