mM ./ - ■''-: ^0 ->-, ', "«*>>• ,,^' , ^^ ..V^ - ' — ©0 .^' ;? ■^../' \..^ 'V. .,*~ V— v^ vO O^ 'V- V .0 o^ ^.^ ^^/^ *' ' s"^^ ''^ v>^. '^. <^^ -"^^"^ ^ y^'V^^O 'OO^ %<:i^* ,\" .y-^. °o^ »Mt^'- "^-^ v^' * N^^ aV^'-^>>. "^^ <^' ^i j^- 'Mm^ / x0 9.. . -.•^»! *^"^ " ^ -^.^"i"^^V'-\^ THE BAPTIST ENCYCLOPiEDIA. A DICTIONARY THE DOCTRmES, ORDmAITCES, USAGES, COITFESSIONS OF FAld'H, SUFFERINGS, LABORS, AND SUCCESSES, AND OF THE GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 1 BAPTIST DENOMINATION IN ALL LANDS. NUMEROUS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN AID FOREIGN BAPTISTS, AND A SUPPLEMENT. i EDITED BY WILLIAM CATHCART, D.D., AUTHOR OP "the PAPAL SYSTEM," "tHE BAPTISTS AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION," AND "the baptism of the ages." WITH MANY ILLUSTEATIONS. PHILADELPHIA: LOUIS H. EVERTS. 188L ' \i^ \\ ^^ c V Copyright, 1880, by Louis H. Everts. I' ■ R O V D E N C E _ P PREFACE. The preparation of such a work as this imposes a vast responsibility and an immense amount of labor. Years of study devoted to the subjects embraced in it, and the assistance of brethren of distinguished ability, encouraged the Editor to undertake its compilation. The Baptists are the parents of absolute religious liberty wherever it exists in Christian nations. They founded the first great Protestant Missionary Society of modern times. Through the counsels of a Baptist the British and Foreign Bible Society was established, and in it every Bible Society in the world. Baptists have been the warmest friends of civil liberty in all great struggles for freedom. Their fifty col- leges and theological seminaries, and their numerous and splendid academies, show their deep interest in education. The religious press is sending forth through their ninety-five period- ?als an unsurpassed amount of sanctified literature. Governors, judges, generals, educators, philanthropists, authors, ministers, and benefactors of great distinction and in large numbers have been identified with our denomination. Baptist missionaries in the East have gathered glorious harvests for Jesus ; and in our own land they have toiled everywhere with heaven-given enthasiasm. In this country there are 26,060 Baptist clmrches, and 2,296,327 members ; and in all lands there are 30,699 churches of our faith, with 2,769,389 members. There are not less than eight millions of persons be- longing to the Baptist denomination. And besides these, our principles are extensively held by members of other communities. Dr. Chalmers, at the close of a very able sermon on infant baptism, pays this trib- ute to our British brethren: "Let it never be forgotten of the Particular Baptists of England that they form the denomination of Fuller, and Carey, and Eyland, and Hall, and Foster ; that they have originated among the greatest of all missionary enterprises ; that they have enriched the Christian literature of our country with authorship of the most exalted piety, as well as of the first talent and the first eloquence ; that they have waged a very noble and successful war with the hydra of Antinoraianism ; that perhaps , there is not a more intellectual community of ministers in our island, or who have put forth to their number a greater amount of mental power and mental activity in the de- fense and illustration of our common faith ; and, what is better than all the triumphs of genius and understanding, who, by their zeal and fidelity, and pastoral labor among the congregations which they have reared, have done more to swell the lists of genuine discipleship in the walks of private society, — and thus both to uphold and to extend the PREFACE. living Christianity of our nation." (Lectures on Romans, Lecture XIV., p. 76. New Yorlc, 1863.) This is a just tribute to our British brethren, corning gracefully from the greatest of Scotch preachers, and with equal appropriateness every word of it might be applied to the Baptists of America. The Baptists began their denominational life under the ministry of the Saviour. They flourished at various periods in the gloomy ages between the first great apostasy and the Reformation of the sixteenth century. And in the coming conquests of truth they are destined to spread over the world, and unfurl their banner of truth over every home and heart of Adam's family, upon which the finger of inspiration has inscribed the words, " One Lord, one faith, one baptism." The Editor has aimed to give sketches of distinguished Baptists everywhere, living and dead ; of the important events of Baptist history ; of ancient Baptist Confessions of Faith ; of the scattered and persecuted communities that held Baptist principles in the bleak centuries of triumphant Romanism; and of all doctrines, practices, and usages peculiar to Baptists. He has designed to place before the reader a grand " conspectus" of the Baptists, their principles, institutions, monuments, labors, achievements, and suf- ferings throughout the world and throughout the Christian ages. Biography is used extensively in this work. From the earliest times it has been employed to impart historical information. Plutarch's " Lives" have traveled down the ages for eighteen hundred years with unfailing interest, giving invaluable sketches of the greatest events and of the mightiest men of the far-distant past. Macaulay's biographies, in his " Essays" and in his great " History," describe occurrences and men in a form that impresses and fascinates. But while biography is a conspicuous feature of the "Encyclo- paedia," it has also an immense number of purely historical and doctrinal articles. If the learned Thomas Wilson Haynes had completed his "Baptist Cyclopsedia," the first volume of which was issued in Charleston, S. C, in 1848, the editor would have been relieved of a portion of his labor, and Baptist churches would have been blessed by a work of great value ; but unfortunately " the first volume of Part 1." was the last that came from the press. Among the able brethren who have rendered assistance to the Editor he would name President H. G. Weston, D.D., Pennsylvania ; Thomas Armitage, D.D., New York ; J. L. M. Curry, D.D., LL.D., Virginia ; J. M. Pendleton, D.D., Pennsylvania ; George W. Samson, D.D., New York; William T. Brantly, D.D., Maryland; H. A. Tupper, D.D., Virginia; J. C. Long, D.D., LL.D., Pennsylvania; T. J. Conant, D.D., New York; M. Hillsman, D.D., Tennessee; J. A. Edgren, D.D., Illinois; J. V. Scofield, D.D., Missouri; Rev. R. S. Duncan, Missouri; Rev. T. A. Gill, U.S.N., Pennsyl- vania ; C. C. Bitting, D.D., Maryland ; Franklin Wilson, D.D., Maryland ; Professor S. M. Shute, D.D., District of Columbia ; Professor A. H. Newman, New York ; C. E. Barrows, D.D., Rhode Island ; Rev. Frederick Denison, Rhode Island; J. C. Stockbridge, D.D., Rhode Island; Rev. R. G. Moses, New Jersey; H. F. Smitii, D.D., New Jersey; H. L. Wayland, D.D., Pennsylvania; Rev. J. G. Walker, Pennsylvania; George M. Spratt, D.D., Pennsylvania; A. J. Rowland, D.D., Pennsylvania; Col. C. H. Banes, PREFACE. Pennsylvania; B. F. Dennisou, Esq., Pennsylvania; James Butterworth, Esq., Pennsyl- vania ; Rev. J. P. Hetric, Pennsylvania ; Rev. B. D. Thomas, Pennsylvania ; W. Fred. Snyder, Esq., Pennsylvania; Rev. J. W. Willmarth, Pennsylvania; Rev. James Waters, Tennessee ; Joseph H. Borum, D.D., Tennessee ; Rev. Isaac Willmarth, Pennsylvania ; Justin A. Smith, D.D., Illinois ; President Kendall Brooks, D.D., Michigan ; Rev. D. E. Halteman, Wisconsin; J. R. Murphy, D.D., Iowa; President W. T. Stott, D.D., Indiana ; Rev. S. Boykin, Georgia ; President T. H. Pritchard, D.D., North Carolina ; W. B. Carson, D.D., South Carolina ; W. Pope Yeaman, D.D., Missouri ; J. H. Spencer, D.D., Kentucky; Rev. R. B. Cook, Delaware; Rev. M. Bibb, West Virginia; Rev. J. S. Gubelmann, Pennsylvania ; President W. Carey Crane, D.D., LL.D., Texas ; J. J. D. Renfroe, D.D., Alabama; Rev. William Wilder, Iowa; H. J. Eddy, D.D., New York; Rev. W. N. Chaudoin, Florida; Rev. W. E. Paxton, Arkansas; C. A. Buckbee, D.D., California; Rev. O. A. Williams, Nebraska; Rev. George Armstrong, Nova Scotia; Francis Jennings, Esq., Pennsylvania ; Hon. H. G. Jones, Pennsylvania; William M. Lawrence, D.D., Illinois; O. N. Worden, Esq., Pennsylvania; S. Haskell, D.D., Michigan; Rev. J. D. King, Toronto. That the work may be a blessing to Baptists, and to all who love the triumphs of grace, and that it may be useful to students of history generally, is the earnest wish of WILLIAM CATHCART. Philadelphia, October, 1881. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Adams, S.W 12 Albanj', Emmanuel Baptist Church 19 Alexander, John 1289 Allen, Alanson 22 Anderson, Galusha 31 Anderson, Geo. W 32 Anderson, M. B 33 Anderson, Thos. D 36 Andrews, Reddin,Jr 36 Armitage, Thos 40 Arnold, Albert N 41 Arnold, Samuel G 42 Atlanta Theological Seminary.... 47 Backus, Isaac 52 Bacon, Joel Smith 54 Bailey, C. T 57 Bailey, Silas 59 Bailey, Thomas M 60 Bainbridge, W. F 60 Baldwin, Geo. C 62 Baldwin, Thomas 63 Baltimore, Eutaw Place Baptist Church 66 Banes, Chas. H 67 Banvard, Joseph 67 Baptistery of Milan 73 Barlow, F. N 79 Barney, Eliam E 81 Barratt, J 82 Barrows, C. B 843 Bateman, Calvin A 84 Battle, Archibald J 86 Baylor, R. E. B 89 Baylor University 90 Beebee, Ale.x. M 93 Benedict, David 94 Benedict Institute 95 Benedict, Stephen 96 Berry, Joel H 97 Bethel College 98 Bishop, Nathan 102 Bitting, C. C 103 Bixby, Moses H 103 Bliss, Geo. Ripley 106 Bliteh, Jos. Luke 107 Boardman, Geo. Dana 108 Boise, James Robinson 110 Borum, Joseph Henry 115 Bostick, Jos. M 116 Bosworth, Geo. Wm 118 Bouic, Wm.Veirs 119 Boutelle, Timothy 120 Boyee, James Pettigru 121 Boyd, WillardW 123 """-Boykin, Samuel 124 •^ Boykin, Thomas Cooper 125 Branham, Isham R 127 Brantly, John J 127 Brantly, Wm. T., Jr 128 Brayman, Mason 129 Brayton, Geo. Arnold 131 Bridgman, C. D. W 132 Briggs, George Nixon 133 Broadus, John Albert 139 PAGE Brooks, Kendall 142 Brotherton, Marshall 143 Brown, Joseph E 146 Brown, Nicholas 150 Brown University 153 Buchanan, James 156 Buck, William Calmes 156 Buckbee, Charles Alvah 157 Buokner, Robert C 158 Bunyan in Bedford Jail 160 Burchett, G. J 163 Burleson, Rufus C 164 Burlingham, Aaron H 165 Burlington Collegiate Institute... 165 Burney, Thomas J 167 Bush, Alva 171 Cade, Baylus 174 Caldwell, Samuel L 175 Carey, Geo. M. W 181 Carey, William 182 Carroll, B. H 186 Carter, John W 189 Castle, John Harvard 190 Caswell, Alexis 191 Cathcart, William 196 Champlin. James Tift 200 Chaplin, Charles Crawford 203 Chase, Irah 205 Chaudoin, W. N 207 Chicago Baptist Union Theologi- cal Seminary 212 Chicago, First Baptist Church of. 210 Chicago, University of. 215 Chowan Female Institute 219 Chown. J. P 221 Christian, Joseph 221 Church, Pharcellus 224 Clovis, Baptism of. 235 Coburn, Abner 238 Cocke, Charles Lewis 239 Colby Academy 240 Colby, Anthony 241 Colby, Gardner 242 Colby University 243 Cole, Addison L 245 Cole, Isaac 245 Cole, Nathan 246 Coleman, James Smith 247 Colgate Academy 248 Colgate, William 250 Conant, John 260 Conant, Thomas J 261 Cone, Spencer Houghton 263 Cook Academy 271 Cook, Richard Briscoe 272 Cooper, James 274 Cooper, Mark A 275 Corcoran, William Wilson 278 Corey, Charles Henry 279 Cotton, John H 281 Courtney, Franklin 283 Cramp, John M 286 Crane, Cephas B 287 Crane, James C 287 Crane, AVilliam 288 PAGE Crane, William Carey 289 Crawley, Edmund Albern 292 Creath, Joseph W. D 293 Crosby, Moreau S 296 Crozer, John Price 298 Crozer Theological Seminary 299 Cummings, E. E 300 Curry, J. L. M 801 Cuthbert, James H 304 Dargan, J. 0. B ... 308 Davidson, Thomas Leslie 309 Davies, Daniel 310 Davis, Geo. F 311 Davis, John 313 Dawson, John Edmonds 1298 Day, Henry 318 Deane, Richard 322 Denison, Frederic 327 Denison University 328 Denovan, Joshua 1299 De Votie, J. H 331 Dickerson, James Stokes 332 Dickinson, A. E 333 Dillard, Ryland Thompson 334 Dockery, Alfred 338 Dodge, Daniel 339 Dodge, Ebenezer 340 Duncan, James Henry 347 Durfee, Thomas 352 Earle, T. J 355 Eaton, Geo. AV 357 Eddy, Daniel C 359 Elder, Joseph F 363 Elliott, Victor A 366 England, House in which the Baptist Missionary Society was formed 370 Espy, T. B 379 Estes, Hiram Cushman 380 Evans, Benjamin 381 Evans, Christmas 382 Everts, William W 385 Ewart, Thomas W 386 Ferguson, William 807 Field, James G 392 Field, S. W 393 Fish, Henry Clay 394 Fisher, Thomas Jefferson 397 Fleischmann, Konrad A 399 Foljambe, S.W 403 Ford, Samuel Howard 405 Foster, John 407 Fox, Norman 410 Franklin College 413 French, George R 1302 French, James 418 Fristoe, Edward T 419 Fuller, Andrew 421 Fuller, Richard 423 Furman, J. C 426 Furman, Richard, Sr 426 Furman University 427 Fyfe, Robert A 428 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Gale, Amory 480 Gano, John 484 Gardner, Geo. W 436 Garrett, 0. H. P 438 Germany, Hamburg Mission Chapel 449 Gill, John 4o3 Gillette, A. D 455 Gilraore, Joseph A 455 Gove, Elijah 462 Graves, J. R 466 Graves, Samuel 468 Greene, Roger Sherman 471 Greene, Samuel Stillman 472 Gregory, Uriah 474 Griffith, Benjamin 476 Gubelmann, J.S 479 Hackett, H. B 483 Haldeman, Isaac Massey 486 Halteman, David Emory 490 Hanna, William Brantly 493 Hanmi, T. A. T 494 Hardin, Charles Henry 495 Hardin College 496 Harkness, Albert 497 Harris, Henry Herbert 498 Harris, Ira 499 Harrison, James E 501 Hart, John, signature of 505 Hascall, Daniel 508 Haskell, Samuel 508 Havelock, Sir Henry 510 Hawthorne, J. B 512 Haycraft, Samuel 513 Henson, P. S 519 Hill, David J 523 Hill, Stephen P 524 Hillsman, Matthew 525 Hobbs, Smith M 530 Hodge, jMarvin Grow 530 Holmes, Willet 539 Hooper, William 542 Hornberger, Lewis P 543 Hoskinson, Thomas J 544 Houston, Sam 546 Hovey, Alvah 547 Howard, John 548 Hoyt, James M 552 Hoyt, Wayland 553 Hubbard, Richard Bennett 553 Hufham, J. D 555 Humphrey, Friend 558 Huntington, Adoniiam J 560 Hutchinson, John 563 Hutchinson, Mrs. Lucy 565 Ide, Geo. B 568 Ireland, Jos. Alexander 685 Ives, Dwigbt 587 Ivimey, Joseph 588 Jackson, Henry 589 James, J. H 593 Jameson, Ephraim H. E 595 Jeffrey, Reuben 597 Jessey, Henry 600 Jeter, Jeremiah Bell 601 Johnson, Joseph 605 Johnson, Okey 607 Johnson, W. B 609 Jones, David 610 Jones, J. William 617 Jones, Samuel 619 Jones, T.G 620 Jones, Washington 621 Jones, ■William P 623 Judson, Adoniram 626 Judson, Mrs. Ann Hasseltine 628 Kalamazoo College 633 Keach, Benjamin 637 PAGE Keen, Joseph 640 Keen, William Williams 641 Keith, Geo. H 643 Kendall, Amos 645 Kendrick, Adin A 646 Kendrick, Nathaniel 648 Kennard, Joseph Hugg 649 Kerr, John 653 Kiffin, William 654 Kilpatrick, J. H. T 656 Kinney, Robert Crouch 661 Knollys, Hanserd 664 La Grange College 668 Landrum, Sylvanus (570 Lasher, Geo. William 671 Lathrop, Edward 672 Lawler, Levi W 673 Lawrence, William Mangam 674 Learning, First Baptist Seminary of, in America 677 Lee, Franklin 681 Leland, John 682 Iceland University 683 Leslie, Preston H 685 Levering, Charles 6S8 Levering, Eugene BS8 Levy, John P 690 Lewis, Henry Clay 691 Lewisburg University 693 Lincoln, Heman 703 Link, J. B 705 Lofton, Geo. Augustus 713 Loomis, Justin R 716 Lorimer, George C 718 Louisville, Ky., AValnut Street Baptist Church 721 Lowry, M. P 720 Lucas, Elijah 723 Lumpkin, Wilson 724 Lush, Sir Robert 727 Luther, John Hill 727 Mabie, H. C 1308 Macarthur, Robert Stewart 730 Mackenzie. Alexander 731 Maclay, Archibald 732 Madison University 735 Magoon, Elias Lyman 739 Malcom, Howard 740 Mallary, Charles Dutton 742 Manly, Basil 744 Manning, James 745 Marcy, William Learned 748 Mason, Sumner R 758 Mather, Asher E 759 Maxey, Samuel Bell 762 McCune, Henry E 768 McDaniel, James 768 McDonald, Charles J 769 Mcintosh, W. H 770 McMaster,AVilliam 773 McPherson, AYilliam 774 Mell, Patrick Hughes 777 Mercer, Jesse 779 Mercer University 783 Miles, Samuel.....". 792 Milton, John 796 Montague, Robert L 810 Morgan, Abel 815 Morgan, T. J 815 Mount Pleasant College 821 Jlulford, Horatio J 822 Murdock, John jSielson 824 Nashville, First Colored Baptist Church of. 828 Nashville Institute S29 Neale, Rollin Heber 830 Newman, Albert Henry 839 Newman, Thomas W 839 Newton Theological Seminary.... 845 PAGE New York, First Baptist Church.. 849 Nisbet, Ebenezer 851 Noel, Baptist W 852 Northrup, G. W 857 Norton, E. H 858 Nott, Abner Kingman 858 Nugent, George 864 Olney, Edward 868 Oncken, John Gerhard 869 O'Neall, John Belton 870 Owen, Alfred 877 Palmer, Albert Gallatin 880 Palmer, Ethan B 880 Palmer, Lyman 881 Parmly, AVheeloek H 885 Pattison, Robert E 887 Pattison, T. Harwood 888 Patton, Alfred S 888 Paxton, AVilliam Edwards 890 Peddie Institute 894 Peddie, John 895 Peddie, Thomas B 896 Pepper, 6. D. B 905 Peto, Samuel Morton 910 Phelps, Sylvanus Dryden 916 Philadelphia, Baptist Home of... 917 Philadelphia, Fifth Baptist Church 911 Philadelphia, Memorial Baptist Church 915 Philadelphia, Second Baptist Church of 919 Pingry, AVilliam M 922 Pitman, John 923 Posey, Humphrey 928 Post, Albert L 928 Potter, Walter McD 930 Pritchard, T. H 940 '- Providence, First Baptist Church of. 946 Puryear, Bennet 951 Quincy, Josiah 952 Rand, Theodore Harding 955 Randolph, Warren 957 Rauschenbusch, Augustus 959 Rawdon College 960 Ray, D. B 960 Rees, George Evans 965 Regent's Park College 967 Renfroe, J. J. D 969 Rhodes, Elisha Hunt 978 Richmond College 983 Richmond, First Baptist Church of 985 Robins, Henry E 995 Robinson, Ezekiel Gilman 996 Robinson, Robert.... 997 Rochester Theological Seminary. 1000 Rochester, University of. 1002 Rochester University (Sibley Hall) 1003 Rothwell, Andrew 1011- Rowland, A. Judson 1013 Royall, AVilliam 1014 Runyon, Peter P 1015 Sage, Adoniram Judson 1021 Salter, Melville Judson 1023 Samson, Geo. AA'hitefield 1024 San Francisco, First Baptist Church of 1028 Sawyer, Artemus AV 1031 Schofield, J. \ 1034 Searcy, .James B 1037 Sears, Barnas 1038 Semple, Robert B 1040 Shailer, AVilliam H 1044 Shallenberger, Wm. S 1046 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Sharp, Daniel 1047 Shaver, David 1048 Sherwood, Adiel 1053 Shorter, John Gill 1065 Shute, Samuel M 1058 Smith, James Wheaton 1067 Smith, John Lavrrence 1068 Smith, Justin A 1070 Smith, Samuel Francis 1072 Smith, William E 1073 South Jersey Institute 1076 Spalding, Albert Theodore 1088 Speight, Joseph Warren 1090 Spratt, Geo. M 1092 Spratt, Geo. S 1092 Spurgeon, Charles Haddon 1093 Spurgeon's Tabernacle 1094 Staughton, William 1309 Stevens, John..' 1104 Stillman, Samuel 1107 St. Louis, Mo., Second Baptist Church 1110 Stockbridge, John Calvin 1109 Stow, Baron 1115 Strong, Augustus H 1119 Sufiield Literary Institution 1297 Sunday-School, First Infant 1122 Swan, Jabez Smith 1125 PAGE Thomas, B. D 1147 Thomas, Jesse B 1149 Thresher, Ebenezer 1151 Ticknor, William D 1153 Toronto, Canada, Jarvis Street Baptist Church of 1160 Tremont Temple, Boston 1163 Tucker, Henry Holcombe 1171 Tupper, Henry Allen 1174 Tupper, James 1175 Turner, Thomas 1176 Tustin, Francis AVayland 1178 Van Husan, Caleb 1187 Vassar College 1190 Vaughan, William 1191 Vawter, John 1193 Vince, Charles 1194 Waco University 1197 Wake Forest College 1199 Walker, Jacob Garrett 1202 Walter, Thomas U 1207 Ward, Milan L 1209 Warren, E. W 1212 Watts, Thomas Hill 1218 Wayland, President Francis 1220 Wayland, Francis 1222 PAGE Wayland Seminary 1223 Welch, Bartholomew T 1226 AVeston, Henry 6 1233 AVharton, Morton Bryan 1235 Wiberg, Andreas 1240 Wilder, William 1243 William Jewell College 1246 Williams, J. W. M 1248 Williams, Roger Frontispiece Exile, fao-simile of Order of 1325 Letter, fac-simile of 1326 Williams, William R 1255 Wilson, Adam 1257 Wilson, Franklin 1258 Wingate, W. M 1261 AVinkler, Edwin Theodore 1261 Womack, B. B 1268 Woodburn, B. F 1272 Woods, Alva 1273 Worcester Academy 1277 Wright, Lyman 1279 Wynn, Isaac Caldwell 1282 Yates, M. T 1288 Yeaman,AV. Pope 1283 Young, George Whitefield 1285 Young, Robert F 1286 THE BAPTIST ENCYCLOPEDIA. A. Aaron, Rev. Samuel, was bom in New Britain, Pa., Oct. 19, 1800. In 1826 the Saviour found him and washed him in his blood. In 1829 he was or- dained as pastor of the New Britain church. Sub- sequently he took charge of the Burlington, N. J., High School, and of the Baptist church in that place. In 1841 he removed to Norristown, Pa., founded the Tremont Seminary there, and served the Baptist church as pastor. Afterwards he ac- cepted the call of the church in Mount Holly, N. J., where he ended his earthly labors, and en- tered upon the eternal rest, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. Mr. Aaron was a fine scholar and a man of ex- traordinary ability. His logic was irresistible. He was the natural leader of his associates. He was not afraid to differ from a whole community, nor could the penalties inflicted upon independent thinking move him. He uttered his convictions with a manly boldness, and he sustained them with great power. Few cared to encounter him in de- bate, and large numbers admired his great intel- lect and his Christian deportment. He lived an earnest Christian life, and he died in the Saviour's peace. Abbe, Prof. Cleveland, was born in the city of New York, Dec. 3, 1838, and graduated from the New York City Free College in 1857. He united with a Baptist church in that city in 18-53, and has been actively engaged in Sunday-school work. He is at present a member of the Calvary Baptist church, Washington, D. C. During 1859-60 he was instructor of Mathematics and Engineering in the University of Michigan, and for a short time in the Agricultural College of that State. From 1860 to 1864 he was engaged in the United States Coast Survey under Dr. B. A. Gould, at Cambridge, Mass. In 186.5-66 he visited the European ob- servatories. During 1867-68 he was an assistant at the Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C. From 1868 to 1870 he was director of the Cincin- nati Observatory, where, among other labors, be established and carried on a system of daily tele- graphic weather reports and predictions, and issued a "Daily Weather Bulletin"' for the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, which began in 1869, and which rapidly developed into the present national system of weather " probabilities." In -January, 1871, he was called to the responsible position of meteorologist of the Weather Bureau of the Army Signal-Office, where he compiled the published weather probabilities, the storm-signals, monthly reviews, and international bulletin, and where he still officiates. Prof. Abbe has made numerous val- uable contributions to scientific journals, especially the American Journal of Science, Mnnihly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, Army Signal-Office Reports, Astromische Nachfichten, Smithsonian Annual Reports, Baird's "Annual Record," Ap- pleton's and -Johnson's Encyclopaedias, etc. Abbot, Hon. Charles F., was born in Boston, Mass., April 5, 1821. In early life he went to Rich- mond, Va., where he was baptized by Rev. E. L. Magoon, D.D. He subsequently removed to Phila- delphia and united with the church at the Falls of Schuylkill, where for many years he has remained a faithful member and an honored office-bearer. As a trustee of the university at Lewisburg, and a manager of the American Baptist Publication So- ciety, he has been actively engaged in promoting the educational and missionary work of the denomi- nation. He is a man of strong intellect, clear judg- ment, broad views, and sterling piety. In secular life he has repeatedly been elected to aid in the ABBOTT ADAMS management of important trusts. At one time he represented his fellow-citizens in the Pennsylvania Len;islature, and he is at present a member of the Board of Public Education in the city of Phila- delphia. Abbott, Granville S., D.D., son of Ebenezer Tilden and Ruth Hewes, was born at North Read- ing, Mass., Feb. 27, 1837; baptized at the age of fifteen by Rev. Asa C. Bronson ; licensed by the North Reading church in 1859 ; was ordained by the South Boston church in 1863, of which he was pastor for six years, during which period an ele- gant house of worship was erected. He spent ten years in study for his life-work, graduating with honor from Pierce Academy in 1856, from Brown University in I860, and from Newton Theological Institution in 1863. After liis South Boston pas- torate he was pastor at Watertown, Mass., from Oct. 1, 1869, to Jan. 1, 1877. One year later he became pastor of the First Baptist church, San Francisco, Cal., and resigned Jan. 1, 1879. April 1, 1879, he became pastor of the First church, Oakland, where, in connection with his pastoral work, he accepted the editorship of the Herald nf Trutlt,. a monthly Baptist paper, established Jan. 1, 1880. His work for the denomination and the cause of religion has been varied and constant. For four years he edited the Sunday-school depart- ment of The Watchman, of Boston. For five years he was editor of the American Baptist Publication Society's "Question Books"' and of its ''Lesson Leaves," whose monthly circulation was 250,000. While in New England he was a member of vari- ous boards of benevolence, — the American Baptist Missionary Union, New England Educarional So- ciety, Massachusetts State Convention, president of New England Ministerial Institute, and secre- tary of the Massachusetts Ministerial Institute. In May, 1880, California College conferred upon liim the degree of D.D. The church at Oakland, of which he is pastor, in 1880, is one of the largest in California, and is distinguished for its foreign mission zeal, in which it is an example for all the churches. Abbott, Rev. Henry. — "To this man," Bur- kitt, the historian, says, "we are indebted for some of our religious rites." He was born in London, and was the son of the Rev. John Abbott, canon of St. Paul. He came to this country without the knowledge of his father, and first appeared in Camden Co., N. C, as a school-teacher. He soon joined a Baptist church and began to preach. Ho was a member of the Legislatui-e, and was also a member of the Provincial Congress when the State and Federal constitutions were adopted. He died May, 1791. Abbott, Rev. L. A, — Rev. L. A. Abbott, now pastor of the Baptist church in Alton, 111., was born in Beverly, Mass., in 1824, and was baptized at the age of fourteen by the now venerable Rev. Benjamin Knight, uniting with the Second Bap- tist church in Beverly. In his early life he was a sailor. Deciding to prepare for the ministry, he studied at Worcester Academy, but his health fail- ing midway in the course, he again went to sea, and made several voyages as mate and master. Leaving the sea, he returned to his native town and spent some years in teaching, meantime repre- senting the district two yeai-s in the Massachusetts Legislature. In 1855 he was ordained pastor of the Central Baptist church, Metford, Mass., but in consequence of lung difficulty was compelled to resign in 1858. Partially recovering, he accepted the pastorate of the Weymouth church, and was again chosen by that town to repi-esent it in the Legislature. In 1863 he became pastor of the Central Baptist church of Middleborough, the seat of Pierce Academy, then flourishing under the principalship of Prof J. W. P. -Jenks. Here he was once chosen to the Legislature, in which body, in this as in former terms, lie served upon impor- tant committees. In 1868, removing to Minnesota for the benefit of his health, he was four j^ears a pastor at Rochester, then at La Crosse, Wis., where he remained seven years. In 1879 he became pastor, at Alton, of the church which he still efficiently serves. Acworth, James, LL.D., late president of Rawdon College, England (formerly known as Horton College), from 1836 to 1863. Studied for the ministry at the Bristol Baptist College, whence he proceeded to Glasgow University and graduated. On May 29, 1823, he was ordained co-pastor of the South Parade church, Leeds, his colleague being the venerable Thomas Langdon. then in the forty- first year of his ministry. In 1836 he entered upon the duties of president of Horton College, and dis- tinguished himself by many important services to the denomination in that capacity. Since his retire- ment, in 1863, he has resided at Scarborough, York- shire. Both as a pastor and theological professor Dr. Acworth will long be gratefully remembered. Adams, George F., D.D., was born in Dor- chester, Mass., Oct. 3, 1802. and died in Baltimore, Md., April 16, 1877. His father, Seth Adams, re- moved to Ohio in 1805, and settled first in Mari- etta, and afterwards in Zanesville. Mr. Adams was baptized in 1812, by the Rev. George C. Sed- wick. He was licensed to preach in 1822. In 1824 he entered the preparatory school of the Co- lumbian College, graduated from the college in 1829, and was principal of the school during the year 1829-30. AVhile still pursuing his collegiate course he was elected pastor of the Central Baptist church, Washington, at that time worshiping in the city hall, which, however, was soon after merged ADAMS 11 AUAMS into the E Street chui-ch. During his college course he also spent several of his vacations with the Rev. Dr. llyland as missionary in Eastern Vir- ginia. He was ordained at the Navy- Yard Baptist church, Washington, April 22, 1827. In 1830 he settled in Falmouth, Va., as principal of a female school, and as the assistant of the Rev. R. B. Semple, pastor of the church in Fredericksburg, of which he soon became himself the pastor, continuing such until December of 1835, supplying at the same time tlic pulpit at Falmouth, and also of one other church. In January, 1836, he became pastor of the Calvert Street Baptist church, Baltimore, where he was useful and successful. In 1842 he became general missionary for the State of Maryland, visiting and stimulating all the churches. In 1843 he preached to the Hereford, Gunpowder, and Forest churches. In 1848 he accepted the pastorate of the Second Baptist church, Baltimore, where, during thirteen years, he labored with great success. In 1860, Mr. Adams became pastor of the Hampton Baptist church, but the war occurring, he served for a short time as chaplain in the Confederate army. He was arrested and imprisoned for a while at the Rip-raps. In 1862 he returned to Baltimore, and was appointed State missionary, serving in that capacity until 1865, when he took charge of the Atlantic Female College at Onancock, Va. In 1867 he was called a second time to the pastorate of the church in Hampton, where he remained for nine years, until, his voice failing, he resigned, and removed to Bal- timore, where he was appointed a city missionary, laboring as such with great fidelity until nearly the day of his death, which was caused by a can- cerous affection of the throat. As a preacher Mr. Adams was instructive and stimulating. His style was clear, simple, and forcible, and his sermons were rich in Christian experience. During a min- istry of more than fifty years he had labored faith- fully for the advancement of every good cause, baptizing hundreds of converts, and giving much of his time to the cause of missions, Sunday- schools, temperance, and the distribution of re- ligious publications. One who knew him well has said, " He was one of the four ministers who, in 183G, laid the foundation of the Maryland Baptist Union Association, and to him more than ^o any other man are we indebted under God for the origin and present glorious success of that body, number- ing then only 345, now over 10,000." Mr. Adams also wrote and published numerous articles of in- terest in our religious periodicals, and was for one year the editor of the True Union, published in Baltimore. He had also in preparation a '• History of the Maryland Baptist Churches," — a work for which he was specially fitted from his intimate acquaintance with the churches, and which he undertook at the request of the M. B. U. A. He left it unfinished at his death, but it will be com- pleted by the Rev. John Pollard, D.D., of Balti- more. Dr. Adams received the degree of D.D. Irom the Columbian College. Adams, Rev. Henry, a distinguished colored minister, was born in Franklin Co., Ga., Dec. 17, 1802. He was converted at the age of eighteen years, and the same year licensed to preach within the bounds of his church. In 1823 his license was extended without limits, and in 1825 he was or- dained. After preaching a few years in South Car- olina and Georgia, he emigrated to Kentucky, and was settled as pastor of the First Colored Baptist church in Louisville in 1829. Here he spent the remainder of a long and eminently useful life. The church was very small when he took charge of it, and was the only colored Baptist church in the city. At his death it numbered over 1000 members, and was tRe parent of six other churches, with a total membership of 4000. Mr. Adams was a fair scholar, having a good knowledge of several of the ancient languages. After the emancipation of the colored people he expressed constant anxiety for the establishment of schools and the improve- ment of the condition of his race. He was espe- cially solicitous for the formation of a school in Louisville for the training of colored ministers. He died in Louisville, Nov. 3, 1872. Adams, Rev. John ftuincy, was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., Feb. 25, 1825 : was liberally educated ; ordained pastor of Bloomfield church. N. J., Jan. 31, 1849. He has had charge of the Keyport church, N. J., and of the North, Antioch, and Cannon Street churches in New York City. He has published a number of religious works. Eleven years ago he had baptized 540 persons, nine of whom became ordained ministers. Mr. Adams is full of zeal for the salvation of the perishing, and for the triumph of what he regards as the truth of God. Adams, Seymour Webster, D.D., was born in Vernon, Oneida Co., N. Y., Aug. 1, 1815; con- verted at the age of seventeen ; received his liter- ary education at Hamilton College, N. Y., and his theological training at Hamilton Theological Sem- inary ; was ordained in February, 1843, and after supplying the churches at Durhamville and Johns- town, N. Y., became pastor of the church at Ver- non, his native place, where he remained two years. In 1846 he accepted the call of the First Baptist church, Cleveland, 0., and continued its pastor until his death, Sept. 27. 1864. During these eighteen years he had the affection of a devoted people, and exercised great influence in the city and State. In 1859 he wrote a memoir of his father-in-law. Dr. Nathaniel Kendrick. His death was hastened by his services at the seat of war as a volunteer in the Christian Commission. His ADAMS 12 ADLAM b. M. ADiAIS, D D. memoir was published under the editorship of J. P. Bishop in 1866. His character was greatly ad- mired and his early death lamented by all. Adams, Rev. Spencer Gavitt, the pastor of the Baptist church in Walworth, Wis., was born in Marion Co., 0., Sept. 7, 1844. His parents were Methodists, and he received his early religious training under the influence of that denomination. He obtained hope in Christ when thirteen years of age, and united with the M. E. Church. His at- tention having been called to the views held by Baptists, after careful and prayerful examination of the subject he united with the Baptist Church. He was educated at Denison University, 0., and at the Morgan Park Baptist Theological Seminary, 111. He was ordained in June, 1875. While a student in the theological seminary he supplied regularly for two years the Baptist church in Thoiupsonville, Racine Co. He has been four years pastor of the Walworth Baptist church. Adams, E,ev. Thomas, a prominent minister of the Mississippi River Baptist Association, was born in South Cai-olina in 1804, and began to preach in 1830. He was a graduate of Furman Theological Institute. After laboring many years in his native State, he removed to East Feliciana Parish, La., in 1853, where he labored efficiently until his death, July 20, 1859. Adkins, E., D.D., was bom in Greenfield, Sara- toga Co., N. Y., Dec. 17, 1805. His parents moving to what was then the wilderness of Western New York, he was deprived of the advantages of an early education, but impelled by his thirst for knowledge. at the age of twenty-seven he entered an academy at Rochester, N. Y., graduating finally from Mari- etta College, 0., in 1839. For three years after his graduation he was tutor at Marietta, where he also studied law. Having taught in Tennessee and Pe- oria, 111. (where he was baptized), he accepted in 1847 the chair of Belles-Lettres in Shurtleflf College, 111., remaining in the faculty nine years at great personal sacrifice, and giving himself to the interests of the college with unwearied devotion. The latter part of his time at Shurtlefif, Prof. Adkins had the chair of Languages. Having become profoundly interested in Bible revision, he resigned at Shurtleflf and removed to New York, where he devoted his entire time to this work. After a year's service he was, however, obliged to desist on account of fail- ure of sight. In 1857 he took a position in Mari- etta College, resigning this in 1859 to accept the Professorship of Greek in Richmond College, Va., a post which he held but a short time on account of the war. Returning, he accepted a pastorate at Brimfield, 111., where he was ordained. In 1863 he again entered the faculty of Marietta College, where he remained until partial blindness com- pelled him to retire. Of late years he has been living with his son at Elyria, 0. Dr. Adkins has been an industrious writer. In his early life he published "What is Baptism?" and in his later years "Ecclesia; The Church: Its Polity and Fellowship," and "The Ages to Come, or the Future States." He has also written largely for newspapers and magazines. Adkins, Frank, A.M., son of the preceding, was born at Marietta, 0., Nov. 21, 1841. Converted at the age often, during revival meetings held at Up- per Alton, 111. ; baptized two years later. After preparatory studies at Shurtleflf and Pierce Acade- mies, and collegiate studies at Marietta, 0., gradu- ated at Madison University in 1861. After gradu- ation engaged in teaching, but feeling called to preach took a course of theological study at Madi- son and Rochester, graduating at the latter place in 1866. Same year settled as pastor at Akron, 0., where he remained two and a half years. After a short period of missionary work became, in 1870. pastor of the First church, Iowa City, Iowa, where he remained five and a half years, when ill health compelled him to resign. For two years after this was Professor of Greek in Central University, Pella, Iowa. In December, 1878, he became pastor at Elyria, 0., where he still remains. Mr. Adkins is a scholarly and cultured man, and ranks very high on account of his attainments and the excellencies of his character. Adlam, Rev. Samuel, was bom in Bristol, England, February, 1798. He was ordained at West Dedham, Mass., Nov. 3. 1824. Having been in the ministry several years, he felt the need of a ADMISSIOiY 13 AFRICA more extended course of study than he had been able to secure, and went to Newton, where he re- mained for four years, from 1834 to 1838. His pastorates have been in West Dedham, Marblehead, and Gloucester, Mass. ; Hallowell, Dover, and Fox- croft, Me. ; and Newport, R. I. lie resigned his pastorate of the First church in the latter place some years since. Admission of Members into the Church.— When a man desires admission into an ordei-ly Bap- tist church, he is carefully examined by the pastor or some other judicious brother in reference to his repentance for sin, and utter helplessness without the Saviour's grace ; in reference to his faith in Jesus as his substitute and sacrifice on the cross, without whose blood his sins would cling to him forever; and in reference to his knowledge of the teach- ings of God's word. He is instructed in the great doctrines of the trinity, election, the offices of the three sacred persons, depravity, regeneration, atonement, justification, providence, final perse- verance, and believing prayer. Satisfied that the man is washed by faith in the blood of the Lamb and saved, the pastor brings him to the deacons, who hear from him an account of God's dealings with his soul. Having convinced them that he is a child of God, he repeats his experience at a week- night service, at the close of which a special church- meeting is held, and a resolution is passed author- izing his baptism and reception into the church. After baptism he is formally received into the church y>j the right hand of fellowship. In a few churches the pastor, just before giving the hand of fellow- ship, places his hands upon the candidate's head, and tenderly prays for him. Africa, Mission to. — In his admirable "History of American Baptist Missions" Prof. Gammell says, " No one of the missions planted by the Managers of the General Convention has had such serious obstacles to encounter, or has been so often para- lyzed by their influence, as that on the western coast of Africa. Its history conducts us to a portion of the earth pervaded by a pestilential climate, and perpetually ravaged by the cupidity of civ- ilized man ; to a race degraded by the barbarism and wrongs of ages, and, by common consent, long doomed to slavery and oppression among almost every people of Christendom. No relics of a de- parted civilization, no scenes of storied events, at- tract attention to this gloomy region. No hoary superstitions, blending with the rude traditions of an elder age, lend a philosophic interest to the people who inhabit it. It presents only a blank and dreary waste of barbarism, occupied by the lowest and most abject forms of humanity." Since these words were written, more than a quarter of a century ago, a new interest has been thrown over this dark country by the discoveries of modern travelers, and we may cherish the hope that, with the advance of the years, Africa will become as much the scene of missionary activity as Asia has been during the past fifty years. The operations of American Baptists in Africa have been confined to Liberia, on the west coast of the continent, and to the Bassa tribe living in the territory. Colonists from America laid the foun- dations of Monrovia, now the capital of the re- public of Liberia, in 1821. Lott Carey and Collin Teague, two colored men who had been ordained at Richmond, Va., in January, 1821, commenced their missionary labors in Monrovia in 1822. A church was formed, of which Mr. Carey was ap- pointed pastor. His decided superiority in intel- lectual ability over the colonists gave him great influence in the new settlement, and he was able, in many ways, to promote the interests of the people. He was appointed vice-agent in 182G, and in 1828 governor, during the temporary absence of Mr. Ashmun to the United States. The death of Mr. Carey was a sad blow to the interests of the colony and the church. Two white mission- aries, Rev. Calvin Helton, appointed Jan. 24, 1826, and Rev. Benjamin R. Skinner, appointed Jan. 11, 1830, both died of the "coast fever," the one in 1826 and the other in 1831. The board was so discouraged by what seemed a fatality to white men, in the character of the climate of the west coast of Africa, that they gave up the hope of car- rying on the mission through any other agency than that of colored preachers of the gospel. Five years elapsed before another white missionary was sent out to Africa. Two brethren oifered to go. Rev. W. G. Crocker and Rev. W. Mylne, and they were appointed early in 1835, and reached the field of their labors. They were instructed to preach among the native tribes, and it was decided to establish a mission at Bassa Cove, with the hope that, from this point as headquarters, they might more efiectuallj' teach the natives. Schools were at once commenced at Bassa Cove, Edina, and other places. A house of worship was dedicated at Bassa Cove in 1836, where Mr. Mylne preached until a pastor was set- tled in the following year. It was not long before the insidious malaria of West Africa so affected the physical system of Mr. Mylne that he was obliged to give up his work, and, a broken-down man, he returned to this country in 1838. Mr. Crocker had a better constitution, and was able to go on with his work. He directed his attention to the work of translation, in which he was especially success- ful. Rev. Ivory Clarke and his wife arrived at Edinn early in 1838, and having passed safely through an attack of the fever, entered upon their missionary labors with zeal. In 1840, Messrs. Constantine and Fielding, with their wives, offered themselves to the board, and were appointed to labor among AINSLIE 14 ALABAMA the tribes living farther back from the coast, -with the hope that the climate would prove more favor- able to their health than the climate of the coast. The hope was not realized. Mr. and Mrs. Fielding both died within six weeks after their arrival. Mr. and Mrs. Constantino were so completely broken down in health that they returned to this country in June, 1842. Mr. Crocker left his work in xifrica a year preceding the return of Mr. Constantine, and came to the United States. After two years' residence here he returned to the scene of his former labors. On the Sabbath after his arrival in Mon- rovia he was seized with a sudden illness, and in two days he died. His wife, after a year or two of experience of missionary life on this treacherous coast, returned to her native land. Mr. Clarke, in his turn, fell a victim to disease, dying at sea, April 4, 1848, on his passage to America. Ainslie, Rev. Thomas, was born in 1769 ; con- verted and baptized at Sussex, New Brunswick, in 1802. He soon commenced preaching, and traveled as an evangelist for about four years. He was ordained in 1806, in the United States, and resumed his work in New Brunswick. In 1810 he became pastor of the Baptist church at Upper Granville, Nova Scotia, and so continued to the end ; evan- gelized, however, very extensively in Eastern Nova Scotia; was, in 1828, the means of a powerful re- vival at Aylesford. He died at St. Andrew's, New Brunswick, Dec. 7, 1831, in the zenith of his power and usefulness as a minister of Christ, especially owned and blessed of heaven. Aitchison, John Young, D.D., the pastor of the Baptist church in Eau Claire, Wis. lie was born in Berwickshire, Scotland, July 5, 1824. lie was educated in Glasgow University, and he was or- dained at Paisley, Scotland, in 1849. He began his work in the ministry at Glasgow the same year. He has had successful pastorates in Brooklyn. N. Y., Waukesha, Wis., Cedar R'apids and Clin- ton, Iowa ; and he has been twice settled at Eau Claire, AVis., his present field of labor. He re- ceived the honorary degree of D.D., from the Cen- tral University of Iowa, in 1878. His literary attainments are of a high order. He occasionally speaks from the platform as a lecturer, with great acceptance. ALABAMA BAPTISTS. Alabama, — " Here we rest," the Indian significa- tion of the word. It is reasonably assumed that this region was visited by Ferdinand de Soto in 1539. It was originally part of what is known in the history of our country as Mississippi Territory. Some settlements were made in that portion of the territory now embraced in the State of Mississippi before the American Revolution ; but Alabama continued the undisturbed hunting-ground of sav- age aborigines until a much later period. At the end of the struggle for American independence Georgia claimed this vast region, and exercised jurisdiction over it as her "Western Territory." In 1800 it was erected into a territorial government. In 1802 Georgia ceded to the United States all her western territory for $1,250,000. In 1817 the terri- tory Avas divided, and the western portion was au- thorized by Congress to form a constitution, and it became the State of Mississippi. The eastern por- tion was then formed into a Territory, and received the name Alabama. In July, 1819, a convention of delegates assembled in Huntsville and adopted a State constitution, which being approved by Congress the December following, the State of Alabama was admitted as a member of the Na- tional Union, thenceforth to stand, alphabetically, at the head of the sacred roll of the United States. As the vast domain of the united and independent States, protected by our national banner, is the land of the free and the home of the oppressed, where the weary of evei-y land come and find civil and ecclesiastical "res<," so Alabama, whether by accident or by Providence, was the right name to be placed at the head of this " more perfect union. '" Alabama Baptists, History of.— That part of this State which lies north of the Tennessee River, generally known as " North Alabama." a beautiful and fertile countrj-, was settled many years before any other considerable section of the State. Madi- son County of that region was the first to receive the civilization of thrifty settlements, and in the first settling of that county there were some Bap- tists. John Cantei-bery and Zadock Baker were the first Baptist ministers who labored in this wil- derness, and Elder -John Nicholson was the first pastor of the first church in the State, or, rather, in the Territory, — the old Flint River church, a few miles northeast of Huntsville, in Madison County, which was organized at the house of James Deaton, on the 2d of October, 1808, by twelve persons. The beauty of the country, the fertility of the soil, the excellent springs of water, the ease with which partial land-titles were procured, combined with many other influences, soon drew a large popula- tion into this region, and in the course of a few years a number of Baptist churches were formed. Worldly inducements brought ministers, as otlier men, into this inviting country, some of whom held elevated positions in the estimation of the people, and here they lived and labored until they finished their course. Of these early North Alabama min- isters, Elders R. Shackleford. W. Eddins, and Ben- net Wood seem to have been the most distinguished. About the same time Elders -Jeremiah Tucker, George Tucker, -lohn Smith, J. C. Latta, and J. Thompson labored in the same region. As early as the 26th September, 1814, the first Association ALABAMA 15 ALABAMA of Alabama Baptists was organized, — the Flint River Association. At first some of its churches were from Tennessee. About the year 1808 some Baptists were found in the southern part of the Territory, near the Tombigbee River, in Clarke and Washington Counties. William Cochran, a licensed preacher from Georgia, is said to have been the first in Clarke County, and one Mr. Gorhani the first in Washington County. Elder J. Courtney organized the first church in that part of the State in 1810,— the Bassetfs Creek church, the second in the Ter- ritory. It has for many years been connected with the Bethel Association. Elder Joseph McGee set- tled in the same region shortly after the planting of this church, and was much esteemed as a min- ister of Christ. About the year 1815 the tide of emigration began to flow into South and West Alabama from almost every State in tiie Union. AVith this flood of emigrants a number of able, zealous, and indefiitigable preachers came. There is an account of one ftimily from South Carolina who furnished to Alabama and Mississippi in those early times eight or ten ministers of our faith. ISIany of the preachers for the first forty years of the history of Alabama often made extended evan- gelistic tours, pushing the outposts of the Re- deemer's kingdom farther and farther; and in these pioneering labors churches were planted in most of the new settlements, and existing churches were confirmed in the faith. It has been common from the first for one minister to serve at the same time several churches. This is still the case. As a result pastoral work has been very imperfectly performed. The early ministers of Alabama gen- erally received little support from the churches, — • in many cases nothing ; and though frequently they were in straitened circumstances, they were rich in faith, and many of them mighty in the Scriptures, and rapid and enlarged success fol- lowed their labors. They are to be held in ever- lasting remembrance. In 1820 there were about 50 Baptist churches in Alabama. At the close of the year 1821 there were 70, and 2500 members. In 1825 there were 6 As- sociations, 128 churches, 70 ministers, and about 5000 members. In 1833 there were 130 ministers, 250 churches, 11,408 members. In 1836 there were 333 churches, 188 ministers, 15,630 members. In 1840 there were 30 Associations, 500 churches, 300 ministers, and 25,000 members, 4000 of whom were baptized the previous year. Mr. Ilolcombe, the historian, says, " This increase is without a parallel in the United States, and perhaps in the known world, especially in modern times." In the years 1838-39 extensive revivals were experienced. The churches in many counties of the State, embracing all Middle Alabama, received the power of the Holy Ghost, great numbers were led to Christ, and many new churches were planted. Houses for the wor- ship of God were for years scarce and rude. Large congregations often assembled in shady groves and anxiously heard the gospel from the lips of the men of God, and many churches were organized in such bowers and in private residences, and under bush- arbors. About the year 1830 the churches began to build better houses of worship than those which had before existed in the State, and many of them were an honor to the religion of a new country. Between the years 1835 and 1840 the Baptists of Alabama had their greatest troubles with the anti-missionaries, — a strong party who arrayed themselves against all missionary and benevolent enterprises, and against ministerial education. The contest was fierce and evil-spirited. One by one the Associations and churches divided until division occurred in most of them. Five Associations split asunder in 1839. The enemies of missions declared non-fellowship, and were the seceding parties. The missionary churches have been blessed with pros- perity. Retrogression has constantly marked the movements of the opponents of missions. Total number of members in the Baptist churches of the State, 165.000. Alabama Baptist Convention.— The Conven- tion was formed in October, 1823, at Salem church, near Greensborough. chiefly through the instru- mentality of the Rev. J. A. Ranaldson, who came into the State from Louisiana, and afterwards returned to that State. At the organization of the Conven- tion messengers were present from seven missionary societies, — then and for some years the only class of bodies that sought representation; subsequently and at present it was and is composed of messen- gers from churches. Associations, and missionary societies. At the first session fifteen ministers were appointed from diff'erent parts of the State to spend all the time practicable as domestic missionaries. For ten years the Convention devoted its energies to the cause of missionary work within the State, with occasional contributions of money to other objects. State missions and ministerial education were the first objects of this Convention. For the first fifteen years it was not very successful, and had to contend against the most serious hindrances that an extensive and fierce anti-missionary spirit could engender ; a number of the strongest of our env\j ministers taking that side of the great effort questions then in controver.sy, they hindered the cause very much ; the great majority of the minis- ters who claimed to be missionary Baptists were entirely neutral on these matter.s. But there were some giants in those days, — noble spirits who were every way worth}' of their high calling; men who confronted the enemies of missions and every other onemv, and laid the foundations of Our State enter- ALABAMA 16 ALABAMA prises deep down on the solid rock. Such were Ilosea Ilolcombe, Alexander Travis, J. McLemore, D. Winbourne, S. BIythe, C. Crow, A. G. McCrow, J. Ryan, and a number of others who might be j2;ratefully mentioned here. It is worthy of remark that in those early times in Alabama, both in our Associations and in the Convention, decided union and sympathy of feeling were manifested toward "the Baptist General Convention of the United States," and handsome sums were contributed for foreign missions, and especially for Dr. Judson's Burmese Bible. The benevolent operations of the Convention were then largely carried forward by eflBcient agents who were appointed by the body. It was at the tenth session, in 1833, at Grant's Creek church, in Tuskaloosa County, when there were only four delegates present except those from the immediate vicinity, that the Convention took steps to start an educational institution, — the Man- ual Labor Seminary, — which, after absorbing al- most the entire attention of the Convention, was abandoned in about five years. From this time onward for many years Revs. B. Manly, J. Hart- well, D. P. Bestor, and J. H. De Votee were the great preachers who constantly attended the Con- vention, and their superiors have never been banded together in any Southern Baptist Convention ; and in their day a number of others, scarcely a whit behind them, lived in Alabama, and regularly met in the counsels of the Convention. And besides these, many wealthy planters, intelligent mer- chants, and distinguished lawyers gave the meet- ings of the Convention their presence, their coun- sels, and their money. This happy state of things continued until it was estopped by the coming in of the late war between the North and South. After the failure of the Manual Labor School, the Convention returned for some years with increased purpose and energy to the work of State evangeli- zation, and to assisting young men to obtain an education in any school that they might enter to make preparation for the ministry. It was about the year 1842 that the Convention entered on the incipient work which finally resulted in the estab- lishment of Howard College and the Judson Fe- male Institute. After the organization of the Southern Baptist Convention, and the location of its Domestic Board at Marion, Ala., the Convention discontinued the work of State evangelization, ex- cept that it supported the work as carried on by the General Board at Marion. Thenceforth it was an important part of the State Convention's busi- ness to foster the Boards of the Southern Conven- tion. This, with the absorbing attention which it gave to its own institutions of learning, and to the Southern Theological Seminary, comprised its business for the second twenty years of its exist- ence. Howard College and Judson Institute are the property of the Convention, and have from their beginning occupied very much of its deliberations and liberality. In 1871 the Convention formed a Sabbath-school Board as a sort of compromise with those who were contending for a system of State Missions. In 1875 this Board was changed into a State Mission Board. In these directions it has done a vast work, which is joyously recognized by the brotherhood of the State. Through this pro- visional period the Board was located in Talladega, with Rev. J. J. D. Renfroe, D.D., as President, and Rev. T. C. Boy kin as Sabbath school Evangelist fur the first eighteen months ; after which the Rev. T. M. Bailey became Evangelist and Corresponding Secretary, a position which he still holds (1880), and in which he has maintained first-class efficiency. At the session of this year the location of the Board was changed to Selma, because a more central place, and Rev. W. C. Cleveland, D.D., became its president. This Board now has in charge the en- tire mission work of Alabama Baptists as auxiliary to the General Boards, with an efi'ort among the colored people, the work of colportage, and raising funds for ministerial education ; all this in addition to its immediate work of State evangelization. Its work has taken a strong hold on the hearts of Ala- bama Baptists. During the year 1879-80 it had in the field constantly about twenty able and effi- cient evangelists. The Convention of Alabama has again become a very able body of Christian men; with a powerful ministry, it has present every year a number of the leading merchants and farm- ers, and some of the most distinguished law^yers and civilians of the State, and never fails to make a first-class impression on the community at large. So far as can now be ascertained the following have been the presidents of the Convention: Rev. Charles Crow, at its organization ; Rev. Daniel Brown, Rev. Lee Compere, Rev. J. Ryan, Rev. Hosea Holcombe, for six sessions ; Rev. Jesse Hart- well, for five sessions ; Rev. Thomas Chilton, for five sessions ; Chief-Justice W. P. Chilton, Rev. II. Talbird, D.D., for five sessions ; Rev. A. G. McCrow, for five sessions : Rev. W. H. Mcintosh, D.D., lion. J. L. M. Curry, LL.D., for five sessions ; Rev. S. Henderson, D.D., for six sessions ; and the Hon. Jon-. Haralson, for seven sessions, — the present in- cumbent. ALABAMA BAPTIST NEWSPAPERS. Alabama Baptist. — In the year 1841, Rev. M. P. Jewett and Rev. J. H. De Votee established the old Alabama Baptist in Marion, under the editorial management of Mr. Jewett. He was succeeded as editor by Rev. J. M. Breaker and Rev. A. W. Chambliss. Dr. Chambliss filled this position for several years with rare ability, and changed the name of the paper to that of Southwestern Baptist. ALABAMA 17 ALABAMA In 1852 it was placed under the editorship of Rev. S. Henderson, and published in Montgomery one year, when it was moved to Tuskegee, where Dr. Henderson was pastor", and issued from that place until the close of the late war, when Dr. Hender- son, by Federal authority, was placed under a twenty-thousand-dollar bond not to publish it again, — it had been a strong secession organ. This bond led to its consolidation with the Christian Index, of Atlanta, Ga. From time to time Dr. Henderson had the editorial assistance of Rev. Albert Wil- liams, Rev. J. M. Watt, Rev. J. E. Dawson, D.D., and Rev. H. E. Taliaferro, the latter for seven years. It was a paper of great ability, reached under Dr. Henderson an extensive circulation, and wielded a leading influence. After it was merged into the Christian Index that paper was for eight years recognized as the organ of Alabama Baptists. But it could not be made to subserve the wants of the denomination in the State. Alabama Baptist. — In 1873-74 the Convention of Alabama, by its Board of Directors, started the present Alabama Baptist at Marion, with Drs. E. T. Winkler, J. J. D. Renfroe, E. B. Teague, and D. W. Gwin as editors. It was edited gratuitously for four years. In 1878 the Convention transferred the paper to Dr. Winkler and Rev. J. L. West. Mr. AVest has since become sole proprietor, with Drs. Winkler and Renfroe as editors. The paper gives universal satisfaction to the brotherhood, and is contributing efficiently to the development and unification of the Baptists in all their enterprises. It now issues from Selma. Baptist Correspondent.— For a few years prior to the war the late venerable Dr. W. C. Buck and his son, the Rev. C. W. Buck, published in Marion the above-named paper, which was an earnest and vigorous controversial paper. Baptist Pioneer,— A spirited paper now pub- lished in Selma for colored Baptists, with Rev. W. H. MeAlpine as editor. Christian Herald. — Published soon after the war, and for several years at Tuskumbia, with Rev. Joseph Shackelford, D.D., as editor. A paper of much merit ; had it been published south of the mountains it must have succeeded. It was re- moved to Nashville, Tenn., and afterwards merged into the Christian Index. Southwestern Baptist Pioneer.— In 1834 the Rev. William Wood, M.D., started a paper of the above name in Jacksonville. It was the first Bap- tist paper in the State. Published only a year or two. In 1838 the Rev. George F. Heard published a Baptist paper in Mobile for a short time. Alabama Central Female College.— This in- stitution is located in the city of Tuscaloosa, and occupies the buildings of the former State Capitol, which are singularly well adapted to their present use, and are worth at least $150,000. The Baptists hold a lease of ninety-nine years on this property, with no other obligation than to keep it in order and maintain a female school in it. The college has now existed more than twenty-five years, and has reached a high reputation, and is destined to still greater prosperity. Prof. A. K. Yancey, the present president of the college, is giving entire satisfaction and increasing its fame. Alabama, Several Educational Enterprises of. — The Talladega Baptist Male High School, erected thirty years ago by the Coosa River Bap- tist Association at a cost of $30,000. Lost by in- debtedness. Now a Congregational school for col- ored people. Moulton College, at Moulton, Ala., a flourish- ing school before the war. It is not prosperous now. The Baptist High School, at Lafayette, is an old and good institution. South Alabama Female Institute, at Green- ville, is in a flourishing condition, with Prof. J. M. Thigpert for president. Male High School, at the same place, is also in pro.sperity, with Prof. G. W. Thigpen for principal. The Southeast Alabama High School for some years did well under the control of the late Gen- eral Association of that part of the State, but has been discontinued. Alabama Colored Baptists.— Before their lib- eration from slavery the great body of colored Baptists in this State held church membership in the same churches with the whites, having the same pastor and worshiping in the same house. Nearly all houses of worship had an apartment for the colored people, which was uniformly well filled. Where they were numerous they had a sepa,rate service in the afternoon of the Sabbath, when the pastor preached to them. In such cases they were virtually a separate church. This state of things continued for a short time after they be- came free. They soon began to show a disposition to get away into organizations of their own, and this was encouraged by the whites. Most of their churches were formed and their officers ordained by white pastors, and the whites assisted them to erect houses of worship. The colored people have ever had a strong tendency to Baptist sentiments. Convention. — Their State Convention was organ- ized Dec. 17, 1868. There were 32 churches rep- resented and 60 delegates present. Churches had then been constituted in all the leading towns and cities in the State ; there were then about 50 col- ored churches in Alabama, but there had as yet been no Association formed. Steps were taken by the Convention to influence the organization of the churches into Associations, and by the session in 1875 there were about 20 Associations. Churches ALBANF ALBIGENSES were then forming in all parts of the State where they had sufficient numbers. There are now 50 Associations, 600 churches, and 700 ordained preachers, with a great many licentiates, and about 90,000 members. They own $:250,000 worth of church property, and school property in Sehiia which they estimate at $15,000. They have a "normal and theological school" in that city in a flourishing condition, with Rev. Mr. Woodsmall as president. In locating this institution they pur- chased and paid for the Selma Fair-Ground with its buildings, at a cost of $3000. It is valuable property and could not be better located. It is owned and managed by their State Convention. They also have an educational association, which meets in connection with the Convention. Albany, Emmanuel Baptist Church of.— The noble edifice of the Emmanuel church of Albany, N. Y., was dedicated to the worship of Almighty God in February, 1871. The church proper is 110 feet deep and 81 feet wide. The church and chapel too-ether are 157 feet deep. The chapel is 110 feet deep and 47 feet wide. The spire is 234 fee't high. The church seats 1400 persons. The house and lot cost .1>203,686, and no debt rests upon the structure or its site. Albigenses, The, received this name from the town of Albi, in France, in and around wiiich many of them lived. The Albigenses were called Cathari, Paterines, Publicans, Paulicians, Good Men, Bogomiles, and they were known by other names. They were not Waldenses. They were Paulicians, either directly from the East, or con- verted through the instrumentality of those who came from tlie earlier homes of that people. The Paulicians were summoned into existence by the Spirit of God about a.d. 660. Their founder ■was named Constantine. The reading of a New Tes- tament, left him by a stranger, brought him to the Saviour. He soon gathered a church, and his con- verts speedily collected others. Armenia was the scene of his labors. They were denounced as Manicheans, though they justly denied the charge. They increased rapidly, and in process of time persecution scattered them. In the ninth century many of them were in Thrace, Bulgaria, and Bos- nia ; and, later still, they became very numerous in these new fields, especially in Bosnia.* Indeed, such a host had they become that in 1238 Coloman, the brother of the king of Hungary, entered Bos- nia to destroy the heretics. Gregory IX. congratu- lated him upon his success, but lived to learn that the Bogomiles were still a multitude. A second crusade led to further butchery, but the blood of martyrs was still the seed of the chur9h, and they continued a powerful body until the conquest of * Evans's Bosnia, pp. 30, 37, 42. London, 1876. their country by the Turks, in 1463. There was direct communication between these Bogomiles and the Albigenses in France. Matthew Parisf tells us that the heretic Alliigenses in the provinces of Bul- garia, Crotia, and Dalmatia elected Bartholomew as their pope, that Albigenses came to him from all quarters for information on doubtful matters, and that he had a vicar who was born in Carcas- sone, and who lived near Thoulouse. At an early period the Paulicians entered Italy and established powerful communities, especially in Milan. They spread over France, Germany, and other countries. In the eleventh century they were to be found in almost every quarter of Europe. St. Bernard, in the twelfth century, says of them : " If you interrogate them about their faith nothing can be more Christian, if you examine into their conversation nothing can be more blameless, and what they say they confirm by their deeds. As for what regards life and manners, they attack no one, they circumvent no one, they defraud no one." Reinerius Saccho belonged to the Cathari (not the Waldenses, he was never a member of that com- munity) for seventeen years. lie was afterwards a Romish inquisitor, and he describes his old friends and the Waldenses, in 1254, in these words: " Heretics are distinguished by their manners and their words, for they are sedate and modest in their manners. They have no pride in clothes, for they wear such as are neither costly nor mean. 'i'hey do not cai'ry on business in order to avoid fixlsehoods, oaths, and frauds, but only live by labor as workmen. Their teachers also are shoemakers and weavers. They do not multiply riches, but are content with what is necessary, and they are chaste, especially the Leonists. They are also tem- perate in meat and drink. They do not go to tav- erns, dances, or other vanities." The Leonists were the followers of Peter Waldo, of Lyons, the Wal- denses, as distinguished from his own old sect, the Albigenses. Reinerius then proceeds to charge these men who shun business to avoid falsehoods with hypocrisy. No body of men could receive a better character than St. Bernard and the inquisitor give these enemies of the Church of Rome, and no community could be more wickedly abused by the same men than these identical heretics. For some centuries the Albigenses figure universally in his- tory as externally the purest and best of men, and secretly as guilty of horrible crimes, such as the pagans charged upon the early Christians. Reinerius mentions several causes for the spread of heresy. His second is that all the men and women, small and great, day and night, do not cease to learn, and they are continually engaged in teach- ing what they have acquired themselves. His third t Mattlicw Paris, at a.d. 1223. EMMANUEL BAI'TIST ClUItClI, ALBANY, > ALBIGENSES 20 ALBIGENSES cause for the existence and spread of heresy is the translation and circulation of the Old and New Testaments into the vulgar tongue. These they learned themselves and taught to others. Reinerius* was acquainted with a rustic layman who repeated the whole book of Job, and with many who knew perfectly the entire New Testament. He gives an account of many schools of the heretics, the ex- istence of which he learned in the trials of the In- quisition. Assuredly these friends of light and of a Bible circulated everywhere were worthy of the curses and tortures of men like Reinerius and lordly bigots like St. Bernard, In a council held at Thou- louse in 1229 the Scriptures in the language of the people were first prohibited. The Albigenses sui'- viving the horrid massacre of the Pope's murderous crusaders were forbidden to have the " books of the Old or New Testament, unless a Psalter, a Breviary, and a liosary, and they forbade the translation in the vulgar tongue.'' No doubt many of the mem- bers of the council supposed that the Breviary and Rosary were inspired as well as the Psalter. Reinerius gives a catalogue of the doctrines of the Cathari, which corresponds with the list of heresies charged against them for two hundred years before he wrote by popes, bishops, and eccle- siastical gatherings, the substance of which has no claim upon our credulity, though some of the forms of expression may have been used by certain of these venerable worthies. Reineriusf says that the Cathari had 16 churches, the church of the Albanenses, or of Sansano, of Contorezo, of Bagnolenses, or of Bagnolo, of Vincenza, or of the Marquisate, of Florence, of the Valley of Spoleto, of France, of Thou louse, of Cahors, of Albi, of Sclavonia, of the Latins at Con- stantinople, of the Greeks in the same city, of Philadelphia, of Bulgaria, and of Dugranicia. lie says, " They all derive their origin from the two last." That is, they are all Paulicians, originally from Armenia. He says that " the churches num- ber 4000 Cathari, of both sexes, in all the world, but believers innumerable." By churches we are to understand communities of the Perfect devoted to ministerial and missionary labor. The Believers in the time of Reinerius M'ere counted by millions. Upon infant baptism the Albigenses had very decided opinions. A councilj held in Thoulouse in 1119, undoubtedly referring to them, condemns and expels from the church of God those who put on the appearance of religion and condemned the sac- rament of the body and the blood of the Lord and the' baptism of children. At a meeting of" ai-chbishops, bishops, and other pious men" at Thoulouse, in 1176, the Albigen- * Bibliotheca Patrum, torn. iv. p. ii., Coll. 74C. t Du Pin's Eccles. Hist., ii. 456. Dublin. X Du Pin, ii. 392. ses were condemned on various pretexts. Roger De Hoveden,§ a learned PJnglishman, who commenced to write his "Annals" in 1189, gives a lengthy ac- count of this meeting. He says that Gilbert, bishop of Lyons, by command of the bishop of Albi and his assessors, condemned these persons as heretics ; and the third reason, according to Hoveden, given by Gilbert for his sentence was that they would not save children by baptism. He also preserves a " Letter of Peter, titular of St. Chrysogonus, Car- dinal, Priest, and Legate of the Apostolic See," written in 1178, in which, speaking of the Albi- genses, he says, "Others stoutly maintained to their faces that they had heard from them that bap- tism was of no use to infants." Collier|| gives the meaning of Hoveden correctly when he represents him as stating, in reference to the Albigenses, " These heretics refused to own infant baptism."' Evervinus, in a letter to St. Bernai-d, speaking evi- dently of Albigenses, in Cologne, in 1147, and con- sequently before the conversion of Peter Waldo, says, " They do not believe infant baptism, alleging that place of the gospel, '"Whosoever shall believe and be baptized shall be saved.' " Eckbert, in 1160, in his work against the Cathari, written in thirteen discourses, says in the first, " They say that baptism profits nothing to children who are baptized, for they cannot seek baptism by them- selves, because they can make no profession of faith." The Paulicians received their name because they were specially the disciples of the Apostle Paul. They were established as a denomination by a gift of the Scriptures to their founder, through which he received Christ, became a mighty teacher, and gathered not converts simply, but churches. At the great trial in Thoulouse in 1176 they would not accept anything as an authority but the New Testament. Throughout their wide-spread fields of toil from Armenia to Britain, and from one end of Europe to the other, and throughout the nine hundred years of their heroic suflFerings and astonishing successes, they have always shown supreme regard for the "\Vord of God. If these men, coming from the original cradle of our race, journeying through Thrace, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Italy, France, and Germany, and visiting even Britain, were not Baptists, they were- very like them. If all the wicked slanders about them were dis- carded it would most probably be found that some of them had little in common with us, but that the majority, while redundant and deficient in some things as measured by Baptist doctrines, were sub- stantially on our platform. This position about g Annals of Koger De Hovedeu, i. 427, 480. Londou, 1853. ll Collier's Eccles. Hist., ii. 358. Loudon, 1840. ALBRITTON 21 ALDIS the Paulicians of the East is ably defended by Dr. L. P. Brockett in " The Bogomils." Albritton, Rev. J. T., was born in Greene Co., N. C, Jan. 26, 1836 : baptized by Rev. J. D. Coul- ling ; ordained in 1856. Is an able and useful minister ; was, and is now, pastor of Selma and other churches. Alden, Rev. John, was born in Ashfield, Mass., Jan. 10, 1806, and was a graduate of Amherst Col- lege, in the class of 1831. He took a course of theological study at Newton, which he completed in 1833, and was ordained the same year at Shel- burne Falls, Mass., where he remained for seven years, — from 1833 to 1840. His next settlement was at North Adams, Mass. He was the pastor of the church in this place for five years, and of the church at Fayville two years. In 1848 he re- moved to Westfield, Mass., and was pastor of the church there five years. Subsequently he removed to Windsor, Vt. For several years he was an agent of the American Baptist Missionary Union, and of the American and Foreign Bible Society. Mr. Alden retired from active service some years since, and now resides in Providence, R. I. Alden, Rev. Noah, was born in Middleborough, Mass., May 30, 1725. On his father's side he was a lineal descendant from John Alden, fiimous in the early annals of the Pilgrims of Plymouth. Both himself and wife became members of the Congregational chnrch in Stafford, Conn., whither they had removed. He changed his sentiments on the mode and subjects of Christian baptism in 1753, and became a member of a Baptist church. Feel- ing it his duty to preach the gospel, he was or- dained at Stafford on the 5th of June, 1755, and was pastor of the Baptist church in that place for ten years. In 1766 he was installed as pastor of the church in Bellingham, Mass., where his minis- try was attended with the Divine blessing. Mr. Alden was active, not only in his special vo- cation as a minister of the gospel, but as a delegate from Bellingham to the State Convention; he did good service in drafting a constitution for the State of Massachusetts, pleading especially the cause of religious liberty. He performed also other accepta- ble service as a public man. As a wise counselor he'was often called to adjust difficulties in churches, and to assist in the examination and ordination of candidates for the Christian ministry. Mr. Alden died May 5, 1797. " He was," says Dr. A. Fisher, " for many years one of our most distinguished and honored ministers, and his name deserves to be held in grateful remembrance." Alden, William H., D.D., was born in Middle- borough, Mass. He graduated at Brown Univer- sity in the class of 1849, and at the Newton Theo- logical Institute in the class of 1852. He was ordained pastor of the church in North Attlebor- ough, Mass., where he remained from 1852 to 1857. He was then called to the pastorate of the First Baptist church in Lowell, ofiiciating there from 1857 to 1864. For four years he was pastor of the Tabernacle church in Albany. He removed to Portsmouth, N. H., in 1868, and has been the pastor of the Baptist church in that city down to the present time. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on Dr. Alden by Colby University in 1873. Alderson, Rev. John, was born in New Jersey, March 5, 1738, and was the first Baptist minister that visited the southern part of West Virginia. As early as 1777 he settled on Greenbrier River, in Greenbrier County, near the present site of the town of Alderson. Owing to the hostility of the Indians, he and his neighbors were compelled, at times, to take shelter in a fort on Wolf Creek, and much of the time he followed the plow with his rifle swinging by his side. He commenced preach- ing in the forts, and in the houses of the settlers. In 1781 the Greenbrier church was organized with 12 members, and as this was the fourth church in what is now the State of West Virginia, its field included a large portion of the State. Mr. Aldei"- son labored as a minister for seven years without seeing another Baptist preacher. Though he lived at this early day, and comparatively isolated in his home, he was an enthusiastic missionary ; doing much personal work, and urging his brethren to spread the gospel over the State. He was mighty in the Scriptures, a good preacher, a wise counselor, and an untiring worker. He died March 5, 1821, at the advanced age of eighty-three years, in great peace, and his body now sleeps in the cemetery ad- joining the Greenbrier church. His influence lives among his descendants and others to-day. Aldis, John, one of the most eminent English preachers of the present time, but now retired from stated ministerial service, studied at Horton Col- lege, Bradford, and commenced his ministry at Manchester in 1829. During his first pastorate he established his reputation as a pulpit orator of rare gifts, and attracted a large circle of cultivated hearers. After seven years' pastoral service at Manchester, he was invited to take the oversight of the church at Maze Pond, London, one of the oldest and most influential Baptist churches of the metropolis. Here Mr. Aldis labored with distin- guished ability and success seventeen years, and then removed to Reading. At the close of fifteen years' ministry at Reading, he accepted a call to the church at Plymouth, where he labored for nearly eight years, closing an active life of upwards of forty-seven years of uninterrupted public service in May, 1877. During this long period Mr. Aldis enjoyed almost unbroken health, and was abundant in labors. His chastened and vigorous eloquence, AL'ulUCH ALLEN his high culture, and generous public spirit early placed him in the first rank of the leaders of the denomination. He was president of the Baptist Union in 1866. Three of his sons have distin- guished themselves at Cambridge University, the eldest, Mr. William Steadman Aidis, being senior vv^rangler in 1861. This was the first time in the history of the university that a non-conformist stu- dent had won the honor. Mr. W. S. Aldis's suc- cess, and his subsequent steadfast adhesion to Bap- tist principles (which involved the forfeiture of the valuable prizes bestowed upon a senior wrangler), lai-gely contributed to the abolition of religious tests in the universities, and the opening of the college fellowships and other lucrative honors to non-con- formists as well as to the members of the Estab- lished Church. Aldrich, Rev, Byron L., born in Thompson, Conn., in 1849, received a thorough education, be- came a fine linguist, a master of seven languages, graduated at Chicago University in 1873, entered the ministry, and located in California, where he became pastor of the Fifth church, San Francisco, the Napa, and Nevada City churches. He is a •preacher of much ability, but his thorough classi- cal ti-aining fitted him for the duties of instructor. He held for some time an important position in one of the San Francisco high schools, and was two years Professor of Modern Languages in California College. He is now pastor at Nevada City. Aldrich, Rev. Jonathan, was born at St. Johns- bui-y, Vt., Sept. 2, 1799. He pursued his prepara- tory studies at Peacham, Vt., and with his uncle. Rev. Dr. Abial Fisher, then residing in Bellingham, Mass. So far was he advanced in his studies that he was able to enter the Sophomore class in Brown University in 1823. He graduated in 1826, and having spent a year in theological study at Newton, he was ordained pastor of the Baptist church in West Dedham, in January, 1828. Subsequently, he had short pastorates in East Cambridge, Mass., Worcester, Mass., Newburyport, Mass., Philadel- phia, Pa., Baltimore, Md., and Middleborough, Mass. In 1853 he was appointed an agent by the Missionary Union to collect funds for foreign mis- sions. He continued in the employ of the society until his death, a period of about nine years. He was a settled pastor for twenty-five years, and was highly esteemed as an active, zealous worker in the cause of his Master. His death occurred on Jan. 19, 1862. Allen, Hon. Alanson, was born in Bristol, Vt., Aug. 22, 1800. He lived twenty years after cher- ishing a hope in Christ before he made a public pro- fession of his faith in the Redeemer. After residing some years in Bristol, he removed to Hartford, N. Y., where he remained eiglit years engaged in mercantile business. In 1836 he went to Fair Haven, Vt., which was his home through the rest of his life. Commencing business in a somewhat humble v\av he went on yeai aftei yeai enlarging HON. ALANSON ALLEN. his operations, making a specialty of quarrying the slate of the region in which he lived, which, under the difi'erent forms of roofing and school slate, found its way into the markets of the country. He then went into the marble business, and developed the famous quarries of West Rutland, Vt. After some years he retired from the marble business and again resumed his old occupation of slate-quarrying. Mr. Allen, from intelligent conviction, was a de- cided Baptist, and took the liveliest interest in all matters pertaining to the prosperity of his denom- ination. He was frequently a member of the Board of the State Convention, and everywhere recognized in Vermont as a firm and lilieral Baptist. As might be supposed, he was a friend to all good causes. The prosperity of tiie town in which he lived was largely due to his enterprise. He was a public- spirited citizen, ready to second any plan devised for its welfare. Twice he was a member of the State Senate, two years each time. He was also assistant judge for a time, and one of the State's Presidential electors for President Grant's second term. His death occurred Sept. 5, 1878. Allen, Rev. Hogan, missionary of the General Association of Southeast Arkansas, was born in North Carolina in 1829 ; came to Arkansas in 1851 : united with the Methodists, and was a preacher in that connection from 1858 to 1861. He then united with the Baptists, and was at once licensed, and ordained the following year. His lal)ors have been ALLEN 23 ALLISON chiefly confined to Ashley and Drew Counties, Ark., and he has served the following churches : Flat Creek, seven years; Mount Olive, fourteen years; Promised Land, seven years; Fellowship, ten years; Mount Zion, six years; and Beulah, New Prospect, Poplar Bluff, Egypt, Gilgal, and other churches a part of the time. Allen, Rev. Marvin, whose name was once fa- miliar to all Michigan Baptists, was born in Fabius, N. Y., Nov. 1, 1800. He graduated from Hamilton in one of the earlier classes, and labored ten years in Williamson and Canandaigua. lie was called to Adrian in 1S3T, and in 1S44 jjecame pastor of the church in Ann Arbor. Failing health inter- fered with his ministerial labors, but his ardent zeal for the cause of Christ, not allowing him to rest, urged him on to the work of the denomination at large. He became general agent of the Conven- tion, and as such was very useful in organizing its diflerent departments of work and in systematizing the contributions of the churelies and stimulnting them to further efforts. From 1848 until his death, in 1861, he was the publisher of the Michigan Christian Herald. He was an untiring worker throughout the entire State, and became an almost indispensable part of all denominational gatherings. As a man of business his character was untarnished, and he fulfilled all the trusts committed to his care without leaving a stain upon his name. Allen, Rev. Orsemus, was born at Westfield, Mass., in 1804. At the age of sixteen was baptized into the fellowship of the Westfield Baptist church. After graduating from Hamilton Literary and The- ological Institution, was ordained pastor of the church at Seneca Falls, N. Y., where he remained four years. After a short interval took charge of the church at Bristol, Conn., where lie continued many years. Forced by ill health from the min- istry, he removed about 1845 to Ohio, where he engaged in business. For twenty-two years was treasurer of the Ohio Baptist State Convention, and in this position won the confidence and affec- tion of his brethren throughout the entire State. Died in Columbus, 0., May iy,-1870. Allen, Rev. William B., for twenty-seven years moderator of the Eastern Louisiana Association, was born in South Carolina in 1809, and began to preach at the age of twenty. Shortly after he re- moved to Eastern Louisiana and settled in Living- ston Parish, where he has successfully labored until the present time, having served one c'hurch more than forty years. Alexander, Charles, M.D., a prominent phy- sician of Eau Claire, Wis., was born at Pittston, Me., April 28, 1824. He was deprived of his father and mother in his childhood, and at the age of five years he was placed in the family of Rufus Allen, of Fannington, Me., which became his home until seventeen years of age. Being thrown entirely upon his own resources he had a sharp struggle in the school of adversity; and yet, overcoming all obstacles, he completed courses of study in the academies at Yarmouth and Farmington, Me., and fitted himself for the Sophomore class in Bowdoin College. In 1845 he began the study of medicine with Dr. W. H. Allen, of Orono, Penobscot Co. lie attended lectures at the Medical Department of Harvard University, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and the Bledical Department of the University of New York, from which he received his diploma Mai-ch 8, 1850. Dr. Alexander began the practice of his profession at Orono, where he remained eight years. He entered the army as surgeon of. the 16th Regiment Maine Volunteers, and remained in the service until the close of the war. At Gettysburg he was wounded and taken prisoner. He was twice promoted for distinguished services. In Septenilier. 1866, he removed from his native State to Wisconsin, and settled at Eau Claire, which has since been his home. lie has an extensive practice. For many years he has been a member of the Baptist Church. He is the senior deacon in the Baptist church of Eau Claire, and superintendent of the Sunday-school. He is a popular lecturer on geology and chemistry, of which sciences he has a thorough knowledge. He is often heard with great favor on the subject of temperance, always bring- ing to its treatment his knowledge of its relation to science. Alexander, Rev. Lewis D., was born in Wilkes Co., N. C, Sept. 17, 1799. He emigrated with his parents to Scott Co., Ky., in 1803 ; was converted and baptized into the fellowship of Stamping- Ground chui-ch by James Suggett in 1823. After exercising profitably his gift as an exhorter two or three years, he settled in Owen Co., Ky., in 1835 ; was ordained at New Liberty church in March, 1836, and became its pastor in' 1838. His preach- ing gifts were extraordinary, and no minister in Concord Association, of which he was a member, ever exercised a stronger or more beneficial influ- ence. He baptized about 2000 persons, and was moderator of Concord Association twenty-two years. He died Dec. 20, 1862. Allison, Rev. Burgiss, D.D., was born in Bordentown, N. J., Aug. 17, 1753. He was con- verted young, and became a member of the Upper Freehold church, in his native State. From six- teen j'ears of age he had a strong desire to preach the gospel, and he carried out this call of God in Bordentown for several years on Sunday evenings. He studied for the n)inistry under Dr. Samuel Jones, of Lower Dublin, Pa., and in Rhode Island College. He was ordained pastor of the church of Bordentown, over which he presided for many AMBROSE years, and in which he always cherished a fatherly interest. Dr. Allison possessed an intellect of a high order, and a culture seldom enjoyed in his day. Senator Horatio Gates Jones says, " He occupied a high position among the most scientific men of his day ; he was devoted to such pursuits and to philosophical inquiries ; he became deeply inter- ested in the proposed propulsion of boats by steam." The celebrated Morgan Edwards says of him, " He is as remarkable a mechanic as he is an artist and philosopher ; the lathe, the plane, the hammer, the chisel, the graver, etc., have displayed his skill in the use of tools. His accomplishments have made him a member of our [the American] Philosophical Society." Dr. Allison was acquainted with the French, Spanish, and Portuguese, as well as with the dead languages. He was skilled in music, drawing, and painting, and in praying, preaching Jesus, and walking humbly with his God. He was a chaplain to Congress for a time, and afterwards at the navy-yard in Washington, where he died Feb. 20, 1827. Almira College. — This excellent school, merely founded with a view to the promotion of both edu- cation and general culture in Southern Illinois, was the result of a visit made to Greenville, 111., in 1854, by Prof. John B. White, then of Wake Forest College, in North Carolina. It was founded as a college for young ladies. The gift of $6000 towards its endowment by Mrs. Morse, wife of Prof. Morse, an old friend and college associate of Prof. White, and visiting in Greenville, led to the naming of the college for this generous lady. Hence its name, — Almira College. The citizens of Greenville and Bond County entered with much zeal into the enterprise, and a handsome and com- modious building was soon erected upon a beauti- ful site near the town. The cost of the building was $20,000. It is three stories in height, 146 feet long and 46 wide. Prof. White was made presi- dent of the new college, and has remained so during its entire history, with the exception of an interval spent as chaplain in the army during the war. Like all Western schools, Almira College has had to contend with many financial embarrassments, but has during its entire history maintained a very high rank as a school of instruction for young women. Alston, E.ev. John, was born a slave in the State of South Carolina, and was emancipated by the results of the late war after his removal to Florida. He resides at Fernandina, where he has built up a large, well -disciplined church, over which he presides as a much-respected bishop. The church has several mission stations, which are under his special supervision, and they have built and nearly finished a large and beautiful house of worship in the Gothic style. The work has been done under the pastor's direction, and some of it by his own hands. Mr. Alston went to New York and solicited aid to build the house. For some time he was assisted by the Home Mission Society while the church was weak. He is a prominent man in his Association and in the State. As a speaker he is dignified and calm, and he uses very good language. He reads much, and his memory is retentive. Mr. Alston is a thorough and an intelligent Baptist, and is remarkably well informed in the " faith and order" of his denomination. He is quick to discern any innovations among his colored breth- ren, to whom his counsels are of great value. Ambler, Rev. I. V., was born in Saratoga Co., N. Y., in 1814. He graduated at Madison Uni- versity ; was oi'dained pastor of the Baptist church of Lanesborough, Mass., in wliich he labored for eight years during his first settlement, and to which he returned after a two years' absence for a second period of nine years. After serving the American and Foreign Bible Society and the American Bap- tist Home Mission Society as "agent," he became district secretary of the American Baptist Mis- sionary Union for Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and the District of Columbia. He dis- charged the duties of this laborious oflice with great fidelity, wisdom, and courtesy for eleven years, knitting the hearts of the pastors and church mem- bers to himself to an extent never surpassed, and seldom equaled, by the brethren who hold such difficult positions. The writer became acquainted with Mr. Ambler twenty-four years before his death, was never under any obligation to him, knew him intimately, and was constrained to re- gard him as one of the best Christian men and most efficient secretaries he has ever known. He had accepted a call to the church at Media, Pa., and was in Pittsfield, Mass., preparing for removal to his new field, when he was called to the skies. He was sixty-four years of age. His death occa- sioned wide-spreatl grief. Ambrose, Rev. J. E., one of the pioneer Bap- tist ministers of Illinois, M-as born in Sutton, N. H., July 5, 1810, and born again at Rochester, N. Y., in 1826, and baptized there in May of that year into the fellowship of the First Baptist church. By that church he was licensed to preach at twenty years of age. In 1834, under appointment of the Home Mission Society, he removed to Illinois, and began labor in the northern part of that State. He was the first pastor of the churches of Hadley, Plainfield, Batavia, and St. Charles. In 1838 he was called to Elgin ; and in all these places he was a laborious and successful missionary. In 1838 he became connected with the Northwestern Baptist, AMERICAN 25 ANABAPTISTS a semi-monthly, and subsequently with the Western Christian, published at Elgin, issuing the latter paper, as its publisher, some five years. This was the beginning of journalism in Northern Illinois. Mr. Ambrose has been a resident of Illinois nearly forty years. His home is now in California. American and Foreign Bible Society.— This society was organized in 1837 with Rev. Dr. Spencer H. Cone, President ; Charles G. Sommers, Corre- sponding Secretary; William Colgate, Treasurer; John West, Recording Secretary ; and with thirty- one Vice-Presidents. The occasion of its organi- zation was the refusal of the American Bible So- ciety to appropriate funds for the printing and circubition of the translations made by the Baptist missionaries in India, in which the words relating to Ijaptism were rendered by those equivalent to immersion. Its first annual meeting was held in Oliver Street Baptist church. There were delegates from fifteen States, and much enthusiasm prevailed. Tlie treasurer reported contributions amounting to $38,714.14. Ninety-eight auxiliaries were added to it during the year. In its first report it recorded the names of 92 life-directors and 420 life-members, the former obtained by the payment of $100, the latter by $30 each. Appropriations were made to aid in printing and circulating the Scriptures in various languages and dialects of the East. The. society made rapid progress, as with few exceptions all the Baptists of America united in its support. At the annual meeting in May, 1850, a majority of tlie Board of Managers recommended the society to engage in the revision of the English Scriptures. The recommendation of the Board was rejected, and the action resulted in tlie organization of tlie American Bible Union, and the withdrawal of many of the supporters of the society. Up to this time it had received and disbursed upwards of $411,000. In 1852 the project of building a Bible House in Nassau Street, New York, was started by friends of the society, and in 1858 the work was accom- plislied, and a large marble building was presented to the society, for which $80,000 had been paid. A considerable indel)tedness remained, but it was ex- pected that the rents for rooms not needed by the society would speedily extinguish it. The expecta- tion was not realized, and eventually the Bible House passed into other hands. The entire amount of money raised by the so- ciety and disbursed for the distril)ution of the Scriptures in home and foreign countries up to the date of this writing is $1,294,898.27. Amsbury, Deacon Jabez, son of Mowry and Betsey Whipple (Clark) Amsbury. was born Oct. 13, 1825, in Newton, Mass. He removed to Killingly, Conn., in 1826. He was educated at Wesleyan and Leicester Academies, Mass. In 1842 he moved to Norwich, Conn., and in February, 1846, was con- verted and baptized into the fellowship of the Cen- tral Baptist church, under the ministry of Rev. M. G. Clark. In 1852 he became teller in Quinebaug Bank. In 1855 he was chosen cashier of Danbury Bank, and removed to that place, where he still (1880) fills tlie office. He was superintendent of a Sunday-school in Norwich three years, and of that of the Second Baptist church in Danbury in 1854- 55, and from 1870 to the present time ; trustee of the Second Baptist Society for fifteen years ; deacon since 18G2 ; one of the principal oflttcers of the borough of Danbury since 1862 ; been constantly in Sunday-school work since 1845 ; for past eleven years deputy collector of United States Internal Revenue; clerk of board of education of Danbury, and chairman of Centre District. A pure, earnest, energetic, executive man. ANABAPTISTS. The name " Anabaptist" was originally a re- proachful epitiiet applied to those Christians in the time of the Reformation who, from rigid ad- herence to the Scriptures as the infallible and all- sufficient standard of faith and practice, and from the evident incompatibility of infant baptism with regenerate church membership, rejected infant bap- tism and inaugurated churches of their own on the basis of believers' baptism. While reproached by their enemies with rehaptizing those that had been already baptized in the established churches, they maintained that the baptism of believers, such as was administered by themselves, was the only Christian baptism, the baptism of infants being unworthy of the name. Anabaptists, The German and Swiss.— The Anabaptist Reformation was nothing more than a consistent carrying out of the principles at first laid down by the Reformers, Luther and Zwingle, who both proposed, at the outset, to make the Bible the only standard of faith and practice. Many men of great religious eai-nestness, filled with this idea, could not bear to see the godly and the un- godly living together in the church, the latter as well as the former partaking of the Lord's Supper. The necessity of a separation of Christians from the ungodly was, therefore, the most fundamental thing with the Anabaptists of the sixteenth century, as it is with Baptists to-day. If only the regenerate are to be members of this body, it follows, neces- sarily, that those liaptized in unconscious infancy, or later in life without fiiith, are not truly baptized. They understood the Scripture to make faith a pre- requisite to baptism; and they found in Scripture no precept nor example for infant baptism. They rejected infant baptism as a matter of course and baptized anew all that came to them. Hence the name of reproach — " Anabaptist.'' Luther was as ANABAPTISTS 26 ANABAPTISTS uncompromising as Baptists in making personal faith prerequisite to valid baptism. He reproached the Waldenses for baptizing infants, and yet deny- ing that such infants have faith, thus taking the name of the Lord in vain. Not baptism, Luther held, but personal faith, justifies. If the infant has not personal faith, parents lie when they say for it "I believe." But Luther maintained that through the prayers of the church the infant does have faith, and he defied his adversaries to prove the contrary. This was more than the average man could believe. Hence he would be likely to accept the principle and to reject the application. Luther attached great importance to baptism : Zwingle very little. Hubmaier and Grebel both asserted that, in private conversation with them, Zwingle had expressed himself against infant baptism. His earlier writings show that for a time he doubted the scripturalness of infant baptism, and preferred to postpone baptism until the subject "should be able to profess his faith. We have indisputable evidence that almost every other leader in the Reformation, Melancthon, CEcolampadius, Capito, etc., had a struggle over the question of baptism. It seems equally certain that they were deterred from rejecting infant baptism by the manifest con- sequences of the Baptist position. It appeared to thein impossible that any movement should succeed which should lose the support of the civil powers, and should withdraw the true Christians from the mass of the people. Endless divisions, the triumph of the papists, and the entire overthrow of the Refonnation, seemed to them inevitable. Hence their defense of infant baptism, and their zeal in the suppression of the Anabaptists. Those that rejected infant baptism believed that Zwingle thought as they did, but held back from unworthy motives. We may divide the Anabaptists into three classes : (1) The fanatical Anabaptists. (2) The Baptist Anabaptists. (3) The mystical Anabap- tists. Great injustice has been done to many that fall under the name Anabaptist by failing to make this distinction. Was a certain party fanatical ? Tlie stigma is attached to all. Were a few mystics Anabaptists? All classes are blamed for it. Anabaptists, The Fanatical.— These were for the most part a result of Luther's earlier writings. It is remarkable that fanatical developments oc- curred in connection with Luthei-anism, and not in connection with Zwinglianism. Thomas M'dnzer and the Zwickau Prophets. — Thomas M'dnzer was never really an Anabaptist. Though he i-ejected infant baptism in theory, he held to it in practice, and never submitted to re- baptism himself nor rebaptized others. Yet he is usually regarded as the forerunner of the move- ment, and he certainly was influential in that di- rection. Having studied previously at Halle, he came to Wittenberg, where he caine under Luther's influence, and where he received his Doctor's de- gree. Like Luther, Miinzer was a great reader of the German Mystics, and when Lutiier came for- ward as a Reformer, Miinzer became one of his most decided and faithful supporters. On Luther's recommendation he came to Zwickau in 1520 as parish priest. Here he entered into controversy with the Erasmic rationalistic Egranus. The com- mon people, especially the weavers, took sides with Miinzer. Chief among these was Nicholas Storch, a Silesian, probably a Waldensian. Miinzer was naturally inclined to fanaticism, and this contro- versy, together with the zealous support he received from the common people, did much to bring it out. He regarded Luther's movemept as a half-way affair, and demanded the establishment of a pure church. He denounced Luther as an incapable man, who allowed the people to continue in their old sins, taught them the uselessness of works, and preached a dead faith more contradictory to the gospel than the teachings of the papists. While he held to the inspiration of the Scriptures, Miin- zer maintained that the letter of Scripture is of no value without the enlightenment of the Spirit, and that to believers God communicates truth directly alike in connection with and apart from the Scrip- tures. The excitement among the common people became intense, and Storch and others began to prophesy, to demand the abolition of all papal forms, and objects, and to speak against infant baptism. Miinzer had gone to Bohemia to preach in 1521. Here he published an enthusiastic address to the people in German, Bohemian, and Latin, de- nouncing the priests, and declaring that a new era was at hand, and that if the people should not ac- cept the gospel they would fall a prey to the Turks. Meanwhile, Storch' s party attempted, to carry out their ideas by force, and proclaimed that they had a mission to establish the kingdom of Christ on earth. They were suppressed by the authorities, and some of them tlirown into prison ; but Storch, Stubner, and Cellarius escaped and fled to Witten- berg. Stubner, a former student of the university, was entertained by Melancthon, who for a time was profoundly impressed by the prophets. Carl- stadt especially was brought under their influence. Storch traveled widely in Germany and Silesia, disseminating his views mostly among the peasants. He seems to have been a man of deep piety, great knowledge of Scripture, and uncommon zeal and activity in propagating his views. In Silesia, he is said to have labored for some time in connection with Lutheranism, which had just been planted there, withholding his peculiar views until he had gained a suflBcient influence to preach them effect- ively. Then he brought large numbers to his views. Here also the attempt to " set up the king- ANABAPTISTS 27 ANABAPTISTS dom of God on earth" was accompanied with tu- mult, and Storch was driven from Glogau. Driven from place to place, he established Anabaptist com- munities in various places, in the villages, and among the peasants. From Silesia Storch went to Bavaria, where he fell sick and died. But he left behind him many disciples, and two strong men who became leaders: Jacob Hutter and Gabriel Scherding, From Silesia and Bavaria many Ana- baptists fled into Moravia and Poland, where they became very numerous, and although they were afterwards persecuted severely they continued to exist for a long time. The followers of Storch practiced in many instances community of goods, and under persecution manifested some fanaticism. But we do Storch some injustice in classing him among the fanatics. Inasmuch, however, as he was closely connected with Miinzer at the begin- ning, and inasmuch as our information about him is not definite, we class him here with the expression of a probability that he repudiated much of Mlin- zer's proceedings, and was in most respects a true preacher of the gospel. In 1523, Miinzer became pastor at Alstedt. Here he married a nun, set aside the Latin Liturgy and prepared a German one. In this he retained infant baptism. About the beginning of 1524 he published two tracts against Luther's doctrines with regard to faith and . baptism. He had become convinced of the un- scripturalness of infant baptism, yet continued to administer it, telling the people that true baptism was baptism of the Spii-it. Mlinzer's ministry in Alstedt was brought to a close by the iconoclastic zeal of his followers. His preaching all along was of a democratical tendency, for he longed to see all men free and in the enjoyment of their rights. During this year he went to Switzerland, where he attempted to persuade Qicolampadius and others of the right of the people to revolt against op- pression. Here also he probably met the men who soon became leaders of the Swiss Anabaptists : GrebeljManz, Hiibmaier, etc. His main olyect in this tour seems to have been to secure co-operation in the impending struggle for liberty. Returning to Muhlhausen he became chief pastor and member of the Council. The whole region was soon under his influence. Luther visited the pi-incipal towns and attempted to dissuade the people from revolu- tion. He also attempted to induce the rulers to accord to the peasants their rights. But in neither respect did he succeed. When the peasants re- volted, Luther, although he knew that they had cause for dissatisfaction, turned against them and counseled the most unmerciful proceedings. Miin- zer showed no military capacity. The peasants had no military discipline, and were deceived by Miin- zer into reliance upon miraculous divine assistance. The result was that they were massacred in large numbers. Miinzer was taken prisoner and after- wards beheaded. Melchior Hoffman, born in Sweden, accepted Lu- ther's doctrine about 1523, preached with great zeal in Denmark and Sweden, laboring with his hands for his support. In the same year he came under the influence of Storch and Miinzer. Like these, he believed that the last day was at hand, and with great earnestness warned men to turn from their sins. His interpretation of Scripture, especially the prophetical parts, which he freely applied to his own time, and his constant efi'ort to arouse men to flee from the wrath to come, led to his being hunted from place to place by Lutherans as well as by papists. In 1526, King Frederick of Denmai-k came to his aid and gave him a comfortable stipend and freedom to preach the gospel throughout Holstein. Here Hoffman remained about two years, and might have remained longer had he not declared in favor of the Carlstadt-Zwinglian view of the Lord's Supper. This led to controversy, which caused his expulsion and the confiscation of his goods. In company with Caidstadt he took refuge in Switzer- land, and in 1529 went to Strassburg. Here he was joyfully received by the Zwinglians, but his preaching soon disgusted them, the difficulty here, as elsewhere, being that he claimed a special in- spiration of God to interpret Scripture, and did this in a manner that tended to produce an unwhole- some popular excitement. Hofi"man now came to see that there was a wide breach between him and the other evangelical preachers. Their apprehen- sion of Scripture, he thought, was an appreliension of the letter, his, of the spirit. Their religion was of the understanding, his, of the heart. Their re- ligion admitted of pride and pomp, his, only of humility. The Anabaptists had by this time be- come numerous in Southern Germany. AVhen Hoffman came to know them it is not strange that he should have been led to unite with them. In 1530 he declared his acceptance of their views on baptism, justification, free-will, church discipline, etc. ; and as most of the Anabaptist leaders had either suffered martyrdom or died of the pest, Hofi"man became a leader among them, and led many to his own fanatical and false views. Un- der Hofi"man's influence the opinions of the Ana- baptists, which had been in great part sound and biblical, underwent many changes. Hoffman be- lieved that Christ did not receive his body from the virgin. This view was perpetuated by the Mennonites (a sort of Manichean view). His Mil- lenarian views also became common among the Anabaptists. Through him the Anabaptist move- ment spread over all the Netherlands, and he came to be regarded as a great prophet. At Embden, in Friesland, the Anabaptists became so strong that ANABAPTISTS 28 ANABAPTISTS they were able to baptize openly in the churches and on the streets. The most influential leader in the Netherlands (after Hoffman) was Matthiesen. In 1532 Hoffman was thrown into prison in Strass- burg. Here he became more and more fanatical. Several men and women began to have visions and to interpret them with reference to current events. Hoffman they called Elias ; Schwenkfeldt was Enoch, etc. The enthusiasm spread, and the Ana- baptist movement made rapid conquests. Per- secution was probably the cause, and certainly a means of promoting the fanaticism. Hoffman died in prison, Januai-y, 1543, after more than ten years' confinement. The Mllnster Uproar. — The episode in the history of the Reformation that did most to make the Ana- baptists abominable in the eyes of the world, and from the effects of which Baptists long suffered in England and America, and even now suffer in Ger- many, was the Miinster kingdom. Doubtless the preaching of Hoffman, and still more that of his fol- lowers, had something to do with this event. Yet the idea that this preaching constitutes the chief factor is utterly unfounded. In 1524-25, Miinster shared in the communistic movement (Peasants' War), but the magistrates and clergy had been strong enough to crush out the communism and Lutheranism together. After this the Reformation gained scarcely any visible ground there until 1529. About this time, Bernard Rothmann, an educated and eloquent young man, as chaplain in the colle- giate church at St. Mauritz, near Miinster, began to preach Protestant sermons. Despite the deter- mined opposition of magistrates and clergy, the Miinster people forsook the parish churches and flocked to St. Mauritz. In 1533 the Protestants obtained in Miinster the right to the free exercise of their religion, and six parish churches came into their hands. Soon they obtained the supremacy in the Council, and began to carry out their princi- ples of reform. The bishop and Romish clergy were driven away, and an army was equipped for the protection of Lutheranism. Thousands of in- surrectionary spirits assembled from the surround- ing regions, and among them many of the Hoff- manite Anabaptists. It was natural that, when these latter saw the papal party crushed, they should have supposed that the kingdom of Christ was about to be set up at Miinster. In 1532, Rothmann, the recognized leader of the Lutheran party at Miinster, became an Anabaptist. As a Lutheran, Rothmann is said to have been disso- lute. When he liecame an Anabaptist he adopted an almost ascetical mode of life. He exhorted the y)eople to the practice of charity and humility, and warned them against yielding to the senses and passions. He also declared that the millennium had come, and that the end of the world would come a thousand years later. The Anabaptists gained the ascendancy just as the Luthei-ans had done before them. Once in full power, their fa- naticism increased until a king was set up, polyg- amy was introduced in accordance with pretended revelations of the Spirit, and many other abomina- tions were practiced. After a few months the Miinster kingdom was overthrown and the leaders executed. This affair has commonly been looked upon as a natural culmination of Anabaptism. The fact is, that Lutheranism was responsible for it far more than Anabaptism, and that the rigor with which evangelical Christianity was suppressed in Munster until 1531 was the most potent cause of all. It may be remarked that while none of the Ana- baptists were free from what we regard as errors, the great body of the Swiss Anabaptists made a vei-y close approach to our position ; and if we take into consideration the circumstances under which they were placed, we shall not be inclined to judge them harshly in the things wherein they seem to have gone astray. Fundamentally they were Baptists, but it required time for tiieui to reach a complete development. RiJubli, when ex- pelled from Basle, came to Wyticon, near Zlirich, and under his influence the parishioners almost all refused to have their children baptized, as early as 1524. Rciubli did not yet insist on rebaptism, Inu simply set forth the unscripturalness of infant baptism. In 1524, Grebel, Manz, and others l)e- gan to manifest their dissatisfaction with the state of ecclesiastical affairs at Zurich. They pressed upon Zwingle the necessity of a further reforma- tion of the churches, and reproved him for tardi- ness and coldness in the matter. Zwingle urged that the unregenerate had been retained in the churches, on the ground that " he that is not against us is for us ;" and that in the parable it is commanded to let the tares grow with the wheat. They objected also to the dependence of religion on the civil magistracy. They were answered that the magistracy, while not free from human ele- ments, was not merely not opposed to the AYord of God, but gave protection to the preaching of the same. They soon began to accuse Zwingle of sac- rificing willfully the truth in order to maintain the favor of the civil rulers. They now began to ab- sent themselves from the churches, to h(dd secret meetings, in which they discussed freely the de- sirableness of setting up pure churches. During this year the writings of Carlstadt and Munzer became known to them, and they instituted a cor- respondence with these men. How far the Zlirich Anabaptists were influenced by Mlinzer it is not possible to ascertain. It is certain that they read hi? writings against Luther and admired them, be- fore September, 1524. It is equally certain that A XA BAPTISTS AXABAPTISTS they were not first led to their views of thorou<;h reform by these writings, but were only strength- ened and encouraged thereby in their already pro- gressing work. The letter of Grebel, Manz. and others to Mlinzor, Sept. 5, 1524, shows that they had already advanced far beyond Miinzer in their true views of reform, and that they felt tliemselves competent to pronounce judgment upon Mlinzers inconsistencies and upon his revolutionary utter- ances. They expostulate with him for having trans- lated the mass instead of abolishing it. They claim that there is no precept or example in the Xew Testament for the chanting of church services. Tiiey insist tliat what is not expressly taught by word or example is the same as if it were forbid- den. No ceremonies are allowable in connection with the Lord's Supper, except tlie reading of the Scriptures bearing upon this ordinance. Common bread and common wine, without any idolatrous ceremonies, are to be employed in the Supper. The ordinance is declared to be an act of communion, expressive of the fact that communicants are truly one body. Inasmuch as the ordinance is a com- munion, no one is to partake of it alone on a sick- bed. It should not be celebrated in temples, on account of superstitious associations. It should be celebrated frequently. They exhort Miinzer to abandon all non-scriptural usages, insisting that it is better that a few should believe and act in ac- cordance with the Word of God than that many should believe in a doctrine mingled with false- hood. They are pleased with his theoretical rejec- tion of infant baptism, but grieved that he should continue to practice what he has shown to be un- warranted. Moreover, they have 'heard that he has been preaching against the magistracy, and maintaining the right of Christians to resist abuses with the sword. They set forth their conviction that neither are we to protect tiie gospel nor our- selves with the sword. Thus the Swiss Anabap- tists were from the outset free from fanaticism, and they appear even in 1524 not as disciples, but as teachers of Miinzer. The opposition to the estab- lished church had by this time become so formid- able, that the Council appointed a public disputa- tion for Jan. 17, 1525; but there was no intention on the part of the Council or of Zwingle to decide tlie matter fairly in accordance with the weight of the arguments, and the decision of the Council was, tlierefore, against the Anabaptists : and a mandate was at once issued requiring the baptism within eight days of every unbaptized child, on pain of the banishment of the responsible parties. This action was soon followed by a prohibition of the assemblies of the radicals. Grebel and Manz were exhorted to leave oflf their disputing against infmt baptism and in favor of regenerate church meml)er- ship. In order to insure quiet, Roubli, Hatzer, and otliers, foreigners, were warned to leave the canton within eight days. This only led to greater boldness on the part of the Anabaptists, and soon George Blaurock, having first been baptized by Grefjel, baptized a number of others. From this time the cause of the Anabaptists, notwithstanding the severe persecution to which they were sub- jected, made rapid progress. The breaking out of the Peasants' War in 1525 tended to increase the apprehensions of the Swiss authorities, and tlie rigor towards Anabaptists now became greater. Many, both men and women, were thrown into prison, and released only on the payment of heavy fines and the promise to desist from their heresy, or, in some cases, to leave the canton. Tiie pen- alty of returning from banishment was drowning. Grebel, Manz, Hlibmaier, and Blaurock were im- prisoned and banished. Manz was finally drowned. Though continually harassed, these noble witnesses for Christ were very active, traveling from place to place, preaching at night in private houses to the people, who were anxious to hear. Some preachers liaptized hundreds, if not thousands, of persons. From Zlirich they spread throughout Switzerland, Southern Germany, the Netherlands, Moravia, etc. Doctrines of the Swiss Anabaptists. — Although most of the leaders held some views peculiar to themselves, they may be said to have been agreed on the following points, as exhibited in the Con- fession of 1527, which also forms the basis of Zwingle's "Refutation" of 1527. (1) Baptism of believers. (The form of baptism never came up for discussion, and was, in some instances, immer- sion, but in most instances afi"usion.) (2) Dis- cipline and exclusion of unworthj' members. (3) Communion of baptized believers. (4) Separation from the impure churches and the world. This involved a refusal to have any social intercourse with evil-doers, to attend ciiurch services with un- believers and those in error, to enter into marriage relations with them. etc. This, absolute separatism gave them as much trouble, perhaps, as any other single ■doctrine. (5) They condemned the support of pastors by taxation of the people. The pastors, when they required support, were rather to be sup- ported by voluntary offerings of the members. (6) As to magistracy, they maintained that true Chris- tians, as being entirely subject to the laws of Christ, have no need of magistracy. Yet they did not deny that magistracy is necessary in the ungodly world ; neither did they refuse obedience to magistracy in whatever did not come athwart their religious con- victions. (7) They rejected oaths on the ground of Christ's command. " Swear not at all." They distinguished, however, between swearing as a promise with an oath to do or be something in the future, and testifying with regard to things past or present. The latter they did not condemn. Some ANABAPTISTS 30 ANDERSON of these Anabaptists held, in addition to these views, to community of goods, on the ground of the example of the Apostolic Church. But most of them insisted only on great liberality in reliev- ing the wants of their needy brethren. The Mystical and Speculative Anabaptists. — Here may be classed a large number of able and "learned men, some who allied themselves with the Anabaptists and were active in evangelical work, as Denk and Haetzer ; others who contented them- selves with the theoretical rejection of infant bap- tism, but who either cared so little for ordinances in general as to be unwilling to make rejection of infant baptism a prominent feature of their creed, as Schwenkfeldt, Sebastian, Frank, etc., or else were so occupied with graver doctrinal contro- versies that their Anabaptist views attracted com- paratively little attention, as Michael Servetus, Faustus Socinus, etc. Almost all the Antitrini- tarians were rejecters of infant baptism, and several who diverged very widely from accepted views with regard to the person of Christ were especially noted as Anabaptists. With many the unspeakable love and mercy of God came to be a favorite theme. Such being the case, the propitiatory character of Christ's death came to be viewed by some as un- necessary and contrary to God's character. There being thus no need of an infinite sacrifice, many came to deny the absolute eternity of the Son and his absolute equality with the Father. On the other hand, it was perfectly natural that those who went so far as to call in question the great doctrinal for- mulae should call in question such practices as in- fant baptism, for which there is no New Testament authority whatever. We are to make a clear dis- tinction between men who were led into error by excessive Mysticism, as Denk, Haetzer, etc., and those who were professed rationalists, as Laelius and Faustus Socinus. (See Denk and Haetzer.) Anabaptists, The Dutch.— We give separate consideration to the early Dutch Anabaptists, on account of their relation to the Mennonites, who still constitute an important party. We shall have space only for the following remai-ks. 1. A con- siderable number of moderate Swiss Anabaptists when persecuted at home took refuge in the Neth- erlands and made many converts before the time of Hoffman and Matthiesen. 2. Most of these were absorbed by the much more vigorous movement in which Hoffman's influence preponderated (1529- 34). 3. A small number of Dutch Anabaptists maintained their moderation even in the time of the Miinster uproar. 4. A still larger number were restored to their senses after the suppression of the Miinster kingdom. 5. Menno Simon, a Ro- man Catholic priest, was led through a profound religious experience, gradually and almost inde- pendently of Anabaptist influence, to the rejection of infant baptism and the restoration of believer's baptism. After the Miinster uproar, the better element of the Anabaptists in the Netherlands re- pudiated all connection with the Miinster men ; and with Menno Simon as their leader (1536 onward), soon became an exceedingly strong party. They suffered persecution under the Inquisition, and thousands died at the stake, but they finally se- cured toleration, and have maintained themselves to the present day. Their doctrines are, in the main, the same as those held by earlier Anabap- tists. They reject infant baptism, oaths, magis- tracy, the sword, marriage with unbelievers, com- munion with the unregenerate. They adopted Hoffman's view as to Christ's body. Anderson, Christopher, was born in Edin- burgh in 1782. In the midst of youthful gayety and worldliness, he was attracted to the Circus chapel by the preaching of the celebrated Haldane brothers, then at the zenith of their remarkably useful career. The earnest appeals of James Hal- dane were the means of his conversion, and he joined the church at the Circus in 1799. This church was then a Pedobaptist body. The .visit of some English Baptist students to the university led to a change in his opinions respecting baptism, and on being baptized he was summarily excom- municated from the Circus. In conjunction with his English student friends and others he endeav- ored to establish a Baptist church, and took a lead- ing part in conducting the meetings, of the little assembly. Andrew Fuller's first missionary tour in Scotland in 1799, and his subsequent visit in 1802, awakened in young Anderson a fervent in- terest in missions to the heathen. He sought an interview with Mr. Fuller, and was encouraged to offer himself for the Indian work. In 1805 he pro- ceeded to the seminary at Olney, presided over by the revered Joseph Sutclifif, where missionary can- didates attended a preparatory course of study. Anderson's constitution proving unfitted for the tropics, he was transferred to Bristol College, but his academical course was brief. His acceptable preaching procured him pressing invitations to settle as pastor in England, and the church at Prescott Street, London, which had lately lost its venerable and eminen.t pastor, Abraham Booth, urged him repeatedly to accept its charge. But his heart was set on raising a church in his native city. The Scotch Baptist churches of that period were not organized after his mind, and he thought them deficient in evangelistic zeal. He commenced labor in Edinburgh in 1806. After the erection of the spacious and handsome edifice known as Char- lotte chapel, his ministry was well attended and the membership considerably increased. By his exer- tions the "Itinerant Society" was formed, now merged into the " Scottish Baptist Home Mission- ANDERSON 31 ANDERSON ary Society," and also the Edinburgh branch of the British and Foreign Biljle Society. Whilst abundant in home missionary labor, he never lost his first love for the foreign work which Andrew Fuller's preaching had inspired. Fuller, indeed, designated him as his successor in the secretary- ship of the Baptist Missionary Society. Notwith- standing the pressure of his pulpit and philan- thropic labors, he found time for a literary work involving great research and study. His zeal for the circulation of the Scriptures in the vernacular had kindled in him an enthusiastic admiration of the history of the English version, and some in- vestigations which he prosecuted on the occasion of its third centenary celebration in 1835 led him to devote his energies to a. work in which the "Annals of the English Bible" should be accu- rately and completely set forth. The results of his persevering toil appeared in two volumes, 8vo, 1845, under the above title. This work possesses the cai'dinal excellencies such a book should have. It is accurate and trustworthy in statement of facts, and casts light on many obscure and misunder- stood matters. The noble character and services of Tyndale, Frith, and others are vividly presented, with the record of the singular providential circum- stances of the origin and circulation of the English Biljle. Some years before the preparation of the Annals he wrote a volume on " The Domestic Con- stitution, or the Family Circle the Source and Test of National Stability," which had a wide circula- tion, not only in Great Britain but also in this country. Several editions of it were published at Boston, New York, and elsewhere. In 1847 he re- vised and improved the book, and issued a new edi- tion, with a preface which expressed forcibly the author's solicitude for the cause of civil and relig- ious liberty, as exposed on the one hand to the machinations of the Romish priesthood, and on the other to the godless fervors of socialism. With this publication his literary labors ended, and retire- ment from public life became obviously necessary. On the 18th of February, 1852, he peacefully fell asleep in Jesus, aged seventy years. His numer- ous public labors secured him the respect of a wide circle of the worthiest of his countrymen as well as of his own denomination. His " Life and Letters," by his nephew, Hugh Anderson, is a valuable biogra- phy, especially rich in interesting correspondence. Anderson, Rev. David, was born in Nelson Co., Ky., in 1806. He was converted and baptized at the age of twenty-seven years. He was ordained in 1850. He labored in Northwest Missouri for twenty years. At his death he was pastor of the Missouri City church. He was sound in doctrine and exemplary in life. Anderson, Rev. Galusha, D.D., president of the University of Chicago, was born in Bergen, Genesee Co., N. Y., March 7, 1832. His father, though born in this country, is of pure Scottish de- scent, and was reared in the strict forms of the Scotch Presbyterians. In his own family govern- ment he was always kind, but very firm. In all weathers the whole family were required to attend church. Morning and evening prayer was never REV. GALUSHA ANDERSON, D.D. omitted. In this thoroughly religious method of family life his wife sustained him, while the children, as they advanced in years, fully realized the advantages of early fidelity to principle and to law. Dr. Anderson's father and mother are at this date (1880) both living, the former at the age of eighty, the latter of seventy-six. Until the age of seventeen Galusha was engaged upon his father's farm, with such intervals of study as the district school of the place allowed. At that time he was determined to be a lawyer, made po- litical speeches and delivered temperance lectures to cows and trees on the farm ; being in politics a warm partisan of Henry Clay and a protective tariff on the one hand, and a staunch advocate of total abstinence on the other. He was also an active participant in the exercises of a debating society at the district school-house, reciting pieces at exhibitions given by the society, when every- body in the neighborhood came to hear. At thirteen years of age he Avas converted, and was baptized by Rev. Martin Coleman in the town of Sweden, Monroe Co., N. Y., in the spring of 1844. At seventeen, after a severe struggle, he yielded to convictions of duty upon the subject of becoming a minister, and entered Alfred Academy, ANDERSON 32 ANDERSON in Alleghany County, to prepare for college. In 1851 he entered the Sophomore class of the Uni- versity of Rochester. His course at the university was an unusually successful one. He took the prize in Sophomore debate, the first prize in Sopho- more declamation, had the place of honor at the Junior exhibition, and on behalf of the students of the university delivered the address to Dr. A. C. Kendrick upon his return from Greece. It may be also mentioned in this connection that Dr. An- derson was the first Rochester alumnus to receive the degree of Doctor of Divinity from that univer- sity. Graduating in 1854, he entered the Theo- logical Seminary, and from it graduated in 1856. In the autumn of that year he was ordained as pastor of the Baptist church in Janesville, Wis. At Janesville Dr. Anderson remained two years, a pastorate which lie regards as the most successful Avork of his life. At the earnest solicitation of brethren both in St. Louis and in the East, he ac- cepted, in the fall of 1858, the pastorate of the Second Baptist church in St. Louis. Here he re- mained until 1866, holding his post during all the agitations of the war, and keeping his church strongly loyal. In St. Louis he organized a society for church extension, through whose means three churches vs'ere helped into a self-supporting condi- tion. In the autumn of 1866 he was called to the chair of Homiletics, Church Polity, and Pastoral Duties in the Newton Theological Institution. Here he remained seven years, but was drawn back to the pastorate by his love for that work in 1873, at the Strong Place church, Brooklyn, and in June, 1876, at the Second Baptist church, Chi- cago. In February, 1878, he was elected president of the University of Chicago, and, resigning iiis pastorate, entered at once upon the duties of that office. The university at this time stood in need of the qualities of character, intellect, and moral force which Dr. Anderson brought to its service. The good effect of his firm, intelligent, manly course began at once to appear. New friends rallied to the support of the institution, old friends took heart anew, and as we now write there are reasons to believe that this work, to which, in the prime of his powers. Dr. Anderson is now giving himself, is to crown a distinguished and si^ccessful career with a service to which few men would lie found equal. Anderson, Rev. George W., D.D., was born in Philadelphia, Pa., May 15, 1816. He was baptized March 20, 1836, by Rev. J. J. Woolsey, and re- ceived into the fellowship of the Central church, Philadelphia. He graduated from Madison Uni- versity, N. Y., in 1844, and from Hamilton Theo- logical Seminary in 1846. Received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Lewisburg University. In 1846 efforts were made to establish the uni- versity at Lewisburg, Pa., and as one means for facilitating these efforts it was thought wise to publish a Baptist paper. The Christian Chronicle was the outgrowth of this enterprise, and Dr. An- derson was invited to the editorship. From this date a new and better jera began for the Baptists of Pennsylvania. IH\ OEOKGE W VNULRSON, D.D. In 1849 he was elected to the chair of the Latin Language and Literature in the university at Lewisburg. In 1854 he was ordained pastor of tiie Northeast church, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Although he had preached previously, yet up to this time he had refused ordination because he was not engaged in pastoral work. In August. 1858. he became pastor of the Lower Merion church, Montgomery Co., Pa. In 1864 he was made book editor of the American Baptist Publication Society, in which position he still continues to render valuable ser- vice to our denominational literature. On the boards of the Publication Society, and of the trus- tees of the Crozer Theological Seminary, he has also contributed largely to the fuccess of mission- ary and educational work. He is a clear thinker and a forcible writer. He was married April, 1847, to Miss jMaria Frances, daughter of Thomas F. Hill, Esq., of Exeter, England. Anderson, Rev. J. D., pastor at Byhalia, Miss., is a native of that State, born in 1852. Ho Itegan to preach in 1868. Spent two years at Mississippi College, and two at the Southern Baptist Theologi- cal Seminary. He taught Latin and Greek in Blue Mountain College five years, and supplied ANDERSON ANDERSON country churches. After one year at Longtown he accepted his present pastorate. Anderson, Rev. J. Richard, pastor of the Second African Baptist church in St. Louis, was born in Shawneetovvn, 111. Ilis parents were slaves in Virginia. He came witli the sister of Attorney- General Bates to Missouri. His education be^^an in the Sabbath-school of the First Colored church in St. Louis, organized by Dr. J. M. Peck. He was converted under Rev. Jerry Meachuiu's preaching, and he was baptized in the First African church of St. Louis. In 1847 he became associate pastor with Rev. Richard Snethen of the Second African Bap- iist church in St. Louis ; and in 1849 he took sole charge of the church, which lie retained till his death, four years after. His son is now his suc- cessor in this pastorate. Mr. Anderson built a house of worship, which, with the lot, cost .112,000. He gave his whole salary one year to the edifice fund, and he solicited the rest of the money. He was a wise pastor. He had a revival every year in his church. He was .acquainted with Greek and Latin, and expounded the Scriptures systematically on Sabbath mornings. Dr. Galusha Anderson, in his memorial sermon of him, says "his sermons were clear and pointed." He was loved in his home and church, and respected in the community. One hundred and seventy-five carriages were in the procession that followed him to his grave. Anderson, Martin Brewer, LL D., president of the University of Rochester, N. Y., was born in Brunswick, Me., Feb. 12, 1815. He inherited from his father, who was of Scotch-Irish descent, an unusual degree of physical and intellectual vigor, strong emotional impulses, and a sympa- thetic nature. His mother, who was of English origin, was a woman of marked intellectual quali- ties, possessing quick powers of discernment, a cautious but firm judgment, combined with inten- sity of moral conviction. At the age of sixteen he devoted all his leisure to the acquisition of general knowledge. A well- organized debating club, composed of men of ma- ture age and experience, furnished a motive for independent study and an arena for intellectual discipline. With this as an incentive, he pursued a course of reading which extended over a wide range of subjects, including history, politics, and general literature. The passion for learning thus developed, accompanied by an awakened interest in religion, led him to look towards a professional career. He completed his preparatory course of study, and in 1836 entered "Waterville College (now Colby University). His college training gave a severer discipline to his already vigorous mind, and reduced to a more scientific firm the knowl- edge he had previously acquired. While in college he was specially devoted to mathematics, the natu- ral sciences, and intellectual philosophy. He grad- uated in 1840, holding a very high position in hia class. During the I'ollowing j-ear he pursued a course of study in the theological seminary at Newton, Mass. M. B ANDERSON. LI. D In 1841 he was appointed tutor of Latin. Greek, and Mathematics in Waterville College, which po- sition he held for two years. During the winter vacation of 1842-43 he supplied the pulpit of the E Street Baptist church in Washington, D. C. He there delivered a sermon in the House of Repre- sentatives which brought him into the favorable notice of a number of public men, among whom was John Quincy Adams. Unfortunately, at this time, on account of the loss of his voice, he was compelled to discontinue public speaking. In the fall of 1843 he was promoted to the professorf^hip of Rhetoric in Waterville College. Besides his regular instruction in rhetoric and literary criti- cism, he taught classes in Latin, delivered a course of lectures upon modern history, and pursued a special investigation upon the origin and growth of the English language. This position not only afforded a means of giving greater breadth and thoroughness to his general scholarship, but al.'-o, on account of his special duties, opened a sphere for the developjnent of the administrative capacity for which he has since become distinguished. In 1850 he resigned his professorship and re- moved to New York City, where he liecame propri- etor and editor-in-chief of the Neif York Recorda; a weekly Bnptist journal. As a jou;nalist he was ANDERSON 34 ANDERSON marked by great energy and perseverance, by the learning and discrimination of his literary criti- cisms, and by the vigor and incisiveness of his editorials, which, from the necessities of his posi- tion at that time, were frequently of a controver- sial character. Through the independent position which he assumed as an editor, and the intellectual capacity which he displayed, he obtained a wide influence in the denomination, and was brought prominently before the public at large. In 1853 he was unaniinously elected the first president of the University of Rochester. This position he has since retained, notwithstanding the many inducements held out to him to change his field of labor. By his unswerving devotion to the cause of education, and by a career of uninter- rupted success, he has attained a position among the foremost educators of the present day. His success as an educator during this period has de- pended largely upon his extensive and varied ac- quirements as a scholar, his high conception of the functions of the teacher, and his unusual ca- pacity for administration. His scholarship has been of the most compre- hensive and liberal type. It has been developed not so much by the exclusive study of any special science as by the application of a general vieihnd to many branches of thought. This method, com- bining the comparative and historical modes of investigation, has been a constant incentive to push his inquiries beyond the limits of any single science or any special group of sciences. Gifted by nature with an untiring industry and a versa- tile mind, with a capacity for rapid acquisition and a genius for perceiving the broadest relations among the facts of nature and mind, he has pursued his investigations into an unusual number of the de- partments of human knowledge. The results of many of these lines of investigation have, been or- ganized into courses of study and presented to the students under his charge. These courses are illustrative of the direction and range of his scholarship, and the most im- portant of them may be briefly referred to. The first completed course of lectures, made after his accession to the presidency, was upon Intellectual Philosophy. This was prefaced by a discussion of scientific. method, illustrating the fundamental principles involved in the genesis and organization of the various sciences, and also the possibility of subjecting mental facts to scientific analysis and interpretation. As a prominent feature of his philosophical teaching, he enforced the reality of perception as Ir. Armstrong was born in Philadelphia, Pa.. November. 1798. He graduated at Columbian College, D. C, in 1825. Some time after he moved to North Carolina, and 4 was for five years pastor of the Newberne Baptist church. He became a professor in Wake Forest College in 1835, and for a time acted as agent of the college. He went to Europe in 1837, and spent two years in France and Italy, preparing himself the better to discharge his duties as teacher. He had as his companions in his voyage Dr. E. G. Robinson, the distinguished president of Brown University, and J. J. Audubon, the great natural- ist. In 1841, Mr. Armstrong accepted the pastor- ate of the Baptist church in Columbus, Miss., where he married a lady of fortune. He died in 1844. He is said to have been a fine scholar, a blame- less Christian gentleman, and an able and eloquent preacher. Arnold, Albert Nicholas, D.D., was bom in Cranston, R. I., Feb. 12, 1814. While engaged in mercantile pursuits in Providence his mind became ALBERT NICHOLAS ARNOLD, D.D. interested on the subject of preaching the gospel. Having decided to enter the ministry, he took the full courses of study in Brown University and the Newton Theological Institution, graduating from the one in 1838, and from the other in 1841. He was ordained pastor of the Baptist church in New- buryport, Mass., Sept. 14, 1841, and in 1844 re- ceived an appointment as a missionary to Greece, where he remained ten years. Returning to his native land, he was made Professor of Church His- tory at Nevs'ton, holding the office for three years. For the next six years he was pastor of the Baptist church in Westborough, Mass., for five years Pro- fessor of Biblical Interpretation and Pastoral The- ology in the Hamilton Theological Institution, and ARNOLD ARNOLD for four years Professor of New Testament Greek in the Theological Institution in Chicago. He resigned in 1878, and for the last few years has had a home near Providence, where he has been engaged in such literary and other work as the state of his health allows him to perform. Dr. Arnold is one of the most accomplished scholars in the denomi- nation. Probably no man in the country is better acquainted with modern Greek than he. Arnold, Richard James, was born in Provi- dence, R. I., Oct. 5, 1796. He came from an illustri- ous ancestry on the side of both father and mother. Having graduated at Brown University, in the class of 1814, he studied law for a short time in the office of the celebrated Hon. Tristam Burgess. Not find- ing the study of this profession congenial to his tastes, he became a merchant, in connection with an elder brother, and was especially interested in the China trade. In 1823, having married a lady living in the South, he made a home on his planta- tion in Georgia, in Bryan County, near Savannah, spending his winters there, and his summers in Rhode Island. Mr. Arnold took a deep interest in the First Baptist church in his native city, where he always worshiped when he was at his Provi- dence home. He was a trustee of Browii Univer- sity for nearly forty-seven years. His death oc- curred March 10, 1873. Arnold, Hon. Samuel Greene, was born in Providence, R. I., April 12, 1821, and was a grad- uate of Brown University in the class of 1841. He studied law at the Harvard School, where he re- ceived the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1845. Soon after he went abroad, and spent several years in study and travel, visiting first the different countries of Europe, and thence passing to Egypt and the Holy Land. In 1847 he crossed from Europe to South America, where he spent a year, chiefly in Chili. He returned to his home in 1848. He now gave himself to a work which he had long meditated, the writing of a history of his native State. The first volume of this work ap- peared in 1859, and was followed by the second in 1860. These two volumes comprise the annals of the State of Rhode Island from the settlement in 1636 to the adoption of the Federal Constitution in 1790. This history, the result of careful study and research, and thoroughly imbued with the true Rhode Island spirit, at once placed its author in the front rank of American historians. Without doubt it will always be a standard authority for the period which it covers. Mr. Arnold took a deep interest in all matters affecting the prosperity of the First Baptist church in Providence. For twenty-five years he was mod- erator of the society. In 1864 he projected a per- manent fund of $20,000, the interest of which was to be appropriated to pay for the support of public worship. He headed the subscription list with a contribution of $5000. On the 25th of May, 1875, he delivered a discourse commemorative of the one ^0^ SVMLLL GREENE VRVOI.I). hundredth anniversary of the dedication of the meeting-house for public worship. In 1852, Mr. Arnold was elected lieutenant-governor of the State, and again in 1861, and a third time in 1862. After his last election he was chosen to fill the un- expired term of Hon. James F. Simmons in the Senate of the United States, and held office from December, 1862, to March 3. 1863. Governor Ar- nold died in Providence, Feb. 13, 1880. He will be long honored as the Christian scholar, patriot, historian, and statesman. Arnold, Rev. T. J., born in Hendricks Co., Ind., in 1835, moved to Iowa with his parents, Stephen and Nancy Arnold ; baptized at Fairview in 1853 ; was licensed to preach in 1854. He was educated at Mount Vernon Methodist Academy and Pella University. While studying he entered the min- istry as an evangelist, preaching at various places. He was ordained while preaching for the lola and Coleridge churches. At Martinsburg was married to Miss J. Smith, in 1860, who proved herself a faithful and devoted Christian wife. In 1875 he moved to California; was pastor one year at- Santa Clara, two years at Reno and Virginia City, Nev., and in 1879 he returned to California, and preached as evangelist or pastor at Vallejo and Yountville, precious revivals attending his labors in almost every place. He has baptized about 400, and led many others to Christ, who have been baptized by the pastors whom he has assisted in revival meetings. ARRACAX 43 ARRACAX Arracan, Mission to. — Arracan is a division of British Burinah. It is bounded on the north by the Bengal district of Chittagong, on the east by the Yuinadoung Mountains, which separate it from independent Buriiiah and the British district of. Pegu, and on the south and west by the Bay of Bengal. The population in 1871 was near half a million, made up of Buddhists, Mohammedans, Hindoos, and a few Christians. Its principal town is Akyab. In the province there are four districts, Akyab, Ramree, Sandoway, and Aeng. The at- tention of the Missionary Union was turned towards Arracan as far back as 1835, when Mr. and Mrs. Comstock were appointed by the board to begin a mission at some suitable place on the coast of Ar- racan. The station selected by Mr. Comstock was in the Ramree district, at the north point of Ram- ree Island. Its name was Kyouk Phyoo, and the place contained about 2000 natives, besides English residents, troops, etc. Mr. Comstock commenced his work in this village early in March, 1835. Three months' labor began to show some fruit, and a spirit of inquiry was awakened among the people about the new religion. The next year Mr. and Mrs. Ingalls joined Mr. Comstock, and new energy was given to the enterprise. During one of the excursions of Mr. Comstock in the mountainous districts he met with the Kyens, a branch of the Karens, who seemed ready to welcome the good tidings of salvation which were brought to them. In the spring of 1837 another reinforcement was made to the mission by the arrival of Mr. and Mrs. Hall. Their connection with the mission was of but brief duration, both of them dying within a few months of the commencement of their work. The station at Kyouk Phyoo was abandoned in November of this year on account of its insalubrity, and a new station at Ramree was occupied by Messrs. Comstock and Stilson in the spring of 1838. The town in which they had made their residence contained a population of 10,000 inhabitants. A church was formed the 29th of May, and a school commenced by Mrs. Comstock. Messrs. Kincaid and Abbott began another Ar- racanese station at Akyab in the spring of 1840. It was not long before interesting inquirers ap- peared, and in May three persons were baptized. The following*"August. 30 persons professed their faith in Christ. The report was that " the pros- pects of the mission were good ; a mission house and premises had been purchased, and Mr. Kincaid, though his heart was still turned to Ava, was con- tent to abide in Arracan, according as the spirit of God might be." In 1841 there was an additional station commenced at Sandoway. under the charge of Mr. Abbott, who reported 193 baptisms for the year, and in the three stations there were 4 missionaries, 4 female assistants, and 27 native helpers. One hundred and fifty miles south of Akyab there lives a tribe called the Kemees. From the chief of this tribe, Chetea. there came early in May, 1841, a message to the mission, entreating that the mission- aries would teach them about the true God, and give them his holy book. In the following December a similar message was sent, and Mr. Kincaid, ac- companied by Mr. Stilson, decided to visit the Kemees. The visit was made, and good seed was sown. Various changes took place in the Arracan stations during the next two or three years. Mi-s. Comstock died April 28, 1843, and Mr. Comstock, April 25, 1844. The Karen department, under the special charge of Mr. Abbott, was greatly prospered. During the year 1844, 2039 Karens were brought by baptism into connection with the churches of the Arracan missions. Mr. and Mrs. Ingalls ar- rived at Akyab in the spring of 1846. At the close of this year there were 29 out-stations, and 3240 members in the churches in Akyab and these out- stations. Mr. Abbott, worn down with disease and care, returned to his native land in the fall of 1845. He remained in the United States a little over two years, and then returned to Sadoway, to have the supervision of the Karen department. Mr. Moore became connected with the Ramree stations in the spring of 1848. Mr. Beecher and Mr. Tan Meter were apppointed to the Sandoway station. In the churches in this station and its out-stations there was reported at the close of 1848 a membership of 4500, and 5124 unbaptized Christians, "who have maintained as religious a life in all respects as the members of the churches, only they were not baptized." The Karen department of the San- doway mission was removed to Bassan, and its con- nection with the Arracan mission ceased. The station at Kyouk Phyoo was resumed in November, 1850. Mr. Rose joined the mission at Akyab in 1853. The deputation to the East, Rev. Drs. Peck and Granger, visited early in the year 1853 the stations in Arracan, reported that the mission showed signs of prosperity, and the Convention which met at Maul- main recommended that, at once, these men be sent to reinforce the mission. For a few years, however^ there was but little apparent success in Arracan. The missionaries were removed by death, or by as- signment to other fields of labor. Mr. Satterlee arrived in Arracan in September, 1855, and died the following July. The executive committee, in their annual report in 1857, say, " In view not only of the unhealtliiness of the Arracan climate, but also of the demand for labor in Burmah proper and else- where, and of the diminished supply, we respect- fully suggest that the mission be brought to a close." The suggestion was carried out. and a mission which at one time was so hopeful, and for which so many valuable lives had been sacrificed, ceased to exist. ARROWSMITH 44 ASHMORE Arrowsmith, Col. George, was born in Middle- town, N. J., in 1839. He graduated at Madison University at the age of twenty, and became tutor in the Grammar School. In 18G1 he went to the war as captain of a company. He rose to be lieu- tenant-colonel in 157th Regiment, N. Y. Vols., and was killed on the Gettysburg battle-field, July 1, 1863. He was a brave man, and gave promise of excelling in his profession. Arvine, Rev. Kazlitt, was born in Western New York in 1820. He was a graduate of the "Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., and of the Newton Theological Institution. In 1845 he was ordained pastor of the church in Woonsocket, R. I., where he remained two years, and then re- moved to New York to take charge of what was known as the " Providence" church. His connec- tion with this church continued but a few months, on account of failing health. Respite from minis- terial labor so far restored him that he accepted a call to become pastor of the church in WestBoylston, Mass. Here he continued until his removal to Worcester, to avail himself of medical treatment for the disease which finally caused his death. This event took place at Worcester, July 15, 1851. Mr. Arvine is best known as the compiler of the " Cy- clopaedia of Moral and Religious Anecdotes," a work which has obtained a flattering circulation. A volume of his poetical productions was also pub- lished, which was well received. He was a man of refined and scholarly parts, and his comparatively short life was not spent in vain. Ash, John, LL.D., was a native of Dorsetshire, England. Early in life he was drawn to the Sa- Tiour, after which he united by baptism with the' «hurch at Loughwood, near Lyme. He was edu- cated at Bristol College, in which he made remark- 4ible progress in learning. In 1751 he became pastor of the church at Pershore. In his youth lie was distinguished for his mathematical attain- ments, for which he was commended in the peri- •odicals of the day. Ivimey says that "his philolog- ical works, his elaborate grammar, and dictionary are universally known and highly prized." The learning which marked his writings secured for him in 1774 the degree of Doctor of Laws. His religious opinions were Paul's, without any human additions. He lived honored for his great abilities and learning, and he died in the full enjoyment of the peace of God in 1779. Asher, Rev. Jeremiah, was born in North Branford, Conn., Oct. 13, 1812. Ruel Asher, his father, was born in the same place. Gad Asher, his grandfather, was a native of Africa, from which he was stolen when about four years of age, and brought to East Guilford, now Madison, Conn., and there sold to Linus Bishop, who gave him his bib- lical name. Mr. Asher was licensed to pi-each by the First Baptist church of Hartford, Conn., and he became pastor of a church in Providence, R. I., soon after, where he labored with much acceptance. Subse- quently he became pastor of the Shiloh Baptist church of Philadelphia. In this field his talents and labors were highly appreciated, and he speedily se- cured the respect of a numerous circle of friends. Finding that his church was heavily burdened with debt, he sailed for England to secure funds for its extinction. He carried credentials with him from leading Baptist ministers of the city of Brotherly Love, attested by the mayor, and he was received with kind greetings and considerable gifts by the British churches. After his return he entered upon his pastoral labors with renewed vigor, and he had the happi- ness of seeing the Shiloh church increasing its numbers and growing in the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ. For a time he was a chaplain to a colored regiment in the army. He died in the en- joyment of a blessed hope. Mr. Asher was a clear thinker, an able gospel preacher, a Christian of undoubted piety, and a minister widely known and highly respected by Baptists iind by other Christians of both races. Ashley, Rev. William W., was born in HiUs- boi'ough, N. C, in 1793. His early studies were in- terrupted in consequence of his entering into mili- tary service in 1814. He was in Mobile when the battle of New Orleans was fought. He became a subject of converting grace in the fall of 1815, and united with a Free-Will Baptist church. He was set apart to the work of the ministry in 1817, and for sometime itinerated as an evangelist in the Southern and Southwestern States. He was in Nova Scotia in 1821, laboring with great zeal and energy. He was settled as a Free-Will Baptist minister in sev- eral places, but in the later years of his life, his views becoming Calvinistic, he connected himself with the regular Baptists, and was pastor of churches in Barnstable and Harwich, Mass. Mr. Ashley was a warm advocate of temperance. In the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia he established or assisted in organizing over 300 temperance societies. At the time of his death two of his brothers and five of his sons were in the Baptist ministry. He died at Soilth Gardiner, Mass., June 6, 1860. Ashmore, William, D.D., was born in Putnam, 0., Dec. 25, 1821. He was a graduate of Gran- ville College, and of the Covington Theological Institution. In 1848 he was ordained pastor of the Baptist church at Hamilton, 0. The following year he received an appointment as a missionary to the foreign field, and sailed from New York Aug. 17, 1850, for China, arriving at Hong-Kong Jan. 4, 1851, and at Bangkok, April 14, 1851. He ASHTON ASSAM applied himself with conscientious diligence to the acquisition of the Chinese language, and was soon able to come into closer contact with the people. Excursions were made to the adjacent villages and out-stations selected for occupancy. Mr. Ashmore labored from house to house, conversing with the inmates, distributing tracts, and in such ways as his wisdom dictated sought to bring home the truth to the hearts and consciences of the people^ In this kind of work, quiet and unostentatious, the faithful missionary labored on for several years. The health of Mrs. Ashmore made it necessary that her husband and herself should leave Bangkok for a season. The hope that the change would benefit her was doomed to be disappointed. She died at sea, off the Cape of Good Hope, May 19, 1858. A lady of rare qualities of mind and heart, her death was a sad loss to her bereaved husband. The Jan- uary previous to her death Dr. Ashmore had been transferred to ITong-Kong, which, for some time, continued to be the scene of his missionary toils. It was his purpose to have gone to Swatow, to la- bor among the Chinese in the Tie Chiu district, but his health was so poor that he was compelled to abandon his purpose and return to his native land, which he reached in the suinni'^r of 1860. In the month of July, 1864, he returned to China, accom- panied by his second wife, the youngest daughter of Judge Dunlevy, of Lebanon, 0. Another lo- cality having been better suited to missionary pur- poses than Swatow, Dr. Ashmore and the other missionaries removed to Kak-Chie, not far from their former residence. Several out-stations were under his charge, and the work progressed success- fully, taking into consideration all the circumstances under which it was done. The number of church members under the watch-care of Dr. Ashmore in 1870 was 142. He reports for the nest year 40 persons baptized, and fur the next, 42. In 1875, Dr. and Mrs. Ashmore returned to the United States on account of the poor health of Mrs. Ash- more. On their return-trip they reached Swatow about the 1st of December, 1877, " very much to the relief and gratification of the other missionary." Under date of April, 1878, Dr. Ashmore writes a hopeful letter, as he sums up what has been ac- complished within the past dozen years, and adiis, "We have had some 20 applicants for baptism. 12 of these were baptized." The latest intelligence from him was under date of July 15, when at the monthly church-meeting there wei'e 15 or 16 can- didates for baptism. That the life of so valuable a missionary as Dr. Ashmore may be spared we may earnestly pray. Ashton, Rev. William E., was born in Phila- delphia, Pa., May 18, 1793. At the age of ten he first became interested in the salvation of his soul. At sixteen he was baptized into the fellowship of the Second Baptist church of his native city. He studied under Dr. Staughton, and in his twenty- second year he was ordained pastor of the Baptist church of Hopewell, N. J. He afterwards served the chui'ch of Blockley, Philadelphia, as pastor, and then the Third church, Philadelphia, in which he labored till his death. Mr. Ashton was a ripe scholar, and possessed that polislied ease and cul- ture which made him welcome in any social circle. His talents otherwise were respectable, and his piety was felt and seen by all who knew him. He was a useful minister of the Lord Jesus, whom his denominational brethren delighted to honor, and other Christians highly esteemed. Princeton Col- lege in 1830 gave him the degree of Master of Arts. Assam, Mission to. — On the northwestern fron- tier of Burmah lies the country of Assam, stretch- ing across the plains of the Brahmaputra, from 70 to 100 miles in breadth, and extending on the north- east to the very borders of China. Many races in- habit this large territory. Tiie inhabitants are known by the general name of Shans, which word by changes of the language has become Assam. Since 182G the country has been under British rule. The conclusion to commence a mission in Assam was reached in 1835, and Messrs. Brown and Cutter were sent to Sodiya, in the northeastern part of the country. Messrs. Thomas and Bronson joined them July 17, 1836. The missionaries entered upon their work with great zeal. The language Avas learned and reduced to printing, Roman letters being used ; tracts were prepared, and portions of the New Testament published and freely circu- lated. There are now several stations in Assam, of which we give a brief sketch. 1 . Gowahati. A church was formed in this place in February, 1845. Rev. Mr. Danforth arrived there in May, 1848, and having acquired the language began at once a career of great usefulness. Schools were established, buildings were erected, hopeful conversions took place, and the church was enlarged. Mr. Danforth made extensive tours into the adjacent regions, and by means of tracts and religious books, as well as with the living voice, he reached large numbers of the people, and much good seed was sown. The liberality of the English residents in Gowahati furnished the means for the erection of a pleasant chapel, 65 feet by 25, which was dedicated the first Sabbath in February, 1853. For many years the mission at Gowahati was in a very de- pressed condition. Under the labors of Mr. Comfort and his assistants there has been steady progress from year to year. Mr. Comfort's efforts among the Garos have been especially blessed. His health failing. Dr. Bronson removed to Gowahati in 1874. The work seemed to receive a new impulse, and in the report of the executive committee for ASSAM 46 ASSOCIATIONS 1875 we find 28 baptisms recorded, and 102 church members; and the next year 111 baptisms, and the following year 148. At this time, 1880, the number of baptisms last reported was 118, and the church membership 378. 2. Gowalapara is the English civil and. military station for the district in which the Garos live ; it is situated on the south bank of the Brahmaputra. From this Assamese station the missionaries go forth to preach the gospel to the Garos, who live among the hills on the south of the river. In the spring of 1807, Dr. Bronson visited this interest- ing people and baptized 26 of them, and formed them into a church. Mr. Stoddard and his family were stationed at Gowalapara in the fall of 1867. In the spring of 1868 he and Dr. Bronson made a five weeks' tour among the Garos, preaching, bap- tizing, establishing schools, etc. They returned to Gowalapara greatly encouraged by what they had seen of the good work of the Lord among the Garos. So much interested were the English au- thorities in the success of the missionaries that they cheerfully granted them pecuniary aid in carrying on the schools. The increasing labors of the mis- sionaries called for reinforcements, and the appeal was responded to. Others have gone to this most promising field, and have been greatly encouraged in their work. From the last report we learn that there are nine churches in the district of which Gowalapara is the centre, and in these churches there are 704 members. 3. Nowgong. This place was made a station in 1841. Dr. Bronson establisiied an orphan institu- tion in 1843 in Nowgong, which accomplished great good, not only in promoting the temporal welfare of the children gathered within its walls, but in the conversion of many of them. In 1856 this insti- tution took on somewhat the character of a 'pre- paratory and normal school. In consequence of the smallness of the appropriations for its sup- port and the fewness of its pupils it was thought best to suspend it in 1857. Various circumstances transpired to weaken and almost destroy the station at Nowgong. For several years but little progress was made. The efi'orts of the missionaries among the Mikirs were fruitful for good. Dr. Bronson after laboring faithfully for many years returned to the United States in 1869, and the station was placed in the charge of Rev. E. P. Scott and his wife. Mr. Scott died in May, 1870. Dr. Bronson returned to Nowgong early in 1871, and with invigorated health resumed his work, employing himself in the Assamese department, and Rev. Mr. Neighbor, who had joined him, in the Mikir department. Dr. Bronson removed to Gowahati in 1875. At present there is one church with 106 members. 4. Sibsagor. The Sibsagor station was com- menced in 1841. It has been the headquarters from which excursions have been made to the Naga hills, where successful evangelical work has been done. The lamented Dr. "Ward and his wife de- serve honorable mention in connection with this station. There was reported in May last one church with 126 members. The mission in Assam has on the whole been a successful one, especially in its connection with tiie Garos. We may confidently look for large results in the future in this mission. Associations, Baptist. — According to Dr. Un- derbill an association or general assembly of the' churches in Somersetshire and the adjacent coun- ties, in England, was formed about 1653, several meetings of which were held during succeeding years at Wells, Tiverton, and Bridgewater. Others are under the impression that regular Associations were instituted at a later period, and that they sprung from the inconvenience of meeting in larger bodies than those gathered in Somersetshire. The first general assembly, representing the nation, met in London in September, 1689 ; it was composed of delegates from more than a hundred churches scattered over England and Wales ; it gave its sanction to the celebrated creed now known with additions as the Philadelphia Confession of Faith. This convention disclaimed all "power to prescribe or impose anything upon the faith or practice of any of the churches of Christ," even though they were represented in the assembly ; and they further resolved " that whatever is determined by us in any case shall not be binding upon any one church till the consent of that church be first had." In it every motion about " counsel or advice had to be proved out of the Word of God, and the Scrip- tures given with the fraternal counsels." The messengers composing the assembly brought let- ters fron\ the churches commending them to it. Its " breviats" or minutes were " transcribed," and a copy sent to every church. The assembly, at a time when traveling was expensive and dangerous, was found to be inconvenient, and Associations, with exactly the same aims and powers, took the place of the larger body. This is Crosby's account. Ivimey states that one Association of west of Eng- land Baptist Churches met in Bristol and another in Frome in 1692. These were probably the first regular Baptist Associations of modern times. The Philadelphia Association was formally es- tablished in 1707, and it has lived and flourished ever since. Dr. Samuel Jones, in his "Century Sermon," published in the volume of "Minutes from 1707 to 1807," informs us that this body orig- inated in what were " called general and sometimes yearly meetings." These meetings were com- menced in 1688, and in many of their features they appear to have been Associations. But in 1707 they had regular delegates from Lower Dub- ASSOCIATIONS ATLANTA lin, Middletown, Cohansie, Piscataqua, and Welsh Tract, the five churches composing the Association ; and their meetings instead of being almost exclu- sively devotional, became assemblies for worship and for the transaction of considerable business for their churches. We have now 1005 Associations in the United States. Associations, The Oldest American Baptist. — The Philadelphia Association, 1707. The Charleston Association, South Carolina, 1751. The Sandy Creek Association, North Carolina, 1700. The Kehukee Association, North Carolina, 1765. The Ketocton Association. Virginia, 1766. The Warren Association, Rhode Island, 1767. The Stonington Association, Connecticut, 1772. The Red Stone Association, Pennsylvania, 1776. The New Hampshire Association, New Hamp- shire, 1776. The Shaftesbury Association, Vermont, 1781. The Woodstock Association, Vermont, 1783. The Georgia Association, Georgia, 1784. The Holston Association, Tennessee, 1786. The Bowdoinham Association, Maine, 1787. The Vermont Association, Vermont, 1787. Atkinson, Rev. Wm. D., was born in Greene Co., S. C, Nov. 17, 1818. He died Oct. 17, 1879. His moved to Georgia and settled in Greene County. Wm. D. Atkinson, after four years of academical preparation, entered Mercer University in 1844 and graduated in 1848. He had been converted and baptized in the fall of J 839, was licensed by Shiloh church soon after graduation, and was ordained in Monticello, Ga., in September, 1848. For thirty years he served various churches in Monroe, Jasper, Harris, Greene, Glynn, Pierce, and Tatnall Coun- ties. He was an industrious, energetic, and sym- pathizing pastor, and an earnest, forcible, and sen- sible speaker, wielding great influence over his audiences. His piety was most sincere, and in labors he was truly abundant. He taught school frequently, and was a successful instructor, and as an advocate of the temperance cause he was earnest and uncompromising. That he baptized more than a thousand persons proves his success as a pastor. He turned many to righteousness. In erecting houses of worship, in building up weak churches, and in enlisting the pious endeavors of church members he proved himself a master-workman. Above medium size, he was also large in heart and soul. His death produced a profound sensation in Southern Georgia, where he was laboring at the time, and all classes and persuasions united in per- forming the last sad duties to his remains, exclaim- ing, " His place can never be filled !" ATLANTA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. paternal grandfather was a North Carolinian, who I Atlanta Theological Seminary. — This semi- fought in the Revolutionary war, and at its close ' nary, for the education of colored Baptist ministers ATONEMENT 48 AT WELL in Georgia, is sustained chiefly by the American Baptist Home Mission Society, whose headquar- ters are in New York. The building is very neat and appropriate. This seminary has been in existence eight years. It was located for a time in Augusta, under the name of the " Augusta Insti- tute." It has given instruction to 296 students, of whom 187 were ministers, or candidates for the ministry. It contains now 100 students, 60 of whom are preparing for the pulpit. Atonement, The. — The atonement is a transfer of our guilt to Jesus. This doctrine is strikingly foreshadowed by the Jewish scapegoat. Of it Moses says, " And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilder- ness ; and the goat shall bear upon him all their ini(juities unto a land not inhabited ; and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness." Lev. xvi. 21, 22. The blond of the goat was not spilled, no blow was inflicted upon it; but the sins of the children of Israel were typically placed upon it to prefigure the transfer of our sins to the Son of God. In the case of the scapegoat the transfer was figurative, in the Saviour's it was literal. " He was numbered with the transgressors, and he bare the sin of many." Isa. liii. 12. '' The Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all." Isa. liii. 6. " For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin ; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him." 2 Cor. v. 21. Paul shows that he means the actual transfer of our guilt to Christ by saying, " Who knew no sin," — that is, of his own ; he was made sin, he says, by reckoning our sins to him, not by any sins which he committed. The word translated sin cannot mean a sin-offering in this text, for it is contrasted with righteousness. If the one is a sin-offering the other must be a right- eousness-offering ; but the word translated right- eousness has no such meaning. And sin, not a sin-offering, must be the sense of the word in this con- nection. This is the common use of the word else- where. Men may put forth as many philosofihical pleas as their ingenuity can furnish, but according to Paul the sins of the whole saved family were reckoned to — transferred to Jesus. The atonement is a transfer of our pains to Jesus. The entire sufferings demanded by onr sins were inflicted upon the Saviour. Isaiah liii. 5, says, "He was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities ; the chastisement of our peace was upon him ; and with his stripes we are healed." Here he suffers the innocent for the guilty; he takes our wounds, our bruises, and the chastise- ment of our peace ; and his stripes give perfect healing to the soul ; " the blood of Jesus Christ, God's Son, shed by the transferred pains of the believing family, cleanses us from all sin." Christ lived and died as the proper substitute of his peo- ple ; so that his acts were theirs, and all his pains. This doctrine is foreshadowed by the death of the paschal lamb, and all the sacrifices of the law of Moses; and it is presented in all its fullness by the dread scenes of Calvary. As Peter says in his First Epistle, iii. 18, " For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God." The believer has lost his sins and pains eternally in the death of his loving Lord. The design of the atonement was to satisfy the mercy of God. The heart of God is a fountain of love continually overflowing, and nothing can keep in its bursting streams. To gratify this irresistible affection of Jehovah Jesus became a man and en- dured our pains, and our death ; and now " God is in Christ reconciling the world unto himself not imputing their trespasses unto them." He is busy by his Spirit removing the blind hatred to himself of human hearts, that his love in the crucified Lamb might bring multitudes to trust and love him. The atonement was also intended to meet the de- mands of Gud's law. It complies with these per- fectly. In the obedience and death of Christ the precepts of the law have been fulfilled and its pen- alties have been endured, and he is " the end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth." Rom. X. 4. That is, he is its completion, its fidfill- ment; and when a soul trusts the Saviour the law justifies him and gives him the righteousness which Christ acquired when he obeyed its precepts and suffered its penalties. " Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe." Rom. iii. 22. More- over, the law demanded for God supreme love from men, and a iioly life. And when the Spirit changes a human heart, and gives the faith which secures the forgiveness of God in the soul, the happy re- cipient is melted in adoring gratitude before the Redeemer, and his heart looks up to God while it says, "Whom have I in heaven but thee? And there is none upon earth that I desire besides thee." And the spirit of grace leads him into the holy dispositions and practices enjoined by the pure law of Jehovah. The atonement transfers our sins and pains to Christ our substitute, and by faith in Jesus it opens up to the soul a channel through which God's par- doning love may reach and rejoice it, and by which the Spirit's sanctifying grace may purify the heart, and fit it for the everlasting rest. Atwell, Rev. George Benjamin, son of Rev. George and Esther (Rogers) Atwell; born in Lyme, AUGUSTA 49 Conn., July 9, 1793; his mother was a sister of Rev. Peter Rogers, of Revolutionary fame; his father a worthy preacher of his time ; converted wlien nine years old ; licensed to preach by the Second Baptist church in Colchester, Conn., in 1820 ; ordained in Longmeadow, Mass., in 1822, the first Baptist minister in the place; pastor in West Woodstock, Conn., ten years ; in Cromwell one year ; in Meriden two years ; in Canton ten years; in Pleasant Valley twelve years; was dis- tinguished for his originality of expression, purity of life, nobleness of character, and fidelity to his calling ; died in Pleasant Valley, April 23, 1879, in his eighty-sixth year. A record of his worthy life has been given to the pul)lic in a volume of "Memorial Sketches,"' by his daughter, Harriet G. Atwell. Augusta, Ga., First Baptist Church of.— The First Baptist church in Augusta originated thus, to quote from the earliest church record: "In the year 1817, Jesse D. Green, a layman, was active in gathering together the few scattered Baptists in Augusta, and, after holding one or more prelimi- nary meetings, the brethren and sisters, to the num- ber of eighteen, had drawn up and adopted a cov- enant, to which they affixed their names." This was styled " The Baptist Praying Society." On the fourth Saturday and Sunday in May, 1817, the society assembled in the court-house, and were regularly constituted, by the advice and assistance of brethren Abraham Marshall, Matthews, Car- son, and Antony. Brother Matthews preached from Matt. xvi. 18. At the various meetings of 1818, and during the early part of 1819, Rev. Abraham Marshall acted as pastor. Subsequently, by his advice, Rev. Jesse Mercer was elected pas- tor, but declined to accept. In 1820, Rev. Wm. T. Brantly was chosen to the pastoral office, and con- sented to serve without any pecuniary consideration for his services, and, by permission of the trustees, services were held twice every Lord's day in the chapel of the academy, of which Dr. Brantly was rector. Through his exertions a lot was secured, and a brick house which cost $20,000 was built and dedicated May 6, 1821. A large congregation was soon collected. Dr. Brantly's labors were greatly blessed, many conversions followed, and members were added, embracing in some instances men and women of prominence and wealth ; and when Dr. Brantly resigned, in 1826, the church was able to give his successor a comfortable support. Perhaps the church owes more to Dr. Wm. T. Brantly, Sr., than to any other man. Since his time it has gone steadily forward, increasing in strength and use- fulness, sending out four colonies, and aiding all the grand enterprises sustained by the denomina- tion. The list of pastors embraces the following: Rev. James Shannon, from 1826 to 1829, a distin- guished scholar, under whose labors the church was prospered ; Rev. C. D. Mallory, from 1829 to 1835. Earnest in godliness, he was a great blessing to the church. Rev. AV. J. Hard succeeded, and labored faithfully until 1839. In the autumn of 1840, Rev. AVm. T. Brantly, the younger, took charge, and continued in office eight years. During his term of office several precious revivals occurred, and m.uch good fruit resulted to bless the church. It was found necessary to enlarge the house in 1846 to accommodate the congregation. The belfry then erected contains the bell, a present from Wm. II. Turpin, for more than forty years a devoted friend and member of the church. Brief pastorates then ensued of Rev. N. G. Foster and Rev. C. B. Jan- nett. Dr. J. G. Binney was pastor from 1852 to 1855, when he resumed missionary work in Bur- mah. During his ministry twenty feet more were added to the rear of the building. Rev. J. E. Ryerson, a most eloquent man, followed, serving until 1860. Dr. A. J. Huntington then became pastor, and continued in charge until the summer of 18G5. Rev. J. H. Cuthbert was his successor, under whose earnest ministry the church was re- vived, and some valuable additions made to the membership. The next pastor was Rev. James Dixon, who served until 1874; then Dr. M. B. Wharton took charge and labored one year very successfully. By his advice, and under his super- intendence, a chapel or lecture-room, which is with- out a superior in the State, was added to the build- ing. Dr. Wharton was succeeded by Rev. W. W. Landrum, who has been in charge since Feb. 18, 1876. This church is perhaps the second Baptist church in the State as regards the influence, wealth, and the social position of its members, coming next after the Second Baptist church of Atlanta. Its building, in which the Southern Baptist Convention was organized in 1845, though not architecturally beautiful and commanding, is capacious and com- fortable. With one exception it is the largest Prot- estant audience-room in the city. Its location is central, and now, as when first selected, on one of the most eligible lots in the city. Austin, Rev. Richard H., born in Uniontown, Pa., Oct. 19, 1831, was converted in early life, and united with the Methodist Church ; graduated in the Law Department of Madison College, Pa., and afterwards practiced in the courts of Fayette Co., Pa. In 1856 he was baptized at Uniontown, by Rev. I. D. King ; was ordained in 1857, and settled as pastor of the church at Brownsville, Pa. ; was subsequently pastor at Pottsville, Meadville, and Franklin, Pa. Failing health obliged him to with- draw from the pastorate, and he entered upon a business life. lis labors soon became abundantly remunerated, and in recognition of God's claim upon his accumulating wealth he scattered and still USTRALTAN A TEH increased. Many needy churches and pastors be- came the recipients of his benefactions, and he delighted to honor God with his substance. In 1879 he was elected president of the Pennsylvania Baptist General Association. This position he still holds, and, having retired from active business pur- suits, he labors with zeal and libei'ality to advance the interests of State mission work. He is also a member of the board of curators of the university at Lewisburg. He is an earnest preacher, and has a warm heart and ready hand for every good word and work. Australian Baptists.— The earliest mention in official reports of the churches founded by the Bap- tists in Australia is in the appendix to the account of the session of the Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland, held in London, April 19-24, 1844. It is there stated that the following churches had been established: Sydney, 3; Port Jackson, 1: Port Philip, 1 ; Van Dieraen's Land, 2 ; South Australia, 2; in all, nine churches. The number of mem- bers does not appear, and probably was very small, the colonies being then in their infancy. During the next twenty years the population of the several colonies greatly increased, and the steady stream of immigration from the mother-country strength- ened the existing churches and promoted the for- mation of others. In 1865 the official report of the Baptist Union stated that there were 26 churches in Australia and 2 in New Zealand, nearly all of them having pastors. The 2 churches in Mel- bourne reported an aggregate metnbership of 727, but most of the others were small, only 1 besides having more than 100 members. During the next few years some efforts were made in England to secure for the Australian field the services of min- isters of superior training and ability, and the prin- cipal cities were supplied with pastors whose pres- ence and efforts gave an impetus to denominational growth. In 1874 there were 22 churches in New South Wales, 10 in Queensland, 41 in South Aus- tralia, 51 in Victoria, 14 in New Zealand, 3 in Tas- mania, or Van Diemen's Land. The population of Victoria was 731,538, and the aggregate Baptist membership about 1700. From the Baptist Union report for the present year (1880) it appears that much has been done in later years to consolidate and unify the denomination. Scai-cely any of the Australian churches are unassociated, and societies for promoting missions in foreign countries, for suc- coring weak churches, and for educating students for the ministry are in regular working order. The Victorian Association reports 34 churches, with a membership of 2636, and 19 branch schools and stations, 367 Sunday-school teachers, and 3880 scholars. Besides a home mission, this Association supports several native missionaries in India. The South Australian Association has 38 churches and 5 preaching stations, 21 preachers engaged in min- isterial work, and 2311 members. The New South Wales Baptist Union reports 14 churches and 4 stations, 716 members, 1035 Sunday-school scholars, 118 teachers, and it circulates a denominational paper. The Queensland Association has 21 churches and stations, 729 members, 10 pastors, not including 6 German Baptist churches, with a membership of about 300. In New Zealand there is 1 Association in the south of the island, with 7 churches, and there are about twice as many unassociated. The aggre- gate membership is 1450, with 15 ministers. No progress appears to have been made in Tasmania, the report showing the existence of only 3 churches, but giving no statistics. The total number of Bap- tist churches in Australasia may be given approxi- mately as 127, with 87 ministers and 7700 members. In the leading cities the church edifices are large and elegant, that in Collins Street, Melbourne, ac- commodating 1050 persons. The largest member- ship is reported by the Hinders Street church, Adelaide, namely, 474. Two of the Melbourne churches report more than 400 members in each. Avery, Angus Clark, was born Jan. 26, 1836, in Henry Co., Mo. The Averys first settled in Groton, Conn. Nine of them were killed in the war of the Revolution. Five were wounded at Groton Heights in 1781, and four were commis- sioned officers in the struggle for independence. His mother's ancestors settled in Virginia, and were active in the war for independence. His great-grandfixther was killed in the battle of Blue Lick. Mr. Avery studied two years in Burrett College, and a year in the State University of Mis- souri, and graduated from Buri-ett College with valedictory honors in 1858. lie studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860, and he practiced law in Clinton, Mo., till the war suspended busi- ness. He then turned his attention to real estate, and is now the largest land-holder in the county, and he has done more than any other man for the surrounding country. Through great difficulties he built portions of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad, and he secured the completion of this great highway. He established the first Na- tional Bank of Clinton. He is a member and a deacon of the Baptist church of Clinton, and su- perintendent of its Sabbath-school, and he con- tributed $10,000 to build its house of worship. He is a trustee of William Jewell College, Mo., and a large contributor to its endowment. Few men are more favorably known than Mr. Avery. He is a man of large means and of great humility, and he is an untiring worker for Jesus. He holds many important offices, and he is gi'owing in use- fulness as a citizen and as a Christian. Ayer, Gen. L. M., was born in Barnwell Co., S. C, in 1830, of wealthy parents. He is a grad- BABCOCK 51 BABCOCK uate of the South Carolina College ; studied law, but gave his attention chiefly to politics ; served several terms in the Legislature, was a general of militia, and was elected to the United States Con- gress, but the beginning of the war prevented him from taking his seat. He was afterwards in the Confederate Congress. About ten years ago he became a Baptist, and was ordained to the ministry. He is i-emarkable for kindness and hospitality, and is an able speaker. He has recently published a work on infant salvation, which has elicited high commendation. B. Babcock, Gen. Joshua, born in Westerly, R. I., in 1707 ; graduated at Yale College ; studied med- icine and surgery in Boston and in England ; set- tled in his native town ; was an accomplished scholar; much in public business; became chief justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island ; in- timate with Benjamin Franklin ; first postmaster in Westerly in 1776 ; had an elegant mansion, still standing ; enrolled a Baptist ; one of the first cor- porators of Brown University in 1764, and one of the board of fellows in 1770 ; a major-general of militia in 1776 ; very active in the Revolution ; had two half-brothers and three sons that graduated at Yale College. His son. Col. Henry, became distin- guished, and was a Baptist, having united with the First Baptist church in Boston, Mass. Dr. Joshua died in Westerly, April 1, 1783, aged seventy-six. Babcock, Rev. Oliver W., the pastor of the Baptist church in Omro, Wis., is a native of Swan- ton, Franklin Co., Vt., where he was born in 1818, and where he passed his childhood and youth. He began his ministry in his native State with the Baptist church at Enosburg Falls, where he was ordained Sept. 24, 1849. He was pastor at East Enosburg, North Fairfax, North and South Fair- field, and Fletcher, in Vermont. In New York he served the Baptist church at Stockholm two years, Malone five years, Madrid one year, and Gouver- neur seven years. In 1867, under appointment of the American Baptist Home Missionary Society, he went to Wisconsin, and became pastor at Manasha and Neenah, where he labored six yeai's. He sub- sequently became pastor for a brief period at Ap- pleton, and he is now pastor of the Baptist church various parts of the world. Baker, Rev. A. F., was born in Owen Co., Ky.,. April 16, 1835. He joined the Dallasburg Baptist church in his native county in 1854, was ordained at Hodgenville, Ky., December, 1859, and called to the pastoral care of the Baptist church at Bards- town, Ky. While here he established the Bards- town Baptist Female Seminary, now one of the most flourishing schools in the State. He has since been pastor of several prominent churches in Ken- tucky. He was for a time co-editor of the Pro- phetic Key, a monthly magazine. He has labored much as an evangelist, and has conducted pro- tracted meetings in which several hundred persons have been approved for baptism. He is a strong preacher, a good pastor, and a man of tireless en- ergy. He is at present (1880) pastor of the church, at Owenton, Ky. BAKER BAKER Baker, Rev. Elijah, wre hopefully converted. He baptized in the ad- joining town of York 70 persons, also fruits of the same work of grace. In November, 1805, he re- ceived an invitation to become the pastor of the First Baptist church in Haverhill, and was pub- licly recognized December 4. His ministry, con- nected with which there were most abundant fruits, continued nearly thirteen years. He died Api-il 8, 1818, in the fifty-first year of his age and the twenty-seventh of his ministry. All the traditions which have come down to us with regard to the character and the ministerial life of Mr. Batchelder show that he was one of the ablest men intellectually, and one of the best preachers of the times in which he lived. He took a warm interest in the cause of education as afi'ecting his own denomination, and M^as one of the prime movers in the enterprise which led to the founding of the Maine Literary and Theological Seminary, after- wards Waterville College, now Colby University. Brown University, in 1809, conferred on him the honorary degree of Master of Arts. Bateman, E.ev. Calvin A., Mas born at Grove- land, N. Y.,, April 18, 1833; is of Scotch grandson of Deacon Zadoc Bateman, a soldier of distinction in the war for American independence ; son of Rev. Calvin Bateman, an eminent Bap- tist minister, who, while preaching in New York, had his skull fractured by a stone hurled by a drunken man through the church window, re- sulting in insanity until his death. His mother, daughter of Rev. Benjamin Barber, was a lovely Christian, and prominent in her zeal for foreign missions ; her eldest son was dedicated to the work BATES 85 BATES in Bunnali, but died just as he was nearly ready for his mission. His death and the lather's in- sanity left the family largely dependent upon young Calvin, then only ten years old. At the age of fifteen he was converted and baptized by Rev. Edgar Smith at Milan. Soon after the family moved to Mount Vernon, Mich., where young Bate- man was urged by his brethren to preach. He re- belled, feeling unfit for the work, until 1859, when he yielded to his convictions, began to preach, was licensed in 1860 by the Iowa Point church, and in 1863 was ordained at Atchison, Kansas. His life has been given largely to pioneer mission work in Mis- souri, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Colorado, Chero- kee Nation, Nevada, and California. He has aided in organizing over 60 new churches, conducted hundreds of revivals, baptized over 1900 converts, and witnessed the baptism of other hundreds con- verted under his labors. For three years he was U. S. superintendent of the Indians of Nevada. In 1875 he settled permanently in California as general State missionary. In this field he has trav- eled 25,000 miles, preached more than 1300 sermons, and baptized nearly 400 converts. His son. Rev. Cephus Bateman, entered the ministry in 1878, and is a successful pastor at Santa Cruz, Cal. Bates, Rev. John, was born in Bugbrook, Northamptonshire, England, Jan. 26, 1805. He was baptized Dec. 25, 1829, and became a member of the Eagle Street church, where Rev. Joseph Irving labored. Encouraged by his pastor and brethren, he turned his thoughts towards the Chris- tian ministry, intending to go out as a missionary among the colored people of the West Indies. This purpose was not put into execution. He decided to enter the service of the Baptist Irish Society, in order to work among the Roman Catholics of Ire- land, and accepted an appointment from that body in January, 1833. While in Ireland he labored at Ballina and Sligo, and in other localities, and again took up his abode in Ballina, where he con- tinued for nine years, during which time he bap- tized 60 persons, the fruits of missionary toil. The next five years were devoted to similar work in other places in Ireland, making the whole period of his service in the employ of the Baptist Irish Society seventeen years. Mr. Bates came tc America in the spring of 1850, and established himself in Cascade, Iowa, becoming the pastor of the Baptist church. In the State of Iowa he came to be recognized as a power, and his counsels in the Association and Convention were carefully weighed. He went to Canada in 1864, and became pastor of the church in Dundas. In April, 1867, he took charge of the church in Wood- stock, and identified himself with the interests of the Canadian Literary Institute. While living here he consecrated two of his daughters, Mrs. A. V. Timpany and Mrs. John McLaurin, to the for- eign mission work. The labors of Mr. Bates were so onerous that he felt obliged to resign his pastorate at the end of June, 1873. He has received into the fellowship of the church during his six years' ministry in Woodstock by baptism and letter 211 persons. For nearly a year he remained without a regular pas- toral charge. He died May 8, 1875. A memoir of Mr. Bates, with selections from his sermons, essays, and addresses, compiled by Rev. Dr. J. A. Smith, of Chicago, a large volume of nearly 500 pages, was published in Toronto in 1877. Mr. Bates was a man of great power and of ardent piety. Bates, Samuel P., LL,D., was born in Mendon, Mass., and educated at Brown University, grad- uating in 1851. He was baptized into the fellow- ship of the First church, in Providence, R. I., by the Rev. James M. Granger in 1849. In 1852 he transferred his membership to the Meadville Bap- tist church, where it still remains. Although never licensed, he has occasionally delivered discourses from the pulpit as a supply, and this labor of love has been well received by his brethren. As an author he has acquired not only a local, but even a national reputation of a high order. Various works have been issued, and they have received the popular favor. Several editions of his " Lectures on Mental and Moral Culture" have been published by Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co., of New York. This work forms one of the volumes of their Teachers' Library. The same house pub- lished, in 1861, a small volume entitled " Methods of Conducting Teachers' Institutes," and this also met with equal success. " The History of the Bat- tle of Gettysburg" has received the hearty indorse- ment of the English press, as also of prominent Union and Confederate generals, and French and English military critics. In 1866, Governor Curtin, of Pennsylvania, appointed him State historian, in which service he was engaged seven years, pro- ducing five large volumes, thus preserving the annals of the military organizations which were gathered from the State in its conflict with the Re- bellion. This monument cost the State nearly half a million of dollars, and was worthily expended. "The Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania" is another work on which he was employed after the completion of the State History. The "Mar- tial Deeds of Pennsylvania" is still another large octavo volume, illustrated with numerous portraits of officers and others who were brought to the front during the war. In 1857, Mr. Bates was elected superintendent of public schools in Crawford Co., Pa. At the ex- piration of his first term of three years he wus again honored by re-election, but resigned to accept BATH 86 BATTLE the still wider work of deputy State superinten- dent, and this position he held for six years. In 1862 he was employed by the State as agent to visit and report upon the condition of the col- leges of Pennsylvania. These reports were pub- lished from time to time in the Journals. Other duties have crowded out the desire to issue them in book-form. In 1865 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him. In 1877 he made a tour through Scotland, Eng- land, France, Italy, Switzerland, and the cities of the Rhine. This visit laid the foundations for four lectures, which have been favorably received wher- ever delivered. Bath, Rev. Levi, was born in Unadilla, N. Y. ; died at Columbus, Wis., March 4, 1876, aged fifty- seven years. He was educated at Poultney, Vt., and at Union College, New York. He held pastorates in Grass Lake, Danville, and other places in Michigan. In 1861 he came to Columbus, Wis., and became pastor of the Baptist church there. Owing to ill heath he was obliged to retire from the active work of the ministry. During the latter part of his life he filled a number of town and county offices, and was highly esteemed by a large circle of personal friends. Battle, Rev. Archibald J., D.D., president of Mercer University, Macon, Ga., was born at Pow- REV. ARCHIBALD J. BATTLE, D.D. elton, Hancock Co., Ga., Sept. 10, 1826. When ten years of age he moved to Alabama with his father, Dr. Cullen Battle, where he was baptized in 1839, and where he graduated at the University of Ala- bama in 1846, under the administration of Dr. Basil Manly, Sr. In 1847 he was appointed tutor of Ancient Languages in the University of Ala- bama. He entered on a professorship in East Ala- bama Female College in the year 1852, and the following year he was ordained to the ministry by the Tuskegee Baptist church, continuing still to occupy his chair in the Female College. In 1855 he assumed the pastorate of the Tuscaloosa Baptist church ; subsequently he became Professor of Greek in the University of Alabama, president of the Alabama Central Female College, and president of the Judson Female Institute at Marion, Ala., which position he retained until 1872, when he accepted the presidency of Mercer University, at Macon, Ga. Dr. Battle grew up amid the best social and re- ligious influences, and he comes from one of the first families of Georgia. He is a highly cultivated Christian gentleman, of refined manners, and su- perior social qualities, and with a character that commands universal esteem. His pastorates have been signally blessed by revivals, which brought large and valuable accessions to the church. One of the i-esults of a revival in the Tuscaloosa church, when he was its pastor, was the establishment of the Alabama Central Female College, an institution of learning which reflects the highest honor upon its founders, the first conception of which is due to Dr. Battle. He is a cultivated and polished preacher, and a favorite with all denominations, owing to his excellent spirit and sound evangelical views. While his sermons, which are usually written, are models of composition, they are elevated in thought, earnest in spirit, and chaste in expression. Had his life been devoted to the pastorate, he- would have attained a success rarely granted to ministers ; for while his preaching is pointed, clear, evangelical in doctrine, and practical in teaching, his pervasive piety, affectionate and sympathetic nature and re- fined delicacy, indicate the existence in him of the liighest and best attributes of a pastor. He is a sciiolar worthy to stand at the head of a noble in- stitution of learning; and he possesses adminis- trative ability which fits him admirably for the position. To great courtesy of manner he unites fiimness of purpose, excellence of judgment, and aptness for teaching and governing young men. In person he is six feet high. In 1869, during the interim between the call of Dr. Warren and the retirement of Dr. Skinner, he was invited to the pastorate of the Macon .church, and filled the posi- tion most acceptably and successfully. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on him by three institutions, — by Howard College, Ala., and Columbian College, Washington City, in 1872, and by the University of Georgia in 1873. He is the author of a work on the human will, which has elicited distinguished commendation, as manifest- BATTLE BATTLE ing, in a high degree, the attributes of an acute metaphysician ; while, as a belles-lettres scholar, he has long been recognized as ranking among the foremost. Battle, Cullen, M.D.— Dr. Battle was born ■in North Carolina in 1785, where he spent his early manhood in the successful practice of his profession. In 1818 he removed to Powelton, (;!a., where he retired from the practice of medi- cine to attend to his increasing planting inter- ests. The cause of education, and every public interest, found in him an ardent advocate and a liberal benefactor. He was baptized in 1827 by Dr. Jesse Mercer, between whom and Dr. Battle there subsisted a warm and lifelong friendship. In 1S36 he removed to Eufaula, Ala. Here he was prominent in civilizing and Christianizing the new country, and in every public work, and fostered the Baptist Church with a wise and tender care. In Tuskegee, where he resided several years, he rendered signal service to the church, to education, and to every good cause. Always a man of active mind, positive character, unfaltering energy, sound piety, and broad intelligence, he exercised great influence among his brethren and in society gen- erally. The hospitality of his home was famous. Of great wealth and libei-ality, his contributions to secular and religious enterprises were many and munificent. Mercer University, of which his son, Dr. A. J. Battle, is now president, received from him the largest sum for its endowment ever be- stowed on it by any man, save from its founder. Dr. Mercer. He also was a large contributor to Howard College and the East Alabama Female College. He always exhibited an active zeal for the welfare of the negro race. Dr. Battle was the father of A. J. Battle, D.D., Gen. C. A. Battle, of the Confederate army, and of Mrs. M. J. Shorter, Avife of Gov. Shorter: and was himself descended from a highly honorable Christian ancestry. He died in Eufiiula, Ala., in 1878. Battle, Elisha. — The ancestor of the large and influential family of Battles in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia, was born in Nansemond Co., Va., Jan. 9, 1723. In 1748 he removed to Tar River, Edgecombe Co., N. C. ; joined the Baptist church, known as Falls of Tar River, in 1764, of which he was a deacon for twenty-eight years. He was often moderator of the Koiiukee Association ; was a member of the General Assembly for twenty years ; a member of tlie convention which formed the State constitu- tion ; and was chairman of the convention when the Federal Constitution and Bill of Rights were considered in a committee of the whole. He died in 1799, and Revs. Gilbert and Burkitt attended his funeral services, both preaching. Battle, Eev. Henry W., the gifted young pastor at Columbus, Miss., belongs to a distinguished family in the South, being a son of Maj.-Gen. Cullen A. Battle, and a nephew of A. J. Battle, D.D., president of Mercer University. He was born in Tuskegee, Ala., in 1855, and admitted to the practice of law at the age of nineteen ; but abandoning the most flattering worldly prospects, he entered the Southern Baptist Theological Sem- inary at Louisville, Ky., where he remained some time, and then accepted the pastorate of the First Baptist church at Columbus, Miss., where the suc- cess of his labors gives promise of great future usefulness. . Battle, Reuben T., was born Sept. 10, 1784, and died Dec. 6, 1849, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. For thirty years he was a deacon, and a prominent, useful, and benevolent man ; his whole chai'acter illustrated the truths of Christianity, the beauty of true piety, and the loveliness of char- ity. His large wealth enabled him, by his bene- factions, to aid greatly the cause of religion and to promote that of education. He was a most use- ful and enlightened citizen, a kind and self-sacri- ficing father and husband, and a staunch supporter of the interests of his denomination. His ancestors were Baptists, who fled fi-om Eng- land before our Revolution to avoid persecution, and his father, as well as the men of his mother's family, took an active part in the Revolutionary war. His fiither and mother were Jesse Battle and Susanna Fawcette, who resided in North Caro- lina when Reuben T. Battle was born. Two years after that event they moved to Georgia and settled in Hancock County, where Reuben grew up, in- heriting the homestead. In January, 1805, he married Betliiah Alexander, by whom he had three daughters, afterwards Mrs. Judge E. A. Nisbet, Mrs. C. M. Irwin, and Mrs. W. J. Ilarley. He was converted at an eai'ly age ; was baptized by Jesse Mercer, and united with the Powelton church, of which he remained an active and influ- ential member until his death, co-operating heartily with Dr. Jesse Mercer, John Veazy, Gov. Rahm, Judge Thomas Stock, and Thomas Cooper, all men of great piety and religious zeal. To Reuben T. Battle was Powelton mostly indebted for its excel- lent schools, both male and female, which rendered the village famous as a seat of learning. His piety was of a high order, and both the church and the community felt its influence. His hospitality was unbounded, and his large means enabled him to exercise it to the fullest extent. To the orphan and widow, to the sick and sorrowing, he was most attentive, and his relations to his numerous ser- vants were paternal, about whose temporal and spiritual interests he was always solicitous. He filled the office of deacon well, having labored in it for thirty years, in conjunction with John Yeazy, BA UMES BAYLOR at whose funeral he was taken ill, and he survived six days only. Co-laborers in the Lord's vineyard, they often together visited the sick and the afflicted, often mingled their prayers and tears, and often took sweet counsel together about the honor of God and the good of man. Useful in life, mourned at death, their memory is yet fragrant in the church they served faithfully for so long a period. Baumes, John B,., D.D., was born at Carlisle, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1833 ; graduated with honor from Madison University in 1857, and shortly after began legal studies in New York City. Being convinced, however, of his duty to preach, he gave up the law, and in the spring of 1858 returned to Hamilton to take a theological course. Immediately after com- pleting his theological studies, in 1859, accepted the call of the Baptist church at Westfield, Mass., where he was ordained and remained ten yeai-s. In 1861, after a short period spent in the chaplaincy of a New York regiment, became pastor of the First church. New London, Conn., where he re- mained until 1863, when the health of his wife having become impaired, he removed to Springfield, 0., and assumed the chai-ge of the First church of that city. Here, in a few weeks, Mrs. Baumes died. A second church being formed in Spring- field, Dr. Baumes became its pastor, and labored with great success until 1872. In 1872, Dr. Baumes became editor and proprie- tor of the Journal and Messenger, of Cincinnati, 0., then in a declining state and embarrassed with debt. In a few years he succeeded in extinguishing this debt and in greatly extending the field and influence of the paper. In 1876 he sold his interest to Dr. G. W. Lasher, and, after a year or two of rest, began the publication of the Baptist Review, a quarterly which has already secured a paying list of subscribers. Dr. Baumes resides near Cin- cinnati, 0. "Baxter Baptized in Blood."— About 1673 Baptists in England had everything to bear that could pain the heart and make life wretched. In that year, according to Ivimey, whose veracity and information are worthy of all credit, a pamphlet •was issued bearing the heading at the top of this article, and of which he gives the following sketch : " This work, which we have perused, gives an account of a barbarous murder committed by four Anabaptists at Boston, New England, upon the body of a godly minister named Josiah Baxter, for no other reason than that he had worsted them in dis- putation, which was set forth with all the circum- stances and formalities of names, speeches, actions, times, and place, to make it look the more authen- tic ; orderly and most pathetically describing the most execrable murder that ever was known, viz., of first stripping and cruelly whipping, then dis- emboweling and flaying alive a sound and godly minister in his own house, in the midst of the bowlings, groans, and shriekings of his dear rela- tions lying bound before him. And the better to create belief, this sad story is pretended to be pub- lished by the mournful brother of the said mur- dered minister, named Benjamin Baxter, living in Fenchurch Street, London. This infamous libel concludes in the following manner : ' I have penned and published this narrative in pei'peiuam rei me- nioriam, that the world may see the spirit of these men, and that it may stand as an eternal memorial of their cruelty and hatred to all orthodox minis- ters.'' Multitudes were thirsting for the blood of our Baptist brethren at this time, and this pam- phlet, written by some classical scholar, was the very thing to enrage the whole nation against them ; and it had that for its object. After the murder should have taken place some twenty days, a vessel sailed from Boston for London ; and the master of this ship and three other persons took an affidavit before the Lord Mayor that they never heard of Mr. Josiah Baxter, that there was no such murder reported in America, and that they believed the story to be a very great falsehood. It was a murderous fabrication. But so dangerous a forgery was it that Mr. Kiffin, a man of great Avis- dom, and of much influence with Lord Clarendon, felt compelled to bring it before the King's Council ; and so fitted to shed innocent blood by mob vio- lence was it regarded that the Council, though without any love for Baptists, issued an order through the Gazette, which, after describing the story, declared ' the whole matter to be altogether false and fictitious.' " Bayliss, Bev. William H., was born near Augusta, Ga., in 1806 ; educated at the University of Georgia, Athens ; practiced law many years in Georgia and Mississippi ; was converted at Her- nando, Miss., and immediately commenced preach- ing ; was pastor of First Baptist church, Nash- ville, Tenn., the churches at Marshall and Waco, Texas, the church at Shreveport, La., and Coliseum Place church. New Orleans; in all served twelve churches. He was president of the Bible Board, Southern Baptist Convention at Nashville, and also of Louisiana Baptist Convention. He was a man of noble presence, and possessed oratorical gifts of the highest order. His labors in Mississippi, Ten- nessee, Louisiana, and Texas were productive of great good in bringing souls to Christ. Baylor Female College, Independence, Wash- ington Co., Texas. Until 1866 this institution con- stituted " Th? Female Department of Baylor Uni- versity." It is located about three-fourths of a mile from it. It has educated a large number of the most prominent women of Texas, and sustains the reputation of a first-class female college. Its build- ings, apparatus, and library are superior. For BAYLOR BAYNHAM nineteen years Horace Clark, LL.D., was its presi- dent. His successors liave been B. S. Fitzgerald, A.M., Rev. Henry L. Graves, A.M., Col. W. W. Fontaine, A.M., and Rev. William Royall, D.D. In 1878, Rev. J. H. Luther, D.D., was elected presi- dent. It sustains a relation to the Texas Baptist State Convention similar to that of Baylor Uni- versity. It had 90 pupils for the year 1877-78. Baylor, Hon. E.. E. B., was born in Bourbon Co., Ky., May 10, 1791 ; studied law in Kentucky ; i was deeply impressed by the preaching of Jere- miah Vardeman, whom he considered a pulpit orator of the first grade. He removed to Alabama, and practiced law at Cahaba and Tuscaloosa. Was a member of the U. S. Congress from the Tuscaloosa district for two terms. He was converted in Tal- ladega County in 1839, and was licensed to preach. Shortly afterwards he removed to Texas. Partici- pated in the struggles against Mexicans and In- dians in 1842-44. Served in the Texan Congress, and for twenty-five years was a judge of the Cir- cuit Court, embracing Washington, Fayette, and other leading counties of the State. For a short time he was on the Supreme Court bench. Wherever he held courts he there also preached, often decid- ing cases on the bench during the day and holding a protracted meeting at night. He was a man of commanding presence, fine oratorical powers, genial disposition, and attractive manners. His religious character aided him no little in his judicial career, at a time and aTnong a people accustomed to vio- lence, lawlessness, and misrule. He thoroughly identified himself with the people of God wherever 7 he went. He served as moderator of the Union Association, president of the State Convention, and president of the board of trustees of Baylor Uni- versity at difi^erent times. Baylor University was named after him. He and William M. Tryon drew up and procured the enactment of its charter, and he gave to the institution its first $1000 at a time when money was exceedingly scarce in the young republic. The last ten years of his life were spent chiefly in attending religious meetings. He died Dec. 30, 1873, and his remains are buried a short distance in the rear of the first edifice erected for the institution named after him. His memory is pi-ecious among all classes of people in the State of Texas. Baylor University, Independence, Washington Co., Texas, was chartered by the republic of Texas in 1845. Its location is unsurpassed in Texas for society, salubrity, and scenery. It has educated in whole or in part over 3000 persons. Many of the most prominent ministers of the gospel, law- yers, physicians, mei-chants, and planters in Texas were trained in this institution. It had in 1878 a corps of 6 instructors, 2 professorships, endowed in part, 94 students, and a valuable library. The society and officers' libraries contain about 3000 volumes. The value of its grounds, buildings, etc., is estimated at $35,000. The amount proposed to be raised for endowment is $200,000, and for other }>uildings $25,000. Its presidents have been Rev. Henry L. Graves, A.M., Rev. R. C.Burleson, D.D., Rev. George W. Baines, A.M. The present incum- bent. Rev. William Carey Crane, D.D., LL.D., has been president since July, 1863. The standard of education is equal to that of the principal American institutions, and a special course is promised for young men studying for the gospel ministry. An- nual tuition is from $30 to $60. The average age of students is higher than any other Texas college, being near nineteen years. The Texas Baptist State Convention appoints five of its trus- tees annually, and receives its yearly report. Baynham, Rev. William A., M.D., was born in Essex Co., Va., Oct. 19, 1813. His father was Dr. William Baynham, F.R.S.L., also a native of Vir- ginia. Young Baynham received a thorough early training in several of the best schools in the neigh- borhood, and in 1828 entered the University of Vir- ginia, although under the age required by the regulations of that institution, continuing three years in the literary schools, and the remainder of the time, up to 1834, attending lectures in the medi- cal schools, and taking his degree in medicine in that year. In the fall of 1834 he went to Phila- delphia, and attended medical lectures there until 1836. In 1834 he professed a hope in Christ, and in 1835 became a member of the Episcopal Church ; but on a change of views respecting baptism and BE ALL 91 BECK other doctrines, -was baptized by the Rev. A. D. Gil- lette, D.D., into the fellowship of the Sansom Street Baptist church, Philadelphia, in February, 1836. In the same year he returned to Virginia, and united with the Enon Baptist church, Essex County. He practiced medicine for one year only ; was then ordained to the ministry, and in 1842 was invited to the pastorate of the Enon church, which he ac- cepted, and wliich he has faithfully served to the present time. In 1854, Dr. Biiynham also took charge of the Upper Zion church, Carolina County, where he still preaches, and in addition to which he lias supplied two other fields of labor. He occa- sionally contributes to the Religioiis Herald; has been for some years a trustee of Richmond College, and at different times connected with one or more of tlie denominational boards. Seall, Hon. E.. L. T., was born in Westmore- land Co., Va., May 22, 1819, and after pursuing his studies in the neighl)oring schools, entered Dickinson College, Pa., where he remained about a year and a half. He then pursued the study of law at home for about eighteen months; entered the law scliool of the University of Virginia, where he graduated in 1838, and Ijegan the practice of his profession in 1839. Although averse to politics, being the only Democratic lawyer in the two couu- ties when he practiced law, ho was obliged to answer all Whig orators who chanced to speak in tiiat district. He was elected a member of Congress in 1847, but dei'lined a re-election. In 1850 he was elected a delegate to tlie convention to reform the State constitution of Virginia; and in 1859 was elected to the Senate of the same State, in wiiicli he served two sessions and then resigned. In 1861, on the In-eaking out of tiie war, Mr. Beall joined, as a private, a cavalry company, and was soon elected first lieutenant. He received in 1861 commissions of captain and then major from the State; in 1862 commissions of lieutenant-colonel and colonel from the Confederate States; and in 1865 that of briga- dier-general. He was a most efficient officer and was wounded several times. At the close of tlie war he returned to his practice, and in 1878 was nominated for Congress. Mr. Beall was baptized by his eldest son, the Rev. Geo. W. Beall, into the fellowship of the Miichedoc church. Va., in 1873. He is deeply interested in all denominational movements, and takes an active part in the pro- ceedings of district and State Associations. He holds the position of vice-president of the General Association of Virginia, and also of the Historical Society. Mr. Beall was a contributor to that ex- cellent magazine, the Southern Literar;/ Messenger, and has written occasionally for the press, both secular and religious. He was united in marriage to Miss Lucy M. Brown, of Westmoreland Co., Va., May 28,"l840. Beaver Sam. — The seat of Wayland Academy, on the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, 61 miles northwest of Milwaukee, the commercial centre of one of the riciiest portions of Wisconsin. To the Baptists of Wisconsin the place is associated with the early struggles of the denomination in found- ing and establishing its institution of learning, — Wayland Academy. Beck, Rev. Andrew J., a trustee of Menur University, was born in Hancock Co., Ga., in 1850. A regular graduate of Mercer University ; so(m after graduation lie edited an agricultural paper in Atlanta for some time, but feeling himself called to preach, he was ordained to the ministry. He was prevailed upon, however, to accept the posi- tion of principal of the Perry High School, wliicli he held for several years, but declining health com- pelled him to abandon the school-room and engage in the more active labors of a secular life until sufficiently restored to perform pastoral labor. After serving the Marietta church for some years, he became connected with the editorial corps of the Christian Lidex ; afterwards moving to JMll- ledgeville, the old ca|>ital of the State, he took charge of the Baptist church, — a responsible posi- tion, the duties of which he still discharges. Mr. Beck is a fine thinker, a good preacher and pastor, and one of the rising ministers of Georgia. Beck, Hon. Joseph Marcus, one of tiie judges of the Supreme Court of Iowa, was born in Cler- mont Co., 0., near the village of Bethel, April 21, 1823. His family removed to Jeflferson Co., Ind., in October, 1834. He was educated at Hanover College, Ind., read law in Madison, in the office of Judge Miles C. Eggleston, and was a pastor of the church at Frenchtown, N. J. ; and from 1872 to 1877, pastor of the Bruington church. BOSWORTH 118 BOSWORTH Va. In 1877 he entered on the pastorate of the Onancock church, Accomac Co., Va., where he still labors. Mr. Boston has been greatly blessed in his labors, having baptized nearly 300 persons, and having trained his churches to the performance of all good works. He has been an occasional contributor to the religious papers and periodicals, and is deeply interested in all the educational movements of the denomination. Mr. Boston is the father of the Rev. F. R. Boston, a successful young minister, now settled at Hampton, Va. Bosworth, Hon, Alfred, was born in Warren, R. I., Jan. 28, 1812. He graduated at Brown Uni- versity, in the class of 1835. He studied law in the office of Judge Haile, and was admitted to the bar in 1838, and, after a brief residence in another place, returned to Warren, where he practiced his profession until the year 1854, when, on the death of Judge Haile, he was appointed his successor as a justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island. While in the practice of his profession he con- ducted many important cases, not only in the courts of his own State, but in the Supreme Court of the United States, being associated witli vonic of the most distinguished lawyers in the country. He was elected a member of the corporation of Brown University on the Baptist foundation in 1854, and for eight years was faithful in the dis- charge of his duties as a trustee of the college. Although not a member of the Baptist church in Warren, he was an attendant upon its worship, and interested in all that concerned its prosperity. Judge Bosworth died at Warren, May 10, 1862, aged fifty years and four months. Bosworth, Geo. Wm., D.D., was born in Bel- lingham, Norfolk Co., Mass., Sept. 30, 1818. His parents were members of the Baptist church. At the age of thirteen he became deeply interested in religion and united with the church, being baptized by Rev. Calvin Newton, then the pastor, by whose encouragement he soon began to speak and pray in religious meetings. In 1831, Mr. Newton became a professor in Wa- terville College, and the year following took young Bosworth into his family and fitted him for college, which he entered in the class of 1837. His col- legiate course was interrupted by ill health, but he was awarded graduation rank by the board of trustees, also the degree of A.M. in 1854, and that of D.D. in 1862. He took the regular course in Newton Theological Institution, graduating in 1841. In September, 1841, he was ordained as pastor of the Baptist church in Medford, near Boston, the church being publicly " recognized" on the same occasion. After a successful ministry of nearly five years in Medford, he became the pastor of the South Baptist church in Boston, his installation occurring March 29, 1846. Here he remained for nine years. during which the church enjoyed prosperity. He then removed to Portland, Me., and became pastor of the Free Street Baptist church, February, 1855, which connection was sustained till Sept. 3, 1865. GEO. WM. BOSWORTH, D.D. During this period Dr. Bosworth took a very active part in the service which secured the endowment of Waterville College, now Colby University. To obtain a partial relief from exhausting labors he severed his union with the Free Street church, against their urgent remonstrances, and became pastor of the First Baptist church in Lawrence, Mass., Aug. 10, 1865, and remained there till the close of January, 1869, when he became pastor of the First Baptist church in Haverhill, commencing his labors Feb. 7, 1869. From his ordination till now he has not been out of the pastoral connection for a single Sabbath. Aside from the ministerial service he has been much engaged in denominational activities, — secre- tary of the Massachusetts Convention from 1852 to 1855 : secretary of the board of trustees of Newton Theological Institution from 1865 till this time ; secretary and treasurer of the Maine Bap- tist Education Society from 1856 till he left the State, in 1865 : corresponding secretai-y of the Northern Baptist Education Society from 1865 till the present time. And he has been elected to fill the place of secretary and superintendent of the Massachusetts Baptist Convention, and has ac- cepted the appointment, having announced to the church in Haverhill his purpose to close his pas- toral labors at the termination of ten years of service. EOTSFORD 119 BOUIC Botsford, Rev. Edmund, came to Charleston, S. C, in 1766. November 1 of the same year he was converted under the ministry of Oliver Hart, " a day," says Mr. Botsford, "of light, a day of joy and peace." Having expressed a wish to enter the ministry, he was placed under the instruction of Mr. Williams, a learned and pious member of the church. Mr. Hart directed his theological studies. He was licensed in February, 1771, and ordained March, 1772. The fathers of those days regarded, more than we do, the injunction, " Lay hands sud- denly on no man." Dr. Manly, Sr., says, ''The young men were not ordained until they had vis- ited some of the churches and preached before the Association and obtained their approbation." He labored with great acceptance in Charleston for a time, and then traveled and preached exten- sively and with eminent success in several States. He finally settled in Georgetown, S. C, where he was the beloved and honored pastoa* for twenty-three years. There he rested on the 25th of December, 1819, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. Mr. Botsford had a strong faith in the Saviour's abiding presence, and he enjoyed much of the Spirit's power in his heart. His labors in Geor- gia were eminently blessed, and he is revered as one of the illustrious-and heaven-honored founders of the Baptist denomination in that State, and he has the same distinguished position in the Baptist history of South Carolina. Boucher, Joan, was a lady of Kent, England, whose position in society was so exalted that she had access to the court of Henry VIII., and for a time held an honorable position in it. This lady was accustomed to take Bibles into the palace for distribution, concealed under her apparel. She visited the persecuted in prison, and contributed to their support and encouragement. She loved Christ, and she received such courageous grace from him that she feared nothing human and nothing painful. She would defy a dozen bishops, or as many executioners, if they attempted to com- pel her to deny her faith. Her talents made her a serious opponent in any discussion, even though Cranmer or Ridley took the other side. Joan was a firm Baptist, and she held a peculiar opinion about the origin of the Saviour's body. " You believe," said Cranmer to her, " that the Word was made flesh in the virgin, but that Christ took flesh of the virgin you believe not, because the flesh of the virgin being the outward man [was] sinfully gotten, and born in sin, but the AVord, by the consent of the inward man of the vir- gin, was made flesh." This conceit held by Joan did not impugn the divinity or humanity of Christ, or the maternal relations of Mary to Jesus, and Cranmer might have safely passed it by. But she was an Anabaptist, and she must recant or be burned. She defended her doctrine of Christ's purity of nature with great power and persever- ance, and the protracted efibrts of two of the ablest prelates in the Church of England failed to make any impression upon her. She was then de- livered up to the secular power for punishment. Cranmer had much trouble in persuading the youthful king Edward VI. to sign her death-war- rant. He told him with tears in his eyes that if he did wrong, since it was in submission to his au- thority, the archbishop should answer for it before God. " This struck him with much horror, so that he was very unwilling to have the sentence exe- cuted." But other attempts to make Joan re- nounce her opinions were made with provoking results ; and this distinguished Baptist was burned to ashes almost exclusively through the efi'orts of Archbishop Cranmer. She passed through the flames to paradise May 2, 1550, in Smithfield, London. Her death was marked by perfect fear- lessness and by the full peace of God. In Mary's time poor Cranmer had to drink the cup he forced on Joan Boucher, and the lady's courage far sur- passed the archbishop's when the time of trial first approached. Bouic, Hon. William Veirs, was born near Edward'js Ferry, Montgomery Co., Md., May 11, HON. WILLIAM TEIRS BOUIC. 1818. His father's family were for many genera- tions the honored residents of Acqueville, France, some of whom were distinguished among the clergy BOULWARE 120 BOUTELLE of the Roman Catholic Church of that country, and especially Louis Domince, who was a canon of the Cathedral church of Rouen. Judge Bouic's father was Peter Anable Tranquelle Bouic, who died in Maryland in 1823. Mr. Bouic received his early education at a school in the neighborhood, and at the age of twelve removing to Rockville, Md., he attended the academy there for several years, and finally graduated in the full course. Upon leaving school he entered the law-office of John Brewer, Esq., Rockville, and at the terii)ination of his course he was admitted to the bar. Having practiced for a while at Warrenton, Mc, he returned to Rock- ville to prosecute his profession. Judge Bouic ren- dered valuable services to his country during the war by restraining violence and mitigating its ter- rible evils wherever he had the power. He is in- terested in all educational enterprises ; a firm friend of the academy in his town, and one of the over- seers of the Columbian University, at which a son of his, a promising young lawyer, graduated with honors. Although Judge Bouic's father was a Catholic and his mother an Episcopalian, he, at his conversion, united with the Baptist church in Rockville when he was eighteen years of age, and still is an active member of that body. He was appointed in 1849, by the attorney-general of the State of Maryland, deputy attorney-general for Montgomery County, and that office having been abolished, he was elected in 1851 to the office of State attorney for the same county for the period of four years, which office he continued to hold and adorn by successive elections until 1867. In that year he was elected an associate judge of the Cir- cuit Court for the Sixth Judicial Circuit of the State for the term of fifteen years. Judge Bouic is ever awake to the interests of his fellow-towns- men, and has done much by his personal effiDrts to make Rockville one of the most beautiful towns in the State. Boulware, Rev. Theodorick, was bom in Vir- ginia, November 13, 1780. He was converted at the age of ten years. He was ordained in 1810. He spent seventeen years preaching in Kentucky. He removed to Missouri in 1827, and lived in Calla- way County. He was a man of a high order of talent, well educated, energetic, and an impressive preacher, and he stond in the front rank as a de- fender of the faith. He took a bold stand against the organization of the General Association because of his anti-mission principles, and lived and died connected with the Old-School Baptists. He died Sept. 21, 1867. Boutelle, Hon, Timothy, was born at Leomin- ster, Mass., Nov. 10, 1777. The labors of the farm, on which he passed his early days, making too severe a draft on a naturally delicate constitution, his father was induced to give him an education. In this decision he was greatly encouraged by observ- ing in his son evidences of mental vigor and an aptness for study, which gave promise of success in whatever profession he might select as the busi- ness of his life. He graduated at Harvard College in the class of 1800. Among his classmates were HON. TIMOTHY BOUTELLE. Washington Allston, the celebrated painter, the Rev. J. S. Buckminster, the eloquent pastor of the Brattle Square church in Boston, and the late Chief- Justice Shaw, of Massachusetts, who was his room- mate. In a class thus distinguished for ability, Mr. Boutelle graduated with high reputation as a scholar. For one year after he was an assistant teacher at the Leicester Academy. In 1801 he en- tered the law-office of Hon. Abijah Bigelow, of Leominster, with whom he remained three years. Having been admitted to the bar in 1804, he re- moved to Waterville, Me., and commenced the prac- tice of his profession. He soon rose to eminence as a lawyer, and had in some respects the best practice in his county. " He uniformly had the respect and confidence of the court as a sound and able lawyer, and was influential with the jury, be- cause he presented his views with clearness and force, and appeared before them with the moral power of an honest man." For a number of years he represented his town in both branches of the Legislature, where he was during his whole term of service on the important Judiciary Committee, and frequently its chairman. It was while he was in the Senate that mainly through his influence a charter was obtained, in 1820, for Waterville Col- BOWERS BOYCE le<;e, now Colby University. For many years he was a trustee of the college, and its treasurer, and received from the institution, in 1839, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Mr. Boutette was an habitual worshiper at the First Baptist church in Waterville. The writer of this sketch recalls with pleasure the constancy of his attendance upon the public services of the Sab- bath, and the devoutness of his demeanor in the house of God. It was no small encouragement to him tliat he had in his congregation one who cast the full weight of his great influence on the side of good order and religion. His was a life of great activity, honorably and well spent. lie died Nov. 12, 1855, at the ripe age of seventy-eight years. Bowers, Charles M., D.D., was born in Boston, Jan. 10, 1817. He graduated at Brown University in the class of 1838. Having spent one year in the Newton Theological Institution, he was ordained pastor of the church in Lexington, Mass., Sept. 9, 1841. The relation continued for four years, — 1841-45, — when he decided to accept a call to the church in Clinton, Mass., where he has been the pastor ever since. He was a member of the Mas- sachusetts Legislature one year, — the session of 1865-66. For twelve years he has been the effi- cient secretary of the Massachusetts Baptist State Convention. Dr. Bowers received his degree from Brown University in 1870. Bowers, Marmion H., was born at Moore's Hill, Deai-born Co., Ind. ; educated at Farmei-'s College, 0. ; studied law at the State University, Bloomington, Ind. ; practiced law at Aurora, Ind., and edited a newspaper; removed to Texas in 1852 ; resumed practice of law at Austin, 1853 ; raised a company for Confederate service in 1861 ; elected captain of Company C, 16th Regt. Texas Volunteer Infantry (Flournoy's) ; loss of health caused his early resignation ; elected, while absent from Austin, a member of 10th Legislature from Travis County ; made his reputation by urging legislative enactments against irregular impress- ments of property by Confederate States agents and others; edited Southern Intelligencer a few months after the war ; in 1869 elected State Sena- tor from Travis district ; took a commanding part in all important measures of the several sessions of tiiat Legislature, resisting the arbitrary school, militia, and police bills. His speech on martial law in time of peace is regarded as exhaustive and conclusive. He reached a high position at the Austin bar. He was a consistent and earnest mem- ber of the Baptist church at Austin from 1854 to the time of his death, March 3, 1872. Bowker, S. B., M.B., was born in Courtland Co., N. Y., Feb. 10, 1830. He graduated at Fair- 9 mount Theological Seminary, and was a successfiil minister at several important points. He had bap- tized over 800 persons when fifty years of age. Several church edifices stand as monuments of his untiring labors. The last one built under his superintendence was the one at Leadville, Col. Without His self-sacrificing labor it would not have been erected. Having graduated in medicine as well as in theology, he practiced the healing art. He ranks among the most skillful physicians of Leadville, and is much respected for his good deeds of sympathy and Ijenevolence as well as for his abilities. Bowles, Rev. Ralph H., son of Ralph H. and Rebecca Bowles, was born in Hartford, Conn. ; fitted for college in Connecticut Literary Institu- tion ; graduated at Trinity College in 1848 ; re- ceived the degree of A.M. in 1851 ; was ordained as pastor of the Baptist church in TariS'ville, Conn., in 1850; settlements afterward were in Branford, Conn. ; Lee, Brighton, West Newton, Lee (second time), Mass. ; Greenbush, N. Y. ; Jewett City, New Hartford, and Canton, Conn. ; a devout, earnest, and indefatigable worker. Boyce, James Pettigru, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Systematic Theology, Church Government, and JAMES PETTIGRU BOVCE, D.D., LL.D. Pastoral Duties in the Southern Baptist Theologi- cal Seminary, and chaii-man of its faculty, was born of Scotch-Irish parents at Charleston, S. C, Jan. 11, 1827. After spending two years at Charleston College, he entered Brown University, where he graduated in 1847. He was baptized by BOYD 122 BOYD Rev. Richard Fuller, D.D., and united with the First Baptist church at Charleston in 1846. He was licensed to preach in 1847, and for six months of the following year he edited the Soidhern Baptist. In 1849 he entered Princeton Theological Seminary, where he remained two years. In 1851 he was or- dained pastor of the Baptist church in Columbia, S. C, where he preached until 1855, when he ac- cepted a professorship of Theology in Furman Uni- versity. His inaugural address was delivered during the succeeding commencement, in July, 1856. Its subject was, " Three Changes in Theo- logical Education." The address did much in strengthening the cause of theological education in the South, leading many to favor it who had hitherto opposed it, and laying the foundation of the peculiar system of teaching afterwards adopted in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. In 1858 and 1859, Dr. Boyce was elected professor in this institution, with the privilege of selecting his chair, and was also made chairman of its faculty. To these offices have since been added those of treasurer and general agent, which posi- tions he still holds. He was elected to a seat in the South Carolina Legislature in 1862, and re-elected in 1864. He took a prominent part in the business of that body. Two of his speeches, advocating the indorsement of a definite amount of Confederate bonds by the State, were published. He also published a pamphlet on that subject. His principal publications are, " A Brief Cate- chism on Bible Doctrines"; "The Doctrine and Uses of the Sanctuary," a sermon at the dedica- tion of Columbia Baptist Church ; " Death and Life the Christian's Portion," occasioned by the death of Rev. B. Manly, Sr., D.D. ; and "The Suffering Christ," published in the Baptist Quar- terly of October, 1870. He has a great intellect, tireless energy, and extraordinary executive ability, and to him, more than to all others, the South- ern Baptist Theological Seminary owes its exist- ence. His private library comprises over 13,000 volumes. Boyd, Robert, D.D. — This widely known minister of Christ was born in Girvin, Ayrshire, Scotland, Aug. 24, 1816, and died at his home in Waukesha, Wis., Aug. 1, 1879, aged sixty-three years. His parents were devoted members of the Presbyterian Church, and he was indebted to them i'or an early Christian education. Converted at the age of fifteen, impressed almost simultaneously that it was his duty to preach, he began at once to address public assemblies with great acceptance. His attention having been called to the question of baptism, he gave the subject prayerful and un- prejudiced examination, which resulted in his be- coming a Baptist. In 1843, Dr. Boyd came to America, and settled as pastor at Brockville, Canada. Subsequently he served the churches at London and Hamilton, Canada, with great effi- ciency. Owing to failure of health he came in 1854 to Waterville, Wis., and settled on a farm. His health having been restored, he accepted the pas- torate of the Baptist church in Waukesha, and afterwards he took charge of the Edina Place Bap- tist church, Chicago, 111. In 1863, owing to an attack of paralysis so impairing his health as to unfit him for the duties of his city pastorate, he came again to Waukesha. The same year Shurt- lefi" College conferred upon him the degree of D.D. Although paralyzed to such an extent that he had to be carried into the pulpit in his chair, and to preach sitting, he proclaimed the good news with great power for four years to the Baptist church in Waukesha. In 1867 he was finally prostrated to such an extent as to be confined thereafter to his house until death summoned him up higher. Although he resigned his pastorate, the church de- clined to accept it. For about twelve years he was helpless on his bed. His intellect, however, re- mained unimpaired, and during these years the best w;ork of his life was accomplished. He em- ployed his time in the production of the books which he left as a precious legacy to the church of Christ. As the result of his labor he prepared for the press " Glad Tidings," " None but Christ," "Grace and Truth," "The Good Shepherd," "The World's Hope," "Wee Willie," "My Enquiry Meeting," "Lectures to Young Converts," "Words of Comfort to the Afflicted," and an autobiography in manuscript. Dr. Boyd was gifted with a mind of a high order, and every power he possessed was brought into service for Christ. He had a profound reverence for the sacred Scriptures, and he un- folded their themes with a variety and richness of illustration hardly ever surpassed. His delight was to preach the gospel, and he easily found Christ crucified in every theme. The great salva- tion always absorbed his soul, and the atonement was to him the radiating centre of saving knowl- edge. As a pastor he lived in the hearts of his people. In this relation, if more remarkable in one thing than another, it was in the confidence which he inspired. His people gave up their minds and hearts to him without suspicion or reserve. In the midst of great suffering he evinced remark- able fortitude and submission to the will of God. He was a noble specimen of a man and a Chris- tian minister. He has bequeathed to his family and the church of God the memory of a life with- out reproach, devoted to the cause of truth without reserve. Boyd, Willard W., D.D., was born Nov. 22, 1843, in Chemung Co., N. Y. His parents moved to Saco, Me., when he was two years old. BOYD 123 BOYKIN He was prepared for college at fourteen years of age. He was converted at the age of twelve years. His father died when he was eighteen years of age, and Willard succeeded him in superintending a WILLARD W. BOYD, D.D. factory at Springville, Me. In this place there was but one church, a Baptist, whose members were few in number. Dr. Boyd read Spurgeon's sermons to them, and soon began to speak in his own language ; a revival followed, and the con- verts asked for baptism. He being a Congrega- tionalist, studied the question of baptism, and soon, with those who had lately found Jesus, he was baptized. In 1866 his mother died, and the fol- lowing year he entered Harvard University, where he graduated with honor in 1871. After spending a year at a German university he was appointed tutor in Harvard College, and held the position till, in 1873, he accepted the pastorate of the First Baptist church in Charlestown, — a part of Boston, Mass. With this church he remained four years, and received about 400 members into its fellow- ship. In June, 1877, he was installed as pastor of the Second Baptist church of St. Louis, Mo. In June, 1878, he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Shurtleff College, 111. In Dr. Boyd are combined scholarship, executive ability, and pulpit eloquence. He possesses great energy and piety. Many have been added to his church in St. Louis since his settlement, and the house of worship has been twice built, owing to fire. He occupies one of the most responsible po- sitions in the Baptist denomination in the Missis- sippi Valley, and preaches to very large congre- gations. Boyden, Rev. Jabez S., was born in Essex Co., N. Y., in 1831 ; brought to Michigan while still an infant ; baptized in Mooreville, in June, 1850, and educated for the ministry at Kalamazoo College, from which he graduated in 1856. He settled at once as pastor in Novi, and was ordained in No- vember of the same year. His successive pastorates were, in Flint, four years ; in Novi, again three years ; in Howell, four years : in Franklin, Ind., one year ; in Ypsilanti, seven years. During all this time he was continuously in the pastorate without the intermission of a single day. At Novi he baptized 117 ; in Flint, 63 ; in Howell, 163 ; and during the time of the Franklin and Ypsilanti pas- torates, 163. While pastor at Flint he was one year chaplain of the 10th Regiment of Mich. Vols., Infantry. In August, 1879, he became financial secretary of Kalamazoo College, and is at present residing in Kalamazoo, engaged most vigorously in the work of securing an adequate endowment for the college, and the means for defraying its current expenses. Boykin, James, a deacon of the Baptist church at Columbus, Ga., was born in 1792, near Camden, in South Carolina. With his father, Francis Boy- kin, he moved to Georgia, and settled on a large plantation in Washington County, ten miles south of Milledgeville ; in 1829 he sold his home and plant- ing interests to his brother, Dr. Samuel Boykin, and moved to Columbus, and settled on another plantation in Stewart County, twenty miles from Columbus. He united with the Columbus church, and was ordained a deacon, which office he filled worthily until his death, in 1846. He was at that time quite wealthy, and gave liberally of his means to sustain the gospel and to establish Mercer Uni- versity. He was an exceedingly kind man. To his children he was the most tender and affectionate of parents ; to his wife the most devoted of hus- bands ; he was a Christian without reproach. A security debt swept away nearly $100,000 of his property, yet he never murmured, or spoke an un- kind word of the man who caused his financial ruin, but preserved his cheerfulness and gentle serenity until called "up higher" at the age of fifty-four. He did much in founding and sustaining the church at Columbus, and was a most useful, zealous, and liberal Christian, whose memory is even yet fragrant among those who knew him. Boykin, Rev. Samuel, was born in Milledge- ville, Baldwin Co., Ga., Nov. 24, 1829. His mother's maiden name was Narcissa Cooper, daughter of Thomas Cooper, whose ancestors came from England. His paternal ancestor, Ed- BOTKIN 124 BOTKIN ward Boykin, caine from Caernarvonshire, Wales, and settled in Isle of Wight Co., Va., in 1685. William Boykin, the grandson of Edward Boy- kin, emigrated to Kershaw Co., S. C, in 1755 or 1756, and settled six miles south of Camden. His third son, Francis Boykin. participated in most of the battles of the State during the Revolutionary war, and rose to be a major of infantry in the REV. SAMUEL BOVKIN. army, having taken part in the battle of Fort Moultrie. About the year 1800 Mr. Boykin moved to Georgia, and settled near Milledgeville, where he died in 1821. Three of his children grew to ma- turity, — -Eliza, Samuel, and James. Samuel, born in 1786, died in 1848, was the father of the subject of this sketch. He graduated at the State Uni- versity of Georgia and at a medical college in Philadelphia, and practiced medicine in Georgia for twenty-five or thirty years. He was also a large planter. He removed to Columbus, Ga., where he spent the last years of his life. He en- gaged in planting and in banking, and was very prosperous. He was fond of books, and a lover of science ; and at his hospitable home distin- guished literary and scientific men of the New and Old World were pleased to visit, and ever found in Dr. Boykin a congenial spirit. Samuel Boykin, his son, spent his earliest years in Columbus. He was sent to Pennsylvania and Connecticut for education, but came back to Georgia and took a full course at the State Univer- sity, where he graduated in 1851. He then spent nearly a year in foreign travel. While prosecuting his studies at the State University he made a pro- fession of religion and joined the Baptist church. He was licensed to preach in 1852, and ordained Sept. 16, 1861. In 1859 he became the editor of the Christian Index, then published in Macon, Ga., and owned by the Baptist Convention of the State. In 1861 he became the sole proprietor of the Index. He continued successfully its publication until 1865, when the disasters of the war between the States stopped it. His editorial management was characterized by decided ability. He subsequently sold the Index to J. J. Toon, of Atlanta, by whom it was revived. For several years he also pub- lished and edited the Child^s Index, which he re- sumed after the war. This child's paper was merged into Kind Woi-ds in 1872, a paper owned by the Southern Baptist Convention, and published at Memphis, Tenn. In 1873, Mr. Boykin was elected editor of Kind Wbrdu, which position he has held ever since. Under his management the paper has reached a very large circulation, is now well established, and it is a paper of great value. Mr. Boykin was pastor for one year of the Second Baptist church of Macon, but having been called to Memphis to edit Kind Words in 1873, he re- signed that charge. When the Sunday-School Board was abolished in 1874, the paper was removed to Macon, and there published. Mr. Boykin then returned to Georgia. Editing has been his chief employment, for which he is peculiarly fitted. He has been identified with Baptist interests in Georgia for many years. In the cause of missions and Sunday-schools he has been very useful, wielding a large influence over the young of the denomination as editor and ex- positorof the"Sunday-SchoolLessons." He is now in (he prime of life, with an active mind and un- tiring industry. The Baptist denomination may still expect large results from his labors and his commanding talents. Boykin, Rev. Thomas Cooper, State school evangelist for the Georgia Baptist Convention, brother of the foregoing, was born in Baldwin County, ten miles from Milledgeville, Jan. 1, 1836. His parents moved to Columbus soon after his birth, and he was reared in that city. Converted under the ministry of John E. Dawson, he joined the Columbus church in 1851, and was educated at Penfield, in Mercer University, and at Columbia, S. C, in the South Carolina College, from which he was graduated with distinction in 1856. In 1858 he began a planter's life in Russell Co., Ala., near Columbus, transferring his membership to the Mount Lebanon church in 1863. That church li- censed him in 1864, and by it he was called to or- dination in 1865. It was while acting as pastor for this church that he developed a strong passion for the Sunday-school work, and the brethren of BOYNTON BRADFORD the Alabama Convention, recognizing his zeal and ability, placed him at the head of their State Sun- day-school efforts in 1872. But his native State called him to her service on the 1st of September, 1874, and he removed tn Georgia, settled in Atlanta, REV. THOMAS COOPER BOYKIN. and, under an appointment of the State Baptist Convention, began a work in the Sunday-school cause which he has continued to prosecute most vigorously and prosperously until the present time (1880). Through his exertions the Sunday-school work in the State has been pretty thoroughly or- ganized ; 26 Sunday-school conventions have been put in operation, and 500 schools have been estab- lished, while all over the State a healthy and en- thusiastic Sunday-school spirit has been aroused in the denomination. Mr. Boykin is a preacher of ability, and in his style is exceedingly pointed and practical. During a pastorate of three years he baptized 70 persons into the Mount Lebanon, — a country church. He has the happy faculty of making himself interesting and instructive to all, especially to the young. He is an indefatigable laborer, and he is thoroughly conversant with every phase of the Sunday-school work. Boynton, Hon. Nehemiah, was born in what is now Rockport, but then a section of Gloucester, Mass., Dec. 2, 1804. When he was twenty-one yeai's of age he commenced business at St. George, Me., where he remained nine years, and then re- moved to West Thomaston, Me. Here he carried on business for eleven years. At the end of this period he removed to Boston, and embarked in the business which he prosecuted with energy and suc- cess for the remainder of his life. Mr. Boynton's residence was in Chelsea, where, as a member and an officer in the First Baptist church, he gave himself with great devotion to the service of his Lord and Master. For two years he was a senator from his district in the Massachusetts Senate, and for three years, 1862, 1864, and 1865, a period of great responsibility, he was a member of Gov. Andrew's Executive Council for the county of Suffolk. If Mr. Boynton was a successful merchant and an honorable councillor, he filled also another post, which to him was one of higher honor and more sacred trust than either of the other two. A vacancy having occurred in the Executive Committee of the Missionary Union in 1853, he was appointed to fill it. At once his business capacities pointed him out as the proper person to be selected as chairman of the Committee on Finance. In 1855 he was chosen treasurer of the Union, and held the office for nine years in succession. In the hands of no better man could the great trust have been placed. He entered upon the duties of his office when the so- ciety was burdened with a heavy debt. He lived to see the debt wiped out and the credit of the Union, in all parts of the world where it transacted its business, placed upon the soundest basis, so that its drafts were as promptly honored as those of any banking or mercantile house then or since known. " The prominent personal qualities of Mr. Boyn- ton," says one who knew him well, "were fittingly symbolized by his commanding personal presence. Weight and symmetry of character were his in an eminent degree. No man was ever less influenced by personal fears or preferences. His action was based on public and solid reasons. No member of the committee ever commanded greater influence for his opinions. The answer to the question, 'What does Deacon Boynton think of it?' was almost enough to conclude any matter of weight. To the high personal qualities which contributed to this beautiful wholeness he added a faith in God, and in the loyalty of his redeemed people, that made him confident, where to human sense there seemed more ground for despondency." With the record of such a life as he lived before all men, there was no need of a dying testimony. Deacon Boynton died Nov. 22, 1868. Bradford, Rev. C. G., is quite young, probably not more than thirty, but a man of unusual promise. His delivery is quiet but exceedingly impressive, and he is one of the few whose sermons would lose nothing by being read instead of heard. They are brief and elegantly finished. He has tried again and again to leave the Beech Island church, in Aiken Co., S. C, having been reared in that vicinity, and BRADFORD BRANEAM thinking he might be more useful elsewhere, but the church still retains him. Bradford, Rev. Shadrach S., was born at Plympton, Mass., May 24, 1813. He took a part of his college course at Waterville, Me., graduating at Columbian College, Washington, D. C, in the class of 1837. His theological studies were pursued at Newton, where he graduated in 1840. He was ordained pastor of the church at Pawtucket, R. I., June 8, 1841, and remained in this position for ten years, resigning in 1851. Such was the state of his health that he was obliged to abandon the min- istry. For several years he was in active business in Providence. Mr. Bradford was elected a trustee of Brown University in 1863, and a Fellow in 1865. Bradford, E,ev. Zabdiel, was bom in Plympton, Mass., on the 13th of August, 1809. On the side of both parents he was of genuine Puritan stock, his paternal ancestor being Gov. William Bradford, and his maternal ancestor the renowned Capt. Miles Standish. Of such an ancestry any man might justly be proud. Before he reached his eighteenth year he became a subject of God's con- verting grace. The state of his health being such as to settle the question of his physical inability to enter into active business, it was decided that he should obtain a liberal education. In the year 1830 he became a member of Waterville College, with the intention of fitting himself for the Chris- tian ministry. After his graduation he prosecuted his theological studies for nearly three years, and then accepted a call to the Baptist church in what is now Yarmouth, Cumberland Co., Me. The min- istry of Mr. Bradfoi'd, extending over a period of eight years, was one of great spiritual prosperity. He had the happiness of witnessing more than one powerful revival. As the result of one of these outpourings of the Spirit he baptized nearly 100 persons. The long winters and uncongenial springs of the sea-coast of Maine were too trying to the constitu- tion of Mr. Bradford, and, with a severe pang, he felt compelled to sever the ties which united him to a most affectionate people. He accepted a call from what was then the Pine Street, now Central Baptist church, in Providence, and was recognized as pastor in November, 1844, and labored with his customary fidelity and success for more than four years. He died May 16, 1849, at the comparatively early age of forty years. Mr. Bradford was a man of much more than or- dinary ability. He possessed a singularly vivid imagination, and sometimes the play of his fancy in his discourses was most striking, and arrested the attention of the most careless and thoughtless. He concentrated all his faculties to the cause of his Master, and in his closing hours was sustained by that grace the riches of which he had proclaimed so earnestly fi-om the sacred desk. " That plan," he said, " that capital plan ! I have looked it through and through this winter, and it is all I want." Who can doubt that when he came into the presence of his God and Saviour he did find it was all he wanted ? Bramlette, Gov. Thomas E., was born in Cum- berland Co., Ky., Jan. 3, 1817. In early life he joined a Baptist church, and was active in the councils of his denomination. He was admitted to the practice of law in 1837. In 1,841 he was elected to the State Legislature ; here his splendid abilities speedily attracted public attention. In 1849 he was appointed Commonwealth's attorney. In 1852 he moved from Burksville to Columbia, Ky., and was elected circuit judge, and filled the position during six years. At the breaking out of the Re- bellion he accepted a colonel's commission, raised a regiment of volunteers, and entered the Federal army. In 1862 he resigned to accept the appoint- ment of U. S. attorney for Kentucky. In 1863 he was commissioned major-general. While organ- izing his division he was nominated candidate for governor. Again he resigned his position in the army, and was elected governor of the Common- wealth, in which capacity he served four years. He now became weary of the burdens of public ofiSce, and settled in Louisville, where he enjoyed an extensive and lucrative practice of law until his death, Jan. 12, 1875. Branham, Joel E.., D.D.,was born in Eaton- ton, Putnam Co., Ga., Dec. 23, 1825. His parents were Dr. Joel Branham and Emily, daughter of Thomas Cooper, the devoted Baptist deacon of Eatonton. He went to Penfield to school in the year 1838, while quite young, and remained three years. He was a pupil there when Mercer Insti- tute was organized as a college, and was a member of the first Freshman class. After leaving Penfield he attended the Eatonton school until about his eighteenth year. In 1845 he entered Emory Col- lege, at which he was graduated in 1847. He was converted and joined the Baptist church at Pen- field in 1838. He was ordained in 1866, in Madi- son, Ga. He was called to ordination by the Madi- son Baptist church, and immediately after to the charge of that church, in which he continued two and a half years. While residing in Tennessee he incidentally served the churches at Brownsville, Humboldt, and Stanton. Compelled by ill health to return to Georgia in 1874, he was called to the pastorate of the church in Marietta, at the same time preaching once a month to the church at Noonday. He is at present pastor of the Baptist church at Eatonton, Ga., and preaches once a month to the church at Harmony, Putnam Co., and also to the church at Monticello, Jasper Co.. Ga. He was a member of the faculty of the Geor- 127 BRANTLY gia Female College in its early organization ; was president of the same institution after the war. From 1868 to 1874 was president of Brownsville Baptist Female College, the leading Baptist insti- meeting in the Milledgeville church, of which Dr. S. G. Hillyer was then pastor, he made a profession of religion, and was liaptized hy his father in the Oconee River, near Millcdirevillo. JOEL R. BRANHAM, D.D. tution of West Tennessee at that period. He was for a time trustee of Mercer University. Dr. Branham is one of the best educated and most highly cultivated of the living Georgia Bap- tist ministers, and to pulpit ability of high rank he unites fine oratorical powers and an exceeding amiability of disposition. He is remarkably clear in all his statements, because of a keen mental vision and a strong intellectual grasp. His talents are of a high order, and his sermons are surpassed by few, if by any, of the State ministry. Many of the years of his life have been spent in imparting instruction, generally as the president of a college for young ladies, and he is a teacher of rare ability. Brantly, John J., D.D., Professor of Belles- Lettres and Modern Languages in Mercer Univer- sity, Macon, Ga., and son of Dr. "VVm. T. Brantly, Sr., and half-brother of Dr. Wm. T. Brantly, Jr., was born in Augusta, Ga., Dec. 29, 1821. The first twelve years of his life were spent in Phila- delphia, when his father was pastor of the First Baptist church of that city. He then went with his father to Charleston, S. C, where he entered the Sophomore class of Charleston College, of which !iis father was president. While a student in the Charleston College he paid a summer visit during vacation to relatives at Scottsborough, a few miles from Milledgeville, Ga., and during a protracted JOHN J. BRANTLY, D.D. Graduating in 1840, he went to Chatham Co., N. C, — his father's old home, — and afterwards to Pittsborough, in both of which places he en- gaged in teaching. As he was debating in his mind whether to study law or medicine, he went in the fall of 1844, to Charleston, on a visit to his father, who had been stricken with paralysis. During that visit his thoughts were turned to the ministry, and he decided that his duty lay in that direction. He was licensed by the First church of Charleston, his father signing the license, the last official act he performed. Mr. Brantly was or- dained at Fayetteville, N. C, in 1845, having ac- cepted a call to the pastoral charge of the church in that place. In a year or two he resigned to take charge of the high school there ; but in the spring of 1850 he accepted the pastoral charge of the church at Newbury Court-House, S. C, where he remained until elected to his present position, in 1867. During the interval between the resignation of Dr. Warren and the settlement of Dr. Skinner he served the Macon church as temporary pastor. Dr. J. J. Brantly is a thorough scholar. He is well read in the ancient classics, both Greek and Latin, and he is the master of several modern lan- guages. With the writings of " the fathers" he is familiar. He is also a perfect master of English composition. His extreme modesty only has pre- vented him from being widely known as one of the BRANTLY 128 BRANTLY most finished scholars and able preachers of our denomination in the United States. Brantly, William T., Jr., B.D., son of the Dr. W. T. Brantly of sainted memory, was born in Beau- fort, S. C. He removed with his father, at the age WILLIAM T. BRANTLY, JR., D.D. of nine years, to Philadelphia, where, in 1826, the father became the pastor of the First Baptist church. Under a careful home culture, supple- mented by the training of the best schools, young Brantly was prepared to enter college at an early age. While thus preparing, in 1834, he was bap- tized into the fellowship of the First church of Philadelphia, the baptism being in the Delaware River ; and in 1838 he was licensed by the same church to preach. Having entered Brown Univer- sity, he graduated with distinction in 1840. The same year he was invited to the pastorate of the First Baptist church of Augusta, Ga., which posi- tion he accepted and held with inarked success for eight years, during which time the membership was doubled, and the house enlarged to accommo- date the increasing congregation. Dr. Brantly's varied culture and polished scholarship attracted to his ministrations an unusual number of the more intelligent of the community, and soon the authori- ties of the University of Georgia were anxious to secure his services as one of its faculty of instruc- tion. Accordingly, in 1848 he was elected Professor of Belles-Lettres and Evidences of Christianity and Histoi'y in that institution, a position which he filled with distinguished ability until 1856. In 1853 he was elected pastor of the First Baptist church, Philadelphia, but declined the invitation. In 1856 he was invited to the pastorate of the Taber- nacle church in the same city, and anxious to be engaged again in the active and, to him, congenial duties of pastoral life, he accepted the position. He continued to serve the Tabernacle church for five years, during vvhich time he had the pleasure of seeing the membership greatly increase in num- ber and efficiency. In 1861, Dr. Brantly was in- vited to take charge of the Second Baptist church at Atlanta, Ga., where he remained, with the ex- ception of an interruption arising from the troubles of the war, until 1871, in which year he became the pastor of the Seventh Baptist church, Baltimore, Md., succeeding the honored Dr. R. Fuller, when he and a large number of the members of that church withdrew to constitute the present Eutaw Place church. Dr. Brantly still remains pastor of the Seventh church, and is eminently successful in his ministrations. As a preacher, he is earnest, graceful, and instructive ; as a pastor, genial, lov- ing, and companionable, and ever a welcome guest in the homes of his people. No one feels a warmer interest in all the denominational movements of the day than he ; while for educational institutions and their instructors he cherishes that ardent and unwavering attachment which stamps him, as by nature, one of the guild. He is an overseer of the Columbian University, and no one is more heartily welcomed to its meetings for business and its com- mencement exercises than himself. The University of Geoi'gia in 1854 conferred on him the honorary degree of D.D. Brantly, "William T., Sr., D.D., was born in Chatham Co., N. C, Jan. 23, 1787. He was con- verted to God in his fifteenth year. He was edu- cated at South Carolina College, Columbia, S. C, of which Jonathan Maxcy, D.D., was president. He graduated with distinction in 1808, inspiring hopes in those who became acquainted with his talents of a bright future for the young minister. In 1811 he became a pastor, though he had preached regularly for years before, and he took the over- sight of the church of Beaufort, S. C, where he spent eight years in toil and triumphs. The church was increased in numbers, knowledge, and spir- itual strength, and the pastor was regarded as one of the most eloquent preachers in the South. In 1819 he became rector a second time of Richmond Academy, Augusta, Ga., an institution endowed by that State ; and immediately he began to preach every Sunday in the chapel of the academy, for there was no Baptist church in Augusta. His talents soon drew throngs, a church was organized. ' and in two years a meeting-house was built and paid for, at a cost of $20,000, the equal of any sim- ilar structure in the State. His services as preacher and pastor, like many of the earlier Baptist min- isters in the South, he, unwJsely for the people. BRAY 129 BRAYMAN but generously, gave for nothing. His usefulness was felt throughout every part of Georgia. Dr. Holeombe, pastor of the First Baptist church of Philadelphia, on his death-bed, recommended Dr. Brantly as his successor. After a second in- vitation had been extended to him by the First church, he removed to Philadelphia in the spring of 1826. In that city his success was remarkable, — in eleven years he baptized 600 persons into the fellowship of the First church, and he was instru- mental in founding the Norristown church. De- clining health, compelled him to turn southward again, and in 1837 he accepted the pastorate of the First church, Charleston, S. C. Shortly after he came 'to that city he was appointed president of the College of Charleston, the duties of which he discharged till disease forbade him. He died in March, 1845. Dr. Brantly was a man of fine talents ; his learn- ing was profound, his classical scholarship was of the highest order, his voice had unusual compass and melody, and his heart went with his eloquent utterances, so that his oratory was overwhelming ; the whole audience would be alternately bathed in teai's or carried up to the third heaven in jubilant de- light. Christ was everything in his heart and in his sermons, and his ministry was a blessing to the North and to the South of untold value. Bray, Rev. Nathan H., the apostle of the Sa- bine region, Louisiana, was born in Petersborough, England, April 29, 1809 ; emigrated to the United States in 1840, and landed at New Orleans. He began to preach in 1847, and under his labors churches were planted in all that portion of Louis- iana bordering on the Sabine River. He was in- defatigable, and 50 or 60 churches and 3 Associa- tions sprang up as the fruit, more or less direct, of his efforts. He was over twenty years moderator of Sabine Association, and for many years an officer in the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, and for the last three years parish judge. He died Feb. 18, 1875. Brayman, Mason, was born in Buffalo. N. Y., May 23, 1813. His parents, Daniel and Anna Brayman, were among the pioneers of Western New York, and settled in the town of Hamburgh, Erie Co., in 181 1. At the beginning of the war of 1812-15 they removed to Buffalo, not knowing what course the Seneca Indians, whose reservation lay between the two towns, might take in the contest. On the restoration of peace they i-eturned to their farm in Hamburgh, accompanied by the subject of this sketch, where he remained until he was between seventeen and eighteen years old, when he went to Buffalo, and entered the office of the Journal as an apprentice to the printing business. While serving his time he began the study of the law, which he continued while subsequently editing the Republi- can and Bulletin. He was admitted to the bar in 1836. He removed to Monroe, Mich., in the sum- mer of 1837, where he pursued his fiivorite profes- sions of law and journalism. He remained here until 1839, and after a brief sojourn at Wooster, mi MAJ.-GEN. MASON BRAYMAN. 0., we next find him at Louisville, Ky., as editor of the Daily Advertiser. After a successful career of about three years as editor, Mr. Brayman made another westward move, and pitched his tent in Springfield, 111 , in 1842, where he again entered upon the practice of law in partnership with the Hon. Jesse B. Thomas. Not forgetting his pro- pensity for editorial life, he wrote much for the Fitate Register, and also acted as assistant State treasurer for several years. He was appointed by Gov. Ford to revise and codify the laws of the State, and the result of his labors, which the legal profession facetiously called the "Braminical Code," was authority in all Illinois courts for many years. He was also commissioned by Gov. Ford special State's attorney to prosecute the offenses which grew out of the "Mormon war" at Nauvoo. After the transfer of the Congressional land grant by the State to the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Mr. Brayman became the attorney of the corporation, which necessitated his removal to Chicago, where, in 1853, he opened an office, and engaged in securing the right of way and the transaction of the general business of that com- pany. His connection with the company having terminated, he was appointed land agent of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad Company of Missouri and Arkansas, and subsequently became general superintendent for the construction of the road. BRAYMAN 130 BRAYTON The opening of the civil war found him again in Springfield. He enlisted in the 29th Illinois Volunteers, of which he was soon commissioned as major by Gov. Yates, and was also appointed adju- tant on the staff of Gen. McClernand. The first battle in which he was under fire was the short but bloody one of Belmont, in Missouri. Then followed Forts Henry and Donelson, where Major Brayman is credited with having done brave and efficient service. At the great battle of Pittsburgh Land- ing he commanded a brigade, and for meritorious conduct on the field was promoted to be a brigadier- general. He followed the fortunes of the victorious army, and was assigned to separate commands. His health having become impaired by a partial sun- stroke, Gen. Brayman left the active duties of the field, and was subsequently in command of Camp Dcnison, at Columbus, 0., the district of Cairo, in Illinois and Kentucky, and of Natchez, in Missis- sippi, and towards the conclusion of the war was appointed president of a commission or court to adjudicate upon the important cotton cases which had been accumulating at New Orleans. So well satisfied were the President and Secretai-y of War Avith his varied and important services that he was brevetted major-general. The war being over, Gen. Brayman returned to Springfield. Having become part proprietor of the Quincy Whig and its editor, he removed to that city, but subsequently returned to Springfield, as editor and co-proprietor of the Daily Journal. But his health having been much impaired by the hard services of the war, he was impelled to remove to Green Lake, Wis., which is his present home. In 1876, Gen. Grant, his old commander, tendered him the governorship of Idaho, which he accepted, and is still at his post when this sketch is written, though his term of office has nearly expired. Gen. Brayman was a member of the Baptist church when he came to Illinois, having been bap- tized by Rev. Charles Morton at Wooster, 0., in 1839. He immediately identified himself actively with the local and general work of the denomina- tion in this State, and has ever been an efficient and liberal helper. In 1855 he was elected presi- dent of the American Baptist Publication Society, and has been several times president of the General Association of the State. He also has ever taken an active interest in educational movements. He has been trustee and one of the regents of the Uni- versity of Chicago, and trustee of the Illinois State Industrial University, and was one of the founders and first members of the Chicago Historical So- ciety. While in command at Natchez he estab- lished schools for the colored people ; while in Little Rock, Ark., on railroad business, he gave positive aid in school matters, and since his resi- dence in Wisconsin has been connected with the management of Wayland Institute, at Beaver Dam. • Brayton, Rev. Durlin. L., was born in Hub- bardston, Vt., Oct. 27, 1808. Having decided to enter the Christian ministry, he pursued his col- legiate studies at Brown University, and his theo- logical studies at Newton, where he graduated in 1837. He was ordained at Providence. Oct. 15, 1837, having received his appointment as a mis- sionai'y the June previous. He sailed from Bos- ton Oct. 28, 1857, and reaching Maulmain, Feb. 19, 1858, became connected with the Karen department of the Maulmain mission, from which he was trans- ferred to Mergui the April following, where he devoted himself to labors among the Pwo Karens. Near the close of this year Mr. and Mrs. Brayton returned to this countrj'^, on account of the illness of Mrs. Brayton. He remained but a ^ew months, and then resumed his work at Mergui. For sev- eral years he was occupied with his missionary la- bors, making Mergui his headquarters, and visiting the adjacent regions to preach the gospel as oppor- tunity presented. In March, 1854, he removed to Donabew for the purpose of reaching a numerous Pwo Karen population in that vicinity. He re- mained here until May, 1855, when he established himself at Kemmendine. His relation with the Union was dissolved by a letter of resignation bearing date July 28, 1856, and was resumed in October, 1861. With the exception of the time spent in a second visit to his native land, Mr. Brayton has devoted himself to missionary labors among the Pwo Karens in the Rangoon Karen de- partment, where, at the last report, there were 13 churches, with 398 members. Mr. Brayton' s forty years of service as a missionary have been accom- panied with the richest blessings from heaven. Brayton, Hon. George Arnold, LL.D., son of Charles and Rebecca (Havens) Brayton, was born in Warwick, R. I., Aug. 4, 1803. He was prepared for college at Kent Academy, in East Greenwich, R. I., and was graduated with high rank at Brown University, in the class of 1824. Among his class- mates were the eminent Prof. George W. Keely, of Waterville College ; Hon. Ezra Wilkinson, jus- tice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts; and Rev. William Leverett, of Newport, R. I. He was admitted to the bar in 1827, and at once opened an office in his native town. He was called during a succession of yeai's to fill various offices of honor and trust in the gift of his fellow-citizens of his native town. In 1843 he was chosen by the Gen- eral Assembly associate justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island. He held this office until 1868, when he was elected chief justice, remaining in office until 1874, when ill health obliged him to resign, after a judicial service of thirty-one years, the longest in the history of Rhode Island. So BRA YTON 131 BREAKER highly was he appreciated that his salary was con- tinued until his death. He spent the last years of his life in the retirement of his home in East Green- wich. He contemplated the close of life with Christian calmness and composure. Although CHIEF JUSTICE GEORGE ARNOLD BRAYTON. Judge Brayton never made a public profession of religion, his sympathies were with the Baptists, and, had his health not given way, it was his pur- pose to have been baptized on a profession of his personal faith in Christ. His death occurred April 21, 1880. He received from Brown University, in 1870, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. In 1831 he married Celia Greene Clarke, a descendant of Joseph Clarke, of Newport, R. I., a brother of Dr. John Clarke, a name distinguished in the an- nals of Baptist history in Rhode Island. Brayton, Rev. Jonathan, son of Lodowick and Betsey (Knight) Brayton, was born in Cranston, R. I., June 12, 1811. The first eighteen years of his life were spent on his father's farm. He then worked at the trade of a carpenter four years. At the end of this period he came very near losing his life in consequence of a fall of sixty feet from the steeple of a church upon which he was at work in Providence. Previous to this his thoughts had been directed to his personal spiritual state, and after his conversion, to the work of the ministry. En the event which laid him aside from his trade he seemed to hear the call of God to prepare him- self to become a minister of the gospel. Although !ie was now twenty-two years of age, he entered upon a course of preparatory study, and in the fall of 1839 entered the Hamilton Theological Institu- tion, where he remained two years, completing his course of study in 1841. Peculiar circumstances led him to decide to be ordained at Hamilton, and he was publicly set apart to the work of the Chris- tian ministry by the faculty of the institution per- forming the services of his ordination. At once hef returned to Rhode Island, and commenced his ministry at Phenix, where a powerful revival fol- lowed his labors and a prosperous church was es- tablished. The other settlements of Mr. Brayton have all been in his native State, in two villages in Warwick, in one village in Coventry, and in Paw- tucket. Such has been the state of his health that he has been unable always to perform the duties of a pastor, but in all matters affecting the welfare and prosperity of his denomination he has ever taken the most substantial interest. He has held many important local offices, and his name has been, mentioned in connection with the governorship of Ithode Island. Brayton, Hon. "William. Daniel, son of Hon. Cliarles and Rebecca (Havens) Brayton, was born in Warwick, R. I., Nov. 6, 1815 ; studied at Kings- ton Academy and Brown University ; engaged in the lumber trade ; was representative in the General Assembly in 1841 and 1842 ; a major during the " Dorr war" ; became town clerk of Warwick ; president of the town council ; in 1848, State sena- tor ; in 1851 was again in the General Assembly ; in 1855 was again State senator ; in 1856, Presi- dential elector; in 1857, elected representative to Congress, and re-elected in 1859 ; served on a war committee during the Rebellion ; in 1862 was ap- pointed collector of internal revenue ; in 1872, dele- gate to National Republican Convention ; a steadfast Baptist and earnest patriot ; and has had charge of the money-orders of the Providence post-office. Breaker, Rev. J. M. C, was born near Camden, Kershaw District, S. C, July 25, 1824 ; graduated from Furman Literary and Theological Institution, Fairfield, S. C, June, 1846 ; ordained to the minis- try July 3, 1846; has been pastor of Greenville, Grahamville, Beaufort, Columbia, Spartansburg, S. C. ; Newbern, N. C. ; Park Avenue, St. Louis, Liberty and First church, St. Joseph, Mo. ; and has been pastor at Houston, Texas, since April, 1877, where he is excelled by no other city minister in ability and influence ; for several years was sec- retary of the South Carolina Baptist State Con- vention ; founded and edited at Columbia, S. C, during the war, a weekly paper called The Con- federate Baptist; received the degree of D.D. from Lagrange College,. Mo. ; is a life-member of the American Baptist Missionary Union, American Baptist Publication Society, and the American Bible Society ; has baptized 1520 persons ; is author of a prize essay on "Communion," published in BREEDLOVE BRIDGMAN 1859, and has contributed a number of articles to the Christian Review and other periodicals. Breedlove, Charles E,., was born in Danville, Va., April 3, 1831 ; educated at Baylor University, Texas ; graduated both from the cullegiate depart- ment and the law school ; served three years in Col. L. M. Martin's Confederate regiment: has been a member of the Baptist Church twenty-one years ; since 1865 has practiced law at Brenhain, Texas, with distinguished success and profit. He has been president of the Texas Baptist Sunday- School Convention, and is connected with all the prominent benevolent enterprises of the denomina- tion, working earnestly and contributing freely, lie is in the front rank as a lawyer, and he holds a high place among the earnest working Christians of the United States. Breland, Rev. 0. F., was a leading minister in Southeast Mississippi. He was born in Copiah Co., Miss., in 1825 ; began to preach in 1859 ; or- dained in 1866 ; supplied a numljer of churches in Neshoba, Newton, and Leake Counties, from two to twelve years ; baptized 300 ; assisted in organ- izing seven churches and in the ordination of three ministers ; wrote the history of Mount Sinai church, and has preserved much historical material. His residence is at Dixon, Neshoba Co., Miss. Brewer, Rev. George E., was born in Coving- ton, Ga., Oct. 13, 1832 ; came with his father to Ala- bama at fifteen years of age ; began life for himself as a teacher in 1851. In 1852 was with his father, Rev. A. G. Brewer (one of the founders of the Meth- odist Protestant Church), engaged in the publica- tion of the Christian Telegraph, a weekly paper for that denomination. Returning to Alabama, was in 1856 elected superintendent of public schools for Coosa County. In 1857 he was elected represen- tative from that county to the State Legislature. In 1859 he was chosen to the State Senate for a term of four years. In 1862 he entered the Con- federate army as captain of a company. His field- officers being prisoners from the 16th of May, 1863, to the close of the war, he commanded the 46th Regiment of Alabama soldiers, and surrendered the regiment at Salisbury, N. C. In 1866, Gov. Patton appointed him inspector-general of Alabama. This office was resigned that he might enter upon the work of an evangelist, under appointment of the Domestic Mission Board. The religious side of liis history is as follows: Baptized at Rockford, Ala., in 1854, by Rev. Madison Butler. Ordained in 1859 to take charge of the church in the city of Wetempka, a connection which continued until he entered the army. As an evangelist after the war, through privation, and yet " with great spiritual joy," he continued this work for several years, part of the time without the patronage of any board, and, on foot, reaching all his appointments, giving satisfaction to the churches and receiving satisfactory support. Since 1870 he has devoted himself to pastoral work, having charge for some years of Talassee and other churches ; then for some years at Opelika. Mr. Brewer is one of our most clear-headed and warm-heai'ted men. A bold, gifted, able preacher, with a high order of consecra- tion. Bridgman, C. D. W., D.D.— Dr. Bridgman was born in Saugerties, N. Y., Jan. 1, 1835. He C. D. W. BRIDGMAN, D.D. was baptized by Rev. .Josiah Hatt into the fellow- ship of the Baptist church of Hoboken, N. J. His first pastorate was at Morristown, N. J., then at Jamaica, Mass., and in 1862 he took charge of Em- manuel Baptist church of Albany, N. Y. During his labors the church erected one of the largest and, finest edifices for public worship in our denomina- tion in the State. Supported by such well-known men as Gov. Marcy, Hon. Ira Harris, Hon. Friend Humphrey, Hon. Geo. Dawson, and others of wealth and high social influence, the church became a power for good in the capital of the State, and throughout the country. During that pastorate several of his sermons were printed and published by his people ; among them may be noted a dis- course delivered before the Pearl Street Baptist church, Aug. 28, 1870, on the occasion of leaving their old house of worship ; also a sermon entitled " The Nation's Exodus," a review of the civil war, and a thanksgiving for peace. A discourse at the funeral of Col. Lewis Benedict, who fell in battle fighting for the Union. A memorial discourse on the life and service of Rev. Bartholomew T. Welsh, BRIERL Y BRIGGS D.D., was so highly prized that the Hudson River North Association published it in its annual report. Perhaps his published discourse on the death of Hon. Ira Harris produced the deepest impression on the public mind. The subject of the memorial was an officer of his church, and had a national reputation for probity, learning, wisdom, and [liety, giving the preacher a theme well suited to his ability. Dr. Bridgman is a scholarly preacher, of orthodox views, faultless rhetoric, and fervid zeal for the Master. In 1878 he accepted a call from the Madison Avenue Baptist church, New York, a field well adapted to his style of work, and he has had marked success in building up a congregation which had been greatly reduced. Brierly, Rev. Benjamin, was one of the most distinguished, eloquent, and influential of the early preachers in California. Born in York, England, Nov. 24, 1811, he came with his parents to America in 1S21, and during the great revival in Massa- chusetts in 1831, he was baptized at Cunningham. He believed that he was converted in his early childhood. As soon as he was baptized he gave great promise of usefulness by his fervent prayers and exhortations, and devoted himself to the min- i.^try. His four years of study at Newton and New Hampton were years of diligence, and he graduated with high honor. He was ordained in 1835 at Dover. N. H., and during the nest fourteen years was a popular pastor at Dover, Great Falls, Springfield, Middlebury, Vt. : Manchester, N. H. ; and Salem, Mass. For the benefit of his health he took a sea voyage via Cape Horn to California, arriving there in August, 1849. He was chaplain of the first Legislature held in that State, preached at San Jose, and was pastor at Sacramento. After a short visit to the East he returned with his faui- ily to California in 1852 ; was pastor of the First church. San Francisco, six years; at San Jose two years ; and three years at Nevada City, where he died July 21, 1863. He was a man of great power in the discussion of special religious themes. His address in 1847 before the American Baptist Home Mission Society, giving his reasons for becoming a Baptist, was published by vote of the society, and liad a wide circulation. Briggs, Hon. George Nixon.— '■ Governor" Briggs, for by this title he was best known, was born in Adams, Mass., April 12, 1796. His father was a man of generous impulses and patriotic spirit. In the war of the Revolution he fought with Stark and Allen, and rejoiced in the victories of the American army. He removed to Man- ■ Chester, Vt, when George was seven years of age, and then to White Creek, Washington Co., N. Y. For five years he devoted himself to the study of law, and at the age of twenty-one was admitted to the bar. One or two cases which he carried suc- cessfully through the courts won for him a repu- tation, and led to his being chosen to fill several important posts of honor and responsibility. GOV. GEORGE XIXOX BRIGGS. In 1830 he was chosen to represent his section of the State of Massachusetts in the House of Representatives at Washington. In this relation he was always the consistent Christian, the warm advocate of temperance, as well as the accomplished statesman. For twelve years he served his district in the councils of the nation, leaving behind him a name in Congress of unsullied honor. In 1843 his fellow-citizens, appreciating the ex- cellencies of his character, elected him governor of the State. " He was a candidate," says his son, " without caucus or convention or nomination, save by the voice of the people." When he was chosen representative to Congress, so warm a place did he come to have in the hearts of the people while he filled the ofiice of governor, that he justified the course pursued by his constituents in sending him to AVashington and keeping him there so many years. For nine years he held the ofiice of gov- ernor, and administered the affairs of the State in a way which secured him the respect and aff"ection of his fellow-citizens. Having retired from his ofiice, he was appointed one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas, until some change was made in the courts, when his services were no longer in demand. During this long period of civil service Gov. Briggs re- ceived some of the highest honors that his own BRIGGS 134 BRINE denomination could confer on him. He was pres- ident of the Missionary Union, and those who witnessed the dignity and urbanity and tact with which he presided over its annual meetings, will not be unwilling to concede that he was a model presiding officer. He was also president of the American Tract Society at Boston, and the Amer- ican Temperance Union. Positions of honor and trust were offered him, which he declined, among these was that of chancellor of Madison Univer- sity. The death of Gov. Briggs was caused by a seri- ous accident. His last words were, " I am at the lowest point of animal existence. I don't see. God and Christ are my all. I love you. Do what you think best. Leave all to God, God, God." He died Sept. 12, 1861. No warmer or more sincere eulogies were ever passed on the characters of any of Massachusetts' distinguished statesmen — and no State can boast of a lai'ger or more honored number — than were passed on Gov. Briggs. He was firm and un- wavering in his religious convictions, and true to the principles of the denomination with which he connected himself when he was but twelve years of age. It was understood that he was a consci- entious Baptist, and that did not make him the less a conscientious Christian. But the warmth of his attachment to his own church in his Pittsfield home it is not easy to measure. Its public and its private worship were exceedingly dear to him. Very touching were the questions which his pastor. Dr. Porter, asked at his funeral : '• Can it be, dear brethren, that he will walk these aisles no more? Can it be that his noble form, and mild blue eye, and benevolent face will not be seen again in the sanctuary?" We, as Baptists, count it a great honor that we can point to the name of the pure-minded gov- ernor of Massachusetts, upon whose fair reputation no stain rests, and whose moral integrity was never challenged by even the most violent partisan ani- mosity. Briggs, Hon. Henry C, was bom in West Ha- ven, Vt., June 29, 1831. In his infancy his father removed to Allegan Co., Mich. He was educated partly in Kalamazoo College and partly in the University of Michigan. He was admitted to the bar in 1861, having previously been chosen State senator from Allegan County. He was prosecuting attorney for Kalamazoo County four years, and judge of probate eight years. Soon after entering on the practice of his profession he was baptized by Rev. Samuel Haskell, and has ever since been specially interested in whatever pertains to the kingdom of Christ. As superintendent of the Sun- day-school, as trustee of Kalamazoo College, as a steadfast friend of temperance, he has won a good name. Every Baptist in the State knows him as a Christian lawyer desirous of honoring Christ. Briggs, Rev. Joel, was born in Norton, Mass., April 15, 1757; hopefully converted in January, 1770 ; fitted for college with Rev. William Nelson and Rev. William Williams ; went to Brown Uni- versity ; was ordained as pastor of the Baptist church in Randolph, Mass., Dec. 5, 1787, and re- mained with this church until the time of his death, which occurred Jan. 18, 1828. The pastorate of Mr. Briggs was one of unusual length, and was fruitful for good. He witnessed four or five special revivals among his people, in one of which his church received an accession of between 70 and 80 members. From his church there were formed two others, viz., the church in Canton and the North church in Randolph. Briggs, W. A., of Blue Rapids, Kansas, is a native of Western Massachusetts, and a nephew of the late Gov. Briggs. The church at Blue Rapids was organized and their house of worship erected under his efiicient labors. His business qualifications being of a high order, he has been induced to accept the office of mayor of the city, which position he has held several years, to the great satisfaction of the people. Bright, Rev. Thomas, was born in Walton, England, in 1808. He was baptized in Utica, N. Y., and soon after entered the ministry. He labored as pastor of the churches in Richland, Pulaski, and Adams, N. Y., and in Elkhorn, Walworth, Spring Prairie, Geneva, Fox Lake, Waupaca, and Madison, Wis. He came to Wisconsin in 1852. He was a widely-known and greatly-beloved min- ister of Christ, a clear and strong preacher of the gospel. He clung tenaciously to its doctrines, and delighted in a full exposition of the plan of salvation. And while he was a great expounder of divine truth, he was at the same time richly esperiinental in liis preaching. His doctrines were personal experi- ences coming from his heart to the hearts of his hearers. He was a safe and judicious counselor, a wise man. His presence in the church, the council, the Association, the convention, was always sought by his brethren. He had no enemies. He fell with the harness on. While preaching in his pulpit in Madison, Wis., on Sabbath evening, Sept. 10, 1876, he sank back on the sofa in death. In his decease the Baptists of Wisconsin lost one of the best of ministers, — a man whose well-bal- anced mind, large heart, and clear and experimental knowledge of God's Word raised him far above many. Brine, Rev. John, was born at Kettering, Eng- land, about 1703. When very young the Saviour found him and revealed his love in him, and ho united by baptism with the immersed church of Kettering, by which he was called to the ministry. BRINSON 135 BRISTOL After preaching for a short time in the country, he went to London in 1730 to enter upon the pas- torate of the church in St. Paul's Alley, Cripple- gate. He remained in this position thirty-five years, and left it for his heavenly reward Feb. 21, 1765. Mr. Brine was a great man measured by his in- tellect, his usefulness, and his influence. He was a man of deep piety ; he was intimately acquainted with the Holy Scriptures. He had an enthusiastic love for the doctrines of grace, and next to Dr. Gill, whose early ministrations brought him to Jesus, he was for years the most influential leader in the Baptist denomination. His doctrinal senti- ments were in exact harmony with those of Dr. Gill. The doctor preached his funeral sermon, and in it said, " I might take notice of his natural and acquired abilities, his great understanding, clear light, and sound judgment in the doctrines of the gospel, and the great deep things of God, and of his zeal, skill, and courage in vindicating important truths published by him to the world, and by which he being dead yet speaketh." Mr. Brine was the author of 24 sermons, pub- lished separately at various times during his min- istry, and of 14 pamphlets and larger works. Brinson, E.ev. James, a pioneer in the region between Ouachita and Red River, was born in Ten- nessee. By his labors some of the earliest churches in this region were gathered. He died in 1831. Brisbane, Dr. Wm. H., was born near Charles- ton, S. C. His ancestors were of aristocratic Eng- lish and Irish families, and he was the heir of large wealth. His early education was intrusted to Bishop England, of the Roman Catholic Church, and subsequently to Rev. Wm. T. Brantly, then president of Beaufort College. At the age of fifteen he was sent North, to the military school at Middle- town, Conn., from which he was graduated with honor at the age of nineteen. Soon after this he was converted, and at once felt it to be his duty to preach the gospel. His fine culture and attain- ments, and his consecration to the work, placed him very early in the front ranks of the Baptist ministry of the South. He had among his personal friends such men as Fuller, Howell, Jeter, and Brantly ; and among well-known public men he enjoyed the friendship of Jackson, Calhoun, Clay, Webster, and Benton. He was thoroughly familiar with public afi'airs and current political matters, and his splen- did culture and large wealth gave him access to the best society of the country. He spent much time at the State and National capitals, where he became deeply interested in questions then agitating both State and nation, among them the question of American slavery. This subject had early in life taken a deep and absorbing hold upon his mind, he himself being a large slave-holder. After an honest and prayerful consideration of the question, extending through several years, he became con- vinced that the system was wrong ; and he resolved to give freedom to his slaves. He bought back the servants he had sold, and having purchased land in Ohio, he came with his former slaves and settled them in new homes, abundantly supplying the means for their immediate support. And Dr. Bris- bane himself became a resident of Cincinnati, 0. Here he labored with renewed consecration in the work of the ministry. He became a radical and uncompromising leader in the cause of human emancipation. For twenty-five years Wisconsin was honored in having this good man among her citizens. He was widely known as the friend and champion of every good cause. He preached the gospel in his declining years with great power at Madison, Mazomanie, Spring Green, and other places. He was greatly admired for his undoubted conscientiousness, his deep humility, his great services to the cause of truth and sound reform. He died at his home at Arena, Wis., on the 5th of April, 1878, aged seventy-five years. Bristol Baptist College, England, is the oldest of the theological seminaries of the denomination. Many of the eminent men who founded the early Baptist churches in England and Wales had been educated at the universities of Oxford and Cam- bridge, and when the doors of these great national institutions were closed against Nonconformists by law, after the restoration of Charles H., they felt themselves compelled to provide for the continuance of an educated ministry. In 1675 the Baptist ministers in London invited their brethren through- out the country to meet in the following May in the metropolis with a view to form '" a plan for providing an orderly standing ministry who might give themselves to reading and study, and so be- come able ministers of the New Testament." Four years after this meeting, in 1.679, an excellent deacon of the Broadmead church, Bristol, Mr. Ed- ward Terrill, executed a deed leaving a considerable part of his property to the pastor of the Broad- mead church for tlie time being, " provided he be a holjT man, well skilled in the Greek and Hebrew tongues, and devote three half-days a week to the instruction of any number of young students, not exceeding twelve, who maybe recommended by the churches." In 1689 what was called a General Assembly was convened in London, in which more than one hundred churches were represented, and it was resolved to raise a fund, one object of which should be to assist " members of churches who had promising gifts, were sound in fundamentals, and inclined to study, in attaining to the knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew." Progress, however, was slow for various reasons. Mr. TerrilTs fund BRISTOL BRITTAIN did not become available until the death of his widow, but there is evidence showing that Mr. Caleb Jope was chosen as one of the ministers of the Broadmead church, Bristol, for the purpose of teaching, and that he received support from Ter- rill's fund from 1714 to 1719. With the acceptance of the pastorate at Broadmead by Mr. Bernard Foskett, in 1720, the Bristol Academy became a recognized institution among the churches. The Particular Baptist Fund, which had been established. in 1717, included ministerial education among its objects, and from this quarter the work at Bristol received considerable aid. Sixty-five students were taught by Mr. Foskett, of whom the most note- worthy were Benjamin Beddome, John Ryland, Sr., Benjamin Francis, Hugh Evans, Morgan Edwards (afterwards of Philadelphia), Dr. Ash, and Dr. Llewellyn. Hugh Evans succeeded Mr. Foskett, and was succeeded by his son, Dr. Caleb Evans. Under their direction the interests of the college flourished, and in 1770 the Bristol Education So- ciety was formed "for the enlargement of the number of students in this seminary, and its more effectual and permanent support." Among the students admitted to the college during Dr. Evans's presidency were John Rippon, John Sutcliff, Robert Hall, Samuel Pearce, Joseph Hughes, the founder of the British and Foreign Bible Society, "William Steadman, Joseph Kinghorn, John Foster, and William Staughton. afterwards of Philadelphia. In 1785, Robert Hall became one of the tutors in the institution, and as assistant minister at Broad- mead gave brilliant promise of the oratorical fame which in subsequent years he attained. On Dr. Evans's death, Dr. John Ryland, of Northampton, accepted the presidency, and continued his official service thirty-two years, until his death, in 1825. The present edifice in Stokes Croft, Bristol, was built in 1811. Dr. Ryland was succeeded by the Rev. T. S. Crisp, who for several years had filled the classical professorship and served the Broad- mead church as assistant minister. Mr. Crisp held the office until his death, in 1868, when he was suc- ceeded by the present distinguished president, Dr. F. W. Gotch, who had been Mr. Crisp's colleague since 1846, and also a former student of the institu- tion. Under Dr. Gotch Bristol College maintains its ancient reputation, and enjoys the confidence of the churches. During its continuous history from 1720 to the present time about 600 students have been registered on its roll, several of whom have become presidents and professors in Baptist colleges. Between forty and fifty missionaries of the Baptist Missionary Society received their education at Bris- tol, among whom were Dr. Mai-shman, Dr. Yates, John Mack, Thomas Burchell, and C. B. Lewis. Bristol College possesses a remarkably valuable library, and a choice collection of rare and antique articles of various kinds, the munificent bequest of Dr. Andrew Gifford. The library contains a manu- script copy of Wycliff's translation of the Epistles, the Acts, and the Apocalypse, and another of a Wyc- liffite version of Matthew and the Acts, which be- longed to the celebrated Lord Cobham, the Lollard leader; the copy of the great charter of Edward I. which Blackstone used in preparing his Com- mentaries ; a copy of the first edition of " Paradise Lost," supposed to have been Milton's own copy; a Concordance published in 1673, with the auto- graph of John Bunyan. In English Bibles and Testaments the library is very rich, the most val- uable book in the collection being a copy of the first edition of Tyndale's New Testament, of which no other complete copy is known to exist. It is literally the FIRST English Testament, and as such it is justly styled the most interesting book in the language. There are no less than thirty-five different editions of English Bibles and Testaments published during the reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., in- cluding the rare and valuable first and second edi- tions of Coverdale's folio Bible. Of early printed books, there are three from Caxton's press in 1481-82, the first books printed in England ; the second, third, and fifth editions of Erasmus's Greek Testament; the "Nuremberg Chronicle," 1493; and a book called " Roberti Sermones," printed in 1475. The walls of the library and museum are adorned with a large collection of portraits, both paintings and prints, of notable persons, for the most part identified with the denomination. An exquisitely finished miniature of Cromwell, one of the few authentic likenesses of the great hero, is the chief treasure in the museum, which is crowded with objects of varied interest from all lands. A bust of the Rev. Dr. Gifford, with an appropriate Latin inscription, is placed over the entrance to the museum. Brittain, Rev. Jabez Mercer, of Georgia, youngest child of Henry and Louisa Brittain, was born May 4, 1842, near Lexington, Oglethorpe County. His grandparents came into Georgia from Virginia in 1797, and settled in Oglethorpe County. His father was a soldier under Gen. Floyd in the Indian war of 1814, and was clerk of the Court of Ordinary for Oglethorpe County fpr many years. His mother was a meek and pious woman, who devoted herself assiduously to the training of her children. Mr. Brittain was pre- pared for college by Prof. T. B. Moss, a distin- guished educator in Lexington, Ga., and entered Franklin College, now the University of Georgia, in January, 1859, graduating in 1861. He enlisted in the Confederate army in September, 1861, and became attached to Lawton's brigade in Stonewall Jackson's division. After taking part in several engagements, he was appointed chaplain to the 38th BROADBUS 137 BROAD BUS Georgia Regiment in the summer of ]863. He took an active part in the great revival which occurred in the Army of Northern Virginia, and baptized many- converts. In August, 1864, he resigned his com- mission on account of a severe family affliction, and was exempted from further military duty. He re- turned home and engaged in farming for three years, after which he taught in the institutions of learning at Dalton, Acworth, and Conyers, and he is now principal of the Connigton Male Institute. He has also continuously engaged in pastoral work for Baptist churches in Whitfield, Gordon, Bartow, Rockdale, and Newton Counties, and he has filled acceptably the position of moderator of the Stone Mountain Association. Mr. Brittain was converted in 1857, and the same year was baptized by Dr. P. H. Mell and joined the Antioch church, Oglethorpe County. He was ordained in the fall of 1863. The frequent descent of genuine revivals in the churches of his charge proves his faithfulness and excellence as a minister: while the constant una- nimity with which he has been called by his churches, and the various and numei-ous tokens of affection he has received from their members, show the appreciation in which his services are held. Though he is a well-educated man and a thorough Christian gentleman, his greatest ambition is to excel in winning and training souls for the service of Christ. Broaddus Female College.— This institution was established in Winchester, Va., September, 1871, as Winchester Female Institute, Rev. S. F. Chapman, Principal. After a brief service Mr. Chapman was succeeded by Rev. E. J. Willis. The school became prosperous, and thS list of stu- dents increased until in the third year the number reached 72. The fourth session was opened under the name of Broaddus Female College, in honor of Rev. Wm. F. Broaddus, D.D. Two other denomina- tional schools were opened in the town, and the money crisis occurring at the same time, the in- terests of the school were so affected that, in 1876, it was moved to Clarksburg, W. Va., and is in a flourishing condition. The Baptists of the State have adopted ttie school and pledged to it their support. Rev. E. J. Willis continues as principal, and is assisted by seven well-qualified teachers. The course of instruction is extensive, furnishing opportunities equal to those of any school for young ladies in the middle Southern States. Nearly all its sessions have been characterized by special re- ligious interest among the students, many of whom have professed faith in Christ. Broaddus, Wm. F., D.D., was born in Culpeper Co., Va., April 30, 1801. His mind developed rapidly, and he soon secured and held a prominent 10 position among his associates. He married at the early age of eighteen, and was converted at the age of twenty. In April, 1824, he was ordained to the work of the gospel ministry. He settled in Mid- dleburg, Loudoun Co., Va., where he conducted with great success a large school for young ladies, serving at the same time as pastor. Mount Salem, " F. T." Bethel, Upperville, Long Branch, and Middlebury churches. In this field he labored most successfully for sixteen years, serving the churches in some cases without compensation, and in othei's for merely a nominal salary. Antino- mianism at that period hold sway over this entire region, and its advocates exerted themselves to the utmost to render futile his plain gospel teachings and faithful labors. But the truth gradually won its way, until a complete revolution was made in the views, feelings, and actions of individuals and churches, so that no more exemplary and fruitful churches can be found than those in the region where Dr. Broaddus began his ministerial career. The denomination at large knows but little of what they really owe to him for having been the means of driving out a "dead orthodoxy," and planting in its stead a vital, active Christian life. In 1840 he removed to Lexington, Ky., where he engaged in teaching and preaching, serving, besides other churches, those at Versailles and Shelbyville, About the year 1851 he returned to Virginia anc accepted an agency for the Columbian College, Washington, D. C, to raise an endowment fund for that institution. In this he was quite successful. In 1835 he accepted an invitation to become pastor of the church in Fredericksburg, Va., where he was soon instrumental in building a handsome church edifice, and in gathering a large and efficient congregation. Still retaining his strong predilection for teaching, he opened here a school of a high grade for young ladies, which was conducted suc- cessfully for several years. In 1859 he undertook an agency for raising money in Virginia towards the endowment of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Returning to Fredericksburg on the successful accomplishment of this agency, he re- sumed his pastoral labors, and continued them until 1863, when the city Avas occupied by U. S. troops and the inhabitants scattered over the State. Dr. Broaddus was held for a while by the U. S. authori- ties as prisoner in the " Old Capitol" at Washing- ton, and by his gentlemanly bearing, genial humor, fund of anecdote, and straightforward, manly con- duct he won the kindest regards of all who came in contact with him. Many a lonely hour did he lighten up in the old prison-house as he narrated, in his peculiarly interesting way, to friends grouped around him, various adventures that he had met with in the diversified course of his eventful life. Dr. Broaddus, soon after his release, removed to BROAD US BR0ADU8 Charlotteville, Va., and became pastor of the church in that place, which position he held until 1868, when he resigned and returned to Fredericks- buri>; to prosecute an agency under the appoint- ment of the General Association for the education of the children of deceased and disabled Confed- erate soldiers. This labor he carried on with great success until 1872, when the further prosecution of the work became unnecessary. Dr. Broaddus was enabled by his persevering efforts to keep at school for several years some thousands of poor children Avith the money raised for that purpose. For a brief period subsequent to this he devoted himself to the work of a voluntary and independent evan- gelist, preaching wherever invited, until blindness and increasing bodily infirmities prevented the fur- ther prosecution of these congenial labors. He died in Fredericksburg, Sept. 8, 1876, in the seventy- sixth year of his age. The degree of D.3. was conferred upon Mr. Broaddus by the sity in the class of 1816. Inheriting the tastes of his ancestors for mercantile pursuits, he entered the counting-room of Brown & Ives, his father and uncle, and in due time became a member of the firm. He took the responsibilities which his hon- ored father had so long borne in connection with the university when death removed that father to his reward. As a member of its corporation, in BROWN BROWN both branches, he performed excellent service for his alma mater. In his gifts to the university he has been surpassed by no one but his father. The value of these gifts was not far from §155,000. Mr. Brown was a great lover of books, and in one department it is believed that no library in this or any other country has a more valuable col- lection. We refer to the department of American history. It was his aim to secure every publica- tion relating to either North or South America be- tween the year 1492 and the year 1800. "This design," says Prof. Gammell, "has been accom- plished, not indeed with absolute completeness, but to an extent which must awaken the admiration of all who are acquainted with the vast treasures of his collection. It contains the- materials for illus- trating the discovery of the New World, and the entire history of its development and progress in all its divisions to the close of the eighteenth cen- tury." It shows the kindness of Mr. Brown's heart tliat he placed this most rai-e and magnificent collection at the service of any scholar who might wish to avail liimself of its treasures, and to that pleasant library where the writer of this sketch has spent so many happy hours many a literary pilgrim has come and met a most hearty welcome. Although possessed of large wealth, Mr. Brown, like his father, was simple in his tastes, and shunned notoriety in every form. He lived to see the fruits of his benevolence as shown to the uni- versity and some of the leading chai-itable institu- tions of his native city. He died in Providence, R. I., June 10, 1874. Mr. Brown closes our sketches of the Brown family of Providence. Brown University. — This institution, like so many other colleges in this country, owes its origin to the deep-seated conviction that religion and learning should unite their forces to elevate and save the race. The Baptist denomination needed le to sustain itself. Was editor of the Baptist Banner and Western Pioneer during most of his residence in Louisville. Was elected secretary of the Bible Board of the Southern Baptist Convention at Nash- ville, Tenn., May, 1851, in which position he con- tinued until called to the pastorate of the Baptist church, Columbus, Miss., March, 1854; continued in this position till May, 1857, when he accepted a call nUCKBEE to the Greenborough church, Ala. The next year, 1858, he served the church at Selma, Ala. In the fall of 1859, having moved to Marion, Ala., he com- menced the publication of The Baptist Correspond- ent, but after two years it was suspended by the events of the war, and he went to the Confederate army as a missionary, laboring wherever he thought he could be most useful. In 1864 he located at Lauderdale Springs, Miss., as superintendent of the Orphans' Home, and also had the care of the Sharon church, Noxubee Co., Miss., till he removed to Texas, in 1866. He had not the care of any church in Texas, but continued to labor for the Master by word and pen so long as his health per- mitted. Died at Waco, Texas, May 18, 1872. He was an earnest worker in all enterprises of the denomination. Gifted by nature with a ringing, powerful voice, fluent speech, and a retentive mem- ory, he was unsurpassed as a platform speaker. He was often elected a vice-president of the Southern Baptist Convention. He prepared and published " The Baptist Hymn-Book," " The Philosophy of Religion," and " The Science of Life." CHARLES ALVA II BUCKBEE, D.D. Buckbee, Charles Alvah, D.D., was bom in Penn Yan, N. Y., April 3, 1824. In 1835 his parents moved to New York City. He was converted in 1837, and joined a Methodist class. In 1839 he united w^ith the Tabernacle Baptist church, and soon after devoted himself to the ministry, entering Madi- son University in May, 1840, and graduating in Aug- ust, 1848. Settled as pastor at Conway, Mass., Oct. 6, 1848 ; was blessed with two revivals and bap- tized many converts. In March, 1851, he resigned ; 157 nC'CKNEJi moved to New York ; was associate editor of the New York Chronicle, and in June, 1852, entered the service of the American Bible Union, in which he remained as an officer and manager seventeen years. He was one of the editors of the first vol- umes of its " Documentary History," the Bible Union Monthly, and the Quarterly. In 1867 he visited the Pacific coast as a special delegate of the Union, and held two public debates on revision of the English Scriptures. The debates were pub- lished and widely circulated. During his connec- tion with the Union he established the Baptist church in West Hoboken, N. J. ; was its pastor nearly ten years, and immersed nearly 150 con- verts into its fellowship. In June, 1869, he settled permanently in San Francisco, Cal. ; was neai-ly three years pastor of the Fifth church, which he organized, and into whose membership he baptized nearly 100 converts. He edited, for five years, The Evangel, and continues in the conduct of its Sun- day-school department. In all Baptist organiza- tions he has been active, as secretary of the State Convention, president one year of the Board of California College, and member of the Missionary Board of California. In 1879 he received from California College the degree of D.D. In 1870 he accepted a position in the U. S. Mint, which he still holds, and though not a pastor, preaches to feeble churches nearly every Lord's day. During his ministry he has helped pastors in many revi- vals and baptized about 400 converts. He is one of the most laborious men in the Baptist ministry of the Pacific coast. Buckner College is a new institution located at Wicherville, in the northeastern part of Arkan- sas, in charge of Rev. E. L. Compere. It is under the patronage of the Baptist General Association of Northwestern Arkansas. The collegiate depart- ment was opened in September, 1880. Buckner, Rev. Xerxes Xavier, A.M.— This excellent minister of Christ was born in Spencer Co., Ky., Feb. 20, 1828. He was converted at the age of nineteen years, and united with the Plumb Creek Baptist church in his native county. He graduated at Georgetown College, Ky., and was ordained in the church where he was converted, and labored with great acceptance for years at Taylorsville and Fisherville. In 1855 he removed to Missouri, and was pastor of the Baptist church in that educational centre, and aided in establish- ing the school now known as Stephen College. In I860 he located as pastor in Boonville, Mo. From over-exertion in church and school work his health failed, and he removed to Kansas City, Mo., where he engaged as pastor at West Port, and performed evangelistic work for one year ; then he removed to Liberty, Mo., and became pastor of the Baptist church and president of the Female Seminary BUCKNEE 158 BULKLEY The second year he resigned the pastorate but retained the school, and at the end of the third year he returned to Kansas City, where he lived till June 19, 1872, when he died. For years he was trustee of William Jewell College and presi- dent of the Board of Ministerial Education. He was presiding of&cer at the last General Associa- tion he attended. He was elected a member of the Board of Public Schools in Kansas City, and the presidency of the Kansas City National Bank was literally forced upon him. As a minister of Christ, a peace-maker in our last war, a public-spir- ited citizen, an humble Christian, Brother Buckner has few equals ; and no spot dims his bright char- acter. Buckner, Rev. Kobert C, was born in Madi- sonville, Tenn., Jan. 3, 1837 ; educated in George- town College, Ky. ; professed religion October, REV. ROBERT C. BUCKNER. 1844, and commenced his ministry at Somerset, Ky., in 1852; was pastor at Albany, Owensborough, Salvisa, Kv., and Paris, Texas, twenty-seven years in all. He v/as the first agent in Kentucky of the Home Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Con- vention ; was twelve years moderator of Red River Association, Texas ; is now general superintendent of Orphan Home work in Texas, president of the Sunday-School Convention of Northern Texas, and corresponding secretary of the Texas Baptist Gen- eral Association. He is editor and proprietor, at this time, of the Texas Baptist, published at Dallas. He is also proprietor of the Texas Baptist Publish- ing House, which is in a flourishing condition. Buel, Rev. Abel P., was bom in Wallingford, Conn., Nov. 29, 1820; converted and baptized at New Haven, Conn., in April, 1836 ; studied at Con- necticut Literary Institution ; entered Yale College in 1843, and remained till 1846 ; received the de- gree of A.M. from Rochester University ; ordained at Peekskill, N. Y., 1846, and served about three years; pastor of Baptist church in Tarrytown, N. Y., about nine years ; afterwards settled in New London and Southington, Conn. ; was blessed with revivals in his pastorates ; fervent in spirit, earnest in work, eloquent in speech ; an easy and graceful writer ; withal a poet whose productions have merit ; now in Cleveland, 0. Buist, Rev. James F., was born Sept. 29, 1839, in Charleston, S. C. His parents died when he was eight years of age, but his uncle, E. T. Buist, D.D., took him in charge. He was educated at Furman University. Ho was baptized in 1859, and ordained in 1860. During the war he was a chaplain in the army, and since its termination he has been pastor of the Philadelphia and Saltkehatchie churches. He has been moderator of the Barnwell Association for several years. His father and uncle were distinguished Presby- terian ministers, one of his brothers is a pastor in the same denomination, while another and himself are in the oldest church in Christendom, to whose members Clirist preached when he was on earth. The long pastorates of James, and the frequency of his election as moderator of the Association, show the esteem of his brethren for him. Bulkley, Justin, D.D.— Dr. Bulkley, Professor of Church History and Church Polity at Shurtleff College, was born at Leicester, Livingston Co., N. Y., July 23, 1819. His father, an industrious farmer, and a man of high character, removed subsequently to Illinois, and died at Barry, July 24, 1859, his wife surviving him only a few years. The son was seventeen years of age at the date of this removal to Illinois. At the age of twenty- three he entered the preparatory department of Shurtleff College, his education until that time being such as the imperfect school system in Cen- tral Illinois then afforded. He graduated in 1847. His first post of service was that of principal of the preparatory department in his college, to which he was chosen immediately upon his graduation. Two years later, in February, 1849, he was or- dained pastor of the Baptist church in Jerseyville. After four years of unusually successful service in this pastorate, he was elected Professor of Mathe- matics in Shurtleff College, resigning that position in 1855, and becoming pastor of the church in Carrollton. After nine years at CarroUton he re- turned to Upper Alton, the seat of Shurtleff Col- lege, and at the end of a year accepted the post in the college which he now fills. BULLE.V BUN Y AN Dr. Bulkley's service in the several positions he has held has been one of marked usefulness. As a preacher, he has a peculiar povt-er over the sym- pathies as well as the convictions of his hearers. As a pastor, his excellent judgment, his kind spirit, his sympathetic nature, make him the trusted friend no less than the honored leader and teacher. As a professor, he has always gained in a peculiar de- gree the confidence and affection of his pupils, while his teaching has been thorough, critical, and exact. The estimation in which ho is held by the denomination in the State is shown by his election during successive years as moderator of the Gen- eral Association, and in the fact that since the year 1851 the often delicate and important service of chairman of the Committee on Elections in the General Association has, year by year, been com- mitted to him. Bullen, George, D.D., was born in New Sharon, Me. He graduated at Waterville College in the class of 1855, and at the Newton Theological In- stitution in the class of 1858. He was ordained as pastor of the church in Skowhegan, Me., June 13, 1860, where he remained until, in 1863, he accepted an appointment as chaplain in a regiment of U. S. volunteers. He ministered to the Wakefield Bap- tist church, 1864-67, and entered upon his duties as pastor of the church in Pavvtucket, R. I., in 1868, and continues in this relation at this time. Colby University has just conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. Bunn, Rev. Henry, was born in Nash Co., N. C, Dec. 18, 1795. He was left an orphan at an early age. He moved in 1817 to Twiggs Co., Ga,, where he spent the remainder of his life. By steady industry and prudent management he accu- mulated a handsome estate, which he shared liber- ally with benevolent institutions and good and wise schemes for the benefit of his fellow-men. He for years acted as justice of the peace and judge of the County Court, and between 1825 and 1831 he represented his county in several sessions of the State General Assembly. He made a public pro- fession of religion in 1837, and thenceforth scru- pulously practiced all his religious duties. His church called him to the gospel ministry in 1851, and on the 7th of December in that year he was ordained. For several years he was pastor of the Richland church ; for many sessions he was mod- erator of the Ebenezer Association, and, also, a ti-ustee of Mercer University and a member of the Executive Committee of the Georgia Baptist Con- vention. He was eminently a pacificator by his influence and prudent counsels ; he settled or pre- vented many troubles among neighbors and in churches ; he was scrupulously honest, fair, and liberal in all transactions ; many widows and or- phans found in liim a fi-iend and a wise counselor. In all the relations of life, as husband, father, citi- zen, church member, and minister, he illustrated the characteristics of a genuine Ciiristian, no blot ever stained his fair fame ; yet, looking heaven- ward, he felt the power and ruin of sin, and for salvation trusted in the merits of Jesus only. He passed away peacefully on the morning of Sept. 23, 1878, in the sixty-first year of his residence in Twiggs County, and in the eighty-third year of his age. Bunyan, Rev. John, was liorn at Elstow, Eng- land, about a mile from Bedford, in 1628. His father was a man of more intelligence than those who generally followed his calling, and he had John taught to read and write. When the little boy was ten years of age he first became conscious that he was very sinful. He speedily shook off these fears. He was " drawn out" in 1645, with others, at the siege of Leicester to perform sentinel's duty before the city, when another member of his company ex- pressed a desire to take his place ; the request was granted, and that night Bunyan's substitute was shot in the head and died. This deliverance pro- duced a powerful impression upon Bunyan. Soon after he left the army he married, and his wife and he were so poor that they had neither a "dish nor a spoon." His first permanent conviction of sin was pro- duced by a sermon denouncing the violation of the Lord's day by labor, sports, or otherwise. This came home to Bunyan with peculiar force, for his greatest enjoyment came from sports on the Lord's day. A long while after this, Bunyan, in passing through the streets of Bedford, heard '• three or four poor women,'' sitting at a door, " talking about the new birth, the work of God in their hearts, and the way by which they were convinced of their miserable state by nature. They told how God had visited their souls with his love in Christ Jesus, and with what words and promises they had been refreshed, comforted, and supported against the temptations of the devil ; moreover, they I'easoned of the suggestions and temptations of Satan in particular." From these women Bun- yan learned to loathe sin and to hunger for the Saviour. He sought their company again and again, and he was strengthened to go to Jesus. One day, as he was passing into the fields, he says, " This sentence fell upon my soul, ' Thy righteous- ness is in heaven.' I also saw that it was not my good frame of heart that made my righteousness better, nor yet my bad frame that made my right- eousness worse, for my righteousness was Jesus Christ himself, the same yesterday, to-day, and forever." Then, as he says, -'his chains fell off," and he went home rejoicing. In 1655, Mr. Bun- yan was immersed by the Rev. John Gilford, of BUNYAN 161 BURBANK Bedford. The same year he was called to preach the gospel. Bunyan was arrested Nov. 12, 1660, and he was in jail more than twelve years. His imprisonment was peculiarly trying. " The parting with my wife and poor children," says Bunyan, "hath often been to me, in this place (the prison), like pulling the flesh from my bones." And of his blind daughter he adds, " Poor child, what sorrow thou art like to have for thy portion in this world ! Thou must be beaten, must beg, suffer hunger, cold, nakedness, and a thousand calamities, though I cannot now endure the wind should blow upon thee." "The Pilgrim's Progress" was written in Bedford jail. During Bunyan's lifetime there were 100,000 copies of that book circulated in the British islands, besides which there were several editions in North America. And in the ten years which Bunyan lived, after his wonderful book was first issued, it ■was translated into French, Flemish, Dutch, Welsh, Gaelic, and Irish. Since Bunyan's death it has been translated into Hebrew for Christian Jews in Jerusalem, and into Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Danish, German, Armenian, Burmese, Singhalese, Orissa, Hindostanee, Bengalee, Tamil, Maratthi, Canai-ese, Gujaratti, Malay, Arabic, Samoan, Ta- hitian, Pihuana, Bechuana, Malagasy, New Zea- land, and Latin. This list of translations ends with 1847. Since that time it has been rendered into several additional tongues of our race. Nor will " The Pilgrim's Progres.s" stop in its travels until it visits every land occupied by human beings, and tells its blessed story in the language of all nations. There is a French Roman Catholic version of " The Pilgrim's Progress," greatly abridged, with the head of the Virgin on the title-page. It leaves out giant Pope and the statement that Peter was afraid of a sorry girl. An English ritualistic cler- gyman has tried to adapt it to the sacramental jug- glery of his system. Of Bunyan's "Holy War" Lord Macaulay says, " If ' The Pilgrim's Progress' did not exist it Would be the best allegory that ever was written ;" and he proclaims " John Bun- yan the most popular religious writer in the English language." The pai-don which secured Bunyan's release from prison was ordered by the Privy Council, presided over by the king, May 17, 1672. After his liberation he became the most popular preacher in England ; 3000 persons gathered to hear him in London before breakfast. Men of all ranks and of all grades of intelligence listened to his burning words, and heralded the fame of his eloquence to the king. The learned Dr. John Owen told Charles II. that he would relinquish all his learning for the tinker's preaching abilities. While Bunyan was journeying upon an errand of mercy he was exposed to a heavy rain, which brought on a violent fever, from the effect of which he died in ten days, in London, Aug. 12, 1688. His last hours were full of peace. He was buried in Bunhill Fields Cemetery, where his monument is still seen. Bunyan's church, now of the Congregational denomination, is still in Bedford. His chair is in the meeting-house, and some other relics of the immortal dreamer. A few years since the Duke of Bedford erected a handsome monument to Bunyan in Bedford, on which a statue of the great dreamer stands. John Bunyan was one of the few men of our race who possessed genius of the highest order. Burbank, Gideon "Webster, was born at Deer- field, N. H., May 24, 1803, and died at Rochester, N. Y., March 4, 1873. His father, when Gideon was eighteen years of age, removed to New York City, and gave him a business education. Here the son remained for several years as a clerk in a dry goods house. The ftxther went to North Carolina, and became a successful merchant. Upon his death the son went for a time to that State to settle his father's affairs. On his return to New York he decided to go into business for himself, and in 1824 fixed upon Kendall, Orleans Co., as his future home. The region was then just emerging from a wilderness, but he foresaw the opportunity opening there for a man of nerve and enterprise, and em- bracing it, he prospered with the growth of the country. At length he found a better field for his capacities in Rochester, the rising city of West- ern New York, and in 1839 he removed there to manufacture flour, for which that city is so cele- brated. Here, honored by all men, he lived, illus- trating the virtues of a Christian character to the age of threescore and ten. He was a member of the First Baptist church of that city. His interest in education was shown by the gift of §20.000 towards the endowment of the professor- ship of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy which bears his name in the University of Rochester. This gift was supplemented by one from his son- in-law, Mr. Lewis Roberts, a member of the board of trustees of the university, and a liberal donor to its later funds. This donation to the young in- stitution did more probably than any sum of double the amount since to create confidence in the per- manent success of the enterprise. He will always have a distinguished place among the founders of the university, and the citizens of Rochester, among whom his memory is warmly cherished. Burbailk, Rev. John F., was bom in Standish, Me., in 1812. but spent most of his youth in Port- land. Immediately on his conversion he decided to enter the Christian ministry. He spent three years BUR CHARD BURCHETT in Waterville C6lle!^-e, and graduated at Columbian College, Washington, D. C. He took the full three years' course at Newton, and was ordained pastor of the church in Taunton, Mass., where he continued for a year, and then settled at AVebster, Mass. He found that his health would not permit him to ex- orcise his calling, and, having purchased a farm near Worcester, he retired to it to recruit his fail- ing strength. Here he resided, preaching as he felt able, and trying to make his life a useful one in the cause of his Master. He was much respected by his fellow-citizens, filling several offices of honor and trust, and among them at one time that of presi- dent of the Common Council of the city of Wor- cester. He died Nov. 15, 18.53. Burchard, Hon. Charles A., late of Beaver Dam, Wis., was born in Leyden, Lewis Co., N. Y. In his early years he engaged in agricultural pur- suits in his native State. When quite young he obtained a hope in Christ and united with the Bap- tist church. He took a deep interest in the estab- lishment of the Literary and Theological Listitution at Hamilton, and made a canvass of the Baptist churches in New York and Vermont to raise funds for its support. In 1845 he removed with his family to Waukesha, Wis. Here he cultivated a ftirm. In 1855, Mr. Burchard moved with his family to Beaver Dam, which has since been the family home. He was in the first Territorial Con- vention, which met in 1846 to form a State consti- tution. He has served his district for several ses- sions in the State Legislature. During the civil war he was a government commissioner, having the oversight of the raising and forwai'ding of troops. In 1847 he was elected president of the Wisconsin Baptist State Convention, to which position he was re-elected for five successive years. He was for many years a useful member of the board of Way- land Academy. In all the early history of the Baptists in the State he was a prominent actor. He was a man of strong convictions, a decided Baptist, a warm friend of ministers of the gospel^ the uncompromising enemy of all wrong and fraud. 'He died in 1879, in the trust and triumph of the gospel of Christ. Burchard, Hon. Seneca B., was born at Granby, Mass., Oct. 7, 1790. At seventeen he was converted, and united with the Baptist church of that place. He came to Hamilton, N. Y., in 1825, where he united with the Baptist church, and identified him- self with the institutions of learning in that place. In 1826 he became a member of the executive committee, also treasurer, steward, and agent. In 1834 he was the building agent for the erection of East College. He continued treasurer for twelve years, a member of the Education Board f )r thirty- nine years, president of said boai-d seven years, and twenty-five years vice-president. In 1846, the date of the charter of Madison Uni- versity, he was made by the Legislature one of the original corporators, and was elected vice-president. He died at Hamilton, February, 1861, at about seventy-one years of age, his mind still strong and vigorous, and his faith in God and the educational enterprise at Hamilton unyielding. He was one of those stalwart men whom, in those early times, Dr. N. Kendrick drew around him when he was the energizing .spirit at Hamilton. Deacon Burchard was no ordinary man. He was massive and solid in every direction. He could endure great physical exertion as well as mental strain. Not easily discouraged or thwarted in his plans, slow in deliberation, wise in counsel, prompt in execution, when he had received an appointment he did not rest till he was sure of its accomplish- ment. As a member of the State Legislature, as a citizen, as a church member and deacon, as treas- urer, executive officer, counselor on th(; board, he was highly respected, honored, and trusted till the end of his life. To the close of his life he was a remarkably dili- gent student of the Scriptures. He either taught a Bible-class or was a member of one till near the eternal rest, and he used to tell how the Bible, as he re-read it, kept opening its truths to his heart. Burchard, Theodore. — Mr. Theodore Burchard, who died at Lacon, 111., Dec. 9, 1868, at the age of seventy-four, was a native of Granby, Mass. In early life he removed to Oneida County, in the State of New York, and from that place, later, to Hamilton, where he resided some twenty years, an active member of the church, and, like his two brothei-s, also residents of Hamilton, interested in all denominational enterprises. In 1854 he re- moved to Quincy, 111., where he became a member of the Vermont Street Baptist church. During the last four years of his life he resided mostly at La- con, where he died. His remains were taken to Hamilton for burial, where his wife and his two brothers also lie. " Father Burchard," writes one who knew him well, "was manly and noljle in his bearing, tall, standing considerably over six feet, and every inch a Baptist. Strong in his convictions of truth and duty, strong in faith, there was no compromise of en-or in his nature." Burchett, Rev. G. J., president of McMinnville College. Oregon, was born in Lee Co., Va., Nov. 15, 1847. In 1867, at Austin, Mo., he was converted and baptized. Impressed with the duty of preach- ing, he studied, and graduated at William Jewell College in 1874 ; was ordained ; spent two years at Chicngo, taking a course of lectures in theology ; supplied some small churches, and held revival meetings during vacations. In 1876 he went to Califoi-nia, organized the Reeds church ; preached a few months at Reeds, Wheatland, and Marysville. BURDFATE BURLESON In 1877 moved to Astoria, Oregon, built a house of ■worsliip for the church there, and in 1S78 was elected president of McMinnville. His, energy, REV. G. J. BURCHETT. enthusiasm, and ability have inspired the Baptists of Oregon to united and vigoi'ous efforts on behalf of the college. He is a fine speaker and scholar, and a magnetic teacher. Burdette, Robert J., was born at Greens- borough, Pa., July 30. 1844. In 1852 he removed with his parents to Peoria, 111. In 1862 he en- listed in the 47th Regiment of 111. Vols. He served through the war, taking part in the battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, and the Red River Expedition. In 1870 he became editor of the Peoria Transcript, and subsequently of the Peoria Reciew. In 1874 he took charge of the Burlington (Iowa) Haiokeye, with which his name has ever since been associated, and to which he has imparted a' world-wide reputation. He has attained a high position as a humorist, as an edi- tor, and as a lecturer. His humor is always of tlie purest morality, and is subservient to the best and loftiest purposes. He is a member of the Bur- lington Baptist church, and he is an efficient, ac- <-(>ptable, and valued teacher in the Bible school. Burk, Rev. B. J., pastor in ^Mobile for sixteen years over a large church, a man of positive char- acter, a sterling Baptist, holding his church to '' old land-mark" principles ; liberally educated, a good preacher, he wields a powerful influence among colored Baptists. Burkitt, Rev. Lemuel, the historian of the Kehukee Association, was baptized by Rev. Henry Abbot into the fellowship of Yeopim Baptist church in July, 1771. A good and useful man, and worthy to be held in perpetual remembrance. Burleigh, Rev. Lucian, son of Deacon Rinalde and Lydia (B.) Burleigh, was born in Plainfield, Conn.,Dec. 3, 1817; brought up a Congregationalist; educated in the public school, the Plainfield Acad- emy, and the Connecticut Literary Institution at Sufifield ; chose the profession of teaching; was converted at the age of twenty; baptized by Rev. Smith Lyon ; united with the Baptist church in North Oxford, Mass., where he was then teaching ; removed to Packersville, Conn., where he was or- dained as an evangelist ; taught and preached in South and North Killingly, and North Granby, where he was principal of Green Academy ; soon after 1840 began his large and effective labors in the Temperance Reform, which he advocated widely throughout the country ; he wrote with a masterly pen ; in 1849 he was agent of the American Asso- ciation for the Suppression of Gambling; made a temperance campaign in Wisconsin, filling 70 ap- pointments in 36 days; did the like in the State of New York ; preached in the mean time ; by re- quest returned, and became principal of the Plain- field Academy, and served five years ; supplied also destitute churches; taught the high school in Cen- tral Tillage; settled as pastor of the South Centre Baptist church in Ashford, Conn, (now Warren- ville) ; then served for thirteen years as agent of the Connecticut Temperance Union ; his discourses and poems have won an extensiye reputation ; is now preaching and lecturing. Burleson, Richard Byrd, LL.D., son of Jona- than Burleson, was born near Decatur, Ala., and died at Waco, Dec. 21, 1879. In 1839 he was con- verted, and three days after was baptized by Rev. William II. Holcombe. In 1840 he entered Nash- ville University, and remained three years. During the pastorate of Dr. R. B. C. Howell he was li- censed to preach by the First Baptist church of Nashville in 1841. He was called to ordination by the church at Athens, Ala., November, 1842, and was the pastor of that church for two years. In 1845 he accepted the call of the Baptist church in Tuscumbia, and remained their pastor four years. In 1849 he was made president of Moulton Fe- male Institute, and held that position about six years. In December, 1855, he removed to Texas, and became, in 1856, pastor of the Austin church, conducting at the same time a female school. In 1857 he was chosen Professor of Natural Science in Baylor University. In 1861 he was elected vice- president of Waco University, and Professor of Natural Science in that institution. As a student in theology, geology, botany, and astronomy he had no superior, and probably no equal, in Texas. Governor Richard Coke, knowing his eminence, BURLESON 164 BURLESON gave him an appointment for the j;;eological survey of Texas ; but he resigned this position after one year's service, as it conflicted with his life work of founding a great Baptist university for Texas. As a teacher, thousands can testify that his zeal and ability were never surpassed. Neither private in- terest nor bodily pains ever detained him from the post of duty for twenty-three years. He con- tributed largely to the great success of Baylor and Waco Universities; to the latter of which he gave eighteen years of toil and sacrifice, and intense anxiety for its firm establishment. He was a preacher of distinguished ability, and a teacher eminently qualified for his work. His piety was ardent, his life was holy, and his death was blessed. The hymn which was sung several times at his request, at his expiring couch, showed the character of his dying exercises : " How firm a foundation, ye saints of the Lord, Is laid for your faitli in liis excellent Word !" A procession of carriages a mile in length fol- lowed his remains to their last resting-place, and sorrow filled thousands of hearts for the loss that had fallen upon the university, the churches, and the whole State. Burleson, Rufus C, D.D., the son of Jonathan Burleson, was born near Decatur, Ala., Aug. 7, 1823. He was converted on the 21st of April, 1839, and baptized the following Sabbath by Rev. William H. Holcombe. While a student in Nashville University in 1840 he abandoned his aspirations for legal eminence, and from deep convictions of duty devoted his life to the ministry. He was licensed to preach Dec. 12, 1840, by the First Baptist church of Nashville, under the pastoral care of Dr. R. B. C. Howell. He commenced preaching immediately, though only seventeen years old, but did not relax any of his devotion to study. He was ordained "with prayer and fiisting" June 8, 1845. He graduated in the Western Baptist Literary and Theological Institute, Covington, Ky., June 10, 1847. During all these seven years of laborious preparation for the min- istry he preached almost every Sunday, and scores were converted under his preaching. A few months after graduating he was elected pastor of the First Baptist church at Houston, Texas, to succeed that great and good man, William M. Tryon, who had died of yellow fever. During the three and a half years of his pastorate the church became self-sustaining, paid off a heavy mortgiige, became the largest in the city, and the most liberal in the State. His zeal, learn- ing, piety, and eloquence placed him in the front rank, and for more than thirty years he has acted a conspicuous part in every great social, religious, and educational enterprise in Texas. Though at- tacked by yellow fever he stood firmly at his post. He was elected, June, 1851, president of Baylor University, to succeed Dr. H. L. Groves. Though ardently devoted to his church at Houston and peculiarly fitted for the pulpit, he felt the glory of Texas and the success of his denomination de- manded a great Baptist university, hence he con- secrated himself to the work. Though he had the hearty co-operation of such eminent men as Gen. Houston, Gov. Horton, Judges Lipscomb, Wheeler, and Baylor, he knew it was a herculean task that would require a long lifetime. At once Baylor University became one of the leading institutions of the South, and continues so till now. While pastor at Houston he baptized Mrs. Dick- enson, the heroine of the Alamo, and while pastor at Independence he baptized Gen. Houston, the hero of San Jacinto. In 1861 he, with, his brother. Dr. Richard Burle- son, and the entire faculty associated with him in Baylor University, desiring a central and accessible location in the wheat region, removed to the city of Waco and inaugurated Waco University, This RUFUS C. BURLESOX, D.D. institution at once rose to distinction. Dr. Burleson is a firm believer in co-education, and is the pioneer in the great movement in the Southwest. He h;i.s instructed over 2800 young men and ladies. Dr. Burleson's characteristics are fixedness of purpose, amiability of manners, generosity, and courage. From these characteristics it is not strange that every church of which he has been pastor, and every college over which he has pre- sided, has prospered. His advice and co-operation BURLINGHAM BVRMAH delivered in St. Louis, attracted great nd was highly spoken of by the secular the Bible, attention, press. From St. Louis he went to Brooklyn, N. Y., and took the pastoral charge of the Willowby Avenue Baptist church, and in 1879 he was chosen district secretary of the American Baptist Missionary Union for New York. Burlington Collegiate Institute, at Burling- BURLINGTON COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. are frequently sought on educational questions in Texas. Burlingham, Aaron H., D.D.— Dr. Burling- ham.was born Feb. 18, 1822, in Castile, N. Y. He was graduated from Madison University in 1848, and from the Theological Seminary of Hamilton in 1850, and in the same year he was ordained as pastor over the Grant Street Baptist church of Pittsburgh, Pa. After one year he accepted the pastorate of the Baptist churchofOwego, N. Y. Two years afterwards he took charge of the Harvard Street Baptist cliurch, Boston, Mass. In 1853 he was chosen chaplain of tlie State Senate. In 1856 he moved to New York, and Ijecame pastor of the South B.nptist church. This settlement continued nine years, but the labor was so arduous that he resigned and went to Europe. For sev- eral months he filled the pul- pit of the celebrated Ameri- can cliapel in Paris. After a year's residence j ton, Iowa, was located by the vote of an Educa- abroad visiting various places of historical interest j tional Convention of the Baptists of Iowa, held at he returned, and accepted a call from the Second j Iowa City in 1852, and incorporated under the name of Burlington Universitj'. It is situated on a beau- tiful slope on the west of the city. The building is 65 by 45 feet, with a wing in the rear 30 by 30 feet, all three stories high, of brick, and trimmed with stone. The campus contains several acres covered with a fine growth of native shade-trees. The city has so extended its limits and increased its popula- tion that the school is now about the centre, and occupies a very commanding position. It is now in first-class condition, with a good telescope, chemi- cal laboratory, and piiilosophical apparatus, and a well-selected library. The buildings and grounds are worth |40,000, and the institution lins a small endowment, and it has no encumbrance of any kind. The present officers of the board of trustees are Hon. J. M. Beck, President ; Rev. E. C. Spin- ney, Vice-President; Hon. T. W. Newman, Secre- tary : F. T. Parsons, Treasurer ; and E. F. Stearns, A.M., Principal of the Institute. Burmah. — The Burman Mission, being the first established by the Baptists in America, will always occupy a peculiar place in their regards. Burmah is that part of India beyond the Ganges which lies between llindostan on the west and China on the east. The population is probably not far from 10,000,000, a third of this number speaking the Burmese language. The government is a despotic monarchy, and the religion Buddhism, "one of the most ancient and wide-spread superstitions ex- AARON II. BURI, INGHAM, D.D. Baptist churcli of St. Louis, Mo. This command- ing position he held for several years, with credit to himself and the continual growth of the church. As a lecturer he drew large and delighted audi- ences. His course of lectures on the "Women of BURMAH BURMAH isting on the earth, and one which, in its various branches, holds beneath its gloomy sway the minds of a third of the human race." The mission to Burmah was commenced by Mr. and Mrs. Judson in 1813, at Ran(;;oOn, the principal seaport of the empire. The formal appointment of Mr. Judson as a missionary of the Baptist Triennial Conven- tion was made in May, 1814. The first work of the new missionary was the preparation of a tract on the nature of the Christian religion, with a brief abstract of its leading doctrines. On the 15th of October, 1816, Rev. Mr. Hough and wife joined Mr. and Mrs. Judson at Rangoon. Mr. Hough was a practical printer, and he addressed himself at once to the printing of portions of the Scriptures and short religious treatises to be placed in tlie hands of the natives, whose curiosity was awakened to see the sacred books of the new re- ligion. Four years passed before the first sincere inquirer came to Mr. Judson to ask after the way of salvation. He found the Saviour, and wns bap- tized at Rangoon, June 27, 1819. From that time the missionaries had persecution, discouragement, and progress marking their experiences; but view- ing all the facts in their history, the mission in Burmah has enjoyed much prosperity. The Karen Mission is bound up with the mission to the Burmese by geographical ties. The word Karen means wild man, and applies to a rude people who are scattered over the moun- tains and forests of Burmah, Siam, and the adja- cent countries. They are divided into several tribes, the chief of which are the S'gau and Pwo. They have been the subjects of cruel oppression, espe- cially by the Burmese, who have compelled them, for a long time, to act about as if they were their slaves, exacting from them the hardest tasks, and forcing from them large tributes of money. Tlieir life, in consequence of the cruelties inflicted upon them, has been a nomadic one, and they hide them- selves away in jungles and mountainous retreats to escape from the persecutions of their enemies. In many respects, even before they were reached by the civilizing influences of Christianity, they were said to be superior to the Burmese, who, in a special manner, were their foes. Whence these people originated is not definitely known. By some they are supposed to have been the aborigines of the country, while others regard them as immigrants from India. At the time the Karens came into special notice by the contact of American missionnries they did not seem to have any well-defined form of religious belief, nor any distinct priesthood. There were among them some remarkable traditions, which strikingly corresponded with the teachings of the Bible, as the account of the creation of man, the temptation in the garden of Eden, the deluge, etc. They had also some prophecies which pointed on to happier times when they should no lunger be degraded, but should be lifted up out of the condi- tion in which for so long a time they had groaned. Among such a people, apparently so well prepared to receive the gospel, the missionaries were wel- comed most heartily. The first Karen converted and baptized was Ko- Tha-byu; this occurred in 1828. He was a man of middle age, once a slave, whose freedoui had been purchased by the missionaries ; his conversion commenced the Karen Mission, so greatly honored of God. In 1831, Mr. Boardman visited the jungle homes of the Karens, after conversing with many of them at his own residence, and preached Jesus to them. Without any further reference to the race dis- tinction between Karens and Burmese, we will state that The Rangoon JMission was estal;lis!icd in 1813, and in 1880 it had 25 missionaries, 71 native preachers, 98 churches, and 4U31 members. The Maulmain Mission was established in 1827, and at that station there are 19 missionaries, 23 native preachers, 18 churches, and 12-10 members. The Tavoy Mission, founded in 1828. li;is 3 mis- sionaries, 20 native preachers, 21 churches, and 1038 members. The Bassein IMission, commenced in 1840, has 12 missionaries, 142 native preachers, 90 churches, and 7808 members. The Henthada Mission, instituted in 1853, has 1 missionarj', 45 native preachers, 58 churches, and 1998 members. The Swaygyeen Mission, begun in 1853, has 4 missionaries, 24 native preacliers, 23 churches, and 867 members. The Toungoo Mission, started in 1853, has 14 missionaries, 98 native preachers, 117 churches, and 3910 members. The Thongzai Mission, the foundations of which were laid in 1855, lias 2 missionaries, 10 native preachers, 3 churches, and 297 meniljers. The Prome Mission was commenced in 1854, and has 3 missionaries, 7 native preachers, 3 churches, and 225 nieml)ers. The Zeegong Mission, established in 1876, has 1 missionary, 2 native preachers, 2 churches, and 110 members. The Bhamo jMission, founded in 1877, has 4 missionaries, 6 native preachers, and 10 members. The missions among the Burmese and Karens have 88 missionaries, 448 native preachers, 433 churches, and 21,594 members. This is just about half our missionary strength in the East, in labor- ers and baptized convert;s, and we have our gar- nered harvests in Sweden, German^", and France besides. BURN 167 BURXHAM The translation of the whole Bible into the Bur- mese language was completed Jan. 31, 1834. A Karen newspaper, The Maiming Star, was estalj- lislied- at Tavoy in September, 1841. The wiiole New Testament was issued in Karen, No7. 1, 1843. and the entire Bible in January, 1851. In 1857 all the Karen churches concluded to support them- selves, and the mission churches in Burmah are among tiie most liberal contributors to send the gospel to the heathen. Books for schools and a Christian literature have been created by the mis- sionaries in Burmah, and the unprejudiced observer of their labors cannot fail to regard them as the benefactors of the races for whose welfare they have toileil and sacrificed so much. Schools of various grades have been established for the educa- tion of the people, in which large numbers receive instruction from accomplished and godly teachers ; and a theological seminary was established in Maul- main in 1844, which was subsequently removed to Rangoon, which lias trained a large number of native ministers and teachers for the Karens. A sketch of this institution will be found in the article "Rangoon College." Nowhere in the whole range of modern missionary toil have Christian labors among the heathen been more signally blessed than in Burmah. Burn, Rev. W. G., was born in Guilford Co.. N. C, April 4, 18:20 ; baptized by Barton Roby, Sept. £0, 1840; ordained in 1843; has been pastor of Flat Rock church for twenty-seven years; has bapti/.ed ]"20l) souls, constituted 5 churches, and aided in the ordination of 25 ministers ; was mod- erator of the Yadkin Association for several years, and has tiiree sons in the ministry. Burnett, Robert H., long president of the Lou- isiana Baptist Convention, was born in South Caro- lina in 1812, and in 1837 united in the constitution of Mount Lel)anon church, the first church organ- ized in Northeastern Louisiana; was also for many years moderator of Red River Baptist Association. Burney, Thomas J., greatly distinguished and lionored among Georgia Baptists for his able and successful management of the finances of the Geor- gia Baptist Convention for a long series of years, during which he acted as treasurer of that body, was born in Greene Co., April 29, 1801. He died June 22, 187G, most of his life having been spent in Madison, Ga. When young he had fair educa- tional advantages ; was for a time a student at the famous law school of St. George Tucker, Winches- ter, Va., and for a brief period he engaged in the practice of law. Although he served in the United States land-office at Cahawba, Ala., for some time, and was all his life a man of business, yet Mr. Bur- ney was distinguished more for his deep reliirious convictions and for his usefulness in church and educational matters than for eminence in anv other respect. He was baptized by Dr. Adiel Sher- wood in November, 1834, and for forty years Mas an active, useful, and faithful member of the Madi- son church, of which he was for many years deacon and treasurer. lie was secretary and treasurer of tlie Georgia Female College, a member of the board of trustees for that institution and also of Mercer Utiiversit}", and was tlie treasurer of the university and a member of the Execucive and Prudential Committees of tlie Georgia Baptist Convention for many years. So skillfully did he manage the vast TUOMAS J. BUK.NXV. interests intrusted to his hands as treasurer of the Georgia Baptist Convention and of Mercer Uni- versity that his brethren gave him unlimited au- thority over all the funds. He was a man of firm purpose, dauntless resolution, and unswerving in- tegrity, all his other duties yielding to his religious obligations. He was calm, self-possessed, temper- ate, and thoughtful. He was not known as a speaker in the conventional meetings, but his few and pointed words ever received respectful atten- tion. Ilis house was the preacher's home, and from its altar the incense of morning and evening sacrifice ascended each day. His death was calm, peaceful, and hnppy. Burnham, Prof. S., A.M., graduated from Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., in 1862, and from the theological seminary at Xewton. Mass.. in 1873. Pastor at Amherst. Mass., 1^73-74 : teacher in Worcester Academy, Worcester, Mass., in 1874; elected Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament E.\egesis in Hamilton Theological Seminary in 1875, which position he still retains. BURN'S 168 BURROUGHS Burns, Dawson, M.A., son of Jabez Burns, D.D., was born in London in 1828. He studied at the General Baptist Theological Seminai-y at Leices- ter, and commenced his ministry in 1850. For several years Mr. Burns was occupied in public work in connection with the temperance movement. In 1874 he was elected co-pastor with his father, after whose death he succeeded to the sole charge. Mr. Burns is widely known as one of the leaders of the United Kingdom Alliance for the suppression of the traffic in intoxicating drinks, a society which attracts a large body of supporters of various re- ligious and political opinions, and wields a potent influence in Parliamentary elections in the large cities and towns. Burns, Jabez, D.D., for many years an eminent minister of the English General Baptists, was born in Oldham, Lancashire, Dec. 18, 1805. In his youth he connected himself with the Methodists, but some years later he was baptized, and became associated with the General Baptists. He was engaged for some years in lecturing and pi-eaching in Scotland, mainly in connection with the temperance move- ment, of which throughout life he was an able and conspicuous leader. In June, 1835, he was called to the pastorate of the church in London. Here for upwards of forty years he labored with distinguished success. He also wrote and published largely, his liest-known Avorks being "Helps to Students and Lay Pi-eachers" and "Manuals for Devotional Use and Family Worship." He visited this country in 1847 as a delegate from the General Baptist Asso- ciation to the Free-Will Baptist Triennial Confer- ence, and also in 1872. His " Retrospect of a Forty Years' Ministry," published in 1875, gives an interesting description of the modern progress of religion, temperance, and philanthropic enterprises. In recognition of his merits as a religious writer, and particularly of the character of his " Pulpit Cyclopaedia," the Wesleyan University of Connect- icut conferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1846, and in 1872 Bates College, Me., added the degree of LL.D. He was very efficient to the end of his life, and as a preacher and public speaker he was highly esteemed. He died Jan. 31, 1S76, aged seventy. Burr, Normand, was born in Hartford, Conn., Oct. 5, 1802 ; his business was printing and pub- lishing; converted in 1838, and united with the South Baptist church, being baptized by Rev. Robert Turnbnll, D.D. ; was editor and publisher of the Christian Secretari/, with others, from 1840 to his death, Dec. 5, 1861. He had two children, a son and a daughter. Mrs. Sigourney, the poetess, wrote of liim. and wrote truly, — " We knew him as a man of sterling worth. Wliose good example is a legacy Better than gold for those he leaves behind. His inborn piety flowed fortli in streams Of social kindness and domestic love." Burrage, Rev, Henry S., was born in Fitch- burg, Mass., and graduated at Brown University in the class of 1861. He was connected with the Newton Theological Institution sis years, — 1861- 67. For three years during the late war he was in the military service of the United States. His ordi- nation took place in December, 1869, and he was pastor of the church in Waterville, Me., 1870-73. He became in 1873 the proprietor and editor of Zion's Advocate, a weekly religious paper pub- lished in Portland, Me., and still holds this posi- tion. Mr. Burrage is the compiler of a volume enti- tled "Brown University in the War," containing sketches of the graduates and students of the university who were in the service of the United States in the late civil war, and he is the author of a learned work entitled " The Act of Bap- tism." Burroughs, J. C, D.D., LL.D.— Dr. Burroughs is a native of Western New York, and was born in the year 1819. His literary education he received at Yale College, and his theological at Hamilton. His first settlement as pastor Avas at Waterford, N. Y., and his second at West Troy, in the same State. He soon became well known in New York as an efficient pastor and a highly ac- ceptable preacher, and while yet in the early part of his ministerial career he was called up(m for special service on important occasions, and his counsel sought in connection with the management of denominational affairs. In the year 1852, after a pastorate of some ten years in the East, he was called to the First Baptist church of Chicago. In the same month, October, 1852, that Mr. Burroughs began his labors with this church the house of worship, built in 1843, was burned. Immediate measures were taken for the erection of a new edi- fice upon the same ground, the church meanwhile worshiping in a small building near by. The corner-stone was laid July, 1853, and the new house dedicated in the November following, a commodious and tasteful structure, costing $30,000. In con- nection with the labors of his pastorate, in these circumstances unusually exacting, Mr. Burroughs established, in association with brethren Weston and Joslyn, the weekly Baptist paper in Chicago, the Christian 7Y?nes, now the Standard, hTivrng pur- chased, as preliminary to this, the subscription list of the paper previously issued by Rev. Lutiier Stout, The Watchman of the Prairies. About the year 1855, the presidency of Shurtleff College having become vacant, Mr. Burroughs was strongly solicited to accept that post. This he declined, but an opening occurring, providentially, for the found- ing of a university in Chicago, he felt it to be his duty to give himself to this, and with that view resigned his pastorate in 1856. The deed of gift from Sen- BURROUGHS BURROWS afcor Douglas for the university site of ten acres was procured by Mr. Burroughs. To these two men, and to the latter certainly not less than the former, the Baptist denomination is chiefly in- debted for tlie university at Chicago. Dr. Bur- roughs was the first president of the university, holding this office until the creation of that of chancellor, in the year 1876, to which he was elected. Dr. Lemuel Moss taking the presidency. He held the chancellorship until 1878, when he re- signed this office also. During the early years of the university he consecrated himself to its interest with absolute self-devotion. Large amounts were obtained by him in subscriptions and pledges, — much of it lost subsequently through the financial disasters which made collection impossible, but none the less a fruit of earnest and well-directed labor on his own part. In the whole work of uni- versity organization he of course largely shared, while in the department of instruction the quality of his teaching is witnessed by the strong affection cherished for him ])y his pupils in their after-life. Dr. Burroughs still has his residence at Chicago, although his official connection with the university has ceased. Burroughs, Rev. Joseph, was born in London, England, Jan. 1, 1685. He was converted and called to the ministry in early life, and for the proper discharge of a pastor's duties he received a liberal education at a private academy in London and at the University of Leyden. He was ordained May 1, 1717, as pastor of the church in Paul's Alley, Barbican, London. Here he labored with great success and untiring faithfulness for more than forty years. He was a great admirer of the Word of God, upon the exposition of which he expended his unusual abilities and his extensive learning. He had a special desire to promote the practical duties of the Saviour's religion, and to secure as far as possible a church wholly conse- crated to God. He was a warm friend to the cause of Christ in general, but to the Baptist churches specially, among which he was one of the most popular men tjf hisday. Though a Chris- tian of the largest charity he believed that bap- tism was a prerequisite to the Lord's Supper, and his faith and practice walked together in scriptural harmony. Towards the close of life he manifested a spirit of extraordinary humility, charging him- self with many defects and relying for salvation wiioUy upon the mercy of God. He passed from earth without a struggle on the 23d of November, 1761, in his seventy-seventh year. Mr. Burroughs was a General Baptist. Burrows, John Lansing, D.L., son of Samuel Burrows, a naval officer of the war of 1812, was born in New York in 1814. His father died of yellow fever at Mobile in 1822, after which he be- 12 came the ward of his grandfather, Nathaniel Bur- rows, of Bucks Co., Pa., who educated him with much care. He finished his education at Andover, Mass. In 1835 he was ordained to the ministry in Poughkeepsie, and became assistant pastor of a church in New York City. In 1836 he removed to Kentucky, and engaged in teaching at Shelbyville, and subsequently at Elizabethtown. In 1839 he took charge of the church at Owensborough, and also organized and took charge of the church at Hen- derson. In 1840 he became pastor of Sansom Street church in Phihidelphia. In 1844 he founded the Broad Street church, same city, and was its suc- cessful pastor for ten years. In 1854 he accepted the pastorate of the First Baptist church in Rich- mond, Va., a relation which he sustained for tv.enty years. He returned to Kentucky in 1874, and became pastor of the Broadway Baptist church in Louisville, where he still ministers (1880). Dr. Burrows has a national fame as a graceful and eloquent pulpit orator, an easy, elegant writer, and a man of varied learning and extensive read- ing, and, best of all, Dr. Burrows lias been one of the most useful men in the ministry of our denom- ination. Burrows, Rev. Silas, son of Amos and ]Mnry (Rathbone) Burrows, was born in Groton, Conn., in 1741. His father, educated in the standing or- der, became a speaker among the Liberalists, or New Lights. His brother Amos became a licensed Baptist preacher. Silas was converted when about twenty-three years of age, under the preaching of Rev. Mr. Reynolds, a Baptist from Norwich, and was one of the first members of the Second Baptist church in Groton, which chose him as their leader. He was ordained about 1765, and held the pastoral office of the church for fifty-three years. Amid the agitations resulting from the great awaken- ing, the Revolutionary war, and the inroads of infidelity, he stood firmly by the truth and the cause of liberty. He had two brothers captured in Fort Griswold. During the powerful revival of 1782-83 several of his children were converted, among them Daniel and Rosw^ell, who afterwards became preachers. His ministry was crowned by another mighty reformation, beginning in January, 1809, and extending through eighteen motitlis, during which he baptized 130 persons. He married first, Mary Smith, and second, Mrs. Phebe (Deni- son) Smith. Of sound native talents, ardent piety, eminently prayerful spirit, plainness of speech, and firmness of purpose, he made strong and permanent impressions upon the people. He was a wise Imilder. He fell asleep in 1818, aged seventy- seven years, and was buried in his own church- yard. Burrows, Rev. Roswell, son of Rev. Silas Bur- rows, was born in Groton, Sept. 2, 1768. He was BURROWS 170 BUSH converted M'hile a merchant's clerk at Guilford, Conn., when home on a visit. Though he became a successful merchant in Ilopkinton, R. I., he finally returned to the home of his father in Groton. where he yielded to his convictions and the per- suasions of his brethren, and received ordination in August, 1806, as associate pastor of the Second Baptist church in Groton, with his honored and aged father, whose place he filled after 1818, when his father died. After his ordination, by appoint- ment from the Groton Union Conference, he spent several months in a missionary tour, riding more than 1300 miles, and preaching once or twice daily, giving a great impulse to the cause of missions in the churches. Pie was always active and efficient in the Groton Union Conference, and in the Ston- ington Union Association. Through his instru- mentality a church was organized in Preston, Conn., in 1812. He also labored somewhat at Greenport, L. I., and in Western New York, on missionary tours. In his later years he was aided in his own pulpit by Revs. Erastus Dennison and Ira R. Steward. Ilis ministry at home was at- tended with seven special revivals, and he baptized 635 persons, and preached 2886 times. At the age of twenty-one he married Jerusha Avery, and was the f\ither of seven children, one of whom became a member of Congrei^s. He died May 28, 1837, in his sixty-ninth year. His funeral sermon was preached by Rev. Daniel Wildman, of New London. He was buried in the church-yard by the side of his father. Burrows, Eoswell S., a prominent layman of Albion, N. Y., was born in Groton, Conn., Feb. 22, 1798. He was the grandson of Rev. Silas Burrows and son of Rev. Roswell Burrows, one pastor for fifty-three years and tlie other for thirty-five years of the Second Baptist church in Groton. He en- tered the Sophomore class of Yale College at the age of twenty-one. He was compelled to leave college in the middle of the junior year by reason of con- tinued ill health. In 1867 the college conferred on him the honorary degree of A.M. In 1824 he es- tablished himself in Albion, N. Y., where he still lives, having been for the last ten years the oldest resident of the place. He is distinguished chiefly for remarkable busi- ness talents, having been connected with numerous large public and private enterprises, which have yielded him an ample fortune. He has been iden- tified with the university and seminary at Roches- ter through all their history, and gave the latter institution " The Neander Library," now valued at $20,000. He has been a member of the United States House of Representatives. Burton, Rev. John, was born in 1760 in Eng- land, lie came to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1792. He visited the United States, embraced Baptist principles, and was baptized here. He returned to Halifax, June 17, 1793, and administered the first baptism witnessed there the following August 24. He organized a Baptist church in that city in 1795, the second one organized in the provinces. Mr. Burton continued as its pastor until his death, which occurred Feb. 6, 1838. He was a Christian gentleman, useful in the community in which he labored, and enjoying the respect and love of those around him. Burton, Nathan Smith, D.D., was born at Manlius, N. Y., Feb. 5, 1821 ; baptized by Rev. I. Hall, at Akron, 0., 1843 ; graduated from Western Reserve College in 1846 ; spent one year at Western Reserve College in theological study; the second year at Newton, and then returned as classical tutor to Western Reserve, where he graduated in theology in 1850 ; ordained Nov. 6, 1850, as pastor at Elyria, 0., where he remained until 1853. After a short pas- torate in Cleveland became pastor at Granville, 0., where he remained until 1862. While pastor here, in 1859, established the Young Ladies' Institute. In 1862 took charge of the church at Akron, 0. ; in 1866, of the church at Ann Arbor, Mich. ; in 1871, of the church at Davenport, Iowa. In 1876 he ac- cepted the professorship of Philosophy in Kala- mazoo College, but on account of the failure of the endowment resigned the following year and re- turned to Akron, 0., where, as pastor of the churcli. he still remains. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Denison University, in 1863. He is univer- sally regarded as standing in the fi-ont of Ohio Baptists, and he is profoundly interested in all that pertains to the interests of the kingdom of Ciirist. Burton, Rev. William, was horn in Margaree, Cape Breton ; baptized by Rev. Joseph Dimock in 1826; ordained July 20, 1828; was co-pastor of Yarmouth church with the venerable Harris Hard- ing from 1830 to 1853 ; then pastor at Portland, St. John, New Brunswick, and at Hantsport, Nova Scotia, where he died in 1867. An earnest, useful minister. Bush, Rev. Alexander, was born in Lowville, Lewis Co.. N. Y., Feb. 1, 1810. He was hopefully converted at the age of seventeen, and baptized in July, 1827. He devoted some time to the work of teaching, and feeling that it was his duty to preach, he entered Hamilton Theological Institution in 1835. In 1838 he received a call from tiie Tyring- ham and Lee church, Mass.. and on the 17th of October of this year he was ordained as the pastor of the church. He labored diligently and faith- fully, and God permitted him to see the rich fruits of his ministerial toil. His ministry was a short one. In the spring of 1842 he was forced partially to suspend his work. He preached his last sermon July 30 of this year. For a year or two he lin- BUSH 171 gered, a great and constant suflferer. He died June 17, 1844. Bush, Rev. Alva, LL.D., was born in Busti, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., Jan. 25, 1830. He was the second son of Seldin F. Bush and Fiorina Blackman. He was converted and joined the Bap- tist church in Busti in 1840, under the pastorate of Rev. E. R. Swf^in. He completed his education in Burlington University. He was licensed to preach by the church at Strawberry Point in 1858, and ordained at the same place in 1859. He sup- plied the church one year during an interim in the pastorate of Rev. George Scott. He was pastor of the church at Fayette in 1860, imparting instruc- REV. ALVA BUSH, LL.D. tion part of the time in the Upper Iowa University, during which Rev. J. E. Clough and Hattie Sunder- land, afterwards Mrs. Clough, were students in that institution, and part of the time members of Mr. Bu.sh's family. He was settled in Osage, and opened the school which was to be the Cedar Valley Seminary, Jan- uary, 1863. During the eighteen years of his con- nection with the seminary he served the Baptist chui-ch of Osage as pastor something over ten years, and preached regularly at out-stations during the remainder of the time. Bussy, Rev. B. W., was bom and brought up in Columbus, Ga., but preached for years in Hunts- ville and Mobile, Ala. He is now the able pastor of the Americus Baptist church, having returned to his native State. A man of more than ordinary ability, he is a fine pastor and preacher, and an efficient Sunday-school worker. Bussy, Hon, James, a prominent la-wyer at Bastrop, La., was born in Georgia in 1830. Judge Bussy is a striking example of what may be ac- complished under almost insurmountable difficul- ties. In early life an incurable paralysis made him a helpless dependent. By perseverance he de- veloped strength in his arms, and acquired the power of balancing himself on crutches. By dint of application he made himself an intelligent law- yer, and has risen to distinction in church and state. He has made it a rule of life to devote one- tenth of his gross income to the Lord. Under the blessing of God he has prospered, and is now a man of wealth. He has presided as moderator of Bayou Macon Association and as president of the State Convention. Butler, Rev. David E., who has deservedly been greatly honored by the Baptists of Georgia with places of trust, was born in Wilkes County. When a young man and a practicing lawyer, in Washington, Wilkes County, he was the personal friend of Jesse Mercer, whose will he wrote, and whose executor he was. Mr. Butler is a graduate of Mercer. It was not until after his marriage that he felt constrained to enter the ministry; while living on his farm in the country he was unable to restrain his inclinations to point sinners to the Lamb slain for us ; he gradually became convinced that it was his duty to preach, and he submitted to ordination, and entered upon the ministry. lie has been an eloquent pleader fur Jesus and a good preacher. lie has had charge of various churches, while his home has generally been at Madison. Before the war he was a wealthy planter, and never sought remuneration for pulpit services. Since the return of peace he has maintained his fai-ming interests, not being dependent on the min- istry. In the Central Association he has been a ruling spirit, and frequently has been its moderator, by election. For five years, from 1872 to 1876, in- clusive, he was president of the Georgia Baptist Convention ; for many years he has been the presi- dent of the board of trustees of Mercer Univer- sity ; and for several years he was the efficient editor of the Christian Index. Since the war his influence in the denomination has been great and beneficial, and he has almost been the central figure around which Georgia Baptist interests have gravi- tated. Mr. Butler is an eloquent speaker and an exceedingly ready man, possessing a fine command of language. He is universally held in the highest esteem, and amid many diversified employments has never ceased eloquently to proclaim the gospel. As the friend of education and missions, the friend and supporter of Mercer and the Convention, he stands out in bold relief in the denomination. He is exceedingly popular all over the State, among all classes and denominations; his name has been BUTLER 172 BYRON freely spoken of in connection with the guberna- torial office of Georgia. Butler, Gov. Ezra, was born in Lancaster, Mass., in September, 1763. He lived for sotue years with Dr. Stearns, of Claremont, N. H., where he had the management of a large farm. In his twenty-second year he removed to Waterbury, Vt.. where he commenced farming. He was almost literally in a wilderness, there being but one other family in the whole place. Indeed, the whole sec- tion was but little better than a dense forest for miles in every direction. When he was twenty- seven years of age he became a hopeful Christian. His conversion was a remarkable one, and plainly the wi)i-k of the Holy Spirit. He was baptized by " Elder" Call in his wilderness home. In due time Waterbury attracted to itself inhabitants, and to- wards the end of the year 1800 there were a suffi- cient number of persons holding Baptist sentiments to lead to the formation of a Baptist church, and Mr. Butler was chosen and ordained its pastor, which office he held over thirty years. Being a person of superior education he was called to fill various civil offices, as town clerk, jus- tice of the peace, and representative for several terms to the General Assembly of Vermont. For a number of years he was chief justice for Wash- ington County. From 1813 to 181-5 he was a mem- ber of Congress, and for two years he was governor of the State. "His administration as governor was distinguished chiefly by a vigorous and successful effort for the suppression of lotteries, and by some essential improvement in the system of common school education." In 1836 he officiated as one of the electors of the President of the United States. Amidst all the responsibilities connected with the civil trusts committed to his hands he never lost sight of the higher office which he held as an amlias- sador of Christ. While he Avas governor of the State an extensive revival was in progress in his own town, in which he took the deepest interest, his heart being greatly gladdened by the circumstance that several members of his own family were among its fruits. Gov. Butler died July 12, 1838, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. In the report of the travels of Messrs. Cox and Iloby — a deputation from the Baptist churches in England to the Baptist churches in this country— we find the following extract taken from Dr. Sprague's " Annals." The language is Mr. Hoby's : "At Waterbury I paid a visit to Gov. Butler, who, you remember, though a pastor in our de- non)ination, had once the honor of being governor of the State of Vermont. His eye is not so dimmed with age l)ut that you may clearly discern that it was once expressive of the intelligence and energy equal to the responsibilities of such an office, how- ever undesirable it may be to Wend it with pastoral engagements. Forever let his name be honored among those who steadfastly determined and la- bored with untiring zeal to disencumber the State of the burden of a religious establishment, and re- ligion of the manifold evils of State patronage. As he walked towards the town he told me that fifty years ago he cleared the first spot in this cultivated district, which was then all wilderness. Now his children's children are growing up around him, to inherit the land and the liberties they owe so lit- erally to their fathers." Butterfield, Rev. Isaac, was born in Andover, Vt., Oct. 16, 1812 ; removed to New Ipswich, N. 11., at the age of twenty -one years ; was baptized by Rev. Asaph Merriam in May, 1835, and studied for a short time in Appleton Academy, New Ips- wich, after his conversion. He was licensed to preach in the spring of 1836, and was ordained in January, 1837, as pastor of the church in Cicero, N. Y. He remained ten years in the Onondaga Association, five of which were spent in Elbridge. Then followed nearly ten years of service in Os- wego, part as pastor of the First church, and tiicn he went out with a colony which formed the West church. He was for seven years pastor in Daven- port, Iowa, also served for brief terms in Water- town. N. Y. ; Adrian, Mich. ; Hightstown, N. J. ; Monroe, Mich. ; and Grand Rapids. Then for six years he was again at the West church in Oswego. In 1875 he yielded to an urgent appeal from the First church in Jackson to come to them in a time of special exigency, and for five years he gave his service with great self-devotion. The last of the five years Rev. C. E. Harris was his colleague. Mr. Butterfield now resides in Grand Rapids. He has been a laborious worker in the Lord's vine- yard, and has counted it a pleasure to serve in fields from which others would shrink. His influ- ence has been that of a peace-maker, and his chui'ches have been greatly attached to him. He was married Sept. 14, 1838, to Miss Sarah A. Tem- pleton, of Northfield, Mass. Buys, Rev. James, M.D., was long an efficient minister in North Louisiana. He was born in Geor- gia in 1800 ; removed to Louisiana in 1848, and died in Winn Pas, La., Oct. 26, 1867. Byron, Deacon Wm. Henry, a native of New York City, where he was born June 21, 1808. His father died when he was a child. His mother, a lady of fine mental and Christian culture, de- voted herself to his early training. His religious education was her special care. His mental cul- ture she intrusted to the best schools of the city. When of a suitable age he was placed in a large mercantile establishment, and he became a mem- ber of the family of one of the partners, who bo- longed to St. George's church, New York. His Christian influence over the youth was of a most BYRON ]73 BYRON marked character, and bad iiiucli to do with his subsequent conversion. At eighteen years of age he ol)tained a hope in Christ, and was baptized by Rev. Dr. Cone into the fellowship of the Oliver Street Baptist church, of which his mother had long been a member. He afterwards connected himself with the Amity Street Baptist church, under the pastoral care of Dr. Wm. R. Williams. In March, 1835, he removed to Painesville, 0., where he engaged in business until 1843, when he removed to Milwaukee, Wis. Here he founded a mercantile establishment, which for many years was one of the most extensive in the city. He continued this business until a painful disease compelled him to retire from active pursuits. But it is chiefly as a Christian worker that Dea- con Byron is best known. Nature had given him pre-eminent qualifications for usefulness in the Sunday-school, and to this field he devoted himself with a consecration and zeal rarely surpassed. Even wliile at the head of a large and extensive business, taxing all his resources, he found time to labor in the work he loved so well. Deacon Byron's active Sunday-school career began before his conversion. As early as 1822 he was a teacher in a mission school in New York. It was in it that James Brainard Taylor was converted, and in it, Deacon Win. H. Byron was taught his sinfulness and led to Christ. It was through Deacon Byron's influence, chiefly, that the Wisconsin State Sunday-School Associa- tion was formed in 1846, and he became its fii'st president, which ofiice he held until 1853. In 1860 the Wisconsin Sunday-School Union was formed, and Deacon Byron was elected its president. One year later he was appointed its general agent and superintendent of its work in the State. From the spring of 1861, until the summer of 1864, he was actively engaged in its service, and although almost entirely without the use of his limbs, he traveled thousands of miles and held hundreds of Conven- tions, in which he made addresses. Even when his disease assumed the most painful and alarming forms he continued in the field. Indeed, so great was his love for the work and so consuming his zeal in it, that it was clear that he could not re- main out of it, and that he should die with the harness on. After he could no longer walk, he was borne in the arms of friends to institutes and Conventions and Sunday-schools. He died at Sparta, Wis., Sept. 12, 1875, to which place he had been removed from his home in Mil- waukee. He was a man of fine endowments, all of which from the hour of conversion he conse- crated to Christ. He was singularly fortunate in having as his early Christian instructors such men as Spencer H. Cone, D.D., and Wm. R. Williams, D.D. He had a profound acquaintance with the Word of God. He devoted to the Scriptures the most earnest and prayerful study throughout his life. He lived for Christ and Christ lived in him. He died in great peace, aged sixty-seven years. CADE CALDICOTT C. Cade, Rev. Baylus, one of the most distin- guished preachers of West Virginia, was born Sept. 3, 1844, in Bar})our County, now a pait of West Virginia. He made a profession of faith and was REV. BAYLUS CADE. baptized Dee. 9, 1864. In October, 1866, he entered Richmond College as a student, remaining there until June 30, 1869. He was ordained in 1869 and began his work as a minister, and he is now (1880) filling one of the most important positions in the State, as pastor of Greenbrier church at Alderson, to which work he is devoting all his time and en- ergy. Mr. Cade took a very active part in estab- lishing Shelton College, giving liberally to its support, and inducing others to follow his example. His work in connection with this institution has been very laborious, but he has the satisfaction of enjoying the success of his labors. His extensive reading and retentive memory, united with great native ability, place him in the front ranks as an organizer and leader in our denominational move- ments, and in his ministerial calling. Cain, E,ev. Moses Powel, was born in .Jefferson Co., Ga., Aug. 7, 1836. His father, James Cain, was a South Carolinian and a distinguished deacon. His mother was a woman of great piety, and thus it happened that he was reared in the fear oi God. In 1856 he graduated at Penfield, having. been converted during his college course. For several years after graduating Mr. Cain taught school ; he was ordained in 1859, and from that time to tiie present he has been engaged in teaching, preach- ing, and farming. At present he resides on the old homestead, preaching to neighboring churches. He is a man of talent and of deep piety. Calahan, Rev. Charles W., pastor of Hope, Ark., was born in Alabama in 1851 ; graduated at Union University, Tenn. ; ordained in 1873 : after preaching some time in his native State he became pastor at Monticello, Ark., in 1877 ; spent one year at Longtown, Miss., returned to Monticello, and in 1879 accepted his present pastorate. Caldicott, T. F., D.D., was born in the village of Long Buckley, Northamptonshire, England, in March, 1803. His father was a deacon in the Baptist church in Long Buckley, and occasionally officiated as a preacher. In 1824, Dr. Caldicott came to Canada as the tutor to the children of some military officers, and for some time made his home in Quebec. He taught subsequently in Toronto and Kingston, where his services commanded the patronage of some of the best citizens of these places. In 1831 he became connected with Madison University as a student, and in 1834 was ordained as pastor of the Baptist church in Lockport, where he remained for four years, when he was called to the pastorate of what is now the Dudley Street church, Boston Highlands, then Roxbury, and continued in this re- lation for seven or eight years. Upon resigning his pastorate in Roxbury, he acted for some time as the secretary of the Northern Baptist Education So- ciety, devoting himself with great zeal to the cause of ministerial education. Subsequently he was pastor of the church in Charlestown, and of Baldwin Place church in Boston, and then removed to Williamsburg, N. Y., from which place he re- moved to Toronto, to become the pastor of the Bond Street Baptist church It was in Toronto that he died, the event taking place July 9, 1869. Dr. Caldicott had the pleasing art of making warm friends. He was eminently of a happy, social disposition, and his very presence was a bene- diction. Wherever he was settled he was an earnest, laborious minister of the gospel, and was the means of introducing a large number of persons into the CALDWELL CALIFORNIA churches to which he ministered. It is pleasant to pay this tribute of affection to his memory. Caldwell, Hon. Robert P., of Trenton, Tenn., was born in Adair Co., Ky., Dec. 16, 1821 ; had a public school education ; studied and practiced law ; was in the lower branch of the General As- sembly of Tennessee in 1847-48, and was in the upper branch in 1855-56, and was elected attorney- general in the sixteenth judicial circuit of Tennes- see in 1858 : was major in the r2th Tenn. In- ftxntry of the Confederate service ; had his disabili- ties reiiinved by act of Conj;-ress ; and was elected to the 42d Congress, receiving 8227 votes, against 1848 votes for his opponent. Hon. Mr. Caldwell professed religion, and was liaptized by Rev. Dr. Hillsman into the fellowship of the Trenton Baptist church, October, 1863, and has continued a reputaljle and useful member up to this writing, 1880. Mr. Caldwell is a gentleman of fine intellect, and stands high as a lawyer and as a Christian. Caldwell, Samuel L., D.D., president of Vassar College, was born in Newburyport, Mass., Nov. 13, JAMUEF, h. CAI,D\rELL, D.D. 1820. His ancestors were early settlers on that coast. He was prepared for college in the grammar school of his native town. After a four years' course he was graduated from Waterville College, Me., in 1839. On leaving college he took charge of the Academy at Hampton Falls, N. H. Soon after that he was head-master of the West Gram- mar School, of Newburyport, for three years. After teaching three years he entered the theo- logical seminary at Newton, Mass., where he was graduated in 1845. During the subsequent win- ter he preached for the Baptist church in Alex- andria, Va. In the spring of 1846, he took charge of the First Baptist church of Bangor, Mich., and was ordained as its pastor. The union continued twelve years, and the church was greatly strength- ened. In 1856 he accepted the pastoral charge of the First Baptist church of Providence, R. I., whose pulpit had been vacated by the death of James N. Granger, D.D. After a ministry of over fifteen years, he resigned to accept the professorship of Ciiurch History in Newton Theological Institu- tion. He ably filled this post five years, and on the death of John H. Raymond, LL.D., the president of Vassar College, Dr. Caldwell was elected his successor, and entered upon the duties of the posi- tion in September, 1858. His ability and special fitness for the high office are admitted by all, and that noble educational institution will, it is be- lieved, rise to still grander proportions under his administration. Caldwell, "William B., M.D., was bom in Co- lumbia, Ky., April 3, 1818. After finishing bis literary education he studied medicine at Lexington, Ky., for a time, graduated in that science at the University of Pennsylvania, and located in his na- tive town in 1841. In 1846 he removed to Louis- ville, where he rapidly acquired one of the most extensive and lucrative practices in the city. This he retained until failing health compelled his re- tirement. He confined himself strictly to his pro- fession, and thereby acquired a large fortune. In 1869 he consented to fill a seat in the Legislature of his State. He united with the Baptist church in Columbia in 1837, and continues a faithful and efficient member. He has been prominent in the Executive Board of the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky since 1846. In 1837 he married Miss Ann Augusta, daughter of Hon. James Guthrie, who was also a Baptist, a woman of intelligence, culture, and piety, and whose large estate was liberally used for the cause of Christ. Calhoun, Hon. J. R., is a member of the Bap- tist church, Summerside, Prince Edward's Island, and a merchant remarkable for his excellent abilities and large contributions in support of denomina- tional objects ; is also a member of the Prir.ce Ed- ward's Island House of Assembly, and is strong in support of right and religion. California. — One of the largest of the United States, bordering on the Pacific Ocean, 600 miles long and nearly 200 broad ; noted for its immense productions of gold since 1849, its abundant har- vests of wheat, and all the fruits of the tropics and temperate zones. All Baptist and other Protestant, as well as Catholic churches, are laying foundations for the future. Population of the State is about 1,000,000. Baptists began their work in California CALIFORNIA COLLEGE CALL A WA Y in 1849. They now have 121 churches, with nearly 7000 members, 1 college, 3 academical institutions, 6 Associations, 1 weekly paper, The Evangel, and 1 monthly. The Hef)-ald of Truth, a State Conven- tion, College and Mission Boards, a Woman's Home Mission and a Woman's Foreign Mission Society, a State Ministers' Institute, and about 120 ordained ministers. The churches are most of them widely scattered and not wealthy. (See article San Francisco.) California College, Cal.— In 1870, it was an- nounced at the meeting of the Pacific Association, held at Santa Rosa, that the property of the Pacific Methodist College at Vacaville was for sale. A committee appointed to make inquiries reported favorably at a conference in Napa. The purchase was made, a Baptist Convention was called, which organized a college board, obtained a charter, and elected Prof. Mark Bailey president. The insti- tution was opened Jan. 4, 1871, with 14 students. A productive endowment fund of $20,000 has since been raised. The sacrifices incident to establishing a college in a new State have endeared the institu- tion to the hearts of its friends. In the spring of 1873, Dr. A. S. Worrell succeeded Prof. Bailey as president; in November, 1875, he resigned, and was succeeded by the lamented T. W. Greene, whose death occurred in 1877. His successor was Rev. S. A. Taft, D.D. ; and his resignation occurring in 1878, Rev. U. Gregory, D.D., entered upon the presidency in January, 1879. Since its organiza- tion, 956 students have been in attendance ; 38 have graduated ; and in 1880 the number of students was 81. The college is beautifully situated, centrally for the State, — at Vacaville. Solano County, mid- way between San Francisco and Sacramento. The locality is one of the healthiest in California. Callaghan, George, Esq., was born in Scotland, Jan. 29, 1827. llis parents emigrated to this country in 1829. He was baptized at West Chester, Pa., by Rev. Alfred Taylor, March 5, 1845, and was subsequently a member of the churches at Upland, First West Philadelphia, and Angora, Philadelphia. He is extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods at the last place, and he has for many years l)een connected with various educational and missionary boards. The church at Angora was or- ganized and has been sustained chiefly through the labors and benefactions of himself and his brother, Robert J. Callaghan, both of whom were among its constituent members. These brothers are noted for being among that class of wealthy Baptists who prefer acting as their own executors of the riches intrusted to their stewardship ; hence their gifts to denominational and other religious enterprises have been frequent and generous. They live in the en- joyment of visible and blessed results. Callaway, Rev. Enoch, a distinguished and very useful minister of Georgia, was born in Wilkes County, Sept. 14, 1792. He was converted and baptized in December, 1808, uniting with Sardis church, at which he was ordained Nov. 7, 1823. He became the pastor of the following churches: Sardis, Rehoboth, County Line, Beaver Dam, in Wilkes County, and of Bairdstown and Mill- town churches, in Oglethorpe County, serving some of them as much as twenty-five or thirty years. He died Sept. 12, 1859, at the age of sixty- seven, of an affliction which continued four years. He was never heard to murmur, so wonderful was his patience. Death was not dreaded, but was wel- comed by him. He made the Bible his text-book, and made its study his daily occupation. As a pastor he was faithful, and as a minister he was humble and unostentatious, but highly useful, from his great earnestness and sincerity. His preaching was usually extemporaneous, combining the doc- trinal, practical, and experimental, but he excelled in exhortation. In building up and establishing the cause of Christ in his field of labor few have accomplished more. Decidedly missionary in principle and practice, and a thorough Baptist in doctrine, he left his impress in these respects wherever he la- bored. Of his numerous offspring, numbering now about 300, who are living, it is said that, without exception, they are all professed Christians and Baptists. Callaway, Rev. Joshua S., was born in Wilkes Co., Ga., May 30, 1789. He was the son of Joshua and Isabella Callaway. He was converted when a boy, and was baptized by Jesse Mercer, Sept. 23, 1809. When in his twentieth year he moved to Jones County, in 1818, and joined the Sardis church, by which he was called to ordination in 1820. He preached ten years in Jones County with great success, and then removed to Henry County. When the division in the denomination took place he sustained mission views strongly, and under his leadership the Flint River Association took decided missionary grounds. He was moderator of that Association for about fifteen years, after represent- ing it in the State Convention, by which body he was highly respected. Mr. Callaway was a pleas- ant and persuasive speaker, with a winning ad- dress. He was strongly Calvinistic in faith, and very clear and scriptural in his preaching. He baptized many hundreds of converts during his ministry. He possessed a strong will, indomitable perseverance, and unflinching integrity, and to the day of his death maintained an unblemished repu- tation. He died at Jonesborough in the year 1854. CaUaway, Rev. Pitt MiLner, son of Rev. Joshua S. Callaway, was born in Wilkes Co., Ga., Oct. 10, 1812. Settled in Macon Co., Ala., in 1838. On a visit to Georgia in 1844 he united with the CALL A WA Y 177 CAMPBELL church of which his father was pastor. For some years after this he resided in the city of Eufaula, where he faithfully served as deacon, he and Gov. John Gill Ilorter having been ordained at the same time and serving together. He was ordained to the ministry at Mount Zion church in Macon County in 1857, Revs. S. Henderson, E. Y. Von Hoose, and F. M. Moss forming the Presbytery. He has delivered on an average two sermons a week, and baptized many hundreds. lie has been pastor of a number of the most influential churches in Southeast Alabama. Was the prime mover in the origination and history of the late General Association of that part of the State. For eighteen years now he has resided at Newton, Dale County. Callaway, Rev. Wm. A., was born in Wilkes Co., Ga.. about 1804, of pious Baptist parents. He grew up to manhood and married before his con- version. He was ordained in 1833 at McDonough, and soon made his influence felt in all the region around by his zeal. He would engage in pro- tracted meetings day and night for weeks and months in succession, seeming to feel no weari- ness ; in truth, he was, both by gifts and tempera- ment, admirably suited for a revival preacher. He assisted in organizing the Central Association, and in the great revivals that occurred in his day he was the modest yet able coadjutor of such men as Siierwood, Dawson, and Campbell. Tall and rather slender in person, he had a benign expression, an easy and natural elocution, and he was a sweet singer. In protracted meetings he often became the soul of the meeting, enchaining attention and going right home to the consciences of the impeni- tent by the simplicity, fervency, and tenderness of his address. His pulpit abilities were good ; his manner ordinarily was grave and decorous. He died in June, 1865, and left two able sons in the ministry. — J. M. Callaway and S. P. Callaway. Callender, Rev. Elisha, son of Ellis Callender, who for about thirty years was the principal speaker in the First Baptist church in Boston, was born in Boston in 1680. He was a graduate of Harvard College in the class of 1710, and became a member of the church Aug. 10, 1713. About five years later, May 21, 1718, he was ordained, and became the pastor of the cliurch with which his honored father had so long been connected. Al- though not very vigorous in health Mr. Callender performed a large amount of ministerial labor, preaching in different sections of the Common- wealth where his services were in demand. Spirit- ual prosperity attended his ministry with his own church, scarcely a month passing without some additions being made to it. While in the midst of his great usefulness he was cut down by death, the event occurring March 31, 1738, in the twentieth year of his ministry. He was the first native Bap- tist minister in this country who had received a collegiate education. He published a " Century Sermon" in the year 172l», commemorative of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. Callender, Rev. John, was born in Boston in 1706, and was the nephew of Rev. Elisha Callen- der. In early youth he evinced unusual intellec- tual ability, and it was deemed best by his friends that he siiould have a liberal education. His pre- paratory studies having been completed he entered Harvard College, where he availed himself for his pecuniary support of the HoUis foundation. He was graduated in the class of 1723. A few years after his graduation he was ordained as co-pastor, in Newport, R. I., with Rev. William Peckhaui. succeeding in this relation that gifted young preacher. Rev. John Comer. His ordination took place Oct. 13, 1731. Few Baptist ministers of his times were better educated than Mr. Callender. He was held in high respect in the community in which he lived, which at that time was among the most cultivated in New England. His best- known woi-k as an author is a " Historical Dis- course on the Civil and Religious Affairs of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plan- tation from the First Settlement in 1638 to the End of the First Century." An editidu of this valuable discourse was prepared with great care by Rev. Romeo Elton, D.D., and forms one of the volumes of the Rhode Island Historical Society's collections. It is regarded as standard authority in the matters of which it treats. Mr. Callender collected also many papers, which Rev. Mr. Backus found to be of great service to him in the prepara- tion of his history of the Baptists. Mr. Callender died Jan. 26, 1748. Campbell, Rev. Abner B., eldest son of Rev. J. H. Campbell, and a native of Georgia, is a man of great ability, sincere piety, and exceeding pru- dence. As a preacher he ranks high ; a graduate of Mercer University ; he has had charge of several churches in different parts of the State, and now in the prime of life he is the beloved pastor of the Columbus church. He is a trustee of Mercer University. Campbell, Rev. Charles D., son of Rev. J. H. Campbell, the able pastor of the Baptist church at Athens, Ga., was educated at Mercer University. He is a preacher of more than ordinary power, and a man of decided intellectual ability. He has been engaged in the ministry in Florida and Southern Georgia for quite a number of years, and was called from the charge of the church at Quitman to his present field of labor. Campbell, Duncan R., LL.D., was born in Perthshire, Scotland, Aug. 14, 1814. He was edu- cated for the Presbyterian ministry, and in this relation entered the pastorate at Nottingham, Eng- CAMPBELL CAMPBELL land, and subsequently became a missionary in London. He emigrated to the United States iti May, 1842, and soon after his arrival at Richmond, Va., sought membership in the First Baptist church of that city, and was baptized by Rev, Dr. Jeter. In the fall of 1842 he accepted the pastorate of Leigh Street church in Richmond, and in 1845, being in poor health, he removed to Kentucky, and accepted the pastorate of the church at George- town, where he labored with great success four years. He was then elected Professor of Hebrew and Biblical Literature in the theological seminary at Covington, Ky. In 1852 he was elected presi- dent of Georgetown College, filling the position with great ability until his death at Covington, Ky., Aug.'ie, 1865. Campbell, Rev. E. A., an efficient minister, who long labored in the Red River V'alley, La., was born in North Carolina in 1818, and was brought up in East Baton Rouge Parish, La. He settled west of Red River in 1845, and labored efficiently in this part of the State until his death, in 1857. Campbell, Rev. Israel S., is about fifty years of age ; was born in Kentucky during the days of slavery ; is nearly white in complexion, and presents the appearance of a well-bred gentleman. His style of speech is so generally correct that, were you not looking at him, you would suppose tliat a well- educated white man was speaking. By hard work he has been enabled to obtain an education sufficient to make him very useful among the colored people. He was licensed to preach in the State of Tennessee, and ordained in British North America in 1858. He has ministered successfully to the following churches: Friendship, Franklin Co., Tenn. ; Sand- wich, Little River, Buckstone, Chatham, Windsor, all of Ontario ; Sandusky, Cleveland, 0. : Baton Rouge, Gros Tete, La. : Houston, Ilearne, Columbus, and Galveston, Texas. He has been pastor of the Galveston church thirteen years. He has been moderator of Associations in Michigan, Louisiana, and Texas, and in the latter State of one Association for twelve years. He was president of the Freed- man's Baptist State Convention two years. He h.as acted as a general missionary for Texas while pas- tor at Galveston. He has baptized as many as 90 at one time, and 1100 persons in all. Israel S. Campbell stands well among all classes of citizens in Galveston, and he has been occasion- ally spoken of as a candidate for Congress, when any one of his race has been considered as suitable for a representative. He has fortunately escaped from the entansilements of political life. Campbell, J. H., D.D., was bom in Mcintosh Co., Ga., on the 10th of February, 1807. His father, nf the same name, could trace his lineage in a direct line to the Scottish clan of Campbell. His mother's name was Denhain, and her parents, John Denham and Sarah Clancy, came to this country as emigrants in the same ship with Gen. Oglethorpe, in 1733. He was educated in early life at Sunbui-y, Liberty County, under the tuition of Rev. James Shannon, a teacher of distinguished excellence. Entering the State University at-Athens, he spent part of a year there, being recalled home by the death of his father to take charge of the estate and protect his two orphan sisters. Converted in his six- teenth year, he was baptized, joined the church, and soon began to preach. He immediately ex- hibited remarkable powers as a preacher, and was designated the "boy preacher." In his twenty- second year, after the marriage of his sisters, he repaired to Eatonton, Ga., and remained for two years in the theological school taught by Rev. Adiel Sherwood, pastor of the Eatonton Baptist church. He was ordained in 1830, by a Presbytery consist- ing of C. 0. Screven, S. S. Law, J. H. Dunham, and Luther Rice. His first pastorate was at Macon, Ga., in 1831 ; then he served at various times during a long, laborious, and very useful life the churches at Clinton, McDonough, Richland, Twiggs County, Lumpkin, Gi-iflBn, and Perry, among others. All through life he devoted himself entirely to the duties of his sacred calling, never turning aside to engage in any secular occupation, and through his instru- mentality thousands have been brought into the kingdom of Jesus. For five years he was the very successful agent for foreign missions in Georgia, , after which he entered upon the work of an evan- gelist for the State at large, in which he was also eminently successful. AVhile thus engaged the late war commenced, when he iiecame a voluntary mis- sionary in the army, in which useful work he per- severed until the conflict ended. His labors were sanctified to the salvation of hundreds, if not of thousands. Mr. Campbell has been a willing and active fel- low-laborer with the most prominent Baptists of Georgia for the last halfcentury, participating actively in all their educational and benevolent schemes and enterprises. For more than thirty years he acted upon the board of trustees for Mer- cer University ; was instrumental in founding col- leges for young ladies at Lumpkin and Cuthbert, and in establishing the Georgia Deaf and Dumb Institution at Cave Spring. Perhaps no man of modern times has been more devoted to the work of preaching Christ and him crucified, and few have been more successful in building up his kingdom. As a revival preacher he is very powerful, his style being ardent, earnest, pathetic, and eloquent. He is a man of great firmness of will, never abandoning an object when convinced of its propriety and importance. His chief literary work is " Georgia Baptists — Histori- cal and Biographical," an exceedingly valualile CAMPBELL 179 CANADLAN book, in which is gathered much information which otherwise would have been lost. Two of his sons are now ministers of the gospel, occupying promi- nent pastorates in the State. Mr. Campbell's life has been no failure. Side by side with the wisest and best of the denomination he has labored faithfully and efficiently to build up the Baptist interests of Georgia and promote the honor of Jesus. Campbell, Hon. John Price, Jr., son of John Price Campbell, was born in Christian Co., Ky., Dec. 8, 1820. He was educated for the law, and practiced the profession for nine years at Lexing- ton, Mo., serving two terms in the Legislature of that State ; removing to his native State, was elected to Congress in 18.55. At the close of his term he declined re-election and retired to private life on his farm in Christian County, where he has since remained. Campbell, Rev. William J., was born in 1812, and was, until he reached manhood, the servant of Mr. Paulding. As the body-servant of his master he traveled extensively, and gathered general in- formation, which was valuable to him as a preacher and pastor. He was baptized by Andrew Marshall, and liecame a member of the First Colored Baptist church in Savannah ; was elected a deacon, and in a few years after this was licensed to preach. An- drew Marshall took a great interest in him, and when he left home on a collecting mission in the North, AVin. J. Campbell was placed in charge of the church. Andrew Marshall never returned, having died in Virginia. Wm. J. Campbell be- came pastor about the year 1856. He entered with energy upon the work of completing the brick building on Franklin Square. He secured means for this purpose at home and abroad. It was fin- ished and opened for worship during the war, and the dedication sermon was delivered by Rev. S. Landrum. It is a very neat and large church edi- fice. Mr. Campbell regarded its dedication to God as sacred. At the close of the war, when other colored churches were opened for political purposes, this was kept closed against all such assemblies. The chui-ch became very large. A few years ago a difficulty arose, which resulted in the pastor and deacons, with 700 members, retiring from the build- ing, but claiming still to be the church. After this Mr. Campbell and his friends worshiped in a hall of the Beech Institute. Mr. Campbell was fully African, quite black, about five feet eight inches high. He died on the 10th of October, 1880, aged sixty-eight. He left a wife, but no children. His funeral was attended by twelve or fifteen hundred people from the First Bryan Baptist church. Rev. U. L. Houston pastor. He had the respect of the people of Savannah, and especially of the white population. The pas- torates of Andrew Bryan, Andrew Marshall, and Wm. J. Campbell over the same church, virtually, extended from 1775 to 1880, a period of 105 ye.ars. Canadian Literary Institute.— A few friends of ministerial education in Canada, not wholly dis- couraged by the failure to establish a permanent institution at Montreal (see article Montreal Col- lege), resolved, in the autumn of 1856, to make another experiment, which, while having special reference to the training of young men for the min- istry, should also look to the general education of the young of either sex. Lilieral offers were made by three places — Fonthill, Brantford, and Wood- stock — to induce the friends of the enterprise to lo- cate the institute in these towns. Woodstock was selected, responsible parties having pledged $16,000 to be given to the institute. In due time Rev. Dr. R. A. Fyfe was called to take charge of the institu- tion, and the school was opened July 4, 1860, and its prospects looked hopeful. These prospects were apparently blighted by a tire, which, on the 8th of January, consumed the institute building. A large number of students had just come to Wdod- stock, after a vacation, to commence work in their respective classes, and, in spite of the great misfor- tune which had befallen the school, it was decided to go on. A deep interest was awakened among the Canadian Baptists in consequence of the disas- ter referred to, and what at first seemed a great calamity turned out to be a rich blessing. In a few weeks $21,000 were pledged towards the erection of a new building, larger and better than the one that had been burned. But there are other and more pressing wants of a young struggling seat of learning besides proper buildings. One ])y ( ne these have been met, and successful work done in both the literary and the theological departments. The statistics which we are able to give of what tlie institute has accomplished since it was opened in 1860 sliow that hundreds have been the recipients of its advantages, many of whom have entered the ministry; 61 have graduated from the theological department; 40 have settled as pastors who were unable to take a full course of study. A large number of persons, both male and female, who have enjoyed the benefits of the courses of study which the institute has furnished, are in the dif- ferent professions and callings of life, owing to it a debt of gratitude which they cannot easily repa3^ The school has now reached a period to which all similar seminaries of learning sooner or later come, when its future usefulness, and existence even, de- pend on the solution of the question of endowment. The late lamented president, Dr. Fyfe, asked that at least $120,000 .should be raised for such an endow- ment. The question of the removal of the theolog- ical department to Toronto has been discussed. Should the funds necessary to pliice both the lit- CANDEE CANNE erary and the theological departments on a firm foundation be secured, the proposed plan may be carried out. Since the above was written it has l)een decided that a theological seminary shall be erected near Toronto, the site and buildings of which will cost $75,000, and a generous member of the Jarvis Street church of Toronto, whose liberality is known throughout Canada, has agreed to defray the entire expense of the ground and structure. Candee, John Button, editor of the Bridgeport Republican Standard, Conn., son of Benjamin and Almira C. (Dutton) Candee, was born in Pompey, N. Y., June 12, 1819. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers of New England; his parents were natives of Oxford, Conn. ; the Candees were of Huguenot blood and the Buttons of English ex- traction. At the age of nine, soon after the death of his father, he became a farm-boy ; afterwards serving in a printing-office; was fitted for college in Hamilton, N. Y. ; passed two years at Madison University : entered Yale College, and graduated in 1847. He studied law, and practiced the legal profession for about twelve years; in 1863 he began his career as an editor, and has continued as such until the present time (1880) ; was baptized in May, 1835, by Rev. Rollin H. Neale, D.D., in New Haven, Conn. ; always interested in Sunday- schools ; has been prominently connected with the religious interests of Connecticut : was clerk of the State Legislature; served for years as prosecuting officer of NeAV Haven, two years as city attorney, and one year as city councilman ; three years as common councilman of Bridgeport, Conn. He is known by his graceful pen, decided views, strong principles, and purity of life. His able conduct of the daily and weekly Standard, of Bridgeport, Conn., as editor and publisher, has given him a worthy historical niche. Canne, Rev. John. — Mr. Canne was a native of England. He was born about 1590. For some time he ministered to a church in the Episcopal establishment of his native country, and for many years he was pastor of " The Ancient English Church" of Amsterdam, in Holland. In Amster- dam he carried on the business of a printer and bookseller, though it is certain that he could have given little, if any, personal attention to these pur- suits, when we consider his zeal and journeys to preach the gospel and found churches, and his very numerous writings. In 1634 he published in Amsterdam " The Ne- cessity of Separation," a work which was widely circulated in England, and which produced very important results. The object of the book was to show the Puritans in the English Church that they were bound to forsake her ceremonies, her bishops, and her comfortable livings and found pure churches (if their own. The Boston Puritans were angry with Roger Williams for holding the same doc- trine. One of the most successful efforts of Mr. Canne's life resulted from a visit he paid to Bristol in 1641. At that time there was a clergyman in Bristol named Hazzard, rector of one of the city churches, a Puritan. Mrs. Dorothy Hazzard, his wife, was a lady of great faith and of firm resolu- tion. When Bristol was besieged, as the rumor spread that some of the enemy had penetrated within the lines of its defenders, " she and other women, with the help of some men, stopped up Froome gate with woolsacks and earth to keep the enemy from entering the city ; and when the women had done this they went to the gunners and told them that if they would stand out and fight they would stand by thera, and they should not want for provisions." Mrs. Hazzard, Goodman Atkins, Goodman Cole, Richard Moone, and Mr. Bacon had formed a separate meeting in 1640, in Mrs. Hazzard's house, to worship the Lord according to the requirements of his Holy Word. The meet- ing, however, was not intended to be a church, and in.aU probability would have perished, like thou- sands of similar unions for social worship, had not John Canne visited Bristol in 1641. "This ha}}- tized man," as he is called, or Baptist, "was very eminent in his day for godliness and for reforma- tion in religion, having great understanding in the way of the Lord." Mrs. Hazzard having heard of his arrival, brought him from the hotel to her residence, and he instructed the little meeting in the way of the Lord more perfectly, and constituted them into a chui-ch of Christ, and he showed them the diflPerence between a true and a false church, and when he left them he gave them books to conr firm and establish them in church order and gospel purity. Broadmead church, Bristol, thus usiiered into life, is a flourishing community at this day, and its record for usefulness is behind few churches of any denomination in the Old World. Edward Terrill, baptized seventeen years after John Canne formed the church, at his death, left a valuable bequest to educate young men for the Baptist ministry. His enlightened liberality led to the establishment of Bristol College, and indi- rectly of our other British colleges. The greatest work of John Canne's laborious and useful life was his marginal references to the Bible. It was published at Amsterdam about 1637. It was the first English Bible that had mar- ginal references throughout. This eff'ort of Canne has been a blessing of the greatest magnitude to the readers of the English Bible ever since, and, like the "Pilgrim's Progress," it justly purchased for Mr. Canne an immortality of fame. Tlie labor expended upon it was immense. Before the writer lies a copy of the Edinburgh edition of 1747, with Canne's preface, in which he states : " It is said CAPER TON 181 CAREY of Jacob that he served seven years for Rachel, and it seemed but a few days for the love he had for her. I can truly speak it ; I have served the Lord in this -work more than thrice seven years, and the time hath not seemed long, neither hath the work been any way a burden to me for the love I liiive had for it." One reason which he gives for the preparation of his w^ork is, " Some people will be more willing and forward to read and search the Scriptures, having by them a guide and help, as when they meet with any place that is dark, and they under- stand it not, than by direction to some other text of Scripture immediately to be informed and satis- fied, without looking into commentaries, which it may be they have not. A Scripture interpreter will encourage men to exercise themselves in the meditation and study of the Scriptures, as when a man hath a light carried befoi'c him he goeth more cheerfully than if he were in the dark and groyied for his way. By this means not only the knowledge of God and his truth will grow and increase, but the Scriptures will be unto people more Familiar and more their own (as I may say) than they Avere before." His leading principle is that " the Scripture is the best interpreter of the Scripture." Mr. Canne was governed by the Baptist maxim that the Bible is everything in religion, and as a result of this that the Scripture should be studied by every human being. To his eighteen published works, Canne intended to add " an edition of the Bible in a large and fair character, with large an- notations," a work upon which he had spent m.any years, a commentary ; but he did not live to see it completed. He was frequently persecuted, very much Inved, and widely useful. He died in 1667. Caperton, Alexander Cotton, D.D., was born in Jackson Co., Ala., Feb. 4, 1831. His early child- hood was spent on a farm in Mississippi, whither his parents had removed. He received the rudi- ments of an education in the common schools of his neighborhood, and afterwards taught school to pro- cure the means for entering Mississippi College, where he graduated in 1856. He then went to Rochester, N. Y., and in 1858 graduated in the theological seminary at that place. He returned home and accepted a professorship in Mississippi College. During the civil war he engaged in farm- ing as a means of support for his family, but did not desist from preaching. At the close of the war he was chosen pastor of a church in Memjihis. and was subsequently stationed at Mayfield, Ky., and Evansville, Ind. In 1871 he became co-editor, and soon after sole editor and proprietor of the Westei-n Recorder, a leading Baptist weekly paper, pub- lished at Louisville, Ky. He is also editor and proprietor of the American Baptist, a paper pub- lished at Louisville for the colored people, and has established a book and publishing house in Louis- ville. In addition to these labors. Dr. Caperton preached several hundred times a year, and is an active member of the missionary and Sunday-school boards of his denomination in Kentucky. Capwell, Albert B., Esq., a well-known lawyer and prominent Baptist layman of Brooklyn, N. Y., was born in Middlebury, N. Y., in 1818, and died in Brooklyn, Aug. 23, 1880. He was graduated from Yale College in 1842. He studied law at the Harvard Law Sclmol, and commenced practice in New York in 1845. He devoted himself to civil cases, especially to those involving life insurance and real estate titles. He was a prominent member of Strong Place Baptist church, and one of its founders ; served as a deacon for many years, and was an active worker in the Sunday-school. He was president of the board of trustees of the Bap- tist Home for the Aged in Brooklyn, and also of the Baptist Social Union. He has been elected on several occasions moderator of the Long Island Baptist Association. He was also president of the board of trustees of the Rochester Theological Semi- nary. He was identified with many of the great benevolent enterprises of the Baptists, and philan- thropic institutions of the country. Carey, Rev. George Montgomery W., A.M., was born in Belfast, Ireland, March 10, 1S20. and trained at the Moi-avian School, Grace Hill, near REV. Gi;ORGE MOXTGOJIERV W . CAREY, A.M. Belfast; converted in Glengarry County, Canada, and baptized at Breadalbane, in the same county, July, 1847 ; graduated from Rochester University CAREY 182 CAREY July, 1856 ; ordained at St. Catharines, Ontario, soon after ; graduated from Rochester Theological Seminary, 1858, and continued at St. Catherines ; became in 1865 pastor of German Street Baptist church, St. John, New Brunswick, and still con- tinues in the office with great acceptance and use- fulness. Mr. Carey is very popular in the pulpit and on the platform. Carey, William, D.D., was born in Purey, Northamptonshire, England, Aug. 17, 1761. In his boyhood lie was an extreme Episcopalian, re- garding dissenters with sovereign contempt. His father and grandfather officiated as clerks in the Episcopal Church, and young Carey from childhood loved tiie house in which they held this humble position. Mr. Carey was baptized by Dr. Ryland, Oct. 5, 1783, in the river Nen, just above Dr. Doddridge's ciiurch, Northampton. For three years and a lialf he preached to a little community in Bos- ton, walking six miles each way to render the service. He was ordained pastor of the church of Moulton Aug. 1. 1787; the sermon on the occasion was preached by the Rev. Andrew Fuller. His salary at Moulton w when he was called to the presidency of the Columbian Col- lege, Washington, D. C. This position he resigned in 1841 in consequence of declining health, and died Oct. 1, 1845, in the sixty-seventh year of his age. Dr. Chapin was an intelligent and interested par- ticipant in all the denominational movements of his day. When the Triennial Baptist Convention was threatened with disruption, in consequence of the antagonistic views of its members on the ques- tion of slavery, he did all in his power to prevent the division which soon followed, and when the Southern Baptist Convention was formed he was made a delegate, although he did not attend its sessions. When Dr. Chapin entered upon the presidency of the Columbian College a crushing debt of upwards of $100,000 was hanging over it and crippling its energies. He sacrificed his ease and his health to remove this debt, and by frequent visits to the South to collect funds, and by the con- tribution of three years of his own salary, he finally succeeded in the onerous effort. Dr. Chapin had a very wide circle of most intimate friends. He was personally intimate with most of the great states- men of his da}', many of whom, like Jackson, Clay, Calhoun, Webster, Woodbury, McDuffie, Preston, Van Buren, Choate, Marshall, Taney, McLean, Mangum, were often seen at his hospitable board, and many of whose sons were under his personal instruction in the college. In the ministry his compeers and friends were Sharp, Wayland, Cliap- lin, Stow, Rice, Judson, Mercer, Brantly, Dagg. Semple, Broaddus. Ryland, Brown, and hosts of others, whom he frequently met at his own fire- side. His whole life was marked by those traits of character which inevitably win the warm regard and most tender love of men. But little of Dr. Chapin's literary labors are left us except a few sermons and tracts and essays, but they show us the superior culture of his mind. Among them are "Letters on the Mode and Subjects of Bap- tism," a valuable discussion of the question , " The Messiah's Victory," a discourse at the ordination of the Rev. Samuel Cook, Effingham, N. H. ; on the " Conversion of Mariners," " The Duty of Living for the Good of Posterity," a discourse de- livered in commemoration of the second centennial of the landing of the forefathers of New England ; " The Superior Glory of Gospel Worship," " Moral Education," " The Proclamation of Christ Crucified the Delight of God," "An Inaugural Address," delivered as president of the Columbian College ; " The Spirit of the Age," " The Design of God in Afflicting Ministers of the Gospel," " On the Death of Luther Rice," and an interesting letter to Presi- dent Van Buren "On the Proper Disposition of the Smithsonian Bequest." Chaplains in the TJ. S. Navy.— The corps of chaplains in the U. S. navy is limited by law to twenty-four. Any clergyman of unexceptionable character is eligible to the position, provided his CHAPLIN 203 CHAPLIN age does not exceed thirty-five years, and his piety, culture, and general fitness commend him to the President of the United States as one suitably qualified for the position, and to the Senate, by whose action the choice of the Pi-esident is con- firmed. Chaplains are designated as " staff-officers," the game as those of the medical and engineer corps, in distinction from " officers of the line," and rank according to seniority of service as cap- tains, commanders, lieutenant-commanders, and lieutenants. In pursuance of the law governing the retirement of commissioned officers, they ai'e retired from active service on reaching the age of sixty-two years, or from disability contracted in the service. Their duties are various, in connection with navy-yards, hospitals, receiving- and training- ships, and the flag-ships of the several squadrons. The Naval Academy at Annapolis and the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia furnish important fields for the work of the chaplain. The recent intro- duction of " school- or training-ships" as an organ- ized system for training boys in order to constantly recruit the naval service with competent and intel- ligent seamen, likewise ofi"ers a sphere of peculiar usefulness to chaplains. In addition to h'is func- tions as a preacher, where men or boys are in need of instruction he is to select competent teachers for this purpose, and he is held responsible for the faithful discharge of their duties. There ai'e at present five Baptist chaplains in the navy. Chaplin, Charles Crawford, D.D., son of Hon. W. R. Chaplin, was born in Danville, Va., Sept. 22, 1831. He is the descendant of an old English family, one of whom emigrated from England in the latter part of the last century. He is related to theChaplins of New England, many of whom are Baptist preachers. He was educated at Rich- mond College, Va., the honors of which he was prevented from taking because of ill health ; was converted in 1853 ; entered college in 1854 ; retired from college in the spring of 1856, and was or- dained in Sandy Creek meeting-house, Va., Decem- ber, 1856 ; took charge of the Danville church im- mediately after his ordination, and retained it until June, 1870 ; took charge of Owensborough church, Ky., in 1870 ; resigned and became pastor, April, 1873, of the First Baptist church, Paducah, Ky., of which he was pastor till Jan. 1, 1877, when he settled with the First Baptist church of Austin, Texas ; has held meetings, during which between 4000 and 5000 have been converted, 2500 of whom have joined Baptist churches. He has written ably for denominational periodicals. He has fre- quently presided over deliberative bodies of which he was a member, discharging his duties with skill and ability. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred on him in 1878 by Baylor and Waco Universities. As a preacher, he ranks among the foremost for point, iinpressiveness, and forcible de- livery. He has written some poetry, which has been well received both by the secular and religious press. He was present on the field during seven pitched battles in the war between the States, and ministered to many wounded and dying Federal and Confederate soldiers. During his pastorate at CHARLES CRAWFORD CHAPLIN, D.D. Danville he was instrumental in building a par- sonage, a meeting-house, and a college edifice ; at Owensborough, a parsonage; at Paducah, in re- modeling the church edifice ; and at Austin is likely soon to see the church edifice remodeled and a parsonage built. The present governor and family (1878), and many other prominent people at the capital of Texas, are regular attendants upon his ministry. Chaplin, Jeremiah, D.D., was born in Rowley, Mass., Jan. 2, 1776. The name of his birthplace has been changed to Georgetown. "When but ten years of age he became a Christian, and was re- ceived by baptism into the church. Like so many eminent men in the denomination, he spent his youth upon his father's farm, strengthening his physical system by forming habits of inestimable value for after-life. At the age of nineteen he en- tered Brown University, and was graduated as the first scholar in his class in 1799. For one year he was tutor in the university, and then pursued his theological studies under Rev. Dr. Baldwin, of Boston. In the summer of 1802 he became the pastor of the Baptist church in Danvers, Mass. Besides performing with strict fidelity his work as a minister, he gave instruction to young men look- CHAPLIN 204 CHAPLIN ing forward to the Christian ministry. His min- istry in Daiivers continued for fourteen years. The reputation of Dr. Chaplin as a profound theologian and a devout Christian grew every year of his pastorate, and when, in 1807, it was proposed to open in Waterville, Me., a school for theological instruction with a view to meet the wants of the rising ministry in the district of Maine, the atten- tion of the friends of the enterprise was turned to the Danvers pastor as a most suitable person to take charge of the institution. Three years' exper- iment led the trustees to decide to enlarge the sphere of its operations, and in 1820 a charter was secured, and Waterville College, now Colby Uni- versity, commenced its existence, with Dr. Chaplin as its first president, which relation he sustained for thirteen years. It was a period of great toil and self-sacrifice, and a man of less heroic courage and persistency would have sunk under the heavy burdens which he bore through all these arduous years. The college was his idol, if he had any, and with unceasing efifort he labored for its welfare. " Under his wise and efficient administration of its affairs," says Prof. Conant, " the college was' pro- vided with the necessary buildings, library, philo- sophical and chemical apparatus, and the founda- tion laid of permanent prosperity in the confidence and attachment of its numerous friends." Dr. Chaplin resigned the presidency of the col- lege in 1833. Freed now from the weighty cares and responsibilities which had pressed so heavily upon him for thirteen years, he entered once more upon the work he so much loved, that of preacher and pastor of a church of Christ. This service he performed in Rowley, Mass., and at Willington, Conn., for several years. He died at Hamilton, N. Y., May 7, 1841." No one could be brought in contact with Dr. Chaplin without feeling that he was worthy of the universal respect which he inspired as a scholar, and especially as a profound theologian. The Hon. James Brooks, who was a student under him, says of him, — " His discourses were as clear, as cogent, as irresistibly convincing as problems in Euclid. He indulged in little or no ornament, but pursued one train of thought without deviation to the end. I attribute to him more than to any one else the fixture in my own mind of religious truths which no subsequent reading has ever been able to shake, and which have principally influenced my pen in treating of all political, legal, or moral subjects, the basis of which was in the principles of the Bible." This is high praise from the accomplished editor of the New York Evening Express. In an appreciative notice of his venerated teacher, Dr. Lamson thus speaks of him as a preacher: " There were none of the graces of oratory about him. Nature had not formed him to exhibit them, and he was far enough from aiming to do it. The tones of his voice were so peculiar that the ear ■ that once heard them would recognize them if heai'd the next time years afterwards and in the most distant land. His gestures were few and by no means varied. And yet, though it has been my privilege to listen to some of the most able and some of the most popular preachers in my own de- nomination and in others, I have seldom heard the man who could more closely confine my attention. I never heard a sermon from him which did not interest me. There was the greatest evidence of sincerity ; the skeptics could not for a moment doubt that he was uttering the honest convictions of his own heart. There was nothing like dullness in his pulpit services. Though his voice was so little varied as to be monotonous, and the gestures were so few and so much alike, yet there was somehow imparted to the whole service an air of animation. The style was chaste, simple, suited to the subject, and remarkable, I should think, for its purity. His discourses were often enlivened by striking illustrations drawn most frequently from the commonest relations of life, and yet so pre- sented as to fully sustain the dignity of the place and the subject. It is striking as showing the importance of this power of illustration in the preacher, that now, at this distance of time, I can recall some illustrations used by him, while every other portion of the sermons of which they are a part is irrevocably lost." Chaplin, Jeremiah, Jr., D.D., was born in Danvers, Mass., March 22, 1813, and was a gradu- ate of Waterville College in the class of 1833. He was settled in Bangor, Me., as pastor of the First Baptist church, his service there commencing in December, 1841. His subsequent settlements were in Norwalk, Conn,, and Dedham and Newton, Mass. For quite a number of years he has devoted him- self to authorship, and has written " Memorial Hour," "Life of President Dunster," "Life of Charles Sumner," " Life of Benjamin Franklin." He has also compiled " Riches of Bunyan," and has now in preparation a "Life of Galen." He has also written for the Christian Review and Baptist Quarterly, and for the leading Baptist papers of the North. Dr. Chaplin received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Colby University, of which he was a trustee from 1843 to 1849, in 1857. His present residence is in Boston. Chaplin, John O'Brien, was born in Danvers, Mass., March 31, 1807. He was the eldest son of President Chaplin. He pursued his preparatory studies under the direction of students of Water- ville College, where he graduated in 1825. He had charge of the Latin Preparatory School connected CHARLTON CHASE with the college not far from two years, when he w^as chosen tutor, and subsequently Professor of the Latin and English Languages and Literature, which office he held for one year. Upon the resignation of his father as president of the college, Prof. Chaplin also left Waterville, and accepted an appointment as Professor of Greek and Latin in Columbian College, D. C. His connection with the college continued for ten years, from 1833 to 1843, when ill health compelled him to resign. For several years he continued his residence in Wash- ington, giving occasional instruction, as his strength permitted, in the college, with which he had been connected so many years. He came North about 1850, and made his home Aviih his brother. Rev. A. J. Chaplin, and his brothers-in-law, Drs. B. F. Bronson and T. J. Conant. He was an invalid for several years, and was incapable of assuming much responsibility or performing much labor. Prof. Chaplin was a ripe, accomplished scholar. We are told that " a memory remarkably retentive to the last" made him ready master of his rich and varied learning. He is said to have been a most able and skillful critic of style; and his friends have deeply regretted that he did not leave to the world, as an essayist, some fruits of his remarkable knowl- edge and critical acumen. But, diffident in temper- ament, fastidious in taste, possessed by lofty ideals, abstracted in mind and enfeebled in body, his class- room instructions, his conversation, and private letters gave only to his personal friends and pupils evidence of his real intellectual capacity and power. And a life blameless, devout, and tenderly religious was clouded by a mental gloom which he inherited from his distinguished father, and which -was greatly aggravated by disease. Prof. Chaplin died at Conway, Mass., Dee. 22, 1872. Charlton, Rev. Frederick, was born in Con- necticut in 1822 ; converted at the age of sixteen, and baptized at eighteen ; he consecrated himself to the ministry ; graduated at Madison University ; was pastor three years at Webster, Mass., five years at Wilmington, Del., and then entered the service of the American Baptist Publication Society, in which he continued two years. In 1860 he re- moved to Sacramento, Cal., and was pastor of the church in that city until the time of his death, Aug. 9, 1871. He was a man of stern principle, cour- teous, generous, scholarly, and eloquent. His ser- mons were always thoroughly studied, and de- livered without notes. His pastorates were all blessed with large revivals ; and in his pastoral work he reaped the fruit by educating the converts to active church work. The church at Sacramento was one of the largest and most influential in Cali- fornia. Chase, Irah, D.D., was born in Stratton, Vt., Oct. 5, 1793. His early years were spent on his father's farm, but he had no tastes for agricultural pursuits, and was, indeed, entirely unfitted for them, on account of the delicacy of his health. His love for learning early developed itself, and led to his preparation to enter upon a liberal course of study. In 1811 he became a member of the Soph- omore class in Middlebury College, Yt. Among his classmates were the well-known missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign jMissions, Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons, and the scholarly translator of Hengstenberg's " Chris- tology." During his Junior year he gave his heart to Christ, and henceforth devoted himself to the advancement of his kingdom. Soon after leaving college he went to xVndover, there being no theo- logical seminai'y among the Baptists in which to pursue his studies. He was the only representative of his denomination in the institution, but he M-as always treated courteously. " My experience,'' he says, " was an exemplification of the possibility of much Christian communion, without communion in baptism and the Lord's Supper." RAH CHASE, D.D. Having been ordained as an evangelist, he de- voted some time to missionary work in Western Virginia, While thus occupied he was solicited by the Rev, Dr. Staughton to unite with him in open- ing a theological school in Philadelphia. When a transfer of this school was made to Washington, he went with it, and was connected with it for seven years. At the end of this period there seemed to be a call in Providence for him to remove to some other locality, and the cloud which, as he thought, led his footsteps, at last rested over Newton. Here CHASE CHASE he began his work Nov. 28, 1825. It was " the day of small things," and the foundations of what has come to be so noble and so useful an institution were laid'with many prayers, and a f\iith which was " the substance of things hoped for, the evi- dence of things not seen." In those early days, however, there were a few friends, like Nathaniel R. Cobb and Levi Farwell, who pledged themselves, out of love to Christ and his cause, to stand by its fortunes so long as it was in their power to help forward its interests. The strong, long-cherished desire of Prof. Chase was to be a teacher of strictly Biblical theology, — to pursue a strictly Baconian method of ascertaining exactly what the Holy Scrip- tures teach, and from the knowledge thus obtained to construct his system of theology. Twenty years of his life were spent at Newton. How he toiled, what sacrifices he made, with what enthusiasm he engaged in his work ; how careful and painstaking he was in learning the precise meaning of the Scriptures by the diligent study of the languages in which they were written ; how he encouraged desponding students, and by his cheering words poured new life into many a depressed spirit ; how his prayers and his benedictions followed the young men as they went forth from under the training of his careful hand to become the teachers of religion and the guides of the church, — these are things which only the revelations of eternity will disclose. The denomination owes to him a debt which it can never pajj-. He believed in a properly-educated ministry. It was his conviction that no denomina- tion of Christians had a right to think it could get a strong hold on any intelligent community and retain that hold until it had in its ranks cultivated men, " apt to teach," and train up the disciples of Christ in knowledge and holy living. He did his part in securing for the Baptist churches such an order of men, and if we should mention the names of some of those who came under his in- structions we should find them among the bright lights of the denomination. On ending his relation with the Newton Theo- logical Institution. Prof. Chase removed to Boston, and became a member of Dr. Sharp's church. It was here that the writer of this sketch was brought into intimate relations with him as his pastor. Often did he speak the word of encouragement to him when weighed down by the cares and burdens of a city minister's life. Prof. Chase, by personal observation, made him- self acquainted with the gifted men in the Old World whose lines of thought and study were in the direction of his own. He spent several months of the year 1823 at Halle and Leipsic. He also heard the lectures of distinguished professors at Gottingen. He studied out the history and the church polity of the Mennonites, by going directly to the sources of knowledge respecting that inter- esting class of Christians, and subsequently gave the results of his investigations in a published article on that subject. Whether working at home or abroad in his favorite profession, he spared no pains in obtaining information, and none in giving to the world fairly and truthfully the knowledge he had obtained. It would be a wonder indeed to find him making a loose and unreliable statement of any doctrine, or opinion, or fact which he had made a matter of special investigation. If Prof. Chase had not the magnetic power of Moses Stuart, who seemed to arouse and electrify his classes as if with the wand of a magician, and when thus ex- cited would quite boldly assert as truth what after- wards he was compelled to modify, he had what, as a Biblical teacher, was better worth possessing, the will to investigate patiently, and the honesty to state exactly what he had discovered. In many respects he was a model teacher of theology, to a class of inquiring minds who were desirous of knowing with precision, what they were to commu- nicate as teachers of God's Word from the sacred desk. Prof. Chase's useful life closed amid the scenes he so much loved at Newton, Nov. 1, 1864. His remains were laid away in the beautiful cemetery of his village home. Chase, Rev. Supply, vi^as born in Guilford, Vt., Sept. 30, 1800. His parents removed soon after to Tully, Onondaga Co., N. Y., and here their son grew to manhood, eagerly desiring a better educa- tion than seemed within his reach, but studying as best he could. He taught school for several years, and had a special fondness for military life. At the age of thirty-one he was colonel of the 62d Regiment of New York State troops. He became a disciple of Christ in 1831, and was baptized July 3, in Tully. Immediately after joining the church he was summoned by its great Head to work in the gospel ministry, but he disregarded the call for several years. He preached for the first time March 1, 1835, and was ordained Nov. 10, 1835. In February following he was commissioned by the American Baptist Home Mission Society to preach in Pontiac, Mich., but i-eaching that place in May he found another man engaged as pastor, and there- fore he turned to Mount Clemens. He was pastor successively in Mount Clemens, Mount Pleasant, Washington, Stony Creek,' Romeo, Northville, and in the Second church, Detroit. Between the two pastorates last named he served the American Baptist Publication Society three years, and en- gaged in woi-k as an evangelist three yeai-s. Since reaching the age of seventy-three years he has not been a pastor, but has been supplying destitute churches and laboring in protracted meetings. His residence is Detroit. During his ministry he has CUAUDOIN 207 CHENEY enjoyed many seasons of revival. He was one of the original members of the Baptist Convention of the State of Michigan. Chaudoin, Rev. W. N.— William Nowell Chau- doin is of French descent on his father's side, be- ing great-grandson of Francis Chaudoin, a Hugue- not, who brought the name to this continent. His father and grandfather, and some of his more re- mote relatives, were Baptist ministers. Mr. Chau- doin was born in Robertson Co., Tenn., Aug. 10, 1829; was converted in his sixteenth year, and baptized by Rev. William F. Luck, in Davidson Co., Tenn. Two years after he commenced to preach, and was ordained by W. S. Baldry, W. D. Baldwin, and William Bimnberlow, in Davidson County. While laboring in Kashville, Tenn., he contracted a cough that has baffled all efforts to cure. This led to his removal to the State of Georgia, in 1857, and also to his leaving the pasto- rate, in 18G9, and entering as missionary agent, the service of the Home Mission Board, then called the Domestic Mission Boai-d of the Southern Baptist Convention. In that cappcity he has labored partly in Florida each year since 1872. and now his labors are nearly all in that State, as a missionary and as editor of the Florida department of the Christian Index, of Georgia. Cheever, Daniel.— Sept. 1, 1858, Daniel Cheever died at Delavan, 111., in the eighty-ninth year of his age. He was born at Wrentham, Mass., Dec. 20, 1769. Though educated a Congregation alist, he was led, upon his conversion at the age of nine- teen, by personal study of the Scriptures to adopt Baptist views, and presenting himself to the Nortli Attleborough Baptist church, he was received and baptized. He removed to Illinois in 1857, uniting with the Delavan Baptist church in -Tazewell County, of which he remained a member until his death. For si.xty-nine years he had walked with God as a faithful member of a Cliristinii church. Cheney, David Batehelder, D.D.— Since en- tering fully upon the active duties of the ministry in 1843, a period of thirty-seven years. Dr. Cheney has had a career of signal activity and usefulness. We regret that, as in other cases, only a brief out- line of it can be given here. He was born in Southbridge, Mass., June 8, 1820, and spent his childhood and early youth upon_his fiithers farm. He was baptized May 20, 1836. by tiie late Dr- ■J. G. Binney, to whom also in his earlier Chris- tian life he was greatly indebted. Simultaneously with his conversion came the conviction that ho must preach the gospel, and -with this view he began a course of study, in prosecuting which he was dependent entirely upon such resources as he could command by efforts of Iiis own. Under the strain his health began to suffer. After six years spent in the Worcester and Shelburne Falls Academies, and in Amherst College, he decided to prosecute what remained of needful study in connection with his ministerial work. He began preaching when only nineteen or twenty years of age, but was or- dained at the age of about twenty-three, October, 1843, at Mansfield, Conn. His mind was already turned towards the West, so that he hardly con- sidered himself a pastor at Mansfield, though he spent two fruitful years with that people: tlie house of worship was rebuilt, the congregation greatly increased, while the benevolent contribu- tions of the church were enlarged some twenty- fold. Near the close of the second year he was called to two open fields, but as his thoughts were still towai-ds the West he hesitated to accept cither. At length he decided for Greenville, a part of Nor- wich, Conn., where a church was to be organized and a house of worship built. A church was ac- cordingly soon formed, with 100 members, and the new house built. A precious revival began before the house was complete, and upon the dedication of the new sanctuary the congregation so increased that very soon the house was filled from pulpit to door. Between 30 and 40 were baptized as the fruit of the revival. The interest in Western work, however, remained unabated, and correspondence with the board in New York, and a visit to Columbus, 0., resulting in a call from the church in the last-named city, with aid towards his support from the Home Mis- sion treasury, he removed to Columbus in April, 1847. The pastorate here was a rcmarkalilc one. CHENEY 208 CHICAGO The church as he found it numbered some 200 members, but was poor and heavily in debt. At the end of five and a half years the church had become one of the largest and most efficient in the State, its available financial strength having in- creased fifteen-fold. Three years of the period named were cholera years. Mr. Cheney remained at his post while, especially in the first of the three years, every other Protestant pastor left the city. His labors among the sick and the dying and in attendance upon funerals were constant. The first year was passed by himself and family in safety, but in the second his wife died of the terrible dis- ease, and himself and two children were attacked and bai-ely escaped with life. The result was broken health, and the assurance on the part of his physicians that a change of residence had become imperative. A second attack of cholei-a left no alternative, and accepting one of the various calls which he had before him, he removed to Philadel- phia and became pastor of the Eleventh Baptist church in that city, entering upon his duties there Nov. 15, 1852. Here he remained until 1859. Three of the seven years were blessed by an almost constant revival of religion. While here, also, the marked executive ability which he was known to possess led to the ofier successively of the secretary- ship of the Missionary Union, the Amei-ican and Foreign Bible Society, the Home Mission Society, and the Publication Society. The last was offered him in the year 1856, the post having fallen vacant in the middle of the year ; he served for the latter half of the year, writing the Annual Report, but, declining further service, surrendered the place to the present able secretary, whom he had the pleas- ure of introducing to the office he has filled so long and so successfully. While in Philadelphia, also, he took a leading part in the work of minis- terial education, being made seeretai'y of the Penn- sylvania Education Society soon after his resi- dence in the State began, and continuing in that office till his removal to San Francisco, in July, 1859. In San Francisco Mr. Cheney remained eight years. He then returned East, accepting the pas- torate of the Central Square chui-ch in Boston. His pastorate here had a duration of thi-ee years and a half He found a church of 267 members, and left it with one of 484, 233 of the additions having been by baptism. The house of worship, which had been destroyed by fire, was also in the mean time rebuilt. During the last two yeara of his stay in Boston Mr. Cheney served on the Ex- ecutive Committee of the Missionary Union. In April, 1874, he removed to Chicago, as pastor of the Fourth church, formed by the union of the Ashland Avenue and Union Park churches. This union, consummated as the result of his coming, restored strength where there had been feebleness, and in- augurated a pastorate of great value not only to the church but to the denomination. After some four years of service here he accepted the call of the First Baptist church in Elgin, 111., where he is still the useful and valued pastor. Mr. Cheney has served upon boards of trustees, missionary and educational, during many years. While in Ohio he was one of the trustees of Gran- ville University ; in California, of the State Uni- versity, the presidency of which was also offered him. In Illinois, almost from the time of his ar- rival in the State, he has been called to similar service on the boards of the theological seminary and the university at Chicago. The boards of home and foreign missions, and others, have also had his service. In these positions he never fails to take a leading part, and to command for his opinions and measures- the confidence, of his asso- ciates. Chessman, Rev. Daniel, was born in Boston, July 15, 1787, and was baptized by Rev. Dr. Bald- win, Oct. 30, 1803. Believing himself called of God to preach the gospel, he entered Brown Uni- versity in 1807 to prepare himself for his future work. While pursuing his studies he was not idle in his Master's cause. In connection with two or thi-ee other students he laid the foundations of what, until recently, was the Third Baptist church in Providence, now a constituent part of the Union church. He graduated in 1811. For a short time he was inclined to study law, but prayerful con- sideration brought him to the conclusion that in the ministry he could best glorify God and benefit the souls of his fellow-men. He was licensed by his church July 5, 1812, and not long after was ordained and settled as pastor of the church in Warren, R. I., where he remained two years, and then accepted a call to Hallowell, Me. Here he was pastor for nine years. From Hallowell he went to Lynn, Mass., where he spent four years, and then became pastor of the church in Barn- stable, Mass., where he died May 21, 1839. . Mr. Chessman was a much more than ordinary preacher. Easy and graceful in his manner, with a ready utterance, and sincere interest in his work, he commanded and secured the love and respect of the churches and congregations to which he ministered. Chicago, Baptist Churches in.— Near the end of Maj', in the year 1867, at the annual meeting for that year of the Home Mission Society of the Baptist denomination of the United States, held in Chicago, the president of the society, Hon. J. M. Hoyt, of Cleveland, in his opening address, said, "In September, 1833, the Pottawattomies, 7000 strong, were assembled here where we are now convened. Here they deliberated, and finally, CHICAGO CHICAGO through the agency of their chiefs, formally ceded the territory of Illinois and the site of the city of Chicago to the United States government. Having done this they passed on to the Mississippi. Im- mediately the American Baptist Home Mission Society detailed a Freeman (Rev. Allen B. Free- man) to stand as sentinel at this post." The attention of the secretary of the society, Dr. Jonathan Going, had been called to this point in a letter to Rev. C. G. Sommers, of New York, by Dr. John T. Temple, then a resident here, and a member of the Baptist denomination. "We have no servant of the Lord Jesus Christ," -writes Dr. Temple, " to proclaim the glad tidings of sal- vation. I write to beg you will see Dr. Going, and ask that a young man of first-rate talent, whose whole heart is in the cause of Christ, may be sent out immediately, before the ground shall be occu- pied by some other organization. I will myself become responsible for $200 per annum for such a missionary." This passage in Dr. Temple's letter was sent by Dr. Going to Allen B. Freeman, a young man who was then just finishing his studies at what is now Madison University, in Hamilton, N. Y. Mr. Freeman was the son of Rev. Rufus B. Freeman, an esteemed Baptist minister of Cen- tral New York, described to Dr. Temple by Dr. Going as "a talented, pious, and eflficient man." Such he proved himself to be even in the brief period of the ministry performed by him as a mis- sionary of the society at Chicago. He arrived at Chicago in August, 1833, finding a home with Dr. Temple, and entering at once upon earnest find diligent labor, not only in preaching, but " from house to house." Measures were almost immedi- ately taken for the erection of a house of worship. "It was," says Cyrus Bentley, Esq., in his "His- tory of the First Baptist Church," " an humble edifice, designed both as a place of religious wor- ship and as a school-house, and cost when com- pleted the sum of §600, §150 of which was in arrears, and remained as a debt upon the prop- erty." Oct. 19, 1833, a church of 15 members was organized, — the First Baptist church of Chicago and the first Baptist church in the whole north- western region north of Peoria, save one, the church at Plainfield having come into existence a few months earlier. Mr. Freeman continued in service only one year and a half. In December, 1834, while upon one of his itinerating tours, having administered the rite of baptism at Bristol, in the Fox River, as he was returning homeward his horse gave out, and much of the journey had to be made on foot, amidst inclement weather and great exposure. The con- sequence was a fever, of which he died Dec. 15, 1834. His last words were, " Tell my revered father that I die at my post and in my Master's work." These were the beginnings of Baptist history in Chicago. Subsequent events must be noticed less in detail. Mr. Freeman was succeeded, in 1835, by Rev. I. T. Hinton. After him came Rev. C. B. Smith, in 1842. In 1843, Rev. E. H. Hamlin be- came pastor, and in October, 1845, Rev. Miles San- ford. After some two years of service he also resigned, and for fourteen months following Rev. Luther Stone, editor of the Watchman of the Prai- ries, served as acting pastor. In September, 1848, Rev. Elisha Tucker, D.D., became pastor, contin- uing in service until 1851, when he resigned, the pulpit remaining vacant until October, 1852, when Rev. John C. Burroughs became pastor. Almost immediately upon the commencement of his labors the house of worship, which had been built in 1843, under the pastorate of Rev. E. H. Hamlin, was burned. Measures were taken at once for the rebuilding ; the corner-stone was laid July 4, 1853, and the house dedicated November 12 following. In 1856, Mr. Burroughs resigned, and Dr. W. G. Howard, of Rochester, was called to the pastorate. He was succeeded, in 1859, by Dr. W. W. Everts, and he, in 1879, by Dr. Geo. C. Lorimer, the present pastor. The second Baptist church in order of time in Chicago was the Tabernacle church, composed of 32 members of the First church, who left tliat body in 1842, and organized upon the west side of the river. This church was served by successive pas- tors, among others Rev. Lewis Raymond, Rev. Archibald Kenyon, Rev. J. E. Kenney, and Rev. Nathaniel Calver, D.D., until the year 1864, when an important change took place, affecting favorably the situation of all the Baptist churches in the city. In that year the First church sold its prop- erty at the corner of La Salle and Washington Streets to the Chamber of Commerce, receiving for it the sum of $65,000. Of this sum such a use was made as should be helpful to the other churches of the city. The house, built, as we have said, in 1853, was given to such members of the church as should unite with the Tabernacle church upon the west side of the river, with a location more favor- able, the resulting organization to be called the Second Baptist church of Chicago. It was accord- ingly taken down, removed to the west side, and there re-erected at the corner of Morgan and Jlon- roe Streets. In the union of the Tabernacle church with members of the First church living on the west side of the river a strong, efficient church Avas formed. The removal and rebuilding of the house cost some §20,000. Rev. E. J. Goodspeed, of Janesville, was called to the pastorate, and years of signal Christian activity, growth, and prosperity followed. Dr. Goodspeed, in the later years of his FIRST liAl'TIST Clll'lU'II, CHICAGO. CHICAGO CHICAGO pastorate, was assisted by his brother, Rev. T. W. Goodspeed. Upon the termination of their joint pastorate, occasioned by the failing health of the senior pastor, Dr. Galusha Anderson, of Brooklyn, ■was called. He was succeeded by Dr. John Ped- die, of Philadelphia. Dr. Peddie having accepted a call to the pastorate of the First Baptist church in New York City, was succeeded by the Rev. "VV. M. Lawrence, of Philadelphia. The third Baptist church in order of time in Chicago was the Edina Place, organized by mem- bers of the First church, by whom a house of wor- ship was built at the corner of Edina Place and Harrison Street. Rev. Robert Boyd was called as the first pastor. Under his remarkable ministry the church enjoyed great prosperity. A better location was found for it in due time at the corner of Wabash Avenue and Eighteenth Street ; sub- sequently it removed to Michigan Avenue and Twenty-third Street, erecting there a fine house of worship and changing its name to the Michigan Avenue Baptist church. The successive pastors have been Robert Boyd, D.D., E. G. Taylor, D.D., Samuel Baker, D.D., Jesse B. Thomas, D.D., Rev. F. M. Ellis, J. W. Custis, D.D., and Rev. -James Patterson. Rev. K. B. Tupper is the acting pastor at present. Union Park Baptist church was the fourth in order of date organized in Chicago. This took place in September, 1856, the location chosen being near Union Park. Rev. A. J. -Joslyn was the first pastor. After him came Rev. J. S. Mahan, E. G. Taylor, D.D., Rev. Florence McCarthy, D. B. Cheney, D.D., and E. B. Hulbert, D.D., the last named being still in service. The house of worship now occupied — the second built by the church in the course of its history — stands at the coi'ner of West Washington and Paulina Streets. The name of the church has been changed to the Fourth Bap- tist church of Chicago. In November, 1857, the North Baptist church was organized, under the ministry of Rev. J. A. Smith, of the Standard. The place of meeting was at first the lecture-room of Rush Medical Col- lege, on the north side of the river. In the follow- ing spring and summer a house of worship was built at the corner of Ohio and Dearborn Streets. The church having become sufficiently strong to sustain a pastor, Mr. Smith resigned, and Dr. S. W. Lynd was called. He was succeeded by Rev. A. H. Strong, now president of the Rochester Theological Sem- inary, and he by Rev. A. A. Kendrick, now presi- dent of ShurtlefiF College. Mr. Kendrick was suc- ceeded by Reuben Jeffrey, D.D., and he by Rev. 0. T. Walker. In the great fire of 1871 the house of worship of the church — a new edifice upon Chicago Avenue, purchased from a Unitarian church — was destroyed, and the organization broken up. The ground it had held remained mostly unoccupied until the organization of the Central church by Rev. E. 0. Taylor in 1877. This prosperous society may be regarded as the successor of the North church, and as continuing its history. The North Star Baptist church is also upon the north side of the river, at the corner of Division and Sedgwick Streets. It began as a mission of the First church, established in 1860. A property was there acquired at a cost of some $30,000, con- sisting of a chapel and parsonage. These were de- stroyed by the fire of 1871, but rebuilt, through the efforts of Dr. Everts. The mission became a church in 1870, Rev. Geo. L. Wrenn being its first pastor. After a service of five years he was succeeded by Rev. E. R. Pierce. After him came Rev. -J. M. Whitehead, who was succeeded by Rev. R. P. Al- lison, and he by Rev. Joseph Rowley, the present pastor. The Indiana Avenue Baptist church, at the cor- ner of Indiana Avenue and Thirtieth Street, in the south part of the city, was organized in 1864. It grew out of a mission founded there by the First church in 1863, a neat house of worship being erected in that year upon lots donated for the pur- pose. The organization of a church occurred in the year following. J. A. Smith, D.D., served as pastor five years. He was followed by M. S. Rid- dle, D.D., to whom succeeded Rev. F. D. Kickerson, followed by Rev. W. W. Everts, Jr. Upon the re- moval of the First church to the corner of South Park Avenue and Thirty-first Street, in 1875, the Indiana Avenue church was dissolved, and its members united with the First church. Near the close of 1868 the University Place church was organized in the chapel of the univer- sity, being composed of members of the Indiana Avenue and First churches living in that vicinity. J. A. Smith, D.D.. served as the first pastor, being followed by Wm. Hague, D.D., Avho was succeeded as acting pastor Ijy J. B. Jackson, D.D., and he by Rev. A. J. Frost, now of California. A. Owen, D.D., came next, who was succeeded by Rev. .J. T. Burhoe, the present pastor. The house of worship built by the church stands on Thirty-fifth Street near Rhodes Avenue. The Western Avenue church, on the west side of the river, was organized in 1869. Its first pas- tor. Rev. -John Gordon, Avas signally successful in building up the church to a strong and independent position. The present pastor. Rev. C. Perrin, is also much prospered in his work. Other churclies in the vicinity are the Centennial, organized in 1875 ; Coventry Street, 1870 ; South church. 1867 ; Central. 1877: Olivet (colored), 1853; Providence (colored), 1871; Dearborn Street, 1875; Twenty- fifth Street ; with a Danish, a Swedish, and a Ger- man. Mention should also be made of the Taber- CHICAGO 212 CHICAGO nacle, conducted by Mr. B. F. Jacobs, and various missions in different parts of the city, sustained by the several churches. Chicago, Baptist Union Theological Sem- inary at. — About the year 1860 a conviction had become quite general in various parts of the Nortli- western States that provision should be made at. some suitable point west of the lakes for distinctively theological education. The University of Chicago had been recently established, and was already giving promise of permanent grov?th and power. Colleges of considerably older date existed in other parts of the West, and were acquiring financial in- dependence and literary reputation. For theological education, however, the West was wholly dependent upon the East. It was felt that an institution more logical centre for the Northwest, as also its com- mercial and literary centre, is at Chicago, and also that if they were i-ight in this, they must be equally justified in their confidence that, planted thus at the true centre, the institution would make its own way. Accordingly a meeting was called by the three brethren who decided to assume this respon- ■sibility, viz., W. W. Everts, J. B. Olcott, and J. A. Smith, to be held at the First Baptist church in Chicago. This took place in the year 1860. But few were present, yet it was decided there to or- ganize the Baptist Theological Union for the North- west, which was accordingly done. Officers were chosen, and a committee appointed to report a con- stitution at a meeting to be held in the following I year. At the meeting in 1861 other members were CHICAGO BAPTIST UNION IHEOLOGU VI SEMINARY easily accessible, and in which the istry could have a Western theological training, was becoming indispensable. In the year 1859 a con- vention of delegates representing the denomination in several Northwestern States was held at Chicago for the consideration of this subject. No result was reached, further than to make it clear that while a conviction of the need referred to was unanimous, there were decided, and possibly irreconcilable dif- ferences of opinion as to the point at which to locate the proposed theological seminary, should one be decided upon. In view of these facts, a few brethren in Chicago decided to take the responsibility of an initiative ; influenced by the persuasion that the true theo- received, and further preliminary steps taken. The organization, however, was not perfected until the meeting held Aug. 13, 1863. A constitution was then adopted and officers chosen ; Hon. Richard S. Thomas being made President, Rev. Luther Stone, Secretary, and Edward Goodman, Esq., Treasurer. The charter of incorporation was given, by act of the Illinois Legislature, Feb. 16, 1865. As appears by this recital, the steps of progress were slow. Care was exercised that no measure should be premature ; that the enterprise should lest, for its growth, upon an increasing conviction of its necessity in the denomination to which it must look for the means of success. Strenuous effort was made, also, at this time in behalf of the CHICAGO CHICAGO university endowment, and it was judged unwise to bring forward another claimant to the liberality of our people in a way that might embarrass both undertakings. No more, accordingly, was at- tempted than simply to hold the enterprise in such a state of forwardness as would facilitate more direct and energetic effort when the time for it should come. In the mean time theological in- struction was commenced, under a temporary ar- rangement, first by Dr. Nathaniel Colver, as Pro- fessor of Doctrinal Theology, and in 1866 by Dr. Colver and Prof. J. C. C. Clarke, who organized at the university theological classes, numbering in all about a dozen students. The expenses of this ser- vice were met chiefly by personal friends of Dr. Colver at the East,— W. W. Cook, Esq., of White- hall, N. Y., and Messrs. Barnes and Davis, of Bur- lington, Vt. In the autumn of 1866 a faculty was organized by the election of Rev. G. W. Nortlirup, D.D., then Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the Rochester Theological Seminary, as president, and Professor of Christian Theology, and of Rev. J. B. Jackson, pastor of the Baptist church in Albion, N. Y., as Professor of Ecclesiastical History. Dr. Colver became president of the Freedmen's Insti- tute at Richmond, Va., and Prof. Clai-ke entered the pastorate. More direct effort was now made for the raising of funds. Generous friends in Chicago and elsewhere came forward with dona- tions in sums ranging from §1000 to §5000, and the enterprise was vigorously pressed. In September, 1867, Rev. G. W. Warren, A.M., of Boston, was elected Professor of Hebrew and Exegesis, and on October 2 of that year the work of instruction under the new organization began. In the year 1867-68, 20 students were in attendance, 2 in the middle class, 18 in the Junior. Eev. G. S. Bailey, D.D., at the time of the organization of the new faculty, was chosen corresponding and financial secretary, and, aided by Rev. Thos. Allen and Rev. Wm. M. Haigh, prosecuted with energy and success the work of raising funds. In 1868, lots of land having been secured near the university, the erection of a building was commenced, and the edifice was completedanddedicated July 1,1869. Itwas built of brick, 214 feet in length, 46 feet wide, and 4 stories high. The cost was §60,000. Of this sum §30,000 remained as a debt, in bonds secured upon the property. The number of students had now in- creased to 2.5, three of whom graduated that year. The assets of the seminary at this point in its his- tory were reported at §144,000 : its liabilities, in- cluding bonds and indebtedness for the ground on which the buildings stood, and otherwise, at §54,266. Of these assets, §80,000 were in buildings and grounds, §11,250 in other real estate, and the re- mainder in notes and subscriptions. At the date last given, July 1 , 1869, the connection of Prof. AVarren with the seminary was terminated, and Prof. A. N. Arnold, D.D., of the Theological Seminary at Hamilton, N. Y., was made Professor of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, and Rev. AVm. Hague, D.D., Professor of Homiletics and Pastoral Duties. For the year 1869-70 the number of stu- dents had increased to 40. In this year, also, the library of Dr. Hengstenberg, of Berlin, Prussia, consisting of 13,000 volumes, was purchased through the liberality of friends of the seminary and university. It is a remarkably rich collection, especially in patristic and inedigeval literature, and in works by foreign authors of later date. In Sep- tember, 1870, Prof. Jackson resigned, and soon after, Dr. Hague, being obliged by his wife's state of health to return East, also resigned. Prof. E. C. Mitchell, D.D., of Shurtleff College, was elected Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature, and R. E. Pattison, D.D., Professor of Biblical In- terpretation and History of Doctrines. The Scandinavian department in the seminary was organized in 1873 under the instruction of Prof J. A. Edgren. It has from year to year more and more proved itself an important feature of the institution. As the only department of the kind in this country, and as providing an educated min- istry for a large and increasing Scandinavian pop- ulation in the Northwestern States, it is entitled to special consideration. In 1874, Rev. T. J. Morgan, president of the State Normal School of Nebraska, was elected Professor of Homiletics, continuing in that chair until 1879, when he was transferred to that of Church History. In the same year, 1874, W. W. Everts, Jr., was elected Assistant Professor of Church History, but left at the end of the year to enter the pastorate. Dr. Pattison's connection with the faculty terminated at his death, Nov. 21, 1874. In 1875, Dr. Bailey resigned his secretary- ship, and in 1876, Rev. T. W. Goodspeed was chosen to the same office, which he still holds. In 1877, Prof J. R. Boise, Ph.D., LL.D., of the uni- versity, was elected to fill the place of Dr. Arnold, who had been compelled by failure of health to resign. Dr. Mitchell also retired from the sei-vice of the seminary, his place in the chair of Hebrew being filled for one year by Prof. B. ^Maimon. Prof W. R. Harper was then chosen to the chair, which he now occupies. The faculty now stands : G. W. Northrup. D.D., President and Professor of Systematic Theology; J. R. Boise, Ph.D.. D.D., LL.D., Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Literature ; T. J. jMorgan, D.D., Professor of Church History : W. R. Harper, Ph.D., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Literature ; J. A. Edgren, D.D., Professor in the CHICAGO 214 CHICAGO Scandinavian department ; Galusha Anderson, D.D., Special Lecturer on Homiletics and Pastoral Duties; J. A. Smith, D.D., Special Lecturer on Modern Church History, Orii^in of Religions, and Philosophy. The removal of the seminai-y to Morgan Park in 1877 was a measure of great importance. It secures by this means a valuable site and building, with other real estate adjoining, mostly by donation, and at the same time it is sufficiently near the city to answer all the most needful ends of a city location. It graduated 26 in the class of 1880, raising its whole number of graduates during the history of the seminary to 338. Chicago, University of. — About the year 1856 it was ascertained that Senator Stephen A. Douglas had made proposals to donate the site for a univer- sity upon lands owned by him in Cottage Grove, a little south of what was then the southern limit of the city. Learning this fact, and having reason to believe that Mr. Douglas would prefer that the pro- posed university should be founded under denomi- national auspices, as also that out of regard for the memory of his deceased wife, who was a Baptist, his choice among the denominations would be that to which she had belonged. Rev. J. C. Burroughs, at that time pastor of the First Baptist church, decided to visit Mr. Douglas and secure the pro- posed site for a university to be under Baptist con- trol. He found the views of Mr. Douglas to be as had been represented. After a full consultation upon the subject, with especial reference to the character that should be given to the university, and the relations to it of the Baptist denomination, the desired arrangement was effected. Mr. Douglas gave to Mr. Burroughs, in trust for the purpose named, a deed of gift of ten acres of land in Cot- tage Grove, located near the lake, and fronting upon Cottage Grove Avenue. The terms of the deed provided that upon this ground a building to cost not less than $100,000 should be erected within a specified time, upon the completion of which a deed of the property should be given to the board of trustees, for the creation of which provision was made in the deed of gift ; that the property as so deeded should be forever secured to the Baptist denomination for the uses of a university, and not to be alienated for any purpose whatever ; that while denominational in the sense of being under the general care of the Baptist denomination, the university should be for purposes of general educa- tion only, while, save that the president and a majority of the trustees must always be Baptists, its board and faculty should be open to representa- tion on the part of all denominations, as well as to those of none ; and that no sectarian tests of any kind should ever be introduced. The deed of gift thus conditioned was accepted by Mr. Burroughs, who immediately proceeded to secure the necessary organization and charter. This was speedily effected, and the university regu- larly incorporated by act of the Legislature under the name of the University of Chicago. Mr. Douglas was himself the first president of the board. Resigning his pastorate, Mr. Burroughs now applied himself to the work of raising neces- sary funds. Calling to his aid Rev. J. B. Oleott, an experienced agent, he, with his aid, prosecuted the effort with so much energy that by Oct. 1, 1856, he could report that the sum of $100,000 had been secured in the city of Chicago alone in subscriptions and pledges, while in the country the enterprise was viewed with similar favor. When, in Septem- ber, 1858, the grammar school of the university was opened and the work of instruction begun, the pledges had amounted to above $200,000 in city and country. In the mean time, steps had been taken for the erection of a building suited to the present needs of the university. As it was found impracticable while providing for other needs of the .enterprise to expend so large a sum as $100,000 upon the building at once, Mr. Douglas consented to waive this condition in his grant of the site, and gave to the trustees a deed to the property. The corner-stone of the building, which in the general plan of the edifice is in the south wing, was laid July 4, 1857, addresses on the occasion being made by Mr. Douglas, Hon. I. N. Arnold, Rev. Robert Boyd, Rev. A. J. Joslyn, Rev. W. G. Howard, D.D., and others. The grammar school, pending the completion of this building, occupied a room in St. Paul's Universalist church, on Wabash Avenue. The principal was Prof. L. R. Satterlee, of Roches- ter, who was also Professor of the English Lan- guage and Literature. Prof. A. H. Mixer, also of Rochester, was Professor of Modern Languages. For the time, however, these gentlemen gave in- struction in all the studies of a college preparatory course. From the beginning it was the wish of the trus- tees that Mr. Burroughs should be the president of the new university. His own preference was that the office should be given to some one with a reputation already national as an educator. He endeavored to secure, with this view. Dr. Francis Wayland and others, but failing in this eff'ort, he finally accepted the presidency, which the board meantime had not ceased to urge upon him. He held the office for some fifteen years, from 1858 to 1873. They were years of vicissitude, not only in the affairs of the university but in those of the city and the whole country. In about two years after the opening of the university came the war of the Rebellion. Following upon this were financial re- verses, the disasters of two great fires in the city, with other similar causes seriously affecting all in- CHICAGO CHILD choate enterprises, in the West especially. The university was a suiferer to such an extent that only a small percentage of the large subscription noticed above, with others additional procured later, could be collected. Meantime, as the uni- versity grew expenses enlarged ; additions to the building, making it what it now is, became neces- sary ; an increased faculty was indispensable. The result was loans and arrearages eventuating in a cumbersome and threatening debt. The oversight of finances in these circumstances seemed in Dr. Burroughs's view to fall to himself as a duty, while the association of such growing complications with the usual cares and labors of a college presidency, made his task one of extreme difficulty. He had associated with him, however, able men and enthu- .siastic teachers: in the Greek department, first Prof A. II. Mixer, afterwards Prof J. R. Boise : was thought best to make some changes in the administration of the university. "With this view an act of the Legislature was procured empowering the board to create the office' of chancellor. Dr. Burroughs, resigning the presidency, was elected to this office, and Rev. Lemuel Moss, D.D., to that of president. This arrangement, however, continued only for one year, Dr. Moss then becoming presi- dent of the Indiana State University. After the interval of a year, Hon. Alonzo Abernethy, Super- intendent of Public Instruction in the State of Iowa, and who had been educated at the university, was chosen president. After some two years President Abernethy resigned, and Dr. Galusha Anderson was elected to the office, which he still holds. The faculty of the university at present is Dr. Galusha Anderson, President ; Edward Olson, Pro- in Latin, Prof. J. W. Stearns, subsequently Prof J. C. Freeman ; in Mathematics, Prof. A. J. Saw- yer, till succeeded by Prof A. J. Howe ; in As- tronomy, Prof Safibrd ; in Natural Sciences, Prof McChesney, and subsequently Profs. Dexter and Wheeler. The university under his administration and the instruction of this faculty, achieved a highly creditable literary reputation, and even when most oppressed with financial embarrassment ranked in the real value of its work with the best , colleges. In this connection should be mentioned ' the highly important service rendered to the uni- versity by Dr. W. W. Everts, especially in pro- curing, jointly with Prof Mixer, the endowment of the Greek chair, amounting to nearly $25,000 ; which, however, we are sorry to say, was in the subsequent difficulties of the university absorbed. The limits necessarily assigned to this sketch compel the omission of many details. In 1873 it V CHICAGO. fessor of the Greek Language and Literature ; D. A. Stuart, Professor of the Latin Language and Literature ; J. H. Sanford, Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres ; A. J. Howe, Professor of Mathematics ; E. S. Bastin, Professor of Botany ; Ransom Dexter, Professor of Zoology, Physiology, and Anatomy ; C. Gilbert Wheeler, Professor of Chemistry. Child, William Chauncy, D.D., was born in Johnstown, N. Y., in August, 1817, and was a graduate of Union College in the class of 1840, and of the Newton Theological Institution in the class of 1844. He was ordained at Charlestown, Mass., Oct. 30, 1844, and was pastor of the First Baptist church in that city six years, — 1844-50, — and sub- sequently pastor of the church in Framingham, Mass., eightyears,— 1851-59. In 1861 hewaschosen district secretary of the American Tract Society, of Boston, which position he held for eight years, — CHILTON il6 CHINA 1861-69. Soon after retiring from this office he was elected district secretary of the American Baptist Publication Society, and was in office until 1873. He occupied during the latter years of his life a responsible position on the editorial staflf of The Watchman and Reflector. He died suddenly at Boston, Jan. 14, 1876. Chilton, Hon. Thomas, was bom in Garrard Co., Ky., July 30, 1798 ; educated at Paris, Ky. ; studied and practiced law at Owingsville, Bath County ; elected to the Legislature of Kentucky in 1819, and served several sessions; was a mem- ber of Congress from Kentucky during the Presidency of Gen. Jackson four terms ; removed to Alabama, where he practiced law with signal success. He was converted, and commenced preach- ing before he left Kentucky ; was pastor of Hop- kinsville church. In 1841 he was elected presi- dent of the Alabama Baptist State Convention, and shortly afterwards abandoned the practice of law ; became general agent of the Alabama Con- vention, and then succeeded Dr. W. Carey Crane as pastor of Montgomery church in 1842 ; was pastor also of Greenborough and Newbern churches. Re- moved to Texas, served the Houston church as pastor, and died Aug. 15, 1854, at Montgomery, Texas. He was a man of strong reasoning powers, fine delivery, and commanding influence. He was no ordinary thinker. His descendants hold prominent places in Texas society. Chilton, Rev. Thomas John, a pioneer preacher among the Separate Baptists of Kentucky, was born about the year 1769, most probably in Vir- ginia. He was taken to Kentucky in his childhood. At the age of about twenty years he professed con- version, and united with a Separate Baptist church in Lincoln County, and soon afterwards was set apart to the ministry. In 1801 he wrote the " Terms of General Union," upon which all the Baptists of Kentucky were united under the name of United Baptists. In 1803 he adhered to a faction drawn oif from the General Union by John Bailey. Of this faction, which assumed the name of South Kentucky Association of Separate Baptists, Mr. Chilton was the principal leader until No-Lynn Association was formed, when he moved from Lin- coln to Hardin County, in 1822, and became the principal preacher in that body of Separate Bap- tists. In 1835 he published a small volume in vin- dication of his Association and its peculiar tenets. Soon after this he moved to Christian County, and joined the United Baptists. He died an able and honored minister of Christ in 1840. Chilton, Hon. WiUiam P., was born in Ken- tucky. In 1834, when quite a young man, he emi- grated to Talladega, Ala., prior to the removal of the Creek Indians west of the Mississippi, and be- gan the practice of law. At that time, among a frontier population, in a nascent condition, strong will, wise intellect, and steady principles were re- quired for leadership. Chilton had the needed qualifications, — tall and commanding in person, graceful and courteous in manners, fluent in speech, unswerving in integrity, he exerted an educatory influence on a population heterogeneous in character and origin, eager in the pursuit of wealth, and un- embarrassed by the restraints of a stable civiliza- tion. A county distinguished since for intelligence, patriotism, and a large number of able men con- tributed to the bar and to politics, owes much to what Chilton did in that formative period. An active politician and an effective popular speaker, he was, in 1839, elected to the Legislature, and took rank at once as an able debater, discreet in counsel, and never negligent of the details of business. In 1859 he was elected to the senate from Macon County, and his rare abilities and ripe experience made him a most valuable legislator. During the brief life of the Confederate States he was a member of the Congress, serving on impor- tant committees, and enjoying the confidence and affection of his fellow-members. In 1848 he was elected to the Supreme Court, and served as justice, or chief justice, for ten years, showing untiring industry, hatred of wrong, and marked love for the true and the right. On Jan. 20, 1871, he died. Unusual honors were paid to his memory by the governor, the Legislature, the bar, and the Masonic fraternity, of which he was grand master and high-pviest. . Judge Chilton was converted and baptized at an early age, and as a successful lawyer, bold politi- cian, and an honored judge kept his garments un- spotted ; generous to a fault, he was also a con- sistent church member, a faithful deacon, a diligent student of the Bible, and a help to his various pastors. China, Mission to. — ^In the report of the board of the Triennial Convention for the year ending April, 1834, we find the following: " In regard to China, the board are deeply desirous to fix upon the best method of reaching and benefitting its vast population, and they have accordingly instructed Mr. Jones to make the requisite investigations and communicate his views without delay. It is con- fidently believed that the time is come when God will bless with success a judicious, persevering at- tempt to give to the crowded millions of that great empire the glorious gospel." Acting on these in- structions, Mr. Jones on reachingBangkok, in Siam, sought out such Chinese as he could find in that city, and preached to them the gospel. The next step in this movement to reach the Chinese was the appoint- ment of Rev. W. Dean, who has now become a veteran in the service, as the first special mission- CHINA CHINESE MISSIONS ary in Bangkok to do what he could for the evan- gelization of the multitudes of the Chinese who had taken up their abode in that city. Macao, ■which Rev. J. L. Shuck occupied in 1836, was the second point selected for the missionary purposes which were contemplated. Following the chrono- logical order of the establishment of the missions among the Chinese we speak : 1. Of the mission among the Chinese residing either temporarily or permanently in Siam, par- ticularly in Bangkok. For eight years Messrs. Dean and Shuck remained at their respective sta- tions. Mr. Dean labored in Bangkok, with special reference to the spiritual wants of the Chinese. He preached to them, and prepared religious read- ing for them, performing that sort of preparatory work which must be done at the commencement of a new mission. Mr. Goddard joined Mr. Dean at the close of 1840. In 1842, by the treaty between China and England, Hong-Kong was ceded to Eng- land, and Mr. Dean repaired to this island, and, in connection with Mr. Shuck, established a station in the principal city of Hong-Kong, Victoria by name. Up to this time, the whole number of Chi- nese baptized in Bangkok had been 18. The de- parture of Mr. Dean did not suspend all eiforts for the spiritual good of those for whom he had labored for so many years. In 1846, more than 40,000 pages of religious reading were printed for their use. In 1850, Dr. Jones was chosen pastor of the Chinese church, which numbered 35. Not much visible progress was made for several years. In 1860, we find that 20 Chinese were baptized. In 1861, the Siamese and China departments, which for some time had been united, were separated, and in 1865 Dr. Dean returned to his former field of labor, and a new impulse was given to the work. During the year 1867, 40 persons were baptized in Bang- kok and the outlying stations. Under the adminis- tration of Dr. Dean, the history of the Bangkok Chinese mission has been one of continued success. The last report gives us 6 churches with 425 mem- bers. 2. The mission in Eastern China. Dr. D. J. Macgowan, in the autumn of 1843, went to Ningpo, one of the five ports opened to the English, and established a mission hospital, which was in opera- tion for three months, and reopened the next spring. Rev. E. C. Lord arrived in Ningpo, June 20, 1847, to engage in special missionary work among the Chinese. Dr. Macgowan acted as his interpreter while preaching until he was able to use the lan- guage himself Mr. Goddard joined Mr. Lord in 1848. For several years affairs at Ningpo went on with a good degree of prosperity. A convenient chapel was opened for religio-is wc ship Sept. 26, 1852. The work of preaching, tianslation, printing, and teaching was carried on 1 >pefully, and much 15 good seed was sown. Rev. M. J. Knowlton reached Ningpo early in June, 1854. How well and how faithfully he did his work may be seen in the sketch of his life. The memory of Mr. Goddard in connec- tion with this mission is most precious. His service of fifteen years is recorded on high. The mantle of the father fell on his son. Rev. Josiah R. Goddard, who joined the mission in June, 1868. The most recent intelligence we have from this station is that there are in Ningpo and its out-stations, 7 churches with 263 members, and that the work in every de- partment has been pushed with vigor and success. 3. The Southern Chinese Mission. The head- quarters of this mission is Swatow, about 150 miles east of Hong-Kong. The mission was established in 1860, and was designed to reach in its operations the Chinese who spoke the Tie-Chin dialect. These people inhabit the most densely-populated region in China. It embraces nine walled cities, and towns and villages in such close contiguity that one or more is ever in sight. It is said that there are more people in this district than the entire pop- ulation of Burmah, including the Karens and other subjugated tribes. The field of labor in many re- spects was most discouraging, owing to the exceed- ingly debased character of the people, "but," says the report which speaks of the opening of the mis- sion, "out of the materials here now so unpromis- ing, to human view so hopeless, can grace raise up and fit polished stones for the spiritual temple." The mission at Hong-Kong was given up and the missionaries transferred to Swatow. Rev. Mr. Sawtelle joined the mission in 1861. Ilis health failing he was forced to retire from the field in a few months, and Mr. Johnson was left in charge of the station for some time, until Rev. W. Ash- more joined him in the autumn of 1863. During the year from Oct. 1, 1864, to Oct. 1, 1865, 24 were received into the church by baptism. Year after year new out-stations were established in the neigh- borhood of Swatow, which, from time to time, have been reinforced by the addition of workers, both male and female, to the laborers in a field from which so much good fruit has been gathered. In the last report from the Southern Chinese mission we find that with Swatow as the principal station there are 17 out-stations, 109 were baptized during the year, and the number of church members is 687. (See article on Southern Baptist Conventiox.) Chinese Missions in America.— The discovery of gold in California in 1849, attracted large num- bers of men from China. In 1856 there were many thousands. They continued in the worship of idols, their temples standing near to Christian sanctuaries. Baptists became interested in their salvation. In 1856, the first Chinese church edifice in America was built for the Chinese Baptist church in Sacramento, Cal., under the pastoral care of Rev. CHIPMAN 218 CHOWAN FEMALE INSTITUTE J. Lewis Shuck. It was a handsome and com- modious building, and was one of the attractions of that city for many years, and was given a place in an early volume of illustrations of Sacramento. The church flourished while Mr. Shuck remained in California. A mission was opened in San Fran- cisco about the year 1869 under the supervision of Rev. John Francis, who was associated with Rev. Z. L. Simmons, Rev. Mr. Graves, and finally suc- ceeded by Rev. Dr. J. B. Hartwell. Several con- verts were baptized and became members of the First church, San Francisco. Other churches held mission schools, and were rewarded by the conver- sion and baptism of numbers. About 50 have be- come consistent Christians. The first Chinese con- vert baptized by Dr. Francis in 1865 was Dong Gong. lie became the successful Baptist minister at the head of a Chinese mission in Portland, Ore- gon, which Avas begun about the year 1874. The first Chinaman to receive Christian burial in Amer- ica was Fang Saung Nam. He died as a missionary of the American Baptist Home Mission Society in San Francisco. A marble slab in the Masonic Cemetery records the fact, " Here rests the first Christian Chinaman buried in America." Chipman, Prof. Isaac, was born in Cnrnwallis, Nova Scotia, and was a graduate of Waterville College, now Colby University, in the class of 1839. He was an enthusiastic student, and maintained a high rank as a scholar. In January, 1840, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Acadia College. In his "Centenary of the Baptists of Nova Scotia," 1860, Dr. Cramp says, "Among the men of our time Prof. Chipman holds the first place." On the 7th of June, 1852, in company with some friends, he was returning in a boat from Cape Blomidon, when a gale overtook them, the boat was swamped, and all on board were drowned, except one boatman. His untimely death produced a great shock in the community. Dr. Cramp alludes to it as " the greatest calamity that ever befell Nova Scotia Baptists." Chipman, Rev. Thomas Handley, one of the founders and fathers of the Baptist denomination in Nova Scotia, was born Jan. 17, 1756. His first religious impressions were received under the min- istry of the celebrated Henry Alline ; was baptized at Horton, 1779, by Rev. Nicholas Pierson, and soon commenced preaching; was ordained in 1782. The churches to which he ministered were mixed^ — composed of Baptists and Pedobaptists. Mr. Chip- man, however, subsequently became clear and fixed in his views of the church of Christ and its ordi- nances, and his ministry proved a great blessing in Annapolis, Yarmouth, and Queen's Counties. He took part in forming the Baptist Association, June 23, 1800. In 1809, Mr. Chipman removed from Bridgetown to Nictaux, and became pastor of the Baptist church formed there, June 10, 1810, and continued his labors with much usefulness till his death, Oct. 11, 1830. Many of the early churches in Nova Scotia were open in their communion, but they gave up the practice as inexpedient and un- scriptural. Chipman, Rev. William, was born in Corn- wallis, Nova Scotia, Nov. 29, 1781. He was con- verted and baptized when a youth, and ordained as pastor of the Second Cornwallis Baptist church in 1829. He died July 14, 1865. Mr. Chipman was clerk of the Baptist Association from 1838 to 1850. He was also secretary of the Educational Society. He was remarkable for his sound theological views, and for his piety and fidelity in the performance of his duty. Chipman, Hon. William Allen, treasurer of the Nova Scotia Baptist Home Missionary Board, was born Nov. 8, 1756 ; was a merchant, large land- owner, and justice of the peace in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia ; was a member of the House of Assembly for over twenty years, from 1799. Died 1845. Chisholm, Henry, one of the most enterprising and successful business men of Cleveland, 0., is of Scotch origin, having been born in Lochgelly, Fifeshire, April 27, 1822. When he was ten years old his father died. At the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a carpenter, and served five years in learning the trade, after which he went as a jour- neyman to Glasgow. In 1842, Mr. Chisholm came to America, settling in Montreal, Canada. He soon began to under- take work on his own account, and in 1850, in partnership with a friend, took a contract for building at Cleveland, 0., a breakwater for the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad, a task which was successfully accomplished in three years. This was succeeded by other contracts, which employed his time and enei'gies until he turned his at- tention to the iron bisiness. For several years he has been president of the Cleveland Rolling Mill, which has large and important branches in Indiana and Illinois, a company which it is said supports more people than there were in the entire city of Cleveland, when, as an unknown stranger, he came to it years ago. Mr. Chisholm is a valued member of the Euclid Avenue Baptist church of Cleveland, and is in full sympathy with the educational and religious enter- prises of the day. As a Christian business man he stands in the very front rank. Chowan Female Institute.— The oldest school for girls in North Carolina, next to the Moravian school at Salem, is the Chowan Institute, at Mur- freesborough. It was founded in 1848, by the Chowan Baptist Association. The next year a contiguous Association in Virginia, the Portsmouth, united with the Chowan, and up to the late war CHOWAN FEMALE INSTITUTE 2 a joint board of trustees from the two bodies man- aged the aflfairs of the seminary. The war, which suspended collections and destroyed property of all kinds, did not pay debts or even suspend inteiest, CHOWAN FEMALE INSTITUTE and for ten years the company successfully con- ducted the school, and added several thousand dol- lars" worth of improvements to the establishment. Two yeais ago the stockholders donated the prop- and thus it Inppened that at its do^e the inbtitute ■was hopelessly involved In this emergency a joint-stock company was formed, the institute was "bought for $3000, its debts, to the amount of $24,000, were assumed, and honorably liquidated, eity to the denoiiun ition it Hi„e and it is now one of the few female schools of the country belonging exclusively to the Baptists. This act of generosity was so remarkable that the names of the parties involved are regarded as worthy to be preserved, CHOWLES CHOWN and are as follows: W. W. Mitchell, $4000; Mark Gregory, $1000; John Mitchell, $1000; J. W. Mitchell, $500 ; Mary Mitchell, $500 ; Miss N. S. Askew, $500 ; A. McDowell, $500 ; L. D. Spiers, $250; and J. N. Barnes, $250; which sum of $8500, bearing interest for ten years at eight per cent., makes a donation to the cause of education of over $15,000. A. McDowell, D.D., then just out of college, was its first president. In 1849, Rev. M. R. Ferry, of New York, took charge, and presided over the in- stitute till 1854, when he was succeeded by Dr. Wm. Hooper. In 1855, Dr. McDowell again be- came connected with the school as co-principal with Dr. Hooper, and since Dr. Hooper's' with- drawal, in 1862, has been the sole principal of the institute. Thousands of young ladies have at- tended this excellent school, and it is earnestly to be hoped that as it has been the cherished school of the Baptists in Eastern North Carolina for so many years, they will heartily sustain the movement, recently projected, for its adequate en- dowment. Chowles, John Overton, D.D., was born in Bristol, England, Feb. 5, 1801, of parents who were Wcsleyans. He was deprived of their tender care when he was but twelve years of age, and camo under the guardianship of his uncle, Henry Over- ton Wells, Esq., a wealthy merchant of Bristol. When a little more than eighteen years of age he became a subject of renewing grace, and was bap- tized by Rev. Dr. Ryland, and received into the Broadmead Baptist church. In order to carry on his education he was placed with Rev. William Anderson, under whose instructions he made rapid progress. In 1822, he entered Bristol College, under the charge of Dr. Ryland, to pursue his the- ological studies. He came to New York in 1824, and for a year or two, was occupied in teaching an academy at Red Hook, N. Y., until called to the jDastorate of the Second Baptist church in New- port, R. I. He was ordained Sept. 27, 1827. Im- mediate success followed his labors. Fifty persons were baptized during the year which succeeded his ordination. For six years he was the popular pastor of the Newport church. Diu-ing this time he pre- pared for the press two or three books, among them his "History of Missions," in two quarto volumes, a work commenced by Rev. Thomas Smith, of England, who died in 1830. Mr. Chowles resigned his pastorate in Newport to accept a call to the First Baptist church in New Bedford, where he remained for three years, and then went to Buffalo, N. Y. His connection with this church continued four years, when he was in- vited to take charge of the Sixth Street Baptist church in New York. It was not an inviting field of labor, and the hope of success not very flatter- ing. Amid many discouragements he toiled on for a year or two, but no human power could save the enterprise, and it was ultimately abandoned. In 1843, he was called to the chui-ch of Jamaica Plain, near Boston, where he found a most congenial and happy home. While acting as pastor of this church he found time to prepare for the press his edition of "Neal's History of the Puritans," which took a high place in the literature wliich treated of the character and the woi"k of those heroic men, Avho in an age of great dissoluteness and irreligion, wrought such a moral and religious change in England. The connection of Dr. Chowles with the Jamaica church closed, in 1847, in consequence of an urgent call to return to his former charge in Newport. During his second residence in that city his busy pen prepared for the press several volumes, and was constantly employed in writing for the period- icals of the day. He was also a popular lecturer, and addressed large audiences in different sections of the country on themes both interesting and in- structive. He lived a life of constant activity. Indeed, with his buoyancy of spirit and his strong vital energies, and social tendencies, he could not Avell have lived any other life. The last sermon he preached was from Eph. v. 14 : "Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light." He left his home in Newport for New York, intending to be absent but a few days. He was seized with a sudden illness after arriving in New York. When the assurance came to him that without doubt the time for his departure was near, he said to his weeping friends, "I had not looked for this ; if it had been the Lord's will I would have liked another month to have looked over tlie road more clearly ; but it does not matter after all: 'twould have been the same thing, only simple faith in Christ. I have been hurried away through life by a tide of the most impulsive, im- petuous nature, perhaps, that ever man had to con- tend wnth." Soon after he said, "I have loved Christ ; I have preached Christ and him alone ; I have loved to preach Christ and him crucified." These were among his last words. They indicate that he well knew himself, what in him there was that was frail and imperfect, and that he knew also what an almighty compassionate Redeemer he had. To that Redeemer, he committed himself with the simple trust of a little child, and we doubt not his faith was honored and he entei-ed into rest. Dr. Chowles died Jan. 5, 1856. Chown, Rev. J. P., the widely-known pastor of Bloomsbury cliapel, London, England, began his ministry in the neighborhood of Northampton,. England, alwut 1844. In 1846, he resigned the pas- torate of the village church, to which he had been ordained, and entered Horton College. Two years after, the retirement of the Rev. T. Pottenger left CHRISTIAN CHRISTIAN Sion chapel, Bradford, without a pastor, the gifts and high promise of Mr. Chown led to his being engaged to occupy the pulpit, while still a student, and even- tually to his becoming pastor, in June, 1848. His REV. J. p. CHOWN. ministry was conspicuously successful from the first, and the membership was largely increased. In 1863, the church erected a new building, known as Hall- field chapel, and dismissed 120 members to form a new church there. Mr. Chown remained in his old field, and in 1873 a new edifice, called Sion Jubilee chapel, was erected for the accommodation of the church and its institutions, as a thank-ofi"ering for the labors and successes of fifty years. Mr. Chown's public work on behalf of benevolent and educational institutions in Bradford received emphatic acknowl- edgment repeatedly, one of the most interesting and valuable tokens of public appreciation being the gift .of his residence, which was presented to him on his return from a visit to this country. He has been a leader of the temperance movement for many years. In 1875, he obeyed what seemed to him an imperative providential call, and accepted the pastorate at Bloomsbury chapel, London, where his ministry is eminently successful. Mr. Ciiown is endowed with a fine presence and a mag- nificent voice, and his platform speeches, as well as pulpit services, attract large audiences. For his earnestness and noble simplicity of character, as well as for his great abilities, he is held in the highest esteem by the churches. Christian, Judge Joseph, LL.D., eldest son of Dr. R. A. Christian, was born at Hewick, Middle- sex Co., Va., July 10, 1828. While still a boy he gave promise of distinction. He pursued his aca- demic studies for a while in Richmond, but chiefly at the Columbian College, where he graduated with honor in 1847. In 1853, he received the degree of A.M. Having studied law in his father's neigh- borhood, with the late John D. McGill, Esq., and afterwards in Staunton, Va., he established him- self in practice, immediately after his admission to the bar, in his native county of Jliddlesex, and soon became one of the leading lawyers and advocates in that part of the State. He was also, both before and after the breaking out of the war, sent to the senate of Virginia, from the counties of Matthews and Middlesex, and in this body he gained the repu- tation' of one of its very best debaters. Soon after the close of the war he was made judge of the sixth judicial district of Virginia, which responsible office he filled for years with such distinguished ability that he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals, a position which he has held for some nine years, with like honor to himself and to the judicial department of the State government. In the last election for a U. S. senator for Virginia, he was, at no solicitation of his own, one of the prominent candidates for that position ; and we understand that his name was also conspicuous on the list of those Southern jurists who Avere strongly recom- mended to the President for the lately vacant seat on the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States. No man, perhaps, of his years, in Virginia, ;HRISTIAX, LL.D. has a higher judicial reputation. . The deliberative assembly, however, on account of his rare gifts as an orator, would, perhaps, exhibit his talents in a CHRISTIAN CHURCH more striking light. As a gentleman, he is dis- tinguished for his urbanity and fine social qualities. Judge Christian was baptized by his father soon after he entered upon the practice of the law, and united with one of his churches. He is now con- nected with the Second Baptist church of Rich- mond, of which the Rev. Dr. McDonald is pastor. The Columbian College conferred upon him, in 1872, the degree of LL.D. Christian, Rev. J. T,, a prominent young min- ister of Columbus Association, Miss., was born in Kentucky in 1854; began to preach in 1874; grad- uated at Bethel College, Ky., in 1876 ; became pastor at Tupelo, Miss., in 1877, and supplied Verona at the same time ; after two years he re- moved to West Point and engaged in his present •work. At the last commencement at Bethel College he received the degree of A.M. Christian Review and Home Monthly, a re- ligious periodical published at Texarkana, Ark., by J. F. Shaw & Sons, and edited by Rev. J. F. Shaw and Mrs. Viola Jackson. It takes the place of the Baptist Index, published at the same place, which is discontinued. Mr. Shaw is fiist gaining reputa- tion as a vigorous writer, and Mrs. Jackson is well known in the South, having been connected with Mayfield's Happy Home and Ford's Christian Re- pository. The first number was issued August, 1880, and is well filled with excellent original and selected matter. It meets a want in the Baptist literature of the Southwest. Christian, Rev. Richard Allen, M.D., vvas born in Charles City Co., Va., July 27, 1798. At the age of about twenty-one years he graduated as Doctor of Medicine at the University of Pennsyl- vania, and immediately began the practice of his profession at Urbana, Middlesex Co., Va. In 1838, he made a piublic profession of faith in Christ, became a member of the Baptist church at Clark's Neck, and soon afterwards was ordained to the ministry. Still continuing in the practice of med- icine, he did not for some years assume any pastoral charge, although he preached regularly on the Sab- bath in the neighboring churches. At a later period he became pastor of Clark's Neck and Ham- ilton churches (and for a time, also, Zoar and Glebe Landing churches), and he held this relation until his failing health compelled him, two or three years before his death, to relinquish it. After repeated strokes of paralysis, he died May 8, 1862. Dr. Christian was deservedly one of the most influen- tial and popular men, not only of the county, but also of tlie region in which he lived. His mind was strong and active, his person large and impos- ing, and his manners polished and winning. As a neighbor, he was kind and charitable in the highest degree, and ever sought the things that make for peace. As a citizen, he was characterized by the strictest integrity, and by a decided talent for the management of public business. As a physician, he was eminently skillful, attentive, and tender- hearted, and by tliese qualities he secured and re- tained the largest practice in his county, which, however, after the period of middle life, he grad- ually relinquished for the purpose of devoting liis energies to the Christian ministry. Although Dr. Christian was some forty years of age before he entered the ministry, and although for several years after his ordination he was laboriously en- gaged in the practice of medicine, yet he became an able and instructive preacher. His sermons were well arranged, abounded in apt illustrations, were filled with the very spirit of the gospel, and were uniformly earnest, and sometimes powerfiil. His ministi'y, although comparatively brief, resulted in the edification of the churches which he served, and in numerous conversions. His talents were held in high estimation, and for a long time to come no name in the district of Virginia to which his labors were confined, will be pronounced with greater reverence than that of Dr. Richard A. Christian. Christian, William Steptoe, M.D., second son of Dr. R. A. Christian, was born at Ilewick, Mid- dlesex Co., Va., Dec. 26, 1830. He prepared for college at the schools in the neigliborhood, and en- tered the Columbian College, where lie graduated with the degree of A.B. in 1848. Having studied medicine with his father, and afterwards at the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, he grad- uated there in 1851, and immediately entei-ed upon tlie labors of his profession in his native county, wliere he still resides, occupied with the duties of a very extensive practice. ' At the beginning of the war he entered the Confederate service as a captain of infantry, was soon made colonel, was captured in the retreat from Gettysburg, was for many months prisoner (during most of the time at John- son's Island), and was several times severely wounded in battle. He was a gallant and exceed- ingly popular officer. Dr. Christian is held in the highest respect by all who know him for the various qualities that most adorn the man, the neighbor, and the citizen. He is a physician of rare intelli- gence and skill. For several years past he has been a leading member of the temperance organization known as the Good Templars, and has repeatedly been elected grand worthy chief, the highest officer of the order in the State. As a speaker he is im- pressive and eloquent. At the age of about sixteen years he was baptized by his father, and united with the Clark's Neck Baptist church, of which he is still a most active and useful member, having served for many yeai-s most efficiently as teacher or superintendent of the Sabbath-school. Church, A True Gospel. — The fabric in which CHURCH CHURCH the -worship of God is celebrated is not a church ; the clergy are not the church. The Baptist Con- fession of 1611, in Articles X. and XIII., says, — " The church of Christ is a company of faithful people, separated from the world by the word and Spirit of God, being knit unto the Lord, and one to another by baptism, upon their own confession of the faith and sins." " Every church is to receive in all their members by baptism, upon the confes- sion of their faith and sins, wrought by the preach- ing of the gospel, according to the primitive insti- tution and practice." The Confession of 1646 says, " The church is a company of visible saints, called and separated from the world by the word and Spirit of God to the visible profession of the faith of the gospel, being baptized into that faith and joined to the Lord, and each to other by mutual agi-eement in the practical enjoy- ment of the ordinances commanded by Christ, their head and king."— Article XXXIII. The Philadel- phia Confession of Faith says, " The members of these churches are saints by calling, visibly mani- festing and evidencing, in and by their profession and walking, their obedience unto that call of Christ, and do willingly consent to walk together according to the appointment of Christ, giving up themselves to the Lord and one to another, by the will of God, in professed suljjection to the ordi- nances of the gospel." — Article XXYII. Church, Rev. Leroy, was bom in Western New York, Jan. 8, 1813. He was baptized in Lake On- tario in 1832. His studies preparatory to the min- istry were pursued at Hamilton, where he entered in the fall of 1834, graduating in 1839 from the college, and from the seminary in 1841. His first pastorate was at Schenectady, N. Y., where he entered upon service in September of 1841, being ordained in November of the same year. On the first Sabbath of the December following he baptized his first convert, a young man led to Christ by a few words addressed to him in the shop where he was at work. During the three years of this pas- torate at iSchenectady about 100 were added to the church by baptism. Mr. Church became pastor of the church at Hudson, N. Y.,,in the fall of 1845, holding this important position until the fall of 1853, when he removed to Chicago, having pur- chased the Christian Times, now the Standard, with which paper he remained connected as senior proprietor and associate editor until 1875, when he disposed of his interest to Dr. J. S. Dickerson. This period of twenty-two years in Baptist journalism brought him into active and influential relations with a variety of Western interests, and his service in that connection was active, judicious, and effec- tive. He wrote largely and well for the columns of the paper, while in connection with its financial administration, and in representing it in various parts of its wide field, his good judgment and tact and knowledge of men were elements of high effi- ciency. The Church family, to whom belong also Dr. Pharcellus Church and Rev. Volney Church, came from England in 1630 and settled at Plymouth, Mass. A deed is preserved in the museum at Plym- outh conveying a tract of land to Benjamin Church in the pi-ecincfc now known as Marshfield, where Daniel Webster had his home. A branch of the family subsequently settled in Rhode Island. Cajit. Church, belonging to this branch, has a marked record in the early Indian wars as the antagonist of King Philip. The father of Rev. Leroy Church was a soldier of the Revolution. Church Meetings are composed exclusively of members, and are convened to receive additions by letter, to grant letters of dismission, to try fallen brethren, to order letters to Associations and otiier bodies, to elect pastors, and to perform other church work. The pastor presides almost universally, and this position is generally accorded to him in virtue of his office, but in a few instances it is given to him l;y election at each meeting. There is a clerk at every church meeting, who keeps a correct record of all its proceedings. The church meeting is gov- erned by parliamentary law. In the great majority of our churches each mem- ber has a vote, irrespective of age, sex, or the length or brevity of membership. The writer has, however, known one or two cases where there was an age qualification to prevent the very young from controlling the church. In the church meet- ing the pastor has the right of voting, and he has an influence according to the measure of his wis- dom and piety. Beyond these he has no other privileges, and he ought to have none. In large cities church meetings are generally held once a month, or once in three montlis, and they are summoned for a week-night. Special meetings are called by the pastor, or by a paper signed by a few brethren, five or seven, and read from the desk. Church of God. — This community, sometimes called Winebrennarians, claims precedence of all religious bodies in its origin. Jesus Christ is claimed as founder. The name, it is declared, is the only one justified by divine authority. Gnl. i. 13 ; 1 Tim. iii. 15. This denomination started into life in connection with extensive revivals of religion enjoyed in and around Harrisburg soon after the settlement of the Rev. John Winebrenner in that city, in 1820. These revivals were renewed and far more widely extended in 1825 ; out of the con- verts churches were organized, and converts were called into the ministry-. In October, 1830, the representatives of these churches met in Harris- CHURCH CHURCH burg, and formally set up the denomination called the ''Church of God," the original representative of which was established by the Saviour. The doctrines of the Church of God differ from Regular Baptists onl}"- in the following points : free Avill is accepted, election is denounced, feet- washing is practiced, the Lord's Supper is observed always in the evening. It is likely that the "final perseverance of the saints" is rejected by this com- munity, though in their doctrinal articles this is not stated. In other respects the creed of the Church of God is a Baptist Confession of Faith. The government of this community is not Bap- tistical : the preacher in charge of a church and a competent number of elders and deacons constitute the church council, which admits and excludes members. The Annual Eldership is very much like a Methodist Annual Conference, with laymen among its members. Every three years a General Eldership convened for the first twenty years, after which it was to assemble every five years. This body is composed of delegates from the Annual Elderships, and it has powers very like those of a General Conference of the M. E. Church. Every minister in the Church of God in good standing must have a license, and this license must be renewed annually by his Eldership. No minis- ter is allowed to remain longer than three years in one station, and generally not more than one or two. The doctrinal articles, with the exceptions named, agree with the opinions of Baptists : the church polity resembles the Methodist. The writer was unable to obtain exact statistics of the Church of God, but he procured something near the figures. They have about 500 ministers, 1200 churches, and 20,000 members. The members of the Church of God live chiefly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Iowa. Church, Pharcellus, D.D., was born Sept. 11, 1801, near Geneva, N. Y. He spent the most of his first ten years of life at what is now called Hopewell Centre, five miles from Canandaigua. At eleven years of age his home was changed to the shores of Lake Ontario, at that time without reli- gious privileges. His Sabbaths were spent in the rough sort of life peculiar to the wilderness of a new country. In the midst of his rude sports a respect for religion, instilled in his mind early in life by a tender, loving mother, asserted itself, and led him to follow her counsel and study the Divine Word. While thus engaged as a matter of filial duty, and obeying the outward forms of religion, he was deeply affected by portions of the Gospel of John. These impressions led to his conversion at thirteen and a half years of age. He attended no church and heard no domestic or sanctuary worship, and yet enjoyed communion with God, which was greatly increased by an open confession to his pious mother. Soon after this event, a Baptist church was formed in the vicinity, and in June, 1816, he was immersed upon profession of his faith. He became immediately more or less active in social meetings, and at the age of seventeen he felt called to the Christian ministry. Through the influence of friends he devoted him- self to study, and finally took a classical and theo- logical course at Hamilton, N. Y. He was first settled as pastor at Poultney, Vt., where he was ordained in June, 1825, and where he remained until 1828. In the latter year he was married to Miss Conant, daughter of Deacon John Conant, of Bi-andon, and in the fall of that year became pastor of what is now the Central Baptist church of Provi- PHARCELLUS CHURCH, D.D. dence, R. I. He spent the winter of 1834-35 in New Orleans, and while there wrote " Philosophy of Benevolence," published in New York in 1836. Upon his return to the North he located with the church at Rochester. From thence he removed, in 1848, to accept the pastorate of Bowdoin Square Baptist church, Boston. This position he left on account of sickness. In 1855 he became editor of the New York Chronicle, in which service he re- mained ten years. Since 1865 he has spent the time partly in Europe, making the original Scrip- tures a principal study, preaching occasionally, and writing for the press. His home has been at Tarrytown for the last eight years. An offer of a premium for a work on religious discussions being made in the summer of 1836, he wrote a book on that subject of 400 or 500 12mo CHURCHES .'25 CLARK pages, which was published in 1837. The revival interest among his people in Rochester turned his attention to the subject of spiritual power, and he published in 1842 a work entitled "Antioch, or the Increase of Moral Power in the Church," which contained an able introduction by Dr. Stow, of Boston. Another publication of a like character, in 1843, entitled " Pentecost," bein^; the substance of a sermon preached at Albany before the Foreign Mission Board in the spring of that year, was printed by request. In Boston, he compiled "Me- moirs of Mrs. Theodosia Dean," which was pub- lished in that city about 1851, and is now included in the American Baptist Publication Society's lists. While in Canada he wrote " Mapleton, or more Work for the Maine Law," a temperance tale ; and while in Bonn, on the Rhine, he wrote " Sad Truths," a work embodying a good deal of thought on Bible subjects, which was published in Edin- burgh and in New York. Dr. Church has written largely for reviews and other periodicals, and is still engaged in the same service. Dr. Church is a grand old man, with a noble in- tellect, a gi'eat heart, splendid culture, an unsullied record, and a saintly piety, one of those men whom we would keep forever in the church on earth, and whom we would endow with undying vigor, if his state and place were in our charge. Churches, English Baptist.— According to Or- chard there were in England in 1771, 251 Baptist churches ; in 1794, 379 ; in 1811, 537 ; and in 1820 there were 620. Bogue and Bennet give a list of 708 Baptist churches in England and Wales in 1808. In 1880, there were 2620 churches, 3354 meeting-houses, 269,836 members, and 372,242 Sunday-school scholars belonging to our denomi- nation in the British Islands. How many persons there were in 1880, with Baptist principles, not a few of whom were actually immersed, in the mem- bership of Pedobaptist churches in Great Britain, we have no means of finding out. Their number, however, may be regarded as very large. By the unscriptural teachings of "open communion" they have been foolishly led to suppose that baptism was of too little importance to disturb their eccle- siastical relations. The principal effect of open communion is not to bring Pedobaptists to the Lord's table in Baptist churches, but to keep men holding Baptist principles in Pedobaptist commu- nities. Churches, One Minister Pastor of many.— In reading the sketches of ministers in this volume it will appear as if some of them were given to many changes in their pastoral relations. There are two considerations to be kept in view in reflecting upon such cases. The first is, that in large sections of our country, especially in the South, one minister is frequently pastor of four or more churches at the same time. If he changes his field of labor four times in his life, he has been pastor of sixteen churches, while in one of our cities the same man would only have ministered to four. The second is, that a small number of our ministers are of an impulsive, and of a revival order, as many commonly use the word revival ; and after a brief settlement, and con- siderable success, they are anxious for the special harvests which they commonly reap in new fields ; and their removals are frequent for this reason. Generally our ministers have comparatively long settlements ; and this practice is growing rapidly among us. Citations. — When a member of a Baptist church has sinned grievously against his Master, and when the remonstrances of his brethren fail to bring him to repentance, our last resort is excommunication. Previous to this sorrowful act a notification, or citation, as it is called, is sent to the ofi"ender in- viting him to attend the church meeting to be held at a time and place mentioned, to show cause why he should not be excluded from the rights and privileges of the church of which he is a member. If he accepts the invitation he has every opportu- nity to defend himself, or to confess his sin and sorrow, and thereby avert the impending expulsion. To send a citation is the uniform law of all Bap- tist churches when the residence of the accused can be found, except in a small number of cases, such as sexual crimes or murders, when no amount of repentance would justify retention in church membership, and the testimony against the accused is overwhelming. Clark, Rev. Albion B., was born in New Sharon, Me., March 24, 1826. He prepared for college at the Farmington and Waterville Academies, and graduated at Waterville College in 1854. For three years he was the principal of the academy at Shel- bourne Falls, Mass., and in 1854 he entered the Newton Theological Institution, where he took the full three years' course of study. He was ordained Sept. 12, 1855, and was pastor of the church in Skowhegan, Me., for three years,— 1855-58. He became an agent of the American Baptist Publica- tion Society, and continued in the employ of the society for four years, — 1859-63. He died at Skow- hegan, Sept. 9, 1865. Clark, E.ev. Andrew, of Bishop Creek, Cal., a self-denying and faithful pastor, is the only Baptist preacher east of the Sierra range, his preaching stations extending nearly 100 miles north and south. He was born in Alleghany Co., Pa., -July 14, 1832 : baptized in 1852 at Marshall, Iowa; married at twenty-two to Miss Rachel L. Sehern, a Presbyte- rian, who with all her family became Baptists. He served in the U. S. army ; was induced by his father to go to California just after his ordination at Red Oak, Iowa, in 1867 ; located at Bishop Creek, CLARK CLARK where he has built a house of worship, and is doing a good work for Christ. Twice he has traveled 1500 miles (once with his wife) over the. mountains to attend the Association. Clark, Rev. Edward W., was born in the town of North-East, Dutchess Co., N. Y., Feb. 25, 1830. He was converted and called to the ministry in early life. He graduated from Brown University in 1857, and from Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859. He was pastor in Logansport, Ind., from 1859 to 1861. He was editor and publisher of the Witness, Indianapolis, from 1861 to 1867. He was appointed missionary to Sibsagor, and sailed in October, 1868. He took charge of missionary printing, and assisted in other missionary work for five years, when he became deeply interested in the people of the Naga Hills. He made a visit to one of the tribes, and was afterwards appointed mis- sionary to the Nagas. His wife, Mrs. Mary M. Clark, helps him in his missionary work. She returned to this country in 1873, and stayed three years. She spent much of the time in forming missionary circles among Baptist women. Clark, George WhitJBield, D.D., was born at South Orange, N. J., Feb. 15, 1831. He was con- verted and baptized when twelve years old into the fellowship of the Northfield Baptist church. He graduated at Amherst College in 1853, and com- pleted bis theological course at Rochester in 1855. He was ordained pastor of the church at New Market, Oct. 3, 1855. In June, 1859, he became pastor of the First Baptist, church in Elizabeth, and continued there until 1868, when he went to the church at Ballston, N. Y., from which he re- moved to Somerville, N. J., Sept. 1, 1873. In 1872 Rocliester University conferred upon him the de- gree of D.D. Dr. Clark has been a close and thorough student. His notes on the gospek and " New Harmony of the Gospels" are thorough, sound, and popular. They have been extensively used. Close and continuous study brought on a failure in health that induced a resignation of his prosperous pastorate in Somerville in 1877. He is so far restored that further work on the New Tes- tament is contemplated. He has contributed a number of articles to the quarterlies. Clark, Rev. Henry, was born Nov. '12, 1810, at Canterbury, Windham Co., Conn. ; was educated at Hamilton Literary and Theological Institution; ordained June 13, 1834, at Seekonk, Mass., where he had his first pastorate. Subsequently served as pastor at Taunton two and a half years, Canton two years, Randolph five years, Cheshire six years. These pastorates were all in Massachusetts. Mr. Clark came to Wisconsin in 1869, where he has since resided. He was pastor at Kenosha five years, Pewaukee two years, and he has been settled over the Second Baptist church in Oshkosh, where he now resides, about one year. Mr. Clark is a Baptist preacher of the old-fashioned New England type, sound in the faith, plain and direct in his style, always bringing to the cause of the church and of Christ an undivided devotion, able and ready to speak at all times, and to fight (if needful) in defense of the old Baptist faith, rather than abandcm a hairs breadth of tlie principles of the church of which he is a member and minister. His spirit has been made meek and gentle in the furnace of affliction. All his family except his wife — two sons and five daughters^have preceded him to the land of rest. He is passing the evening of his life in preaching Christ in one of the most beautiful cities of Wisconsin. Clark, Ichabod, D.D., was born in Franklin Co., Mass., Oct. 30, 1802, and died at Lockport, 111., April 14, 1869, after an active and useful ministry of forty-seven years. His conversion took place when he was about fourteen years of age. At the age of eighteen he was licensed to preach by the Baptist church of Truston, N. Y. ; ordained at Scipio, N. Y., in 1823. His pastorates in New York were at Lockport, Lagrange, Batavia, Le Roy, Brockport, and Nunda. In 1848 he ac- cepted an appointment from the New York State Convention as missionary at Galena, 111. He thus became identified with the denomination in that State, and for the most part remained so until his death. His next pastorate after that at Galena wa,s at Rockford, where he labored several years with signal success. Midway in this pastorate he en- gaged for a year as superintendent of missions of the General Association of the State, the church giving him leave of absence for this purpose, and supplying the pulpit meanwhile. At the end of the year he resumed his work at Rockford. and contin- ued it until 1860. During his labors there 453 were added to the church, 211 by baptism. Five years in a pastorate at Le Roy, N. Y., one year in renewed service as superintendent of missions in Illinois, a brief service at Lockport as pastor, and his active, wise, and efficient ministry was finished. Clark, Rev. James A., Professor of the Latin Language in Kalamazoo College, Mich., was born in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1827, and died in Kalamazoo in August, 1869. He was in early life converted and began preparation for the work of the ministry. He graduated from Williams College in 1853, and after teaching a year studied at Newton, where he finished the usual course in 1857. Soon after he became pastor at Adrian, Mich., and subsequently at Fairfield. From the latter place he was called to the professorship in Kalamazoo College, but during his residence there he served the college as financial agent, and as editor of the Michigan Christian Herald, and he was treasurer of the State Convention for three years preceding his CLARK CLARKE death. He was a man of large practical sagacity,, and self-sacrificing devotion to the church. His death at tlie age of forty-two was sincerely and deeply lamented. Clark, Rev, John. — This pioneer preacher was horn in Scotland, Nov. 29, 1758. At seven he be- gan to study Latin and Greek. In 1778 he went to sea on a British ship, which he deserted at Charles- ton, S. C. He went to Georgia and taught school. He was converted in 1785, and became a Methodist preacher. He was ordained by Bishop Asbury in 1795. He visited Scotland, and found that his father and mother were dead. He returned to America, preached in Georgia, and taught school. In 1796 he walked from Georgia to Kentucky, and taught and preached in the Crab Orchard country. He exchanged the rod in school for firmness and love. He came to Missouri in 1798. He preached in St. Louis County when the Catholic foreign commander threatened him with imprisonment. He became a Baptist, and another Methodist, named Talbot, adopted the same opinions, and they im- mersed each other. The Lemmons, early Illinois ministers, studied under Clark, and acknowledged their obligations to him for their instruction in lan- guages and theology. He went in a canoe in 1808 and 1810 down the Mississippi to Baton Rouge, and preached and taught school, and walked back. He was easy of address, social, pious, intelligent, and useful. He wrote in a beautiful hand many family records in the Bible by request. In 1820 he visited the Boones in Lick County, and he was the first to go so far west. He belonged to the Coldwater Bap- tist church in St. Louis County. He died at Wil- liam Patterson's, Oct. 11, 1833, at seventy-five years of age. He had performed great labor. Multi- tudes attended his funeral. The Lemmons, by his request, preached his funeral sermon. Clark, Rev. John Henry, was bom in Loudon Co., Va., Dec. 12, 1812. He was converted at six- teen years of age, and baptized by Dr. W. F. Broadus. He moved to Missouri in 1839, and united with the church at Cape Girardeau. He was licensed in 1842, and ordained in 1844 to the pas- torate of the church at the Cape. He had a talent for languages and acquired them. He gave much time to teaching, and was successful in it, and he was effective as a preacher. Brother Clark was for years moderator of Cape Girardeau Association. He died April 4, 1869. He was honored and he- loved as a good minister of Jesus. Clark, J. W. B., D.D., was born in Rushford, N. y., May 8, 1831 ; graduated from Alleghany Col- lege in 1855. For two years after he was principal of Randolph Academy, now Chamberlain Institute, N. Y. The next six years he devoted to preaching. In 1863 lie entered Rochester Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1866. The next four years he was pastor in Portsmouth, 0. In May, 1870, he removed to Albion, N. Y., where he still remains, and where he is doing a noble ivork in one of the strongest and most efficient churches of Western New York. Rochester University con- ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1877. His parents were from Southampton, Mass. His father's name was Elam Clark. Dr. Clark is a man of strong constitution and character. His solid frame and manly face fitly represent his vigorous intellect. As a preacher he ranks among the best in the State, and his fine judgment and earnest, patient, hopeful spirit eminently qualify him for leadership in the great concerns of the de- nomination. He has written sermons for the Ex- aminer and Chronicle, and occasional newspaper articles, in all of which he shows a masterly hand. Clark, Deacon Thomas, father of Rev. Andrew Clark, of Bishop Creek, Cal., assisted in organizing the McKeesport church, Pa. ; was a pioneer Baptist in Iowa, where his house was the meeting-place of an infant church ; and a pioneer Baptist in Eastern California, settling at Bishop Creek in 1864, where he opened his house for public wor- ship, a Sunday-school, and for the meetings of the First Baptist church, which was organized in 1869, and of which he was deacon until his death, Nov. 4, 1878, aged seventj-eight years. Clarke, Prof. Benjamin F., son of Thomas ami Martha Clarke, was born in Newport, Me., -July 14, 1831. He took the course of study in the Bridge- water, Mass., State Normal School, graduating in 1855, purposing to make teaching his profession. For some time he taught in district schools, in a grammar school in the city of Salem, Mass., and in the Normal School in Bridgewater. Working to prepare himself for more extended usefulness, he commenced a course of study to qualify himself for entering college. He was for some time under the tuition of ex-President Thomas Hill, D.D., for- merly of Harvard University, and at the time pastor of the Unitarian church in Waltham, iMass. While residing in Waltham he made a public profession of his faith in Christ, and was baptized by Rev. 31. L. Bickford in 1857. Having completed his pre- paratory course of study, he entered Brown Uni- versity, andM-as graduated in the class of 1863, and soon after was appointed instructor in Mathematics, which office he held until 1868, when he was ap- pointed Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engi- neering, which position he now (1880) holds. Clarke, John, M.D., one of the most eminent men of his time, and a leading spirit among the founders of Rhode Island, was, according to the best authorities, born in Suffolk, England, Oct. 8, 1609. His father's name was Thomas, to whom belonged a family Bible which is still in existence and contains a family record. His mother, Rose Herrige, was CLARKE CLARKE of an ancient Suffolk family. The tradition that he was a native of Bedfordshire may have had its rise from the fact that there he married his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of John Hayes, Esq. To receive a legacy given her by her father out of the manor of Wreslingworth, Bedfordshire, he signed a power of attorney, March 12, 1656, styling him- self John Clarke, physician, of London. During his youth he received a careful training, and shared in the intellectual quickening of the period, though at what university he was graduated is not known. His religious and political convictions closely iden- tified him with that large and growing body of men who bravely sought to limit kingly prerogative, and to throw around the personal liberty of subjects the protection of constitutional safeguards. He was indeed a Puritan of the Puritans. All efforts to reform abuses in either church or state proving abortive, he directed his footsteps toward the New World, arriving at Boston in the month of Novem- ber, 1637. A bitter disappointment, however, awaited him. The Antinomian controversy had just culminated, and one of the parties was being proscribed. Dif- ferences of opinion he expected to find on these Western shores, but he was surprised to find, as he tells us, that men " were not able to bear each with other in their different understandings and con- sciences as in these utmost parts of the world to live peaceably together." Since the government at Boston was as repressive and intolerant as that from which he had just fled, he proposed to a num- ber of the citizens, for the sake of peace, to withdraw and establish themselves elsewhere, and consented to seek out a place. He had boldly resolved to plant a new colony, and upon a new basis ; to in- corporate into its foundation principles hitherto deemed impracticable, and even subversive of gov- ernment, and indeed of all order. The choice company he had gathered signed, March 7, 1638, the following compact : " We, whose names are underwritten, do here solemnly, in the presence of Jehovah, incorporate ourselves into a Body Politic, and as he shall help, will submit our persons, lives, and estates unto our Lord Jesus Christ, the King of Kings and Lord of Lords, and to all those perfect and most absolute laws of his given us in his Holy Word of truth, to be guided and judged thereby." They found in the Word of God warrant for their civil government, and claimed for it divine authority. It was, nevertheless, " a democi'acy or popular government," and no one was "to be accounted a delinquent for doctrine." Liberty of conscience was most sacredly guarded. The magistrate was to punish only '' breaches of the law of God that tend to civil disturbance." The largest personal freedom consistent with sta- bility of government was provided for. There are good reasons for believing that to the hand of Mr. Clarke this initial form of government must be traced. The place selected for the colony was an island in the Narragansett Bay, known by the Indians as Aquidneck, but subsequently named Rhode Island, which, Neal says, " is deservedly called the paradise of New England." The lands were obtained by purchase of the aborigines, the deed bearing date 24th March, 1638, the settlers "having bought them off to their full satisfaction." At first estab- lished at the north end of the island, the govern- ment was, the following April, transferred to the south end, which received the name of Newport. When in 1647 the island was united, under the charter of 1643, in a confederacy with the other towns included in what afterwards became the State of Rhode Island, the government of the united towns was framed by some one on the island. It is generally supposed, and for good reasons, that Mr. Clarke was the author of the government framed, both of the code of laws and of the means of enforcing it. " From the islanders," says Gov. Arnold in his history, " had emanated the code of laws, and to them it was intrusted to perfect the means of enforcing that code." The code, which has received from most competent judges the high- est praise, concludes with these words : " And otherwise than thus what is herein forbidden, all men may walk as their consciences persuade them, every one in the name of his God. And let the saints of the Most High walk in this colony with- out molestation, in the name of Jehovah, their God, for ever and ever." While constantly busy with the affairs of state, Mr. Clarke did not neglect the higher claims of religion. He is spoken of by early writers as the religious teacher of the people, and as such from the beginning. A church was gathered in 1638, probably early in the year, of which Mr. Clarke became pastor or teaching eldei-. He is mentioned (in 1638) as " preacher to those of the island," as " their minister," as " elder of the church there." Mr. Lechford writes in 1640, after having made a tour through New England, that " at the island . . . thei-e is a church where one Master Clarke is pastor." On his return to England, he adds, when revising his manuscript for the press, that he heard that this church is dissolved. A report had doubt- less reached him of the controversy which had arisen on the island respecting the authority of the Bible and the existence upon earth of a visible church, when some became Seekers and afterwards Quakers. Missionary tours were made in various directions, and numbers were added to the church from sec- tions quite remote, as from Rehoboth, Kingham, Weymouth. Some of them continued to live at a distance. One of these was William Witter, whose CLARKE CLARKE home was in Lynn. Becoming infirm he was vis- ited by his pastor, Mr. Clarke, in 1651, who reached his house the 19th of July, accompanied by Obadiah Holmes and John Crandall, elders in the church. The three visitors were summarily arrested, and without there being produced " either accuser, wit- ness, jury, law of God, or man," were sentenced. They were each to pay a fine, " or else to be well whipped." Some one unknown to him paid, it is said, Mr. Clarke's fine of twenty pounds. At any rate he was, after a detention reaching into the middle of August, set free as summarily as he had been apprehended. He had hoped for the sake of the truth that there might be a public disputation, his last communication on the subject to the gov- ernor and his advisers being dated from prison, 14th August. Though disappointed in this hope, the results of the visit were fai"-reaching and most gratifying. Many eyes were opened to the truth, and "divers were put upon a way of inquiry." Meanwhile the colony was in peril, its govern- ment in jeopardy, and its very life threatened. On his return from Lynn he was importuned to go to England and represent the infant colony at the English court, and, complying Avith the request, set sail in November, 1651. The following year, 1652, his famous work in defense of liberty of conscience, entitled "111 News from New England," etc., was published in London. The immediate object of his visit — the revocation of Gov. Coddington's com- mission — having been attained, he continued to reside abroad to watch over the imperiled interests of the unique State, and succeeded not only in parrying the attacks of enemies, but in gaining for it a substantial advantage over its older and more powerful rivals. The boundaries of the State were even enlarged. The charter obtained in 1663 guar- anteed to the people privileges unparalleled in the history of the world. It is an evidence of his skill in diplomacy that he could obtain from King Charles, against the earnest prayers of the older colonies, a charter that declared "that no person within the said colony, at any time hereafter, shall be anywise molested, punished, disquieted, or called in question for any differences of opinion or mat- ters of religion." In the second of two addresses presented to the king he said respecting his colony, that it desires " to be permitted to hold forth in -, lively experiment that a flourishing civil sta'f- may stand, yea, and best be maintained, ana that among English spirits, with a full liberty of religious con- cernments." To these labors in England his colony was deeply indebted, owed indeed its existence. Yet they have never been duly appreciated, nnr have the difficulties environing his way been suffi- ciently considered. The consummate fruit of his toils — the securing of the great charter — has even been ascribed to another, as indeed have also the results of others of his labors. The charter was received by the colony with public demonstrations of great joy. His return home in July, 1664, after an absence of more than twelve years, was hailed with delight. He was immediately elected to the General Assem- bly, and re-elected year by year until 1669, when he became deputy-governor, and again in 1671. During these years he performed much important public service ; was in 1664 the chief commissioner for determining the western boundary of the State, and the same year chairman of a committee to cod- ify the laws; two years later he was appointed alone "to compose all the laws into a good method and order, leaving out what may be superfluous, and adding what may appear unto him necessary." Although he retired from public life in 1672, his counsels were still sought in emergencies. Only six days before his death he was summoned to at- tend a meeting of the General Assembly, which desired " to have the advice and concurrence of the most judicious inhabitants in the troublous times and straits into which the colony has been brought." He died suddenly, April 20, 1676, leaving most of his property in the hands of trustees for religious and educational purposes. His last act was in harmony with one of the first on the colony's rec- ords, which was to establish a free school, said to have been the first in America, if not in the world. He was a man of commanding ability, and from first to last planned wisely and well for his colony. His endowments of both mind and heart were of a very high order. He was " an advanced student of Hebrew and Greek." Arnold says, " He was a ripe scholar, learned in the practice of two profes- sions, besides having had large experience in diplo- matic and political life. . . . With all his public pursuits, he continued the practice of his original profession as a physician, and also retained the pastoral charge of his church. He left a confession of his faith, from which it appears that he was strongly Calvinistic in doctrine." His views of Christian doctrine have hoen pronounced " so clear and Scriptural that they might stand as the confes- sion of faith of Baptists to-day, after more than two centuries of experience and investigation." He has, and perhaps not inaptly, been called the "Father of American Baptists." And his, it has been claimed, " is the glory of first showing in an actual government that the best safeguai-ds of per- sonal rights is Christian law." Allen (Biog. Diet.) says, " He possessed the singular honor of contrib- uting much towards establishing the first govern- ment upon the earth which gave equal liberty, civil and religious, to all men living under it." Backus : " He was a principal procurer of Khode Island for sufferers and exiles." Bancroft: "Never did a young commonwealth possess a more faithful CLARKE CLARKE friend." Palfrey, although ungenerous and unjust in his judgments upon Rhode Island affairs and Rhode Island men, and especially toward Mr. Clarke, is constrained to admit that he " had some claim to be called the father of Rhode Island;" and that " for many years before his death he had been the most important citizen of his colony." Arnold says he was " one of the ablest men of the seventeenth century." " His chai-acter and talents appear more exalted the more closely they are ex- See, for fuller details, besides general histories, especially Backus's " History of the Baptists," sec- ond edition, a sketch of his life and character by Rev. C. E. Barrows, in the Baptist Quarterly for 1872 (vol. vi. pp. 481-502) ; for a vigorous discus- sion of his place in history, articles in the same periodical for 1876 (vol. x. pp. 181-204, 257-281), by Prof J. C. C. Clarke, under the title of " The Pioneer Baptist Statesman" ; for a thorough review of the visit to Lynn and the adverse criticisms thereon, a pamphlet of 39 pages, by H. M. King, D.D., published in 1880. A full memoir of Mr. Clarke's life and times is still a desideratum. Clarke, Prof. John C. C, of Shurtleff College, was born at Providence, R. I., Feb. 27, 1833, being descended from Joseph Clarke, a brother of Dr. John Clarke, one of the founders of Newport. He graduated at the public school in Providence, and showed then his predilections as a student by taking up independently such languages as French and Spanish, acquiring in private study a free use of them. At the age of seventeen he went to New York City as clerk in the importing house of Booth & Edgar, remaining there some four years. In 1853 he was converted and baptized in the fellow- ship of the Strong Place churcii, Brooklyn. De- ciding to prepare for the ministry, ho entered the University of Rochester in 1855, and graduated in 1859, having taken the second prize in the Sopho- more class for Latin, and the first junior prize for Greek. He graduated from the seminary in 1861, and in September of that year was called to Yonk- ers, N. Y., where he remained four years, the church having meanwhile a large growth. Remov- ing then to Chicago, he served one year as Professor of Greek in the university. Prof Misen being en- gaged in the general service of the institution. In 1866, in connection with the supply of the North Baptist church, Chicago, he was associated with Dr. Colver in giving theological instruction at the university. Dr. Colver removing to Richmond, Prof Clarke entered the pastorate at Madison, Wis., remaining there until the winter of 1870-71, the church in the mean time paying off an old debt and improving its house of worship, while about fifty were added by baptism. In 1871 he became pastor of the Mount Auburn churck, Cincinnati, teaching metaphysics and moral philosophy at the Young Ladies' Institute there. In 1873 he accepted a call to the Beaumont Street church, St. Louis, and in 1875 to the professorship in Shurtleff Col- lege, which he now fills. Among Prof Clarke's writings may be mentioned essays in different re- views upon " Platonism and Early Christianity," " History in Alphabet," " The Pioneer Statesmen," "John Clarke of Newport," besides various con- tributions to the weekly press. He is an exact scholar, an inspiring teacher, a man of refined tastes, and highly esteemed in all relations. Clarke, Judge John T., the son of James Clarke and Permelia T. Willborn, a native of Georgia, was born Jan. 12, 1834. He was educated in Mercer University and in Columbian College, D. C, graduating in the former institution in July, 1853, and sharing the first honor with Henry T. Wimberly and J. 11. Kilpatrick. He was admitted to the bar in 1854, and entered into partnership with his uncle. Judge M. J. Wellborn, in Columbus. In 1858 he abandoned the law for the ministry, while practising at Lumpkin, and accepted the charge of the Second Baptist chui'ch in Atlanta, in January, 1859, having been ordained in 1858. Throat disease terminated his pastorate at the end of two years, when he retired to the country and rusticated until January, 1863, preaching only oc- casionally. Gov. Jos. E. Brown appointed him judge of the Superior Courts of the Pataula circuit in January, 1863, to which position he was elected in March, 1867, receiving a new commission for four years. During the time when Gen. Meade Avas placed in charge of the military district, of which Georgia was a part, some general orders were issued by him which Judge Clarke felt conscientiously bound to ignore ; and, when another order was given threatening trial by a military commission, and punishment by fine and imprisonment for all judges who disregai-ded the military orders of Gen. Meade, Judge Clarke adjourned the courts of Early and Miller Counties, on the ground that the " ille- gal, unconstitutional, oppressive, and dangerous" orders of Gen. Meade deprived the court of freedom of action. For this he was removed from ofiice by Gen. Meade. In 1868 he returned to the practice of law, in which he is still engaged ; but he has always preached, even when holding courts, if an opportu- nity permitted. Judge Clarke has represented his district in the State senate with honor to himself He is a member of the board of trustees for Mercer University, and is mainly to be credited with the passage, at the Convention, of that resolution which resulted in the removal of Mercer University from Penfield to Macon. Judge Clarke has always been an active church member, and for years has been an efiicient Sun- day-school superintendent. He is a fine speaker, CLARKE CLAY a good Latin, Greek, and French scholar, and has some knowledge of German, Hebrew, and Italian. He is well read in polite literatui'e, is a graceful and strong writer, possesses a quick, discriminating, logical, and resolute mind, and, as a business man, is well known for his energy, accuracy, and in- tegrity. Clarke, Kev. Miner Gr.— After some forty years of remarkably efficient service, Mr. Clarke is now spending the evening of life at Sandwich, 111., un- able, through infirmity of health, to share as for- merly in the work, but still deeply interested in all that concerns the prosperity of Christ's cause. He ■was born Dec. 9, 1809, at Woodstock, Conn., and is descended from the same family stock as the Rev. John Clarke, who, in the seventeenth century, gathered the First Baptist church of Newport, R. I. Mr. Clarke was converted when but a youth, and was baptized by Rev. J. B. Atwell. He studied at Newton, graduating there in 1837. Thrown upon his own resources during this five yeai's' course of study, his health was injured by overwork, and the consequences have continued to be felt during his whole life since. He was ordained in the autumn of 1837 as pastor of the Baptist church in Suffield, Conn. ; his health failing, he was obliged to resign his pastorate after a brief service. Rest having in some degree restored him, he accepted a call to Grafton, Mass. Here he gathered a Baptist church, and, in the course of an eighteen months' pastor- ate, saw a flourishing Sunday-school established and a neat and tasteful house of worship built. Health again failed, so that a suspension of labor became necessary. After his strength had been in some measure re-established, he was called to the work of gathering a church in the centre of Nor- wich City, Conn. The result was the oi'ganization of the Central Baptist church of that city, in whose forty years of blessed history he is now permitted to rejoice. The first six yeai-s of that history, under his own pastorate, during which time hundreds were baptized, old dissensions healed," and two flourishing Baptist churches made to stand where before were only the debris of past mistakes and failures, must be regarded as having largely determined the direction and the character of that which has since followed. After sis years in that pastorate, a like service called him to Springfield, Mass. Accepting the care of the First church in that city, by a change of location and methods of work, and the erec- tion of a fine new house of worship, with large additions to the church, a new face was put upon the Baptist cause there. Failure of health again compelled a suspension of labor, but rest having in a measure restored him, after supplying for a time the pulpit of the First church, Williamsburgh, made vacant by the lamented death of Rev. M. J. Rhees, and after some months' service for the Bible Society, as its financial secretary, he accepted the call of the Tabernacle church, Philadelphia, and removed to that city in 1851. A five-years' pros- perous pastorate followed. Constant additions to the church rewarded the devoted joint lalwr of pastor and people, the present beautiful .and con- venient house was built, and congregations gathered which filled its pews. With the labors of this pas- torate was associated service upon the board of the Publication Society, and in other spheres of impor- tant public duty. In 1856 the state of his health made another change necessary. Removing to Indianapolis, he established there the Witness, a Baptist weekly, and conducted it during six years with admirable skill and with most excellent effect, as regards denominational interests in Indiana and the West. After six years, believing that a resi- dence near the lakes would benefit his health, he sold the Witness to Rev. E. W. Clark, and removed to Chicago, entering into business in that city with his sons, and associating with this, important ser- vice as financial secretary of the university. With this, a brief pastorate at Evanston, near Chicago, and four years' service as financial secretary of the Home Mission Society for New York, his active labors reached a close. An injury received in New York City, followed by nervous prostration, left him no alternative, and retiring from public service, he made his home at Sandwich, 111. Remembered with admiration and afi'ection by his associates in many spheres of service, he now (1880) awaits the higher call. Clarke, Rev. N. L., pastor at Decatur, Miss., for the past thirty-three years, was born in North Carolina in 1812; settled in Mississippi in 1840, and the year following was ordained. His labors have been chiefly confined to the counties of Kem- per, Neshoba, Leake, Scott, Newton, Lauderdale, Clarke, Jasper, Jones, Covington, Simpson, Smith, and Rankin, and the adjoining parts of Alabama. He has baptized over one thousand persons ; aided in constituting between forty-five and fifty churches; about forty of which were gathered by his own labors ; has presided as moderator of Mount Pisgah Association twenty-four years, and of the General Association of Mississippi from its organization ; he has also been associate editor of the Southern Baptist. Clay, Judge Joseph. — This distinguished min- ister of the gospel was born in Savannah, Aug. 16, 1764. His father was a Revolutionary soldier ; he was also an eminent lawyer and an esteemed judge. The subject of this sketch graduated at Princeton, with the highest honors of his class, in 1784. After admission to the bar he soon became one of the ablest and most popular lawyers in Georgia, and his reputation reached the most distant parts of his CLAY 232 CLEVELAND country. In 1796 he was appointed United States judge for the district of Georgia, by President George Washington. He held this position for about five years, the duties of which he discharged with such wisdom and uprightness as secured for him the respect of all good citizens. In 1803. the Spirit of God led him to see his sin- fulness, and to trust the precious Saviour for sal- vation ; and though bi'ought up under Pedobaptist influence, like many other men of culture, he united with the Baptists, and soon after he was ordained to the ministry, and became assistant pastor of the First Baptist church of Savannah. In 1806 he visited New England and preached in many of the principal centres of population, to the great spiritual enjoyment of the large congregations that heard his blessed teachings. He was for a time associate pastor with Dr. Samuel Stillman in the First Baptist church of Boston, and in August, 1807, he became his successor. His health per- mitted him only for a short period to discharge the duties of his office ; but during that time throngs of the intelligent and refined waited on his ministra- tions, and Christians of all conditions heard him gladly. His residence in Boston was a great bless- ing to the Baptists and to the whole city. He had a commanding appearance, an eye of singular beauty, a heart overflowing with tender- ness, and an eloquence that moved the congrega- tions which he addressed to tears or ecstasies at his pleasure. He had a spirit of deep humility, and as he believed that the love of Christ had pur- chased and applied his salvation, and Avould cer- tainly render it triumphant, he was ready to give up all ths errors of his Episcopalian education and unite with the first denomination of Christians that ever followed Jesus ; and he was fully pre- pared to renounce the honors and emoluments of a distinguished lawyer, who had occupied the posi- tion of ;■:, United States judge, that he might preach Jesus CO the perishing. Clay, Rev. Porter, was the brother of Henry Clay, and the fifth son of the Rev. John Clay, a Bap- tist minister of Hanover Co., Va. He was born in Virginia, March, 1779, and removed to Kentucky in early life with his mother and her husband, and reached manhood in that State, where so many Vir- ginia Baptists found homes. He studied the legal profession, and received the appointment of Auditor of Public Accounts from Governor Slaughter, a dis- tinguished Baptist. The position was highly re- spectable, and financially one of the best in the State. His second wife was Mrs. Elizabeth Hardin, the widow of Hon. M. D. Hardin, formerly a Sena- tor of the United States, who brought him the occu- pancy of " one of the best farms in Kentucky." He was converted and baptized in 1815, and soon after gave himself to the ministry of the Word. He was a popular preacher, greatly esteemed by the churches which he served. After he had lost all his property, his brother Henry oSiered him " a resi- dence and the means of support at Ashland, but he declined it, saying, ' he owed his service to God, and he would take care of him.' N'or was he dis- appointed." He died in 1850, in the full enjoyment of the Christian's hope. — From a sketch written by Henry Clay. Clemmons, A. E., D.D., was born in Shelby ville, Tenn., Sept. 14, 1822; educated at Shelby ville Academy ; professed religion when seventeen years old ; commenced preaching in his twentieth year ; ordained at New Bethel church, Noxubee Co., Miss., in 1844 ; ministered to New Bethel church. Miss. ; Lewisville church. Ark. ; Mount Lebanon and Meriden churches, La. : performed hard and useful service as a missionary in Mississippi and Arkansas, and as agent for the endowment of Mount Lebanon University, La. ; served Marshall church, Texas, fi-om 1855 to 1861, and 1865-69 ; was chap- lain of the 3d Texas Regiment during the war ; was pastor of Shrevepovt church. La., from 1869 to 1874: has been pastor of Longview church, Texas, since 1874. Although in charge of this church and others during his residence in Texas, he has lived at Marshall twenty-one years. Re- ceived the degree of D.D. from Waco University. He is moderator of Loda Lake Association, was president of the General Association of Texas a number of years, and is now president of East Texas Convention. He has served various Baptist bodies as agent, and aided in the establishment of several Baptist schools. He has been a prominent, popular, laborious, and able preacher from his or- dination up to the present time, and exercises a commanding influence in Eastern Texas. Cleveland, W. C, M.D., D.D„ a native of Dallas Co., Ala., was born June 22, 183.5. His father, Deacon Carter W. Cleveland (deceased), was one of the most prominent citizens of that county, and one of the most influential laymen in the State ; he was wealthy, intelligent, wise, and upright. Dr. Cleveland graduated when a youth in the University of Alabama, and in medicine in the city of New York, and arose to distinc- tion as a physician. He abandoned that profes- sion and entered the ministry in 1869 ; was called immediately to Carlowville ; soon after and for several years his time as pastor was divided lio- tween that place, Snow Hill, and Pleasant Hill,— three village churches in refined and intelligent communities, — where most gratifying results at- tended his ministrations. Some four years since he was called to the church in the city of Selma, where he labors with distinguished ability and suc- cess in charge of a church which has become second to none in the State. The title of D.D. was eon- CLIFT 233 CLOPTON ferred on him by Howard College in 1875. Dr. Cleveland is an accomplished Christian gentleman, of courtly bearing, of eminent consecration and piety, a laborious and wise pastor, standing in the front rank of the Southern Baptist pulpit. Re- garded in Alabama as among the very best preach- ers and safest counselors, taking hold of all our denominational interests with zeal and determina- tion, he exerts the highest influence. None is more trusted, none more able, none from whom more is expected. Clift, Hon. Amos, son of Capt. Amos and Thankful (Denison) Clift, was born in Groton, Aug. 7, 1805 ; became a distinguished master- builder ; in military life rose to be. colonel of 8th Regiment of Connecticut militia ; filled, first and last, nearly every town office ; was representative in the General Assembly of the State ; became judge of the Probate Court; greatly interested in educational and religious affairs ; converted and baptized at the age of sixteen ; first a member of Second Baptist church in Groton, afterwards of Third church ; died at his residence in Groton, Aug. 18, 1878, aged seventy-three years ; a man of honor and of wide influence. Clinch, Charles F., Esq., is a member of the Baptist church at Musquash, St. John Co., New Brunswick; was president of the Baptist Conven- tion of the Maritime Provinces for the year ending August, 1880 ; is a liberal supporter of home mis- sions and all other benevolent operations of the Baptist denomination. Clinic Baptism. — This baptism received its name from the Greek word kKlvti^ a bed, because the sick persons who received it were generally unable to move from their beds. It was regarded as a defective baptism. Eusebius says, "It was not lawful to promote one baptized by pouring on his sick-bed to any ordjer of the clergy." (Eccles. Hist., lib. vi. 43, p. 244. Parisiis, 1659.) And in the same chapter he declares his approbation of the opinion of Cornelius, bishop of Rome, in w-hich he expresses doubts about the validity of the famous clinic baptism of Novatian, when he was poured around (7rspt;i;e") in a time of sickness, and he adds, " If indeed it be proper to say that one like him did receive baptism." Some greeted these persons on recovery with eon- tempt and ridicule, and called them Clinics instead of Christians. Cyprian denounces such treatment. " As to the nickname," says he, '' which some have thought fit to fix upon those who have thus (by baptism on their beds) obtained the grace of Christ through his saving water and through faith in him, and their calling such persons Clinics in- stead of Christians, I am at a loss to find the orig- inal of this appellation," etc. (Ep. 76, ad Magnum, pp. 121, 122. Colonic, 1607.) Clinic baptism ap- 16 pears more frequently in modern controversy than the extent of its use justified. It was regarded as a doubtful, defective, and cowardly Ijaptism, sub- jecting the recipient to the sneers of his acquaint- ances if he'recovered, and as a consequence it was very little practised. Novatian's case is by far the most prominent ; the other allusions to the abor- tive rite are so rare among the ancients who per- formed it that it is scarcely worthy of notice. But while it existed it was abundant proof that the baptism of unconscious infants was eitlier unknown or but little used. If almost every child, as in France or Italy now, was baptized in infancy, there could be no room for baptizing terrified dying adults, as they had the rite already, and it was not lawful to repeat it. Clopton, Rev. Abner W., Mas born in Pittsyl- vania Co., Va., March 24, 1784. Until the age of sixteen he attended school and made remarkably rapid progress. For five years he was engaged as clerk in a store in the neighborhood of his home. At the age of nineteen he married, — a most unfor- tunate event, as it afterwards pi'oved, tingeing with gloom his whole after-life. He resolved to enter one of the learned professions ; prosecuted a clas- sical course at several schools; engaged himself as teacher in South Carolina, and entered, aljout 1808, the Junior class at Chapel Hill, N. C, Avhere he graduated, receiving the degree of A.B., and afterwards that of A.M. Having decided to enter the medical profession, he went to Philadelphia in 1811 to attend the courses of lectures there. A severe illness brought him to reflection upon his lost condition, and was the means of his conversion. He returned to Virginia, was baptized in August, 1812, and joined the Sbockoe church. Soon after he was engaged as tutor at Chapel Hill, and began the practice of medicine under very favorable au- spices. Another severe illness brought him to the decision to consecrate himself wholly to the work of his Master, which, however, was not carried into effect until about 1823, when, receiving an invitation to become the pastor of several churches in Charlotte Co., Va., he settled there. Here he was eminently successful in his labors, many being converted and baptized, and the churches purified and greatly strengthened. Shortly after his set- tlement in Virginia he became deeply interested in the promotion of the tract cause. More than 100 societies auxiliary to the Baptist General Tract Society were formed by him during his journey- ings in Virginia. He was also instrumental in bringing many excellent books into circulation among the churches, and especially Scott's Com- mentary. He was deeply interested also in the temperance movement. With several other pas- tors he formed the Virginia Society for the Pro- motion of Temperance, a few months only after C LOUGH 234 CLOUGH the organization of the American Temperance So- ciety. He traveled everywhere throughout the State, and had the pleasure of seeing a most marked improvement in the social habits of the people. In 1831 he accepted a temporary agency in behalf of the Columbian College, and, though death soon removed him from the scene of his la- ))ors, he was quite successful. Besides performing the duties of agent gratuitously, he contributed himself the sum of $3000 towards its funds. He was also specially active in the erection of new and more commodious buildings for public worship, and in providing ample room and accommodations for the colored members of his congregations. As a preacher, he was greatly successful. His sermons were mai-ked by simplicity, pathos, and a pointed practical bearing, and, as a result, many were brought, through his ministrations, to a knowl- edge of the truth. On his death-bed, racked with keen agony, he wrote a most touching letter to his aged parents, in which occur these words, showing his love of his Lord and the submissiveness with which he yielded himself to his fatherly chastise- ments : " On other occasions of distress and af- fliction my mind has been distracted with fear and anxiety ; but in this, I feel neitlier murmurs nor repinings. I would not have died without this affliction, or something resembling it, on any con- sideration, believing it to be as necessary in the scheme of my salvation as the atonement of Christ." Again, after having carefully reviewed his life, useful as it had been made to multitudes, and com- paring it with the holy law of God, he writes, " My heart and life again passed in review before me, and I appeared to myself more vile than I suppose it is possible for you to conceive. I felt, however, and I still feel, that if God should lock me up in hell, I would attempt to praise him there for his great goodness towards me." Of this fiiithful la- borer in the Master's vineyard Dr. Jeter says, " He was one of the most devotedly pious men he had ever known." Clough, B,ev. JohnE,, the Teloogoo missionary, whose labors in the East have produced the most extensive harvests gathered in any heathen field in modern times, was born July 16, 1836, near Frews- bury, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. When a mere child he was taken to Illinois, and soon after to Iowa. He was in the employment of the United States government with a party of surveyors in Minnesota for four years, and during this period he became thoroughly acquainted with their business. As he left the wilderness he resolved to perfect his educa- tion as his next great duty, and to devote himself to the legal profession as his life-work. For this purpose he entered Burlington Collegiate Institute in Iowa in 1857, and commenced the study of law in 1858. In the college " his attention was arrested by the diS"erence between the character and bearing of the persons whom he had just left and those with whom he was now brought into hourly con- tact. Immediately upon this came the unbidden query, 'Why this difference?' What is it that makes everything here so gentle, kind, and pure as compared with the scenes and persons recently left ? These people read the Bible and pray to God. Does this fact point to the source of the contrast which I see and feel, and must confess? So his thoughts ran. His anxiety at length drove him to the Bible, the Bible drew him to the throne of grace, and to the life and love of a bleeding Re- deemer, and that Redeemer gave him peace in be- lieving." He was baptized by Dr. G. J. Johnson into the fellowship of the Burlington church, whose ministry was greatly blessed to Mr. Clough in leading him to Christ, and in counseling him when he found Jesus. After his conversion he felt that God had called him to be a minister, and to proclaim Jesus to the most benighted people under heaven. He gradu- ated at Upper Iowa University in 1862, and was appointed a missionary to India in August, 1864. He arrived in that country in March, 1865, and labored more than a year among the Teloogoos at Nellore. In September, 1866, he removed to Ongole, and on the 1st of January, 1867, organized a church with 8 members ; that community at the end of 1879 had 13,106 members, probably the largest church in the world. It has 46 native preachers, and 30 helpers or lay preachers. Of this throng of converts, 3262 were baptized at Ongole on three successive days. From June 16 to July 31, 1878, 8691 persons were immersed in the name of the Trinity. In this mighty work there was no excitement, and no efforts to press the people into the church. , Owing to special aid which Mr. Clough was enabled to render the in- habitants in a dreadful famine, he delayed his great baptisms for a considerable period, and sought help from his missionary brethren to make a careful and protracted examination of the candidates. A mighty outpouring of the Spirit of God brought this multitude to Jesus, and the same Spirit is keeping them in the narrow and blessed way. Mr. Clough was the chief human instrument in this marvelous work. And he still toils in the field where grace has wrought such wonders. He has a clear intellect, a powerful will, an or- derly mind, and a heart full of love to Jesua and perishing souls. With the strictest truth he might say, " To me to live is Christ," and with equal veracity we may declare, that Christ has given eternal life through his ministry to the greatest number of converts ever brought into his fold, in so brief a space by the labors of one man. CLOVIS COBB Clovis, The Baptism of.— Clovis I. was born about A.D. 456. He was the enterprising and daring chief of a small tribe of the Franks of Tournai. In a projected war against the Alemanni, in 496, the Frankish tribes elected him general-in-chief, during hostilities, according to their custom. The Ale- manni were attacked at Zlilpieh, near Cologne. The battle was very desperate, and Clovis fearing defeat, and distrusting his idols, prayed to the God of his Christian wife, Clotilda, for the victory. He routed the enemy, and, according to a vow made on the field of battle, he was baptized at Rheims, M'ith a large number of his soldiers and others. Hincmar, archliishop of Rheims, in the middle of the ninth century, a successor of Remi- gius who baptized Clovis, a writer of great talents, with all needful information, thus describes the most important event in the early history of France: " The way leading to the baptistery was' put in order; on both sides it was hung with painted canvas and curtains ; overhead there was a pro- tecting shade ; the streets were leveled ; the bap- tistery of the church was prepared for the occasion, and sprinkled with balsam and ocher perfumes. Moreover, the Lord bestowed favor on the people that they might think that they were refreshed with the sweet odors of Paradise. " The holy pontiff Remigius, holding the hand of the king, went forth from the royal residence to the baptistery, followed by the queen and the peo- ple ; the holy gospels preceded them, with all hymns and spiritual songs and litanies, and the names of the saints were loudly invoked. . . . The blessed Remigius officiated on the solemn occasion. . . . Clovis having entered the life-giving fountain, . . . after confessing the orthodox faith in answer to questions put by the holy pontiff, was baptized hy trine immersion according to ecclesiastical usage [secundum, ecclesiasticam morem, baptizatus est trina viersione), in the name of the holy and undi- vided Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. . . . Moreover, from his army three thousand men were baptized, without counting women and children. His sisters, also, Albofledis and Landeheldis, were baptized." (Vita Sanct. Remig. Patrol. Lat., vol. cxxv. pp. 1160-61, Migne. Parisiis.) The name Clovis is the same as Louis, and, no doubt, the candidate baptized by Remigius gave his name to seventeen subsequent monarchs of France, and a host of other Frenchmen and Ger- mans. Clovis was the first king of the Franks, and his baptism is commemorated in French paintings, and represented in pictures in French books, and distributed throughout the nation in handsome engravings. The fine steel engraving from which the picture of the baptism of Clovis was taken was purchased for the writer in Paris. In primary French histories for the use of schools it is common in France to use a wood- cut representing Clovis in a baptistery nearly full of water. We have one of these pictures. By the engraving accompanying this article, artis- tic, historic France testifies that immersion was the early mode of baptism. Clowes, Francis, was bom at Heacham, Nor- folk, England, Jan. 10, 1805, of Baptist parentage. He entered Bristol College to prepare for the min- istry, having been commended by the church in his native place, and at the conclusion of the regular course of study he proceeded to Aberdeen Univer- sity. He returned to Bristol in 1831 to become pastor of the Thrinell Street church, and labored there until, in 1836, he was appointed classical tutor of Horton College, now Rawdon. He occupied this post until 1851. when lie retired in failing health. The promotion of Baptist periodical literature en- gaged his hearty sympathy. He took a leading part in establishing and maintaining The Church and The Appeal, monthly magazines, and after his retirement from collegiate work he became one of the editors of The Freeman. With this weekly paper he was connected for several years, and ren- dered efficient service in his editorial capacity to the various interests of the denomination. He was ardent and impassioned in his attachment to Bap- tist principles. He died suddenly. May 7, 1873. Coats, Rev. A. J., is an eloquent, laborious, and successful pastor, located al Portland, Oregon, where he was ordained in September, 1877. The church under his ministry has grown very rapidly in power and numbers, and is foremost in educational and mission work for the city, the State, and the world. He was born at Schuyler Lake, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1847, and converted in 1861. He graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., in 1874, and from Rochester Theological Seminary in 1877. Cobb, Gov. Howell, one of the most distin- guished of all the great men whom Geoi-gia has produced, was born in JefiFerson County, Sept. 7, 1815. His father, Col. John A. Cobb, was a native of North Carolina. Gov. Cobb graduated at the State University of Georgia in the year 1834, taking the third honor. In 1836 he was admitted to the bar, and gave such evidence of ability and legal attainments that he was elected by the Legislature solicitor-general of the Western Circuit in the year following. He held the office for three years, and was elected to Congress in October, 1842, taking his seat December, ' 1843. He was chosen Speaker of the House in 1849, and was successively re-elected three times. In Congress he gained great celebrity by the de- livery of speeches on various subjects ; and his election to the speakership was a flattering tribute to his ability and integrity. In 1851 he was elected governor of Georgia by the largest majority ever COBB 237 COBB given in the State up to that period. He was re- elected to Congress in 1855, and when Mr. Bu- chanan became President, in 1857, Mr. Cobb en- tered the Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury. This position he resigned Dec. 6, 1860, and returned to Goorgia. After secession, Avhen the Provisional Congi-ess convened at Montgomery," Ala., Feb. 4, 1861, to form a government and frame a constitution, lie was elected president. When the war began Gov. Cobh became an .ictive participant, and rose from the rank of colonel to that of major-general. After the return of peace he resumed the practice of his profession, and at once occupied a position in the front rank of the legal brotherhood. He died sud- denly at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York, while on a visit to that city on the 9th of October, 1868, aged fifty-three years, one month and two days. No 'man ever died in Georgia more lamented by the lowly, more honored by the great. In the domestic circle, as a citizen, at the bar, and in the loftiest walks of political life, he was always the amiable, patriotic, able, eloquent, generous, and benevolent man. No public man in the State has ever been more loved tlian he ; none upon whom the affections of so many were concentrated. Whether viewed as a statesman, orator, lawyer, or public man, he was undoubtedly great, — his abili- ties soared almost beyond the reach of emulation ; yet, as a private citizen, a friend, and the head of a family, he Avas still greater, and far more admi- rable. But to all his other beauties and excellen- cies of character Gov. Cobb added that of being a Christian. During his whole life he had been a perfect model of all that is noble and generous, high-minded, and charitable; perhaps no higher type of the gentleman, the friend, the master, the fatiier, the husband, existed; but it was only late in life that he professed faith in Jesus and became a Christian. In reply to a question asked him by his Baptist pastor, he said, " I accept Jesus Christ as divine, as the anointed Saviour of man. My doubts on this subject are all gone." "General," was the rejoinder, " do you trust him as your Saviour?" "I do, sir." he replied. Gen. Cobb attended the services of a Baptist church, and was identified with that denomination all his life. Cobb, Col, Joh.n A., son of John Cobb, was boi-n in Virginia, but brought up in North Carolina, by his maternal grandfather, Howell Lewis, of Gran- ville. He married Miss Sarah R. Bootes, of Fred- ericksburg, Va., and emigrated to Georgia, where he spent the remainder of his life, occupying a high social position, and bringing up a family most emi- nent for ability and the highest mental and moral excellence. lie was born July 5, 1783, and died at the age of seventy -fom-, at Athens, Clarke Co., Ga. He was a member of the Baptist church in that city. lie was a man distinguished for integrity, gen- erosity, and kindness of heart. The strictest mo- rality and uprightness of character marked his whole life. A maxim of his still revered by his ilescendants is, " If you can say nothing in praise of a person, hold your tongue." While on his death-bed he calmly gave directions in regard to his burial to his youngest son, Maj. John B. Cobb; then calling his children and grandchildren around his bedside, the dying patriarch placed his ema- ciated hands upon their heads and blessed tliem in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Giiost. His oldest son was Gen. Ilowell Cobb, who had been Speaker of the House of Representatives, governor of Georgia, and Secretary of the Treasury under President Buchanan. His second son was Gen. T. R. R. Cobb, who was killed at Fredericks- liurg, a man of exalted worth and abilities. Thgse, with his loving wife and daughters, were present at the death-scene. The dying patriarch requested his son, Gen. T. R. R. Cobb, to lead in worship, as he wished to go to sleep. After a tearful prayer, amid the weeping of all present, he gently fell asleep, — the sleep that knew no awakening till the resurrection morning. His memory is held in the highest veneration by one of the largest and most distinguished family connections in the State of Georgia. Cobb, E.ev. N. B., was bom in Wayne Co., N. C, Fel). 1, 1836; graduated at Chapel Hall, at eighteen, in 1854 ; taught school in Cabarrus County and Goldsborough till 1857, when he read law with Chief Justice Pearson, and practised in Pitt, Wayne, and Green Counties till October, 1859, when he left the Episcopal Church, in which he had been a vestryman for several years, and was baptized by Rev. H. Petty, and ordained in Wilson in 1860, the Presbytery consisting of Revs. Levi Thorne, I. B. Solomon, H. Petty, G. W. Keene, W. C. Lacy, and J. G. Barclay. " Mr. Cobb was chaplain of the 4tli N. C. Regiment for a time, and rendered distinguished service to the cause of reli- gion as superintendent of army colportage from 1862 till the close of the war. After the war ended Mr. Cobb, in connection with Dr. J. D. Hufham, edited the Daily Record of Raleigh for six months ; he then became corresponding secretary of the Sun- day-School Board, and has since served as pastor of the churches of Elizabeth City ; Second church of Portsmouth, Va. : Shelby, N. C. ; Tilesville, Rockingham, and Fayetteville, and has taught much in connection Avith preaching. Mr. Cobb is the Baptist statistician of North Carolina, and at present the president of the Baptist State Conven- tion. Cobb, Nathaniel R., was born in Falmouth. COBB CO BURN Me., near the city of Portland, Nov. 3, 1798. His father dying when he was very young, he removed with his mother to Plymouth, Mass. In the six- teen tli year of his age he became a clerk in the store of Ripley & Freeman, enterprising merchants in Boston, and at the age of twenty-one established himself in business as one of the partners of the house of Freeman & Cobb. He had already become a hopeful Christian, and joined the Charles Street Baptist churcli, under the ministry of Rev. Dr. Sharp. The spirit of consecration of himself, his talents, and his possessions took strong hold on Mr. Cobb's mind, and he drew up the following resolu- tions, subscribing them with his own hand, in November, 1821 : " By the grace of God, I will never be Avorth over $50,000'. "By the grace of God, I will give one-fourth of the net profits of my business to chai'itable and religious uses. " If I ana ever worth $20,000, I will give one- half of my net profits, and if I am ever worth $30,000 I will give three-fourths, and the whole after $50,000. " So help me God, or give to a more faithful steward and set me aside. "N. R. Cobb." These resolutions Mr. Cobb, by " the grace of God," was enabled to keep to the letter. It was not long before he reached, in spite of some heavy losses, the outside limit of $50,000, which he had assigned as the sum with which he would be con- tent. Nine years after he was established in busi- ness he offered a surplus of $7500, which had accumulated in his hands, to found a professorship at Newton. To the theological institution, then in its infancy, he gave at different times some $15,000. "Although there is a group of other names asso- ciated with that now celebrated institution, yet eminent among the few whom we honor as found- ers that were benefactors for many years is the name of the young merchant of Boston, Nathaniel R. Cobb." Mr. Cobb's example, we cannot doubt, stimulated other men in the business walks of life to imitate his course of action, and did its part in bringing forth those generous sums which, by our Christian merchants, have been given to help on so many noble causes. He lived long enough to see some of the rich and ripe fruits of his benevolence, and to thank God that he had put it into his heart to render to the cause of Christ a service so acceptable. His death occurred May 24, 1834. Cobb, Gov. R. W., was born in St. Clair Co., Ala., the 25th of February, 1829. He is a lawyer of distinguished ability, an ex-officer of the Con- federate army, and the owner of a large interest in one of the iron companies at Helena, Ala., where he resides. He was elected to the State senate from the counties of Shelby and Bibb in 1872 ; re-elected to the senate from the counties of Shelby, Jefferson, and Walker in 1876, and he was elected president of the senate the succeeding session of the General Assembly. In these positions he gained great distinction and popularity, and he was elected gov- ernor of the State in 1878, and re-elected to that position in 1880, by the largest vote ever polled in Alabama for any candidate. He is a popular chief executive, meeting all the demands of that respon- sible station. His church membership is with the little church of Helena, after the welfare of which he watches with a deep and active interest. Gov. Cobb is a genial, sociiil, pleasant-spirited man : plain and unpretending, he has the power of draw- ing men around him in confidence and affection. He has been twice married, and has a most inter- esting family. Coburn, Gov. Abner, was born in that part of Skowhegan which was formerly Blooinfield, Jle., March 22, 1803. His father, Eleazar Coburn, moved from Dracut, Mass., in 1792, at the age of fifteen, GOV. ABNER COBURN. and was one of the early settlers in the upper Ken- nebec valley. He was a farmer and land surveyor. Soon after arriving at age, Abner, with a younger brother, Philander, assisted his father in surveying, exploring, and appi-aising the million acres known as the " Bingham Kennebec Purchase" for the Bingham heirs. They, soon after, formed a co-part- nership, under the firm-name of E. Coburn & Sons, which continued until the death of one of his COB URN 239 COCKE sons in 1845. The two brothers still carried on the business under the firm-name of A. & P. Coburn, till the death of Philander, in 187G. Their prin- cipal business was lumbering, including the pur- chase and sale of land, and the cutting, driving, and selling of logs. The company owns about 450,000 acres in Maine, and about 100,000 in the West. Gov. Coburn has always taken a decided interest in politics, but has been too much engaged in busi- ness to be much in public life. He was a member of the Legislature in 1838, 1840, and 1844. a mem- ber of the governor's council in 1855 and 1857, and governor in 1863. His largest public charities have been $50,000 to his native county to build a court-house, and about $75,000 to Colby University, formerly Waterville College, of which $50,000 were for the endowment of Waterville Classical Institute. Gov. Coburn is characterized by a remarkable memory of facts, practical sagacity, and scrupulous integrity and good faith in business. He is a con- stant woi"shiper at the Baptist church, taking a deep interest, although not a member, in all matters that affect its prosperity. Coburn, Samuel Weston, was born in Bloom- field, Me., July 14, 1815. He was a graduate of Waterville College, now Colby University, of the class of 1841. He belonged to a family of great energy of character, his father, Eleazar Coburn, Esq., being one of the wealthiest and most influ- ential citizens of the section of the State in which he lived. After graduating, Mr. Coburn was en- gaged in business as a merchant and manufacturer for twelve years, and spent the remainder of his life on his farm. He was a consistent member of the Baptist church, and took a deep interest in educational matters in his native town for many years. He died July 30, 1873. Four brothers out of the Coburn family were graduates of Waterville College: Stephen (class of 1839), Alonzo and Samuel W. (class of 1841), and Charles (class of 1844). They were brothers of Gov. Abner Coburn. Cocke, Prof. Charles Lewis, was bom Feb. 21, 1820, in King William Co., Va. He was trained in the schools of the neighborhood under Maj. Thomas Dabney and Thomas H. Fox. At the age of ten he entered the Virginia Baptist Sem- inary (Richmond College), where he remained more than two years, holding the position of su- perintendent of the grounds, the school at that time being conducted on the manual labor system. At eighteen he entered the Columbian College, and after two years' study graduated in 1840. While at college was hopefully converted, and baptized by Dr. 0. B. Brown into the fellowship of the First church of Washington, in 1839, and took at once a most active part in all its services. Mr. Cocke, before his graduation, was called to a tutorship of mathematics in the Virginia Baptist Seminary, which he held until 1846, filling at the same time the position of steward of the college. In 1846 he took charge of the Hollins Institute, at Botetourt Springs, Va., and by his untiring energy and tact he made it one of the best educational institutions for girls in the entire South. (See article Hol- lins Institute.) Female education is with him a sacred duty. He is striving to give to daughters as liberal an education as is so freely offered to sons, and he has .the, happiness tq know that some of the most accomplished and useful of the woWen of the South received .their education under his PROF. CHARLES LEWIS COCKE. stimulating and judicious guidance. No man in the country perhaps has written so many valuable practical articles for publication in behalf of higher female education as Prof. Cocke, and they have been instrumental in stimulating others in different parts of the country to aid in the organization of similar institutions. He has been an indefati- gable laborer too in all church work, acting as dea- con, superintendent of Sunday-schools, leader in prayer-meetings and meetings for church business, introducing new ministers into destitute regions beyond the Ridge, and encouraging all the benevo- lent organizations of the denomination. He is a valuable counselor in all association al meetings, and has repeatedly served as moderator of those bodies. For years previous to the war. and during its continuance, he took an active part in the re- ligious training of the colored people, and they greatly honor him for his labors in their behalf C OHO ON COLBY Gohoon, Rev. Alwood, was bom in 1843 at Port Medway, Nova Scotia. He was converted in 1863 and baptized the following year. In 1871 he graduated from Acadia College, and in 1872 was ordained as pastor at Paradise, Nova Scotia. At the present time he has charge of a church at Hebron, Nova Scotia, and is corresponding secre- tary of the Board of Baptist Home Missions in the Maritime Provinces. He is a good organizer, pas- tor, and preacher. Coit, Rev. Albert, was born Oct. 1, 1837, in the town of Hastings, Oswego Co., N. Y. He worked on his father's farm until nineteen years of age, receiving his early education in the district schools. June, 1870, he assumed the pastorate of the Wells- ville Baptist church, where he still remains. Dur- ing the second seminary year Mr. Coit was em- ployed by the Congregational church of Brighton, Monroe County, to supply their pulpit, and the following vacation by the Rhinebeck church on the Hudson. It was during his period of service for this church that Hon. William Kelly made a public profession of faith and joined the church, being baptized by Rev. William R. Williams, D.D. Mr. Coit is an able preacher, of decided convic- tions, a thorough Baptist because of the severe dis- cipline which led him to become one. Still a young man, he commands the respect of the brotherhood COLBY ACADEjn At nineteen he began his academic studies at Mexico, Oswego County ; completed them at Valley Seminary in the same county. In 1862 he entered Genesee College, Lima, N. Y., and two years later the Junior class of the University of Rochester, from which he graduated in 1866, and from the theological seminary in 1869. His parents were Presbyterians, but he early in life became con- vinced that the Baptists were nearer the truth, and united with the Baptist church in Central Squ.are, his native village. While at college at Lima, he was licensed to preach, and while at the theological seminary was ordained assistant pastor of the First Baptist church in Rochester, to take charge of its Lake Avenue mission, now Lake Avenue chui-eh. In throughout a wide section of the State, and is a recognized leader in his Association. His publica- tions are mainly through the newspaper press. Colby Academy. — This institution is located in New London. N. H. Prof. E. J. McEwan, A.M., is at its head; it has four gentlemen and three ladies engaged in imparting instruction. Last year it had 93 students. It has property Avorth $175,000. Its endowment amounts to $94,000. Colby Acad- emy has been a great blessing to its numerous pupils, and to the families and communities brought under their influence. Its prospects for continued and increased usefulness are very bright. Colby, Hon. Anthony, was born in New London, N. H., Nov. 13, 1792. His father, Joseph Colby, established himself in that place in his early man- COLBY COLBY hood, having removed from his home in Massachu- setts from motives of enterprise and independence, which always characterized him. Anthony was his second son. From childhood he evinced great fitness for practical life. His na- ture was eminently sympathetic, — inheriting from his mother a keen discernment of character, he knew men by intuition. Having been trained in a strictly orthodox, Chris- tian household, and growing up amidst most im- pressive natural scenery, he was strong, honest, cheerful, and heroic. He married early in life Mary Everett, a lady of gentleness and delicacy, whose religious character always influenced him. ^^^^^Sr'ff^ He dated his conversion at an early age, but did not make a Christian profession until after his second marriage, to Mrs. Eliza Richardson, of Bos- ton, who was baptized with him by Rev. Reuben Sawyer, in 1843, when they both joined the Bap- tist church of his native town, of which he had been for many years a faithful supporter. At this time his father, Joseph Colby, died, having been for more than fifty years a pillar in the church and denomination. Anthony succeeded him in religious responsi- bilities, and entertaining the same strong doctrinal views, did much towards consolidating the interests of the Baptist denomination in the State. Naturally intrepid, he originated and carried on a variety of business operations much in advance of his times, and fearlessly assumed the responsi- bilities of a leader. Identified with the militia, railroads, manufactures, legislative, educational, and religious interests of his native State, he held places of trust in connection with them all. He was major-general of the militia, president of a railroad, an owner of factories, an organizer of Conventions, a trustee of Dartmouth College, and in 1846 governor of the State. He was as active and successful in politics as in business. He was a personal friend of Daniel Webster, as his father had been with Mr. Webster's father before him. He was adjutant-general of the militia of the State during the war, both at home and in the field. He was a man of exti'aordinary kindness and bravery. His wit and brilliancy made him socially a favorite, while he was alwaj's faithful in his friendships, honorable and noble in every sentiment of his heart. The last work of his life was an efi'ort to establish upon a substantial basis the educational institution of his native town, to which the trustees have given his name. He died peacefully July 13, 1873, at the age of eighty years, in the home of his father, in which he always lived, and he was buried in the cemetery by the side of his parents. Colby, Hon. Charles L., a son of Gardner and Mary L. R. Colby, was born in 1839 at Boston High- lands, formerly Roxbury, Mass. He was educated at Brown University, and graduated in the class of 1858; married in 1864 to Anna S. Knowlton, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Mr. Colby has been six years a resident of Milwaukee, Wis. He is the president of the Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. He was a member of the Wisconsin Legislature in the winter of 1880, and is a trustee of Brown Univer- sity. Although occupying high and responsible public and commercial positions requiring much time and labor, Mr. Colby is widely known as an active and earnest Christian worker. He is a mem- ber of the First Baptist church in Milwaukee, and the superintendent of its Sunday-school. His Christian and benevolent labors are not confined to his own church and denomination, but are ex- tended to almost every Christian work of the city and State in which he resides. Colby, Gardner, was born in Bowdoinham, Me., Sept. 3, 1810. The death of his father, whose fortune was lost in consequence of the war with England in 1812-15, devolved upon his mother, a woman of great energy of character, the care of three sons. To meet the Avants of her growing family she removed to Charlestown, Mass., and undertook a business which in her skillful hands proved successful. Having secured for himself the rudiments of a good education, young Colby, after an experience of a year's application to the grocery business, opened a retail dry-goods store in Boston COLBY COLBY UNIVERSITY when he was but twenty years of age. His energy and prudence were rewarded, and after the lapse of a few years he established himself as a jobber in the city, with whose business interests he was identified for the remainder of his life. Not con- fining his attention wholly to his regular business, he embarked in enterprises which his mercantile sagacity assured him would be successful. He was largely interested at one time in navigation, and was extensively engaged in the China trade. He made profitable investments in " South Cove" lands in Boston. The manufacture of woolen goods in his hands became very profitable, and during the late war he was one of the largest con- tractors for the supply of clothing for the soldiers of the Union army. In 1870 he received the ap- pointment of president of the Wisconsin Central GARDNER COLBY. Railroad, and gave to the great work of building a road, some 340 miles in length, and much of it through primeval forests, the best thought of his ever active, fertile brain. But, as has been well said, " Mr. Colby has been known chiefly by his benevolence. His gifts have been large and uniform and cheerful. In early manhood he was associated with those noble lay- men, Cobb and Farwell, and Freeman and Kendall, and the Lincolns, Ensign and Heman. He caught their spirit, and set a blessed example by the large- ness of his gifts. He began to give freely as clerk with a small salary, and gave liberally from that time to the day of his death. He gave on princi- ple, and no worthy claimant was turned from his door. His courage and hopefulness did much to save Newton and Waterville in dark hours, and his large donations stimulated others to create the endowments which assured the future prosperity of these institutions. His benefactions were lib- eral to Brown University and other institutions, and flowed in a perennial stream to the Missionary Union and other agencies for Christian work at home and abroad." His gift of $50,000 to what was Waterville College led to the change which took place in the name of that institution, causing it thenceforth to be known as Colby University. Mr. Colby was chosen a trustee of Brown Univer- sity in 1855, and held that office up to the time of his death. For many years he was the treasurer of the Newton Theological Institution, and he con- tributed most liberally to its endowment. As an honored and benevolent layman of the Baptist denomination his name will go down to jDosterity, and his memory be long cherished as the wise counselor and the generous benefactor, who lived and planned for the glory of his Lord and the highest spiritual interests of those whom he sought to bless. Mr. Colby died at his residence in New- ton Centre, Mass., April 2, 1879, aged sixty-eight years and seven months. Colby, Rev. Henry F., A.M., son of Hon. Gardner and Mrs. Mary L. R. Colby, was born at Roxbury (now Boston Highlands), Mass., Nov. 25, 1842, and spent his childhood and youth at Newton Centre, Mass. In 1862 he graduated with the honor of the Latin salutatory of Brown University. After nearly a year spent abroad, he went through a course of study with the class of 1867 at Newton Theological Seminai-y ; was ordained to the work of the ministry as pastor of the First church at Dayton, 0., January, 1868, where he still remains. Mr. Colby has published a class poem, a poem before a convention of the Alpha Delta Phi Fra- ternity, a discussion on restricted communion, a memoir of his father, Gardner Colliy, and occasional sermons. He is closely identified with educational and denominational work in the State of Ohio, and is much esteemed both as a pi-eacher and pastor. Colby University. — The institution which now bears this name, began its existence as the majority of our Baptist seats of learning commenced life, in a very humble way. An act was passed by the Legislature of Massachusetts, Feb. 27, 1813, estab- lishing a corporation under the title of " The Presi- dent and Trustees of the Maine Literary and Theo- logical Institution," and endowing it with a town- ship of land, a few miles above the city of Bangor. It was a very good timber section, but a most un- suitable place in which to commence a literary and theological seminary. There is some reason to suspect, as President Champlin has suggested, that " it was a cunning device to defeat the whole pro- ject, or at least, to secure in this case, as foi-merly, iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiikiiiiiyiiiiiiiM^^^^^^^^^^^^ mmm COLBY UNIVERSITY COLnl that if the voice of John the Baptist must be heard at all, it should be heard only ' crying in the wilder- ness !' " Not thinking it worth while to attempt to commence an enterprise in a location where sure disaster and defeat would be the consequence, the corporation obtained the consent of the Legislature to start the new institution in any town in Somer- set or Kennebec Counties. "Waterville, now one of the most attractive villages on the banks of the Kennebec River, was the site selected. Rev. Jere- miah Chaplin, of Danvers, Mass., was chosen Pro- fessor of Theology, and Rev. Irah Chase, of AVest- ford, Vt., Professor of Languages, and the 1st of May, 1818, was the day appointed to commence in- struction in the institution. Prof Chaplin accepted his appointment, but Prof. Chase declining his. Rev. Avery Briggs was chosen Professor of Lan- guages, and commenced his duties October, 1819. The Professor of Theology brought several pupils with him, who were already in training for the ministerial office. In 1820 the Legislature of Maine, now an inde- pendent State, granted to the institution a charter, by virtue of which it was invested with collegiate powers, and took the name of Waterville College. The first elected president was Rev. Daniel H. Barnes, of New York, a gentleman of fine culture, and possessing rare qualifications for the position to which he was invited. Mr. Barnes declined the call which had been extended to him. The corpo- ration then elected Prof. Chaplin to the presidential chair, and added to the faculty Rev. Stephen Chapin as Professor of Theology. The first class which graduated was in 1820, and consisted of two per- sons, one of whom was Rev. George Dana Board- man, the story of whose missionary life is invested with so thrilling an interest. Mr. Boardman, im- mediately on graduating, was appointed tutor. The new institution was now fairly started on its career of usefulness. An academy was commenced, with the design to make it what it has so generously proved to be, a feeder of the college. A mechanic's shop also was erected, to furnish such students as wished to earn something by their personal labor an opportunity to do so. The academy lived and ripened into the vigorous, healtliy institution now known as the "Waterville Classical Institute." The mechanic's shop, after a twelve years' experi- ment, was adjudged on the whole to be a failure. Meanwhile, the needed college buildings were, one after another, erected. The usual experience of most institutions starting into life as this had done was the experience of Waterville College. There was self-denial on the part of teachers, an appeal in all directions for funds to carry on the enterprise ; struggles, sometimes, for very life; alternations of hope and despondency on the part of its friends ; but yet gradual increase of strength, growing ability to carry the burden of responsibility which had been assumed, and a deeper conviction that a favoring Providence would grant enlarged success in due time. To its first president, Rev. Dr. Chap- lin, it owes a debt of gratitude and respect, of which it never should lose sight. President Chaplin resigned after thirteen years of toil and sacrifice endured for the college, and was succeeded by Rev. Rnfus Babcock, D.D., who remained in office from 1833 to 1836. The next president, Rev. Robert E. Pattison, D.D., was also three years in office, from 1836 to 1839. His suc- cessor was Eliphaz Fay, who was in office from 1841 to 1843, and was succeeded by Rev. David N. Sheldon, D.D., who was president nine years, from 1843 to 1852. Upon the resignation of President Sheldon, Dr. Pattison was recalled, and continued in office another three years, from 1854 to 1857. His successor was Rev. James T. Champlin, D.D., who had filled the chair of Professor of the Greek and Latin Languages from 1841. His term of ser- vice commenced in 1857, and closed in 1873. Tlie present incumbent is Rev. H. E. Robins, D.D., who was elected in 1873. Colby University takes its name from Gardner Colby, Esq., of Boston, whose generous gifts to the college place him among the munificent patrons of our seats of learning. Its endowment is suffi- ciently large to meet its present necessities, but will need additions to it with the increasing wants of the institution. It may reasonably congratulate itself on the general excellence of its buildings, which are Chaplin Hall, South College, Champlin Hall, Coburn Hall, and Memorial Hall. The first two of these are dormitories of the students, the third contains the pleasant recitation-rooms, the fourth is used for the department of Chemistry and Natural History, and the last named, built to honor the memory of the alumni who fell in their country's service during the late civil war, has in its eastern wing the university library, with its 15,000 volumes and 7500 pamphlets, and in its western wing the college chapel, a room 40 by 38 feet in dimensions. The university has also an ob- servatory and a gymnasium. Three institutions in the State have been brought into close connec- tion with the university, — the AVaterville Classical Institute, the Hebron Academy, and the Iloulton Academy, — all these are " feeders" of the univers- ity. There are at present 62 scholarships, founded by churches or individuals, yielding from ^36 to $60 a year. The regular expenses which the stu- dent incurs are placed as low as they can reason- ably be put, and no really deserving young man will be sufi"ered to dissolve his connection with the university if he is in earnest to prosecute his studies with diligence ami fidelity. Cole, Rev. Addison Lewis, was born in Cuh COLE COLE pepper Co., Va., Feb. 9, 1831. The family moved to Cass Co., 111., in 1833, where he lived on a farm until 1858. He was converted and baptized at the REV. ADDISON I-. COLE. age of seventeen. In 1858 he entered Shurtleff College, 111., graduating with honor in 1862. He was tlien ordained, and afterwards studied theology at Shurtleff, graduating in 1866. He was pastor at Owatonna, Minn. ; Milwaukee, Wis. ; and Minne- apolis, Minn. Constant revivals characterized these pastorates. The churches grew rapidly in numbers, strength, and permanent influence. He was two years chaplain to the Minnesota senate. Health failing, he was unable to preach from 1871 to 1877. From 1874 to 1877, in order to gain and retain health, he studied hygienic medicine ni a celebrated institute in New York. In 1877 he be- gan preaching again at St. Cloud, Minn., with his usual success, and in 1878 he moved to Californin, in response to