TT 185 .W92 Copy 1 OUTLINES of MANUAL TRAINING San Francisco Public Schools Wood WortLfor the Grammar Grades TEACHERS* EDITION 1903 Walter N. Brunt, Printer San Frarvclsco. \ OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING San Francisco Public Schools WOOD WORK for the GRAMMAR GRADES TEACHERS 1 EDITION Prepared by CREE T. WORK Supervisor of Manual Training Adopted and Published by the BOARD OF EDUCATION 1903 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Two Copie* Received MAY 25 1903 Cl>s£ CL XXc N«. COPY B. V Contents* Page I M RODUCTIOX 7 CHAPTER J. TOOLS AM) PROCESSES 9-34 Outline 1. The Work Bench 9 ( hit line 2. Edged Tools ..../..... 9 1 . Firmer chisel 9 2. Firmer gouge 10 .'i Skew chisel 10 4. V-shaped chisel, or parting tool 10 "). Veiner 10 (». Drawing knife, or draw shave 10 7. Sloyd knife 10 8. Hatchet * " * ] n i). Jack plane 1 1 Sectional view of iron plane 11 10. Smoothing plane 11 1 1 . Block plane 12 Parts of Bailey planes 12 12. Jointer 13 L3. Spoke shave 13 1 4. Rabbet plane 13 If). Plow plane, or combination plane 14 16. Metal snips 14 17. Glass cutter 14 < Outline 3. Toothed Tools '.'.'. \ '.'.'.'.'.. [ 15 1 . Rip saw, or splitting saw 15 2. Cross-cut saw 15 3. Back saw, or tenon saw 16 4. Turning saw 16 5. Compass saw 17 6. Key-hole saw 17 7. Coping saw 17 8. Hack saw 17 9. Mitre-box and saw 17 10. Wood files 18 1 1. Iron file 18 i hitline 4. Boring Tools 18 1 . Brace, or bit-brace 18 2. Auger bit 18 3. ( Vnter bit 19 4. Drill bit 19 5. Expansion, or extension bit . '. 19 8. Gimlet 19 7. Brad awl ' 20 8. Automatic drill 20 !». Washer cutter 20 10. Counter sink 20 1 1 . Reamer ■ 20 1 2. Screw driver 20 1 3. Tap and die 21 Outline 5. Gripping Tools \\ ~>\ 1 . Clamps 21 2. Monkey wrench 21 3. Pliers 22 4. Bench hook 22 5. Iron bench vise 22 Outline 6. Measuring, Marking and Testing Tools 22 1 . Rule .. ' \ 22 The world's measurements 23 p >n 4 CONTENTS outline 8— Continued. Page 2. Tape measure 23 3. Try square 23 4. Framing square 23 5. Bevel square 24 (5. Plumb-ibob and spirit-level 24 7. Pencil 24 8. Marking awl, or scratch awl 24 !). Scribing with knife 24 10. Marking gauge 24 1 1 . Mortise gauge 25 1 2. Dividers 25 13. Pencil compasses 25 1 4. Calipers 25 15. Wire gauge 26 Outline 7. Pounding and Punching Tools 26 1. Hammer 26 2. Mallet 26 3. Nail set 26 4. Center punch 26 f). Carver's punch 2J (I. Leather punch, or harness punch 27 Outline 8. Miscellaneous Tools 27 1. Tool handle 27 2. Cabinet scraper 27 3. Sand paper 27 4. File card and brush 27 5. Whisk broom 27 6. Grind stone 27 7. Whet stone 28 8. Saw clamp 28 9. Saw filing 28 10. Saw set 29 11. Saw horses, or trestles 29 Outline 9. Fixings 29 1 . Nails 29 2. Screws 29 3. Glue 29 4. Steel wire nails Plate 1 30 5. Brads and finishing nails Plate 2 31 6. Screw-, hooks, etc' Plate 3 32 7. Miscellaneous fixings Plate 4 33 CHAPTER II.— WORK FOR SEVENTH AND EIGHTH GRADES 34-37 Explanation 34 Outline 10. Seventh Grade — 1. Seventh grade. A Plate 5 34 2. Seventh grade. P> Plate 6 35 Outline 11. Eighth Grade— 1. Eighth grade. A Plate 7 35 2. Eighth grade. 15 Plate S 30 Outline 12. Talks and Demonstrations 36 1. Seventh grade, A 30 2. Seventh grade, B 36 3. Eighth grade. A 37 4. Eighth grade, B 37 CHAPTER TIL— HELPS FOR PUPILS 37-43 Outline 13. 'Care- of Tools and Equipment 37 Outline 14. Take a Hint 38 SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS Page Outline 15. Glossary of Common Terms 39 Outline 16. Cost of Materials 40 1. Lumber 40 2. Hardware 41 3. General supplies 41 Outline 17. Suggestions for Home Work 41 Outline 18. Illustrations of Joinery — 1. Common joints Plate 9 42 2. Joints, continued Plate 10 43 Outline 19. A Board-Foot Plate 11 43 CHAPTER IV.- Outline 20. Outline 21. Outline 22. Outline 23. Outline Outline Outline Outline 24. 25. 20. 27. Outline 28. -MECH A \ I ( A L DRAW ING 44-50 Kinds of Lines Plate 12 44 Lettering Plate 13 44 Drawing Instruments Plate 14 45 Line Practice Plate 15 45 Application of Lines Plate 16 46 Picturing of Details Plate 17 46 Drawing to Scale Plate 18 47 Views and Relations of Views Plate 19 47 Specimen Drawings — 1. Trellis and ladder Plate 20 48 2. Coat hanger Plate 21 48 3. 'I" sauare Plate 22 49 4. Card tray Plate 23 49 5. Foot stool Plate 24 50 6. Teapot stand Plate 25 50 CHAPTER V.— GEO.M BTEIC CONSTRUCTIONS 51-58 Outline 29. Lines — 1. Direction of lines Plate 26 51 2. Line construction Plate 27 51 Outline 30. Angles — 1. Plane angles Plate 28 52 2. Division and construction of angles Plate 29 52 Outline 31. Triangles — 1. Triangles. — terms Plate 30 53 ■_\ Construction and area of triangles Plate 31 53 Outline 32. Quadrilaterals — 1. Quadrilaterals, — terms Plate 32 54 2. Construction and area of quadrilaterals. .. .Plate 33 54 Outline 33. Circles — 1. Circles.— terms Plate 34 55 2. Construction of circles Plate 35 55 Outline 34. Polygons — 1. Regular polygons Plate 36 56 2. The octagon Plate 37 56 Outline 35. Curved Figures — 1. Curves and spirals Plate 38 57 2. Ellipse and oval Plate 39 57 Outline 30. Geometric Solids — 1 • Solids Plate 40 58 2. The cube Plate 41 58 CHAPTER Vr.— A WORD TO TEACHERS 59 Outline 37. Features of the Manual Training Work 59 Outline 3S. Class Methods for Instructors 60 Outline 39. Suggestions and Information for Principals and Teachers. .. 62 Outline 40. Strong Words from Strong Men Indorsing Manual Training. 63 What Some People Say About Manual Training. I. Some Great Thinkers — Page No. Carlyle, Thomas 63 2 Clark, John S 64 5 Ham, Charles H 64 6 Phillips, Wendell 64 4 Rousseau, J. J 63 3 Ruskin, John 63 1 Walker, Gen. Francis A 64 7 Wood, Henry 64 9 Wright, Carrol D 64 8 II. Some Psychologists and University Presidents — Adams, Charles Kendall, President University of Wisconsin .... 69 12 Butler, Nicholas Murray, President Columbia University 70 13 Dewey, John, Professor of Psychology, University of Chicago .... 65 2 Draper, Andrew S., President University of Illinois 68 10 Eliot, Charles W., President Harvard University 67 6 Gilman, Daniel C, Pres. National University at Washington .... 68 8 Hall, G. Stanley, President Clark University 67 5 Harper, William R., President University of Chicago 68 9 Hyde, William DeWitt, President Bowdoin College 69 11 James, William, Professor of Psychology, Harvard University. . . 65 1 Jordan, David Starr, President Stanford University 68 7 O'Shea, M. V., Professor of Psychology, University of Wisconsin. 66 3 Scripture, Edward W., Professor of Psychology, Yale University 67 4 III. Some City Superintendents — Andrews, Samuel, Pittsburg, Pa 72 5 Balliet, Thomas M., Springfield, Mass 74 9 Beede, F. H., New Haven, Conn 72 2 Carroll, C. F., Worcester, Mass 73 7 Cooley, Edwin G., Chicago, 111 72 4 Gilbert, Charles B.. Rochester, N. Y 72 1 Hailmann, W. N., Dayton, Ohio 75 10 MaoAlister, James, Philadelphia, Pa 73- 6 Seaver, Edwin P., Boston, Mass 72 3 Van Sickle, James H., Baltimore, Md 73 8 IV. Some Other Prominent Educators — Adler, Felix, Prin. Ethical Culture Schools, New York City 78 6 Capen, President Boston School Committee 77 1 French Commission 86 15 Hammond, Jason E., Supt. Public Instruction, Michigan 82 11 Harvey. L. D., Supt. Public Instruction. Wisconsin 84 12 Irish Commission, Board of National Education, Ireland 85 13 Larsson, Gustaf, Prin. Sloyd Training School, Boston, Mass 80 8 Lenfest, B. A., Prin. M. f. High School, Waltham, Mass 78 5 London School Board 86 14 Morrison, Gilbert B., M. T. High School, Kansas City, Mo 78 2 Parker, Francis W., President Chicago Institute 79 7 Pritchett. Henry S., Pres. Mass. Institute of Technology 78 3 Rice, J. M., Critic and Author 80 9 Richards, Charles R.. Director M. T., Teachers' College 78 4 Seath, John, Minister of Education, Ontario, Canada 81 10 United States Schools 86 16 Winship, A. E.., Editor. Author, Lecturer 87 17 Introduction* The following outlines and illustrations are intended as suggestive of leading ideas in the actual work of the manual training laboratory. They do not include all the matter for instruction nor the complete method. The geometric problems, for example, are not presented as a complete treatise on elementary geometry, but simply to serve as a basis for in- struction and study of certain fundamental geometric notions, many of which are applied in the manual training work, and which are interest- ing and valuable to pupils. The outlines are intended to preserve unity in the course of instruc- tion, to give pupils a pre-view of their work, and as a basis for class dis- cussions. They pre-suppose professionally trained specialists as in- structors, and the full co-operation of principals and teachers. The course of work indicated in these outlines would be much more valuable to pupils if the matter were extended over three years instead of two. It is very desirable that the bench work soon be introduced in the sixth grade. The list of projects will naturally be increased and varied from time to time as longer experience shows readjustments to be desirable. A few working drawings are reproduced to further illustrate the subject of me- chanical drawing. The numerous illustrations are in recognition of the fact that children learn form and arrangement rapidly and clearly through the visual sense. They have been arranged and labeled so as to make them define ideas as concretely as possible. In the geometric illustrations the order of the letters and figures indicates the order of construction, and of reasoning in discussing the figures. The edition of these outlines furnished to pupils is to be used as a hand-book, or text-book. The suggestions and quotations added to it to make the teachers' edition will, it is hoped, be helpful to all principals 8 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING and teachers in the department, in giving a clear view of the work, and in enlisting their co-operative sympathy. The work done during the past two and one-half years is but the beginning of what is hoped for. Let all unite in the purpose of eventually having in San Francisco a com- plete system of manual training for boys and girls from the first grade to the eighth, inclusive. I have to thank Messrs. M. A. Felton, B. F. Simcoe, C. H. Thorpe, M. Doyle and L. E. Davidson, instructors in manual training in the San Francisco schools, and Mr. E. E. Goodell, supervisor of manual training in the schools of Alameda, California, for valuable assistance in prepar- ing the matter herein contained. The booklet is dedicated to the boys of San Francisco, with the hope that they may find in it something which will give inspiration and help in the upward struggle of life. CREE T. WORK, Supervisor of Manual Training. San Francisco, December 24, 1902. Chapter L Tools and Processes* The tools mostly used in the manual training, with names of their chief parts, common uses, suggestions regarding the care of, and approx- imate cost, follow OUTLINE I. BENCH By use of tail vise and stops, pieces of different lengths can be held firmly. Thin and small pieces should be held by the stops on top of the bench. In planing pieces held in the vise, place them high enough to avoid cutting the surface of the bench with the plane. If possible, when gripping small pieces of wood in the vise place them near the center to avoid wrench- ing it. If, however, they must be placed at the end, put a piece of the same - size at the other end. The stops should always be put in the bench with the wire spring turned toward the front. Great care must be taken not to cut or mar the bench in any way, and especial care is necessary in using files, saws, augers, chis- els and planes. OUTLINE 2. EDGED TOOLS. 1. Firm it Chi$el. A paring tool. Used in light framing, leveling surfaces, chamfering, etc. The framing chisel is stronger and has the handle fitted in a socket instead of on a tang as in the case of the firmer chisel. As a rule, the firmer chisel should not be driven by pounding, but by hand force alone. In heavy work a wooden mallet may be used. Never use a hammer against a wooden handle. The size of the chisel is indicated by the width of the cutting edge, and varies from Ys inch to 2 inch. The chisel should be ground with a flat bevel, as long a slant being given as the strength of its material and the nature of the work to be done will allow. f, frame ; t, top ; b, back ; tr, tool rack ; tv, tail vise ; sv, side vise ; s, screw ; st, stops ; vl, vise lever ; a, adjustment ; r, rail ; k, key. Cost, $12.00. FIRMER CHISEL. h, handle FRAMING ; t. tang ; f bl, blade ; b, bevel ; socket ; face, the flat side. (%-in.) to 75c (2-in.) CHISEL. ferrule ; s, shank ; c, cutting edge ; so, Co-t, '" 25c IO OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING Parts same as firmer chisel to $1.00. Cost, 25c 2. Firmer Gouge, — Outside Bevel. A chisel with blade curved in section. Used in cutting grooves, dishing out surfaces, etc. Gouges for heavy work where pounding is nec- essary are fitted with socket handles. Inside bevel gouges are preferred for certain kinds of grooving. The size of a gouge is determined by measuring the straight distance between the ends of the cutting edge. 3. Shew Chisel. This chisel has a thinner blade than the firmer chisel, an oblique edge, and is sharpened on both sides with a straight bevel of % inch to y 2 inch. Its principal use is in chip-carving, taking out corners, for smoothing down background, and for modelling in wood carving. It varies in size from 14 inch to 1 inch or more. Cost, $.25 to $.50. 4. V -Shaped Chisel or Parting Tool. A chisel, the cross section of which is the shape of the letter V. The angle be- tween the sides varies to suit different uses. Cost, $.25 to $.40. 5. Veiner. This very small gouge is used in cutting out small grooves around ornamental designs. A cross- section of this chisel resembles a letter T T . The veiner is in reality a very small carving gouge, of which there are many 25 C to 50c. shapes and sizes. Cost, $.20 to $.30. 6. Drawing Knife, or Draw Shave. This may be described as a very wide chisel with two handles reversed so that it cuts by drawing it toward you with the bevel edge up. It is used for heavy work, especially in rounding up large poles, masts of ships and handles of tools ; also for the rapid dressing down of rough edges, etc. Knife. The knife is different from most edged tools in being sharpened from both sides with a straight bevel. It is used for whittling wedges, pins, etc., and in shaping objects where other edged tools cannot be so convenient- lv used. CARVING TOOLS Same parts as firmer chisel Cost, h, handle ; ce, cutting edge. Cost 60c (6-in.) to $1.00 (12-ln.) h. handle ; b, blade. Cost, 30c. SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 1 1 st, stock ; h, handle ; k, knob ; i, plane Iron ; w, wedge ; ss, set screw ; s, sole ; t, toe ; he, heel : throat,— opening for the iron. Cost, $1.25 (wood), $2.00 (iron). J p 8. Hatchet. The hatchet is a com- k — — - ■ » ■■ \ bination of hammer and ax. As an in- t h strument for driving nails it is clumsy. WM Its chief use is for splitting and cut- . b „ . . .. , t'ing. The blade is beveled on both p, head or poll; h, handle; c, claw; ° b. blade or bit. Cost, 50c. sides. 9. Jack Plane. For all general planing, such as dressing to dimen- sions, squaring up edges and smoothing narrow surfaces. It should be ground straight across, slightly rounded at corners. Set cap-iron within 1-16 inch of edge of plane-iron for ordinary work, and adjust for even shaving. When through u using lay on its side or rest toe on strip at back of bench. In using, grip firmly with both hands, holding the toe of the plane squarely on the board, and swing the weight of the body for- ward onto it to propel it. Either by side adjust- ment of the plane-iron or by tipping the plane, it may be made to cut more from one or the other side of the surface as desired. If it clogs with shavings, take out the iron to clean it, then set it for a thin- ner shaving. Never pick shavings out of a plane with a knife or any other Iron jack plane and sectional view of the same. 10. Smoothing Plane. This is a shorter plane than the jack plane and is used for smoothing broad sur- faces. As a very thin shaving is de- sired, the cap-iron is set closer to the cutting edge of the blade. The left hand grasps the knob, while the right hand is placed over the back end of the plane. 12 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING Knuekle-Joint /Block Planes. 11. Block Plane. Used for planing across the grain. To prevent splitting, a small corner should be cut off from the side of the wood to- ward which you plane, unless you plane from each side toward the mid- dle. This plane may be used to great advantage in connection with the bench hook in planing with and across the grain of small pieces. Free hand block planing consists in guiding the plane squarely with use of the hands only. The rounding or modelling of straight edges is often done Directions for care of jack plane also apply to other The knuckle-joint in the cap makes it alever too ; and placing ie ca D in position, will alsoclamp the cutter securely in its seat. the cap in position c, clamp; other parts same as jack plane. Cost, 90c. with this tool, planes. ( as 1 /) (®) =r: If 8B C \Jf) 7B IB 9 B &S 5B Parts of Bailey Planes. Parts of Block Planes No 10 Frog Screw 1 1 Handle. 12 Knob. 13 Handle "Bolt and Nui 14 Knob Bolt and Nut " 1 5 Handle Screw. 16 Bottom (Iron Plane ) Plane Iron. Plane Iron Cap. Plane I' on Screw. Cap Cap Screw. Frog "Y" Adjustment. Brass Adiusting Nut 35 Top Casting (Wood Plane ) Lateral Adjustment 36 Bottom ( Wood Plane < 1 B Plane Iron 4B Cap 6B Cap Screw 7B Adjusting Leva 8B Adjusting Nui 9B Lateral Adjustment No 16B Bottom ( Adjust 'bleThroat) 20B Mouth Piece. 2 1 B Eccentric Plate. 22B Knob. 26 B Adjustable Frog. 28B Adjusting Screw. 46 B Bottom. SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 13 12. Jointer. This tool is used for planing long pieces straight and square, to pro- duce a good joint. Its greater length insures a s t r a i g h ter edge than can be produced Parts same as jack plane. Cost, $1.35 (wood), $3.00 (iron). by the shorter planes. 13. Spoke Share. \> its name implies, this tool was originally used in making spokes. It is now mostly used in making handles, etc., and in smoothing up curved edges. The proper manner of holding this tool is to grip the handles with the ringers, placing the thumbs on the ends of the cap iron when shaving toward you. When necessary to -have from you, reverse the spoke shave, placing the index lingers on the ends of the month, with the thumbs braced against the stock beneath the upper end of the blade. The spoke shave will produce a smoother surface when it is held diagonally across the wood. Avoid Bhaving against the grain, which produces a rough surface. For concave curves a special round spoke shave is sometimes used. b, handle, b, blade; s, thumb screw ; c, cap iron. Cost, 20c. Duplex Rabbet Plane and Filletster. Remove the arm to which thefence issecured, and a Handled Rabbet Plane is had, and with two seats for the Cutter, so that the tool can be used as a Bull-Nose Rabbet if required The arm can be screwed into either side of the stock, mak- ing a superior right or left hand Filletster. No. 78. Iron Stock and Fence. »'4 111 Length, \% in Cutter st, stock; h, handle; f, fence; i, iron; w, wedge; g, gauge for depth. Cost, $1.00. 14. Rabtet Plane. When we wi.-h to plane out an L- shaped groove along the edge of a board in making stock for picture frames, for example, this plane is used. The guide or fence on the bottom is regulated ure the width, while the guide on the side may be regulated to the required depth of the rabbet. 14 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING bt • i ■ Pd Cost, $5.50. Patent Adjustable Beading, Rabbet and Slitting Plane. This Plane embraces (1) Beading and center Beading Plane; (2) Rabbet and Filletster; (3) Dado? (4) Plow; (5) Matching Plane; and (6) a superior Slitting. Plane. Each Plane has seven Beading Tools (1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8, 7-16, and 1-2 inch), nine Plow and Dado bits, (1-8, 3-16, 1-4, 5-16, 3-8, 7-16, 1-2, 5-8 and 7-8 inch),. a Slitting Blade and a Tonguing Tool. No. 545. Iron Stock and Fence, with Eighteen Tools, Bits, etc. 15. Plow Plane, or Combination Plane. (Illustration above.) The frame work of this tool is similar to the rabbeting plane, but more com- plex. It has a number of variously shaped cutters, as indicated above. The cutters are adjusted by set screws. 1G. Metal Snips. This tool is used for cutting sheet iron, tin, etc. As the resistance is great, the handles are longer and the blades shorter than in h, handles; b, blades. Cost, $1.30. ordinary Scissors. 17. Glass Cutter. An indispensable tool in work requiring the fitting of glass. Let the glass lie flat on a smooth table and hold a ruler on firmly to guide the cutter. Then, moving the glass so that the cut cor- responds to the edge of the table, and still holding the ruler firmly on it, the extend- ing part may easily be broken off. The claws or jaws of the tool serve to break off narrow strips or small pieces after they have been scored. c, cutter or wheel; cl, clamp or claw, h, handle. Cost 50c. SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 15 OUTLINE 3. TOOTHED TOOLS. 4& ' : JT7 1. Rip SaWj or Splitting Saw. This is one of the simplest of the toothed tools. It is used for sawing with the grain of the wood. When sawing, hold the saw firmly in the hand. It may help you to keep it straight to place the index finger on the side of the handle. Never force the saw into the wood by bearing down. This is a very important direction to follow. The saw will cut fast enough by its own weight. As the blade is very flexible, care should be taken to keep the arm in a straight line with tht saw. 'I'lie teeth of the rip saw may be com- pared to a number of chisels placed one behind the other. To prevent the blade from sticking in the opening, or saw- kerf, the teeth are bent alternately from side to side,to make more room. This bend- ing of the teeth to the side is called the set of the saw. This saw is filed squarely across, one half of the teeth being filed from each side after setting. The teeth This slant of the Position of saw in wood, h. handle: bl, blade: t. teeth; point; he, heel. Cost. $1.50. Section showing teeth of rip saw. point toward the narrow end, or point of the saw. teeth forward is called the "rake" of the saw. ( Sec saw set, page 29.) 2. < WossA 'u( Saw. to cross-cut saw-. The genera] In cross-cutting, p ICE he; tractions about rip saws also apply the fiber of the wood is severed twice — on each side of the saw — the thrust dislodging and carrying the dust out. The teeth as seen from the side are like the letter V Parts same as Cost, Sl.BO. ( see illustration) and may be compared to a Dumber of knife points placed in two row.-. The teeth are sharpened on the front i6 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINIXti and back, the edges meeting in a point. They are filed at an angle of about 45 degrees. Generally the teeth are smaller than those of the rip saw. When a cross-cut saw is properly filed, on holding it up to the eye and looking along the edge, it will show a central groove down which a fine needle will slide freely the entire length. The figures found on the saw blade near the heel in- dicate the number of points per inch. Thn>, ;i saw bearing the figure S is known as an 8-point saw. The size of the saw is determined by the length of the cutting edge in inches. Section showing teeth of cross-cut saw. 3. Back Saw or Tenon Saw. This is a cross-cut saw with very fine teeth, sometimes as many as 16 points to the inch. It is used for all small work about the bench. As the blade is very thin, it is strength- ened, or reinforced, by an iron "back" from which the saw derives its name. This saw leaves a very smooth finish. h, handle ; b, back ; bl, blade ; he, heel ; p, point. Cost, $1.00. straight in the frame. I -^o 4. Tu mint/ Saw. Before using, sec that the string is tight, by twist- ing with the wooden twister. Then see that the saw blade is perfectly If the blade is twisted it is more likely to break or to ruin the work. The two handles, one at each end of the frame, are used for turning the saw Made. Only the handle toward you — the longer one — should be grasped when sawing. Hold your Baw handle firmly in the palm of the right hand with the index finger along the handle. Be very careful to hold the forearm and the saw blade in a straight line. The left hand should be placed just above the right hand, resting lightly on the frame to guide the saw. Hold the saw square with the work. Avoid the see-saw mo- tion. The chief use of the turning saw is in sawing curves, a- the blade is very narrow so it may easily follow the curve while sawing. By loosen- ing the cord and taking out one end. the blade may be inserted through an anger hole to make an inside cut. h, handles ; b, blade ; f, frame t, twister. Cost, $1.00. SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC sci/oOLS 17 **1 h, handle ; b. blade. Cost. 85c. m h, handle ; Cost, aoc. b, blade 5. Compass Saw. This saw has a very thick blade, and the teeth are set much more than in ordinary saws. It is used in heavy woodwork for sawing curves. 6. Key JI"/' 1 Saw. When we wish to saw small openings this saw may be used to good advantage. Be careful to use the part of the saw as near the handle as possible. T. Coping Saw. The coping saw is used for curved sawing, or scroll work, in thin wood. Care should be taken not to weaken the tension of tin- frame in removing or replacing the blade-, as the frame is the spring which keeps the blade stretched. As this is a slow cutting saw, special care should be taken not to force it into the wood, as it is easily broken. If it is necessary to remove the saw from a cut made by the blade, hold it in the same po- sition as when sawing and give it the same motion, but lift it instead of bearing down. 8. Hack Saw, or Metal Saw. This Is used for sawing iron, soft steel, brass and other metals. ft, handle ; f, frame ; tn, thumb-nut ; b, blade. Cost, «.V. Mitre Box and Saw. The mitre saw, like the back saw, has a stiff, thick hack. It is a cross-cutsaw in the matter of filing. The mitre saw is used for sawing at different angles, the angle of 45 de- grees and the right angle being those most gen- erally used. It may, however, be set to saw at any angle. The frame supporting the guides or standards may be swung from side to side and set to gel the desired angle. b, saw ; b, box ; g. guides ; f, frame ; br, braces. Cost, No. 31 Langdon, with 22- in. saw, $0.50. 1 8 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING 10. Wood Files. Wood files are of three kinds, classified according to form of blade, as flat files, half-round files, and round, or rat-tail fileo. The part of the file that pro- i jects into the handle is called the tang. The 1 \ b teeth of a file point forward or away from the B I j handle, hence pressure on the file should be : ' given with the forward stroke. The file should be held diagonally across the wood in filing. The file should never be used when an edged tool can be used instead of it. Observe that the flat file has a safety edge for pro- teeting surfaces not intended to be filed. Hold the handle of the file in the right hand, and between the tips of the fingers and thumb of the left hand hold the forward end of the file blade. A coarse-toothed file, called a rasp, is sometimes used on wood, but gen- erally on leather by the shoe-maker, and on hoofs of horses by the black- smith. Cost, 10c to 25c. 11. Iron Files. Iron or metal files are classified as flat, half-round, round, or rat-tail, and three-cornered. The triangular file blade usually tapers to a point. Avoid bearing on a file when drawing it backward toward you in filing. OUTLINE 4. BORING TOOLS. 1. Brace, or Bit Bran fePL h, head ; c. crank ; Cost, $1.25. g, grip ; j, jaw This tool is for holding the various kinds of bits which are used in boring, reaming, countersinking, etc. Place the tang of the bit in the jaws and fasten se- curely with the grip. In boring hold the head of the brace perfectly still, and do all the turning with the crank. 2. A uger Bit This tool is used in all ordinary boring, in wood. It may be used in thin wood if a hole is first made large enough to receive the screw-spur on the end of the auger, which would otherwise SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 19 split the wood. ^kl*E? ta, tang; sh, shank; n, nib; t, twist; 1, lip ; s, spur. Cost, 25c to 60c, ac- cording to size. Care should be exercised in laying down the bit, as it is easily dulled. As any piece of wood may split at the back, when boring entirely through from one side, it is better to bore only un- til the point of the bit comes through, then turn the wood around Xo pressure is needed unless the spur and bore from the other side fails to catch. 3. Center /lit. The spur of this tool reams out the wood in the cen- center hit is useful for boring in thin wood. Be careful to hold the bit at right angles to the wood, and put on even pressure while boring. Parts same as in auger bit. ° Cost, 15c to 40c. 4. Drill Bit. Used to bore holes in either metal or wood, for screws," nails, etc. It has little tendency to split. In boring metal or hard wood, it is better to make a "seat" for the point with a center punch, or in ta tang ; sh, shank ; t, twist ; p, point. cage Q f w00( ] w j th an aw ] This in- Cost, lOc to 25c. sures its boring in the right place. 5. Expansion, or Extension Bit. This is generally used to bore holes larger than ordinary bits will bore. When setting the bit, first loosen the set screw on top, then with the screw on the side, set the cutter to the size required, and tighten the clamp by the screw If the wood to be bored is thin, make a hole large enough to re- ceive the .-pur of the bit to prevent splitting. It is well to test the size :>n a piece of waste wood first. 6. dim hi. This is a combination of auger ami drill hit with a handle at- tached. To be used for light work. Care should be taken not to split the wood Showing the Bit wlib ILc Cnttm off. 8, shank ; ss, set screws; sp, spur $1.50. c, cutter ; cl, clamp. Cost, on top. h, handle ; s, spur ; t, twist. Cost, 5c. in using this tool. 20 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING 7. Brad Awl. The brad awl is used for boring very small holes in wood, leather, etc. Unlike most boring tools, it does not remove the ma- t trial from the opening it makes, but forces it out of the way laterally. In boring in wood it should be set with the edge across h, handle; c, chisel edge. cost.5c. th e grain and used similarly to the screw driver, by turning only half way around and hack again, and repeating the process. 8. Automatic Drill. This tool is used for drilling smaller holes than can be made with an ordinary drill bit. It cuts a cleaner hole than can be made with a brad awl and is less likely to split the wood. 9. Washer Cutter. This tool may be adjusted for cutting different sized circles in thin wood, cardboard, leather, etc. It is a good plan to test it in a piece of waste wood be- fore using to see that both cutters are the same dis- tance from the center spur. In hard wood it is well to first drill a small hole for the center spur to avoid th« lfo. 3 Drill i drill I • plmcc for *»cb < turning in* C*p tb« drill wti h, handle ; j, jaw ; sn, screw nut ; drill ; spiral screw. Cost, $1.65. t, tarig ; s, shank ; b, beam ; c, cutters ; ( s. center spur ; ss. set screws. Cost $1.00. splitting. This tool is fitted into the bit-brace and is used for enlarging screw holes, that the heads of screws may be sunk into the wood even with or below the sur- face. 11. Reamer. The reamer is a tool with cutting or scrap- ing edges for enlarging round holes. It is used with the bit brace. 12. Screw Driver and Screw Driver Bit. In using the screw driver, do not get your arm into a cramped position. If it is possible hold it perfectly straight, as that will en- _ . oir able you to secure a tighter grip on h, handle: b, bit. Cost, 25c. ©or 10. Counter Sink s, shank ; b, bit. Cost, 15c. s. shank ; b, bit. Cost, 20c. SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 21 Screw driving bit.. Cost, 10c. s, shank; b, bit. more rapid and better work. the handle, and at the same time to throw nearly your entire weight up- on the screw, if necessary. A screw driving bit is used with a l»ir brace, where it is convenient, for 13. Tap and Die. The die, or screw-box, contains a small blade or c, cutter ; s, spiral. Cost, $1.50. cutter for cutting screw threads on pi in or dowels. Iron and steel screw-boxes are used for cutting threads on bolts. The tap is used in a bit brace to cut a spiral groove in the wall of an auger hole for receiving the wooden screw made with the die. OUTLINE 5. GRIPPING TOOLS- Clamp, j, jaw; s. screw. Cost, 15c to 50c, according to size. Hand Screw. 1. Clamp*. Clamps and hand screws may be used in almost any place where it is necessary to hold pieces of wood together, such as in gluing or for carving or plowing, etc. The cabinet maker's clamps are used in holding large work toovther. Cabinet Maker's Clamp, j, jaw or block; b, beam; s, screw in bead h, handle ; j, jaws ; ss, set screw. Cost, 75c. 2. Monkey Wrench. This is used for turning nuts, bolts, lag- screws, etc. It is a practical tool for general use, but is used mostly by machinists. 22 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING h, handles; j, jaws; cj, cutting jaws. Cost, $1.25. h, handles ; j, jaws. Cost, 25c. 3. Pliers. Used for bending and twist- ing wire, small nails, etc. The cutting jaws are intended for cutting small wire, but should not be used on hard- ened steel. Those shown in the illustra- tion have parallel jaws. The round nose pliers are especially adapted to bending wire and Venetian iron into curved forms. 4. Bench Hook. This is one of the most useful of bench appliances. By placing it on the bench, hooked over the t front edge, you may hold in it firmly small blocks for planing, sawing, etc. This is not in- Cost, 25c. tended for a chiseling block. 5. Iron Bench Vise. The iron vise should be used in holding metal, wire, etc., in working with these materials. It will be found a useful piece of equipment in making miscellaneous repairs. Small iron vises cost from $.25 to $5.00, depending upon the quality of the material and the size of the vise. OUTLINE 6. HEASURING, MARKING AND TESTING TOOLS. 1. Rule. The rule is marked off in inches, halves, fourths, eighths, and on one side sixteenths. By holding the rule on its edge much more accurate measurements are se- cured. Avoid measuring from the end of the rule, but rather use the middle portion. This will also secure greater accuracy.- The illustration shows a two-fold two-foot rule. SAN FRANCISCO rillLIC SCHOOLS 23 1 METEB— 101 C / M =1IH "/ M llll llll' 1 Mill llll IHIIIlllll , 5 Hill' HIM llllll 1 FT, RHENISH. 12 ll.=JH % II II Mill II II 2 II II llll II 1 1 FT, ENGLISH. 12 IN,=305 % M III llll I Mill II II llllll llh 1 FT. FBAIZ. 12 H-W % II II 1 I 1 1 1 II II llll 2 . Ill II II 1 FT. HDLL. flil-81% II II 11 M II M II III 1 1 II 11 In 1 FT. SOMED.. 11 ll.=2fF -/■ llllll llll ' 1 1 II II 2 I | 1 ihi b, box ; c, crank ; t, tape. Cost 75c. THE WORLD'S riEASUREriENTS. FULL SIZE. 2. Tape Measure. This is used pri- marily for large measurements, especially by lumbermen, contractors, carpenters, etc. The measuring line is enclosed in a box for convenient carrying. 3. Try Square. This tool is for testing edges, corners and faces that should be at right angles to each other, and in laying out work and in cutting stock. Winn testing an edge, first hold the beam up firmly against the working face with the blade above the edge, then slowly bring the blade down until it touches the edge. Be careful not to scrape the edge of the board with the try square. Never try to hammer or pry with this tool, as it makes it inaccurate for future use. iy i M ' l '|T ! I M l |M I | i|' |,jl'| ' l bl, blade ; b, beam. Cost, 35c. — ~ • ,,j - ■» ■ v l ,LAi A i. . L, .L i i l i .. Lk l U . L JH.i.g Cost, $1.00 to $1.50. 4. Framing Square. The figures on the several edges, representing the inches, begin at the angle and read toward the ends of the legs. In addition to these there is on the long leg a board measure table, and on the short leg a brace, or rafter measure table. The long leg is often called the blade and the short leg the tongue. 24 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING b, beam ; bl, blade ; thumb-nut. Cost, 30c. 5. Bevel Square. This is a square with a movable blade that may lie set at any desired angle, for the purpose of testing or laying out work involving other than 90-degree angles. Use the triangles for setting the blade at angles of 30, 45 and 60 degrees. Plumb Bob and Spirit Level. f> Plumb bob. Cost, 10c. Spirit level. Cost, $1.00. The pin in I) bob is used for deter- mining the vertical. It is a weight at the end of a line, called the plumb line, which when quiet hangs at right an- gles to the horizon. If one leg of a framing square be placed parallel to the plumb line, the other leg will be horizontal or level. The spirit level is also used for these purposes. 7. Pencil. The pencil lead should he medium or hard for ordinary mechanical drawing on paper and wood, and should he sharpened to a fine rounded or wedge-shaped point. For drawing on paper a soft lead sharpened wedge-shape is more effective. In drawing let the pencil in- cline in the direction the line i> being drawn. (See illustration of draw- in- instruments, page 45.) s. Marking Awl <>>■ Scratch Awl. This is often used as a substitute for the pencil Cost. tOc. laving out work on wood. Correct. Incorrect. ■ K Scribing with Knife In joinery and other work where great accuracy is required it is best to lay out the cuts to he made by scribing with the knife. Note carefully the difference in inclination in the accompanying illustration. lo. Marking Gauge. Unless the zero line is exactly opposite the nih. or spur, the measurements along the beam of the marking gauge SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC schools 25 ^ST\ h b, beam ; h, head ; n, nib or spur ; s, screw. Cost, ur»r. can not be depended upon. In setting to any measure, the rule may be used as a test by placing its vn<\ againsl the head of the gauge and bringing the desired mark thereon di- rectly over the nil). Tighten the thumb screw to prevent the head from slipping on the beam. The uib should be sharpened to a curved edge and oat to a point, by filing on both sides. Hold the face of the gauge firmly against the face of the wood. 11. Mortis, ■ Gauge. Thi> tool differs from the marking gauge in having two nibs instead of one. The second nil) is movable and may be set at any desired distance from the stationary one. thus making it possible to line both sides of a mortise at the same time. Cost, "<>, 12. Dividers. a. arc: j, joint; ss, set screw; s. spring; tn, thumb nut; p, pointed legs. Cost, 25c, Steel dividers are set tor use with a thumb screw, and are provided with a thumb nut for adjust- ing to more accurate measurements. In scribing circles hear lightly upon the di- viders to prevent scoring the wood too deeply, and let them lean forward fl little in turning them. 13. Pencil (''impastes. These are used chiefly for drawing on paper. First adjusi the lead until the legs are the same length, then set the points the required distance apart, and \\>v(\ by ro- tating the top between the thumb and fore finger of the righl hand. Keep the com- passes inclined in the direction vou are Parts same as dividers. Cost, 'ioc. turning them. 1-J-. Calipers. Calipers are compasses with curved legs or wings for measuring the diameter or caliber of round bodies or h h, hinge : Cost. 20c. wings. OUTLINED OF MANUAL TRAINING 15. Wire Gauge. For measuring the thickness of wire, nails, screws and the like. Xo. 1 wire is about % inch thick, Xo. 2 a little smaller, etc. The illustra- tion of the wire gauge is full size. The numbers on it do not apply to the circular part of the notches, but to the openings at the edge. Notch No. 1 should just slip over a Xo. 1 wire. OUTLINE 7. POUNDING AND PUNCHING TOOLS. 1. Hammer. In using the hammer catch the handle near the end. For small nails use the wrist stroke, and for large nails use the elbow stroke. When the nail is almost in, use jf\ % the nail set, so as not to bruise the wood fr~-y - "'" ' " ^ with the face of the hammer. In drawing J out a nail with the claw of the hammer, place a block of wood under the head to keep it from bruising the planed surface and to increase the leverage. Mallet This should always be used in driving chisels, gouges, pins, etc. It is primarily intended for pounding on wood and is preferable to the hammer in driving together framework and the like. It should never be used for driv- ing nails. The nail set La used for driving the nail below the sur- t'aee of the wood. A hollow or cup pointed nail set is better than one with a flat point, s, shaft; P> point. Cost, iOc. especially in setting small nails and brads. 4. Center Punch. This tool is used for marking points of measurement on iron, and to make an impression in which to start the bit h, handle ; e, eye ; c, claw ; f, face. Cost, 50c. h, handle ; he Cost, 25c. 3. Nail Set. face. s, shaft ; p, point. Cost, 10c. when boring in metal. SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 27 s, shaft ; d, die. Cost, 25c. s, shaft : t, throat Cost, 20c. c, cutting edge OUTLINE 8 5. Carver's Punch. The carver's punch is used for stamping background in carved work. Figured punches are often used in making decorations and borders on wood and the like. tone at the desired angle. Notice what part of the tool is imme- diately over the rest, and see that it remains so during the grinding; for if It ifl shitted backward and forward, the result will be a rounded or irregular bevel. The tool should be given a lateral motion across the stone to prevent ir- , frame; s, seat; t, treadles; r, rest; regular wearing of the stone. Always b, bearings; st, stone; cs, center shaft. f urn fU, nf/*np toward tVip Prlo-P nf th* This style costs about $13.00. Cheaper Ul111 l,R >l(,[1 ^ lOWam II1C edge 01 IftC ones can be bought at from $4.50 to $6.00. tool A good bicycle grindstone costs $7.50. luui. handle, cap, nut, jaws. Cost, 75c. 28 OUTUXES OF MANUAL TRAIN/Xd c, cover; s. stone. Cost, 65c. Oiler, c, can; n, nozzle or spout. Cost, 10c 7. Whet Stone or Oil Stone. In whetting the chisel or plane try to so hold the tool that it will rest almost flat on the bevel with greater pressure at the edge than at the back of the bevel. Avoid a rocking or see-saw motion, and put on the pressure with the left hand placed jusl above the cutting edge. When the tool begins to show a slight bur or "wire edge" on the face side, place it with the face flat on the stone and push it forward to remove the bur. Tools that have large nicks in them, or that have been blunted by constant or careless whet- ting, must be sharpened on the grindstone before whetting them on the oil stone. Keep the stone oiled when whetting tools, but do not allow the oil to remain after through using; as it tends to soften the stone. Wipe the tool and the stone clean with cotton waste. Wash the hands be- fore taking up other work. After grinding and whetting the bevel of carving tools, or gouges, a small stone called a slip stone, so named from the motion given it, should be used on the inside curve of the tool to remove the wire edge, Saw Clamp or Saw Vise. This device is used for holding a saw while filing and setting the teeth. As seen in illustration, the blade should be placed low in the clamp between the jaws to hold it firmly. A triangular, or three-cornered file, is used for filing the saw. The saw clamp is usually fastened to the bench by means of Cost, $i.oo. screws or a thumb screw clamp. Saw Filing. Before filing a saw. a flat file should be passed over the points of the teeth to make them level. This is called "jointing a Baw." The jointing should leave a facet on each tooth, which will be triangular on a cross- cut and rectangular on a rip saw. When ilif facel disappears from each tooth the filing should cease, as a single stroke more will make it lower than the rest of the teeth. 9. £k£A BAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 29 10. Saw Set. This tool is used for bending the teeth of the saw side- wise. The amount of such bending, known as the "set" of the saw, can be readily observed by holding the saw toward the light with the back edge of the blade nearest to the eye. The points of the teeth will be seen projecting from the sides of the blade. The sides of the kerf are left, smooth and even in very hard cost, 75c. wood, so very little set is required; but in soft material the fibers spring away from the advancing teeth, and returning, press against the blade, hence a larger amount of set is -;in. 11. Saw Horses or Trestles. A pair of trestles is used for support- ing boards while sawing. Care should be taken not to cut into them with the saw. OUTLINE 9. FIXINGS. Under this heading are placed brads, nails, screws, hinges, glue and the like. For prices see General Supplies, page 41. 1. Nails. Brads are thin nails with small heads. They are used by most workmen in wood for general purposes, on buildings, etc. Finish- ing nails are used for fine work, as in nailing joints, moldings, in the manufacture of furniture and in cabinet work. Common nails, or large headed nails, are of different forms and sizes as shown in illustration. In building, large headed nails are used for strength, as the thickness of the nail and their large heads holds the boards more firmly. Wrought nails are used for horseshoeing and in making boats, etc. Common tacks may be classed as small, short nails with very large heads. Staples are double-pointed tacks, the shape of a letter U. For illustrations, see page 30. 2. Screws. Screws will hold more firmly in wood than nails, owing to the thread. They also serve to draw the pieces together. A great variety of screws, screw-eyes, screw hooks, bolts, etc., are manufactured to correspond to commercial demands. See illustration-, page 3$. 3. Clue. Glue is used where tight, close joints are desired. The pieces to be glued should first be planed straight and even, that the sur- faces may fit closely. If the fit is perfect, what is known as a "rubbed" glue joint may be made — that is, the glue is applied and the pieces sim- ply rubbed and pressed closely together and set by to dry. Otherwise, clamps should be used for holding the pieces while the glue sets. Ap- ply the glue evenly to both surfaces, but do not use an excessive amount. 3o OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING OUTLINE 9. PLATE , Steel Wire Nails. Fine. 1 Inch Lining-. I I 3d 1 Inch. 8d 8d 8d 8d 8d Slating. Barbed Roofing-. Common. Barbed Common. Common Brads. Finishing-. Casing-. WROUGHT NAILS CUT NAILS V Finishing. Brad Boat Nails Hob Nails 8d 8d 8d Flooring Brads. Fence. Clinch. COMMON TACKS IT S'oz /oioz 6V0I 6'0Z 101 OZ I^OZ K\f03L Double Wire Cut withered Steel s/\r*. BAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS BRADS AND FINISHING NAILS. OUTLINE 9. 31 PLATE 2. STEEL WIRE BRADS, 3i-lQ ^Z 31-10 - 3t-ll 3-11 4 1-16 s» ls-15 Zl -12 14-/5 2s-\3 1 1 Q 2i~\* « 2- 14- lt -15 2J-I2 i-/6 li-17 21-11 lt-17 I -IB l-\Q 3? -9 31-8 _ jimu_w ■ ■ 1 3i-8 STEEL WIRE FINISHING NAILS. t-20 i-zi 3 2 OUTLINE 9. OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING SCREWS, HOOKS, ETC. PLATE 3. FlatHead. Regular Round Head. ° val Counteraunk Head. Fillister Head. Carrl&qe 3olt Rivet, washer SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS MISCELLANEOUS FIXINGS. OUTLINE 9 33 PLATE 4 DOUBLE SIDE PULLET SWIVEL PULLEY 34 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING 4. Miscellaneous Fixings. Hinges are made generally of iron or brass. They are of various sizes and many forms, and are used largely for door hanging; but are important also for connecting parts of many kinds of instruments and apparatus for leverage purposes, etc. Locks, knobs, latches, etc., are generally associated with hinges. It is well to know the names of the common classes of fixings such as are shown in the accompanying illustration. (Page 33.) Chapter IL Work for Seventh and Eighth Grades* The following outlines present a progressive series of operations and projects for the Seventh and Eighth Grades. They afford enough material for three years' work, and should be readjusted accordingly as soon as practicable. In the diagrams the chief operations are named in the order in which they are introduced. The plan of parallel and equiva- lent projects affords choice for the teacher, and for the pupils, subject to the teacher's approval. Each laboratory is supplied with finished blue print drawings of the projects indicated. OUTLINE 10. MANUAL TRAINING- SEVENTH GRADE-A SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. JULY, 19 02.. • PLATE 5. NEW THINGS TO TEAGH SUGGESTIVE PROJECTS NO OPERATIONS TOOLS MINTS no A B C 1 D DRAWING 1 z A i 6 8 9 10 11 u la V, u 16 17 16 19 zo 21 3Jt Edge pianino Testing Horiiontal boring, Sawing to length Whittling to point Jack plane Try square Brace and auger bit Back uw Knife Tools Wood. 1 Trellis .III Ladder Kite String Reel Work from black- board Mill Right angle Obbque. Centre Perpendicular 2 'M, 0pS.1,2.J,4.5. Op'S.1,2,3,4,5. blue print,- C Marking straight edge Planing to line Squaring end Rule and pencil Jack plane Block plane, bench hook Linear. Rectangle. Accuracy, fractions Adhesion Rule Pencil Sharpener i Match Strike Ops 6,7,8 lOpB.6,7,8 Lever »rw Fulcrum Copy black- board drawing Ops e, r, s QO Ops.6.7,8 Cross sawing B/ocK pianino-oblique Chamfering Nailing, Back saw Block plane, bench hook Block plane Hammer and brads Square. Octagon Circle. Radius. Reinforcing hexagon 3 Bill File Opt 9,10,12 Pencil Sharpener ©I Ops. 9,10. Hexagonal Mat Co Op's 9,io, n. Work from black-board drawing Cutting stock to lint Boring Cutting circle Chip carung Rip and crosscut saws Brace and centre bit Extension bit.or washercutter Skew chisel Diameter Construction Ornamentation 1 Pen Rest 4' ' f» J LM Op's. i),n,te Frame 0pV1»,l«.K Eqg Rack loool f? |ooo) li Ops. 11,14. Copy blue print Sawing long curve Shaving Iflng curve Rounding edge Turning saw Spoke shave Spoke shave Sweep. Arc. Semicircle. 5 Coat Hanger Ops. 17,18,19 Twine Winder Op IB Match Strike P I171»^-I Draw from j black-board sketch. Shaving short curve Spoke, shave Support Compound curve 6 7 Tooth Brush Rack iTora.li Brush Rack 1 Shelf . © i is: QA op 20 -J3* lop. xa 'Op. to Work from blue print. Bo» construction Curve sawing Coping saw • Reinforcing Envelope Case Match Box Spool Rack Cubical Box an>D □ p Op l* '|Op. 2,1 Copy blue pnnt SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 35 OUTLINE 10 MANUAL TRAINING -SEVENTH GRADE-B PLATE 6 SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS, JULY, 1902 SUGGESTIVE PROJECTS r & i C D Cutting Board ! Palette ' Frame Corner Slplt Of OIQ; 01 l3B OpStt.JJT iops.AS.ZS | DRAWING ( Draw from ! black- board sketch. OUTLINE 11. MANUAL TRAINING- EIGHTH GRADE- A SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. JULY,1902 PLATE 7. NEW THINGS TO TEACH OPERATIONS j TOOLS j:iHd,f-anj-hd,T joint Knife, gauge, saw, chisel J: Open inorhse joint Gauge. 3aw, chisel 53 Groovmjrconcofc I Firmer gouge.-ab. Shaping (outside bevel) 54 Rouncing edge j Plane 53 Carving- chip, free Skew chisel, gouges 56;T«iper piar.irg Jack plane 37! Free modeling j Spokeshave 58 r"ree amoothing Sandpaper 59' Metal fitting Hack saw, Me, pliers 60 Free bkxkplamng Block plane $1 Miscellaneous construction Auger, screwdriver, etc. I Half lapjoimni (.abutting} Review,- miscel- laneous Knife, saw.chisel, etc Power of wind T«mto>m*tnn dmrrvr |5llWindWheel(«nTe*RaStand 'Ring Toss. !xm+« +iJ Composition ot wtod Accuracy of free- Pro port ionine, for strength aid beauty General uses of this class of joints SUGGESTIVE PROJECTS DRAWING S4 1 Towel Rack Depending on project and choice Some important allied subject. Original Work from blue prlVit. Spool Box Pen Tray (po»t) OpS33,M.S5> |0pS.33,M,£3) File Handle j Glove Stretcher 0pt6S,J7.Se,J9 0pi6«.5T,se,J9 Blotter Pad S3 Ops. 60, 61 PUtUr w Tray | Copy blue rint O) Op«.6l A Knife Box Op 6/ Modification a Duplicate | Sketch car«- i fully. Work I from sketch | Work from : blue print. Sketch draw. Sketch care fully. 36 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING OUTLINE 1 MANUAL TRAINING- EIGHTH GRADE -B SAN f RANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS, JULY, 1902 PLATE 8. NEW THINGS TO TEACH OPERATIONS TOOLS HINTS 76 Garvincj.-free.chip Chisels, gouges Inscribed and 77 Dowel joining Auqer, glue circumscribed 18 Vertical boring Augers , figures. 79 Planmg cylinder Jack plane, block plane ■ Strength, be»uty SUGGESTIVE T B I PROJECTS 76 Foot Stool Ops. 78, 78, 80 Ops 78,79, 80 Laying out and cutting mitre Square, saw Tea Pot Stand Towel Rpller Rabbeting, (indi- Rabbet plane vidual pupils) Mitre joining Mitre box and saw Inlaying Peg tenon Mortise and tenon joining Nailed brace 87 Fittin^hinges,lock Saw, plane, etc Auger, saw, chisel, knife Mitre Sguare on hyp. Review angles IS Mitre Box Triangles 7fl Colors of wood 79 p. 8 A Op 82 Fr^me Egg Stand Op W Key Board Auger, chisel Mitre saw, hammer Knife, chisel, etc Plain dovetailing , Auger, saw, chisel Paneling Rabbet plane. Common uses of such joints ) Crane Op 76 Op's 79,80,81 Work from blue print Make and wor from sketch Sketch and draw. Copy blue print Bracket BookResi(~* Op'SBi.Se w 0pS.85.B6 Cam p stool Sketch care- fully. Parts of a door 81 Mail Box Handkerchief Bo« Cabm.t , Bd'HQHB Work from blut print According to project j Review &l Electr Ops 87, 86 jOnginal OUTLINE 12. TALKS AND DEHONSTRATIONS. Instructors to give these talks and demonstrations at such times and in such connection as to be applicable to the greater number of pupils, thus saving time and energy. Most of the subjects suggested will pro- vide sufficient material for two or three talks. Talks should not exceed ten minutes in length. SEVENTH GRADE. A. 1. Care of benches and other equipment. 2. Explain and demonstrate carefully the use of each tool before al- lowing the pupils to use it. 3. Teach proper use of drawing instruments, kind- of lines, freehand lettering, etc. Pages 11-11. plates 12-19. 4. Teach geometric ideas as suggested under "1 lints'" in the tabu- lated outline, and by illustrations on pages 51-58, plates 26-41; SEVENTH GRADE, B. 1. Review such items of information or demonstrations given in the preceding grade as may be necessary to thoroughne- 2. Give thorough demonstration of leading tool exercises as indi- cated under "Operations" in the tabulated outline. SAN MANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 37 3. See to it that pupils become familiar with the names of tools and their parts. Give class drills. 4. Give instruction in regard to geometric ideas and other ''Hints." See pages 44-47, plates 12-19. 5. Teach how to lay out and cut stock. 6. The manner of sharpening chisel, plane, etc., on the oil stone. EIGHTH GRADE, A. 1. Review geometric ideas taught in preceding grades. 2. Teach elements of wood growth and structure, and names of the different woods used in the laboratory. 3. Demonstrate operations, in mosi cases, to groups of pupils, as their stage of progress demands. 4. Give thorough drill in the elements of industrial drawing. De- tails, drawing to scale, etc. Pages 46-47, plates 1 7-19. 5. Encourage pupils to keep note books for plans, illustrations, ques- tions and facts. 6. Furnish pupils with titles of books and magazine articles which afford interesting and profitable reading along manual and mechanical lines. EIGHTH GRADE, B. 1. Review the different uses of tools. 2. Give geometric instruction. Pages 51-58, plates 26-41. 3. Pupils count amount and cost of materials used in their projects. price lists, pages 40. 41. 4. Review elements of working drawings. Study simple drawings in this book. Pages 44-47. 5. Pupils write at home a description of some particular phase of the manual training work they have performed. 6. Originality and invention should be especially encouraged in this grade. Chapter IIL Helps for Pupils* OUTLINE 13. CARE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT. The tools and other equipment are the property of the city. They are loaned to pupils in manual training, and should be as carefully protected as anything else with which one may be entrusted. He who knows how to work with tools but does not know how to take proper care of them has learned but half hi- Lesson. The following suggestions may be help- ful : 3 8 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING 1. Know the place of everything you use, and leave it there when you are through with it. 2. Learn the proper use of tools, and avoid using them improperly or unnecessarily. 3. Do not handle tools carelessly, as by piling them together on the bench, rasping them against each other, pounding, prying or scraping with them (except with tools made for these purposes), letting them fall, etc. 4. If tools get dull, sharpen them if you know how. If you do not know how, ask the teacher. It is easier for an ignorant or careless pupil to ruin a. tool than to properly sharpen it. 5. Always hold the tool so as to keep it under thorough control, and so as to avoid accidents to the bench, the tool, the work or yourself. A slip of the tool or a mis-stroke may prove disastrous. 6. Always report accidents or damage to equipment promptly. This places the blame just where it belongs, and is much better than to try to hide the matter, and thus have it attributed to others. The manly way is to assume the responsibility for your own acts. 7. At the close of the lesson leave the bench, tools and other ma- terials you have been using in the best order. This is one of the best proofs of proper care. OUTLINE 14. TAKE A HINT. 1. You work better when standing. 2'. Respond to your signals promptly and quietly. 3. Keep tools sharp. It pays. (Plane, chisel, knife and pencil.) . 4. Handle tools carefully. They are easily damaged. 5. Report damages promptly. 6. Leave tools on benches in best order. 7. "Think, then act." "Actions speak louder than words." 8. Which habit do you want to form — 1. Carefulness or Carelessness? 2. Neatness or Slovenliness? 3. Attention or Heedlessness? 4. Accuracy or Errancy? 5. Honesty or Deception ? 6. Economy or Wastefulness? 7. Industry or Idleness? 8. Success or Failure? 9. Are you becoming intelligent regarding materials, equipment and SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS 39 operations ? How many of the following things do you know : 1. How to use drawing board, T-square, triangles, pencil. 2. Kinds of lines in working drawings, and their meaning. 3. How to make a simple working sketch, freehand, from the object. 4. How to make drawings on axes, etc. How to use blue prints. 5. The meaning of such geometric terms as square, oblong, diag- onal, circle, diameter, radius, perpendicular, parallel. 6. The names of all materials you use, including the kinds of lumber. 7. How to lay out and cut stock economically. 8. Names of all tools you use, with chief parts. 9. The proper way to hold tools, and to stand in working. 10. How to set or adjust tools, as planes, spoke-shave, etc. 11. How to hold the rule, square, auger, saws. How to sharpen pencil. 12. Difference between cross-cut and rip saws. 13. How to ward against injury to benches, bench stops, tools. 14. How to whet knife, chisel, spoke-shave, plane. 15. How to grind chisel, plane, etc. 16. What a working face is, and why it is necessary. 17. How to describe in words the tools, operations, projects and materials with which you work. 18. How to keep your work neat — clean hands, sharp pencil, light marks. 19. How to go about your work quietly, carefully, thoughtfully. OUTLINE 15. GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED TERMS. 1. "Stock" — Material or supplies as received from the mill or factory in bulk. The term is also applied to material cut out in the rough, be- fore dressing to the exact size for the project in hand. 2. "Lay out" — To mark out a form on wood or other material. 3. "Block in" — To outline, or draw the general form of. used in mechanical drawing. 4. "Dress down" — To cut to the proper size. 5. "Square up" — To joint ; to plane edges square with the face. 6. "Working face" — The surface from which measurements are made and with which other parts are squared. 4 o OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING ;. "Grain" — The direction of the fiber in wood, as "'with the grain/* "against the grain," "across the grain/' cross-grained wood is that in which the fiber runs obliquely to the edges or sides of the stock. 8. "Side," "edge," and "end," as applied to pieces of lumber usually refer respectively to the broader surface extending with the grain, the narrower surface extending with the grain, and the surface extending across the grain. A piece may thus he wider than it is long. 9. "To set" a plane or spoke-shave, is to adjust the blade properly for cutting. 10. "Project"; "Model" — General names applied to the objects made or to be made by pupils. Strictly, a "model" would be an ideal piece of work to be patterned after by the pupils. 11. "Blue print"— A copy of a drawing made by the blue print process. OUTLINE 16. COST OF MATERIALS. Following is a list of the chief materials used in the work herein de- scribed. The cost of such materials varies from time to time. The figures given are the retai] market prices in San Francisco in December, 1902. 1. Lumber. All No. 1A (first quality), double surfaced (plained on both sides). The price given is the price per board foot, except in the case of the dowel. For description of a "hoard foot.*' see page L3. DIMENSIONS. PRICB, ..^x8 in 9 cts s in 9 KIND. DIMENSIONS. PRICB Suoar pine '+XI2 in 8 cts " ':Xi2 in .....9 " 11 y 2 x 8 in 9 " " 3?x 8 in. o " 'sx 8 it Redwood • ••1 '4x2 111 4 ....2x2 in 5 ....2x6 in 9 ..•3M in 9 ,...^x8 in 4 l 4 '2x8 in 4' 2 %xro in 5 " 1 5^x3 in 1 Poplar ,'/8*[2 in 5 " , ; ,xi2 in 5K " '4x12 in 6 " Sxi2 in 7% " V xi 2 in 9 White maple , ! ,x6 in 8 *£xi2 in 10 " .... f£xi2 in 11 " " .... ^xio in 11 " " ...%xioin 15 Black gum #x8 in 9 " i^xS in 11 " %x9in 12 Cherrv ^x8 in 19 " " ^x8 in 25 White oak >^xio in 10 " " 3^x12 in 11 Black walnut y$x8 in 15 11 " .... l /$x6 in 12 White holly %xS in 15 " frx8 in 18 Birch dowel, per 100 feet — % in. \s in. Vz in. H in. in. •30 •30 •30 50 .60 SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC srj/oOLS 4* 2. Hardware. The most commonly used hardware is here listed. For illustrations of nails, screws and fixings, see pages 30-33. IUMENSIONS. Wire brads ' " I Finishing nails in _ i». " % in. " 1 in. " i - 4 in. '• I l 2 in. " 2 in. ' .6(1 8d i od N0.20. " 19. 19.. 18.. 17.. 16.. 15- PRICE PER LB. . 15 CtS. •15 " •15 " .IO " .10 " .IO " .IO " • 5 " • 5 " • 5 " Wire nails ' 2 in '5 i in.. 4d.... 6d... 8d .. iod.. Screws, flat, bright, '..in. No i in. i in. i in. i ' 4 in. i ' 2 in. i '.in. i ; + in. 10 5 .... 5 5 5 5-20 6... 25 6.. .25 5-30 8.. .30 9-35 9-35 9.. .40 10...40 12 ..45 Screw hooks, iron " square KIND. DIMENSIONS. PRICE PER GROSS. Screws, round, blued, )A in.No 4,20 cts. " #in. " 4,25 1 in. " 7,30 " X X in." 9,35 1/2 in." 10,35 2 in. " 10,45 2 in. " 8, $1.00 1 in 1. 00 eyes No. 6 wire 45 " cup hooks, square, brass, l / 2 in.,No.4i2 .90 " " " . " H iD 95 " " " iron, 1 in 70 " eyes, brass ^in.,No.i2i3 1.00 " " iron 1 in 75 Butt hinges, brass # in 3.00 Screws for same ...y% in 25 Butt hinges brass. ...i^x^ in. ... 6.00 Screws for same....^ in 30 Brass tubing % in. inside, per foot... .25 Carpet tacks 4 oz. bright, package .05 Double pointed tacks, ' s in 05 Brass escutcheon pins (different sizes), per pound 60 3. General Supplies Sandpaper, Nos. 00, o, l / 2 , 1, I}4, 2, per quire $ .25 White shellac, mixed, per pint... .65 Wood alcohol, per gallon 1.00 Grain " " ' 3.10 Turpentine, " " 80 Kerosene, " " 25 Machine oil, " " 40 Raw linseed oil, per gallon $ .65 Boiled " ' 70 Le Page glue, "pint 35 Library paste, " quart 65 Cotton waste, " pound 12J Strong twine, /,, it-.pr. " ... .25 Lead pencils, per dozen 25 OUTLINE 17. SUGGESTIONS FOR HOME WORK. Pupils who have a small room at home where they can do. tool work will find it pleasurable and profitable to use odd hours and holidays in some self-effort in manual training. Here are some things that would be good to do : 42 OUTLINES OF MANUAL TRAINING 1. Accumulate some tools; according to your means and need. Get. the best quality, but not the fanciest tools. 2. Have a case or box, where the tools may be kept safely and orderly. Also have a place for nails, screws, glue, etc. 3. A bench like those used in the manual training class would be a great convenience. But a cheaper one, which will serve all practical purposes, may be made from a solid plank and some pieces of board or scantling. A vice can be purchased at the hardware store for about $1.00. 4. Only a small stock of lumber is needed. For small projects scraps of lumber which can be purchased at a carpenter shop for very little will serve just as well as large boards. 5. Add to your equipment from time to time such tools as your work demands. Goss' "Wood Working." and Wheeler's "Wood Working for Beginners." are among the helpful books to read, describing how to d , tool work in wood. COMHON JOINTS. OUTLINE 18. PLATE 9. 11. Half Blind or Common Morf.. «4Tfenon UB |i,,d,*.oK«^t«..ndTtao». ^J^S?)" 15. Blind Housed SAN FRANCISCO PUBLIC SCHOOLS JOINTS— CONTINUED. OUTLINE 18. 43 PLATE 10. 8 Keyed Tenon n 9.Wedo*d T«non oM":ii M 1 H •vtd?* (J lo. Draw- bored *nd Pinned Common fastenings for joints. Nailed Brace A BOARD=FOOT. OUTLINE 19. PLATE 11 Thickness Scale, -^ = 1" 4: <■ A board-foot = 144 sauare inches of If it is tfe thick, it containslfc. board-feet, board surface for less tnick. m .. . . 2.' • ~ - 2. •• - Example: A piece of board 12"xU'x1,or - •• •• 3' 5 a\iz"x#.etc = a boar