THE YOUNG STUDENT'S COMPANION, OR ELEMENTARY LESSONS AND EXERCISES IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH INTO FRENCH. ZTjHrt IStoitfon, REVISED AND ENLARGED. PHILADELPHIA : PUBLISHED BY SMITH AND ENGLISH. 1853. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1853, by SMITH AND ENGLISH, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. S. Douglas Wyeth, Stereotyper. Wm. S. Young, Pr. RECOMMENDATIONS. Having examined attentively a little book called The Young Student's Companion, I take pleasure in recommending it to the attention of those who wish to acquire a thorough knowledge of the French language. They will find in it much information, especially in acquiring a correct use of the arti- cles, pronouns, &c, which present always great difficulties, and require much time and trouble in finding their real application in more elaborate works and large grammars. PETER FRENAYE, Professor of the French Language. Philadelphia, May 19, 1851. The undersigned has used for two years The Young Student's Companion, in several schools, and with a great number of scholars. He has found every part of it to be perfectly clear and intelligible to all his scholars. He also considers the work as complete and as well calculated to give to the students a correct knowledge and practical use of the main parts of the French Gram- mar, as could be given within the limits assigned to it. He therefore feels no hesitation in recommending it to the public as the most useful elementary work of its kind ever published in this country. B. GARDEL. Philadelphia, May 20th, 1851. I consider " The Young Student's Companion," as the easiest possible in- troduction to the study of the French; I have used this simple and amiable little friend, with the greatest benefit to my young pupils. PROF. F. DROUIN. Philadelphia, June 9th, 1851, RECOMMENDATIONS. My opinion having been requested upon the Young Student's Companion, I take willingly this opportunity to recommend it as one of the best elemen- tary books ; because it contains in a very small size all that is necessary to beginners, and that can be found in the voluminous French Grammars. It is a judicious choice of all the elements of such a language ; a clear and easy summary of its most important rules, made with order, shortness and skill, so as to instruct, not confound and tire the pupils. I have used and still use it in large classes, and it appears to me very fit and useful to learners of the French, particularly of this age, who like to be acquainted with it. in a short time, and to receive few precepts and much practice. V. De amarelli, Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, No. 409 Market street, above Eleventh. Philadelphia, November 16, 1852. From the moment I met with the Young Student's Companion and perused it, I preferred it to a^iy other work of the kind. I consider the method employed in it the most useful to impart the first and most necessary principles of the French language. J. MAROTEAU. Philadelphia, January, 1853. PREFACE. The object of this little book is to present to the young student a condensed view of the elements of the French lan- guage, in a clear and simple manner, and, at the same time, to lessen the fatigue incurred by the teacher in giving re- peated verbal explanations of the most important rules of etymology. No attempt has been made to teach the syntax of the language, with the exception of a few fundamental rules, neither have many idioms been introduced ; the aim of the compiler being to avoid whatever might perplex or con- fuse. This little work, it will be remembered, is not in- tended to take the place of a Grammar, but to prepare the pupil, by careful drilling, for larger and more com- prehensive treatises ; and it is believed that any child, who can distinguish the different parts of speech in En- glish, will be able to understand and learn the lessons without difficulty ; and that, if they are thoroughly learned, the succeeding course of French study will be much facili- tated. The multiplication of school books may be considered an evil, but the compiler could not find any work containing 1* VI PPvEFACE. a clear, comprehensive view of the parts of speech and their modifications, and at the same time sufficiently elementary to be placed in the hands of pupils beginning to translate from English into French. She has, therefore, prepared this little volume, and, after teaching classes from it for several years, and testing its adaptation to the comprehension of pu- pils of various ages and capacities, she ventures to offer it to the public, in the hope that it may prove a useful auxiliary Ao other teachers. In its preparation the best authorities have been carefully consulted and followed, and assistance has been kindly furnished by several Professors of the French language, whose experience in teaching enables them to judge of the wants of the young student. M. A. L. Philadelphia, 1853. TO TEACHERS. The lessons preceding the exercises are designed to be com- mitted to memory by the pupil. He will find it advantageous to commit to memory the vocabularies also, as they occur. It is not sufficient that the pupil merely write these exercises to be examined by the teacher ; he should also be required to give his reasons for using one form of the article, adjective, &c, in preference to another. (7) ELEMENTARY FRENCH EXERCISES. CHAPTER I. ON THE ARTICLE. SECT. I. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. The, le, la, p, les. Of the, du, de la, de V ', des. To the, au, a la, dl>, aux. From the, du, de la, de V, des. § 1. The definite article the is expressed in French by fc, before a noun of the masculine gender, singular number, beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated ; la, before a noun of the feminine gender, singular number, beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated ; /', before a noun of either gender, singular number, beginning with a vowel or a mute h; les, before a noun of the plural number, of either gender, whether it begin with a vowel or a consonant. N. B. — The pupil will remember that a mute h x a silent h, and an 7 i not aspirated, are synonymous; that is, they mean the same thing- Vocabulary. Book, livre, m. King, roi, m. Brother, frere, m. Lion, lion, m. Cow, vache, f. Man, homme, m. A silenl Coat, habit j m. h mute Mind, esprit, m. »og, chien, m. Pen, jolume, f. Ear, oreille, f. Queen, rez'/ie, f. Friend, ami, m. Sister, scewr, f. Grass, herhe, f. A mute. Star, etoile, f. Head, tete, f. Soul, ame, f. Ink, encre, f. Work, ouvrage, m. N. B. — All the nouns used in the Exercises on the Article, foim the plural by adding s to the singular. Eule for the Article. — Every Article must agree in gender and number with the noun to which it re- lates. Exercise 1. The king, the dog, the book. The queen, the pen, the cow. The mind, the work, the man. The star, the ink, the grass. The pens, the stars, the books. The lion, the head, the ear, the sister, the kings, the friend, the coat, the men, the soul, the brother, the ears, the grass, the brothers, the sisters, the men. § 2. De is the French word for of and from. But of the &ndfrom the are expressed by du, (instead of de le, of which it is a contraction,) before a noun of the masculine gender, singular num.- - ber, beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated; de la, before a noun of the feminine gender, singular number, beginning with a vowel or an h aspirated ; de l\ before a noun of either gender, singular num- ber, beginning with a vowel or an h mute; des, (a contraction of de les,) before nouns of the FRENCH EXERCISES. 11 plural number, and of either gender, whether they begin with a consonant or not. Exercise 2. Of the king. From the book. Of the queen. From the pen. Of the work. Of the man. From the lion. From the grass. Of the friends. From the stars. The dogs of the queen. The coat of the brother. The ears of the dog. The head of the cow. The sister of the friend. The mind of the man. The books of the men. Remark. — Da, de la, de V, and des, are also used to express the possessive case of nouns; thus, The king's brother, le frere du roi; the queen's sister, la soeur de la reine. Exercise 3. The king's coat. The queen's friend. The man's dog. The queen's brother. The brother of the queen. The king's sisters. The sisters of the king. From the cow's head. Of the lion's ear. The dog's ears. The king's books. The kings' coats. The men's cows. The cows' heads. The brother's coat. Of the queen's dogs. § 3. A is the French word for to. But to the is expressed by an, (instead of a le, of which it is a contraction,) before a noun of the masculine gender, singular num- ber, beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated ; a la, before a noun of the feminine gender, singular number, beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated ; a V , before a noun of either gender, singular num- ber, beginning with a vowel or a silent h; aux, (a contraction of a les,) before nouns of the plural number. 12 ELEMENTARY N. B. — The pupil must as this accent distinguishes for has. not omit the grave accent ( v ) over a, to, the word a, to, from a, the French word Vocabulary. And, et. History, histoire, f. h silent. Boy, gargon, m. Honor, honneur, m. h silent. Child, enfant, m. Hour, heure, f. h silent. Door, porte, f. Justice, justice, f. Father, pere, m. Mother, mere, f. Finger, doigt, m. School, ecole, f. Glove, grant, m. Tooth, dent, f. Garden, jar din, m. Tree, arhre, m. Hand, main, f. Truth, verite, f. Exercise 4. To the boy, to the garden. To the door, to the hand. To the tree, to the school. To the honor, to the hour. To the boys, to the doors, to the trees, to the histories. To the ear, to the ears. To the tooth, to the teeth. To the ringer of the boy. To the hand of the mother. To the trees of the garden. To the sister of the boys. To the hands of the child. To the justice of the king. To the gloves of the children. To the truth of the history. § 4. The rules given above for rendering the article into French, may be briefly expressed as follows : Before & plural noun the is expressed by les; of the and from the, by des; to the, by aux. Before a singular noun of either gender, beginning with a vowel or a silent h, the is expressed by V ; of the and from the, by de V ; to the, by a l\ Before a singular noun of the feminine gender, be- ginning with a consonant or an h aspirate, the is ex- pressed by la; of the and from the, by de la; to the, by a la. FRENCH EXERCISES. 13 ^ Before a singular noun of the masculine gender, be- ginning with a consonant or an h aspirate, the is ex- pressed by le; of the and from the, by du; to the, by au. Exercise 5. The father, of the father, to the father, from the father. The mother, of the mother, to the mother, from the mother. The fa- thers, of the fathers, to the fathers, from the fathers. The child, of the child, to the child, from the child. The children, of the chil- dren, to the children, from the children. The hour, to the hour, of the hours. The man, of the man, to the men. Of the histories. From the histories. The boy's friend. The sister's mind. The child's ear. The teeth of the lion. Send (envoyez) the children to the school. To the sister of the king. Bring (apportez) the boys' pens. To the stars. To the ink. § 5. In English, when two or more nouns axe con- nected by the conjunction and, the article is some- times expressed before the first noun only, and omit- ted before the others ; but in French, the article must be repeated before each of the nouns. The same remark applies to the prepositions a and de. Exercise 6. The pen and ink. The ear and hand of the man. The friend of the father, mother, and children. To the kings and queens. The books of the brothers and sisters. The children's mother and father. Send the books, pens, and ink to the school. Bring the boy's coat and gloves to the door. The king's truth and justice. The child's- ear and fingers. To the honor and justice of the boy. The queen's brothers and sisters. The children's friend. Send the gloves to the men and boys. Of the friend's work. The king's friends. To the queen's gardens. To the father, mother, and child. Send the boys' coats to the man. 2 14 ELEMENTARY Remark. — In every French grammar, various rules are given for the use and omission of the article, but they do not come within the scope of so elementary a work as this. The following one, however, is so important to the beginner, that it is inserted. § 6. Kule. — All French nouns used in the widest sense, must be preceded by the definite article. In English, nouns taken in their widest sense are used without an article. Thus in saying, Man is mortal, we mean by man, all man- kind. When we say, Birds fly, fishes swim, quadrupeds have four feet, we do not mean some birds, some fishes, some quadrupeds, but all birds, fishes, quadrupeds. In the French language, the reverse of this takes place. N. B. — In the following exercise, write in French the nouns only with their appropriate articles. Exercise 7. Kings and queens are mortal. Children love to play. Ink is liquid. Mind cannot die. Friends are invaluable. Grass is green. Men love truth and justice. Honor is often misunderstood. Lions roar. Boys should not be mischievous. Man's honor. The his- tories of kings and queens. Truth is precious. Stars twinkle. Dogs and lions are carnivorous. Cows eat grass. Kings should be just. § 7. Proper Nouns. — (1.) Names of countries take the definite article before them ; as, Europe, V Europe. Unless they are preceded by a verb signifying dwelling, going, or coming, when the article must be omitted. In these instances, in and to must be trans- lated by en, and from, by de; as, He is in France, 11 est en France^ He comes from France,- 11 vient de France. He is going to France, 11 va en France. N. B. — Several exceptions to this general rule are found in French grammars, which the pupil will learn hereafter. (2.) The names of persons, cities, and towns, are used in French as in English, without the article. FRENCH EXERCISES. 15 SECT. H. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. A or an, A or an, un, masc. smg. une, fern. sing. § 8. A or an is translated into French by an be- fore a noun of the masculine gender, and by line be- fore a noun of the feminine gender, whether the French noun begin with a consonant or a vowel. Vlasc. Fern. Of a or an, < fun, oVune. To a or an, < I un, a une. From a or an, < fun, oVune. Vocabulary. Apple, pomme, f. Perfume, parfum, m. Aprioot, abricot, m. Pink, oeillet, m. Cloth, drap, m. Plum, prune, f. House, maison, f. Rose, rose, f. Lemon, citron, m. Silk, S026, f. Orange, orange, f. Snow-drop, perce-neige, Peach, peche, f. Strawberry, /raise, f. Pencil, crayon, m. Violet, violette, f. Exercise 8 . A rose, an orange, a pink, an apple. Of a lemon, of a plum, of a violet, of an apricot. To a pink, to a snow-drop, to a father, to a child. A history of a king. The head of a lion. A sister of the queen. To a garden. To a house. Bring a pencil and a book. Send an apple and an orange to the boy's mother. Of an hour. The fingers of a glove. A lion's ears. From a king. Have you (avez-vous) a pen ? Will you have (youlez-vous) an apricot ? The trees of a garden. From a friend, from a star, from a child, from a history. The perfume of a violet. To the door of a house. 16 ELEMENTARY SECT. III. THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. Some or any, du, de la, del 1 , des, de, d\ § 9. The partitive article, du, de la, deT , des, de, d\ (Englished by some or any, expressed or understood,) is used to express a portion of a whole thing, or part of a quantity of things. Some or any is expressed in French by du, before a noun masculine, singular, commencing with a consonant or h aspirate ; de la, before a noun feminine, singular, commenc- ing with a consonant or h aspirate ; de V , before a noun singular, commencing with a vowel or silent h ; des, before a noun of the plural number ; de, before an adjective commencing with a conso- nant or h aspirate, or, in a negative sentence, before a noun commencing with a consonant or h aspirate ; d\ before an adjective commencing with a vowel or h mute, or, in a negative sentence, before a noun com- mencing with a vowel or h mute. Vocabulary. Beef, bceuf, m. Milk, lait, m. Beauty, beaute, f. Modesty, modest ie, f. Bread, pain j m. Mutton, mouton, m. Butter, beurre, m. Prudence, prudence, f. Coffee, cafe, m. Silver, argent, m. Cream, creme, f. Sugar, sucre, m. Gold, or, m. Tea, the, m. Grape, raisin, m. Wine, vin, m FRENCH EXERCISES. 17 Exercise 9. Some bread and some cream. Some strawberries and some apri- cots. Have you any lemons ? Will you have some ink ? Send some peaches to the child's mother. Some histories. Some pru- dence. Have you any grapes ? Some houses. Some pencils. Have you any pinks ? Some sugar and some tea. Bring some grapes, some oranges, and some lemons. Some work. Some cloth and some silk. § 10. Some or any is often understood in English without being expressed ; but when it is understood, the partitive article must be expressed in French, and must be repeated before every noun where it is understood. Exercise 10. Some coffee, tea, and sugar. Will you have milk or (oil) cream ? Send some books, pens, and ink to the boys. Have you any bread and butter ? I have (J'ai) snow-drops and violets. Will you have beef or mutton ? She has (die a) beauty and modesty. Send some strawberries and cream to the boy's sister. Bring some pinks and roses. Will you have gold or silver? He has (il a) apples and plums. She has a father and mother, brothers and sisters, children and friends. Remark 1. The pupil must remember that it is when the French adjective precedes the noun that some and any are expressed by de or d'* ; by de, if the French adjective com- mences with a consonant, and by d\ if the adjective com- mences with a vowel or silent h. Exercise 11. Some bread. Some good (bon) bread. Have you any pens? Have you any good (bonnes) pens? She has fine (belles) oranges. Bring some good (bonne) ink. Have you any new (nouveaux) books? She has good (bom) friends. Have you coffee, tea, and sugar? Here are (void) some fin2 (belles) peaches. Bring some roses and violets. Have you fine (belles) cows? Send some grapes and oranges to the children. Have you good (bonnet) oranges ? Will you have silk or cloth ? 18 ELEMENTARY Exercise 12. Give me (donnez-moi) the boy's gloves, and send the coat to the school. Will you have coffee or tea ? The beauty of the stars. Have you any good (bonne) ink ? Send some ink to the boys. Have you any roses ? Here are some fine (belles) roses. The grass of the garden. The lion's tooth. A man's hands. Give me some snow-drops and violets. Send some bread and milk to the children. A dog's head. Send a rose and a pink to the child's sister. A star, an hour, a hand. The ears of lions and dogs. The rose's perfume. Remark 2. In the following Exercise, no is equivalent to not any; and not, used with a verb, is expressed in French by placing ne before the verb and pas after it. Ne is written ri* before a vowel or h mute. Exercise 13. Have you any bread ? I have no (not any) bread. He has no friends. I have no fine {belles) oranges. She has prudence ; she has no beauty. Have you any books ? Have you any good (bons] books ? I have no apricots. I have no good (bons) apricots. I have good (bonnes) plums. She has apples. He has fine (belles) apples. The boy has good (bonnes) pens. The brother has no good (bonnes) pens. Have you good (bon) wine ? I have no wine ; I have milk. The man has silver ; he has no gold. The child has no teeth. Remark 3. Some and any, meaning a few, and followed by a noun, are translated into French by quelques, as will be seen in the Section on the Indefinite Adjectives. Remark 4. Some and any, meaning a few, and not fol- lowed by a noun, will be explained in Chapter X, on the In- definite Pronouns. Remark 5. Some and any, not followed by a noun, and used at the end of a sentence, will be explained in Chapter VII, on the Personal Pronouns. FRENCH EXERCISES. 19 CHAPTER II. THE FORMATION OF THE PLURAL OF FRENCH NOUNS. § 11. To form the plural of French nouns, add s to the singular; as pere, father, j0£m, fathers. Exception 1. Nouns ending in s, x, or z, in the singular, do not vary in the plural; as fils, son,jils, sons. Exception 2. Nouns ending in au or eu, add x to form the plural; as eau, water, eaux, waters. Exception 3. The following nouns in ou take x to form the plural; viz: bijou, jewel; caillou, pebble; chou, cabbage ; genou, knee ; hibou, owl ; pou, louse ; joujou, plaything. Verrou, bolt, has verrous for the plural, according to the French Academy, but in most dictionaries, verroux is given as the plural. N. B. Remember that all other French nouns in ou form their plural regularly, by the addition of s. Exception 4. Nouns ending in al change this termination into aux to form the plural ; as cheval, horse, chevaux, horses. But bal, ball; carnaval, carnival; regal, feast, and a few others, form their plural regularly, by the addition of s to the singular. Exception 5. The following nouns in ail form their plural by changing ail into' aux ; viz: bail, lease ; imail, enamel ; corail, coral ; travail, work ; soupirail, air-hole ; vantail, leaf of a folding door; vent ail, the part of a helmet which admits air. Other French nouns in ail form their plural regularly by adding c to the singular. 20 ELEMENTARY Exception 6. del, heaven, has cieux in the plural. CEil, eye, has yeux. Jlieul, ancestor, has a'ieux. N. B. There are a few irregularities in the formation of the plural of nouns which are not mentioned here, because they are not important to the young student. They can be found in almost any French grammar. Exercise 14. The pupil will commit to memory the following French nouns, and write them in the plural. Animal, animal, m. Eye, ceil, m. Arm, "bras, m. Fan, evantail, m. Ball, bal, m. Feast, regal, m. Bird, oiseau, m. Fire, feu, m. Bolt, verrou, m. Fool, fou, m. Bone, os, m. Foot, pied, m. Brook, ruisseau, m. Game, jeu, m. Cabbage, chou, m. General, general, m. Cage, cage, f. Girl, fille, f. Carnival, carnaval, m. Hammer, marteau, m. Cent, sou , m. Hat, chapeau, m. Cloak, manteau, m. Hair, (a) cheveu, m. Coral, cor ail , m. Halter, licouj m. Country, pays, m. * Heaven, c£e£, m. Cradle, berccau, m. Height, hauteur, f. ^ asp. Cross, croix, f. Hero, Aeros, m. h asp. Crystal, cristal, m. Hole, £row, m. Daughter, fille, f. Horse, cheval, m. Day, jour, m. Jewel, fo)cw, m. Detail, detail, m. Knee, genou, m. Evil, mat, m. Knife, couteau, m. Exerc ise 15. The pupil will commit to memory the following French nouns, and write i ;hem in the plural. Lamb, agneau, m. Mallet, mai7, m. Lease, bail, m. Month, md&, m. Lesson, legon, f. Mouth, baucJie, f. Lily, lis, m. Mouse, * souris, f. Louse, pou, m. Nail, cfow, m. FRENCH EXERCISES. 21 Neighbor, voisin, m. Son, fils, m, Nephew, neveu, m. Stocking, bas, m, Night, nuit, f. Table, table, f. Nose, nez, m. Tongue, langue, f. Owl, Mbou, m. h asp. Tooth, dent, £ Palace, palais, m. Thumb, jpouce, m. Pebble, caillouj m. Value, price, m. Pine-apple , ananas, m. Vessel, vaisseau, m Place, lieu, m. Voice, i/OlflC, f. Plaything, joujou, m. Walnut, TIOICC, f, Price, prix, m. Water, ea^, f. Ring, anneau, m. Weight, poids, m. Room, chambre, f. Wind, i;e?^, m. Rudder, gouvernail, m. Woman, femme, f. Shoe, Soulier, m. Wood, Z><9is, m. Sheep, brebis, f. Work, travail, m. Sky, del, m. Worth, prifo, m. Exercise 16. The rudders of the vessels. The eyes of the birds. The voices of the generals. The queen's jewels. The children's playthings. Bring some cabbages from the garden. Give me the boys' hats and cloaks. From the palaces. Give me some strawberries, some le- mons, a pine-apple, and some fine (belles) oranges. The boy's friend has gold and silver. Here are some good (bonnes) pens. The man has horses and cows. The teeth of the mice. Will you have wine or water? Have you any good (bonne) water? The boy's arms. Exercise 17. The halters of the horses. The voice of the hero. The sons of the heroes. The prices of the fans. Here are some nails and bolts. The bones of the arm. The pebbles of the brooks. Have you any pine-apples? The lilies of the gardens. The head, mouth, and teeth of a sheep. The price of the horses. The voices of the birds. Bring some crystals. Of the waters and winds. To the balls of the queen. The eyes of the owl. To the skies. The ear and eye of man. Send some pine-apples and peaches to the neighbors. 22 ELEMENTARY CHAPTER III. ON THE ADJECTIVE. SECT. I. THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE OF FRENCH ADJECTIVES. § 12. Rule 1.— Adjectives ending with e mute have their masculine and feminine alike; as digne, digne, worthy. § 13. Rule 2. — The feminine of adjectives which do not end with e mute, is generally formed by ad- ding e mute to the masculine ; as mediant, mechante, wicked. Exception 1. — Adjectives ending with f change this letter into ve j as href, breve, short. Exception 2. — Adjectives ending with x change this letter into se ; as heureux, heureuse, happy. Exception 3. — Adjectives ending in el, eil, en, et, on, make their feminine in elle, eille, enne, ette, onne. as tel, telle, such ; pareil, pareille, like ; ancien, ancimne, \ncient ; muet, muette, dumb ; bon, bonne, good. FRENCH EXERCISES. 23 The following list includes many of the adjectives in com- mon use which do not form their feminine gender agreeably to the rules given above. Masc. Fern. English. DouXj douce, sweet. Faux, fausse, false. Nul, nulle, no. Gentil, gentille, kind or pretty. Sot, sotte, silly. Bas, basse, low. Gras, grasse, fat. Las, lasse, weary. Fpais, epaisse, thick. Gros, grosse, large. Frais, fraiche, fresh. Blanc, Blanche, white. Franc, franche, frank. Sec, seche, dry. Public, publique, public. Long, longue, long. B4nin, benigne, benign. Malin, maligne, malicious. Trompeur, trompeuse, deceitful. Favori, favorite, favorite. Before a noun Before a noun masculine, be- masculine, be- ginning with a ginning with a consonant or/i vowel or h aspirated. mute. Fem. ' English. Beau, bel, belle, beautiful Nouveau, nouvel, nouvelle, new. Fou, fol, folle, foolish. Mou, mol, molle, soft. Vieux, vieil, vieille, old. 24 ELEMENTARY Exercise 18. The pupil will commit to memory the following French adjectives, and write them in the feminine singular. Actif, active. Age, old. Amer* bitter. Ancien, ancient. Aitentif, attentive. Aveugle, blind. Avide, greedy. Bleu, blue. Bon, good. Bref, short. Captif, captive. Carre, square. Cher* dear. Content, pleased. Coupable, guilty. Courageux, courageous. Digne, worthy. Difficile, difficult. Dur, hard. Envieux, envious. Fidele, faithful. Grand, great ; tall. Gris, grey. Heureux, happy. Ingrat, ungrateful. Injuste, unjust. Jaune, yellow. Jeune, young. Leger,* light. Malade, sick. Malheur eux, unhappy. Mediant, wicked. Mortel, mortal. Muet, dumb. Naturel, natural. Nbir, black. Odoriferant, fragrant. Olsif, idle. Orgueilleux, proud. Pareil, like. Paresseux, lazy. Pauvre, poor. Pensif, thoughtful. Precieux, precious. Pourpre, purple. Propre, clean. Pond, round. Rouge, red. Soigneux, careful. Sourd, deaf. Triste, sad. Vermeil, rosy. Yert, green. Vertueux, virtuous. Vif, quick, lively. Vindicatif, revengeful. JSfeuf, new, that has not been used. Nouveau, new, newly published. * Adjectives ending in er, form the feminine not only by the addition of e mute, but require a grave accent ( v ) to be placed over the e pre- ceding the final r. FRENCH EXERCISES. 25 SECT. II. THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES. § 14. The masculine plural of adjectives is formGd like that of nouns, and the feminine plural is formed from the feminine singular by adding s. Except, bleu , blue, makes bleus ; and tout, all, makes tons, in the plural masculine. Remark. — Participles, when used as adjectives, form their feminine by the addition of a mute e, and their plural by the addition of s. Exercise 19. The pupil will commit to memory the following French adjectives and participles, and write them in the feminine singular, masculine plural, and femi- nine plural. Aime, loved. Fort, strong. Affreux, frightful. Frangais, French. Americain, American. Gauche, left, awkward Anglais, English. Genereux, generous. Brun, brown. Honnete, honest. Capricieux, whimsical. Italien, Italian. Court, short. Jaloux, jealous. Cruel, cruel. Lent, slow. Curieux, curious. Mitr, ripe. Dangereux, dangerous. Perdu, lost. Dernier, last. Plein, full. Donne, given. Pret, ready. Droit, right. Pris, taken. Da, owed. Puni, punished. Ecrit, written. Pegu, received. Egal, equal. Seul, alone, only. Eu, had. Suivi, followed. Fier, haughty. Vendu, sold. Fin, fine, not coarse. Vu, seen. 26 ELEMENTARY SECT. III. THE PLACE OF ADJECTIVES. § 15. (1.) Most French adjectives follow the noun to which they refer, (2.) The following are commonly placed before the noun. Beau, handsome, fine. Bon, good. Cher, dear, meaning loved. Grand, great. Gros, large. Jeune, young. Joli, pretty. Mauvais, bad. Mediant, wicked. Meilleur, better. Meme, same. Moindre, less. Petit, small, little. Saint, holy. Tout, all. Vieux, old. (3.) The numeral adjectives, also, are placed before the noun, except when speaking of titles. (4.) Some adjectives have different meanings, according as they are placed before or after the noun. Thus, Un grand homme, Un Tiomme grand, Un brave homme, Un Tiomme brave, Un honnete Tiomme, Un Tiomme honnete, Un pauvre auteur, Un auteur pauvre, Cher, dear, meaning high-priced, is placed after the noun ; as, un habit cher, a dear coat. Bon has not its usual meaning before the word homme, man ; for un bon Tiomme means a simpleton, or an artless man with little sense; un homme bon means a good-natured man. With all other words bon has its usual meaning, and is placed before them. N.B. For the other adjectives whose signification varies according to their position, the pupil is referred to a French grammar or dictionary. (5.) Many French adjectives can be placed either before or after their nouns, as the sound, perspicuity, or emphasis requires. means a great man. it a tali man. a an honest man. u a brave man. u an honest man. tt a polite man. a an author without merit. it an author without a fortune FRENCH EXERCISES. 27 SECT. IV.' THE AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVE& Rule 1.— Every adjective must agree in gender and num- ber with the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Rule 2. — If an adjective is used to qualify two or more nouns in the singular number of the same gender, it must be put in the plural r , and agree with them in gender ; as, The father and uncle are pleased. Le pere et Vonde sont CONTENTS. The mother and aunt are pleased. La mere et la tante sont contentes. If the nouns to which the adjective relates are of different genders, the adjective is to be put in the masculine plural ; as, The father and mother are pleased. Lepbre et la mire sont CONTENTS. Exercise 20. A handsome horse. A fine cow. The handsome horses of my (man) friend. The neighbor's fine cows. The old woman is (est) blind and deaf. The blind man is happy. He has a faithful dog and a fine garden. The brother and sister are (sont) happy. We have delicious peaches and apricots. The queen has grey horses. The king's brother is a tall man. The children's mother is a coura- geous woman. A pretty child. The envious girl is unhappy. Remark. — The pupil must remember that, although some is expressed by de or d* before an adjective, (see § 9,) yet of the is invariably translated by da, de la, de V and des, as explained in § 2. Exercise 21. I have fine sheep. The price of the fine sheep. You have pretty lambs. The beauty of the young lambs. An English boy. An Italian girl. The public voice. A clean house. I have white stockings and black shoes. The right hand and the left hand. The history of good kings. Send me some blue violets. The perfume of the blue violet is delicious. He sells bad apples. We have no ripe peaches. You have a short lesson. The queen had a haughty soul. 28 ELEMENTARY SECT. V. THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. § 16. Examples of adjectives compared regularly. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. Sage, plies sage, le plus sage. Wise, wiser, the wisest. Heureux, plus heureux, le plus heureux. Happy, happier, the happiest. Hon teux, plus honteux, le plus honteux. Shameful, more shameful, the most shameful. Utile, moins utile, le moins utile. Useful, less useful, the least useful. More amiable than, plus aimableque. Less studious than, TYwins studieux que. Not so fatal as, pas aussi funeste que. As delicious as, aussi delicieux que. . B. — Que is written qu y before a vowel or silent h. Exercise 22. The rose is more beautiful than the violet. This (ceite) apple is as delicious as a pine-apple. She is less studious than her (so) sister. A rose as white as the lily. Peaches are more delicious than ap- ples. The greatest of evils. The happiest child. The least amia- ble of the sisters. The most wicked of men. The snow-drop is not so fragrant as the violet. The perfume of the rose is sweeter than that (celui) of the pink. Gold is more precious than silver. Silver is less precious than gold. The night is as short as the day. Exercise 23. The most cruel of kings. The most generous of queens. The plum is less sweet than the peach. The lion is the strongest of animals. The beauty of the white lily is not equal to that (celle) of the white rose. The mother and the children are ready. The peaches are riper than the plums. The history of the evils. The prices of the mallets. A woman less cruel and whimsical than the queen. We have purple grapes and red apples. A beautiful bird. FRENCH EXERCISES. 29 § 17, The following adjectives are compared irre- gularly, thus: Bon, good, meitteur, better, le meilleur, the best. Petit, little, or moindre, less, or le moindre, the least, small, smaller, or smallest. Mauvais, bad, pire, worse, lepire, the worst. Remark. — Better and best, when adjectives, are always translated by meilleur and le meilleur; but less may be translated by plus petit, as well as by moindre, and worse by plus mauvais, as well as by pire. Exercise 24. Give me a better pen and blacker ink. The value (valeur, f.) of silver is less than that (cells) of gold. The apple is good, but (mats') the peach is better. Give me the worst of the pens. The best of the brothers. The height of the house is less than that (cede) of the tree. A better house. The pen is bad. The ink is worse. Have you a better book? The worst of evils. § 18. The pupil should be careful not to confound the pre- ceding adjectives with the following adverbs, which are like- wise irregularly compared. adverbs. Bien, well, mieux, better, le mieux, the best. Pen, little, moins, less, le moins, the least. Mai, badly, pis, worse, le pis, the worst. Exercise 25. N. B. The pupil will find in the Appendix the verbs used in the following exercises, unless they are inserted in the exercise. I write little, but you write less. The little child has red shoes. The pen is better than the ink. The sister reads better than the brother. The price of the cloth is less than that (celui) of the silk. The apples are sweet, the peaches are sweeter. The neighbor does i badly; his (son) brother does worse. The height of the trees is greater than that (ceUe) of the house. Give me riper plums. 3* 30 ELEMENTARY Remark. — In English, nouns are used as adjectives when they are placed before other nouns which they describe ; as, A cloth coat. But in French, the noun which is used as an adjective, is placed after the other, with a preposition between them to express their re- lation to each other. When the first noun denotes the ?naterial of which anything is made, it is placed after the second noun, with the preposition de between them ; as, A cloth coat, Un habit de drap. N. B. Other relations between nouns are variously expressed in French, but they do not come within the scope of so elementary a work as this. The pupil will find them explained in French grammars. Vocabulary. Edward, Edouard. Lucy, Lucie. Emily, Emilie. Mary, Marie. George, George. Matilda, Mathilda. Henry, Henri. Peter, Pierre. John, Jean. Sophia, Sophie. Julia, Julie. Stephen, Etienne. Louisa, Louise. Exerci William, 'se 26. Guillaume Mary has a silver knife and a gold pencil. Will you have silk stockings? Sophia writes well, but Emily writes better. Henry is older than William. Mary is more careful than Matilda. Edward is the most active of the boys. Emily is the most attentive of the girls. Julia has blue gloves. A queen more benign than Mary. Will you have a longer lesson ? Sophia has a little bird in a small cage. Louisa is lazier than Lucy. George shall have a silver pen- cil. Peter is taller than Stephen. She is as young and as beautiful as Emily. We have no sweet wine. A king less revengeful than John. A lesson badly written. FRENCH EXERCISES. 31 SECT. VI. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. (Extracted by permission from Bolmar's Colloquial Phrases.) N. B. When a number is named without a noun after it, it is pronounced as it is written opposite the figures, or as it is spelt between a parenthesis ( ), taking care not to pronounce the letter or letters marked in italics. When some of the numbers are followed by a noun, their pronunciation va- ries according as that noun begins with a consonant, a vowel, or an h mute.— See the directions given in small print, under every number that needs any di- rections. Nombres Cardinaux. Cardinal Numbers. 1 un, masc. 1 une, fern. 2 deux, deu, before a consonant deuz, before a vowel or an h mute. 3 trois, troi, before a consonant. troiz, before a vowel or an h mute. 4 quatre, 5 cinq, cin, before a consonant. cink, before a vowel or an h mute. 6 six (sis) si, before a consonant. siz, before a vowel or an h mute. 7 sept, se, before a consonant. set, before a vowel or an h mute. 8 huit, hui, before a consonant. huit, before a vowel or an h mute. 9 neuf, neu, before a consonant. neuv, before a vowel or an h mute. one. one. two. three. four, jive. six. seven. eight. nine. 32 ELEMENTARY 10 dix (dis) di, before a consonant. diz, before a vowel or an h mute. 11 onze, 12 douze, 13 treize, 14 quatorze, 15 quinze, 16 seize, 17 dix-sept, (dis-set) 18 dix-huit, (di-zuit) 19 dix-neuf, (diz-neuf) 20 \ingt, In all the following, pronounce the t 21 vin^t et un, (vin te un) 22 vin^t-deux, 23 vin^t-trois, 24 vin^t-quatre, 25 vin^t-cinq, 26 vin^t-six, 27 vin^t-septj 28 yin^t-huit, 29 vin#t-neuf, In the following, pronounce the t in 30 trente, 31 trente et un, 32 trente-deux, 33 trente-trois, 34 trente-quatre, 35 trente-cinq, 36 trente-six (sis) 37 trente-sept, 38 trente -buit, 39 trente-neuf, ten. eleven. twelve, thirteen. fourteen, fifteen, sixteen. seventeen. eighteen. nineteen. twenty. in vingt very strongly. twenty-one. twenty -two. twenty-three. twenty-four. twenty-five. twenty-six. twenty-seven. twenty-eight. twenty-nine, trente very strongly. thirty. thirty-one. thirty-two. thirty-three. thirty-four. thirty-five. thirty-six. thirty-seven. thirty-eight, thirty-nine. FRENCH EXERCISES. 33 In all the following, pronounce the t in quarante very strongly. 40 quarante, forty. 41 quarante e* un, forty-one. 42 quarante-deuce, forty-two. 43 quarante-trois, forty -three. 44 quarante-quatre, forty-four, 45 quaraute-cinq, forty-five. 46 quarante-six, (sis) forty-six. 47 quarante-sept, forty-seven. 48 quarante-huit, forty-eight. 49 quarante-neuf, forty-nine. In all the following, pronounce the t in cinquante very strongly. 50 cinquante, fifty- 51 cinquante et un, fifty-one. 52 cinquante -deux, fifty-two. 53 cinquante-trois, fifty-three, 54 cinquante-quatre, fifty -four. 55 cinquante-cinq, .fifty-fi ve - 56 cinquante-six, (sis) fifty-six. 57 cinquante-sept, fifty-seven. 58 cinquante-huit, fifty-eight. 59 cinquante-neuf, fifty-nine. In all the following, pronounce soissant, giving to the cs the strong and pure hissing sound of 5 ; and pronounce the t very strongly. 60 soixante, sixty. 61 soixante et un, sixty-one. 62 soixante-deux, sixty-two. 63 soixante-trois, sixty-three. 64 soixante-quatre, sixty-four. 65 soixante-cinq, sixty-five. 66 soixante-six, (sis) sixty-six. 67 soixante-sept, sixty-seven. 68 soixante-huit, sixty-eight. 69 soixante-neuf, sixty -nine. 70 soixante e* dix, (dis) seventy. 34 ELEMENTAEY 71 soixante-onze, 72 soixante-douze, 73 soixante-treize^ 74 soixante-quatorze, 75 soixante-quinze, 76 soixante-seize, 77 soixante-dix-sept, (dis) •78 soixante-dix-huifc ; (diz) 79 soixante-dix-neuf, (diz) 80 quatre-vin#& ; 81 quatre-viBgtf-un ; 82 quatre-vin^-deucc, 83 quatre-vingtf-trois, 84 quatre-vin^^-quatre, 85 quatre-vingtf-cinq, 86 quatre-vin$tf-six ; (sis) 87 quatre-vingtf-sept, 88 quatre-vin^-huit, 89 quatre-vin^-neuf, 90 quatre-vin$tf-dix, (dis) 91 quatre-vrogtf-onze, 92 quatre-vingtf-douze, 93 quatre-vingtf-treize, 94 quatre-vingtf-quatorze, 95 quatre-vin^-quinze, 96 quatre-vin^-seize, 97 quatre-viii£tf-dix-sept ; (dis) 98 quatre-vin^-dix-huit, (diz) 99 quatre-vinc^-dix-neuf ; (diz) 100 cent, 101 cent un, 102 cent deuar, 103 cen* trois, 104 cent quatre, 105 centf cinq, seventy-one. seventy-two. seventy-three. seventy-four. seventy-Jive. seventy-six* seventy -seven. seventy-eight seventy-nine. eighty. eighty-one. eighty-two. - eighty-three. eighty-four. eighty-five. eighty-six. eighty -seven. eighty-eight. eighty-nine. ninety. ninety-one. ninety-two. ninety-three. ninety -four. ninety-five. ninety-six. ninety-seven. ninety-eight. ninety-nine, one hundred, one hundred and one. one hundred and two. one hundred and three, one hundred and four, one hundred and five. FRENCH EXERCISES. 35 106 cent six, (sis) 107 cenZ sept, 108 cent huit, 109 cen* neuf, 110 cen£ dix, (dis) 111 cent onze, 112 cen* douze, 113 cent treize, 114 centf quatorze, 115 centf quinze, 116 cent seize, 117 cen2 dix-sept, (dis) 118 cenrf dix-huit, (diz) 119 centf dix-neuf, (diz) 120 cent vingt, 121 cen£ vingrt et un, 122 centf vin#t-deux, 200 deux cenfe, 300 trois cenfe, 400 quatre cente, 500 cin^ cente, 600 six cents, 700 sep£ cenfe, 800 huitf cente, 900 nevf cents, 1,000 mille, 2,000 deux mille, 3,000 trois mille, 100,000 cen* mille, 200,000 deux cen* mille, 300,000 trois cen« mille, 1,000,000 un million, 2,000,000 deux millions, 3,000,000 trois millions, one hundred and six. one hundred and seven. one hundred and eight. one hundred and nine. one hundred and ten. one hundred and eleven one hundred and twelve. one hundred and thirteen. one hundred and fourteen. one hundred and fifteen. one hundred and sixteen, one hundred and seventeen. one hundred and eighteen. one hundred and nineteen. one hundred and twenty. one hundred and twenty-one. one hundred and twenty-two, &c. two hundred. three hundred. four hundred. five hundred. six hundred*. seven hundred. eight hundred. nine hundred, &c. one thousand. two thousand. three thousand, &c. one hundred thousand. two hundred thousand. three hundred thousand, &c. one million. two millions. three millions, &c. 36 ELEMENTARY Note 1st. — With the exception of un, une, one, the cardinal numbers are invariable in gender; that is, they are not altered to agree with nouns of the feminine gender. Note 2nd. — Although onze, eleven, and onzieme, eleventh, begin with a vowel, the definite article le, la, does not suffer elision before them, and the article les is pronounced as if onze began with an h aspirated; as, Le onzieme cheval, The eleventh horse. Les onze pommes, The eleven apples. Note 3rd. — The adjective quatre-vingts, eighty, takes the plural termi- nation (s,) when it is not followed by another number; as, Quatre-vingts crayons, Eighty pencils. Quatre-vingt-deux crayons, Eighty-two pencils. Pen ai quatre-vingt-quatre, I have eighty-four. Note 4th. — Deux cents, trois cents, &c, are written with the plural ter- mination (.s,) when they are not followed by another number; as, Deux cents jours. Two hundred days. Deux cent un jours. Two hundred and one days. But these two adjectives, quatre-vingts and cent, do not take the plu- ral when they are used in dates instead of the ordinal adjectives, quatre- vingtieme and centime. Charlemagne mourut en Van huit cent. Charlemagne died in the year 800. Ce malheur arriva en Van cinq cent quatre-vingt. This calamity happened in the year 580. Note 5th. — The adjective mille, thousand, never takes s as a mark of the plural; as, Dix mille homines, Ten thousand men. The word thousand in dates, is written mil; as, En mil huit cent cinquante, In 1S50. Although the preceding example is correct, it is more usual, and perhaps more elegant to say, En dix-huit ce?U cinquante, In eighteen hundred and fifty. FRENCH EXERCISES. 37 The word mille, used as a noun, and meaning a mile, follows the rule of nouns, and takes the plural; as, Cent milks, A hundred miles. Note 6th. — A, and one, placed in English before hundred and thousand, are not expressed in French. Note 7th — The conjunction and, placed in English after hundred and thousand, when followed by another number, is not expressed in French; as, Cent cinquante tables^ One hundred and fifty tables. Note 8th. — The conjunction et, and, is used in French, although not in English, in the numbers vingt et un, twenty-one; trente et un, thirty-one, &c. Note 9th. — The French Academy says a hyphen should neither imme- diately precede nor follow cent. Exercise 27. The pupil will write eleven lines of the Multiplication Table according to the following model ; Deux fois un font deux. Twice (two times) one are two. Nombres Ordinaux. Ordinal Numbers.. Premier, masc. first. premiere, fern. first. second (segon) masc. second. seconde (segond) fern. second. F*om this, all the following are the same for the masc. and fern. deuxieme, second. troisieme, third. quatrieme, fourth. cinquieme, fifth. sixieme, sixth. 38 ELEMENTARY septi&me, . . 6eventh. huitieme, •:. eighth. neuvieme, _ • .?..... ninth. dixieme, tenth. onzieme, :; " . •.' eleventh. douzieme, ; twelfth. treizierne, ,. . ', . thirteenth. quatorzi&me ? ... fourteenth. quinzieme ? fifteenth. seizieme, sixteenth. dix-septieme, (dis) seventeenth. dix-lmitieme ; (diz) eighteenth. dix-neuvieme ? (diz) nineteenth. Yin^tieme, twentieth. In all the following, pronounce the t in vingt very strongly. vin#t et uni&me, twenty-first. vin^t-deuxicme, twenty -second. vin^t-troisi&me, twenty -third. vin^t-quatrieme, twenty -fourth. vin^t-cinquieme, twenty-fifth. vin^t-sixieme, twenty-sixth. viD^t-septieme, twenty -seventh. vin^t-huitieme, twenty -eighth. ving't-neuvi&me, twenty-ninth. trenti&me, thirtieth. In all the following, pronounce the t in trente very strongly. trente et uni&me, thirty-first. trente-deuxi&me, thirty -second. trente-troisi&me, thirty-third. trente-quatrieme, thirty -fourth. trente-cinqui&me, thirty -fifth. trente-sixi&me, thirty-sixth. trente-septi&me, thirty-seventh. trente-huitifone, thirty-eighth. trente-neuvi&me, thirty-nindi. quaranti&me, fortieth. FRENCH EXERCISES. 39 In all the following, pronounce the t in quarante very strongly. quarante et unieme, forty -first. quarante-deuxieme, forty -second. quarante-troisieuie, forty-third. quarante-quatrieine, forty-fourth. quar an te-cinquieni e ; forty -fifth. quarante-sixieine, forty-sixth. quarante-septieme, forty-seventh. quarante-huitieme, forty-eighth. quarante-neuvieme, forty-ninth. In all the following, pronounce the t in cinquante very strongly. cinquantieme, fiftieth. cinquante et unieme, fifty-first. cinquante -deuxieme, fifty-second. cinquante-troisieme, fifty-third. cinquante-quatrieme, fifty-fourth. cinquante-cinquieme, fifty-fifth. cinquante-sixieme, fifty-sixth. cinquante-septieme, fifty -seventh. cinquante-huitieme, fifty-eighth. cinquante-neuvieme, fifty-ninth. In all the following, pronounce soissant, giving to the ss the strong and pure hissing sound of s; and pronounce the t very strongly. soixantieme, sixtieth. soixante et unieme, sixty-first soixante -deuxieme, sixty-second. soixante-troisieme, sixty-third. soixante-quatrieme, sixty-fourth. soixante-cinquieme, sixty -fifth. soixante-sixieme, sixty-sixth. eoixante-septieme, sixty -seventh. soixante-huitieme, sixty-eightlu soixante-neuvieme, sixty -ninth. soixante et dixieine, seventieth. soixante-onzieme, seventy -first. soixante-douzieme, seventy-second. 40 ELEMENTARY soixante-treizieme, soixante-quatorzieme> soixante-quinzieme, soixante-seizi^me^ soixante-dix-septieme, (dis) soixante-dix-huiti&me ; (diz) soixante-dix-neuvi&me, (diz) quatre-Yin#ti&me ; quatre-Yin^-umeme^ quatre-Yin^-deuxi&me^ quatre-Yin^-troisieme^ quatre-Yin^quatrieme^ quatre-Yin^-cinqui&me^ quatre-vin^tf-sixieme, quatre-Yingtf-septi&me^ quatre-Yin^huiti£mej quatre-Yin^neuYi&mej quatre-Yingtf-dixieme, quatre-YiD^^-onzieme^ quatre-Yin#£-douzieme 7 quatre-Yin$tf-treizieme, qua tre-yingtf-quatorzi&m e P quatre-yin^-quinzieme, quatre-Yin^-seizieme^ quatre-yin^-dix-septieme, (dis) quatre-Yin^dix-huiti^me, (diz) quatre-yin^-dix-neuyieme, (diz) eentieme^ cent unieme^ cent deuxieme^ cent troisieme, cent quatrieme^ cent einquieme^ millieme, millioni&me r seventy-third. seventy -fourth, seventy-fifth. seventy-sixth. seventy-seventh. seventy-eighth. seventy-ninth. eightieth. eighty-first. eighty -second. eighty-third. eighty-fourth. eighty-fifth. eighty-sixth. eighty-seventh. eighty-eighth. eighty-ninth. ninetieth. ninety-first. ninety -second. ninety-third. ninety -fourth. ninety-fifth. ninety-sixth. ninety -seventh. ninety-eighth. ninety-ninth. one hundredth. one hundred and first. one hundred and second. one hundred and third. one hundred and fourth. one hundred and fifth , &c. thousandth. millionth. FRENCH EXERCISES, 41 Exercise 28. N.B. The numbers cannot be reversed. Five and twenty must be translated into French by vingt-cinq, twenty-five. Send me four and twenty oranges and six pine-apples. Give me twelve lemons. Here are (voici) five hundred pens. The second son. Six and thirty trees. The sixth day. Send me sixteen fans and eighteen hats. Three hundred and sixty-five days and six hours. The eleventh hour of the day. Four and twenty hours. Of the eleventh month. The first star. Eighty bolts. Eighty- eight nails. The first cent. § 19. — In mentioning the days of the month, the cardinal, instead of the ordinal, numbers are used ; as, le deux, le trois, le vingt et un de Janvier, the second, third, twenty-first of January. Except the first of the month, which is le premier du mois. Also, in speaking of the titles of kings, the cardinal, instead of the ordinal, numbers are used ; as, Louis Onze, Louis the Eleventh; and the adjective is placed after the noun. Except the first and second, which are premier and se- cond; as, George the First, George Premier; William the Se- cond, Guillaume Second. Vocabulary, January, Janvier. February, Fevrier. March, Mars. April, AvriL May, Mai. June, Juin. July, Juillet August, AoUt September, Septemhre. October, Octobre. November, Novembre* December, Decembre. Remark. — There are three modes of writing the day of the month, viz.: Le ler de Juillet, the first of July. Le ler Juillet, " ler Juillet, u And for letters, Ce ler de Juillet, is sometimes used. 4* 42 ELEMENTARY Exercise 29. Write in words, The first of July, 1837. February 22nd, 1732 January 1st, 1800. George the Fourth. William the First. The fourth of July, 1776. The eleventh of November, 1111. Decem- ber 31st, 1847. The twenty-first of July, 1812. Edward the Sixth. Louis the Sixteenth. Henry the Eighth. April 1st, 1212. The second of June, 1536. The first of August, 1848. Edward the First. George the Second. George the Third. Nombres Cardinaux em- ployes avec/bis. une fois, deux fois, trois fois, quatre fois,, omq fois, six fois, sept fois, huitf fois, neu/fois, dix fois, onze fois, douze fois r treize fois, quatorze fois, quinze fois, seize fois 5 dix-sep^ fois, (dis) dix-huk fois, (diz) dix-neu/ fois, (diz) v'mgt fois, vin#t et une fois, vin^t-deux fois, &c. Cardinal Numbers used with the word time. once. twice. thrice or three times. four times. five times. six times. seven times. eight times. nine times. ten times. eleven times. twelve times. thirteen times. fourteen times. fifteen times. sixteen times. seventeen times. eighteen times. nineteen times. twenty times. twenty-one times. twenty-two times, &c. FRENCH EXERCISES. 43 CHAPTER IV. ON THE PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. § 20. — The pronominal adjectives form a link between ad- jectives and pronouns. By some grammarians they are classed among the former, and by others among the latter. They are divided into three classes, viz., the possessive, the demonstra- tive, and the indefinite. SECT. I. THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. § 21. — The possessive adjectives are these, viz., Before any Before a femi- Before a femi- Before all masculine nine noun, nine noun, nouns in the noun, singular sing., beginning sing., beginning plural number. number. with a conso- with a vowel nant or h aspi- or h mute. rated. My, mon, ma, mon, mes, Thy, ton, ta, ton, tesy His, son, sa, son, ses, Her, son, sa, son, ses, Its, son, sa, son. ses 7 Our, noire, noire, noire, nos, Your, votre, voire, voire, vos, Their, leur, leur, leur, leurs § 22. — These adjectives do not agree in gender and number with the antecedent, or possessor, as in English, but with the thing possessed. This is one of the difficulties of the young student, who frequently errs in supposing that his is always to 44 ELEMENTARY be translated by son, her by sa, &c. He must constantly have in mind the following rule, which serves for the demonstrative and the indefinite adjectives as well as the possessive. Rule. — Every pronominal adjective must agree in number and gender with some following noun to which it refers. Exercise 29. My son, my child, my daughter, my school. Their work. His brother, her brother, his brothers, her brothers. His sister, her sister, his sisters, her sisters. His height, her height, its height. To thy ear. My brother's birds. The bones of your arm. Our jewels. Thy honor. His soul. Her faithful dog. Her eyes are black. (Write, She has the eyes black.) His history. Her history. The price of your fan. My playthings. I have written twice to thy sister. Read your lessons four times. Her hands are white. (Write, she has the hands white.) § 23. — The possessive adjective, like the article, must be repeated in French before every noun in the sentence before which it is understood, but not expressed in English ; as, My father and mother, Mon pere et ma mere. The prepositions & and de must also be expressed before the possessive adjective, when they are understood. Vocabulary. Aunt, tante, f. Fruit, fruit } m. Boot, botte, f. Love, (noun,) amour, m. Carriage, voiture, f. Parent, parent^ m. Chair, chaise) f. Pear, poire, f. Cherry, cerise, f. Purse, bourse, f. Coach, carrosse } m. Raspberry, framboise) f. Color, couleur, f. Service, service } m. Currant, groseille, f. Thimble, d4) m. Flower, fleur, f. Uncle, onck) m. FRENCH EXERCISES. 45 Exercise 30. Thy pen and books. Give me your gloves and hat. The love of my brother and sister. To your sons and daughters. Its beauty and value. My hat, coat, and boots are on (sur) my chair. Our carriage and horses are at (d) your service. Their uncle and aunt are happy. Our apples are better than your oranges. Thy hands and feet. My pens and ink. The price of his cows and horses. Her modesty and prudence. Send (envoie) some fruits and flowers to thy mother and sisters. My brother Edward is my father's fifth son. Henry the fourth. Exercise 31. Edward and his sister are careful and attentive. Peter has no raspberries in his garden. George's friend has two grey horses. The eleventh of the first month. The vessel has lost its rudder. My brothers have eighty sheep and eighty-six cows. One hundred and twenty chairs. Two hundred and nineteen cents. Lucy laughs less than her sisters. The nights are now (d present) shorter than the days. Our brothers and sisters are ready. The price of your boots and shoes. Do you love red currants better than white cur- rants ? Matilda's silk hat is on the round table. Exercise 32. The color of your currants and cherries is beautiful. My dear friends, all the fruits of my garden are at your service. Send the prettiest flowers to your uncle and aunt. Emily's parents are pleased with (de) their good daughter. Give me your ripest pears. Ste- phen and William have my poor dog. The king's coach is a*, mie door of his palace. The garden has lost its beauty. My raspberries and currants are the finest. The rose is the queen of flowers. Send some fragrant flowers to the blind children. The weight of its fruits. The old woman has cloth shoes. 46 ELEME1STTARY SECT. II. THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. § 24. — This, that, these, those, when followed imme- diately by a noun, (or with only an adjective coming between them,) are demonstrative adjectives, and are translated into French thus : Before a noun of the Before a noun of the Before any noun masculine gender, masculine gender, of the feminine beginning with a beginning with a gender. consonant or h as- vowel or h mute. pirate. This, ce, cet, cette. That, ce, cet, cette. These, ces, ces, ces. Those, ces, ces, ces. Exercise 33. This horse, that horse, these horses, those horses. The honor of that man. This woman's cows. The modesty of that girl. This boy's parents. The voices of those birds. That coat. That star. Send those lemons and pine-apples* to my house, and those grapes and peaches to your sisters. The son of that hero. What (Quel) is the price of those fans and gloves ? Send these corals and crys- tals to your brother. The truth of that history. At (d) this hour. Put those pears on the table, and bring some silver knives. * The remark § 23 respecting the repetition of the possessive adjec- tive, is equally applicable to the demonstrative adjective. § 25. — As ce, cet, cette, ces, do not express the distinction implied in the English words this and that, these and those*} it is necessary, when we wish to make this distinction, or to speak emphatically, to place ci after the noun to denote the nearest object, and /a, to denote the most remote. The particles ci, here, Id, there, must be joined by a hyphen to the nouns which they follow, thus, This horse, ce c/ieval-ci; that horse, ce cJveval-ld. FRENCH EXERCISES. 47 Exercise 34. This pen is good. That pen is bad. Give that orange to your mother. These fine apples grew (croissaient) on those trees. Those strawberries. These cherries. The price of those plums and these pears. My dear sister, read this book ; put that book on the table. This ink is black, that ink is blue. These boots are new; give me those boots. Send these lilies to Mary, and those violets to Lucy. My aunt's eyes are blue. The 29th of February will be her birth- day, (jour de naissance.) Vocabulary. Advantage, avantage, m. Mahogany, acajou, m. Apron, tablier, m. Marble, marbre, m. Baker, boulanger, m. Oak, chene, m. Cap, bonnet, m. Physician, medecin, m. Carpenter, charpentier, m. Pleasure, plaisir, m. Farmer, fermier, m. Season, saison, f. Handkerchief, mouchoir, m. Shoemaker, cordonnier, m Iron, fer, m. Steel, acier, m. Leaf, feuille, f. Velvet, velours, m. Leather, cuir, m. Watch, montre, f. Exerci 'se 35. ' These knives are of steel, those knives are of silver. That farm- er has lazy children. This watch is better than that watch. Emily has lost her gold thimble. Give this cap to your aunt, and that apron to your sister. That physician has a marble house. The carpenter has our wooden mallet. Bring those peaches; these peaches are not ripe. The color of these pinks, and the perfume of those roses. Julia has a white silk hat. My watch and handker- chief are on that table. Silver is white. That carpenter has a lea- ther apron and iron nails. Matilda has your gold watch. 48 ELEMENTARY SECT. III. THE INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES. § 26. — The indefinite adjectives always relate to a noun or pronoun expressed in the same sentence. They are, Masc. sing. Fem. sing. Masc. plur. Fem. plur. Any, quelque, quelque, quelques, quelques. All, tout, toute, tous, toutes. Each, chaque, chaque, Every, ( chaque, \ tout, chaque, toute, tous, toutes. No, aucun f aucune, aucuns, aucunes.* No, nut, nulle, nuls, nulles.* Other, autre, autre, autres, autres. Same, mime, meme, memes, memes. Some, quelque, quelque, quelques, quelques. Such, tel, telle, tels, telles. Several, plusieurs, plusieurs. What, quel, quelle, quels. quelles. Which, quel, quelle, quels, quelles. * Used with nouns which have no singular form. Remark 1. — Some and any are translated by quelque, quelques, only when the idea of one out of several, or &few out of a large number, is intended to be conveyed. Remark 2. — Chaque must never be used unless followed by a noun. Remark 3. — Jiucun and nul require ne to be inserted im- mediately before the verb to complete the negation; thus, Jlu- cune saison ne vous plait, No season pleases you. Exercise 36. What beauty? Which boys! What beautiful roses! Each leaf. Which tree? Which apple? Which orange? At (d) what hour ? What lessons have you? Every pleasure. Which flowers will you FRENCH EXERCISES. 49 have? To what school? No oi*ier woman. The same gloves. Some time. Some hours. Several playthings. Each boy. Every star. All the games. All the walnuts. Which bird? In (dans) what place? Such a (write a such) man. What works! Each pebble. Every crystal. All the days. All the nights. Several countries. The same wind. The same silk. Exercise 37. Sugar is sweet. Gold is yellow. Will you have some steel pens ? This velvet is thicker than that velvet. These bolts are of iron, those bolts are of steel. Send my old shoes to that shoemaker. This table is of oak; that table is of mahogany. The beauty of its flowers. The trees have lost their leaves. The farmer's house is of wood. He has a cloth cap. Will you have those rings and bolts? Our baker makes good bread. Send those caps and handkerchiefs to the baker's daughter. What is the price of that marble table ? What advantages have you ? Vocabulary. Dish, plat, m. Needle, aiguille, f. Dollar, gourde, f. Pin, ep ingle, f. Fork, fourchette, f. Plate, assiette, f. Money, argent, m. Spoon, cueiller, f. Exercise 38. Each season has its pleasures. I wish to buy (acheter) an orange ; have you any cents to lend me (a me preter) ? Which watch have you ? I have my silver watch. Some boys are in the garden ; they are picking (cueilleni) the cherries. Our country has its advantages, and other countries have their advantages. These forks are larger than those forks. Have you any money ? I have some dollars in my purse. Will you have a steel ring or an iron ring? These pins and needles are good. Some fine days. Xote. — The possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns are placed next in order, in preference to the personal pronouns, that the pupil may be led to compare them with the possessive adjectives, and demonstrative adjectives, explained in this chapter. By carefully no- ticing the difference between them, he will avoid making many mis- takes into which young students often fall. 50 ELEMENTARY CHAPTER V. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. § 27. — Mine, thine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, and theirs are not called, in English grammars, possessive pronouns ; they are the possessive case of the personal pronouns I, thou, he, she, and it. But the French words by which they are translated are called possessive pronouns ; they cannot be used without the article prefixed to them ; they are never followed by a noun, but must agree in gender and number with the nouns which they represent. Masc. sing. Fern. sing. Masc. plur. Fern. plur. Mine, le mien, la mienne, les miens, les miennes Thine, le tien, la tienne, les liens, les iiennes. His, le sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes. Hers, le sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes. Its, le sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes. Ours, le noire, la noire, les notres, les notres. Yours, le voire, la voire, les voires, les voires. Theirs, le leur, la leur, les lenrs, les leurs. Remark. — In the following exercises the possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns are combined in the same sentence. The pupil will translate " My book and thine/' thus; Mon livre et le tien; omitting the words u meaning thy book;" and as he proceeds in translating the Exercise, he will perceive the superior accuracy of the French language in these expressions. In the English sen- tence, " My booh and thine," the word thine does not indicate whether one book is intended, or more than one; but in the French sentence, iC mon livre et le tien," letien shows that only one book is meant. FRENCH EXERCISES. Exercise 39. My book and thine, meaning thy booh. My pen and thine, it thy pen. My books and thine, a thy books. My pens and thine, a thy pens. My horse and thine, a thy horses. My cow and thine, a thy cow. Thy dog and mine, it my dog. Thy sister and mine, it my sister. Thy brothers and mine, it my brothers. Thy flowers and mine, it my flowers. Thy dog and mine, a my dogs. Thy dogs and mine, it my dog. Thy sister and mine, a my sisters. Thy sisters and mine, it my sister. His father and hers, it her father. Her father and his, it his father. His mother and hers, it her mother. Her mother and his, a his mother. His son and hers, it her sons. Her sons and his, it his son. His daughter and hers, it her daughters Her daughters and his, a his daughter. - His dog and theirs, a their dog. His house and theirs, a their house. His coat -and theirs, it Exercise 40. their coats. His apple and theirs, meaning their apples. Their friend and his, a his friends. Their friends and hers, tt her friend. Their table and his, a his table. Their tables and hers, a her tables. Its weight and theirs, a their toeight. Its beauty and theirs, a their beauty. 51 52 Its fruits and theirs, Its colors and theirs, Our king and yours, Our queen and yours, Our pencils and yours, Our pens and yours, Our knife and yours, Our house and yours, Our birds and yours, Our flowers and yours, Your child and ours, Your sister and ours, Your sons and ours, Your daughters and ours, Your hats and ours, Your purses and ours, Your aunt and ours, Your uncle and ours, meaning their fruits. a their colors. a your king. it your queen. a your pencil. a your pen. it your knives. a your houses. a your birds. a your flowers. u our child. tt our sister. a our son. a our daughter a our hats. a our purses. a our aunts. a our uncles. § 28. — When the possessive pronoun is preceded by the pre- position de or a, the article must be contracted, as it is before a noun ; as, Of thy book and mine, de ton livre et r>u mien. To your father and ours, a votre pere et au ndtre. To make this more intelligible to the oung pupil, one of the possessive pronouns is here declined. Masc. Fem. le mien, la mienne, mine. du mien, de la mienne, of mine, au mien, & la mienne, PLURAL. to mine. les miens, les miennes, mine. des miens, des miennes, of mine. aux miens, aux miennes. to mine. FRENCH EXERCISES. 53 Exert 41. The pupil will write the pronouns le tien^ le sien, le notre, &c, declining them in gender and number like le mien. Vocabulary. Ancestor, aieul, m. Map, carte, f. Cambric, batiste, f. Master, maitre, m. Carpet, tapis, m. Muslin, mousseline, f. Copy-book, cahier, m. Paper, papier, m. Desk, pupitre, m. Penknife, canif, m. Exercise, theme, m. Pupil, el eve, m. Friend, amie, f. Scholar, ecolier, m. Gown, robe, f. Translation, J traduction, f. 1 version, f. Key, clef, f . Market, mar die, m. Exerci Writing, se 42. ecriture f. You have the copy books of your brother and of mine. Send some flowers to your mother and mine, and some fruit to your father and mine. Bring some ink to your sister and ours. The price of our birds and yours. The beauty of my flowers, and the value of theirs. The color of my roses is more beautiful than the color of thine. Her lilies are white, ours are red, what (quelle) is the color of yours ? The history of his ancestors and hers. Our strawber- ries are not so large as yours. Of thy pupil and mine. The color of my paper and of his. Exercise 43. Send some currants, raspberries and cherries to my brothers and to yours. I was writing to my aunt on my birth day, the 11th of February. My sister has seen the queen twice, three times, four times. William's penknife is larger than mine. Put the plates, knives, and forks, and some bread and butter on the table. His work is better than yours. Her cap, apron, and handkerchief are on the chair. William the Third. Mary's mother has my key. What fine currants ! My uncle's house is white. Your carpet is hand- somer than ours. 5* 54 ELEMENTARY CHAPTER VI. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. § 29. — This, that, these, those, when not followed by a noun to which they refer, are demonstrative pro- nouns, and are thus translated into French : This ) f ' V standing for a noun of the masculine gender, is -j celui. This ) f _ 7 ; [ standing for a noun of the feminine gender, is s celle. That, ) ■ ( ; [ standing for a noun of the masculine gender, is ] ceux. Those, ) i These, Those, standing for a noun of the feminine gender, is < celles. ce. iwhen the word to which it refers has not been expressed, or when we speak of something in an indefinite manner, is That, | do. do. do (1.) Celui, cela, ceux, celles, must always have an ante- cedent, and must be followed by a preposition or a relative pronoun. (2.) Ceci, cela;, stand for the word thing understood, but have no antecedent unless it be a phrase. They allude to things mentioned in a vague or indefinite manner. They are never followed by a preposition or a relative pronoun. (3.) Ce, (demonstrative pronoun,) is never used, unless it is followed by the relative pronoun qui, que, dont, &c, or is the subject of some tense of the verb etre. FRENCH EXERCISES. 55 Examples. My glove and that of my friend. Mon gant et CELUI de mon ami. Do this; do not do that. Faites ceci; ne faites pas CELA. That is not my fault. Ce n' est pas ma faute. Rule. — The demonstrative pronouns, celui, celle, ceux, celleSy must agree in gender and number with the noun which they represent. Exercise 44. The house of my brother and that of my sister. The farmer's horse and that of the baker. I have lost my jewels and those of my friend. His dog has torn (declare) my gown and that of my aunt. Give me that. This is not so good as that. He has lost all his spoons and those of his mother. The general's coach is green, that of the king is yellow. Send me your pens, and those of your little sister. My books are not so good as those of my brother. Your horse is black, that of your father is grey. That is very pretty. Give this to the children. Exercise 45. Your writing is better than that of your brother. Thy desk and that of thy friend. Read that; do not read this. Do you wish the cambric handkerchief or the silk handkerchief? That is my pen- knife. Give these keys and those of our house to my uncle. Send that muslin gown to Mary; she has torn her silk gown. These dishes and those of thy aunt. William has lost all his money and fhat of his brother. That will be your fault {faute). Our silver forks are not so large as those of your sister. This is better than that. Steel is grey. ELEMENTARY § 30. — In order to make a distinction between this and that, these and those, in French, the adverbs ci, here, and Id, there, are added to the pronouns celui, celle, ceux, celles, and joined to them by a hyphen, thus : Masc. sing. Fem. sing. This, or this one, celui-ci, celle-ci. That, or that one, celui-Id, celle-ld. Masc. plur. Fem. plur. These, or these ones, ceux-ci, celles-ci. Those, or those ones, ceux-ld, celles-Id. Exercise 46. This ink is better than that. Those horses are handsomer than these. I prefer (pre/ere) these apples to those oranges. This cap is not so white as that. Will you have these pencils or those? These plums are not so large as those. I prefer this carpet to that one. You have torn this cloak, give me that. I have lost your gloves, take (prenez) these. This translation is better than that one. Leave (laissez) these pens, and take those. Take that paper, but (mais) leave this. This lesson is as long as that. That exercise is more difficult than this one. Remark. — The particles ci, Id, being added merely to make a distinction between objects, if the demonstrative pronoun is followed by a relative pronoun, or by a noun in the possessive case, the distinction is sufficiently clear, these particles would be useless, and must be omitted. Exercise 47. These maps are not so handsome as those which (que) we have. Take these penknives, leave that one in my desk. These trees are finer than those which (qui) are in our garden. I prefer those copy- books to these. Give me your translation and that of the new scho- lar. My pupils and those of my friend. That watch is better than this. Leave these crystals, and give those to the boys. He has the farmer's sheep and those of his neighbor. My nephew has given to the master his exercises and those of the other scholars. FRENCH EXERCISES. 57 § 31. — The demonstrative pronoun is often suppressed in English, and supplied by an apostrophe and an s added to the noun ; but it must be expressed in French by celui, celle, ceux, or celles, according to the gender and number of the noun to which it refers ; as, My hat and my brother's, Mon chapeau et celui de mon frere, which is, literally, My hat and that of my brother. Exercise 48. You have torn my gown and my sister's. My bird is not so large (grand) as my brother's. Take your cloak and your brother's, but leave mine and my friend's. I have lost my pencils and my sister's. Your house is larger than your brother's. Bring me (moi) your pens and take your sister's. Send my books and my brother's to the school. My gloves are yellow, my sister's are white, my cousin's are black. The farmer's horses are stronger than the physician's. Our silver forks are at your service; my brother's are of steel. Emily's translation is better than her sister's. Vocabulary. Bookseller, libraire, m. Niece, niece, f. Cake, gateau, m. Piece, bit, morceau, m. Cousin, cousin , m. King, bague, f. Cousin, cousine, f. Saucer, - soucoupe, f. Cheese, frontage, m. Shutter, volet, m. Cup, tasse, f. Slate, ardoise, f. Glass, verre, m. Stone, pierre, f. Lawyer, avocat, m. Exerci Thread, 'se 49. fil, m. Eat this cake and take (portez) that one to John. Will you have my carriage or my cousin's ? Take away (emportez) my plate and leave my sister's on the table. Send your boots and mine to the shoemaker. I have lost my needles and Mary's. Our baker makes better bread than yours. The farmer will have cabbages. The carpenters will have nails. Our poor neighbor has no wood. Send him {envoy ez-lui) my money and my niece's, and your coat and my nephew's. The school is in the stone house. 58 ELEMENTARY § 32. — He, she, and they, the one, the ones, when followed by who, whom, or that, are translated into French by the de- monstrative pronouns celuL celle, ceux, or celles, thus : He who, celui qui. She who, celle qui. They who, (masc.) ceux qui. They who, (fein.) celles qui. The one who, (masc.) celui qui. The one who, (fern.) celle qui. The ones who, (masc.) ceux qui. The ones who, (fern.) celles qui. He whom, celui que. She whom, celle que. They whom, (masc.) ceux que. They whom, (fern.) celles que The one whom, (masc.) celui que The one whom, (fern.) celle que. The ones whom, (mas.) ceux que. The ones whom, (fern.) celles que. N.B. When which or that, follows the one, the ones, &c. } it is to be translated by qui, if it is the subject or nominative of the following verb ; but by que, if it is the object of the verb. Exercise 50. He who dines (dine) with us is my cousin's, best friend. She who is virtuous is happy. They who are lazy are unhappy. They who are quick are not always (toujours) attentive. She whom we love is amiable. He whom we adore (adorons) is almighty (tout- puissant). My hat is not so new as the one that you have. Your slate is better than the one that I have. These pine-apples are finer than the ones which you have bought (achetes.) I prefer these strawberries to the ones in the (du) market. Remark— -The remark made on page 30 respecting the use and place of nouns employed as adjectives, to denote the material of which any thing is made, is applicable also to nouns used to describe the one, the ones; as, Will you have the silver thimble or the gold one? Voulez-vous le de d 'argent, ou celui d'or? But if the word that describes the one, the ones, is an adjective, and not a noun used as an adjective, the words one, ones, are not translated into French; as, Do you wish the white handkerchief, or the red one ? Voulez-vous le mouchoir blanc, ou le rouge ? Exercise 51. Give me the silver watch, and send the gold one to my friend. What knives have you ? We have the steel ones. Will you have FRENCH EXERCISES. 59 the glass dish or the silver one? I prefer the oak chairs to the ma- hogany ones. Have you the old coat or the new one? Give me my silk gown. Do you wish the blue one, or the black one? Seud the cloth cloak to John, and the silk one to his sister. What horses have you ? I have the grey ones, and your nephew has the black one. I prefer this steel pen to the gold one. What apples do you wish ? Give me the ripest ones. § 33. — The former is translated by celut-ld, when it refers to a noun masculine, singular number. celle-Idj u u feminine, " ceux-Ia, u " masculine, plural number. celles-la, u H feminine, " The latter is translated by celui-ci, when it refers to a noun masculine, singular number celle-ci, u u feminine, " ceiix-ci, u " masculine, plural number. celles-cij u u feminine, u Exercise 52. John and William are my youngest pupils ; the former is amiable and studious, the latter is lazy and deceitful. Mary and Lucy are my friends; the former is frank, the latter is sweet-tempered (douce.) You have white roses and red roses ; I prefer the former. I have a grey horse and a black horse; take the former, and send the latter to my brother. Bring me some peaches and plums, the former are better than the latter. Your garden has some advantages that mine has not. These slates are larger than those. You ought (devriez) to make a better translation than that. 60 ELEMENTARY CHAPTER VII. THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. SECT. L PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE NOMINATIVE CASE. § 34. — The personal pronouns in the nominative case, are expressed in French thus : I, je, moi. Thou, tu, toi. He, il, lui. She, elle. It, il, elle. We, nous. You, vous. They, I when the French word for which h 1 Us, eux. J stands is masculine, is ( mi ) standing for a noun of the feminine f -,-, ; j gender, is ( Remarh 1. — As there is no neuter gender in the French language, there is no word corresponding to our English pronoun it, which must be translated by il, he, elle, she, &c. j, ) when it is the subject or nominative of a verb, and the ( y ; J French word for which it stands is masculine, is ( j ) w r hen it is the subject or nominative of a verb, and the ? j French word for which it stands is feminine, is j ) used in an impersonal sense, that is, without refer- ( .-. ' J ence to any substantive mentioned before, is ( Examples. Read this book; it is interesting. Lisez ce livre; il est interessant. Lend me this pen ; it is good. Pretez-moi cette plume; elle est bonne. It rains. Il pleut. It is noble to forget one's self. Il est beau de s'oublier. He wastes his time; IT is a pity. II peril son temps; tfestdommage. FRENCH EXERCISES. 61 Remark 2. — It is expressed by ce, before any tense of the verb etre, to be, when that verb is followed by a substantive or a pronoun ; as, It is my son, C'est mon fits; It is I, C'est moi. Remark 3.— He, she, and they, before the verb to be, followed by a substantive, are generally expressed by ce; as, He is my nephew, C'est mon neveu. Remark 4. — He, she, and they, when followed by who, whom, or that, dre translated by celui, celle, ceux, or celles, as has been explained, §32. § 35. — The student must bear in mind that when a French pronoun has two forms, (as je and moi for I,) these forms are not to be used indifferently, but according to the following directions. § 36. — When /, thou, he, or they, is the subject nominative of a verb, and precedes the verb in a sentence which is not interrogative, or follows it in an interrogative sentence, He, is translated by U. Thev \ standin - for a mas " \ ft* Mi \ culine noun, by ) / is translated by je. Thou " " tu. culine noun, by § 37. — But in exclamations, or after the words, " it is, it was," &c, or in connection with another pronoun, or where a distinction is intended between persons, or after than or as in a comparison of equality, superiority, or inferiority ^ or in reply to a question, the verb being omitted, 1 is translated by moi. He, is translated by lui. 1 Thou to l. They, masc, " eux Examples. I ! go to the city ? Moi! alter d la ville? [fc is I. C'est moi. [ who love. Moi qui aime. de and I are going to the city. Lui et moi nous allons d la ville. Richer than I. Plus riche que moi. Who calls Mary? I. Qui appelle Marie ? Moi, 6 62 ELEMENTARY N.B. All the verbs used in the following exercises are either fc the Appendix, or are conjugated like the verbs therein conjugate Vocabulary. Country, campagne. f. Street, rue, f. Fast, adv., vite, To-day, aujouroVliui Friendship, amitie, f. To-morrow, demain. Here, ici. When, quand. if, si. Where, oil. Often, adv.j souvent Yesterday, hier. Exercise 53. The boys are gathering apples : will they give the apples to the poor woman? John is able to read better than they. My sisters are here; they are writing to their aunt. It was I. Do you sell cream? I sell milk, but my brother sells cream. I! drink (inf. mood) wine ! Their coach is old; but it is as good as if it were (ind. mood imp.) new. It is he. These peaches would be better if they were riper. Am I not worthy of Mary's friendship? I, who am her sister- It is she. Is it you ? Exercise 54. Do you come from school ? Ill have not been at school this month. Does he run fast? Does she sew well? He and I, we are writing to John. I, who go so {si) often to the city, I prefer the country. Mary is more studious than thou. I ! eat (inf. mood) thy apples? Happier than he. I was in the house, and he, he was in the street. I have a peach, but it is not ripe. Do you see that house? it is for sale (d vendre.') He writes better than she. As well as I. Better than they. It is our neighbor's house. TRENCH EXERCISES. 63 Place of the nominative in interrogative sentences. § 38 — (1.) In interrogative sentences, if the subject is apro- nourij it is always placed after the verb ; as, Shall we come back to-morrow ? Reviendrons-nous demain ? (2.) In interrogative sentences, when a noun is the subject nominative of the verb, the noun is placed before the verb, and the pronoun zY, elle, Us or elles, according to the gender and number of the noun, is placed immediately after the verb ; as. Is your father here ? Voire plre est-il ici ? Does your sister love flowers? Voire sceur aime-t-elle les fleurs? (3.) When, in interrogative sentences, the verb which is followed by the pronoun z7, elle, or o?i, ends with a vowel, the letter /, preceded and followed by a hyphen, is placed between the verb and the pronoun ; as, Will she return with us ? Re- viendra-t-elle avec nous ? (4.) If the verb is in one of the compound tenses, the per- sonal pronoun should be placed after the auxiliary; as, Has your father come ? Voire plre est-il venu ? (5.) When, the nominative of the verb being a noun, the sentence begins with an interrogative adverb, such as where, when, &c, the noun used as a nominative can be placed after the verb, as in English; or before the verb, as directed above, (2) with the personal pronoun placed after the verb ; as, f Quand viendra votre frere? When will your brother come? < or, (_ Quand votre frere viendra-t-il? N. B. The pupil must be careful not to put the interrogative adverb between the nominative case and the verb. 64 ELEMENTARY Exercise 55. Has William a knife? Have not my brothers a beautiful dog? Does the boy sell apples? Are they ripe? Is your hat worth a dollar? Are the children throwing stones? Is Lucy leading the old woman ? Is Mary calling her sister ? Is the book on the table ? Is the pen good? Were the boys running fast? When will thy father come? Where is my cloak? Is my dog in the neighbor's garden? Where is my dog? Who (qui) was running after (apres) my uncle's horse ? It was I. I run faster than he. v Exercise 56. Are the boys eating cherries or currants? You have fine raspber- ries ? Has your sister eaten hers ? When will thy aunt read that book ? She is sick. Send some caps and aprons to Mary's mother, the 21st of this month. He and I were running very (hien) fast. Richer than he. I prefer these pears to those. Are your horses black? These plums are finer than those. Are those apples ripe? Where are my sisters? They are with (avec) their sick friend. That is my father's lawyer. Remark. — Not, used with a verb, is expressed in French by pla- cing ne before the verb, and^as after it. Ne is written n } before a vowel or a silent h. When the verb is in a compound tense, pa's must be placed between the auxiliary and the participle. Exercise 57. Have you not my sister's pencils ? Has she not found hers ? The men are not gathering the fruit. They will not come often. They are not running. Does not Lucy love cherries ? I, I shall not beat the dog. The girls do not write fast, but they write well. I, who am not her friend. Will not your sister come to-morrow? We are not idle. Do not the boys owe much (heaucoup) to their friends ? We do not eat pine-apples. Mary is not revengeful. Do not thy brothers give their money to the poor (plur.) ? Do not eat fast. Is that table mahogany? FRENCH EXERCISES. 65 SECT. II. PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE POSSESSIVE CASE. § 39. — Mine, thine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs, which are in English the possessive case of the personal pro- nouns, /, thou, he, she and it, have been explained on page 50. § 40. — But when mine, thine, his, &c, are used with the verb to be to convey simply an idea of property. Mine is translated by a moi. Ours is a nous. Thine a a a toi. Yours is a vous. His u a a lid. Hers is a elle. Theirs, standing for a masculine noun, is a eux. Theirs, u u feminine " a elles. Example. Is this pen yours ? Cette plume est-elle d vous? No, it is not mine. Nbn, elle rCest pas a moi. (Mean- ing simply it does not belong to me.) Exercise 58. Is that garden yours ? No, it belongs (appartient or est) to my brother. Give that rose to thy sister. It is not mine. Where are ray gloves ? Those gloves are thine. These jewels are not ours. Has Mary a fan ? The fan which is on the* table is hers. The boys are gathering apples. All the red apples are theirs. Which horse belongs to William? The black horse is his. Those knives are theirs. Are they not ours? Will you have the gold thimble or the silver one? The former is mine; the latter belongs to Emily. Put that money in my silk purse. 66 ELEMENTARY SECT. III. PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE OBJECTIVE CASE. § 41. — The personal pronouns in the objective case are expressed in French thus : Me, me, moi, Thee, te, toi. Him, le, lui. Her, la, elle. It, le, la. Us, nous. You, vous. Them, les, eux, elles. N.B. The pupil must carefully attend to the following directions. j ( when it is the direct object of a verb, and the French word > , ( for which it stands, is masculine, is ) j ( when it is the direct object of a verb, and the French word ) , I for which it stands, is feminine, is, ) ml ( when the French word for which it stands, f , , 1 hem < . _. < les and eux. ( is masculine, is ( mT ( when the French word for which it stands, f 7 , 77 Them <./.... i les and elles. I is jeminme, is ( Remark. — Him, her, and them, when followed by who, whom, or that, are translated by celui, celle, ceux, celles. See § 32. § 42. — Before the pupil can write correctly the French pro- nouns in the objective case, he must clearly understand the difference between the direct and the indirect object of a verb. A pronoun or a noun is the direct object of a verb, when it is governed by that verb without the assistance of a preposition, expressed or understood; as, I see him. A pronoun or a noun is the indirect object of a verb when the help of a preposition, expressed or understood, is needed to complete the sense ; as, / speak to him. FRENCH EXERCISES. 67 Personal Pronouns used as direct objects of a verb. § 43. — Me, when it is the direct object of a verb, is me. Thee, " " " te. Him, Ci " " le. Her, " " ? fa. -5, " and standing for a masculine noun ; fe. It, " standing for a feminine noun, fa. Them, les. § 44. — Except, when the verb is in the imperative mood used affirmatively , Me is translated by moi. Thee « " toi. N.B. When the verb in the imperative mood is used negatively-, Me is translated by me. Thee " te. Personal Pronouns used as indirect objects of a verb. N.B. The preposition to is always expressed or understood before these pronouns in English, but is not expressed in French except after reflected verbs and a few others. j § 45. — To me, when it is the indirect object of a verb, is me. te. lui. lui.. nous, vous. leur. y- To thee, it « a To him, a tt a To her, cc U a To it, (I it tt To us, tt u a To you, i a (C To them, (speaking of persons, ) 66 To them, (speaking of things,) a 68 ELEMENTARY § 46. — Except, when the verb is in the imperative mood used affirmatively r , To me is translated by moi. To thee " toi. N.B. When the verb in the imperative mood is used negatively, To me is translated by me. To thee « te. Personal Pronouns in the objective case, governed by a preposition, and not the object of a verb. g *>- ___yr f when it is governed by a preposition and is ) .-..,." J \ not the object of a verb, is J mo i. Thee, CC CC CC toi. Him, cc t cc lui. Her, CC cc cc elle. Them, cc standing for a masculine noun, eux. Them, cc feminine " elles. Remark. — It is seldom expressed in French after a preposition. For example; Do you put your hat on the table, or under it? is translated thus: Mettez-vous votrechapeau sur la table ou dessous? To it. See § 45. §48.-0/, it, from it, Of him, from him, Of her, from her, Of them, from them, are translated by en. Remark. — Some and any, when they are not followed by a noun, are used like pronouns, and are translated by en; as, Give me some, Donnez m y en. I have not any, Je n'en ai pas. FRENCH EXERCISES. 69 SECT. IV. THE PLACE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS GOVERNED BY VERBS. § 49. — A personal pronoun governed by a verb, either as its direct or indirect object, must be placed immediately before the verb ; as, He sees me, 11 me voitj thee, 11 te voit ; us, 11 nous voit, you, 11 vous voit ; him, 11 le voit. I speak to him, Je lui parle, to her, Je lui parle, to them, Je leur parle, ofit, Ten parle, of them, Ten parle. Does he see him or it J Le voit-il? her or it ? La voit-il ! them? Les voit-il ? § 50. — But when the verb is in the imperative mood used affirmatively , the pronoun governed by the verb must be placed after it; as, Send him, Envoy ez-le. N. B. — When the verb in the imperative mood is used negatively, the pronoun governed by a verb must be placed before the verb as in §49. Examples, Send us, Envoyez-nous. her, Envoyez-/a. them ) Envoyez-fes. Speak to him, Parlez-Ziti. to her, Parlez-/i«. to them , Parlez-Zeur. Do not send us. Ne nous envoyez pas. him, ^ Ne Z'envoyez pas. them, Ne les envoyez pas. Do not speak to him. Ne lui parlez pas. to her, Ne lui parlez pas. to them, Ne leur parlez pas. 70 ELEMENTARY § 51. — (1.) When a verb governs two personal pronouns, one of which is its direct object, .and the other its indirect object, the pronoun in the first or second person is placed before the one in the third person ; that is, me, te, se, nous, vous, pre- cede le, la, les, y, or en. (2.) If both pronouns are in the third person, the direct ob- ject is placed before the indirect object ; that is, le, la, les, precede lui, four, y, or en. (3.) When y and en occur in the same sentence, y precedes en. Examples. He gave him or it to me, 11 me le donna. He gave her or it to me, 11 me la donna. He gave them to me, 11 me les donna. He gave me some. 11 m'en donna. He gave him or it to thee, 11 te le donna. He gave thee some, 11 fen donna. He gave him or it to us, 11 nous le donna. He gave her or it to you, 11 vous la donna. He gave us some, 11 nous en donna. He gave you some,. 11 vous en donna. He recalls him or it to himself, 11 se le rappelle. He recalls her or it to herself, 11 se la rappelle. He recalls them to himself, 11 se les rappelle. He applies himself to it, 11 s'y applique. He sent me there, 11 m'y envoy a. * He sent him or her to me there, 11 me Vy envoya. He sent me some there, 11 rtCy en envoya. He sent us there, 11 nous y envoya. He sent some to us there, 11 nous y en envoya. He gives it to him or to her, 11 le lux donne. 11 le leur donne. He gives it to them, He gives them to them, 11 les leur donne. He sent them to them there, 11 les leur $ envoya. He sent some to him there, 11 lux y en envoya. He sent some there, 11 y en envoya. He sent some to them there, 11 leur y en envoya. * "En and y are also adverbs of place, en meaning tlience, and y, there, thither, and they follow the same rules as the pronouns. FRENCH EXERCISES. 71 § 52. — But, when a verb in the imperative mood, used af- firmatively , governs two pronouns, these pronouns are placed after that verb, in the following order : Le, la, les, are placed immediately after the verb. Lui, leur, nioi, nous, vous, come after le, la, or les. ^precedes rnoi, toi, le, and la. Y follows nous, vous, and les. En comes the last. Examples. Send him to me, Send her to me, Send them to me. Send him or it to them, Send them to them, Send them to him, Send me there, Send us there, Send some there, Warn him of it, Warn them of it, Compel me to it, Compel us to it, Give me some. Give us some, Transport yourself there, Inform yourself of it, Apply yourself to it, Envoy ez-le-moi. EuYOjez-Ia-moi. Envoy ez-les-moi. 'Envoy ez-le-Ieur. JLnvoyez-les-leur. FtiiYoyez-les-lui. Envoy ez-y-moi. Envoy ez-nous-y. Envoyez-y-en. Aveitissez-Pen, Avertissez-/es-e?2. Forcez-?/-moi, Fovcez-nous-y. Donne z-irfen. Dormez-nous-en. Trmispoiiez-vous-y. Infoimez-vous-en. A])]Aiq\\ez-vous-y. N. B. When the verb in the imperative mood is used negatively, the pronouns governed by the verb must be placed before the verb, as in § 51. Do not send him to me, Ne me Fenvoyez pas. Do not send me any, Ne m J en envoyez pas. Do not send us there, Ne nous y envoyez pas. Do not give me any, Ne m^en donnez pas. Do not give them any, Ne leur en donnez pas. Do not warn him of it, Ne Pen avertissez pas. Do not warn them of it, Ne les en avertissez pas. 72 ELEMENTARY A TABLE Showing at one view the place of Personal Pronouns in the objective case. Before the verb. After the verb. §43,45,49,51. Me, to Me, \ Me, Thee, to Tliee, \ Te, Himself, Herself, I Itself ( Themselves, J Se, Us, to Us, \ Nous, You, to You, \ Vous, Him, It; mas. \ Le, Her, It; fern. } La, TJiem, Les, to Him, to Her, \ Lui, to T/iem, Leur,^ of, ) It, Him, / from, ) Her, Them, \ En, to It, to Them, i Y, i 44, 46, 50, 52. Moi, ToL Nous, Vous, Le, La, Les, Lui. Leur.* En. Y. After a preposition. §47. Moi. Toi. Soi. Nous. Vous. Lui. EHe. (Eux, m. }Elles, f. * The personal pronoun leur, to them, should not be mistaken for the possessive pronoun, leur, meaning their; the former never takes the sign of the plural, while the latter is written leurs when it agrees with a plural noun. § 53. — If the objective pronouns are governed by a verb compounded of the auxiliary verbs avoir or etre and a past participle, they must be placed before the auxiliary verb, and not between the auxiliary and the participle ; as, He has seen me, 11 M ? a vu. He has seen thee, II T'a vu. We have seen him. Nous iJavons vu. FRENCH EXERCISES. 73 Exercise 59. See § 41, 42, 43, 49. Do you see John ? I see him. Where is my book ? I do not see it. Does he see me ? Does he see thee ? Does he see us ? Does he see you? William is at the door ; do you see him ? We see him. I have lost my pencil, do you see it ? He does not see me. Does he not see thee ? I see you. I have a good pen, and I will give it to my sister. I have bought (achete) a gold thimble, and I am going to give it to Lucy. I know him. I know her. I know them. Do you not know me ? Do you not know us ? We do not know him. You do not know her. Do you see her often ? Exercise 60. See § 41, 42, 43, 45, 49, 53. She sees me. She does not see thee. We do not see him. We see her. You see them. She knows me. She speaks to me. William sees thee; he is speaking to' thee. Mary sees us; she is speaking to us. I know him ; I will send him some money. Your father will punish you; he will write to you. He sees her; but he does not speak to her. Does Edward see you ? Have you seen Stephen to- day ? I have not seen him to-day. I shall see him to-morrow. He nas not seen me. Has he not seen you? Exercise 61. See § 41, 42, 43, 45, 49, 53. Do you give me two pine-apples? I give you three pine-apples. [ will follow thee. He follows us. She calls them. Do you speak to me ? He is writing to us. We shall punish the boys. Why do you punish them? Those fans are not mine, nor (ni) thine, nor hers. Whose (a qui) are they? - Eat a peach; this is sweeter than 4 iiat. Send these violets and snow-drops to Lucy. Give me the former. Where is the physician ? Have you not seen him ? I saw him yesterday, but 1 did not speak to him. Has your brother writ- ten to him? He has written to him, but he has not sent him the letter, (lettre, f.) 7 74 ELEMENTARY Vocabulary. N.B. The numbers in the Vocabulary designate the verb in the Appendix, which is to be used as a model. Lamp, Lend, Light, verb, Perfectly, Carry, Take, Bring, Take away, _, lampe, f. prater. (3) allumer. (3) parfaitement. ' Mener P (3) Mener, (3) Amener, (3) ^ Emmenerj (3) Pocket, Shut, verb, Speak, Why, applied to persons. applied to infants and inanimate objects. Jpoche, f. fermer. (3) parler. (3) pourquoi. { Porter. (3) Porter. (3) Aj)j)orter.(3) ^ Emporter.fS) Exercise 62. See § 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50. Shut the door. Shut it. Let us shut it. Let us gather the roses. Let us gather them. Gather them. Write thy letter. Send it to thy brother.. Light the lamp. Light it. Do not light it. I am writing a letter; give it to William. Send me some books. I do not see them. She writes to me often. Write to me every day, (ious les jours.) Were you calling me? Tell me where she is. I will write to them to-morrow. Mary is at the door. I see her. Call her. Follow me. Believe us. Take away this; leave that. Exercise 63. See § 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50. Have you any grapes? Send them to the market. No, I will send them to my aunt. Do not give them to the children. Where are the good pens ? They are on the table. I prefer them to yours. . Put them in my copy-book. Do not put them in your pocket. Write to her. Do not write to her. Send her to my sister. Do not send her. I have a new book. 1 will give it to Lucy. Give it to Mary. Do not give it to Lucy. Didst thou not give Henry an oraoge? He has eaten his, and that of his sister. The former was (etait) larger than the latter. My flowers are not so pretty as Mary's. ERENCH EXERCISES. 75 Exercise 64. See § 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52. You have my book, give it to rne. You have Mary's gold pen, give it to roe. Give them to me. Have you any money? Lend it to us. And a purse also? Lend it to us. Lend them to us. You have French books and Italian books ; lend us some of them. My brother will send them to you, or he will bring them to you him- self, (lui-meme ) Send them to-morrow. x\re you acquainted with my uncle? I am acquainted with him. I know my lesson. Dost thou know it perfectly ? We do not know ours. What a beautiful pine-apple ! carry it to my sister. Bring some to me. Do not take it away. Exercise 65. See § 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 51, 53. You have my pencil. John gave* it to me. He did not give* it to you. Have you Mary's pen? She lent* it tome. She will lend it to thee. Edward sends him to me. We send him to thee. I send them to you. He sends her to us. Lewis gave* me some. Did he give* you some? I gave* them to you. William sent us there. He has some new books. He lent* them to Edward. He lent* them to me. He sent them to me there. He sent them to us there. He sent some to us there. I will speak to her of it. We have seen him. Exercise 66. See § 50, 52, 53. Did you give* some money to the blind woman? I gave* her a dollar. I gave* it to her. I gave* her some. Lucy lent* her some. Mary will send her some. Give her a new hat. Julia has given it to her. He has given it to them. Bring a pencil to Mary. Bring it to her. Take my purse to Julia. Take it to her. Carry these oranges to your aunt. Carry them to her. Take them away. Bring your sister here. Bring her to me. * The pupil will translate these verbs by the compound of the Present Tense, or Passe Indefini. See the Remarks on that Tense in the Appendix, page 137, and the Remark on the following page. 76 ELEMENTARY Remark. — The past participle, when preceded by the verb have, agrees in gender and number with the pronoun which is the direct object of the verb, when that object is placed before the verb; as, He has seen her, II i/a vue. He has seen them, II les a vus. Exercise 67. Have you seen her to-day? I have taken her to her brother's house. He has given her the books. He had given them to me. Emily has seen him. She has not seen us. Have you my pen? I have lent it to Mary. Does John sell butter? He sells it. He sells it to me. He does not give it to me. Do you give me the cream ? I give it. I give it to you. I do not sell it to you. Does not Mary give, it to me ? I give you the best coffee. Do we not give it to her? Do you give it to your brother? I do not give it to him; I give it to thee. Carry thy books to school. Carry them there. 54. — En is expressed in French in many instances where of it or of them is understood in English, especially when the sentence ends with a cardinal number or any word expressing quantity ; as, How many inkstands have you? I have three. Oombien d'encriers avez-vous? J'en ai trois. Exercize 68. I had five penknives, but I have lost two. If you like (aimez) those apples, take some; we have a great many (beaucowp.) My mo- ther bought twelve handkerchiefs, and she gave me six. I picked three roses, and I will give you two. Carry those pinks to your sisters. Carry them to them. Carry them some. Take that blind man to your house. Take away my horse. No, (non) bring him to me. You will do that better than I. We were not speaking of them. I wish some good ink. Do you wish black ink? I will give you three dollars, and I will lend you five. You have plums and pears; I prefer the latter. FRENCH EXERCISES. 77 Vocabulary. Apply, s'adresser* ! There, (with a verb,) y. Compel, forcer. (67) 1 Think, penser. (3) Give back, rendre* (7) Trust, se fier.* Promise, verb, promettre. (35) Warn, avertir. (4) Lead, verb, mener. (3) With, avec. Show, verb, montrer. (3) Without, sans. Stick, baton, m. Umbrella, parapluie, m. Return, (to give back,) rendre. (7) Return, (to come back,) revenir. (61) Return, (to go back,) reiourner. (3) * These are Reflected verbs, and are conjugated like Se Promener in the Appendix. Exercise 69. I have brought you the book which [que) I had promised you. Where is it ? Show it to me. I will show it to you when you have (future) finished your work. Give it to me. It does not belong to me. I will lend it to you. Lend it to me now; I will return it to you to-morrow. Will you compel us to it? Have you warned them of it? I lend you my umbrella. Does he lend you his? Send him there. Send them there. We do not speak to them of it. Show me the lesson. Have you shown it to them? Who will open the door? I. Send me mutton, beef, and veal. He, he will not do it to-day. Exercise 70. I give back to you your slate. I give it back to you. Have you returned to me my pen-knife ? I will return it to you to-mor- row. I sell it to you. You have a good pen. Do you give it to me? I give it to you; I do not sell it to you. Henry warned him of it. We warned them of it. I sent him. I sent him to her. I sent him to her there. We sent him to them there. We sent them to him there. John sent them to her there. You sent him to them. The queen sent her to them. My aunt sent her to them there. Does he take his children to school? He takes them there \ every day. Do they take their books there? They send some there to me. 7* 78 ELEMENTARY § 55. — The pupil has been taught § 45 that personal pro- nouns preceded by the preposition to are considered in French the indirect objects of the verb with which they are connected, and the preposition d is understood, or rather comprised in the pronoun. But after the verbs alter, venir, and some other verbs of motion, some of the Neuter verbs, and all the Reflected verbs, the preposition cannot be comprised in the pronoun, as in § 45; it must be expressed, and consequently the pronoun must come after the verb, and must be translated into French as directed in § 47. Exercise 71. Your uncle is here ; apply to him. If you wish help, (secours, m.) come to me; do not go to them. Trust to him, but do not trust to her. Think upon (a) me. I will think of (d) thee. Were you speaking to him, or to her? I trust thee, and I shall trust thee always. If you wish money, apply to my sister. I went to her, and she sent me to thee. I trust to her, I do not trust to them. She did not apply to you. Why did she not apply to me, when she wished help ? Will you trust yourself to me ? Go to him, if you have need (besoin) of any thing. Vocabulary. After, prep. apres. At, a. Behind, derriere. By, par. For, pour. Near, pres de. At the house of, chez. Before, (speaking of time and order,) avant. Before, (speaking of place and presence,) devant. By, (by the side of,) a coti de. Exercise 72. See § 47. Follow your sister, but do not run after her. I wish to arrive (arrive?') before her. I am near thee, but thou dost not see me. He will do it for thee to-morrow. This is for him. Do not go be- fore me. I will walk (marcher) by my sister. Julia is at the hous• qui. Examples. The wind which blows, Le vent qui souffle. The child that cries, U enfant qui pleure. The fruits that ripen, Les fruits qui murissent. f when placed after a noun that is *) § 64.-^- Of which, < not governed by a preposition, is > dont. [^ expressed by j {ditquel, masc. sing. ,7 7 77 £ ae laquelie* iem. sing. desquels, masc. plur. desquelleSy fern. plur. Examphs. I have some foreign flowers, the JW desfleurs etrangeres, dont Vodeur smell of which is very agreeable. es£ £r que. i k which, and is the object of a verb, is ) Clequel, masc. sing. jtti .7 , , ... I laquelle, fern. sing. Which, governed by a preposition, is <( L 7 ^ J lesquels, masc. plur. [_ lesquelles, fern. plur. Remark. — When the preposition that governs lequel is de or d, it is contracted with it, as follows : SINGULAR. masc. fern. Lequel, laquelle, duquel, de laquelle, auquel, a laquelle, duquel, de laquelle, PLURAL. masc. fern. lesquels, lesquelles, desquels, desquelles, auxquels, auxquelles, desquels, desquelles, who, which, of whom, of which, to whom, to which, from whom, from which. § 66. — The pupil will perceive from the preceding lessons that we translate who, -\ when nominative to the following verb, by qui. which, that, whom, which, that, > when object of the following verb, by que. Examples. L'homme qui \ \ i } The man who The horse which The chaise that The man whom The horse which The coach that comes. I see. Le cheval qui La chaise qui L'homme que ■ Le cheval que Le carrosse que . vient. je vois § 67. — What, standing for that which, is ( ce qui. \ or ^ ce que. (1.) Ce qui is used when immediately followed by a verb of which qui is the subject nominative, as, Always do what is right ; i. e. that Which is right. Faites toujour s ce qui est juste. « 86 ELEMENTARY .! quoi. (2.) Ce que is used when a nominative comes in betweei it and the next verb. Que is in the objective case. What we say is true ; i. e. that which we say is true. Ce que nous disons est vrai. £ gg^ jy/iat C use<1 in a va £ ue sense ' tt7 z. • I ] or re ^ err ^ n & t0 a phrase, Vr/llC/l, i an( j governed by a preposition, William learned his lessons; after which he went to walk. GuiUaume a appris ses lecons; apres quoi il est alle' se promener. § 69. — Of what is de ce qui, de ce que; as, I speak of what is true ; i. e. of that which, &c. Je parle de ce qui est vrai. I speak of what you know. Je parte de ce que vous savez. What of is ce dont; as, Wliat he speaks of is not true; that of which, &c. Ce dont il parle ?i'est pas vrai. § 70. — To what is & ce qui, a ce que; as, Apply to what is useful ; i. e. that which, &c. Appliquez-vous a ce qui est utile. Pay attention to what I say. Faites attention a ce que je dis. What to is ce a quoi; as, What you apply 'to is not useful ; i. e. *Aa£ to which, &c. Ce a quoi t;o&£ vows appliquez rfest pas utile. Vocabulary. Absolute, Happen, Lady, Letter, ahsolu. arriver. (3) dame, f. lettre, f. Strike, Study, Skip, Sure, f rapper. (3) etude, £ hondir. (4) Meadow, Pick, prairie, f. cueillir. (22) Very, adv. Vice, tresjfort, hien. vice, m. Power, Shun, pouvoir, m. eviter. (3) Vex, Wear, fdcher. (3) porter. (3) Exercise 77. The man who sells apples is at the door, sells strawberries. The grass which stows. Call the woman who Do you see the lambs FRENCH EXERCISES. 87 that skip in the meadows ? The boy that runs so (si) fast. The man whose apples you are picking. The king whom we fear. The lady whom you see is my sister. The house which we sold. The flowers which you are gathering are beautiful. Lewis has a horse which is worth two hundred dollars. The horse which you see in the meadow is not his. The jewels that you wear. The man with whom I came. The carriage in which I came. § 71. — The relative pronoun, whom, which, or that, is often omitted in English, but it must always be expressed in French when it is required by the meaning or construction of the sen- tence ; as, Where is the book you were reading ? Ov- est le livre que vous lisiez ? Exercise 78« The king whose power is absolute. The physician to whose pru- dence I owe much, (beaucoup.) The niece of whom I speak. The birds of which you speak. The coach which is at the door. The house which we saw yesterday is for sale. [Ex. 54.) The man with whom Edward is walking. The carpenter to whom he gave the gold. The horse on which I returned to the city. I love what you love. Eat what I give you. Tell me what vexes you. The dog that is running. The boys who are picking cherries. The boys whom you will punish. The grapes you sell are not ripe. The lady from whom I received this letter. Exercise 79. The pencil with which I am writing. The pen with which thou art writing. There are (yoila) the books for which I gave eighty dollars. You are buying a book which is very dear. The book which you have bought is very dear. The book of which you speak is dear. He has lost all the money he had. The physician whom I see. The physician of whom I speak. The pine-apples of which Mary speaks. I have what pleases me. Edward does not sell what I sell. The table on which you write. This is that lawyer's niece of whom we were speaking. I love what you love. 88 ELEMENTARY § 72. — When a relative pronoun, governed by a preposition, is not expressed in English, and the preposition that governs it, is placed at the end of the sentence, the relative pronoun must be expressed in French, preceded by the preposition ; as. Do you know the lady I am writing to ? This sentence should be translated thus: Connaissez-vous la dame a qvifScris? Do you know the lady to whom I am writing ? Exercise 80. I do not know the shoemaker you speak of. We believe what he says. Do you know what vexes her ? Here is (void) the boy I was running after. What you speak of will happen. She is speaking of what will happen to-day. Tell me what I shall say. You whose sons are so attentive. The boys I see in the meadow. This is the stick with which he struck me. Where is the horse you have bought? The horse to which I have given some water. You speak of the lady whose aunt has been ill, (malade.) He trusts to what he has done. What you trust to is not sure. The farmer whose garden you have seen. The queen whose jewels are lost. Shun vice and love what is good. Do not you believe what I say? The studies to which he applies, (J applique.) The chair on which you are sitting, (etes assis.) The pens with which Lucy writes. The coach in which I came. The apricots which you are picking. Give me the pen you are writing with. I do not know whom it belongs to. We speak of what we know. What we talk of every day. FRENCH EXERCISES. 89 CHAPTER IX. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. § 73. — The interrogative pronoun who is translated into French thus : Who, qui, quel. Whose, de qui, a qui. Whom, qui. (1.) Who is translated by qui, when it does not refer to a noun coming after the verb, of which who is the subject or nominative, as: Who wrote this letter ? Qui a ecrit cette lettre f (2.) Who is expressed by quel, quelle, quels, quelles, when the next verb is followed by a noun to which this pronoun quel refers, as; Who are these ladies? Quelles sont ces dames? N.B. Remember quel must agree in number and gender with the noun to which it refers in the sentence. Quel is really an interrogative adjective, ■ and the noun with which it agrees is understood, the sentence above reading thus, when the ellipsis is supplied : Quelles {dames) sont ces dames l § 74. — Whose, meaning of whom, is de qui. 117 u~~„ (used before the verb to be, signifying) v „ • Whose. < . . ■ ^ • i cl qui. 1 (possession, duty, or right, is > z Examples. Whose pen have you? La plume de qui avez-vous? Whose pen is this ? A qui est cette 'plume ? N.B. Whose, used interrogatively, is never expressed by dont, which is always a relative pronoun. 8* 90 ELEMENTARY § 75. — The interrogative pronoun which is thus translated : 1 preferring to a noun masc. sing, is quel^ lequel. * , . , J u " fem. sing, is quelle , laquelle . " « masc. plur. is quels, lesquels, " ' fem. plur. is quelles^ lesquelles. Remark 1. — Which, coming immediately before the verb to be, and referring to a noun following that verb, is expressed by quel, &c; as, Which are the largest islands? Quelles sont les plus grandes lies? Remark 2. — Which, coming immediately before the verb to be, when that verb is not followed by a noun, is translated by lequel, &c, as, Look at those roses 3 which is the Regardez ces roses-Id; laquelle est prettiest ? la plus jolie ? Remark 3. — Which, meaning which one, which ones, and not fol- lowed by the verb to be, is translated by lequel, &c, as, Those are my horses 3 which (one) Voila mes chevaux; lequel admircz- do you admire the most ? vous le plus? Remark 4. — Which, followed by of, is translated by lequel, &c, as, Which of these oranges will you Laquelle de ces oranges voulez-vous J have? Remark 5. — Lequel cannot be used as an adjective, and therefore must never be followed immediately by a noun. When it is pre ceded by the preposition de or d, contraction takes place as in the relative pronoun lequel, which is declined on page 85; as, To which of my uncles have you Auquel de mes oncles avez-vous written? ecrit? FRENCH EXERCISES. 91 f 1~. qu'est-ce qui. § 76. — The interrogative pronoun J 2. y 5 * What is translated by | n . • ' J o. 5^02. L4. y^e/, quelle, &c. (1.) Tf Aaf signifying wAa* thing, and employed as the nominative to a verb ; is expressed by qu'est-ce qui; as, What vexes you? QvJest-ce qui vousfdche ? (2.) What, signifying ivhat thing, and used without a preposition as the object of a verb, is expressed by que or qu'est-ce que; as, What are you doing? Que faites-vous ? or Qu'est-ce que vousfaites ? (2.) TFAa*?, when it means what sort of thing, or of what conse- quence, and is followed by the verb to be, is likewise expressed by que or qu'est-ce que;*&s, What are men before God? Que sont les hommes devant Dieu? What is light? Qu J est-ce que la lumiere? (3.) What, signifying what thing, and preceded by a preposition', whether expressed or understood, is translated by quoi; as, Of what is he speaking? Be quoi parle-t-il? (3.) What, used as an interjection, is quoi; as, What ! is that my brother? Quoi! est-ce la monfrere? (4.) What, when it does not mean what thing, and relates to a noun placed after the verb which follows what, is translated by quel, quelle, quels, quelles, according to the gender and number of the noun to which it relates; as, What are your motives? Quels sont vos motifs? 92 ELEMENTARY Vocabulary. America, Amerique, £ i Motive, motif m. Asia, Asie, f. Name, nom, m. Africa, Afrique, f. Name, verb, nommer. (3) City, ville, f. Republic, republique, f. Continent, continent, m. Ride, verb, monter. (3) Europe, Europe, f. River, riviere, f . Form, verb, former. (3) State, <^a£, m. Island, He, f. Study, verb, itudier. (3) Look at, regarder. (3) Sun, sofei7 ; m. Northern, septentri onal, or du nord. Southern, meridior ,al, or du sud. Eastern, oriental. Western, occidenta 1 Exerci se 8f. Who wishes to pick strawberries ? Who will go with me ? Who are those children we see in the meadow? Whose horses have you bought? Whose gloves are these ? Whose son are you ? Whom have you seen to day? Of whom were you speaking to my mother? With whom will you go this evening to the city ? You have seen my horses ; which do you prefer ? Which is the best ? Which is the best translation? Whose house is that? I do not know whose it is. What are you doing there ? (Id) What makes you laugh ? What do you wish to say ? Of what were you talking ? What is a conti- nent? Exercise 82. Look at those two houses, and tell me which you prefer. Can you not tell me which is the prettiest ? Whose fan is this ? Who has done that? What! is it (est-ce) you? What are Edward's motives? Which are the largest rivers? Which of these books were you reading ? Of what is John guilty ? To which of the boys shall I give the watch? Who gave thee this beautiful dog? For what dost thou call me? Who is calling me? Which of these horses shall I ride? Which horse shall I ride? What is an island? What is the name of that river? FRENCH EXERCISES. 93 Exercise 83. Which are the northern states? There are two oranges; whose are they? Which do you prefer? Which is the largest? What! is he not willing to speak to Lewis ? Which of these roses do you wish? Whose boots have you ? Whose are these copy-books ? Whose daughter is she? What is a republic? To which of thy sisters shall I send some snow-drops? In which of those houses does thy aunt live? Which is the largest? Which has the largest garden ? About (de) what are the boys talking? What! is she not here? Will you have oranges or pine-apples? I prefer the latter to the former. Exercise 84. Which is the eastern continent? In what city do you live? What is the sun? The stars are suns. Give these handkerchiefs to those girls. These flowers are prettier than those. I have bought a cow and a horse; the former costs (coute) me five and twenty dollars, the latter eighty-five. What! you have given too much. What is the name of that star? What is Mary looking at? Whose apron has she ? This lesson is shorter than that. What are kings and queens ? On what island ? What continent do Europe, Asia, and Africa form ? Eat this pear, and take to your sister the ones that you have in your apron. What is honor? Exercise 85. What lesson are you studying ? Which is the largest of the west- ern states? Which is the smallest of the northern states? He only (seul) knows my motives. The physician to whom you are writing is not at home. Let us send her some lilies. Let us send them to them. I ! pick (cueillir) your flowers ! Who has done that? It was not I; it was she. Bring me a copy-book. Do not bring it to me. He and I (we) were together. I will go with thee. This stick is mine, and this umbrella is hers. This peach is not Mary's; she has eaten hers. Do not put the apples on the table; put them under it. Have you seen him ? I have not spoken to him. Where is the pine-apple I gave to the boys ? They have given it to their mother. I prefer these cherries to those. 94 ELEMENTARY CHAPTER X. THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. SECT. I. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS WHICH ARE NEVER JOINED TO A NOUN. § 77. — Every one, each one, chacun. Nobody, no one, none, any body, personne. Other people, others, autrui. One, somebody, we, you, they, peo- ple, &c. on. Somebody, some one, any one, quelqv?un, masc. sing. C meaning afevj, not folO oOme, J lowed by a noun, but I , , Any, \ ending for a noun of \ queJques-uns, masc. plur. (^the masculine gender, J Some, (jo. do. standing fora J /femplur _ Any, ( noun of the fem. gender. J Whoever, whosoever, any person that, quiconque. One another, each other, Pun V autre. Chacun, referring to a noun of the feminine gender, is chacune; it has no plural. Personne, when a pronoun, is always masc. and singular. When personne means nobody, no one, none, ne must be placed before the verb; as, Nobody believes it, Personne ne le croit. Auirui has neither gender nor number ; it is always preceded by a preposition. Quiconque is invariable, and the verb of which it is the subject is in the singular number. FRENCH EXERCISES. 95 Hun V autre, is declined in the following manner, viz : — SINGULAR. Masc. Fem. L'un l'autre, l'une l'autre, one another, L'un de l'autre, Tune de l'autre, of one another. L'un a l'autre, l'une a l'autre, to one anotlier. PLURAL. Masc. Fem. Les uns les autres, les unes les autres, one another. Les uns des autres, les unes des autres, of one another. Les uns aux autres, les unes aux autres, to one anotlier. N. B. The pupil must remember that the preposition which comes before one another in English, is placed between the two words Pun, P autre, in French. Remarks on the Indefinite Pronoun On. 1. — On is always the nominative of a verb, and, though it repre- sents we, they, people, which are plural, it requires the verb to be in the third person singular; as, On dit, They say, people say. 2. — The following and other similar indefinite expressions are also translated into French by on with the verb in the active voice : It will be said, On dira. It has been thought, On a cru. 3. — English passive verbs used indefinitely require the active I voice in French, with on for the nominative ; and the nominative of the verb in English becomes its object in French; as, I have been told that he is gone, On rrfa dit quHl est parti. Rewards will be given to-morrow, On donnera des recompenses demain. Exercise 86. People believe it. Do not they believe it? Do not they say so , (ley. It will soon (bientot) be known, if that is true. It was told to my sister yesterday. Have the men been called from the meadow ? Do not speak ill of one another. Whoever says so, says what is 96 ELEMENTARY not true. Each one of the knives. Each one of the forks. No one knows it. The works of others. Is there any one at the door? There is nobody. Take some of these apples. Somebody has taken my book. Is no one willing to come with me ? Have all the play- things been found? Some of the apricots are not ripe. Exercise 87. Send me some of those copy-books to-morrow. All the apples have been eaten. Each of these books has its value. Put them each in (a) its place. My brother will do it better than anybody. Is it known who wrote that book? Do not do to others what you would not wish (them to do to you,) (que Von vousfit.) The boys are talking to one another. It is said that the king is dead. Have the cherries been picked ? Each star. Each one of the stars. Which is the largest of the western states ? What lesson are you studying ? Vocabulary. Ask for, demander. (3) Any thing, rien. Nothing, ne . . . rien. Call, (at a house,) passer. (3) Engraving, gravure, f. Every body, tout le monde. Expect, attendre. (7) Like, verb, aimer. (3) Still, yet, encore. Whether, si. Exercise 88. I cannot give you any thing. Do you know whether your uncle's horses have been sold? They have not been sold yet. Have you still any of those engravings which you showed me the other day? I have a few of them, that I will sell you cheap (bon marclie.) I expect somebody. Has anybody called here to-day? I have been told that your aunt is sick. Some lessons are too long. Some of the lessons are short. Give me some of those caps. What are they looking at? How did he burn his hand? What does the poor woman expect? This cap is not so pretty as the one that I have made. FRENCH EXERCISES. 97 SECT. II. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SOMETIMES JOINED TO NOUNS, AND SOMETIMES NOT. § 78. — AH, every, every thing, tout, masc. sing. Both, Pun et V autre. Both,* tous les deux, m. Both, toutes les deux, f. Either, Pun ou P autre. Neither, ni Pun ni Pautre. Other, autre. No, none, not one, nul, masc, nulle, fern. Not any, none, not one, aucun, m. aucune, f. No, not one, pas un, m. pas une, f. Same, ?neme. Several, many, plusieurs, masc. and f. Such, tel, masc. telle, fem. These words, when joined to a noun, are adjectives; when used without a noun, they are pronouns. Ni Vun ni V autre, nul, aucun, and pas un, require ne before the /erb with which they are connected. Dun et Pautre is declined thus : SINGULAR. Masc. Fem. l'un et l'autre, l'une et Pautre, both. de l'un et de l'autre, de l'une et de l'autre, of both. a l'un et a l'autre, a l'une et a l'autre, to both. PLURAL. Masc. Fem. les uns et les autres, les unes et les autres, both. des uns et des autres, des unes et des autres, of both. aux uns et aux autres, aux unes et aux autres, to both. N. B. The pupil will notice the repetition of the preposition in the ^rench pronoun. * Remark. — Both is translated by tons deux, masc, and toutes leux, fem., when it means two together, or at the same time. 98 ELExMENTARY Uun ou P autre is declined thus ; SINGULAR. Masc. Fern. Fun ou l'autre, l'une ou l'autre, either. de l'un ou de l'autre, de l'une ou de l'autre, of either. a l'un ou a l'autre, a l'une ou a l'autre, to either. PLURAL. Masc. Fem. les uns ou les autres, les unes ou les autres, either. des uns ou des autres, des unes ou des autres, of either. aux uns ou aux autres, aux unes ou aux autres, to either'. Ni Pun ni P autre is declined thus : SINGULAR. Masc. Fem. ni l'un ni l'autre, ni l'une ni l'autre, neitJier. ni de l'un ni de l'autre, ni de l'une ni de l'autre, of neither. ni a l'un ni a l'autre, ni a l'une ni a l'autre, to neither. PLURAL. Masc. . Fenu ni les uns ni les autres, ni les unes ni les autres, neither. ni des uns ni des autres, ni des unes ni des autres, of neither. ni aux uns ni aux autres, ni aux unes ni aux autres, to neither. Exercise 89. Every thing is not lost. None of your sisters will come. We shall not see any of them to-day. The other farmers. The money of the others. Each man. Each of the men. Take either of these oranges. I wish neither of them. None of the books which you have pleases me. Of all these apples, not one is yet ripe. Nobody speaks to me of it. I am not speaking to any body. "Where are John and Stephen? Lewis receives money from both. I have written to both, but neither has answered my letters. Several have spoken to me of it. Those physicians speak well of one another. The lawyer to whom 'you are writing is not at home. Exercise 90. Do not look at each other's copy-books. Somebody has been (venu) here to-day, who wished to speak to you. Nobody likes that carpet. Take some of these snow-drops. Give me a few of them. Mary and Lucy are both in the garden. We love them both. Where is our little dog? He cannot be found. Has anybody asked to see FRENCH EXERCISES. 99 me ? Everybody knows it. You will be expected at your uncle's. Not one of you has yet given me her exercise. We see nothing. You may have either of those pens. Which is the smallest of the north- ern states? You have not done anything to-day. Vocabulary, Busy, occupe Fall, verb, tomber. (3) Evening, soir, m. Morning, matin, m. Praise, verb, louer. (3) Property, bien, m. Only, alone, adj. seul. Week, semaine, f. Exercise 91. Show me your books, and I will see whether I have read any of them. What shall I buy? Which season do you prefer? What is a city? Have you seen the bookseller Edward was speaking of? Which one? The one whose daughter you know very well; but whose name I do not know. Lucy is not at home; she is at her sister's. Send her the letter you are reading. What is the carpenter saying? He says he will not be able to do what you wish this week. The children were running after one another, and both fell. Exercise 92. Which cloak shall I bring you? The cloth one or the silk one? Will you wear your new hat or your old one ? The oak of (avec) which that chair is made, is very beautiful. Sit by me; I cannot hear what you say. Whose letter is this ? Lend me your penknife. Which one ? Is this one yours ? Name the western states. No other man. Do not take the property of others. He says nothing. Do you know whether the letters have been received, that were ex- pected this morning? They have not been received yet. He only knows my motives. Exercise 93. People are looking at you. Does any one of you wish to go with me to the city? In which continent is Africa? Take some flowers to each of thy sisters. We shall often write letters to one another. My uncle is in Europe. (See § 7.) Our parents will go to America on the second of June, and they will return to Europe on the 22d of December. Whoever knows Mary, loves her. Somebody knocks at the door. Every one says so, (le.) Each one of these books. sing. que, plur. 100 ELEMENTARY SECT. III. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY QUE. 5 79.-Whoever, whosoever, j W\ * ^ I jective or an adverb, * t0u * * •"" 9 ue - All the above pronouns except tout . . . que require the verb which follows them to be in the subjunctive mood. Examples. Whoever may speak to me. Qui que ce soit qui me jparle. Whoever would speak of it. Qui que ce fut qui en parlat. Whoever you may be. Qui que vous soyez. Whomsoever I may receive. Qui que ce soit que je regoive. Whatever you may say. Quoi que vous disiez. Whoever these men may be. Quels que soient ces hommes. Whatever talents he may have. Quelques talents qu'il ait. However great they may be. Quelque grands quHls soient, or Tout grands qu'ils sont. FRENCH EXERCISES. 101 Exercise 94. "Whoever may laugh. Whatever Lucy may send. Whomsoever I may see. Whoever these boys may be. Whatever friends they may have. However pretty she may be. Whoever would beat the dog. However large he may be. Whoever those women may be. Whomsoever you may know. Whatever lessons they may have. Whatever you may do. However rich his father may be. Whatever he may say, I will not believe him. Both shall go with me. Nei- ther is in the garden. Shall I call your mother or aunt? Call either. For what is she coming? They alone do what I wish. W 7 hat is the mind? Exercise 95. Whoever is guilty shall be punished. Have you nothing to say to me? In which continent is North America? Of whom is Lucy speaking? What is she giving to the old woman? With what are you writing? He is praised, he is blamed, he is punished, but what- ever they do, he is always lazy. Whatever advantages my sister may have had. However faithful their friends may have been. What- ever may be the evils of this life. Whoever asks for me, tell him that I am busy. He applies himself to nothing whatever. What is beauty ? A flower, that soon fades (se /due.) 9* 102 ELEMENTARY PARTICIPLES. Remark. — The most important rules for the French Participle are so necessary even to the beginner in translating from English into French, that it is thought best to insert them ? even in this elementary work. There are other rules for the participles, in addition to the ones here given, which the pupil will find in any French grammar. § SO. — Rule 1st. The Past Participle, when not preceded by an auxiliary verb, agrees in gender and number with the noun or pronoun to which it refers ; as, The letter written by her, La lettre ecrite par elle. Rule 2d. The Past Participle, w T hen preceded by the auxiliary verb to be, agrees in gender and number with the noun or pro- noun which is the nominative of the verb ; as, They are followed, lis so7it suivis. Rule 3d. The Past Participle, when preceded by the auxiliary verb to have, agrees in gender and number with the direct object of the verb, when, and only when, the said object is, in the French sentence, placed before the verb ; as, The letters which 1 have written, Les lettres quefai ecrites. Rule 4th. The Past Participles of reflected verbs, which are conjugated with the auxiliary verb to be, follow Rule 3d ; as, They have repented, lis se sont repentis. Vocabulary. Build, bdtir. (4) Mistake, faute, f. Complain, se plaindre. (19) Show, verb, montrer. (3) Defend, defendre. (7) Subject, noun, sujet, m. Employ, occuper. (3) Thank, remercier. (3) Indulgent, indulgent Window, fenetre, f. Here is, here are, void. There is, there are, voila. N.B. Void, here is, — here are, — behold, aud voila, there is, — there are, — behold. are used in pointing out objects. FRENCH EXERCISES. 103 Exercise 96. A letter well written. A horse beaten by a man. The translation is well written. Those houses are very well built. My brother has written a letter. My sister has written a letter. My brothers have written a letter. There is the letter he has written. Do you wish to see the letter she has written? You can see the letter they have written. Her brother was punished. The boys will be punished. My sister is come at last, (enfin.*) She had employed herself. The boys have shown themselves very courageous. The men have de- fended themselves. Exercise 97. He has seen us. These letters are well written. My brother has made a mistake. Here is the mistake he has made. My sister has made a mistake. Here is the mistake she has made. Where is the letter I have given him? I have eaten a peach. The peach that you have eaten, and the strawberries that I have eaten. Has she given you any money ? Has your mother sold her house ? Which house has she sold? What gowns has she bought? She is loved by (de) -her sub- jects. Mary has repented of her fault. The girls found (comp. pres.) themselves sick. Exercise 98. The lesson which John has studied ten times. The lessons that William has studied. The lesson that my sisters have studied. Your father has shown himself very indulgent. My sisters have found themselves very happy. She has applied herself to her lessons. The little boys had employed themselves. Have you any of those oranges that you showed (comp. pres.} me the other day ? I have lost my watch. I have not found it. I have found a watch. It is not the one which I have lost. I have sent thee a letter. I have not re- ceived it. Exercise 99. My daughter has employed herself all the day, (journee). The boys have dressed themselves. Has John thanked my sisters ? He has thanked them. He has thanked her. She has thanked him. Edward has warmed himself. Lucy has washed herself. Let us dress ourselves. The children have warmed themselves. Have the 104 ELEMENTARY girls warmed themselves ? Apply thyself to thy studies. Apply to your friends. This is good, but that is much better. My mother found herself {comp. pres.) better. Exercise 100. Has she washed her hands? She has washed them. Remark. — The pupil must bear in mind that in such sentences as the preceding, the reflected pronoun is the indirect object, and the noun or pronoun denoting the part of the body spoken of, is the direct object. The sentences given above are translated into French thus: S 7 est-elle lave les mains ? Literally, Has she washed the hands to herself? Elle se les est lavees. Literally, She has washed them to herself. * The Past Participle follows Rule 3d. William has warmed his feet. Did he burn them? Lucy has warmed her feet. Did she not burn her hand ? She has burned her fingers. You will burn your hair, if you sit so near the lamp. She has washed her face. He has washed his face. How many (combien de) gold pens have you? I have three. Each one of these pens is bad. Every body is busy. All the water has been drunk. There is no truth in that history. The histories that I have read. Have I returned to you all the books you have lent me ? Exercise 101. N.B. See page 81, and the verbs T Avoir and Falloir in the Appendix. I must sleep. Thou must read. He must walk. You must fol- low your sister. Mary must study her lesson. William must read the book twice. It will be necessary for us to give some money to the poor woman. I have given her some bread and beef. The queen must sell her jewels. There is her palace. There is a bird on that tree. There is no coffee. Is there any tea? We must punish the wicked boys. John must drink water. Is there any milk on the table? Here is some milk. FRENCH EXERCISES. 105 Exercise 102. N.B. See the Remarks on Devoir, pages 140 and 145. I owe three dollars to the baker. I am to call at his house this evening. We should pay promptly (promptemeni) what we owe. You ought to have paid him yesterday. It has been necessary to sell the horses and carriage. Children must sleep eight hours. Thou must write thy letter. Edward has dressed himself quickly. He must take his sister to school. The lamp which you have lighted. William must return to France (§ 7) to-morrow. Thou must employ thyself all the morning, (inatinee) Exercise 103. N.B. See the Remarks on To Be, page 145. How is thy mother? She is very well to-day. How old is that child? He is six years old. He will be seven the first of next month. He is sleepy and hungry. Each flower, each tree, has a lesson written on its leaves. I like this, but I do not like that. Why do you warm your hands? There is what you wish. There are several boys in the garden. Here are some raspberries. Mary must wash her gloves. Is there no sugar in the house? Are there no strawberries in the dish? Do not eat too many apples. I have eaten two. Those that I eat (comp. pres.) were ripe. Do you take tea or coffee? I take neither. Shall I give you plums or peaches? You may give me both. Are you afraid of this horse or of that one? Vocabulary. Dictionary, dictionnaire, m. Pay, payer. (3) England, Angleterre, f. Play, jouer. (3) France, Erance, f. Prevent, prevenir. (61) Help, verb, aider. (3) Rarely, rarement. Exert 104. N.B. See the Remarks on Would, Might, Could, &c, on pages 140 and 141. I would call at the bookseller's, if I could; but I am to be at the physician's at eleven o'clock. (hours) I will lend you my dictionary, that you may write your exercise this evening. You might do it in 106 ELEMENTARY, ETC. half an hour, (une demi-heure) If I could have done it, I would not have asked (jprie) you to help me. You might have done it as well as I. I could not have done it so (si) soon. Mary is to come here soon. We are to go to my aunt's to-morrow. Was not Lucy to pay two dollars ? She ought not to have bought that hand- kerchief. She owes nothing. She is not to pay anything. Exercise 105. We must not be lazy. I must see that man. Thou must not go alone. He must come himself. Your brother must go with you. Stephen owed the bookseller five dollars, and he was to receive the value in books. Are thy sisters gone ? How are they ? Do they wish me to write to them? William would do it, I know, if you would tell him that it is for me. What will you have? May we study our lessons now, and play this evening? It is very fine weather. Is it not too cold? It is cold, but it is not too cold. Is not tha child cold? He is hungry, but he is not cold. Remark. — Adverbs are generally placed, in French, imme- diately after the verb. When the verb is used in a compound tense, the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the par- ticiple ; as, They write their letters badly, lis ecrivent mal leurs lettres. They have written badly, lis out mal ecrit. Exercise 106. Mary writes her exercises well. Do we not always say the truth? We often call at my cousin's. I never drink wine. Have we not dressed ourselves quickly? My niece has blamed herself too- much. Were we to pay a dollar? I will not receive a cent from you. I often see your brother. He would eat the pine-apple ; I could not prevent him. May I read with you the history of England and that of France? He rarely goes to your uncle's. Would he have gone home without me? How is the weather? It is warm, and it will be warmer to-morrow. Are you not warm ? I am warm and thirsty. N.B. At the end of the Appendix will be found a few pages of English, which the pupil will be able to translate into French easily, with the help of a French dictionary. APPENDIX. CONJUGATION OF FRENCH VERBS. There are four conjugations or classes of verbs. Verbs of the first conjugation have the infinitive mood, pre- sent tense, ending in ER. Verbs of the second conjugation have the infinitive mood, present tense, ending in IR. Verbs of the third conjugation have the infinitive mood, present tense, ending in OIR. Verbs of the fourt h conjugation have the infinitive mood, present tense, ending in RE. The primitive tenses of verbs are those from which the others are formed ; they are five in number, and are, The present of the infinitive mood, The present participle, The past participle, » The present of the indicative mood, And the preterite of the indicative mood. (10?) 108 ELEMENTARY avoir CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB AVOIR, TO HAVE. INFINITIVE. SIMPLE TENSES. PRESENT. to have COMPOUND TENSES. PAST. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT. ayant having PAST. eu, m. eue,f. had ayant eu to have had having had PRESENT. j' ai / have j'ai eu tu as thou hast tu as eu ila he has il a eu elle a she has elle a eu nous avons we have nous avons eu vous avez you have vous avez eu ils ont they m. have ils ont eu elles ont they f. have elles ont eu INDICATIVE. PRETERIT INDEFINITE, OV COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. I have had thou hast had he has had she has had we have had you have had they have had they have had IMPERFECT. j avais tu avais il or elle avait nous avions vous aviez ils or elles ) avaient S I had thou hadst he or she had ice had you had they had PLUPERFECT, OV COMPOUND OF THE IMPERFECT. j avais eu tu avais eu il or elle avait eu nous avions eu vous aviez eu ils or elles avaient eu I had had thou hadst had he or she had had we had had you had had they had had PRETERIT DEFINITE. j &U9 tu eus il or elle eut nous eumes vous eutes ils or elles eurent I had thou hadst he had we had you had they had PRETERIT ANTERIOR, Or COMPOUND OF THE PRETERIT. 1 had had j eus eu tu eus eu il or elle eut eu nous eumes eu vous eutes eu ils or elles eurent eu thou hadst had he or she had had we had had you had had they had had FRENCH EXERCISES. 109 COMPOUND OP THE FUTURE, OT FUTURE ABSOLUTE. FUTURE ANTERIOR. j'aurai I shall j'aurai eu / shall have have had tu auras thou wilt tu auras eu thou wilt have have had il or elle aura he or she il or elle aura eu he or she will will have have had nous aurons toe shall nous aurons eu we shall have have had vous aurez you will vous aurez eu you will have have had ils or elles they will ils or elles they will have auront have auront eu had CONDITIONAL. PAST, Or COMPOUND OF THE CONDI- PRESENT. TIONAL. j'aurais I should have j'aurais eu I should have had tu aurais thou shouldst have tu aurais eu thou shouldst have had il or elle he or she il or elle aurait he or she should aurait should have eu have had nous aurions we should nous aurions eu ive should have had have vous auriez you should have vouz auriez eu you should have had ils or elles they should ils or elles aurai- they should have had auraient have ent eu IMPERATIVE. Aie Have [thou) ayons let us have ayez have (ye or you) i SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT OR FUTURE. PRETERIT, Or COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. que j'aie That I may que j'aie eu That I may have have had que tu aies that thou que tu aies eu that thou mayst have mayst have had qu'il or qu'- that he may qu'il or qu'elle ait that he or she may elle ait have eu have had que nous that we may que nous ayons eu that we may have ayons have had que vous that you may que vous ayez eu that you may have ayez have had qu'ils or qu' that they may qu'ils or qu'elles that they may have elles aient have aient eu had 10 110 ELEMENTARY IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT, Of COMPOUND OF THE IMPERFECT. que j eusse que tu eusses qu'il or qu'elle eut que nous eus- sions que vous eus- siez qu'ils or qu'- eileseussent That I might have that thou mightst have that he or she might have that we might have that you might have that they might have que j eusse eu que tu eusses eu qu'il or qu'elle eut eu que nous eus- sions eu que vous eus- siez eu qu'ils or qu'elles eussent eu That I might have had that thou mightst have had that he or she might have had that we might have had that you might have had that they might have had AVOIR, TO HAVE, CONJUGATED NEGATIVELY. N. B. The first persons only of the tenses are given ; the pupil will learn the others from the preceding verb, which has been conjugated in full. Infinitive Present, Comp. Inf. Pres., Present Participle, Comp. Pres. Part., Indicative Present, Comp. Indie. Pres., Indie. Imperfect, Comp. Indie. Imp., Indie. Preterite, Comp. Indie. Pret., Indie. Future, Comp. Indie. Fut., Conditional Pres., " Past, Imperative, Subjunctive Present, Comp. Subj. Pres., Subjunctive Imperfect, Comp. Subj. Imp., N'avoir pas, or Ne pas avoir, N'avoir pas eu, N'ayant pas, N'ayant pas eu, Je n'ai pas, Je n'ai pas eu, Je n'avais pas, Je n'avais pas eu, Je n'eus pas, Je n'eus pas eu, Je n'aurai pas, Je n'aurai pas eu, Je n'aurais pas, Je n'aurais pas eu, N'aie pas, N'ayons pas, N'ayez pas, Que je n'aie pas, J not to have. not to have had. not having. not having' had. I have not. I have not had. I had not. I had not had. I had not. I had not had. I shall not have. I shall not have had. I should not have. I should not have had. do thou not have. let us not have. have not {you.) That I may not have. Que je n'aie pas eu, That I may not have had. Que je n'eusse pas, That I might not have. Que je n'eusse pas That I might not have eu, had. FRENCH EXERCISES. Ill AVOIR, TO HAVE, CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. N. B. As a question can not be asked in the Infinitive, Imperative, or Subjunctive mood, an interrogative verb does not possess those moods. INDICATIVE. Ai-je! ; As-tu ? A-t-il ] A-t-elle ! Avons-nous? Avez-vous ? pnt-ils] Ont-elles 1 PRESENT. have I? hast thou ? has he? has she ? have we ? have you ? COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. have they i Ai-je eu ? As-tu eu 1 A-t-il eu ] A-t-e]le eu 1 Avons-nous eu 1 Avez-vous eu ? Ont-ils eu 1 Ont-elles eu] Imperfect, { Comp. Imp., Preterit, Comp. Pret., Future, Comp. Future, 1 Conditional Pres. % Cond. Past, Avais-je 1 Avais-je eu 1 Eus-je ] Eus-je eu 1 Aurai-je 1 Aurai-je eu ? Aurais-je 1 Aurais-je eu ? have I had ? hast thou had! has he had ? has she had ? have we had ? have you had ? have they had? had I? had I had ? had I? had I had ? shall I have ? shall I have had ? should I have ? should I have had ? AVOIR, CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY AND Present, Comp. Present, Imperfect, Comp. Imperf Preterit, Comp. Pret., Future, Comp. Future, Conditional Pres., Cond. Past., N'ai-je pas ? N'ai-je pas eu ? N'avais-je pas ? N'avais-je pas eu 1 N'eus-je pas ! N'eus-je pas eu 1 N'aurai-je pas? N'aurai-je pas eu ? N'aurais-je pas 1 N'aurais-je pas eu? NEGATIVELY. have I not ? have I not had ? had I not ? had I not had ? had I not ? had I not had ? shall I not have ? shall I not have had? should I not have ? should I not have had? 112 ELEMENTARY CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB ETRE, TO BE. INFINITIVE, SIMPLE TENSES. COMPOUND TENSES. Etre, PRESENT. to be. PAST. Avoir ete, to have been. PARTICIPLES. Etant, Ete, PRESENT. PAST. COMPOUND. being, > > Ay ant ete, having been, been- 3 INDICATIVE. FRESENT. Je suis, Tues, II est, Nous sornmes, Vous etes, lis sont, I am. thou art. he is. we are. you are. they are. PRETERITE INDEFINITE, OT COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. I'have been. thou hast been. he has been. J'ai ete, Tu as ete, II a ete, Nous avons ete, Vous avez ete, Us ont ete, we have been, you have been, they have been. IMPERFECT, J'etais, Tu etais, II etait, Nous etions, Vous etiez, lis etaient, I was. thou wast. he was. you were, they were. PLUPERFECT OT COMPOUND OF THE IMPERFECT. J'avais ete, Tu avais ete, II avait ete, Nous avions ete, Vous aviez ete, lis avaient ete, I had been- thou hadst been. he had been. we had been, you had been, they had hen. PRETERIT DEFINITE. Je fus, I was. Tu fus, thou wast. II fut, he was. Nous fumes, Vous futes, lis furent, we were, you were they were. PRETERIT ANTERIOR, Or COMPOUND OF THE PRETERIT. J'eus ete, Tu eus ete, II eut ete, Nous eumes ete, Vous eutes ete, lis eurent ete, I had been. thou hadzt been. he had been. we had been, you had been, they had been. FRENCH EXERCISES. 113 FUTURE ABSOLUTE. , Je serai, I shall be. Tu seras, thou wilt be. II sera, he will be. Nous serons, we shall be. Vous serez, you will be. lis seront, they will be. COMPOUND OF THE FUTURE, Or FUTURE ANTERIOR. J'aurai ete, I shall have been. Tu auras ete, thou wilt have been. II aura ete, he will have been. Nous aurons ete, we shall have been. Vous aurez ete, you will have been. lis auront ete, they will have been. CONDITIONAL. Je serais, Tu serais, II serait, Nous serions, Vous seriez, lis seraient, I should be. thou shouldst be. he should be. we should be. you should be. they should be. PAST, Or COMPOUND OF THE CONDI- TIONAL. J'aurais ete, I should have been. Tu aurais ete, thou shouldst have been. II aurait ete, he should have been. Nous aurions ete, ice should have been. Vous auriez ete, lis auraient ete, you should have been, they should have been. IMPERATIVE. Sois, Be (thou). Soyons, Let us be. Soyez, Be (ye or you.) SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT Or FUTURE. PRETERIT, OV COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. Que je sois, that I may be. Que j'aie ete, that I may have been. Que tu aies ete, that thou mayst have been. Qu'il ait ete, that he may have been. Que nous ayons ete, that we may have been. Que vous ayez ete, that you may have been. Qu'ils aient ete, that they may have been. Que tu sois, that thou mayst be. Qu'il soit, that he may be. Que nous soyons, that we may be. Que vous soyez, that you may be. Qu'ils soient, that they may be. 114 ELEMENTARY IMPERFECT. Que je fusse, that I might be. Que tu fusses, that thou might st be. Qu'il fut, that he might be. Que nous fussions, that we might be. Que vous fussiez, that you might be. Qu'ils fussent, that they might be. PLUPERFECT, Or COMPOUND OF THE IMPERFECT. Que j'eusse ete, that I might have been. Que tu eusses ete, that thou mightst have been. Qu'il eut ete, that he might have been. Que nous eussions ete, that we might have bem. Que vous eussiez ete, that you might have been. Qu'ils eussent ete, that they might have been. ETRE, TO BE, CONJUGATED NEGATIVELY. INFINITIVE. PRESENT. PAST. Ne pas etre ? not to be. | N'avoir pas ete, not te have been. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT. COMPOUND. N'etant pas, not being. | N'ayant pas ete, not having been. PRESENT. Je ne suis pas, I am not. Tu n'es pas, thou art not, II n'est pas, he is not Nous ne sommes pas, ive are not. INDICATIVE. PRETERIT INDEFINITE. Je n'ai pas ete, I have not been, Vous n'etes pas, lis ne sont pas, Imperfect^ Comp. Imp., Preterit, Comp. Pret., Future, Comp. Future, Conditional Pres., Cond. Past, you are noU they are not. Je n'etais pas, Je n'avais pas ete, Je ne fus pas, Je n'eus pas ete, Je ne serai pas, Je n'aurai pas ete, Je ne serais pas, Je n'aurais pas ete, Tu n'as pas ete, thou hast not been, II n'a pas ete, he has not been. Nous n'avons pas ete, we have not been. Vous n'avez pas ete, you have not been. lis n'ont pas ete, they have not been, I was not. I had not been. I was not. I had not been. I shall not be. I shall not have bee?* I should not be. I should not have been. FRENCH EXERCISES. 115 Imperative, Subjunctive Pres., Comp. Subj. Present, Subjun dive Imperfect, Comp, Subj, Imp,, Ne sois pas, be thou not, Ne soy on s pas, let us not be. Ne soyez pas, be ye not. Que je ne sois pas, that I may not be. Que je n'aie pas ete, that I may not have been. Que je ne fusse pas, that I might not be. Que je n'eusse pas that I might not have ete, been, ETRE, TO BE, CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. INDICATIVE. PRESENT. COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. Suis-je ] am I? Ai-je ete 7 have I been ? Es-tu 1 art thou ? As-tu ete 1 hast thou been ? Est-il ? is he ? A-t-il ete? has he been ? Est-elle? is she ? A-t-elle ete 1 has she been ? Sommes-nous'? are we ? Avons-nous e te 1 have we been ? Etes-vous ? are you ? Avez-vous ete 1 have you been ? Sont-ils 7 ) Ont-ils ete ? } I have they been? Sont-elles ! ) are they ? Ont-elles ete Imperfect, Etais-je ? was I ? Comp. Imp., Avais-je ete ? had I been ? Preterit, Fus-je ! was I? Comp. Pret., Eus-je ete ? had I been ? Future, Serai-je ? shall I be ? Comp. Future, Aurai-je ete 1 shall I have been ? Conditional Pres., Serais-je 1 should I be? Concl. Past., Aurais-je ete ? ETRE, TO BE, should I have been ? CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY AND NEGATIVELY. Present, Ne suis-je pas'? am I not ? Comp. Present, N'ai-je pas ete 1 have I not been ? Imperfect, N'etais-je pas 7 was I not ? Comp. Imp erf. N'avais-je pas ete, had I not been ? Preterit, Ne fus-je pas 1 was I not ? Comp. Pret., N'eus-je pas ete ? had I not been? Future, Ne serai-je pas ? shall I not be ? Comp. Future, N'aurai-je pas ete 7 shall I not have been ? Conditional Pres., Ne serais-je pas 1 should I not be ? Concl. Past., N'aurais- t e pas ete ! should I not have been ? 116 ELEMENTARY N. B. Before learning the following Verbs, let the pupil study the remarks on the Comparison between the Tenses of English verbs and the Tenses of French Verbs, pages 135, 130, &c. FIRST CONJUGATION IN ER. PORTER. Porter, Portant, Porte, SIMPLE TENSES. PRESENT. TRESENT. PAST. INFINITIVE. COMPOUND TENSES. to carry, PARTICIPLES. carrying. Avoir porte, to have carried. carried. 1 COMPOUND. Ay ant porte, having carried. INDICATIVE. Je porte, Tu portes, II porte, Nous portons, Vouz portez, lis portent, I carry. thou earnest. he carries. we carry. you carry, they carry. PRETERIT INDEFINITE, OT COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT. J'ai porte, Tu as porte, II a porte, I have carried. thou hast carried. he has carried. Nous avons porte, we have carried. Vous avez porte, you have carried. lis ont porte, they have carried. Je porta is, Tu port a is, II portait, IMPERFECT. I was carrying. thou wast carrying. he was carrying. Nous portions, Vous portiez, lis portaient, we were carrying, you were carrying, they were carrying. PLUPERFECT, Or COMPOUND OF THE IMPERFECT. J'avais porte, I had carried. Tu avais porte, thou hadst carried. II avait porte, he had carried, Nous avions porte, ive had carried. Vous aviez porte, you had carried, lis avaient porte, they had earned. PRETERIT Je portai, Tu portas, 11 porta, Nous port Ames, Vous portates. lis porterent, DEFINITE. I carried. thou carriedst. he carried, we carried, you carried, they carried. PRETERIT ANTERIOR, Of COMPOUND OF THE PRETERIT. J'eus porte, I had carried. Tu eus porte, thou hadst carried, II eut porte, he had carried. Nous eiunes porte, ive had earned. Vous eutes porte, you had carried. lis eurent porte, they had earned. FRENCH EXERCISES. 117 FUTURE ABSOLUTE. Je porterai, Tu porteras, II portera, Nous porterons, Vous porterez, Us porteront, I shall carry. thou wilt carry. he will carry. we shall carry, you will carry, they will carry. COMPOUND OF THE FUTURE Or FUTURE ANTERIOR. J'aurai porte, I shall "} Tu auras porte, thou wilt I II aura porte, he will ! Nous aurons porte, Vous aurez porte, lis auront porte, we shall you will they will ^ > CONDITIONAL. PRESENT. Je portera is, I should carry. Tu porterais, thou shouldst carry. II porterait, he should carry. Nous porterions, we should carry. Vous porteriez, you should carry. Us porteraient, they should carry. PAST, Or COMPOUND OF THE CONDI- TIONAL. J'aurais porte, I should ^\ Tu aurais porte, thou shouldst I II aurait porte, he should ! Nous aurions porte, we should I Vous auriez porte, you should j lis auraient porte, they should J IMPERATIVE. Porte, carry (thou.) Portons, let us carry. Portez, carry (ye.) SUBJUNCTIVE. PRETERIT, Or COMPOUND OF THE PRESENT Or FUTURE. PRESENT. Que je porte, that Imay carry. Que tu portes, that thou may si carry. Qu'il porte, that he may carry. Que nous portions, that we may carry. Que vous portiez, that you may carry. Qu'ils portent, that they may carry. Que j'aie porte, that Imay Que tu aies porte, that thou mayst Qu'il ait porte, that he may Que nous ayons porte, that we f § may Que vous ayez porte, that you may Qu'ils aient porte, that they may j' IMPERFECT, Que je portasse, Que tu portasses, Qu'il portat, Que nous portassions, that we Que vous portassiez, Qu'ils portassent, that 71 that thou I that he \ I a that you \ ^ that they J .• plupf:?ifect, or compound of the IMPERFECT. Que j'eusse porte, that 1 1 3 Que tu eusses porte, that thou I <| Qu'il eut porte, that he j E Que nous eussions porte, that we [g Que vous eussiez porte, that you i J Qu'ils eussent porte, that they J *** 118 ELEMENTARY REMARKS ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF SOME FRENCH VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 1. In verbs ending in ger, the e is retained before a and o, in order to preserve the soft sound of the g. See manger, verb 66 of the model verbs, mangeant^ mangeons. 2. The verbs which end in cer, take a cedilla before a and o, in order to preserve the soft sound of the c. See avancer, verb 67, avangant, avangons. 3. Those verbs ending in er which have their final syllable pre- ceded by e, (e close,) change this e into e (e open) before a mute syllable. See celer, verb 68, cele, celerai. 4. Those verbs ending in er which have their final syllable preceded by e, (e mute,) as lever, mener, change this e mute into e (e open) before a mute syllable. See mener, verb 69, mine.. 5. In verbs ending in eler, (the e before the I being unaccented, as appeler,) the I is doubled before a mute e. See appeler, verb 70, appette. 6. In verbs ending in eter, (the e before the t being unaccented, as jeter,) the t is doubled before a mute e. See jeter, verb 71,jette. Except acheter. 7. Verbs ending in the present participle by iant, as prier, the present participle of which is priant, take double i in the first and second persons plural of the imperfect of the indicative, and present of the subjunctive ; as, nous priions, vous priiez, que nous priions, que vous priiez. 8. Verbs ending in the present participle by yant, as payer, the present participle of which is payant, take y and i in the first and second persons plural of the imperfect of the indicative, and the present of the subjunctive ; as, nous payions, vous payiez, que nous payions, que vous payiez. Also, these verbs change y into i before e mute. See essay er, verb 72, essaie. FRENCH EXERCISES. 119 SECOND CONJUGATION IN IR. FINIR. PRESENT. Finissant, Je finis, Tu finis, II finit, Nous finissons, Vous finissez, Us finissent, INFINITIVE. Finir, PARTICIPLES, finishing- | Fini, INDICATIVE. I finish. thou Jims hest. he finishes. ice finish, you finish, they finish. Je finissais, Tu finissais, II nnissait, Nous finissions, Vous finissiez, Us finissaient, to finish finished. IMPERFECT. I was finishing. thou wast finishing. he was finishing: ice were fin ish in &. you iv ere finishh ig. they were finishing. PRETERIT. FUTURE. Je finis, Tu finis, II fink, Nous finimes, Vous finites lis finirent, I finished. thou finis hedst. he finished. we finished. you finished. they finished. CONDITIONAL. Je finirais, Tu finirais, II finirait, Nous finirions, Vous finiriez, lis finiraient, I should finish thou shouldst finish. he should finish. we should finish, yfiu should finish, they should finish. Je finirai, Tu finiras, II finira, Nous finirons, Vous finirez, lis finiront, I shall finish. thou wilt finish. he will finish. we shall finish, you will finish, they will finish. IMPERATIVE. Finis, Finissons, Finissez, finish [thou.) let us finish, finish (ye.) PRESENT. Que je finisse, that I may Que tu finisses, that thou mayst Qu'il finisse, that he may SUBJUNCTIVE. IMPERFECT Que je finisse, Que tu finisses, Qu'il finit, Que nous finissions, that we may Que vous finissiez, that you may j Qu'ils finissent, that they may J I that 1 1 , that thou j ,g that he ' Que nous finissions, Que vous finissiez, Qu'ils finissent, thot we thai you \ thai they J ^ N. B. The Compound Tenses of the verb F ; nir, as well as of the two following verbs, are formed like those of the verb For'cr. 120 ELEMENTARY THIRD CONJUGATION IN OIR. RECEVOIR. PRESENT. INFINITIVE. Recevoir, to receive. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT. PAST. Recevant, receiving. | Recu, received. INDICATIVE. Je recois, Tu recois, II recoit, Nous recevons, Vous recevez, lis recoivent, / receive- thou receivest- he receives. ice receive. you receive. they receive. IMPERFECT. Je recevais, 1 was receiving. Tu recevais, thou wast receiving. II recevait, he was receiving. Nous recevions, Vous receviez, lis recevaient, we were receiving. you were receiving. they were receiving. PRETERIT DEFINITE. Je recus, Tu recus, II reeut, Nous recuines, Vous recutes, lis recurent, I received. thou receivedst. he received. we received. you received. they received. CONDITIONAL. Je recevrais, / should receive. Tu recevrais, thou shouldst receive. II recevrait, he should receive. Nous recevrions, we should receive. Vous recevriez, you should receive* lis recevraient, they should receive. Je recevrai, Tu recevras, II recevra, Nous recevrons, Vous recevrez, lis recevront, I shall receive. thou wilt receive. he will receive, we shall receive, you will receive. they will receive. IMPERATIVE. Recois, Recevons, Recevez, receive (thou-) let us receive, receive (ye.) SUBJUNCTIVE. IMPERFECT. Que je recoive, that 1 may "] Que tu recoives, that thou mayst Qu'il recoive, that he may Que nous recevions, that we may ■ Que vous receviez, that you may | Qu'ils recoivent, that they may J Que je recusse, Que tu recusses, Qu'il recut, that F that thou that he Que nous recussions, that we Que vous regussiez, that you Qu'ils recussent, that they ^ CK5 FRENCH EXERCISES. 121 FOURTH CONJUGATION IN RE. RENDRE. I PRESENT. INFINITIVE. Rendre, to render. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT. PAST. Rendant, rendering. I Rendu, rendered. INDICATIVE. Je rends, Tu rends, II rend, Nous rendons, Vous rendez, lis rendent, I render. thou render est. he renders. we render, you render. they render. Je rendais, Tu rendais, II rendait, IMPERFECT. 1 was rendering'. thou wast rendering. he was render insr. Nous rendions, Vous rendiez, lis rendaient, we were rendering, you were rendering, they were rendering. Je rendis, Tu rendts, II rendit, Nous rendimes, Vous rendites, lis rendirent, I rendered. thou renderedst. he rendered. we rendered, you rendered, they rendered. Je rendrai, Tu rendras, 11 rendra, Nous rendrons, Vous rendrez, lis rendront, I shall render. thou wilt render. he will render. we shall render, you will render, they will render. CONDITIONAL. Je rendrais, I should render. Tu rendrais, thou shouldst render. II rendrait, he should render. Nous rendrions, ive should render. Vous rendriez, you should render. lis rendraient, they should render. IMPERATIVE. Rends, Rendons, Rendez, render (thou.) let us render, render (ye.) SUBJUNCTIVE. Que je rende, that I may ' Que tu rendes, that thou mayst Qu'il rende, that he may Que nous rendions, that we may . Que vous rendiez, that you may Qu'ils rendent, that they may J H- IMPERFECT. Que je rendisse, Que tu rendisses, Qu'il rendit, Que nous rendissions, Que vous rendissiez, Qu'ils rendissent, 11 that I'] 3 that thou | d§- that he | g* that we j g that you j §- that they J ^ 122 ELEMENTARY CONJUGATION OF THE REFLECTED VERB SE PROMENER. INFINITIVE MOOD. present. Se promener. Se promenant, Je me promene, Tu te promenes, II se promene, Nous nous promenons, Vous vous promenez, lis se promenent, Je me promenais, Je me prom en af, Je me promenerai, Je me promenerais, Promene-toi, Promenons-nous, Promenez-vous, Que je me promene, PARTICIPLES. walking. \ Promene, to walk walked. -* INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. I walk, do walk, or am walking thou walkest, <5fC, / he walks, <%c. we walk, <5fc. you walk, dfc. they walk, <5fC. IMPERFECT. Z was walking, or walked. PRETERIT. I walked^ or did walk, FUTURE. / shall or will ivalk CONDITIONAL MOOD. PRESENT. I should or would walk. IMPERATIVE MOOD. walk (thou.) let us walk, walk (ye or you*) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. that I may walk. IMPERFECT. Que je me promenasse, that I might walk. N. B. The pupil can learn the other persons of the preceding tenses, by referring to the verb Porter. FRENCH EXERCISES. 123 COMPOUND TENSES OF THE REFLECTED VERB SE PROMENER. Comp. Infin. Pres., S'etre promene, " Pres. Part, S'etant promene, " Indie. Pres., Je me suis promene, " u Imp., Je m'etais promene, M " Pret., Je me fus promene, " " Fut., Je me serai promene, " Cond. Pres., Je me serais promene, " Sahj. Pies.. Que je me sois promene, that I may have walked. u a J m p m9 Q U e je me fusse promene, that I might have walked. to have walked. having walked. I have walked. I had walked. I had walked. I shall have walked. I should have walked. CONJUGATION OF THE REFLECTED VERB S'EN ALLER. INFINITIVE MOOD. present. S'en aller, to go away. PARTICIPLES. TRESENT. PAST. S'en allant, going away. | En alle, gone away. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. I go away, do go away, or am going away, thou go est away, dost go away, or art " he goes away, does go away, or is " Nous nous en allons, we go away, do go away, or are «" you go away, do go away, or are " they go aivay, do go away, or are " Je m'en vais, Tu t/en vas, II s'en vas. Vous vous en allez, lis s'en vont, IMPERFECT. Je m'en allais, I went auay, did go away, or was going away. Tu t'en allais, thouwentest away, didst go away, or wast " II s'en allait, he went away, did go away, or was going away. Nous nous en all ions, we went away, did go aivay, or icere going away. Vous vous en alliez, you went away, did go away, or were going away. lis s'en allaient, they went away, did go away, or were going away. 124 ELEMENTARY PRETERIT. Je m'en allai, I went away or did go away, Tu t'en alias, thou went est away or didst go away. II s'en alia, he went away or did go away. Nous nous en allames, we went away or did go away. Vous vous en allates, you went aivay or did go away. lis s'en allerent, they went away or did go away. Je m'en irai, Tu t'en iras, II s'en ira, Nous nous en irons, Vous vous en irez, lis s'en iront, Je m'en irais, Tu t'en irais, II s'en irait, Nous nous en irions, Vous vous en iriez, lis s'en iraient, Va-t'en, Allons-nous-en, Allez-vous-en, FUTURE. / shall or will go away, thou shalt or wilt go aivay. he shall or will go away. we shall or will go away, you shall or will go away, they shall or will go away. CONDITIONAL MOOD. PRESENT. I should, would, could, or might go away, thou shouldst, wouldst, couldst, or mightst go away, he should, would, could or might go away. we should, would, could, or might go away, you should, would, could, or might go away, they should, would, could, or might go away. IMPERATIVE MOOD. go (thou) away, let us go away, go (you) away. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. that I may go away, that thou mayst go away, that he may go away. Que nous nous en all \ox\s,that we may go aivay. Que vous vous en alliez, that you may go aivay. Qu'ils s'en aillent, that they may go away. Que je m'en aille, Que tu t'en ailles, Qu'il s'en aille, FRENCH EXERCISES. 125 IMPERFECT. Que je m'en allasse, Que tu t'en allasses, Qu'il s'en allat, Que nous nous en allassions, Que vous vous en allassiez, Qu'ils s'en allassent, that I might go away, that thou mightst go away, that he might go away, that we might go away, that you might go away, that they might go away. COMPOUND TENSES OF S'EN ALLER. Comp. Inf. Pres., S'en etre alle, Comp. Pres. Part. S'en etant alle, Comp. Indie. Pres., Je m'en suis alle, " Imp., Je m'en etais alle, " Pret., Je m'en fus alle, " Fut., Je m'en serai alle, Comp. Cond. Pres., Je m'en serais alle, to have gone away, having gone away. I have gone away. I had gone aivay. I had gone away. I shall have gone away. I should have gone away. Suhj. Pres., Que je m'en sois alle, That I may have gone away. Imp., Que je m*en fusse alle, That I might have gone away. CONJUGATION OF THE REFLECTED VERB S'ASSEOIR. PRESENT. INFINITIVE MOOD. S'asseoir, to sit down. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT. S'assevant, sitting down. | Assis, sat down. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. Je m'assieds, Tu t'assieds, II s'assied, Nous nous asseyons, Vous vous asseyez, lis s'asseient, I sit down, or am sitting, thou sittest down, he sits dozen. ice sit dozen, you sit dozen. they sit down. 11* 126 ELEMENTARY Je m'asseyais, Tu t'asseyais, II s'asseyait, Nous nous asseyions, Vous vous asseyiez, lis s'asseyaient, Je m'assis, Tu t'assis, II s'assit, Nous nous assimes, Vous vous assites, Us s'assirent, Je m'asseierai, Tu t'asseieras, II s'asseiera, Nous nous asseierons, Vous vous asseierez, lis s'asseieront, or Je m'assierai, IMPERFECT. I was sitting down. Thou wast " He was " We were " You were " They were " PRETERIT. I sat down. Thou sattest down* He sat down. We sat down. You sat down. They sat down. FUTURE. Je m'asseierais, Tu t'asseierais, II s'asseierait, Nous nous asseierions, Vous vous asseieriez, Us s'asseieraient, or, Je m'assierais, &c., &c. Assieds-toi, Asseyons-nous, Asseyez-vous, / shall sit down. Thou wilt sit down. He will sit down. We shall sit down. You will sit down. They will sit down, or I shall sit down, dfc, $c, CONDITIONAL MOOD. PRESENT. I should sit down. Thou shouldst sit down. He should sit down. We should sit down. You should sit down. They should sit down, or 1 should sit down. 6fc, <5fc. IMPERATIVE MOOD. sit dozen (thou.) let us sit down, sit down (you.) FRENCH EXERCISES. 127 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT. that I may sit down, that thou mayst sit down, that he may sit down. that we may sit down, that you may sit down, that they may sit down. IMPERFECT. that I might sit down, that thou might st sit down, that he might sit down. that we might sit down, that you might sit down. that they might sit down. N. B. The Compound Tenses of this verb are formed with the Aux- iary verb Eire. Que je m'asseie, Que tu t'asseies, Qu'il s'asseie, Que nous nous asseyions, Que vous vous asseyiez, Qu'ils s'asseient, Que je m'assisse, Que tu t'assisses, Qu'il s'assit, Que nous nous assissions, Qne vous vous assissiez, Qu'ils s'assissent, CONJUGATION OF THE IMPERSONAL VERB, Y AVOIR, THERE TO BE. Inf. Pres., Y avoir, There to be. Ind. Lid. I, AFFIRMATIVELY. Pres., II y a, There is, There are. II y avait, There was, There were. II y eut, There was, There were. II y aura, There will be. Cond. Pres., II y aurait, mp., Ind. Pret., Ind. Fut., Pres. Participle., Y ay ant, There being. NEGATIVELY. il n'y a pas. there is not. there are not. il n'y avait pas. there was not. there were not. il n'y eut pas. there was not. there were not. il n'y aura pas. there will not be. il n'y aurait pas. INTERROGATIVELY. y a-t-il ! is there ? are there ? y avait-il ! was there ? were there ? y eut-il ! was there ? were there ? y aura-t-il 7 will there be ? y aurait-il ! There ivould be. would there be ? there would not be. Subj. Pres., Qu'il y ait, qu'il n'y ait pas. That there may be. that there may not be. Subj. Imp., Qu'il y eut, qu'il n'y eiU pas. That there might be. that there might not be. 128 ELEMENTARY COMPOUND TENSES OF Y AVOIR. Comp. Irifin. Pres., Y avoir eu, there to have been. " Pres. Part, Y ayant eu, there having been. " Indie. Pres.) Ilya eu, there has or have been. " " Imp., II y avait eu, there had been. " " Pret., II y eut eu, there had been. " " Fut., II y aura eu, there ivill have been, " Cond. Pres., II y aurait eu, there would have been. " Subj. Pres., Qu'il y ait eu, that there may have been. " " Imp., Qu'il y eut eu, that there might have been. CONJUGATION OF THE IMPERSONAL VERB FALLOIR, TO BE NECESSARY. (corresponding to the English verb must.) Inf. Present, Falloir, to be necessary. Past Participle, Fallu, been necessary. Tnd. Pres., II faut, it is necessary. " Imp., II fallait, it was necessary. " Pret., II fallut, it was necessary. " Fut, II faudra, it will be necessary. Cond. Pres., II faudrait, it would be necessary. Subj. Pres., Qu'il faille, that it may be necessary. " Imp., Qu'il fallut, that it might be necessary. N. B. The Compound Tenses of this verb are conjugated with Avoir, m the third person singular only ; thus, Comp. Ind. Pres., II a fallu, it has been necessary. &c., &c, §c, <5fc. Remark 1. — The impersonal verb II faut is followed by the sub- junctive mood, the present tense of the subjunctive being used after the present, II faut, and the future, II faudra; and the pre- terit of the subjunctive after the other tenses of II faut. EXAMPLES. I must be, II faut que je sois. Thou must be, II faut que tu sois. He must be, II faut qu'il soit. We must be, II faut que nous soyons. You must be, II faut que vous soyez. They must be, 11 faut qu'ils soient. FRENCH EXERCISES. 129 go out ? 1 must not Thou must not My brother must not Must we Must you Must the boys Must I not Must she not Must not my sisters It is necessary for me to go out. It was necessary for me to go out. It will be necessary for me to go. It would be necessary for me to go. go out. II ne faut pas come ? Ne faut-ii pas C que je sorte. ■< que tu sortes. f que mon frere sorte. I que nous sortions 1 Faut-il < que vous sortiez 1 ( que les garcons sortent 1 { que je vienne? \ qu'elle vienne 1 ( que mes sceurs viennent? II faut que je sorte. II fallait que je sortisse. II faudra que j'aille. II faudrait que j'allasse. Remark 2. Must have may also be expressed thus : I must have money, Thou must have books, My brother must have books, It will be necessary for me to have books, It was necessary for us to have money, It would be necessary for you to have friends, You will want friends, II me faut de Targent. II te faut des livres. II faut des livres a mon frere. II me faudra des livres. II nous fallait de l'argent. II vous faudrait des amis. II vous faudra des amis. CONJUGATION OF THE IMPERSONAL VERB PLEUVOIR, TO RAIN. Inf. Pres., Pleuvoir, to rain. Pres, Part., Pleuvant, raining. Past. Part., Plu, rained. Ind. Pres., 11 pleut, it rains. " Imp., 11 pleuvait, it was raining. " Pret., 11 plut, it rained. " Fut, 11 pleuvra, it will rain. Cond. Pres., 11 pleuvrait, it would rain. Subj. Pres., Qu'il pleuve, that it may rain. " Imp., Qu'il plut, that it might rain. N. B. The Compound Tenses of this verb are formed with Avoir ; as Comp. Indie. Pres., II a plu, It has rained. 130 ELEMENTARY THE FORMATION OF THE TENSES OF FRENCH VERBS. § 1. It has been already remarked that French verbs have five primitive tenses, from which all the other tenses are formed ; viz. the Present of the Infinitive, the Present Participle, the Past Participle, the Present of the Indicative, and the Preterit Definite of the Indicative mood. § 2. From the Present of the Infinitive two tenses are formed ; 1. The Future Absolute, by the change of r, re, or oir into rai : as, porter, je porterai ; rendre, je rendrai ; recevoir, je . recevrai. 2. The Conditional Present, by the change of r, re, or oir into rais : as, porter, je porter ais ; rendre, je rendrais ; recevoir, je recevrais. § 3. From the Present Participle three tenses are formed ; 1. The plural of the Indicative Present, by the change of ant into ons, ez, ent : as, portant, nous portons, vous portez, Us portent ; fi- nissant, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent ; rendant, nous rendons, vous rendez, ils rendent. Except verbs of the third conjugation, which, in the third person plural of the Indicative Present, change evant into oivent : as, recevant, nous recevons* vous recevez, ils recoivent. 2. The Indicative Imperfect, by changing ant into ais : as, donnant, je donnais ; finissant, je finissais ; rendant, je rendais; recevant ; je recevais, 3. The Subjunctive Present, by changing ant into e : as, don- nant, que je donne ; finissant, que je finisse ; rendant, que je rende. Except verbs of the third conjugation, which change evant into oive : as, recevant, que je recoive. § 4. From the Past Participle are formed all the Compound tenses, by means of the auxiliary verbs Avoir and Eire. FRENCH EXERCISES, 131 §5. From the Present of the Indicative the Imperative is formed by omitting the pronouns tu, nous, vous ; and in verbs of the^?'s£ conjugation, omitting the s of the second person singular : as, tu portes, parte ; nous portons, portons ; vous portez, portez , tu finis, finis ; nous finissons, finissons ; vous finissez, finissez. §6. From the Preterit Definite the Subjunctive Imperfect is formed by changing ai into asse in the first conjugation, and adding se in the second, third and fourth conjugations : as je donnai, que je donnasse ; je finis, que je finisse ; je regus, que je re- gusse ; je rendis, que je rendisse. COMPOUND TENSES. 1. The compound tenses of verbs are formed by prefixing to their past participle the simple tenses either of the verb Avoir or the verb Eire. 2. All active verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb Avoir, to have. 3. All passive verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb Etre, to be. 4. All reflected verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb Etre, to be. 5. Some neuter verbs are always conjugated with Etre, to be j some are always conjugated with A voir, to have: while others are conjugated sometimes with Avoir and sometimes with Etre, according to their meaning. See the following list. A List of Neuter Verbs which are always conjugated with Etre, to be. Aller, to go. Parvenir, to succeed. Arriver, to arrive. Partir, to set out. Choir, to fall. Provenir, to arise. Deceder, to die. Redevenir, to become again Devenir, to become. Repartir, to start again. Disconvenir, to disagree. Resulter, to result. Echoir, to fall. Retomber, to fall again. Eclore, to hatch. Re ven ir, to come back. 132 ELEMENTARY Intervenir, to intervene. Survenir, to befall. Mourir, to die. Tomber, to fall. Naitre, to be bom. Venir, to come. Kemark. The neuter verbs which are conjugated with Etre only, express an idea either of motion or rest. EXAMPLES. COMPOUND TENSES OF THE ACTIVE VERB DONNER, TO GIVE. Infin. Pres., Avoir donne, to have given. Pres. Part., Ayant donne, having given. Indie. Pres., J'ai donne, I have given. im Imp., J'avais donne, I had given. " Pret., J'eus donne, I had given. " Fut., J'aurai donne, I shall have given. Cond. Pres. J'aurais donne, I should have given. Subj. Pres., Que j'aie donne, that I may have given. " Imp., Que j'eusse donne, that I might have given. PASSIVE VOICE OF THE VERB AIMER, TO LOVE. Inf. Pres., Etre aime, to be loved. Pres. Part., Etant aime, being loved. Indie. Pres., Je suis aime, I am loved. " Imp., Petals aime, I iv as loved. " PreL, Je fus aime, I was loved. «■ Fut., Je serai aime, I shall be loved. Cond. Pres., Je serais aime, I should be loved. Imperative, Sois aime, be thou loved. a Soyons aimes, let us be loved. (< Soyez aimes, be ye loved. Sii*>j. Pres., Que je sois aime, that I may be loved. ". Imp., Que je fusse aime, that I might be loved. COMPOUND TENSES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE OF AIMER, TO LOVE. Compound of the Infinitive and Past Participle. Avoir ete aime, to have been loved. Compound of the Present and Past Participles. Ayant ete aime, having been loved. FRENCH EXERCISES. 133 Comp. Indie. Pres., J'ai ete aime, I have been loved " Imp., J'avais ete aime, I had been loved, " Pret., J'eus ete aime, I had been loved, " Fat., J'aurai ete aime, I shall have been loved. " Cond. Pres., J'aurais ete aime, I should have been loved. " Subj. Pres., Que j'aie ete aime, that I may have been loved. " ** Imp., Que j'eusse ete aime, that I might have been loved. COMPOUND TENSES OF THE NEUTER VERB TOMBER, TO FALL. Inf. Present, Etre tombe, to have fallen. Present Participle, Etant tombe, having fallen. fnd. Pres., Je suis tombe, I have fallen. u Imp., J'etais tombe, 1 had fallen. " Pret., Je fus tombe, I had fallen. " Fut, Je serai tombe, I shall have fallen. Cond. Pres., Je serais tombe, I should have fallen. Subj. Pres., Que je sois tombe, that I may have fallen. " Imp. Que je fusse tombe, that I might have fallen N. B. For an example of the Compound Tenses of reflected verbs, see Se Promener, page 123. VERBS CONJUGATED NEGATIVELY. 1. Verbs are conjugated negatively in their simple tenses by placing ne before and pas after them. 2. The compound tenses are conjugated negatively by placing ne before the auxiliary and pas after it. 3. Ne is written n' before a vowel or silent k. t r ± -n N'aimer pas, or ) A . ■ , Infinitive Present. f \ not to love. Ne pas aimer, ) Comp. Inf. Pres., N'avoir pas aime, not to have loved. Pres. Participle, N'aimant pas, not loving. Comp. Pres. Part., N'ayant pas aime, not having loved. Indicative Pres., Je n'aime pas, I do not love. Comp. Indie. Pres.,Je n'ai pas aime, J have not loved. Indie. Imp., Je n'aimais pas, 1 was not loving. 12 134 ELEMENTARY Comp. Indie. Imp., Je n'avais pas aime, I had not loved. Indie. PreL, Je n'aimai pas, I loved not. Comp. Indie, Pret.,Je n'eus pas aime, I had not loved. Indicative Future, Je n'aimerai pas, I shall not love, Comp, Indie. Fat., Je n'aurai pas aime, I shall not have loved. Conditional P res., Je n'aimerais pas, I should not love, il Past., Je n'aurais pas aime, I should not have loved. !N'aime pas, do (thou) not love. N'aimons pas, let us not love, N'aimez pas, love not (you.) Subj. Pres., Que je n'aime pas, that I may not love. Comp. Subj. Pres., Que je n'aie pas aime, that I may not have loved. Subj. Imp., Que je n'aimasse pas, that I might not love. Comp. Subj. Imp., Que je n'eusse pas aime, that I might not have loved. VERBS CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY. 1. A verb is conjugated interrogatively in its simple tenses by placing the pronoun, which is the subject or nominative of the verb, after the verb, and connecting them by a hyphen. 2. The compound tenses are conjugated interrogatively by placing the pronoun, which is the subject of the verb, after the auxiliary. 3. When the verb which is followed by the pronouns il, elle, or on, ends with a vowel, the letter t, preceded and followed by a hyphen, is placed between the verb and the pronoun. 4. When, by placing the pronoun je after a verb in the first person singular, a harsh souud would be caused, the phrase Est- ce-que is prefixed to the verb ; as, Do I sleep ? Est-ce que je dors ? Am I finishing'? Est-ce que je finis ? Example of a verb conjugated interrogatively. r j t> a .,<- \ Donne-je, or ) , T . ~ Ind. Pres., J ' ( do I gave? I Est-ce que je donne, ) Comp. Ind. Pres., Ai-je donne, have I given ? Ind. Imperf, Donnais-je, was I giving? Comp. Ind, Imper., Avais-je donne, had I given? FRENCH EXERCISES, 135 Indie. Pret, Donnai-je, did I give? Comp. Ind. Pret., Eus-je donne, had I given? hid. Fut., Donnerai-je, shall I give ? Comp. Ind. Fut., Aurai-je donne, shall I have given ? Conditional Pres., Donnerais-je, should I give? Comp. Cond. Pres., Aurais-je donne, should I have given ? The indicative and conditional moods are the only moods used in asking questions. EXAMPLE OF A VERK CONJUGATED INTERROGATIVELY AND NEGATIVELY. r j d ( Ne donne-je pas, or ) , 7 . 1 Lid. Pres., \ , \ do 1 not give ] ( Est-cequejene donne pas, ) Comp, Ind. Pres., N'ai-je-pas donne, have I not given? Ind. Imperfect, Ne donnais-je pas, was I not giving? Comp. Ind. Imp., N'avais-je pas donne, had I not given ? Ind. Pret, Ne donnai-je pas, did I not give ? Comp. Ind. Pret., N'eus-je pas donne, had I not given? Ind. Future, Ne donnerai-je pas, shall I not give? Comp. Ind. Fut., . N'aurai-je pas donne, shall I not have given? Conditional Pres., Ne donnerais-je pas, should I not give ? Com. Cond. Pres., N'aurais-je pas donne, should I not have given? COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TENSES OF ENGLISH VERBS AND THE TENSES OF FRENCH VERBS. THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD. § 1. — There are, in English, three forms of the Present Tense, I write, I do write, I am writing. But these three forms of ex- pression, although they differ slightly in meaning, can be trans- lated into French by one form only, viz., J'tcris. This is one of the difficulties of young students, who are apt to translate I am writing by je suis tcrivant, I do write by je fais ecrire, &c. ; but it must be remembered that there is but one form of the present tense in French, fecris. 136 ELEMENTARY THE IMPERFECT TENSE. § 2. — There are, in English, three forms of the Imperfect Tense, I wrote, I did write, and I was writing. Only one of these, was writing, is always translated by the Imperfect Tense in French, fecrivais. When I wrote and I did write signify I used to write, I wrote habitually, they are likewise translated by the Imperfect, fecrivais. But when I ivrote and I did write are used in connexion with time that has not expired, as this morning, to-day, this month, &c, they are translated by the Compound of the Present, Preterit In- definite, or Passe Indefini, (which are different names for the same tense,) fai ecrit. When I wrote and I did write are used in connexion with time entirely past, as yesterday, last week, &c, they are generally translated by the Passe Defini or Preterit, fecrims. § 3. — The Imperfect Tense in French, (Imparfait,) is used, 1st. To express an action which was taking place at the same time that another action took place ; as, J'ecrivais quand votre fere ar- I was ivriting when your father viva, came. 2nd. To express an action as done habitually in past time, or frequently repeated ; as, Quand j'etais h Washington, When I ivas in Washington, I j'allajs au Congrh tous les jours. ivent (used to go) to Congress every day. 3rd. In describing the qualities of persons or things, and the state, place, or disposition in which they were in time past, with- out any reference to the end of the state ; as, Howard etait tin grand homme. Howard was a great man. 4th. After the conjunction si, if, where the conditional or sub- junctive imperfect is used in English ; as, Si j'etais a votre place. If I were in your place. Si j'etais malade. It' I should be sick, FRENCH EXERCISES. 137 THE PRETERIT DEFINITE. (Translated by the English Imperfect.) 6 4. The Preterit Definite expresses an action which took place but once, commenced at the time to which it refers, and was entirely completed. It is used only when the time at which the action took place has entirely elapsed ; as, Je passai hier chez vous. I called at your house yesterday. Je vis voire sceur et je lui parlai. I saw your sister and spoketo her. ! Preterit Indefinite, Passe Indefini, Compound of the Present. § 5. The Perfect Tense, in English, corresponds to the French Passe Indefini, Preterit Indefinite, or Compound of the Pre- sent ; as, I have wriiten to my sister. J'ai ecrit a ma sceur. But the Preterit Indefinite is used very often in French, espe- cially in conversation and in writing letters, where the English Imperfect would be employed ; as, When did you lose your purse 1 Quand avez.vous perdu voire I lost it this morning. bourse ? Je f ai perdue ce matin. What have you been doing these Qw' avez.vous fait depuis qimize two weeks'! I went to New-York, jours ? Je suis alle d New-York, and from there to Boston, where I et de la a Boston, oil j'ai passe phi- spent several days, and enjoyed my- sieurs jours, et je in'y suis beaucoup self very much. amuse. 1. The Preterit Indefinite is used in speaking of an action past within a period that has not yet expired, such as to-day, this week; as, I iv as at your house this morn- J'ai ete chez vous ce matin. ing. 2. The Preterit Indefinite also expresses an action past in an intermediate time ; as, Bid you ever see my grand- Avez.vous jamais vu mon grand- father ? p£ re ? 12* 138 ELEMENTARY 3. The Preterit Indefinite must be used for the English Imper- fect and Perfect tenses, when they are accompanied by the words always, ever, never, and thus far. The Pluperfect Tense j P^s-que-Paepait. ( 1 ASSE ANTERIEUR. § 6. The English Pluperfect Tense is translated into French by two tenses, the Compound of the Imperfect, or Plus-que-parfait, and the Compound of the Preterit, or Passe Anterieur. Both of these tenses correspond in meaning with the English tense, expressing an action that had taken place before another event which is also past. 1. The Compound of the Imperfect is used when we wish to ex- press merely that one event occurred before another past event, without the latter's being a consequence of the former ; as, We had dined, when my father Nous avions dine, quand mon pere arrived. arriva. 2. But when the idea conveyed by the second verb, is a conse- quence of, or depends upon, the event expressed by the first verb, the Compound of the Preterit is used ; as, As soon as we had dined, we Aussitot que nous eumes dine, went out. nous sortimes. The Compound of the Preterit is hardly ever used except aftei such conjunctions as aussitdt que, as soon as ; des que, as soon as j lorsque, when ; and the adverb quand, when. First Future. Futur Absolu, ^ ( Futur Anterieur, or Second Future, j CoMPOUND 0F THE Future. § 7. (1.) The First Future tense of English verbs corresponds with the Futur Absolu of French Verbs ; as, I will go with you to-morrow. J'jrai aver vous demain. FRENCH EXERCISES. 139 (2.) The Second Future corresponds with the Futur anterieur or Compound of the future ; as, I shall have finished my letter be- J'aurai fini ma lettre avant voire fore your arrival. arrivee. But will in English does not always imply futurity ; sometimes it means willingness, and must be translated by the verb Vou- loir ; as, Will you read now ! Voulez-iws lire a present ? Potential Mood. § 8. No mood in French corresponds with the Present tense of the English Potential Mood. 1. May and can are translated by the present tense of the In- dicative Mood of the verb Pouvoir ; as, I may do it. Je peux le faire. He can walk. H peut marcher. 2. May and can are also translated by the present of the Sub- junctive of Pouvoir, or the present of the Subjunctive of the ra- dical verb ; as, Bring* it, that I may see it. Apportez-le, afin que je puisse le Voir, or, afin que je le voie. 3. Must is translated by some tense of the verb Falloir, as has been explained on pages 128, 129. § 9. The Imperfect Tense of the Potential Mood in English prefixes might, could, would, or should to the radical verb. These forms of expression are often translated in French by the Present of the Conditional Mood ; as, I should like to see your sister. J'aimerais a voir voire sozur, I would go with you, if I were 7'ifiais avec vous, si je netais pas not sick. malade. 1. But when might implies power, ability, it is translated by the 140 ELEMENTARY * Conditional Present of the verb Vouloir, and the radical verb is put in the Infinitive Mood ; as, He might do it, if he chose. II pourrait le faire, s'il le vou- lait. 2. When could implies power, and is spoken emphatically, it is translated by a past tense of the verb Pouvoir, in speaking of past events, and by the Conditional Present of Pouvoir in speaking of the present or the future ; as, I could not go out yesterday. Je ne pus pas sortir hier. I could go out now, if I had my Je pourrais sortir a present, si hat. f avals mon chapeau. 3. When would implies ivillingness, it is translated by the In- dicative Imperfect of the verb Vouloir, and the radical verb is put in the Infinitive Mood ; as, If you would come with me, you Si vous voulikz venir avec moi, would see him. vous le verriez. 4. Should, when it means ought, and conveys the idea of duty, is expressed by the Conditional Present of the verb Devoir ; as, These children should p"o to Ces enfants devraient aller a school. Vecole. 5. When should follows %J\ it is included in the radical verb, which must be put in the Indicative Mood, imperfect tense ; as, If he should come, what should I SHI venait, que lui dirais-je ? say to him] § 10. The Perfect Tense of the Potential Mood in English prefixes may have, can have, or must have, to the past participle of the radical verb. 1. May have and can have, followed by a past participle, are translated into French variously, as will be seen by the following examples. I may have done it, without II est possible que jeVaie fait sans knowing it. le savoir ; or Je Vai pent- tire fait, sans le savoir. How can you have made so many Comment avei-vous pa f aire taut mistakes] def antes? FRENCH EXERCISES, 141 2. Must have, followed by a past participle, is variously translated, as the following examples will show : You must have seen him. llfaut que vous Vayez vu. He must have broken the win- llfaut que ce soit lui qui ait casse dow ; no other person was near the lafenetre ; it rCy avait pas d 1 autre : house. personne pres de la maison; or, Cest lui seul qui ait casse la fenetre ; 6fc. Your exercise is badly written; Votre theme est malecrit ; ilfaut your pen must have been bad. que votre plume ait ete mauvaise. § 11. The Pluperfect Tense of the Potential Mood, in Eng- lish, prefixes might have, could have, ivould have, or should have, to the past participle of the radical verb. These forms of ex- pression are often translated in French by the Conditional Past ; as, I would have given you some Je vous aurais donne de V argent , money, if you had asked me. si vous m'en aviez demande. I should have gone out, if it had Je serais sorti, sHl rtavait pas not rained. plu. 1. But could have and might have, implying power, ability, and followed by a past participle, are translated by the Conditional Past of Pouvoir, followed by the Infinitive ; as, You might have succeeded, Vous auriez pu reussir. 2. Should have, implying duty or obligation, and followed by a past participle, is translated by the Conditional Past of Devoir, followed by the Infinitive ; as, You should have done it your- Vous auriez du le faire vous- self. mime. Imperative Mood. Impe'ratif. § 12. — The Imperative Mood in English has only two persons, the 2nd person singular, and the 2nd person plural ; which are translated by the corresponding persons of the Imperative Mood of the French verb ; as, Love (thou.) Aime. Love (ye.) Aimez. 142 ELEMENTARY 1. But in French there is another person, the 1st. person plu- ral ; as, Aimons. Let us love. 2. Let him, let her, and let them, followed by a verb, are translated by the third person singular and the third person plural of the Subjunctive Present ; as, Let him give. Qu'il donne. Let her give. Qu'elle donne. Let them give. \ #•* do ™ ent > , or « & ^ Qu elies donnent. SlTBJONCTIF. § 13. The French Subjunctive Mood (Subjonctif,) presents many difficulties to the young student. A few rules are here given to assist him in using it. The Subjunctive Mood expresses doubt. It is used, 1st. After verbs denoting will, wish, desire, doubt, fear, wan- der, and in general, the emotions of the mind ; as, I wish you to do your duty. Je veux que vous fassiez voire devoir. 2nd. After a verb used interrogatively, when doubt is ex- pressed ; as, Do you think he will come ? Croyez-vous qiCil vienne ? 3rd. After verbs used impersonally, except such as it is sure, positive, certain, &c, as, It is possible he will come. II est possible qiCil vienne. 4th. After an adjective in the superlative degree, followed by a relative pronoun ; as, The best friend that I have. Le meilleur ami quef^m. 5th. After rien, aucun, pas un, personne, &c, followed by a relative pronoun ; as, We have nothing that suits her. Nous ii'avons rien qui lui convi- ENNE. FRENCH EXERCISES. 143 6th. After quelque, quel que, qui que ce soit, quoi que ce soit, and the other Indefinite Pronouns followed by que. (See Sect. v. Chap, x.) Whatever may be your talents. Quels que soient vos talents . 7th. After the conjunctions afin que, quoique, a moins que, avant que, Men que, de crainte que, &c : as, That you may have more time. Afin que vous ayez plus de temps. 8th. After a relative pronoun, or the adverb ou, when the fol- lowing verb expresses uncertainty ; as, I am looking for some one that Je cherche quelqu\in qui me rende may do me this service. ce service. Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood. §13. The Subjunctive Mood being always subordinate to a verb that precedes it, its tenses are regulated by this foregoing verb. 1. The Present of the Subjunctive, (also called the Future,) is used when the preceding verb is in the present or future of the Indicative ; as, I shall have time ] Do you think \ I shall be ready 1 ■M ( I shall see her '. e He voill wait i till I 1 < till I i ( till I , till I have time ; am ready ; " see her. Pensez-\ous II attendra que faie le temps ! que je sois pret 1 1 que je la voie 1 < que faiele temps; v que je sois pret ; ; que je la voie. 2. The Imperfect of the Subjunctive is used, when the verb that precedes it and requires it to be in the Subjunctive, is in the imperfect or preterit of the Indicative, or in the Conditional mood ; as, lie was icaiting Would he wait \ till I had time ; llshould be ready; [ should see her. 11 I had time? I should be ready] I should see her? C till I 1 till Is ( till I i < till I ) till Is ( till I ! II attendant Atiendrait-i] f que yeusse le temps; I ( l ue $efusse pret ; I que je la visse que i'eusse\e temps] , que ]vfusse pret] que je la visse ] 144 ELEMENTARY Additional Examples of the Subjunctive Mood. I order you I forbid you I want you I wish you I desire you I require you I am glad I am pleased I am delighted I am sorry I am surprised Isee with pleasure I see with regret to do it. that you have done it. Jordonne Je defends Je veux Je souhaite Je desire J'exige Je suis bien aise Je suis content Je suis char me Je suis fdche Je suis surpris Je vois avecplaisir Je vois avec regret que vous le FASSIEZ. que vous ^'ayez FAIT. I fear you will do that. I fear you will not do that. I do not fear you will do that, Tell them to wait for me, Je crains que vous nefassiez cela. Je crains que vous ne fassiez pas cela. Je ne crains pas que vous fassiez cela. Dites-leur quils ?n > attendent. N. B. Although it is not intended in this little work to teach the Idioms of the French language, the following are so important even to young students that they are inserted. To BE, expressed by AVOIR. 1. The verb to be is expressed by the same mood and tense, number and person, of the verb Avoir, when it is followed by the adjectives hungry, thirsty, &c. ; as, I am hungry. We are thirsty. hungry, thirsty, cold. TO BE "< warm. sleepy. afraid. ashamed. right. wrong. Pai faim. Nous avons soif. faim. soif. froid. chaud. sommeil. Avoir i peur. honte, raison. tort. FRENCH EXERCISES. 145 2. The verb to be is also expressed by Avoir in speaking of the age of persons ; as, How old are you ] Quel age ayez-vous ? I am twenty. j'ai vmgt cins. To BE, EXPRESSED BY FAIRE. The verb to be, accompanied by a noun or an adjective denoting the state of the weather, is expressed in French by the same tense of the verb /aire, with il for its nominative ; as, How is the weather 1 Quel temps wait-U ? Is the weather fine 1 Fait -il beau temps? It will be cold to-morrow. II m&Afroid demain. It has been warm lately. Il a fait chaud depuis peu, To BE, EXPRESSED BY DEVOIR. The present tense and the imperfect tense of the verb to be, followed by another verb in the infinitive mood, are expressed by the present tense and the imperfect tense of the verb Devoir; as, I am to pay four dollars. Je dois payer quatre gourdes. She is to come to-night. Elle doit venir ce soir. He was to bring it to-day. Il devait Vapporter aujourd'hui. To BE, TO DO, EXPRESSED by Se PORTER. The verbs to be and to do, used in speaking of the health, are expressed by the same tense and person of the reflected verb Se Porter ; as, How are vou 1 \ t , , * How do vou do 1 X Comment vous pwtez-vous ? How do you do 13 ~G ELEMENTARY VERBS. Infinitive Mood, Present Tense. The Auxiliary Verbs. 1 To have. 2 To be. English of the model verbs. 3 To give. 4 To punish. 5 To owe. 6 To receive. 7 To sell. English of the irregular verbs. 8 To acquire. 9 to go. 10 to assail. 11 to beat. 12 to boil. 13 to drink. 14 to conclude. 15 to pickle. 16 to know, (to be acquainted with persons.) 17 to sew. 18 to run. 19 to fear. 20 to believe. 21 to grow. 22 to gather. 23 to say. 24 to sleep. 25 to write. 26 to send. 27 to do or make. 28 to flee. 29 to hate. 30 to join. 31 to read. 32 to shine. 33 to curse. 34 to lie, (to tell a falsehood.) 35 to put. 36 to grind. 37 to die. 38 to move. 39 to be born. 40 to offer. 41 to open. 42 to graze. 43 to paint. 44 to please. 45 to be able. 46 to provide. 47 to take. 48 to foretell. 49 to prevail. 50 to foresee. 51 to reduce. 52 to resolve. 53 to laugh. 54 to break. 55 to know, (applied to inanimate objects, sciences, tyc.) 56 to serve. 57 to follow. 58 to milk. 59 to conquer. 60 to be worth. 61 to come. 62 to clothe. 63 to live. 64 to see. 65 to be willing. Q6 to eat. 67 to go forward. 68 to conceal. 69 to lead. 70 to call. 71 to throw. 72 to try. rilENCH EXERCISES. 14/ The following arrangement of the verbs was prepared by the late Charles Pieot. As it was used for many years by him and other teach- ers with much success, it is, with a few alterations, introduced into this work. CONJUGATION OF FRENCH VERBS. Infinitif Present. 1 Avoir. 2 Etre. Models of Regular Verbs: 3 Dormer, a regular verb of the first conjugation 4 Punir, " u second " 5 Devoir, j u u tHrd 6 Recevoir, ) 7 Vendre, " " fourth " Irregular Verbs. 8 Acquerir. 9 aller. 10 assaillir. 11 battre. 12 13 boire. 14 conclure. 15 confire. 16 connaitre. 17 18 courir. 19 craindre. 20 croire. 21 croitre. 22 23 dire. 24 dormir. 25 ecrire. 26 envojer. 27 faire. 29 hair. 30 joindre. 31 lire. 32 luire. 33 maudire. 34 35 mettre. 36 rnoudre. 37 mourir. 38 mouvoir. 39 40 offrir. 41 ouvrir. 42 paitre. 43 peindre. 44 45 pouvoir. 46 pourvoir. 47 prendre. 48 predire. valoir. 50 prevoir. 51 reduire. 52 resoudre. 53 rire. 55 savoir. 56 servir. 57 suivre. 58 traire. 59 pre. 60 valoir. loir. 61 venir. 62 vetir. 63 vivre. 64 voir. bouillir. coudre. cueillir. 28 fuir. ruentir. naitre. plaire. 49 pre- 54 rom- vaincre. 65 vou- N. B. Before studying the following verbs, the pupil will commit to memory the remarks on the orthography of some French verbs, pagelia 66 Manger. 67 avancer. 68 celer. 69 mener. 70appeler. 71 jeter. 72 essayer. 148 ELEMENTARY Present Participle* 1 Having. 2 being. 3 giving. 4 punishing. 5 owing. 6 receiving. 7 selling. 8 acquiring. 9 going. 10 assailing. 11 beating. 12 boiling. 13 drinking. 14 concluding. 15 pick- ling. 16 knowing. 17 sewing. 18 running. 19 Fearing. 20 be- lieving. 21 growing. 22 gathering. 23 saying. 24 sleep- ing. 25 writing. 26 sending. 27 doing or making. 28 fleeing, 29 hating. 30 joining. 31 reading. 32 shining. 33 cursing. 34 lying. 35 putting. 36 grinding. 37 dying. 38 moving. 39 being born. 40 offering. 41 opening. 42 grazing. 43 paint- ing. 44 pleasing. 45 being able. 46 providing. 47 taking. 48 foretelling. 49 prevailing. 50 foreseeing. 51 reducing. 52 resolving. 53 laughing. 54 breaking. 55 knowing. 56 serv- ing. 57 following. 58 milking. 59 conquering. 60 being worth. 61 coming. 62 clothing. 63 living. 64 seeing. 65 being willing. 66 eating. 67 going forward. 68 concealing. 69 lead- ing. 70 calling. 71 throwing. 72 trying. Past Participle. 1 Had. 2 been. 3 given. 4 punished. 5 owed. 6 re- ceived. 7 sold. 8 acquired. 9 gone. 10 assailed. 11 beaten. 12 boiled. 13 drunk. 14 concluded. 15 pickled. 16 known. 17 sewed. 18 run. 19 feared. 20 believed. 21 grown. 22 gathered. 23 said. 24 slept. 25 written. 26 sent. 27 done or made. 28 fled. 29 hated. 30 joined. 31 read. 32 shone. 33 cursed. 34 lied. 35 put. 36 ground. 37 died. 38 moved- 39 born. 40 offered. 41 opened. 42 43 painted. 44 pleased. 45 been able. 46 provided. 47 taken. 48 foretold. 49 pre- vailed. 50 foreseen. 51 reduced. 52 resolved. 53 laughed. 54 broken. 55 known. 56 served. 57 followed. 58 milked. 59 conquered. 60 been worth. 61 come. 62 clothed. 63 lived. 64 seen. 65 been willing. 66 eaten. 67 gone forward. 68 con- cealed. 69 led. 70 called. 71 thrown. 72 tried. FRENCH EXERCISES. li\) Particijje Present. 1 Ayant. 2 etant. 3 dormant. 4 punissant. 5 devant. 6 recevant. 7 vendant. 8 acquerant. 9 allant. 10 assaillant. 11 battant. 12 bouillant. 13 buvant. 14 concluant. 15 con- usant. 16 connaissant. 17 cousant. 18 courant. 19 craig- nant. 20 crojant. 21 croissant. 22 cueillant. 23 disant. 24 dormant. 25 ecrivant. 26 errvoyant. 27 faisant. 28 fuy- ant. 29 haissant. 30 joignant. 31 lisant. 32 luisant. 33 mau- dissant. 34 mentant. 35 niettant. 36 moulant. 37 mourant. 38 mouvant. 39 naissant. 40 offrant. 41 ouvrant. 42 pais- sant. 43 poignant. 44 plaisant. 45 pouvant. 46 pourvoyant. 47 prenant. 48 predisant. 49 prevalant. 50 prevoyant. 51 re- duisant. 52 resolvant. 53 riant. 54 rompant. 55 sachant. 56 servant. 57 suivant. 58 trayant. 59 vainquant. 60 valant. 61 venant. 62 vetant. 63 vivant. 64 voyant. 65 voulant. 66 mangeant. 67 avancant. 68 celant. 69 menant. 70 appelant. 71 jetant. 72 essayant. Parti cipe Passe. 1 Eu. 2 ete. 3 donne. 4 puni. 5 du. 6 recu. 7 vendu. 8 acquis. 9 alle. 10 assailli. 11 battu. 12 bouilli. 13 bu. 14 conclu. 15 confit. 16 connu. 17 cousu. 18 couru. 19 craint. 20 cru. 21 crti. 22 cueilli. 23 dit. 24 dorrni, 25 ecrit. 26 envoye. 27 fait. 28 fui. 29 bar. 30 joint. 31 In. 32 lui. 33 maudit. 34 menti. 35 mis. 36 moulu. 37 mort. 38 mu. 39 ne. 40 offert. 41 ouvert. 42 wanting, 43 peint. 44 plu. 45 pu. 46 pourvu. 47 pris. 48 predit. 49-prevalu. 50 prevu. 51 reduit. 52 resolu. 53 ri. 54 rompu. 55 su. 56 servi. 57 suivi. 58 trait. 59 vaincu. 60 valu. 61 venu. 62 vetu. 63 vecu. 64 vu. 65 voulu. 66 mange. 67 avance. 68 cele. 69 mene. 70 appele. 71 jete. 72 essaye. 13* 150 I, 1 have 2 am [give ELEMENTARY Indicative Mood, Present Tense. thou, hast art givest he, has is gives we, have are give you, have are give they. have are give do give 3 \ do give or dost give does give do give do give [am giving art giving is giving are giving are giving are giving. N. B. The three forms of the present tense given in full in the verb give are equally applicable to nearly all the following verbs, thus, — 1 punish, do punish, or am punishing. 4 punish punishest punishes punish punish punish 5 owe owest owes owe owe owe 6 receive receivest receives receive receive receive 7 sell sellest sells sell sell sell 8 acquire acquirest acquires acquire acquire acquire 9 go goest goes go go go 10 assail assailest assails assail assail assail 11 beat beatest beats beat beat beat 12 boil boilest boils boil boil boil 13 drink drinkest drinks drink drink drink 14 conclude concludest concludes conclude conclude conclude 15 pickle picklest pickles pickle pickle pickle 16 know knowest knows know know know 17 sew sewest sews sew sew sew 18 run runnest runs run run run 19 fear fearest fears fear fear fear 20 believe believest believes believe believe believe 21 grow growest grows grow grow grow 22 gather gatherest gathers gather gather gather 23 say sayest says say say say 24 sleep sleepest sleeps sleep sleep sleep 25 write writest writes write write write 26 send sendest sends send send send fdo, or doest does do do do 27 ■> i 1 make makest makes make make make FRENCH EXERCISES. 151 Indicatif Prese?it. N. B. Je is used before a verb beginning with a consonant^ f before a verb beginning with a vowel or silent L Je,f tUj z7, nous, VOUSy Us. 1 ai as a avons avez ont 2 suis es est sorumes etes sont 3 donne donnes donne donnons donnez donnent 4 punis punis punit punissons punissez punissent 5 dois dois doit devons devez doivent 6 recois recois recoit recevons recevez re9oivent 7 vends vends vend vendons vendez vendent 8 acquiers . acquiers acauiertacquerons acquerez acquierent 9 vais vas va allons allez vont 10 assail le assailles assaille assaillons assaillez assaillent 11 bats bats bat battons battez battent 12 bous bous bout bouillons bouillez bouillent 13 bois bois boit buvons buvez boivent 14 conclus conclus conclut concluons concluez concluent 15 confis confis confit confisons confisez confisent 16 connais connais connait connaissons connaissez connaissent 17 couds couds coud cousons cousez cousent 18 cours cours court courons courez courent 19 crains crains craint craignons craignez craignent 20 crois crois croit croyons croyez croient 21 crois crois croit croissons croissez croissent 22 cueille cueilles cueille cueillons cueillez cueillent 23 dis dis dit disons dites disent 24 dors dors dort dormons dormez dorment 25 ecris ecris ccrit ccrivons ccrivez ecrivent 26 envoie envoies envoie envoyons envoyez envoient 27 fais fais fait faisons faites font. 152 ELEMENTARY I, thou, he. we, you, they. 28 flee fleest flees flee flee flee 29 hate hatest hates hate hate hate 30 join joinest joins join join join 31 read readest reads read read read 32 shine shinest shines shine shine shine 33 curse cursest curses curse curse curse .34 lie liest lies lie lie lie 35 put puttest puts put put put 36 grind grindest grinds grind grind grind 37 die diest dies die die die 38 move movest moves move move move 39 am born art born is born are borr l are born are born 40 offer offerest offers offer offer offer 41 open openest opens open open open 42 graze grazest grazes graze graze graze 43 paint pain test paints paint paint paint 44 please pleasest pleases please please please am able or art able or is able or A & are able are able are able 40 can canst can can can can 46 provide providest provides provide provide provide 47 take takest takes take take take 48 foretell foretellest foretells foretell foretell foretell 49 prevail prevailest prevails prevail prevail prevail 50 foresee foreseest foresees foresee foresee foresee 51 reduce reducest reduces reduce reduce reduce 52 resolve resolvest resolves resolve resolve resolve 53 laugh laughest laughs laugh laugh laugh 54 break breakest breaks break break break 55 know knowest knows know know know 56 serve servest serves serve serve serve 57 follow followest follows follow follow follow 58 milk milkest milks milk milk milk 59 conquer conqueres t conquers conquer conquer conquer 60 am worth art worth is worth are worth are worth are worth 61 come comest comes come come come 6*3 clothe clothest clothes clothe clothe clothe FRENCH EXERCISES. ^53 28 fuis 29 hais 30 joins 31 lis 32 luis 33 maudis 34 mens 35 mets 36 mouds 37 nieurs 38 mens 39 nais 40 offre 41 ouvre 42 pais 43 peins 44 plais peux or 4d . puis 46 pourvois 47 prends 48 predis 49 prevaux 50 prevois 51 reduis 52 resous 53 ris 54 romps 55 sais 56 sers 57 suis 58 trais 59 vaincs 60 vaux 01 viens 62 vets tu, fuis hais joins lis luis maudis mens mets mouds meurs meus nais offre s ouvres pais peins plais peux pourvois prends predis prevaux prevois reduis resous ris romps sais sers suis trais vaincs vaux viens vets fuit hait joint lit luit maudit ment met moud meurt meut nait offre ouvre pait peint plait peut pourvoit prend predit prevaut prevoit reduit resout rit rompt sait sert suit trait vainc vaut vient vet nous, fuyons hai'ssons joignons lisons luisons maudissons mentons mettons moulons mourons mouvons naissons offrons ouvrons paissons peignons plaisons pouvons vous, fuyez haifssez joignez lisez luisez maudissez mentez mettez moulez mourez mouvez naissez offrez ouvrez paissez peignez plaisez pouvez pourvoyons pourvoyez prenons prenez predisons predisez prevalons prevalez prevoyons prevoyez reduisons reduisez resolvons resolvez rions rompons savons servons suivons trayons riez rompons savez servez suivez trayez vamquons vainquez valons valez venons vetons venez vetez Us. fuient haissent joignent lisent luisent maudissent mentent mettent moulent meurent meuvent naissent offrent ouvrent paissent peignent plaisent peuvent pourvoient prennent predisent prevalent prevoient reduisent resolvent rient rompent savent servent suivent traient vainquent valent viennent vetent 154 ELEMENTARY i, thou, he, we, you, they. 63 live livest lives live live live 64 see seest sees see see see 65 am willing ; or will, art willing or wilt, is willing or will, &c. 66 eat eatest eats eat eat eat 67 go forward, goest forward, goes forward, &c 68 conceal concealest conceals conceal conceal conceal 69 lead leadest leads lead lead lead 70 call callest calls call call call 71 throw throwest throws throw throw throw 72 try triest tries try try try Indicative Mood, Imperfect Tense. 1 had hadst had had had had 2 was wast was were were were 3 gave, was giving, or used to give. 4 punished, was punishing, or used to punish. The three forms of the imperfect tense here exhibited are applicable to the verbs that follow. 5 owed. 6 received. 7 sold. 8 acquired. 9 went. 10 as- sailed. 11 beat. 12 boiled. 13 drank. 14 concluded. 15 pickled. 16 knew. 17 sewed. 18 ran. 19 feared. 20 believed. 21 grew. 22 gathered. 23 said. 24 slept. 25 wrote. 26 sent. 27 did or made. 28 fled, 29 hated. 30 joined. 31 read. 32 shone. 33 cursed. 34 lied. 35 put. 36 ground. 37 died. 38 moved. 39 was born. 40 offered. 41 opened. 42 grazed. 43 paint- ed. 44 pleased. 45 was able or could. 46 provided. 47 took. 48 foretold. 49 prevailed. 50 foresaw. 51 reduced. 52 resolved. 53 laughed. 54 broke. 55 knew. 56 served. 57 followed. 58 milked. 59 conquered. 60 was worth. 61 came. 62 clothed or clad. 63 lived. 64 saw. 65 was willing. 66 eat. 67 went forward. 68 concealed. 69 led. 70 called. 71 threw. 72 tried. FRENCH EXERCISES. 155 63 vis 64 vois 65 veux 66 mange 67 avance 68 cele 69 mene 70 appelle 71 jette 72 essaie tu 9 vis vois veux manges avance s celes menes vit voit veut mange avance cele mene appelles appelle jettes jette essaies essaie nous* vous, Us. vivons vivez vivent voyons voyez voient voulons voulez veulent mangeons mangez mangent avanc,ons avancez avancent celons celez celent menons menez menent appelons appelez appellent jetons jetez jettent essayons essayez essaient N. B. The pupil will observe that the second person, singular, always ends in s, except peux, veux, vaux ; the first person, plural, in ons, ex- cept sommes ; the second person, plural, in ez, except etes, dites, faites. Imparfait de V Indicatif. The terminations of this tense are ais, azs s ait, ions, iez, aient. 1 Avais avais avait avions aviez avaient. 2 etais etais etait etions etiez etaient. N. B. The first person singular of the following verbs is given. The other persons are formed from it by dropping the termination cris, and adding the other terminations, as given above. 3 Donnais. 4 punissais. 5 devais. 6 recevais. 7 vendais. 8 acquerais. 9 allais. 10 assaillais. 11 battais. 12 bouillais. 13 buvais. 14 concluais. 15 confisais. 16 connaissais. 17 cousais. 18 courais. 19 craignais. 20 croyais. 21 crois- sais. 22 cueillais. 23 disais. 24 dormais. 25 ecrivais. 26 envoyais. 27 faisais. 28 fuyais. 29 haissais. 30 joignais. 31 lisais. 32 luisais. 33 maudissais. 34mentais. 35 mettais. 36 moulais. 37 mourais. 38 mouvais. 39 naissais. 40 offrais- 41 ouvrais. 42 paissais. 43 peignais. 44 plaisais. 45 pouvais. 46 pourvoyais. 47 prenais. 48 predisais. 49 prevalais. 50 pre- voyais. 51 reduisais. 52 resolvais. 53 riais. 54 rompais. 55 savais. 56 servais. 57 suivais. 58 trayais. 59 vainquais. 60 valais. 61 venais. 62 vetais. 63 vivais. 64 voyais. 65 vou- lais. 66 mangeais." 67 avancais. 68 Calais. 69 menais. 70 appe- lais. 71 jetais. 72 essayais. 156 ELEMENTARY Indicative Mood, Preterite or Past Tense. N. B, The pupil must be careful not to confound this tense with the one called Perfect in most English Grammars. The latter corresponds to the Compound of the Present, the Parfait Indefini, or Passe Indefini of French verbs; as, I have loved, Tai aime. lHad hadst had had had had. 2 was wast was were were were 3 gave or did give, gavest or didst give, etc. 4 punished or did punish, punishedst or didst punish, etc. 5 owed or did owe, etc. 6 received or did receive, etc. 7 sold or did sell, soldest or didst sell, etc. 8 acquired. 9 went. 10 assailed. 11 beat. 12 boiled. 13 drank. 14 concluded. 15 pickled. 16 knew. 17 sewed. 18 ran. 19 feared. 20 believed. 21 grew. 22 gathered. 23 said. 24 slept. 25 wrote. 26 sent. 27 did or made. 28 fled. 29 hated. 30 joined. 31 read. 32 33 cursed. 34 lied. 35 put. 36 ground. 37 died. 38 moved. 39 was born. 40 offered. 41 opened. 42 43 painted. 44 pleased. 45 was able or could. 46 provided. 47 took. 48 foretold. 49 prevailed. 50 foresaw. 51 reduced. 52 re- solved. 53 laughed. 54 broke. 55 knew. 56 served. 57 followed. 58 59 conquered. 60 was worth. 61 came, earnest, came, came, came, came, or did come, etc. 62 clothed or clad. 63 lived. 64 saw. 65 was willing or would. 66 eat. 67 went forward. 68 concealed. 69 led. 70 called. 71 threw. 72 tried. Indicative Mood, Present Tense. 1 (I) shall have, (thou) wilt have, (he) will have, (we) shall have, (you) will have, (they) will have. 2 shall be. 3 shall give. 4 shall punish. 5 shall owe. 6 shall receive. 7 shall sell. 8 shall acquire. 9 shall go. 10 shall assail. 11 shall beat. 12 shall boil. 13 shall drink. 14 shall conclude. 15 shall pickle. 16 shall know. 17 shall sew. 18 shall run. 19 shall fear. 20 shall believe. 21 shall grow. 22 shall gather. 23 shall say. 24 shall sleep. 25 shall write. FRENCH EXERCISES. 157 Preterit Defini, ou Passe Defini. Terminations in the first conjugation, ai, as, a, dmes, cites, erent. In the other conjugations, s, s, t, mes, tes, rent. 1 Eus 2fus 3 donnai eus fus donnas eut fut donna eumes fumes donnames elites futes donnates eurent. furent. donnerent 4 punis 5 dus punis dut punit dut punimes dumes punites dutes punirent durent 6 re^us 7 vendis recus vendis recut vendit recumes vendimes recutes vendites recurent vendirent N. B. The first person singular of the following verbs is given ; from this the other persons are formed by dropping the termination of the first person and adding the other terminations, as given above. This remark applies to the other tenses also. 8 Acquis. 9 allai. 10 assaillis. 11 battis. 12 bouillis. 13 bus. 14 conclus. 15 conns. 16 connus. 17 cousis. 18 courus. 19 craignis. 20 crus. 21 crus. 22 cueillis. 23 dis. 24 dor- mis. 25 ecrivis. 26 envoyai. 27 fis. 28 fuis. 29 hai's. 30 joignis. 31 lus. 32 wanting. 33 maudis. 34 mentis. 35 mis. 36 moulus. 37 mourus. 38 mus. 39 naquis. 40 offris. 41 ouvris. 4.2 wanting. 43 peignis. 44 plus. 45 pus. 46 pourvus. 47 pris. 48 predis. 49 prevalus. 50 previs. 51 reduisis. 52 resolus. 53 ris. 54 rompis. 55 sus. 56 servis. 57 sui- vis. 58 wanting. 59 vainquis. 60 valus. 61 [model for verbs ending in enir,) vins, vins, vint, vimnes, vintes, vinrent. 62 vetis. 63 vecus. 64 vis. 65 voulus. 66 mangeai. 67 avancai. 68 celai. 69 menai. 70 appelai. 71 jetai. 72 essayai. Futur Absolu. Terminations, rai, ras, ra, rons, rez, ront. 1 Aurai, auras, aura, aurons, aurez, auront. 2 serai. 3 don- nerai. 4 punirai. 5 devrai. 6 recevrai. 7 vendrai. 8 ac- querrai. 9 irai. 10 assaillirai. 11 battrai. 12 bouillirai. 13 boirai. 14 conclurai. 15 confirai. 16 connaitrai. 17 cou- drai. 18 courrai. 19 craindrai. 20 croirai. 21 croitrai. 22 cueillerai. 23 dirai. 24 dormirai. 25 ccrirai. 14 158 ELEMENTARY 26 shall send. 27 shall do or make. 28 shall flee. 29 shall hate. 30 shall join. 31 shall read. 32 shall shine. 33 shall curse. 34 shall lie. 35 shall put. 36 shall grind. 37 shall die. 38 shall move. 39 shall be born. 40 shall offer. 41 shall open. 42 shall graze. 43 shall paint. 44 shall please. 45 shall be able. 46 shall provide. 47 shall take. 48 shall foretell. 49 shall prevail. 50 shall foresee. 51 shall reduce. 52 shall resolve. 53 shall laugh. 54 shall break. 55 shall know, 56 shall' serve. 57 shall follow. 58 shall milk. 59 shall conquer. 60 shall be worth. 61 shall come. 62 shall clothe. 63 shall live. 64 shall see. 65 shall be willing. 66 shall eat. 67 shall go forward. 68 shall conceal. 69 shall lead. 70 shall call. 71 shall throw. 72 shall try. Conditional Moocl } Present Tense. 1 (I) would have, or (I) should have, or (I) could have, or (I) might have, (thou) wouldst have, &c. 2 would be. 3 would give. 4 would punish. 5 would owe. 6 would receive. 7 would sell. 8 would acquire. 9 would go. 10 would assail. 11 would beat. 12 would boil. 13 would drink. 14 would conclude. 15 would pickle. 16 would know. 17 would sew. 18 would run. 19 would fear. 20 would believe. 21 would grow. 22 would gather. 23 would say. 24 would sleep. 25 would write. 26 would send. 27 would do or make. 28 would flee. 29 would hate. 30 would join. 31 would read. 32 would shine. 33 would curse. 34 would lie. 35 would put. 36 would grind. 37 would die. 38 would move. 39 would be born. 40 would offer 41 would open. 42 would graze. 43 would paint. 44 would please. 45 would be able. 46 would provide. 47 would take. 48 would foretell. 49 would prevail. 50 would foresee. 51 would reduce. 52 would resolve. 53 would laugh. 54 would break. 55 would know. 56 would serve. 57 would follow. 58 would milk. 59 would conquer. 60 would be worth. 61 would come. 62 would clothe. 63 would live. 64 would see. 65 would be willing. 66 would eat. 67 would go forward. 68 would con- ceal. 69 would lead. 70 would call. 71 would throw. 72 would try. FRENCH EXERCISES. 159 26 enverrai. 27 ferai. 28 fuirai. 29 hairai. 30 joindrai. 31 lirai. 32 hiirai. 33 'maudirai. 34 mentirai. 35 mettrai. 36 moudrai. 37 mourrai. 38 mouvrai. 39 naitrai. 40 offrirai. 41 ouvrirai. 42 paitrai. 43 peindrai. 44 plairai. 45 pourrai. 46 pourvoirai. 47 prendrai. 48 predirai. 49 prevaudrai. 50 prevoirai. 51 reduirai. 52 resoudrai. 53 rirai. 54 rom- prai. 55 saurai. 56 servirai. 57 suivrai. 58 trairai. 59 vaincrai. 60 vaudrai. 61 viendrai. 62 vetirai. 63 vivrai. 64 verrai. 65 voudrai. 66 mangerai. 67 avancerai. 68 celerai. 69 nie- nerai. 70 appellerai. 71 jetterai. 72 essaierai. The future tenses in italics are not formed regularly. Conditionnel Present. Terminations, raiSj rais, rait, rions, riez, raient. 1 Aurais, aurais, aurait, aurions, auriez, auraient. 2 serais. 3 donnerais. 4 punirais. 5 devrais. 6 recevrais. 7 vendrais. 8 acquerrais. 9 irais. 10 assaillirais. 11 battrais. 12 bouil- lirais. 13 boirais. 14 conclurais. 15 contirais. 16 connai- trais. 17 coudrais. 18 courrais. 19 craindrais. 20 croirais. 21 croitrais. 22 cueillerais. 23 dirais. 24 dormirais. 25 ecrirais. 26 enverrais. 27 ferai s. 28 fuirais. 29 haYrais. 30 joindrais. 31 lirais. 32 luirais. 33 maudirais. 34 mentirais. 35 met- tTais. 36 moudrais. 37 mourrais. 38 mouvrais. 39 naitrais. 40 offrirais. 41 ouvrirais. 42 paitrais. 43 peindrais. 44 plai- rais. 45 jyourrais. 46 pourvoirais. 47 prendrais. 48 predi- rais. 49 prkvaudrais. 50 prevoirais. 51 reduirais. 52 resou- drais. 53 rirais. 54 romprais. 55 saurais. 56 servirais. 57 suivrais. 58 trairais. 59 vaincrais. 60 vaudrais. 61 men- drais. 62 vetirais. 63 vivrais. 64 verrais. 65 voudrais. 66 mangerais. 67 avancerais. 68 celerais. 69 menerais. 70 appellerais. 71 jetterais. 72 essaierais. The tenses in italics are not formed regularly. 160 ELEMENTARY Imperative Mood, Present Tense. The imperative mood has only three persons, viz., the second person singular, and the first and second persons plural. 1 Have (thou) or do thou have, let us have, have ye or you, or do have. 2 be thou, &c. 3 give thou, &c. 4 punish thou, &c. 5 owe thou, &c. 6 receive thou, &c. 7 sell thou, &c. 8 acquire thou, &c. 9 go thou, &c. 10 assail thou, &c. 11 beat thou, &c. 12 boil thou, &c. 13 drink thou, &c. 14 conclude thou, &c. 15 pickle thou, &c. 16 know, thou, &c. 17 sew thou, &c. 18 run thou, &c. 19 fear thou, &c. 20 believe thou, &c. 21 grow thou, &c. 22 gather thou, &c. 23 say thou, &c. 24 sleep thou, &c. 25 write tho.u, &c. 26 send thou, &c. 27 do thou or make thou, &c. 28 flee thou, &c. 29 hate thou, &c. 31 read thou, &c. 33 curse thou, &c. 35 put thou, &c. 37 die thou, &c. 39 be thou born, &c. 41 open thou, &c. 43 paint thou, &c. 45 47 take thou, &c. 49 prevail thou, &c 51 reduce thou, &c. 53 laugh thou, &c. 55 know thou, &c. 57 follow thou, &c. 59 conquer thou, &c. 61 come thou, &c. 63 live thou, &c. 65 be thou willing, let us be willing, be ye willing, or be so good. 66 eat thou, &c. 67 go thou forward, &c. 68 conceal thou, &c. 69 lead thou, &c. 70 call thou, &c. 71 throw thou, &c. 72 try thou, &c. 30 join thou, &c. 32 shine thou, &c. 34 lie thou, &c. 36 grind thou, &c. 38 move thou, &c. 40 offer thou, &c. 42 graze thou, &c. 44 please thou, &c. 46 provide thou, &c. 48 foretell thou, &c. 50 foresee thou, &c. 52 resolve thou, &c. 54 break thou, &c. 56 serve thou, &c. 58 milk thou, &c. 60 be thou worth, &c. 62 clothe thou, &c. 64 see thou, &c. FRENCH EXERCISES. 161 Imperatif Present. 1 {2d. per. sing.) Aie, (1st. per. plur.) ayons, (2d. per. plur.) ayez. 2 sois, soyons, soyez. 3 donne, donnons, donnez. 4 punis, punissons, punissez. 5 dois, devons, devez. 6 rec,ois, recevons, recevez. 7 vends, vendons, vendez. 8 acquiers, acquerons, acquerez. 9 va, allons, allez. 10 assaille, assaillons, assaillez. 11 bats, battons, battez. 12 bous, bouillons, bouillez. 13 bois, buvons, buvez. 14 conclus, concluons, concluez. 15 conns, confisons, confisez. 16 connais, connaissons, connaissez. 17 couds, cousons, cousez. 18 cours, courons, courez. 19 crains, craig nons, craignez. 20 crois, croyons, croyez. 21 crois, croissons, croissez. 22 cueille, cueillons, cueillez. 23 dis, disons, dites. 24 dors, dormons, dormez. 25 ecris, ecrivons, ecrivez. 26 en- voie, envoy ons, envoyez. 27 fais, faisons, faites. 28 fuis, fuy- ons, fuyez. 29 hais, haissons, hai'ssez. 30 joins, joignons, joignez. 31 lis, lisons, lisez. 32 luis, luisons, luisez. 33 mau- dis, maudissons, maudissez. 34 mens, mentons, mentez. 35 mets, mettons, mettez. 36 mouds, moulons, nioulez. 37 nieurs, mou- rons, mourez, 38 meus, mouvons, mouvez. 39 nais, naissons, naissez. 40 offre, offrons, offrez. 41 ouvre, ouvrons, ouvrez. 42 pais, paissons, paissez. 43 peins, peignons, peignez. 44 plais, plaisons, plaisez. 45 wanting. 46 pourvois, pourvoyons, pour- voyez. 47 prends, prenons, prenez. 48 predis, predisons, pre- disez. 49 prevaux, prevalons, prevalez. 50 prevois, prevoyons, prevoyez. 51 reduis, reduisons, reduisez. 52 resous, resolvons, resolvez. 53 ris, rions, riez. 54 romps, rompons, rompez. 55 sache, sacbons, sacbez. 56 sers, servons, servez. 57 suis, suivons, suivez. 58 trais, trayons, trayez. 59 vaincs, vainquons, vainquez. 60 vaux, valons, valez. 61 viens, venons, venez. 62 vets, vetons, vetez. 63 vis, vivons, vivez. 64 vois, voyons, voyez. 65 veux, voulons, voulez, or veuillez. 6Q mange, man- geons, mangez. 67 avance, avan9ons, avancez. 68 cele, colons, celez. 69 mene, menons, menez. 70 appelle, appelons, appelez. 71 jette, jetons, jetez. 72 essaie, essayons, essayez. 14* 162 ELEMENTARY Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense. 1 That I may have, that thou mayst have, that he may have, that we may have, that you may have, that they may have. 2 That I may be, &c. 3 That I may give, &c. 4 That I may punish, &c. 5 That I may owe, &c. 6 That I may receive, &c. 7 That I may sell, &c. 8 That I may acquire, &c 9 That I may go, &c. 10 That I may assail, &c. 11 That I may beat, &c. 12 That I may boil, &c. 13 That I may drink, &c. 14 That I may conclude, &c. 15 That I may pickle, &c. 16 That I may know, &c. 17 That I may sew, &c. 18 That I may run, &c. 19 That I may fear, &c. 20 That I may believe, &c. 21 That I may grow, &e. 22 That I may gather, &c. 23 That I may say, &c. 24 That I may sleep, &c. 25 That I may write, &c. 26 That I may send, &c. 27 That I may do or make, &c. 28 That I may flee, &c. 29 That I may hate, &c. 30 That I may join, &c. 31 That I may read, &c. 32 That I may shine, &c. 33 That I may curse, &c. 34 That I may lie, &c. 35 That I may put, &c. FRENCH EXERCISES. 163 Subjonctif Present ou Futur. Terminations, e, es, e, io?is, iez, ent, except in Avoir and Etre. 1 Que j' aie, que tu aies, qu' il ait, que nous ayons, que vous ayez, qu' ils aient. N. B. In the following* verbs the conjunction que, and the pronouus^'e or f, tu, il, nous, vous, ils, are omitted for the sake of brevity ; but, in writing or reciting- the verbs, the pupil must supply them as in the pre- ceding model, Que fate, Sfc. 2 Sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient. 3 donne, donn.es, donne, donnions, donniez, donnent. 4punisse, punisses, punisse, punissions, punissiez, punissent. 5 doive, doives, doive, devions, deviez, doivent. 6 recoive, recoives, recoive, recevions, receviez, recoivent. ? vende, vendes, vende, vendions, vendiez, vendent. 8 acquiere, acquieres, acquiere, acquerions, aequeriez, acquie- rent. 9 aille, ailles, aille, allions, alliez, aillent. 10 assailie. assailles, assailie, assaillions, assailliez, assaillent. 11 batte ? battes, batte, battions, battiez, battent. 12 bouille, bouilles, bouille, bouillions, bouilliez, bouillent. 13 boive, boives, boive, buvions, buviez, boivent. 14 conclue, conclues, conclue, con- cluions, concluiez, concluent. 15 confise, confises, confise, con- fisions, confisiez, confisent. 16 connaisse, connaisses, connaisse, connaissions, connaissiez, connaissent. 17 couse, couses, couse, cousions, cousiez, cousent. 18 coure, coures, coure, courions, couriez, courent. 19 craigne, craignes, craigne, craignions, craig- niez, craignent. 20 croie, croies, croie, croyions, croyiez, croient. 21 croisse, croisses, croisse, croissions, croissiez, croissent. 22 cu- eille, cueilles, cueille, cueillions, cueilliez, cueillent. 23 dise, dises, dise, disions, disiez, disent. 24 dorme, dorrnes, dorme, donnions, dormiez, dorment. 25 ecrive, ecrives, ecrive, ecrivions, ecriviez, ccrivent. 26 envoie, envoies, envoie, envoyions, envoyiez, envoi- ent. 27 fasse, fasses, fasse, fassions, fassiez, fassent. 28 fuie, fuies, fuie, fuyions, fuyiez, fuient. 29 hai'sse, ha'isses, ha'isse, haissions, ha'issiez, ha'issent. 30 joigne, joignes, joigne, joignions, joigniez, joignent. 31 lise, lises, lise, lisions, lisiez, lisent. 32 luise, luises, luise, luisions, luisiez, luiscnt. 33 niaudisse, niaudisses, maudisse, maudissions, maudissiez, maifdissent. 34 mente, mentes, mente, mentions, mentiez, mentcnt. 34 mette, mettes, mette, mettions, mettiez, mettent. 164 ELEMENTARY 36 That I may grind, &c. 37 That I may die, &c. 38 That I may move, &c. 39 That I may be born, &c. 40 That I may offer, &e. 41 That I may open, &c. 42 That I may graze, &c. 43 That I may paint, &c. 44 That I may please, &c. 45 That I may be able, &c. 46 That I may provide, &c. 47 That I may take, &c. 48 That I may foretell, &c. 49 That I may prevail, &c. 50 That I may foresee, &c. 51 That I may reduce, &c. 52 That I may resolve, &c. 53 That I may laugh, &c. 54 That I may break, &e. 55 That I may know, &c. 56 That I may serve, &c. 57 That I may follow, &c. 58 That I may milk, &c. 59 That I may conquer, &c. 60 That I may be worth, &c. 61 That I may come, &c. 62 That I may clothe, &c. 63 That I may live, &c. 64 That I may see, &c. 65 That I may be willing, &c. 66 That I may eat, &c. 67 That I may go forward, &c. 68 That I may conceal, &c. 69 That I may lead, &c. 70 That I may call, &c. 71 That I may throw, &o 72 That I may try, &c. PRFSrOH EXERCISES. 1C5 36 moule, raoules, moule, nioulions, mouliez, inonlent. 37 meure 5 meures, rueure, mourions, mouriez, nieurent. 38 meuve, meuves, meuve, mouvions, mouviez, roeuvent. 39 naisse, naisses, naisse, naissions, naissiez, naissent. 40 offre, offres, offre, offrions, off- riez, offrent. 41 ouvre, ouvres, ouvre, ouvrions, ouvriez, ouv- rent. 42 paisse, paisses, paisse, paissions, paissiez, paissent. 43 peigne, peignes, peigne, peignions, peigniez, peignent. 44 plaise, plaises, plaise, plaisions, plaisiez, plaisent. 45 puisse, puisses, puisse, puissions, puissiez, puissent. 46 pour- voie, pourvoies, pourvoie, pourvoyions, pourvoyiez, pourvoient. 47 prenne, prennes, prenne, prenions, preniez, prennent. 48 predise, predises, predise, predisions, predisiez, predisent. 49 prevale, prevales, prevale, prevalions, prevaliez, prevalent. 50 prevoie, prevoies, prevoie, prevoyions, prevoyiez, prevoient. 51 reduisc, reduises, reduise, reduisions, reduisiez, reduisent. 52 resolve, resolves, resolve, resolvions, resolviez, resolvent. 58 rie, ries, rie, riions, riiez, rient. 54 rompe, rompes, rompe, roropions, rompiez, rompent. 55 sache, saches, sache, sachions, sachiez, sachent. 56 serve, serves, serve, ser- vions, serviez, servent. 57 suive, suives, suive, suivions, suiviez, suivent. 58 traie, traies, traie, trayions, trayiez, traient. 59 vainque, vainques, vainque, vainquions, vainquiez, vainquent. 60 vaille, vailles, vaille, valions, valiez, vaillent. 61 vienne, viennes, vienne, venions, veniez, viennent. 62 vete, vetes, vete, vetions, vetiez, vetent. 63 vive, vives, vive, vivions, viviez, vi- vent. 64 voie, voies, voie, voyions, voyiez, voient. 65 veuille, veuilles, veuille, voulions, vouliez, veuillent. QQ mange, manges, mange, mangions, mangiez, mangent. 67 avance, avances, avance, avancions, avanciez, avancent. 68 cele, celes, cele, ce- lions, celiez, celent. 69 mene, m&nes, mene, menions, meniez, menent. 70 appelle, appelles, appelle, appelions, appeliez, ap- pellent. 71 jette, jettes, jette, jetions, jetiez, jettent. 72 es.saie, essaies, essaie, essayions, essayiez, essaient. 166 ELEMENTARY Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect or Past Tense. 1 That I might have, that thou mightst have, that he might have, that we might have, that you might have, that they might have. 2 That I might be, &c. 3 That I might give, &c. 4 That I might punish, &c. 5 That I might owe, &c. 6 That I might receive, &c. 7 That I might sell, &c. 8 That I might acquire, &c. 9 That I might go, &c 10 That I might assail, &o. 11 That I might beat, &c. 12 That I might boil, &c. , 13 That I might drink, &c. 14 That I might conclude, &c. 15 That I might pickle, &c. 16 That I might know, &c. 17 That I might sew, &c. 18 That I might run, &c. 19 That I might fear, &e. 20 That I might believe, &c. 21 That I might grow, &c. 22 That I might gather, &c. 23 That I might say, &c. 24 That I might sleep, &c. 25 That I might write, &c. 26 That I might send, &c. 27 That I might do or make, &c. 28 That I might flee, &,c. 29 That I might hate, &c. FRENCH EXERCISES. 167 Imparfait du Suhjonctif. Terminations, sse, sses, t (silent,) ssions, ssiez, ssent. 1 Que j'eusse, que tu eusses, qu'il eufc, que nous eussions, que vous eussiez, qu'ils eussent. N. B. In the following verbs the conjunction and the pronouns are omitted, for the sake of brevity, but in writing or reciting the verbs, the pupil must supply them, as in the preceding model : Quefeusse, &c. 2 Fusse, fusses, fut, fussions, fussiez, fussent. 3 donnasse, donnasses, donnat, donnassions, donnassiez, donnassent. 4 pu- nisse, punisses, punit, punissions, punissiez, punissent. 5 dusse, dusses, dut, dussions, dussiez, dussent. 6 recusse, recusses, recut, recessions, recjissiez, recjissent. 7 vendisse, vendisses, vendit, vendissions, vendissiez, vendissent. 8 acquisse, acquis- ses, acquit, acquissions, acquissiez, acquissent. 9 allasse, allas- ses, allat, allassions, allassiez, allassent. 10 assaillisse, assail- lisses, assaillit, assaillissions, assaillissiez, assaillissent. 11 bat- tisse, battisses, battit, battissions, battissiez, battissent. 12 bou- illisse, bouillisses, bouillit, bouillissions, bouillissiez, bouillissent. 13 busse, busses, but, bussions, bussiez, bussent. 14 conclusse, conclusses, conclut, conclussions, conclussiez, conclussent. 15 con- fisse, confisses, confit, confissions, confissiez, confissent. 16 con- nusse, connusses, connut, connussions, connussiez, connussent. 17 cousisse, cousisses, cousit, cousissions, cousissiez, cousissent. 18 courusse, courusses, courut, courussions, courussiez, courus- rent. 19 craignisse, craignisses, craignit, craignissions, craig- nissiez, craignissent. 20 crusse, crusses, crut, crussions, crus- siez, crussent. 21 crusse, crusses, crut, crussions, criissiez, crussent. 22 cueillisse, cueillisses, cueillit, cueillissions, cueil- lissiez, cueillissent. 23 disse, disses, dit, dissions, dissiez, dis- sent. 24 dormisse, dormisses, dormit, dornrissions, dormissiez, dormissent." 25 ecrivisse, ecrivisses, ecrivit, ecrivissions, ecrivis- siez, ecrivissent. 26 envoyasse, envoyasses, envoyat, envoyas- sions, envoyassiez, envoyassent. 27 fisse, fisses, fit, fissions, fis- siez, fissent. 28 fuisse, fuisses, fuit, fuissions, fuissiez, fuissent. 29 ha'isse, lia'isses,hait, haissions, haVssiez, haissent. 108 ELEMENTARY 30 That I might join, &c. 31 That I might read, &c. 32 Wanting. 33 That I might curse, &c. 34 That I might lie, &c. 35 That I might put, &c. 36 That I might grind, &c. 37 That I might die, &e. 38 That I might move, &c. 39 That I might be born, &c. 40 That I might offer, &c. 41 That I might open, &c. 42 Wanting, 43 That I might paint, &c. 44 That I might please, &c. 45 That I might be able, &c. 46 That I might provide, &,c. 47 That I might take, &e. 48 That I might foretell, &c. 49 That I might prevail, &c. 50 That I might foresee, &c. 51 That I might reduce, &c. 52 That I might resolve, &c. 53 That I might laugh, &c. 54 That I might break, &c. 55 That I might know, &c. 56 That I might serve, &c. 57 That I might follow, &c. 58 Wanting. 59 That I might conquer, &c. 60 That I might be worth, &c. 61 That I might come, &c. 62 That I might clothe, &c. FRENCH EXERCISES. 169 30 joignisse, joignisses, joignit, joignissions, joignissiez, joignis- sent. 31 lusse, lusses, Kit, lussions, lussiez, lussent. 32 want- ing. 23 maudisse, maudisses, maudit, roaudissions, maudissiez? inaudissent. 34 mentisse, mentisses, nientit, raentissioiis, men- tissiez, mentissent. 35 misse, misses, mit, missions, missiez, imssent. 36 moulusse, inoulusses, mouliit, moulussions, moulus- siez, nioulusseiit. 37 mourusse, mourusses, mourut, mourussions, mourussiez, mourussent. 38 musse, musses, mut, mussions, mus- siez, mussent. 39 naquisse, naquisses, naquit, naquissions, na- quissiez, naquissent. 40 offrisse, offrisses, offrit, offrissions, off- rissiez, offrissent. 41 ouvrisse, ouvrisses, ouvrit, ouvrissions, ouvrissiez, ouvrissent. 42 wanting. 43 peignisse, peignisses, peignit, peignissions, peignissiez, peignissent. 44 plusse, plusses^ plut, plussions, plussiez, plussent. 45 pusse, pusses, put, pus- sions, pussiez, pussent. 46 pourvusse, pourvusses, pourviit, pourvussions, pourvussiez, pourvussent. 47 prisse, prisses, prit, prissions, prissiez, prissent. 48 predisse, predisses, predit, pre- dissions, predissiez, predissent. 49 prevalusse, prevalusses, pre- valut, prevalussions, prevalussiez, prevalussent. 50 previsse, previsses, previt, previssions, previssiez, previssent. 51 redui- sisse, reduisisses, reduisit, reduisissions, reduisissiez, reduisis- sent. 52 resolusse, resolusses, resolut, resolussions, resolussiez resolussent. 53 risse, risses, r it, rissions, rissiez, rissent. 54 rom- pisse, rompisses, rompit, rompissions, rompissiez, rompissent. 55 susse, susses, siit, sussions, sussiez, sussent. 56 servisse, servisses, servit, servissions, servissiez, servissent. 57 suivisse, suivisses, suivit, suivissions, suivissiez, suivisseut. 58 wanting. 59 vainquisse, vainquisses, vainquit, vainquissions , vainquissiez, vainquissent. 60 valusse, valusses, valut, valussions, valussiez, valussent. 61 vinsse, vinsses, vmt, vinssions, vinssiez, vinssent. 62 vetisse, vetisses, vetit, vetissions, vetissiez, vetissent. 15 170 ELEMENTARY 63 That 64 That 65 That 66 That 67 That 68 That 69 That 70 That 71 That 72 That I might I might I might I might I might I might I might I might I might I might live, &c. see, &c. be willing, &c. eat, &c. go forward, &c. conceal, &e. lead, &c. call, &c. throw, &c. try, &c. The Defective Verb to fail. Inf. pres. To fail. Pres. part, failing. Past part, failed. Ind. pret. I failed, thou failedst, he failed. We failed, you failed, they failed. To blow, to open, (as a flower.) Inf. pres. To blow. Ind. pres. It blows, " pret. It will blow Cond. It would blow, Past part, blown. they blow, they will blow, they would blow. •*U\JU.\A» J_U VYUU.J.VA MJ.WV, tiic y VYUU1U MXUVY. Sub. pres. That it may blow, that they may blow To Fry. Inf. pres. To fr Past part, fried. Ind. pres. I fry, thou friest, he fries. " fut. I shall fry, thou wilt fry, he will fry. We shall fry, you will fry, they will fry. Cond. pres. I would fry, thou wouldst fry, he would fry. We would fry, you would fry, they would fry. Imperative, Fry thou. FRENCH EXERCISES. 171 63 vecusse, vecusses, vecut, veeussions, vecussiez, vecussent. 64 visse, visses, vit, vissions, vissiez, vissent. 65 voulusse, vou- lusses, voulut, voulussions, voulussiez, voulussent. 66 nian- geasse, mangeasses, mangeat, maugeassions, rnangeassiez, rnan- geassent. 67 avancasse, avancasses, avancat, avancassions, avan- cassiez, avari9assent. 68 celasse, celasses, celat, celassions, ce- lassiez, celassent. 69 rnenasse,' rnenasses, ruenat, menassions, nienassiez, menassent. 70 appelasse, appelasses, appelat, appe- lassions, appelassiez, appelassent. 71 jetasse, jetasses, jetat, je- tassions, jetassiez, jetassent. 72 essayasse, essayasses, essayat, essayassions, essayassiez, essayassent. Faillir, faillant, failli. tu faillis, il faillit. vous faillites, ils faillirent. Eclore. Faillir. Je faillis, Nous faillimes, Eclore. II eclot, II eclora, II eclorait, Qu'il eclose, Frire. Je fris, Je frirai, Nous irirons, Je frirais, Nous fririons, Fris. Frire. tu fris, tu friras, vous frirez, tu frirais, vous fririez. Eclos. ils eclosent. ils ecloront. ils ecloraient. qu'ils eclosent. Frit, il frit, il frira. ils friront. il frirait. ils friraient. This verb, (defective) is only used in the above few persons and tenses and in all the compound tenses, which are formed with Avoir. To supply the persons and tenses which are wanting, we use the dif- ferent tenses of Faire, to make, with the infinitive present of Frire ; as nous faisons frire, vous faites frire, ils font frire, & c. 172 ELEMENTARY EASY NAEEATIVES. N. B. There is so much difference between the idioms of the English and French languages, that it is almost impossible for beginners to make really good translations into French. A few literal translations from the French are therefore added, to be re-transiated into that language. Grammatical accuracy, merely, will be necessary to make them good French. The pupil will be obliged to use a French Dictionary in trans- lating the following anecdotes and narratives. A poor man, who was a porter at Milan, found a bag in which there were two hundred crowns. He who had found it, informed by a public advertisement, came to the boarding house where the porter worked, and having given good proofs that the bag be- longed to him, the porter returned it to him. Full of joy and gratitude, he offered to his benefactor twenty crowns, which the latter absolutely 1 refused. He came down 2 then to ten, then to five. But finding him always inexorable, " I have lost nothing," said he, in a tone of anger, throwing down 3 his bag ; " I have lost nothing, if you will not receive anything." The porter accepted five crowns, which he immediately 1 gave to the poor. J See remark on Adverbs, page 108. 2 Came down from se reduire. s Down, par terre. One day when (que) the dauphin, the father of Louis the Six- teenth, was hunting with the king in the environs of Compi.egne, his coachman wished to cross a piece of ground, where the harvest had not been got in. 1 Having perceived it, he called 2 to him to go back 3 into the road. The coachman remarked to him that he would not arrive in (a) time at the place of meeting. 4 " lie it so," replied the prince ; " I would rather 5 miss ten appointments 4 than occasion injury to the field of a poor countryman." 1 Where the harvest, &c, write, of which the crop was not yet harvested (levee.) ^Called from crier. 3 Go back, rentrer. *Rendovuus, 5 Would rather, from aimer mieur. FRENCH EXERCISES. 173 Alphonso, king of Aragon, was riding one day on horseback. A page, who was walking before him, wounded him through heed- lessness, by pulling the branch of a tree, which struck him in (a) the eye, and made the blood gush out. This accident at first 1 frightened all the lords of his suite, who instantly 1 hastened, and drew near 2 him. The king, notwithstanding the pain that he felt, cheered them, and then 1 said to them quietly 3 : " What gives me the most concern, 4 is the sorrow of this poor page, who is the cause of my wound." 'See remark on Adverbs, page 103. 2 Drew near, from s'approcher de. 3 With a tranquil air. 4 peine, A wounded soldier having been forgotten on the field of battle, one only friend, his companion, his dog, had remained near 1 him. Inconsolable, without food, he had passed two days over his master's body, resolved not to survive him (lui.) Suddenly he perceived (comp, pres) some slight movement, The eye of his cherished master opened again 2 to the light. He breathes ! He still lives ! The generous animal covers him with (de) caresses ; he licks his wounds, he warms his icy-cold 3 limbs. The soldier lifts himself up 4 , but, exhausted by his long agony, he falls back powerless 5 ; he will die of weakness. Where can he look for any assistance ? Where find succour ? On all sides silence and death ! But what (que) can not instinct directed by love accom- plish % With an eager scent 6 , the dog questions space, and bounding with (de) joy, he sets off like an arrow, returns still more quickly, and brings to his fainting master the half of a loaf which he has discovered in the midst of the dead bodies 7 . l aupres de. 2 opened again, comp. pres. of se rouvrir. s glaces. 4 to lift up one's self, se soulever. b sans force. *nez. 7 dead bodies, cadavres. 15* J 174 ELEMENTARY The reply which the famous Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi 1 , made to a lady of Campania 2 , is very celebrated. This lady, who was very rich, and still more haughty, after having 3 displayed before the eyes of Cornelia, in a visit that she made 4 to her, her diamonds, pearls, and most precious jewels, begged her earnestly 5 to show her hers also. Cornelia dexterously turned 6 the conversation upon an other subject 7 until the return of her sons, who had gone to the public schools. When they returned 8 , and 9 entered into their mother's room : "Behold," said she to the lady of Campania, showing them to her, "behold my jewels and my ornaments." 1 Gracques. 2 of Campania, Campanienne. 3 Infin. mood. 4 from rendre. b avec instance. 6 Jittomber. ' l matiere ) i. 8 Comp. Pret. 9 After an d, supply that they. THE TULIP AND THE ROSE. A tulip and a rose were neighbors in the same garden. They were both exceedingly beautiful; yet the gardener paid 1 most care and most attention to 1 the rose, The tulip, vain of her exterior charms, and not being able to bear the thought of being abandoned for another, reproached 2 the gardener with his partiality. " Why is my beauty thus neglected?" she asked him. "Are not my colors more brilliant, more variegated, and more attractive, 3 than those of the rose ? Why then do you prefer her to me, and bestow 4 on her all your affection?" "Do not be discontented, beautiful tulip," answered the gardener; "I know your beauties, and I admire them as they deserve (it,) but there are in my favorite rose odors and in- ternal charms, which beauty alone cannot afford 5 me." External beauty strikes at first sight 6 , but we should prefer internal merit. *paid ... to, from avoir . . .pour. 2 reproached to the gardener his &c. 3 engageantes. 4 from donner. 5 procurer. 6 at first sight, dhibord. FRENCH EXERCISES. • 175 MAHMOUD, KHAN OF TARTARY. A poor woman complained to Mahmoud, Khan of Tartary 1 , who conquered Persia in the tenth century, against (de) a person who had murdered her only son in the province of Yrac, in Persia. "How would you have one do 2 justice at such a distance?" said Mahmoud: "Why did you conquer countries, which you cannot govern at such a distance V replied the unfortunate mother. x Khan of Tartary, Kan des Tartares. 2 How would you have one do? Comment voulez-vous qu?on fasse ? LA FONTAINE. Of 1 the works of this author nothing can be recommended except 2 his fables. In these 3 he has surpassed every other writer, and the name of the Inimitable La Fontaine has been given him by common consent. 4 His fables are perfectly natural, without the least affecta- tion, and replete with 5 wit. He was a man of extreme simplicity of manners; full of candor and probity; but in society always absent 6 and thoughtful, so much so 7 , that he often spoke to his friends without knowing them. 1 of ) parmi. 2 Write, one can recommend only. 3 Write, it is there that. 4 by common consent, d\in commun accord. 5 replete with, pleines de. 6 Write, he had always the mind absent. 7 so much so, a tel point. SWISS ANECDOTE. An inhabitant of the canton of Schwitz came one day to (vers) his neighbor Gaspard, who was working in a meadow, and said to him : " My friend, thou knowest that we are at variance about 1 this piece of ground: I have applied to the judge, because neither of us is sufficiently learned 2 to know which of us is right; 3 therefore, we must both appear before him to-morrow." "Frantz," answered 176 . ELEMENTARY Gaspard, "thou seest that I have mowed the whole of the meadow; I must get in 4 the hay to-morrow; I cannot go." "What is to be done 5 ?" resumed the other, "how can I disappoint 6 the judge, who has fixed upon 7 to-morrow to (pour) decide on (de) the affair? Be- sides, I think it necessary to know to whom the ground belongs before 8 gathering [Inf. Mood) the crop." They had thus disputed for some time, when G-aspard seized the band of Frantz, and exclaimed, " I'll tell thee what 9 , my friend : go to Schwitz alone, explain to the judge thy reasons and mine ; argue on both sides 10 ; why should I go thither myself?" "Agreed 11 ," said Frantz; "since thou trustest me with the management 12 of this business, depend upon it 13 I shall act for the best." 14 The affair being thus settled, Frantz set off next day for the town, explained his reasons, and argued pro and con 15 with (de) all his might As soon as the verdict 16 was given 17 , he hastened 13 to (de) re- turn to his neighbor. " I congratulate thee, friend G-aspard," cried he, as soon as he perceived him, "the meadow is thine 19 , and I am glad that this business is* 20 finished." From 21 that day, (says the Swiss Chronicle, from which 22 this anecdote is extracted, 23 ) the two peasants lived in perfect friendship. 1 to be at variance about, avoir un differ end pour. 2 learned, instruits. 3 see appendix, page 144. -i to get in, ramasser. 5 Write, what is it necessary to do? 6 disappoint, manquer de parole a. 7 fixed upon, ckoisi, 8 before, avant de. 9 1*11 tell thee what, Je vais te dire ce quHl y a. lu Write, the two sides. II Agreed, ainsi conclu. 12 conduite, f. 13 Write, be assured. H for the best, de rnon mieux. 15 pro and con. pour et contre. lQ jugement y m. 17 prononce. 18 hastened, from se hater. l9 £s thine, tfapparticnt. S0 See Remark on the subjunctive mood, page 142. 21 Bepuis. 22 from which, d'ou. 23 to extract, tirer. THE ACORN AND THE PUMPKIN. A villager, contemplating the size 1 of the pumpkin and the small- ness of its stem, 2 exclaimed: "Of (a) what was the Author of Na- ture thinking 3 , when he made 4 that plant? Its stem is so little proportioned to its size, that it cannot support it, and its fruit is obliged to lie on the ground and spoil. 5 That fruit would have been FRENCH EXERCISES. 177 better placed on this oak : it is a large, strong tree. And again 6 , why does not the acorn, which is not bigger than my little finger, grow on a small stem?" These reflections embarrassed him greatly. In the mean time he lies down 7 at the foot of an oak to take a little nap : but he could not sleep. The wind was strong; it blew down 8 some acorns; one fell 9 on the nose of our critic; the blood gushed out. 10 "Oh! oh!" said he, changing his tune, 11 "I see now that God has made right 12 what he has made. If these acorns had been pumpkins, they would have broken my head 13 ." So he returned home, praising God for (de) every thing. 1 grosseur, f. 2 Write, how much its stem is small. 3 was thinking, from songer. 4 when he made, write, in making. 5 to spoil, se gdter. 6 encore. 7 to lie down, se coucher. 8 to blow down, abuttre. 9 one fell, il en tomba un. 10 to gush out, sortir. n his tune, de langage. 12 bien. 13 Write, they would have broken to me the head. THE YOUNG FLY. A young fly was with her mother on a chimney wall, 1 quite 2 near a pot, in which 3 soup was boiling. The old fly who had business elsewhere, said to her daughter on 4 flying away : " Stay where thou art, my child ; do not leave thj> place until my return." "Why, mamma?" asked the little one. " Because I am afraid that thou wilt go 5 too near that boiling spring." It is the pot that she called by that name. 6 "And why must I not go near 7 it?" " Because thou wouldst fall in, 8 and be drowned in it." 9 "And why would I fall into it?" 10 "I cannot tell thee the reason ; but trust to 11 my experience. Every time that a fly has taken it into her head 12 to fly over one of these springs, from which 13 so many vapors rise,' 1 I have always seen that she fell in without ever rising from it again." 5 The mother thought she had said 16 enough, and flew away. But the little one laughing at 17 her advice, said to herself: "Aged peo- ple are always too careful. Why wish to deprive me of the inno- 178 ELEMENTARY cent pleasure of fluttering a little over this smoking spring? Have I not wings, and am I not prudent enough to avoid accidents? In short, mamma, it is in vain for you to talk, 18 and to allege your ex- perience to me, I will amuse myself in fluttering 19 a little around the spring ; and I should like 2C to know what would make me go down 21 into it." 22 So saying 23 she flies off; but she was scarcely over 24 the pot, when, made giddy 25 by the steam which was rising from it, she fell in. 26 Before expiring, 27 she still had time to utter these words : " Unhappy are the children who do not listen to 28 the advice of their parents!" 1 the wall of a chimney. 2 quite, asses. 3 in which, oic. 4 on, en. 5 wilt go, subj. pres. of s J approcher. 6 by that name, ainsi. 7 to go near, s'ap- procher. 8 in, dedans. 9 be drowned in it, Vy noyeras. 10 into it, y. u trust from, croire; to, en. u to take it into one's head, s'aviser. 13 from which, $ovl 14 to rise, s'exhaler. 15 to rise again, remonter. 16 she had said; write, to have said. 17 to laugh at, se moquer de. 18 it is in vain for you to talk, vous avez beau dire. 10 Write, to flatter. 20 should like, voudrais bien. 21 go do wn, descendre. 22 into it, y. 23 Write, in saying that. 24 over, au dessus de. 2b made giddy, etourdie. 26 fell in, s'y laissa tomber. 21 Avant d'expirer. 28 to listen to, ecouler. THE ABENAKI. During one of the wars in America, a company of Abenakis 1 (a tribe of Indians,) defeated a small body 2 of British 3 troops. The vanquished could not escape from (a) enemies more nimble than they in running 4 , and eager 5 to pursue them. A young English officer, chased 6 by two savages, who came up 7 to him with raised battle-axes 8 , had no hope of escaping 9 from death. At the same time, an old Indian, armed with (de) a bow, approaches him and prepares to pierce him with (de) an arrow; but after having taken aim at 10 him, he lowers his bow suddenly, and runs to throw himself between the young officer and the two barbarians, who were going to massacre him. The latter retired with respect. The old man took the Englishman by the hand, encouraged 11 him FRENCH EXERCISES. 179 by his caresses, and conducted him to his cabin, where he treated him with a kindness which never varied, (se cUmentit.) He made him (of him) less his slave than his companion; he taught him (to him) the language of the Abenakis, and the rude arts practised 12 by (chez) these people. They lived very happily together 13 . One thing only gave uneasiness to the officer; sometimes the old man used to fix 14 his (the) eyes upon him, and after having looked at 15 him he dropped (let fall) some tears. On (a) the return of spring, the savages resumed their (the) arms, and took the field 16 . The old man, who was still sufficiently robust to bear the fatigues of war, set out with them, accompanied by (de) his prisoner. The Abenakis marched more than (de) two hundred leagues through (a tr avers) the forests; at last, they arrived at a plain where they discovered a British encampment 17 . The old man showed 18 it to his prisoner, watching (in observing) his countenance. "There are thy brothers," said he to him; "there are the enemies who are awaiting us to give us battle. Listen : I have saved thy life 19 , I have taught thee to make a canoe, a bow and arrows, to handle the battle-axe, and to surprise the beaver in the forest. What wast thou, when I led thee to (dans) my hut? Thy hands were those of a child; they served neither to procure thee food, nor to de- fend thee. Thou knewest nothing. Thou owest every thing to me. Wiit thou unite thyself to thy brothers, and lift up the hatchet against us?" The Englishman declared that he would rather (would like better to) lose his (the) life a thousand times, than shed the blood of his deliverer. The Abenaki covered 20 his face with both his hands, bending down 21 his (the) head; and after having (Inf. Mood) been some time in this attitude, he looked at the young Englishman, and said to him in (de) a tone of mingled 22 tenderness and grief: "Hast thou a father?" " My father," said the young man, " was living, when I left 23 my country/' "Alas'." cries the Indian, " how (que) unhappy he must bel 24 " and after a moment of silence, he added : " Dost thou know that I have been a father! I am one (le) no longer (plus.) I saw 23 my son fall in battle 25 ;" he was at my side; he was covered with wounds when MM 180 FRENCH EXERCISES. ' * ** he fell 23 . But I have avenged him!" He pronounced these words with vehemence, (force.) All his body trembled. He was almost stifled with (par) groans, which he would not suffer 26 to escape. His eyes were restless 27 , his tears did not flow. He became calm 28 by degrees 2 ?, and turning himself towards the east, where the sun was rising, he said to the young officer: "Dost thou see that beautiful sky resplendent with (de) light? Hast thou any pleasure in (a) looking at it?" " Yes," replied the Englishman, "I have pleasure in looking at that beautiful sky." " I have none," said the Indian, in shedding a torrent of tears. Some moments after, he shows to the young man a magnolia in bloom 30 . "Dost thou see that beauti- ful tree," said he to him, "and dost thou look at it with pleasure?" "Yes," replied the young man, "I have pleasure in looking at it." "I no longer have any," said the Indian hastily 31 ; and immediately he added : " Depart, go back to thy father, that he may still have pleasure in seeing the rising 32 sun, and the flowers of the spring." 1 Abenakis. 2 a small body of troops, un detachement. 3 Anglais. 4 in running, a la course. 5 acharnes. Q pressed 7 to come up to, aborder. 8 Write, the axe raised. 9 to escape from, se derober a. w to take- aim at, ajuster. 11 from rassurer. u practised, en usage. 3 Write, much pleased with one another. H See Remark on the Imperfect, page 136. l5 to look at, re- garder. 6 to take the field, se mettre en campagne. 1T camp, m. 18 to show, faire voir. 19 Write, I to thee' have saved the life. 20 Write, put the two hands over his face. 21 bending down, en baissant. 22 Write, mingled with (de.) 23 Comp. Present. 24 Write, how he must be un- happy. 25 combat, m, 26 laisser. 27 egares. 28 to become calm, se calmer. 29 by degrees, peu a pen. 30 in bloom, en fleurs. 3l avec precipitation. 82 Write, the sun which rises. 7GD0S HMD, Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: Sept. 2006 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16065