THE TELEGRAPH - HERALD'S ABRIDQE HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA AND DIRECTORY OF FAYETTE COUNTY WITH 100 HALF TONE VIEWS OF XNTERESTING POINTS ON THE MISSISSIPFI RIVEK MMHMMHM lass FC2-\ Hook __Q^ ['IJESEXTKO BY .1. OS _0 Q A K<- 3 q 2; ^ rt ^ O 03 6 'oh O 'c3 o biD o O o rt 5 o •Si o o o O w I P---- o "3 o ■i^^g^j > O O a; £ OS CO > o m o u O •Si o n o o < o 7i m '^ o o o c W c biO c 'b o m •CC c/j o > o CD Q -a o (1> > O o 2^ o m O (U (S M p c cr. Pa-l-vi :.W: V ■, ^ <^\A;\^\e;} The Telegraph - Herald s Abridged History of the State of Iowa AND DIRECTORY OF FAYETTE COUNTY Including the City of Oelwein ^WITH A COMPLETE CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY WITH HALF-TONE VIEWS OF INTERESTING POINTS ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER -QG GENERAL GEO. W. JONES 7-3^5^ Gift Preface When, as now, shelves groan under the weight of massive volumes of history necessity seems to emphasize more strongly than ever the virtue that lies in brevity. In preparing this history the author has sought to be brief, eliminating so much of the events of the past as in his judgment is not neces- sary to an understanding of the peoples who have preceded us or the stirring dramas in which we find them the principal figures. He sought to follow in the simplest language and the fewest possible words the thread of history where first it takes on tangible form, through the loom of the years and into the completed fabric of the present. There has been rel;i1ned enough of the romance of events to impart enchant- ment to the story, for without sentiment history is incomplete an-d a virtue of man forgotten. The prosaic land of Iowa has been the scene of much that is romantic. The wanderings of Jacques Marquette through the enchanted valley of the Mississ- ippi, the nomadic life oi the border tribes of Indians, the bloody battles between the hostile tribes and the awful massacres that drenched the soil with red, the transforniation of the trackless forests. and plains into rich-bearing farm lands, make of history a veritable fairy story, entertaining and instructive none the less to children than to those older in years and wisdom. The territoiial development, the creation of Iowa as a State, offers little that is romantic; the author has fashioned a framework out of the successive events that if it shall be accepted as concise and faithful will serve the end de- signed. If the author shall have produced in these pages even a little of the spirit of discovery, of eternal strugg-le, of unflagging industry, of the ideals and the ambitions ^v-hich have made Iowa, his attempt will not have been in vain. Publisher's Address History is ttie wi'itleu account of past events. It is the medium — we migtit say tiie chain- -which connects the past with the present. It is one of the mosi, if not the most, Aaluable branches of knowledge; and no student will regret the time and labor spent in its study. It should find a place in every well regu- lated course of instructions. It is the only science, a knowledge of which, en- ables us to judge the future. Patrick Henry, in his famous speech delivered In the Virginia convention, March 28, 1775, said: "I ivnow of no means of judg- ing the future but by the past." The boy or girl failing to store his or her mind with a thorough knowledge of history, makes the mistake of a lifetime. A mistake ■'.thich handicaps him or her in society and elsewhere throughout life. The good historian naturally becomes a good conversationalist. He is never short of a ful)ject. The habits, which he forms and knowledge which he acquires, in the study of history, leads him into the art of thinking which is the great essential, in man, to attain distinction among his fellows. Nov; if this is true of history in general how much more applicable is it to the history of our ov/ii country, state, county and city "For lives there a man whose soul is so dead who never to himself hath said: this is my own my nat- ive land." Every ]>ersoK should become conversant with history and especially the history of his or her state, county and city. Historians of late years have become so elaborate and their writings so fraught with detail that in order to get the essential parts, of even a new state like Iowa, it is necessary to read volumes. To avoid this laborious reading and at the same time give the knowledge desired, the Telegraph-Herald has caused to be prepared for its subscribers an abridged history of Iowa, giving only the essential parts and narrating the most interesting events in plain and concise language. Commencing with its discovery by Jlarquette and Joliet and noting all salient events down to date. Giving a brief account of the various wars and battles between the Whites and Indians, as will as the most important battles between the various tribes of Indians in Iowa, so lar as known to white men, which were the chief cause of the early extinction of those unfortunate people. The different treaties with the Indians through which we acquired the right to occupy the lands, are also given. The strange phenomena of a vast concourse of people, occupying two great continents, practically disappearing in less than three centuries is a mat- ter worthy of serious thought and every American should become conversant with the history of their decline and extinction, as well as that of the advance of the white man who succeeded them. HOW TO IMPROVE THE MIND. Another interesting feature is an article entitled "How to Improve the Mind." All intelligent people agree tliat the mind is susceptible of a high state of improvement; hut lew understand the method or manner of improving it. This article leads the student on in the art of thinking and memorizing, which is the sole channel through which the mind can be improved and expanded. The article is invaluable and any man or woman, young or old, who is ambitious to improve, should read, study and reflect on it. WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN'S CELEBRATED LECTURE. The lecture of W. J. Brjan, delivered at Dubuque, April 27, 1905, entitled "The Value of an Ideal" deserves more than a passing notice. It is the result of much studj' and thought, by one of the brightest intellects and greatest thinkers on our continent. It furnishes most valuable food for thought and reflection. Every person should read and reread it, and ponder, meditate and study it. The value of an ideal is something every aspiring and self-improving young man and woman should understand and study. '~^. THE RISE AND DECLINE OF CATHOLICITY IN UNITED STATES. The rise and decline of the Catholic Church in the United States is an arti- cle of more than ordinary interest. It was compiled and written for the Tele- graph-Herald, in v.hich it was published May 20, 1904. In this article the writer shows the rapid increase of the church from the adoption or our Constitution to the time when Lishop Hennessey commenced preaching against the public schools and in favor of the parochial or private school. The advantage which the children have, who attend the public school is also shown and on the whole the article is well worth careful perusal and serious thought. THE CIVILIZATION OF JAPAN. The story of Commodore Perry's landing in Japan in 1S53, and making a treaty which opened i.p that isolated country to the world is also of interest. A full account of the pveliminarios leading up to and the signing of the treaty is given, including President Fillmore's letter and that of the Emperor of Japan. A ^'ALUABLE HISTORICAL TABLE. Showing the dates of important events transpiring in the United States and Colonies, since the crisco\ery of America by Chistopher Columbus, in the year 1492, affords much valuable information condensed in small space; What caused our Presidents death; Wealth of our Presidents; The Famous Connec- ticut Blue Laws; Elevation above the sea level of principal cities, etc. Index CHAPTER I. How America Was I-opulateci — The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel — Theory Cor- roborated by Columbus — Indians Observed Jewish Customs — Indian Traditions — Large Mound Build Over Chief Omaha — First Human Skulls Found — Stone and Copper linplements Found — Remarkable Mound Opened in Dubuque County — Mounds Opened Near Davenport. CHAPTER II. Iowa a Central State — Its Latitude — Longitude— Highest Point — Lowest Place- -The Area in Acreas — Growth of Population — ^Farm Products and Value, United States Cencus — History of Titles — The Discovery by Father Marquette — Named Louisiana — When Ownership of Territory Was Deflnately Settled — Under Napoleon Spain Ceded to France — France Sold to the United States. CHAPTER III. Narvaez' Adventures — De Sota the Nexc Freebooter — Harsh Treatment of the Natives — Disastrous Expedition — More Than Three-fourths of Army Perish — De Seta's Grave — The Jesuits as Explorers — Their Kind and Just Treatment of the Indians - "What Bancoft Says — The Mississippi River Described in 1670. CHAPTER IV. The Fiist VMiite Man to Set Foot on Iowa — Discovery of the Great River — Discovery of the First Indians — Astonishment of the Natives — Kind Reception — Speech of One of the Chiefs- -The Feast That Followed — Marquette's Descript- ion -Indians Escorted Them to the River — How the French Treated the Indians — How Other Nations Treated Them, The Calumet or Pipe of Peace. ..CHAPTER V. A Fierce Tribe — Veils of Defiance — Marquette Held the Sacred Amulet Aloft — The Chief Restrained His Men — Invited Marquette and Party to Village — "^Vere Entertained for Several Days — Concluded to Return — Father Marquette's Death. CHAPTER VI. Slavery in Louisiana — Mississippi River Chartered — Cession of Louisiana to Spain- -Embargo on the Mississippi River — Congress Declared the River Must Be Free— Spain's Vain Effort to Win the Settlers— They Were Loyal to the Union— France Sells to the United States — Virginia's Claims— Treaty With the Sioux Indians. CHAPTER VII. The Northwest Vei-i'itory Formed — What It Embraced — States Subsequent- iy Erected Out of 't — Large Acquisition of Land by Treaty — Slavery Forever Prohibited — Last Indian Battles Fought in Iowa — The Iowa Tribe Almost An- nihilated — Sold Their Lands to the United Stales— What They Worship — Their Traditions — Social Relations — Description of an India?i Village — Black Hawk's Watch Tower. CHAPTER VIII. Ti'eaty of 1S04— A Great Fraud on the Indians — Repudiated by Black Hawk and Other Chiefs — Major Taylors Defeat — British Soldiers Join the Indians — The Fight Was Desperate and Loss Heavy — Taylor Was Driven Back — Keokuk Made Chief of the T ritudly Party— Treaty of 1824— Half-Breed Tract of Land- Base Treacheiy of the Sioux — Sac and Fox Chiefs Waylaid — All Murdered Ex- cept Two — Dire Revenge of the Sac and Fox Indians. CHAPTER IX. Black Hawk Wai — General Atkinson's Command — Arbraham Lincoln — Colonel Taylor and J eft Davis — Flag of Truce Fired On — The Charge of the Sac Warriors — Heroic Defense of Black I-lawk — What Jeif Davis Said About It — What Black Hawk Said About It — Horrible Fate of the Indians — Black Hawk's Capture— His Appearance Before President Jackson — His Last Appearance in Public — His Speech — His Death Oct. 3, lh.-3S — Mrs. Maria Beck's Description of Him. CHAPTER X. Treaty With the Sac, Fox and. Winnebagos — The Black Hawk Purchase — Sac and Fox Indians Sell the Remainder of Their Land — Sad Parting With Their Homes — Indians Degenerate — Keokuk Not a Hereditary Chief — Shrewd Address — Leader of Chiefs Who Made Treaty of L804 — Chief Taimah, Head of a Secret Society — Members Noted for Courage and Good Character. CHAPTERXI. Where Chicago Stands Ceded — Piennepin's Capture — Last Battle Between Indians in Iowa — Indians Left for Reservation — Iowa's Territory Ceded — Order to Build Fort Des Moines — Lead Ore in Mississippi Valley — Julien Dubuque First White Settler in Iowa — Procured Interest in Land — Wife of Peosta — Gave Plim Name of Little Cloud CHAPTER Xil. Petitioii to Governor Carondelet — Referred to Don Andred Todd — Dubuque's Death — Indians Refused to Recognize a Successor — Claim for Title in Court — Pending for Nearly Half a Century — Dubuque's Grave — What the Court Held — Settlement in Clayton Count> — First Legal Title to Land in Iowa— Territory Owned by Three Different Nations During Dubuque's Occupancy from 1788 to 1810 CHAPTER XIII. Territory of Oi'leans — Floyd's Death — The First White Man Buried in Iowa — Thomas H. Benton's Editorial — Burr Conspiracy — Prosecutions by the United States — Prcs^ident Jefferson Issued a Proclamation — Burr Arrested — Grand Jury Did Not Indict — Burr Made His Escape — Henry Clay Burr's Counsel — Was Cap- ture.! — Taken to Richmond — Grand Jury Indicted Him — First Paper Published Wesc 01 tho Mississippi River — Fort Madison Erected — Indians Did Not Con- sent — Tl is Was a Violation of the Treaty — Efforts to Capture the Fort. CHAPTER XIV. Fort Built at Rock Island — Indians Did Not Give Consent — Colonel Daven- port — Fort Completed — Lands Reserved From Entry — Long Litigation Follow- ed — Government Purchased Claims — A Succession of Earthquakes — Great Alarm Caused — New Madrid the Center — Great Changes in the Topography of the Country Eil'ected — River Run Up Stieam for Ten Miles — First Steamboat — Louisiana Adjuitted— Colonel Nichols Commander of the British Fleet — Tried to Revive the* Scheme of Separation — Proclamation in the Name of the King — Population of the Northwest in 1812 — First Steaml)oat to Ascend the Mississ- ippi River-— Missouri Admitted — Beginning of the Slavery Conflict — Henry Clay's Influence — Slave Limits Agreed On — Southern Boundary of Iowa Described — Dispute Ovev Location — Armed Force Called Out on Both Sides — Better Coun- cil Prevailed. CHAPTER XV. First School in Iowa — By Whom Taught — First White Child Born — Eleanor Galland — What Dr. Galland Says — Graveyard Bluff — James White — Monsieur Julisn — First Stearaboal to Reach the Rapids — It Was Agreed to Build a City and Call It Keokuk — James L. Langworthy — Exploration of the Lead Mines — Groat Battle With the Sioux Indians — Near Dubuque's Grave — The Vanquish- ed Sac and Foxes Ru:5hed to Death Over a Precipice — Miners Organized a Local Government— Rules and Regulations — Regulations at Galena Adopted — War De- partment Orders the Removal of Settlers. CHAPTER XVI. The Langworthy Brothers Crossed to West Side of River and Resumed Work — Second School flstablished — Winter Isolated Them From the Outside World — A short Supply of Provisions but Plenty of Whiskey — Not a Woman in Settlement — The Demon Intemperance Stalked Everywhere — Cholera Also Claimed Its Victims — In Spring of 1834 Steamboat Landed — First American Flag Raised — First Church Built — First Catholic Church — Bishop Loras Located —Fort Madison Second Place Settled— Davenport — Claim Sold for $100— A Long and Bitter Contest — Davenport Gets County SeatJThe Dubuque Visitor Refers to "Iowa" — "Iowa" First Found in Public Record — iowa County Formed — Min- eral Point the County Seat. CHAPTER XVII. Treaty August 4, 1824 — Half-Breed Tract — Greed of the Attorneys — Divis- ion of Iowa Into lA\o Counties — First Newspaper — ^Second Newspaper — GeOrge VV. Jones Elected to represent Michigan Territory hi Congress — What Bill He Secured Among His First Acts — Census Taken in 1830 — Total Population 10, .531 — Miners Bank Established — Act Regulating the Sale of Spirituous Liquors — The First Nev/spaper PJstablished in Iowa — Origin of ihe Cognomen Hawkeye — Bill Introcluced by General Jones Creating the Territory of Iowa — Second Legislature at Burlington — Disputed Boundary Settled — Congress to Appoint Commission^ — First Legislative Body — Dubuque County Divided — New Counties Organized. CHAPTER XVIII. Treaty With the Sac and Fox Indians — Census of 1836 — Territory of Iowa Established — What It Included — What the President Was Required to Do — Terms of Office and Courts — Conway, Secretary, Usurped Office of Governor — Call for First Democratic Convention — The First Whig- Convention — Constitution Defeated — Cencus of 1840 — How Houses Were Built — How Grain Was Stored — How Stables Were l^uiit — Ihird Legislature — Goveraor Lucas Message — Cap- itol Moved to Iowa (3ity — The Law Against Negroes — Missouri Boundary Fixed by Act of Congress. CHAPTER XTX. Boundary Dispiite — Go-vernor Lucas Ordered Out the Militia — Matter Fin- ally Settled by the Supreme Court — Capitol Located — Furrow Run One Hundred Miles — Description of tlie First Settlers — A Most Notable Case- — First Call for a Democratic State Convention— New Capitol — Governor Lucas Chief Orator — First Whig State Convention — General Harrison for President — Democrats Nomi- nated Van Buren. CHAPTER XX. Superintendent of Schools Created — Democrats Removed from Office — Gov- ernor Lucas Was Superceded — John Chambers Appointed — Steamboat Ascended the Iowa River — Treaty With the Sac and Fox Indians — Financial Depression, of 1842 — The Miners Bank of Dubuque the Only One in Iowa — Severest Winter — Great Suffering — Cattle and Game Perished — Unparalleled Low Prices and High Interest— Cencus ol iS44 — Committee to Frame Constitution — State Includ- ed Lar^e Part of Minnesota — The Boundary— Pro and Anti Slavery Parties — Agreed to Admit Iowa Free and Florida Slave. CHAPTER XXI. Address of Hon. A. C. Dodge — Eastman, Parrins and Mills — Made Aggress- ive Campaign — Leftler and Wood Joined Them — Constitution Rejected — Char- ter of the Miner's Banli Repealed — Constitution Beaten Second Time — Prevail- ing Prices — Salaries of Officers — Annexation of Texas — First Democratic State Convention — The Platform — First Whig State Convention — The Platform — Con- stitution Adopted — Douglas Reported a Bill for the Admission of lowa^De- cember 21, 1846 — Mormons Driven from Missouri — Unparalleled Barbarity. CHAPTER XXII. Sound Money a Cardinal Principle- — First Mormon Colony — Joseph Smith Found Plates and Printed Bible — Second Revelation — Mob Attacked Them — Governor Boggs Called Out Militia — Ordered to Exteiminate the Mormons — Snow Deep and Suffering Great — Howe Mills Massacre — Barbarous Murder of a Nine Year-Old Boy- —Finally Found Shelter in Iowa and Illinois — Purchased Town Sites of Keokuk, Nashville and Montrose. CHAPTER XXIII. Mormons Allowed to Settle in Iowa — Revelation in 1843 Permitting a Plural- ity of Wives — Raised a Storm — Joseph Smith and Others Arrested — Mob Killed Smith and His Brother and Wounded Several Others — Abandoned All for Relig- ious Liberty- -Brigham Young Succeeded Smith — Great Caravan — Their Route Marked With Graves — Stopped in Decatur County — Place Called Garden Grove — Remnant Left at Neuvoo Were Persecuted — Started West in October — Their Sufferings — Sickness and Death. CHAPTER XXIV. Winter March of Mormon Refugees — Village Built at Missouri River— Iowa Never Joined in the Persecution — Salt Lake Selected — Cholera Scourge Carried Off Many — First i^egislature at Iowa City — Salaries of State Officials Fixed — First Giant of Lands for Railroads — Prohibition Move — Maine Liquor Law Adopted — AppiOA'ed by Governor Grimes — Majority Vote in Favor of Prohibit- ion — Over Forty Years Later This Law Was Repealed. CtlAPTER XXV. Report of Superintendent of Public Schools — Salaries of Teachers — First Exemption Law — Rate of Interest — Code of 1851 — Cencus of 1847 — George W. Jones Elected — Gold Fever — Wet Season — First Train at Rock Island — Com- pany Organized to .i3ridge the Mississippi River — Last Contest Between Whigs and Democrats — Whigs Won — Harlan and Thoringtoa Were the First Iowa Congressmen to Oppose Slavery — Big Grant to Railroads — Limit to State In- debteda?ss Increased- -Banks Authorized — Capitol Fixed at Des Moines — Indians Drove Survejor Marsh from His Work — Destroyed Wagons, Instruments, Etc — War Between the Sioux and Pottawattamies — The Latter Fought Bravely But Were Defeated. CHAPTER XXVI. Desperado Henrj Lott — Ordered to Leave County— Indians Burnt His Cabin and Killed Hii' Cattle — Lott Alarmed and Fled — Spread Report That His Family AVere Murdered — His Step-son Twelve Years Old Lost and Frozen to Death — Lott S^ore Vengeance — Traded Whiskey to Indians, Feigned Friendship, Way- laid Old Chief and Shot Him, Murdeded the Whole Camp — Major Williams and Several Indians Pursued — Crossed the Missouri River and Escaped — Lott After- wards Hung in California — Facts ProA'en by Major Williams — Brother of Mur- dered Chief. CHAPTER XXVII. Adventurous Pioneers — The Irish Colony — Mr. Granger's Cabin — Settlements of Springfield, Algona, Okoboji and Spirit Lakes — Most of the Indians Had Left-— Cold Winter lS5t)-5V — Deep Snow Isolated Settlers — The Massacre Was Planned-- The Chief Selected Thirty Warriors — Settlers Fled at Night — Abner Bell Was Nearest Neighbor — Great Indignation at Fort Dodge — First White Man to Paddle a Canoe on the Lakes — Outrages at Gillett'w Grove. CHAPTER XXVIII. Trip Trough Snow Diifts to Waterloo — Indians Invaded Gardner's Cabin — Massacre Commences at Mattock's House — Abbie th-3 Only one Spared — Brave Resistance — No Witness Survived^Dr. Herriott and Cariy Suyder — Indians Kill- ed and Wounded — Major Williams' Report— Horrible Work of March 8,18-57 — Celebracion by the Indians — Abbie Gardner Dragged to the Horrible Scene — Five Men, Two Women and Children Dead — Other Children Burned to Death in the Cabin — Their Cries Heartrendering — Vain Attempt to Save the Women and Children. CHAPTER XXIX. No Warning on East Side of Lake — Mr. Howe and Family Murdered — Thatcher's Cabin Next Visited — Children Snatched from Mothers' Arms and Brains Dashed Out — Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher Made Prisoners — William Mable's Cabin Next Visited — Profess Friendship — Mable Shot in Back — Mrs. Mable Kept a Prisoner — They Now Had Four Women Captives — Braided Hair and Painted Their I'aces — Thus After the I^apse of Over Three Years the Sav- age Chief Avenged the Death of His Brother and Family by Lott. CHAPTER XXX. SpriT!g-fleld, Minn., Saved — Markham Gave Notice — All Gathered in On:^ House — Messenger to I'orL Ridgely — Seventeen Days Suspense — When Attack Began— Called the People Out on a Cunning Pretext — Savages in ambush fired on Them — But Three Men Left in the House — Prepared tor a Vigorous Defense — Indians Crept Near ihe House — They Kept Shelter of Stable and Trees — The Womei' Cast Balls — Mrs. Church Shot One Indian — Fight Lasted Till Sunset — Deterrriined to Escape at Night — Markham Volunteei'ed to Reconnoiter the Prem- ises. CHAPTER XXXI. But One Able-Bodi'-d Man — They Had No Team — Compelled to Abandon Hen- derson and Smith — In Their Haste Boy Left Behind — Sheigly Henderson Return- ed Searching for His Boy — Sufferings Were Intense — Were Out Three Days — Flan of Battle — Bradshaw Was to Advance Upon the Indians — A Loud Shout and Signal Proclaimed Them Friends — It Was the Relief Corps — Language Cannot Describe the Joy and Transport — Mr. Church Recognized His Wife and Child — Thatcher Learned of the Butchery of His Child and Perhaps Worse Fate of His Wife — Dr. Bissel Dressed the Wounds — All Felt Safe for the First Time in Weeks — Couveyed to the Irish Colony — Smith and Henderson Were Found Alive — News of Massacre Carried to Fort Dodge — Relief Expedition Organized — Called lor Volunteers — Company Poorly Equipped — The Winter Had Been the Severest on Record. CHAPTER XXXII. March Was Slow and Ditflcult — Made But Eighteen Miles in Two Days — Hardship and Sufferings Increased — Supper on Crackers and Raw Pork — Major Williams Made Bri«f Address — Nine Turned Homeward — Reached Irish Colony — Got Fresh Teanis and Recruits — Scouts Sent Ahead — Indians Sighted— Men Formed in Line — Governor Carpenter's Description — Soldiers From Fort Ridge- ly at Springfield — Volunteers to Bury Bodies at Lakss — Twenty-three Volun- teered — Major Williams and Party Went to the Irish Colony — Johnson's Party to Lakes — A Horrible Spectacle. CHAPTER XXXIII. Net One of the Colony Alive — Body of Dr. Herriott Found — Luce and Clark Found Some ""Veeks Later— Homeward March — Sudden Change in Tem- perature — Terrific Blizzard — Horrible Suffering — Separated in Two Companies — .Johnson Led One. Maxwell the Other — A Night in the Storm — Johnson and Buckholder Succumb — Fire Started at the River— Went to Irish Colony for Help — The Account of Major Williams — The Principal Division — River High, Spread Over Valley-— Box Ferry a Failure — ^Messenger Sent to Nearest House — What Captain Richards Says — Governor Carpenter Tells— What Lieut. Mason Say.5 — The Command Broke Up in Small Parties — Sufferings Beyond Description. CHAPTER XXXIV. What Capt. Duncombe Says — Four Young Women Piisoners — Indians Load- ed Ponies, Squaws and Captives with Plunder — Mrs. Thatcher Was 111 — Heart- less Savage Had No Mercy — Forced to Assist in the Camp Drudgery — She Sank Faintirg in the Snow — She Was Lashed to the Back of a. Pony — Indians Dis- covered That They Were Pursued — Ordered to Kill Captives When Battle Begun — Lieut. Murray I'.eiieved Indians Were Near — Guides Claimed Camp Was Old — Whert They Reached the Big Sioux — Mrs. Thatcher Ordered to Go on the Driftwood Bridge — She Suspected What Was Coming — Savage Shoved Her In- to the River — Oije of the Braves Shot Her — Mrs. Noble Anxious for End of Lii'e- Xews Reaoht d Indian Agency — Plans Devised to Rescne Them — Mrs, Mal)le Purchased — She Bid Her Campanions Good-Bye — She Was Ransomed tor Sl.tuO. CHAPTER XXXV. Minnesota l^egislature Appropriated 810,000 — Eftort to Exterminate Failed — Taken Far Into the Wilds of Dakota — Hopeless of Rescne — Roaring Cloud Mur- dered Mrs. Noble — Life Had Been a Burden to Her — Abbie Alone Gains River — Abbie Abandcned All Hope — But Friends Were at Work^John Other Day — Learned but One White Woman Left — Miss Gardner Was Purchased — Abbie Conveyed to Mr. Thatcher the Last Message of His Wife — Mr. Skinner Got Information and Was Saved — Don't Seem to Have Told His Neighbors — Mr. Carter Was Also Warned — The Boy Josh Engaged in Massacre — Massacres Traced to the Desperado Lott — Leute's Message — Killed Roaring Cloud — The Old Chief the Most Ferocious. CHAPTER XXXVI. Major Williams' Report — Governor Grimes' Message — Indians Driven Out of State — Jackson (.'ounty — Gang of Desperadoes — Counterfeit Money Appeared. — Traced to Some Employe of Brown — Horses Stolen — Bellevue Headquarters of the Gang — Battle Fought at Brown's Hotel — Desperadoes Captured — Murder of Col. Davenport — Mitchell Abused a Young Lady — Thompson and Mitchell Met on the Sireet — Thompson Missed and Mitchell Sent a Bullet Through His Heart- Attempt to Blow Up Mitchell's House — ^Citizens Organized — Sheriff War- ren, Attorney Crawford and Judge Wilson — Warrants Issued for Twenty Des- peradoes — Posse of Forty Men Marched to Brown's Hotel — Brown Shot Dead — The Gang Fought Desperately — Orders Given to Set Fire to the Hotel — Cry ta Hang Theirr — Punishment Finally Decided by Vote. CHAPTER XXXVII. Chairman Passed Sentence on Each — Placed in Skiffs With Three Days' Rations — Sent Down the River — Reign of Terror — Murder of Col. Davenport — Edward Bonney l-'erreted Out the Murderers — Burch Turned Out State's Evi- dence— Guilty Brought to Justice — An Atrocious Murder — Vigilance Committee Organized — Gifiord Was Lynched — Confessed He Had Been Hired — Oath Bound Organization — Purpose to Rid the State of Thieves and Murderers — Cruel Mur- der — Barger V\''as .irrested — Tried Three Times— Always Convicted but Law- yers Saved His Neck — Vigilance Committee Took Matter in Hand — There Waj No Further Appeal — Statement of the Vigilance Committee — Pledged to Stand by Each Othei — LaAV Was Powerless to Protect. CHAPTER XXXVIII. Each Mfriber of rho Gang — Witnesses Ready to Prove an Alibi — Comequick — Took Loni;- Trips — He Belonged to the Gang — He Frequently Changed Resi- dences — Robbed an Old Man — Confederates on the Jury Prevented an Indict- ment — Murdered Man and Wife — Brother of Murdered Woman Ran Him Down , — Case Was Continued — Venue Changed, Etc. — Made a Short Speech to the Crowd — Judge I^ynch Took the Matter in Hand — Comequick Was promptly Hung — Many Hcrses Stolen in 18.55-6-7 — Hard Times With The Settlers. CHAPTER XXXIX. Project of Dams a Failure — New Constitution Adopted— State House at Des Moines--Capitol x^joved — Financial Depression — Banks Failed — No Banks of Issue in Iowa — Banks Started in Nebraska — Tiiomas H. Benton — Iowa Soon Ha.i Plenty of Worthless Paper Money — Self Denial Practiced — Legislature Met at Des Moines Jan 11, 1S58 — Gov. Grimes' Message — Commission Appointed to Codify Laws — Severe I-aw Against Fugitive Slaves— Under Ground Railroad — John Brown Drilled His Little Army — Of the Twenty-Six Men in His Band, Six Were From Iowa — Victor Hugo's Prediction Verified — 'John Brown's Body" — Revision of 1860 — Branches of State Bank — Where Located — Gov. Kirkwood Vetoes the Banking Law — The Greatest Tornado — lis Course — Velocity — Loss of Life — Damage to Property — Strange and Wonderful Electric Freaks — Iowa Sent to the Civil War. CHAPTER XL. Indian Oulbi'eak in Minnesota — First Hostilities in Northwestern Iowa — Settlers Become Alarmed — Military Companies Organized — Sioux Indians on the Reservation — Indians Planned the Massacre — Men Were at a public Meeting — Indians Fell on Defenceless Families — News of Massacre Reached Spirit Lake — Company Organized to Aid — Indians Were Gone — Frontier Settlements Aban- boned — Spi'ii Lake and E&terville Stood Pat — Territory of Minnesota Organized — Indians Ceded More Than 30,000,000 Acres of Land— Reserved a Tract on the Minnesota River — Indians Accepted an Amendment— Tribes Concerned in the Uprising — Location of the Agencies — Sioux Represented All Gi'ades of Bai'bar- isni — How They Lived — Half-Breeds and Traders. CHAPTER XLI. Cause of the Outbreak — The Lost Cause Figured — Indian Warriors With- in Reach — Tribes in the Conspiracy — Chiefs Visited Upper Agency — Assured Their Annuities Would Soon Arrive — Five Thousand Camped at Agency — Gov- ernment Warehouse Plundered — Soldiers Passive — Ameican Flag Cut Down — Excitement in Lower Agency — Quarreled With a White Man — Indians Fired, Killing Three — Large Number at Inquest — Indians Decided to Commence Mas- sacre — Little Crow Called on Early in the Morning — Messengers Sent — James Lynde Shot Dead — Indians Afraid to Go Upstairs — A Bold Dash to Escape — General Massaci'e Commenced — Red Devils Showed No Mercy. CHAPTER XLII. Indians Eager for Plunder — Wabashaw and Other Chiefs Joined — Dr. Hum- phreys — Frightful Massacres — Unparalleled Cruelty — Bravery of Captain Marsh — His Fate and That of Most of His Soldiers — Treachery of the Indians — Loy- alty of Other Day and His Relatives — Friendly Indians Warned Whites — Attack on Fort Ridgely — Attack on New Ulra — Aid Arrived in Time to Save the Town — Second Attack on Fort Ridgely — Narrow Escape of Henry Ballard. CHAPTER XLIII. Indian Charge at New Ulm — Whits Made the Mistake of Retreating by de- serted Houses — Indians took Shelter in Them — Sharp and Rapid Firing From Both Sides — Indians Set Fire to Houses and Advanced behind the Smoke — The Conflagration became general — Captain Dood's brave charge — Resulting in his death — Effective service by sharp shooters — Great Indian charge repulsed — A desperate half-breed — Col. Sibley's advance — Abandonment of New Ulm — Vic- tims of Indian quarreled — Defense of Forest City. CHAPTER XLIV. Little Crow saw the evitable — Peace negotiations opened — Indians had a large number of captives — Savages were divided among themselves— Battle of Wood l.vAie — One 'arge camp with 250 white prisoners surrendered — Womej: and children wept with joy — Military Commission organized. CHAPTER XLV. Desolate condition of the country — People of New Ulm attacked the prison- ers — Cainp IJncoln established at Mankato — A numbsr of Winnebagos tried— Pl'isoaers arraigned on written charges — Witnesses and testimony — Terrible murler of Cut Nose— Number of prisoners tried — Number sentenced to death aai number to imprisonment and number executed. CHAPTER XLVI. Treatment of the Condemned — How they seemed affected — Description of the condemned — Father Ravoux spent the whole night with them — Preparation for the execution — White Dog's request not granted — The half-breeds were most dejected — Ascending the scaffold — The death song was hideous — Nearly all their necks were broken. CHAPTER XVII. Repu'.uiran State convention, 1877 — Resolution expressing confidence in President Hayes defeated — Greenback and Democratic conventions — Their dec- larations — Resolution of the Woman's Suffrage Society — Resolutions adopted by the State Grange — The heaviest rain-storm of record — Fate of a railroad train — The dead and wounded — Amount of public land in 1878 — Report of Auditor of State — Kate Shelley's heroic act — Recognition by the State Legisla- ture and railroad company. CHAPTER XLVIII. Drive well patent contest — Case tried before Judgs Shiras and jury — Decis- ion against the defendant — The U. S. Supreme Court affirmed the decision — Decision saved the farmers over two million, dollars — The citizens who fought the suit deserve great praise. CHAPTER XLIX. Messa.^e of Governoi' Larrabee — Public debt reduced — An appeal for the prohibitoiy Ifvw — Reduced consumption of liquor — Duty of the legislature pow- er — Gov. Boles' inaugural address — Local option favored — What Iowa needs — Ett'ort to enact a local option law failed. CHAPTER L. Destructive .'lui-ricane — Gathered in Cherokee County — Graphic description — Two women killed m Rock Township — Destruction of Pomeroy — Shrieks of the wounded and groans*of the dying were appalling — Efforts to rescue — Num- ber of dead forty two — Gov. Boies" appeal for aid — Destructive railroad collision — Presidential eleetioUj 3 904. CHAPTER LI. What caused the death of our Presidents — George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Jttmes Madison, James Monroe, John Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, W. H. Harrison, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Tayloi", Millard Filmore, Franklin Pierce, James Bucnanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, U. S. Grant, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur,R. B. Hayes,. William McKinley. CHAPTER LII. Wealth of our Presidents — The famous Connecticut blue laws — Valuable in- formation — Wonders of the body — Food and drink consumed by the average man — ElevatiOii above the sea level of 19 cities and points — Average fall of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers — Punctuation Marlvs and Rules — Tributes to Women — Confucious, Voltaire, Adams, Whitteier, Gladstone, Barrett. CHAPTER LIII. Rise and decline of the 'IJatholic Church in the United States — Statement of the Very Reverend Dr. Slattery — What advocates of the Parochial School ai- firai — What the Berlin Germania says — Table of immigration and cencus by de- cades from 1790 to J 900, both dates inclusive — Catholic population inl902 — The cause of the great Joss — When and how the public schools were established — Great advantage of ihe Public Schools — Bishop Hennessey's preaching against them — Wliat he encountered — The reason why the Jew did not increase — Ad- stact history of the Jew — Number Moses led through the Red Sea — The early Christians — The tenth general persecution — Where relief came from — What St. Sylvester waiited — What the Emperor Constantine did — Evil results of segrigat- ion — Dubuque Public Schools — What the Poet Gray says^ — Comparison between the increase of the General and Catholic population — What Pope Leo XIII. says. CHAPTER LIV. W. J. Bryan's lecture — His appearance on the platform — What is the Value of an Ideal — How to raeasure life — A good class motto — Description of a noble life — The lecturer had three ambitions or ideals — The most important thing in dealing with young people^ — Entered politics by accident — Confidence game play- ed on a young man — The science of government — No patience with those who are too good to take part in politics — The boast of Roman matrons— What ought to be the boast of American mothers — Service the measure of greatness — What fixes man's place among his fellows — What sons of farmers, mechanics, mer- chants, etc. have ta:complished — Hull House and Jane Adams — The ideal of Tol- stoi — His change of ideals — The mystery of life — The period of skepticism — Materialism — Different ideals — Self-made men — Speculative spirit — What we need to-day— Domestic ideals — Commercial marriages — Business ideals — Ideals in politics — Corrupt lolitics — Voters paid for coming to the polls and voting — Some Democrats toUowed this bad example — Their excuse — Must have parties — What Jefferson said — Initiative and referendum — Switzerland the most demo- cratic-Rights of the people — No excuse for fraud — An honest platform — What Senator Hill said — A nation must have an ideal — Grand action towards cuba — Let flag stand for justice. CHAPTER LV. Story of Commodore Perry's Landing in Japan in 1853 — The day appointed — The advance boat — Letter to the Emperor of Japaa — Letter of the President of the United States Convention- — Commodore Perry's letter to the Emperor of Japan — Letter of credence — Receipt given to Perry — The procession — The re- ception building — Conference lasted two hours — Steamer moved slowly down the bay — Japan opened to the nations. CHAPTER LVI. Dates of important events which occurred in the United States and Colon- ies from the discovery by Christopher Columbus, October 12 1492, to date. Thi.s. is a very useful table. THE TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S ABRIDGED HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA CHAPTER I. Inasmuch as the American Continents are Isolated on all sides, except at Behring Strait and the Polar region, by a wide expanse of ocean, it has been a question of much speculation, since their discovery by Columbus, as to how, at what time, and whence they were populated. Different theories have been advanced; one is that many years ago, those Continents were connected with Europe by a great Continent called "Atlas," which, long before the Christiafn era, sunk into the Atlantic Ocean. Another theory is that Ancient Navigators may have crossed the Atlantic Ocean and effected a settle- ment. Another theory is, and to our mind the most plausible one, that the ten lost tribes of Israel, who rebelled in the year 975 B. C. and established the Kingdom of Israel, which in the year 721 B. C. was overcome by Shalman- ser of Assyria and all of its inhabitants led into captivity. This put an end to the Kingdom of Israel, and also an end to the ten tribes, so far as history is concerned, for it makes no farther mention of them. They were no doubt col- onized by the Assyrians, and as they were a healthy, vigorous race of people, they increased and in time were liberated. Instead of returning to Jerusalem they may have wandered Northward along the Pacific Coast and after ages reached Behring Strait. At that time the channel was perhaps much narrower than it is now, or there may have been islands in it, sufficient to make it possi- ble for them to cross with their crude crafts. This theory is corroborated by statements made by Columbus that he "observed that the natives he discovered, practiced some of the Jewish customs," and the lowas, who inhabited this country, and after whom our state is named, had a tradition "that the Great Spirit made a man and a woman out of red clay and all the Indians spi'ung from them," and again, "it rained for a month and the whole world was de- stroyed, except a few that escaped in a big canoe," and all the Indian tribes claimed that they had come from a great distance, generally from the North- west. Towards the Pacific Ocean. These traditions were handed down from father to son from time immemorial. Archaeologists generally claim that the remains of two distinct races have been found in the valley of the Mississippi River. It is claimed also that the Mound Builders were different from the In- dians who pi-eceded the white man. There is, however, much speculation about this. Because they built mounds over their dead, and manifested some skill in manufacturing copper knives and axes., it does not follow that they were a different race. The custom of building mounds may have been dropped, and the art of working copper forgotten. Moreover, at least one mound was built about the year 1801. For the Commissioners appointed by President Jefferson in 1803 to explore the Louisiana Purchase, found a. mound recently built, twelve feet in diameter and eight feet high, erected on a prominent Missouri River 126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. bluff, over the remains of Chief Omaha. This would indicate that the Indians still built mounds over their most illustrious dead. The first human skulls discovered resembled those of a Gorilla, having thick ridges over the eyes, and very low forehead, indicating a. low degree of intellect. Similar skulls have been found in Europe. The first inhabitants of the Mississippi River Valley, of which we have any evidence, are called Mound Builders. Stone and copper implements found indicates that they had made some progress in the scale of intelligence. As to their number, color, form of government; whether or not they cultivated the land and built comfortable houses, and how they constructed those mounds, is not and perhaps will never be known. In many of those mounds were found skeletons, partially pre- served; with vessels, pipes and ornaments. One opened in Dubuque County disclosed a vault divided into three cells. In the center one were found eight skeletons sitting in a circle, and in the center of the group was a drinking ves- sel made from a sea shell. The whole chamber was covered with logs pre- served in cement. Some very interesting mounds were found near Daven- port. Several of them were opened and found to contain sea shells, copper axes, hemispheres of copper, stone knives, pieces of Galena mica, pottery with coarse cloth which had been preserved by the copper. The pipes were of the Mound Builders' pattern. Some of them were covered with effigies of birds and animals. One bird had eyes of copper, another of pearl, showing much delicacy of manufacture and skill in carving. Eleven copper awls and twenty copper pipes were taken from those mounds. All of the mounds contained skeletons and ashes. Two contained altars of stone. In one tablets were found upon which hieroglyphics representing letters and figures of people, trees and animals. In one mound two skeletons were found, below these were layers of ashes and river shells, several feet thick. Beneath these three mature skel- etons were lying horizontally, and between them the skeleton of a child. Near them were five copper axes wrapped in cloth. Many of the mounds have been opened and found to contain, in addition to skeletons, evidence of ingenius and skilled work of a prehistoric race. If they were of the same line as the inhabitants of Central America, who erected the massive structures found in ruins on that portion of the Continent, their civilization must have been well advanced. That they existed in great numbers and through periods of many years there is no doubt. CHAPTER II. Iowa is one of the Central Western States of the Union. It is situated be- tween 40 degrees 20 minutes and 43 degrees 30 minutes North Latitude; and 90 degrees 12 minutes and 96 degrees 38 minutes West Longitude. The center of the State is about on a line with the Northern boundary of California and Rhode Island, and is nearly midway between the two Oceans. Iowa is bounded on the West by the Missouri River, which separates it from South Dakota and Nebraska, and on the East by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illinois and Wisconsin. It contains 56,025 square miles, being very near the size of Illinois or Wisconsin. In shape the State forms a rectangle, having an extreme length of 300 and a breadth of 208 miles. The North and South boun- daries are parallel. In area it is about equal to England and Wales. The North boundary separates it from Minnesota and the South boundary from Missouri. Its highest point is in the vicinity of Spirit Lake and its lowest at the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 mouth of the Des Moines River. The distance between these points is about 300 miles and the difference in altitude 1,200 feet, making an average slope of four feet to the mile. The slope from the Northeast corner of the State to the Southeast is thirteen inches to the mile. From the Northwest corner to the Southwest corner, twelve inches per mile, the Northwest corner to Spirit Lake five feet and five inches per mile. These figures give a general idea of the lay of the land. Its 35,856,000 acres constitute the finest body of agricultural land in the world. No bad lands, but few hills, all of which are good for grazing. Soil rich and well watered with sufficient rainfall. Its beds of coal are almost inexhaustible. Table showing the increase of population by decades from 1836 to 1900, and the agricultural products for the latter year, according to the United States Census for 1900: 183G— 10,331 1840— 45,112 1850— 192,214 ISCO— 674.713 1870—1,194,020 1880—1,624,615 1890—1,911,896 1900—2,231,853 Acres. Quantity. Value. Corn 9,804,076 383,453,190 bushels $97,297,707 Wheat 7,689,705 22,769,440 bushels 11,457,808 Oats 4,695,361 168,364,170 bushels 33,254,987 Barley 627,851 18,059,060 bushels 5,343,363 Clover Seed 15,114 bushels 69,640 Grass Seed 1,276,958 bushels 1,146,123 Hay and Forage 4,644,378 6,851,871 tons 30,042,246 Rye 89,172 1,177,970 bushels 480,817 Buckwheat 13,834 151,120 bushels 84,842 Flax Seed . 126,452 1,413,380 bushels 1,380,103 Kaffir Corn 66 1,408 bushels 552 Broom Corn 2,220 1,178,120 bushels 50,636 Tobacco 131 127,421 pounds 8,345 Peanuts 7 127 bushels 164 Dry Beans 2,427 24,903 bushels 24,470 Potatoes 175,888 17,305,919 bushels 3,370,746 Sweet Potatoes 2.688 224,622 bushels 128,981 Onions . 1,185 292,097 bushels 177,088 Other Vegetables 81,502 3,332,039 Maple Sugar 2,320 pounds 280 Maple Syrup 2,662 gallons 2,640 Sorghum Cane 7,999 10,033 tons 29,125 Sorghum Syrup 421,212 gallons 190,695 Orchard Fruits 180,076 1,849,767 Small Fruits 9,650 878,447 Grapes 5,180 * 7,403,900 bushels 166,360 Flowers and Plants 140 166,360 Seeds " 71 7,044 Nursery Products 2.905 619,192 Nuts 3,265,628 Fruit Products 3,265.628 Miscellaneous 28,501 Total 22,164564 $195,552, 544 128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Quantity. Value. Cattle all year on Farm 5,367,630 $142,518,902 Horses all year on Farm 1,392,573 77,720,577 Mules all year on Farm 57,579 3,737,529 Sheep all year on Farm 1,056,718 3,956,142 Swine 9,723,541 43,764,176 Goats 41,468 146.708 Poultry 20,043,343 6,535,464 Be . es, Swarms 138,811 443,923 Unclassified Total $278,830,096 Number. Cattle of all ages not on farm 79,880 Horses 150,775 Mules . 5,741 Sheep 2,857 Swine 128,138 Goats 800 The territory now included in the State of Iowa was prior to 1762 claimed by threp different foreign countries, Spain, England and France. Spain based her claim to title on the Discovery of North America by Columbus in 1492, and on a grant from Pope Alexander VI., made in 1493, to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Aragon and Castile, of all the continents, inhabited by infi- dels, which they had discovered, said grant being assigned to their heirs and successors, the Kings of Castile and Leon. By the partition agreed upon by Spain and Portugal, Spain was allotted all of North America. England claimed title through the discovery of America in 1498, by John Cabot, who, together with his sons, had been granted a patent of discovery, possession and trade by Henry VII., King of England. The claim of France was based on the actual discovery of Iowa Territory by Father Marquette and Louis Joliet, in June, 1673, and upon the discoveries made by Robert La Salle, in 1682, who had been granted a patent by Louis XIV., in 1678, permitting him to explore the Western part of New France. La Salle descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, explored the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to the Westward, and on the 9th of April, 1G82, proclaimed the rivers and all lands drained by them to be by right of discovery the dominion of Louis XIV., King of France, and he named the country Louisiana in honor of his King. The ownership of the Territory of Louisiana was not definitely settled until 1763. In 1762 a preliminary treaty, known as the act of Fontainbleau, was signed between England, France and Spain, by which it was agreed that the boundary betv/een the Provinces of England and France should be irrevocably fixed by a line drawn in the middle of the Mississippi River; the French pos- sessions lying West and the English possessions East of said line. By this treaty Iowa was definitely placed in the Louisiana Province, and all rights of claimants through charters and grants made by the Kings of England in the Seventeenth Century were terminated. The treaty of Paris, which was signed by the three countries in the following year, confirmed the boundaries agreed upon in the preliminary treaty. Louis XV., King of France, secretly ceded to Spain in 1762, all the French HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129 Possessions lying beyond the Mississippi River. Spain took formal possession of the Province of Louisiana in 1769, and retained control of this vast territory until ISOO, when the treaty of St. Idlefonso was concluded, Spain agreeing to recede the Province of Louisiana to France upon the fulfillment of certain con- siderations to be performed by the French Republic. This treaty was suc- ceeded in the following year by the treaty of Madrid, which provided that the retrocession of Louisiana, as agreed upon in the treaty of St. Idlefonso, should be carried out. In 1S03, for a consideration of $15,000,000, France relinquished to the Linited States all her right and title to the territory lying West of the Mississ- ippi River and North and East of the Spanish possessions. This transaction is known as the "Louisiana Purchase." The United States thus acquired pos- session of a vast domain, out of which there have been formed the states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, all of Indian Territory, the major parts of the states of Louisiana, Kansas, Montana, and Wyoming, nearly all of the Oklahoma Territory, and a large portion of the State of Colorado. CHAPTER III. In 1538 Narvaez was appointed by Charles V. of Spain, Governor of Florida. He fitted out an expedition of five ships and four hundred men. After endur- ing hardships not easily described, all perished but one, Alavrd Nunez, the sole survivor, who reached a Spanish settlement after ten years of wandering. De Soto was the next freebooter to try his hand. He organized a fleet of ten ships, manned by over 1,000 men. Like his predecessor, Narvaez, his purpose was to get gold. They had no respect or consideration for the natives. Plunder, mur- der and rapine were resorted to. They proved to be a band of freebooters in quest of fortune and plunder. An army, rendered cruel and ferocious by ava- rice, ready to march to any point where they might plunder Indian villages supposed to be stored with gold or other riches. The natives soon discovered that they must fight; either fight and exter- minate the invaders or be exterminated by them. And De Soto, before he had proceeded far into the trackless woods, had reason to believe he had taken the wrong course. The natives hounded his army day and night, and after a disas- trous siege about 250 returned to the Spanish settlement. Both of these expe- ditions spent some time in the Mississippi River Valley. De Soto found a grave in the Great River. England and Portugal sent out exploring parties, who were equally cruel and unjust to the Indians. In fact, for the first century after the discovery of America, the Indians were treated like wild animals, having no rights that the white men were obliged to respect. But a new era was introduced by the Brotherhood of Jesus, or, as they are better known, the Jesuits. This society was organized about the year 1540. Ignatius, its founder, who held a high rank in the Spanish army, was wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, and while con- valescing, in the hospital, he i-ead the lives of the Saints, and on reflection con- cluded he was fighting on the wrong side. That he was fighting against huf manity when he ought to be battling for God and humanity. He conferred with a few friends, and the result was that nine men of the rank pledged them- selves to devote their lives to the cause of God and humanity. After studying Theology for about three years, they went to Rome and made an offer of their services to Pope Paul III. He applauded their zeal, and after another three 130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. years' course of study, they were erected into a religious body, under the name of the Society of Jesus. Others soon joined and the society became in a short time numerically strong. The New World was their objective point and they penetrated nearly every part of it. Bancroft says of the Jesuits: "The history of their labor is connected with nearly every celebrated town in the annals of French America. Not a river was entered, not a cape turned, but a Jesuit led the way. Although certain privations and suffering was their lot, and martyr- dom might be the crown of their labors, they ventured into the remotest re- gions and among the most warlike tribes." The Jesuit revelation, given by Father Claude Dablon in 1670, in his account of the Illinois Indians, says: "These people were the first to come to Green Bay to trade with the French. They are settled in the midst of a beautiful country away southward towards th great river named 'Missipo.' It takes its rise in the North, flowing towards the South, discharging its waters into the Sea. All the vast country through which it flows is of prairie without trees. It is beyond this river that the Illin- ois live, and from which are detached the Muscatines, which signifies a land bare of trees." None of the early French explorers seem to have suspected that this Great River so often told of by the Indians was the same river discov- ered by De Soto one hundred and thirty years before. CHAPTER IV. The French Jesuit, Father Marquette, was the first white man to set foot on Iowa soil. He had spent many years with the Indians in the vicinity of Green Bay building churches and teaching and preaching to them. The Indians held him in high esteem. They had a warm affection for the good Missionary who had devoted the best years of his life to their welfare. He had resolved to go farther west and see the Great River, which he had heard of so often. The Indians besought him with tears not to undertake so perilous a journey, but he had resolved to go. Louis Joliet, with five experienced voyagers, em- barked with him May 13th, 1673, in two birch bark canoes. Arriving at the Western extremity of the French explorations, they engaged two Miami guides to pilot them to the Wisconsin River. They floated down that river to where it empties into the Mississippi River, when they were delighted at beholding the magnificent river so often heard of. The largest on the continent. This was on June 17th 1673. They felt the inspiration of their great discovery. All about them was an unknown region, not a human being was to be seen. They landed from time to time, made camps, killed game and caught fish. They as- cended the bluffs and saw in the distance boundless prairies, upon which were herds of buffalo and elk. The explorers passed between shores of unsurpassed beauty, where Dubuque, Clinton, Davenport, Rock Island, Muscatine, Burling- ton and other flourishing towns and cities now stand. On June 28th they landed on the West shore and discovered human foot prints in the sand. They traced them to a path which led up the bluff. Leaving their companions in charge of the boats, Marquette and Joliet followed the trail Westward for sev- eral miles, till nearing a fringe of timber a column of smoke was seen and soon after a tent was discovered erected in a grove. It proved to be part of an In- dian village. It was built on the bank of a small river, the shores of which were shaded by a beautiful fringe of timber. The natives were astonished to see white men, but no hostile demonstrations were made. It is likely that few if any of these Indians had ever seen a European before. The Indians made HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 signs of friendship and offered the pipe of peace. They proved to be a band of the Illinois tribe, and had two other villages a few miles distant. The river on which they were living, was called by them, the Mon-in-go-na. Marquette was well enough acquainted with the language of the Illinois tribe of Indians to converse with the villagers. When he had explained who they were, the object of their visit and the pleasure it afforded them to meet some of the inhabitants of that delightful country, the Indians gave the explorers a very cordial wel- come. One of the chiefs delivered the following address: I thank the black gown chief, and his friend, for taking so much pains to come and see us. Never before has the earth been so beautiful nor the sun so bright as now. Never has the river been so calm and free from rock, which your canoes have removed as they passed down. Never has the tobacco had so fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we behold it now. Ask the Great Spirit to give us life and health, and come ye and live with us." At the conclusion of the chief's address they were invited to a feast which the squaws had prepared, and which Marquette describes as follows: "It con- sisted of four courses. First, there was a large bowl filled with a preparation of corn meal boiled in water and seasoned with oil. The Indian conducting the ceremonies had a large wooden spoon which he dipped in the mixture, called by them Tagamety, and passed it in turn into the mouths of the different mem- bers of the party. The second course was fish, nicely cooked and separated from the bones and placed in the mouths of the guests. The third course was a roasted dog, which our explorers declined with thanks, when it was at once removed from sight. The last course was roast buffalo, the fattest pieces of which were passed to the visitors. It was excellent meat and nicely cooked." Marquette and Joliet were delighted with the beautiful country. The fish and game were plentiful, and the friendly reception by the Indians, all conspired to give the explorers a lofty conception of both the country and its inhabitants. This was Iowa as seen by the first white man. For six days they remained with their Indian friends, hunting and fishing and living on the best the land could produce. The natives exerted themselves to provide every entertainment for them, and urged them to prolong their stay. When Marquette and "his party could not be induced to remain longer, more than six hundred Indians escorted them back to the river, where their canoes were moored, and regret- fully bade them good-bye. The Indians watched the white men, waving them farewell, until they disappeared in a bend in the river. The place where they landed is supposed to be where Montrose now stands. A complete record of their trip and a description and chart of the country were kept by Joliet, but unfortunately were lost. Father Marquette's chief interest in all his daring expeditions into unknown regions was the conversion of the Indians to Chris- tianity. He made but few notes or records of his travels. Fierce feuds and savage warfare have prevailed among the tribes of Indians; but the first white man that came among them was met with warm welcome and substantial tokens of friendship. The French, doubtless under the influence of the Jesuits, who led them in nearly all their explorations treated the Indians with kindness and respected their rights. The people of nearly all other nations regarded and treated them as savages having no rights that white men were bound to rev' spect. The French lived with peace and security among them, while the En- glish, Spanish and Portuguese made war upon them which brought retaliation and massacre of men, women and children. Father Marquette won the con- fidence and esteem of the Indians, and when he and his party bade farewell to 132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the Illinois chief, the latter presented him with the pipe of peace. The sacred calumet, ornamented with brilliant feathers. This suspended from the neck, was a safeguard among all the savage tribes that he might encounter in his journey. CHAPTER V. In latitude 33 degrees they met a fierce tribe of Indians of the Michigamie nation. These natives had heard, no doubt, by tradition, of the invasions of De Soto, one hundred and thirty years before, and the atrocities perpetrated on their ancestors. At first sight of the canoes manned by white men, the alarm was sounded. A large band of warriors assembled, and, armed with bows and arrov/s, tomahawks and war clubs, embarked in their canoes and advanced with yells of defiance upon the seven Frenchmen. The fearless Marquette, unawed by the impending danger, held aloft the sacred calumet. Seeing the token of peace, the Indian chief restrained his men, and in turn made signs of peace. He invited Marquette and his party to the village, where for several days they were entertained with hospitality. They descended nearly to the mouth of the Arkansas River, a distance of more than 1,100 miles. They had learned that the Great River they had discovered emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, at a distance of about 600 miles from where they were encamped. The object of the expedition was accomplished, the party had entered a region where the language learned by Marquette was unknown, and it was difficult to communi- cate or procure information from the natives. The Indians were hostile and might at any time attack the little company. Should these men be killed all their valuable discoveries would be lost to France. Moreover, they were liable to come upon Spanish settlements or freebooters, of which they were as much in dread as the Indians. Hence they concluded it was their duty to return to Canada and report the result of their long and interesting voyage. Propelling the canoes up stream in hot weather was not such an easy task, but energy and perseverance accomplished it. Arriving at the mouth of the Illinois River, they heard from the Indians that this river afforded a much shorter route to the Great Lakes than the Wisconsin River. They therefore ascended it for two weeks and then crossed the Illinois prairie from its head to the Chicago River, and followed that stream to the shore of Lake Michigan. Father Marquette died in 1675 at the age of 38 years. His country was mankind. The following lines written by a traveler, who was not a member of his church, gives an idea of his peaceful death: "His solitary grave was made Beside thy water, Michigan; In the forest shade the bones were laid Of a world wandering man. Discoverer of a world; he sleeps By all the world unknown; No mausaleum marks the spot, Nor mnoumental stone. He died alone; no pious hand Smoothed down the pillows for his head: No watching follower reared the tent Or strewed the green leaves for his bed. His followers left the holy man HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 133 Beside a rustic altar lineeling, The slanting sunbeams' sitting rays Through the thick forest branches stealing. x\n hour had passed and they returned; They found him lying where he knelt, But Oh! how changed; the calm of death Upon his marble features dwelt, Even while he prayed, his living soul Had to His native Heaven fled; While the last twilight's holiest beam Fell like a glory on his head." CHAPTER VI. In 1710 the first African Negroes were taken into the new French Colony ■and slavery established in Louisiana. In 1717 the entire trade of the Mississ- ippi River was granted by a charter from the French King to a Western Com- pany for twenty-five years. The company under its charter was obligated to introduce 6,000 white settlers and 3,000 slaves. War was waged between En- gland and France from 1756 to 1762, for the conquest of Canada, and in 1763 France ceded to Eligland all her territory East of the Mississippi River, except a region East of New Orleans. The King of France about the same time, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain the entire country West of the Mississippi River known as Louisiana. Thus, after nearly one hundred years' possession, the entire interests of France were turned over and the French inhabitants became unwilling subjects of Spain and England. When Spain secured possession of Louisiana she puts an embargo on the Mississippi River, which made it very inconvenient for the Americans, and after making several unsuccessful attempts to induce her to raise it. Congress in 1788 declared "that the navigation of the Mississippi River is a clear and essential right of the United States and that it ought to be enforced." This developed a war cloud above the horizon, and al- though Spain realized her danger, she procrastinated hoping to win the people of the Mississippi Valley to her side. But they were too firmly wedded to the Union. Finally the American minister at Madrid proposed that if Spain would cede to the United States, her possessions East of the Mississippi River, in- cluding the islands and City of New Orleans, the United States would make no claim to the vast territory West of the river, as her real interests would then require that Spain retain her possessions West of it. Since the free navi- gation of the river was of such prime necessity to the United States, it must sooner or later be conceded. The minister said: "This is the decree of Prov- idence written on every map of the Continent, and it cannot be perverted by any human agency. Would it not be the part of wisdom to anticipate an irre- pressible event peacefully, and cement a lasting friendship with the United States on this basis of mutual benefit and interest." In 1795 the matter was settled by treaty, making the middle of the Mississippi River the Western T?oundary of the United States from the 31st degree of North Latitude to its source, and navigation made free to its mouth. Under the brilliant young counsel. Napoleon Bonaparte, France became the most powerful nation of Eu- rope, and as her people had not become reconciled to the manner in which Louisiana was taken from them, Napoleon resolved to restore it to France, 134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and in 1801 a treaty was made, by which Spain ceded to France all the Province of Louisiana, but before Napoleon could take possession of it, England and her allies were pressing the French armies so hard that Napoleon feared the power- ful British navy would secure and blockade the ports of Louisiana; thus cutting France off from her possessions so recently acquired. The French and Amer- icans were traditional friends, and in order to save Louisiana from England, Napoleon determined to transfer it to a friendly power able to defend it, and in 180.3 sold it to the United States for $15,000,000. The almost unexplored country comprising Louisiana, had been discovered by Spanish adventurers in 1542, but they abandoned it for one hundred and thirty years, when French explorers took possession fo it, in the name of their King. It was held by France from 1681 to 1763, when it was ceded to Spain. Up to the close of the Revolutionary War, Virginia claimed the territory lying west of the Ohio River, as well as Kentucky. This claim was ceded to the United States in 1784. In the same year a treaty was made with the Sioux In- dians, who claimed a portion of the territory, by which they relinquished their claim to all lands west of the State of New York. In 1785 Congress passed an act providing for the survey of public lands. These lands were divided into Townships six miles square. The ranges to be numbered from the boundary of Pennsylvania west, and the Townships north from a point on the Ohio River due north or the western terminus of the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. These townships were divided into thirty-six sections one mile square. This was the origin of our excellent system of surveying, dividing and describing public lands. Afterwards the law was amended to the extent of laying off the land in checks twenty-four miles north and south, and forty-two miles east and west. This was divided into townships and sections, and the fractions thrown on the west side of the check, and township. In 1786 Congress adopted a joint resolution providing that not less than three nor more than five States should be organized out of the new territory. CHAPTER VII. In 1787 Congress passed an act by which all the country lying North and West of the Ohio River, and East of the Mississippi River, was organized into the Northwest Territory. This embraced what has since become the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Seventeen million acres of land had been acquired by treaty with the various tribes of Indians, and the ordinance provided for its organization, forever prohibitng the introduction of slavery within its limits. This prohibition was introduced by Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, and afterwards President of the United States. The wresting of Iowa from the Indians was attended with but little of the cruelties of war which followed the advent of the English, Spanish and Portuguese invaders of other parts of America. Three hundred years of sturdy but unrewarded resistance to the advance of the European races, had exhausted the original fire and unyielding courage of the Indians, and impressed them with the gloomy conviction that further resistance must be futile. Nation after nation of their ancestors had been vanquished in the unequal contest. Slowly but surely they had been dispossessed of their hunting grounds and home. The most powerful tribes had disappeared in the warfare. Their lands had been peopled by the white man, who forced the savage step by step West- ward. Their conquerors must be their historian, and justice demands that we HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 135 shall record their virtues as well as their vices. If they were cruel, treacher- ous, revengeful and merciless as enemies, it is no less true that they were brave, warm, hospitable, devoted and loyal friends. They were as ready to risk life in defense of a friend as they were to tomahawk, scalp and burn their enemies and prisoners. They resisted the invasion of their country with a stern and relentless ferocity, born of ages of barbarism, torturing and extermi- nating the despoilers of their homes. When Iowa was first explored by the whites, the Dakota Indians were found in possesion of Minnesota and Northern Iowa. This family consisted of the following tribes: The Iowa's, Omahas, Osages, Winnebagos, Muscatines, Otoes, and Sissetons. The Algonquin family consisted of the Illinois, Foxes, Chippe- was, Attouays, Pottawattamies, and Sioux, occupied North Missoui'i and South Iowa. Fierce wars were waged between those tribes and frequently until the weaker tribe was exterminated. The last battle fought between the lowas on one side and the Sacs and Foxes on the other, was near the town of lowaville. Here in the year 1824 the lowans had assembled in great numbers to witness a horse race on the river bottoms about two miles from their village. Most of their warriors were present, unarmed and unconscious of the impending danger. The Sacs and Foxes were led by their Chief Pashepaho, assisted by Black Hawk, wh(3 was then a young man unknown to fame. Their spies had watched the assembling of the lowas and reported their number. The Sacs and Fox braves were in ambush in a forest near by. The old chief had two divisions, in the stealthy attack, while young Black Hawk was sent with a third division to capture and burn the village. At a moment when all eyes were bent on an exciting race, the terrible warwhoop burst upon their ears and the fierce Sac and Fox warriors rushed like an avalanche upon the unarmed and panic- stricken crowd. The Iowa warriors made a dash for their village, where their arms had been left, only to find it in fiames. The agonizing shrieks from their wives and children, mingled with the yells of young Black Hawk's band, as the tomahawks fell upon the defenseless villagers, nerved the Iowa braves to su- perhuman exertions. But few of their arms could be found in the confusion and the men, women and children were massacred by hundreds. In their hope- less efforts to protect their families, they fought with clubs and stones, and, seeing the utter futility of their resistance, the remnant of the band finally sur- rendered. Their power was broken, their proud spirit crushed by this disaster, and the survivors never recovered from the blow. They lingered in despair about the ruins of their village and the graves of their dead, gloomy and hope- less. The renown of this once powerful tribe had departed. They moved from place to place through Southern Iowa and Northern Missouri. They ceased as an individual tribe to hold any portion of the State to which their name had been given. In 1820 they sold their undivided interests in their Iowa lands to the United States. At this time their number were estimated at 1.000, and their principal villages in the Valley of the Little Platte River. In 1838 they ceded their entire interests in Iowa to the Unted States for $157,500, whch was kept in trust; the interest at 5 per cent is paid annually to the tribes. The remnant of the tribe accepted lands West of the Missouri River, with the Sacs and Foxes their conquerors. They soon after outnumbered the tribes that sub- dued them and are partially civilized. During the Civil War they were loyal to the Union and many of them enlisted in the army, making good soldiers. In October, 1901, they finally surrendered their tribal organization and accepted 136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. lands in severalty. The lowans were worshippers of the Great Spirit, the Cre- ator and Ruler of the Universe. They have a tradition that a very long time ago the Great Spirit "made a man and a woman out of red clay, and all the Indians sprung from them," and another tradition is that "it rained for a month and drowned all living animals and human beings except a few who escaped in a big canoe." They regarded rattlesnakes and a certain species of hawks with veneration. Unlike most of the Indian tribes they were chaste in their social relations. Illegitimate children were never found among them. We give this extended account of this tribe on account of its relation to Iowa, and our State being named after it. Equally interesting accounts could be given of the other tribes, but our space will not admit of such detail. It may, however, be of in- terest to give a description of an Indian village, and for that purpose we will select the Sac village on the Rock Valley. Black Hawk, in his autobiography, says it was built in 1751; it was named Sahkenhk. This was for more than fifty years the largest village of the Sacs, and contained in 1825 a population of not less than eight thousand. The houses were substantially built, and were from thirty to one hundred feet in length, and from sixteen to fifty feet wide. They were built with a frame of poles covered with sheeting of elm bark, fas- tened with thorns of buckskin. The doors were three by six feet, and before them were suspended buffalo robes. These houses were divided into rooms separated by a hall, extending the length of the building. Fire pits were pro- vided with opening for the smoke. The beds were made of skins of animals, thrown over elevated frames of poles. Half a mile East of town was a bold promontory rising 200 feet from the bed of Rock River. This was known as "Blacli Hawk's Watch Tower," and was the favorite resort of the famous Sac chieftain. Hei'e he would sit smoking his pipe, enjoying the grand scenery for hours. Here he was born, and his father before him, one of the greatest Sac chiefs. It is to his credit that he clung to his old home, and fought his last hopeless battle against overwhelming numbers of well equipped troops in de- fence of his native land. CHAPTER VIII. In 1804 a few chiefs of the Sac and Fox Nations, sold fifty-one million acres of land lying in the East side of the Mississippi River, between St. Louis and the Wisconsin River, for the insignificant sum of $2,234 worth of goods and $1,000 in money per year. Black Hawk and several other chiefs repudiated this treaty, and claimed that the chiefs making it had no authority to dispose of this immense tract of land, including the site of the principal and oldest vil- lage of the true Sac Nation. These chiefs were sent to St. Louis to secure the release of a prominent member of their tribe who was charged with murdering a white man, and Black Hawk always asserted that they had no right to dis- pose of these lands. When it was claimed that he had subsequently ratified the treaty of 1804 with his own signature, he asserted that he had been deceived, and did not intend to dispose of the lands. In 1814 Major Taylor was sent, with a detachment of 334 soldiers, up the Mississippi River by boat, with orders to destroy the corn fields of the Sacs and Foxes and burn their villages. The Indians were located on both sides of the river, in the vicinity of Rock Island and Davenport. They rallied from all sides to the attack. A detach- ment of British soldiers, from Prairie du Chien, joined them, and the battle lasted for three hours. The Indians, led by Black Hawk, fought with great courage to save their homes, and Taylor was driven back with great loss and HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 compelled to retreat. Black Hawk had become an ally of the British on the promise that they would aid him to drive the Americans out of the valley which he claimed and refused to abandon. But when the war closed and the British were unable to aid him further, he returned to his old home at Rock River and found that Keokuk had become a chief of the party friendly to the Americans. In 1815 a large council of Sacs and Foxes met at the mouth of the Missouri River and ratified the treaty of 1804. Black Hawk and a few minor chiefs with- held their assent. In 1824 the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all lands lying be- tween the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers, except a small portion lying at the junction of the rivers afterwards known as the "half-breed tract," which they reserved for the families of the white men who married Indian wives. In 1825 an agreement was reached in council at Prairie du Chien, fixing the South boundary of the Sioux country, separating the hunting grounds from that of the Sac, Fox and Iowa Indians on the South. It began at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, extending Westward to its fork in Winneshiek County; then West to the Red Cedar, in Black Hawk County; then West to the East fork of the Des Moines in Humboldt County; then in a direct line West to the lower fork of the Big Sioux, in Plymouth County; then following that river to its junction with the Missouri River. In 1828 the Sioux and Winnebagos, then in alliance, sent an invitation to the Sac and Fox chiefs near Dubuque, to meet them in council and forever bury the hatchet. The Fox chiefs, unsuspicious of treach- ery, started towards the place of meeting. On the same evening as they were in camp for the night on the Bast shore of the Mississippi River, near the mouth of the Wisconsin River, they were fired upon by more than a thousand Sioux warriors. Rushing from their hiding place, the treacherous Sioux killed all but two of the Foxes, who plunged into the river and swam to the West shore, carrying the news to their villagers. Stung to desperation by this act of treachery, the Foxes prepared to avenge the murder of their chiefs. A war party was organized, and led by the newly elected chiefs, they embarked in canoes and landed in the vicinity of the enemy, concealing themselves in the dense woods and underbrush. Towards midnight they crossed the river and crept silently upon the sleeping foe. Nerved by the spirit of revenge, they si- lently buried their tomahawks in the heads of seventeen Sioux chiefs and war- riors and escaped to their canoes without the loss of a man. The war between the Sioux, and the Sacs and Foxes was waged for many years. CHAPTER IX. Black Hawk and his followers always repudiated the treaty of 1804, feeling that they had been wronged. The whites who were swarming around them, fearing hostilities, demanded their removal. Collisions took place from time to time, and in 1830 Black Hawk and his tribes, returning from their annual hunt- ing excursion, found the lands had been surveyed and sold to white settlers. Their cabins had been seized and occupied, and their women and children were shelterless along the river. Black Hawk drove the whites from the village and restored the wigwams to their owners. The whites called on Governor Rey- nolds, of Illinois, for assistance, and he called on Gen. Graves to bring an army strong enough to expel the Indians. On the 25th day of June. 1831, Gen. Graves, with 1,600 mounted men, took possession of the Sac village, driving the Indians from their homes to the West side of the river. On the 30th dav of 138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. June, Gov. Reynolds and Gen. Graves, at the point of the bayonet, dictated the terms with the Sac chief, by which the Indians were prohibited from returning to the East side of the river without the permission of the United States au- thorities. It was now too late to plant corn or grain, and the autumn found them without food for the winter. In April, 1832, Black Hawk, with his followers, including women and chil- dren, crossed to the East side of the river near the mouth of the Rock River. He declared the purpose of his journey was to join the Winnebagos. General Atkinson, in command of Fort Armstrong, on Rock Island, sent a message to Black Hawk, commanding him to return immediately to the West side. Black Hawk refused to comply with the order, stating that his people were suffering for food. He sent word to Gen. Atkinson that they were on a peaceable mis- sion, their purpose being to join the Winnebagos, who had invited them to come and help raise a crop of corn. Gov. Reynolds, upon hearing of the return of the Sacs, called out the militia to aid the regulars at Fort Armstrong, to drive them out of the State. Gen. Whiteside was placed in command of the Illinois militia, numbering about 2,000 men. One of the captains serving under him was Abraham Lincoln, afterwards President of the United States. Serving under Atkinson, Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, who was elected President in 1848, Lieutenant Jeff Davis, afterwards President of the Southern Confederacy, and Captain W. S. Harvey, afterwards a distinguished general. The militia burned the Indian village at Prophetstown, and then joined the regulars under Gen. Atkinson. The combined army numbered about 2,000, while Black Hawk had less than 500 warriors. Black Hawk's little band was now at Dixon's Ferry. Major Stillman, with 275 mounted volunteers, was anxious for a fight, and Gen. Whiteside sent him out in the direction of the Sac camp to make observations. Black Hawk, hearing of Stillman's approach, sent three young men with a flag of truce to conduct Major Stillman into camp, that they might hold a confer- ence. Five more young warriors were sent by the Sac chief to watch the re- ception of his messengers. When the messengers bearing the flag of truce reached Stillman's camp, they were taken prisoners, and one of them was shot. As the second party of five approached the camp, they were fired upon and tWo of them killed. The others escaped and reported to Black Hawk the slaughter of his messengers. The Sac chief had but forty warriors with him, the main body being encamped ten miles distant. The three Indians who escaped were pursued by the militia into Black Hawk's camp. The fearless old chief con- cealed his forty warriors in the brush and prepared for battle. As Major Still- man aproached with his entire force, the Indians in hiding opened fire upon him and gave a terrific warwhoop. The volunteers fired one volley and then fled in a wild panic as the forty Sac warriors poured hot shot into their ranks. Eleven of the volunteers were killed. As they fled their provisions and camp equipments were abandoned. The fugitives scattered into little parties, and continued their wild flight until thirty miles were placed between them and the enemy. Fifty of them kept on until they found shelter in their homes; re- porting as they ran an overwhelming force of Indians in close pursuit. The wanton murder of his messengers and the attack upon his camp incensed Black Hawk, and he prepared as best he could to defend his people to the last. After several battles against greatly superior numbers, the Indians were gradually driven to the Wisconsin River. Gen. Dodge, with two brigades of mounted men, now came upon the remnant of the tribe, and killed sixty-eight of them. The Indians fought with great bravery, and when driven to the river, made a HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 139 heroic ytand against overwhelmingly odds; checking for several hours the pur- suit, until the women and children crossed the river. A few years before his death Jeff Davis wrote as follows: "This was the most brilliant exhibition of military tactics that I ever witnessed; a feat of most consummate management and bravery in the face of an enemy of greatly superior numbers. I never read of anything that could be compared with it. Had it been performed by white men, it would have been immortalized as one of the most splendid achievements of military history.' Black Hawk modestly says of this struggle at the river: "In this struggle with fifty braves, I defended and accomplished my purpose on the Wisconsin, with a loss of only six men, though assailed by a host of mounted militia. I would not have fought there but to gain time for our women and children to cross to an island. A warrior will duly appreciate the disadvantages I labored under. Sixty-eight Sacs fell in this brilliant retreat and battle; but a remnant of the tribe was saved. An attempt was made to escape by rafts and canoes down the Wisconsin River, but the soldiers, from safe shelter on the shore, killed men, women and children in their flight. Many were drowned and others sought shelter in the woods and died of starvation." On the first of August, Black Hawk had gathered the remnant of his band on the bank of the Mississ- ippi, and offered to surrender. But the soldiers who crowded the Steamer "Warrior" were ordered to fire en the white flag Black Hawk raised in token of surrender. Twenty-three of his men were thus killed while offering no resist- ance. The next day the Indians were attacked by the combined forces of Gen- erals Dodge, Henry Alexander, and Posey and shot down again without mercy. Men, women and children were killed like wild animals as they sought to escape by swimming the river. More than 300 Indians were thus massacred and the slaughter was dignified by the name of "The Battle of Bad Axe." Black Hawk and a few of his followers escaped, but were captured by treacherous Indians, delivered up to Col. Taylor and by him sent to Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis. Thus ended the Black Hawk War, in which the whites lost about two hundred killed and the Indians about five hundred men, women and children. The cost to our Government was about two million dol- lars. Black Hawk was taken by his captors to Washington in 1835, and when presnted to Gen. Jackson, stood unawed before the President, remarking, "I am a man, you are another." He then addressed the President as follows: "We did not expect to conquer the whites. They had too many men. I took up the hatchet to avenge injuries my people could no longer endure. Had I remained longer without striking, my people would have said, Black Hawk is a squaw; he is too old to be our chief; he is no Sac. These considerations and reflections caused me to raise the warwhoop. The result is known to you. I say no more." The prisoners were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they were kept until the 4th day of June, when they were released by order of the President. They were then conducted by Major Garland, of the U. S. army, through several of the large cities to impress them with the greatness of our nation. Crowds of peo- ple gathered to see the famous Sac chief and his braves. As they were con- vejed down the Mississippi River to Fort Armstrong, while passing along the shores of the old home and hunting grounds, the dauntless old chief sat with . bowed head. The memory of the power and possession of his race in former years came over him, as he looked for the last time on the familiar shores, woods and bluffs. Here he had reigned over the most powerful tribe of the West; here his father ruled before him; here he had dwelt in happiness from 140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. boyhood; here he had taken his one young wife to his cabin and lived faithful to her all the years of his life; here for half a century he had led his warriors to a score of victories. Now he was being returned a prisoner shorn of his power, to be humiliated before his hated rival, Keokuk. Upon landing at Fort Armstrong, Keokuk was seen gaily decorated as the Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, surrounded by his chosen -band of personal attendants. Black Hawk was requested to make a personal surrender of his authority as chief of his Nation, to his triumphant rival and enemy. It was the saddest moment of his life and he only bowed to the humiliation at the command of his conquerors, when powerless to resist. He returned with his faithful wife, two sons and a beautiful daughter to the banks of the Des Moines River, near lowaville. There he lived a quiet life, furnishing his house like white people. He cultivated a small farm, raised corn and vegetables for his family. His cabin stood near the bank of the river, shaded by majestic trees. He saw his once warlike na- tion dwindling away year by year. Under his despised rival they were sell- ing their land to the whites, and spending the money in drunkenness and degra- dation. Here on the old battlefield where he had wrested the country from the proud lowas, the proud Sac chief broods over his fallen fortune. His last ap- pearance in public life was at a celebration at Fort Madison on the Fourth of July, 1838, when the following toast was given to his honor: "Our illustrious guest Black Hawk. May his declining years be as calm and serene as his pre- vious life has been boisterous and warlike." In responding the old chief said: "It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day. I have eaten with my white friends. It is good. A few summers ago I was fighting you. I may have done wrong. But it is past, let it be forgotten. Rock River Valley was a beautiful country. I loved my village, my corn field and my people. I fought for them. They are now yours. 1 was once a great warrior; now I am eld and poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my downfall, I have looked upon the Mississipi River since I was a child. I love the great river. I have always dwelt upon its banks. I look upon it now and am sad. I shake hands with you. We are now friends. I may not see you again. Farewell." He died the Srd day of October, 1838, and was buried in a spot long before selected by him, on the banks of the Des Moines River near the Northeast corner of Davis County. His age was about 72 years. Mrs. Maria Beck, of Davenport, who made a careful study of the Sac chief, writes in the annals of Iowa as follows: "In Black Hawk was incarnated the very spirit of justice. He was as inflexible as steel in all matters of right and wrong, as he understood them. Expediency formed no part of his creed; and his conduct in the trying emergency that ended in the fatal coniflct was emi- nently consistent with his character. No thought of malice or revenge entered his great soul. The contest was waged with no other purpose in mind than to protect his people, in what he believed was their inalienable rights to the wide domain that was being wrested from them. It matters not whether his skin is copper-colored or white, the man who has the courage of his convictions always challenges the admiration of the world, and as such pre-eminently the old Sac War Chief will ever stand as an admirable figure." CHAPTER X. In 1832 the Sacs, Foxes and Winnebagos entered into a treaty with the United States, ceding six million acres of land on the West side of the Mississ- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 ippi River known as the Black Hawk Purchase, the consideration being $20,000 per annum for thirty years; and the further sum of $50,000 to be paid to the Indian traders, Davenport and Farnam, in cancellation of a debt which the In- dians owed them; 6,000 bushels of corn; fifty barrels of flour; thirty barrels of pork; thirty-five beef cattle and twelve bushels of salt were also appropriated for the support of the Indian women and children, whose husbands and fathers had been killed in the war just close. It was estimated that the United States paid in money and provisions about nine cents per acre for this magnificent grant of land. In 1842 the Sac and Fox Indians coveyed all their remaining land to the United States. They were to vacate the Eastern part of the land ceded, to a line running on the West side of the present Counties of Appanoose and Lucas and North through Marion, Jasper, Marshall and Hardin to the North limit of Grant, on the 1st of May, 1843, and the remainder on October 11, 1845. When the time came the Indians were sad and sorrowful. They lingered around the old homes reluctant to leave them forever. The women were weeping as they gathered their children and household goods together for the long journey to a strange land. The warriors could hardly repress their emotion as they looked for the last time upon their beautiful river, gi'oves and prairies they had owned so long, and were so reluctant to surrender. As the long line of red men silently and sorrowfully took their way Westward, the booming of guns, and the lights of a hundred bonfires gave evidence of the advancing hosts of white settlers who hastened to occupy the vacant places. In the progress of years those once powerful and warlike tribes became listless and effeminated, losing the energetic character which distinguished them in former times. Keokuk, who succeeded Black Hawk as chief of the Sacs, was not a hered- itary chief, but attained the position by bravery in battle with the Sioux Indians when a young man. He advocated peace and when Black Hawk was defeated his day of glory came. He was with great pomp and ceremony installed as chief. On one occasion when the war feeling was running high, and even the advocates of peace wei'e yielding and a great pressure was brought to bear on Keokuk, he shrewdly addressed his followers thus: "Warriors, I am your chief. It is my duty to lead you to war if you are determined to go. The United States is a great Nation and unless we conquer them we must all perish. I will lead you against the whites on one condition, that is that we shall first put our women and children to death, and then resolve that when we cross the Mississ- ippi River, we will never retreat, but perish among the graves of our fathers rather than yield to the white man." His warriors, after listening to the desper- ate proposal, hesitated and finally determined to yield to the great superior forces of the whites. Pashepaho was the head chief of the Sacs at the begin- ning of the Nineteenth Century. He was the leader of the five chiefs who went to St. Louis in 1804 to meet Harrison, to negotiate the release of a member of his tribe, accused of killing a white man. While there he and his companions became intoxicated and were persuaded to agree to a treaty conveying to the United States an immense tract of land on the East side of the Mississippi River, including that upon which their ancient village of Saukunek stood. They returned loaded wth presents and it was a long time before the tribes knew that they had conveyed to the whites more than 51,000,000 acres of land, includ- ing their homes for more than one hundred years. Poweshiek, after the Black Hawk war, was made chief of the Fox tribes. His village was near the lowas, not far from where Iowa City now stands. He was born in 1787. He weighed 142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. two hundred and fifty pounds and was a fine specimen of his race, large and powerful. Wapello was head chief of the Fox tribes. His principal village was whei'e the city of Rock Isuand now stands. He belonged to the peace party and sup- . ported Keokuk and Pashepaho in adhering to the treaty of 1804. Hishkekosh was a Fox chief. His village was at one time on the Skunk River in Jasper County. He tried to bring about reform by changing the cus- toms which required the Indian women to do all the work. He was very much attached to his yoUng wife and was unwilling to have her do all the work. He did not, however, succeed in changing the custom. Appanoose, a chief of the Sacs, was one of the chiefs who accompanied Keokuk to Washington in 1837. At Boston he made a speech which made him famous. He had four wives and lived a very quiet life, seldom going very far from his village. Taimah was a Fox chief. In 1820 his village stood on Flint Hill where Burlington now stands. Taimah was the head of a secret society of Indians noted for their courage and good character. Taimah was one of the chiefs who went to Washington in 1824 and signed the treaty made at that time. Tama County was named after him. The Musquakies are a remnant of the Pottawattamies and Foxes who re- turned from the Kansas reservation about 1800 and stopped on the Iowa River to hunt and fish. They were so much attached to Iowa that they persisted in staying in the State that had so long been their home. CHAPTER XI. The Winnebagos belonged to the Dakota group, and are mentioned by French writers as early as 1669. The Pottawattamies belonged to the Algonquin group and were first seen by the French missionaries near the North limits of the Michigan Peninsula, extending East of Lake Erie into Norther Indiana. They were allies of the French in their wars with England. In 1816 the United States ceded a portion of the land acquired from the Sacs and Foxes in 1804 to the Pottawattamies and other tribes in exchange for lands lying on the West shore of Lake Michigan, including the site of Chicago. Afterwards the ceded lands were purchased by the United States from the In- dians, for the sum of $16,000 per annum. This purchase was made in 1828 and 1829 respectively. Those two purchases embraced but a small portion of the 51,000,000 acres purchased in 1804 for a trifling sum. Pottawattamie County was named after this tribe. The Dakotas were the most powerful and popular of all the tribes that oc- cupied the Valley of the Mississippi River in the Sixteenth Century. The Omahas, who spoke a language similar to the Dakotas, occupied at this period the West side of the Missouri River from the Kansas to the James River in Dakota. The Sioux Indians belonged to the Dakota Nation and were first known to the French in 1640. Hennepin, in 1680, was captured by a band of Sioux In- dians, and was rescued after about six months, at Du Luth, by a French adven- ture. The last battle fought in Iowa by the Indians was betwen a band of the Sioux and the Pottawattamies. One was fought near the Twin Lakes in Cal- houn County, and another on the South Lizard, in Webster County. The Sioux HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 were victors in both battles. The various tribes left soon after this for the Western reservations. Iowa Territory was ceded by Act of Congress in 1834. White settlers were not permitted to occupy any part cf the territory without the consent of the Indians, until after the time stipulated in the treaty of purchase for them to vacate. By the terms of the treaty negotiated by Gov. Chambers at Agency City in 1842, the Sac and Fix Indians ceded to the United States the remnant of their lands in Iowa, but retained possession until 1845. In 1842 an order was issued to build a fort at the junction of the Raccoon and Des Moines Rivers. The establishment of the fort was delayed until March, 1843, when Captain Allen was selected to build it. It was called Fora Rac- coon but changed to Fort Des Moineh. The Government established a reserva- tion a mile on each side which was retained until after the fort was abandoned in 1846. As early as 1690 it was known that lead ore existed in the upper Mississippi Valley. In that year a Miami chief with whom he was trading gave Mr. Parrot a specimen of lead ore, taken from a creek that oflws into the Mississippi which was no doubt "Catfish." The first white man who settled within the limits of Iowa was Julien Dubuque. He was a French Canadian, born in the Province of Quebec, .January 10, 1762. He had a good education; a fine conversationalist and a good writer. He had given special attention to mineralogy and writing. He went to the far West in 1784 when he was 22 years old, settling near Prai- rie du Chren. Dubuque having heard about lead ore existing where Dubtique now stands, determined to procure an interest in the lands if possible. He suc- ceeded in gaining the confidence of the Fox chief "Kettle" and his tribe and exploring the County, found lead ore existing in considerable quantities. The wife of a prominent Fox warrior named Peosta, had in 1780 discovered lead where Dubuque now stands, and Julien Dubuque induced the Indians to grant him the exclusive right to mine along the river from the mouth of the Little Maquoketa to the Tetes des Morts, a distance of seven leagues, and run" ning Westward about three leagues. In drawing up the paper making this grant, Dubuque had written, "We sell and abandon to Dubuque all the coast and the contents of the mines discovered by Peosta's wife, so that no white man or Indian shall make any pretention to it without the consent of Sienr. Julien Dubuque." The grant was dated Prairie du Chien, September 22, 1788. As soon as he had secured the lease he brought from Prairie du Chien ten Canadians to assist him as overseers, settlers, wood choppers, and boat men. There was a Fcx village near where Dubuque now stands, called the village of Kettle Chief. It consisted of Indian lodges extending back from the river, sufficient to shelter about four hundred people, one hundred cf whom were warriors. Dubuque had secured the friendship of the Indians, who permitted him and his companions to make their home in this village. He employed Indian women and old men of the tribe to work in the mines. He learned the habits, superstitions and traditions of the Fox Indians, and in the course of time acquired great influence over them. They gave him the name of "Little Cloud." CHAPTER XII. Dubuque opened farms, built fences, erected houses and horse mills; built smelting furnaces, opened stores, bought furs, and sold goods and Indian trin- T^ets. carrying on a large business, including the preparation of ore for the mar- 144 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ket. Twice a year he took a boatload of ore, furs and hides to St. Louis, ex- changing them for goods, money and supplies. He was an accomplished diplo- mat, but not a success as a money maker. After eight years of mining and trading he made an effort to secure a title to his leased lands; the only title he held was a permit to mine, granted by a council of Fox Indians. He now claimed that he had paid for the land in goods and in 1796 he presented to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana a petition asking for a title to the lands. The petition was referred by Gov. Carondelet to Don Andrew Todd, a prominent mer- chant who secured a monopoly of the Indian trade with the tribes of the Miss- issippi River Valley. Todd was requested to examine into Dubuque's petition and report to the Governor. In his report Todd stated that he saw no reason why Dubuque should not be granted his claim, provided he should be prohib- ited from trading with the Indians, except with written permission of Mr. Todd, and upon such terms as he might require. November 10, 1769, Gov. Carondelet granted the petition, endorsing on it these words: "Granted as asked for un- der the restrictions mentioned by the Merchant Don Andrew Todd, in his re- port." Monuments were erected by the Fox chief and Dubuque to mark the boundary on the three sides from the river front, soon after the grant was made. Inasmuch as Spain always recognized the right of the Indians to sell their rights, Dubuque now thought his title was secure. As the years passed he carried on a large trade with August Chonteau of St. Louis, and became heavily indebted to him. In 1804 he conveyed to Chonteau in settlement of his debt an undivided 7-16 of this land, estimated to consist of 73,324 acres. It was also provided that at the death of Dubuque all the remainder of his interests in the lands should succeed to Chonteau or his heirs. In 1807 Chonteau sold one-half of his intrest to John Mullanphy of St. Louis for $15,000. In 1810 Du- buque died of pneumonia after a short illness. His death brought a great change in the mines, the village and the white colony. John T. Smith, a famous Indian fighter and West Pointer, bought an interest in Dubuque's grant, after his death, and took possession of some of the lead works. He attempted to carry on min- ing and smelting but the Indians refused to recognize his title. They claimed that the grant to Dubuque was a permit to him personally and conveyed no absolute title to the lands and could not be used by other parties. The Fox chief gathered his warriors, destroyed the buildings and drove all the whites to the East side of the river. In 1805, Dubuque and Chonteau filed a claim in the United States Court for title to all the lands which Dubuque had originally leased from the Indians, embracing a tract of nine miles wide, twenty-one miles along the river. For nearly half a century this claim was pending before the various tribunals. Finally by agreement a suit of ejection was commenced against Patrick Ma- loney, who held a United States patent to his farm, and judgment was rendered in favor of the defendant. An appeal was taken to the United States Supreme Court in 1853, which affirmed the judgment of the lower court. The Chouteau heirs employed several able attorneys, assisted by Reverdy Johnson, the great Maryland lawyer, while the Dubuque settlers were represented by Caleb Gush- ing, of Massachusetts, Judge T. S. Wilson and Piatt Smith of Dubuque. It was to the people of Dubuque a very important case and closely contested. The ti- tle to thousands of city lots and farms as well as the lead mines of Dubuque were dependent upon the result. The decision hinged largely upon the legal construction given to the original grant made by the Indian council to Dubuque in 1788. Also on the nature of the Spanish grant made by Gov. Carondelet to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145 Dubuque in 1796. The Court held that both grants were in the nature of a lease or permit to mine, and not intended to convey title to the land. During the twenty-two years that Dubuque and his assistants lived in Iowa, from 1788 to 1810, the territory was owned by three differnt nations, viz: Spain, France and the United States. The mines and village which were first named by Du- buque the "Mines of Spain," were after his death called "Dubuque Lead Mines." The burial place of Dubuque was on a high bluff two hundred feet above the river and close to it, near the site of the old Indian village of Kettle Chief. Inscribed on a cedar cross in large letters were "Julien Dubuque, Miner of the Mines of Spain. Died March 24, 1810. Age 45 years and six months." His friend, the Fox chief, was buried near his grave. Fourteen years after the death of Dubuque but little was known of the lead mines, as the Indians had undisputed possession. The next white settlement attempted in the limits of Iowa was by Brazil Giard, a French-American, who obtained from the Lieuten- ant Governor of Louisiana in 1795 a grant to a traft of land in the limits of Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." It contained 5,860 acres and was occupied several years. When Louisiana was acquired by the United States a piitent was issued to Giard by the Government, which was the first legal title obtained by a white man to lands in the limits of Iowa. CHAPTER XIII. October 3. 1803, Congress passed an Act authorizing the President to take posesssion of Louisiana, and establish a temporary Government. March 26, 1804. an Act was passed organizing the Territory of Orleans, which embraced what subsequently became the State of Louisiana, while the remainder of the purchase was made the District of Louisiana, and placed under the jurisdic- tion of the governor of Indian Territory. On the 3rd of March, 1810, it was or- ganized into a separate territory, with Gen. James Wilkinson as Governor. The vhite population at this date did not exceed 1,000 and the capitol was St. Louis. Charles Floyd, member of an exploring party, died August 20, 1804, and was furled on a Missouri bluff a few miles above Omaha. He was the first white man buried in Iowa soil. A monument was erected over his grave in 1901. It is 100 feet in height and cost $20,000. In the spring of 1805 an explor- ing party was fitted out by the government to explore the new purchase. It consisted of Captain Clark and Lewis. They traveled up the Missouri River and made their way to the Pacific Coast. Their report afforded much valu- able information. In August another exploring party was organized to explore the upper Miss- issippi River. Z. M. Pike, a brilliant young officer, was placed in command. They ascended the Mississippi River and some of its trbutares untl February 18th, when they turned homewards. The expedition was a success as it efx- plored the Mississippi River to Red Cedar Lake. They reached St. Louif; April 30, 1806. while the land was reported very fertile and grasses luxuriant, still, it seemed at that time the impression prevailed that the good land lay along the river, and a few miles West the land was barren and worthless. As late as 1819, Thomas H. Benton, Editor St. Louis Engineer, wrote: "After you get forty or fifty miles West of the Mississippi River the arid plains set in. The country is uninhabitable except upon the border of the rivers and creeks. The Grand Prairies, a plain without wood or water, which extends to the Northwest farther than hunter or traveler have ever been, come down to within a few H6 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. miles of St. Charles, and so completely occupies the fork of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers that the woodlands for three hundred miles of each form a skirt of from five to twenty miles wide, and about that distance the prairie actually reaching the river in many places." When it is seen that a statesman and editor so intelligent and eminent as Thomas H. Benton, as late as 1819, regarded the Northwest prairies covering a large portion of Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and the Dakotas, as uninhabitable except along rivers and creeks, it is not strange that the early pioneers, hunters and trappers entertained the same opinion. In 1806 the citi- zens of the Mississippi River Valley were excited by rumor of a scret conspir- acy, said to be organized under the leadership of the late Vice-President of the United States, Aaron Burr, to separate that region from the Union. It was reported that the scheme was to capture the adjacent Spanish Province of Mex- ico, unite them and form a Western Empire. November 15th the United States District Attorney for Kentucky made for- mal charges in the United States Court against B'urr, and followed with a brief statement explaining the texture of the conspiracy. Henry Clay appeared as counsel for Burr and defeated the attempt to have him held for trial. Burr had caused to be built at Marietta, Ohio, ten large beteaux and had collected a great amount of provisions for a voyage. He had secured the co-operation of many prominent men in various parts of the valley, and after the failure to in- dict him, took active steps to carry out his plan. Gen. Wilkinson, who was Governor of Louisiana Territory, was approached and th,ere was evidence that he had for several months possessed some knowledge of the enterprise. • Captain Tyler, with a force of men and boats, accompanied by Harman Bleumerhassett, a wealthy rish gentleman occupying an island near Marietta, finally began the descent of the Ohio River. Below Louisville they were joined by Burr. The authorites now became alarmed. The situation seemed grave. President Jefferson issued a proclamation warning all citizens against aiding the conspiracy and directing the arrest of all concerned in the unlawful enterprise. Burr and his party were arrested near Natchez, his boats and military supplies seized and he was taken before the Supreme Court and released on bail. The Grand Jury rfused to indict him, and Burr, failing to secure a discharge, escaped. In attempting to make his way by night to Pensacola to find shelter on board a British vessel, he was captured and taken to Richmond, Va. He was there indicted, tried for high treason and acquitted. The arrest of Burr prostrated the scheme, although there was no doubt several influential men were implicated. In 1805 Lieut. Pike was sent to locate a fort somewhere between St. Louis and Prairie du Chien and to procure the consent of the Indians. In his report he says: "I have chose a site on a hill forty miles above the View Des Moines Rapid, on the West side of the river. The channel of the river runs on that shore; the hill is about sixty feet perpendicular, nearly level on top." In 1808 Lieut. Kingsley was sent with a company of infantry to make a plat of the ground and erect the fort. The next year it was garrisoned and in honor of the President called Fort Madison. It appears that the Indians did not consent to the erction of the fort, and it was therefore a flagrant violation of the treaty of 1804, by which the United States secured 51,000,000 acres of most valuable lands for almost nothing. It is not strange that the Indians complained of bad faith, and hcstiles under the leadership of Black Hawk made an attempt :to capture and destroy it. In 1812 this fort was manned by about fifty men. and on HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 the 5th of August a band of about two hundi'ed Winnebagos attacked it. Among the Indians was Black Hawk, then a young man. A lively fight ensued, lasting for three days, when the Indians withdrew after having burned several build- ings in the vicinity. In 1813 this fort was again attacked by the Indians, who were defeated, but seven soldiers were killed. In August of that year a large force of Indians laid siege to the fort, entirly surrounding it. The Garrison, under Hamilton, made a brave defense until the provisions were exhausted and they were reduced to the verge of starvation. During the night of September 3rd Hamilton ordered a trench dug from the blockhouse to the river where the boats were lying. There was no prospect of re-inforcements being sent to their relief. Starvation, massacre or escape were the alternatives. They chose the latter; the night was dark and cloudy, with a fierce wind roaring in the forest surrounding the fort. The little garrison crawled on hands and knees along the bottom of the trench in fearful silence, and at midnight entered the boats without alarming the watchful savages. The last man to enter the trench ap- plied a torch to the fort. A moment later ftie boats pushed out into the rapid current of the Mississippi River, and were soon out of danger. They arrived safely in St. Louis and the fort was never rebuilt. But the name clung to the spot where the ruins of the fort were long visible and a later generation built a city on the historic site, giving it the name of Fort Madison. CHAPTER XIV. In 1815 Col. Nichols was sent with the 8th United States Infantry to build a fort on Rock Island. On arriving at the Island, messengers were sent to the chiefs in the vicinity inviting them to meet in council but none of them came. The Indians understood the significance of a fort and garrison and regarded it as unfriendly, but made no resistance. The island had long been a favorite resort of the Indians, who camped among its beautiful groves and paddled their canoes along its rock shores. It was one of the most beautiful places in the Mississippi River Valley and they were reluctant to see it occupied by a mil- itary force of the whites. Gen. Smith was now in command and the erection of the fort was immediately commenced. When completed it was 400 feet square, the lower part of rock and the upper part of heavy timber. Col. Daven- port was the contractor. He made his permanent home on the island. In 1817 Fort Armstrong was completed and occupied by troops until 1836, when it was evacuated. Different attempts were made to enter the lands on the island, but the government held it as a reserve, except the tract occupied by Col. Davenport and D. B. Sears, on which they had made valuable improvements. They were by special act of Congress allowed to enter their lands. Long litiga- tion followed, but finally the government purchased a number of the claims, others were abandoned, and in 1862 the Attorney General held the island was a military reservation. Over $3,000,000 had been spent in improving the island. In 1811 a succession of earthquakes shook the Mississippi River Valley and caused great alarm. The point where several shocks were felt was in the vi- cinity of New Madrid, in the Southeast corner of what is now the State of Mis- souri. The convulsion was so great that the inner section of land sunk. The channel of the river was changed, lakes and swamps disappeared and the low lands were elevated into hills. The waters of the Mississippi River near New Madrid were rolled up stream with great force, for nearly ten miles, causing destruction of life and property. It was during the continuance of these con- 148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. vulsicns that the first steamboat that navigated a Western river was making its w^ay cautiously down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Its name was the Orleans of four hundred tons, commanded by Capt. Roosevelt. It was built at Pittsburg. The trip was made to New Orleans in good shape, and steamboat navigation was established on Western rivers. June 4lh, 1S12, the Territory of Orleans was admitted into the Union as a State, under the name of Louisiana. During the war of 1812 the Mississippi Valley suffered but little. Col. Nichols, commander of the British fleet in 1814, attempted (o revive the scheme for separating that region from the Union. He issued a proclamation in the nam.e of the King of Great Britain to the citizens of Louisiana, calling upon the French, Spaniards, English, Indians and native Louisianians to rally to his standard and emancipate themselves from a usurp- ing, weak and faithless government. He declared that he had come with, a fine train of artillery, experienced, British officers and a large body of Indian warriors, supported by a British and Spanish fleet. His avowed object was to put ar; end to the usurpation of the United States and restore the country to its lawful owners. To the Indians he offered a bounty of ten dollars for every scalp taken from the enemy. His address was distributed throughout the valley in the hope that the people of English, Spanish and French birth might be persuaded 1o conspire against the government of the United States and aid Groat Britain in her attempt to secure the Mississippi River Valley. The response given to this appeal was manifested a few months later, when the loyal pioneers flocked to New Orleans with their rifles and met the English invaders on the field of battle. More than twenty-five hundred of Wellington's veterans fell before unerring aim of the sturdy, loyal backwoodsmen under General Jackson. At the beginning of the war of 1812 the entire population of the Northwest, embracing the Territories of Indiana, Illinois and Michigan, was estimated at forty thousand. The first steamboat that ascended the Mississippi River to the limits of Iowa was the Grand Pike. It reached St. Louis August 2d, 1817. It was commanded by Captain Reed. In 1818 Missouri made application for admission as a State. When the bill was introdticed in Congress, Mr. Talmage ol New York offered the following proviso: "Provided that the further intro- duction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited, except in punishment for crime, when the party shall have been duly convicted; and that all children born within the said State after the admission thereof, shall be free at the age of twenty years." After a brief discussion the proviso was adopted in the House by a vote of 79 to 67. This was the beginning of the great conflict betv.reen freedom and slavery in the new States and Territories, which forty years later brought on the greatest Civil War known to the civilized world. The Senate favored the admission of Missouri as a slave State and the House insisted on the exclusion of slavery. The remarkable influence and eloquence of Henry Clay finally perstiaded a majority of the members to admit Missouri as ;i slave State, upon the conditions that slavery should forever be excluded from that portion of the Louisiana Purchase lying north of Lat. 36 deg. 30 min. excepting Missouri. In defining the Northern boundary of Missouri the follow- ing langviage was employed: "From the point aforesaid North along said meridian line to the intersection of the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the River Des Moines, making the said line to correspond with the Indian boundary line; then East from the point of intersection last aforesaid HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 149 along said jjarallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel to the main part of said River Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi River, then due Bast to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River. Some years later a serious conflict arose between the States, Missouri contending that it referred to certain ripples in the River Des Moines, which would carry the same line some thirty miles North. Iowa held that the rapids in the Mississippi River called by the early French explorers "I^a Rapids de la River Des Moines" was the point meant. In ISl9 the first steamboat undertook to ascend the ever shifting channel of the Missouri River. CHAPTER XV. In 1S12, the trading house of the American Fur Company, was destroyed by fire, and Colonel Johnson, its raanagar, reported the loss on the building and furs at $5,500. In 1S20 Le Moliere, another French trader, established a trading post six miles above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The same year Dr. Muir, a surgeon in the United States Army, was with a command stationed at Fort Edwards, now ^Varsaw, 111. He crossed the river and built a cabin whei-e Keokuk now stands. He had married a beautiful and intelligent Indian giil of the Sac nation. Some years later an order was issued by the War Department requiring officers of the array at the frontier posts to abandon their Indian wives. Di", Muir refused to desert his wife and resigned his commission. He was a Scotchman and a graduate of Edinbui'g University. He lived happily with his wife in their humble home until 1832, when he died suddenly of cholera, leaving a widow and five children destitute, as he had lost his property in litigation. Ill 1S30 the first school was established, taught by Berryman Jennings, and the first white child, Eleanor Galland, was born within the limits of Iowa at Keokuk. In his book Dr. Galland says: "As we passed up the river we saw the ruins of old Fort Madison, about ten miles above the rapids, near a sand bluff rising perpendicular from the water's edge. On the second day our boat reached Flint Hill, an Indian village of the Fox tribe which stood at the mouth of Flint Creek; its chief was Tiema. In 1825 I took a trip, with an ox team 'and Indian guide up the; river. We passed Wapello's village and crossed the Des Moines River on a raft. We ascended the highlands above Grave Yard Bluff, which was a landmark for the Indians. In the fall of 1825 I settled at Quash- qua we-Village, where my father-in-law, Capt. James White, had purchased the old trading house and a tract of land adjacent, which was an old Spanish grant made to Monsieur Julien, on which he lived in 1805. Capt. White made his first trip on the steamer Mandan, which was the first that came to the foot of the lapids. In 1831 the American Fur Co. erected on the bank of the river at Keokuk a row of hewn log buildings for the use of its agent in its traffic with the Indians, and for storing skins and furs. This place was called Farmers Port. In 1834 a meeting of the half-breed Indians was held at this place to prepare a petition to Congress, requesting the passage of an act to authorize ihem to sell the lands in the tract known as the "Half-Breed Reservation." There were nine faniilies living in that vicinity, and after the adjournment of the meeting, the citizens held a council at John Gaines' saloon, to consider the prospect of 150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. building a city at that place. After some consultation John Gaines proposed, and it was agreed to, that the future city should he named for the Sac Chief Keokuk. In 1.S29 James L. Langworthy, a native of Vermont, purchased an interest iu the Galena J^ead Mines and attempted to procure an interest in Dubuque's old "Mines of Spain." Securing Indian guides he explored the country between the Turkey and Maqun)keta Rivers, to find the lead mines formerly worked. He made friends of the Indians and secured permission to work some of the mines. The next year, with his brother, Lucius H. Langworthy, and a company of miners, he began work. A village of the Sac and Fox Indians which stood at the mouth of Catfish Creek had been depopulated by an attack of the Sioux Indians, who Itilled nearly all of its inhabitants. This battle took place near Dubuque's Grave, and tradition telis us that a remnant of the Sac and Foxes who escaped the slaughter rushed up the hill to the grave of their old friend and protector, Julien Dubuque,, but being followed by the Sioux and bard pressed, they plunged over the rock precipice, which rises nearly two hundred feet, into the river and were no more^ All perished. 1 here were about seventy empty houses standing here when the miners from Galena crossed to take possession of the abandoned "Mines of Spain." Some of the indiscreet miners thought to intimidate the Indians by burning their cabins and thereby preventing their return to the mines. In June, 1830, the miners on the "West side of the river determined to organize a local govern- ment. They held a meeting and elected a legislature consisting of James L. Langworthy, W. F. Lander, James McPeters, Samuel Scales and E. M. Wren, and instructed them 1o report a code of laws. The pioneer law making body gathered around an old cotton wood log for a table and lu'oceeded to business. Mi*. Langworthy was chosen clerk and kept the records. The following is a copy of the codes adopted: "Having been chosen to draft laws by which we, as miners, will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, we do unanimously agree that we will he governed by the regulations on the East side of the Mississippi River, with the following exceptions : 'Article 1. That each and every man shall hold two hundred yards square of ground by working said ground one day in six. "Article 2. We further agree that there shall be chosen by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letter of arbitration, on application having been made, and said letter oi* arbitration .shall be obligatory on the party so applying." The regulations referred to on the East side of the river, were the laws established by the Superintendent of the United States Lead Mines at Galena. Settlers soon legan to arrive in the new colony, but as it was inviolation of the treaty with the Indians, the War Department ordered their removal, and a detachment of troops was stationed at the mines to protect the Indians in their rights. JeVferson Davis, then a young man, was sent from the fort at Prairie du Chien, with a detachment of troops, to remove the settlers across the river. Jeff accomplished the very unpleasant task with the utmost prompt- ings of humanity. He made warm friends of the miners by his mild course, and the aid which he and his soldiers extended in helping them to remove HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 their families and effects to the East side of the river or the island, whichever place they preferred to go. At I'lint Hill, Sand S. White and others had entered the Indian lands, erecteci cabins and staked off claims, but were also driven out and the cabins destroyed. The treaty by which the "Black Hawk Purchase" was acquired was ratified Feb. 13th, 1833. CHAPTER XVI. It liad not been namec! Iowa, but was known as the "Black Hawk Purchase." On .lune 1st, 183^, there were no more than fifty white people living within the limits of tlie future State. When the troops were withdrawn from the "Mines of Spain" in June, 1833, the Langworthy Brothers crossed the river again and resumed work in the mines. Settlers flocked in a,nd the second school in the State was established. A pioneer among the early inhabitants of this first Iowa village gives the following description of the place in that year: "The village resounded to vhe woodman's axe; the sturdy oaks fell before them on every side; the branches were used for fuel, and the trunks for the construction of rude log cabins without doors or windows. Three openings served for the entrance of light and the settler, and the egress of the smoke. The winter of that year shut us in from all communication with the outside world, with a short supply of provisions and not a woman in the settlement. There was plenty of whiskey and the demon intemperance stalked everywhere during the long winter evenings and short bleak days. The cholera claimed many victims, and the sick lay down and died with no gentle hand to nurse them, no medical aid to relieve, and no kindred or friend to mourn their untimely fate. W^e had no mail, no government, and were subject to no restraint of law' or society. Drinking and gambling were the universal amusements, and criminals were only amendable to the penalties inflicted by Judge Lynch, from whose summary decrees there was no appeal. There were stirring times in the old days in this region. Every man was the protector of his own honor. Every man was expected to defend himself when the occasion demanded. They shot on sight. One incident will suffice to give the reader an idea of the established customs and society of those days. One Smith and his son became involved in a dispute over a mining claim with Woodbury Massey. A few days later Massey was shot down in cold blood. Both father and son had emptied their rifles into him. Every man was a law unto himself. Six months later a sister of Massey's, about twenty years old, appeared in Dubuque. She had Smith pointed out to Ler, and without ceremony planted a bullet in him. An account book in his pocket saved the fellow from instant death. He died from the effects of the wound two years after. Some months after this affair, the girl would have been killed by young Smith had not a Smith of another tribe intercepted the son as he was taking aim at the girl. Later a brother of Massey's shot and killed young Smith in Galena. With true romantic instinct William Smith, who had saved her life, married Miss Massey. Incidents of this nature and in which the Indians figured might be recounted indefinitely. "In the spring of 1S34 a transient steamer came up from St. Louis, bringing provisions, groceries, goods and newspapers. A few women came to join their husbands, and from that time on we began to exhibit some elements of civiliza- tion." It is claimed that the first American flag raised by a citizen of Iowa was 152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. by Nicholas Carroll, July 4th, 1834. Also the first church in Iowa was built at Dubuque that year. A Mr. Johnson, a devout Methodist, raised the necessary funds by general subscription. The church was used by different denominations for several years. The first Catholic church erected in Iowa was a stone edifice built in Dubuque in 1835-36, through the efforts of a French priest, Mazzuchelli, and the pioneer Bishop Loras located in Dubuque in 1837. Fort Madison was next to Dubuque as one of the earliest places in the limits of Iowa occupied by the whites. In 1833 Mr. M. Carver and Mr. White, with their families, crossed the river and took claims where Burlington now stands. They established a ferry across the river. In the fall Wm. Ross bought a stock of goods and opened the first store. In November^ 1833, the town was laid oat and platted. The claim on which Davenport was laid out was made in 1833 by R. H. Spencer and A. M. Cloud. Soon after Anton Le Clair purchased it for $100. In 1835 it became the property of a company of eight persons, who laid oUt a town and called it Davenport, after Col. Davenport. A long and bitter contest was v/aged between Rockingham and Davenport for the County Seat. It was finally decided in favor of the latter. This proved a death blow to Rockingham. The first record to be found in which the name Iowa is applied, to the section of country which became the State of Iowa., is Lieut. Lee's report, and book description of the "Black Hawk Purchase," and a little later a writer in the "Dubuque Visitor" refers to it as the "future State of Iowa. The name of the "Dubuque Visitor" was soon after changed to the News. So far as can be ascertained, the first time the name Iowa is found in any public record is in 1829. At a session of the Legislature of the Territory of Michigan held in Detroit that year, an act was passed and approved by which all the territory lying South of the Wisconsin River, West of Lake Michigan, East of the Mississippi River and North of Illinois, was formed into a new county called Iowa, and the County Seat was located at Mineral Point. CHAPTER XVII. When the treaty of Aug. ^th, 1824, was made with the Sac and Fox Indians, it was stipulated that the "small tract of land lying between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers should belong to the half-breeds of the Sac and Fox nations, they holding it by the- same title and in the same manner that other Indian titles are held." This reservation consisted of 119,000 acres of choice lands lying in the Southeast corner of lov/a. Congress passed an act authorizing the half brefds to pre-empt, the District Court of Lee County appointed a committee consisting of Edward Johnson, T. S. Wilson and David Brighara, to take testi- mony as to claimants and report to the court. Before the case was disposed of the Legislature repealed the act under which the committee was appointed. The repealing act authorized the commissioners to bring suit against the owners of the land lor their service. Suit was brought and judgment rendered in favor of the plaintiff for $5,773.32. It has never been explained how the attorneys manat;ed to get the fraction of thirty-two cents in their bill; but it is claimed by some that it came as a result of close and careful figuring, tempered by justice and fair dealing. Still others seemed to think that their bill was out- rageously high, and the TTnited States Court seemed to take that view, for it set aside the sale made under the judgment which they obtained. The lands HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 were levied on, and the whole tract sold to satisfy the judgment. This case would indicate that a great change for the better has tal^en place among the attorneys. Now in such a case the average attorney would be willing to take a good sized farm for his fee, but the attorneys of that day took the whole tract, 119,000 acres. The judgment, so manifestly unjust, was not, however, allowed to stand. When the Territory became a State the Supreme Court was reorgan- ized, John F. Kinny and George Greene having succeeded Mason and Wilson. The court thus constructed, in a case brought by the purchasers to dispossess the settlers, held that the sheriff's deed was invalid, so the attorneys who wanted to get all lost all. It would have been better for their reputation, conscience and finances to have taken a farm each. T. S. Wilson was afterward elected Judge of the District Coui't. His circuit was very large, which necessitated considerable of travel. Those days the Judges of our Courts were almost invariably good judges of whiskey, and T. S. Wilson was no exception to the rule. The hotel accommodations were poor, and it was common for two, and sometimes three, to sleep in a bed. One night it fell to Judge Wilson's lot to sleep with an Irishman. They had never met before, but as the Irishman had a bottle of what he called good whiskey, their first meeting was pleasant and they soon became warm friends. In the morning, the Judge remarked: "Well, Patrick, you would be in Ireland a long time before you could sleep with a Judge." "Yes, your honor," replied Patrick, "and you would be in Ireland a long time before you could be a Judge." In 1824 the Iowa district was divided into two counties, by running a line due West from the Iowa end of Rock Island. The territory North of this line was called Dubuque County and the territory South Des Moines County. A court was organized in each county, the terms of which were held in Dubuque and Burlington. The judges were Isaac Loeffler of Des Moines and John King of Dubuque. In ]835 George W. Jones, who lived at Sinsinawa Mound, was elected to represent the Michigan Territory in Congress. He secured the passage of a bill creating the new Territory of Wisconsin, which also included Iowa, part of Minnesota and the Dakotas. Governor Dodge ordered a census to be taken of the new territory in 1836, and it was found that the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines had a population of 10,531, which entitled them to six members in the Council and thirteen members in the House of Representatives of the Territorial Legislature. At the election held that year, Des Moines County elected to the Council, J. Smith, Joe B. Teas and A. B. Ingham. In the House Isaac Loeffler, Thos. Blair, John Box, George W. Teas, D. R. Chance, W. L. Jenkins and John Reynolds. The County of Dubuque sent to the Council Thos. McCraney, John Foley and Thos. McKnight; to the House, Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, H. D. Camp, P. H. Engle and P. Quigley. The Legislature convened at Belmond Oct. 25th, 1836. Peter H. Engle of Dubuque was elected Speaker of the House and H. P. Baird President of the Council. An act was passed by this Legislature authorizing the establishment at Dubuque of the "Miners' Bank." The charter required that the bank should have a capital stock of $200,000. The first act regulating the sale of spirituous liquors in Iowa was passed in 1836. It provided that the County Supervisor might authorize any person to keep a grocery, under such regulations as a majority might deem expedient, by paying a dollar per month into the County Treasury. For running a grocery without a license a fine of two dollars for each offense was levied. 154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The fii'st newspaper West of the Mississippi River was established in St. Louis in 1808; it was called the Louisiana Gazette; changed to the Missouri Gazette; the Missouri Republican, and now the St. Louis Republic. The first newspaper established in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, in 1836, Dy John King. In 1808 the name was changed to the Iowa News; in 1841 to the Miners Expresjs; in 1855 to the Express and Herald, then the Dubuque Herald, and finally consolidated with the Telegraph, under the name of the Telegraph Herald. In 1836 Dr. Isaac Galland established the second paper in Iowa, at Montrose, called the Western Advertiser; two years later it was moved to Fort Madison and the name changed to the Fort Madison Patriot. The first issue of the Patriot contained the text of a bill introduced in Congress by General George W. .Jones, providing for the division of the Territory of Wisconsin and the creation of a new territory West of the Mississippi River to be called "Iowa." The editor of the Patriot in an article referring to the bill said: "If a division of the Territory is effected, we propose that lowans take the cognomen of 'Hawkeyes.' Our etymology can thus be more definitely traced than that of the Wolverines, Suckers and Hoosiers; and we can rescue from oblivion a memento at least of the old chief." The suggestion met with favor. Hence the people of Iowa are called "Hawkeyes." The second session of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory assembled at Burlington, Iowa, on the first Monday of November, 1837. Previous to its meeting a call had been issued for a convention of delegates from the West side of the Mississippi River, to assemble at Burlington on the 6th day of November, for the following purposes: First, to memorialize Congress to pass an act granting the right of pre-emption to actual settlers of government lands. Second, on the sub.1ect of an attempt by the State of Missouri to extend her Northern boundary so as to embrace territory claimed as a part of Wisconsin. Third, for the organization of a separate territorial government in that part of Wisconsin lying West of the Mississippi River. The convention assembled at the appointed time, and among other business transacted, the report on the disputed boundary settlement, asked Congress to appoint commissioners to run the line between Missouri and Wisconsin, and to adopt such measures as might be necessary to settle and establish said boundary- line. The convention also memorialized Congress for a division of the Territory of Wisconsin. The assembling of the Legislature at Burlington at this time was the first meeting of a legislative body in the future State of Iowa. Early in its session an act was passed dividing Dubuque County, and organizing from its territory Dubuque, Clayton, .Jackson, Clinton, Scott, Lima, Johnson, Benton, Iowa and Delaware. CHAPTER XVIII. In the lall of 1837 the United States negotiated another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, by which 1,250,000 acres of land along the West side of the Black Hawk Purchase was secured. The census taken in August, 1836, showed the population on the West side of the Mississippi River as follows: Dubuque County, 4,247: Des Moines County, 6,257; total, 10,531. In May, 1838, a second census taken in the sixteen counties organized from the original two HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 counties showed a population of 22,859. In June, 1838, the bill was passed by Congress establishing, the Territory of Iowa. It provided that: From and after the 3rd day of July next, all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies West of the Mississippi River, and West of the line drawn due North from the head waters of said river to the territorial line, shall be constituted a separate territorial government by the name of Towa. This territory included all of Iowa, most of Minnesota and a portion of Dakota. The act provided that the President should appoint a Governor to hold office three \eai-s. The legislative department consisted of a Council and House of Representatives. The Council was composed of thirteen members, and the House of twenty-six. Members of the Council were elected for two years, and of the House one year. The courts consisted of Supreme, District, Probate and Justice 01 the Peace. President Van Buren appointed Brig.-Gen. Henry Atkinson Governor of Iowa Territory because of his intimate acquaintance with the Indian affairs in the Mississippi Valley. But he declined. The President then made the following appointments for the new Territory: Robert Lucas, Gov- ernor; W. B. Conway, Secretary: Francis Gabon, Marshal; C. S. Jacob, United States Attorney: Chas. Mason, Chief Justice; Joseph Williams and Thomas S. Wilson, Associate Judges: C. A. Dodge, Registrar, and J. P. Van Antwerp, Receiver, and Thomas McKnight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Cyrus S. Jacobs was killed in a political affray and the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Isaac Van Allen, who also died soon after his appointment, and was succeeded by Chas Weston. When Governor Lucas arrived at Burlington, Aug. 13, 1838. he was surprised to hear that Wm. B. Conway, the Secretary, when notified of his appointment at his home in Pittsburg, had hurried to the Territory and assumed the duties of Governor, and had issued a proclamation for an election, signing the docu- ment "Acting Governor." Governor Lucas quietly ignored this presumptious act of the Secretary, and at once entered upon the discharge of his duties. The first official act of the Governor was to issue a proclamation dated Aug. 13, 1838, dividing the territory into eight representative districts, and apportioning the members of the Council and House among the counties organized. The Legis- lature met at the old Zion church in Burlington, Nov. 12th, 1838. James W. Grimes, who was the youngest member of the House, being but 22 years old, became Governor of the State and later a distinguished United States Senator. S. Hempstead, a member of the Council, 26 years old, became the second Governor of the State in 1850. S. C. Hastings, member of the House, 24 years old. was afterwards elected to Congress, and in 1846 chief justice of the State Supreme Court. The laws enacted by this Legislature ir the main were satisfactory and worthy of men of greater experience. The only discreditable act was that prohibiting free negroes from settling in the Territory, unless they gave a bond of $500 as security for good behavior, and against their becoming a charge on the county. This act provided that any negro who should settle in the Territory without giving such bond, should be arrested and forcibly hired out to the highest bidder for cash, to serve six months. Any citizen who sheltered or employed a colored man, who had failed to give a bond, was subject to a fine of $100. Any slaveholder was authorized to come into the Territory to procure their arrest and surrender to him, by an Iowa officer, of any slave who had escaped from bondage and sought freedom on Iowa soil. The House 156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Journal shows no opposition to this infamous law, but in the Council, Jas. M, Clark, Robert Ralsom and J. W. Parker voted against it. An unpleasant contest soon arose between the Governor and the Legislature. A joint resolution was passed directing the Secretary to pay certain officers and employes. The Governor held that a law must be enacted and approved by the Governor before the Secretary would be warranted in paying out money. This dispute became warm and culminated in a majority of the House joining in an effort to induce the President of the United States to remove him. Governor Lucas explained the matter to the President and it was dropped. The Missouri boundary line was settled by act of Congress March 6th, 1820, as follows: The parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the River Des Moines, then along said parallel of latitude to the middle of the channel of the main fork of said River Des Moines; then down along the middle of the main channel of said River Des Moines to the Mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi River. In J 837 the State of Missouri appointed commissioners to run the Northern boundary line and mark it. In a search for rapids in the Des Moines River, they found ripples near Keosauqua, which they asstimed to be the "Rapids of the Des Moines" named in the act of Congress defining the boundary in 1820. But these ripples had never been called the "Rapids of the Des Moines," until so designated by those Missouri commissioners. The conflict first arose over a disputed territory when Clark County, Mo., enrolled the citizens within its limits, and placed their names on its tax lists. When the Missouri tax officer undertook to collect the taxes for Clark County, the settlers who lived in the territory in dispute refused to pay. The collector levied upon their property, and was arrested on a warrant issued by a magistrate of Van Buren County, and delivered into custody at Muscatine. CHAPTER XVIV. Governor Boggs of Missouri sent Gen. Allen, with 1,000 armed men, to aid the officer of Clark County in collecting the tax. Governor Lucas promptly ordered Gen. Browne to call out the militia and march to the defense of Van Buren County officials; 1,200 men responded to the call. Before proceeding to hostilities. Gen. Browne selected A. C. Dodge, of Burlington; Gen. Chaurch- man, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, to act as commissioners to negotiate a peaceable settlement. In the meantime the sheriff of Clark County had been directed to postpone the collecting of taxes, and a delegate had been sent to Governor Lucas to propose an amicable adjustment of the controversy. Gen. Allen had withdrawn his army and awaited the result of negotiations. The Iowa militia was disbanded. Col. McDaniels and Dr. Wagland, the Missouri commissioners, went to Burlington and conferred with the Governor and Legislature then in session, and it was agreed that hostilities should be post- poned, and the matter in dispute be referred to Congress for settlement. On the 18th of June, 18?»8, Congress authorized the President to cause the Southern boundary of Iowa to be ascertained and marked, Lieut. Lee was appointed for the United States and Dr. Davis by Governor Lucas for Iowa, Missouri had no representative on the commission. The matter was not finally settled until 1848, when the Supreme Court gave Iowa the boundary it claimed. The commissioners, John Reynolds of Louisiana, Robert Ralstom of Des Moines. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 and Channey Swan of Dubuque, appointed to locate the Capitol, fixed the point on the East bank of the Iowa River, where six hundred and forty acres were procured. It was named Iowa City. The six hundred and forty acres were divided into lots, and the sale of the lots was well advertised for Aug. 18th, 1839. A tew log houses had been built before the sale. The first sale lasted three days and was then postponed until October. Two hundred and sixty lots were disposed of at these sales for $28,854.75, which amount was estimated to be about one-fourth the value of the plat. There were no roads leading into the new Capitol, and in order to guide travelers to it from the Mississippi River, the enterprising citizens employed Lyman Dillon to run a furrow across the prairies and through the groves, to guide strangers to the new seat of govern- ment. Dillon started a two-horse immigrant wagon, carrying provisions, cooking utensils and bedding. The ox team dragged the plow patiently all day, turning over the prairie sod to mark the way for the travelers. At noon and night the oxen were turned out to graze on the rich prairie grasses, while the men cooked their food and slept in the wagon. It was the longest furrow of record, being about one hundred miles; and soon a well beaten road was made beside it by the white-topped wagons of the new settlers. During the fall of 1839 Governor Lucas, accompanied by his two daughters, with Gen. Fletcher of Muscatine, as guide, all traveling on horseback, visited the new Capitol. They met a most cordial reception, the hospitality of the best house in the village, the only one having an attic, was tendered to them. The way to their sleeping rooms was up a rude ladder through a small opening in the upper floor. Before returning the Governor purchased a claim near the city which in after years became his home. The first settlers in and about the new Capitol are described, by one who was among them, as "Mostly young men without families, who had left the paternal roof in the older States in search of homes on the frontier, there to work out their own way in life's battles and toils. The young pioneer is not encumbered with extra baggage; with a gun and knife, a bake-pan, tin cup, some corn meal and bacon, all packed on his back, he explores the country on foot. He selects his claim, builds a rude log cabin, cooks his coarse food, and freely shares his scant supply with any traveler who comes along. When absent, his cabin door is left unfastened, and some cooked food left in sight for any weary, hungry pioneer who may chance to come in to rest. When several settlers have taken claims in one vicinity, the first act toward civil government is to meet at one of the cabins and form a 'claim association' for mutual pro- tection of their new homes. They selecf officers, record the names of the members, as well as the number of each member's claim. Thy pledge themselves to stand by each other in holding possession of their respective homes until they can be purchased from the United States. In the absence of laws pi'otecting their claims from mercenary speculators, they organized and enacted homestead and pre-emption laws long in advance of the legislation which was subsequently founded upon the recognition of the justice of this principle thus first established by the necessities of the early pioneers." Churches were organized in the new Capitol at an early date. The Presby- terians and Methodists organized as early as 1840. The former secured the first bell seen in Iowa City, and the story connected with it is worth relating here: "For several years their meetings were held in Berry's school house, the Mechanics' Academy, the temporary State House and in the Council Chamber 158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of the Capitol. The erection of their church was commenced in 1844, but was not completed until 1850. It was burned in 1854. Their first regular pastor was the Rev. Michael Hummer of Paris, 111. He was a hard and earnest worker for the church in its early day. In 1846 Mr. Hummer was appointed by the Presby- tery as agent in the East to collect money to aid in the erection of buildings for Des Moines College, a denominational institution located at West Point, in Lee County, Iowa. It was reported that he made good collections but the treasury of the church, for some reason, did not get the proceeds of his labor. When the church pressed him for an accounting he became profane and abusive and refused to make any report of his doings as agent. When cited before the Presbytery he appeared and treated the members with defiance and contempt. After a very violent controversy he left the house, after denouncing the Presbytery as a den of ecclesiastical thieves. He continued obstinate and abusive until it became necessary to remove him from the ministry and deprive him of all authority in church matters. At the time of his expulsion he held a claim against the church for his services as minister and agent. In ill humor Mr Hummer removed to Keokuk, where J. W. Margrave, an early trustee of the church, and some men then quite prominent were building up a sect called the New Lights. Their creed was a mixture of Mormonism, spiritualism and other isms of the time. This congregation proceeded to build a temple and seeing that they would need a bell Mr. Hummer undertook to furnish them with a good one very cheap. "In the early days of the church in Iowa City some gentlemen of Troy, N. Y., among whom was the owner of the Troy Bell Foundry, had cast for and presented to the Presbyterian congregation a very fine church bell. At the time of the receipt of the bell the congregation met for worship in the old Capitol and the Rev. Mr. Hummer was their minister; a wooden frame was constructed just inside the east door of the State House and the bell was hung therein. It did duty there for several years until the church was built at the corner of Clinton and Market streets, when it was duly installed in the belfry of that edifice. Late in the summer of 1848. the Ex-Rev. Mr. Hummer and Dr. Margrave appeared in the city, and having provided themselves with ropes and pulleys, they entered the church without saying a word to anyone. Mr. Hummer went into the tower and began to lower the bell. Dr. Margrave waited below to receive it in his wagon. Word was sent down town. A few men with teams soon appeared. Mr. Margrave and his team was ordered to a distance and when the bell came down it was received in the wagon of Eli Myers. Anthony Cole removed the ladder, which was used in entering the tower, and Mr. Hummer was left a prisoner in the belfry. Dr. Margrave was given the choice of keeping perfectly quiet or taking an involtxntary bath at the foot of Dillon's Island. Mr. Myers quietly drove off with the bell, accompanied by A. B. Newcomb, James Miller, David Lamerean, Anthony Cole and Samuel Shellady. In the meantime the citizens of the town gathered to witness the strange proceedings of the man in the tower. Upon the refusal of his request for a ladder, Mr. Hummer became wild with rage and hurled such missiles as he could lay hold of at the crowd below. Failing to get any help he opened his battery of abuse and for a few hours treated his hearers to a general excommunication, and was partic ular to apply his curse to the church upon which he stood and its members. When time enough had passed for the bell to be safely secreted his companion was permitted to help Mr. Hummer down, and they began a search for the bell. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 Failing to find any trace of it they went back to Keokuk, but soon returned bringing a datighter of Dr. Margrave. She was said to be a powerful medium; after due preparation the young lady was informed by the spirits that the lost bell was sunk in a well, but she failed to locate the well, and this led to an Indiscriminate sounding of wells in the city and vicinity, but no bell was found, and Mr. Hummer gave up the hunt. The bell was sunk in the Iowa River, on the East side not far below the mouth of Rapid Creek. It was safely chained to the roots of an elm tree. When the troubles between the church and Mr. Htunmer had been settled the bell was looked for with the intention of replacing it in the church to which it was donated, but the bell had disappeared and the community were as badly puzzled as to its whereabouts as Mr. Hummer had been. The matter remained a mystery for years, until, through Mr. New- combe, it was learned that the bell was taken to Salt Lake in the summer of 18.50, by David Lamereau and James Miller, and presented or sold to the Morman church. Asa Calkin, who was an early settler here and also an early convert to Mormonism, was here at the time the bell was taken from the church, and he had removed to Salt Lake and was private clerk for Brigham Young at the lime the bell reached there. In the fall of 1868, Rev. S. M. Osmond communi- cated with Brigham Young in regard to the bell. "On November 3, 1868, Brigham Young answered Mr. Osmond's letter saying that 'the bell was there, that it had been well housed but never used and was in the same condition as when it reached there, that they had no use for it and that it would be immediately shipped to the congregation for which it was cast, provided the shipping charges were guaranteed.' No provision was made for payment of charges and the bell lies silent among the Mormons, where it has been for over fifty-five years. The ownership of the bell and the matters in dispute between the church and Mr. Hummer were finally passed upon by the courts and the bell became a subject of song and story. The poem of Hummer's Bell was composed by John P. Cook, Wm. H. Tuthill and others. It was preserved by Stephen Whicher of Bloomington and was often recited by him for the amusement of an evening gathering. George Yewell, then a boy, made a charcoal sketch of the taking of the bell, which is probably in the rooms of the Historical Society. "In 1854 an unlucky spark from Sperrey's carpenter shop lodged in the church roof and in a few hours the hard worked members were without a meeting place. After overcoming many obstacles the church was finally rebuilt and for several years was without a remarkable incident except a bolt of lightning, which somewhat damaged the spire, but on June 20, 1877, a wind storm passed over the city, mowing off chimneys and shaking walls in its march. It swept the spire of the Presbyterian church from its base and cast it a mass of broken timber in the street below. The following ode to Hummer's Bell has been preservi Ah! Hummer's Bell, ah! Hummer's Bell, How many a tale of woe 'twould tell. Of Hummer driving up to town. To take the brazen jewel down. And when high up in this belfry, They moved the ladder, yes-sir-ee, And while he towered aloft they say, The bell took wings and flew awav . : 160 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Ah! Hummer's Bell, ah! Hummer's Bell, Ralph*, thy history shall tell. How at the East by Hummer's slight Donations, gifts and widow's mite. Made up the sum that purchased thee. And placed him in the ministry; But funds grew low, his dander riz. Thy clapper stopped, and so did his. Ah! Hummer's Bell, ah! Summer's Bell, We've heard thy last, thy funeral knell. And what an aching void is left! Of Bell and Hummer both bereft, Not e'en the rantings of R. P. Could give our eyes a sight of thee Thy spirit from the vasty deep In vtiin he called both loud and steep. Ah! Hummer's Bell, ah! Hummer's Bell, Lowe hints vmwisely in the well. Oh! thou art gone, thy silvery tone No more responds to Plummer's groan; There yet remains one source of hope Old Hummer left a tine bell rope. Which may be used, if such our luck. To moor our friends at Keokuk. Ah! Hummer's fJell, ah! Hummer's Bell, Thy checkered fate could Seer foretell? Thy prolonged sleep, so wet and calm. Amongst catfish near Clark's dam! Thy ride in hogshead o'er the plains! Transported thus in hope of gains. And now thy clanging, brazen tongue Calls up the hosts of Brigham Young. The seven paragraphs below explain respectfully the seven comic charcoal sketches made by George Yewell of the taking of the bell by Michael Hummer from the tower ofthe Presbyterian church late in the summer of 1848 at Iowa City, Iowa. J.— THE OUTBREAK. And it came to pass that Michael did ascend unto the housetop and com- mence taking down the bell. And the multitude cried out unto him to show by what right he did so; but he did hold his peace. Now when Michael had lowered the bell even unto the floor of the building, lo! the people laid hands on it and carried it away. Then Michael waxed wroth, and did say many naughty things, and did cast pieces of wood among the multitude, who cried unto him to stop lest he should kill some one. Then Michael raised his voice aloud and cried: Verily, verily, I will kill more of you. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 161 II.— THE PARSON IN A RAGE. Now when evening was come Michael and his serving-man did go unto a room in a public inn. And Michael's wrath was great and he did kick over the chairs and stools insomuch that his serving-man did quake and tremble. And Michael bade him take a horse and ride to a distant town and hasten back with a cunning man who was a lawyer and then he would fix the rebellious multitude. III.— THE GHOST APPEARING UNTO MICHAEL. When the serving-man had departed and night was come, Michael did retire to his bed and lo! about the middle of the watch he was awakened by a rushing noise. He leaped from his couch and saw a bright light at a far distance coming towards him. And Michael watched it and trembled. It suddenly became of the shape of a huge bell, such an one as he did try to take the day past. And it stopped, and a huge face did appear on the top of the bell and did say unto him.: "Michael! Michael!! Michael!!!" And Michael answered: "What wilt thou?" And it answered: "Verily, verily, will I visit thee in thy slumbers until thou forsake thy wickedness." IV.— ARRIVAL OF THE ATTORNEY. Now when the serving-man did arrive in the morning with the lawyer, Michael was much downcast because of the visit of the ghost on the past night. Nevertheless they did set themselves to work to devise means to find where the multitude had hid the bell. Finally the serving-man did remember that he had a flster who, by means of clairvoyance, could gi\e unto them the information. v.— CLAIRVOYANCE. And straightway they journeyed unto Keokuk and did hire a learned man who did put tlie young woman in a state of clairvoyance. And then he spake to her saying: "Where is the bell?" And she forthwith answered: "Verily, it is in a well five miles distant Southwest from the town wherein it was placed." VI.— THE MISSIONARY SERMON. Now Michael's spirits did revive and straightway he sent the cunning man to The town to preach unto the natives and to threaten them. And he did so and the multitude did laugh at, and persecute him. Never- theless he threatened the wrath of the law, and of the law-loving Michael, but they only Laughed the greater, until, with a sad heart and sorrowful counten- ance, he bade VII.— THE ATTORNEY "SLOPES." adieu and straightway mounted his horse and, without a hat, did journey, no one knew whither, and has not been heard of since. And also of Michael and his sei'ving-man nothing can be found. Verily, verily, they shall have their reward. 162 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. This bell episode caused endless amusement for both old and young. One of the most important and notable of the early decisions of the Territorial Supreme Court was the rase of Ralph, a colored man, who had been a slave in Missouri, belonging to a man by the name of Montgomery. His master had made a written contract with Ralph to sell him his freedom for $550 and to permit him to go to tho Dubuque Lead Mines to earn the money. Ralph worked industriously for several years, but was not able to save enough to pay Montgomery the price of his freedom. Two. Virginians at Dubuque, who knew of the agreement, volunteered to deliver Ralph to his former owner in Missouri for ?]00. Montgomery accepted the offer. Ralph was seized at the mines while at work, hand-cuffed and taken to Bellevue to be sent by a steamer to Missouri. Alexander Putterworth, a farmer working in his field, saw the kidnapping and hastened to the office of Thomas S. Wilson, one of the Judges of the Supreme (jourt, and demanded a writ of habeas corpus, which Judge Wilson promptly issued and served, by which Ralph was returned to Dubuque. The case was one of so much importance that at the request of Judge Wilson it was trans- ferred to the Supreme Court for trial. The court consisted of three judges, Charles Mason, Chief Justice, with Thomas S. Wilson and Joseph Williams, associates. After a full hearing it was unanimously decided that Montgomery's contract with Ralph, whereby he was permitted to become a citizen of a free territory, liberated him, as slavery did not and could not exist in Iowa. Judge Mason, in delivering the opinion, said: "Where a slave with his master's consent becomes a resident of a free State or Territory he could not be regarded thereafter as a fugitive slave, nor could the master imder such circumstances exercise any rights of ownership over him. When the master applies to our tribunals for the purpose of con- trolling as ])roperty that which our laws have declared shall not be property, it is incumbent upon them to refuse their co-operation." When it is remembered that the three judges (all Democrats), thus early enunciated the doctrine of humanity and equity, that slavery was local and freedom a natural right, the liberty loving people of Iowa will forever honor these pioneer judges who, in their sturdy manhood and love of justice, immor- talized their names in an opinion in direct conflict with the infamous later decision of the National tribunal in the case of Dred Scott. The corner stone of the new Capitol building was laid July 4th, 1840. The principal address was by Governor Lucas. The cost of this building was not to exceed ?51,000. A general depression in business prevailed during the time of Van Buren's term as President. The Whigs charged the hard times to the financial policy of the Democrats. Seeing a favorable condition for the over- throw of their adversaries, the Whig politicians called the first Political National Convention ever held in Iowa and proceeded to nominate Gen. W. H. Harrison for President. The Democrats nominated Van Buren for re-election. The Whigs rallying cry was "hard cider" and "log cabins," and with songs, public meetings and rallies, throughout the country, Gen. Harrison was elected on a wave of popular enthusiasm. The first call for a Democratic convention in Iowa was written by Edward Johnston, in January, 1840, and is as follows: "The undersigned, members of the Democratic party of the Territory of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 163 Iowa, coiiceiviug it highly necessary that immediate steps should be taken to eifect an organization of the party, hereby pledge themselves to use all honor- able means in the several counties where they reside to bring about that result, and they further agree to use their exertions to have Democratic candidates sent from their respective counties to a territorial convention to be held in the ensuing summer for the purpose of nominating a candidate to Congress. "Edward .Johnston, Shepherd Loeffler, Laurel Summers, Jos. T. Fales, G. S. Bailey, John B. Lash, Jacob L, Meyers, Daniel Brewer, W. G. Coop, S. C. Hast- ings, J. M. Robertson, Jacob Minder, H. Van Antwerp, Thomas Cox, J. W. Parker. January, A. D. 1840." Pursuant to this call a convention was held, and General A. C. Dodge was nominated for Delegate in Congress. The Whigs held a convention and nomi- nated Alfred Rich. Dodge was re-elected by a majority of over five hundred. A proposition had been submitted to the people of the Territory at this election to call a convention for the framing of a constitution, preparatory to the admission of Iowa as a State. It was defeated by a vote of 937 for the convention, to 2,907 against it. The census of the Territory taken in 1840 showed a population of 43,112, of which 172 were negroes. The Legislature having created the offices of Auditor and Treasurer, on the 14th of January, 1840, Morgan Reno was appointed Treasurer, and Jesse Williams, Auditor. By the Federal census of 1840 it was shown that Iowa had produced, corn, 1,406,241 bushels; wheat, 154,693; oats, 216,38.5; ouckwheat, 6,212; rye, 3,792; barley, 728, and potatoes, 234,863. Corn was the principal grain crop for many years and was largely used for bread by the pioneers. Prairie grass furnished pasture for stock and all of the hay required for many years. In pioneer days most of the houses were built of logs and covered with staves held in place by other logs, puncheons of hewed logs were used for the floor, and all done without the aid of a carpenter. Grain was stored in rail pens lined and covered with straw, and stables were built of logs or slabs, with roofs of prairie hay or straw held in place by poles. The Third Territorial Legislature assembled in Burlington on the 2nd day of November, 1S40. In his message. Governor Lucas gives a report of his action in relation to the boundary controversy with Missouri; recommends the organi- zation of rifie companies to protect settlers from the Indians; urges the Legis- lature to provide a plan for i-aising revenue to meet expenses not provided for by the general government. CHAPTER XX. The Legislature created the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction; changed the time of meeting of the Legislature to the first Monday of December; pi'ovided for a Superintendent of Public Buildings, and an agent to conduct the sale of lots in Iowa City. It provided a law for raising revenue, and author- ized a loan of $20,000 to aid in the completion of the Capitol building, to be repaid from proceeds of lots in Iowa City. Chauncey Swan was appointed Superintendent of Public Buildings with an annual salary of $1,000, and Jesse Williams was appointed Territorial Agent at a salary of $700 per year. The election of Gen. Harrison, the Whig candidate for President, was speedily followed by a removal of Democratic federol officers and the filling of their places by Whigs. Governor Lucas was superceded on the 13th of May, 164 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1841, by the appointment of Hon. John Chambers, of Kentucky. Gov. Lucas retired after nearly three years' service and settled near Iowa City, where he spent the remainder of his life. In looking back over his stormy administration, the verdict will be that he gave to the new territory wise, able and faithful ser- vice. He brought to the office large experience in public affairs, strling integ- rity and firm convictions of duty. Tenacious in his opinions, dignified in bear- ing, strong in purpose, he became involved in numerous sharp cotroversies and coniflcts with the first Legislature over the exercise of the veto power, but he acted strictly within the letter of the law. In his firm and prompt resistance to the claim of Missouri to a strip of Iowa Territory, Governor Lucas was sus- tained by the final decision of the United States Supreme Court. He was largely instrumental in procuring the establishment of a liberal public school system, at that early day one of the most advanced in operation in the West. On the 20th of June, 1841, a steamer, the "Ripple," ascended the Iowa River to Iowa City and was welcomed by a great assemblage of people who hoped this was the beginning of regular navigation of the Iowa. On the 22nd of June, Gov. Chambers made his first visit to the new Capitol and was cordially received by the citiezns. He was past middle age, plain, cordial in maiuner, and made a favorable impression on the pioneers. Governor Chambers, who was Superintendent of Indian Affairs, in Septem- ber, 1842, negotiated a treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians by the terms of which they ceded to the United States all of their remaining lands in Iowa, to the Missouri River, and agreed to move to their Kansas reservation at the expi- ration of three years. Before this treaty was ratified by Congress adventurous settlers crowded into the newly purchased Territory to secure the choice claims. The W^ar Department was called on for troops to expel them. The squat- ters were removed to the South side of the Des Moines River. The year 1842 brought to the people of Iowa severe financial depression, which had begun in the East two or three years earlier. Specie payment had been suspended and many banks failed. The Miner's Bank of Dubuque was the only one in Iowa. It had been poorly managed and was soon compelled to suspend. Throughout the Territory money was very scarce, and exchange of products was the only method of carrying on business. The winter of 1842-3 was one of the severest known by white men. Snow began to fall early in November and continued at frequent intervals throughout the entire winter, the first snow remaining oi^ the ground until April. The cold was intense, with fierce winds, and before spring, in many parts of the coun- try, snow reached a depth of from three to four feet. The settlers were poorly prepared for such a winter, their cabins were cold and little shelter had been provided for live stock. Great suffering ensued. Provisions became nearly ex- hausted; cattle perished by the thousands; deer, prairie chickens and quail were nearly exterminated. Half starved wolves prowled about the settlements seizing pigs, sheep and poultry wherever they could be found. The failure of banks had left the people without money; business was prostrated and the col- lection of debts became almost impossible. The only market for farm produce was the limited demand from immigrants moving into the Territory. Good cows could be purchased for ten dollars each; pork for one dollar per hundred, wheat twenty cents a bushel; corn and oats for ten cents. Money commanded from twenty-five to forty per cent and was of doubtful value. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 Under these conditions the Sixth Legislature met at Iowa City, December 4th, 1843. The census of 1844 showed a population of the twenty-one counties organized of 75,150. An attempt was made to repeal the charter of the Miners' Bank, the only one in the Territory, because it had suspended specie payments and being badly managed. The Territory had borrowed $5,500 of the bank, which it was unable to pay, and under these circumstances a majority of the members refused to drive it out of business. At the election held in Api'il, for a convention to frame a constitution, the vote stood 6,719 for and 3,974 against. Governor Chambers called an election for seventj'-two delegates. Among the number chosen to frame a constitution were: Ex-Gov. Lucas, S.Loeffler, J. C. Hall, J. Grant, S. Hempstead and F. Gehon, Democrats; R. Low, E. Sells, E. Cook and S. S. Selledy, Whigs. The convention met at Iowa City, October 7th, 1844, framed a constitution and fixed the bountdary of the proposed State to include a large proportion of Southern Minnesota, as follows: The South line as it now stands; the West line the middle of the Missouri River; North to the mouth of the Big Sioux, thence in a direct line Northwest to the middle of the St. Peter's River, where the Blue Earth enters the same, then down that river to th Mississippi River, then down the Mississippi to the North Missouri line. This boundary excluding the County of Lyon, part of Sioux and Osceola, about half of Plymouth and a small frac- tion of O'Brien and Dickinson, and it took from Minnesota about seventeen counties. The growing conflict between the pro and anti-slavery parties was renewed with bitterness when the application was made for the admission of Iowa. Finally it was agreed that Iowa be admitted a free and Florida a slave State, March 3rd, 1845. The Capitol Building at Iowa City cost $123,000, and was not completed until 1855, a little over fifteen years having been occupied in its construction. And in 1857 on the removal of the Capitol to Des Moines, it was given to the State University. The Iowa boundary fixed by Congress, would have taken eleven Counties from South Minnesota, but the W^estern boundary cut off thirty-one counties on the Missouri River slope and the Des Moines Valley. It brought the Western boundary of the State within forty miles of Des Moines. It made the State alone cue hundred and eighty miles wide and two hundred and fifty miles long. This would have made Cedar Falls the geographical center. The Iowa delegates in Congress, Hon. A. C. Dodge, opposed the change, but in vain. However, after Congress had approved it, thinking it was the best that could be done, he ap- proved its adoption and issued an address to his constituents, in which he said: CHAPTER XXL ADDRESS OF HON. A. C. DODGE. "A majority of the Committee on Terrintories was composed of members from the slave-holding portion of the Union. The delegate from Florida, sup- ported by the members from the South, brought forward a proposition for a division of that State, although its whole territory was three thousand square miles less than that embraced within the Constitutional boundaries of Iowa. The object of this move being to increase the number of slave states, and the weight of slave representatives in Congress. It met with warm opposition from the non-slave holding states, and as a counter movement they came forward with a similar proposition in regard to Iowa. After being 'fully, freely and even angrily discussed at various meetings of the Committee, the propo- sition to divide Florida was carried, and that to divide Iowa was rejected by 166 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. a strictly sectional vote. When the bill came into the House, where the rela- tive strength of the sectional parties was reversed, the action of the Committee was overruled bj^ a large majority. The clause for the division of Florida was stricken out, and the boundaries of Iowa, in opposition to my earnest protest, were subjected to considerable curtailment. "This was effected by votes of members from North, East and West, irrespective of party divisions. The amendment to reduce was opposed by Mr. Duncan (Democrat) from Ohio, and supported by Mr. Vinton (WTiig), who in a lucid and cogent manner represented the injury which the creation of large states would inflict upon the Western country. He forcibly exhibited the great wrong done to the West in times past, by Congress in dividing its territory in overgrown states, thereby enabling the Atlantic portion of the Union to retain supremacy in the United States Senate. He showed that it was the true interest of the people of the Valley of the Mississippi that new states should be of reasonable size, and he appealed to Western members to check that legislation which had heretofore deprived the Western country of its due representation in the Senate. I advert to the rmarks of Mr. Vinton, because their irresistible force was admitted by all except the delegates from the South. The House had a few days previous to this discussion passed a law for the annexation of Texas, by which Bve new states may be added to the Union. This furnished an additional reason why my protest was disre- garded, inasmuch as our fellow citizens from the non-slave holding states were desirous by moderate division of remaining free territory of the Union to give to the free states a counterbalancing influence." On the question of admission, the Territory soon divided into two parties. The Democrats as a rule favored the admission under the boundary fixed by Congress, and the Whigs opposed it. At this juncture E. W. Eastman, T. S. Parrins, and F. D. Mills, all young men and Democrats, seeing the mistake of dividing the State in that manner, commenced an agressive campaign against admission. Leffler and Wood joined them and a thorough canvass was made. The Constitution was rejected by a majority of nine hundred and ninety-six. Those young public-spirited men deserve all honor and praise, as but for them our Western boundary would not now be the Missouri River. The new Legis- lature met May 5, 1S45. An act was passed providing for the submission of the rejected constitution. The Governor vetoed it but it was carried over his veto by a two-thirds vote, and it became a law. Among the important acts of this legislation was the repeal of the charter of the Miners' Bank of Dubuque; abo- lition of the office of Territorial Agent conferring his duties on the Incorpora- tion of a University at Iowa City; changing the name of Louisville to Ottumwa; the organization of Iowa and Marion Counties. Dodge in his canvass for re-election advocated the adoption of the rejected Constitution of 1844. The result was 7,235 for and 7,656 against it. Thus it was rejected a second time by a majority of 421. Gen. Dodge was elected over his Whig opponent, R. P. Lowe, by a majority of 831. In 1846 the prevailing prices were: Horses from $50 to $60; Oxen, $40 to $60 per pair; Wagons, $75; Plows $8 to $20; Sugar 10c; Coffee 10c; Tea 75c to $1.50 per pound; Flour $4 per barrel; Unbleached cotton sheet 18c; calicoes 10c to 20c per yard; Good board was furnished from $1.50 to $2.00 per week; the wage of common labor- ers was from 75c to $1.00 per day; Government land sold at $1.25 per acre, and an ordinary log cabin cost from $50 to $75. The State Government was organized with a population of 96,088. The total votes polled at the first election was 15,005; the Governor's salary was $1,000; Secretary of State $500; the Treasurer $400; and the State Librarian $150 per annum. The annexation of Texas in 1846 brought on a war with Mexico. Iowa was called on to furnish a regiment, and soon twelve companies of volunteers were organized. The Iowa HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 Volunteers gave a good account of themselves in the Mexican War. Many of the brave boys were laid to rest there, while many are still alive, at this writ- ing (1906). Tbe thirty-two delegates chosen at the election in 1846, to frame a State Constitution, met at Iowa City on the first Monday of May, and by the 19th of the same month had concluded their labors. The boundaries of the State were fixed as they now exist. With that exception it was almost an exact copy of the rejected one. The only important change was the prohibition of the es- tablishment of a bank. On August 3rd it was adopted by a vote of 9,492 to 9,036. The prohibition of the bank aroused a strong opposition to it, which came near defeating it. The Democrats nominated A. Briggs for Governor. The platform adopted by the first Democratic State Convention was as follows: 1. Endorsed the administration of James K. Polk. 2. Approved the independent Treasury bill and settlement of the Oregon boundary. 3. Endorsed the repeal of the tariff of 1842 and approved tariff for revenue only. 4. Pronounced unalterable opposition to all banking institutions of what- ever name, nature or description. 5. Favored unlimited suffrage to free men without property qualifica- tion or religious tests; opposed the grant of exclusive privileges to corpora- tions. 6. Declared in favor of less legislation, fewer laws, sti'ict obedience, short sessions, light taxes and no State debt. The following day the first WTiig Convention met at the same place and nominated Thomas McKnight for Governor. The platform adopted decide in favor of: 1. A sound currency. 2. A tariff for revenue and protection to American labor. 3. Restraint of the Executive from exercise of the veto. 4. Distribution of proceeds of the sale of public lands among the States. 5. Improvement of rivers and harbors by the general Government. 7. Condemned the administration of James K. Polk. 8. Condemned the State Constitution recently adopted, with pledge to labor for its speedy amendment. S. C. Hartings and S. Leffler, Democrats, were elected to Congress. De- cember 15, 1846, A. C. Dodge, delegate from Iowa, presented to the House of Representatives, the Constitution of the State of Iowa. It was referred to the Committee on Terirtory, and on the 17th S. A. Douglas of Illinois, reported a bill for the admission of Iowa into the Union. On the 21st the bill passed the House and was sent to the Senate. On the 24th it was taken up in the Senate, having been approved by the Judiciary Committee. After an attempt to amend it had failed, the bill passed the Senate. On the 28th of December, 1846, the President signed the bill and Iowa became a state. Congress granted every 16th section to the new State, for the support of its schools. It amounted to 1,013,- 614 acres. June 5, 1846, the Pottawattamies ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States. The Mormons or Latter Day Saints who were driven out of Missouri in 1846, with great heartlessness, and in fact almost unparalleled barbarity, found shel- ter in Iowa, and many of them made it their permanent home. The sufferings of those people were almost beyond description and as the details are interesting we will relate them as follows: 168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. CHAPTER XXII. The first attempt to found a Mormon colony was made at Kirkland, Ohio, where Sidney Rigdon lived. Rigdon had been an eloquent minister of the Christian church in Kirkland, and was converted to Mormonism soon after Joseph Smith claimed to have found the plates on which a revelation was in- scribed, and from which the Mormon Bible was produced. Rigdon assisted Smith in procuring the printing of the Bible and on the 6th of April, 1830, they organized the "Church of the Latter Day Saints." Rigdon's eloquent preaching made converts rapidly, and on the first of January, 1831, they, had secured more than one thousand members and believers in the new religion. Smith claimed to have a second revelation commanding him to found a colony of the saints in the far West and build a temple in the New Jerusalem. A location was chosen in the vicinity of Independence, Missouri, where a large tract of land was se- cured, houses built, farms opened and the foundation laid for the temple. The Mormons from all quarters gathered at the New Jerusalem until several hun- dred were assembled. But the Missourians were intensely hostile to the new sect and finally a large mob attacked the Mormon colony, destroyed their print- ing office and other buildings and flogged some of the saints. Governor Boggs called out nearly five thousand of the State militia, under General J. B. Clark, with instructions "to exterminate the Mormons, or drive them beyond the bor- ders of the State." Gen. Clark proceeded to execute the orders. A large num- br of the leaders were arrested, their families driven from their homes at the point of the bayonet and the entire colony sent destitute out upon the bleaik prairie late in November, without even tents to protect them from the driving storms. The rivers and creeks were unbridged and filled with floating ice; the snow was deep, impeding their progress; many were killed, others wounded, families separated, women and children sick and dying for want of food, shel- ter and proper care. The oxen, which were their only teams, died of starva- tion. Disease and death claimed victims daily. Mothers carried their starving children, themselves weak with fatigue and hunger. The dead were thrust into rUde bark coffins and sunk in the rivers. At least 1,200 emaciated people in all stages ot disease and starvation reached the banks of the Mississippi River where the strongest crossed. The people of Iowa and Illinois treated them kindly, furnished food and such shelter as was available. Their leaders had been captured, such as were not killed, and pa- raded from one jail to another, tormented in a manner that stamps their ene- mies as more cruel and barbarous than Indians. At Howe's Mills twenty pris- oners were confined in a log building, the door fastened and the mob, joining the State militia, fired upon the helpless prisoners through the crevices between the logs until all were killed or wounded. One little boy, nine years of age, was dragged out and murdered in cold blood, while the savage white men cheered and danced around the dying boy and the nineteen other victims. The "Border Ruffians" who, a quarter of a century later, invaded the Ter- ritory of Kansas and slaughtered her citizens in a war waged to spread human slavery; and the Civil War, under the lead of Quantrell, murdered more than a hundred defenseless citizens of Lawrence in the presence of their families, were the progeny of those barbarous wretches. The authorities finally grew sick of the atrocities perpetrated by the militia that they were unable to con- trol and permitted the escape of the survivors of the Mormon leaders, who finally, reached the refugees who were. finding shelter in Iowa and Illinois HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 The Mormons were expelled from Missouri in the fall of 1838. They cross- id the Mississippi and erected temporary shelter for the winter. Dr. Isaac Galland, a Mormon elder, was the owner of a large tract of land on both sides of the river and sold it to the refugees on liberal terms. In February, 1839, Dr. Galland wrote to Governor Robert Lucas of Iowa, inquiring whether their peo- ple would be permitted to purchase land and settle in the Territory of lowd. The Governor replied that he knew of no authority that could deprive them of that right; that as citizens of the United States they were entitled to the same rights and legal protection as other citizens. With this assurance a few Mormon families settled in the southeast corner of the Territory in 1839 and 1840. Bishop Knight bought for his church a part of the town sites of Keokuk, Nashville and Montrose, in Lee County. In 1840 there were over one hundred Mormon families living in that County. CHAPTER XXIII. Across the river from Montrose was the little town of Commerce, started by New York speculators; this the Mormons purchased, changing its name to Nauvoo. Joseph Smith, their Prophet, came from imprisonment in Missouri and pronounced Nauvoo the seat of the church. As the Mormons gathered into it from all sides, it soon grew to be a large city and the foundation of a large temple was laid. Great numbers of converts came from England and joined the Nauvoo colony. A revelation in July, 1843, permitting a plurality of wives, raised a storm of indignation in the surrounding settlements, and it was charged that the Mormons harbored criminals. Joseph Smith was arrested in June, 1844, with other leaders. The arrests had been made by a company of soldiers on order of Governor Ford, of Illinois. The Mormon leaders were lodged in jail at Carth- age and charged with riot. On the 27th a mob numbering about two hundred men, disguised as Indians, attacked the guards at the jail, overpowered them, bioke down the door, killing Joseph Smith and his brother, Hiram, and severely wounding several others. Coniflcts frequently arose between the citizens and and the Mormons, some of whom had purchased claims and settled on the half- breed lands in Iowa. Although the Mormons had built a city of nearly 20,000 at Nauvoo and erected a temple for public worship and had become the owners of valuable farms in the vicinity, their lives and property were almost con- tinually in jeopardy. Their religion and peculiar social practces were so obnox- ious to their neighbors, that they realized the necessity of colonizing their people in distant, unsettled regions, if they would secure religious liberty. In 1845 they began to dispose of their property and prepared to emigrate Westward into Iowa. B'righam Young, who had succeeded Smith, led the main body across the river, beginning the journey in February, 1846. A large num- ber, including many sick, aged and poor, had to be left behind until a new home could be provided. The transfer of 16,000 into Iowa was finally completed. The line of 3,000 wagons, 30,000 head of cattle, horses and mules, large herds of sheep, and the thousands of men, women and children made up such a car- avan as had never before been seen in America. Heavy cold rains fell and the rich black soil was converted into deep mud. But two or three miles could be made some days before the weaker gave out, and a camp had to be made on the wet ground where death came often to end the suffering of the sick. The burials were pathetic. In place of a coffin the 170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. body was enclosed in bark stripped from green logs and buried in a hollow trench and the grave was marked by a post. In April, 1846, the first party stopped in what is now Decatur County and built rude log houses for shelter, while breaking up the prairie to raise crops upon which to subsist when they should resume their march. This settlement they named Garden Grove, and here several hundred made a temporary home for such as were too weak to travel. When the high bluffs of Grand River were reached, in what is now Union County, on the 17th day of June, seven hundred of the Mormons determined to stop and raise crops to supply provisions for themselves and those who were to follow them. They selected a ridge on the East side of Grand River. Here they built log cabins and dug caves in each side of the long street on the summit of the ridge. A mill was built by their mechanics; native boulders were dressed into mill stones and the machinery run by horse power. They erected a tabernacle in the grove and provided a cemetery in which their numerous dead were bur- ied. A great spring on the East slope of the ridge furnished an abundance of pure water for the entire population of "Mount Pisgah," the name they gace to the place. During the two and a half years the Mormons occupied this place, thou- sands of their brethren found it a most welcome resting place on their jour- ney Westward. The remnant left at Nauvoo were persecuted beyond endur- ance by the people who had flocked into the city after the main body o^" the Mormons had left, and on the 17th of September they were driven out. Cross- ing the rive under the lead of Heber C. Kimball, wagons and hand carts were procured and in October they started West. The women and children suffered from insufficient clothing and food. Trav- ..,ling over the prairie, fording swollen streams, amid floating ice and fierce snuw storms, camping nights on the snow-covered ground, protected only by lents. their sufferings were fearful. Sickness from exposure prevailed to an alarming extent, and death by the wayide ended the misery of hundreds. CHAPTER XXIV. Their route was made conspicuous by the graves that marked their journey through Van Buren, Davis, Appanoose, Decatur and Union Counties. No such scenes have ever been witnessed in Iowa as maked the winter march of the Mornion refugees over its unsettled prairis. When Mount Pisgah was reached they found rest and shelter and kind hands to minister to their want. More than four hundred men, women and children who died from the effects oi' ex- posure and hardships of the exodus of 1846-7 were buried in the Mormon ceme- tery at that place. The Mormon authorities at Salt Lake caused a monument to be erected here in 1888 to the memory of the dead, who for the most part sleep in un- marked graves in this inclosure. On the monument are inscribed the names of William Huntington, the First Presiding Elder of Mount Pisgah, and sixty- seven others. The cemetery has long been in charge of C. A. White. It is often visited by high officials of the Latter Day Saints and surviving friends of thosf who perished during the exodus of 1846-7. A number of the Mormon families remained at Garden Grove, Mount Pisgah, Lost Grove, Sargent's Gr.we :ind Indiantown. Others made claims along the line of march, built cabins and opened farms. But the main body pushed on to the Missoudi River, where HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 a village was built in the Southwest corner of Mills County. The greater num- ber, howcver, went Northward and located on Indian Creek and built a town ri:i\.r where Council Bluffs now stands, which they named Kanesvllle. In the persecution which the Mormons endured in the early years of their residence in the Western States and Territories, Iowa never joined. Our peo- ple and State officials have respected the right of American citizen to hold such religiius opinions as they chose and to enjoy the protection of our laws. Nar- rowness and bigotry has never flourished in Iowa. Her citizens claim the ut- most freedom of religious opinion for themselves, and accord the same rights to others. The kind treatment of the Mormons by Governor Lucas is in marked contrast with that of the officials and citizens of Missouri and Illinois. In 1847 Brigham Young led an expedition over the plains to Salt Lake, where he selected a location for the future home of the Mormons. In June, 1848, the second expedition, consisting of six hundred and twenty-three wagons and nearly two thousand persons, joined the colony at Salt Lake. Elder Orso Hyde was their leader. A large tabernacle of logs was erected for their relig- ious meetings and another for school purposes. The farmers among them set- tled along the creeks and in the groves, and opened farms to supply provisions for the colony. During the year 1849 cholera of a deadly type was brought into their settlements and prevailed for nearly two years. The people, who had neither experienced physicians nor suitable medicines, living in poor cabins, were but illy prepared to encounter this terrible pestlenc. Hundreds died with- out medical attention. The bluffs were thickly dotted with newly made graves. Each year large parties of Mormons left the Iowa settlement to join the Salt Lake colony. An imperative order was issued in 1852 for all to emigrate to Utah, and, disposing of their houses and farms, and under the lead of Elder Orson Hyde, they crossed the great plains. Some, however, who were opposed to polygamy, remained in Iowa and reorganized the "Church of the Latter Day Saints," and finally established headquarters at Lamoni, in Decatur County, under the lead of Joseph Smith, Jr., son of the founder of the Mormon church. The first State Legislature convened at Iowa City on the 30th of November, 1846. The Senate consisted of nineteen members and elected Thomas Baker, of Polk County, President. The House consisted of forty members and elected Jesse R. Browne, of Lee County, Speaker. The Democrats had a majority in Che Senate and the Whigs a majority in the House. But local issues had. in Lee County, overshadowed party considerations to such an extent that it was doubtful whether the Democrats would be able to command a majority on joint ballet for their candidates for Supreme Judges and United States Senators. The salaries were fixed as follows: Governor, $1,000; Auditor, $600; Sec- retary of Slate, $500; Treasurer, $400; Judges of the Supreme and District Courts, $1,000 each. For the purpose of defraying the expenses of the State government an act was passed authorizing the issue and sale of bonds to the amount of $55,000, bearing interest at ten per cent and payable in ten years. The first report of State Officers, made at the close of 1847, showed taxable property valued at $11,27,139, on which a tax of two mills should raise a revenue of $22,554.25; only $15,788, however, had been collected. The report of the Treasurer showed the total revenue from all sources to be $50,782.36, and the amount paid out on warrants $59,184.36. The children of school age were 20,- 928, of which only 2,429 wer attending school. Congress adopted the policy cf granting lands for public improvements as early as 1802, long before a rail- 172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. road was built. When a grant was made for a turnpike from tlie interior of the State of Ohio to the Ohio River, a grant was also made to aid the construction of a canal in Indiana. Other grants were made to Ohio and Illinois for similar purposes. In 1829 the first railroad on which steam was used was built. The first grant of public lands to aid in the construction of a railroad in the United. States was in 1833. The first grant of public lands in Iowa for internal im- provtment was in 1S46, to aid the navigation of the Des Moines River. It was every alternate section for five miles on each side of the river from its mouth to its source. Congress made the first grant of public lands to aid in the construction of a railroad by authorizing the State of Illinois to use the land therefore granted to aid in the construction of canals. As early as 1837 the people of Iowa had, through the efforts of John Plumb, became interested in a project for building a great trunk line of railroad to connect the Atlantic States with the Pacifi Coast, to be aided by a grant of public lands along the route. Such a route would be likely to pass through Iowa and open up its inland prairies to settlement. Asa Whitney, of New York, who projected a line of railroad across the great plains and Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast and had written able articles showing the feasibility of such a line. The proposed route passed through Iowa and the citizens of our State felt a deep interest in the project and some of the far-seeing men believd that the benefits of this commercial highway might be secured to Iowa by prompt ac- tion in obtaining a valuabl land grant for a railroad to the Missouri River. In 1854 a strong movement had been organized in the State by the Prohi- bitionists for the enactment of a law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. The State Temperance Alliance had delegated to Hiram Price, D. S. True and John L. Davies the preparation of a bill to be presented to the Legislature, similar to the "Maine Liquor Law." The bill was drafted with great care and sent to Dr. Amos Witter, a Democratic Representative from Scott County, who, on the 13th of December, 1854, introduced it into the House. It met with active opposition, but finally passed both houses and was approved by Governor Grimes. One of its provisions required the act to be submitted to a vote of the people at the following April election. The vote stood 25,555 for the law to 22,645 against. Having thus been adopted by a majority of 2,910, it went into effect on the first of July following. The act prohibited the manu- facture and sale of intoxicating liquors, excepting for mechanical or medicinal purposes. The penalties were fine and imprisonment. With some amendment and modifications this law remained upon the statute books for more than forty years. CHAPTER XXV. Ansel Briggs was the first Governor of the State of Iowa. He was inaugu- rated December 3, 1846, and the first legislature convened in 1848 the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction showed children of school age 41,446, of which but 7,077 were in the public schools. There were 124 teachers em- ployed, of which 101 were men and 23 women. The average salary of the men was $16 per month, and of the women but $9. There were 673 organized school districts. The State Library contained 1,660 volumes, one-third of which were law books. The expense of maintaining the Library in 1847 was $109.31. HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 The first homestead law, exempting the home to the heads of families from sale for debts was enacted by the Second General Assembly. The usual rate of interest was 40 per cent. Governor Briggs on retiring, congratulated the General Assembly and the people, on the settlement by the Supreme Court of the United States of our Southern boundary. The claim of Iowa being al- lowed. During this session the following counties were created: Union, Adams, Adair, Cass, Montgomery, Mills, Bremer, Butler, Grundy, Hardin, Frank- lin, Wright, Risley, Yell, Greene, Guthrie, Audubon, Carroll, Fox, Sac, Crawford, Shelby, Harrison, Monona, Ida, Allamakee, Humboldt, Pocahontas, Buent Vista, Cherokee, Plymouth, Floyd, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Kossuth, Palo Alto, Clay, O'Brien, Sioux, Howard, Mitchell, Worth, Winnebago, Bancroft, Emmet, Dickin- son, Osceola and Buncomb. The code of 1851 was also adopted. The volume consisted of six hundred and eighty-five pages. The report of the Commission with diagram and field notes of the survey of the boundary between Iowa and Missouri was also filed and entered of record in the House Journal. The entire length of the line, so stablished, was two hundred and eleven miles and thirty-two chains. The census of 1857 gave Iowa a population of 116,454. The Democrats car- ried the State, at the Presidential election of 1848 by a small majority. Hon. Geo. W. Jones and T. S. Wilson were candidates for United States Senator, Jones receiving the nomination and election. The contract had been let for rendering the Des Moines River navigable, by building dams and locks, from the Raccoon Forks to the Missouri River, to be completed March 1, 1850. Much was expected from this improvement, but it was not realized. Efforts were also made to induce Congress to make appropriations to improve the Maquo- keta. Skunk, Wapsipinicon and Iowa Rivers. The first Exemption Law, providing for the exemption from debt of the home to the head of each family, was passed by the Legislature of 1848. The Democrats carried the election in 1849 by a small majority. In this year the California gold fever set in, and for three or four years the Iowa prairies were lined with immigration wagons bound for the gold fields. In 1850 the election was in favor of the Democrats. The plurality being about 2,000. Stephen Hempstead of Dubuque, was elected Governor. The financial report of the money on hand and recived for the year ending Novem- ber 4, 1850, showed amount received $90,444.33, paid out 90,442.94. The year 1851 was remarkable for the vast amount of rainfall all over the State. The average precipitation was about 731/2 inches. Rivers were very high all summer and low lands were converted into lakes. In Dubuque County the floods were terrific. About the 15th day of May the little Maquoketa was so high that the water run from Sagevilla down the Couler avenue to Dubuque City, a distance of about five miles, where it emptied into the Missisippi River, which was also very high. At Sageville the grist mill, bridge and saw mill were washed away. A warehouse stored with flour, es- caped. In the morning when it was observed that the river was rising rap- idly, Harvey Thompson, the proprietor of the mill, John Challice and Joe, the teamster, entered the warehouse to pile up the flour which was in barrels.this was before sacks for flour came into use. They piled them up as high as possi- ble on the upper side of the building and when they started to go to breakfast they found they were prisoners. The water had risen so high and the - current was so strong that it was impossible for them to get out. Several neigh- bors gathered around but could afford no aid. Ropes were secured and an effort 174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. made to float a raft to the building, but in vain. The current was so strong that it pulled the raft under. In the meantime a couple of men were sent to Dubuque to get a skiff. They were compelled to make their way over the hills as the Couler Valley was covered with water. They intended to haul the skiff out on a wagon but having learned that the water was high enough to float it they took to the oars and for the first and last time white men rowed a boat from Dubuque to Sageville up the Couler Valley. It was nearly noon when they arrived with the skiff and the water having fallen considerably the prisopers were soon released. The agonizing suspense which they endured during the four or five hours of their imprisonment can more easily be imagined than de- scribed. When the flood was at its height, it was expected momentarily that the building would be washed away, and in that eyent there was no. hope for the three men in it to escape. John Challice and Joe tried to make th,em- selves appear brave, but it was very much like the boy in the graveyard whistling to keep his courage up. Mr. Thompson spent most of his time sitting in an upper window or door. When the flood was at its height, a plank in the rear of the building gave way with a loud report and all thought it was the end. Mr. Thompson quickly dodged inside. This gave rise to the belief that he intended to go with the last remnant of his property without an effort to save his life or perhaps he saw the utter futility of any effort he might make in that direct-ion. When the water went down it was found that the rear end of the building was moved six inches off its base. The weight of the flour piled in front saved it. The county replaced the bridge and Thompson erected a stone mill that has stood the floods up to this date, but the sawmill was not rebuilt. A flood later in the season washed away the dam that was in process of contruction and did some damage to the mill then being built. Thompson received two thou- sand dollars from Mr. Douglas, his partner, who was in California, which helped him materially in erecting his new building. Two thousand dollars was a large sum those days and as there were no unions or trusts or syndicates it was sufficient to put up a good building. In order to keep the Sioux Indians at bay, Fort Dodge was selected as a site for a fort. The fort was erected and manned in 1849. It was abandoned in 1863 and the troops sent to Minnesota to build a new fort on the North line of the new purchase made from the Sioux Indians. At the Persidential election in 1852 the Democrats carried the State. Pierce securing 17,762 and Scott 15,856. George W. Jones was elected Senator for six years. February 22, 1854, thousands assembled at Rock Island to witness the ar- rival of the flrst train. At five o'clock P. M. the whistle of the engine St. Clair was heard. A great shout went up from the crowd. The booming of cannons and sky rockets were the response. Two other trains followed in rapid suc- cession. Speeches of welcome followed and a big time was had which lasted away into the night. In 185.3 the Illinois Legislature incorporated a bridge company, to build a bridge across the Mississippi River at Rock Island. The constructon of a bridge was opposed on account of its being an obstruction to navigation, but the courts decided in favor of the bridge. The work was begun in 1853 and finished in 1856. In 1852 the census showed a population of 229,929. At the election of 1S54 the Whigs won. J. W. Grimes was elected Secretary of State. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 The last contest between Democrats and Whigs Occurred in 1855. The Whigs won by a majority of nearly 5,000; But before the next electioti the Whig party was largely absorbed by the New Republican party. The contest in Kansas over slavery had become very bitter. Thousands of people from slave States had entered the territory to aid in making it a slave state. Im- migration from the Northern States poured in, and the contest between the Slavery- and anti-Slavery parties was bitter and bloody. Armed collisions were frequent. In 1856 the Legislature passed a joint I'esolution in opposition to the extension of slavery. But our member in Congress took no part in the fierce discussion, until Harlan and Thorlngton were elected by the free soil Whigs and Abolitionists. Those were the first Iowa Congressinen to oppose the aggres- sion of the slave powers. May 15, 1S5G, Congress made a grant of every alternate section for three railroads running from Burlington, Lyons and Davenport, respectively, west- ward through the State. The grant to be subject to the disposal of the Leg- islature. At the Presidential election in 1856; the vote stood for John C. Fre- mont (Republican) 45,196; James Buchanan (Democrat), 37,663; Filmore (Whig) 9,669. The vote in favor of a Constitutional convention was 32,790 against 14,162. The most important changes made in the Constitution were as follows: No lease of agricultural lands valid for more than twenty years; sec- ond. Biennial Sessions of the Legislature were to begin on the second Monday in January after the election of members; third, time of the general election changed to the second Tuesday of October; fourth, a majority of the members elected in each branch of the General Assembly was required to pass a bill; fiifth, local or special laws not to be passed on certain subjects, and in no case when a general law could be made applicable; sixth, no money to be appropri- ated for local or private purposes, unless by a vote of two-thirds of the mem- bers of each branch of the general assembly; seventh, the Senate was limited to fifty, and the House to one hundred members; eighth, the office of Lieuten- ant-Governor was created; ninth, the office of Supreme Judge was made elec- tive; tenth, the limit of State indebtedness was increased from one hundred thousand to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In case of insurrection, invasion or defense or in time of war this limit might be exceeded; eleventh, banks could be established under laws enacted by the legislature, provided such laws were approved by a majority of the whole, at a general or special election; twelfth, a State Board of Education was created; thirteenth, the Capitol of the State was permanently fixed at Des Moines, and the State University was per- manently located at Iowa City; fourteenth, to submit to a vote of the people a proposition to strike out he word "white" from the article on Suffrage. The census of the year 1856 gave Iowa a population of 517,875. Iowa was now very prosperous. Railroads were building rapidly; immigration was rush- ing in rapidly; crops were good and prices satisfactory. The Committee a- pointed to investigate the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, re- ported a deficit of $65,150. Although the Sioux Indians had sold the lands about the head water of the Little Sioux, they were reluctant to leave it. When the land was being surveyed by Mr. Marsh of Dubuque, a band of Sioux Indians attacked him, and compelled him and his party to cross the river and leave the country, after destroying his wagon and instruments and capturing their horses. In the war between the Sioux and Pottawattamies the last battle was founght on the Lizard in Webster County. The Sioux were in ambush and the Potta- wattamies were led into the trap. They fought bravely but were defeated with 176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. great slaughter. The Survivors who reached their own country were so few that they made no more raids into the Sioux district.. CHAPTER XXVI. In 1847 a desperado named Henry Lott, built a cabin near the mouth of Boone River, which became a rendezvous for horse thieves and outlaws. Horses were stolen from the settlements below and from the Indians, secretd on Lott's premises and from there taken to the eastern part of the State and sold. In 1848 Lott's marauders stole a number of ponies from the Sioux Indians, who were hunting along the river. Si-dom-i-no-do-tah and six of his party tracked the ponies to Lott's settlement, found them concealed in the woods, recovered them and the chife ordered Lott to leave the country within five days. This he failed to do and when the time was up, the Sioux chief ordered his men to burn the cabin and kill the cattle. Lott was now alarmed and fled down the river with a stepson, abandoning his wife and small children. Upon reaching the Pea set- tlement in Boone County, he spread the report that his family had been mur- dered by the Indians. The settlers at -once organized a party to punish the Sioux. Chemeuse, a Musquakie chief, was at Elk Rapids, sixteen miles below with several hundred of his band. He furnished twenty-six warriors for the ex- pedition, which was placed under his command and piloted by Lott. When they reached his claim the Sioux had gone, and the wife and children of Lott were there without food or shelter. A son twelve years old had attempted to follow Lott when he fled, but after wandering twenty miles alone had perished from cold. Lott remained on his claim, where his wife died during the year, as Lott reported, from exposure and abuse from the Indians. Lott swore ven- geance upon the Sioux chief, but made no haste to execute it. In the fall of 1853, he and a son passed through Fort Dodge with an ox team and a wagon loaded with provisions, goods and three barrels of whiskey. He went into what is now Humboldt County and built a cabin on the bank of the creek which has since been named Lott's Creek. Here he opened trade with the Indians in goods and whiskey. In January, 1854, Lott learned that Si-dom-i-na-do-tah and family were camped on another creek since named Bloody Run. Lott and his son went to the camp of the Sioux chief. Finding the chief did not recognize him, Lott professed friendship for the Indians. He told the chief that there was a large herd of elk on the river bottom and induced him to set off to find them. Lott and his son started toward their own cabin, but as soon as the old chief was out of sight, they skulked back, hiding in the tall grass, and as the old chief returned from the hunt they shot him dead as he rode by on his pony. Then they stripped him and disguising themsedves as Indians, waited until night, when, returning to the Indian tepEes, they gave a war crv, and when the Indian women and chil- dren came out in alarm, they butchered them one by one. The victims were the wife, children and aged mother of the dead chief, and two orphans living with them. One little girl hid in the grass and escaped and one little boy, terribly wounded and left for dead, recovered. They plun- dered the camp of every article of value and left the mutilatd bodies of their victims to be devoured by wolves. Returning to their own cabin, they burnt it, to throw suspicion on the Indians, loaded a wagon with plunder and fled down the river. Ink-pa-du-tah, a brother of the murdered chief, was encamped with another band of Sioux Indians a few miles from the scene of the massacre. A HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 few days later he discovered the dead and mangled bodies of his mother, brother and his entire family. A careful examination by Major Williams of Fort Dodge, and Ink-pa-du-tah, led to the discovery of facts which left no doubt that Lott was the perpetrator of the murders. His heavily loaded team was tracked down the river on the ice to the mouth of the Boone. Lott stated that he had been driven from his claim by the Indians, and he here sold to the settlers the pony, gun, furs and other property belonging to his victims. Lott hurried on his flight down the river, leaving one of his children at T. S. White's six miles below Fort Dodge, and his two little girls at Dr. Hull's in Boone County. Major Williams, with several of the Indians, followed rapidly on their trail, hoping to overtake and arrest them. But they having several days' start left the Des Moines River, struck out westward upon the unsettled prairie, crossed the Misouri River north of Council Bluffs and disappeared on the great plains. Several years afterwards it was learend by a letter from his son that Henry Lott met his fate at the hands of the "Vigilance Committee" for crime committed in the gold regions. Ink-pa-du-tah brooded sullenly over the cruel murder of his mother and brother, believing that some of the white settlers were parties to tJie massacre and had aided Lott and his son to escape. The head of the murdered chief was taken to Homer, by some unknown barbarous wretch and nailed on the outside of a house. Upon learning this the Sioux were highly incensed and threatened revenge. These facts were all procured from Major Williams, who had been active in his efforts to bring the murderers to justice, and was familiar with the true history of the massacre. Ink-pa-du- lah never manifested friendship for the whites after this murder of his relatives but looked upon them as treacherous enemies. There can be no doubt that he determined to bide his time for retaliation, which resulted a few years later in the Spirit Lake massacre. CHAPTER XXVII. During 1S55-6, adventurous pioneers explored the valley of the Little Sioux and made claims at different places near the river. They built cabins and set- tled with their families at Correctionville, Woodbury County, Pilot Rock, in Cherokee: Peterson and Gillett's Grove in Clay County. An Irish colony located near Medium Lake, on the west fork of the Des Moines River in Palo Alto, and a Mr. Granger had built a cabin in Emmet Coun- ty, near the north line of the State. A small colony had ventured farther up the river and made a settlement in Minnesota, called Springfield. Asa C. and Am- brose A. Call, brothers, had settled near the present town of Algona, on the east fork of the Des Moines River, in 1854. The settlements of Okoboji and Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, had been made in 1856, and embraced aboui fifty persons. Most of the Indians had by this time removed from Northwest- ern Iowa, but parties frequently returned to hunt and fish at their favorite re sorts of former years. Ink-pa-du-tah, who often came with his band, had pro fessed friendship for the whites in these isolated settlements, but those who were best acquainted with the treachery of the Indians, were apprehensive that some day he would take revenge upon them for the murder of his relatives by Lott. The winter of 1856-7 was one of unusual severity. Continuous storms swept over the prairies, covering them with a depth of snow that made travel very 178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. difticult. They continued late into March, filling the ravines with drifts so deep that coniinunicatinn between the scattered settlements was almost impossible for weeks :md months. The colony was short of provisions and it was difficult to replenish. Ink-pa-du-tah had carefully noted the condition of the settlers and with the ferocious and relentless cruelty so characteristic of his race, laid his plans tn vifiii an awful retribution upon the countrymen of Henry Lett. It mattered not that these settlers were innocent of any part, knowledge, or sym- pathy with the murders; they were of the white race to which Lott belonged and their lives must atone for his' crime. During the summer of 1856, Ink-pa-du-tah, with his band, had visited most of these frontier setii^menis and carefully noted their helplessness in case of a sudden attack. In February, 1857, the Sioux chief selected abo.it thirty of his warriors and accompanied by their squaws, to allay suspicion on the part of the settlers, siaiied up the Little Sioux Valley. The chief s-nt detached parties to the settlers' cabins to take their arms, ammunition, provisions and cattle, and leave them defenseless and destitute. The weathoi was cold and the snow was deep, the settler few and widely separated, beyond reach of aid, and were compelled to submit to every outrage the Sioux chose i;o perpetrate. Re- sistance would have brought certain death. As the Indians n-'vanced their depradtions began to ai.;-i'.n!e a savage char- acter. At Gr.lect's (.rove ten armed warriors forced an entrance into a house cc(Mipit'd by two fan.'ilies, seized the women and girls and subjected them to horrible outrages. Thty destroyed the furniture and heds. killed the cattle and hogs and robbed the lerr'iied families of every article they took a fancy to-. Near midnight the settlers Tied through the deep snov ■'•audering for ihiny- six hours, thinly clad, until they reached the house of Aner Bell, the nearest neighbor, utterly exhausted and nearly frozen to death. The Indians went from cabin to cabin, perpetrating outrages too horrible to relate, carrying off some of the girls to their camps where they were held until the savages moved on T'p to this time, however, no one had been killed. Fort Dodge was seventy miles distant and Abner Bell lA-. Weaver and Mr. Wilcox started through the deep snow for that town. Tiieir story of the Indiiin outrages created great ii -.irpation and excitement; as all realized that the frontier settlements were in iniTfiinent danger. The pioneers who built the first cabins in the beautiful groves that line the shores of Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, were Rov/land 'Hardner and l-awey Luce, his son-in-law. Thev had recntly em- igrated from the State of Nev York. Crossing the prairies in their canvas-cov- erad wagons drawn by oxen, they found no settlement wes:t of Algona, but con- tinued on westward until ibe evening of July 16. 1856, when they cam])e(l on the beiMitiful shore cf West Okoboji. They were so en;li..n'.tc J with the beauty of the lakes, forest and prairie that they decided to here make their homes. Tliey explored the country about them and found the clear blue waters of Ok- oboji fringed by alternate stretches of sandy beach, pebble shores, wall of bowlders and forests reaching down to the water's edge. Away in the distance wer" prairies, while eastward were other lakes and groves. Not a sign of hu- man habitation or smoke of camp fire was to be seen in any direction from the highest point on the lake shore. They were the sole inhabitants of the raradise they had discovered, far distant from the haunts of m^n. Elkj and deer were grazing on the prairies. Water fowls were coming and going from lake to lake. Great flocks of prairie chickens were seen and squirrels and birds were on every side. HISTORY OP THE STATE OP IOWA. 179 Thej' selected a site for their cabin on the southeast shore of West Oko- boji, near the rocky projection since known as Pillsbury Point. The families consist ;d of Rowland Gardner, Ms wife, son and three daughters; also Harvey Luce, his wife and their two little children. The first human beings they saw after locating their new home, was a party consisting of Dr. I. H. Herriott, Bes- tell Snyder and William and Carl Granger, who camped on the strait separating the two Okoboji lakes. They were the first white men to paddle a canoe on these lakes. Fascinated by the beautifu aspect of the country each took a clav T and built a cabin on a peninsula, now known as Smith's Point. The next settlers were from Delawar County, Iowa; James H. Mattocks, his wife Mary and four children. They built a cabin opposite Granger's on t^he slope extending down toward the straits from the South side. Robert Mathiesou and a son lived with them. Both of these cabins overlooked East and West Okoboji lakes. Some weeks later Joel Howe, his wife Millie, with six children, settled on the Eeast shore of East Okoboji. A daughter, Lydia, had marled Alvin No- ble, and they had a son two years old. This family, with Joseph M. Thatcher and his young wife Elizabeth, with their infant daughter, occupied a cabin a mile north of Howe's, at the upper end of the grove. A trapper, Morris Mark- ham, boarded with Noble and Thatcher. These people were all from Hampton, in Franklin County. CHAPTER XXVIII. Six miles northeast, on the west shore of Spirit Lake, William Marble and his young wife Margaret, recently married in Linn County, had taken a claim and built a cabin. These made a settlement among the lakes of six families, separated by distances of from one-half to six miles, in which were living six- teen men, eight women and fourteen children. This little colony came to the lakes in the summer of 1856. Early in February their supply of provisions was nearly exhausted. It was a long pei'ilous journey to the nearest settlemnts where provisions could be procured. But with starvation staring them in the face, Harvey Luce and Joseph M. Thatcher started for Waterloo with an ox team and sled for supplies. After a journey over trackless prairies, working their way through snow drifts, they reached Waterloo, loaded their sled, started on their return and reached a cabin ten miles below Emmetsburg, where their team gave out. Thatcher remained here several days to rest the oxen, but Luce, feel- ing anxious about his family, determined to go on. Here he found Jonathan Howe, Enoch Ryan and Robert Clark, who joined him on his homeward jour- ney. Jonathan was a son of Joel Howe; Clark and Ryan were young men. After a fatiging journey through snow drifts and blizzards, Luce and his three companions reached the Gardner cabin in the evening of March 6th. The day after their arrival the weather moderated, and Mr. Gardner concluded to go to Fort Dodge for provisions. As the family sat down to an early breakfast, the cabin door was opened and fourteen Indians walked in, led by Ink-pa-du-tah They professed friendship until they had eaten all of the food in the house, when they attempted to seize the guns and ammunition. Luce resisted them and a most unequal struggle began. Dr. Herriott and Carl Snyder now entered and seeing four determined men the savages withdrew. Believing that the set- tlement was in danger, Mr. Gardner urged the young men to notify all of the neighbors to assemble at the Gardner house, which was the largest and strong- est, and there defend themselves, should the Indians become hostile. The ISO HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. young men thought there was no danger and soon after went to their cabin. The Indians prowled around until near noon when they approached the .Mattccks' cabin, driving Gardner's cattle and shooting them on the way. Gard- ntri. Luce and Clark now forsaw the danger and made a heroic effort to warn their neighbors. Mr. Gardner remained to protect his family, while Luce and Clark started, about two o'clock to give the alarm. Soon after the rapid firing of guns at the Mattocks' house and the screaming of the terrified women warned the Gardner family that the work had begun. Mr. Gardner now baricaded the door and prepared to defend his family to the last, but his wife, who still had hope that the Indians would spare them for the many acts of kindness in times past, begged of her husband not to fire upon them. The Indians now forced their way into the house and shot Mr. Gardner, killing him instantly. They then turned upon the women and children and beat their brains out with clubs; the only one spared was Abbie, the daughter, fourteen years of age. The terri- fied child begged of the savages to kill her, too, as she could not endure the thought of the terrible tortures and outrages iniflcted on helpless prisoners. But heeless of her entreaties, they dragged her away, while the moans of her dying mother, sister and brother, filled her with anguish and horror. At the Mattocks' house a brave resistance was made. When the attack began Dt*. Her- riott and Carl Snyder seized their guns and hastened to the assistance of their neighbors. But outnumbered five to one as they were by the Sioux warriors, there was no hope of successful resistance. The five men fought here with bravery unsurpassed, to save the women and children, and as they fell one by one, with rifles grasped in their hands, the terror of those remaining, for whom their lives had been given, was appalling. When Abbie was dragged to this scene of slaughter the mangled bodies of the five men. two women and children were lying about the burning cabin, while the shrieks of other children roasting in the flames, made a succession of horrors too hideous for description. No witnes survived to tell the fearful story of the heroic flght and bloody massacre here, but eleven muliated bodies were left to mark the spot. A careful examination of the vicinity later, by the party who buried the dead, throws some light upon the struggle. Dr. Herritt and Carl Snyder doubtless heard from their cabin the shrieks of the women and children, when the attack began at the Mattocks' house. Then came the reports of firearms as Mr. Mattocks, Matieson and the young man seized their rifles and fought desperately against the savages. Dr. Her- riott and young Snyder might have ecaped now by flight, but heroic men as they were, no such attempt was made. With rifle in hand they hurried to the rescue, regardless of overwhelming numbers. At the first fire Dr. Herritt brought down one of the Sioux warriors; then rushing into the thickest of the fight, the two brave men shattered their empty guns over the heads of the sav- ages in a vain efforts to save the terro-stricken women and children. How many Indians were killed or wounded in the coniflct can never be known. Abbie Gardner believes that none were killed and but one was wounded. But Major Williams, the veteran commander Of the relief expedition that buried the dead, is of a different opinion. In his report to Governor Grimes, made on the 12th of April, immediately after the return of the burial party to Fort Dodge, he writes : Luce and Clark, who started from the Gardner home to warn the settlers, went toward Mr. Howe's. They were overtaken, shot down and scalped. This closed the first day's horrid work of March 8, 1857. That night the Sioux war- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 riors celebrated the butchery of twenty men, women and children, keeping time in their war dance to the beating of drums, circling over the blood stained snow with unearthly yells among the mutilated bodies of their victims, until exhausted by their horrid orgies. Crouched in an Indian tepee, Abbie Gardner, the only survivor of the first day's massacre, prostrated by grief and terror and the awful deeds she had been compelled to witness, endured such anguish as seldom falls to the lot of a human being. CHAPTER XXIX. While this awful butchery was going on, the neighbors on the east side of the lakes had no warning of their impending danger. Luce and Clark were ly- ing dead on the South shore. Mr. Howe had started early in the morning •of the 9th, wading through the deep snow drifts toward the Gardner cabin to borrow flour. He was met by the Indians who were going to his house to con- tinue their work. They shot him, then sevred his head from the body and hurried on to his cabin. Mrs. Howe, her son Jonathan, his sister Sardis, and three young brothers, all unsuspicious of danger, were in the hone. Suddenly the door was burst open, a wild rush of yelling Indians with gleaming toma- hawks and scalping knives filled the house, and a moment later amid screams ■of terror and moans of anguish, the dead and dying bodies of the entire family were lying in the blood-stained snow. The Thatcher cabin was next visited. There the Indians found Mr. Noble, his wife and child, Mrs. Thatcher and her •child and Mr. Ryan. Seeing two stout stalwart men at home, the cowardly savages professed friendship as they entered the house. Noble and Ryan were thus deceived, when the Indians suddenly turnd their guns upon them and fired, killing both men before they could seize heir rifles. The two children were snatched from their mother's arms and swinging by their feet against a tree near the door, dashing their brains out. They plundered the house, killed the cattle and hogs, then dragging Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher with them, started for their camp. With a refinement of cruelty, peculiar to their race, they took Mrs. Noble back to the Howe cabin, where with unspeakable horror she saw the mangled bodies of her mother, sister and four brothers. Jacob, her thirteen year old brother, was still alive, and while the Indians were killing the cattle, she endeavored to put him in a bed in the house, hoping he might be saved, but the savages discovered him and beat his brains out in the presence of his sister who was unable to protect him. The Indian remained about the lakes until the 13th, while William Marble and his young wife knew nothing of the terrible fate that had overtaken every family of their enighbors. They were several miles from any other house, and had heard nothing to alarm them. On that morning, soon after breakfast, as Mrs. Marble relates, looking out of the cabin window, a band of painted and armed Indians was seen approaching. They came into the house and professed friendship. One of them wanted to exchange his rifle for a very fine one be- longing to Mr. Marble, who, fearing to offend them, agreed to the trade. They then proposed shooting at a mark. Mr. Marble fired first and stepped forward to examine the target, when the treacherous savage shot him in the back. Mrs. Marble, who had been anxiously watching them from the window, in fear for Iier husband's safety, sprang out with piercing screams as he fell, and threw her arms around her murdered husband, in the agony of despair. He was dead, and she was alone in the hands of his brutal murderer. They flung her aside 182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and searched the body of their victim, taking from it a belt containing $1,00U in gold. This was the little fortune the young couple had brought with them to improve and stock the beautiful site for a farm they had selected on the banks of the lake. The Indians then plundered the house, took Mrs. Marble's gold watch and placed her upon a pony. In one brief hour the young wife had lost husband and home, and was a captive, reserved for a fate worse than death. The Indians with their plunder joined the main body, and here Mrs. Marble found the other three captive women and learned the terrible fate that had overtaken the entire settlement. They realized now that none were left ta effect their rescue. They prayed for death to end it all and save them from a fate too awful to be contemplated. They were soon separated, each being taken to a different lodge, where their hair was braided and their faces painted, the same as the Sioux squaws. They were held as slaves and suffered treatment as brutal as has ever befa.llen helpless women in the hands of savages. Thus did Ink-pa-du-tah bide his time, and did, after the lapse of more than three years, wreak a fearful vengeance upon innocent white families for the masascre of his nearest relatives by Henry Lott and his son. Not a person was left in the entire colony at the lakes to carry the news of the great tragedy to the nearest settlement. But it was discovered on the same day the Howe, No- ble and Thatcher families were slaughtered. Morris Markham, who livd at Noble's, had started for the Des Moines River on the 7th, in search of some cattle that had strayed away. Returning on the evening of the 9th, cold, hungry and exhausted, he reached the Gardner cabin near midnight. It was cold and dark, and Markham was surprised to find the doors open and the house deserted. Upon examination he came upon the bodies of the family, some lying upon the floor and others about the yard. Horror stricken by these evidences of a terrrible ti'agedy, he cautiously went on throught the dark forest towards the Mattocks' house. When near it he discov- ered the Indian camps, and realized that the fierce Sioux had apeared in his ab- sence and murdered his friends and neighbors. He saw the smouldering ruins of the Mattocks' cabin and the mutilated bodies of other settlers lying about. He turned back toward the Howe settlement, hoping against hope that it might have escaped the massacre. But upon reaching Howe's cabin he again came upon the ghastly bodies of women and children. Markham had walked thirty miles since morning, through deep snow without food or rest. He was ex- hausted and his feet were frozen. He managed to start a fire in a ravine, not far away, and here, without shelter or food, he spent the remainder of the night,, not daring to lie down, lest he, too, might be murdered by the savages. CHAPTER XXX. Before daylight he started for Springfield, Minn., eighteen miles distant. He reached that place completely exhausted and spread the news of the fate of the Okoboji colony. Fortunately Markham's strength held out to warn them of the danger, else they would have shared the fate of their neighbors. After a consultation the people decided to gather all th families at the houses of Thomas and Wheeler for mutual protection. Messengers were sent to Fort Ridgely for aid. For seventeen days the settlers at Springfield were kept in sus- pense, hourly expecting an attack from the Indians. There were sixteen men,, women and children at the Thomas house when the attack began. Most un- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 expectedly the Indians found the people prepared to give them a warm re- ception. The savages dressed one of their number in citizen's clothes and he ap- proached the Thomas house in a friendly manner, calling the people out upon a cunning pretext. The remainder of the band was concealed behind trees in the forest surrounding the cabin. They opened fire upon the settlers who had been decoyed outside. The volley mortally wounded a little boy eight years old and severely wounded Mr. Thomas, David Carver and Miss Swanger. There were but three men now left in the house unhurt — Morris Markham, Jareb Palmer and John Bradshaw. Hastily barricading the doors, the three men, as- sisted by Mrs. Thomas and Louisa Church, Eliza Gardner and Miss Swanger prepared for a vigorous defense. The wounded had succeeded in reaching the house, except little Willie Thomas who had fallen outside, and was overlooked in the excitement until after the doors were barricaded. Then it was too late to rescue him without endangering the lives of all. His father was severely wounded and his mother begged piteously to be permitted to open the door and bring him in; but the others felt it would be certain death to all and he was left to his fate. The Indians gradually crept nearer the house while keeping up a constant fire on the besieged settlers. They, however, kept in shelter of the log stable and large trees. Eliza Gardner and Miss Swanger cast bullets and loaded guns, while Mrs. Church took the place of one of the wounded men at a port-hole and fought as bravely as the men. Watching a tree behind which an Indian was firing upon the cabin, Mrs. Church gave him a load of buckshot as he was aiming his rifle at the house. He fell back howling into the snow. So the fight went on until sunset, and well directed shots from the cabin preventing an assault by the Indians. At dark they joined others of the band who were butchering isolated settlers. William and George Wood, who kept a store and were on fi'iendly terms with the Indians, were confident that they would not be moletsed and refused to unite with their neighbors in preparing for defense, as they discredited Mark- ham's report of the massacre at the lakes. A party of Sioux, upon their arri- val, went to Wood's store and purchased a keg of powder and a quantity of lead, which was used in the siege of the Thomas house and in the slaughter of the Stewart family. The Wood brothers suffered a fearful penalty for their folly, as some days later the treacherous Sioux returned to the store, shot the pro- prietors, plundered the store and, piling brush over the mutilated bodies of the victims, set it on fire. Johnny Stewart, a little eight year old son of Joshua Stewart, had escaped into the woods when the family was massacred by the Indians. After dark he made his way to the Thomas home and was taken in. Soon after a Mr. Sheigley arrived. There were now seventeen persons in the house, three of whom were badly wounded and in need of medical aid. A consultation was held, and it was determined to attempt to escape in the night. Whether they should stay or go, there was but little hope of escape from the doom that had overtaken their neighbors. They believed themselves to be the only survivors of the colony. No aid could be expected, and they deter- mined to try to reach the nearest settlement. There was great fear that the Indians were lurking near by in the woods. Some one must venture to ex- amine. It was a dangerous undertaking and all hesitated. A volunteer soon offered himself. 1S4 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. It was the brave Morris Markham, who had discovered the massacre at the lakes and had already saved the lives of all present by warning them of the impending danger. He told his companions that if he discovered Indians he would warn them by firing his gun, and they would immediately barricade the door and defend themselves without waiting for him. He stepped out into the darkness and disappeared. His comrades waited with intense anxiety. Mark- ham crept silently through the snow from tree to tree, listening for the first mcvement of a stealthy foe. He cautiously made a wide circuit around the house and stable, expecting any moment to hear the crack of a rifle or the sud- den rush of armed savages. Half an hour passed and the suspense of his com- panions in the houe seemed unendurable. Not a sound reached them, and they began to fear that he had been tomahawked by the stealthy Sioux before he could fire the gun. At last they heard approaching footsteps and hastily barricaded the door. Another moment of intense waiting and peering through the port-holes with loaded guns, when they heard the voice of Markham. He informed them that the Indians had gone and he had found a yoke of oxen which had escaped the slaughter. He had hitched them to a sled and all hands hastened to bring out the small children, the wounded, blankets and provisions, and they started on their dangerous, sorrowfully leaving the dead body of little Willie Thomas where he fell. The brave women tramped through the deep snow, following the well armed men and the heavily loaded sled. CHAPTER XXXI. There was now but one able bodied man at the Wheeler house, J. B. Skin- ner. The others were Mrs. Skinner, Mrs. Nelson and her child, Mrs. Smith and her ci'ippled husband, whose leg had recently been amputated, Mr. Sheig- ney's little boy and Mr. Henderson, who had lost both legs. To remain now, with but one able bodied man to defend them, until the Indians returned seemed to be certain death for all. They had no team and no way to carry the wounded men. Hard as it was they had to abandon Henderson and Smith and start through the deep snow, expecting to be pursued by the Indians upon discovery that they had left the house. In their haste and terror, Mr. Sheig- ley's little boy was also left behind. On the second day they fortunately fell in with Markham's party, and Mr. Sheighley learning that his little boy had ben abandoned in the flight, started back alone to rescue him. The party remained two nights at the Granger cabin, waiting the return of Mr. Sheighley, who was unable to find his boy (a neighbor who had escaped the massacre rescued him). The next day the entire party left for Fort Dodge, with a scanty supply of food and clothing and the wounded suffering greatly for medical assistance. At night all slept in the snow without shelter, their shoes and clothing wet with melting snows and the waters of icy streams. Miss Swanger, with a painful bullet wound in her shoulder, gave up her place on the sled to the children and marched on foot through the snow. The sufferings of the entire party were enough to exhaust the strongest men, as they waded through the deep drifts and icy waters that filled the ravines and sloughs. The news of the masacre at the lakes was carried to Fort Dodge by O. C. Howe, R. U. Wheelock and B. F. Parmenter, of Jasper County, who has taken claims the fall before at Spirit Lake. They started for the lakes early in March, and reached Thatcher's cabin on the 15th. No one could be aroused to let them in, but upon opening the door they came upon the lifeless bodies of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 185 Noble and Ryan. Horror stricken by the sight, taey next approached the house of Mr. Howe and there found the mutilated bodies of seven women and chil- dren. They now realized that the Indians had probably exterminated the en- tire settlement and hastened back to Fort Dodge. The horrible news aroused the people. Prompt action was taken to organ- ize a relief expedition. Major Williams issued a call for volunteers, and in three days a hundred men were enlisted. So intense was the desire to over- take and punish the savages, that the little army started out in haste, poorly equipped for a long winter march. The winter, which had been the severest on record was still unbroken. CHAPTER XXXII. The snow storms had continued for months. Sloughs and ravines were filled to a great depth. But few tents could be procured and the blankjets, clothing and provisions that were hastily collected were insufficient for such an expedition. Major Williams, the commander, was a vigorous man though sixty-two years old. He had been commisioned two years before to act at dis- cretion in any trouble that might arise with the Indians. Howe, Parmenter and Wheelock joined the the expedition at Fort Dodge; J. M. Thatcher, at the Irish colony, Morris Markham, John Hradshaw and Jareb Palmer turned back with it, after conducting the Springfield refugees to safety. A hard crust on the snow rendered their march slow and difficult. At the close of the second day the party camped at Dakota, in Humboldt County, but eighteen miles from Fort Dodge. From this place onward the obstructions, hardships and sufferings increased. In many places the ravines were filled with snow in depth of from ten to twenty feet, in which the teams were helpless. Long ropes had to be fastened to the floundering horses and they were pulled through by men one at a time. The loaded wagons were drawn through in a similar manner. Some- times it required the entire brigade to haul one loaded wagon through the im- mense drifts. Often the men were compelled to wade two abreast in long lines up to their waists in snow, to break a road for the teams and wagons. On the third night ihe expedition was compelled to camp on flie unsheltered prairie in the deep snow, without fuel, with a bleak northwest wind sweeping- down upon the exhausted men. They made a supper of crackers and raw pork, chained the oxen to the wagons, which were arranged close together to break the wind, while the men crowded together on their beds of snow, to keep from freezing. The next day was a repetition of the hardships until night, when they were able to reach the shelter of McKnight's Grove, where they found plenty of fuel to cook their food and cabins in which to sleep. On the morning of the 28th after roll call. Major Williams made a brief address to his men, alluding to the hardships encountered and complaints of some of the faint-hearted. He told them plainly that great sufferings were ahead of them and if they lacked the courage or endurance to encounter them, now was the time to say so and return to their homes. Nine men turned their steps homeward, leaving the command with weakened ranks to face the dangers ahead. No record has been kept of the names of these deserters. On the 29th, the little army reached the Irish colony, near where Emmetts- burg now stands, and exchanged some of their worn out teams for fresh animals. They were also reinforced by several young men, bringing the number of the command up to one hundred and twenty-five. Dr. Strong, who 186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. had deserted his wife and child, was found here, but could not be persuaded to join the relief expedition. Mr. Williams, expecting soon to be within reacn of the Indians, sent a company of nine picked men in advance as scouts. They were Carpenter, Mason, Thatcher, Church, Laughlin, Hathaway, Before and Johnson, under command, of Lieutenant Maxmell. They carried corn bread to last three days. This was the 30th of Ma,rch, and ti'aveling northward about twelve miles, upon reaching an elevation, one of the company shouted "Indians!':' Far away could be seen a party twice as large as their own, slowly advancing. Lieutenant Maxwell quickly formed his men in line lor the attack, and followed a high ridge to keep in sight of the enemy, as the approaching party was seen to be preparing for battle. Coming nearer, Mr. Church, who was in advance, suddenly dropped his gun, sprang foi'ward, exclaiming, "My God! there's my wife and babies! ' Governor Cai'penter described the scene that followed: "They had surrounded the ox-sled in an attitude of defense, as they had supposed us to be Indians, and had resolved, if overpowered, never to fall into the hands of the savages alive. On discovering that we .were friends, such a heartrending scene I never before witnessed, as the relatives and friends of the refugees had supposed they were dead. In the party were Mrs. W. L. Church and her children: her sister, Urusella Swanger, shot through the shoulder; Mr. Thomas, who had lost an arm; Mr. Carver, also severely wounded in the fight at Springfield; Mrs. Dr. Strong and child, who had been deserted by her craven husband. In the haste of their flight they had taken but few provisions and scanty clothing. The women had worn out their shoes; their dresses v/ere torn into fringe about the ankles; the children were crying with hunger and cold; the wounded wei'e in a deplorable condition for want of surgical aid. Their food was entirely exhausted; they had no means of maKing a fire: their blankets and clothing were wet and frozen; and in their exhausted condition it is hardly possible that many of them could have survived another night's exposure from the fearful storm then coming on. The refugees weie so overcome by the sudden transition from deadly peril and impending death that seemed to confront them, changed in an instant to relief in their desperate extremity, that they sank down in the snow, crying and laughing alternately, as their deliverers gathered around them. If nothing more had been accomplished by the relief expedition, every member felt that the salvation of eighteen perishing refugees, fi-om almost certain death from exposure and staivation, had richly repaid them for all the hardships encountered." On the 31st tnc expedition pushed northward, finding frequent indications of Indians, until it reached the Granger house, on the west fork of the Des Moines River, near the Minnesota lino. Here Major Williams learned that a company of soldiers from Fort Ridgely was at Springfield for the protection of setilers, and that the Indians had moved on westward. As the bodies of the murdered victims at the lakes were unburied. Major Williams called for volunteers to go to the lakes ind bury the mutilated bodies. Twenty-three. brave men promptl> stepped forward and volunteered to go on the perilous mission. April 5nd the command separated, the main body under Major Williams turned back to the Irish colony, while Captain Johnson's party started for the lakes. On reaching Thatcher's cabin. East Okoboji, a horrible spectacle was presented. All was in ruins, and lying in the yard were the dead bodies of Noble and Ryan, as they had fallen three weeks before when shot down. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 187 Inside the caOin nothing wns left but tiie ghastly forms of the two little children who had been dragged from the arms of their terrified mothers, Mrs. Thetcher and Mrs. Noble. The fate of the two young mothers was then unknown. From cabin to cabin, the company went through the settlement, burying the dead, until all were laid beneath the ground. CHAPTER XX,X I II. . Nol one of the colony was found alive. Mr. Marble's body had been buried by the soldiers from Fort Ridgely. The body of young Dr. Herriott was found near Mattock's cabin, with his right hand still .grasping his broken rifle, wliere he had fallen in a hand to .hand struggle with the Indians, bravely defending liis neighbors. The bodies of Luce and Clark, near the outlet of the lake, were not found until some weeks later. The burial party started April 4th on their homeward march, their provisions entirely consumed. The weather was warm and the melting snow filled the sloughs with water, in many places waist deep, through which the men had to wade, wetting their clothing to the shoulders. About 4 o'clock the wind, which had been in the south, suddenly changed to the northwest, and in half an hour a howling blizzard was sweeping down upon them. Their clothes were soon frozen stiff. Some of the party had taken their boots oft to wade the sloughs, and others had holes cut in them to let the water out. Many had their boots frozen before they could put them on and were compelled to walk through the snow and freezing water in their stockings, which were soon worn out. As night came on the piercing winds nearly chilled them to death. They dp. re not lie down in the snow, for it was only by vigorous exercise that they Avere able to keep warmth and life in their stiifening limbs and bodies. They separated into two companies, one led by Captain .Tohnson, the other by Lieutenant Maxwell. They dare not go on in the blinding storm and darkness, fearing to lose their way, so all that long fearful night they tramped back and forth in a desperate effort to save themselves from freezing. Often the weaker ones ones would fall down benumbed in the drifting snow and the stronger comrades would lift them up and force them to keep moving. In the .''noining, says Lieutenant Maxwell: "I saw .Johnson and Burkholder some distance from us, going in a southerly direction, while we were traveling east. They were following the directions of an old trapper, and we soon lost sight of them. Henry Carse became unconscious during the day, and sank in the snow, blood running from his mouth. We carried hin) to the river, where a fire was started by saturating a damp wad with powder and shooting it into the weeds. Carse was now^ helpless, and when we cut the rags from his feet, the frozen skin and flesh came off with them." As soon as the tire was well started, Maxwell and Laughlin, who were the strongest of the party, determined to cross the river and go to the Irish colony for help. They reached the settlement and sent assistance to their comrades, who were brought in badly frozen, but alive. Major Williams gives the follow- ing account of the sad fate of Captain J. C. Johnson and William E. Burkholder: "G P. Smith was the last one who saw them. He fell in with them after they had separated from their comrades and traveled with them for some time. They were much exhausted from wading ponds and sloughs; their clothe^ 188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. were frozen and covered with ice. Their feet were badly fi-ozen, and unable to walk farther, they finally sank down in the snow, and Smith helped them to pull off their frozen boots. They tore up a part of their blankets and wrapped them around their freezing feet, which were very painful. Smith urged them to get up and make another effort to reach the Des Moines River timber, which was in sight, but they were so chilled and exhausted by the bleak wind, froj'en feet and icy clothing that they were unable to rise, and said they could go no farther. After vainly trying for a long time to get them to make another effort to reach the timber, Smith at last realized that to save his own life he must leave them. After going some distance he looked back, and saw them still on their knees in the snow, apparently unable to arise. It is not likely they ever left the spot where Smith left them, but finally, overcome with cold, they sank down and perished side by side." Eleven years after two skeletons were found near where they were last seen and identified by the guns and powder flasks lying near them as the remains of Johnson and Burkholder. Captain J. C. Johnson had recently came to Webster City from Pennsyl- vania, a young men who was universally esteemed. His courage, patient endurance and considerate care for his men on that long fearful march had endeared him to every member of his company. William E. Burkholder had recently been elected Treasurer of Webster County, and was a young man of great promise. He had cheerfully shared all the hardships of this winter campaign, volunteering to go on to the lakes to bury the dead. He was a brother of Governor Carpenter's wife. The principal division of the expedition which had gone back to the Irish colony had but little trouble until near night of the second day's march. Provisions being scarce, they were put upon short allowance. The river was very high and melting snow was filling the creeks and sloughs. When the division reached Cylinder Creek, its banks were overflown and spread out over the valley a mile in width and twelve feet deep, with a strong current in the channel. All efforts to find a crossing failed. The wind had changed to the northwest and it was growing cold. Captains Richards and Buncombe saw danger before them and sent Major Williams and Mr. Dawson, both of whom were old men, back to the settlement, when they proceeded to look for a crossing. .\n effort was made to convert the wagon box into a raft on which to cross and with a long rope erect a ferry. But the raft was swamped and the rope lost. A messenger was sent to the nearest house for help and material for a laft. Captain Richards says: "The wind was now blowing a terrific gale and the cold was intense so that our wet clothing was frozen stiff upon us as we traveled up and down the banks of the swollen current in a vain search for a better place for the men to cross. When help and material for a raft came, so strong and cold was the wind, and so swift the current, filled with floating ice, that all our efforts to build a raft failed. It was now dark and still growing colder, and the roar of the blinding storm so great that we could no longer hold communication with our companions on the other side. vVe were benumbed with cold, utterly exhausted, and three miles from the nearest cabin. We were powerless ta aid our comrades, and could only try to save ourselves. It was a terrible walk in the face of the terrible blizzard, our clothes frozen, our feet freezing, and our strength gone. After wandering in the blinding storm until 9 o'clock. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 we fortunately found the cabin. Here we passed a night that will never be obliterated from my memory. We gathered about the fire vainly trying to dry our frozen clothing. We had no blankets, and the piercing wind was driving through every crevice of the cabin, and we walked the floor in the most Intense anxiety over the fate of our companions, left on the banks of the creek, exposed to the fury of the blizzard, withoiit food, shelter or fire. All through the night we kept looking out on the wild storm in hopes it would cease, but the cold grew ever more intense, and the wind howled more fiercely, and no one slept. We knew that Carpenter, Stratton, Stevens and Wright were men endowed with courage equal to any emergency, and we trusted they would find some >vay to keep the men from perishing; still a harrowing fear would come over us that we should in the morning find them frozen to death. Terrible visions of their fate tortured us through the long hours of the night, and with the first dawn of light Duncorabe, Smith, Mason and I were wading through the drifts to Cylinder Creek. The mercury was now 28 degrees below zero, and the blizzard at its wildest fury. Mason gave out and sank down on the drifts. I got him back to the cabin and soon overtook the others. Strong ice was f(;rmed on the creek from the shore, and we hurried over it to the main channel where the current was so swift that it was too weak to bear us up. We could go no farther, could not see across for the drifting snow, and could hear no sound on the other side in answer to our loud shouts. Our faces and hands were now freezing, and we had to return to the cabin and wait uptil the ice should be strong enough to support us. Toward night we made another vain effort to cross, and had to return to the cabin, oppressed with the conviction that not one of our companions could survive until morning. But soon after dark three of the men came to the cabin and reported the command safe." Governor Carpenter tells how they managed to save themselves: "We took the covers from the wagons and some tent canvas and stretched them over the wheels and made a rude shelter. We then put all of the blankets together on the snow and crowded in, lying down close together in our wet and frozen clothing, where we remained from Saturday evening until Monday morning, with nothing to eat until we reached Shippey cabin Monday noon. We had waited until the ice had frozen over Cylinder Creek hard enough to bear up our loaded wagons and teams. I have since marched with armies from Cairo to Atlanta and up to Richmond, sometimes traveling continuously for three or four days and nights with only a brief halt occasionally to give the exhausted soldiers a chance to boil a cup of coffee; under burning suns, through rain, sleet and snow, we endured great suffering; but never in all the weary years could our suffering be compared with that of the two terrible daj's days and nights we endured on the banks of Cylinder Creek." Lieutenant Mason says: "How we survived those fearful nights I do not know, when the mercury sank to 34 degrees below zero the first night. The poor boys were slowly freezing, and many of them were insane; I think all of us were more or less insane the last night. The tongues of many of the men were hanging out, and the blood was running from the mounth or nose as we got up the last morning." The command now broke up into small parties and spread out over a wide range of country. In no other wa>' could they find food in the scanty supply of the few settlers who had lived along the river. The sufferings of some of 190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the small pttrties reached the last degree of endurance as they traveled home- ward. But for the help of the settlers many must have perished. However, all reached their homes except .Johnson and Burkholder, but many were badly frozen. CHAPTER XXXIV. Captain Buncombe, in writing of this relief party thirty years later, says: "For severe hardships, continuous toil, constant exposure, bodily and mental suffering, I do not believe it has ever been surpassed by men who have risked their lives to rescue their fellow men from peril and death." While these events wers transpiring, four young women, who had been dragged from their homes by the merciless savages, were cowering in the Indian camp. The Indians loaded their ponies, squaws and captives with plunder soon after their repulse at the Thomas cabin and started westward. Mrs. Thatcher was ill of a fever and scarcely able to walk, but the savages had no mercy. She was compelled to wade through snow and water sometimes up to her waist carrying a heavy load. At night she was forced to assist in all the camp drudgery, cutting and carrying wood until she often sank fainting in the snow. When she could no longer walk she was lashed to the back of a pony and carried along. She bore her sufferings with great patience in the hope that her husband, to whom she was devoutly attached, had escaped the massacre and would do all in his power for her rescue. The Indians on the third day discovered that they were being pursued by soldiers. Preparations were made for battle, while the squaws tore down the tents and hid among the willows. The captives were left in the custody of a warrior with orders to kill them when the attack began. Another Indian secreted in a tree watched the soldiers and signaled their movements to the warriors. For an hour and a half the suspense and excitement was intense with both Indians and captives until it was known that the soldiers had tuimed back and abandoned pursuit. The pursuing party was a detachment of twenty-four men, under Lieutenant Murray, which had been sent by Captain Bee, from Springfield, in pursuit of the Indians. He had arrived from Fort Ridgely and secured two half-breed guides from Lieutenant Murray. They reached the grove in which the Indians had encamped the night before at 3 p. m. Lieutenant Murray, upon examination of the camp, believed the Indians were near, but the guides assured him the camp was three days old and further pursuit wauld be futile. Thus deceived, Murray turned back, when actually in sight of the sentinel of the Indians, who was watching his movements. The Indians were numerically stronger, and being well armed and in ambush the result of an attack would have Tjeen doubtful. Then the four captives would have been murdered at once. Herein it was fortunate that no attack was made. The Indians were alarmed and fled and traveled in their flight for two days and nights without stopping. The captives suffered fearfully in the hurried retreat, wading through deep snow and sloughs and rivers, hungry, cold and exhausted and worn out, and it is a wonder they survived. The horses which they had taken from the murdered settlers died from starvation before they reached the Big Sioux River. Their bodies were cut up for food and the loads they had carried were trans- ferred to the backs of the squaws and the four white women. Horrible suffering had been endured by the four young white women during HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 the first six weeks. When they reached the Big Sioux River, as they were preparing to cross an Indian came up to Mrs. Thatcher, who was carrying a heavy load, took the pack from her slioulders and ordered her to go on to the driftwood bridge. She realized at once that some harm was intended. She turned to her companions and bade them "good-bye," saying, 'If any of you escape, tell my dear husband that I wanted to live for his sake." The savage drove lier along before him and when about half across seized her and hurled her into the river. With wonderful strength and coui'age she swam in the icy current until she reached and clung to a fallen tree on the shore. She was beaten off by the savages with clubs and with their tent poles pushed her back into the swift current. Again the brave woman swam for the opposite shore, when the merciless wretches beat her back into the rapids. As she was carried along by the current, the savages ran along the shore throwing clubs and stones at the exhausted and drowning woman, until one of the warriors raised his rifle and shot her as she clung to a ledge of driftwood. A more cowardly crime is not recorded in the annals of Indian cruelty and barbarity. She was but nineteen years of age, a lovely girl in the bloom of youth, and had come with her husband to make a home on the beautiful wooded shore of Okoboji. Intimate friendship existed between Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher. They had married cousins and together had moved to the distant frontier with bright anticipations of long, happy lives in each other's society. Now, as Mrs. Noble closed her eyes to shut out the horror of the dying struggles of her dearest friend, and thought of her murdered husband, child, father, mother, brothers and sister, she felt that death alone could relieve her hopeless anguish. That night she begged Abbie and Mrs. Marble to go with her and end their sufferings beneath the dark waters of the river, whei-e her last dear friend had perished. From that day Mrs. Noble seemed weary of life and anxious tn end the horrors that every night brought to the captives. When the news of the capture of four women and the massacre of the settlers at the lakes reached the Indian Agency on Yellow Medicine River, the agent, Charles E. Flandreau, with S. R. Riggs and Dr. Thos. Williamson, mis- sionaries, began to devise plans for the rescue of the captives. Two friendly Indians had visited the Sioux camp, had there seen the three captive women and at once opened negotiations for their purchase. They succeeded in pur- chasing Z\Irs. Marble. When she learned that she had been sold by Ink-pordu-tah to two strange Indians, she bade her companions a sorrowful good-bye, and assured them that if she should reach a white settlement she would do all in her power for their rescue. She was taken to the Yellowstone Agency, where after several weeks, she was ransomed by Mr. Riggs and Dr. Williamson, who paid the Indians $1,000 for her, which sum had been raised by Major Flandi'eau. Mrs. Marble at once did everything in her power to effect the rescue of her two surviving companions. Major Flandreau was also untiring in their behalf. CHAPTER XXXV. The Legislature of Minnesota appropriated $10,000 to be used by the Governor for the rescue of the captives. Large rewards were offered to friendly Indians and volunteers came forward at once. Major Flandreau procured an outfit, and, on the 23rd of May, a party started with orders to purchase the captive women at any price. Four companies of soldiers were to be marched at 192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. once from Fort Ridgely, as near Ink-pa-du-tah's camp as was prudent, and as soon as the captives were secured exteimiinrte the perpetrators of the massacre, if possible. But as the troops were ready to start, orders came for them to join General Johnson's Utah expedition, and Ink-pa-du-tah's band thus escaped punishment. While these events were transpiring, the two captive women were taken farther into the wilds of Dakota and were hopeless of rescue. One evening after the two women had gone to their tent, Roaring Cloud, a son of the chief, came in and ordered Mrs. Noble to come with him to his tepee. She refused to go. He seized her and attempted to drag her off. She resisted with all of her strength, determined then and there to end her wretched life, rather than again submit to the horrors from which there was no other escape. She alone of the helpless captives had often resisted the brutal savages, until her strength was exhausted and she was overpowered. Since the cruel murder of her friend, Mrs. Thatcher, she had felt life a burden. That night she nerved herself to welcome death. Wild with rage at her unyielding resistance, the young savage dragged her out of the tent, seized a club, beat her head unmercifully, leaving her mangled form near the door. For half an hour her dying moans reached the ears of the terrified girl, Abbie, who was cowering in a corner, now alone in the hands of the savages. The next morning the Indians cut off the two dark heavy braids of hair from the head of the murdered woman, fastened them to a stick, and followed Abbie, switching her face with them, thus adding to her agony. They reached the James River, where Ashton now stands. Here was an Indian village of about two thousand Sioux, and Abbie abandoned all hope of rescue. But powerful friends Avere at work, spurred on by the urgent entreaties of Mrs. Marble. Major Flandreau had procured Indian goods of great value to tempt them and selected three of the most trusty of the race to proceed with all possible haste to overtake Ink-pa-du-tah's band. John Oother Day led the party and, on the 30th of May, 1S57, reached the vicinity of the Sioux encampment, hiding the team. Entering the village he and his men soon learned that there was but one white Avoraan remaining. After three days' negotiations they succeeded in purchasing Miss Gardner. They took her to St. Paul, delivered her to Governor Medary and received $1,200 for their faithful services in rescuing the last of the surviving captives. The two women who were rescued never recovered from the brutal treatment they received from the Indians while in captivity. While their lives were spared, their suffering, bodily and mentally, could only end Avith death. Abbie never saAV Mrs. Marble after her release from captivity, but found Mr. Thatcher and conveyed to him the last message of his young wife and the full particulars of her sad fate. At Hampton she found her sister, Eliza, who made her escape from the Springfield massacre. In 1885 Abbie Gardner Sharp wrote a full history of the massacre and her captivity. The history of Indian wars and barbarities furnishes nothing more cruel, heartless and bloody than the horrors which exterminated the first colony planted on the shores of Okoboji and Spirit Lakes. Of all the horrors endured by white women in Indian captivity, none have surpassed those of Elizabeth Thatcher, Lydia Noble, Abbit Gardner and Margaret A. Marble. A son of Si-dom-i-na-do-tah, who was murdered with his family by Henry Lott, the desperado, saved the lives of one family. John B. Skinner, who had often befriended this boy, who was badly wounded at the time his father and family were massacred by I.ott and his son. The boy recovered and at times HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 193 fciind a home at Skinner's. When his uncle, Ink-pa-du-tah, planned this raid for -a terrible vengeance on the whites, he learned that the blow was to fall on the innocent, isolated colony at the lakes. He warned Skinner of danger, and so impressed it upon him that Skinner moved back to Liberty and escaped the fate Avliich befell his neighbors. Whether Mr. Skinner warned his neighbors of the danger is not known. Josh also warned Mr. Cartel", of Emmet County, of the impending massacre, and spent a part of the winter in Kossuth County. The boy Josh was recognized by Mrs. Thomas as one of the leaders in the attack upon their house at Springfield. He was no doubt engaged in the massacre at the lakes. In 1S62 Josh was one of the most active in the terrible Minnesota massa- <;res, leading a band at Lake Shetek, which exterminated nearly the entire settlement. This can be traced back to Henry Lott's fearful crime the primary cause leading to the bloody retribution visited upon the innocent, as the attack was led by surviving relatives of Si-dom-i-na-do-tah. Forty-one innocent men, women and children were the direst victims, while the suffering of the captives, relatives and members of the relief expedition make up a record of horror and misery never surpassed. It can never be known how many of the Indians were killed, but the soldiers and friendly Indians, under Major Flandreau and Lieutenant Murray, killed Roaring Cloud, the murderer of Mrs. Noble, and three other members of Ink-pa- du-tah's band. It is probable that several were killed by Dr. Herriott, Snyder and Mattocks and two or three in the battle at the Thomas house. Ink-pa-du- lah's party was among the most ferocious of the butchers in the Minnesota massacres of 18(:2, and it is not unlikely that some of them were among the Indians who were killed, or the thirty-eight who were hung at Mankato. Ink-pa- du-tah was last heard of among the Sioux who fled to the far West pui'sued by General Sibley's army in 186;). CHAPTER XXXVI. On the 27th of April, 1857, Major Williams made a lengthy report to Governor Grimes of the relief expedition under his command, from which the following extracts are made: "Being called upon by the frontier settlers to aid in checking the horrible outrages committed upon the citizens living on the Little Sioux River at the Spirit Lake settlements, and in Emmet County, by the Sioux Indians, by authority you vested in me, I raised, organized and armed three companies of thirty men each, which were as we proceeded increased to thirty-seven men •each. By forced marches through snowdrifts from fifteen to twenty feet deep, and swollen streams, we made our way up to the State line. Never was liarder service rendered by any body of men than by the one hundred and ten volunteers under ray command. We had to ford screams breast deep every few iiiiles, and often to drag by hand with ropes our wagons, horses and oxen through dep ravines drifted even full of snow. Wet all day to our waists, we Iiad to lie out on the open prairie without tents, wrapped in blankets in the snow. Eighty miles out we met the survivors of the massacre at Springfield, jiineteen men, women and children. We found them in a wretched condition, destitute of food, three of them wounded. They had fled in the night, thinly iclad; several of the women without bonnets or shoes wading through snow 194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and v/atei waist deep carrying their crying children. They had eaten nothing, for two (lays and could hardly have survived another night. We built fires in. a small grove near by, supplied their wants, our surgeons dressed their wounds and sent a party to convey them to the Irish settlement, where a blockhouse was being erected for defense against the Indians. "We pushed on, throwing out thirty scouts in advance to examine the groves and streams for signs of Indians, which were often found. At the State line we camped in a grove, where I detailed sixty men, armed with rifles and revolvers, to march all night in two divisions to surprise the Indians before daylight. Our guides reported Indians camped at the trading house of a half- breed named Caboo. But we found they had fled at the approach of the fifty regulars from Fort Ridgely. "Finding the troops from Fort Ridgely had not buried the dead, I detailed twenty-five men, under Captain .Johnson and Lieutenant Maxwell, to march to the lakes and perform that sad duty. They found and buried thirty-one bodies, including the bones of those burned in the Mattocks house. Seven were killed at Springfield. I may sum up the total number of casualties to the settlers as follows: Killed, 41; missing, 12; badiy wounded, 3; prisoners, 4 women. At every place the Indians broke up and destroyed the furniture, burned houses, and killed in all more than one hundred head of cattle. It seems to have been their purpose 1o exterminate the entii^e settlement in that region. Too much praise cannot be bestowed on the men under my command. Fourteen were badly frozen; Captain Johnson and William E. Burkholder perished in a terrible snowstorm. Several men were deranged from their sufferings. We have a host of destitute and wounded persons thrown upon us to provide for, both from the Little Sioux River and the upper Des Moines, besides our own frozen and disabled men. "We have driven all the Indians out of the North part of the State, unless there may be some near the mouth of the Big Sioux." In Governor Grimes' message to the Seventh General Assembly is a state- ment of the massacre and the relief expedition under Major Williams' command,, and he recommends that the State make an appropriation to compensate the men 'who so gallantly and humanely imperiled their lives for others," and for the expense of their outfit. He further says: "f submit to the General Assembly whether some public recognition of the noble gallantry and untimely death of Captain Johnson and W. E. Burkholder is not alike due to their memory and to the gratitude of the State." Before Iowa Territory was organized, Bellevue, in Jackson County, became infested with men of disreputable character, who were guilty of many crimes and gave that locality a bad reputation. In 1S37 a party of immigrants arrived in Bellevue, claiming to have come from Michigan. They were possessed of good teams, wagons, household furni- ture and money. The land had not yet been surveyed and the only titles were claims held by the occupants. But as these wei-e respected and protected by rigid claim laws, towns were laid out on these claims, lots and blocks staked off and recorded, which were bought and sold with as much confidence in the claim titles as ever existed in later years after Government titles had been secured. The leader of this Michigan colony was W. W. Brown, a man of intelligence HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 auci engaging manners. He bnilt a hotel and was elected a magistrate. He was liberal and charitable, always ready to assist the unfortunate and in a short lime became a leading citizen of the new town. In various enterprises he employed a number of men and it was soon discovered that a large amount of counterteii money was in circulation. Upon investigation it was in almost all cases traced to some employe of Mr. Brown. Horses were stolen f]'om citizens on both sides of the river and some of them were found in the vicinity of Bellevue. Many horses were brought into the town by strangers and exchanged for other horses which were bought by other strangers, who claimed to have come from Wisconsin and Northern Illinois. It was soon suspected that Bellevue was the headquarters of a large gang of counterfeiters and horse thieves, who had confederates scattered through portions of Illinois and Wisconsin and extending down the Mississippi River into Missouri. The large body of timber in Jackson County known as the "Big Woods,"' made a good place for hiding stolen property. There were stations extending through .lones, Cedar, Johnson, Mahaska, Scott, Louisa and Lee Counties. One of the stations was Brown's hotel, and it was there that a battle was fought in 1S40 that went far for a time to banish the boldest of the gang from Jackson County. William Fox was one of the desperadoes. Aaron and John l^ong, Richard Baxter, Granville Young and Mr. Birch, all of whom were afterwards concerned in the robbery and murder of Colonel Davenport. In January, 1840, many of the Bellevue citizens were at a ball celebrating the anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans. Several members of the gang of desperadoes were enlisted, by James Thompson, to rob the residence of J. C. Mitchell, and grossly abused a young lady who was the only person in the house. She knew Thompson, and after a desperate resistance, made her escape to the ballroom and gave the alarm. Mitchell armed himself and started out to find Thompson. They met in the street. Thompson fired first and missed. Mitchell sent a bullet through his heart before he could fire again and the desperado fell dead. Brown and his gang swore vengeance on Mitchell, and, arming themselves stood at the head of the stairs awaiting the attack. A number of shots were fired, when Brown's party retreated, and going to a saloon near by formed a plot to blow up Mitchell's house and destroy him and his family. They broke into a store and secured a tin can holding fifteen pounds of gun powder. The can was placed in the cellar by William Fox, and in casting lots to determine who should apply the slow match it fell to Mr. Chicester. Fortunately a gap had been left in srewing the powder, and thus the can was not reached by the fire, and a fearful tragedy was averted. The citizens now became aroused and organized for mutual protection and the arrest and prosecution of the members of the gang'. A consultation was held in Dubuque, at which there were present Sheriff Warren, of Jackson <.^ounty; James ('rawford, the prosecuting attorney, and Judge Thomas S. Wilson. A warrant was issued, charging Brown, Fox, Long and twenty others with Theft, robbery, passing counterfeit money and other crimes. As soon as it became known that warrants were out for them they armed themselves and swore that they would resist to the last extremity. Captain Warren called to his assistance a posse of about forty men, and marched to Brown's Hotel, where the gang had decided to give battle to the sheriff and his party. The squad moved in double file and when within thirty paces of the hotel Captain Warren gave the order "charge," and the men sprang 196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. forward, quickly surrounding the house. Brown was seen standing at the head of his men with a rifle raised to his shoulder. Warren demanded instant sur- render, and as Brown's rifle was being lowered it was discharged and his men opened fire generally, wounding several citizens, one fatally. The sheriff's men returned the fire and Brown fell dead. His gang fought desperately for fifteen minutes as the posse forced an entrance and drove them up the stairs where a Ii and- to-hand struggle with gun barrels, pitchforks and bowie knives continued. Finding it impossible to force the barricade on the stairs, Captain Warren gave the command to fire the house. Before the fire reached the second story the gang began lo escape by jumping from a window to a shed in the rear. They captured thirteen and six escaped. The sheriff's posse lost four men killed and seven wounded. Three of the gang were killed and several wounded. Fox, Long and Chichester were among the prisoners. A fierce cry arose, "Hang them." Ropes were, quickly thrown around their necks, when they begged and pleaded in the most abject manner for their lives. The venerable Colonel Cox mounted a box and urged the citizens to let the law take its course, pledging his word that the fate of the prisoners should be determined by a tnajority of the citizens. CHAPTER XXXVII. A strong guard was placed over the prisoners while the leading citizens retired to determine their fate. A long discussion ensued between the advocate of the execution and the more merciful, who favord whipping. It was finally decided to take a vote, which resulted in a majority in favor of whipping. It now devolved on the chairman to pass sentence as to the number of lashes each should receive. The chairman then proceeded to give the culprits their quota and warn them that they were to leave the State as soon as each sentence was executed and, he added, "if you ever return you will be promptly hanged." Executioners were appointed to lay on the lash and when the ordeal was ended the cowering, groaning wretches were placed in skiffs with three days' rations and sent down the river. Fox, the smoothest villain of the gang, used his tongue to such effect as to get off with the lightest punishment; and after several days of criminal career planned and helped to perpetrate the murder of Colonel Davenport. The gang also infested Rock Island, Carroll and Ogle Counties, in Illinois, and their haunts extended across the State into Indiana. Their sympathizers in many localities were strong enough to control elections and choose officers from members of the gang. In Ogle County, Illinois, they burned the court house and jail, released criminals, destroyed court records and organized a reign of terror. On the Fourth of July, 1S54. Colonel Davenport was at home alone on Rock Island. He was known to be wealthy and was supposed to keep large sums of money in his house. Five members of the gang were chosen to rob the house. They were secreted on the island several days taking obsrvations and on the morning of the Fourth saw the members of Colonel Davenport's family cross to Rock Island to attend the celebration. They forced an entrance into the house and shot the Colonel as he was seated in his chair. Found the key to his safe, secured six hundred dollars and the family jewelry and fied into the heavy timber. For many weeks no trace of the murderers could be obtained, when HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 Edward Bonney, a fearless officer, determined to ferret out the perpeti-ators of the crime. Knowing some members of the gang he disguised himself and passed as one of them. In that guise he soon learned that Fox, Long, Birch and Baxter were the murderers. One by one he ran them down until he had all of them in jail. Long and Young were arrested as accessories. Birch turned State's evidence, escaped from jail and was recaptured. Baxter was convicted and died in the penitentiary, while Young, John and Aaron Long were executed after making a confession. For a time the bandetti sought other parts of the country for their depredations. During the next ten years fifteen murders were committed in Jackson and Clinton Cou7ities, and in all but one case the murderers escaped puishment. Either the lawyers secured acquittal or they escaped from jail. It seemed impossible to punish crime thi'ough the courts. An atrocious murder was committed in 1857, by Alexander Gifford, who was hired by parties to murder John Ingle. He was arrested and lodged in jail. It was generally believed that his attorney would secure his acquittal and the citizens, exasperated by the continued escape of the guilty, secretly organized a "Vigilance Committee." About three weeks after the murder, a hundred men marched into Andrew, battered down the door of the jail with sldges, took Gifford from his cell, placed a rope around his neck, threw it over the limb of a tree, and called upon the prisoner to confess. The trembling wretch, doubtless hoping to receive lighter punishment by a full confession, told the story of the crime. He said that he had been hired by Henry Jarret and David McDonald to put Ingle out of the way and had received $150 for doing so. The confession sealed his doom. Strong men grasped the rope and quickly put an end to his career of crime. His confederates escaped, as no evidence could be secured to corroborate the confession. The citizens of Jackson and adjacent counties now formed an oath-bound organization for the purpose of ridding the State of the remaining members of the gang, who were stealing hoi-ses, robbing houses and farms and circulating counterfeit money. In 1854 a cruel murder had been committed by a Mr. Barger, in Jackson County, whose wife had secured a divorce from him. He went one dark night to the house where she was living with her children, and, watching until she came to the door, shot her dead with his rifle. A neighbor saw him returning from the scene of the murder. He was arrested, tried three times, always convicted, but through the skill of Leffingwell, the best lawyer in the county, secured rehearings and new trials on technicalities. Finally he got a change of venue to Clinton County, and was removed to the De Witt jail to await another trial. The citizens became exasperated at the continued thwarting of justice and determined to take the punishment into their own hands. On the 28th of May, 1857, more than three years after the murder, the "Vigilance Committee" to the number of fifty, assembled at the jail, secured the keys, took the murderer back to Andrew and hanged him. The "Vigilance Committee" sent a statement of their object and purpose to the Jackson Sentinel for publication, from which the following extracts are taken : "We, the Vigilance Committee of Jackson County, are determined that the criminal laws of the State shall be enforced to the very letter. When our legal officers neglect their duty, we will spare no pains, either of time, life or property to secure the punishment of all guilty of horse stealing, counterfeiting or 198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. mui'der; and we will be governed by the penal laws of the State so far as it is convenient. "We further v/arn all officers that they must not commence proceedings of any kind against those who helped to hang Gifford or Barger, as we believe they should have been hung long before they were. "We will further punish with death any person joining this Committee whom we find has been or is concerned in horse stealing, counterfeiting, robbery or murder, and all spies will share the same fate." Not less than seven hundred citizens of the counties of Jackson, Jones, Clinton, Scott, Cedar and Johnson were members of .this organization. They were pledged to stand by each other under all circumstances and permit no member to be arrested or punished for any acts of the Committee. The law was powerless to protect peaceable citizens in person or property, and the most atrocious crimes generally went unpunished. The members of the gang usually lived in sparsely settled regions among the brush and timber lands bordering on the Maquoketa, Wapsipinicon, Cedar and Iowa Rivers and their tributaries. CHAPTER XXXVIII. Each member knew where the log cabins of their confederates were, and they would be sheltered and the stolen property secreted until it could be disposed of at places distant from where it was taken. Thus banded together, with witnesses always ready to prove an alibi, there was small chance for couAaction. Early in the "50's" there was living on Camp Creek, in Polk County, a man by the name of J. W. Thomas, who was usually called by his neighbors "Comequick," He was dreader by all. He took long trips and often returned with plenty of money and good horses. He was never known to work and everybody believed he belonged to the gang of desperadoes. He frequently changed his residence and no one dared to offend him, as he was known to be a reckless and dangerous man. In 1852 he robbed an old man living on Camp Creek of $1,000^ that was kept in his cabin. He was arrested by Lewis Tod- hunter and Dr. Sellers and lodged in jail. But some of his confederates were on the grand jury and prevented an indictment being found against him, and he was released. In September, 185G. a young man and his wife stopped at the Nine Mile House, near Oskaloosa, and after dinner inquired for a good piece of land. They said they had a thousand dollars with which to purchase a farm. Old Thomas, who was present, said he lived near Des Moines and knew a farm that would suit them. Thomas started off with them on horseback to take them to the farm. Nothing more was seen of them until about two weeks later when their bodies were found, hidden in shocks of corn near the Skunk River, in Poweshiek County. A urother of the murdered woman procured a description of "Comequick,"' and, after a long search, found him, with the stolen wagon and horses, which he had sold. He was arrested and lodged in jail, but after- ward released on bail. When the time for his trial came his attorney secured a continuance to the next term. When the case was called up next term, his attorney, Mr. Crocker, secured a change of venue. The principal witness was the brother of the murdered woman, who lived in Illinois and had spent all the money he could raise in HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 hunting !he criminal and trying to bring him to justice. The murder was so atrocious tliat intense excitement prevailed in that region and more than 2,000 citizens iiad gathered at Montezuma to hear the trial. When Judge Stone granted a change of venue the rage of the people was intense. The brother of the murdered woman mounted a log and said to the crowd of excited men: "I was willing the man should have a* fair trial. I have followed his trail for weeks until I at last discovered one of the stolen horses; then after a short time I found where he sold the wagon and other horse. Finally I caught the man and brought him here and he was released on bail. When the time for the trial arrived I came here again to testify, and the lawyer got the case continued. Now I have come again and they have got a change of venue. I have spent every cent I had in the world and can't come again. Gentlemen, that villain up there — pointing to the court room — butchered my sister and hid her in a corn shock, and his lawyer is going to get him cleared next time because I have nothing left to pay my expenses here again. Will you let that murderer get cleared when I cannot come to tell the horrid story to the jury?" He apused a moment .when a mighty shout went up. "No; never!" They made a rush for the court room, dragged the struggling wretch to the nearest tree, put the rope around his neck and swung him high in the air, where he was left until cut down for the coroner's inquest. In the years 1855, '56, '57 many horses were stolen from the farmers of Jackson, Jones, Clinton, Scott, Cedar and Johnson Counties. The settlers at that time possessed but little property, many being in debt for their land, paying in most cases from twelve to twenty-five per cent interest on their indebtedness. Prices of farm products brought little and they were working hard and economizing in every possible waj^ to support their families, improve their farms and meet their obligations. Good horses were worth from $200 to $300 a team, and the loss of a horse or team was severely felt, and often left the farmer v.atiiout means to cultivate his land or save his crops. Many arrests were made, but the employment of the best lawyers and the testimony of other members of the gang was almost sure to prevent conviction. The thieves were thus encouraged to continue their depredations, and many of the farmers joined the "Vigilance Committee" and took the punishment in their own hands. The persons who resorted to such remedies became known as "Regulators," and eventually a large majority of the farmers in the section infested by the thieves became members of the organization. On several occasions the Regulators were misled by malicious persons and innocent men sviffered the penalty; but on the whole it was productive of good, as it rid the country of the organized gang of thieves and murderers. CHAPTER XXXI X. In 1857 it became apparent that the system of dams projected to render the Des Moines River navigable was impracticable. The total amount expended was about .$800,000, and but three dams completed, the work was practically abandoned. The New Constitution was adopted, and the building of a State House erected by the citizens of Des Moines having been completed, the records and furniture were moved from Iowa City, and the State Capitol established at Des Moines. The year closed with great financial depression throughout the whole :^00 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. country. ' Nearly all the banks suspended specie payments and many of them failed. There were no banks of issue in Iowa, and it was impossible to get good mone\- in sufficient quantities to carry on business or purchase farm products. In the Territory of Nebraska there were no restrictions to the establishment of banks. Some of the Iowa financiers established banks in that sparsely settled country to supply Iowa with currency. Thomas H. Benton, a well known citizen, made the first venture, in March, 185-5, by establishing "The Western Fire and Marine Insurance Company," which proceeded to issue bank bills and put them in circulation in Iowa. Others followed in rapid succession, until Iowa had a large amount of worthless paper money. It would not purchase Eastern Exchange, pay taxes or buy land. It was, however, taken in payment of debts and in trade generally. When the Nebraska banks began to fail the financial distress was apparent. Business was paralyzed all over the State and country. R. A. Smith, of Dickinson County, in speaking of this period, says: "Real estate became valueless. It was necessary to adopt a system of self-denial never known before in Iowa. It was with the utmost difficulty that the common necessities of life could be obtained. Tea, coffee, salt and all kinds of groceries Avere out of the reach of nearly all. It was not uncommon for families to live on wild meats, with onlj' such breadstuffs as could be ground in a coffee mill. Muskrat pelts were almost the only resource for raising money to pay taxes. The people had to cut up grain sacks tor clothes. Supplemented with deer skins for moccasins in place of shoes and stockings." Such were the condition of affairs when the Legislature met at Des Moines Jan. 11th, 1858. Governor Grimes in his message, said: "Your labors will exercise a potent influence upon the future character and prosperity of the State, long after the last of you shall cease to be interested in human affairs. All the general laws of the State will require some modifications to adopt them to the provisions of the new Constitution." He also recommended a registry law; revision of the revenue law; restoration of township assessor; a sound banking system; support of the schools by taxation, etc. The canvass of the vote for Governor showed 38,498 votes for R. P. Low and 36,088 for Ben M. Samuels. C. Ben Darwin, William Smith and W. T. Barker were appointed commissioners to codify the State laws. Code of 1860. Although the laws were stringent and penalty severe against any person protecting, harboring or aiding a slave to escape from his master, still the humane people of Iowa established what was called the "Underground Railroad." Stations were established to aid the fugitives from Missouri. Beginning at Fabor, near the State line, the abolutionists had stations known to trusted friends, exending to Des Moines, Grinnell, Iowa City and Springdale to Daven- port. When the escaping slave reached a station on this line, the keeper of that station would secrete the fugitive, furnish board, clothing, money and trans- portation to the next station. Well equipped canvass wagons were used. The driver was a cool, courageous, well armed man, and the traveling was usually done under the shelter of night. Hundreds of slaves found the way to freedom through this system of stations. In 1859 John Brown drilled his little army for his raid on Virginia, chiefly in Iowa, and several of his best men were from Iowa. Of the twenty-six men who volunteered in this "forlorn hope," six were from Iowa. It was in Iowa that the army and ammunition was collected and secreted. Most half a century has passed since the great tragedy at Harpers' HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 Ferry, but the predictions made by Victor Hugo and several otlier prominent authors, have been verified. Two years after the execution of John Brown and his confederates, one hundred thousand men went marching through Virginia, singing: "John Brown's body lies mouldering in the grave, But his soul is marching on." The Eighth General Assembly received and considered the report of the commissioners appointed by the previous Legislature to revise and codify the laws of the State. The work was published as the "Revision of 1860." Under the banking provisions of the new law, there were twelve branches organized and put in operation, before the close of 1859. They were located at Muscatine, Dubuque, Keokuk, Mount Pleasant, Davenport, Iowa City, Des Moines, Oskaloosa, Lyons, Washington, Burlington and Foi^t Madison. In 1S60 the greatest tornado that ever swept over Iowa was formed from a hail storm that was first seen on the prairies of Calhoun and Webster Counties on June 3rd. It was subsequently ascertained that the storm had gathered in Eastern Nebraska about 1 o'clock, being then an ordinary thunder storm. About 2 o'clock it passed Sioux City, when the rain was very heavy, but no wind. From this point the tornado seemed to gather from all sides, and increased in violence and velocitj', destroying everything in its path through Iowa and Illinois, crossing Lake Michigan, north of Chicago. The last heard of it was in Ottawa County, Michigan, where it seemed to be exhausted. The total number killed was one hundred and forty-one; wounded, three hundred and twenty-nine; houses desti'oyed, three hundred and twelve; loss, $945,000. Many of the injured died, which brought the fatalities up to nearly two hun- dred. The storm struck Comanche, which was almost destroyed, at 7 o'clock, reached Ottawa County, Michigan, about midnight. Part of the time it swept, through the country at a velocity of tliree hundred miles per hour. In many instances the bark was stripped clean from trees; chickens were found stripped of every feather. Sills of houses were found driven into the soil of prairies so far that it took two or three teams to pull them out. Shingles were driven through the sides of houses and barns into the trunks of trees. Spokes torn from wagon wheels were driven into the bodies of men and animals with fatal results. The election of 1860 was: Republican vote, 70,300; Douglas Democrats, 55,000; Constitution Unioii, 1,750; Breckenridge Democrats, 1,035; total, 128,085; Republican plurality, 15,300. Under the head of her great Governor, Kirkwood, Iowa engaged in the Civil War with great enthusiasm, and before the close of 1861 she had raised and sent into the service sixteen regiments of infantry, four of cavalry and three batteries of light artillery, making in all 19,105 men. Governor Kirkwood refused to run for a third term. William M. Stone was- elected to succeed him. Up to the close of Governor Kirkwood's term, January, 1864, Iowa had organized and put into the field, in support of the Union, forty regiments of infantry, nine of cavalry and four batteries of artillery. The- history of the Iowa regiments in the Civil War is a very interesting one, and if we could make this work voluminous enough to give a short account of them, at least, it would be highly interesting, but our purpose in this work is to give a short account of compendium of Iowa History, and a few of the Indian tribes 2011 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. that lived within the limits of our State. The Iowa soldiers were a great credit to the State. The Republican cenvention that met at Des Moines June 14th, 1865, adopted a resolution favoring an amendment to the Constitution, by striking out the word "white" in the article on suffrage. After a warm discussion a vote was taken, which stood 513 for and 242 against the change. In 1866 the Legislature ratified the amendment to the Constitution of the United States, forever pro- hibiting slavery. Also granting negro suffrage; also to amend the Constitution so as to disfranchise all citizens who might be guilty of treason or who have absconded for the purpose of avoiding the draft; also prohibiting such persons from holding- office. The political campaign of 1865 was fought on the issue of Negro Suffrage. The Republican party favored it and the soldier convention and ticket, that the Democrats endorsed, opposed suffrage. The Republican loss was heavy compared with the last election, but it won by a majority of about 16,500. It w'as in 1865 that the directors of the State Bank of Iowa concluded to discontinue the bank. lu 1867 the grasshoppers appeared in great swarms, and continued during the years 1868, 1874 and 1876, doing great damage. In 1868 the Twelfth General Assembly met. The important acts were: Providing for the establishment of a State Reform School; creation of the office of County Auditor; Asylum for the Deaf; establishing a system of Circuit Courts, and in favor of the impeach- ment of President Johnson. The vote in the United States Senate on the impeachment of President Johnson was thirty-five for and nineteen against. All the Democrats in the Senate voted against it, and seven of the Republicans, among them being Grimes of Iowa. Had Grimes voted with his party Johnson would have been found gtiilty. The fierce and ungovernable outcry raised against those Republican Senators voting "not guilty" exceeded all bounds. The press and people were loud in their denunciations, and every one of the Senators so voting were driven from public life for voting their honest senti- ment. In 1868 the vote in Iowa was: Grant, 120,265; Seymour, 74,040. For Negro Suffrage, 105,384; against it, 81,119. It was estimated that but one-third of the tilable land in the State was under cultivation. In 1869 the Republican party carried the election by 40,000 majority. In 1870 the population of Iowa was 1,191,720. Davenport was the largest city, 20,141; Dubuque, 18,432; Burlington, 15,178; Keokuk, 12,769; Des Moines, 12,380; value of property, $302,215,418; farm products, $114,386,441. In 1872 an act was passed abolishing the death penalty, and Seevers, Knight and Kammond were appointed to revise the Statutes and codify the Code of 1873. In 1S76 the State election gave the Republican party 50,000 majority. The first report of the National election gave Tilden, the Democratic candidate, a large majority, but the manipulation of Zac Chandler and others, backed by an ample supply of money, changed the aspect materially. It required every electoral vote from Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida to elect Hayes, and as these States were about the only ones that could be manipulated or changed, the machine went to work at them, and moulded the returns to suit their purpose. There was a general feeling among Republicans and Democrats that the returns from these States were a fraud, and Mr. Hayes was held responsible. When his first term expired there was not a man of prominence in his own HlSTORf OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 20-; party to even suggest his re-election. He was retired to private life, and Chandler, who was one of the most active manipulators, lived but a short time to enjoy the, fruits of his fraud on tiie Amei'ican people. Great excitement prevailed, and it looked for a time as if civil strife was eminent, but better council prevailed. In 1S77 the canal constructed by the Government around the rapids above Keokuk was opened. It was seven and one-half miles long, three hundred feet wide, and had three locks; cost, $4,2S1,00U. The Republican convention convened at Des Moines June 2Sth, 1877. .John H. Gear was nominated for Governor, and among the declarations of more than ordinary interest was the following: ■'We declare it to be the solemn obligation of the Legislature and executive departments of the Government to put into immediate and vigorous exercise all of their constitutional powers for the removal of any just cause of discon- tent on the part of any class and for securing to every American citizen complete liberty aiid exact quality in the service of all civil, political and public rights. To this end we imperatively demand of Congress and the Chief Executive a courage and fidelity to these duties which shall not falter until their results are placed beyond dispute or recall. "The silver dollar having been the legal unit of value from the foundation of the Government until 1873, the law under which its coinage was suspended should be repealed at the earliest possible day and silver made with gold a legal tender for the payments of all debts, both public and private. We also believe that the present volume of the legal tender currency should be main- tained until the wants of trade and commerce demand its further contraction. "We favor a wisely adjusted tariff for revenue. "We are in favor of the rigid enfoi'cement of our present prohibitory liquor law and any amendment thereto that shall render its pi'ovisions more effective in the suppression of intemperance." The Democrats, Greenbackers and State Temperance party also put tickets in the field. The Republicans had 4,200 majority. In 18S0 the election resulted in the choice of the Republican ticket by about ,45,000 majority. The vote for President was: Garfield, 182,927; Hancock, 105,- 745; Weaver, 32,701. The barbed wire trust was organized in 1875. It was the first great trust we have any record of. It secured all the barbed wire patents, machinery and all the manufacturing facilities, then entered into the following compact: First — Plain wire to be purchased of Washburn, Moen and Elwood. Second — All factories to pay a royalty to Washburn & Co. on every pound of barbed wire sold. Third — All dealers to sell to farmers at a price fixed by the syndicate. Fourth — All factories outside the "trust" to be prosecuted in the courts for an infringement of patents and closed." It soon put barbed wire up to 10 cents per pound. The extortion was too great for the farmers of Iowa to rest under, and an association was formed, and a factory erected, and after a long struggle the syndicate was downed. On the 5th day of May, 1881, A. Briggs, the first Governor of the State of Iowa, died at Omaha, Nebraska. Under the administration of Governor Larabee a vigorous fight was waged against the greed and imposition of the railroads, the Governor leading as the 204 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. people's champion. James G. Benghill, Frank T. Campbell and Spencer Smith were also among the leaders of the champions ol the people's cause. The Twenty-second General Assembly, however, passed a law which regulated the railroad trouble. This was in 1SS8. The winter of 1898-99 will long be remembered by the fruit growers of Iowa. Scarcely an apple tree, plum or other fruit tree or shrub was left. Grape vines were all destroyed. Clover, evergreens and some forest trees were also lost. The number of miles of railroad in the State January 1st, 1899, was 8,518, assessed at 144,550,129. The total value of personal property in the State was $391,018,017. The Floyd monument erected near Sioux City was dedicated May 30th, 1891. CHAPTER XL. The Sioux Indians on the Minnesota Reservation, son after the beginning of the Civil War, began to make hostile demonstrations in the northwestern coun- ties of Iowa. Horses and cattle were stolen, and, on the 9th of July, two mem- bers of the Frontier GuB,rds, Hobert Thomas and Henry Cordna, were killed within three miles of Sioux City. Several parties of Sioux Indians were seen in the Little Sioux Valley. The settlers became alarmed and companies of "Heme Guards" were organized in sevral of the northwestern counties. Under the authority of Judge A. W. Hubbard a military company of the Sioux City cavalry, under the command of Captain A. J. Millard, was ordered into State service for the protection of the frontier. At this time there were about 8,000 Sioux Indians on the reservation along the Minnesota River, at a distance of from sixty to one hundred miles from the north line of the State of Iowa. These Indians, aware that thousands of the natural defenders of the frontier were absent in the armies, entered into a con- spiracy to march upon the settlers and exterminate them before aid could reach them. So well had the plans of the savages been concealed, that no intimation of the impending doom had reached frontier settlements. On the 17th of Au- gust, 1862, the massacre began near the upper agency. On the 21st while the men were gathered at a public meeting, on the upper Des Moines River, near Jackson, to devise means for common defense, the Indians suddenly fell upon the settlement, murdering the defenseless families, plundering their homes and killling the live stock. When the news of the massacres reached the settle- ments at Spirit Lake and Estherville, parties of armed men were hastily or- ganized, who marched to the aid of their neighbors. At Jackson they received reinforcements and all marched up the river to the scene of the massacre. Finding that the Indians had disappeared they buried the bodies of fifteen of the victims and returned to their homes. The settlers in Northwestern Iowa escaped the fate of their Minnesota neighbors. When the news of the massacres reached them, all the frontier settlements were abandoned except those at Spirit Lake and Estherville. At these places the sturdy pioneers erected strong stockades, into which their families were gatehered, preparations being made for a vigorous defense. Scouts were sent out and every precaution taken to guard against surprise. Efforts were at once made to secure State protection. A detachment of Sioux City cavalry was immediately sent to the lakes and the Dickinson County court house was fortified. Here the families were gathered under the protec- tion of the soldiers, while the men worked on the defense. A saw mill was kept running, cutting logs into planks four inches in thickness. A trench, three feet HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 20R deep was dug around the court house, about thirty feet from its wall, and into this the palisades were firmly planted, making a defense against any weapons in possession of the Indians. Here the settlers remained in security while the terrible massacre was desolating Western Minnesota. Thousands of the Sioux wei'e on the war path and troops were hurried to the frontier. Tiie chiefs had planned to sweep swiftly down the Des Moines Valley and the Little Sioux by way of the lakes of Dickinson County, thus exterminating all of the settlements in Northwestern Iowa above Fort Dodge and Sioux City. They soon met with vigorous resistance, however; in Kossuth and Palo Alto coun- ties preparations were at once made by the settlers to defend their homes. The Minneota authorities were soon thoroughly aroused. Minnesota was organized into a Territory in 1849, and the rapid emigration to the eastern shore of the Mississippi began encroaching upon the fertile lands opposite. Two years later, the Indians were induced to sign treaties by which they ceded to the United State more than thirty million acres, embracing all their lands in Iowa, Dakota and Minnesota, except a tract along the Upper Minnesota which was reserved for future occupancy and their home. The be- ginning of this tract was just below Fort Ridgely, and it extended one hundred and fifty miles to. Lake Traverse, with a breadth of ten miles on each side of the river. In 1852, the Indians accepted an amendment to the treaty, by which the reservation named was ceded to our government, the Indians agreeing to locate themselves on such land as the President selectd. Th selection, however, was never made, and the red men having occupied the I'eservation first named, their right to its ocupancy was recognized, and the lands lying on the north side of the river were purchased from them in 1880. They were residing on the remainder at the time of the fearful outbreak in the summer of 1862. The tribes concerned in this uprising were the M'dewakanton, Wahpekuta, Wahpeton, and Sissetcns, of the great Sioux or Dakota nation. In accordance with the terms of the treaty, a good deal of money and goods were delivered to these tribes annually, and much labor performed for their benefit. An agent resided among them, and two places were established for the transaction of business. One was on the Minnesota River, fourteen miles above Fort Ridgely, called the 'L'ower," or "Redwood Agency," while the other, at the mouth of the Yelclw Medicine, was termed the "Upper," or "Yellow Medicine Agency." The Sioux in this section represented about all the grades of barbarism or civilization of which the red men are capable. Some lived in rude houses made by themselves, others in brick dwellings put up by the government, and still others in tepees of canvas. The different bands, under their hereditary chiefs, occupied separate villages, excepting several hundred families who adopted the dress and manners of the white men. Others remained wild In- dians, with all their characteristics. They made war on the Chippewas, and, when they had the chance, killed, scalped and tortured them in the good old style of their forefathers. Besides them, there were the half-breeds and traders, forming quit a factor of the mongrel population. Near the agency were churches and school, ware- houses, stores, shops, residences, showing thrift and prosperity. CHAPTER XLI. When asked to give the cause of the Minnesota outbreak, we answer, "The usual ones.' The rapacity of the agents, their deception and swindling of the 200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Indians, the cheatin'g by which the Sioux were induced to sign the treaties, the wholesale theft of their lands, the debauchery of their families by white men, and the abuse to which they were subjected by the traders from whom they were cbligedto purchase goods and supplies. To the hereditary hatred of the white man should be added another peculiar to the time. The period named will be recognized as one of serious reverses to the Union arms. The "Lost Cause" was then seemingly on the high road to ti'i- umph, and this was told to the Indians by the half-breeds and others who knew how to read. At the time, too, many believed we were about to be involved in a war with England because of the Trent affair. The disaffected tribes could place one thousand three hundred warriors in the field. The Ycnktons, the Yanktonias, and the Teton Sioux, who naturally sympathized with them, could marshal four thousand more on the warpath. Be- sides, the Winnebagoes promised help, and mysterious messages passed back and forth between the adjoining tribe. The old dream of a restored hunting ground and the expulsion of the white intruders thrilled many a dusky breast, as it did during the days cf Tecumseh, of Pontiac, and King Philip. In June, a number of chiefs and head men of the Sissetons and Wahpetons visited the Upper Agency and asked when they were to receive the annuities due them, adding that they had been told they were to be cheated out of them. The agent assured them they would soon arrive, though he could not set the day, nor could he be sure that the sum would be a full payment. The visitors went away, half satisfied, but on the 14th of July, they returned to the number of five thousand and encamped about the agency. There -were too many to be supplied with food, and several cases of death from starvation resulted. They repeated the stories that had been tcld them that they were not to receive their money, and it was hard to remove their fears. Among the Indians were a number of the Yanktonians, living near Big Stone Lake. This tribe justly claimed an interest in the lands sold by the annuitj^ Indians; but they had received no pay for them, except an unauthorized one to a few members of one of Wanata's band. Wanata himself was half Sisseton and Yanktonias, and his band included warriors of both tribes. These were informed that notliing was to be paid them in the future. They were so infuriated on learning this that they persuaded the other In- dians to join them, on the 4th of August, in an attack on the government ware- house. It was burst into and plundered, with a hundred soldiers, having two twelve-poimd howitzers, looking on. Not only that, but the American flag was cut down, and the sullen warriors stood around with cocked rifles, ready to use them on the slightest provocation. Matters became quieter after a while, and by the assistance of a considerable quantity of provisions, the malcontents were persuaded to return to their homes. The exictement was equally great at the Lower Agency for a month before the outbreak. What was called a "Soldiers' Lodge" was formed there, the mem- bers of which agreed to secure all the credit they could at the stores and then prevent the traders from getting their annuities when sent to them. A member who was suspected cf having revealed the secrets to the whites, was followed and hacked to pieces. On the 10th of August, a party of twenty Indians from the Lower Reserva- tion were hunting in the woods near Forest City, and procured a wagon which one of their number had left the previous autumn with Captain Whitcomb as se- curity for a debt. On Sunday, the 17th of August, when within a few miles of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 Actcn, one of the Indians picked up some hens' eggs on the prairie and was about to eat them. His companions protested, saying they belonged to a white man, and from this trifling matter a violent quarred resulted. The one carrying the eggs finally dashed them to the ground. Coming upon an ox a short time later, he shot it dead as vent to his anger. The quarrel between the four Rice Creek Indians and the rest became so hot that a collision would have taken place had they not separated, the larger company declaring they meant to kill a white man. Soon after, the four heard the reports of guns frcm the direction of the larger party. They concluded they were candying out their threat of killing white people. Two of the Rice Creek Indians insisted that they must do the same, or they would be considered cowards, but the other twc' opposed. Still disputing, the four pushed on to Acton. The first house was found unoccupied, but at the second they got into a quarrel with the owner, who drove them out. At the next, they halted and were kindly treated. They were smoking in the most friendly manner when the neighbor who had quareled with them came in with his wife, and the wran- gle was resumed. The result was the Indians fired upon the men, killing the three and the wife. of the neighbor with whom they had first quarreled. The surviving wom.en, who had met with such a narrow escape, sent a boy to Ripley, twelve miles distant, where a meeting was in progress to raise volunteers for the war. The astounding news was not credited for some time, but finally a mes- senger was dispatched to Forest City, where were a number of recruits. A dozen rode to Acton, and found the shocking tidings too true. The bodies were covered but not disturbed, until the morrow, when an inquest was held. During the inquest a number of the Indians, unaware of what was going on, approached, and a number cf mounted men gave chase. The savages es- caped, however, though several shots were exchanged. A large number of people were present at the inquest, and the excitement spread, for all saw the imminence of an outbreak. The relatives of the mur- derers knew that they would be punished if caught, and after a hot dispute it was decided to commence the massacre without delay. Little Crow, hitherto so friendly disposed toward the whites that he was subjected to suspicion by his own people, and who lived in a fine house at the lower Agency, built for him by the agent, was visited by a turbulent company on the morning of the 18th of August before he had risen from bed. When the callers stated their object great beads of perspiration stood out on the forehead of the chief. He saw the inevitable end of any uprising against the whites, but he knew it would be fatal to oppose the wishes of these mad- men. "Trouble with the whites must come sooner or later," he said. "It may as well be now as any other time. I am with you. Let us go to the agency, kill the traders and take their goods." Messengers were sent to the bands of Wabashaw, Waconta and Red Legs, with the news, and the warriors ran to the agency, breaking up into small bands as they entered the village, and all as eager as tigers who have scented their prey. It was yet early in the morning when they approached Myrick's store, in the upper part of the place. James Lynde, a clerk, was standing in the door, looking wonderingly at the horde, when one of the Indians raised his 20o HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gun with ct^ ugly exclamation and shot him dead. He was the first victim of the Minnesota outbreak. The son of Mr. Myricl^, a young man, was upstairs when the gun was fired, and crouched behind a dry goods' box. The Indians were afraid to climb the stairs lest he should shoot them as they came up the steps. Some of them pro- posed to fire the building, hearing which, the youth climbed through the scut- tle, slid down the lightning rod to the roof of the lower building, dropped to the ground, and ran toward the bush along the Minnesota River. The Winne- bag'oes discharged a lot of arrows after him, but without effect. On the edge of the bush he was strucli by a rifle ball and fell. The savages ran forward and finished him. The report of the first gun was accepted as a signal by all the Indians for the beginning of the massacre. Joseph Belland and Antoine Young were killed at Forbe's store, Brusson at Robert's store and La Butte and his clerk at La Batte's store. Others were also slain. George Spencer, at Forbe's store, was wounded, but an Indian acquaintance prevented his death. Clerk Bourat ran upstairs. He heard the Indians agree to follow and kill him. He formed a desperate plan. Down the stairs he bounded, dashed through the astonished group, out the door, and ran for life. He gained a good start, when a charge of shot brought him down. Another charge entered his leg. The Indians came up, stripped off his clothing and shoes, and heedless of his appeals for mercy, piled a lot of logs over him, so he could not get away and promised to come back shortly and slay him. When they were gone, knowing that they would fulfill their threat, and frantic with the pain from his wounds, he twisted himself free from the logs on him limped off and finally escaped. CHAPTER XLII. The Indians were so eager to plunder the stores that many of the inhabi- tants were able to get away unharmed. They hurried down to the ferry, where the brave Mauley wrought with might and main to carry them to the opposite side, despite the great danger in which he placed himself; for the bands of Wabashaw and the other chiefs hurried up and joined in the plundering and killing. This finished, they scattered to the surrounding country to continue their dreadful work. Mauley, the ferryman, had just completed his task when re was killed, disemboweled, his head, hands and feet cut off and thrust into the cavity. Among the fugitives was Dr. Humphreys, the physician to the Lower In- dians. He took with him his wife, two little boys, and his girl. They halted at a house two miles from the river, and being thirsty from the heat of the day and their unusual exertion, he sent one of the little boys down a hill hard by for water. As he dipped it up he heai'd the firing of a gun, and peeping over the hill, saw the Indians at the house. He hid in the bushes and waited until they had gone. Then stealing to the house, he found his father with his throat cut, while his mother, brother and sister lay dead, murdered by the same miscre- ants, who burned their bodies in the building. Through that fearful day the massacre continued on both sides of the river below the fort, to within six miles of New Ulm, and up the river to Yellow Medicine. Many were killed at Beaver Creek and the Sacred Heart Creek. While tumbling their goods into the waiting wagons, they would be appalled HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 by the appearance of a painted band of yelling warriors. Knowing it was use- less to resist, they would give up everything in the hope of appeasing the wrath of the savages. In all such cases the victims were slain without mercy. Lest the reader should feel some sympathy for the Indians concerned in the Sioux massacre, we will give in this place a few incidents. There can be no doubt of their truth, for Mr. Isaac V. D. Heard, who was on the ground, who acted as recorder of the military commission that tried the captured In- dians, thus hearing all the testimony and making his own careful investiga- tions, gives these and others in his history of that awful outbreak. A gentleman living near New Ulm went to the place without any suspicion of danger. On his return, he found that the Indians had killed two of his children before their mother's eyes. They were on the point of slaying her infant, when she snatched it from them and ran to her mother's house near by. They followed, firing at her a number cf times, without success. They killed her mother, her sister, and servant girl, but strange to say, she escaped with her infant. On the father's return, he found one of his boys, twelve years old, still alive. He was cut, bruised and horribly mangled, but the father carried him safely to St. Peter's. Another little- boy was brought in still alive with a knife thrust into one of his eyes. A farmer and his two sons were working in a field, when all three were shot down by Indians. They then went to the house, and killed two small children in the presence of the mother, who lay ill with consumption. She and her daughter, thirteen years old, were dragged through the fields to their camp. There, as the mother lay helpless, her innocent daughter was outraged before her eyes until the little one died. In anothr place, a woman was tomahawked while baking bread, and her infant thrust into the flaming oven. The indignities to which weak, defenseless women and children were subjected were too horrifying to be recorded in print. No imaginaticn can conceive them. Let it suffice that no retribution tec severe can be visted upon the authors cf atrocities never surpassed in the history of barbarism. The massacre had not continued long when news of it reached Fort Ridgely, whence Captain Marsh, with the Fifth regiment of Minnesota Volunteers, started for the agency with forty-eight men. He rode a mule, and his men were in wagons. A mile from the fort he met a party of ugitives, who warned him that he would be killed if he attempted to cross the ferry. He was advised to pause on the bluif on that side, collect what women and children he could, and bring them to the fort. "I have plenty of ammunition," replied the brave officer, "and enough men to whip all the Indians this side of the Pacific Ocean. I'm not only going to the ferry, but shall cross it." Five miles from the ferry. Captain Marsh met one of his soldiers who had been at home on furlough. It was in this man's house that Dr. Humphreys and his family were slain and then burned. He had hidden in a corn field, and stole away after the departure of the Indians. His story did not affect the courage of the officer, who pushed on, meeting other fugitives, among whom was the little boy of Dr. Humphreys that escaped because of his absence at the spring* when the savages visited the house. Captain Marsh and his soldiers reached the ferry at sunset. Seeing him, the Indian came down to the edge and held a conversation through the inter- preter with the officer. The latter said he meant to cross and lock into matters. 210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Some of the Indians warned him not to do so, but White Dog advised him to come over. While the conversation was going en, a good many savages secretly crossed the stream, and with the help of the tall, thick grass, surrounded Cap- tain Marsh without his suspecting danger. He sent one or two of his men to the right and left to investigate. They convinced him that it was certain, death to go over. The captain replied that he would for once yield his judg- ment, and ordered his coldiers, who were facing the ferry, to turn about. The moment it became clear that the men would not cross the river, Little Crow gave the signal to fire. Instantly from every side was poured such a storm of bullets that almost half the men fell dead, while the wounded were tomahawked. It is said that the interpreter, who was standing at the corner of the ferry house, received twenty bullets in his body, besides a number of arrows. The survivors, seeing the desperate straits in which they were caught, fired once, killing an Indian and wounding another, and then fled in haste. The fierce volley slew Captain Marsh's mule, but did not injure him, though he stood within a few feet of his riddled interpreter. With nine of his men,^ he succeeded in passing two miles down the river, when he found the Indians had cut off his way to the fort. He decided to cross the river and led the way, holding his revolver over his head with one hand and his sword with the other. He was soon beyond his depth, but as he was an expert swimmer, noth- ing was thought of that until his struggles showed he was drowning. Two of his men hurried to his help, but he sank before they could reach him, and his body was not found until several days afterward. He must have been seized with cramp on entering deep water. His companions safely reached the fort, leaving twenty-four behind. This massacre did much to inflame the outbreak. The Indians had killed a good many; they had a large number of captives, with plenty of arms, lead, powder and plunder. The church Indians, fearing that they would be suspected of want of zeal, plunged into the carnival of blood and "out-Heroded Herod" by their atrocities. Messengers were sent to the Indians at the Yelolw Medicine. A dispute followed as to what course to take. Other Day, a civilized Indian, strenuously opposed joining in the outbreak, but being overruled, he took his wife, a white woman, by the arm, and gun in hand, visited the different houses of the whites to warn them of their danger. They hurriedly gathered in the warehouse to the number of fifty, determined to fight to the last. Other Day and several of his relatives stood outside the building all through the night, on the watch for the first evidence of attack. Frequently they caught sight of dark figures skulking about as silently as shadows, peering^ around the corner in the hope of catching the sentinels unawares; but the dusky guards were wide awake, seeing' which the prowlers slunk off in the gloom. Just as it was growing light, the report of a gun was heard some distance off and a rush was made for the warehouse. Other Day led the whites, num- bering forty-two, men, women and children, across the river, whence they safely made their way to the settlements. Friendly Indians warned the people six miles above the Upper Agency of their danger, and they, also numbering forty- two, including the missionaries, Messrs. Riggs and Williamson, got safely away. New Uum and Fort Ridgely were overrun with terrified fugitives, many suffering from ghastly wounds, and trembling lest the furious Indians should HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211- swoop dcwn upon and massacre them all. In every direction the skies were lit up by the glare of burning homes, and the near and far reports of guns, the yells of savages, and the cries of the hopeless victims, made the night dreadful beyond description. While the Indian runners were speeding across the prairies, bearing the news to willing ears, the whites sent messengers to the settlements and after Lieutenant Shehan, who had started a few days before to accompany Commis- sioner Dole on his way to make aj treaty with the Red Lake Chippewas. The officer was overtaken forty miles away, and the news of the massacre was car- ried to the surrounding towns. At St. Peter's, the night was spent in running bullets and preparing for the relief of Fort Ridgely and New Ulm. At daylight, the bells were rung and the people gathered to decide upon the course to be taken. Agent Galbraith and his forty-five men, known as the "Renville Rangers," had already set out for the fort, and it was decided to send a detachment for the relief of New Ulm. Hon. Chrales E. Flaudreau, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, was elected captain; William B. Dodd, first lieutenant, and Mr. Meyer, second lieu- tenant. Wagons; horses, ammunition and necessary utensils and provisions were soon ready, and sixteen men, under charge of ex-Sheriff Boardman, set out to scout in the direction of New Ulm. Meanwhile, Little Crow, with one hundred warriors, had appeared before the fort, but did not make an attack. Had he done so, nothing could have saved the post, for the garrison numbered only thirty men. The larger part of this band scattered in other directions. While the chief and his men were hid- den near. Agent albraith and his rangers entered the fort unmolested, and. it was safe for the time. Near the middle of the afternoon, a hundred Indians attacked New Ulm. The population was about 1,500, mostly Germans, the houses being so scattered that it could not be readily defended. While the attack was under way, ex- Sheriff Boardman and his sixteen mounted men dashed into the town on a full gallop. They found the people in a wild panic. But for the brilliant work of the new arrivals, who soon drove off the assailants, the place must have fallen, and one of the most terrible massacres would have followed. But the town was still in imminent danger, for the Indians were hourly receiving reinforcements, and the means of defense were of the poorest char- acter. Fortunately, Judge Flaudreau and one hundred men arrived that night. Sntinels were at once stationed, and every possible precaution taken against attack. None was made, and the day was devoted to strengthening the barri- cades and organizing the forces for the conflict that soon must come. Judge Flaudreau was made commandant, and he organized his forces with good judgment. During the day, fifty more men arrived from Mankato, and the same number from Le Sueur. No Indians were visible, and the scouts visited the surrounding country, continually coming upon the victims of the ferocious red men. On the afternoon of Wednesday, Little Crow, being joined by those who had been at New Ulm the day before, unexpectedly attacked Fort Ridgely. His volely, through one of the openings, killed three, and eight more were wounded during the fight. On attempting to use the cannon, they were found stuffed with rags, the work of some half-breeds that had joined the enemy. The con- flict lasted three hours, when the Indians drew off with several killed and wounded. The attack was renewed twice the following day, but it was seen 212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the Indians had decreased in number, many of them preferring the mere con- genial worlv of plundering and murdering through the neighborhood. Returning to the agency that night, Little Crow found the Upper Indians for whom he had sent. He had now nearly 500 warriors, and set out in high hopes the next day to attack the fort, taking with him a large number of wag'ons in which to carry the plunder he was confident of obtaining. These were left on the reservation side of the river, and the Indians crossed over and hid themselves near the fort. By and by, a number appeared on the prairie, wav- ing their blankets and uttering taunts in the hope of inducing the garrison to come out and attack them. The whites were too prudent to be drawn into the snare and answered only with rifle shots. Then Little Crow opened the attack, which was kept up without cessation fcr five hours. While it was in progress the horses and mules in the government stables were set free and the building around the post burned. The roof of the fort was repeatedly pierced by fire arrows, but the fiames did no harm. A knot of Indians, posted in one of the stables, were driven cut by Sergeant Jones, who exploded a shell among' them. The casualties among the defenders were one killed and seven wounded, none severely. A short time before the first attack, Henry Balland started out to get a horse with which to go to the settlements. Before he could return, the Indians had surounded the place, and he hid himself for several hours in the bushes. They were all around him and he expected every minute to be discovered. A cold August rain set in. At one time fully a hundi'ed Indians were ranged near him, each holding' his gun under his blanket to keep it dry. The storm continued, and by the lightning flashes, when night had come, Balland ci^ept down to the river and made his escape. CHAPTER XLIII. Fort Ridgely having successfully withstood the several attacks, the Indians made their way to New Ulm. Several days had passed since the fighting there, and this visit was made on Saturday, the 23rd cf August. The smoke of burn- ing buildings in the direction of Fort Ridgely indicated to the defenders the ap- proach of their enemies. New Ulm, as we have said, was ill prepared for defense, owing to the houses being so widely scattered. Judge Flandreau, believing it better to fight the enemy on the prairie, posted his men, numbering about two hundrd and fifty, in the open country outside the town, a half mile av/ay, and still further off in the direction whence he believed the attack would come. He thus de- scribes what followed: "At nearly 10 o'clock a. m., the body of Indians (numbering altogether probably five hundred), began to move toward us, first slowly, and then with considerable rapidity. Their advance upon the sloping prairie in the bright sunlight was a very fine spectacle, and to such inexeperienced soldiers as we were, intensely exciting. When within about one mile and a half of us, the mass began to expand like a fan and increase in the velocity of its approach • and continued this movement until about double rifle shot, when it had covered cur entire front. Then the savages uttered a terrific yell, and came down on us like the wind. I was stationed myself at a point in the rear where communication could be had with me easily, and waited the first discharge with gi-eat anxiety, as HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 213 it seemed to me to yield was certain destruction, as the enemy would rush into town and drive everything before them. The yell unsettled the men a little, and just as the rifles began to crack, they fell back along the whole line, and committed the error of passing the outer houses without taking possession of them — a mistake which the Indian immediately took advantage of by them- selves occupying them in squads of twos and three and up to ten. They poured into us a sharp and rapid fire as we fell back, and opened from houses in every direction. Several of us rode up the hill, endeavoring to rally the men, and with good effect, as they gave three cheers, and sallied out of various houses they had retreated to, and checked the advance effctually. Th firing from both sides then became general, sharp and rapid; and it got to be a regular Indian skirmish, in which every man did his own work after his own fashion. "The Indians had spread out until they had got into cur -rear and on all sides, having the very decided advantage of the houses on the bluff, which commanded the interior of the town, with the exception of the wind mill, which was occupied by about twenty of the Le Sueur Tigers, who held them at long range. The wind was from the lower part of the town, and this fact directed the larger part of the enemy to that point, where they promptly commenced firing the houses and advancing behind the smoke. The conaflgration became general in the lower aprt of the town on both sides of the street, and the bullets flew very thickly both from the bluff and up the street. I thought it prudent to dis- mount and conduct the defense on foot. Just at this point, Captain Dodd, of St. Peter's and someone else, whose name I do not know, charged down the street to ascertain whether some horsemen seen in the extreme lower town were not cur friends coming in, and were met about three blocks down with a heavy volley from behind a house, five bullets passing through Captain Dodd's body, and several through that of his horse. The horsemen both turned, end the captain got sufficiently near to be received by his friends be- fore he fell. He died about five hours after bsing hit. Too much cannot be said of his personal bravery and general desire to perform his duty manfully. Captain Saunders of the Le Sueur company, was shot through his body shortly after and retired, placing his rifle in effective hands, and encouraging the men. The fight was going on all around the town during the whole forenoon and part of the afternoon, sometimes with slight advantage to us and again to the Indians; but the difficulty which stared us in the face was their gradual but certain approach up the main street behind the burning buildings, which promised our destruction. "We frequently sallied out and took buildings in advance; but the risk of being picked off from the bluff was unequal to the advantage gained, and the duty was performed with much reluctance by the men. In the lower part of the town I had some of the best men in the state, both as shots and forcoolness and determination. It will be sufficient to mention two as types of the class of the best fighting men — Asa White and Newell Horton, known to all old set- tlers. "They did very effective service in checking the advance, both by their unerring rifles and the good example their steadiness placed before the younger men. We discovered a concentration of Indians on the side of the street toward the river "and at the rear of the buildings, and expected a rush upon the town from that position, the result of which I feared more than anything else, as the boys had proven unequal to it in the morning; and we were not disappointed. 214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. for in a few minutes they came on, on ponies and on foot, furiously, about sixty in number, charging around the point of a little grove of oaks. This was the critical point of the day. But four or five hours under fire had brought the boys up to fighting temperature, and they stood firmly, and advanced with a cheer, routing' the Indians like sheep. They received us with a very hot fire, killing Houghton and the elderly gentleman whose name I did not know. As they fled in a crowd at a very short range, we gave them a volley that was very effective and settled the fortunes of the day in our favor, for they did not dare to try it over again. I think, after once repulsing them in a fair fight, we could have successfully resisted them had they returned a second time, as the necessary confidence had been gained. White men fight under a great disadvantage the first time they engage. There is something so fiendish in their yells and terrifying in their appearance when in battle, that it takes a good deal of time to overcome the sensation that it inspires. There is a snake-like stealth in all their movements that excites distrust and uncer- tainty, and which unsteadies the nerves at first. "After this repulse the battle raged until dark, without sufficient advan- tage en one side or the other to merit mention in detail, when the savages drew off, firing only an occasional shot from under close cover. After dark we decreased the extent of our lines of barricades; and I deemed it prudent to order all the buildings outside to be burned, in order to prevent them from affording protection to the savages while they advanced to annoy us. We were compelled to consum ahout forty valuable buildings; but as it was a military necessity, the inhabitants did not demur, but themselves applied the torch cheerfully. In a short time we had a fair field before us of the open prairie, with the exception of a large brick building which we held and had loopholed in all the stories on all sides, and which commanded a large portion of our front toward the bluff. We also dug a system of rifle pits on that front outside the barricades,, about four rods apart, which completed our defenses. "That night we slept but very little, every man being at the barricades all night, each third man being allowed to %leep at intervals. In the morning the attack was renewed, but not with much vigor, and subsided about noon." Mr. Heard relates the following incidents connected with the attack at New Ulm: While the fight was going on, a heavy firing was kept up from a woodpile. The defenders were astonished to see a warrior standing upright and in full view. Again and again he was fired upon, but he seemed to enjoy some strange protection, for none of the best marksmen could bring him down. After the battle, as he still kept his position, some of the whites went out to investi- gate. It was then discovered that he had been dead from the first, his body being repeatedly pierced by bullets. The others had propped him up for the purpose of drawing the fire of the whites. One of the most desperate of the half-breeds crept up close in the high grass from which he kept up a deadly fire. He held his place after the advance was made, when he discharged his gun and started off on a run, crouching down as he did so. Several bullets were sent after him, and one cut the great artery in his shoulder from which blood spurted in a stream. He sank down and was quickly decapitated and scalped. A man was seen walking off with a featherbed over his shoulder. He was near by, but as he moved in the direction of the Indians, the spectators re-- marked the foolish risk he was running. When he had gone a considerable HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 21a distance, he threw down the bed and uttered a triumphant shout. He was one of the hcstiles, that had escaped by this clever ruse. It would require volumes to tell of the individual outrages during the Sioux outbreak. The revolt extended throughout the entire frontier of Minnesota and into Iowa and Dakota. During the first week, more than seven hundred peo- ple were killed and over two hundred made captive. As stated in another place, the women, and even children of tender years, were subjected to inde- scribable mutilation at the hands of their captors. Many succumbed under the awful treatment and welcomed death for the blessed relief it brought. Fortunately, there were several thousand armed men in the State, sum- moned by President Lincoln's recent call for volunteers to serve in the Civil War. These were hurried to the frontier, and mounted soldiers were called out by the governor to join in punishing the savages. Governor Ramsey has- tened to Mendota on I'eceipt of the news of the outbreak, and requested the Hon. H. H. Sibley to take command with the rank of colonel, of an expedition intended to move up the Minnesota Valley. He complied and started as quickly as possible with four companies of the Sixth Regiment for St. Peter's, where he arrived on the day of the last battle at the fort. On Sunday, two hundred men, under the command of W. J. Cullen, came in. These, with a hundred more, were placed in charge of Colonel Samuel McPhail. Other arrivals followed un- til Sibley's command was increased to fourteen hundred men. Knowing the character of the foe before him, Colonel Sibley advanced cau- tiously. He met continuous streams of fugitives, while Shakopee, Belle Plain, and Henderson were overrun with the terrified people, who were in constant terror of attacks by the Indians. Detachments were sent to New Ulm, which was known to be surrounded by the savages and in great danger of capture. These detachments, after many stirring experiences, returned to St. Peter's, where they found that Colonel Sibley had left that morning for Fort Ridgely and had ordered them to follow on their return. They learned that the people of New Ulm on Monday, August 25, had abandoned the place. They numbered two thousand, including the women, children, sick and wounded, with a train of a hundred and fifty-three wagons. They had gone to Mankato, led to do so by the exhaustion of their ammunition, the isolation of the town, and their inability to hold cut against a determined attack of the Indians. Colonel Sibley reached Fort Ridgely, and all danger of attack at that place and New Ulm (where really there was nothing to attack), was ended. On Sun- day, August 31, a hundred and fifty men, under command of Major Joseph R. Brown, were sent to the Lower Agency to bury the dead and learn, if possible, what had become of the enemy. Many of the victims of Indian atrocity were found to be shot with ari'ows of peculiar construction; worthy the genius of an American Indian. Along the reed, from the head to the father tip, ran a gutter, cut in the wood and winding irregularly around it. The object of this is to prevent the clotting of the blood in a wound inflicted by the missile. If it entered a few inches into a person's body, and was of the ordinary pattern, the wound might be closed by the clot- ting of the blood, but this gutter furnishes such a free outlet that the flow con- tinues until the victim dies from weakness. Some of the citizens who went with Major Brown came back the following evening, and told Colonel Sibley that on that morning the cavalry and a few of the infantry had crossed the river at the agency, buried the dead, and scouted some distance above. They could find no evidence that any Indians had been 216 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. there for several days. Captain Grant, with the infantry, buried the dead on the Fort Ridgely side, including those at Beaver Creek, and going into camp on the same side of the river, was joined by Major Brown and his command. Colonel Sibley was relieved to be informed that no signs of Indians had been discovered by Major Brown who was an old campaigner and ought not to be deceived. But on Wednesday morning, the sentries heard firing in the di- rection of the agency. The wind was blowing toward the point whence the noise came, but by lying on the ground, the anxious listeners plainly caught the rapid discharge of firearms. There could be no mistake as to the meaning of this. The battle was "on once more,' and relief must be dispatched at once to their imperilled comrades. Colonel M'Phail with fifty horsemen. Major McLaren with a hundred and five infantry, and Captain Mark Hendricks with a mountain howitzer, were hurried off to their relief. The anxious listeners at the fort still heard the rifle firing, and by and bj;, resounding boom of the howitzer told that the relief part}' were also fighting. Colonel Sibley ordered all the tents to be struck and taken into the fort, and just as night was closing in the entire command set out to the help of the two detachments. The night grew intensely dark, but the men marched forward for thirteen miles. Then the bright aflsh of the montain howitzer told them they were close upon the second detachment. It was found that when within a few miles of where they believed Major Brown to be, they were attacked by Indians. Se» curing the best position attainable, they decided to wait for re-enforcements. The howitzer was fired to guide the main body to the spot. No further attack was made that night, and at early dawn the whole force was in motion. Not far off they came in sight of Birch Coolie, and saw through the trees the gleam of tents, but whether they belonged to Major Brown or the hcstiles could not be determined without a closer approach. A few minutes later, the Indians appeared in the belt of wood, waving their blankets and emitting taunting shouts in the hope of drawing the soldiers in pursuit. Failing in this, they sheltered themselves as best they could and cpened a brisk but poorly aimed fire on the soldiers, who speedily drove them back. The shells from the cannon hastened their flight, and running down Birch Coolie, they crossed the river at the agency. The tents discerned through the trees proved to be those of Major Brown and his command. They had encamped on the spot two nights before, choos- ing the place because of its accesibility to wood and water and under the belief that nothing was to be feared from the Indians. A worse place in that respect could not have been chosen and the savages, who were on the watch, assailed them suddenly and with the utmost flerceness. The men made a brave de- fense under most unfavorable circumstances, but suffered fearfully. When relieved by Colonel Sibley, they had been more than thirty hours without food or water, twenty-three were killed or dying and forty-flve were badly wounded. Out cf the ninety horses only one was alive, and he was wounded. Among the wounded were Major Brown, Captain Anderson, Agent albraith and Captain Redfleld. Wiliam Irvine of West St. Paul, had been shot in the head and his brains were oozing over his face, but he lived for several hours. On the 7th of November, Colonel Marshall started for Fort Ridgely. Des- olation reigned supreme. Major Brown was right in his conclusion that the Indians had left the Lower Agency several days before. Learning of Sibley's march to the relief HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. , 217 of Fort Ridgely, they had moved up the Yellow Medicine River to place their families out of danger. Ascertaining further that New Ulm had been aban- doned, a war party was sent thither to procure what plunder they could, after which it was intended to attack Mankato and St. Peter's. The discovery of Major Brown's approach created a diversion, which though resulting in a dreadful disaster, undoubtedly saved the towns named, as well as New Ulm. A curious complication now followed. On Monday, Little Crow's party traveled thrity miles and encamped near Acton. The leader rode in a wagon, with a half-breed acting as his driver and secretary. A few of the Indians were mounted on stolen horses, and all went well until noon of the next day, when the Indians got into a wrangle, the result of which was that Little Crow and thirty-four others started for Cedar Mills to get supplies after which they meant to return to Yellow Medicine. They went into camp about a mile from Acton. The other party was bent on a raid through the country toward St. Cloud, and encamped within a half mile of Little Crow's band, without either party suspecting their proximity to each other. At the same time a company of twenty-five white men, volunteers, under Captain Strout, were in camp near by in Acton, all three being ignorant of each ether's location. During the night several scouts came into Acton from Forest City witli news that Captain Whitcomb had been attacked the morning before near that pl?.ce, and the town was in such danger that they were begged to go at once to its defense. The start was made early the next morning for Forest City by way of Hutchinson. The volunteers passed the camp of the larger band of Indians undetected, but one of Little Crow's warriors discovered them, and the hostiles hastily prepared for battle. Almost at the same moment the larger body of Indians had discovered tliem, and came whooping and yelling at their heels. Thus the whites found their enemies in front and rear, but they charged through those in front, and continued to Hutchinson. The savages closely followed them for several miles, killing three men, wounding fifteen, capturing nine horses, and several wagons containing arms, ammunition, and supplies. During the running fight, Little Crow's son, about fifteen years old, shot Mr. Edwin Stone, a well known merchant of Minneapolis. He was wounded while walking beside a wagon, and was unable to climb into it. A second Indian dashed out his brains with a tomahawk. The wadding from the boy's gun set the clothing of the merchant on fire, so that his death was frightful. The volunteers were attacked the next day in the fort at Hutchinson. Most of the town was burned. One of the Indians called out in English, daring the soldiers to come out in the open plain and fight like men. The troops accepted the invitation, and scattered their assailants without receiving any loss. Skirmishing continued until night, when the Indians drew off and encamped near Cedar Mills. They were then joined by a band of fifty, that had attacked Forest City the previous day, burning a number of buildings and securing much plunder. The following morning the Indians divided and went home, Little Crow and his men by way of the Lower Agency, where he arrived that night. Mr. Heard tells the following : One of the scouts while riding along was starteled by his horse jumping aside. Looking for the cause, he saw a white man lying in a pile of grass which he had pulled up and piled about him for JlS HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ■ concealment. Several oars of green corn partly eaten lay around him. He was a young man, with small hands, long, fair hair, but his garments were tattered and torn with long journeyings, and the face was haggard and pale, tie was asleep, with his choek resting on his hand; so soundly asleep, so intensely engaged, porhaps, in happy dreams that the trampling of the Indian's horse did not arouse him. "What do you here, my friend?" called the savage in a loud voice. The sleeper raised his head and gazed with startled appre- hension in the painted face before him. Before that expression had time to change, the whirling ax dashed out the brains which gave it life. Then the murderer, dismounting, with his knife cut off tlie head; but even then that startled look did not change, for death had frozen it there, and nothing but corruption's effacing hand could sweep it away. The panic which reined in Minnesota at this time, resulting fi'om the attacks on New TTlm, Fort Ridgely, Birch Coolie, Acton, Hutchinson, Forest City and the massacres that had taken place within Colonel Sibley's lines, was shown by the fact that people living on the outskirts of St. Paul hurriedly moved into the interior of the city. General Sibley's family, in Mendota, took refuge one night in Fort Snelling. CHAPTER XLIV. Little Crow, although the most prominent leader in the Sioux outbreak, saw the inevitable end from the beginning. His people must be conquered, and, although he had been forced into the tight, he only awaited the oppor- tunity to make overtures of peace to the military authorities. He opened communication with Colonel Sibley at Fort Ridgely, where that officer was detained by lack of ammunition and supplies. This was during the first week in September, and while the correspondence was going on something like a cessation of massacre and outrage took place. The Indians had a large number of captives, who were in danger of massacre, and the object of Colonel Sibley was first to secure the safety of these and to bring the outrages to an end. The correspondence developed the fact that the hostiles were divided among themselves. They held frequent councils, and the debate over the course to be followed became so violent that more than once the Indians were on the point of flying at each other. -Had such a wrangle taken place, every one of the two hundred and more captives would have been massacred. A consideral)le minority of the Indians were in favor of the surrender of the prisoners as preliminary to peace, but others were so fiercely opposed that they threatened to kill those who took the first step looking to that end. With Little Crow were associated a number or chiefs who wished to make terms with the authorities. They maintained a clandestine correspondence with Colonel Sibley, Wabashaw and Taopee being the most prominent. It was this couple that managed to keep up an "underground" correspondence with Colonel Sibley in the effort to effect their object. They were accused in their own camp of doing this, but, of course, denied it, for had it been known they would have been instantly killed. Colonel Sibley left fort Ridgely September 18 to hunt the hostiles. The route was over a country still smoking hot with the blood of the victims of Indian atrocity. The Sioux scouts were continually in sight, taunting the whites and scurrying before them as they advanced over the prairie, but taking care to keep out of rifle range. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219 Sibley camped near Wood Lal;e on the 22d of September. The following morning a number of foraging teams were fired on by the Indians. The Third Regiment hurried out and was soon engaged with the enemy. Tney appeared in large numliers on all sides, gathering in the ravines between the Third Regiment and the camp. Colonel Siblev opened fire, making good use of the howitzer, and an impetuous charge in*^o the grove drove out the Indians. The fight lasted more than an hour, eight hundred being engaged on each side. The whites lost four killed and about fifty wounded. Little Crow's plan was to ambuscade the soldiers while marching through the ravine, but the taunts of the "Friendly Indiana," as they were known, caused the attack to be made in the open i^lain. This is known as the battle of AVood Lake. Colonel Sibley remained long enough to bury his dead, and then marched to the Indian camp near Lac qui Parle. This was reached on the 26ih of September, and was found to contain about a hundred tepees. Little Crow and two hundred warriors and their families had fled northward after the batele of Wood Lake. Sibley's camp was within a quarter of a mile of the Indian camp, which was commanded by his cannon. He soon rode over with his staff and bodyguard and took formal possession. The Indians, many of whom had conducted them- selves like demons,' were pi'ofuse in their professions of friendship, each insisting that he was a good Indian and all +he outrages were committeed by the other fellows. Colonel Sibley's formal demand for the captives was promptly obeyed. They numbered two hundred and fifty, who for days had undergone the most agonizing suspense conceivable, for, beyond question, they were repeatedly within a hair's breadth of death. Sometimes it looked as if the friends of peace would prevail and the anguish end by their restoration to their friends, but the fiery warriors, implacable in their hostility, conquered, and the torture of hope deferred continued. Now, however, it was over, and they were safe beyond any harm from their painted foes. The ragged, gaunt, famished women and children wept with joy, and many an eye among the soldiers was moistened by the touching sight. There was only one white man, George Spencer, among the restored captives. He said that if Colonel Sibley had done as many of his friends had urged, attacked the Indiana at certain times, every one of the captives would have been killed. A military commission of inquiry was organized and testimony taken to ascertain tlie guilt of accused parties. Some thirty or forty were arrested, and the rest were sent down to the Yellow Medicine Agency under charge of Agent Gaibraith. Indians continually came in and surrendered, for all saw the end had come. Colonel Crook, by direction of the commander, stealthily surrounded the second camp at night, disarmed the men and placed them in a log jail erected in the middle of the camp. The same thing was done at Yellow Medicine, by bringing all the braves into the agency building under the pretense of holding a council. CHAPTER XLV Colonel Sibley broke camp on the 23rd of October, having been joined by Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, with a number of prisoners captured upon Wild Goose Nest Lake. The other captives were taken in at Yellow Medicine, and 220 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the mai'ch continued through one of the fiercest wind storms ever encountered in that section. It cleared, however, and the sun was shining from a calm sky when camp was made in the valley of the Redwood. Several weeks were spent at the Lower Agency, during which the investi- gation and trials were continued. Parties sent out still found victims of the massacre. Mr. Heard states that, on the 29th, a foraging party crossed the river, and eleven miles above discovered the remains of twelve persons. In one house a skull lay upon the bed, and in the same room was stretched a dead hog that had probably been feeding on the bodies. Close to the house the party were saluted by two howling, half-starved dogs. The next da> they came upon the remains of thirteen more bodies. One skull, evidently that of a powerful man, was fractured to bits. Cattle were running around almost as wild as buffalo. An ox was writhing on the ground in agony, and frothing at the mouth, apparently with hydrophobia. Many of the dogs had gone mad. Desolation reigned supreme. Oii the 7th of November Colonel Marshall started for Fort Snelling with the inmates of the Indian camp, numbering about 1,500, mostly women and children. "While passing New Ulm the inhabitants, who were engaged in dis- interring and reburying their dead attacked the prisoners with the command. The sight of the authors of their desolation and woe inspired the men, women, and children to madness. Catching up hoes, brickbats, clubs, knives, guns, and anything upon which they could lay their hands, they assailed the cowering wretches in the wagons. One woman broke the jaw of an Indian, and, had they not been restrained, more than one savage would have been killed. Ariving at Mankato, Camp Lincoln was established, and a number of Winne- bagos Avere tried. The military commission, organized to try summarily the mulatcoes, mixed blood, and Indians engaged in the Sioux raids and massacres, consisted at first of Colonel Crook, Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, Captains Grant and Bailey and Lieutenant Olin. Mr. Isaac V. D. Heard, the historian of the outbreak, acted as recorder. Before the trial was concluded. Major Bradley was substituted for Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, who was called away by other duties. The prisoners were arraigned upon v/ritten charges specifying the crimin- taing acts. These charges were signed by Colonel Sibley or his adjutant general, and in nearly every case were based upon informacion by Rev. S. R. Riggs, who assembled those that had the means of knowing the truth by themselves, and closely questioned them. The names of the witnesses were attached to the charge. Mr. Riggs's long residence among the Indians, his full knowledge of their habits and characteristics, and his thorough acquaintance with the accused made his help invaluable in fixing the guilt upon the right parties. As an example of the manner in which this famous trial was conducted, we give Mr. Heard's account of the proceedings in the case of the first person tried. He was Godfrey, a negro. "Charge and Specifications Against O-ta-kie, or Godfrey, a Colored Man Connected with the Sioux Tribe of Indians. CHARGE— MURDER. "Specification 1. — In this, that the said 0-ta-kle, or Godfrey, a colored man, did, at or near New [Jim, Minnesota, on or about the 19th day of August, 1862, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 join a war party of the Sioux tribe of Indians against the citizens of tlie United States, and did with his own hand murder seven white men, women, and children (more or less), peaceable citizens of the United States. "Specification 2.— In this, that the said 0-ta,-kle, or Godfrey, a colored man, did, -at various times and places between the 19th of August, 1862, and the 28lh day of September, 1862, join and participate in the murders and massacre committed by the Sioux Indians on the Minnesota frontier. By order of "Col. H. H. Sibley, Com. Mil, Expedition "S. H. Fowled, Lt. Col., State Militia, A. A. A. G. "Mary Woodbury, "David Faribalt, Sr., «T,„ c Witnesses. Mary Swan, "Bernard La Batte, "Godfrey denied the gi-ave accusation, insisting that he had been forced into the fight on the side of- the Indians, and had done nothing which was not justified by the situation and circumstances. "Mary Woodbury testified that she saw him two or three days after the outbreak at Little Crow's village with a breech clout on and his legs and face painted for a war party, and that he started with one for New Ulm; that he appeared very happy and contented with the Indians; was whooping around and yelling, and apparently as fierce as any of them. When they came back, there was a Wahpeton, named Hunka, who told witness that the negro was the bravest of all: that he led them into a house and clubbed the inmates with a hatchet ; and that she was standing in the prisoner's tent door and heard the Indians asking him how many he had killed, and lie said only seven; and that she saw him once, when he started off, have a gun, a knife, and a hatchet. "Mary Swan and Mattie Williams testified that when the war party took them captive, though the prisoner was not armed, he appeared to be as much in favor of the outrages as any of the Indians, and made no intimation to the contrary in a conversation the witnesses had with him. "La Batte knew nothing about him. David Faribault, Sr., a half-breed, testified as to his boasting of killing seven with a tomahawk, and some more children; but these, he said, didn't amount to anything, and he wouldn't count them. Witness saw him at the fort and at New Ulm, fighting and acting like the Indians, and he never told him (Faribault) that he was forced into the outbreak. "Godfrey's looks and honest manner led the court to think that possibly he was not as 'black' as painted. His voice was soft, his face pleasing, and he created much sympathy for himself. It was impossible to find anyone who had actually seen him kill a white person. His case puzzled the covirt, but he was finally found not guilty of the first specification, but guilty of the charge and second speciflcat'ion, and sentenced to be hanged. Accompanying the sentence was a recommendation of a commutation of punishment to imprisonment for ten years. This was granted by the President of the United States. "Godfrey possessed an extraordinary memory and gave great aid in the trial of the other prisoners. Most of these virtually admitted their guilt, thougli they tried to extenuate what they had done. "The most terrible murderer among the lot was Cut Nose. He was the leader in most of the massacres and foremost in outrages. At Beaver Creek settlement, a party of settlers hurriedly prepared for flight. In the wagon HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. huddled a number of helpless women and children, who gathered their shawls about them and covered their heads on the approach of the Indians. Two of these held the horses while Cut Nose leaped into the wagon and tomahawked eleven, most of them children. An infant was then snatched from its mother's arms and riveted to the fence with a bolt taken from the wagon. When the infant had expired the mother was mutilated and killed." More than four hundred prisoners were tried, of which three hundred and three were sentenced to death and eighteen to imprisonment. The records of the testimony and sentences of the Indians were sent to President Lincoln, who ordered that thirty-eight should be executed on the 2Gth of February, 1863. CHAPTER XLVI. The condemned were treated with the utmost consideration. They were allowed to select their spiritual advisers, to bid good-bye to their families, and every possible indulgence was shown to them. Some displayed a stoical indif- ference to their awful situation, while others were affected to tears. The following details of the last scenes are from the St. Paul Press: "Late on Thursday night, in company with Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, the reporter visited the building occupied by the doomed Indians. They were quartered on the ground floor of the three-story stone building erected by the late General Leech. "They were all fastened to the floor by chains, two by two. Some were sitting up, smoking and conversing, while others were reclining, covered with blankets, and apparently asleep. The haif-breeds and one or two others only were dreF"°d in citizens' clothes. The rest wore the breech clout, leggings and blankets, and not a few w^re adorned w;+h paint. The majority of them were young men, though several were quite old and gray-headed, ranging perhaps toward seventy. One was quite a youth, not over sixteen. They all appeared cheerful and contented, and scarcely to reflect on the certain doom that awaited them. To the gazers, the recollection of how short a time since they had been engaged in The diabolical work of murdering indiscriminately both young and old, sparing neither sex nor condition, sent a thrill of horror through the veins. Now they were perfectly harmless, and looked as innocent as children. They smiled at your entrance, and held out their hands to be shaken, which yet appeared to be gory with the blood of babes. Oh, Treachery, thy name is Dakota! "Father Ravoux spent the whole night among the doomed ones, talking with them concerning their fate, and endeavoring to impress upon them a serious view of the subject. He m.et with some success and during the night several were baptized and received the communion of the church. "At daylight the reporter was there again. The good man. Father Ravoux, was still with them, also Rev. Dr. Williamson, and whenever either of these worthy men addressed them they were listened to with marked attention. The doomed ones wished it to be known to their friends, and particularly their wives and children, how cheerful and happy they all had died, exhibiting no fear of this dread event. To the skeptical it appeared not as an evidence of Christian faith, but a steadfast adherence to their heathen superstitions. "They shook hands with the officers who came in among them, bidding them good-bye as if they were going on a long and pleasant journey. They had added some fresh streaks of vermillion and ultramarine to their counten- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 ances as their fanoy suggested, evidently intending to fix themselves off as gayly as possible lor the coming exhibition. They commenced singing their death song, Tazoo leading, and nearly all joining. It was wonderfully exciting. "At half past seven all persons were excluded from the room except those Jiecessary to help prepare the prisoners for their doom. Under the superin- tendence of Major Brown and Captain Redfield their irons were knocked off, and one by one they were tied by cords, their elbows being pinioned behind and the wrists in front, but about six inches apart. This operation occupied until about nine o'clock. In the meantime the scene was much enlivened by their songs and conversation, keeping up the most cheerful appearance. As they were being pinioned, they went around the room shaking hands with the soldiers and reporters, bidding them 'good-bye,' etc. White Dog requested not to be tied and said that he could keep his hands down; but, of course, his request could not be complied with. He said that Little Crow, Young Six, and Big Eagle's brother got them into the war, and now he and others are to die for it. After all were properly fastened they stood up in a row around the room, and another exciting death song was sung. They then sat down very quietly and commenced smoking again. Father Ravoux came in, and after addressing them a few moments, knelt in prayer, reading from a prayer book in the Dakota language, which a portion of the condemned repeated after him. During this ceremony nearly all paid the most strict attention, and several were affected even lo tears. He then addressed them again, first in Dakota, then in French, which was interpreted by Baptiste Campbell, one of the condemned half-breeds. The caps were then put on their heads. These were made of white muslin, taken from the Indians when their camps were captured, and which had formed part of the spoils they had taken from the murdered traders. They were made long and looked like a meal sack, but being rolled up, only came down to the forehead and allowed their painted faces yet to be seen. "Ihey received these evidences of their near approach to death with evident dislike. When they had been adjusted on one or two, they looked around on the others who had not yet received them with an appearance of shame. Chains and cords had not moved them — these were not considered dishonorable — but this covering of the head with a white cap was humiliating. There was no more singing and but little conversation now. All sat around the room, most of them in a crouched position, awaiting their doom in silence, or listening to the remarks of Father Ravoux, who still addressed them. Once in a while they brought their small looking glasses before their faces to see that their countenances yet preserved the proper modicum of paint. The three half-breeds were the most affected of all, and their dejection of countenance was truly piti- ful to behold. "At precisely ten o'clock the condemned were marshalled in a procession, and headed by Captain Redfield, marched out into the street and directly across through files of soldiers to the scaffold which had been erected in front, and were delivered to the officer of the day, Captain Bui't. They went eagerly and cheerfully, even crowding and jostling each other to be ahead, just like a lot of hungry boarders rushing to dinner in a hotel. The soldiers who were on guard in their quarters stacked arms and followed them, and they, in turn, were followed by the clergy, reporters, etc. "As they commenced the ascent of the scaffold the death song was again started, and when they had all got up the noise they made was truly hideous. 224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. It seemed as if pandemoniuin had broken loose. It had a wonderful effect in keeping up their courage. One young fellow, who had been given a cigar by one of the reporters just before marching from their quarters, was smoking it on the stand, puffing away very coolly during the intervals of the hideous 'Hi-yi-yi, hiyi-yi,' and even after the cap was drawn down over his face he managed to get it over his mouth and smoked. Another was smoking his pipe. The noose having been promptly adjusted over the necks of each by Captain Libby, all was ready for the fatal signal. "Tlie scene at this juncture was one of awful interest. A painful and breathless suspense held the vast crowd, which had assembled from all quarters to witness the execution. "Three slow, measui-ed and distinct beats on the drum by Major Brown, Avho had been announced as signal officer, and the rope was cut by Mr. Duly (the same who killed I.ean Bear, and whose family were attacked), the scaffold fell, and thirty-seven lifeless bodies were left dangling between heaven and earth. One of the ropes was broken and the body of Rattling Runner fell to the ground. The neck had probably been broken, as but little signs of life were observed; but he was immediately hung up again. While the signal beat was being given, numbers were seen to clasp the hands of their neighbors, which, in several instances, continued to be clasped till the bodies were cut down. "As the platform fell there was one not loud but proloiiged cheer from the soldiery and citizens who were spectators, and then all were quiet and earnest witnesses of the scene. For so many, there was little suffering; the necks of all, or nearly all, were evidently dislocated by the fall and the after-struggling was slight. The scaffold fell ar a quarter past ten o'clock, and in twenty minutes the bodies had all been examined by Surgeons Le Boutillier, Sheardown, Finch, Clark and others, and life pronounced extinct. "The bodies were then cut down, placed in four army wagons and, attended by Company K as a burial party, and under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Marshall, were taken to the grave prepared for them among the willows on the sand bar nearly in front of the town. They were all deposited in one grave thirty feet in length by twelve feet in width, and four deep, being laid on the bottom in two rows, with their feet together and their heads to the ouside. They were simply covered with their blankets and the earth thrown over them. The other condemned Indians were kept close in their quarters, where they were chained and not permitted to witness the execution." They were afterwards transferred to Davenport, where they were impris- oned for a short time, when the magninimity of President Lincoln prevailed over his better judgement, and he liberated them, sending them up the Missouri River, where those same bloodthirsty scoundrels, sixteen years later, caused the masacre of Custer and his brave soldiers. This is one instance where our great President Lincoln seasoned justice, too highly, with mercy. CHAPTER XIVII. On the 28th day of .Tune, 1877, the Republican State Convention met at Des Moines and nominated John H. Gear for Governor. A resolution expressing confidence in the ability and integrity of President Hayes and approving of his southern policy was defeated. The Greenback party held its State Convention at Des Moines July 12th, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 225 Dominating for Governor, D. P. Stubbs. Its platform reaffirmed previous plat< forms, and also the prohibitory liquor law. The Democratic party held its State Convention at Marshalltown on the 20th of August and placed in nomination for Governor John P. Irish. The two declarations were in favor of greenbacks in place of National Bank bills, indorsement of the policy of the President in the Southern States, the equal taxation of every species of property according to its value, and equal protection of labor and capital. The State Temperance Convention met at Oskaloosa on the 30th of August and nominated Elias Jessup for Governor, making no other nominations. It passed a large number of resolutions in favor of promoting temperance by State and National legislation, and indorsed woman suftYage. The election resulted in the choice of the entire Republican ticket by a plurality of about 42,000. The annual convention of the Woman's Suffrage Society was held in Des Moines on the 24th of October. Among the resolutions adopted were the following: "Whereas, the ballot is necessary to uproot many evils which afflict society; and, whereas, women are deprived of this potent, silent power; therefore, Resolved, That it is not the duty of women to contribute to the support of the clergy who oppose their enfranchisement. Whereas, Congress has enfranchised the negro, alien and ex-rebel; and, Whereas, Women are as intelligent as the aforesaid classes; therefore. Resolved, That the citizens of the State unite in a petition to Congress for a sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, giving women also the ballot upon equal terms with men." The annual session of the State Grange was held at Des Moines, beginning on the 11th of October and continuing four days. Among the resolutions passed were the following: Resolved, That the State Grange favors the repeal of the resumption act and the remonetization of silver and the repeal of the National Bank act, and asks the General Assembly to memorialize Congress to shape the financial policy of the cotmtry in accorrlance with this resoltition. We are in favor of the following changes in our laws: To abolish the grand jury, to compel litigants* to give security for cost, to tax the whole cost of jury to the losing party, to fix by law the fee of attorneys appointed by the court to defend criminals, to regulate the compensation of shorthand reporters, to abolish the office of County Superintendent, to compel sheriffs to report their fees as other county officers. On the 28th of August, 1877, the country in the vicinity of Des Moines was visited by one of the heaviest rainfalls ever experienced in Iowa. It com^ menced about "> o'clock in the morning. The darkness was intense and the rain came down in torrents. Nine miles east of Des Moines the Rock Island railroad crosses I.ittie Four Mile Creek, ordinarily a small stream. At the railroad bridge the banks are some thirty feet above the bed of the creek. In this vicinity their seemed to have been a cloudburst. The entire surface of the prairie was covered by the flood. Every ravine was filled with a torrent. The continuous roar of thunder, blinding flashes of lightning, the dense darkness and the rusljing water combined to make the night hideous. The mail and passenger train from Chicago which was due at Des Moines at half past three in the morning was coming at a speed of thirty miles an hour. It consisted of 226 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. a baggage car, a mail car, one of Barnum's advertising cars, a smoker, twO' passengoi coaches and a sleeper. The engineer, Jack Rakestraw, was a veteran in ihe service familiar with the route, but evidently had no thought of danger on this part of the line. Suddenly the headlight flashed upon a wild, roaring torrent carrying trees and floodwood on its angry current. There was no time for thought. The train was on the very brink of the flood and instantly took a leap into the chasm. The engineer was crushed beneath the locomotive as it struck the opposite shore and turned over, sinking deep into the mud and water. Abram Trucks, the fireman, was thrown into the flood on the west shore. When he recovered consciousness he saw the train crushed and piled in an awful wreck. Dazed and helpless the fireman stood for a moment; then realizing that he was alone on the west shore and could not cross and help the wounded and drowning, or to give the alarm to any of the inhabitants in the vicinity, he started in the darkness and through the flooded country for Des Moines ta procure help. In the meantime the passengers in the sleepers had been rudely thrown from their berths by the shock of the wreck, and hapily found the car standing safely on the track on the very brink of the chasm. Some ran back to Altoona, about two miles distant, while others made desperate and heroic efforts to drag the crushed and drowning passengers from the wreck. Every effort possible was made to extricate groaning and shrieking women, children and men from where they were held in the vice-like grip of broken and twisted iron and timbers of the telescoped wrecks of cars. But it was not until a wrecking train arrived two hours after the ruin was wrought that all of the victims were extricated from the piles of ruins. Seventeen lifeless forms were placed on the banks of the cre^k. Thirty-eight other passengers of the ill-fated train were crushed, bruised or mangled in various degrees, three of whom died. Many were maimed or crippled for life. The bridge had gone down in the flood before the train reached the creek and two other railroad bridges between that and Des Moines were swept away by the same flood, so that the train was doomed to destruction in any event. The amount of public lands granted and certified to the State for various purposes, up to 1S7S, was more than 8,000,000 acres, or nearly one-fourth of the entire area of the State. Of this amount 4,400,000 acres were granted to aid in building railroads and in improving the navigation of the Des Moines River. One milliam five hundred and fifty thousand acres had been granted for the support of the public schools; 204,000 acres for the State Agricultural College: 1,570,000 acres of swamp land. The report of the Auditor of State for the year ending November 1st, 1877, shows some interesting facts: . * The number of cattle assessed was 1,452,546, valued at $14,898,841; number of swine over six months, 1,645,708, value, $3,899,301. The number of horses was C59,385, valued at $20,100,263; mules, 42,877, value, $1,670,154. The loss to farmers of swine from cholera this year was reported at 3,500,000, or nearly as much as the total value of those remaining. The number of sheep in the State in 1877 was but 318,439, showing a decrease in the ten years from 1867 of 1,197,787, which was claimed to arise largely from the severe losses by dogs, rendering sheep raising so hazardous as to be unprofitable. In 1881 there was living on the East side of the Des Moines River in Boone County, near the track of the Northwestern Railway, the widow of Mr. Shelly, who had been killed in a railway wreck. Her eldest daughter, Kate, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 227 was about fifteen years of age. On the night of the 6th of July a terrific storm of wind and rain swept over that region. Honey Creek, ordinarily a small stream coming over the prairie south and west of the town of Boone, winds its way through the forest in a westerly direction, emptying into the Des Moines River not far from the railroad bridge -which was first built across the river near the coal town of Moingona. The banks of the river are quite high. The grade of the railroad, down the valley of Honey Creek, descends rapidly and not far from the Shelly cabin the track crosses the creek. On this night the members of the Shelly family were aroused from their sleep by the roaring torrent of Honey Creek, which was rushing by the cabin with the force and volume of a small river. Upon striking a light they saw that it was about time for a freight train to pass. Suddenly they heard the rumble of the train and then a fearful crash of timbers and a wild cry for help. They realized at once that the train had gone down into the flood with the wreck of the bridge spanning the creek near the cabin. Lighting a lantern Kate started in the direction of the bridge with the fierce storm beating in her face. The darkness was so great that' she could see nothing, but guided by the noise of the I'oaring torrent she reached the bridge. Where the flood was roaring she soon discovered the wreck of the train, which had gone down with the bi'idge, and heard the shout of the engineer, who was clinging to a limb of a projecting tree which had been partly uprooted by the flood. He was the sole survivor and it Avas impossible for Kate to cross to his aid, but he assured her that he Avas out of danger. Both knew that the night express from the west would soon be due and realized the terrible fate that awaited it unless warned of the fallen bridge. The engineer could not cross the raging flood to go on his mission, and so brave Kate Shelly hesitated not a moment, but turned her face towards the- river. The fierce wind and driving rain beat in her face and nearly carried her off her feet. The lantern was soon extinguished. It was a mile through the dense forest to the river, with a long, high railroad bridge to cross before she could reach the Moingona telegraph office where warning could be sent to the approaching train. Hurrying on with all the strength she could summon, she at last reached the railroad bridge, four hundred feet in length and fifty feet above the river. The tempest was now at its v/orst; there was no floor on the bridge, the rails I'esting on the cross ties. It was impossible for the girl to stand at that height against the fierce gale that swept over it, and on her hands and knees, and with the wild gale beating in her face, she slowly made her way ever the ties until the farther shore was reached. Lacerated and exhausted as she was, sufficient strength remained to enabJe her to reach the telegraph office, half a mile farther, and give the alarm. ^Imost overcome by the unparalleled exertions, she had scarcely strength to rouse the agent and tell him of the impending danger before she sank helpless and fainting. Instantly a message flashed over the wire carrying warning to the approaching ti'ain, which was fortunately reached barely in time to avert a greater horror than has ever yet cvertaicen an Iowa i-ailroad. As the train halted at the little station, the last before the wrecked bridge, the passengers, learning of their narrow escape from destruction, hastily gathered about the brave little Irish girl, attempting to express some measure of their gratitude to her for saving them from a fate too awful to 'contemplate. As her heroic deed became known through the press, the story of that fearful night adventure was told in every portion of the country and the name of Kate Shelly became as widely known as that of any famous 228 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. woman of modern times. The Northwestern railroad made her a small gift in acknowledgment of her action. The Iowa Legislature, at the session in 18S2, made an appropriate recognition of the self-sacrificing efforts of the obscure little heroine by authorizing the Senator and Representative of Boone County, to- gether with the Governor of the State, to procure ana present to the brave girl a gold medal with an inscription commemorating the act, with two hundred dollars in money. The Legislature also placed on record a vote of thanks for her heroic and humane deed. CHAPTER XLVIIl. A coritest had, for many years, been going on between the farmers of the West and one Greene, who had procured a patent on a method of making wells by driving an iron tube into the earth. By virtue of his patent he and his associates claimed the right to collect a royalty of ten dollai-s from every person in the United States who used a well made by driving a tube into the ground. This kind of well had been in use in various parts of the country for a gener- ation. Encouraged by some of the early decisions of the court, in granting the broad claims to the first patentees of barbed wire, the Greene combination saw an immense fortune for them if a similar decision could be obtained for the drive well patents. With the aid of good lawyers such a decision was obtained and the crusade against the users of drive wells was inaugurated. Many well' owners paid the demand rather than be forced into expensive litigation. Others took counsel and formed associations similar to the one which in Iowa was fighting the barbed wire battles. Then began one of the most determined conflicts in the courts known in the history of litigation in the State. An asso- ciation of farmers in Buchanan, Black Hawk, Butler and Fayette Counties was organized to carry on the litigation and meet the expenses. A similar one had been organized in New Jersey which was making a vigorous fight. The Iowa farmers employed Jed Lake, a talented lawyer and vigorous fighter, to defend them against the Greene combination. In May, 1S83, in a case tried in the United States District Court of Iowa, before Judges Shiras and Love, the court held that the patent of Greene was void on two grounds. First, that Greene had slept upon his rights in that he did not apply for a patent until the device had for a long time been before the public. Second, that a fatal defect in his patent was found in the fact that the reissue embraced an important principle not found in the original application for a patent and was consequently void. This was a most sweeping decision and left the patent combination no ground to stand upon. The well owners over the entire coimtry at once refused to pay claims and the Greene combination had but one hope of continuing the extortions so long practiced by threats and intimidation. The case was taken to the United States Supreme Court in the hope that this decision would be reversed or that the farmers would be unable to continue the expensive litigation. One hundred and seventy-five suits had been brought against the farmers in the tour counties mentioned, and one hundred and twenty of them had been defended by Lake and Harmon for the association. The money was raised and the cases were ably presented in the Supreme Court. In 1887 the final decision was rendered in which the decision of the United States District Court was affirmed and the so-called patents declared invalid. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 It was estimated that this decision saved to the farmers of Iowa, who were owners of 'drive wells, not less than $2,000,000; while the heavy expense for carrjang on the litigation for nine years had been borne by one hundred and twenty farmers of moderate means. Too much credit cannot be awarded the courageous and public-spirited citizens who fought this great battle against an extortion of such magnitude in which the farmers of the entire country were deeply interested. In Minnesota the Legislature made an appropriation of $7,500 to enable the farmers of that State to resist the claim, but in Iowa the entire expense fell upon a few private citizens. The legal questions involved in the drive well suits were in many respects similar to those raised in the barbed wire contests. The final triumph of the people in both cases was far reaching, as an adverse decision would have enabled the combinations to have extorted for many years an annual tax upon the farmers of the entire country that would have reached high up into the millions and gone to enrich a few Eastern capitalists. CHAPTER XLIX. The last message of Governor Larrabee showed a better financial condition for the Stale than had existed for several years. The public debt, which in January, 18S6, had amounted to |S17, 857.35, had been reduced to $39,388.33. The assessed value of property of the Slate was now $51G, 509,409. The Government strongly recommended the abolition of corporal punishment in the public schools as a relic of barbarism. The permanent fund of the State University at this time was $226,899; and the annual income derived from it the past two j'ears, $31,119. The receipts from the Agricultural College from the endowment fund for the same period were .^94,130. The endowment fund at this time amounted to $649,306, most of which was invested in mortgages drawing interest from seven to eight per cent. The total agricultural products of the State for 1889 were slated to be worth $134,060,725. Governor Larrabee reviev;ed the working of the new railroad laws enacted by the last Legislature in which he said: "Experience has now demonstrated the wisdom and justice of the measure. The commissioners proceeded under the law to prepare a schedule of rates for the roads, having in view the general prosperity of the State. The roads have never been so crowded with business as at present, nor has the service ever been more satisfactory to the people. It is now admitted that our present local freight rates are more equitable than any previously in force in the State, and it affords me pleasure to say that there is at present but little friction between the railroad companies and the people. The gross earnings of the railroads of the State for the year ending June 30th, 1889, were $37,469,276, being an increase of $193,698 over the preceding year. It must be evident to the impartial observer that the legislation of the Twentj'-second General Assembly has had most gratifving results. "Railroads have been called into being by the people to promote the com- mon' Avelfare and the State can tolerate neither usurpation of power nor con- spiracy on me part of its creatures. We are building for the future and the importance of keeping intact those principles which lie at the foundation of every government of, for and by the people cannot be overestimated." Governor Larrabee's message clearly reviewed the lengthened conflict which 230 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. had been going on between the railroad managers and the people for more than twenty years. Nunierons attempts harl been made during this period to bring the corporations directly under legislative control, but without success. The co- operation of the Go\ernor and the Twenty-second General Assembly, had at last brcught a remedy for most of the extortions of the railroads which had long oppressed the people. The legislation of that General Assembly, which had been strongly urged by the Governor in devising and applying the control by law to these corporations, has stood the test of time and the courts. It has become the settled policy of the State, has inflicted no wrong \ipon the railroads and has been of inestimable benefit to the people. The evil effects of attempts ta influenc public officials with free passes still remains so strongly entrenched that all attempts to eradicate that dangerous form of bribery have failed. The Governor made a powerful argument in his retiring message for the maintenance and enforcement of the prohibitory laws and against the establish- ment of legalized saloons in Iowa by any kind of license. He states the follow- ing facts in support of his position: "While the number of convicts in the country at large rose from one in every 3,442 of population in 1850 to one in every 860 in 1880, the ratio in Iowa at the present time is only one to every 3,130. The jails of many counties are now empty a good portion of the year and the number of convicts in our peni- tentiaries has been reduced from 750 in March, 1886, to 604 July 1st, 1889. It is the testimony of the judges of our courts that criminal expenses have dimin- ished in like proportion. We have fewer paupers and tramps in our State in proportion to its population than ever before. The poorer classes have better fare, better clothing, better schooling and better houses It is safe to say that not one-tenth and probably not one-twentieth as much liquor is con- sumed in the State as was five years ago. The standard of temperance has leen greatly raised, even in those cities where the law has not yet been enforced. The present law was enacted in response to a popular demand, as evidenced by a majority of nearly 30,000 votes cast in favor of the prohibitory amendment. Had the women of lawful age been permitted to vote, the majority would prob- ably have been more than 200,000. It is the duty of the legislative power to lespect The rights of all citizens of the commonwealth, of non-voters as well as of voters. It provision were made for suspending for gi-oss negligence such officers as are charged with the enforcement of the law and ample funds were placed at the command of the Governor to aid prosecutions, the saloon would soon be a thing of the past in Iowa." In his inaugural address. Governor Boies made a strong plea for a license law to be adopted by such localities as preferred it to prohibition. He believed that the people in the recent election had by a considei'able majority declared for such a change in the liquor laws and that the Legislature was bound to respect this verdict. The Governor said: "The people have not undertaken to deprive any locality in the State where public sentiment upholds it, of our present prohibitory law or its equivalent. They have simply declared that each city, town or township shall have the right to determine for itself whether it will be governed by the prohibitory law or by a carefully guarded license law. Those who believe in this decision and feel it their duty to respect it cannot rightfully depart from the letter of that decision as it was made The license law which is to supersede prohibition must be all that has been promised. We are bound in honor to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 furnish for localities adopting it a most carefully guarded license law The greatest care should be exercised to take the traffic out of the hands of immoral and irresponsible parties. Every safeguard should be thrown about those who are in this respect legitimate subjects of legal control. A wilful sale to a minor or drunkard should be cause for revoking a license. What Iowa needs is practical legislation on this subject, legislation that is broad enough to meet the views of more than a single class, that is liberal enough to command the respect of all her people, that is generous enough to invite to her borders every class of respectable persons, that is just enough to protect the person and property of every one of her citizens and wise enough to exercise a practical control over a traffic that today is unrestrained in most of her centers of popula- tion." All efforts to enact a local option license law in accord with the recom- mendations of Governor Boies failed. CHAPTER L. On the afternoon of July 6th, 1893, on the west side of the Little Sioux River, Cherokee County, the people observed a dark cloud lying low in the western horizon. When first seen it presented no unusual appearance, but as it slowly arose, with varying currents of air frequently shifting suddenly, angry clouds were seen in the southwest approaching another swiftly moving cloud from the northwest, which seemed to be driven by a strong wind. The distant roar of thunder and sharp flashes of lightning indicated the gathering of a severe storm. The two light-colored, swiftly-moving clouds soon came together and a great commotion was observed. Soon the funnel shape indicating a tornado descended towards the earth and a distant roar was heard. In Rock township, where two women were killed, the iron bridge over the Sioux, a 120- foot span, was hurled from its piers into the river. As the storm neared the Buena Vista County line the cloud lifted for several miles and no damage was done, when it again descended to the earth and destruction again began. It crossed the county about half a mile south of the town of Storm Lake, plowing through the waters of the lake, raising a waterspout nearly a hundred feet in height and Avrecking a steamboat.. The tornado kept nearly parallel with the Illinois Central Railroad and far enough south of it to miss the villages along its line until Pomeroy, in Calhoun County, was reached. Several miles west of Ihe town it is described as presenting an appearance quite similar to that observed when first discovered in Cherokee County. A steady roar was heard £:nd great masses of white clouds were rushing swiftly together from the northwest and southwest. Where they seemed to come in violent collision, a dense mass of inky biack vapor in violent commotion was forming into elongated trunks dropping down towards the earth, one of which reached and trailed upon the ground, swaying back and forth, while the others bounded up and down as they swung along like the trunk of an elephant. The one reaching the ground seemed to be sweeping everything into its path— trees, fences, buildings and animals were raised into the vortex, then hurled with terrific force back to the earth. Cattle and horses crouched to the earth in terror and the hogs tried to bury Themselves in straw stacks. Within and along the surface of the storm cloud there was" an incessant play of electricity and fearful jagged bolts shot out of the white clouds en either side of the black mass from which the tongues 232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. c'epended. -^s seen fi^om Pomeroy the sky was a fearful sight to behold. Clouds of inky blackness filled the entire west, roiling and swaying in wild commotion. One cloud came from the northwest and united with another moving from the southwest and trailing beneath the place of collision was the black, whirling column dragging upon the earth, from which came a continuous discharge of electricity. The heavy and incessant roar of the approaching storm seemed to make the earth tremble. Persons just outside of its track described the tornado as it struck The town as a rolling, writhing mass of greenish blackness, through which thousands of tongues of electric flame were darting. There was one wild crash and all was blackness and desolation where but a moment before Pomeroy stood. For a few moments every survivor seemed dazed and not a living form or a building could be seen in the ruins. The shrieks of the wounded and cries for help were heard on every side. Roused to a realization of the calamity that had suddenly come upon the town the survivors hastened to rescue the wounded from the wrecks of their homes. For four hours they worked with the energy of despair am.id rain, hail and gathering darkness, guided by the cries and groans of the sufferers imprisoned by falling timbers and crippled by ghastly w^ounds, not ceasing until all were cared for. All through the night search among the ruins for the dead went on, as assistance from the surrounding country and neighboring towns came. Dr. D. J. Townsend, one of the physicians who was prominent upon attending the wounded, gives a vivid description of the peculiar character of the injuries that came under his observation. He says: "The wounds were not of a class that were met with in any other calamity than a tornado. The tissues were bruised, punctured, incised, lacerated, with the addition of having foreign matter of every conceivable kind literally ground into the flesh and broken off in such a manner tnat no matter how proficient the surgeon, they would escape his notice. Inflammation and pain in a certain region did not always justify exploratory incisions, as many were contused from one end of the body to the other. The dirt and sand were plastered upon and into the skin in such a manner that it was extremely difficult to remove them.'" Such WPS the terrible nature of the injuries that had suddenly come upon moi-e than a hundred people. From a population of more than a thousand but twenty-one families were left with no dead or wounded of their own to care for The dead in the village numbered forty-two the day after the tornado. Governor Boies issued an appeal for aid and the people of the State re- sponded generously, not only furnishing all the temporary assistance needed, but s)ifficient to rebuild the homes destroyed and to supply furniture, clothing and food. Besides providing a large amount of lumber, provisions and clothing, nearly $70,000 in money was contributed for relief of the sufferers. The total number of deaths from the tornado along its entire path of about one hundred miles was seventy-one in all, of which there were in Cherokee County twelve, in Buena Vista six, in Pocahontas four, in and around Pomeroy, in Calhour County, forty-nine. On the 11th of -July, 189fi, there occurred a collision of trains on the main line of the Chicago & Northwestern railway near Logan, in Harrison County, the most destructive of human life that has ever been known within the State. From an investigation made by the Railway Commissioners, the following HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 facts v/eie gathered: The Society of Union Pacitic Pioneers of Nebraska had arranged for a special train to carry the menibers and their families, to the number of 1,200, on an excursion to Logan. There were sixteen pasc'enger coaches filled with men, women and children. When the party was ready to return the train Avas on a sidetrack at Logan about 6:40 p. m., awaiting the regular east-bound passenger train to pass that point, as it does not stop at Logan. This train came on time and carried a signal that another train was following it. Disregarding this danger signal the engineer and conductor of the excursion train started out on the main track and at a curve at about a quarter of a mile west of Logan collided with the east-bound fast mail train running at a speed of thirty-five miles an hour. The shock was terrific as the heavy engines struck each other and a moment later cries a.nd groans of the mutilated passengers arose from the wreck of the crowded cars of the excursion train. Men, women and children were crushed and mangled beneath the broken and twisted fragments of wood and iron in an awful scene of confusion, ten'or and agony that defies description. Twenty-seven persons were killed and thirty-two injured, some of them fatally. The citizens of Logan rendered every assistance in .their power and were untiring in their efforts to relieve the suftering. The Railway Commissioners made an investigation of the affair and found the facts as here stated. At the State election November 8, 1904. Theodore Roosevelt, the Republican candidate for President, received 307,- 907 votes; Alton B. Parker, the Democratic candidate, received 149,141 votes; Silas C. Swallow, Prohibition candidate, received 11,601 votes; Eugene V. Debs, Socialist candidate, received 14,S?>7 votes; and Thomas E. Watson, the People's candidate, received 2,207 votes. On the question of biennial elections and redistricting the State the vote was in the affirmative. The Indians sold their Iowa lands for a trifle more than eight cents an acre. It is not certain that they actually got $2,877,547.87, but on the basis of the price at which they sold the lands recorded and known, including Minnesota, they should have had that much from Iowa. This information is disclosed by the State census of 1905. One of the interesting chapters is that relating to the purchase of lands in which there is a specific discussion of each of the purchasers made, as follows: 1830, Sioux, Sac, and Fox tribes, neutral strip $ 284,132 1S37, Yankton Sioux 4,000 1837, Missouri Sac and Fox 40,000 1837, Iowa 2,500 1838,Towa 39,375 Black Hawk Purchase — 1832, Sac and Fox 655,000 Keokuk Reserve — 1836, Sac and Fox 198,588 Second Purchase — 1837, Sac and Fox 377,000 Cessioft of 1842— 1842, Sac and Fox : 1,058,566 1838, Iowa 39,375 234 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1837, Ivlissouri Sac and Fox 40,000 Cession of 1851— 1851, Sioux 139,000 Total $2,877,547 Many interesting facts as to tlie contracts between the Indians and the v/liites are disclosed by the census chapter on these purchases. For instance, for the 7,500 square miles in the Black Hawk purchase $655,000 was paid, but in addition there was contracted to be given annually for thirty years forty kegs of tobacco and forty bushels of salt. At the time of making the treaty the tribe was given, for the benefit more particularly of the women who had lost their husbands in the war, a present of thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of pork, sixty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of Indian corn. Without estimating the value of these latter products, the cost of the tract to the United States was about fourteen cents per acre. The Keokuk reserve was secured for $198,599,871/2, giving the United States 4,000 square miles of the Iowa Valley at a little less than eight cents per acre. The land immediately west of this tract was more expensive. The purchase Included 1,250,000 acres of land, and was secured for $377,000, or a little over thirty cents per acre. Of this sum $200,000 was to be held in trust, the Govern- ment agreeing to pay at least 5 per cent interest per annum upon the same. The remainder not required for debts or presents was to be expended to procure laborers to help in agricultural pursuits, break up and fence the land still in their possession to the westward, erect two grist mills and purchase a large amount of goods desired by the Indians HOW TO IMPROVE THE MIND. This is a question that springs spontaneously in the mind of every progres- sive l)oy and girl as well as man and woman. It is said that the mind is susceptible of a high state of improvement. The writer when a boy read a statement to this effect, and one of his teachers, an old gentleman, filled with sober thought, speaking on the subject said: "The mind could be improved to a very high degree, much higher than the muscular system," but he never read or heard how the mind could be improved, hence he was compelled to solve that problem for himself. He devoted considerable time and thought to the subject. He debated it over and over to himself; but inasmuch as there is nothing tangible about the mind he was unable to see how it could be improved. He understood how putty, wood or heated steel could be worked and shaped at pleasure; but those were tangible substances. It was different with the mind. It had neither form nor shape nor color nor substance that could be modeled, modified or iraproved. It was invisible, intangible and incomprehen- sible, and the profound conclusion which he arrived at was that the mind could not be improved; that it was inflexible and whatever way nature had gifted it, so it must be and remain. It was something beyond human power, control or conception. Up tc this time he had read but little of Shakespeare, Milton, Byron, Burns, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 Moore, or in fact any of the authors, and he did not conceive how the mind could be improved until he attained the period of manhood. It then dawned upon him that the mind might be improved by exercise, the same as the muscular syatem could be improved by exercise; that while the exercise for the muscular system consisted of physical labor, walking, sawing wood, etc., the exercise for the mind consisted of thinking, memorizing, fixing dates, etc., and bj' a proper application of thotight, conditions being equal, the mind can be improved more rapidly than the muscular system by physical exercise. And the best feature of it is, the mind can be exercised and improved without loss of time or neglect of btisiness. For instance, while a man or boy is plowing, hoeing, or at any other kind of work, instead of letting his mind run to frivolous, perhaps licentious thoughts, let him think over subjects which he had read or heard disctissed; or he can recall the names, features and wearing apparel of persons whom he met during the previous day, week or month, and recall the conversations had. if any. Then let him memorize select poems and prose. He will find this difficult at first, but perseverance will accomplish it. Let him write the article to be memorized and refer to it freqtiently until he has it fixed in his memory. After a little 'time he will observe how much, easier it is for him to memorize. Observe also how the words are used to express the idea. By all means memorize the Declaration of Independence and Patrick Henry's great speech delivered at the Virginia Con- vention, Mai'ch 23, 1775, closing with "Give me liberty or give me death!" Then let him fix in his mind the dates of the important events in our national his- tory as set forth in this volume. Then let him name the Presidents of the United States and when their respective terms of office expired. Then let him think over and fix in his memory the principal events and dates in the history of Iowa. He will find it difficult, at first, to fix dates in his memory, but let him keep on thinking and trying until he succeeds. What may seem almost impossible at first will, after a little practice, become easy. Ijet him also remember that he has a whole lifetime to work at improving his mind; that he muts keep constantly at work exercising his mind by thinking and acquiring knowledge as the day he discontinues he commences to go down. Memory is continually fading and unless the void caused by this loss is filled, by new acquiition of knowledge, we shall have lost ground. In order to keep our place in the social and intellectual world we must work continually. For while we are idly looking on the varied fate of our neighbors, we are sinking. It is like placing a man in a boat in the current of a river. In order to retain his place, relative to points on shore, he must work at the oars continually, because the current is contintially drawing him down. So it is with the mind, the fading of memory is continually going on land we must work, in order to keep from sinking. This continual work, however, should not discourage us, especially when we consider the reward which it brings. Moreover once we get our minds trained in the art of thinking, we derive the greatest pleasure from the exercise. Let us not indulge in the thought, so common among men, that great men are born not made, because this is a mistake. If George Washington spent his boyhood days and his youthful prime and vigorous manhood, in thinking of balls and parties and pleasure, perhaps wine and women, he would not tave died the father of his country, beloved by all; and if Abraham Lincoln, had depended on the limited scholastic opportunities afforded him, he would not 236 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. have be^n President of the United States and the world's greatest liberator. And so it is with all the self-made men, who have attained distinction among their fellcwmen, they acquired their knowledge and talent by reading and studying, by lamp light, and while at the plow or hoe or other manual labor mentally reviewing what they had read and originating thoughts and theories and plans. Thus acquiring knowledge and improving the mind by close study and thinking and the same road is open to every young man and woman in this republic. While ycu are memorizing poetry and prose and dates of events, don't overlook the beginning of the Gospel according to St. John, for it is the grandest production in our language — we might say in any language. In order that you may more fully understand and appreciate it, learn and study the facts and circumstances which prompted the great apostle to write it. Re- member also that this "life is but a narrow vale between the cold and barren peaks of two eternities," and' that its relation to eternity is but the merest dot in the firmameht. And what is Eternity? The schoolmaster might put it in this way: "Let us suppose the earth to be composed of fine sand, and once in a thousand years a single grain of that sand is annihilated and so the slow process goes on; a single grain of sand at the end of each thousand years disappears, until the whole mass is gone. Now suppose a man had an option to spend this vast period in misery and for- ever after in bliss or vice versa, which would the wise man select? It might seem that the vast period consumed in annihilating the sand was an eternity in itself, but vast and incomprehensible as it would be it bears no greater re- lation to eternity in fact, than the unit bears to the greatest number — "Eternity thou pleasing dreadful thought." Lcok therefore to the great hereafter though it is shut out from our limited vision by cold and barren peaks. "And look not alone to youthful prime. Or manhood's vigorous might; Man then is useful to his kine Supported is his right. But see him on the edge ot life. With cares and sorrows worn With age and pain O, ill matched pair Shows man was made to mourn." Work, study and persevere, and be sure you are' right and "brave nobly then, but conscious of your trust; "As ever warm and bold, be ever just, Nor court applause in these degenerate days, The villain's censure it extorted praise. But please be steady, in an noble end, and show Mankind that truth has yet a friend. 'Tis mean for sake of paltry wit to write, As foplins grin to show their teeth are white. To brand a doubtful folly with a Smile or madly blaze unknown defects is vile. 'Tis doubly vile when but to show your art, Ycu fix an arrow in a blameless heart." HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 237 Remember, however, that honesty — strict integrity, at all times and with all persons, is the only true road to permanent success. If, therefore, you have no higer motive than that of policy it is well to be honest for policy's sake. But let your integrity arise from a higher motive than that of policy. Let your aim be to "do to others as you would have others do to you," and ultimate success in your business will be assured. And in addition, you will enjoy the pleasing thought of having played your part toward your fellow man, by ren- dering full measure as promptly and as faithfully as you have exacted it. CHAPTER LII. WHAT CAUSED THE DEATH OF OUR PRESIDENTS. George Washington — His death was the result of a severe cold which brought on acute laryngitis. His death occurred on December 14, 1799. He was 68 years of age. In accord with the custom then prevailing the physicians in attendance held a consultation, which resulted in the decision that bleeding was the proper remedy. The quantity of blood to be drawn was fixed at one quart. The vein was opened, but as the blood did not run freely the arm was manipulated to get the required amount. This was too much for the great man and he exclaimed, "For od's sake let me die in peace." These were his last words. He was bled to death by physicians who would not injure a single hair of his head for worlds. John Adams — He died fro old age. He passed away without pain on July 4, 1826, aged 91 years. Thomas JeelTrson — Died at the age of 83, a few hours before Adams, on July 4, 1826. His disease was chronic diarrhoea. James Madison — He, too, died of old age, and peacefully, on June 28, 1836. He was 85. . James Monroe at the time of his death, which occurred in the 73rd year of his age, on July 4, 1831, it was assigned to no other cause than enfeebled health. John Quincy Adams — He was stricken with paralysis on February 21, 1848, while addressing the speaker of the House of Representatives, being at the time a member of Congress. He died in th rotunda of th Capitol. He was 81 years of age. Andrew Jackson — He died on June 8, 1845, 78 years old. He suffered from consumption and finally dropsy, which made its appearance six months before his death. Martin Van Buren — He died on July 24, 1862, from a violent attack of asthma. He was 80. Wiliam Henry Harrison — The result of a cold, caught on the day of his inauguration. His death occurred on April 4, 1841, a month after. He was 68 years of age. John Tyler — He died on January 17, 1862, at the age of 72. We have been unable to ascertain the cause of his death. James K. Polk — In the spring of 1849 he was stricken with a slight attack of cholera while on a boat going" up the Mississippi river. Though temporarily relieved, he had a relapse on his return and died on June 15, 1849, aged 54 years. 238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Zachary Taylor — The second President to die in office, is said to have par- taken immoderately of ice water and iced milk, and cherries. The result was an attack of cholera morbus. He was 66 years old. Millard Fillmore — He died from a stroke of paralysis on March 8, 1874, in his 74th year. Franklin Pierce — His death was due to abdominal dropsy, and occurred on October 8, 1869, in the 65th year of his life. James Buchanan — His death occurred on June 1, 1868, and was caused by rheumatic gout. He was 77 years of age. Abraham Lincoln — He was shot by J. Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater, Washington, D. C, on April 14, 1865, and died the following day, aged 56. Andrew Johnson — He died from a stroke of paralysis July 31, 1875, aged 67. U. S. Grant — He died of cancer of the tongue, at Mount McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. James A. Garfield — Was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881. Died September 18, 1881. Chester A. Arthur — Who succeeded Garfield, died suddenly of apoplexy in New York City, November 18, 1886. Rutherford B. Hayes — Died January 17, 1893, the result of a severe cold contracted in Clevland, Ohio. William McKinley — Was shot by Leon Czolgosz September 4; died Septem- ber 14, 1901. WEALTH OF OUR PRESIDENTS. Washington left an estate valued at over $800,000; John Adams died mod- erately well off, leaving about $75,000; Jefferson died so poor that if Congress had not purchased his library at $20,000, he would have been a pauper; Madi- son was frugal, and left about $150,000; Monroe died so poor that he was buried at the expense of his relatives; John Quincy Adams left about $55,000; Jack- son died worth about $80,000; Van Buren left some $400,000. It is said he did not drav/ his salary while in office, but at the expiration of his term of service drew the whole $100,000; Polk left an estate valued at $150,000; Taylor had saved something from his pay while in the army and died worth $150,000; Tyler married a lady of wealth; Fillmore was always frugal and added to his savings by marrying a lady of wealth, and was worth about $200,000; Pierce's estate was valued at $50,000; Buchanan left $200,000; Lincoln about $75,000; and Johnston $50,000; Grant was wealthy, but lost his fortune in the Grant & Ward failure; Hayes was always frugal and added to his fortune while President; Garfield was only moderately well off, as was also Harison, while Cleveland's fortune is larger than that of any cf his predecessors; William McKinley, moderate. CHAPTER LIII. THE FAMOUS CONNECTICUT BLUE LAWS. No Quaker or dissenter from the established worship of the dominion shall be allowed to give a vote for the election of magistrates or any officer. No food or lodging shall be afforded to a Quaker, adamite or other heretic. If any person turns Quaker, he shall be banished and not suffered to return, but upon pain of death. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 239 Xc priest shall abide in the dominion; he shall be banished and suffer death on his return. Priests may be seized by any one without a warrant. Xo man to cross a river but with an authorized ferryman. Xo man shall run on the Sabbath day or walk in his garden or elsewhere, except reverently to and from meeting. No one shall travel, cook victuals, make beds, sweep house, cut hair or shave, on the Sabbath day. Xo woman shall kiss her child on the Sabbath or fasting day. The Sabbath shall begin at sunset on Saturday. To pick an ear of corn growing on a neighbor's garden shall be deemed theft. A person accused of trespass in the night shall be judged guilty unless he clear himself by oath. When it appears that an accused has confederates, and he refuses to dis- cover them, he may be racked. Xo one shall buy or sell lands without permission of the selectmen. A drunkard shall have a guardian appointed by the selectmen, who are to debar him the liberty of buying and selling. Whoever publishes a lie to the prejudice of his neighbor shall sit in the stocks or be whipped fifteen stripes. Xo minister shall keep a school. Men stealers shall suffer death. Whoever wears cloths trimmed with gold, silver or bone lace, above two shillings a yard, shall be presented by the grand jurors and the selectmen shall tax the offender at 300 pounds estate. A debtor in prison, swearing he has no estate shall be let out and sold to make satisfaction. Whoever sets a fire in the woods, and it burns a house, shall suffer death; and persons suspected of this crime shall be imprisoned without benefit of bail. Whoever brings cards or dice into this dominion shall pay a fine of 5 pounds. No gospel minister shall join people in mariage; the magistrate only can join in marriage, as they do it with less scandal to Christ's church. No one shall read common prayer, keep Christmas or saint days, make minced pies, dance, play cards or any instrument of music, except the drum, trumpet and Jews-harp. When parents refuse their children convenient marriages, the magistrates shall determine the point. The selectmen, on finding children ignorant, may take them away from their parents and put them into better hands at the expense of their parents. A man that strikes his wife shall pay a fine of 10 pounds; a woman that strikes her husband shall be punished as the court directs. A wife shall be deemed good evidence against her husband. Married persons must live together or be imprisoned. Xo man shall court a maid, in person or by letter, without first ob- taining consent of her parents — 5 pounds penalty for the first offense; 10 lbs. for the second: and for the third, imprisonment during the pleasure of the court. Every male shall have his hair cut round according to a cap. 240 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. WATER LEVELS. Lake Itasca, the headwater of the Mississippi River, is 1,575 feet above the level of the sea. The height of various cities above the sea level are as follows: New York 23 feet Albany 130 feet New Orleans 10 feet St. Louis 450 feet Cincinnati 550 feet Chicago 591 feet Denver ". 5,267 feet Dubuque 644 feet St. Paul 820 feet Peoria 548 feet Fort Laramie 896 feet Fort Henton 2,663 feet Salt Lake 4,351 feet Virginia City 6,505 feet Omaha 968 feet The headwaters of the Missouri are 6,800 feet above the sea level. The headwaters of the Illinois are 596 feet abov th sa level. The Ohio, at Pittsburg, is 704 feet above the sea level. The average fall of the Mississippi River is 42-100 of a foot to the 'mile from St. Paul to the mouth of the Ohio, and 32-100 of a foot to the mile below the Ohio. At the Rock Island Rapids, the fall is 24 feet in 14 miles, and at the Des Moines Rapids, 23 feet in 12 miles. The average fall of the Missouri River, from Fort Union to its junction with the Missisippi, is 95-100 of a foot to the mile. The average for the Ohio is 43-100 of a foot to the mile, and of the Illinois about the same. TRIBUTES PAID TO WOMEN. Woman is the masterpiece. — Confucius. Women teach us repose, civility and dignity. — Voltaire. Shakespeare has no heroes, he has only heroines. — Ruskin. All that I am my mother made me'. — John Quincy Adams. If woman lost Eden, such as she alone can restore it. — Whittier. Woman is the most perfect when the most womanly. — Gladstone. Woman is last at the cross and earliest at the grave.— E. S. Barrett. A handsome woman is a jewel; a good woman is a treasure. — Sanidi. There is a woman at the beginning of all great things. — Damartine. The sweetest thing in life is the unclouded welcome of a wife. — N. P. Willis. Women are a new race, re-created since the world received Christianity. — Beecher. Heaven has nothing more tender than a woman's heart when it is the abode of pity. — Luther. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 241 For where is any author in the world who teaches such beauty as a wo- man's eyes? — Shakespeare. Woman is born for love, and it is impossible to turn lier from seeking it. — Margaret Fuller Ossoli. CHAPTER LIV. THE GREATEST BATTLES IN HISTORY. The Battle of Salmis, B. C. 480, between Xerxes of Persia and the allied Greeks. The Battle of Actium, B. C. 31, in which the combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavius, and imperiolism established in the per- son of Octavius. The Battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, in which the Persians, under Tarius, were defeated by the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. The Battle ofMarathon, B. C. 490, in which the Athenians, under Miltiades, defeated the Persians, under Datis. The Battle of Syracuse, B. C. 413, in which the Athenians were defeated by the Syracusans and their allies. The Battle of Metaurua, B. C. 207, in which the Carthagenians, under Has- drubal. were defeated by the Romans, under the Consuls, Caius, Claudius, Nero and Marcus Livius. The Battle of Philippi, B. C. 42, in which Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate of the republic was decided. The Battle of Blenheim, A. D. 1704, in which the Fi-ench and Bavarians, under Marshal Tallard, were defeated by the English and their allies, under Marlborough. The Battle of Chalous, A. D. 451, in which the Huns, under Attila, called the "Scourge of God," were defeated by the confederate armies of Romans and Vicigoths. Battle of Hastings, A. D. 1066, in which Harold, commanding the English army, was defeated by William the Conqueror of Normandy. The Battle of Luetzen, A. D. 1632, which decided the religious liberties of Germany. Gustavius Adolphus was killed. The Battle of Pultowa, A. D. 1709, in which Charles XII. of Sweden was defeated by the Russians, under Peter the reat. The Battle of Tours, A. D. 732, in which the Saracens were defeated by Charles Martel. Christendom was rescued from Islam. On the 21st of October, 1805, the Great Naval Battle of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the French and destroyed the hopes of Napo- leon as to a successful invasion of England. The Battle of Valmy, A. D. 1792, in which an i^ivading army of Prussians, Austrians and Hessians, under the command of the Duke of Brunswick, were defeated by the French, under Dumouriez. The Battle of Waterloo, A. D. 1815, in which the French, under Napoleon, were defeated by the allied armies of Russia, Austria, Prussia and England, under the Duke of Wellington. 242 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. RISE AND DECLINE OF CATHOLICITY IN THE UNITED STATES.— A STRANGE PHENOMENON. (From the Telegraph-Herald, May 20, 1904.) Something over a year ago the Very Reverend Dr. Slattery of Baltimore, Md., delivered a sermon, in which he stated that the Catholic Church in the United States was losing ground at an alarming rate, and in support of his statement he adduced the fololwing figures: Catholics in the United States in 1902 10,976,757 Catholics in the United States in 1890 8,301,367 Apparent increase in twelve years 2^675,390 Catholic immigration during the same period 2,705,184 Loss on the face of the figures ; 29,794 This is without taking into account the natural increase from births and conversions; also the Catholic immigration from Poland in Russia, Canada, England, Scotland and countries not enumerated below. The figures were taken from the Catholic Directory, which is an official organ of the church, and includes immigrants only from Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Poland, except Poland in Russia, Portugal, Spain and Ireland, and a moderate estimate for Germany. In a subsequent sermon the very reverend gentleman is reported to have stated that the loss to the Catholic Church in the United States during the last ten years was nearly 2,000,000. This was a great surprise to Catholics and caused considerable comment and discussion. It was affirmed by advocates of the parochial schools, that the very reverend gentleman had made a mistake in compiling the figures, as the thought of a church losing by establishing its ownschools and teaching its religion in them was a contradiction of common sense quite beyond the ordinary conception. And it seemed equally absurd to think that the church which had gained so rapidly during the first two genera- tion of the existence of our government should now be losing at sucii a mar- velously rapid rate. In a recent issue of the "Berlin Germania," which is said to be the most influential Catholic journal in Europe, an article appeared in which it was asserted that the Catholic Church in the United States was losing members at an enormous rate, and the expense of maintaining schools and churches in con- trast with the state established system of Europe was assigned as the chief cause. Inasmuch as this subject has become of more than ordinary interest, a representative of the Telegraph-Herald undertook an investigation of the facts, with the following result: . Prior to the adoption of our constitution great pre- judice existed against Catholics. Penal laws were enacted against them in nearly all the colonies. These penal laws were abrogated by the adoption of the constitution, and in 1790 the admission of Rhode Island and North Carolina put an end to anti-Catholic laws and secured to every citizen of the republic freedom of conscience and the right to worship the God of his choice at the altar of his election. Shea, the historian, estimates the total number of Catho- lics in the United States at that time at 30,000, and Cardinal Gibbons, in a re- cent article fixed the number at 32,000. In 1787 Rev. John Carroll, afterward HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 243 first Bishop of Baltimore, estimated the number to be 25,500. These figures indicate that the estimate of Cardinal Gibbons is high enough to cover all claims, hence we will adopt it. As the census for 1790 gave us a population of 3,926,214, it will be seen that the Catholics numbered less than 1 in 120. In 1795 the public schools were established by act of the Legislature of the State of New York. The other states fell in line very rapidly, and for two genera- tions we had practically no other school. In 1880 the Catholic population had reached about 8,000,000. This was an increase of 250 fold and the ratio was raised from 1 in 120 to about 1 in 6, while the general population increased less than 13 fold. In other words, during those ninety years the population of the nation increased from 3,926,214 to 50,155,783, or 1,277 per cent., while the Cath- olics increased during the same period, from 32,000 to 8,000,000, or 25000 per cent. That is taking into account the immigration. Deducting the immigra- tion we have an increase in the general population of 923 per cent., and in the Catholic population of 9,275 per cent. In 1902 we had a population of about 79,000,000, and the Catholic popula- tion was nearly 11,000,000, according to the Catholic Directory, but the Inde- pendent and the Christian Advocate, both of which are frequently quoted, make it more than 1,500,000 less. Taking the former as correct we have an increase of 3,000,000 in 22 years, while the general population increased 29,000,000. This is 58 per cent, for the general and 36 per cent, for the Catholic popula- tion and the ratio was changed from 1 in 6 to 1 in 7. This includes additions through immigration. If we deduct the immigrants the percentage of gain for the general population over that of 1880 is 38 per cent., while the loss to the Catholic population during the same period is 25 per cent, and the ratio re- duced to 1 in 13. In discussing this subject it is frequently alleged that the greater portion of the vast increase during the first two generations of the existence of our government was made by immigration, hence in order to give those interested an opportunity to figure for themselves, we subjoin a table of immigration and population, by decades. During the first thirty years no account was kept of immigrants. In fact up to 1820 our immigration was very light. It is esti- mated that it would average less than 7,000 per year. IMMIGRATION TABLE. TABLE OF POPULATION. From 1790 to 1820 (Estimated) 210,000 1790 3,926,214 From 1820 to 1830 151,824 1800 5,808,483 From 1830 to 1840 599,125 1810 7,239,881 From 1840 to 1850 1,713,257 1820 9,638,553 From 1850 to 1860 2,579,280 1830 12,866,020 From 1860 to 1870 2,278,659 1840 17,096,453 From 1870 to 1880 2,662,191 1850 23,191,876 From 1880 to 1890 5,246,613 1860 31,443,321 From 1890 to 1902—12 years. 4,753,522 1870 38,558,371 1880 50,155,783 Total 20,194,471 1890 62,622,250 1900 75,568,866 1902, about 79,000,000 From this table it will be seen that the immigration during the last 22 years was about the same as the immigration during the first 90 years. As- 244 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ^ . Sliming that half of the immigrants were Catholic, which we think is a very conservative estimate, the figures would stand thus: Catholic population in 1880 8,000,000 Catholic population in 1790 32,000 Catholic immigration 1790 to 1880 5,000,000 — 5,032,000 Net gain from births and conversions in 90 years 2,968,000 Catholic population in 1902 nearly 11,000,000 Catholic population in 1880 8,000,000 Catholic immigration 188 to 1902 5,000,000 13,000,000 Net loss in 22 years 2,000,000 After deducting immigration, as above stated there is a net loss to the Catholic Church of two millions, while the general population increased, after deducting ten millions of immigrants 19,000,000. This shows a gain of 38 per * cent for the general population and a loss to the Catholic Church, during the same period, of 25 per cent. Now, what is the cause of this great loss? Different reasons are ascribed by those acknowledging the fact. We urge that the fact be kept in mind that the question at issue between the friends of sectarian and non-sectarian schools is one of greatest moment and concei'ns the welfare not alone of the children of to-day but the men and women as well as the children of the future. The public schools are the greatest institution in the Republic and essen- tial to its maintenance. Although over a hundred years old they are still grow- ing in popularity. In them we find the rich man voluntarily working to per- petuate an institution for which he pays his money in the form of taxes, to educate the children of his poor neighbors. In them we find the Jew and the Gentile; the Catholic and the Protestant; the Mohammedan and the C6nfu- sionist, drinking from the same bright bowl of knowledge. In them we find bigotry disarmed and tolerance and forbearance encouraged. In them we find the youth of all races and peoples growing up as friends, trusting each other, not as enemies suspicious of one another. Let us be a homogeneous people and let the American children get their secular education in the public school and their religious training and education at home and in the churches and Sunday schools, where it should be taught, and where it was taught for the first two generations of the existence of our government. In 1867 Bishop Hennessy commenced preaching against the public schools. ' He was the first prelate in the United States to raise his voice against them. He was most radical in his denunciations and the enforcement of his rules. Catholics who sent their children to the public schools were deprived of the sacraments. His whole mind seemed to concentrate and center on the sub- ject. He handled it without gloves. He denounced them as the "Godless schools, breeders of infidelity, and hot beds of hell." For some time he en- countered a great deal of opposition from both clergy and laity, but he was eloquent, earnest, industrious and persevering, and gradually the whole Cath- olic hierarchy of the United States were brought into line, and in 1880 the Parochial school was generally established and the Catholic children have HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 245 since been se^egated and handicapped. Segregated because tliey have been withdrawn from the schools that represent the great body politic and handi- cappd because the schools provided for them were inferior from a secular point of view. And this is the reason why the Catholic Church in the United States is dwindling and decimating. As "the mills of the gods grind slowly," history has recorded but few precedents. Perhaps the most remarkable is that of the Israelites, which affords a co- gent criterion. In the year 1706 B. C. Jacob, with his friends and relatives, numbering in all sixty-six souls, moved to Egypt. Joseph, his wife and two sons, who were in Egypt, augmented the number to seventy. This constituted the Israelite or Jewish sect of that day. They remained in Egypt about 215 years, and although they were, during a considerable part of the time, re- duced to the most abject slavery they increased rapidly; so much so that Moses led about 3,000,000 souls through the Red Sea in the year 1491 B. C. The Jews were a healthy, vigorous race, the only people on earth who worship- ped the true and living God. They were governed by strict laws. They led pure, moral and abstemious lives; and yet they did not increase. At the time of the crucifixion, 1524 years after the crossing of the Red Sea we cannot count 3,000,000 Jews extant. About six hundred years after the crossing of the Red Sea Carthage was settled and about one hundred years later Rome was settled. Those nations grew to be very populous and powerful. They warred against each other for over 100 years during which many millions of their men per- ished. Yet Rome became the mistress of the world. But the Jew did not increase, and why did he not increase? Simply be- cause he segregated himself from the surrounding nations and peoples. True, he would trade and talk and walk with them; but he would not eat or drink or pray with them. No Jewish child was allowed to attend school with children of another race or sect. Although we have no record of it, still reasoning from the fact that human nature was the same 3,000 years ago as it is today, we may assume that a similar school question to that which is now being discussed in the United States was up among the Jews. There was a party that favored the open door policy and a party, led perhaps by the Pharisees, who favored the closed door. Unfortunately for the Jew, the latter prevailed and he shut him- self off socially and religiously from all outside his pale. And this is why the race dwindled. We believe that in the eternal constitution of things, it is or- dained that the society, sect or party separating itself from the body politic can not increase or even hold its own. Their seclusion preculdes proselyting while desertions counterbalance the normal increase from births. Every man of ordinary observation, who has passed the meridian of his life, must have observed instances in his own time. Where are the Quakers, the Puritans and others that might be recalled? And where are the Lutherans and Episco- •palians drifting to? How different it was with the early Christians. The year 312 opened with the darkest cloud on the horizon that ever settled on Chris- tianity. The tenth genral persecution, ordered by the Emperor Diocletian, and so vigorously seconded by his bloodthirsty and burtish colleagues, Maximian and Gallarious, was in full blast. The earth in Europe, Asia and Africa was saturated with Christian blood. It was the darkest hour ever witnessed by them. The persecution was so vicious, vigorous, brutal and bloody that it seemed impossible for Christianity to withstand it, and even the most hopeful felt that it was doomed to be swept from the face of the earth. But relief came 246 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. from a quarter whence it was least expected. An internal revolution occurred. Constantine laid claim to the throne, marched an army to Rome, took the city by assault and was proclaimed emperor. He was converted to the Christian, faith by a miracle and being ardent and enthusiastic, as most converts are, was willing to turn the tables and let the pagans feel the lash of bloody perse- cution, such as they had waged against the Christians for more than 250 years. But the few Christians who survived the sanguinary ordeal prominent among whom was St. Sylvester, who two years later was elected Pope, assembled around him, and they said no; that Christianity required no advantage. All it needed was equality. Give us equality — elevate us to an even plane, and truth will vindicate itself. Hence Constantine's decree issued from the City of Milan, in the year 312, simply elevated Catholicity to the dignity of pagan- ism. Nothing more. It is called the triumph of Christianity because all Rome was converted in a short time. Paganism disappeared like a morning dew. But supposing the Christians had adopted the closed door policy of the Jew, separating themselves socially and religiously from the pagan. What might have been the result? In proof of the evil results of separation and segregation of the children of our own time were wanting, it is supplied in abundance. A detailed state- ment of the evidences necessarily must be here foregone, but to the general proposition, that the public schools are most beneficial in their effects on the pupil, we think those unbiased in their judgment will give assent. We see in this city, where the first sermon against the public schools was preached thir- ty-seven years ago, evidence of the handicap children who have not attended public schools have suffered. Dubuque's system of public schools is inferior to none in the country. Politics and sectarianism has been kept out of them, and while the present Archbishop lends assent to attendance of Catholic children in the local high school — there is no Catholic high school — the attendance of Catholic children in the high school is today only about 15 per cent., while more than half the children of school age in Dubuque are Catholics, and but few of them receive the advantages of high school teaching or training. By reason of the Parochial school system the Catholic boy is not given a fair chance. It should be our most earnest endeavor to gird him for the strug- gle of later years. Deny him opportunity and who knows but that one day a walker among the graves shall say with Gray: "Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire; Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed. Or waked to ecstacy the living lyre. "Some village Hamden with undaunted breast, • The little tyrant of his fields withstood; Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest; Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. "But knowledge to their eyes here ample page, Rich with the spoils of time, did n'ed unroll; Chill peury repressed their noble rage. And froze the genial currents of the Soul." HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 247 If the general population had increased as rapidly as the Catholic popula- tion in the ninety pears preceding 1880, we would have had at that date 300 million instead of 50 million of people. And if it had decreased in the same proportion as has the Catholic population during the twenty-two years suc- ceeding 1880, we would have had less than 38 millions in 1902 instead of 79 millions. These figures will doubtless surprise and challenge the credulity of many. But mathematical confirmation is easily obtainable. To designate those periods as the periods marking the rise and decline of Catholicity in the United States, is to fittingly describe them. Surely the time has come for serious reflection on this subject, as well as decision and action. It might be well for some of the hierachy to reflect on the advice or injunction of the Great Leo XIII., where in his encyclical letter to the Archbishops and Bishops of the United States he says: "All intelligent men are agreed, and we ourselves have with pleasure intimated that America seems destined for greater things. Now, it is our wish that the Catholic Church should not only share in, but help to bring about this prospective greatness. We deem it right and proper that she should, by availing herself of the opportunities daily presented to her, keep equal step with the Republic in the march of improvements, at the same time striving to the utmost, by her virtue and institutions, to aid in the rapid growth of the state" How does the action of some very learned, honest and sincere prelates, in seeking to destroy the public school — the most cherished institution of the Republic, comport with this injunction. It is surely not "keeping equal step with the Republic in the march of improvement." Although we invited correspondence there was but one answer which was published in the Telegraph-Herald and was as follows: MORE ABOUT THE SCHOOLS. Editor Telegraph-Herald: In relation to the controversy in the Telegraph- Herald in regard to the Cleveland bond deal, and the decline of Catholicity in the United States 1 would say: Mi. Maher seems to think that there is no proof that Cleveland was in the conspiracy to favor the bankers. There is plenty of proof that he sent his secretary of the treasury, Carlisle, to Wall street to go into a conspiracy with the bankers to bring on the panic of 1893, for the purpose of getting the Sherman silver act repealed, and the panic of '93 was infinitely worse for the people than looting the treasury of several millions of dollars. In relation to the decline of Catholicity in the United States, if there is any decline, the heathenish public schools are more to blame for it than anything else, and their infidel education is telling on the other churches as well as the Catholic, and it is telling on the morality of the whole nation in general. We are getting to be a nation of educated rascals, of which there is lots of proof. Even the schools themselves suffer through the rascality of too many of the school offi'-ers. The only way to make this republic endure is by substituting tnoroughly Christian education for the present teaching of our infidel schools. This will mean the smashing of one of our idols, hut it will be done some day. ft will mean the doing away with our fetich of non-sectarian infidel schools and their tendency to teach paganism, which will lead to anarchy and ruin. ?.nd 248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the substitution for them of Christian schools, as education and infidelity, in a republic, tend to anarchv. JAMES C. WOLFE. Audubon, Iowa. The article which Mr. Wolfe undertakes to answer states: That the public schools were established in 1795, that they were practically the only schools in the country' during the tw^o succeeding generations, that during that period the Catholic church increased verj' rapidly; that the increase was 250 fold, while the general population increased less than 13 fold; that the ratio was raise from 1 in 120 to 1 in 6, that the percentage of increase was 25,000 per cent, while the gen- eral poplation increased but 1277 per cent. The article further states that Bishop Hennessy commenced to preoch against the public schools in 1867; that the parochial schools were generally established in 1880, and for the succeeding twenty-two years the increase in the general population, after deducting the im- migration, was 3^ per cent, and the loss to the Catholic church was 25 per cent; that if the general population, during the period in which the public schools were in control, had increased as rapidly as the Catholic population, we would have had in 1880, 300,000,000 instead of 50,000,000. And if it had de- creased in the same ratio as the Catholic population during the twenty-two years succeeding 1880, our population in 1902 would have been 38,000,000 instead of 79,000,000. And although these statements are authentic, being predicated on the reports of the census and immigration bureaus and the Catholic Dii'ec- tory, yet Mr. Wolfe, unsupported by proof, criterion or parallel, asserts that the decline in the Catholic church is due to the public schools; and that other churches have suffered also. We have not looked into the matter of other churches, but inasmuch as the Methodist church was organized in the United States but a fev/ years before the public schools and has grown to be nu- !iierically strong under the system, it would require more than an empty asser- tion to make us believe that any of the churches has lost by the schools. We admire our correspondent for his frankness. He has the courage of his convic- tions and the temerity to assert them. Such men are rare, and, however much we may differ from them, we must admire and respect them. This school ques- tion is one of great interest and importance to the people of this country. Yet how few there are who will speak above a whisper on the subject. The newspapers are still worse, for they seem to be afraid to discuss it in any tone. All, or nearly all, of them believe that the public schools are the finest institutions in the country, but they are afraid to say so, lest it might give offense to some person and cause the loss of a subscriber. This is shallow and unpatriotic, and we sincerely hope that the day will come when newspaper men will hold the piiblic interest in higher esteem than their own selfish ends; that their love of justice and country will be above rapacity. Then the school and other questions of public interest will be discussed freely and fearlessly. We hope Mr. Wolfe will give us his reason for believing that the public schools are to olame for the great loss sustained by the Catholic church since 1880, and also how he accounts for the rapid groth of the Methodist church since its organiza- tion in this country, which event was but a few years before the organization of the public schools, and how he accounts for the Catholic church increasing so rapidly when thei-e was no school but the public school, and decreasing so rapidly after the parochial school was established. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 249 CHAPTER LV. MR. BRYAN'S LECTURE ON "THE VALUE OF AN IDEAL" (Delivered at DuDiique, Iowa.) The Eminent Orator Points the Necessity of a Compass to Steer By in Life. From the Telegraph-Herald, April 28, 190.5. William Jennings Bryan, twice the Democratic candidate for the presidency and now more influential in its councils than any other man, appeared at Stout's Auditorium, Thursday evening, before an audience of great proportions. It was a representative audience, too, in that men of every position in life were present and they were, by the way eqiially enthusiastic in receiving the great orator. Mr. Bryan's appearance on the platform was the signal for an outbreak of applause and cheering that lasted long and was not checked until he was intro- duced. This ceremony was performed by Louis Murphy, editor of the Telegraph- Herald. As he retired, the name Bi-yan coming from his lips, the applause broke out again as the speaker of the evening advanced to the front of the stage. He then commenced to speak and was given the closest attention throughout. His address on the "Value of an Ideal," was as follows: "What is the value of an ideal? Have you ever attempted to estimate its worth? Have you ever tried to measure its value in dollars and cents? If you Avould know the pecuniary value of an ideal, go into the home of some man of grent wealth who has an only son; go into that home when the son has gone downward in a path of dissipation, until the father no longer hopes for his re- form, and then ask the father what an ideal would have been worth that would have made a man out of his son instead of a wreck. Hewill tell you that all the money that he has or could have, he would gladly give for an ideal of life that would turn his boy's steps upward instead of downward. "An ideal is above price. It means the difference between success and failure — the difference between a noble life and a disgraceful career, and it some- times means liie difference between life and death. Have yau noticed the increas- ing number of suicides? I speak not of those sad cases in which the reason de- throned leaves the hand no guide, but rather of those cases, increasing in number, where the person who takes his life, finds nothing worth living for. When I read of one of these cases I ask myself whether it is not caused by a false ideal of life. If one measures life by what others do for him he is apt to be disappoin- ted, for people are not likely to do as much for him as he expects. One of the most difficult things in life is to maintain the parity between one's opinion of his own merits and the opinion that others have for him. If, I repeat, a maa measures life oy what others do for him, he is apt to be disappionted, but if he measures life by its accumulations, these usually fall short of his expectations, but if he measures life by the contribution which he makes to the sum of human happiness, his only disappointment is in not finding time to do all that his heart prompts him to do. Whether he spends his time trying to absorb from the world, only to have the burden of life grow daily heavier, or spends his time in an effort to accomplish something of real value to the race, depends upon his ideal. A GOOD CLASS MOTTO. "The ideal must be far enough above us to keep us looking up toward it all 250 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the time, and it must be far enough in advance of us to keep us struggling toward It to the end of life. It is a very poor ideal that one ever fully realizes, and it Is a great misfortune for one to overtake his ideal, for when he does his progress stops. I was once made an honary member of a class and asked to suggest a class motto. I stiggested 'Evergreen,' and some of the class did not like it. They did not like to admit that they ever had been green, not to speak of always being green. But it is a good class motto because the period of greenness is the period of growth. When we cease to be green and are entirely ripe we are ready for decay. [ like to think of life as a continual progress towai'd higher and better things — as a continual unfolding. There is no better description of a really noble life than that given in Holy Writ where the wise man speaks of the just as like the shining light that shineth more and more unto the perfect day. HAD THREE AMBITIONS. "The ideal is permanent; it does not change. Therefore it is as important that the ideal shall be a worthy one. I speak as a teacher to parents, and teach- ers will endorse what I say, when I declare that one of the most important things in dealing with the young is to get the person to take hold of a high ideal. Give one food and he will hunger again; give him clothing and his clothing will wear out, but give him a high ideal and that ideal will be with him through every wak- ing hour, lifting him to a higher plane in life and giving him a broader concep- tion of his relations to his fellows. Plans may change; circumstances will change plans. Each one of us can testify to this. Even ambitions change, for circumstances will change ambitions. If you will pardon a reference to my own case, I have had three ambitions — two so far back that I can scarcely remember them, and one so recent that I can Hardly forget it. My first ambition was to be a Baptist preacher. When I was a smail boy if anybody asked me what I inten- ded to be, I always replied, 'A Baptist preacher;' but my father took me one eve- ning to see an immersion and upon reaching home I asked him if it would be necessary to go down into that pool of water in order to be a Baptist preacher. He replied that it would, and it is a' tradition in our family that I never after- wards would say that I was going to be a Baptist preacher. "My second ambition was to be a farmer and raise pumpkins, and there are douptless a great many people who are glad that I now have a chance to realize my second ambition without without having my agricultural pursuits interrupted by official cares. "My third ambition was to be a lawyer. When I was a barefoot boy I used to go to the court house and sitting upon the steps leading up to the bench upon which my father sat, I listened to the trial of cases and looked forward to the time when I would be practicing at the bar. That ambition guided me through my boyhood days and my college days. I studied law. was admitted to the bar, practiced for a while in Illinois and then located in Nebraska. In removing from Illinois to Nebraska I was influenced solely by professional reasons. I need not give you any further assurance that I did not move to Nebraska for political reasons than to say that at the time of my location in Lincoln, Nebraska was republican, the congressional district was republican, the city was republican, the ward was republican, and the voting precinct was republican — and to tell the truth i'bout it. there has not been as much change in that respect as there ought to have been considering the intelligence of the people among whom I have been living. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 251 ENTERED POLITICS BY ACCIDENT. "f entered politics by accident and remained there by design. I was nomin- ated for congress in 1890 because it was not thought possible for a democrat to be elected. I was young and new in the state. If it had been a democratic dis- tric tlae honor would have gone to some one older, of longer residence and more deserving. A republican paper said next morning after the convention that a confidence game had been played upon a young man from Illinois and that he had been offered as a sacrifice upon the party alter because he had not been in the state long enough to know the political complexion of the district. My location in Nebraska was due to my acquaintance with a man whom I learned to know in college and this acquaintance became more intimate because of a joke which I played upon him when Ave were students. ' Tracing it back step by step, I said one evening in Baltimore that I was elected to congress as a result of a joke that I played upon a friend in college. The gentleman who followed me said that was nothing, that he had known men to go to congress as a result of a joke played upon an entire community. THE SCIENCE OF GOVERNMENT. "My term in congress brought me into contact with the gi'eat political and economic problems now pending solution and I have never since that time been willing to withdraw myself from their study and discussion, and I offer no apology at this time for being interested in the science of government. It is a noble science, and one to which the citizen must give his attention. I have no patience v/ith those who feel that they are too good to take part in politics. When I find a person who thinks that he is too good to take part in politics, then I find one who is not quite good enough to deserve the blessings of a free govern- ment. Parents sometimes warn their sons to keep out of politics; mothers some- times urge their sons to avoid politics lest they become contaminated by it. This ought not to be. It used to be the boast of the Roman matron that she could rear strong and courageous sons for the battlefield. In this age when the victor- ies of peace are no less renowned than the victories of war, and in this country where every year brings a conflict, it ought to be the boast of American mothers that they can rear strong and courageous sons who can enter politics without contamination and purify politics rather than be corrupted by politics. "But while my plans and ambitions have changed by circumstances I trust that ray ideals of citizenship have not changed, and that I may be permitted to share with you an ideal that will place above the holding of any office, however great, the purpose to do what I can to make this country so good that to be a private citizen in the United States will be greater "than to be a king of any other nation. SERVICE THE MEASURE OF GREATNESS "The ideal dominates the life, determines the character and fixes a man's place among his fellows. I shall mention some instances, that have come under my own observation and as I speak of them I am sure you will recall instances within your knowledge where the ideal has in an open and obvious way con- trolled the life. I have known laboring men who, working for wages, have been able to support themselves, acquire a library and become acquainted with the philosophers, orators and historians of the world, and many of them have laid aside enough to gratify their ambition for a college course. What enables them HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to resist temptation and press forward to the consummation of a high pui-pose? It is their Ideal of life. As I have gone through the country I have found here and there young men — sometimes the sons of merchants, sometimes the sons of professional men — young men who have one characteristic in common, namely, that they have been preparing for service. They have learned that service is a measure of greatness, and though they have not always known just what line they were to follow they have been preparing themselves for sei-vice and they will be ready when the opportunity comes. "I know p, young man who came to this country when he was eighteen years of age; he came to study our institutions and learn of our form of government, and now he has returned with a determination to be helpful to his people. I watched him for five years, and I never knew a man who more patiently or per- severingly pursued a high ideal. You might have offered him all the money in the treasury to have become a citizen of the United States, but it would have been no temptation to him. He would have told you that he had a higher ideal than to stand guard over a chest of money. His desire was to be useful to his countiy, and T have no doubt that he will be. HULL HOUSE AND JANE ADAMS. "f was passing through Chicago some months ago and having a few hours to spare between trains, went to the Hull House, that splendid institution pre- sided over by Jane Adams. I was suprised to learn the magnitude of its work. I learned that more than five thousand names were enrolled upon the books of the association; that mothers left their babes there when they went to work, that little children received kindergarten instruction there that young women found a home there, and young men a place where they could meet and cammune free from the temptations of life. More than twenty young men and women give their entire time to the work of the association without compensation. Similar institutions will oe fotmd in nearly all of the larger cities and in many of the smaller ones, ;!nd in these institutions young men and women, many of them college graduates, give a part or all of their time to grattiitous work. Why? Because somehow or somewhere they have taken hold of an ideal of life that lifts them above the sordid selfishness that surrounds them and makes them find a delight in bringing life and light and hope into homes that are dark. The same can be said of the thousands who labor in the institutions of charity, mercy and benevolence. THE IDEAL OF TOLSTOI. \ "A few months ago it was my good fortune to spend a day in the country home of the peasant philosopher of Russia. You know something of the history of Tolstoi, how he was born in the ranks of the nobility and how with such a birth he enjoyed every possible social distinction. At an early age he became a Avriter of fiction and his books have given him a fixed place among the novelists of the century. 'He sounded all the depths and shoals of honor,' in so far as honor could be derived from society or from literattire, and yet at the age of forty-eight life seemed so vain and empty to him that he would fain have termin- ated his existance. They showed me a ring in the ceiling of his house from which he had planned to hang himself. And what deterred him? A change came to his ideals. He was born again, he became a new creature, and for more than twenty-eight years, clad in the garb of a peasant and living the simple life of a peasant, he has been preaching unto all the world a philosophy that rests HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 253 upon the doctrine 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart and thy neighbor as thyself.' There is scarcely a civilized community in all the world where the name of Tolstoi is not known and where his influence has not been felt. He has made such an impression upon the heart of Russia and the world that while some of his books are refused publication in Russia and denied importation from abroad, 'Vhiie the people are prohibited from circulating some of the things he writes, yet with a million men under arms the government does not dare lay its hands upon Tolstoi. ANOTHER CHANGE OF IDEAL. "Let me add another illustration of a complete change in the ideal. In college I became acquainted with a student fourteen years my senior, and I learned the story of his life. For some years he was a tramp, going from place to place withoiit fixed purpose or ambition. One night he went by accident into a place where a revival was in progress, and he was not only converted, but he decided to be a minister. I watched him as he worked his way through college, doing chores to earn his board and lodging, woi'king on Saturdays in a store, and during the summer months at anything he could find to do. I watched him as he worked his way through a theological seminary and then I watched him as he preached the gospil until he died, and I never knew a man more conse- crated to a high purpose. The change came in his life as in the twinkling of an eye. v'^ould anything be more marvelous? THE MYSTERY OF LIFE. "Some have rejected the Christian religion bec-ause they could not under- stand its mysteries and its miracles. I passed through a period of skepticism when I was in college, but I have seen outside of the Bible so many things more marvelous than anything recorded in Holy Writ that its mysteries no longer disturb me. Is it impossible that a multitude could have been fed with a few loaves and fishes? Every spring when the sun melts the ice and drives away the snow vegetation springs up and not a few thousand but hundreds of millions are fed with the products of the soil. And how many of those who eat are satisfied they understand the chemistry of the vegetable? I plant some kinds of seed myself in the spring-time — lettuce seed, melon seed, various kinds of seed. The earth grows warm beneath the rays of the sun; the seeds burst forth and send their little roots down into the ground and their tiny leaves up into the air. And drawing their sustenance from the same soil and the same atmos- phere, these vegetables finally mature and when I go to gather them I find that they differ in size, in shape, in flavor, in coloring, in everything. But I like them and eat them although I do not understand the mystery of their growth. Did you ever raise a radish? You put a small black seed into the black soil and in a little while you return to the garden and find the full grown radish. The top is green, the body white and almost transparent and the skin a delicate red or pink. What marvelous power reaches out and gathers from the ground the particles which give it form and size and flavor? Whose is the invincible brush that transfers to the root, growing in darkness, the hues of the summer sunset? If we were to refuse to eat anything until we could understand the mystery of its creation we would die of starvation — but mystery, it seems, never bothers us in the dining room, it is only in the church that it causes us to hesitate. "The mystery of life itself has never been revealed to us. Six thousand 254 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. yeai-s of human history, and yet who understands the mystery of his own being? I speak to you from this platform; we have our thoughts, we have our hopes, we have our fears, and yet we know that in a moment a change may came over an} one of us that will convert a living breathing human being into a mass of lifeless clay. We walk all the way beneith the shadow of death, and yet the splendid civilization which we see about us is the product of men and women who do not understand the mystery of their own lives." MATERIALISM. "1 have l)een reading recently on materialism and 1 have been interested in the attempt of the author to drive God out of the universe. He searches for Him with a microscope, and beca,use he can not find Him with a microscope he declares that He is too small to be seen; then he searches for Him with a teles- cope, and because he cannot see Him among the stars or beyond, he declares that there is no God — that matter and force alone are eternal, and that acting on matter has produced the clod, the grass that grows upon the clod, the beast that feeds upon the grass, the man, the climax of created things. I have tried to follow his reasoning and have made up my mind that it requires moi-e faith to a<;cept the scientific demonstrations of materialism than to accept any religion of which I have known. As I tried to follow his syllogisms I was reminded of the reasoning of a man who conceived the idea that a grasshopper heard through his legs. But he would not accept it without demonstration, so he took a grass- hopper, put it on a board and knocked on the board. The grasshopper jumped, and this he regarded as evidence that the sound traveled along the board till it reached the grasshopper's legs and then went through the legs to the center of life. But he was not willing to accept it upon affirmative proof alone; he in- sisted upon proving it negatively, so he pulled the legs off the grasshopper and put it on the board and rapped again. As the grasshopper did not .lump, he was convinced that it heard through its legs." "I say I was reminded of the grasshopper scientist when I read the argu- ment employed to prove that there is no God, no spiritual life. There is nothing in materialism to explain the change which takes place in a human heart when a man begins to hate the things he loved and to love the things he hated — nothing in materialism to explain the marvelous transformation that takes place In a human being who, before the change, would have sacrificed a world to his own advancement, but who after the change, would give his life for a principal and esteem it a privilige to sacrifice for his own convictions. Jn the journey from the cradle to the grave we encounter nothing so marvelous as the change in the ideals that works a revolution in the life itself." DIFFERENT IDEALS. "It makes a great deal oi difference to the individual what his ideal is, and it also makes a difference to those about him. If you have a man working for you, it makes a great deal of difference to you whether he is watching you all the time to see that you give him the best possible pay for his work or watching himself a little to see that he gives you the best possible work for his pay. And we are all working for somebody. Instead of working by the day and receiving our pay at night, or instead of working by the month, and receiving our pay at the end of the month, we may be in independent business and receiving a com- pensation fixed by competition, but if wc are not living a life of idleness we HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 255 must be working for somebody, and it makes a great deal of difference to society v.-hetl\er we are simply bent upon absorbing as much as possible from the world, or are ti-ying to give a dollar's worth of service for a dollar's worth of pay There ar«' some who regard it as a discreditable thing to engage in productive labor. There are places where they count with pride the number of generations between themselves and honest toil. If I can leave but one thought with the young men who honor me by their presence on this occasion, let it be this thought — that we must all have food and clothing and shelter, and must either earn these things or have them given to us, and any self-respecting young man ought to be ashimed to sponge upon the world for his living and not render unto the world valuable service in return." SELF-MADE MEN. "Sometimes you meet a man who boasts that he is 'self-made,' that he did it all himself, that he owes no man anything. Well, a little of the big-head may be excusable. 1 remember hearing my father say once that if a man had the big-head you could whittle it down but that if he had the litt.'e head there was no hope for him. It is necessary that a person should have confidence in his ability to do things, or he will not undertake them. But when I hear of a man boasting of his independence, I feel like cross-examining him. We owe a great deal to enviroment. I was going along by the side of the court house in Chicago one wintry day and saw some little boys gambling with their pennies in a warm corner of the building. A question arose in my mind, namely, why these little fellows were born and reared amid an environment that gave no higher ideals of life, while so many in Chicago and in the Country at large were born amid an environment that gave to them higher ideals and larger conceptions of life? The scene made an impression upon my memory, and when I hear a man boast- ing that he owes no one anything, I feel like asking him whether he has paid back the dept he owes to father and mother, teacher and patriarch. Whether he has paid back the dept he owes to the patriots who with blood and sacrifice purchased the liberties which we now enjoy. We have received so much from the generations past and from those about us that instead of boasting of what we have done we ought to learn humility and be content if at the end of life we can look ba','k over the years and be assured that we have given to the world a service equal in value to that which we have received. THE SPECUI..ATIVE SPIRIT. "There is abroad in the land a speculative spirit that is doing much harm. Instead of trying to earn a living, young men are bent on making a fortune. Not content with the slow accumulatios of honest toil they are seeking some short cut to riches, and are not always scrupulous about the means employed. The 'get-rich-quick' schemes that spring up and swindle the public until they are discovered and driven out, prey upon the speculative spirit and find all their victims among those who are trying to get something for nothing. If a lottery were permitted to open in this town and offered a thousand dollar prize, and sold chances at a dollar apiece, you would be surprised to find how many would send around to the back door and purchase a ticket. "What we need to-daj' is an ideal of life that will make people as anxious to render full service as they are to draw full pay — an ideal that will make them measure life by what they bestow upon their fellows, not by what they receive. 250 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. DOMESTIC IDEALS. Not only must the individual have an ideal, but must have ideals as groups oi' individuals and in every department of life. We have our domestic ideals. Whether a marriage is happy of not depends not so much upon the size of the house or the amount of the income, as upon the ideals with which the parties enter marriage If two people contract marriage like some people trade horses —each one trying to get the better of the bargain — -it is not certain that the mar- riage will be a happy one. In fact, the man who cheats in a horse trade has at least one advantage over the man who cheats in matrimony. The man who cheats in a horse trade may console himself with the thought that he will never see again the person whom he has cheated. Not so fortunate is the man who cheats in marriage. He not only sees daily the person whom he has cheated, but he is sometimes reminded of it- — and it is just as bad if the cheating is done by the other side. Americans sometimes have to blush when they read of the International marriages so much discussed in the papers. I speak not of those cases where love leaps across the ocean and blinds two hearts — there are such cases and they are worthy of a blessing. But I speak rather of those commer- cial transactions which are by courtesy called marriages, where some young woman in this country trades a fortune that she never earned to a broken down prince of another country for a title that he never earned, and they call it a fair exchange. I have sometimes thought that it might be worth while to establish papers in the centers of the world to tell the people of our real marriages, so that they would not misunderstand us. There is an American ideal of domestic life. When two persons, drawn together by the indissoluble ties of love, enter marriage each one contributing a full part and both ready to share life's struggles and trials as well as its victories and its joys — when these, mutually helpful and mutually forbearing, start out to build an American home it ought to be the fittest earthly type of heaven. BUSINESS IDEALS. "In the business it is necessary to have an ideal. It is as impossible to build a business without an ideal as it is to build a house without a plan. Some think that competition is so sharp now that it is impossible to be strictly honest in business; some think that it is necessary to recommend a thing, not as it is, hut as the customer wants it to be. There never was a time when it was more necessary than it is to-day that business should be built upon a founda- tion of absolute integrity. In the profession, also, an ideal is necessary- Take the medical profession for illustration. It is proper that the physician should collect money from his patients for he must live, while he helps others to live, but the physicians who have written their names high upon the scroll of fame have had a higher ideal than the making of money. They have had a passion for the study of their profession, they have searched diligently for the hidden causes of disease and the remedies therefor and they have found more delight in giving to the world some discovery of benefit to the race than they have found in all of the money that they have collected from their patients. "And the lawyer; has he ideals? Yes. I suppose the ideals of lawyers vary as much as the ideals in any other profession. I have known lawyers to boast of securing the acquittal of men whom they knew to be guilty; I have heard HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 257 them boast of iiaving secured for their clients what they knew their clients did uol deserve. I do not understand how a lawyer can so boast. He is an oflacer of the court, and as such he is sworn to assist in the administration of justice. ^¥hen he has helped his client to secure all that is justly due to him he has done his full dutj as a lawyer, and if he goes beyond that he goes at his own peril. Show me a lav/yer who has spent a lifetime trying to obliterate the line between right and wrong and I will show you a man whose character has grown weaker year by year, and whose advice is at last of no value to a client, because he will have lost the power to discriminate between right and wrong. Show me on the other hand a lawyer who has spent a lifetime in the search for truth, determined to follow where it leads, and I will show you a man whose character has grown stronger year by year and whose advice is of constantly increasing value because the power to discern the truth grows with the honest search for truth. "Then, too a lawyer's influence with the judge depends largely upon his reputation for honesty. Of course, a lawyer can fool a judge, a few times and lead him into a hole, but after a while the judge learns to know the lawyer, and then he can not follow the lawyer's argument because he is looking for a hole all the time, which he is trying to avoid. I need not remind you that nothing is so valuable to a jury lawyer as a reputation that will make the jurrors believe that he will not under any circumstances misstate a proposition of law or of evidence. And so I might take up each occupation, calling and profession, and show that the ideal controls the life, determines the character and establishes a )nan's place among his fellows. IDEALS IN POLITICS. "But let me speak of the ideals of a larger group. What of our political ideals? The party as well as the individual must have its ideals, and we are far enough from election to admit that there is room in all parties for the raising of the party ideal. How can a person most aid his party? Let us suppose that one is passionately devoted to his party and anxious to render it the maximum service: how can he render this service? By raising the ideal of his party. If a young man asks how he can become rich in a year, I know not what to answer him, but I can tell him that if he will locate in any commun- ity and for twenty-five years live an honest life, an industrious life, a useful life, he will make friends and fasten them to him with hooks of steel; he will make his impress upon the community and the chances are many to one that before the quarter of a centtiry has elasped his fellows will call upon him to act for them and to represent them in Important matters. "And so if you ask me how we can win an election this year, I do not know. If yovi ask me how we can insure a victory three years from now, I cannot tell, taut I do know that the party which has the highest ideals and that strives most earnestly "to realize its ideals will ultimately dominate this country and make its impress upon the history of the nation. As it is more important that the young man shall know how to build character and win a permanent success than that he shall become rich in a day, so it is more important that we shall know how to contribute to the permanent infltience of a party than it is that we be able to win a temporary victory or distribute the spoils of office after a success- ful campaign. "The country is suffering to-day from a demoralization of its ideals. Instead 258 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of measuring people by the manhood or womanhood they manifest we are too prone to measure them by the amount of money they possess, and this demoral- ization has naturally and necessarily extended to politics. Instead of asking 'Is it right?' we are tempted to ask, 'will it pay?' and 'Will it win?' As a result the public conscience is becoming scared and the public service debauched. We find corruption in elections and corruption in office. Men sell their votes, councilmen sell their influence, while state legislators and federal represen- tatives turn the government from its legitimate channels and make it a private asset in business. It is said that in some precincts in Delaware a majority of the voters have been paid for their votes. Governor Garvin of Rhode Island calls attention to the corruption in that state; there is corruption in Connec- licut, in New Jersey, and in Pennsylvania. I learned of an instance in New York where a farmer with a quarter-section of land demanded a dollar and a half for his vote, and I learned of another instance in West Virginia, where a man came in fourteen miles from the country the day before election to notify the committee that he would not vote the next day unless he received a dollar. In some places I found that democrats were imitating republican methods. They excused it by saying that they were fighting the devil with fire. This is no excuse. It is a poor policy to fight the devil with fire. He knows more about fire than you do and does not have to pay so much for fuel. I was assured that the democrats only bought votes when they found some democi-at who was being tempted more than he could bear, and that they only used money to fortify the virtue of the democrat for fear he might yield to temptation and become vicious. "How are we to stop this corruption? Not by going into the market and bidding against our opponents, but by placing against money something stronger than money. And what is stronger than money? A conscience is stronger than money. .A. conscience that will enable a man to stand by a stake and smile when the flames consume him is stronger than money, and we must appeal to the conscience — not to a democratic conscience or a republican conscience, but to an American conscience and to a Christian conscience, and place this awakened conscience against the onflowing tide of corruption in the United States. MUST HAVE PARTIES. "We must have parties in this country. Jefferson said that there were naturally two parties in every country — a democratic party and an aristocratic party (and he did not use the word 'democratis' in a partisan sence, for at that time the party which we now call democratic was called the republican party.) Jefferson said that a democratic party would naturally draw to itself those who do not believe in or trust the people. Jefferson was right. Go into any country in Europe, and you will find a party of some name that is trying to increase the participation to the people in the government, and you will also find a party of some name which is obstructing every step toward popular government. We have the same difference in this country, but the democratis spirit is broader here than any party. Wherever the question has been closely presented and on the one side there was an attempt to carry the government nearer to the people and on the other an effort to carry the government further from the people, popular government has always won. Let me illustrate. The Australian ballot is intended to protect the citizen in his right to vote, and thus give effect to the real wishes of the people, and when this reform was proposed it swept the country without regard to the party in power in the various states. Take the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 259 demand for the election of senators by the people, upon what does it rest? Upon the belief that the people have the right to and the capacity for self-government. The sentiment in favor of this reform lias grown until a resolution proposing a constitutional amendment has passed the lower house of congress four times — twice when the house was democratic and twice when it was republican. This reform is sure to come, because the people believe in self-government, and they will in time insist upon making the government conform to their belief. "The initiative and referendum involve the same principles. The initiative describes the process by which the people compel the submission of a question upon which they desire to vote, and the referendum describes the process by which they act upon a question submitted. In each new charter the power of the people is increased. Limitations are placed upon the legislative power and new questions are submitted to popular vote. It is now necessary almost every- where to submit to the people of a city the question of issuing bonds. The movement in favor of submitting franchises also is an irresistable one, and the time will come when it will be impossible for councilmen to sell franchises in return for money paid themselves. "Switzerland is probably the most democratic country in the world. There the initiative and referendum are employed by both the federal government and by the local sub-divisions, and the government is completely responsive to the will of the people. In order to formulate a party ideal, we must have a theory of government as a basis, and in this country the fundamental principle of government is that the people have a right to have what they want in legis- lation I made this statement in a lecture in Michigan and one of the audience took issue with me. He said that I ought to amend the statement and say that the people have a right to have what they want, provided they want what is right. I asked him who would decide the question of right. And he had to admit that at last the dicision lay with the people. Constitutions place limita- tions upon legislatures and upon the people themselves, but the constitutions are made by the people and can be changed by the people. The only escape from the rule of the majority is the rule of the minority, and if a majority make mistakes, would not a minority also? But mistakes made by a majority will be corrected when they are discovered, while mistakes made by a minority in power may not be corrected if the mistake is pecuniarily advantageous to those in power. The revolutions that have from time to time shaken the world have been caused largely by the refusal of the minority to correct mistakes beneficial to those who make the mistakes but injurious to the people at large. Bearing in mind the right of the people to deliberately fix the means by which they will express themselves, and their right to place limitations upon themselves, so that they can not act hastily or under sudden impulse, I repeat that the people have a right to have what they want in legislation. If they want a high tariff they have a right to it; if they want a low tariff, they have a right to it. They have a right to the gold standard if they want it; and the have a right to the double standard if they desire that; or, if they prefer, they can demonetize both gold and silver and substitute some other kind of money. If gold and silver furnish too much money, they can strike down one; if the remaining metal still furnishes too much, they can strike that down and substitute something scarcer. Ever since the discovery of radium, of which it is said there are but two pounds in the world, I have been fearful that an attempt would be made to make it the standard money or the country. But if the people decide to demonetize both 260 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gold and silver and substitute radium I will still insist that they have the right to do it. And if they decide to give Morgan one pound and Rockefeller the other, I shall still stand with the people and watch Rockefeller and Morgan while they use the money. "The people have a right to have trusts if they want them. They have a right to have one trust, a hundred trusts, or a thousand, and they also have a right to kill every private monopoly. NO EXCUSE FOR FRAUD. "If the people have a right to have what they want, then the duty of the party is plain. It is to present to the people a code of principles and policies to be acted upon by them. Who can defend the practice of deception upon the voters? Who can justify the winning of a victory by false pretense? Who can excuse a fraud upon the people? No one can defend a party ideal that does not require honesty in party contests. The policy of the party must be determined by the voters of the party, and he must have a low conception of political ethics who would seek by stealth to give to the minority of the party the authority that belongs to the majority. And so he must have a low conception of political ethics who would seek to secure for a minority of the people the authority that belongs to a majority. I want my party to write an honest platform, dealing candidly with the questions at issue; I want to nominate a ticket composed of men who conscientiously believe in the principles of the party as enunciated, and then I want the party to announce to the country. These are our princi- ples; these are our candidates. Elect them and they will carry out the princi- ples for which they stand; they will not under any circumstances betray the trust committed to their keeping. This is the ideal that the democratic party ought to have, and it is an ideal high enough for every party. "There is this difference between the ideal and other things of value, namely, that an ideal cannot be patented or copyrighted. We often, see things that we cannot hope to possess, but there is no ideal Jiowever high that cannot be ours if we desire it. The highest ideal of human life that this woi'ld has ever known was that furnished by the man of Gallilee. But he was an ideal within the comprehension of the fisherman of his day, and the Bible says of Him that the common people heard Him gladly. So with a high party ideal. It can be comprehended by all the members of the party, and it can be adopted by every party. If we can fight out political battles upon this plane, there is no humiliation about defeat. 1 have passed through two presidential campaigns, and many have rejoiced over my defeats, but if events prove that my defeats have been good for this country, I shall rejoice over them myself more than any opponent has rejoiced. And when I say this I am not unselfish, for it is better for me that my political opponents should bring good to my country than that I should by any mistake of mine bring evil. Senator Hill of Georgia once said: "'Who saves his country saves himself and all things saved do bless him; who lets his country die, lets all things die, dies himself ignobly and all things dying curse him' "This is my country. I want good government while I live; I want to leave a good government as a priceless legacy to my children, and if my political opponents can devise for my country, my children and myself a better govern- ment than I can devise, they are not my enemies, but my friends. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 261 NATION MUST HAVE AN IDEAL. "Not only must the party have an ideal, but the nation must also have its ideal, and it is the ideal of this nation that has made it known throughout the world. You will find in foreign lands who do not know our population or the number of acres under our flag. You will find people who do not know how many cattle we raise or how much corn or cotton we export, but you will not find people anyv/here who have not some conception of the nation's ideal. This ideal has been a light shining out unto all the world and its rays have illumined the shores of every land. We have boasted of this ideal in the past, and it must not be lowered now. We followed this ideal in dealing with Cuba. It was my good fortune to be in Cuba on the day when the foi'mal transfer took place, and I never was more proud of my nation in my life than I was on the 20th day of May, 1902, when this great republic rose superior to a great temptation, recog- nized the inalienable rights of Cuba and secured to them the fruits of a victory for which they had struggled and sacrificed for more than a generation. We hauled down the flag, it is true, and in its place they raised the flag of the Cuban republic, but when we lowered the flag we raised it higher than it ever was before, and when we brought it away we left it enshrined in the hearts of a grateful people. LET FLAG STAND FOR JUSTICE. "Is it the desire of any simply to make our flag feared? Let us rather make it loved by every human being. Instead of having people bow before it, let us have them turn their faces toward it and thank God that there is one flag that stands for human rights and for the doctrine of self-government everywhere. There are some who say that we must now have the largest navy in the world In order to terrorize other nations and make them respect us. But if we make our navy the largest in the world, other nations will increase their navies because we have increased ours, and then we will have to increase ours again, because they have increased theirs, and they will have to increase theirs again because we have increased ours — and their is no limit to this rivalry, but the limit of the power of the people to bear the burdens of taxation. There is a better, a safer and a less expensive plan. Instead of trying to make our navy the largest in the world, let us try to make our government the best government on earth. Instead of trying to make our flag float everywhere, let us make it stand for justice wherever it floats — for justice between man and man, for justice between nation and nation, and for humanity always. And then the people of the world will learn to know and to revere that flag, because it will be their protection as well as ours. And then if any king raises his hand against our flag the oppressed people of his own land will rise up and say to him, 'Hands off. That flag stands for our rights as well as the rights of the Ameri- can people.' It is possible to make our flag represent such an ideal. We shall not fulfill our great mission, we shall not live up to our highest duty unless we present to the world the highest ideals in individual life, in domestic life, in business life, in professional life, in political life — and the highest national ideal that the world has ever known." COMMODORE PERRY'S LANDING IN JAPAN. Story of Commodore Perry's Landing in Japan, over half centuary ago, and his success in securing a treaty with that isolated country, which opened it to trade with the United States and the world. This was the beginning of 262 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Japan's civilization: and as her recent war with Russia, places her in the fore- most rank ol civilized nations, the history leading up to the treaty, at this time will, no doubt, be interesting. The day appointed for the reception of a reply from Yedo, (Tuesday, July 12, 1S53) had now arrived. Accordingly, at about halt past nine o'clock in the morning, three boats were seen to approach the steamer Susquehanna from the shores of Uraga. These were different from the usual government craft, and seemed, unlike the others, to be built after an European model; the rowers sa( to their oars and moved them as our boatmen do, though somewhat awkwardly, instead of standing and sculling at the sides, in accordance with the usual Japanese practice. The construction of the boats was evidently very strong, and their models fair. Their masts, sails, and rigging were of the ordinary Japanese fashion. The crews were numerous, there being thirty in the largest boat, and thirteen in each of the others, and their swarthy frames were clothed in the usual uniform of loose blue dresses slashed with white stripes. Ihe boat in advance was distinguished, in addition to the government mark of a horizontal black stripe, across her broad sail, by the black and white flag, which indicated the presenceof some officers of distinction, and such in fact were now on board of her. As she approached nearer to the ship, the governor, Kayama Yezaiman, in his rich silken robes, was recognized, seated on mats spread in the centre of the deck of the vessel, and surrounded by his interpreters and suite. The advance boat now came alongside, leaving the other two floating at some distance from the Susquehanna. His highness, Kayama Yezaiman, with his two mterpreters, Hori Tatznoske, the principal, and Fatcisko Tokushumo, his second, were admitted at once on board, and, having been received with due formality, were ushered into the presence of Captains Buchanan and Adams, who were pre- pared to communicate with them. The Commodore had, previously to the arrival of the governor, written the following letter to the Emperor: — United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna^ Uraga, July 12, 1853. The Commander-in-chief of the United States naval forces in these seas, being invested with full powers to negotiate treaties, is desirous of conferring with one of the highest officers of the Empire of Japan, in view of making, arrangements for the presentation of the original of his letter of credence, a& also the original of a letter with which he is charged, addressed to his Imperial Majesty by the President of the United States. It is hoped that an early day will be appointed for the proposed interview. To his Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan. The govermor's first statement was to the effect that there had been a misap- prehension as to the delivery of the translations of the papers before the originals had been received. Although the Commodore was certain that there had been no such misunderstanding, nevertheless he, on the second interview in the course of the afternoon, consented, after much discussion, to deliver the translations and originals, as also a letter from himself to the Emperor, at the same time, provided the letter should appoint a suitable officer to receive them directly from the hands of the Commodore, who repeated that he would consent to present them to no other than a Japanese dignitary of the highest rank. The sovernor then said that a building would be erected on shore for the reception HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 26c of the Commodore and his suite, and that a high official personage, specially appointed by the Emperor, would be in attendance to rpceive the letters. He, however, added that no answer would be given in the bay of Yedo, but that it would be transmitted to Nagasaki, through the Dutch or Chinese superinten- dents. This being reported to the Commodore, he wrote the following memoran- dum and directed it to be translated into Dutch, and fully explained to the governor: — "The Commander-in-chief will not go to Nagasaki, and will receive no communication through the Dutch or Chinese. "He has a letter from the. President of the United States to deliver to the Emperor of Japan, or to his secretary of foreign affairs, and he will deliver the original to none other; if this friendly letter of the President to the Emperor is not received and duly replied to, he will consider his counti-y insulted, and will not hold himself accountable for the consequences. "He expects, a reply of some sort in a few days, and he will receive such reply nowhere but in this neighborhood." (Bay of Uraga.) "When this was communicated to the governor, he took his departure, probably to consult some higher authority, as doubtless there was more than one high officer of the court at Uraga, secretly directing the negotiations. The interview had lasted three hours, and it was fully one o'clock before the governor left the ship. All passed in the most quiet way without interruption to the usual courtesies of friendly negotiation. The shore showed every indication of tranpuillity, and no movement was observed on the part of the fortresses or the many government boats along the shore. The governor, in accordance with his promise on leaving in the morning, returned in the afternoon, accompanied, as usual, by his interpreters and suite. He came off, however, in one of the ordinary .Japanese boats, and not, as eaiiier in the day, in the vessel built after the European model. Captains Buchanan and Adams Mere in readiness to receive the party, and resumed the renewed conference witn tne same form and ceremony as before; the Commodore still pieserving his seclusion and communicating with the Japanese only through others. The conversation is here given as reported. CONVERSATION. Present Captains Bucnanan and Adams, Lieutenant Contee, Flag Lieutenant, and Yezaiman, governor of -Uraga, and interpreters. Yezaiman. As it will take a great deal of time to send up the copies of the letters first, and the originals afterwards, I promise that the originals and the copies be delivered together, when the high officer comes. The governor and the high officer will do their best to entertain the Admiral and give him a suitable reception. Capt. Buchanan. This is not the object of the Commodore: he wishes these communications to go because there is among them a letter to the Emperor from himself, which he desires to send to Yedo with the copies. The reply to the President's letter is not of so much consequence just now. We want a reply to the Commodore's letter which is in the package. Yesaiman. If you send the original letter, we will reply to it as soon as possible. We are here for the purpose of receiving the letter from the President to the Emperor, but now you speak of a letter from the Admiral to the Emperor. Capt. B. The letter from the Admiral is in the package containing the copies of the President's letter. It states he has in his possession the original 264 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. letter of the President, and is empowered by the President to deliver it in person to the Emperor, or to a high officer of equal rank with himself, appointed by the Emperor. Yezaiman. We are very sorry that you separate the two; it would be better to send the originals at once with the copies. Capt. B. That is impossible. The letter of the Admiral states that he has the original letter of the President, and is empowered to deliver it, either in person or to an officer of his own rank; when the emporer is aware of the fact that the Admiral has the letter, then he will appoint an officer of the same rank to receive the original, and the Admiral will return at some future day to receive the answer. Yezaiman. Can you not contrive to manage it in such a way that the original letter may be sent with the copies? Capt. B. It cannot be done. Yezaiman. When the ships first came, it was not mentioned that the copies must be sent first, and not the original letters; and now you mention it. Capt. B. During the first visit you made here, you were shown the original letters, and also the copies, and the same statement was then made by us as now. — (After a pause Captain B. resumed.) — Will the high officer who will come here be accredited by the Emperor to receive the letters from the Admiral? Yezaiman. He has the authorization of the Emperor. Capt. B. Will he have any proof to show that he is thus authorized? Yezaiman. Yes, he can prove it. Capt. B. One of the letters of the President, informing the Emperor of Japan that Commodore Perry is sent as a high officer appointed by himself and Commodore Perry will expect similar credentials on the part of the officer to speak with him. Yezaiman. He will receive the letter, but cannot enter into any negotia- tion^ Capt. B. What is the rank and official title of the officer who is appointed? — (While the interpreter is writing the title of the officer in question, in Chinese characters, Captains Buchanan and Adams retire to consult with the Commo dore.) Lieutenant Contee. When will the high officers be ready to receive the letter? Interpreter. To-morrow or the day after. Lieut. C. Where is the house? Interpreter. On the shore. Lieut. C. Can you point it out from here? Interpreter. It cannot be seen. Lieut. C. (repeating his last question.) Can yon point it out fromhere? Interpreter. It is on the other side of the hills; yon can see it from anotlier position. Lieut. C. What was the name of the officer who came on board on the day of our arrival? Interpreter. Nagazhima Saberoske. Captain Buchanan. Captain Adams and I have just had a conversation with Admiral.* He says that, since you appear to have wholly misunderstood the matter about the letter, if you can show proof that an officer of the proper rank is appointed to receive them, he will waive the matter in dispute, and deliver HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 265 the originals at the same time with the copies. But he requires strict evidence that the officer who shall meet him shall be of the necessary rank, and that he has been specially appointed for the purpose by the Emperor. Yezaiman. Nagasaki is the proper place to receive letters from foreign nations, and because Uraga is not an appropriate place, the officer will not be allowed to converse, but only to receive the letters. Capt. B. He is only desired to receive the letters. Will he come on board, or will the letters be delivered on shore? Yezaiman. He will come on board, but will receive them on shore. Capt. B. Before the letters are delivered, the credentials of the officer must be translated into Dutch, signed with the proper signatures, and sent on board to the Admiral. Yezaiman. He will be credited to receive the letter, but cannot speak. Yezaiman. He will have a document properly signed. (Captain Buchanan now directed Mr. Portman to write in Dutch the declara- tion he had made, and to give it to the interpreter. The following is in the English version: "There has been a great deal of misunderstanding about re- ceiving the original letter and the translated copies, whether to be received together or separately. The Admiral now is willing to meet a high officer of Yedo, holding rank in Japan corresponding to the rank of Admiral in the United States, This officer shall be accredited, namely, posses a writing properly signed by the Emperor, authorizing him to receive the said letters. Of this writing or letter of credence shall be made a copy, translated into Dutch, and the same copy be translated to the Admii'al before the interview takes place. "At this interview there shall be no discussion whatever; no more than an exchange of civilities and compliments. "The Admiral does not insist upon receiving an answer to the original letter of the President immediately, but will come back for that purpose after some months." Yesaiman. The high officer will not be allowed to speak on the matter; only to make and return compliments. Capt. B. That is all that is necessary. Yesaiman. The high officer will be here the day after to-morrow, to receive the letter on shore. Capt. B. At what hour? Yezaiman. At eight o'clock in the morning. As soon as we see the flag hoisted, we will come on board the ship. Capt. B. AVill the high officer bring the copy of the letter empowering him to act, properly certified. Yezaiman. He will bring it. Interpreter. The governor is very grateful for his kind reception on board. Capt. B. We are very glad to see him. Where is the place of reception? Interpreter. I can point out the place, but the house cannot be seen. Yezaiman. Will the Admiral await the Emperor's answer to the President's letter? Capt. B. No: the Admiral will not wait for it. Yezaiman. When will he come for a reply? Capt. B. He will return in a few months to receive the Emperor's reply. Yezaiman. I would desire a statement in writing to that effect. (There being no satisfactory answer to this, Yezaiman continued.) The high officer 266 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. who receives the letter or' the President will give a receipt for it, as an assurance that it has been received. Capt. B. Can yon not appoint a place nearer the ship? The distance is very lor the men to pull in a boat. The Admiral will be satisfied to meet the high officer in a tent, or in one of the forts nearer the ships. The interview will not be long. Interpreter. The house is not far off; it is less than a Japanese mile. Capt. B. Can you not arrange to have it nearer the ships? Interpreter. The governor says he will endeavor to arrange it. CaptB. Can you let us know to-morrow morning? Interpreter. Yes. The conference here ended. Kayama Yezaiman and his companion seemed to be in the highest good humor, and readily availed themselves of the pi'offered courtesies of the officers of the Susquehanna, which were accepted and responded to in a manner indi- cating the most polished good breeding. In receiving the hospitalities of their hosts, it may be remarked that they partook freely, and seemed to relish parti- cularly the whisky and brandy which formed part of the entertainment. The governor especially appeared to appreciate the foreign liquors, particularly when mixed with sugar, and smacked his lips with great gusto, as he drained his glass to its last sweetened dregs. His interpreters, in the growing freedom of convival enjoyment, made merry over his highness' bacchanalian proclivity, and, laughingly expressing their alarm, lest Yezaiman should take a drop too much remarked, "His face is already growing red." Though always perserving a certain gentlemanly aplomp and that self- cultivated manner which bespeaks high breeding, these Japanese dignitaries were disposed to be quite social, and shared freely and gayly in conversation. Nor did their knowledge and general information fall short of their elegance of manners and amiability of disposition. They were not only well-bred, but not ill-edticated, as they were proficent in Dutch, Chinese, and Japanese langua- ges, and not unacquainted with the general principles of science and of the facts of the geography of the world. When a terrestial globe was placed before them, and their attention was called to the delineation on it of the United States, they immediately placed their fingers on Washington and New York, as if perfectly familiar with the fact that one was the capital, and the other the commercial metropolis of our country. They also, with equal promptitude, pointed out England, France, Denmark, and other kingdoms of Europe. Their inquiries in reference to the United States showed them to be entirely ignorant of the facts connected with the material progress of our country; thus, when they asked if roads were not cut through mountains, they referring (as was supposed) to tunnels on our railroads. And this supposition was confirmed on the interpreter's asking, as they examined the ship's engine, whether it was not a similar machine, although smaller, which was used for traveling on the American roads. They also inquired whether the canal across the isthmus was yet finished, alluding'- to the Panama railroad which was then in process of construction. They knew, at any rate, that labor was being performed to connect the two oceans, and called it by the name souiothing they had seen, a canal. After refreshments t.nd conversation in the cabin, Yesaiman and his inter- preters were invited to inspect the ship, an offer which they accepted with HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 267 great politeness, and a-3 they came upon deck, notwithstanding thei'e were crowds of officers and men aiound who could scarce repress the manifestation ■of theircuriosity, the Japanese never for a moment lost their self-possession, hut showed the utmost composure and quiet dignity of manner. They evinced an intelligent interest in all the various arrangements of the vessel, observed the big gun and rightly styled it a "Paixhan," exhibited none of that surprise which would naturally be expected from those who were beholding for the firsi time the wonderful art and mechanism of a perfect steamship. TTie engine evidently was an object of great interest to them, but the interest showed that they were not entirely unacquainted with its principles. Much of this cool but not unobservant composure may Iiave been affected, in accor- , dance with a studied policy, but yet there can be no doubt that, however backv/ard the Japanese themselves may be in practical science, the best educated among them are tolerably well informed of its progress among more civilized or rather cultivated nations. On leaving the cabin, the Japanese dignitaries had left their swords behind, two of which are always worn by those of certain rank in the empire. This gave an opportunity for inspection, on the part of the curious, of these badges of authority, which seemed to be, in accordance with their purpose, more suited for show than service. The blades, however, were apparently of good steel and temper, and highly polished, although their shape as well as that of their hilts, without a guard, was awkwardly constructed for use. The mountings were of pure gold, and the scabbards of shark's skin, remarkably well manu- factured. The visit of the governor was prolonged into the evening; and it was seven o'clock before he took his departure, when he and his interpreters left tile ship with their usual courtesies, bowing at every step, and smiling in an amiable yet dignified manner. They were evidently favorably impressed with their reception and all they had seen. The studied politeness which marked their intercourse with out officers was evidently not assumed for the occasion, for it is so habitual with them that in their ordinary relations with each other they preserve the same stately courtesy ; and it was observed that no sooner had Yesaiman and his interpreters entered their boat alongside the Susquehanna than they commenced saluting each other as formally as if they had met for the ilrst time and were passing through ceremonials of a personal introdustion. While these scenes were in transaction on board, the boats of the squadron sent out by Commodore were kept busy all day sounding and observing, as on previous occasions. The next day was Wednesday (July 13,) and the visit of the governor was naturally expected at an early hour, in fulfilment of his promise. There was, however, no indication through the morning of his coming, and everything remained in a state of tranquil expectation. There seemed to be some little movement on the part of the authorities, as far as could be gathered from an observation of the rreighboring land. From the opposite shores numerous vessels, loaded with soldiers, crossed to the Uraga side, and a large junk with the usual government flag and insignia put into the harbor. The brisk trade of the bay was carried on as usual, and Japanese boats, both large and small, were moving up and down in constant circulation. The various towns and villages grouped about the bay were thus interchanging their elements of life, and, stimulated into commercial activity by the throb from the busy heart of 268 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the great city, poui-ed into Yedo their overflowing abundance. There were no less than sixty-seven junl?s counted as passing up the bay during the single day. The weather continued warm, with the theremoneter indicating as high a point as , although the Japanese seemed particularly anxious that the interview should take place at an early hour, assigned as a reason that the heat of the day might thus be avoided. The question was now asked as to how many officei's would accompany the Commodore on the occasion, to which they received the answer that he would be followed by a large retinue, since it was the custom of the United States, when an officer of high rank bears a communication from the President to the sovereign of another country, for him to go with such an attendance as will be respectful to the power to which he is sent. Accordingly, the governor was informed that all the officers who could be spared from the squadron would accompany the Commodore, as the greater number would imply the greater compliment. In the course of the conference the .Japanese dignitaries showed their great regard for ceremony by adverting to various mintite points of etiquette in i-eference to the approaching reception. They announced that all the Japanese officers would be clothed in full official costume, and not in the dresses worn on ordinary occasions. They seemed to be considerably troubled because they Avould not be able to seat their visitors, on the morrow, in the same kind of arm-chair as that then occupied by themselves in the cabin, and apologized for not having such. They were less anxious on the score of the wines and brandies, and begged that they might be excused for not offering the same as they had been regaled with, since the country did not possess them. They were told to dismiss their solicitude on these points; that, as the practice of hospitality, and manners and customs necessarily differed in different countries, it was not reasonable to expect to find American habits prevailing in Japan; and that the Commodore would be satisfied to be seated in the same manner as the dignitary appointed to meet him, while the other American officers would content themselves with such seats as were provided for their equals in rank among the Japanese. They then made some inquiries in regard to the minute details of the approaching ceremony, as to whether the Commodore would present the Presi- dent's letter directly from his own hand into that of the Japanese commis- sioner, whose name and title, by the way, were now announced as Toda-Idzu- no-Kami. First Counsellor of the Empire. It was asked whether the Commodore would immediately return to his ship after delivering the letter, and also when he would come back to Japan to receive an answer. The Chinese interpreter, Mr. Williams, showed them a map or plan of Yedo, which they said must have been drawn some seventy 270 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. years ago, as the capital had changed much since the plan was made, having greatly increased in size, and much improved. They, however, recognized on the plan various places, and pointed them out very readily, as if politely willing to gratify the natural curiosity of their company. Tlie whole conference had lasted about two hours and a half, and when the Japanese functionaries rose to depart it was already evening. They left the ship with the usual polite coui'tesies, bowing, as usual, at every step; and the chief interpreter Hori Tatznoske, who had evidently a great aptitude for the asquisition of foreign languages, mustered English enough to say very dis- tinctly as he departed, "Want to go home." The Commodore, in preparing for the coming event of the next morning, summoned his captains, from the several vessels of the squadron, on board the flag-ship. Orders were then given that the vessels should be removed, early in the morning, to an anchorage in line, covering the whole bay, in front of the place of reception, as the Commodore was resolved to be prepared against any possible treachery or duplicity on the part of the people with whom he had to deal, and ss the object of the Japanese in the selection of this place of meeting was not very apparent to his mind. It was also ordered that all the officers who could possibly leave the ships should appear in full uniform, and accom- pany the Commodore to the reception, in order that he might present as impos- ing a retinue as practicable. The surveying boats had been kept busy during the daj, completing their observations, and were allowed to proceed with their work without any molestation from the native authorities. The Japanese seemed no less busy in active preparation for the morning's ceremony than the American's. Various government vessels sailed down the bay, and a large fleet of small boats arrived on the Uraga shore from the op- posite coast, evidently preparatory to the approaching occasion. A constant sound of hammers, intermingled with the noisy voices of Japanese laborers, arising as was supposed from the quarter where the building was in progress, disturbed the quiet of the night and was prolonged into the morning watches. All was busy preparing for the coming day. Thursday (July 14) opened with a sun that was somewhat obscured at early dawn, but which soon came out brightly and dispelled the fogs and clouds which overhung the land and seemed to give an inauspicious aspect to the occasion. As the atmosphere cleared and the shores were disclosed to view, the steady labors of the Japanese during the night were revealed in the showy effect on the Uraga shore. Ornamental screens of cloth had been so arranged as to give a more distinct prominence, as well as the appearance of greater size to the bastions and forts: and two tents had been spread among the trees. The screens were stretched tightly in the usual way upon posts of wood, and each interval between the posts was thus distinctly marked, and had, in the distance, the appearance of panelling. Upon these seeming panels wei'e emblazoned the the imperial arms, alternating with the device of a scarlet flower bearing large heart-shaped leaves. Flags and streamers, upon which were various designs represented in gray colors, hung from the several angles of the screens, while behind them thronged crowds of soldiers, arrayed in a costume which had not been before observed, and which was supposed to belong to high occasions only. The main portion of the dress was a species of frock of a dark color, with short skirts, the waists oi which were gathered in with a sash, and which was with out sleeves, the arms of the wearers being bare. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 271 All on board the ships were alert from the earliest hour, making the nec- essary preparations. Steam was got up and the anchors were weighed that the ships might be moved to a position where their guns could command the place of reception. The sailing vessels, however, because of a calm, were unable to get into position. The officers, ceamen, and marines who were to accompany the Commodore were selected, and as large a number of them mustered as could possible be spared from the whole squadron. All, of course, were eager to bear a part in the ceremonies of the day, but all could not possibly go as a sufficient must be left to do ship's duty. Many of the officers and men were selected by lot, and when the full complement, which amounted to nearly three hundred, was filled np, each one busied himself in getting his person ready for the occa- sion. The officers, as had been ordered, were in full official dress, while the sailors and marines were in their naval and military uniforms of blue and white. Before eight hells in the morning watch had struck, the Susquehanna and Mississippi moved slowely down the bay. Simultaneously with this movement of our ships, six Japanese boats were observed to sail in the same direction, but more within the land. The government striped flag distinguished two of them, showing the presence of some high officials, while the others carried red banners, and were supposed to have on board a retinue of guard soldiers. On doubling the headland, which separated the former anchorage from the bay below, the preparations of the Japanese on the shore came suddenly into view. The land bordering the head of the bay was gay with a long stretch of painted screens of cloth, upon which was emblaboned the arms of the Emperor. Nine tall standards stood in the centre of an immense number of banners of divers lively colors, which were arranged on either side, until the whole formed a crescent of variously tinted flags, which fluttered brightly in the rays of the morning sun. From the tall standards were suspended broad pennons of rich scarlet which swept the ground with their flowing length. On the beach in front of this display were ranged regiments of soldiers, who stood in fixed order, evidently arrayed to give an appearance of martial force, that the Americans might be duly impressed with the military power of the Japanese. As the beholder faced the bay, he saw on the left of the village of Gori- Hama a straggling group of peak-roofed houses, built between the beach and the base of the high ground which ran in green acclivities behind and ascended from height to height to the distant mountains. A luxuriant valley or gorge, walled in with richly wooded hills, opened at the head of the bay, and breaking the uniformity of the curve of the shore, gave a beautiful variety to the land- scape. On the right some hundred Japanese boats, or more, were arranged in parallel lines along the margin of the shore, with a red flag flying at the stern of each. The whole effect, though not startling, was novel and cheerful, and everything combined to give a pleasing aspect to the picture. The day was bright, with a clear sunlight which seemed to give fresh vitality alike to the verdant hillsides and the gay banners and the glittering soldiery. Back from the beach, opposite the centre of the curved shore of the bay, the building, just constructed for the reception, rose in three pyramidal-shaped roofs, high above the surrounding houses. It was covered in front by striped cloth, which was extended in screens to either side. It had a new, fresh look, indicative of its recent erection, and with its peaked summits was not unlike, in the distance, a group of very large ricks of grain. 272 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Two boats approached as the steamers neared the opening of the bay, and when the anchors were dropped they came alongside the Susquehanna. Kayama Yezaiman, with his two interpreters, came on board, followed immeadiately by Nagazima Saboroske and an officer in attendance, who had come in the second boat. They were duly received at the gangway and conducted to seats on the quarter deck. All were dressed in full official costume, somewhat different from their ordinary garments. Their gowns, though of the usual shape, were much more elaborately adorned. The material was of very rich brocade of gay colors, turned up with yellow velvet, and the whole dress was highly embroi- dered with gold lace in various figures, among which was conspicuously dis- played on the back, sleeves, and breast the arms of the wearer. Saboroske, the snb-governor of Uraga, wore a pair of very broad but very short trousers, which, Avhen his legs (which was not often the case) stood still and togetlier, looked very much like a slit petticoat, while below his nether limbs were partly naked and partly covered by black woolen socks. Saboroske, in spite of his elaborate toilette and his finery, all bedizened with gold thread, glossy silk, and gay colors, did not produce a very impressive effect, but by his comical appearance provoked mirth rather than admiration. He had, in fact, very much the appear- ance of an unusually brilliant knave of trumps. A signal was now hoisted from the Susquehanna as a summons for the boats from the other ships, and in their coursie of half an hour they had all pulled alongside with their various officers, sailoi's, and marines, detailed for the day's ceremonies. The launches and cutters numbered no less tlian fifteen, and presented puite an imposing array; and with all on board them, in proper uniform, a picturesque effect was not wanting. Captain Buchanan, having taken his place in his barge, led the way, flanked on either side by two Japanese boats containing the governor and vice-governor of Uraga with their respective suites; and these dignitaries acted as masters of ceremony and pointed out the course to the American flotilla,. The rest of the ships' boats followed after in order, with the cutters containing the two bands of the steamers, who enlivened the occasion with their cheerful music. The boats skimmed briskly over the smooth waters; for such was the skill and consequent rapidity of tlie Japanese scullers that our sturdy oarsmen were put to the mettle to keep up with their guides. When the boats had reached half-way to the shore, the thirteen guns of the Susquehanna began to boom away and re-echo among the hills. This announced the departure of the Com- modore, who, stepping into his barge, was rowed off to the land. The guides in the Japanese boats pointed to the landing place toward the centre of the curved shore, where a temporary wharf had been built out from the beach by means of bags of sand and straw. The advance boat soon touched the spot, and Captain Buchanan, who commanded the party, sprang ashore, being the first of the Americans who landed in the Kingdom of Japan. He was immediately followed by Major Zeilin, of the marines. The rest of the boats now pulled in and disembarked their respective loads. The marines (one hun- dred) marched up the warf and formed into line on either side, facing the sea; then came the hundred sailors, who were also ranged in rank and file as they advanced, while the two bands brought up the rear. The whole number of Americans, including sailors, marines, musicians, and officers, amounted to nearly three hundred ; no very formidable array, but still quite enough for a peaceful occasion, and composed of very vigorous, able-bodied men, who con- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 273 trasted strongly with the smaller and more effeminate-looking Japanese. These latter had mustered in great force, the amount of which the governor of Uraga stated to be five thousand; but, seemingly, they far outnumbered that. Their line extended around the whole circuit of the beach, from the further extremity of the village to the abrupt acclivity of the hill which bounded the bay on the northern side; while an immense number of the soldiers thronged in, behind and under cover of the cloth screens which stretched along rear. The loose order oi this .Japanese army did not betoken any great degree of discipline. Tlie soldiers were tolerably well armed and equipped. Their Uniforms were very much like the ordinary Japanese dress. Their arms were swords, spears, and match-locks. Those in front were all infantry, archers and lancers; but large bodies of cavalry were seen behind, somewhat in the distance, as if held in reserve. The horses of these seemed of a fine breed, hardy, of good bottom, and brick in action; and these troopers, with their rich caparisons, presented at least a showy cavalcade. Along the base of the rising ground which ascended behind the village, and entirely in the rear of the soldiers, was a large number of the inhabitants, among whom there was quite an assemblage of women, who gazed with intense curosity, through the openings in the line of the military, jipon the stranger visitors from another hemisphere. On the arrival of the Commodore his suite of officers formed a double line along the landing place, and, as he passed up between, they fell into order be- hind them. The procession was then formed and took up its march toward the house of reception, the route to which was pointed out by Kayama Yezaiman and his interpreter, who preceeded the party. The marines led the way, and, the soldiers followed, the Commodore was duly escorted up the beach. The United States flag and the broad pennant were borne by two athletic seamen, who had been selected from the crews of the squadron on account of ^ their stalwart proportions. Two boys, dressed for the ceremony, preceded the Com- modore, bearing in an envelope of scarlet cloth the boxes which contained his credentials and the President's letter. These documents, of folio size, were beautifully written on vellum, and not folded, but bound in blue silk velvet. Each seal, attached by cords of interwoven gold and silk with pendant gold tassels, was encased in a circular box six inches in diameter and three in depth, wrought of pure gold. Each of the documents, together with its seal, was placed in a box of rosewood about a foot long, with lock, hinges, and mountings, all of gold. On enther side of the Commodore marched a tall, well-formed negro, who, armed to the teeth, acted as his personal guard. These blacks, selected for the occasion, were two of the best-looking fellows of their color that the squadron could furnish. All this, of course, was but for effect. The procession was obliged to make a somewhat circular movement to reach the entrance of the house of reception. This gave a good opportunity for the display of the escort. The building, which was but a short distance from the landing, was soon reached. In front of the entrance were two small brass canon, which were old and apparently of European manufacture; on either side were grouped a rather straggling company of Japanese guards, whose costume was different from that of the other soldiers. Those on the right were dressed in tunics, gathered in at the waist with broad sashes, and in full trousers of a gray color, the capacious width of which was drawn in at the knees, while their heads were bound with a white cloth in the form of a turban. They were armed with muskets upon which bayonets and flint-locks were observed. The guards ^^^ VMOI dO a>LVXS HHX ^O AHOXSIH on the left were dressed in a rather dingy, brown-colored uniform turned up with yellow, and carried old-fashioned match-locks. The Commodore, having been escorted to the door of the house of reception, entered with his suite. The building showed marks of hasty erection, and the timbers and boards of pine wood were numbered, as if they had been fashioned previously and brought to the spot all ready to put together. The first portion of the structure entered was a kind of tent, principally constructed of painted canvass, upon which in various places the imperial arms was painted. Its area enclosed a space of nearly forty feet square. Beyond this entrance hall was an inner apartment to which a carpeted path led. The floor of the outer room was generally covered with white cloth, but through its centre passed a slip of red-colored carpet, which showed the direction to the interior chamber. This latter was entirely carpeted with red cloth, and was the state apartment of the building where the reception was to take place. Its floor was somewhat raised, like a dais, above the general level, and handsomely adorned for the occasion. Violet-colored hangings of silk and fine cotton, with the imperial coat-of-arms embroidered in white, hung from the walls which enclosed the inner room, on three sides, while the front was left open to the antechamber or outer room. As the Commodore and his suite ascended to the reception room, the two dignitaries who were seated on the left arose and bowed, and the Commodore and suite were conducted to the arm-chairs which had been provided for them on the right. The interpreters announced the names and titles of the high Japanese functionaries as Toda-Idzu-no-kami, Toda, prince of Idzu, and Ido- Iwamilnolkami, Ido, prince of Iwami. They were both men of advanced years, the former apparently about fifty, and the latter some ten of fifteen years older. Prince Toda was the better-looking man of the two, and the intellectual expres- sion of his large forehead and amiable look of his regular features contrasted very favorably with the more wrinkled and contracted and less intelligent face of his associate, the prince of Iwami. They were both very richly dressed, their garments being heavily silk brocade interwoven with elaborately wrought figures in gold and silver. From the beginning, the two princes had assumed an air of statuesque formality which they presei-ved during the whole interview, as they never spoke a word, and rose from their seats only at the entrance and exit of the Commodore, when they made a grave and formal bow. Yezaiman and his inter- preters acted as masters of ceremony during the occasion. On entering, they took their positions at the upper end of the room, kneeling down beside a large lacquered box of scarlet, supported by feet, guilt or of brass. For some time after the Commodore and his suite had taken their seats there was a pause of some minutes, not a word being uttered on either side. Tatznoske, the principal interpreter, was the first to break the silence, which he did by asking Mr. Portman, the Dutch interpreter, whether the letters were ready for delivery, and stating that the Prince Toda was prepared to receive them; and that the scarlet box at the upper end of the room was prepared as the receptacle for them. The Commodore, upon this being communicated to him, beckoned to the boys who stood in the lower hall to advance, when they immediately obeyed his summons and came forward, bearing the handsome boxes which contained the President's letter and other documents. The two stalwart negroes followed immediately in the rear of the boys, and, marching up to the scarlet receptacle, received the boxes from the hands of the bearers. ' HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 275 opened them, took out the letters, and, displaying the writing and seals, laid them upon the lid of the Japanese box— all in perfect silence. The President's letter, the Commodore,s letter of credence, and two communications fi'om the Commodore to theBmperor are here given. A third letter from him has already been presented on a previous page. All these, however, accompanied the letter from the President and were dlivered at the same time with it. Millard Fillmore, President of the United States of America, to his Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Japan. Great and Good Friend: I send you this public letter by Commodore Matthem C. Perry, an officer of the highest rank in the navy of the United States, and commander of the squadron now visiting your imperial majesty's dominions. I have directed Commodoi'e Perry to assure your inperial majesty that I entertain the kindest feelings toward your majesty's person and government^ and that I have no other object in sending him to Japan but to propose to your imperial majesty that the United States and Japan should live in friendship and have commercial intercourse with each other. The Constitution and laws of the United States forbid all interference with the religious or political concerns of other nations. I have particularly charged Commodore Perry to abstain from every act which could possibly disturb the tranquillity of your imperial majesty's dominions. The United States of America reach from ocean to ocean, and our Territory of Oregon and State of California lie directly opposite to the dominions of your imperial majesty. Our steamships can go from California to Japan in eighteen days. Our great State of California produces about sixty millions of dollars in gold every year, besides silver, quicksilver, precious stones, and many other valuable articles. Japan is also a rich and fertile country, and produces many very valuable articles. Your imperial majesty's subjects are skilled in many of the arts. I am desirous that our two countries should trade with each other, for the benefit both of Japan and the United States. We know that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's government do not allow of foreign trade, except with the Chinese and the Dwtch; but, as the state of the world changes and new governments are formed, it seems to be wise, froni time to time, to make new laws. There was a time when the ancient laws of your imperial majesty's government were first made. About the same time America, which is sometimes called the New World, was first discovered and settled by the Europeans. For a long time there were but a few people, and they were poor. They have now become quite numerous; their commerce is very extensive: and they think that if your imperial majesty were so far to change the ancient laws as to allow a free trade between the two countries it would be extremely benificial to both. If your imperial majesty is not satisfied that it would be safe altogether to abrogate the ancient laws which forbid foreign trade, they might be suspen- ded for five or ten years, so as to try the experiment. If it does not prove as beneficial as was hoped, the ancient laws can be restored. The United States often limit their treaties with foreign States to a few years, and then renew them or not, as they please. I have directed Commodore Perry to mention another thing to your imperial majesiy. Many of our ships pass every year from California to China; and 276 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. great iiurnlDers of our people pursue the whale fishery near the shores of Japan. It sometimes happens, in stormy weather,, that one of our ships is wrecked on your imperial majesty's shores. In all such cases we ask, and expect our un- fortunate people should he treated with kindness, and that their pi'operty should be protected till we can send a vessel and bring them away. We are very much in eavnesr, in this. Commodore Perry is also directed by me to represent to your imperial majesty tliat we understand there is a great abundance of coal and provisions in the Empire of Japan. Our steamships, in crossing the gi'eat ocean, burn a great deal of coal, and it is not convenient to bring it all the way from America. We wish that our steamships and other vessels should be allowed to stop in Japan and supply themselves with coal, provisions, and water. They will pay for them in money, or anything else your imperial majesty's subjects may prefer; and we request your imperial majesty to appoint a convenient port, in the soutliern part of the Empire, where our vessels may stop for this purpose. We are very desirous of this. These are the only objects for which I have sent Commodore Perry, with a powerful squadron, to pay a visit to your imperial majesty's renowned city of Yedo: friendship, commerce, a supply of coal and provisions, and protection for our shipwrecked people. We have directed Commodore Perry to beg your imperial majesty's accep- tance of a few presents. They are of no great value in themselves; but some of them may serve as specimens of the articles manufactured in the United States, and they are intended as tokens of our sincere and respectful friendship. May the Almighty have your imperial majesty in His great and holy keeping! In witness wherof, 1 have caused the great seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed, and have subscribed the same with my name, at the City of Washington, in America, the seat of my government, on the thirteenth day of the month of November, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. (Seal attached.) Your good friend, MILLARD FILLMORE. By the President: EDWARD EVERETT, Secretary of State. Commodore Perry to the Emperor. United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna, Off the Coast of Japan, July, 7, 1853. The undersigned, commander-in-chief of all the navel forces if the United States of America stationed in the East India, China, and Japan seas, has been sent by his government to this country, on a friendly mission, with ample powers to negotiate with the government of Japan touching certain matters which have been fully set forth in the letter of the President of the United States, copies of which, together with copies of the letter of credence of the undersigned, in the English, Dutch, and Chinese languages, are herewith trans- mitted. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 277 The original of tlie President's letter, and of the letter of credence, pre- pared in a manner suited to the exalted station of your imperial majesty, will be presented by the undersigned in person, when it may please your majesty to appoint a day~^for his reception. The undersigned has been commanded to state that the President entertains the most friendly feelings toward Japan, but has been surprised and grieved to learn that when any of the people of the United States go, of their own accord, or are thrown by the perils of the sea, within the domain of your im- perial majesty, they are treated as if they were your worst enemies. The undersigned refers to the cases of the American ships Morrison, Lagoda, and Lawrence. With the Americans, as indeed with all Christian people, it is considered a saci'ed duty to receive with kindness, anji to succor and protect all, of what- ever nation, who may be cast upon their shores, and such has been the course of the Americans with respect to all Japanese stibjects who have fallen under their protection. The government of the United States desires to obtain from that of Japan some positive assurance that persons who may hereafter be shipwrecked on the coast of Japan, or driven by stress of weather into her ports, shall be treated with humanity. The tindersigned is commanded to explain to the Japanese that the United States are connected with no government in Europe, and that their laws do not interfere with the religion of their citizens, much less with that of other nations. That they inhabit a great country which lies directly between Japan and Europe, and which was discovered by the nations of Btirope about the same time that Japan herself was first visited by Europeans; that the portion of the American continent lying nearest to Europe was first settled by emigrants from that part of the world; that its population has rapidly spread through the country, tintil it has reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean; that we have now large cities, from which, with the aid of steam vessels, we can reach Japan in eighteen or twenty days; that our commerce with all this region of the globe is rapidly increasing, and the Japan seas will soon be covered with our vessels. Therefore, as the United States and Japan are becoming every day nearer and nearer to each other, the President desires to live in peace and friendship with your imperial majesty, but no friendship can long exist tinless Japan ■ ceases to act toward Americans as if they were her enemies. However wise this policy may originally have been, it is unwise and im- practicable now that the intercourse between the two countries is so much more easy and rapid than it formerly was. The undersigned holds out all these arguments in the hope that the Japanese government will see the necessity of averting unfriendly collision between the two nations, by responding favorably to the propositions of amity, which are now made in all sincerity. Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, though they are hourly expected; and the undersigned, as an evidence of his friendly intentions, has brought but four of the smaller ones, ■designing, should it become necessary, to return to Yedo in the ensuing spring with a much larger force. 278 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. But it is expected that the government of your imperial majesty will render such return unnecessary by acceding at once to the very reasonable and pacific overtures contained in the President's letter, and which will be further ex- plained by the undersigned on the first fitting occasion. With the most profound respect for your imperial majesty, and entertain- ing a sincere hope that you may long live to enjoy health and hapiness, the undersigned subscribes himself. M. C. PERRY, Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the East India, China, and Japan Seas. To His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Japan. Commodore Perry to the Emperor. United States Steam Frigate Susquehanna,. Uraga, Yedo Bay, July 14, 1853. It having been represented to the undersigned that the propositions sub- mitted through him to the government of Japan are of so much importance^ and involve so many momentous questions, that much time will be required to deliberate and decide upon their several bearings. The undersigned, in consideration thereof, declares himself willing to await a reply to these propositions until his return to Yedo Bay in the ensuing spring, when he confidently hopes that all matters will be amicably arranged, and to the satisfaction of the two nations. With profound respect, M. C. PERRY, Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the East India. China, and Japan Seas. To His Imperial Majesty, j the Emperor of Japan. LETTER OF CREDENCE TO COMMODORE PERRY. Millard Fillmore, President of the United States of America, to His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Japan. Reposing special trust and confidence in the integrity, prudence and ability of Matthew C. Perry, a captain in the navy of the United States, I have invested him with full power, forand in the name of the said United States, to meet and confer with any person or persons furnished with like powers on the part of jour imperial majesty, and with him or them to negotiate, conclude, and sign a convention or conventions, treaty or treaties, of and concerning the friendship,, commerce, and navigation of the two countries; and all matters and subjects connected therewith which may be interesting to the two nations, submitting the same to the President of the United States for his final ratification, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States. In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be hereunto aflixed. Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, the thirteenth day of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 279 November, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, and of the independence or the United States of America the seventy-seventh. MILLARD FILLMORE. By the President; EDWARD EVERETT, Secretary of State. (Seal attached.) Accompanying the letters were translations of he same into the Chinese and Dutch languages. After the documents had been laid upon the lid of the imperial box, made as their receptacle, Mr. Portman, Dutch interpreter, by the Commodore's diiection, indicated to Tatznoske, the .Japanese interpreter, the characers of the various documents, upon which Tatznoske and Kayama Yezai- man, still kneeling, both bowed their heads. The latter, now rising, approached the Prince of Iwami, and, prostrating himself on his knees before him, received from his hands a roll of papers, with which he crossed over to the Commodore, and, again falling upon his knees, delivered it to him. The Dutch inerpreter now asked "what those papers were," to which it was answered, "They are the imperial receipt." The translation of it is as follows: TRANSLATION OF RECEIPT GIVEN BY THE PRINCES OF IDZU AND IWAMI TO COMMODORE PERRY. The letter of the President of the United States of North America, and copy, are hereby received and delivered to the Emperor. Many times it has been communicated thrt business relating to foreign countries cannot be transacted here in Uraga, but in Nagaski. Now it has been observed that the Admiral, in his Quality of ambassador of the President, would be insulted by it; the justice of this has been acknowledged; consequently, the above-mentioned letter is hereby received, in opposition to the Japanese law. Because the place is not designed to treat of anything from foreigners, so neither can conference nor entertainment take place. The letter being received, you will leave here. (Here follow fac-similes of signatures in .lapanese. ) The ninth of the sixth month. The above is a literal translation from the Dutch, in which languages the conferences were held, and into which the receipt of the chief councellors, the princes of Idzu and Iwami, was, daubtless, badly translated from the .Japanese by their interpreter. The following would probably be the connect translation: — "The letter of the President of the United States of North America, and copy, are hereby received, and will be delivered to the Emperor. "It has been many times intimated that business relating to foreign coun- tries cannot be transacted here in Uraga, but at Nagasaki; nevertheless, as it has been observed that the Admiral, in his quality of ambassador of the Presi- dent, would feel himself insulted by a refusal to receive the letter at this place, the justice of which has been acknowledge, the above-mentioned letter is hereby received, in opposition to the Japanese law. "As this is not a place wherein to negotiate with foreigners, so neither can conferences nor entertainments be held. Therefore, as the letter has been re- ceived, you can depart." After a silence of some few minutes the Commodore directed his interpre- ters to inform the Japanese that he would leave, with the squadron, for Lew 2S0 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Chew and Canton in two or three days, and to otfer the government his services, if it wished to send any despatches to those places. The Commodore also stated that it was his intention to return to Japan in the approaching spring, perhaps in April or May. Taznoske then asked the Dutch interpreter to repeat what he had said about the Commodore's leaving and returning, which he did, using the same words as before. Then the question was asked "whether the Commodore would return with allfour vessels." "Afl of them," answered the Commodore, "and probably more, as these are only a portion of the squadron." Allusion had been made to the revolution in China, and the interpreter asked its cause, without however, translating to the Japanese princes, to which the Commodore dictated the reply that "it was on account of the government." Yezairaan and Tatznoske now bowed, and, rising from their knees, drew the fastenings around the scarlet box, and, informing the Commodore's interpreter that there was nothing more to be done, passed out of the apartment, bowing to those on either side as they went. The Commodore now rose to take leave, and, as he departed, the two princes, still preserving absolute silence, also arose and stood until the strangers had passed from their presence. The Commodore and his suite were detained a short time at the entrance of the building waiting for their barge, whereupon Yezaiman and his interpre- ter returned, and asked some of the party what they were waiting for, to which they received the reply, "For the Commodore's boat." Nothing further was said. The whole interview had not occupied more than twenty to thirty minutes, and had been conducted with the greatest formality, though with the most perfect courtesy in every respect. The procession re-formed as before, and the Commodore was escorted to his barge, and, embarking, was rowed off toward his ship followed by the other American and the two Japanese boats which contained the governor of Uraga and his attendants, the bands meanwhile playing our national airs with great spiiit as the boats pulled off to the ships. While there was some delay in em- barking all the party, in consequence of the smallness of the landing place, which was now flanked by some sixty of seventy Japanese government boats, the soldiers took occasion to crowd in from various parts of the shore, either to satisfy their curiosity or to show a more formidable front; and it must be confessed that, had such been the desposition of the Japanese, there would have been no difficulty, with their large force, in completely hemming in the Americans. The opening of Japan to commercial relations with the world was effected by the United States; and the agent of our government in this epoch-making was Commodore Motthew Calbraith Perry, a chapter of whose official report is herewith published. Matthew Calbraith Perry was a younger brother of Oliver Hazard Perry, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie. He was born in Newport,R. I. (where a statue of him stande in Touro Park, close to the Old Mill,) April 10, 1794. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1809, serving under his brother and then under Commodore John Rodgers, and taking part in various naval engagements during the War of 1812, being made a lieutenant in 1813. In 1819 he convoyed the first colony of negroes from this country to Africa; and he selected the site of the future Monrovia. Throughout his life he was a dilligent student of sanitation, and influential in important reforms. For several years he was engaged in protecting American commerce from pirates in the West Indies and HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 281 the Mediterranean. In 1829 he took John Randolph as envoy to the czar in the first American man-of-war to enter Russian waters; and he was offered high rank in the Russian navy by Nicholas, but declined. After farther naval exploits, he began in 1883 ten years of shore duty as master commandant at the Brooklyn navy yard; and the important results in naval science eaei-nd for him the title of "a chief educatoi- of the United States navy." He organized the Brooklyn Naval Lyceum, helped found the Naval Magazine, tabulated the action of the tides, organized the first steam service, and commanded the first steam war vessel of our navy. He studied the problems of ordnance and armor with most important results, introducing constructive changes of great moment in our navy. He did much to reform the light-house service. He commanded the squadron sent to Africa 1843 to enforce the Webster-Ashburton treaty; and in the Mexican War he had command of the fleet which co-operated with General Scott, successfully bombarding Vera Cruz. But his chief title to fame lies in his remarkably wise and efficent organization and command of the expedition to Japan, after many vain attemps by our people and European governments to establish trade and general relations with that hermit nation. He succeeded in delivering the President's letter on July 14, 1853, and in signing a treaty on March 31, 18.54; and this brilliant acheivement marked the beginning of the v/anderful new life of Japan. On his return he wrote the reports of the expe- dition, accompained by many scientific papers by other writers, with a preface and notes by Francis L. Hawks: and this monumental work in three great volumes, with many illustrations, was published by the government. Commo- dore Perry died in New York, March 4, 1858. In 1903, the fiftieth anniversary of Perry's landing in Japan, a monument in honor of him and of the event was erected and dedicated at the place of the landing by the Japanese government and people. There is an admirabl popular biography of Perry by Rev. William Elliot Griffis; and this reviews in one of its early chapters the various efforts of Europeans to secure foothold in .lapan and the particular conditions at the time of Commodore Perry's historic enterprise which resulted in a success so brilliant and so fruitful in results to Japan, to the United States, and to the woild. The passage given in the present story is chapter xiii. of the official report of Perry's expedition. The valuable introduction to the report contains various thorough studies of the history, character, and conditions of the Japanes people, and especially of the past relations of the empire with the western civilized nations. The chapters which follow record the proposal of the mission to Japan' to the United States government by Commodore Perry, the careful preparations, the departure from Norfolk, the incidents of the voyage, the delay in Chinese waters, the arrival on the Japanese coast, the surprise of the people, and the delicate and intricate negotiations with the local governor, leading to the taking of Commodore Perry's message to Yedo and arrangements for his recep- tion on shore by high officials representing the Emperor. Of that reception the chapter here printed is the record. Commodore Perry immediately after it re- turned with his squadron to Chinese waters, where he remained until the next February (1854), when, returning to Japan, he was cordially received, made an exhibition to the Japanese of the telegraph and railroad, of agricultural imple- ments and otter instruments of western progress, which were greatly admired, and succeeded in making the desired treaty, which was soon followed by similar treaties between Japan and other nations. The text of the treaty, with Commo- 282 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. dore Perry's own comments upon its character and significance, is given in chapter xx. of the report. His final words are: ".lapan has been opened to the nations of tire west, and it is not to be be- lieved that, having once effected an entrance, the enlightened powers that have made treaties with her will go backward, and by any indescretion lose what, after so many unavailing efforts for centuries, has at last been happily attained. It belongs to these nations to show .Japan that her interests will be promoted by communication with them; and as prejudice gradually vanishes, we may hope to see the future negotiation of commercial treaties more and more liberal, for the benefit not of ourselves only, but of all the maritime powers of Europe, for the advancement of Japan, and for the upward progress of our common humanity. It would be a reproach to Christendom now to force Japan to re- lapse into her cheerless and unprogressive state of unnatural isolation. She is the youngest sister in the circle of comn\ercial nations; let those who are older kindly take her by the hand, and aid her tottering steps until she has reached a vigor that will enable her to walk firmly in her own strength." EXPLORERS. Christopher Columbus landed on one of the Bahama Island October 12, 1492. John Cabot, in the service of Henry VII. of England, made the mainland of America June 24, 1497. Sebastian Cabot explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Cape HatteraS; 1498. Columbus first landed on the mainland of America, August 1, 1498. Denis of Hanfleur explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1506. Waldseemuller, a German professor of geography, proposed "America" for the name of the new world, in 1507. Vasco Nunez de Balboa planted the first Euro- pean settlement on the Isthmus of Darian in 1.510. Juan Ponce de Leon found and named Florida, Easter Sunday, 1512. Franciso F. De Cordova reached Mexico in 1517. Baron de I^ery attempted a settlement on Sable Island in 1518. Fernando Cortez, with eleven vessels and 600 men, landed at Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1519. Magellan found and named Magellan Strait in 1520. Coi-tez entered the city of Mexico in 1521. John Verrazano, employed by Francis I., of France, explored the east coast from Carolina to Newfoundland in 1524. Cabeza de Vaca found a mouth of the Mississippi in 1528. Jacques Cartier went up the St. Lawrence to Hochelaga (Montreal), returned to Stadacona (Quebec), lE 1535, and, in the spring, returned to France. De Sota landed at Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539. De Sota discovered the Mississippi in 1541. De Sota dying of a fever, his followers sank hsi body in the Mississippi in 1542. Jean Ribaut of Dieppe, built a fort, Charlesfort, near Hilton Head, and, putting thirty men in it, returned to France in 1562. Rene de Laudonniere brought a colony of Huguenots to Florida, and built Fort Caroline, at the mouth of the St. John's in ]56i. Jean Ribaut brought succor to the half-starved occupants of Fort Caroline, August 29, 1565. Pedro Menendez founded St. Augustine, Florida, September 5, 1565. Menendez surprised Fort Caroline, Ribaut being absent, and butchered 142 people September 20, 1565. Dominique de Gourges took Fort Caroline and wreaked full vengeance upon the Spaniards in 1868. Sir Francis Drake sailed up the west coast to Oregon, in 1578. Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of Newfoundlaud ni 1583. Sir Richard Grenville, sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, landed settlers on Roanoke Island in 1585. Birth of Virginia Dare, on Roanoke Island, the first white child born in America August 18, 1587. The Marquis de La Roche landed forty convicts on Sable Island in 1598. Bartho- lomew Gosnold entered Massachusetts Bay in 1602. De Monts established a HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 283 French colony at Port Royal (Annapolis, N. S.), in 1605. James I., of England, gave North Virginia the territory between 41 and 45 degrees, to the Plymouth Company; and South Virginia, the territory between 34 and 38 degrees to the London Company.. April 10, 1606. 1607. The "Susan-Constant," Captain Christopher Newport, the "GodSpeed," Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, and the "Discovery," Captain Jno. Ratcliffe, landed 105 colonists on St. James River, Va., May 13, who founded Jamestown; they built a church, a log one, "covered with rafts, sedge, and dirt," Mr. Hunt being the clergyman. In July an epidemic killed half of them. Geo. Popham landed 100 settlers at the mouth of the Kenebec, August 21, St. George. Cap- tain Smith fell into the hands of Powhatan; Pocahontas saved his life. 1608. Smith returned to Jamestown, January 8. Pocahontas brought food to settlers at Jamestown. Settlers of St. George, Popham having died, returned to England. Jamestown destroyed by fire. Champlain founded Quebec. Capt. Smith explored the Cheaspeake. Master John Laydon and mistress Forrest iLiarried at Jamestown, first English marriage in America. 1609. London Company got a new charter. May 23, enlarging the Virginian colony. Thos. Gates and Sir Geo. Somers, with nine ships for Virginia encoun- tered a great storm August 3. Champlain discovered Lake Champlain July 30. Henry Hudson ascended the Hudson and reached the site of Albany Septem- ber 19, calling the district New Netherland. Capt. Smith returned to England. 1610. The "starving time" at Jamestown. Gates, Somers and Newport, who had been wrecked on the "Sea Vulture," arrived at Jamestown June 2. Lord Delaware opportunely arrived with succor for the settlers, who were on the point of leaving Jamestown. In Virginia Lord Delaware fixed the hours of labor from six lo ten A. M., and from two to four P. M. 1611. Lord Delaware, seized with ague, left Jamestown for England. Sir Thos. Dale brought 300 immigrants to Jamestown; so far the land had been worked in common, now a few acres were assigned to every man. Sir Thos. Dale founded a new "city," City of Henricus." 1612. The London Company got a new charter, the third one which added Bermuda to Virginia. Capt. Samuel Argall took Pocahontas prisioner, intend- ing to hold her as an hostage for Powhatan's good behavior. Capt. John Smith drew a map of Virginia. John Rolfe tried the culture of tobacco in Virginia. 1613. Sir Thos. Dale instructed Pocahontas in Christianity; she was bap- tized "Rebecca," and in April she was married to John Rolfe, in the church at Jamestown, by Rev. Alex. Whitaker, "Apostle of Virginia." Capt. Argall took Port Royal, and conquered Acadia. Adrian Block's ship having been burnt, he and his crew built huts ofn Bowling Green, and began to build the "Restless," the first vessel built at New York. 1614. The Dutch established a trading post on Manhattan Island, New Amsterdam. Adrian Block explored the Connecticut River to Hartford. Capt. John Smith explored the shore northeast of the Hudson, and called the country New England. 1615. Sir Thos. Dale induced the London Company to grant 50 acres of land to every settler in Virginia. Champlain crossed Lake Ontario, with Hurons, and assisted in an assult on an Onondaga town. 1616. John Rolfe and his wife "Lady Rebecca," went to England. Gov. Yeardly, successor of Dale, began the regular cultivation of tobacco in Virginia. 284 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1()17. Pocahontas died in England, March 21. Argall succeeded Yeardley as governor of Virginia. The Dutch settled at Bergan, N. J. The Dutch erected a fortitied trading house at Norman's Kill, two miles below Albany, N. Y. 1019. Sir Geo Yeardley again came to Virginia as governor-general, and July nci, he called together two representatives from each of the 11 plantations. In Virginia, forming the first legislative body in the United States. Now a settler in Virginia could get 100 acres of choice land for $63.00. In August a Dutch ship sold 20 negroes in Jamestown, beginning negro slavery in the United States. Virginia sent 20,000 pounds of tobacco to England. 1G02. Sir Ed. Sandys sent 1,261 settlers to Jamestown, including 90 young women, "pure and uncorrupt;" they were sold to planters for wifes, the price of a wife being from 120 lbs. to 150 lbs. of tobacco. "Council established at Plymouth, in Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New England, in America," Nov 3. The "Mayflower," carrying the Pilgrim Fathers, entered Cape Cod Bay, November 21. They landed on Plymouth Rock, December 21, John Carver, governor. Birth of Peregrine White, December 21, first Englishman born in New England. 1621. Samoset, a Wampanoag chief, greeted the Pilgrim Fathers with "Welcome, Englishmen," March 26. Massasoit made a treaty with Governor Carver April 1. Master Ed. Vv'inslow married Mistress Susanna White, widow, at Plymouth, May 12, first English marriage in New England. Dutch West India Co. incorporated June '3. Governor Carver died, Wm. Bradford being his suc- cessor Sir Francis Wyatl came to Virginia as Governor, and brought a written charter, giving Virginia free government; it was the first America. l'';22. The people of Plymouth built a little fort, which was also their first church. Opechancanough, successor of Powhatan, murdered 347 Virginia settlers March 22. Sir Fernando Gorges and Capt. John Mason obtained a grant of land from the Merrimac to the Kennebec August 20, which they called Laconia. Canonicus, chief of the Narragansetts, sent a bundle of arrows to the Plymouth colony; Gov. Bradford returned a parcel of powder and ball. 1623. The West India Company sent their first ship, the "Unity," laden with immigrants, to New Foundland. The "New Netherland," brought 30 families to Manhattan Island, Cornelius Jacobsen May benig the first director. The Dutch built Fort Orange (Albany). Rev. Wm. Blaxton settled at Trimoun- taine (Boston.) 1624. The London Company forfeited its charter, and Virginia became a royal province. First neat cattle and swine brought to New England. The Burgesses of Virginia declared that the governor shall not tax the colony "other- way than by the authority of the general assembly." Ed. Sharpless, clerk of the Virginia council, was put in the pillory and had his ears cropped for disobey- ing the assembly. Plymouth colony freighted a ISO ton ship with cured fish. 1625. The English made a permanent settlement at Pemaquid, Maine. Charles I. was proclaimed king of England March 27. The first white child born in New England, was Sarah Rapelje, June7. Wm. Verhulst, director of New Netherland. 1626. Peter Minuit director-general of New Netherland; he purchased Man- hattan Island of the Indians for .S;24.00, and built Fort Amsterdam. The colonists of Virginia "established a bead factory as a mint for the coinage of a ciM-rent medium of commerce with the Indians." The "Arms of Amsterdam" HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 285 left Manhattan September 23. for Holland, laden with 7,246 beaver skins, 675 otter skins, 48 minx, and 36 wild cat. 1628. Jonas Michaeliiis organized the first Reformed Dutch Church in New Amsterdam, and erected the first building (church). John Endicott began a oolony at Salem, Mass. Charles I. tried to contract for the whole tobacco crop in Virginia. Mr. Skelton was chosen pastor, and Mr. Higgonson teacher, for a church at Massachusetts Bay, July 20. Virginia exports 500,000 lbs. of tobac. CO. .The Plymouth colony gave 20 acres of land to every one in each family. 1029. Mr. Ralph Smith was installed first regular pastor at Plymouth. The Salem colony obtained a charter from the King, March 14, and incorporation as "The Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England." Champlain surrendered Canada to David Kirke. Mason got from Gorges full ownership of the district between the Merrimac and the Piscatagua, Nov. 17, calling it New Hampshire. 1630. Thos. Tindall, of Virginia, was sent to the pillory for two hours for giving my Lord Baltimore the lie and threatening to knock him down." Earl of Warwick obtained Connecticut. John Winthrop arrived at Salem, Mass., June 12. Kiliaen Van Rensselaer purchased a tract of land near Albany, N. Y., August 13. John Winthrop settled Trimountajn. Trimountain named Boston September 27. FirstGeneral Court met at Boston, October 19. 1631. The Earl of Warwick transferred Connecticut to Lord Sayand-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, March 29. Roger Williams came to New England. Portsmouth, N. H., settled. Winthrop built the "Blessing of the Bay," on Mystic River. The "New Netherland," a ship of 800 tons, built at Manhattan. John Endicott of Salem, fined 40 shillings for "assault and battery." 1632. A ship laden with corn from Virginia sailed into Boston. Charles I. gave a charter of Maryland to Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore), June 20. First meeting house built in Boston. By the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, France recovered Canada. John Eliot, "the Apostle of the Indians of North America," settled at Roxbury, Mass. 1633. The Dutch built a fort at Hartford, Conn. Wouter Van Twiller, governor of New Netherland. John Cotton came to Boston. Rev. Everardus Bogardus and Adam Roelandsen, the first clergyman and the first schoolmaster in New York, came to New Amsterdam. The "William, "a London ship, began to trade on the Hudson, but the Dutch drove her to sea. Captain Holmes, in defiance of the Dutch, built a trading house at Windsor. 1634. Leonard Calvert brought settlers to Maryland, and founded St. Mary. Father W^hite turned an Indian's wigwam into the first English Catholic church in America. Calvert drove Wm. Clayborne from Kent Island. Benj. Sym founded a free school in Virginia. In Boston, Sam Cole opened the first public house, and John Cogan opened the first shop; Thursday was market day in Boston. 1635. First legislative assembly of Maryland met at St. Mary, March 8. Boston Latin school founded, with Philemon Purmount as master. Richard Mather came to New England. The Virginians deposed their governor. Sir John Harvey, April 28. A Dutch vessel from the West Indies arrived at Marble- head, Mass. Sixty men, women and children, from the Puritan settlements settled at Windsor. Hartford, and Weathersfield, Conn. 1636. Roger Williams, banished from Massachusetts, went to Narragansett Bay and began the settlement of Providence. First court in Connecticut held 286 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. at Hartford, April 26. First American ship went to West Indies. R'ev. Thos. Hooker, Vvith 100 men, women and children, after a toilsome journey to "the West," reached the Connecticut River. General court of Massachusetts, October 28, agreed to give $2,000 toward a college. The Pequods began a war with the Connecticut settlers. 1637. Wm. Kieft made director of New Netherland. Captain J. Mason, of Connecticut, nearly destroyed the Pequods. The first Synod in America met at Newtowne, Mass., August 30. 1638. Peter Minuit established a colony of Swedes and Finns on Delaware Bay. Orloff S. Van Cortland arrived at New Amsterdam, March 28. Jno. Davenport, Mr. Prudden, and Theoph. and Sam Eaton, with 300 settlers, began New Haven. Newtowne, Mass. became Cambridge. Rev. Jno. Harvard left half his property and all his books to the College at Cambridge, which became "Harvard." Negroes brought to New England for slaves. 1639. The settlers of Windsor, Hartford, and Weathersfield, framed the Hartford Constitution, January 14, written by Rev. John Hooker, the first written constitution in America, made "by the people for the people." Roger Williams founded the first Baptist church in America at Providence. Printing press set up at Cambridge, Mass., an almanac being the first book printed in America. Thomas Belcher took up a tract of land on the site of Brooklyn, N. Y. The court of Massachusetts named Richard Fairbanks, of Boston, postman. 1640. Indians ravaged Staten Island. Wm. Kieft built at Staten Island the first brewery in the United States. John Haynes first governor of Connec- ticut. Haverhill, Mass., settled. In Massachusetts musket balls at a farthing each were made a legal tender to amount of one shilling. 1641. "A fine stone ta;vern" was built at New Amsterdam. New Hamp- shire united to Massachusetts. The people of New Amsterdam, dissatisfied with Kieffs rule, chose "twelve select men" to act for them, August 29, the first representative assembly on Manhattan Island. John Endicott made governor of Massachusetts. 1642. A band of Iroquois captured Isaac Jogues and two young Frenchmen on Lake St. Peter, and brought them prisioners up to Richelieu, Lake Champlain, into Lake George, — now first seen by white men, which Jogues afterwards called Lac St. Sacrement,— and across the wilderness to the Mohawk towns. The Bostonians sent a supply of "pastors." to Virginia. Sir Wm. Berkeley made governor of Virginia. Three ships were buift at Boston, one at Dorchester, and one at Salem. 1643. Colonies of Massachusetts, .Connecticut, Plymouth and New Haven, confederated and became the United Colonies of New England, May 29. John Winthrop, Jr., began an iron-works at Braintree, Mass. Kieft massacred the Hackensacks. Mrs, Hutchinson murdered by Indians. The Virginia assembly decreed that only Episcopalians could preach, and that non-conformists depart from the colony. 1044. Virginia Indians, under Opechancanough, massacred 300 settlers in Virginia, April 18. Roger Williams went to England, and obtained a char- ter, which united the settlements of Providence and Rhode Island, forming the state of Rhode Island. 1646. Massachusetts passed a law, that whoever might kiss a woman in ihe street should be flogged. Connecticut passed a law, which forbade anyone under twenty-one to use tobacco, and all adult users of it were limited to one HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 287 smoke a day, "ten miles from any company," the penalty being sixpense for eash offence. The town of Breuckelen (Brooklyn) organized a municipal gov- ernnment. Father Isaac Jogues murdered by an Iroquois October 18. 1G47. Peter Stuyvesant, "Old Silverleg," made governor of New Amsterdam May 27. The General Assembly of Rhode Island declared that "all men might walk as their consciences persuaded them, without molesting anyone in the name of his God." Massachusetts passed a law requiring every township of fifty householders to have a school house and a teacher. 1G49. Charles I. beheaded January 30. "Toleration Act" passed in Mary- land, May 1, Making the colony an asylum for persecuted Christians of every denomination. Three hundred and thirty Cavaliers came to Virginia. The Burgesses of Virginia declared the execution of Charles I. treason. 1650. Population of Virginia 15,000. Harvard College was chartered May 31. Peter Stuyvesant went to Hartford and made a treaty with the New Englan- ders, giving up his claim to Connecticut and receiving half of Long Island. The Long- parliament forbade trade with Virginia and the West Indies. Gabriel Druilletes came from Canada to Boston, and conferred with Winslow, Dudley, Bradford, and Silot, concerning reciprocity of trade. The Iroquois subdued the Delawares. 1651. England passed Navigation Act, declaring that English colonies should trade only with England "in English ships manned by Englishmen." A mint was established in Boston, the first in America, to coin shillings, sixpences, and threepences, with a pine tree on one side and New England" on the other. Druilletes made another fruitless visit to New England, to effect reciprocity of trade. Governor Stuyvesant built Fort Casimir, at Newcastle, Delaware. 1652. The Long parliament's ships came to .lamestown, and demanded the surrender of the colony; and "to prevent the ruin and destruction of the planta- tion," Berkeley submitted and retired to private life. The Burgesses of Virginia, April oO, voted Mr. Richard Bennett governor. Maine united to Massachusetts. 1653. Peter Stuyvesant proclaimed New Amsterdam a city, February 2, and Cornelius Tienhoven, "schout." Roger Green settled Presbyterians on the Chowan River, North. Carolina. John Eliot published a catechism, the first book printed in Indian. Oliver Cromwell Protector, December 16. 1654. Governor Stone, of Maryland, was defeated by Clayborne, at Severn, near Annapolis, March 25. The Jesuit, Le Moyne, visited Onondaga. The Protestants, gaining the ascendancy in Maryland, disfranchised the Catholics, and declared them not entitled to the protection of the law. Major Sedgwick, with a Boston force, took Port Royal, N. S. 1655. Civil war in Maryland. The Jesuits, Chaumonot and Dablon, estab- lished the mission of St. Mary's of Ganentaa, at Onondaga. The Iroquois sub- jugated the Eries. The Burgesses of Virginia voted Edward Digges, governor. Stuyvesant conquered New Sweden. 1656. Father Le Mercier brought a colony of fifty Frenchmen to Onondaga. Two Quakeresses, Mary Fisher and Ann Austin, came to Boston; they were lodged in jail for a time, and then shipped off. Population of New Amsterdam 1,000. The Burgesses of Virginia voted Samuel Matthews, governor. 1657. New England passed a law prohibiting the entrance of Quakers. A council in Boston sanctioned the Halfway Covenant, that baptism without com- munion confers political rights. John Washington and Lawrence Washington, 288 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. brothers, the former being the grand-father of George Washington, came from Northamptonshire, England, and settled on the west bank of the Potomac. 1658. Massachusetts decreed death to all Quakers returning after banish- ment. Le Mercier and his colonists escaped from Onondaga,. The Burgesses of Virginia refused the governor a seat in the Assembly; he dissolved the House and threatened to appeal to Cromwell; they desposed him, and, to show their independence, re-voted him governor. 11060. Charles II. made king of England, April 25. England reenacted the Navigation Act, making its terms still more objectionable. The regicides, Ed. Whalley and Wm. Uoffe, came to Boston, July 27. Massachusetts forbade Christmas celebration; penalty 5s. Mary Dyer was hung in Boston, for return- ing after banishment. Domine Henry Selyus, first settled clergyman in Brook- lyn. Charles II. 1661. John Eliot translated the New Testament into Indian (Mohegan) and printed it. Arendt van Curler, called by the Indians, "Corlaer," bought the "Great Flats," Schenectady, N. Y. 1662. Charles II. gavo "The Governor and Company of the English Colony of Connectictit in New England" a charter. May 10, confirming the popular con- stitution. 1668. John Eliot published the Bible in Indian; it was the first Bible printed in America. The Chowan River settlement, N. C, became Albermarle County Colony, and Rev. Wm. Drummond was made first governor. John Clarke got a charter for Rhode Island, from Charles 11. July 8. "Oliverian Plot" in Virginia; indentured servante conspired "to anticipate the period of their freedom." 1664. Charles II. gave New Netherland to his brother James, the Duke of York, March 22. Thos. Gould organized a Baptist church in Boston. English church service first celebi'ated in Boston. The Duke of York conveyed what is now New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir Geo. Carteret. The English, under Sir Rjcha)-d Nichols, took New Amsterdam, September 8, which became New Y'ork. 1665. Governor Nichols gave New York City its first charter, and named Thos. Willett mayor. Philip Carteret was made first governor of New Jersey, and Elizabethtown was made the capital. 1666. De Courcelle, governor of Canada.- penetrated to the Mohawk county. First church erected in Brooklyn, N. Y. Viceroy Tracey and De Courcelle, from Canada, d^^vastated the Mohawk country. Xavier among the Oneidas. Father Fremin established the mission of St. Mary of the Mohawks. By the treaty of Breda, France recovered Acadia. 1669. Claude Allouoz founded a mission at Green Bay. Iroquois Christ- ians began the mission of St. Francis Xavier opposite Montreal. La Salle and Dollier de Casson visited the Senecas. La Salle is supposed to have found the Mississippi. Hudson Bay Company chartered. 1670. King Philip became unfriendly to the English. Dollier de Casson landed on site of Detroit. John Locke and Shaftsbury drafted a constitution for Carolina, "The Grand Model," giving all powers to a priviledged class. Huguenots, under Wm. Sayle, settled on the west bank of Ashley River, in Carolina. Nicholas Perrot at Green Bay. Elective franchise in Virginia re- stricted to "freeholders and householders." "Rev." first used in New England. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 289 1671. Si. Liisson, Joliet, and Nicholas Perrot, at Sault Ste Marie, declared the entire west a Frence possession. Gov. Berkeley of Virginia, said "I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have them these hnndred years." 1673. Joliet and Marquette discovered the Mississippi, Missouri and Arkan- sas. The Dutch retook New Amsterdam August 9, and Anthony Colve became governor. Charles II. gave Virginia to the Earl of Arlington and Lord Cul- pepper for thirty-one years, the land of settlers held by valid title alone being excepted. 1674. By treaty New Nethei'land reverted to England; Governor Colve bid farewell to New Amsterdam, November 9, and Edmund Andros became governor of New York. 1675. King Philip, sachem of the Wampanoags, began a terrible war with the colonists of New England. Jacques Marquette died on the west shore of Michigan, May 20. Captain Winslow, with 1,000 men, punished the Narra- gansetts terribly. 1676. Captain Chui'ch finished the career of King Philip at Mount Hope, Rhode Island, August 12. Restriction of suffrage, tyrannical trade laws, the grant to Arlington and Culpepper, and no protection against the Indians, so njaddened the Virginians that they i-ebelled under Nathaniel Bacon, and drove Berkeley from Jamestown, when Bacon burnt the place; Bacon soon dying of B. fever, Berkeley i-eturned and began a rule of terror. 1G77. Rev. Thos. Thacker, of Boston, published "Brief Guide in the Small Pox and Measles," the first medical work issued in America. Massachusetts paid the heirs of Gorges and Mason $6,000 for their interest in Maine and New Hampshire. The people of Albemarle County Colony, N. C, rebelled against revenue laws, and imprisoned their governor. Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, executed 23 of Bacon's followers. J 1679. La Motte built La Salle's fort at the mouth of the Niagara. Thos. Lord Culpepper was made governor of Virginia. La Salle built the "Griffin," the first vessel on the Upper Lakes. La Salle brought the "Griffin" into Lake Michigan, loaded her with furs, and sent her to Niagara; she never was heard of again. £200,000 fire in Boston, August 8. La Salle built a fort at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, in Michigan. 1680. Wm Sayle, with Ashley River settlers, moved to Oyster Point, and began Charleston, S. C. Louis Hennepin discovered the Falls of St. Anthony. New Hampshire was detached from Massachusetts and made a royal province. The Iroquois desolated the Illinois valley. La Salle built Ft. Crevecoeur, near Peoria, 111. Du Luth rescued Hennepin from the Sioux. In December, appeared the "Great Comet," of which Increase Mather said, "Its appearance was very terrible, the Blaze ascended above 60 degrees, almost to its zenith." Culpepper began a "reign of terror" in Virginia. 1G81. Charles II. granted three degrees of latitude by five degrees of longi- tude, west of Delaware, which he called Pennsylvania (Penn's Woods) to Wm. Ftnn, March 14. Penn sent Wm. Markham, deputy governor, with settlers to Pennsylvania. The Duke of York sold Delaware to Wm. Penn. 1682. Wm. Penn landed at Newcastle, Del. La Salle and Tonty went down the Mississippi to its month, calling its great, basin Louisiana and a territory of France. Wm. Penn made a treaty with the Indians under an elm on the site 290 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ot Kensington, "probably on the last clay of November." Penn convened the first assembly of Pennsylvania at Chester, December 4. 1(;83. Thos. Dongan was made governor of New York. GovernorDongau convened the first assembly of representatives of New York, who established a "Charter of Libei-ties." Seth Sothel was made governor of Carolina. Weekly Post established in Philadelphia. First mill put up at Chester, Pa. 1684. Francis Makemie established the first Presbyterian church in Ameri- ca, at Snow Hill, Maryland. Culpepper deposed, and Virginia made a royal province. Increase Mather published "Remarkable Provinces," proving the reality of witchcraft. Charles II. took away the Massachusetts charter, and Djade the colony a royal province. La Barre, governor of Canada, was oblidged to treat with the Five Natoins at Famine Cove. 1685. James II. king of England. February 0. La Salle missed the mouth of the Mississippi, and landed his Frence settlers for Louisiana at Matagorda Bay, February 16, building Ft. St. Louis, Texas. Wm. Bradford set up a print- ing press in Philadelphia. Dongan granted the Livingston Manor, N. Y., to Itobert Livingston. Philadelphia had 600 houses and 2,000 people. .Tames II. 1 686. Du Luth built a stockade at Detroit, on the west side of the Strait. Governor Dongan made Albany a city, .Tuly 22, Peter Schuyler being first mayor. Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Boston, December 30, to govern New- England. 1687. La Salle was murdered near Trinity River, March 19. De Denon- ville, governor of Canada, with .300 men, invaded the Seneca country and made general havoc; he garrisoned Fort Niagara. John Page, of Rosewell, Va., wrote "A Deed of Gift to My Dear Son, Capt. Matt. Page." When Andros demanded the Connecticut charter, the candles were suddenly extinguished, enabling Capt. Wadsworth to hide it in an oak tree, October 31. 1688. At the command of the Five Nations, or Iroquois, Denonville des- troyed his fort at Niagara. Cotton Mather pronounced Mrs. Glover a witch, beginning the persecution against witches in New England. Francis Nicholson niade governor of New York. 1689. First war with the French and Indians, "King William's War," begun. Coode's insurrection in Maryland. Jacob Leisler, with popular consent, displaced Governor Nicholson at New York. The Bostonians seized Andros, April 28, and shipped him to England. The French and Indians took Dover, and murdered Major Waldron, July 7. Fifteen hundred Iroquois murdered the people of La Chine, near Montreal, August 5. The French took Pemaquid, August 12. William and Mary. 1690. Frontenac, governor of Canada, sent three war parties, led by Sainte- Helene, Hertel, and Portneuf, against the English. First Anglo-American Con- gress met in New York, May 1. Sir Wm. Phips took Port Royal, May 11. Sir Wm. Phips, with 32 ships and 2,200 men, sailed for Quebec August 9. At Ports- month, N. H., John Taylor built the "Falkland," with 54 guns, the first man-of- war built in the United States. In October, Phips bombarded Quebec, and Walley assaulted it by land, but Frontenac drove both off; to pay for this Mass- achusetts issued the first paper money in the United States 1691. Henry Sloughter was made governor of New York. Leisler and Milbarne, for usurping supreme authority, were executed on the site of Tam- many Hall, N. Y., May 46. Maryland was made a royal province. Major Peter Schuyler, with 266 men, went from Albany dawn the Richelieu to La Prairie, and made general destruction, but was sorely harassed on his return. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 291 1692. Harvard made Increase Mather a D. D., the first in America. Will- lam in. sent a charter that made Masachusetts, Plymouth, Maine and Nova Scotia one province, Massachusetts. Religious toleration was abolished in Maryland and the Church of England was made the state shurch. Pennsylvania was taken from Penn, October ?>1, and put under the governor of New York. 1G93. Culture of rice was begun in Carolina. Mantet, Courtemanche, and La None, with 625 Frenchmen and Indians, left Montreal, and on snow shoes reached the Mohawk country, February 16, where they burnt two towns, killed or made captive the people, and then departed for Canada, pursued by Peter Schuyler. Rev. James Blair obtained a charter for William and Mar\ College, Virginia. Post Office was established in Boston. 1696. Trinity Church, New York, erected. Frontenac, with 2,200 men came up the Oswego, and attacked the Onondagas; and for two days destroyed the crops and stoied corn; Vaudreuil destroying Oneida. Wm. Bradford began printing in New York. 11^97. Abenaki Indians attacked Haverhill, March 15, and carried off Hannah Dustan, Mary Neff, and an English boy; but, while on their way to the Indian village, the three prisioners one night seized hatchets, killed their sleep- mg captors, scalped them, escaped to Haverhill, and received £50 for the ten scalps. Treaty of Ryswick, September 20. 1G99. Lemoine d' Iberville built a fort at Biloxi, La. Capt. Wm. Kidd, the pirate, was inveigled into Boston and captured. 1700. Wm. Penn suggested a union of all the English colonies. City Hall, on Wall Street, New York, built. New York passed an act July 31, to hang "every popish priest" that might come into the province. Library was provided for Yale College, by ten clergymen, who met at Saybrook. 1701. La Mothe-Cadillac founded Detroit, July 21. French colonists settled at Mobile The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was established. (Yale) college chartered October 9 and established at Saybrook. Philadelphia was made a city October 25; Edward Shippen being the first mayor. 1702. Second war with French and Indians, "Queen Anne's War," begun. East and West Jersey united, and New Jersey made a royal pi'ovince. Queen Ann began to reign March 8. Governor Moore of Cai-olina, led an expedition against St. AugViStine, but accomplished nothing. Anne. 1704. Hertel de'Rouville sacked Deerfield, Marsh 11, and carried off John Williams, the minister. John Campbell began the "Boston Newsletter," April 24, the reg-ular newspaper in America. Peregrine White died at Marshfield, July 22. 1705. The first free grammer school in New York was opened. Grace Sherwood, in Virginia, v/as tested for witchcraft by immersion. Robert Bever- ley published "History of Virginia." 1706. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston January 17. Seven Presby- terian clergymen organized the Presbytery of Philadelphia. Five Frence and Spanish men-of-war attempted to take Charleston, but were beaten off by the citizens. 1708. Names first given to the streets of Boston. Hertel de Rouville sacked Haverhill, Mass. "Saybrook Platform" formed, obliging all the clergymen of Connecticut to meet yearly to consider church affairs. Thos. Short began print- ing in) New London, Conn. Wm. Penn imprisoned for debt. 2it2 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1710. Sir Alex. Spottswood made governor of Virginia. Colonel Nicholson took Port Royal, N. 3., Get. 13, and changed the name to Annapolis. 1711. Sir Hovenden Walker left Boston, August 10, to conquer Canada; having failed to reach Queljec, he lost eight ships and 1,000 men in the St. Law- rence, September 2. 1712. Old State House, Boston, built. Carolina divided into North Carolina and South Carolina (?) The Ontagamies besieged Detroit. Christopher Hassey, a Nantiicket fisherman, captured the first spermaceti whale. Copper mine begun at Simsbiirg, Conn. 1713. By the treaty of Utrecht, April 11, England obtained Acadia (Nova Scotia). The Five Nations, being joined by the Tuscaroras, became the Six Nations. 1714. George 1. made king of England August 1. George 1. 1716. First lighthouse for Boston harbor erected on Beacon Island. French settled Natchez, Miss. Maryland restored to Lord Baltimore, and the first form of government re-established. Gov. Spottswood, of Virginia, and a body of choice companions, made an expedition, for pleasure and exploration, beyond the Blue Ridge. Thomas Rutter established the first iron works in Pennsyl- xania, near Pottstown. 171 T. Great snow storm in New England, February 20-24, snow 10 to 20 feet deep. Yale College removed from Saybrook to New Haven. Bellamy, the pirate, wrecked on Cape Cod, where he and 100 men perished. 1718. M. de Bienville founded New Orleans. Culture of rice begun in Louisiana. Death of Wm. Penn, .luly 30. John Theach, "Blackbeard," the famous pirate, shot in Pamlico Bay, and thirteen of his followers hung at Williamsburg, Va. 1719. Tunkers came to Pennsylvania. Potatoes introduced into Mass- achusetts. The House of Commons forbade the manufacture of iron in the colonies. The French settled at Jeff«rson City, Mo. Andrew Bradford, post- master of Philadelphia, began the American Weekly Mercury," December 22. 1723. M. de Bienville made New Orleans the capital of Louisiana. Christ Church, Boston, dedicated. Twenty-six pirates, natives of Rhode Island, Con- necticut and New York, executed at Newport, Rhode Island. 1724. Fort Dummer erected, on site of Battleborough; the first settlement in Vermont. Father S. Rasseles murdered at Norridgewock. 1725. James Otis born at West Barnstable, Mass., Februarys. Governor Burnet of New York erected a trading post at Oswego. Wm. Bradford began the "New York Gazette," October 16, the first newspaper in New York City. 1727. Samuel Kaeeland began in Boston the "New England Weekly Jour- nal," March 20. Burnet, governor of New York, erected Fort Oswego. Ben- jamin Franklin, in Philadelphia, organized the "Junto," a dug for mutual improvement. In Annapolis, Wm. Parks began the "Maryland Gazette." George II. made king of England, June 10. Earthquake in New England, October 29. 1728. Samuel Keimer, in Philadelphia, began the "Pennsylvania Gazette." Cotton Mather,^ son of Increase Mather, and author of 382 printed books, died. Vitus Behring passed through Behring Strait, proving the insularity of America. 1730. Old South Church, Boston, built. Lancaster, Pa., settled. Thomas Gowfrey, of Phil., invented what is called Hadley's Quadrat. John Moorhead organized the first Presbyterian Church in Boston. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 29c J 731. Thos. Whitemarsh began the "South Carolina Gazette," January S, In Charleston. Verenclrye discovered the Rocky Mountains. The F'l-ench erected Fort Frederic, Lake Champlain. Independence Hall, Philadelphia, begun. "Library Company of Philadelphia" organized by Benjamin Franklin; the fiist in America. 1732. Richard Heni-y Lee born at Strafford, Va., January 20. Birth of George Washington, February 22. Benjamin Franklin began to publish "Poor liichard's Almanac." Scotch-Irish and Gei-mans settled the Shenandoah Valley. James Franklin began "Rhode Island Gazette," September 27, the first news- paper in Rhode Island The first stage in the United States was established between New York and City of Boston. 1733. General James Ogelthorpe, with 120 immigrants, settled Savannah February 12. Tobacco made a legal tender in Maryland. First Masonic Lodge in America opened in Boston, July 30. Colonel Wm. Byrd laid out Richmond, Va. John Peter Zenger began the "New York Weekly Journal," November .5. 1734. Wm. Johnson came to America, and settled in the Mohawk Valley. Masonic Lodge organized in Philadelphia, Benamin Franklin being Worshipful Master. A Catholic church was built and mass celebrated in Philadelphia. John Peter Zenger, editor of "New York Weekly Journal," imprisoned, Novem- ber 17, for libel; the first arrest for newspaper libel in the United States. 1735. Benjamin FranJilin, in the "Gazette," of January 28, said: "By the indulgence of the Honorable Col. Spottswood, Post-Master-General, the printer hereof is allowed to send the 'Gazette' by the post, postage free, to all parts of the post road, from Virginia to New PJngland." John Peter Zenger tried for libel and acquitted, August 4. Religious revival in New England. John Adams born at Braintree, Mass., Oct. 19. 1736. At Williamsburg, Wm. Parks began the "Virginian Gazette," the first newspaper in Virginia. Oglethorpe, accompanied by John Wesley, brought 300 immigrants into Georgia. Wesley first preached in America, March 7, at Savan- jiah. Patrick Henry was born in Virginia, May 29. 1740. The Dunkers,, at Ephrata, Pa., began Sunday School work. Gen. .Oglethorpe, foiled in taking St. Augustine, returned to Georgia. George Whit- -field arrived in New England, September 14, and assisted at the "Great Awakening," religious revival. University of Pennsylvania established in Philadelphia. 17 41. "The Negro Plot" in New York; a succession of fires induced the belief that the negroes had conspired to suppress the whites and t3 introduce a negro government. Wm. Shirley was made governor of Massachusetts. Culti- vation of indigo begun in Carolina. 1742. Iroquois (Six Nations) chiefs, at Philadelphia, told the Delawarss lo leave their ancient homes and go to "Wyoming or Shamokin." Oglethorpe crushed the Spaniards at "Bloody Marsh" July 2.5. Peter Faneuil built Fancuil Hall, Boston, and gave it to the city. 1743. Thos, Jefferson was born at Shadwell, Va., April 2. Christopher Sauer printed the Bible in German, Luther's version, at Germantown, Pa. 1744. Benj. Franklin organized the first literary society in America, "The American Philosophical Society," Thomas Hopkinson being president and Frank- lin secretary. Representatives of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, and of 294 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the Iroquois, met at Lancaster, Pa., July 2, when the Indians, for £400, gave the whites the territory from the Alleghanies to the Mississippi. Third war vith the French, "King George's War," begun. 1745. Wm. Pepperell, with an American force, took Louisburg, Cape Brenton, .Tune 17. French and Indians destroyed Saratoga Saratoga November 16. John Jay was born in New Yorlv City, December 1. 1746. College of New Jersey, Princeton, founded. Rigaud, with Frenchmen and Indians, took Fort Massachusetts, August 28. 1748. The English formed the Ohio Company to promote settlements west of the Alleghanies. George Washington surveyed Lord Fairfax's estate. Count Galissonniere advised that 10,000 French peasants be settled in the Ohio valley. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, October 8. 1749. Abbe Picquet began his mission at La Presentation ( Ogdensburg, N. Y.) Halifax, N. S., founded. Washington and Lee University established at Lexington, Va. The government of Canada sent Bienville into the Ohia Valley, to take possession of the country, and to bury plates of lead at wide Intervals, for boundry marks. 1751. James Madison born at Port Conway, Va., March 16. Sugar cane first cultivated on the banks of the Mississippi. By order of La Jonquiere, governor of Canada, two English traders on the Ohio were seized and im- prisoned. 1752. The Liberty Bell arrived at Philadelphia. First Merchants' Ex- change opened in New York. Rev. Timothy Dwight born in Massachusetts, May 14. Robert Dinwiddle made governor of Virginia. Benjamin Franklin, by flying a kite, drew electricity from the clouds, proving the identity of light- ning and electricity. Georgia was made a royal province. 1753. George Washington made a Master Mason, August 4, at Fredericks- burg, Va. Lewis Hallam's company opened the first regular theatre in New York, September 17, playing ihe "Conscious Lover." Governor Dinwiddle sent Washington to order the French out of the Ohio country. Washington, accom- panied by Gist, reached Venango, December 4, and ordered Captain Joncarie off British territory. 1754. W^ashington, wi-th 150 men, reached Great Meadows, May 27. He met the French, May 28, when Jumonville was killed. Representatives of the English colonies met at Albany, June 19, to devise a way of checking the French; Franklin proposed a union of the colonies, but his proposal satisfied neither the British nor the colonists. Washington, defeated by De Villiers, July 4, abandoned Fort Necessity. King's College (Columbia), New York, chartered Oct. ;'l. 1755. Braddock arrived with two regiments, February 20. Col. Monckton took Beausejour, N. S., June 16. Braddock, with 1,200 men, was defeated near Du Quesne, July 9, by French and Indians. Col. Wm. Johnson defeated the French at Lake George, Sept. 8, and Baron Dieskau fell into his hands. Acadians taken from their homes and distributed through the colonies. Indians dismissed his forces at Oswego. Franklin introduced lightning I'ods. 1756. In March, Lery took Fort Bull. Great Britain declared war against France, Ma> 17. Bradstreet beat off De Villiers, near Oswego. Montcalm took Oswego, August 14. "New Hampshire Gazette appeared, first newspaper in New Hampshire. Nassau Hall, Princeton, N. J., built. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 295 1757. Wm. Pitt took control of affairs in Great Britain. The Delaware chiefs met at Easton, and agreed to peace. Montcalm took Fort Wm. Henry, August 9, Col. Munro not being assisted by Gen. Webb, who held Fort Edward, near by. Beletre, with 300 Canadians and Indians, destroyed a German settle- ment on the Mohawk. 1758. Abercromby was defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, July 8, Lord Howe being killed. Admiral Boscawen and Gen. Amherst, Wolfe assasting. took l.ouisbourg, July 26. Rogers, Dalzell, and Putnam scattered 450 French, August 8, near Whitehall. Bradstreet, with 3,000 provincials, took Fort Fron- tc.nac, August 27. Major Grant was defeated outside of Fort Du Quesne, losing 300 m.en. Gen. Forbes took Du Quesne and called it Fort Pitt. 1759. George Washington, "the tallest and handsomest man of the Old Dominion," married Mrs. Curtis, January 6. Johnson took Niagara, July 25. Amherst took Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The Presbyterian Annuity and Life Insurance Company of Philadelphia, the first of its kind in America, was established. Maor Rogers destroyed the Abenakis of St. Francis. Wolfe took Quebec, September 18, Wolfe and Montcalm being both killed. 17 60. M. Levi defeated Gen. Murray at Quebec, April 4. The Cherokees took Fort I.,oudon, August 8, and massacred the garrison. Amherst, with 10,000 men, left Oswego, August 10, for Montreal. Vaudreuil, at Montreal, surrendered Canada to Amherst, September 8. Maor Rogers, with 200 rangers, left Monti-eal, September 13, to take possession of Detroit and other jwestern posts. George III. king of England, October 25. Rogers met Pontiac on the Lake Erie shore. Beletre surrendered Detroit to Rogers, November 29. George III. 1761. Colonel Grant defeated the Cherokees and burnt their towns. "Writs of Assistance'' passed. English took possession of Mackinaw. John Winthrop, of Harvard, at St. Johns, Nfld., observed the transit of Venus over the sun's disk, .lune 6. Capt. Campbell, commandant at Detroit, learned that the Senecas were intriguing v/ith the Wyandots to destroy him and his garrison. 1763. Treaty of Paris, February 10; France ceded her possessions east of the Mississippi to England, and Spain ceded Florida. Pontiac. an Ottawa chief, organized a conspiracy and besieged Detroit, May 11. The Indians took Fort Joseph, May 25, and Fort Miami, May 27. Cuyler was defeated at Mt. Pelee, May 28. The Indians took Ouatanon, June 1; Mackinaw, June 2; Presqu-Isle, July 17; Le Boeuf and Venago, June 19; Bloody Run, July 31. Col. Bouquet defeated the Indians at Bushy Run, August 6. He relieved Fort Pitt, August 10. Senecas massacred 500 soldiers at Devil's Hole, September 13. 1764. Rhode Island College, Warren founded. Pierre Chouteau began St. Louis. Mason and Dixon, two English surveyors, began to trace the line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Bradstreet left Albany with an army for the Upper l^akes. Sir Wm. Johnson, at Niagara, treated with the Indians. Bradstreet relieved Detroit, August 26. Col. Bouquet led an army into the country of the Delawares and the Shawnees, and compelled them to restore all v/hite prisoners. 1765. First medical school in America added to College of Philadelphia. Great Britain passed the Stamp Act, March 22, by which "all instruments in writing were to be executed on stamped paper, to be purchased from agents of the British government." The "Sons of Liberty" showed themselves. Colonial congress met at NewY ork, October 7, Timothy Ruggles being president, and agreed on a Declaration of Rights. The Stamp Act took effect November 1. 296 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 176G. Irish immigrants began to preach Methodism in New Yorlv. Antlira- cite coal was found in Pennsylvania. Rutger's College, New Brunswick, N. J., founded. Great Britain repealed the Stamp Act, March 18, but passed the Declatory Act, contending that Britain had power to "bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever." Pontiac met Sir Wm. Johnson at Oswego, July 23, and confirmed his agreement to peace. 1767. Andrew Jackson born in North Carolina. John Holt began the "New York Journal." Great Britain imposed duties on tea, glass, paper, etc. John Q. Adams born at Braintree, Mass., July 11. 1768. Royal commissioners seized Hancock's sloop, "Liberty." Riots in Boston. Chamber of Commerce, New York, founded, April 5. John Dickinson, cf Pennsylvania, published "Farmers' Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies," showing the danger of submitting to parliamentary taxation. Old John Street Church, New York City, dedicated, October 30; first Methodist church in the United States. 1769. John Wesley sent two preachers to America. Boardman to New York, and Pilmoor to Philadelphia. Daniel Boone, with six comrades explored Kentucky. Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., founded. An Illinois Indian, bribed by an English trader, killed Pontiac at Cahokia, opposite St. Louis. Friar Junipero Serra, the father of western civilization, settled at San Diego. 1770. Boston massacre March 5. Great Britain repealed all duties except that on tea, April 12. John Murry, the father of Universalism, came to America. Worcester (Mass.) "Spy" appeared. First church (log) in St. Louis dedicated, June 24. Students at Cambridge took degrees in home-spun. Southern planters began to grow cotton. 1771. The Methodist preachers, Francis Asbury and Richard Wright, came to America. Governor Tryon of North Carolina, defeated the "Regulators," and hanged six of them. College of Rhode Island moved to Providence. Wm. Tryon made governor of New York. 1772. The royal schooner "Gaspe," having grounded, was burnt by Provi- dence men, June 10. John Murray, the Earl of Dunmore, was made governor of Virginia. Christopher Sower began the first type foundry in the United States, at Germantown, Pa. 1773. James Rivington began "Rivington's New York Gazette," April 22. First steam engine made in the United States, at Philadelphia. John Randolph was born in Virginia, June 2. Thomas Rankin convened the first annual Methodist conference at Philadelphia,July 4. Fifty Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the tea ships in Boston Harbor, and threw the tea into the water. December 16. 1774. Great Britain closed Boston port. Marsh 7. James Harrod began Harrodsburg\ Ky. City of London subscribed $150,000 for the Bostonians. Great Britain passed the Quebec Act, June 18, extending the boundry of Canada to Ohio and Mississippi. First Continental Congress met in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, September 5, Peyton Randolph was president, and framed a Bill ot Rights. Half of Plymouth Rock was dragged into Plymouth and a liberty pole put on it. 1775. The British marched to Concord, April 19; Paul Revere aroused the minute men; British driven back to Boston. Second Continental Congress met in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, May 10. Ethen Allen took Ticonderoga, May lO. Seth Warner took Crown Point, May 12. Battle of Bunker Hill, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 297 June 17. Congress made Washington commander of the army, .June 17. Washington said, "We must consult 'Brother Jonathan,'" (Jonathan Trum- bull, governor of Connecticut.) Montgomery took Montreal, November 13. Captain Sears wrecked Rivington's "Gazette," N. Y., December 4. Montgomery and Arnold assaulted Quebec, December 31, and Montgomery was killed. 1776. Gen. Schuyler took Johnson Hall, January 19. Treasury department was created February 11. Washington seized Dorchester Heights, March4, forcing Howe to leave Boston, March 17. Richard Henry Lee moved, June7, "that these United States are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." Wm. Moultrie beat off Sir Peter Parker from Sullivan's Island, June 28. Congress adopted theDeclaration of Independence, July 4. Battle of Long Island, August 27. Captain Nathan Hale, of Connecticut, hung as a spy, September 22. Battle of White Plains, October 28. Richard Bache, appointed postmaster-general, November 7. British captured Gen. Lee, December 13. Washington's victory at Trenton, December 26. 1777. Washington surprised Cornwallis at Princeton, January 3. "New Hampshire Grants" became Vermont, January 15. Arsenal founded at Spring- field. Congress adopted United States flag, "Stars and Stripes," June 14. Stark defeated Baum at Bennington, August 16. Howe defeated Washington at Erandywine, September 11. Battle of Benis Heights, September September 19. Howe entered Philadelphia, September 26. Battle of Gei'mautown, October 4. Battle of Stillwater October 7. Burgoyne surrendered to Gates at Saratoga, October 17. Congres adopted a form of government for the new Confederacy, November 15. Washington cactoned his wearied forces at Valley Forge, Dec- ember 19. 1778. France acknowledged the independence of the United States, Feb- ruary (. Captain Cook saw and named Cape Flattery, March 22. Howe left Philadelphia, June IS. Battle of Monmouth lost by Lee's misconduct, June 28. Seitlerfo of Wyoming massacred by Col. Butler and Tories, July 3. Congress completed thirteen articles of Confederation, July 9. French fleet came to aid of Untied States. Boston corn was ?150 a bushel, batter $12 a pound, tea $90 a pound, sugar $10 a pound, beef $8 a pound, coffee $12 a pound, and flour $1,575 a barrel. Indian massacre at Cherry Valley, N. Y., November 11. British took Savannah, December 29. 1779. Major Clarke took Vincennes, February 20. Spain declared war against England, June Ifi. Assembly of Pennsylvania gave to heris of Wm. Ponn £130,000 for relinquishment of quit rents and proprietory claims. "Mad" Anthony Wayne took Stony Point, July 15. Maor Henry Lee surprised the BrJtJsh garrison at Paulus Hook (Jersey City), August 19. The "Bon Homme Richard," Captain Paul Jones, took the "Serapis," Captain Pearson, September 23. Count D'Estaing beaten off from Savannah, October 9. Board af Admir- alty established by Congress, October 28. 3780. Very cold winter; New York Bay frozen over. British took Charles- ton, South Carolina, May 12. "Dark Day" iH New England, Friday, May 19. Cornwallis defeated Gates at Camden, August 16. Benedict Arnold went to the Briiish, September 25. John Paulding, Isaac Van Wert, and David Williams arrestel Major Andre, September 23. Andre executed as a spy, October 2. Oliver Evans, of Delaware, invented a grain elevator. British defeated at King's ]\Iountain, October 7. Holland declared war against Great Britain, December 20. 298 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1781. General Morgan defeated Col. Tarletou at Cowpens, January 17. Maryianc endorsed the Articles af Confederation, March 1, and they became the law of The Unioa. Battle of Guilford Court House, March 15. Greene drove the British from Camden, May 10. Arnold burnt New London, Conn., Septem- ber G. Battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8. Cornwallis surrendered to Washington at Yorktown, October 19. 1782. Birth of Daniel Webster, in New Hampshire, January 18. E. Hazard, postmasier general, January 28. Birth of John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March IS. The "Hyder Ally," Lieutenant Joshua Barney, took "General Monk," April 8. Great Seal of the United States adopted, June 20. British left Savan- n.^h, July 11. Robert Aitken, of Philadelphia, published the first English Bible in America. Hon. Tapping Reeve began first law school in the United States, Litchfield, Conn. The "America," the first 71-gun ship built in the United States, launched at Portsmouth, N. H., and was given to France. Preliminary peace declared at Paris, November 30. 1783. Webster's spelling book put in schools. John Armstrong wrote "Newburg Address," advising the army to act for itself. Birth of Wachington Irving, April 3. Society of Cincinnati formed, June 19; Washington first ju'esident. Jay negotiated a treaty with Great Britain, in Paris, September 3. Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., founded. Washington made farewell address to army, November 2. British evacuated New Y'ork, November 25. Washington resigned his commission, December 23. Maor General Henry Knox, December 23. 1784. First trading ship to China left New York, February 22. Eight bales of cotton were sent to England from Charleston as first export. King's College, N. Y., became Columbia, May 1. Captain John Doughty, June 20. Lieuienan'.-Colonel Joshia Harmar, August 12. "American Daily Advertiser," the first daily newspaper in America, was begun ni Philadelphia, Sepjtember 21. The Six Natoins made a treaty with the United States, at Fort Stanwix, OcLober 21. Methodist General Conference, in Lovely Lane Chapel, Baltimore, December 24, organized the Amercian Episcopal Church in the United States. 1785. Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, published "The Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Body and Mind," beginning the temperance movement. Eagle adopted as the national emblem. University of Georgia, Athens, and Universtiy of Nashville, Tenn., founded. 1786. Rev. John Carroll was made vicar-general by the Pope, and he fixed his residence at Baltimore, Md. Winfield Scott was born at Petersburg, Va., June 13. Falmouth, Me., incorporated, July 4, and named Portland. Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts, excited by lawsuits for debts. 1787. A convention of fifty-five members met in Philadelphia, May 14, and framed a constitution, "to form a more perfect union." Congress made laws for government of the Northwest territory, July 13, and expressly forbade slavery in it. Congress, July 23, gave forever Lot No. 16 of every township of public land for maintenance of public schools. The Constitution sent to Con- gress, September 17. Delaware ratified the Constitution December 7. Pennsyl- vania ratified the Constitution December 12. New Jersey ratified the Constitu- tion December 18. 1788. Georgia ratified the Constitution Janutry 2. Connecticut ratified the Constitution January 9. Massachusetts ratified the Constitution February 7. New Englanders settled at Marietta, April 7, the first settlement in Ohio. Mary- land ratified the Constitution April 28. South Carolina ratified the Constitutoin HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 299 May 23. ISew Hampshire ratified the Constitution June 21. Virginia ratified the Constitution June 26. New York ratified the Constitutoin July 26. "New York Journal and Register" appeared, first daily in New York. New York City was made the captial of the Union September 13. Maryland ceded Congress ten miles squar in Maryland for seat of government, December 23. John Cleves Symmefe settled in Cincinnati, Decembehr 28. 17S9. First Congress met in New York March 4. The Constitution was made the law of the Union, March 4. George Washnigton, President of the Untied States, April 30; John Adams, Vcie Presdient; Wm. Mooney foi-med T-rimmany Society of New York, May 12. Department of Foreign Affairs established July 27; War Department established August 7; Alex. Hamilton, Secrttarj of the Treasury, Sept. 11; Henry Knox, Secretary of War, September 12; Department of Foreign Affairs made Department of State, September 15; Office of Attorney-General established, September 24. Thos. Jefferson, Secretary of State; Ed. Randolph Attorney-General, and Sam. Osgood, Postmaster-General, September 26. John Jay was made Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Sept. 26. North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21. Virginia gave ten miles square for seat of Government, December 3. Washington. 1790. Congress met at Philadelphia January 4. Patent Office established April 10. Death of Benjamin Franklin, April 17. First copyright law of the United States passed April 30. Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29. Congiess selected Washington, D. C. for Federal Capital July 16. Samuel Slater orecter a cotton mill at Pawtucket, R. I., beginning the cotton manufacture in the United States. Jacob Perkins, of Massachusetts, invented the first machine for cutting nails. General Harmar defeated by Indians in Ohio, October 22. First census; population, 3,929,214. 1791. National Bank chartered February 8. New York State Agricultural Society established February 26, the first in the United States. Vermont added to Union March 4. Maor-General Arthur St. Clair, March 4. Rev. Samuel •Hopkins published "System of Theology." Timothy Pickering appointed Post- master August 12. University of Vermont, Burlington founded. "Territory of Columbia" and 'City of Washington" named September 9. General St. Clair defeated by Indians November 4. First ten amendments to Constitution, pro- posed in 1789, declared in force December 15. 1792. Mr. Jefferson wrote Tim. Pickering, March 28, "to know if the post whicli was then carried at the rate of 50 miles a day, could not be expedited by 100 n:;iles. Major General Anthony Wayne, April 13. First United States mint established at Philadelphia, which began decimal coinage. Captain Robert Gray, of Boston, entered and named the Columbia River, May 11. Kentucky added to ihe Union June 1. Presidential candidates: George Washington and John Adams, Federalists; Thomas Jefferson, Geo. Clinton, and Aaron Burr, Repub- licans. Coinage of eagles, half-eagles, and quarter-eagles (gold) begun. 1793. Geol-ge Washington, John Adams; Thos. Jefferson Secretary of State; Alex. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Knox, Secretary of War's Ed. Randolph, Attorney-General; Timothy Pcikering, Postmaster-General. Edmond Genet, agent of the Trench Republic, landed at Charleston, April 8, to seek American aid. President Washington laid the corner stone of the capitol, at Washington, April 18. Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, nivented the cotton gin. Williams College, Massachusetts, founded. Wm. Maxwell began the "Sentinal 300 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of the Northwest," at Cnicinnati, the first western newspaper. 4,000 people died o]' yellow fever in Philadelphia. 1794. Ed. Randolph, appointed Secretary of State, January 2. Wm. Brad- ford apponited Attorney-General, January 27. Whiskey rebellion in western! Pennslyvania, excited by the excise law. Bowdoin College, Maine, founded. General Wajne defeated the Indians on the Maunxee, August 20. Fort Wayne,. Indiana, built October 22. Public debt, $80,747,587. 179".. Tim. Pickering appointed Secretary of War, January 2. Oliver Wolcott appointed Seci'etary of Treasuary, February 2. Joseph Habersham appointed Postmaster-General, February 25. Union College, Schnectady, N. Y., founoed. Lnidley Murray published "English Grammar." Rev. Wm. Patten copyrighted "Christianity the True Theology," May 9, the first copyjight in the LTnited states. Jay's treaty with Great Britain ratified June 24. John Rutledge,. July 1. By treaty, the United States got from Spain the use of New Orleans port for ten years. Tribute paid to Dey of Algiers to release Americans. Tim- othy Pickering was appointed Secretary of State, and Chas. Lee AttorneyGeneral December 10. Public schools established by act of the Legislation of New Y'ork. 1796. Moses Cleveland, of Connecticut, laid ,out Cleveland, Ohio. James McHenry appointed Secretary of War, January 27. Oliver Ellsworth, March 4. Tennessee added to the Union June 1. Washington made farewell address to the American people September 17. Brig. -Gen. James Wilkinson, December 15. Presidential Candidates: John Adams and Th-os. Pinckney, Federalists; Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, Sam Adams, etc.. Republicans. Baltimore, Md., made a city, December ol, James Calhoun being the first mayor, 1797. John Adams. President; Thos. Jefferson, Vice-President; Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State; Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of Treasuary; James McHenry, Secretary of War; Chas. Lee. Attorney-General; Jos. Habersham, FostmasterGeneial. When the French government demanded "much money" to Iceep peace, Mr. Pinckney answered, "Millions for defence, not a cent for tribute." First grand chapter of Masons in United States, in Philadelphia, October 24. The French began hostilities on the ocean. Adams. • 1798. Eleventh amendment to the Constitution proposed in 1794, in force January S. Congress established Navy Deparimeut, George Cabot, Secretary, May o. Benjamin Stoddert appointed Secretary May 21. Jos. Hopkinson wrote "Hail Columbia." Congress passed the Alien Lavv^, June 25, empowernig^ the President to banish dangerous aliens. Lieutenant-General George Waslinigton, July 13. Congress passed the Sedition Law, July 14, directed against opponents of ihe govtinment. The President, substituting X. Y. Z, for names of French agents that asked tribute, referred it to Congress; war followed. Virginia passed resolutions, December 2, against the Alien and Sedition Laws. 1799. The "Constitution," Captain Truxton, took the B^rench ship, "L' Insur- gente," Tebruary 9. Congress passed the first Quarantine Act, Febi'uary 23. Navy Yard established at Washington. "Association for the Improvement of Common Schools" formed at Middleton, Conn. Death of George Washington, December 14. Major General Alex. Hamilton, Dec. 14. 2800. "Charleston, (S. C.) Courier, appeared January 1. John Marshall appointed Secretary of State and Sam Dexter Secretary of War, May 13. Con- gress Library founded. The Navy Yard at Portsmouth, N. H., came into the possession of tlie United States, June 12. Gabriel's insurrection in Virginia. Brig Gen. James Wilkinson, June 15. Site purchased for a Navy Y'ard at HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 301 Chark'ston, Ma&s., August 30. Presidential Candidates: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, Republicans; John Adams, Chas. C. Pinckney, and John Jay, Federals. Spain -secretly ceded Louisiana to France October 1. Congress met in Washington for the first time, November 17. Population of the United States, 5,308,483. 3 801. Samuel Dexter appointed Secretary of the Treasury, Januaryl. John Marshall, January 31. Roger Griswold appointed Secretary of War, February 3, and Tbeo. Parsons, Attorney-General. February 20. Brooklyn Navy Yard estab- lished. Jefferson and Burr, having tied on 73 votes, the House on February 17, electea Jeft'erson. Thomas Jefferson, President; Aaron Burr, Vice-President; Jas. Madison, Secretary of State; Samuel Dexter, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War; Levi Lincoln, Attorney-General; Benjamin Stoddert, Secretary of Navy; Jos. Habersham, Postmaster-General. Albert Galladn was appointed Secretary of Treasury, May 14. Tripoli declared war against the United States, June 10. Gosport Navy Yard established. Robert Smith appointed Secretary of Navy July 15. Gideon Granger was appointed Fostmaster-Genera], November 28. The President complained of office-holders, '"that few died and none resigned." .Jefferson. 1802. Excise tax repealed March 16. Military Academy, at West Point, founded. The Spanish governor of New Orleans closed the port against Americans. Ohio was added to the Union November 29. 1803. President Jefferson gave France $15,000,000 for the Louisiana Terri- tory, April 30. Oliver Evans, of Delaware, devised the first dredge for deepen- ing the channels of rivers. Sailors of New York Cily went on a strike. First load of authrar-ite coal taken into Philadelphia. Apple parer invented. Orestes A. Brownson was born in Vermont, September 16. United States took possession of Nev»' Orleans, December 20. ( 3 804. Lieutenant Decatur entered harbor of Tripoli, February 16, and burnt the "Philadelphia." Baptists organized the first Bible Society in the United States. Aaron Burr and Alex. Hamilton fought a duel, July 11, the latter being killed. Commodore Preble bombarded Tripoli, August 3. Twelfth amendment to the Constitution declared inforce, September 25, by which distinct candidates for President and Vice-President be voted for. Presidential Candidates Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton, Republicans; Chas. C. Pinckney and Rufus King, Federals. Public debt, $82,312,150. 1805. New Orleans made a city, February 17, Joseph Mather, mayor. Thomas Jefferson, President; Geo. Clinton, Vice-President; James Madison, Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War; Robert Smith, Attorney-General; J. Crowinshield, Secretary of the Navy; Gideon Granger, Postmaster-General. Peace made with Tripoli, June 4. Hiram Powers, sculptor, born in Vermont, July 29. Lewis and Clarke reached .the Rocky Mountains, near Helana, July 19. John Breckenridge appointed Attorney-General, August 7. Lewis and Clarke reached the mouth of the Columbia River. November 7. Jefferson. 1806. Great Britain passed an order in Counsil, May 16, declaring the blockade of the European coast from the Elbe to Brest. Andrew Jackson and Chas. Dickinson fought a duel. May 30, the latter being killed. Webster published "Complete Dictionary of the English Language." Zebulon M. Pike discovered Pike's Peak. Tailors formed the first trades union in the United States. Napoleon, at Berlin, declared the British ports blockaded November 21, 802 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 1807. Caesar A. Rodney appointed Attorney-General, January 20. British frigate "Leopard" took four seamen from the "Chesapeake" June 22. The "Clermont," the first successful steamer, devised and built by Robert Fulton, went from New York City to Albany, August 11. Aaron Burr tried and acquitted. Great Britain forbade the neutrals to trade with France, without paying tribute to Great Britain, November 11. Congress passed "Jefferson's Embargo," Decem- ber 2'j., forbidding any vessel to leave an American port. 1S08. Act forbidding the importation of slaves took effect January 1. The Pope created the Sees of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Bardstown, Ky., April S. St. Louis "Republic" appeared, the first paper in St. Louis. Jefferson Davis born in Kentucky, August 3. Presidential Candidates: James Madison and Geo Clinton, Republicans; C. C. Pinckney and Rufus King, Federalists. 3 809. Edgar Allan Poe born in Boston, January 19. Abraham Lincoln born in Kentucky, February 12. Congress repealed the Embargo Act, March 3, and passed the Non-Intercourse Act, forbidding Americans to trade with Great Britain or France. James Madison, President; George Clinton, Vice-President; Robert Smith, Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury; Wm. Eustis, Secretary of War; Caesar A. Rodney, Attorney-General; Paul Hamilton, Secretary of Navy; Gideon Granger, Postmaster-General. Madison. 1810. Captain Winship built the first house in Oregon. Penn's "Treaty- Tree" blown down, March 3. Steel pens came into use. A general postoffice was established in Washington, April 30. Frst Agricultural exhibition in the United States was held at Georgetown,N. C, May 10. The Presbytery of Cum- berland, Ky., was formed. Population of United States, 7,239,881. 1811. Chas. Sumner born in Boston January C. James Munroe was appointed Secretary of State, April 2. The "President" fired into "Little Belt" May IC. "Orleans" built at Pittsburg, was the first steamer on the Ohio and Mississippi. John Jacob Astor founded Astoria. Hezekiah Niles began "Niles Weekly Register," September 7, in Baltimore. "Buffalo Gazette" appeared, October 1, the first newspaper in Buffalo. Gen. W. H. Harrison defeated Ellswa- tawa, a brother of Tecumseh, at Tippecanoe, November 7. Wendell Phillips was born in Boston,, November 29. Wm. Pinckney was appointed Attorney- General, December 11. 1812. Major Henry Dearborn, January 27. Louisiana added to the Union, April 30. President declared war against Great Britain. June 18. Great Britain repealed Orders in Council, June 23. "Uncle Sam," after Samuel Wilson of Troy, came into use. The British took Mackinaw, July 17. General Hull sur- rendered Detroit to Brock August 16. The "Constitution" took the "Guerriere," August 19. Battle of Queenston Heights, October 13. The "Wasp" took the British frigate "Frolic" October 18. The "United States" took the "Macedonian" October 25. Presidential Candidates: James Madison ana Elbridge Gerry, Republicans; De Witt Clinton and Jared Ingersoll, Federalists. The "Constitu- tion" took the Java" December 29. 1813. Wm. Jones appointed Secretary of the Navy, January 12. John Armstrong appointed Secretary of War, January 13. The "Hornet" took the Britsih "Peacock," February 24. James Madison, President; Elbrdige Gerry, Vice-President; James Munroe, Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury; John Armstrong, Secretary of War; Wm. Pinckney, Attorney- General; Wm. Jones, Secretary of Navy; Gideon Granger, Postmaster-General. General Dearborn took Toronto, April 27. Dearborn took Fort George, May 27. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 303 The "Shannon'" took the "Chesapeake" June 1. The "Enterprise" took the British "Boxer" September 5. Perry defeated Barclay at Lake Erei, September 10. Harrison crushed Proctor at Thames, October 5. Chrysler's Farm, Novem- bei- 11. McClure burnt Newark, December 10. The British burnt Buffalo December 30. Madison. 1814. George W. Campbell was appointed Secretary of Treasury, February ?; and Roihard Rush Attorney-General Februai-y 10. Return of J. Meigs, as Postmaster-General, March 17. General Brown defeated Riall at Chippewa, Jiily 5. Battle of Bridgewater, or Lundy's Lane, July 25. General Ross burnt Yv ashinglon, August 24. Commodore Macdonough defeated Downie, and General Macomb defeated Prevost, at Plattsburg, September 11. Genei'al Ross was killed at Baltimore, September 13. While the British bombarded Fort McHenry, September 14, Francis S. Key composed the "Star Spangled Banner." James Moni'oe v, as appointed Secretary of War, September 27, and Alex. J. Dallas Secietary of the Treasuary, October 6. The "Hartford Convention" was held December 15. B. W. Crowninshield was appointed Secretary of the Navy, Dec- ember 19. Treaty of Paris, December 24. Public debt $99,833,660. J 815. General Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans, January 8, Sir Ed. Pakenham being killed. Wm. Tudor began the "North American Review." The "Intelligencer' appeared in Kaskaskia, the first paper in Illinois. Major-General Jacob Brown, June 15. Commodore Decatur took two Algerine fihi])s, E.nd, sailing into the Bay of Algiers, forced the Dey to sign a Treaty, June 30. Wm. H. Crawford was appointed Secretai-y of War, August 1. Terrific gale and flood in New England, September 23. 1816. The "Boston Recorder" appeared January 3. Congress passed the Compensation Bill, by which members were to get $1,500 a year, instead of $6.00 a aay. U. S. Bank chartered for twenty years, April 10. The American Bible Society was organized in New York City, May 8. The "Ontario," built at Sacketfs Harbor, was the first steamer on Lake Ontario. Coldest summer ever known. ^Vm. H. Crawford was appointed Secretary of Treasury, October 22. Presidential Candidates: James Monroe and D. D. Tomkins, Republicans; Rulus King and John E. Howard, Federalists. Indiana was added to the Union, December 11. 1817. James Monroe, President; D. D. Tomlvius, Vice-President; John Q. Adams, Secretary of State; Wm. H- Crawford, Secretary of Treasury; George Graham, Secretary of War; Richard Rush, Attorney-General; B. W. Crownin- shield, Secretary of Navy. Return of J. Meigs, as Postmaster-General. Rush Bagot "Ireaty," April 28, fixing the number of war vessels that the United States and Great Britain may keep on inland waters. Governor Clinton of New York, at Rome, broke ground for the Erie Canal, July 4. First Seminole War. The i.eople said "The era of good feeling has begun." Hartford, Conn. "Times" appeared. John C. Calhoun appointed Secretary of War, October 8; and Wm. Wirt Attorney-General, November 13. Mississippi admitted to the Union Dec- ember 10. 181S Daniel Webster successfully argued the "Dartsmouth College Case" March 10. Congress established the flag of the United States, April 4, limiting the stripes to thirteen, putting twenty stars in the Union, and providing that an additional star be inserted for each new admitted state. Gen. Jackson executed Alex Arbuthnot and Robert C. Ambrister, for inciting the Indians to war. Jackson took Pensacola, May 27. Convention with Great Britain, October 304 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 20, acknowledging the right of the United States to the Newfoundland fisheries. Illinois admitted into the Union December 3. Smith Thompson was appointed Secretary of theNavy, November 9. 1819. Florida was purchased from Spain for $5,000,000, February 22. The "Savannah" a sidewheel steamer, left Savannah May 24, reaching Liverpool June 20. "Walk-in-the-Water" was the first steamer on Lake Erie. Manchester Unity introduced Oddfellowship into the United States. Champlain Canal com- pleted. Cleveland "Herald" appeared. Alabama admitted into the Union, Dec- ember 14. 1820. Wm. T. Sherman was born in Ohio, February 8. The "Missouri Co.nipromise," making Missouri a slave State, but prohibiting slavery elsewhere north of 12J^ degrees and west of Mississippi was passed March 12. Maine was. released from Massachusetts and admitted to the Union March 15. Commodore Decatur and Commodore Barron fought a duel, March 22, the former being killed. The priiiffrs of Albany, N. Y., went on a strike, originating the words "scab" and "rat." First Stock Exchange in New York. No President nominated. Topuiation, 9,633,822. 1821. Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows of Maryland and the United States, instituted February 22. Bill passed to admit Missouri, February 28. James Monroe, President; D. D. Tomkins, Vice-President; John Q. Adams, Secretary of State; Wm. H. Crawford, Secretary of Treasury; John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; Wm. Wirt, Attorney-General; Smith Thompson, Secretary of Navy; Return J. Meigs, Postmaster-General. Amherst College, Massachusetts, founded. Mrs. Emma Willard began a school for women at Troy, N. Y. Missouri admitted to Union, AugustlO. Mobile "Register" appeared. 1822. "Indiana Gazette," "Indiana State Sentinel" appeared January 28. Boston made a city February 23, John Phillips being the first mayor. United States recognizes the Sotith American republics as independent sovereignties. U. S. Grant was born in Ohio, April 27. Extension of National road from Wheeling to Mississippi. Americans founded a negro Republic at Liberia, Africa, for African freedmen. Cotton mill erected aL Lowell, Mass., beginning the city. St. Louis, Mo., made a city December 9, Wm. Carr Lane being the first mayor. 1823. "Zion's Herald, of Boston, appeared January 1. The Indianapolis Journal" appeared March 7. John McLane appointed Postmaster-General, June 26. Rev. Samuel Reed Hall established the first Normal School for training teachers, at Concord, Vermont. John Rogers appointed Secretary of Navy, September 1. Francis Parkman born in Boston, September 16. Samuel L. Southard appointed Secretary of the Navy,. September 16. The "Monroe Doctrine," America is for Americans, explicitly announced December 1. 1824. "Boston Courier" appeared. The House of Refuge, New York City, conceived by Ed. Livingston, founded; it was the first reform school for juvenile delinquents in the world. Clay passed a high tariff bill. Detroit made a city August 5, John R. Williams, first mayor. Lafayette landed at New York, August 15. Presidential Candidates: Andrew Jackson, John Q. Adams, W. H. Craw- ford, and H. Clay for President; John C. Calhoun, Nat. Sanford, Nat. Macon, and Andrew Jackson for Vice-President. This was the "scrub" race; no candi- date got a majority. Public debt, $83,788,432. 1825. The House made Adams President; John C. Calhoun, Vice-President; Henry Clay, Secretary of State; Richard Rush, Secretary of Treasury; James HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 305 Barbour, Secretary of War; Wm Wirt, Attorney -General; Samuel L. Southard, Secretary of Navy; John McLean. Postmaster-Greneral. "Sunday Courier," of New York, appeared, the first sunday newspaper. Lafayette laid the corner stone of the Bunker Hill monument, June 17. Homeopathy introduced into the United Staes by Dr. Hans B. Gram. Navy Yard established at Pensacola. Rev. Isaac McCoy, ( Baptist) preached first English sermon in Chicago, October 9. After eight years of great toil, the Erie Canal, "Clinton's Big Ditch," was opened October £G. iS26. Clay and Adams "bargain' hotly debated. "American Society for the promotion of Temperance" formed in Boston, February 13. Clay and Randolph fought a duel, April 8, but neither was hurt. "New Orleans Bee" appealed. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died July 4. Wm. Morgan, of Patavia having threatened to expose Free Masonry, mysteriously disappeared. James Kent wrote 'Commentaries on American Law." Tramway built at Qnincy, Mass. 1827. A national convention of protectionists met at Harrisburg, Pa., July SO, and declared for a proctective tariif. Alex Campbell founded the "Disciples of Christ." An angel gave Joseph Smith the plates and the Urim and Thunmiiu, near Manchester, N. Y., September 22, from which he gathered the "Book of Mormon." 1828. Joseph Smith organized the Mormnn Church April 6. Congress passed what is called "Tariff of Abominations," May 15. Peter Porter was appointed Secretary of War May 26. Paper first made of straw, at Meadville, Pa. Major-General Alexander Macomb, May 29. Chas. Carroll, at Baltimore, broke ground for the first steam railroad in the United States, July 4. Presiden- tial Candidates: Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun, Democrats, for Presi- dent and Vice-President; John Q. Adams and Richard Rush. National Repub- licans, for President and Vice-President. Noah Webster published "Distionary of the English Language." First popular vote for President. 1S29. Andrew Jackson, President; John C. Calhoun, Vice-President; Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State; Sam. D. Ingham, Secretary of Treasury; John a. Raton, Secretary of War; John M. Berrien, Attorney-General; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy; Wm. T. Barry, Postmaster-General. The "Stourbridge Lion," tiie first locomotive in the United States, arrived from England. Presi- dent Jackson displaced hundreds of civil servants, to make places for his followers. The Postm.aster-General was made a cabinet officer. Samuel Rust invented the Washington press. The schooner "Michigan" for an exibition, was sent ever Niagara Falls. 1830. "Great Debate in the Senate," against and for nullification. Thuiiow Reed began the "Journal," at Albany, N. Y., March 22. At the President's birthday celebration, he proposed "Our Federal Union; it mustbe preserved;" the Vice-President followed with "Liberty, dearer than the Union." Peter Cooper built the first American locomotive at Baltimore. The Baltimore & Ohio railroad (14 miles) was opened May 24, beingethe first steam railroad in the United States. Jos. E Worsester published his Dictionary. Audubon published "The Birds of America." Population, 12,866,020. 1831. Wm. Lloyd Garrison began the "Liberator," in Boston, January 1 the first abolition paper. New York University, New York City, chartered April 18. Detroit "Free Press" appeared May 5. Levi Woodbury was appointed S06 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Secretary of Navy May 28. Ed. Livingstone appointed Secretary of State, May 24; and Roger B. Tanoy, Attorney-General, July 20. Harrisburg "Tele- graph" appeared. Lewis Cass appointed Secretary of War, August 1, and Louis McLane appointed Secretary of Treasury, August S. Wm. T. Porter began "Spirit of the Times," N. Y., the first sporting paper. Presidential nominations first maae by conventions. Anti-Masons, of Baltimore, September 26, nominated Wm. Wirt, President and Amos Ellmaker, Vice-President. United States Naval Home, at Philadelphia, opened December 4. The National Republicans, at Baltimore, December 12, nominated Henry Clay, President, and John Sergeant, Vice-President. 1832. Buflalo made a city April 20, Ebenezer Johnson, mayor. , Tire Demo^ mats, at Baltimore, May 2J, nominated Jackson for for President, and M. Van Buren for Vice-President. Senator Marcy, of New York, said"To the victors belong the spoils." Black Hawk began war. The "Democrat and Chronicle," of Rochester, appeared. The President vetoed the United States Bank Bill, July 10. Cholera. Cincinnati "Times" appeared. Black Hawk was captured. Ihe State Convention, at South Carolina, vetoed the Tariff Acts, November 19, and declared the supreme soverignty of the State. President Jackson declared the soverignty of the Union, December 16, and threatened military coercion, forcing the nullifiers to yield. 1833. Webster, replying to Calhoun, said, February 16, "There can be no secession without a revolution." Clay's Compromise Tariff passed February 26. .-Vndiew Jii'-'kson, Preside at, Martin Van Buren, Vice-Presdeint; Ed. Livingstone, Secretary of State; Louis IMcLane, Secretary o^ Treasury; Lewis Cass, Secre- tary of War; Roger B. 'IVvriey, Attorney-General; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of Navy, Wm. T. Barry, Postmaster-General. Louis McLane was appointed Secre- tary of State, and Wm. J. Daane, Secretary of Treasury, May 29. Benj. H. Day began the "Daily Sun," N. Y., September 3, the first cent paper io. the United Slates. Ikdger B. Taney, was appointed Secretary of Treasury, S' ptember 23. Taney took public funds from the United Staes Bank, October 1. The sky was filled with meteors and falling stars, November 13. Benj. F. Butler appointed Attorney-General, November 15. li^Jl. Brooklyn, N. Y., made a city, April 8, Geo. Hall first mayor. Cyrus Ilfill McCoiraick, invented a reaping machine, the first ever used Abolition riots in New York City. National Republicans became Whigs. John Forsyth ^•■as &p]»OMited Secretary of State, and Levi Woodbury, Secretary of Treasury, June 27. Mahlon Dickerson was appointed Secretary of Navy, June 30. Indian Territory formed June 30. Castle Garden Club Association formed, the first Ir the Unite-.'. States. A mob burnt St. Urusla Convent, Mount Benedict, Mass., August 11. Public debt $33,733. 1S35. The Buffalo "Commercial" appeared January 1. "Cold Saturday," February 7; Chesapeake Bay frozen over. Osceola began the second Seminole War. Samuel Colt began to make revolving fire arms at Paterson, N.J. Amos Kendall appointed Postmaster-General, May 1. James Gordon Bennett began the New Yoiiv "Herald" May 6. Mints established at Charlotte, N. C, Dahlouega, Ga.. and New Orleans. At New York City University, Sam. F. B. Morse showed the first instrument for telegraphis recording. The "Nashville Union" appeared. Osceola r.iiirdered Major Dade and 110 soldiers. $20,000,000 fire in New York City December 16. 1S?A'. Cleveland, Ohio, made a city, March 5, John W. Willey first mayor. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 307 Roger B. 'lauey, March 15. Sam Houston, defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto, April 2, niaking Texas an independent State. The. "Toledo Blade" appeared. The Americar. and Foreign Bihle Society was formed in New York, May 12, Arkansas admitted to the Union, June 15. President issued "Specie Circular," July 11, insisting that public lands be paid for in silver and gold. The "Wis- confcin" of Milwaukee, appeared. Presidential Candidates: Martin Van Buren and Richard M. Johnson, Democrats; Wm. H. Harrison, Daniel Webster, etc., Wliigs. Lnited States Post Office and Patent Office, at Washington, destroyed by fire, December 15. "The Visitor," the predecessor of the Dubuque Herald, the first i.aper in Iowa, appeared at Dubuque. 1837. New Orleans "Picayune" appeared, January 25. Michigan admitted to I'nion, January 26. Martin Van Buren, President; R. M. Johnson, Vice- President; John Forsyth, Secretary of State; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of Treasury; Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War; B. B. Butler, Attorney-General; Mahlon Dickerson, Secretary of Navy; Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General. Chicago made a city, March 4, Wm. B, Ogden, mayor. Grand Rapids "Demo- crat" ap^jeaied. Massachusetts Board of Education organized, Horace Mann, secretary. Milwaukee "Sentinel" appeared. The "Baltimore Sun" appeared. Great financial panic. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy shot by a mob at Alton, 111., November 7. Wm. L. Mackenzie arrived in Buffalo December 10. Col. McNab cast "Ccroline" over Niagara Falls, December 29. 183S. "The Great Western" and "Sirius," two British steamships, arrived at New York; April 23. Members of "Hunter's Lodges" burnt "Sir Robert Peel" on the St. Lawrence, May 29. James K. Paulding appointed Secretary of the Navy, June 25. Several States repudiated their debts. Felix Grundy appointed Attorney-General, July 5. Gen. ScoLt removed the Cherokees beyond the Mississippi. Von Schoultz landed 180 men at Prescott, Canada, November 11. Territory of Iowa organized and cognomen "Hawkeye" adopted. 1839. Virginia Military Academy established at Lexington. First general expre.-'S in the United States was begun by Wm. F. Harnden, from Boston to New York. The "Da,ily American" (Evening Journal), appeared, April 9, the fiist daily :n Chicago. Anthracite coal first successfully used to smelt iron in rennsylvani£. Mormons settled at Nauvoo, 111. First printing press west of the Rocky Mountains set up at Walla Walla. Anti-rent troubles in New York. Aiicient Order of Foresters introduced into the United States. The Whigs, at Harrisburj;, Pa., December 4, nominated Wm. H. Harrison for President, and Johr. Tyler for Vice-President. 1S40. Henry D. Gilpin, appointed Attorney-General, January 11. The Democrats, at Baltimore, May 5, nominated Van Buren for President, the States to nominarca Vice-President. John M. Niles was appointed Postmaster-General, May liK The "Sub-Treasury Act," the establishment of a government treasury, oecame a law, July 4, effecting a "Divorce of Bank and State." Samuel Cunard established the first line of steamships between the United States and Liverpool, First (lection campaign was a "Hard cider campaign," the Wig cry being "Tippecanoe and Tyler too." Population 17,069, 453. 1841. Wm. H. Harrison, President; John Tyler, Vice-President; Daniel S. Vv'ebster, Secretary of State; Thos. Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury; John IJell, Secretary of War: John Crittenden, Attorney -General ; Geo. E. Badger, Secretary of Navy; Francin Granger, Postmaster-General. Death of President Harrison, April 4. JohnTyler, installed President, April 6. Horace Greely 308 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. began the New York "Tribune," April 10. Major General Winfield Scott, July 5. The Sub-Treasury Act was repealed, August 9. The Bankruptcy Act wa.s passed, August 19. Tyler broke with the Whigs, September 9. The Pittsburg "Chronicle-Telegraph" appeared. John McLean appointed Secretary of War; V/alter forward, Secretary of Treasury; Hugh S. Lagare, Attorney-General; Abel P. I'pshur, Secretary of Navy and Chas. A Wickliffe, Postmaster-General, September 3 3; John C. Spencer was appointed Secretary of War, October 12. The Broklyn "Eagle" appeared October 26. 1842. Croton water system at New York, opened, July 4. High tariff imposed. Beginning of fiscal year changed from January 1st to July 1st, September 28. Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton tixed the Maine boundry, made 49.30 degrees the boundry line from Lake of Woods to the Rock Moun- tains, and arranged for the extradition of criminals, September 9. The Univer- sity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, opened. September 20. Sons of Temperance organized in New York, September 29. Order of Odd Fellows separated from Manchester Unity. Cincinnati "Enquirer" appeared. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Islau.i. Abraham Lincoln married Miss Mary Todd, November 4. .3 843. John C. Spencer was appointed Secretary of Treasury, March 3. Bankruptcy Act repealed, March 3. James M. Porter appontedi Secretary of War, M--irch S. Hugh S. Legare appointed Secretary of State, May 9. John Nelson appointed Attorney-General, July 1. Abel P. Upshur appointed Secre- tary of Slate, and David Henshaw, Secretary of the Navy, July 24. Dr. Whit- man led -00 immigrants into the valley of the Columbai River. Great comet visible in caytime. The Liberty Party, at Buffalo, August 30, nominated James G. Birney for President, and Thomas Morris for Vice-President. John C. Fre- mont and Kit Carson, in a leather boat, explored Great Salt Lake. 1844. Wm. Wilkins was appointed Secretary of War; and Thos. W. Gilmer, Secretary of Navy, February 15. John C. Calhoun was appointed Secretary of State, March 6; John Y. Mason, Secretary of Navy, March 14. The Whigs, at Baltimore, May 1, nominated Henry Clay for President, and T. Frelinghuysen for Vice-i'resident. First electrec telegraph in the United States worked between Baltimore pnd Washington, May 24, Professor Morse's message being "What hath God ■Vvrought?" The Democrats, at Baltimore, May 27, nominated James K. Polk for President, and Geo. M. Dallas for Vice-President. George M. Bibb was appointed Secretary of Treasury, June 15. Jos. Smith and his brother, Hiram, were shot at Carthage, 111., Brigham Young becoming President of the Mormon Church. United States Naval Observatory at Washington, erected. Public debt, $15,925,303. 184;'. Florida admitted to the Union, March 3. James Knox Polk, Presi- dent; Geo. M. Dallas, Vice-President; James Buchanan, Secretary of State; Robert J. Walker, Secretary of Treasury; W. L. Marcy, Secretary of War; Geo. Bancroft, Secretary of Navy; .John Y. Mason, Attorney-General; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General. $10,000,000 fire in Pittsburg, Pa., April 10. Hosts of immi- grants coming: into the United States. John A. Robling erected suspended aqueduct of Pennsylvania canal across the Monongahela. United States Naval Academy opened at Anftapolis. Dr. Wm. T. J. Morton, of Boston, discovered the anesthetic properties of ether. Texas admitted to the Union December 29. 3 846. Pittsburg "Despatch" appeared. Milwaukee made a city, January 31, Sol. Juneau, mayor. Oregon excitement, the cry being "Fifty-four-forty or fight." Sub-Treasury Act re-passed. Mexicans began war. Gen. Tyler defeated HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 309 ILe Mexicans at Palo Alto, May 8. Congress declared war against Mexico, May 13. Elias Howe patented his sewing machina. Treaty at Washington, settling the Oregon bound ry line, at 49 degrees, June 15. "Wilmot Proviso" failed to pass. John Y. Mason appointed Secretary of Navy, September 9. Taylor look Monterey, September 24. Smithsonian Institute, at Washington, establifihed. Nathan Clifford appointed Attorney-General, October 17. Boston "Herald" jippeared. Iowa admitted to the Union, December 28. 1847. Thos. Alvin Edison born in Ohio, February 11. General Taylor de- feated Santa Anna at Buena Vista, February 23. Adhesive postage stamps, 5 eent and 10 cent stamps, authorized, March 3. Richard M. Hoe, of New York, l-roduced the first rotary printing press. Philadelphia "Item" appeared. American. Medical Association formed. Chicago "Tribune" appeared, June 10. Moses G. i'armer, of Dover, N. H., showed the first electric passenger car, July 2(.>. Scott took the City of Mexico, September 14. The Mormons reached Salt Lake. Henry Ward Beecher installed pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, November 11. 1848. Gold discovered on the Sacramento River, January 19. Peace with Mexico, February 2: the United States getting Upper California and New Mexico, and paying to Mexico $1.5,000,000. Free Soil Party appeared, their cry being, "Free soil, free speech, fee labor, and free men." The Democrats, at Baltimore, May 22, nominated Lewis Cass for Pi'sident, and Wm. O. Butler for Vice-President. Wisconsin admitted to the Union, May 29. The Whigs, at Philadelphia, June 7, nominated Zachery Taylor for President and Millard Fillmore for Vice-President. Isaac Toucey_ was appointed Attorney-General, June 2i. Naval station established at New Orleans. The Des Moines "Leader" ai)peared. The Free Soilers, at Buffalo, August 9, nominated M. Van Buren for President, and Chas. F. .Adams for Vice-President. 1849. Elizabeth Blackwell, was the first woman to be a M. D., in the United States. Fortune hunters rushed to California. Congress formed the Department of the Interior, March 3, with Thos. H. Swing, Secretary. Zachary Taylor, President ; Millard Fillmore, Vice-President; John M. Clayton, Secre- tary of State; Wm. M. Meredith, Secretary of Treasury; Geo. W. Crawford, Secretary of War; Reverdy Johnson, Attorney-General; Wm. B. Preston, Secre- tary of Navy; Jacob Collamer, Postmaster-General. G. H. Corliss, of Providence, R. I., introduced trip gear in steam engines. Detroit "Tribune" appeared. 1S50. Webster made a "Union speech," March 7. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, April 19. San Francisco madea city, May 1, John W. Geary.mayor. President died July 9. Millard Fillmore installed, July 10. Daniel Webster was appointed Secretary of State: Tlios. Corwin, Secretary of Treasury: Wm. A. Graham, Secretary of Navy; Winfield Scott, Secretary of War; James A. Pearce, Seci-e- tary of Interior; John J. Crittenden, Attorney-General; Nathan K. Hall, Post- July ?i. Chas. M. Conrad was appointed Secretary of War, and Thos. McKer- non, Se.'r>Mary of the Interior, August 15. California admitted into the Union, September 9. Alex. H. H. Stuart, was appointed Secretary of the Interior, September 12. Harper's Alagazine appeared. Population 23,191,876. 1851. Y. M. C. A. established in Boston. Directors of the Erie railroad went from New York to Dunkirk, April 28, opening the road. Neal Dow's Maine law (prohibition) passed June 2. Wm. L. Crittenden, for aiding the >Cubans, was shot at Havana, August 16. The "America" beat the "Aurora" laround the Isle of Whight, August 22. Henry J. Raymond began the New 310 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. York '"I iines," September 18. "Underground railroad" helping fugitive slaves, put in opejation. New York editors banquetted Louis Kossuth, December 13, originating the Press Club. Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., founded. i.V52. Rise of America, or "Know Nothing" Party, a secret society opposed to the' appointment of foreign-born citizens to office. The Democrats, at Balti- more, ..Tune 1, nominated Franklin Pearce for President, and Wm. R.. King, for Vice-President. The Whigs, at Baltimore, June 16, nominated Winfield Scott for Presir'eut, and Wm. A. Graham for Vice-President. John P. Kennedy was appointed Secretary of the Navy, July 22. The "Globe Democrat" of St. Louis, appeared. Harvard and Yale had their first boat race, August 3. Free Soil Geo. W. Julian, for Vice-President. Sam. D. Hubbard was appointed Postmaster- General, August 31. Great Britain and France suggested the "Tripartite Treaty," to guarantee Cuba to Spain. 1853. Franklin Pierce, President; Wm. R. King, Vice-President; Wm. L. Marcy, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, Secretary of Treasury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War; James C. Dobbin, Secretary of Navy; Robert Mc- Clelland, Secretary of the Interior; Caleb Gushing, Attorney-General; James Campbell, Postmaster-General. The United States paid Mexico $10,000,000 for the Mesilla Valley. Navy Yard established at Mare Island, Cal. New York Central Railroad organized, April 2 The seizure of Martin Kostza, an Austrian claiming American citizenship, and his rescue by an American man-of-war, ex- cited the naturalization question. Second world's fair opened in New York, July 14. New York clearing house established, October 11, the first in the United States. Public debt, $35,586,956. 1854. The "Black Warrior" was confiscated in Havana, February 28. Mint was f.stublished in San Francisco. Congress passed Stephen A. Douglass' "Kansas-Nebraska" Bill, May 31, dividing Nebraska into Nebraska and Kansas, and making slavery optional to settlers. A naval station was established at Key West. Reciprocity Treaty with Canada was ratified, June 5. The North- ern Whigs became "Anti-Nebraska" men. Messrs. Buchanan, Mason and Soule were sent from Aix-la-Chapelle, to Congress, the "Ostend Circular," advising the acquisixion of Cuba, by purchase or by force. 1855. First registration of letters. The President dismissed the British Minister and the British Consuls at New York, Philadelphia and Cincinnati, for sanctioning the enlistment of men for the British army. Missourians traversed Kansas and terrorized the settlers opposed to slavery. Wm. Walker and H. L. Kinney tried to establish an American colony on Mosquito coast. John A. Roebling finished the Niagara Suspension Bridge. 1856. The American Party at Philadelphia, February 22, nominated Millard Fillmore President, and A. J. Donelson Vice-President. The "Anti-Nebraska" men became Republicans. Preston S. Brooks brutally assaulted Chas. Sumner in the Senate, May 22. The Democrats, at Cincinnati, June 2, nominated James Buchanan, President, and John C. Breckenridge, Vice-President. Autobiography of Peter Cartwright appeared. The Republicans, at Philadelphia, June 17, nom- inated John C. Fremont,President and Wm. L. Dayton, Vice-President. Ocean telegraph was laid from New York to St, Johns, Newfoundland. The San Francisco "Call" appeared. 1857. James Buchanan, President; John C. Breckenridge, Vice-President; Louis Cass, Secretary of State; Howell Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury: John B. Floyd, Secretary of War; Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney-General; Isaac Toucey, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 311 Secreta:y of Navy; Aarou V. Brown, Postmaster-General; Jacob Thompson, Secretary of Interior. Justice Taney decided against Dred Scott, Harch. 6, a negro that claimed freedom because he had sojourned in a fee state; Taney f-ecided that a slave, not being a citizen, could not bring a case into court. The.'L, was a financial panic, many banks stopping payment. The"National Emancipation Society" was formed at Cleveland, August 26, to end slavery by government purchase. 185S. Gold was discovered in Colorado. The Comstock silver lode was discovered in Nevada. Minnesota added to the Union, May 11. Iron deposit boxes tor letters were first used in the streets of Boston, August2. The first Atlantic cable was put down; it soon failed. First overland mail, that left St. liouis. f?ej)tember 16, reached San Francisco, October 10. 1859. Oregon admitted to the Union, February 14. Jos. Holt was appointed Postmaster-General, March 14. The Boston "Commercial Bulletin" appeared. Col. Drake sank the first successful oil well near Titusville, Pa. Severe frost in the northern part of the United States, June 4. Denver "Rockey Mountain News" appeared. John Brown captured Harper's Ferry and attmpted to liberate ihe slaves; Le was captured, tried, and hung, December 2. 1860. The Republicans, at Chicago, May 16, nominated Abraham Lincoln, for President, and Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-President. The American Party, at Baltimoie, May 19, nominated John Bell for President, and Ed Everett for Vice-President. The President vetoed the Homestead Bill, which would have given settlers land for 25 cents an acre. The Douglass Democrats, at Baltimore, June 18, nominated Stephen A. Douglass for President, and H. V. Johnson for Vice-President. The Southern Democrats, at Baltimore, June 28, nominated John C. Breckenridge for President and Jos. Lane for Vicc-Pi-esident. Philip S. Thomas was appointed Secretary of Treasury, December 12. Jeremiah S. Black vas appointed Secretary of State, December 17. The "Crittenden Compi'omise" was offered December 18. Ed. M. Stanton was appointed Attorney-General, December 20. South Carolina seceded from the Union, December 20. Popula- tion 31,443,321. 1861. Confederates fired on the "Star of the West" January 9th, beginning the Civil War. Mississippi seceded January 9; Florida seceded January 10; Alabama seceded January 11. John A. Dix was appointed Secretary of Treasury January 11, and O. S. Holt, Secretary of War, January 18. Georgia seceded January 19; Louisiana seceded January 26-. Kansas admitted to Union January 29. TcNas seceded February 1. The Confederate States of America were formed at Montgon.ery, Ala., February, with Jefferson Davis as President and Alexander H StOj'litns as Vice-President. Horatio King was appointed Postmaster-General February 12. Abraham Lincoln, President; Hannibal Hamilton, Vice-President; Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of Treasury; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War; Ed. Bates, Attorney-General; Gideon Welles, Secietary of the Navy; Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the Interior. Major Anderson evaucated Fort Sumpter, April 14. Virginia seceded April 17. The Confederates took Harper's Ferry, April 18. The "Plug uglies" of Baltimore attacked the Sixth Massachusetts regiment, April 19. The Confederates took the Norfolk Navy Yard, April 20. Arkansas seceded, May 6; North Carolina seceded May 20. Col. Ellsworth was shot at Alexandria, Virginia, May 24. Tennessee seceded, June 8. Beauregard defeated McDowell at Bull Run, July 21. General Lyon was defeated and killed at 512 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. V.'ilson's Creek, August 10. Fort Hatteras was captured, August 29. The Fed- erals were defeated at Ball's Bluff, October 21. Major-General Geo. B. McClellan apoointed November 1. Point Royal captured November 7. Captain Chas. Wilkes ol the "San Jacinto" took from the "Trent" John Slidell and John Y. Mason, November 8. 1S62. Slidell and Mason released, January 1. Ed. M. Stanton appointed SecretaxT of War, January 15. Grant took Fort Donelson, February IG. "Green- backs" were made a legal tender. Duel of the "Monitor" and the "Merimac" March 9. Battle of Shiloh, April 6-7. Commodore Farragut and General Butler look New Orleans, April 25. Bureau of Agriculture created. May 15. Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31. Sioux Indian Massacre in Minnesota. Seven Days' battle, June 25 to July 1. Major-General Henry W. Halleck appointed July 23. Jackson defeated Pope at Bull Run, August 30. Battle of Antietam, September 17. Lee defeated Burnside at Fredericksburg, December 13. Rosecraus defeated Brags at Murfreesboro, December 31. 1863. Proclamation of Emancipation, freeing all slaves in seceded states, went into effect, Januaryl. John P, Usher was appointed Secretary of the Interior, January 8. Act establishing National Banks was passed, P'ebruary 23. Habeas Corpus Act suspended. Conscription Act passed, Mai'Ch 3. Battle of Chancellorsville, May 3. West Virginia admitted to the Union, June 19. Titian J. Coffee appointed Attorney-General, June 22. Free mail delivery established, July 1. Meads repulsed Lee at Gettysburg, July 1-3. Grant took Vicksburg, July 4. Draft riots in New York City, July 13-lG. Letter postage made uniform at three cents. New Orleans "Times" appeared. Battle of Chickamaviga, Sep- tember 19. Battle of Chattanooga, November 23-25. 1864. General U. S. Grant commissioned, March 9. Assay office establishes at Denver. Battle of the Wilderness, May 5-6. Battle of Spottsylvania Court House, May 12. The Radicals, at Cleveland, May 31, nominated J. C. Fremont for President, and John C. Cochrane for Vice-President. Battle of Cold Harbor, June 3. The Republicans at Baltimore, June 6, nominated Lincoln for Presi- dent, and Johnson for Vice-President. The "Kearsarge" sank the "Alabama," June ]J. Wm. P. Fessenden was appointed Secretary of Treasury, July 1. Farragut entered Mobile Bay, August 5. The Democrats, at Chicago, August 29, nominatea G. B. McClellan for President, and George H. Pendleton for Vice- President. Sherman took Atlanta, September 2. Wm. Dennison was appointed Postmaster-General, September 24. Nevada was admitted to the Union, October :'.]. James Speed appointed Attorney-General, December 2. Salmon P. Chase apifOinted, December 6. Sherman took Savannah, December 21. Public debt, 52,680,647,869. 1865. The San Fi-ancisco "Chronicle" appeared, January 16. Freedmen's Bureau established, March 3. Abraham Lincoln President; Andrew Johnson, Vice-President; Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State; Hugh McCulloch, Secretary or Treasury; Ed. M. Stantcn, Secretary of War; James Speed, Attorney-General; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; Wm. Dennison, Postmaster-General; John P. L'sher, Secretary of the Interior. Grant took Petersburg, April 2, and Jiichmond, April 3. Lee surrendered, April 9. John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln, April 14. Andrew Johnson took oath of office, April 15. Jeff Davis captured, May 10. Kirby Smith surrendered, May 26, ending the Civil War. The San Francisco "Examinei-" appeared. The "Reconstruction Committee" was appointed, December 4. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 313 ISOC). Reciprocity Treaty with Canada ended, Marcli 17. Grand Army of the ReyabJic was organized by Dr. Benj. F. Stephenson, at Decatur, Illinois, April e. Civil Rights Law was passed over the President's veto, April 9. Fenians raided Canada. $15,000,000 fire in Portland, Maine. Tennessee i-e- admitted into the Union, July 23. Henry Stanbery appointed Tttorney-General, July 23. Alexander W. Randall appointed Postmaster-General, July 25. Orville H. Browning appointed Secretary of Interior, July 27. The Atlantic cable was successfully put down, and first message sent July 29. The first encampment of the G. A. R. was held at Indianapolis, November 20. The "Carpet Baggers" began to work the South. 1867. Mr. Ashley charged the President with "high crimes and misde- meiiors," January 7. Nebraska was admitted to the Union, March 1. The Tenure uf Office Act was passed over the President's veto, March 2, which forbade the Presdient to dismiss Cabinet Officers without the Senate's consent. Congress passed a bill over the President's veto, March 2, dividing the dis- organized States into military districts. Alaska purchased from Russia for $7,200,000. President made General Grant Secretary of War, August 12, dis- placing Mr. Stanton. The Grangers, "Patrons of Industry" formed in Wash- ington. ISG.S. Senate re-installed Mr. Stanton as Secretary of War, January 14. The President again displaced Mr. Stanton, February 21, making General Thomas Secretary of War. Congress impeached the President, February 24. Trial of impeachment begun March 5. Navy Yord established at League Island, Pa. The first Grange was opened at Fredonia, N. Y., April 16. President de- clared "not guilty," May 16. The Republicans, at Chicago, May 20, nominated U. S. Grant for President, and Schuyler Colfax, for Vice-President. John M. Schofielo was appointed Secretary of War, May 28. The Democrats, at New Yorlw, July 4, nominated Horatio Seymour for President and Francis P. Blair for Vice-President. The fourteenth amendment to the constitution declared in force, July 28. The St. Paul "Despatch" appeared. The Ku-Klux-Klan was formed in Tennessee. The Kansas City "Times" appeared. isr;3. Ulysses S. Grant, President; Schuyler Colfax, Vice-President ;Elihu B. Washburue, Secretary of State; George S. Boutwell, Secretary of Ti'easury; John A Rawlins, Secretary of War; Ebenezer R. Hoar, Attorney-General; Adolph E. liorie. Secretary of Navy; John A. J. Croswell, Postmaster-General; Jacob D. Cox, Secretary of Interior. Gen. W. T. Sherman commissioned, March 8. Hamilton Fish appointed Secretary of State, March 11. Last tie of UnionP.acific Railroad laid at Ogden, May 10. G. A. R. met in Cincinnati, May 12. Peace Jubilee held in Boston, June 15. George M. Robeson appointed Secretary- of Navy, June 25. The Dubuque Telegraph established, July 7. Wrri. T. Sherman appointed Secretary of War. September 9. "Black Friday" in Wall Street, New York, September 24. Wm. W. Belknap appointed Secre- tary of War, October 25. Knights of Labor organized in Philadelphia. Louis- ville "Commercial" appeared. 1870. Weather Bureau established, February 9. Fifteenth amendment to the constitution in force, March 30. G. A. R. met in Washington, May 11. Philadelphia "Record" appeared. May 14. Department of Justice, created, June 22. Amos T. Ackerman appointed Attorney-General, June 23. Mint established at Carson City. Columbus Denalo appointed Secretary of Interior, November 1. Population 38,558,371. 314 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 1571. In January all the states were represented in Congress for the first time since 1860. Reform in Civil Service authorized MarchS. Los Angeles "Express" appeared. "Joint High Commission" met in Washington, May 8, and decided ihrt hatters in dispute between the United States and Great Britain be referred lo p tribunal of arbitration. G. A. R. met in Boston, May 10. Los Aiigt'les "Herald" appeared. Omaha "Bee" appeared. $200,000,000 fire in Chicago, Oetober 9. Great forest fires in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesata. (Jeorge H. Williams, appointed Attorney-General, December 14. Tribunal of Arbitration met at Geneva, Switzerland, December 15. 1572. Ed. S. Stokes shot James Fisk, in New York, January 6. Chicago "Inter-Ocean" appeared, March 25. Post cards were introduced. The Limeral Republicans at Cincinnati, May 1, nominated Horace Greely for President and B. Gratz tor Vice-President. The G. A. R. met in Cleveland, May 8. The Amnesty bill was passed. May 22. The Republicans at Philadelphia, June 5. noniinated Grant for President and Henry Wilson for Vice-President. The Democrats, at Baltimore, July 9, endorsed the nomination of the Liberal Repub- licans. The Tribunal of Arbitration decided, September 14, that Great Britain pay the United Staes $15,500,000 for losses of Confederate cruisers. Horace Greely died, November 29. "Credit Mobilier" investigation was begun. 1873. President's: salary was raised from $25,000 to $50,000 and Congress- men's from $5,000 to $7,500, "Salay grab," March o. U. S. Grant, President; Henry Wilson, Vice-President; Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State; Wm. A. Rich- ardson, Seci'etary of Treasury; Wm. of the "Virginius," November 8. Wm. Murcy Tweed, Tammany "boss" W. Belknap, Secretary of War; Columbus Delano, Secretary of the Interior. The G. A. R. met vA New Haven, May 14th. Nev; Haven "Union" appeared. Great financial panic. The "tramp" began to show itself. Spaniards, at Santiago de Cuba, murdered 53 sailors. 1S74. Salaries of Congressmen reduced to $5,000, January 30. Morrison R. Waite born January 21. liCwis Miller, of Oiho, and Rev. Dr. J. H. Vincent of New York, originated the Chautauqua Assembly. The G. A. R. met at Harris- burg, May 13. Benjamin H. Bristow was appointed Secretary of Treasury, Jtme 1. Charley Ross, four years old, was abducted from his home at German- town, Pa., Julyl. The St. Louis and Illinois bridge, the first metal arched bridge in the world, devised by Captain Jas. B. Eads, opened July 4. James W. Marshall was appointed Postmaster-General, July 7. Marshall Jewell was ap- pointed Postmaster-General, August 24. Public. debt, $2,232,284,531. 1875. The New Orleans "Democrat" appeared. The Philadelphia "Daily Times" appeared, March 13. Edward Pierrepont was appointed Attorney- General, April 26. Archbishop McCloskey, of New York, made Cardinal, April 27th, the first American to get the dignity. The "Whiskey Ring" was exposed in th<.' west. May 1, being a collusion between distillers and revenue officers to defraud the government. The G. A. R. met in Chicago, May 12. Captain James B. Eads began to build petties, and parallel piers at the mouth of the Mississippi. Zachariah Chandler appointed Secretary of Interior, October 19. 1876. Alphonso Taft was appointed Secretary of War, March 8. The President opened the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, May 10. The Greenbac'K.ers, at Indianadolis, May 17, nominated Peter Cooper for President and Sam. F. Gary for Vice-President. James D. Cameron was appointed Secre- tary of War. and Alph. Taft Attorney-General, May 22. The Republicans, at Cincinnati, June 14, nominated Rutherford B. Hayes for President and Wm. A. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 315 Wheeler loi Vice-President. General Custer and his column were massacred, June 25. The Democrats, at St. Louis, June 28, nominated Samuel J. Tilden for P: • pi'.lent, and Thos. A. Hendricks for Vice-President. G. A. R. met in IS 77. The Washington "National Tribune" appeared. Electoral Committee Philadelphia, June 30. C. M. B. A. was organized a.t Niagara Falls, July 3. Lot M Marrill appointed Secretary of Treasury, July 7, and James N. Tyner Postmaster-General, July 12. Colorado admitted to the Union, August 1. was created to decide disputed election, January 29. Prof. A. Graham Bell n'^ed his t(?lephone, February 13. Rutherford B. Hayes, President; Wm. A. Vv'hetler, Vice-President; Wm. M. Evarts, Secretary of State; John Sherman, Secretary of Treasury; George W. McCrary, Secretary of War; Chas. Devens, Attorney-General; Richard W. Thompson, Secretary of the Navy; David M. Key, Postmaster-General; Carl Schurz, Secretary of Interior. Thomas A. Edison in- vented the phonograph. G. A. R. met at Providence, June 26. Railroad strikes. "Washington "Post" appeared.> Halifax Commission decided, November 27, that the United Slates* pay $5,500,000 for fishing privileges for twelve years. 1>7^'. St. Paul "Globe" appeared, January 15. Bland's silver bill restoring the use and coinage of silver dollai'S, passed over the President's veto, February 6. The National Labor Party amalgamated with the Greenback Party. The Minneapolis 'Journal" appeared. G. A. R. met at Springfield, Mass., June 4. Southern cities were scourged with yellow fever, 4,000 dying in New Orleans. The American Bar Association was organized at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., August 21. The Cleveland "Press" appeared, November 2. Gold sold at par December 17th. 1S79. Resumption of special payment, January 1. Women allowed to practice before the Supreme Court, February 15. Hordes of negroes migrated from the South to Kansas. The Salvation Army came to New York. G. A. R. met at Albany, N. Y., June 17. Bennett, N. Y., sent the "Jeanette" on an ex- ploring trip through Behring Strait. The Denver "Republican" appeared. Alex- ander Jvamsey appointed Secretary of War, December 12. 1S8'». The Pittsburg "Times" appeared, February 2. Hocking Vallek strikes begun. The Republicans, at Chicago,. June 7, nominated James A. Garfield for I'residert and Chester A. Arthur for Vice-President. G. A. R. met at Dayton, Ohio, June- s. The Greenbackers, at Chicago, June 9, nominated James B. Wea- ver for President and Benjamin J. Chambers for Vice-President. The Prohibi- tionists, aiCleveland, June 17, nominated Neal Dow for President and A. M. Thompson lor Vice-President. The Democrats at Cincinnati, June 22, nomin- ated Winfield S. Hancock for President and W. H. English for Vice-President. The obelisk, given by the Khedive of Egypt, arrived in New York, July 21, Horace Maynard appointed Postmaster-General, August 26. The Kansas City "Star" a!)peared August 19. Population of the United States, 50,155,783. 1881. Nathan Goff appointed Secretary of the Navy, January 6. James A. Garfield, President; Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President; Jas. G. Blaine, Secretary of State; Wm. H. Windom, Secretary of Treasury; Robert T. Lincoln, Secretary of War; Wm. H. Hunt, Secretary of Navy; Wawne McVeagh, Attorney-General; Thomas L. James, Postmaster-General; Samuel J. Kirkwood, Secretary of Inter- ior. The Chicago "Record" appeared, March 21. The Chicago "Times-Herald" appeared. 'Slay 10. Aurora, Illinois, was the first city in the world to light tis streets with electricity. The "Saturday Globe," of Utica, N. Y. appeared. Guit- eau.^hot the President, July 2. President Garfield died September 19. C. A. 316 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Arthur installed into President's office, September 20. Chas. J. Folger was appointed Secretary of Treasury, October 27; F. T. Frelinghuysen, Secretary oi State, December 12; Benjamin H. Brewster, Attorney-General, December 16, and Timothy O. Howe, Postmaster-General, December 20. 1882. 100,000 people were made homeless in Louisiana by the inundation of th' -Mississippi. Edmund's bill passed, March 22, disfranchising polygamists. Wm. E. Chandler was appointed Secretary of Navy, April 1; and Henry M. Teller Secretary of Interior, April 6. G. A. R. met in Baltimore, June 21. Chas. Guitoau, hang June oO. First meeting of the Chautauqua Literary and Scienti- fic Society, August 12. "Star Route Trial," for fraudelent practices in postal service, in progress. Infantry and Cavalry school opened at Fort Leavenworth. 1883. Act passed to improve the Civil Service, January 16. Postal notes were first issued March 3. Walter Q. Gresham was appointed Postmaster- General, April 3. Brooklyn Bridge, constructed by John A. Roebling, was opened Maj 24. G. A. R. met at Denver, July 25. Naval ctation established at Port Royal, S. C. Postage on letters, not more than half ounce, 2 cents. Northern Pacific railroad was completed, September 8. The "Buffalo Express," (illustrated) appeared. General Philip H. Sheridan appointed November 1. Standard railroad time went into effect November IS. 1884. Tornado in Central States, February 9. The Greenbackers, at Indianapolis, May 29, nominated Benjamin F. Butler for President, and A. M. West for A'ice-President. The Republicans, at Chicago, June 7, nominated James G. Blaine for President, and John A. Logan tor Vice-President. The Democrats,, at Chicago, July 8, nominated Grover Cleveland for President and Thomas A. Hendricks for Vice-President. G. A. R, met at Minneapolis, July 23. The Prohibitionists, at Pittsburg, July 23, nominated John P. St. John for President and Wm. Daniel for Vice-President. Walter Q. Gresham appointed Secretary of the Treasury, September 24; Frank Hatton appointed Postmaster- General, Ociober 14; and Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of Treasury, October 28. Public debt, $1,876,424,27.'5. 1885. The Dubuque Telegraph and Democrat were consolidated under the name of The Telegcaph, January 5. Grover Cleveland, President; Thom. A. Hendricks, Vice-President; Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State; Dan. Man- ning, Secretary of Treasury: Wm. C. Endicott, Secretary of War; Wm. C. Whitney, Secretary of Navy; I.^. Q. C. Lamar, Secretary of Interior; Wm. F. Vilas, P'ost master-General; August H. Garland, Attorney-General. Letter post- age was fixed at one ounce or less for two cents. G. A. R. met at Portland, Maine, June 24. General Grant died July 23. The street car strike in St. Louis caused business trouble. The first electric street railway in the United States opened, September 1, from Baltimore to Hampden, Maryland. The Vice- President dying, November 25, Senator John Sherman became President of the Senate. Sudden death of W. H. Vanderbilt, December 8, worth $200,000,000. 1886. The Presidential Succession Act was passed, January 19, providing, that, if the President and Vice-President die, the Secretary of State, or the next Cabinet Officer, in order of seniority, shall be President. The year of strikes; employers kept "black list;" employees relied on the "boycott." Civil Service commission organized, April 1. Haymarket riot (anarchists) at Chicago, May 4. President Cleveland married Miss ^Frances V. Folsom, June 2. Archbishop Gibbons of Baltimore, made Cardinal, June 7. G. A. R. met at San Francisco, August 4. Earthquakes at Charleston, S. C, August 27 to Sept. 1. Statue of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 31? Libevty, on Bedloe's Island, N. Y., unveiled, October 28. The Brooklyn "Citizen" appeared. Industrial West, newspaper, added to the Weekly Telegraph. 1887. By Act of Congress passed, March 2, the electors of President and Vice-President shall cast their votes on the second Monday in January. Inter- state Commerce Act passed February o, securing uniform railroad fares for passengers F.ud freight Tenure of Office Act repealed. The Mormon Church was dissolved March ?,. Chas. S. Fairchild appointed Secretary of Treasury, April 1. G. A. R. met at St. Louis, September 28. The Rochester, N. Y. "Times" rppeared. The anarchists, Engel, Fischer, Parson and Spies were hung in Chicago, November 11. The New York "Press" appeared. 1888. ^Vm. F. Vilas was appointed as Secretary of State, and Don M. Dickinson, Postmaster-General, January 16th. The Prohibitionists, at Indian- apolis, May 30, nominated Clinton B. Fisk for President, and John A. Brooks for Vice-i'rt sident. The Democrats, at St. Louis, June 5, nominated Grover Cleveland for President, and Allan G. Thurman for Vice-President. The Repub- licans, at Chicago, June 19, nominated Benjamin Harrison for President, and Levi P. Morton for Vice-President. Melville W. Fuller, July 20. Lieutenant General John McAllister Sehofield, August 14. G. A. R. met at Columbus, Ohio, September 12. Lord Sackville West, the British Minister, for writing "Murchison Letter," was dismissed, October 30. The Independent Daily and Weekly added to- the Telegraph. 1889. Department of Agriculture was created, February 11, with N. J. Cole- man a& Secretary. Benjamin Harrison, President; Levi P. Morton, Vice- President: James G. Blaine, Secretary of State; Wm. Windom, Secretary of Treasury; Redfield Proctor, Secretary of War; Wm. H. H. Miller, Attorney- General ; Benjamin F. 1 racy. Secretary of Navy ; John Wanamaker, Postmaster- General; John W. Noble, Secretary of Interior; Jeremiah M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture. Oklahoma Territory opened for settlement, April 22. Johnston, Pa., inundated, May 31, and over 2,000 drowned. Catholic University of America established at Washington, D. C. Minneapolis "Times" appeared. G. A. R. met in Milwaukee, August 28. Pan-American Congress met at Washington, Oct. 2. North Dakota and South Dakota admitted to Union, November 3. Montana adn itted to Union, November 8. Washington admitted to Union, November 11. The Daily Telegraph installed the first pneumatic tubes in Iowa; also flat and circular stereotyping outfit and Goss Perfecting Press. 1890. W. C. T. L. organized at Cleveland. January 23. A tornado visited Louisville, March 27. University of Chicago founded. Merchants' Bridge, St. Louis, finished May 3. Acts against Trusts and Combinations passed, July 2. Idaho admitted to Union, July 3. Wyoming admitted to Union, July 7. Con- gress passed Sherman's Silver Purchase and Coinage Act, July 14, empowering the Treasnrer to buy 140 tons of silver every month and coin it into dollars. Wm. Kemmler electrocuted at Auburn, N. Y.. August 6. G. A. R. met at Boston, August 13. McKinley Tariff went into effect. October 6. Population, 62,622,250. The Telegraph installed the first electric motor in Dubuque. 1891. International Monetary Conference in Washington, January 7. Chas. Foster appointed Secretary of Treasury, February 25. The International Copyright Act passed, March 3. The citizens of New Orleans lynched eleven Italians for murdering Chief of Police Hennessey. March 14. Death of P. T. Barnum, April 7. G. A. R. met at Detroit, August 5. St. Clair River Tunnel opened September 19. Stephen B. Elkins, appointed Secretary of War, Septem- 318 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 22. Chilians assaulted the crew of the "Baltimore," October 16, for which Chili made reparation. Great floods in the West. "High Water Mark Monument" at Gettysburg, dedicated June 2. The Republicans, at Minneapolis, June 7, nominated Benj. Harrison for President, and Whitelaw Reid for Vice-President. The Demo- crats, at Chicago, June 21, nominated Grover Cleveland for President, and Adlai PJ. Stevenson for Vice-President. The Prohibitionists, at Cincinnati, June 29 nominated John Nidwell for President and Jas. B. Cranfill for Vice- President. John W. Foster appointed Secretary of State, June 29. The Grand Rapids "ilerald" appeared July 1. The People's Party, at Omaha, July 2, nominated Jas. B. Wea\er for President and Jas. G. Field for Vice-President. Gold Standard established August 2. G. A. R. met at Washington 21. 189:1. Grover Cleveland, President; Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice-President; Walter Q. Gresham, Secretary of State; John G. Carlisle, Secretary of Treas- ury; Dan. S. Lamont, Secretary of War; Richard Olney, Attorney-General; Hilary A. Herbert, Secretary of Navy; Wilson S. Bissell, Postmaster-General; Horace Smith, Secretary of Interior: J. Sterling Morton, Secretary of Agricul- ture. The President opened the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, May ]. Engine No. 999 on the New York Central Railroad, went 112i/^ miles an hour May 11. The Paris Tribunal of Arbitration decided, August 15, that Behring Strait be open and seals protected. G. A. R. met at Indianapolis, September 0. The World's Parliament of Religions, met at Chicago, September 1]. Carter K. Harrison, Mayor of Chicago, assassinated, October 28. 1894. The Lenox Committee, for investigating the police department of New York, began January 30. Coxey's "Industrial Army" — idle men, tramps, and criminals — straggled from Ohio to Washington. Republic of Sandwich Islands established, July 4, and recognized by the United States. During a strike of the Pullman car builders, Chicago, Eugene V. Debs became prominent; United States troops stopped the rioting. The Wilson Tariff became a law, August 27. G. A. R. met at Pittsburg, September 12. Death of Oliver Wendell Holmes, October 7. Public debt, $1,701,033,661. 1895. Soldiers dispersed street car strikers in Brooklyn, January 19. Wni. L. V.ilson appointed Postmaster-General, March 1. Congress suppressed lottery Iraffic, March 2. Richard Olney appointed Secretai'y of State, June 8. G. A. R. rnet at Louisville, September 11. Major-General Nelson Appleton Miles, October 5. Judson Harmon appointed Attorney-General, March 12. The President, L^ecember 17, submitted the correspondence to reestablish the Vene- zuela boundry to Congress. 1896. Utah admitted to the Union, January 4. H. H. Holmes, the greatest murderer of modern times, executed at Philadelphia, May 7. Cyclone swept through St. Louis, May 27. The Prohibitionists, at Pittsburg, May 28. nomin- ated Joshua Levering for President and Hale Johnson for Vice-President. The Republicans, at St. Louis, June 18, nominated Wm. McKinley for President, and Garret A. Hobart for Vice-President. The Socialistic Labor Party, at New York, July 9, nominated Chas. H. Hatchett for President, and Mat. Maguire for Vice-President. The Democrats, at Chicago, July 10, nominated Wm. J. Bryan for President, and Arthur Sewall for Vice-President. David R. Francis was appointed Secretary of the Interior, September 1. G. A. R. met at St. Paul, September 3. 1897. Immigration Restriction Bill passed over the President's veto, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 319 March 3. Wni. McKiniey, President; Gai'ret A. Hobart, Vice-President; John Sherman, Secretary ot State; Lyman J. Gage, Secretary of Treasury; Russell A. Alger, Secretary of War; John D. Long, Secretary of Navy; Cornelius N. Bliss, Secretary of Interior; Jos. McKenna, Attorney-General; Jas. A. G£|,ry, Postmasttr-General; James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. Ambassador Bayard obtained the log of the "Mayflower" April 29. Greater New York in- corpcated, May 4. The Dingley Bill went into effect July 24. G. A. R. met at Buffalo, August 26. Rush for Alaskan gold fields. Death of Chas. A. Dana, October 17. Robert A. Van Wyck elected first mayor of Greater New York, November 2. 1898. Six members of a family cremated at Jersey City, Jan. 3. Railroad accident near Bangor, Maine; four killed and many injured, January 30; Battleship "Maine" sunk at Havana Harbor, with nearly all on board lost, February 17. $50,000,000 placed at the disposal of the President; William O. LaVake murdered at Dubuque, Iowa; coroner's jury accuse John McGarry of the murder, March 9. Press Feeders' strike in Chicago; about 500 out, April 6. Great Englisii victoi'y on the Nile; great snowslide in Alaska in which seventy- five lives were lost, April 11. Spanish Minister demands passports and leaves Waf-hington; North Atlantic squadron sailed from Key West to blockade Havana, April 21. Spanish Cabinet decides to treat American Privateers as pirai,es; April 24. $500,000,000 bonds authorized to be issued; Spanish capture steamer "(Jity of Paris" worth $5,000,000, April 25. Bombardment of Mantanza; W. J. Bryan offers his services in our Spanish war, April 28. Spanish fleet at Manila destroyed. May 1. First American blood spilled. Ensign Bagley and two sailors killed. May 12. Members of Spanish Cabinet resign. May 16. Call for 75,000 more volunteers; Warship "Oregon" arrived safe at Juniper Inlet, Fla., May 25. W. J. Bryan, offered his services to the President; received no reply. May 30. The "Merrimac" sunk in channell at Santiago by Hobson, June 4. l-'ilipinos declare their independence, June 21. The Spanish fleet des- troyed by Schley and Sampson, July 3. Bombardment of Santiago commenced; Spain asks for a ten days' truce, July 11. Santiago surrendered, July 14. Servora and his fellow prisioners attend Divine Worship, July 18. Bryan's Nebraska Silver Batallion, on the way to the front, July 19. Spain humbly asks for i-eace, July 27. Spain accepts terms of peace offered by the United States, August 6. Peace proclaimed; panic in Madrid, August 15. W. J. Bryan, a hero among the sick and wounded, September 16. The warships "Oregon ' and "Iowa" ordered to Manila; W. J. Bryan stricken with malarial fever, September 28. 1900. William Goebel mortally wounded by assassin's bullet, January 30. Fire by an explosion at Norwich, Conn., loss $1,000, 000, February 3. Fire in St. Louis, loss about $1,000,000, February 4. 125 men buried in an explosion at Red Ash Mine, West Virginia, March 6. Four men killed by an explosion at Pomplon, N. J., March 9. Columbia Theater, Chicago, burned, loss $200,000, March CO. Fire at Newport, Ark., loss $500,000, April 2. Fire at Brooklyn, flames swept nine acres, April 10. Gen. Otis relieved from command by Gen. McAithui, May 5. Prier, McCormick & Co., Exchange Brokers, failed, liabilities !?13,0('0,000, May 24. Rev. Dr. Richard S. Slovis, famous Congregational minis- ter, died at age of 81 years, June 5. McKiniey and Roosevelt nominated at Philadelj)hia by acclamation^ June 21. Bryan was nominated by the Demo- crats at Kansas City, July 5. Galveston disaster, 7,000 deaths and loss $25, 320 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOWA. dOO.OUO, September 8. Aiiieritan troops ordered to be withdrawn from Pekin, China, Seplember 25. Tornado in Minnesota, ten killed and property loss $5(U),()0(', Oeiober (!. John Sherman, ex-Secretary of State, died October 21. Census oureau announce population of United States as 74,f)27,9ti7, October 30. McKinley and Roosevelt, Republican candidates for President and Vice-Presi- dent elected. McKinley 7,226,26(>: Bryan (Democrat) 6,415,387. Eight persons drowned by shipwreck during a storm on Lake Erie, December 9th. 1901. Steamer Jagua lost on reef at Golden Gate, Cal., and 30 to 40 drowned, January 4. Tlieatre panic in Cliicago, eight crushed to death and twenty injured, January 12. Prince of Wales proclaimed king, with title of Edward Vli., January 26. Dynamite disaster at Durango, Mexico, 87 Icilled, February 7. General Miles promoted to Lieutenant-General, February 18. Steamship "Rio Janeiro" founded and 128 lost, February 22. Ex-President Harrison died at Indianapolis, Ind., aged 6S, March 12. Patrick Donahue, the founder of the Boston "'Pilof' died at the age of 90, March IS. Auginaldo, the Filipino leader captured by Gen. Funston, March 25. Heavy freshets in Eastern anl Central States, loss .?3,000,000, April 20. Floods in East Tennessee; eight lives lost; damage over $1,000,000, May 22. Mine explosion near Dayton, Tenn., in which 21 miners were killed, May 27. Flood disaster in the Elkhorn Valley, W. Virginia, 3G killed, June 24. Intense heat in Eastern States; 435 deaths in New York in two days, July 2. President McKinley proclaimed free trade between Porto Rico and the United States, July 25. Steamer "Golconda" cap- sized near Paducah, Ky., and 35 were drowned, August 19. President McKinley sliot, September 6. President McKinley died, September 14. Czolgoez, the assatfcin of President McKinley, sentenced, September 26. Czolgoez executed, Octob?r 28. The Dubuque Telegraph and Herald consolidated under the title of "The Telegraph-Herald," November 1; the latter was the oldest paper in iowa. Shipwreclv in a severe gale, 160 lives lost, November 13. Earthquake at Salt I.,ake City, Utah, November 13, causing a $.^>00,000 damage. Supreme Court decided that the Philippine Islands are American Territory within the meanina; of the tariff laws, December 2. Marconi received the first wireless message across *:he Atlantic, December 12. The Court of Inquiry censured Schley on ihe following points: Disoliedience of orders in the Colon attack of May Sist, the Bi'ooklyn loop, injustice to Hobson and misleading reports. Admiral Dewey alone held that: The voyage to Cienfunegas and Santiago was made with all possible dispatch; that Schley's blockade was effective, and that he is entitled to the credit for the victory of July 3. "J 902. Steamship Walla Walla sunk and forty people drowned, January 3. General F. J. Herron died in New^ York City, age 62, January 8. Forty-four miners drowned by the rtooding of the Juniper Mine, January 14. Earthquake shocks in Missouri, Kansas and Illinois, January 25. Heavy fall of sleet in Arl-arsas, damage in Little Rock .$500,000, January 29. Thirteen men killed by explosion of gas main in Chicago, February C. Fire in Patterson, N. J., twenty-six blocks burned; loss $6,000,000, February 9. Fire in Park Avenue Hotel, eighteen killed, February 22. Prince Henry of Prussia arrived in New York, February 23. Fourteen killed and many injuied by a snow slide at Telluride, Colo., February 28. The overflow of the Tennessee River caused death of twenty and loss of $4,000,000, March 30. Sixteen miners killed by an explosion at Dayton, Tenn., March 31. Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage died, April 12. The burning of the Steamer City of Pittsburg cost 60 lives, April 20. Volcanic HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 321 eruption of Mount Pelee, burned If^O persons, May 3. Steamer in Bay of Bengal foundered and over 700 persons were lost, May .^ j» 29 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY 1906- 1907 Abbott, Miss Julia, r 14 Sixth w Abbott, Reuben, M, wife Ruth, car inspr C G W, r 14 Sixth w. Abel, George R, wife Elsie, carp, r 211 5-/2 St e, res tel C B 55. Able, Henry, blksmth hlpr G G W, rms 213 Second av s. Acken, J F, brkman C G W, r outside. Ackers, Miss Matilda, waitress Hotel Mealey, r same. Ackers, Miss May, cook, r 26 s Freder- ick. Acord, Frank, watchman C G W, r 303 11th av w. Acord, Miss Nancy, waitress Hotel Mealey, r same. Adams, Henry R, wife Cora, elk Coon- ley & Ferris, r 113 4th av e. AETNA STATE BANK, A J Anders pres, J H Meyer v-pres, H R Martin cashier, T E Kint teller, 8 s Freder- ick, bus tel C B 60. Agnew Grain Co, S B Jamison agt, 220 s Frederick. Ainsworth, Miss Agnes, student, r 416 e Charles. Ainsworth, James W, wife Jennie A, r 416 e Charles, res tel C B 121. CIGARS OF QUALITY have made a reputation for our cigar dept. wortli more to us tlian Dia- m6ftds J. R. PERRY SCO. Akins, Anthony, wife Mary, foreman boiler shop C G W, r 24 2nd av n, res tel C B 167. Albright, Albert H, wife Mertie, fore- man C G W, r 235 s Frederick. Albright, A G Hull, car repr C G W, r 235 s Frederick. Albro, Frank R, wife Laura, eng C G W, r 712 2nd av w, res tel C B 105. Aldrich, D M-, car repr C G W, r 828 DubuquG St. Aldrich, George W, wife Lavina, wks C G W, r 828 Dubuque st. JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of (\im ^ Mm ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 30 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Alexander, brakeman C G W, r ca- boose. Allebaugh, M, eng C G W, r outside. ALLEN, CLYDE, prop Allen Gas En- gine Works, r 501 2nd av e. Allen, Miss Elizabeth, stu, r 217 1st av e. Allen, Fred, rms 111 1st av w. Allen, Gardner P, stu, r 217 1st av e. ALLEN GAS ENGINE WORKS, Clyde Allen prop, gasoline, stationary and marine engines and automobile mnfr, 15 5th e. Allen, George G, wife Elizabeth, asst gen store kpr C G W, r 217 1st av e, res tel C B 247. For Want Ads ==-=="? HONE 2£™=— Allen, Harry, mach appr C G W, rms 321 1st av e. Allen, John T, wife Mary, toolman C G W, r 921 1st av w. Allen, Miss Lillian E, stu, r 921 1st av w. Allen, William, eng C G W, r Chicago. Alley, John, painter Amiot & Sexton, r 31 s Frederick. Allison, C, wks C G W freight house, rms 126 1st av s. Alsip, Millard S, wife Frances, blk smith C G W, r w s s Frederick 3rd outside limits. Alton, George, wife Louisa, car repr C G W, r 125 6th w. Amiot & Sexton (W H Amiot, C H Sexton), painters 38 w Charles. Amiot, William H, wife Margaret, (Amiot & Sexton), r 1101 w Charles. A O U W Hall, 3 s Frederick. Anders, Miss Alice, r 302 2nd av n. ANDERS AMANUEL J, wife Arvilla, pres Aetna State Bank, r 302 2nd av n, res tel C B 189. Anderson, Albert, fireman C G W, rms 106 3rd av n. Anderson, Andrew, brakeman C G W, rms 102 3rd av n. Anderson, Andrew E, wife Allie, trav salesman, r 423 1st n. Anderson, cond C G W, bds Mealey Hotel. Anderson, A, lab C G W. Anderson, B W, fireman C G W. Anderson, Charles F, wife Ida M, bar- tndr M J Connolly, r 23 s Frederick. Anderson, Miss Edith, stu, r 423 1st n. Anderson, Miss Ella, r 25 5th av w. Anderson, E, lab C G W. Anderson, Fred, wife Hannah, blk- smith helper C G W, r 138 s Freder- ick. Anderson, Geo, bell boy Hotel Mealey, r same. Anderson, Harold, stu, r 423 1st n. Anderson, Henry, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Anderson, Henry, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleanings Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO SSO.OO OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 31 Anderson, Miss Hilda, r 25 5th av w. Anderson, Howard, stu, r 423 1st n. Anderson, John, bllvsmith C G W. Anderson, N E, toolman C G W. Anderson, Oscar, stu, r 25 5th av w. Anderson, Peter, blksmith C G W, bds 206 6th av w. Anderson, Peter O, wife Lena, mach C G W, r 210 7th av w. Anderson, Raymond, stu, r 423 1st n. Anderson, Reuben, mach helper C G W, r 433 s Frederick. Anderson, Rudolph, wife Elizabeth, blksmith C G W, r 612 2nd av w. Anderson, Theodore, wife Mary, car repr C G W, r 25 5th av w. Anderson, Walter W, cig mkr P H Tousley, rms 117 3rd av s. Anderson, W V, tinsmith opp C G W. Anderson, W V, cond C G W, r Hotel Mealey. Andrews, Prank, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Andrews, Prancis J, wks C G W, r 719 2nd av w Andrews, James, porter P J Coogan, r 719 2nd av w. Andrews, James, eng C G W, r St. Paul Andrews, Miss Laura, stu, r 17 7th av e Andrews, Samuel A, wife Laura V, mach C G W, r 17 7th av e. Andrews, Wm, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Andrews, brakeman C G W, r Hotel Mealey. Andrews, brakeman C G W, r caboose ANHEUSER-BUSCH BREWING CO, W I Hanlon agent, 108 s Frederick. Ankatel, A, toolman C G W. ARLINGTON HOUSE, W M Snavley prop, 222 7th av n. Armitage, William, wife Mary, mach C G W, r 219 4th av n. Arnold, Herman B, wife Ida, elk Grand Leader, r 29 2nd av s. Arnold, Joel R, wife Agnes, elk RMS, r 214 2nd s. Arthur, Ann, wid Martin, r 130 2nd e. Arthurs, Henry L, wife Alice M, cab mkr C G W, r 400 7th w. Artz, Wm, wife Adelaide, printer The Record, r 23 s Frederick. Asbury, J, blksmith C G W. Ashman, A O, cond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Ashworth, Louis E, wife Lena, switch- man C G W, r 817 1st av e. Atherton, W H, eng C G W, r Clarion. Atleberry, Charles, boiler mkr helper C G W. Aubrey, Frank, fmr, r 31 6th n. Aubrey, John, wife Octave, blksmith C G W, r e s s Frederick 7th outside limits. Aubrey, John S, wife Harriett, r 31 6th n. Austin, Miss Delia, teacher Oelwein Business University, rms 123 1st e. Austin, R V, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Auten, David M, wife Emma, trav salesman, r 14 4th av e. P H O N t 9 8. HACK CALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITV DAY OR NIGHT 'isBil W. G. FETTKETHER Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 14 FIRST" AVEINUE: SOUTHi 32 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Axen, Miss Laura, dress mkr appr, r Ayers, John, eng C G W, rms 130 1st s. 125 6th w. Ayers, Wm S, wife Elizabeth, r 217 Ayers, Miss Blanche, r 217 4th av s. 4th av s. Ayers, Miss Gertrude, r 217 4th av s. Ayers, M W, cond C G W, r Dubuque. Bachtenkircher, Dolph, wife Lottie, carp, r 146 1st av n. Bachtenkircher, Fred, wife Meda, wks C G W, r 146 1st av n. Bachtenkircher, Miss Grace, stu, r 146 1st av n. Back, L, chief elk C G W. Backus, Elvira L, wid Charles T, r 718 2nd av e. Backus, Guy W, lawyer 8 s Frederick, r; 718 2nd av e. Badger, Bert, wife Eva, wks gas wks, r 503 1st e. Badger, Frank I, wife Mattie L, prop West Side dairy 990 s Frederick, r same. Baertschy, W, eng C G W, rms Hanlon House. Bahe, Christopher, wife Sophia, r 27 Fifth av s. Bahe, Miss Louisa, r 27 5th av s. Bailey, C H, eng C G W. Bailey, R J, lab Oclwein Foundry Co. Baird, Edward, wife Margaret, mach G G W, r 140 4th av w. Baird, Miss Floy, stu, r 14 7th av s. Baker, Eugene A, wife Nora, porter Wm Lingelbach, r 509 3rd av s. Bakei", Miss Florence, stu, r 704 3rd av e. BAKER RICHARD C, wife Nettie, phy- sician, office hours 8 to 10 a m, 1 to 4 p m, 7 to 8 p m, 5V2. w Charles, r same. Baker, Wm, lab, bds 210 3rd av s. Baker, frt brakeman C G W. Baldridge, Bert, wks Bon Ton Bakery, r 10 4th av s. Baldridge, J, mach helpr C G W. Baldridge, Ray, carrier C M Smith, r 10 4th av s. Baldridge, Thomas P, wife Mary, wks C G W, r 10 4th av s. Baldwin, Bruce L, printer The Record, bds Hotel Mealey. Baldwin, Charles W, r 37 5th n. Baldwin, David, contr, rms 14 3rd n. Baldv/in, Miss Irene, r 37 5th n. Baldwin, Ithmer J, mail carrier P O, r 37 5th n. Baldwin, Linn M, wife Lena, switch- man C G W, r 145 2nd av s. Baldwin, Miss Rose, r 37 5th n. BALES ROLAND E, wife Nettie, clerk Superior Court, r 513 1st av e. Ball, Gorda P, r 20 e Charles. SEE J. W. RIDLE Sanitary Plumbing ^Heating Phone 144 A. C. WILSON Glass Block DrugS' Books- Stationery OELWBIN CITY DIRECTORY. 33 Ball, James W, wks C G W, bds 20 e Charles. Ball, Kathryn E, wid James W, board- ing 20 e Charles, r same. Ball, Miss Mamie I, r 20 e Charles. Ball, Miss Myrtle M, r 20 e Charles. Ball, Ray, wife Luella, wks C Haering, r 112 1st av s. Ballman, Edward, stu, r 801 1st av w. Ballman, Martin, wife Hannah, blk- smith C G W, r 801 1st av w. Ballman, Miss Mary, r 801 1st av w. Ballman, Miss Millie, r 801 1st av w. Balluff, Miss Cecelia, r 412 2nd av n. Balluff, George, wks C G W, r 412 2nd av n. Balluff, Maria J, wid Joseph, r 412 2nd av n. Balluff, William, wks C G W, r 412 2nd av n. Baltz, S A, wks C G W. BANE, JOHN R, wife Mary A, (Phil- lips & Bane), r Hotel Mealey. Bank of Oelwein, John Jamison pres, R B Jamison cashier, A R Collins cashier, s e Charles and s Freder- ick, bus tel C B 3. Barchy, W, eng C G W. Barclay, Thomas C, wife D Virginia, r 410 4th av s. Barden, George M, wife Maude, night- watch C G W, r 201 Gth av e. Barden, George R, wife Olive, r 420 3rd av e. Barger, George, call boy C G W. Barger, Gordon, stu, r 214 6th av w. HINTZ BROS, Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 \i W. CHARLES Barger, John, wife Anna, car repr C G W, r 214 Gth av w, res tel C B 113 B. Barger, Ralph, carrier C M Smith, r 214 Cth av v/. Barlow, Samuel A, wife Inez, fireman C G W, r 107 6th n. Barnes, George, printer The Record, r 518 6th av e. Barnes, George A, printer appr The Record, r 518 e Charles. Barnes, James, cond C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Barnard, R, fireman C G W. Barnes, Earl, mach appr C G W, bds G17 n Frederick. Barnes, Guy K, wife Geneva, wks Oel- wein Foundry Co, r 517 n Frederick. Barnholdt, Charles, printer The Regis- ter, rms 10 w Charles. CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan 6c Gosse phone: 5o. NO. 12 FIRST SX. SOUTH 34 OELWBTN CITY DIRECTORY. Barr, Ernest G, wife Clara, eng Oel- wein Light, Heat & Power Co, r 400 s Frederick. Barr, William N, wife Lotta, contr 211 8th av w, r same. Bartels, Edward, stenog C G W, bds 115 5th av W. Bartelt, Fred, student, r 709 2nd av w. Bartelt, Herman, wife Etta, wks C G W, r 709 2nd av w. Bartelt, Herman jr, student, r 709 2nd av w. Barton, Robert E, wife Minnie A, wks C G W, r 106 7th av w. Bashore, fireman C G W. emlthe register DAILY AND WEEKLY Bathke, Miss Ella, student, r 309 41/2 w. Batterson, F Henry, wife Martha, wks C G W, r 1043 s Frederick. Baumgartner, August, wife Emma, pipe fitter C G W, r 323 4th av s. Baxter, John J, tel opr Postal Tele- graph Cable Co, rms 15 1st av e. Baxter, Wm R, wife Harriett, ice 18 1st s, r 21 2nd av n, res tel C B 165. Baynes, George, wife Reaka, blksmith C G W, bds 138 s Frederick. Baysinger, Mrs Marie, laundress Hotel Mealey, r same. Beardsley, John D, wife Anna, painter C G W, r 202 e Charles. Beasler, B, eng C G W, rms Hanlon House. Beatly, James, car repr C G W, bds 103 Gth w. Beaumaster, Frank, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Beaver, George, lineman C G W, bds Arlington House. Be bout, Miss Cora M, milliner, r 202 1st s. Beck, David, cond C G W, rms 310 3rd av n. Beck, Elmer, boiler mkr appr C G W, r 136 2nd av n. Beck, George, student, bds 205 5th av s. Beck, Joseph, wife Julia, asst butter mkr Oelwein Farmers Creamery, r 136 2nd av n. Becker, Adolph, toolman C G W, r 515 2nd w. Becker, Albert F, wife Agnes, wks C G W, r 529 1st w. Becker, Miss Elizabeth, student, r 704 2nd av w. Becker, George, wife Frances, switch- man C G W, r 216 2nd s. Becker, John, toolman C G W, r 515 2nd w. BECKER, JOHN C, wife Hulda, prop Becker's Livery, r 42 6th av s, bus tel C B 122, res tel C B 215. Becker, John C, wife Mary, r 24 5th av s, B3cker, John D, wks C G W ware- house, bds 529 1st w. ^VISIT: E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. .PHONE 2 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD sm&GRAUER, Tailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Becker, Joseph, tool boy C G W, r 704 2ncl av w. Becker, Minnie, wid John, r 515 2nd w. Becker, Philip M, wife Elizabeth, fore- man C G W, r 704 2nd av w. BECKER'S LIVERY, J C Becker prop, livery, boarding and sales stables 22 1st s, bus tel C B 122. Beebe, Charles H, tmstr David How- ard, r 933 1st av w. Beebe, Ira, lab, r 933 1st av w. Beebe, James M, wife Emma, car repr C G W, r 1108 w Charles. Beebe, Melinda M, widow Edwin, r 933 1st av w. Beebe, Romeo, lab, r 933 1st av w. Beehive, R S Glenn prop, 9 n Frederick Behrens, John H, wife Anna, carp, r 818 1st av e, res tel C B 171. Beitzel, Matthew, wife Bertha, wks Oelwein Foundry, r 440 3rd av w. Beitzel, Matthew, painter C N MARSH, r 440 3rd av w. Belden, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Bell, Miss Alice, student, r 720 1st av w. Bell, Miss Clara V, student, r 720 1st av w. Bell, Clyde J, mach appr C G W, r 720 1st av w. Bell, Miss Ethel, elk R S Glenn, r 1st e. Bell, Fred G, Wells Fargo Exp Co, r 31 s Frederick. Bell, George, delivery elk Wells Fargo Exp Co, r 117 1st e. Bell, James H, wife Alice, eng C G W, r 720 1st av w. Bell, James H jr, mach C G W, r 720 1st av w. Bell, Miss Lena, r 117 1st e. Bell, Miss Pearl, student, r 117 1st e. BELL & RICHARDS, (W C Bell, S B Richards), hack line, express and transfer, w Charles rear Post Office, bus tel C B 98. BELL WALTER C, wife Lucy (Bell & Richards), r 117 1st e, bus tel C B 98, res tel 98. Bsllis, Arthur, wks C G W, r 219 5th av w. Bellis, Stuart L, wife Dora, car repr C G W, r 219 5th av w. Belt, Bert L, wife Bertha, (Belt & Day), r 302 e Charles, res tel C B 5. Belt & Day, (B L Belt, E E Day), real estate 5 e Charles, bus tel C B 64. Kelt, Ebenezar C, wife Juliette, v pres First Nat Bank, r 302 e Charles, res tel CBS. Benedict, Mrs Grace A, bds 37 3rd n. Benham, Miss Beulah, student, r 118 n Frederick. Benham, John, wife Lue, tmstr, r n Frederick. Bennett, Miss Alice, r 610 8th w. Bennett, Arthur, elk C G W, r 8th w. Bennett, Earl, student, r 610 8th w. Bennett, Miss Edna, dom 523 w Charles. Bennett, Emery, wks George Eller, r 610 8th w. Bennett, George, wife Olive, stone ma- son, r 610 8th w. 118 620 BELL & RICHARDS phone: q s, PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR .N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. 36 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Bennett, Harry, wks Oelwein Heat, Light & Power Co, r G20 8th w. Bennett, Jacob, wife Anna, bricklayer, r 620 Sthi w. Bennett, John, wife Elizabeth A, r 26 1st av s. Bennett, Miss Lulu, r 610 8th w. Bennett, Miss Mabel, r 26 1st av s. Bennett, Sherman, student, r 610 8th w Benninger, Walter G, wife Zoe, exp mess Wells Fargo, r 207 1st e. Bensch, Otto A, wife Josephine, blk- smitb. C G W, r 24 5th av n. Benson, Albert L, mach C G W, r 814 3rd av w. Benson, Benj, wife Susan, carp C G W. r 820 3rd av w. Benson, Miss Bernice, r 820 3rd av w. Benson, Clarence H, wife Anna M, elk C G W, r 313 1st av s. Benson, Fred, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Bentley, Abraham, wife Irene E, jus- tice of the peace 1 s Frederick, r 119 w Charles, res tel C B 7. ' Bentley, Miss Glen, student, r 119 w Charles. Bentley, Miss Mabel, student, r 119 w Charles. Bentley, William, wife Elizabeth, r 217 1st av n, res tel C B 84. Berg, Swan, wife Caroline, contr 133 6th av s, r same. Bergen, Christian, lab C G W. Bergen, Frank, lab C G W. ! Berger, Michael, wife Elizabeth, car I repr C G W, r 318 9th av w. I Berglund, brakeman C G W, r caboose. I Berish, Miss Laura, bds 29 n Frederick. j Berland, Peter, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Berry, G, fireman C G W, bds Arling- ton House. BsrujuE, Otto, wife Nellie, car repr C G W, r 150 3rd av n. B P O E Hall, 24 s Frederick. BEST RESTAURANT (THE), A B Rodabaugh prop, 25 s Frederick. Bettendorf, Bernard, wife Catherine, r 200 6th w. Bettendorf, Miss Elizabeth A, dom 124 1st av w. Bettendorf, George W, pipe ftr appr C G W, r 200 6th w. Bevens, Miss Anna, dressmkr Mrs S A Boyd, r 980 1st av w. Bevan, B, blksmith hlpr C G W, r 980 1st av w. Bevan, David blksmith hlph C G W, r 980 1st av w. Bevan, Frederick, mach appr C G W, r 980 1st av w. Bevan, George, boilermkr, r 980 1st av w. Bevan, Lewis, wife Jessie, wks C G W, r 980 1st av w. Bevan, William, r 980 1st av w. Beyer, Frank, wks C G W, bds 126 7th av n. Biddinger, Ernest E, wife May, harness 21 w Charles, r 109 1st av n. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ j^ ^ ^ OELV/EIN CITY DIRECTORY. 37 B'iddinger, John H, wife Ameda, r 204 n Frederick. Biglcw, Robert, eng C G W, rms 717 ■ 2i!id n. Billeck, Francis, wid Dwight, r 708 1st n. Billmeyer, Herman, car repr C G W, bds 118 n Frederick. BILL'S BUFFET, Wm. Lingelbach, prop, 12 1st w, bus tel C B 177. Bing, Melvin E, wife Allie, carp C G W, r 218 4th av s. Birch (see also Burch) Birch, Fred, student, r 901 3rd av e. Birch, Henry, wife Victoria, butcher, r 901 3rd av e. Birch, John, student, r 901 3rd av e. Birch, Joseph, elk Nassen & Brown, r 901 3rd av e. Birchnell, Sydney, eng C G W, rms 106 3rd av n. Bird, Chester, exp mess Wells Fargo, rms 114 1st e. BIRMINGHAM, PATRICK T, prop The Tunnel barber 10% 1st w, r 110 1st av n. Bishop, Harry A, r 236 1st av s. Bishop, James T, wife Elizabeth, boarding, r 236 1st av s. Bittenger, John K, elk R M S, r 110 1st n. Bittorf, John A, wife Fannie, car repr C G W, r 109 6th av s. Bjorklund, Julius, boiler mkr hlpr C G W, bds 206 6th av w. Blackburn, brakeman C G W, r caboose Tjsjs J. R. PERRY Oelwein's Leading Druggist Cdt^^CtlO^ He will be pleased to meet you at the store Blaisdell, Miss Adella, student, r 23 3rd av e. Blaisdell, Catherine, wid George P, rms 121 2nd av n. Blaisdell, Clinton D, wife Ora I, blk- smith C G W, r 23 3rd av e. Blaisdell, Ira S, wife Didamia, trav salesman, r 22 4th n. Blaisdell, William D, student, r 23 3rd av e. Blake, Floyd, student, r 106 n Fred- erick. Blake, Laura, wid Leonard, r 106 n Frederick. Blake, W H, eng C G W, rms 106 3rd av n. Blood, Edward, wife Christina, tool man C G W, r 112 6th w. Bloom, Guy, cigmkr F H Tousley, r 212 5th av e. Bloom, Isaac T, wife Elizabeth, carp, r 212 5th av e. If You Don't Know You Ouglit to THEY SELL CLOTHES F. H. TOUSLEY m 32 SOUTH FREDERICK- Wholesale Manufacturer of ^ TObildO iS OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Bloom, Jay, exp mess Wells Fargo, r 212 5th av e. Bloom, Miss Linnie, tel opr Corn Belt Telephone Co, r 212 5th av e. Bloom, Miss Vada, student, r 212 5th av e. Bloom, Wesley H, wife Jane, coach- man, r 318 7th w. Blunt, Miss Delia V, r 116 1st av w. Blunt, George, r 116 1st av w. Blunt, Mrs Lida, nurse, bds 121 1st av e. Boardman, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. tII OELWEIN REGISTER ADVERTISING COLUMNS. Bockholt, Johanna, wid Henry, r 11 4th av e. Bodell, Bertram, student, r 141 2nd av n. Bodell, William I, wife Mertie, mach C G W, r 141 2nd av n. Boetcher, Richard, fireman C G W, rms 717 2nd n. Bogert, Miss Harriett B, r 614 n Fred- erick. Bogert, Isaac J, wife Mary C, r 614 n Frederick. BOGERT JOHN A, wife Maud M, dist agt Northwestern Mutual Life Ins Co, r G02 1st av e, res tel 6 B 163. Bohne, Edv/ard, blksmth C G W, rms 138 s Frederick. Bollett, C, mach C G W. Boltz, Archie, wks C G W, r 31 s Fred- ericlt. Bonham, Benj B, wife Mary, farmer, r e s s Frederick 3rd outside limits. Bonnell, M P, fireman C G W. Bon Ton (The), Whiteside & Scothorn props, 16 e Charles, bus tel C B 95. Boody, brakeman C G W. Booth, William A, wks E E Hilliger, bds 321 2nd av e. Borland, Eugene L, wife Esther, car repr C G W, r 224 6th w. Borland, Forest, bell boy Mealey Hotel, r 30 5th av e. Borland, Glenn, student, r 30 5th av e. Borland, Guy, wife Lizzie, wks C G W, r 125 5th av e. Borland, Lonson. wife Clara, carp, r 30 5th av e. Bort, H L, eng C G W, r St Paul. Borwig, Gustave, wife Nancy, blksmith helpr C G W, r 11 7th av e. Bosworth, Angelo S, wife Pearl, drug- gist Preiffer Bros, rms 22 6th av s. Boulet, Charles A, wife Helen, mach C G W, r 126 7th av n. Boulet, Carl, student, r 126 7th av n. Bovis, John L, student, r 25 n Fred- erick. Bowers, Renson S, wife Emma, real estate 28 s Frederick, r same. Bowman, Wm, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Boyack, Wm A, wife Elizabeth, agri- cultural imp 28-30 1st av s, r 216 e Charles, bus tel C B 49. NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 39 Boyd, Keneth J, student, r 19 s Fred- erick. Boyd, Mrs Mae, principal South School, r n s 10th w, 3rd w of 1st av w. Boyd, Sarah A, wid Nathan, dressmkr 19 s Frederick, r same. Boyd, Thomas, wife Maggie, mach C G W, V G32 1st av w. Boyd, Walter J, wife Mae, rural mail carrier, r n s 10th w, 3rd w of 1st av w. Boysen, Albert, cond C G W, rms 310 3rd av n. Brace, Fred, wife Myrtle, wks C G W, r 21G 5th av w. Bradley, Edward M, lab C G W, r 132 4th av w. Bradley, George, wks C G W shops, rms 2G 1st av s. Bradley, George W, lab C G W, r 132 4th av w. Bradley, Joseph T, construction fore- man C G W, r 132 4th av w. Bradshaw, Harry, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Bradshaw, Mary, wid Curtis, r 303 11th av n. Bradshaw, eng C G W, r Dubuque. Brad\-, J H, mach C G W. Brandau, Augucta, wid George, r 19 Cth w. Brandau, Leo, mach appr C G W, r 19 Gth w. Brandau, Miss Tena, milliner Mrs Rose Gremmels, r 19 Gth st w. Brandau, Wm A, wks C G W, r 19 Gth w. Brandt, Fred, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Braun (see also Brown) Braun, Frank J, wife Helen, flue weld- er C G W, r 322 4th av s. BRAWLEY, ARTHUR J, pres Oelwein Foundry Co, r St Paul, Minn, care South Park Foundry & Machine Co. Bray, Charles, wife Fannie, janitor C G W, r IIG 7th av n. Bray, George, student, r 116 7th av n. Bray, Miss Mary, r 116 7th av n. Breckon, Wm C, barber A A Williams, r n Frederick. Bredschneider, Miss Bertha, dom 117 1st n. Breitauer, Miss Ida L, dom 7 5th av s. Breitauer, Miss Mary, dom 420 e Charles. Brenklander, C, blksmith C G W. Brennan, William J, wife Josephine, ticket agt C G W, r 208 n Frederick. Brennan, Eugene, cond C G W, r St Paul. Brennon, John, wife Elizabeth, boiler mkr hlpr C G W, r 414 s Frederick. B'ressie, David Y, wife Mary, carp, r 210 5th av e. Bresson, Timothy, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Briggs, George, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Briggs, W H, fireman C G W, rms Han- Ion House. BELL & RICHARDS phone: 98, HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT \N. G. F ETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable GOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 40 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Brinkerhoff, Clyde A, wife Daisy, elk F H Touslcy, r 405 2nd av e. Brinkman, F E, brakeman C G W, rms 119 3rd av n. Brinkman, J Henry, wife Vina, hostler C G W, r 501 s Frederick. Brinkman, Eli, cond C G W, r St Paul. Broadhead, Mary, wid Joseph, r 26 3rd av s. Bronson, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Brocks, Charlie, r 110 3rd av n. Brooks, Miss Ethel, r 110 3rd av n. Brooks, Leonard B, wife Eliza G, trav salesman, r 110 3rd av n. Brooks, Miss Mabel, elk Oldberg shoe store, r 110 3rd av n. Brousaid, Rollen E, wife Hazel, mach C G W, r 215 1st av n. Brown (see also Braun) Brown, Bert, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Brown, C, car repr C G W. Brown, Charles R, wife Rachael, r 19 1st av e. Brown, Mrs Cora, elk H B' Tyrrell, r 510 2nd av e. Brown, Cora, wid Frank, r 420 2nd av e. Brown, Edward, wife Nannie, car repr C G W, r 103 5th av w. Brown, Ernest, wks C G W, r 115 5th av w. Brown, Miss Estella, student, r 115 5th av w. Brown, Miss Ethel M, r 420 s Fred- erick. Brown, Mrs Florence, r 507 e Charles. Brown, F J, flue welder C G W. Brown, George H, (Brown & Tunison), r country. Brown, Hattie, wid James B, r 108 3rd s. Brown, Miss Hattie A, r 108 3rd s. Brown, Harry, eng C G W, r St Paul. Brown, J F, car repr C G W. BROWN JOSEPH H, wife Elizabeth, (Massin & Brown), r 216 1st e. Brown, Miss Lillie, student, r 216 1st e^ Brown, Miss Mae, r 103 5th av w. Brown, Miss Maud, r 103 5th av w. Brown, Mrs Minnie A, r 420 s Fred- erick. Brown, R, fireman C G W, r Dubuque. Brcwn, Sarah A, wid Nathaniel, r rear 21 3rd av n. Brown & Tunison, (G H Brown, F C Tunison), pianos 6 1st av e. Brown, Miss Vera, student, r 420 2nd av e. Brown, William H, wife Stella, wks C G W, r 20 3rd av e. Brown, William S, wife Lou, car repr C G W, r 115 5th av w. Brown, W R, fireman C G W. Brownell, Burr, student, r 404 2nd av e. Brownell, Charles, r 404 2nd av e. Brownell, Frank, wife Cora, r 502 2nd av e. Brownell, George, wife Lissa, r 404 2nd av e. Brownell, Harold, student, r 502 2nd av e. J. W. RIDLER, Plumber PHONES 23 AND 33 15 NORTH FREDERICK Phone 144 A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 41 Brownell, Lewis W, wife Melvina, r 220 5th av s. Brownell, Miss Nettie, elk The Hoag Studio, r 220 5th av s. Bruil, Charles A, wife Louisa, wks C G W, r 119 5th av e. Brush, Elias, mach C G W, rms 102 1st av e. Bubrel, Anton J, wife Viva, mach C G W, r 317 Fifth av s. Buchanan, Alexander, wife Nancy, > 804 2nd av e. Buchanan, Miss Eva, r 804 2nd av e. Buchanan, Miss Myrtle, r 804 2nd av o. Buchanan, Verne, student, r 212 3rd av e. Buchholz, Gustave, wife Augusta, wks C G W, r 628 5th av w. Buck, George T, tmstr, r 513 7th w. Buck, Thomas, wife Sarah, r 513 7th west. Buckingham, cond C G W, r caboose. Budlong, Adalbert, r 233 7th av w. Budlong, Miss Bertha, student, r 233 7th av w. Budlong, Frank, r 233 7th av w. Budlong, Miss Pearl, wks restaurant, r 233 7th av w. Buehler, George, wife Ida, wks C G W, r 310 2nd av e. Buise, brakman C G W , r caboose. Bulger, James, v/ife Julia, barbar Bert Williams, r 10 4th av e. Bumgolden, bkman C G W. Burcb (see also Birch). HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING, PHONE 139 12 W. CHARLES Burch, Floretta, wid Lewis M, r 990 s Frederick. Burchman, S C, eng C G W. Burger, M, car rpr C G W. Burgom, Christopher, wife Belle, wks C G W, r 211' 5th av w. Burgom, Dugald, student, r 211 5th av ■w. Burgom, Frank, wks C G W, r 211 5th av w. Burgom, John, wks C G W, r 211 5th av w. Burgum, Mi'js Edith, student, r 515 w Charles. Burgv.m, Harry P, civil eng, r 515 w Charle.'. Burgum, Joseph C, student, r 515 w Charles. Bur?:um, William H, wife Lizzie E, cond C G W, r 515 w Charles. if You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES Kernahan & Gosse 1 IP*^ PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH The Best is none too Good for our Customers . . • • 42 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Burke, Catherine, wid Francis, r 702 First av w. Burlce, brakeman C G W, r caboose Burland, WiUiam S, wife Louise, mcbst G G W, r 216 6th av w. Buri'ngr,me, Daniel, wife Carrie, fire- man C G W, r 718 w Charles. Burlingame, Edwin H, wife May D, Ibr, r 311 1st st e. Burns, Alten, brakeman C G W, r ca- boose. Burns, Charles, wks C G W, r 607 3rd st s. Burns, Edward, boiler mkr, r 1226 s Frederick. ADVERTISE IN THE DAILY AND WEEKLY Oelwein Register Burns, Edward M, mach appr C G W, r 607 3rd st s. Burns, Miss Elizabeth, student, r 1226 s Frederick. Burns, James, wife Catherine, boiler- mkr helper C G W, r 627 s Freder- ick. Burns, John, wks C G W, rms 106 n Frederick st. Burns, John H., wife Emma (Kint & Burns), r 37 Second av s. Burns, Miss Launita, dressmaker, bds 15 2nd av n. Burns, Maurice, wife Julia, hostler C G , r 1226 s Frederick. Burns, M E, mchst app C G W, r 1226 s Frederick. Burns, William, wife Mary, switchman C G W, r 523 1st st n. Burr, John, tel opr Postal Telegraph Cable Co. Burrill, Roy, pipe fitter helper C G W, bds 209 3rd st n. Burrow, Mrs. Janette, r 40 Fourth av south. Burrs, John, tel opr C G W, rms 128 1st av e. Bush, Oliver J, wife Lillian M, fore- man C G W, r 132 s Frederick. Bush, Wm. H., driver Bell and Rich- ards, bds 117 1st st e. Bushhusen, Miss Alvina M, r 209 5th av s. Bushhusen, Miss Emma L, r 209 Fifth av s. Bushhusen, John H, foreman C G W, V 209 5th av s. Bushhusen, V/m, student, r 209 5th av south. Bushnell, Herbert O, wife Elizabeth, wks C G W, r 1107 w Charles st. Business Colleges — Oelwein Business University, 34 & 36 s Frederick. Butenlander, John, bds 124 1st av w. Butler, Absolcm, wife Louisa A, jan- itor Park Side school, r 933 1st st n. Butler, Archie, wks Star Bakery, r. 115 5th street n. Butler, Chorles C, wife Katherine, bollermkr C G W, r 114 3rd av n. Butler, Daniel G, fireman C G W, r 400 s Frederick. E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Smith &Gfauer, Tailors UNION SHOP of^.^ THAT'S ALL OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 43 Butler, Fred A, wks C G W, rms 410 s Frederick. Butler, Harrison, wife Mary, driver city sprinkler, r 115 5th st n. Butler, Jay, baker Ronton Bakery, r 115 5th St n. Butler, Joseph, wife Addie, wks C G W, r 632 s Frederick. BUTLER, JOSEPH L, wife Elizabeth G, (Butler & Rundle) r. 209 3rd st n. Butler, Joseph M, wife Levina, boiler- mkr C G W, r 14 e Charles. Butler, Percy L, wife, Emma, switch- man C G W, r 617 1st av s. Butler, Roy J, wks C G W, r 632 s Frederck. Butler, Ray, wks C G W, r 115 5th St. n. BUTLER & RUNDLE, (J L Butler and W A Rundle) prop Oelwein Steam Feed Mill, 222 1st st w, bus tel C B 22. O Cabalka, Joseph, wife Tillie, wks C G W, r 529 n Frederick. Cade, Clifford, mach C G W, rms 116 4th av s. Cade, Fred, wife Christena, mach C G W, rms 116 4th av s. Cadwell, Mrs. Elizabeth, r 11 s Fred- erick. Cadwell, Miss Hazel, student, r 11 s Frederick. Caflia, George, fireman' C G W, rms 28 1st av e. Cairns, Wm, wife Lura, eng C G W, r 514 3rd av s. Caldwell, James, cond C G W, r St. Paul. Calfee, fireman C G W. California Fruit Store, August Mer- curio, prop, 13 s Frederick, bus tel C B 202. Call, Miss Carire, elk Bee Hive, r 11 1st av e. Callahan, John, wife Louisa, farmer, r 607 Third st s. Callahan, Miss Madaline, school tchr, r 607 3rd av s. Gamble, Harry, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Camnack, Francis M, wife Nancy J, real estate, r 32 6th st. n. Camnack, Fred R, wks C G W, r 32 6th st n. Campbell, Charles F, wife Pearl, mach C G W, r 215 1st av e. Campbell, Fred B, wife Martha E, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 205 7th av w. Campbell, Fred A, fireman C G W, rms 106 3rd av n. Campbell, Jesse, wks C G W, r 530 w Charles. phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 44 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Campbell, John, wife Jessie, wks round house, r 223 7th av n. CAMPBELL, JOHN H, wife Laura, (Campbell & King), r 128 1st av e, res tel C B 104. CAMPBELL & KING, (J H Campbell and R J King) hardware, stoves and tinware and phonographs, 10 s Fred- erick, bus tel C B 93. CAMPBELL, LEVI (Gressler Camp- bell Drug Co, r. Des Moines, la. Campbell, Richard, wife Maryette, r 530 w Charles. Candy Kitchen, James Constantine prop, 19 s Frederick. Cannon, Frank, wks C G W shops, r 19 Second st s. Cannon, James, wife Sarah, bartender M J Conway, r 19 2nd st s. Cannon Martin, wife Anna, r 515 3rd av s. Cannon, Thomas J, eng C G W, r 19 2nd st s. Cappes, H, toolman C G W. Capron, Alfred, eng C G W, bds 324 w Charles. Carling, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Carlson, John M, wife Hilma, blksmith C G W, r 210 4th av s. Carlson, Miss Katherine, dom 10 1st st e. Carney, Daniel, wks C G W shops, rms 201 s Frederick. Carpenter, Frank, eng C G W, rms 126 1st av s. Carper, cond C G W, r Des Moines. Carroll, Thomas, wife Alice, foreman C G W, r 620 First av w. Carter, Carl, brakeman C G W, rms 310 3rd av n. Carter, Don C, wife Mabel, painter C. G. W, r. 217 3rd av s. Carter, D M, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Carter, George, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Catholic Cemetery, 4th av between 1st and 2nd av w. Caton, Wm. H, wks C G W shops, bds 236 1st av s. Cavanaugh, cond C G W, r Kansas City, Mo. Censer, Victor, wife Mary, car rpr C G W, 312 9th av w. Central School, Miss Georgia Quigley prin, cor 1st st s and 3rd av s. Ceresa, Angelo, wife Angeline, Ibr, r 215 w Charles. Chains, fireman C G W. Chambers, Charles B, bkpr First Na- tional Bank, bds 139 First av n. Chambers, Harry B, r e s s Frederick 4th outside limits. Chambers, Henry A, wife Nellie, carp C G W shops, r s Frederick, 4th out- side limits. Chambers, Miss Lura H, student, r e s s Frederick, 4th outside limits. Chambers, Robert W, Ibr, r e s s Frederick, 4th outside limits. Champlin, Almond H, wife Nancy, wks C G W, r 631 s Frederick. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ > ^ ^ OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 45 Champlin, Phoebe, wid Philetus, r 631 s Frederick. Chase, Fred L, student, bds 209 5th av s. Chase, Irvin W (T G Chase & Son), r 10 5th av s. Chase, James M, wife Luella, elk C G W, r 622 3rd av w. Chase, Perry B, pipe fitter C G W, bds 10 Fifth av s. Chase, Theodore G, wife Alie (T G Chase & Son), 10 5th av s, r same, res tel C B. Chase, T G & Son (T G and I W Chase), painters, 10 Fifth av s. Cheney, Joseph E, wife Elizabeth, mach C G W, r 5 2nd av s. Chicago Gioat Western Ry Terminals, Wm. Matthie, supt, J Gallagher pass and freight agt, pass depot w Charles between w Charles and 1st St w, freight depot 2nd st w between 1st and 2nd st w, yard office tel, C B 159, freight house, C B 30. C G W stock yards, 324 1st av s. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry, August Hellman city ticket and freight agt, pass depot « Charles be- tween 1st av s and 2nd av s, freight depot 1st st south between 2nd and 3rd av s, bus tel CBS. Childs, H B. hostler C G W. Chivington, John F, wife Rose, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 2 st 3rd av e. Chisholm, John E, wife Mae, master mechanic C G W, r 631 n Frederick, res tel C B 134. Good goods at right pri ces make business grow. It builds a reputation. If you are looking f r q 1 a a I i t V. safety and satis- faction trade with ...... J. R. PERRY & CO. Christenson, Miss Alice, Milliner, r 14 3rd st n. Christenson, Chris H, elk R M S, rms 111 2nd av s. Christensoin, John K, wife Mary, fore- man C G W, r 14 3rd st n. Christenson, Miss Lillie, r 14 3£d st n. Christenson, brakeman C G W. Chrysler, Walter P, wife, Delia, mas- ter mechanic C G W, r 7 5th av s, res tel C B 219. Churchill, Henry, wife Lydia (Schall- er & Churchill), r 123 4th av s. Churchill, Miss Veva, r 123 4th av s. City Assessor, A M ODELL, ISVa s Frederick. City Attorney, JOHN JAMISON, 127 2nd av e. City Clerk, R E BALES, city hall. City Detention Hospital, 4th s. N^ vs? >^' vj9 ALL ROADS LEAD TO n^ ^ ^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Coioniar' F. H. TOUSLEY. Manufacturer >^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 46 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. City Directory, BOADMAN COOLEY, compiler, Strawberry Point, la. City Engineer, B F Little, city hall. C^ty Fire Department, W H Meyers, chieju", 10 1st av s. City Hall, s Frederick, n w cor 1st w. City Health Officer, Dr C J Cooney, 14 s Frederick. CITIZEMS LUMBER CO, A L Hunter mgr, lumber, lath and shingles, lime and cement, coal and wood and sash, doors and blinds, 100 1st st s, bus tel C B 24. CITY LAUNDERING CO, Rinehinier & Wetlaufer, prop, 202 s Frederick, bus tel C E 254. THE OELWEIN REGISTER — FOR FINE JOB PRINTING — City Marshal, Thomas Riley, city hall. City Mayor, W A REED, City Hall. City Sewer Inspector, R E BALES, city hall. City Sidewalk Inspector, A G Kraft, city hall. City Street Commissioner, S B Herri- man, city hall. City Treasurer, Michael Fleming, 1 s Frederick. Officer, Thomas Riley, City Truant city hall. City Water hall. Supt.R E BALES, city City Water Works, chairman, G W E1-- ler, committeemen, Robert McChes- ney, D T Corkery, city hall. Clarey, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Clark, Amaziah A, wife Ada, r 310 3rd av n. Clark C Homer, wife Josephine, Ibr, r 617 2nd av w. Clark, C L, eng C G W, r Dubuque. Clark, Herman E, wife Eva, wks C G W Ice House, r 203 7th av s. Clark, James D, cond C G W, r 310 3rd av n. Clark, J M, eng C G W, r Dubuque. Clark, John W, wife Addie, foreman C G W Ice House, r 315 4th av s, res tel C B 227. Clark, Orson W, wife Anna, physicianj 9 n Frederick, r 305 2nd av e. Clark, Wm, wife Alice, mach C G W, r 219 5th av s. Clegg, W V, Ibr C G W. Clerk Superior Court of the City of Oelwein, R E BALES, 36 s Fred- erick. Clifford, Daniel, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Cline, Eugene, elk W H Meyer Co, r 440 s Frederick, Fire Warden 3rd ward. Clothier, Ella F, wid Theodore, r 29 n Frederick. Clough, Carl, eng C G W, r Chicago. CLUB, THE, (Kint & Dwyer, props, billiards and pool and cigars, 104 & IOC a Frederick. PSS! HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS SMITH & GRAUER TAILOHS Cleanings Pres sing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 47 Coddington, Bert, en£ C G W, Des Moines. Coder, C J, janitor Aetna State Bank. Coger, Marie, wid Charles R, r 14 2nd av n. Cograve, John, eng C G W, rms 717 2nd St n. Colby, C, fireman C G W. Cole, Benjamin, wife Mamie, wks C G W, r 13 5th av e. Cole, Bert A, wife Minnie, cigar mkr F H Tousleys, r 211 5th st e. Cole Clyde, wks Walton's Printing Office, r 13 5th av e. . COLE, JAMES F, wife Margaret, phy- sician, 5 1-2 v/ Charles, r 25 n Fred- erick, office hours 8 to 10 a m, 1 to 4 p m, 7 to 8 p m, res tel C B G. Cole, Jesse B, wife Mary E, r 31 5th av w. COLE &. KING BROS (S J Cole, James and John King), Lumber, Lath and Shingles, Lime and Ce- ment, Coal and Wood, Sash, Doors and Blinds, bus tel C B 38, IG 2nd st s. COLE, SARAH J, wid Ira L (Cole & King Bros), r Strav/berry Point. Cole, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Coleman, Elizabeth, wid Wesley, r 16 5th av n. Collins, A Roy, wife Lida, asst cash Bank of Oelwein, treas Oelwein Light, Heat and Power Co, r 200 Sixth av s, res tel C B 20G. Collins, Joseph A, wife Nettie, uphol- sterer, r 114 n Frederick st. Collinson, William B, wife Agnes, fore- man C G W, r 302 2nd av e, res tel C B 252. Colton, Lorin, wife Mabel, r 220 5th. av s. Cond, Claude, cond C G W, r St. Paul. Condit, Addie, wid Wm G, r e s s Fred- erick 5th outside limits. Conely, Joseph, student, r 205 A^z st w. Congdon, cond, C G W, r caboose. Ccnkey, Miss Alice, tchr, r 129 5th av east. Conkey, Arthur, driver W R Baxter, bds 109 4th av n. Conkey, Miss Coral, student, r 129 5th av e. Conkey, Floyd, del elk Schumacher & Son, r 1000 w Charles. Conklin, Julia, wid Edwin B. a 15 1st av e. Conkey, Ray, tmstr, r 1000 w Charles. Conkey, Robert D, wife Sallie, tmstr, r 1000 w Charles. Conkey, Walter, tmstr, r 1000 w Charles. Conkey, William, wks M. Conkey, r 129 5th av e. Conkey, William M, wife Lou, con- tractor, r 129 5th av e. Oonley, D J, boiler mkr, r 119 3rd av n. Conley, Miss Kitty, r 119 3rd av n. Conley, Michael, wife Mary, Ibr, r 205 414 st w. phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. W. G. FETTKETHER 6ood Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers For Fine and XJp-to-Date Livery Rigs See i-|4 FIRST" AVEINU SOUTH" 48 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Conley, M J, car checker C G W, r 119 3rd av n. Conley, Owen, boiler mkr C G W, r 119 3rd av n. Conley, P H, bartender, r 119 3rd av n. Conley, Richard S, tool man C G W, r 119 3rd av n. Connelly, Jas, boiler mkr helper C G W. Connerton, cond C G W, r caboose. Connolly, James A, wife Nellie, car inspector C G W, r 702 1st av w. Connors, James P, wife Lillie, brake- man C G W, r 40 4th st n. Connors, M E, switchman helper C G W, r 40 4th St n. Conrad, John W, wife Katie, toolman C G W, r e s s Frederick, 1st out- side limits. Conrad, Miss Ora, tel opr Corn Belt Telephone Co., bds 113 3rd av s. Constantine, Demetr, mgv Candy Kit- chen, rms 19 s Frederick. Constantine, James, wife, prop Candy Kitchen, 19 s Frederick, r Iowa City, Iowa. Constantine, John, elk Candy Kitchen, rms 19 s Frederick. CONVERY, PATRICK O, wife Mary, physician, office hours 8 to 10 a m, 1 to 4 p m, 7 to 8 p m, 8 s Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 239. Conway, Charles E, wife Mary, hostler G G W, r 21 3rd av n, res tel C B 161. Conway, Elmer, wks C G W, r 717 1st av w. Conway, Miss Eva, r 717 1st av w. Conway, Frank, student, r 21 3rd av n. Conway, Miss Josephine, r 717 1st ac w. CONWAY, MICHAEL J, wife Eliza- beth, saloon, 115 s Frederick, r 717 1st av w, res tel C B 132, bus tel, C B 234. Conway, Raymond, student, r 21 3rd av n. Coogan, Peter J, wife Mary, saloon, 213 s Frederick, r 713 2nd av w, bus tel C B 188. Coogan, Miss Rosa, student, r 713 Sec- ond av w. Coogan, Terrance E, wife Isabelle, tai- lor 110 s Frederick, r 41 Third st n. Cook, Mrs. Ada, wid Wilson, r 117 n Frederick. Cook, Miss Ethel, student, r 310 n Frederick. COOK, JAY, wife Helle L, lawyer and notary public, 28 s Frederick, r 410 n Frederick. Cook, Miss Mabel, dom 654 4th av s. Cook, Rollin, wks C G W, r 310 n Frederick. Cooke, Miss Elma, student, r 957 s Frederick. Cool, C W. freight cond C G W, r St. Paul. Cooley, Alvah E, wife Alice M, painter C G W, r 214 1st av n. Cooley, A J, steward Elks' Club, bds 214 1st ac n. J. W. RIDLER ^^ MANAGER OPERA HOUSE ^^ ^r A. C. WILSON K DrugS' Books- Stationery OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 49 Cooley, George E, wks C G W helper, r 214 1st av n. Coombes, Walter J, wife Marion, car rpr, r 446 3rd av w. Coonce, Miss Rose, tchr school, rms 512 2n6. ac e. Cooney, Miss Bessie, r 316 2nd av n. Cooney, Charles J, wife Susan J, health officer, physician, 14 s Fred- erick, r 113 3rd av s, bus tel C B 176. Cooney, Earl, wks C G W, r 316 2nd av n. Cooney, James, wife Ellen, alderman 2nd ward, lawyer, 5i/^ w Charles, r 316 2nd av n. Cooney, Miss Margaret, student, r 316 2nd av n. COONLEY & FERRIS CO (J E Coon- ley & J C Ferris), grocers, 9 e Charles, bus tel C B 225. COONLEY, JOHN E, wife (Coonley & Ferris Co), r Hampton, Iowa. Cooper, Charles, wks C G W, r 412 w Charles. Cooper, Charles W, wife Mary, boiler mkr C G W, r 412 w Charles. Cooper, Miss Edna H, r 318 e Charles. Cooper, Hugh R, wife Elizabeth, carp Berg, r 318 e Charles. Cooper, Miss Nellie, r 412 w Charles. Cooper, Robert, mchst C G W, rms 128 2nd av n. Copeland, Elner, watchmkr Philleo & Nutting, rms 308 n Frederick. Coppen, A, eng C G W. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 7 W. CHARLES Corey, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Corkery, Daniel T, wife Kathryn, elk F. J. O'Brien, alderman 4th ward, r 203 4th av s. Corn, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Corn Belt Telephone Co, P. D. Lott- ridge, mgr, 8 s Frederick. CORNICK, MISS CARRIE M, prop Union House, r same. CORNICK, ROSS R, wife Jessie E, prop Union House, r same. Ccrris, Fred, wks C G W, rms 111 1st av w. * Corris, Sidney T, wife Nellie E, gen- eral repair shop foreman C G W, r 202 n Frederick, res tel C B 222. Oorry, F, lor C G W Corry, William, wife Mabel, elk car rpr C G W, r 33 5th av w. Cortess, brakeman C G W, r caboose. COSELMAN'S CHOP HOUSE, H L Coselman prop, 109 s Frederick. CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan Sc Gosse phone: 5o. 50 NO. 1S FIRST ST. SOUTH OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Coselman, Erastus, wife Mary, r 301 2nd av e. COSELMAN, HERBERT L, wife Ella, prop Coselman's Chop House, 113 s Frederick, r 126 same. Costello, Wm, eng C G W, rms 721 2nd St n. Costello, William, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Cottage Studio (The), Philip Schnei- der prop, 5 1st av e. Cotter, Wm, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Cotton, Alfred H, wife Mary, blksmth helper C G W, r 139 3rd av n. FOR ALL THE NEWS READ THE Daily Cv Register Cowley, James D, wife Margaret, bar- tender C F Anderson, r 15 2nd s. Cox, John, wife Lillian, car rpr C G W, r 208 3rd st n. Coykendall, Wayne, pharmacist, wks J R Perry & Co, rms 308 n Freder- ick. Crabtree, Joseph G, cond C G W, r Council Bluffs, Iowa. Craft, Henry C, wks Oelwein Foun- dry Co, bds 303 41/2 St w. Cragin, Frank A, barber, 15 e Charles, r 117 2nd av s. Craig, O, eng C G W. Craig, William E, car rpr C G W, rms 33 n Frederick. Crawford, Miss Bel*e, wks Spensley's Laundrying Co, r 907 1st w. Crawford, Jasper D, wife Minnie, elk Coonley & Ferris, r 320 1st av e. Crawford, John L, wife Myrtle, carp C G W, r 601 n Frederick. Crawford, William A, wife Jennie, blksmth G F Hann, r 907 1st w. Crellin, John C, wife Lillian, mach C G W, r 213 4th st n. Crescent Bakery, Santee & Pendergast prop, 18 e Charles, bus tel C B 224. Cresswell, Edwin S, r 316 2nd av e. Cresswell, Miss Eva, tchr Harlan school, r 316 2nd av e. Cresswell, Miss Mae, prin High school, r 316 2nd av e. Crider, Chester, wks C G W, bds 29 n Frederick. Crist, Louis H, wife Mary, wks C G W, r 215 3rd st e. Cronk, Ralph E, wife Grace, wks C G W, res 316 2nd av e. Cross, David, wife Louisa, fireman C G W, r 106 3rd av n. Cross, Edward Z, wife Henrietta, horseman, r 1184 1st av w. Cross, Mary A, wid James L, r. 102 4th av s, res tel C B. Crotty, Thomas J, freight brakeman C G W, lives Dubuque. Crowe, James E, cond C G W, r Des Moines, la. Crowell, Strizanna W, wid Clinton, r 116 4th av e. E. N. ROSS & SON ^M STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERai OmEOTOnS Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer. Tailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 51 Crowley, John W, rms 15 1st av e. Cuhel, W, Ibr C G W Ice House. Culver, Miss Lillian N, elk T R Glan- ville & Son, r 114 1st e. Culver, Mrs. Mary A, r 114 1st st e. Cummings, Charles T, wife Ada, carp C G W, r 113 1st St e. Curl, Charles, brakeman C G W, bds 222 1st av n. Curll, Louis, painter, rms 7 1st av e. Currier, Frank L, wife Mary G, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 807 1st av w. Curtis, George, Ibr C G W, rms 417 1st st s. Curtis, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Cusack, Clement, Ibr r 712 s Fred- erick. Cusack, Miss Isabelle, elk L N Ras- kins, r 712 s Frederick. Cusack, J Elmer, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 712 s Frederick. Cusack, James M, wife Mary, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 712 s Fred- erick. Cusack, Miss Ruth, r 712 s Frederick. Cusack, Vincent L, wks C G W, r 712 s Frederick. Cusack, Wm. F, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 712 s Frederick. Dailey, Arthur, elk T R Glanville & Son, 12 5th av e. Dailey, L A, wife Ella, painter, r 12 5th av e. Dailey, Wm, eng C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Dames, L, mchst C G W. Damon, Edward, mason, r 309 8th av w. Damon, Fred, lineman, r 309 8th av w. Damon, George, tmstr, r 309 8th av w. Damon, James, wife Bertha, tmstr, r 309 8th av w. Damon, Myron E, wife Maggie, Ibr C G W, r 938 s Frederick. Damon, Miss Nellie, r 309 8th av w. Damon, Ralph, tmstr, r 309 8th av w. Dana, Wm, Ibr, r 10 1st av s. Dantamaro, Veto V, Ibr C G W, 203 w Charles. Dantem, Joe, Ibr C G W, r 203 w Charles. Dantern, Philip , Ibr C G W, r 203 w Charles. Dormody, Daniel, wks C W, rms 139 1st av n. Darrach, Harry, boiler mkr C G W, r 115 3rd av n. Darrach, Mary, wid Robert, r 115 3rd av n. Darrach, Miss May, r 115 3rd av n. Darrach, Thomas J, boiler mkr C G W, r 115 3rd av n. Davidson, William M, wife Anna, pain- ter C G W, r 149 2nd av n. Davis, Dell, ins. agt, bds 32 6th st n. B RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE NUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR ■N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. 52 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY, Davis, Eugene G, druggist Gressler Campbell Drug Co, rms 303 n Fred- erick. DAVIS J CLARANCE, dentist, 51/2 w Charles, office hours 8 to 12 m, 1 to 5 pm, rms 314 1st av e. Davis, Richard, Ibr, bds 217 s av e Dawson, C M, eng C G W, r Ft Dodge. Dawson, George, toolman C G W, rms 121 2nd av n. Day, Edward E, wife Alice (Belt & Day), r 111 5th st n. Day, Miss Ethel, elk R S Glenn, r country. Day, Miss Mabel, student, r 111 5th St n. Day, Miss Shirley, student, r 111 5th St n. Day, Verne, student, r 111 5th st n. Dearhammer, Charles, wife Chloe, mach helper C G W, r 1131 s Fred- erick. Dearhammer, Miss Hattie, r 1121 s Frederick. Dearhammer, John L, mach appr C G W, r 1121 s Frederick. Dearhammer, Wm, wks G W Eller, r 1121 s Frederick. Debow, Dora, wid George, bds 19 5th av e. Debow, Floyd, student, r 19 5th av e. Deegan, Andrew J, cond C G W, r Chi- cago, 111. Demattio, Joe, Ibr C G W, r 203 w Charles. ' De Mell, L O, wife Maud, r 403 s [ Frederick. i Demico, August, wks C G W, bds 118 I nFrederick. ' Demico, Frank, boiler mkr helper C j G W, rms 210 4th av s. I Denattio, Veto, Ibr C G W, r 203 w j Charles. j Denham, Benj. W, wife Elsie, photog- I rapher 12 s Frederick. I Derflinger, David, wife Anna, contrac- ! to, G24 Third av w, r same. Derflinger, Ray C, steamftr C G W, r G24 3rd av w. Derflinger, Thomas, carp David Der- flinger, r 624 3rd av w. Dermott, J. C, boiler mkr helper C G W. Detention Hospital, 4th st and 11th av w. Detrick, Mary, wid George, r 320 1st av e, res tel C B 197. De Veny, Chester B, wife Mary, prin- ter The Record, r 205 2nd st n. Dever, John, r 627 s Frederick. Dever, Miss Mary, r 627 s Frederick. Dsvitt. brakeman C G W, r caboose. Devorak, E, boiler mkr C G W. Deyo, Miss Catherine, laundress Spen- sley's Laundry Co, r 217 2nd av s. Deyo, Earl E, brakeman C G W, r 217 2nd av s. Deyo, Miss Edith A, laundress Spens- ley's Laundry Co, r 217 2nd av s. Dfeyo, Etta G, wid Elias, r 217 2nd av s. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ j^ ^ ^ OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 53 Deyo, Percy, call boy C G W, r 217 2nd av s. Dickerman, Fred, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Dickman, Gustave C, wife Corda, wks C G W, r 718 3rd av e. Dickson, C F, toolman C G W, r 154 4th av n. Dickson, James, florist C G W, r 154 4th av n. Disher, Mary, wid W C, r 417 3rd st w. Dittman, W, fireman C G W, rms Han- Ion House, lives Dubuque. Dixon, "Charles, wks C G W, r 311 2nd av e. Dixon, brakeman C G W. Dixon, John T, painter, bds 215 \yz st w. Dixon, Mrs. Mary, r 311 2nd av e. Dixon, Miss Nellie, r 311 2nd av e. Doane, Elmer E, wife Elizabeth, boiler mkr helper, r 217 4th st n. Doane, Miss Ora L, student, r 217 4th st n. Doctor, John B, wife Maggie, r 14 6th av s. Doctor, Leroy J, wife Amy, bkpr First National Bank, r 22 6th av s. Doctor, Richard, wife Bell, express messenger Wells Fargo, r 24 3rd st n. Doctor, Samuel, r 14 Sixth av s. Dodge, Fred, agt, rms 126 s Frederick. Dodge, J W, conductor C G W, rms 139 1st av n. When you think of.,.. PAINTING PAPERING Think of us. J. R. Perry & Co.35!E!!!!l! Dodge, William J, wife Bertha, con- tractor, 212 3rd st e, r same. Doerfier, Magdalena, wid Aberhart, r 964 s Frederick. Doge, Childs, brakeman C G W, rms 119 3rd av n. Dcherty, Walter, elk Hotel Mealey, r same. Doig, John A, mach C G W, bds 150 2nd av n. Dolan, Miss Mary, dom 24 2nd av s. Dolby, fireman C G W. Donahue, Ambrose, student, r 638 3rd av w. Donahue, Daniel T, wife Catherine, blksmth helper C G W\ r 638 3rd av w. Donahue, John D, wife Marguerite, bar tender H L Giffrow, r 108 7th w. Donahue, Joseph A, wks Massin & Brown, r 638 3rd av w. JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE "Old Coloniar' ^( «r F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer >^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 54 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Donlin, John, r 126 1st av s. Donlin, Kathrine, milliner W H Wat- kins, r 126 1st av s. Donlin, Miss Mary, milliner, r 126 1st av s. Donlin, Thomas F, wife Margaret, carp C G W, r 126 1st av s. Donnellys, James, cond C G W, r 118 s Frederick st. Dooley, Arthur, fireman C G W, rms 22 5th av n. Dooley, Miss Maud, student, bds 201 5th av s. Dooley, Samuel, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. READ THE DAILY AND WEEKLY Oelwein Register. Doran, Wm B, wife Agnes, carp C G W, r 227 3rd av s. Doran, Wni M, wife Catherine, blk- smth helper C G W, r 238 6th w. Dorset, John, wife Eliza, butcher Schaller & Churchill, r 131 2nd av s. Dorset, John R, wks Gas Co, r 131 2nd av s. Doucett, Casius M, wife Rebecca, eng C G W, r 503 1st av e. Douglas, Miss Alice M, dressmkr, r 636 5th av w. Douglas. Edgar R, r 636 5th av w. DOUGLAS, FRANK L, wife Mina, ed- itor The Oelwein Daily, bus tel C B 265. Douglas, Miss Gertrude B, r 636 5th av w. Douse, brakeman C G W. Dowdall, John, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Downing, Miss Delpha, r 9 First St s. Downing, Miss Donna, dressmkr Mrs. Mate Downing, r 9 First st s. Downing, Miss Mabel, r 214 3rd av n. Downing, Macy, wid Richard, r 214 3rd av n. Downing, Mate, wid Charles, dress- mkr, 9 First st south, r same. Downing, Miss Neva L, r 9 1st s. Dowse, Edward, r 30 4th av e. Dowse, Philip, wife Anna M, justice of the peace, 3 s Frederick, r 30 4th av e. Doyle, M, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Drake, Miss Maude M, student, r 112 4th av e. Drake, William H, wife Celga, carp, r 112 4th av e. Dress, Peter, barber A A Williams, r 19 2nd st w. Dressing, W, eng C G W, r St Paul. Dreyer, Bros (Lorenz and F W Drey- er), n s 10 w, 0th w of 1st av w. Dreyer, Frederick W (Dreyer Bros), r n s 10 w, 6th w of 1st av W. Dreyer, Fredericka, wid • Wm, r n-s 10th w, 6th w of First av w. PHS HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH &GRAUER,TflilnrR OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 55 Dreyer, Miss Lene E, r n s 10 w, 6th w of 1st av w. Dreyer, Lcrenz (Dreyer Bros), r n s 10 \v, Cth w of 1st av w. Driscoll, James, student, r 312 5th av w. Driscoll, Jeremiah, wife Ellen, wks C G W, r 312 5th av w. Druse, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Dub Star Brew Co, H L GIFFROW, agt, 139 s Frederick. Dudley, Clau'Je, wife Gertrude, r 1121 a Frederick. Duenow, Albert, wks C G W, rms 206 s Frederick. Duenow, Otto, wife May, wks C G W, rms 206 s Frederick. Duff, Carrie, wid Bert, r 127 5th av s. Duggan, Miss Rhetta, dressmkr, rms 30 4th av e. Duhere, Miss Hattie, dom 27 4th av e. Duke, Henry H, wks C G W, bds 121 1st av e. Dunbar, Miss Cora, student, r 120 7th av n. Dunbar, Harry, wife Eliza, traveling salesman, r 19 2nd st n. Dunbar, Miss Lulu, student, r 120 7th av n. Dunham, Addle, wid Thomas, r 213 Stickney Bvd w. Dunham, Arthur L, wks C G W round house, r 213 Stickney Bvd w. Dunn, Frank E, wife Johanna, wks C G W, r 116 5th av e. Dunn, Miss Myrtle, student, r 116 5th av e. DWYER, MICHAEL P, .wife Nora (Kint & Dwyer) r 225 2nd av s. Dwyer, Thomas, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Dye, Mert, rms 122 5th av w. Eagles Hall, 100 1st st w. Earl, Amasa A, baker Crescent Bak- ery, r IS e Charles. Earnshaw, James, wife Lizzie, r 43 Gth st n. Easton, Harry D. wife Etta, elk Lucas Grocery, r 139 1st av n. Eckhart, Earl F, wife Mamie, wks C G W, r 1109 w Charles st. Ecklund, Rollo E, wife Anna, prof Oel- wein Business University, r 36 s Frederick. Edgar & Kirkman (T E Edgar & H A Kirkman) 5 and 10c Store, 21 e Charles. Edgar, Thomas E, wife Arthemis (Ed- gar & Kirkman), r 23 e Charles. Edgington, George T, wife Julia, stock buyer, r 16 1st av n. Edgington, Miss Mae, r 16 1st av n. Edom, Emmet, wife Margaret, elk Ho- tel Mealey, r 13 s Frederick. Edom, Mrs. Maggie, cook Hotel Mea- ley r 13 s Frederick. BELL & RICHARDS phone: 98. PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY W. G. F ETTKET Livery, Sale and Feed Stable 6000 TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 56 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Edwards, Dennis, wife Hattie, car rpr C G W, r 242 Tth av w. Edwards, Frank, mchst, r 242 7th av west. Edwards, Henry, wife Alberta, wlvs C G W, r 20 6th av e. Edwards, James W, wife Nellie M, boiler mkr C G W, r 713 1st av w. Edwards, John S, wife Minnie, wks C G W, r 119 51/2 St e. Eggert, Elmer W, Ibr C G W, r 215 6th w. Eggert, Miss Elta A, elk L N Haskins, r 215 6th w. Eggert, John, wife Emma, wks W A Boyach, r 215 6th w. Eggert, Miss Minnie B, r 215 6th st. Eggert, Ray W, wks C G W, r 215 6th wesr. Ehrenfeld, Charles, mach C G W, r 306 Sth av w. Ehrenfeldt, Charles, mchst, bds 206 6th av w. Elder, James D, fireman, rms 22 5th av n. Elder, Miss Mary, dom 20 w Charles. Eldridge, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Elfstrom, Oscar, wife Mary, mach C G W, r 222 4th av s. Elkins, John F, wife Edna, boiler mkr C G W, r 115 1st av w. Eller, Miss Carrie, r 111 n Frederick. Eller, Miss Frances M, Osteopath, 111 n Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 131. res tel C B 131. Eller, Francis, student, r 111 n Fred- erick. Eller, George W, wife Kath'erine, con- tractor and alderman 1st ward, 111 n Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 131, res tel C B 131. Eller, Miss Jennie, student, res 111 n Frederick. Eller, John B, wife Amelia, wks G W Eller, r n s 10th w 5th w of 1st av w. Eller, Joseph A, wife Charlotte, con- tractor, 121 1st St e, r same. Eller, Peter S, r 111 n Frederick. EUet, Hollie L, wife Bertha, mach C G W, r 124 5th av s. Ellingson, Peter, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Elliott, Ernest L, wife Clara, judge Superior Court, 1st asst chief Fire Department, r 111 4th n, res tel C B 186. Elliott, H. L, mchst C G W. Ellis, George, mchst C G W, bds 115 5th av w. Ellis, J, stationary eng C G W, 18 s Frederick. Emerson, William, mchst C G W, bds 20c 6th av w. Engelman, Charles, wife Ida, cabinet mkr C G W, r 814 s Frederick. Enger, William, mchst C G W, rms 102 1st av e. England, Peter, cond C G W, rms 126 1st av s. Englebritson, D, fireman C G W. Engles, Julia, wid Anton, r 602 1st av e. ^^ SECURE DATES EARLY AT ^un idler's [Opera |oou$e 'fr A. C. WILSON iis Wall Paper^Paints^Window Glass OELWBIN CITY DIRECTORY. 57 Englin, P, cond C G W, r Mrs. Donnel- ly's. Eno, George W, wife Eugena, wks C G W, r 107 9th av w. Erb, Malvin, wife Mabel, elk C G W, r 133 2nd av n. Erdman, Miss Cyreue, r 219 1st st e. Erdman, Miss Hattie, stenog R J Young, r 219 1st st e. Erickson, Angello A, wife Annie, pain- ter C G W, r 500 5tli av w. Erickson, Carl, r 500 5th av w. Erickson, Gustave, wife Ellen, car repr C G W, r C13 s Frederick. Erion, C M, fireman C G W, rms Han- Ion House. Ernst, William, wife Sarah, r 512 2nd av e. Esley, George, brakeman C G W, rms 102 3rd av n. Eslick, J H, fireman C G W. Eslinger, Fred, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Esterley, Frank, wife Eliza A, tinner C G W, r 129 4th av s. Etzkorn, Henry W, wife Pauline, boil- ermkr C G W, r 109 3j-d av s. Evans, Griffith, wife Anna, wks C G W, r 225 41/2 st w. Evans, Harry, carp, r 400 s Frederick. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 2 W. CHARLES Evans, Harry E, student, r 225 4% st w. Evans, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Everson, Miss Ingfried, dom, 631 n Frederick. Ewing, Miss Celia, r 21 w Charles. Ewing, Miss Edna A, laundress, Spen- sley's Laun drying Co, r 21 w Charles. Ewing, Miss Jennie, r 213 5th av w. Exchange, The, F W Smith, prop, 16 1st av s. Ezzo, G, Ibr coal shoot C G W, 203 w Charles. Ezzo, Joe, Ibr coal shoot C G W, r 203 w Charles. ^ ^ ^ ^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO >{» ^ ^ vj? BIG CLOTHING STORE Kernahan & Gosse ! PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH Up-to-Date LIVERY The Best is none too Good for our Customers . • • . OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Fagg, Edward, cond, r Mealey Hotel. Faggans, Christ, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Fague, Daniel, wife Delila, bds 121 1st av 6. Fairfield, Willard, wife Emma, elk Massin & Brown, r 220 2nd av n. Fairley, Andrew J, wife Catherine, r 518 e Charles. Fanta, Thomas, wife Maggie, car repr C G W, r 511 Fourth av s. Farito, brakeman C G W, r caboose. The Oelwein Register IS THE BEST ADVERTISING MEDIUM Farley, Julia, wid, r 229 n Frederick. Farrelly, Richard, wks C G W, rms 110 4th street n. Farrell, Edward W, cond C G W, bds Mealey Hotel. Farrell, Thomas, wife Bridget, eng C G W, r 721 2nd st n. Farrell, W, eng C G W, rms Hanlon House, lives Dubuque. Farris, James, wife Nellie, wks C G W, r 136 6th av n. Fassett, Almond, wife Phoebe, bds 212 4th St n. Faurote, Miss Fannie, elk Tyrrel, rms 212 2nd st s. Fawkes, A, car repr C G W. Fawkes, L, Ibr C G W. Fayette County Business Men's As- sociation, pres, W A Magner, sec, A M Odell, 20 s Frederick. Felsman, Miss Emma, dom, 201 e Charles. Felton, John E, fireman C G W, rms 717 2nd st n. Feltus, Miss Florence M, student, r 412 1st av e. Feltus, George R, student, r 412 1st av e. Feltus, James B, wife Florence, r 412 1st av e. Fenley, Miss Hettie L, student, 522 w Charles. Fenley, Miss Ruby M. r 522 w Charles. Fenley, Simpson S, wife Minnie, fore- man pattern shop C G W, r 522 w Charles. Fennell, Miss Agnes, r 932 1st av w. Fennell, James D, wife Maggie, wks C G W, r 932 1st av w. Fennell, John, r 932 1st av w. Fennell, Joseph, student, r 932 1st av w. Fennell, Lawrence, r 932 1st av w. Fennell, Thomas, wks C G W, r 932 1st av w. FENNER, GEORGE F, photographer 114 s Frederick, r same. Fenner, Nancy E, wid Nelson, r 440 s Frederick, res tel C B. VISIT- E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERiGK ST. PHONE 21 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP ^^^ THAT'S ALL OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 59 FENNER, THEODORE, photographer, bds 32 n Frederick street. Fereday, Allen, wife Annie, r 800 3rd av w. Fereday, B'enj, wife Anna, tmstr, r 19 5th av e. Fereday, Miss Mabel, dressmkr Mrs Sager, r 800 3rd av w. Ferguson, C Roy, student, r IIG 4th av s. Ferguson, David, r 116 4th av s. Ferguson, R Chisholm, wife Martha, mach C G W, r 116 4th av s. FERRIS, JOHN C, wife Jessie (Conley & Ferris), r 420 e Charles, res tel C B 182. Ferris, Ernest, cond C G W, r Clarion, Iowa. Ferry, Miss Bernadette, student, r 620 5th av w. Ferry, James G, boilermkr appr C G W, r 620 5th av w. Ferry, Joseph, wife Mary J, Ibr, r 620 5th av w. Ferry, Leonard, student, r 620 5th av w. FETTKETHER, WM G, wife Marie, livery boarding and sales stables, 14 1st av s, r 12 n Frederick, bus tel C B 32. Fiala, Anthony, wife Threasa, tailor, A G Parker, r 109 3rd av e. Fiala, George, student, r 109 3rd av e. Fiala, Irvin, student, r 109 3rd av e. Field, Edward, wks C G W, bds 124 1st av w. FIELD, FRED, wife Mary A real es- tate, r 303 n Frederick. Fig, H, eng C G W. Finicle, J, tool boy C G W. Finley, Miss Ruble, waitress Arling- ton House, r same. Finicle, H S, chargeman mach shops C G W. Finnegan, P J, Ibr warehouse C G W. First Christian Church, Rev J T Shreve, pastor, northeast cor of w Charles and 1st av n. First Methodist Episcopal Church, Rev G H Kennedy, pastor, cor 1st av s and 1st st s. FIRST NATIONAL BANK, pres, T L Hanson, v pres, E C Belt, cashier, Alfred Hanson, 10 w Charles, bus tel C B 99. First Presbyterian Church, Rev A E Moody, pastor, e Charles, cor 1st av s. Fish, George W, student, r 219 e Charles. Fish, Hattie E, wid George A, r 219 e Charles. Fisher, George W, cond C G W, bds Mealey Hotel. Fisher, J C, fireman C G W. Fisher, Oliver M, eng C G W, rms 22 5th av n. Fisher, pass cond C G W, Mealey Hotel. Fitch, James H, wife Margaret, r 130 2nd st e. B RicHAiiDs HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnisliers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 60 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Fitzgerald, Miss Nellie, dom, 138 1st av n. Flagg, Charles A, wife Pearl, elk R M S, r 22 5th av n. Flanagan, Miss Blanche, elk Glan- ville's, r 117 3rd st n. Flanagan, Homer W, wife Isabella, foreman painter C G W, r 117 3rd St n. Flanagan, Robert, student, r 117 3rd St n. Fleming, Michael, real estate and city treas, 1 s Frederick, r 413 w Charles. Fleming, James, wks C G W, r 413 w Charles. Fleming, William, wks C G W, r 413 w Charles. Floyd, Harold, waiter Sadler's Cafe, r 10 s Frederick. Flynn, Hugh H, wife Ellen, blksmth helper C G W, r 710 2nd av s. Flynn, John E, wife Olia, fireman C G W, r 125 4th av e. Folsom, Hyren H, wife Silence, ex- press, r 123 5th St n, res tel C B 53. Ford, Charles, elk Massin & Brown, r country. Ford, Earl, carp, r 409 s Frederick. Fordyce, Miss Mabel E, office attd, Gahringer & Fordyce, r 106 4th av s. FORDYCE, WILBERT E, wife Nellie, (Gahringer & Fordyce), r 106 4th av s, res tel C B 136. Forrest, John T, mchst C G W, rms 115 3rd av n. Fortsythe, Clarence, wife Carrie, mach C G W, rms 218 3rd av s. Fortier, Albert, wife Tessie, boiler- mkr, r 102 10th w. Fortier, John E, wife Bridget, painter C G W, r 521 7th w. Fortier, Joseph U, r 521 7th w. Fortier, Joseph W A, wife Theresa, r 521 7th w. Fortier, Louis N, U S Navy, r 521 7th w. Fortier, Miss Mary D, r 521 7th w. Fortney, Mrs. Alice, r 29 n Frederick. Fortney, Fred, elk Massin & Brown, r 29 n Frederick. Foval, Grover, wks C G W, r 124 1st av w. Foval, Lloyd, r 124 1st av w. Fox, Charles R, wks C G W, r 18 4th av e. Fox, Charles, cook Union House, r same. Fox, Charles, wire worker, rms 201 5th av s. Fox, Miss Effie M, r 502 e Charles. Fox, Mrs. Emma M, nurse, r 19 s Frederick. Fox, E, elk C G W, rms 118 1st st e. Fox, Frank, wife Fay, wks C G W, r 18 4th av e, res tel C B 244. Fox, Miss Lulu, student, r 18 4th av e. Fox, Rollin S, wife Maud L, foreman C G W freight depot, r 11 5th av s. FOR HOIST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO illiger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ ^ ^ ^ 61 Fox, Samuel J, wife Mary E, r 502 e Charles, res tel C B 87. Fox, Seth O, wife Anna, mchst C G W, r 230 6th av w. Frakes, L Elmer, wife Flora, wks C G W, 517 7th w. Francisco, Elmer N, wife Clara B, air brake inspector C G W, r 15 w Charles. Franke, Anton, Ibr C G W. Frankie, fireman C G W, rms Arling- ton House. Franke, H P, cond C G W, r St Paul. Fraser, Thomas, painter, bds 324 w Charles. Frazer, Miss Abigal M, waitress Un- ion House, 18 2nd st w. Frazer, Miss J Mabel, student, r 18 2nd st w. Frazer, Robert, r 18 2nd st w. Frederickson, Severne N, wife Edith, brakeman C G W, r 212 4th st n Free Baptist, Rev E L True, pastor, cor 1st av e and 1st st n. Freeman, Maurice E, wks C G W, r 29 3rd av e. Freeman, Rollin H, wife Clara, painter 3 1st ave e, r 29 3rd av e. Freeman, brakeman C G W, caboose. Freidle, Joseph, agt Guaranty Mutual Life Ins Co. French, Miss Lois, dom, 105 4th av s. Fridgen, N, eng C G W, rms 717 2nd st n. CIGARS OF QUALITY have made a reputation for our cigar dept. worth more to us than Dia- monds J. R. PERRY & CO. Frisbie, Mrs Ada, elk Lucas grocery, r 301 e Charles. Fritz, A H, mchst C G W. Fritz, Joseph, mchst C G W. Frost, Miss Anna, pastry cook Hotel Mealey, r same. Frost, Peter, well driller, rms 112 3rd av e. Fryer, Miss Ina, r 126 s Frederick. Fullbright, John, wife Minnie, cigar maker F H Tousley, r 109 w Charles. Fuller, George, eng C G W, r St. Paul. Fulmer, Adam, wife Ellen, foreman brass works Oelwein foundry, r 124 1st av e. Fulmer, Miss Ruth, student, r 124 1st av e. JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE F. H. TOUSLEY WtiolGsah Manufacturer of (i^drs i^ Tolidcto ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- C2 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Gaetor, Mandupro, Ibr C G W. Gage, Arthur E, wife Orpha, wks C G W, r 221 4th st w. Gage, Lewis, cond C G W, r St. Paul. Gage, Otto, student, r 221 4th st w. Gager, Miss Cora, student, r 31 s Frederick. GAHRINGER & FORDYCE, (J M Gah- ringer and W E Fordyce), physi- cians, 14 s Frederick, bus tel C B 27. For Want Ads ■PHONE 28' GAHRINGER, JOHN M, wife Mae (Gahringer & Fordyce), r 211 1st av e, res tel C B 178. Gallagher, Dudley E, wks C G W freight house, r 100 6th w. Gallagher, Edward, wife Elizabeth E, wks C G W, r 100 6th w. Gallagher, George R, mchst C G W, r 502 1st av e. Gallagher, Miss Henrietta, r 502 1st av e. Gallagher, James F, wife Maud C, yard master C G W, r 17 5th av s. Gallagher, John, wife Kathryn, pass and freight agt C G W, r 201 7th st w, res tel C B 82. Gallagher, Joseph, elk freight depot C G W, res 502 1st av e. Gallagher, Lewis B, student, r 502 1st av e. Gallagher, Leo M, student, r 100 6th w. Gallagher, Peter J, wife Margaret, toolman C G W, r 502 1st av e. Galloway, Darwin, elk, r 503 3rd av e. Galloway, Miss Martha, student, r 503 3rd av e. Galloway, William, wife Lucy, painter, r 503 3rd av e. Galvin, Edward, wks C G W, bds 102 10th w. Gardner, Andrew J, wife Mary, wks C G W, r 136 4th av e. Gardner, Clayton, car repr C G W, rms 409 s Frederick. Gardner, Emanuel F, wife Margaret, wks C G W, r 612 8th av e. Gardner, Fred, eng C G W, r St Paul. Gardner, Frank, student, r 612 8th av e. Gardner, William A, wife Alice M, wks C G W, r 628 7th av e. Gardner, William V, wife Hattie, man C G W, r 127 3rd av n. Garnatz, Fred, wife Dena, shoe 11 s Frederick, r 124 6th av s. Garner, Howard R, wife Lula, painter C U Marsh, r 1022 South Frederick. Garrett, Hollis, wife Sarah, wks Kent Lumber Co, r 702 2nd av e. tool- mkr NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleanings Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO 350.00 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 63 Gartz, Fred, wife Frances, fireman C G W, r 25 Srd street n. Gartz, Homer J, wife Iva, carp, r 25 3rd St n. Garvey, M J, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Gary, Charles G, sec W H Meyer Co, foreman Hose Co No 2, r 423 s Frederick. Gary, Frank, wks C G W, r 423 s Frederick. Gary, Rose, wid John, r 423 s Fred- erick. Gately, Thos, Ibr C G W. Gates, Edwin C, wife Rebecca A, hardware 20 e Charles, r 8 4th st n. Gates, F J, V pres Oelwein Gas and Power Co, r 222 3rd av n. Gates, Harrison, student, r 8 4th st n. Gates, Miss Mae, r 8 4th st n. Gay, Earl F, mgr Oelwein Pantatori- um, r 602 8th st w. Gay, Ira, student, r 602 8th w. Gaynor, Miss Mary, waitress Union House, r same. Gay, Wm W, wife Alice, wks section C G W, r 602 8th w. Geiger, Albert W, cond C G W, bds Mealey Hotel. Gerhart, Frederick W, wife Nancy M, bkpr George Jackson Co, r 136 4th av s, res tel'c B 112. Gentle, Joseph, elk California Fruit Store, r 6 4th av e. Gerken, Floyd, student, r 731 1st av e. Gerken, Nelson A, wife Mary, agt Northwestern Life Ins Co, 731 1st av e, r same. Gerstenberger, Miss Anna, student, r 102 10th w. Gerstenberger, Charles, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 102 10th w. .Gerstenberger, Frank, wife Catherine, car repr C G W, r 102 10th w. Gerstenberger, John, wks C G W, r 102 10th w. Gibbons, George, wife Tessie, carp C G W shops, r 119 s Frederick. Gibbons, James W, wife Edith, cigar mkr Winrow & Wood, r 23 e Charles. Gibbons, Martha, wid Thomas, r 607 1st st e. Gibbons, Wm, eng C G W, rms Han- Ion House. GIFFROW, HENRY L, wife Harriet, saloon, 139 s Frederick, r 412 e Charles, bus tel C B' 94, res tel C B 181. Gilbert, Mrs. Arlie, waitress Sadler's Cafe, rms 10 s Frederick. Gilbert, George L, wife Adelia, r 502 w Charles. Gilbert, George R, wife Jessie, lather, r 512 w Charles. Gilbert, Harry, wife Arlie, elk Sara- toga, r 502 w Charles. Gilbert, Herbert B, wife Sophia A, r 330 5th av s. Giles, B Bert, mach C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Gill, Frank, student, r 706 3rd av w. BELL & RICHARDS PHONE Q 8. mi CALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NiGHT Ks^t W. G. FETTKETHER Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 14 FIRST avenue: SOUXHi G4 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Gill, Thomas H, wife May, carp C G W, r 706 3rd av west. Gilman, Alfred, r 201 1st st w. Gilman, Roswell B, wife Clara, fore- man scrap gang C G W, r 201 1st St w. Gilson, Benj, wife Ora, wks C G W, r n s 10th w 1st west of 1st av w. GIRARD, ARTHUR J, wife Florence, (Spensley & Girard), r 516 1st av e, res tel C B 255. Glanville, Earl E, T R Glanville & Son, r Mason City. Glanville, Thomas R & Son (T R and E E Glanville, dry goods, 13 o Charles. Glanville, Thomas R, T R Glan- ville & Son, r Mason City. Glass, Miss Jennie, waitress Park Ho- tel, r same. Glass, Miss Myrtle, waitress Park Ho- tel, r same. Glass, Sylvester J, wife Josie, prop • Park Hotel 29 1st st w, y same, bus tel C B. Glazier, Albert H, wife Ida, wks Oel- wein Foundry, r 655 4th av s. Glazier, Miss Edna, dom 221 1st av e. Gleason, Michael J, wife Mary, agt Standard Oil Co, r 128 5th av s, res tel C B 129. Glenn, Charles, elk R S Glenn, r 221 1st av e. Glenn, John C, wife Anna, mach C G W, r 304 4th av s. Glenn, Roland S, wife Rosella, prop Beehive 9 n Frederick, r 221 1st av e, bus tel C B' 233. Glew, Miss Eva, laundress City Laun- dring Co, bds 207 51/2 st e. Gloeckner, Miss Beulah, r 220 n Fred- erick St. Gloeckner, Miss Flossie, student, r 220 n Frederick st. Gloeckner, Harry, traveling salesman, r 220 n Frederick st. Gloeckner, John G, wife Emelia, car repr C G W, r 220 n Frederick st. Gloeckner, Roy, mach appr C G W, r 220 n Frederick st. Glynn, A C, mchst C G W. Golden, brakeman C G W, caboose. Goff, wm, boiler mkr helper C G W. Goldsberry, Louis E, wife Clara, prin- ter Oelwein Register, r 23 2nd av n. GOSSE, HENRY, (Kernahan & Gos- se) r 3 e Charles. GOSSE, HENRY C (McQueen & Gosse) r 3 e Charles. Gosse, Miss Natalia, elk McQueen & Gosse, r 3 e Charles. Gottschskie, Emil, wks C G W. bds 214 5th av s. Gout, Charles, wks C G W, rms 38 n Frederick. Graff, .Joseph P, shoemkr N Graff, r 27 s Frederick. Graff, Nicholas, wife Mary, shoes 27 s Frederick, r same. Graff, Peter F, wife Elizabeth M, 2nd asst. chief Fire Department, r 39 4th av s. SEEJ. W. RIDLERFOR Sanitary Plumbing ^ Heating 'fis- A. C. WILSOU gs DrugS' Books Stationery OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 65 Graham Bros (C O & J E Graham), junk and second hand goods 13 1st st w. Graham, Charles O, wife Mary E (Graham Bros), r 112 4th av w. Graham, David, wife Mae, wlis C G W, r 120 6th av n. Graham, Miss Edna, student, r 1 e Charles. Graham, Edward Jr, porter, r 36 4th av w. Graham, John, wife Mary, wks C G W, r 433 s Frederick. Graham, John E, wife Rosetta, (Gra- ham Bros), r 133 4th av w. Graham, William, wife Sarah, pipe fit- ter C G W, bds 216 5th av w. Gramming, Peter, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. GRAND LEADER, W F Gremmels, prop, groceries, crockery and glass- ware, 36 s Frederick, 7 1st st w, bus tel C B 45. Grand Pacific Tea & Coffee Co, Joseph L Medd, agt, 948 s Frederick, bus tel C B 115. Grand Union Tea Co, F M Sanders, agt, 319 2nd st e. Granncn, cond C G W, Des Moines, Iowa. GRAUER, JOHN E, (Smith & Grau- er), rms 1st av n. GRAVES, LODELL T, wife Beth, bro- ker, real estate collections and ins, r Fayette, la, bus tel Inter State 104. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES ANO UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 12 W. CHARLES Graves, Scott V R, wife Julia, r 25 2nd st n. Graves, W, eng C G W, rms 202 e Charles. Gray, John, wife Johanna, carp, r 1001 w Charles st. Gray, W C, student, rms 126 1st av s. Great Western Eating House, J C Jep- son mgr. Great Western Depot, w Charles bet w Charles and 1st st w. Green, Arthur, wks C G W, r 106 7th av w. Green, Cecil P, student, r 22 3rd av s. Green, Miss Gladys M, student, r 22 3rd av s. Green, John B, wife Cora, hardware, 5 e Charles, r 22 3rd av s, bus tel C B 138, res tel C B 118. Green, John, boiler mkr C G W, bds 10 s Frederick. CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan & Gosse phone: 5o. NO. 12 FIRST ST. SOUTH GG OELWE.TN CITY DIRECTORY. Green, John, r 106 7th av w. Green, Laura, wid John, r 529 1st st w. Green, Jesse, cond C G W, r Dubuque. Greenley, Miss Grace V, stenog, r 100 3rd av s. Gregory, George, porter M J Conway, rms 508 1st av s. Gregory, George, wife Abbie, foreman C G W, r 201 4th av s, res tel C B 158. Gregory, Guy C, wks C G W, 220 2nd av e. Gregory, Miss Maud E, r 201 4th av s. MTHE REGISTER DAILY AND WEEKLY Gregory, William G, wife Alice, r 220 2nd av e. Gremmels, Miss Amanda, r 134 1st av north. Gremmels, Edgar, elk (W F Grem- mels') r 134 1st av n. Gremmels, Miss Florence, bkpr W F Gremmels, r IG 4th av s. Gremmels, Henry, wife Minnie, elk Grand Leader, r 16 4th av s. Gremmels, Le Roy, call boy C G W, r 704 1st av e. Gremmels, Miss Myrtle, student, r 16 4th av s. Gremmels, Peter, eng C G W, rms 721 2nd st n. ^VlSITr Gremmels, R, call boy C G W, r 704 1st av e. Gremmels, Rose, wid Charles, milli- ner, 3 n Frederick, r 704 1st av e. Gremmels, Warren, wife Emma, elk W F Gremmels, r 123 1st st e. GREMMELS, WM F, wife Emma S, prop The Grand Leader, 36 s Fred- erick and 7 1st w, r 134 1st av n, bus tel C B 45, res tel C B 43. GRESSLER CAMPBELL DRUG CO, (F G Gressler and Levi Campbell), drugs, wall paper, stationery and paints, oils and glass, 33 s Freder- ick, bus tel C B 78. GRESSLER, FRED J, (Gressler- Campbell Drug Co, bds Hotel Mea- ly. Griffin, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Griffith, Benj T, wife Augusta, con- tractor, r 10 w Charles. Griffith, Wm, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. , Grim, James E, wife Anna, carp C G W, r 17 1st st e. Grim, Miss Sarah, student, r 17 1st e. Grimwood, Mantle J, wid Isaac, r IS 3rd av s. Grimwood, Miss Neva, r 18 3rd av s. Grininger, John H, cond C G W, bds Mealey Hotel. Grove, Miss Eva B, elk T R Glanville & Son, r 527 w Charles. Grubb, Miss Lillian, r 33 2nd st n. Grubb, Sarah A, wid John F, bds 33 2nd st n. E. N. Hoss & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 2 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & GRAUER. Jgjlors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 67 Grubb, Simeon J, wife Theresa, mchst C G W. r 33 2 nd St n. Gruver, John, wife Mabel, wks C G W, r 103 6th av w. Guaranty Mutual Life Ins Co, N E Lyon, agt 12 s Frederick, Belt & Kint block. Guibb, J, mchst C G W. Guider, John, blksmth appr C G W, r 213 2nd av s. Guilbert, William, wife Rose, cond C G W, r 723 1st av e, res tel C B 24fi. Guilotte, Adelard, wife Anna, wks Oel- wein Foundry Co, r 103 6th st n. Guiney, Cornelius, molder Oelwein Foundry Co, r 206 6th av w. Guite, John, mchst C G W. Guite, Wilfred, wife Catherine, carp C G W, r 117 7th w. Gund Brew Co, W T HANLON AGT, 108 s Frederick. Gunther, cond C G W, r caboose. Gustin, A E, mach C G W, rms US s Frederick. Haas, J, fireman C G W, rms Arlington House. Hacking, Miss Edna M, stenog C G W, r 209 4th av s. Hacking, Edwin, wife Mary A, gen car foreman C G W, r 209 4th av s. Hacking, Miss Mildred A, r 209 4th av s. Haering, Charles L, wife Minnie, con- tractor, 24 1st av s, r same. Haffner, Miss Nora, waitress Great Western Eating House. Hagge, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. Hagge, William, electr C G W, rms 112 1st av e. Haggenbach, Wm, elk A Schumacher & Son, r Mack Hotel. Hain, Edwin F, wife Mary, toolman C G W, r 411 2nd av e. Hain, George W, mach appr, r 411 2nd av e. Hale, Martha L, wid A C, r 29 2nd st n. Halem, Michael, wks C G W, r 617 2nd av w. Haley, Thomas E, cond C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. Hall, Charles M, wife Ruth, r 417 n Frederick. Hall, David, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Hall, Miss Emma, student, r 417 n Frederick. Hall, Ida M, wid Julian, r 110 4th st n. Hall, Miss Maude, r 417 n Frederick. Hall, Miss Ruth A, tchr, r 417 n Fred- erick. Hall, Miss Stella, tchr, r 417 n Fred- erick. RICHARDS phone: 9 S PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY THE HUB Clotliiers^ Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. 68 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Hall, T F, fireman C G W, rms US s Frederick. Hall, T J, fireman C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Hall, Wiatt, student, r 417 n Freder- ick. Hall, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. Hall, freight brakeman C G W, r ca- boose. Hallett, freight cond C G W. Halley, W M, section foreman C R I & P, bds 118 n Frederick. Hallinan, Edward, elk O C Stebbins, r 610 s Frederick. Hallinan, John, wife Julia, wks C G W, r 610 s Frederick. Hallman, Benj, wife Nellie, junk deal- er, r 237 7th av e. Halpin, Lawrence F, wife Jessie, tel opr Postal Telegraph & Cable Co, r 127 2nd st e. Halver, Edward, wife B'eulah, wks C G W, r 210 1st St e. Hamilton, Miss Frances, waitress Ho- tel Mealey, r same. Hamm Brew Co, WM KLEINANN, agt, 200 s Frederick. Hammond, Annie, wid Joseph, uphol- sterer C G W, r 5V2 w Charles. Hammond, Benjamin F, wife Emma, toolman C G W, r 15 3rd av e. Hammond, Frank M, wife Mary, tin- ner Campbell & King, r 210 5th av s. Hammond. Joseph G, mach appr C G W, r 5% w Charles. Hanahan, A, Ibr C G W. Hanahan, J, Ibr C G W. Hanan, Percy, mach C G W, rms 136 4th av s. Hancock, Burle, upholsterer appr C G W, r 22 4th av e. Hancock, Charles A, wife Celia, car repr C G W, r 22 4th av e. Hand, Harry G, wks Oelwein Pantato- rium, r 207 5th av e. Hand, John, r 711 s Frederick. Hand, Margaret, wid John, r 711 s Frederick. Handy, Guy, elk L N Haskins, bds 13 2nd av s. Hanken, Wm, wife Lena, car repr C G W, r 420 7th w. Hanlon, Edward, r 622 1st av w. Hanlon House, W T HANLON, prop 221 s Fr:d8rick, bus tel C B CS. HANLON, JEREMIAH E, wife Eva A, bartender Mealey Annex, r 108 s Frederick. Hanlon, Joseph, barber, r 31 s Fred- erick. Hanlon, Joseph, barber, F A Cragan, rms 7 1st av e. Hanlon, Mary, wid Lawrence, r 622 1st av w. HANLON, MICHAEL J, wife Anna D, bartender Mealey Annex, r 108 s Frederick. HANLON, WM T, wife Delia, prop Mealey Annex 108 s Frederick and prop Hanlon House 221 s Freder- ick, r same, bus tel C B 68. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliirer s Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK' GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEHEY" OHLV/EIN CITY DIRECTORY. Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water j^ ^ j^ ^ 69 Hann, George F, blksmth and horse- shoer, 16 1st av w, r 324 w Charles. Hann, John, wife Freda, r 324 w Charles. Hann, Louis C, carp, r 324 w Charles. Hanna, Miss Amy I, student, r w s s Frederick, 2nd outside limits. Hanna, Frank, painter appr C G W, r 508 1st av s. Hanna, Robert, wife Ella, twproad boss, r w s s Frederick, 2nd outside limits. Hanna, Roy W, rivet heater C G W, r w s s Frederick, 2nd outside limits. Hanna, Wm J, wife Maggie, painter C G W, r 508 1st av s, res tel C B 4. Hannan, Matthew, wife Rose, blksmth C G W, r 235 41/2 st w. Hannegan, Wm P, agt Guaranty Mu- tual Life Ins Co. Hanner, W, car repr C G W. HANSON, ALFRED, wife Edith (Han- son Bros), cashier First National Bank, r 403 n Frederick. Hanson, Benj S, Ibr, r 132 6th av n. HANSON BROS (T L and Alfred Han- son) 10 w Charles, bus tel C B 99. Hanson, Christian W, music tchr, rms 11 s Frederick. Hanson, Clarence W, wife Byrdie, switchman C G W, r 15 2nd av n. Hanson, Clyde E, boiler mkr appr C G W, r 132 6th av n. Hanson, Miss Ellen, r 28 1st av e. Hanson, Mrs. Eliza E, wid Charles, r 33 n Frederick. TJUSJS J. R. PERRY Oelwein's Leading Druggist too rtKi • He will be pleased to meet you at the store Hanson, Eliza M, wid Thomas, r 121 2nd st n. Hanson, Edward, wife Carrie, express and transfer, r 28 1st av e, res tel C B 170. Hanson, Frank E, student, r 132 6th av n. Hanson, George L, student, r 121 2nd st n. Hanson, Gunder, wife Anna, mchst C G W, r 218 4th st n. Hanson, Harry, v pres Oelwein Far- mers' Creamery, r country. Hanson, Isaac, bds 724 w Charles. Hanson, James H, wife Martha, wks C G W, r 403 2nd st e. Hanson, John, wife Florence, switch- man C G W, r 106 2nd av n. Hanson, Joseph, bds 205 2nd st n. Hanson, J. A, switchman .foreman C G W. IfYcuOon'fKnow You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES F. H. TOUSLEY m 32 SOUTH FREDERICK- Wholesale Manufacturer of ^ Tobiicco 70 OELWBIN CITY DIRECTORY. Hanson, Joseph, brakeman C G W, r 132 6th av n. Hanson, Miss Mary J, r 33 n Freder- ick. Hanson, Miss Matilda, r 103 2nd st n. Hanson, Maude, wid J W, r 229 n Fredericlv. Hanson, Miss Nellie, tchr. Park Side school, r 103 2nd st n. Hanson, Rudolph P, r 132 6th av n. Hanson, Swain S, wife Mary, eng C G W, r 132 6th av n. HANSON, THOMAS L, wife Elizabeth, Hanson P)ros) and pres First Na- tional Bank, r 203 1st av e. T^B OELWEiN REGISTER ADVERTISING COLUMNS. Hardy, James J, wife Mary, mach C G W, r 133 4th av s. Hardy, Ralph P, wife Bernice L, (Har- dy & Son), r 20 4th av s. Hardy & Son (Thos and R P Hardy), real estate, 10 w Charles. Hardy, Miss Susie, student, r 403 e Charles. Hardy, Thomas, wife Jessie I, (Hardy & Son), r 403 e Charles. Hardy, Thomas, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Hare, Elmer W, wife Emma, car repr C G W, r 122 5th av w. Harford, Harold, tmstr, r 703 1st st e. Harford, Peter B, wife Fanny, Ibr, r 703 1st st e. Harlan School, Miss Rose Coonce prin, cor 1st av n and 4th st n. Harley, Clarence, student, r 327 9th av w. Harmon, David, wife Catherine, blk- smith helper C G W, r 811 1st av w. Harms, Fred W, wife Agnes, mach helper C G W, r 464 8th w. Harper, A S, dentist, 1 e Charles, rms 306 1st s. Harper, Byron, eng Hotel Mealey, r same. Harper, Charles, wks C G W, r 25 5th st n. Harper, Miss Ethel, student, r 25 5th st n. Harper, Frank, wife Mary, wks C G W 619 3rd av s. Harper, Harold, student, r 1006 s Fred- erick. Harper, Joseph R, wife Althea, wks C G W, r 25 5th st n. Harper, Samuel, wife Etta, wks C G W, r 1006 s Frederick. Harrington, Mary A, wid John, r 37 5th av s. Harris, Dallis, bds Mack Hotel. Harris, George H, mchst C G W, rms 123 1st av n. Harris, John, fireman C G W, rms 717 2nd st n. Hartenbower, John E, pres Oelwein Light, Heat and Power Co, r Tonica, 111. NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 71 Harter, Henry L, wife Bertha, furni- ture 7 s Frederick, r 21 2nd av s. Harthill, Henry, wife Ada, mach C G W, r 210 2nd st s. Harthill, Lewis E, wife Anna, mach C G W, r 2:J0 3rd av s. Harthill, Robert, student, r 210 2nd st s. Hartsough, Porter L, wife Libbie A, engine house keeper Fire Depart- ment, r 602 2nd av e. Harvey, Charles G, wife Amy S, mchst C G W, r 18 3rd st n. Harwood, Charles H, wife Mary A, lawyer 13 e Charles, r 315 2nd st e. HASKINS, LEONARD N, wife Anna, dry goods, 9 s Frederick, r 13 2nd av s, bus tel C B 230. Haskins, Theron L, student, r 13 2nd av s. Hasler, Christopher, fireman C G W, rms 117 2nd st n. Hatch, William H, wife Ethel, wks C G W, 501 5th av w. Hath, Miss Edith, dom 502 e Charles. Hath, Mathias, wife Julia, r 108 5th av s. Hath, Rudolph, wks C G W, r 108 5th av s. Hausner. Claire D, tel cpr C G W, r 102 5th av w. Hausner, Charles, wife • Anna, buyer, r 102 5th av n. Hawkins, Clarence, Ibr, bds Mack Ho- tel. Hawkins, Hartwell, wife Myrtle, wks C G W, r 101 10th av w. Hayes, Harry C, wife Josephine, mach C G W, r 51/2 w Charles. Haynes, Fred B, toolman C G W, r 110 2nd av n. Haynes, Henry, wife Mary, mach C G W, r 110 2nd av n. Hazelwood, H, fireman C G W, rms 106 3rd av n. Hazlet, Mildred, cook Sadler's Cafe, rms 10 s Frederick. Hazlet, Samuel K, wife Nellie, veter- inary surgeon, 14 1st av s, r 511 1st av e, bus tel C H 32, res tel C B 82. Head, Hobart D, wife Nellie, cond C G W, r G14 1st av s. Heath, Charles E, wife Elizabeth, (C E Heath & Son), r 232 5th av w. Heath, Charles L, wife Clara, carp C G W, r 125 2nd av s. Heath, Miss Dolly, student, r 232 5th av w. Heath, George J (C E Heath & Son), r 232 5th av w. Heath, Miss Nina M, student, r 125 2nd av s. Heath, C E & Son (C E and G J Heath), real estate, 26 w Charles. Hedrick, John T, wife Flora, blksmth helper C G W, r 422 4th s. Heffern, Miss Nora, waitress Great W lunch rooms, 115 s Frederick. Hehir, Edward L, cond C G W, rms 10 w Charles. Heid, Leo A, wife Clara, mach helper C G W, r 315 8th w. BELL & RICHARDS phone: 98. HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE GITV DAY OR NIGHT \N. G. F ETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable GOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 72 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Heinze, Miss Clara, student, r 205 5th av s. Heinze, Otto H, wife Louise, macli C G W, r 205 5th av s. Heise, Edward, wife Emile, r 15 6th av s. Helen, Mike, Ibr C G W. Helm, Miss Anna, dom 225 2nd av s. Helm, Anthony, wife Ernestine, hard- ware 17 w Charles, r same. Helm, Miss Elsie, student, r 17 w Charles. Helm, Ernestine, hardware, 17 w Charles, r same. Helm, Frank, r 17 w Charles. Helm, Miss Rose, student, r 17 w Charles. Hely, Henry W, cond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Henche, H, carp C G W. Henchel, O, Ibr C G W. Hender, Miss Christina, dom 112 2nd St e. Henderson, Ernest M, wife Anna, pi- anos 23 e Charles, r 137 3rd av s, res tel C B 90. Henderson, Miss Helen, student, r 137 3rd av s. Henderson, Horace B, r 137 3rd av s. Henderson, Newton W, wife Kather- ine, asst foreman store room C G W, r 626 4th av w. Henderson, fireman C G W, r Arling- ton House. Hendrick, Wm, mill man C G W. Henehan, Anthony J, wife Mary, wks C G W, r 218 4th av n. Henehan, Anthony, r 218 4th av n. Henehan, George, student, r 218 4th av n. Henehan, John, wks C G W, r 218 4th av n. Henehan, Joseph R, rivet heater C G W, r218 4th av n. Henehan, Miss Katherine, tchr, r 218 4th av n. Henehan, Miss Mary, r 218 4th av n. Hensch, Miss Augusta, r 814 ord av w. Hensch, Herman, wife Jennie, wks C G W, r 814 3rd av w. Hentges, Christian, wks C G W, bds Mack Hotel. Herragan, Wm, boiler mkr C G W. Herriman, Samuel K, street commis- sioner, r 1.7 s Frederick. Heskett, Herbert, wife Florence M, wks Harry Walton, rms 202 1st st s. Heubler, Miss Laura, waitress Union House, r same. Hibbs. Fred, fireman C G W. bds Ar- lington House. Hickey, Miss Mamie, dress mkr. r 720 3rd av w. Higbee, Miss Maude, music tchr, rms 11 s Frederick. Higgins, Miss Agnes, r 612 7th av e. Higgins, Frank E, wife Emma, wks C G W. r G12 7th av e. Higgins, Herbert, student, r 612 7th av e. Higgins, Miss Myrtle, dom 17 2nd av south. J. W. RIDLER, PHONES 23 AND 33 — 15 NORTH FREDERICK Phone 144 A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 73 High School, Miss Mae Cresswell prin, cor 1st s and 3rd av s. Highland, Wm, eng C G W, rms 717 2nd st n. Hildebrandt, Arthur C, barber D E Taylor, r 105 4th av s. Hiler, Charles O, wife Adeline, core- mkr Oelwein Foundry Co, r 29 3rd St n, res tel C B 25. Hill, Charles, eng C G W, rms 106 3rd av n. Hill, Don, wks C G W, r 215 1st av e. Hill, Frank S, wife Nina, wks C G W, r 215 1st av e. Hill, W, eng C GW. Hillcrest Poultry Farm, G B Mont- gomery prop, 501 7th av s. Hilliger, Miss Clara, dom 520 2nd st s. HILLIGER, EMIL E, wife Millie, prop Hilliger Shoe- Store 19 s Frederick, r 321 2nd av e. HILLIGER'S SHOE STORE, E E Hil- liger prop, boots and shoes 19 s Frederick. Hillman, August, wife Nellie, ticket and freigh't agt C R I & P, r 112 1st av e. Hillman, Charles C, wife Mary N, (Knight & Hillman), r 420 2nd av e. Hillman, Daniel S, wife Cordilla, carp C G W, r 14 7th av s., Hillman, Miss Edna L, student, r 14 7th av s. Hillman, Leverne S, student, r 14 7th av s. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 12 W, CHARLES Hindle, John H, wife Bessie, car repr C G W, r 124 4th av w. HINTZ, ALBERT .C (Hintz Bros), rms 5 1st av e. HINTZ, HENRY C, wife Christina. (Hintz Bros) r 5 1st av e. HINTZ BROS (H C and A C Hintz) furniture, carpets, oilcloth, etc, un- dertakers and upholsterers, 12 w Charles, bus tel C B 139a, Hoag, Marion A, wife Luella, photog- rapher 1 e Charles, r 112 4th av s. Hoag Studio, The, M A Hoag prop, 1 e Charles. Hockings, Albert W, wife Emily, r 117 4th av e. Hockings, Alfred, wife Clare, wks Oel- wein Foundry, r 319 1st st e. Hockings, Miss Hazel, student, r 319 1st st e. If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES Kernahan & Gosse PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH Up-tO-Oate LIVERY The Best is none too Good for our Customers . • • • 74 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Hockings, Jane, wid John, r 420 s Frederick. Hockings, Miss Zoe, r 117 4th av e. Hodge, Alexander, wife Eliza, janitor Harlan school, r 243 5% st e. Hodge, Earle P, student, r 243 51/^ st e. Hodge, George, wife Stella, wks C G W, r 702 4th av e. Hodkinson, Joseph, physician, bds 319 1st st e. Hodge, Miss Mae L, student, r 243 5% st e. Hodgdon, Newell F, wife Minnie, carp C G W, r 601 1st av s. ADVERTISE IN THE DAILY AND WEEKLY Oelwein Register Hoffer, cond C G W, r caboose. Hoffman, F, car repr C G W. Hogan, Frank B, wife Katherine, wks C G W, r 517 1st av n. Hogan, Thomas, shoemkr, 121 s Fred- erick, r 409 s Frederick. Hogle, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. Holgerson, C, blksmth helper C G W. Hollenback, Roy, mach C G W, bds 32 n Frederick st. Holmes, D E, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Holmes, Herman H, wife Vena, wks C G W. r 119 6th av e. Holmes, Irvin M, wife Bertha, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 24 4th av s. Holmes, Meade, wife Bertha, electri- cian C G W, r 321 1st av e. Holmes, William, eng C G W, rms 18 1st av n. HOLROYD, JAMES, wife May, r 605 s Frederick. Holroyd, Theodore, wks C G W, r 605 s Frederick. Holseng, Erek E, wife Bertha, tailor A G Parker, r 48 5th street n. Holubar, Miss Anna, r 235 6th av w. Holubar, Fred, wife Frances, car repr C G W, r 238 6th av w. Holubar, Fred, mchst appr C G W, r 238 6th av w. Holubar, Joseph, wks Winterowd & Wood, r 238 6th av w. Holubar, Miss Lucy, student, r 238 6th av w. Holubar, Roy, delivery elk City Laun- dring Co, r 238 6th av w. Holubar, William, wife Fanny, mchst C G W, r 202 7th av w. Holzam, John, r 305 s Frederick. Holzam, Miss Marguerite, r 305 s Frederick. Hook and Ladder Company, J L Hart- sough, foreman, 10 1st av s. Hook, Milan O, wife Laura, wks C G W, r 202 1st st s. Hoppies, Miss Loretta, student, r 1198 1st av w. Hoppies, Nathan, wife Frances, wks C G W, r 1198 1st av w. E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP ^o*^ THAT'S ALL OHLWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 75 Horn, M J, eng C G W. Hose Co No 1, DON ROSS, foreman, 10 1st av s. Hose Co No 2, C G Gay foreman, 10 1st av s. Hose, Edward, driver, r 14 7th av e. Hose, Miss Emma, student, r 14 7th av e. Hose, Henry, wife Sarah, wks Massen & Brown, r 14 7th av e. Hose, Oscar, elk Massen & Brown, r 14 7th av e. HOTEL MEALEY, G W Weaver, prop, 102 s Frederick, bus tel C B 10. Hotfleld, B F, fireman C G W, r Ar- lington House. Hoth, Albert, wife Ethel, v pres W H Meyer Co, r 36 4th st n. Hough, Benj E, wife Jane, r 33 2nd av s. Hough, Miss Beulah, student, r 507 e Charles. Hough, Miss Blanche, r 507 e Charles. Hough, Charles L, wife Sarah E, r 507 e Charles. Hough, H S, r 117 n Frederick. Hough, Isabelle, wid Jesse W, r 130 1st St s. Hough, Willis, elk, r 117 n Frederick. Houghton, Charles, eng C G W, rms 132 6th av n. House, Mrs. Ester, r 400 s Frederick. Hovey. Edmund L, wife Belle M, carp C G W, r 43 5th st n. Hovey, Timothy K, wife Electa B, bds 43 oth st n. Howard, Aaron, wife Lucy, tmstr, r 522 1st st n. Howard, Miss Clara, r 522 1st st n. Howard, David T, wife Elizabeth, fmr, r n s 10th w 4th w of 1st av w. Howard, Hobart A, wife Marguerite, fmr, r 523 w Charles. Howard, Miss Imogene, student, r 522 1st n. Howe, Frederick W, wife Laura B, carp, r 725 s Frederick. Howie, J R, treas Oelwein Gas and Power Co, r outside. Howell, Frank M, wife Alice, painter C G W, r 520 2nd av e. Howell, Oscar, wife Lettie, mach C G W, r 216 7th av w. Howie, J R, treas Oelwein as and Power Co, r outside. HOYER, HENRY V, wife Catherine, (Hoyer & Robinson), r 210 n Fred- erick. HOYER & ROBINSON (H V Hoyer and F S Robinson), prop The Oel- wein Register and Oelwein Daily Register, 16 e Charles, bus tel C B 28. HUB, THE, Nicholas Pleimling, prop, hats, caps and gloves, men's fur- nishing goods and clothing, 24 s Frederick, bus tel C B 325. Hubbard, Mrs. Emily A, r 17 5th av s. Huddy, Honora, wid Richard, r 412 7th av. Hughson, Jane, wid Clement, r 552 8th west. phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR >N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 76 OELV/EIN CITY DIRECTORY. Hulbert, Wm, wife Carrie, express, r 421 8th w. Hull, Charles B, cond C G W, r St Paul. Hullison, Henry, eng C G W, r Chi- cago. Hutton, J B, tinsmith C G W. Human, John, wife Nellie, blksmth helper C G W, r 526 w Charles. Humeson, Frank, brakeman C G W, rms 102 3rd av n. Humphrey, Clifton, student, r 16 5th av n. Humphrey, Miss Elsie, student, r 16 5th av n. Humphrey, Ames A, wife Gertrude, traveling salesman, r 16 5th av n. HUNTER, ALDERBERT L, wife Nel- lie, mgr Citizens' Lumber Co, treas Fire Department, and alderman 1st ward, r 403 1st av e, res tel C B 61. Hunter, Miss Bessie, student, r 403 1st av e. Hunter, H Clyde, elk Citizens Lumber Co, r 403 1st av e. Hunter, Miss Martha, r 634 4th av w. Hunter, Robert D, wife Mary, tin- smith C G W, r 634 4th av w. Huntington, Maria L, wid Wm, r 112 1st av s. Hurley, Miss Helen M, housekpr 628 s Frederick. Hurley, Michael, eng C G W, rms 721 2nd st n. Huston, Arthur, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Hutchinson, R S, cond C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. Hutton, Catherine, wid, Wm, r 127 s Frederick. HUTTON, JAMES, painter and paper hanger, 127 s Frederick, r same. Hutton, John B, wife Essie, tinner C G W, r 137 2nd av s. Hyde, John L, wife Ida, wks C G W, r 710 3rd av w. Hyland, William, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. IDEAL RESTAURANT (Shelson & Potts, prop), 10 1st st w. Ingamells, Charles R, wife Myrtie, carp C G W, r 15 2nd st n. IngersoU, Lee L, stenog W B IngersoU, r 211 1st av e. IngersoU, Miss Pauline, cook Wilson House, r same. IngersoU, Miss Regina C, student, r 211 1st av e. IngersoU, Robert M, wife Effie, mchst helper C G W, r 222 10th av w. IngersoU, Walter B, wife lona, lawyer, 5 e Charles, r 211 1st av e, res tel C B 218. FOR HONEST VALOES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger^s Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fins Cigars and Soda Water ^ > ^ j» OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 77 Inman, Harvey E, wife Zona L, ear repr C G W, r 105 1st st w. Iowa Telephone Co, Miss Katherine Kappes chief opr and mgr, 104 s Frederick. Irvine, Albert E, lawyer, 36 s Freder- ick, r 720 s Frederick. Irvine, Charles H, wife Nina, boiler- mkr C G W, r 127 1st av n. IRVINE, JOHN, wife Isabelle, real es- tate 36 s Frederick, r 720 s Freder- ick. Irwin, David, wife Esther, r 523 1st "st e. Ishman, Lizzie, wid Henry, r 208 6th av e. Good goods at J. R. PERRY & CO. Ives, E S, eng C G W, rms Hanlon House. Ives, Grant L, wife Hulda, carp C G W, r 209 2nd av s. JACKMAN, CHARLES (Jackman and Nolan), bds 32 4th st n. JACKMAN & NOLAN (Chas. Jack- man and R J Nolan), prop Maple Leaf Saloon, 100 1st w. Jackson, George & Co, pres, George Jackson, sec and treas, Wm Jack- son, 320 1st av s, bus tel C B 36. Jackson, George, wife Nellie E, (George Jackson Co), r Hotel Mea- ley. Jackson, Wm, wife Annie, (George Jackson & Go), r Carroll, la. Jackson, brakeman C G W, r ca- boose. Jacoby, Earl, wife Louise, wks C G W, r 623 4th av s. James, Thomas N, wife Cora, tinner C G W, r 226 3rd av s. Jamison Bros (John and G W Jami- son), prop Bank of Oelwein, 2 e Charles. Jamison, Fred H, bkkpr Bank of Oel- wein, r 20 w Charles. JAMISON, GEORGE W, wife Jennie, lumber, lath and shingles, lime and cement, 25 1st av s, r 134 1st av e, bus tel C B 47, res tel C B 77. Jamison, Miss Grace, student, r 134 1st av e. ^^ vj? ^ ^» ALL ROADS LCAD TO >^ ^ ^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Colonial" F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer >^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 78 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Jamison, Harold, student, r 134 1st av e. Jamison, John, wife Nettie, City Attor- ney, r 122 2nd av n, res tel C B 52. Jamison, John, wife Florence, pres Bank of Oelwein and v pres Oelwein Light, Heat and Power Co, r 22 w Charles. Jamison, Ray B, cashier Bank of Oel- wein, sec Oelwein Light and Power Co, rms 1 s Frederick. Jamison, Samuel B, wife Stella, mgr Agnew Grain Co, r 303 iVz st w. Jarred, An 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 86 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Lee, Adolph L, wife Estella, brakeman C G W, r 406 3rd av n. Lee, George, wks water works, r 20 2nd St n. Lee, John, wife Esther, mach appr C G W, r 206 5th av south. Leece, John, r 216 1st st e. LEEHEY, FLORENCE P, physician 514 w Charles, rms same, oflBice hours, 8 to 10 a m, 1 to 4 p m, 7 to 8 pm. Leen, Thomas, asst time kpr C G W, bds 100 6th w. Lees, George, elk C G W, rms 110 5th av s. READ THE DAILY AND WEEKLY Oelwein Register. Le Grange, Miss Althea, student, r 215 e Charles. Le Grange, Andrew I, carp, r 216 4% St w. Le Grange, Mrs. Drusilla, traveling agt, r 215 e Charles. Le Grange, Earle, student, r 216 4% St w. Leibe, P, blksmth helper C G W. Lemley, Frank, wife Sadie, brakeman C G W, r 511 n Frederick. Lendman, Thomas K, wife Minnie, wks C G W, r 21 3rd st n. Lcnnon, John, wife Margaret, r 611 1st av s. Lennon, Morris, wks Beckus Livery, r 611 1st av s. Leonard, Thomas, wife Kate, prop Morrison House, 305 s Frederick. Letsch, Milo A, student, rms 34 s Frederick. Levett, George, student, r 207 7th av w Levett, Harry, wife Jennie, foreman pipe gang C G W, r 207 7th av w. Levett, William, student, r 207 7th av W. Lewis, Abner, wife Elizabeth, physi- cian, 214 2nd av n. Lewis, Emm.a, wid Sydney, r 102 1st av e. Lewis, Miss Helen, tchr South school, r 214 2nd av n. Lewis, Miss Jennie, elk L N Haskens, r 214 2nd av n. Lewis, Miss Mary, r 214 2nd av n. Lewis, Roy C, wife Clara, wks Corn Belt Telephone Co, r 758 2nd av s. Lewis, William, wife Lulu, painter C G W, r 219 41/2 st w. Lewis, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Lewis, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Libby, Leon J, wife Elizabeth, express messenger Wells Fargo, r 314 3rd av n. Liddell, Miss Gertrude, r 820 1st av w. Liddell, James, wife Mabel, eng C G W, r 820 1st av w . Liddell, Miss Mabel, r 820 1st av w. Liddell, Wm, mchst app C G W, r 820 1st av W. Lieder, Thomas, wife Pauline, wks Cit- izens' Lumber Co, r 133 4th av e. PHS HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SM^H&GRAUER, Tailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 87 Lienau, Marcus, wife Mary, foreman C G W, r 11 3rd av s. Lilley, James E, wife Sadie, charge- man C G W, r 121 1st St n. Lilley, Leal G, wife Clara, wks C G W, r 225 7th av w. Lillibridge, Maria L, wid Augustus, r 1080 2nd av s. Lindeblad Hjlmar, wife Hulda, mchst r 20G 6th av w. Linder, Thomas W, wife Mary, tmstr Citizens' Lumber Co, r 315 1st st e. Lindercof, F, blksmth helper C G W. Lindstrom, Peter C, wife Gertrude, car repr C G W, r 702 3rd av. w. Lindstrom, A, mchst C G W. Lingelbach, Miss Anna C, r 218 e Charles. Lingelbach, Edward, boiler mkr appr C G W, r 218 e Charles. Lingelbach, Emma W, wid Wm, r 218 e Charles. LINGELBACH, WM, prop BILLS -.BUFFET 12 1st st w, r 18 same, bus tol C B 177. L'.nney, John, wife Catherine, switch- man C G W, r 636 5th av w, res tel C B 20S. Linton, Adam wife Louise, ashpan mkr C G W, r 28" 7th av s. Linton, Claude, r 28 7th av s. Lipp, Edward, bartender Wm Lingel- bach, r Hotel Mealey. Lippert, Anthony, wife Anna, carp C G W, r 124 4th av s. Lippert, John A, student, r 124 4th av s. Lippert, Miss May C, school tchr, r 124 4th ay s. Little Bennie B, wife Mary, real estate 1 s Frederick, r same. Little, Benj F, wife Phoebe, city en- gineer, r 111 w Charles. Labor Hall, 12 First st w. Lodge, Wm O, blksmth helper C G W, bds 220 5th av s. LOEB & CO (M Loeb and L Weil), clothing 100 s Frederick, 4 1st st w, bus tel C B 270. LOEB, MORRIS, wife Emelia, (Loeb & Co) r 20 1st av e, res tel C B 271. Loffelhelz, J L, cond C G W, rms 310 3rd av n. Lofstedt, Miss EfRe, student, r 516 3^^ st w. Lofstedt, John, wife Elizabeth, blk- smth C G W, r 516 31/8 st w. Loizzi, Prank, Ibr C G W, r 203 "W Charles. Long, Peter, wks C G W, rms 26 4th av e. Lonie, Wm H, wife Allie, wks C G W, r 613 1st av s. Lottridge, Pearl D, wife Laura, mgr Corn Belt Telephone Co, r 8 s Fred- erick, bus tel C B 300. Louck, John, r 315 2nd st e. Loveless, John, eng C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Lovejoy, Frank, wife Meda, mach C G W, r 10 w Charles. Lowe, Archie A, mach appr C G W, r 133 6th av s. Lowe, Miss Eva H, r 133 6th av s. phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Sta OOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 88 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Lowe, Fred C, wife Anna, wks round house C G W, r 111 8th av w. Lowe, Miss Gertrude I, r 133 6th av s. Lubert, William, rms 117 1st st e. Lucas, Alfred E, wife Clara, trav agt, r 218 2nd st s. LUCAS & CO (F E Lucas), groceries, crockery and glassware 1 e Charles, r 11 4th av e ,bus tel C B 96. LUCAS, FRANK E, wife Lena, grocer- ies, crockery and glassware, 1 e Charles, r 11 4th av e. Lucas, Mahala, wid Enas, r 26 4th av e, res tel C B 69. Lucas, Miss Nannie, music tchr, r 26 4th av e. Lucas, W Cleve, elk Lucas & Co, r 27 4th av e. Lucas, Wm M, wife Axia, elk Lucas & Co, r 27 4th av e. Ludwig, Adolph, eng Spensley's Laun- drying Co, bds 118 n Frederick. Luebbe, Wm H, wife Pearl, mach C G W, r 540 4th av s. Luloff, Alexander G, wife Ida, tmstr, r 517 e Charles. Lund, Herman, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 720 3rd av w. Lund, Peter, molder Oelwein Foundry Co, 720 3rd av w. Lundstrom, Alexander, wife Lena mach C G W, r 133 2nd av s. Lusk, Karry, stenog C G W, r 209 5th av s. Luther, Elizabeth, wid William, r 201 1st w. Luther, Fred H, wife Grace, tel opr Postal Tel Cable Co, r 10 1st st e. Luther, Miss Lottie, dom, 214 n Fred- erick St. Luther, Wyman, wks D T Howard, r n s Tenth w, 4th w of 1st av w. Luthmer, Arthur J, wife Clara, elk Luthmer's Cash Grocery, r 116 2nd east. Luthmer's Cash Grocery, Joseph Luth- mers prop 29 s Frederick, bus tel C B 59. Luthmer, Edward, wife Emma, elk Luthmer's Cash Grocery, r 109 4th av s. Luthmer, Joseph, wife Anna M, prop Luthmers Cash Grocery 29 s Fred- erick, r 110 3rd av s, bus tel C B 59. Luthmers, Miss Henrietta, r 116 3rd av s. Luthmers, Henry J, wife Anna M, gro- cer, r 116 3rd av s. Lux, P Earl, elk A C Wilson, r 218 6th av w. Lux, V/arren A, wife Jessie M, rnach C G W, r 128 6th av s. Lynch, George, bartender Wm Lingel- bach, rms 14 e Charles. Lynch, James, wife Julia, r w s s Fred- erick, 4th outside limits. Lyon, F M, mchst helper C G W. Lynch, Miss Laura, r w s s Frederick, 4th outside limits. Lyon, Neven E, wife Florence, asst mgr Guaranty Mutual Life Ins Co,. rms 301 e Charles, res Waterloo. ^^ SECURE DATES EARLY AT ^^ uu Loouse ^nr A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 89 ]\J[c McAlexander, M, eng C G W, r Clar ion, la. McAllister, Lawrence A, wife Clemen- tine, chief . elk gen store kpr C G W, r 121 2nd av s. McAllister Ronald D, wife Johanna, carp, r 819 1st av e. McBride, Elmer F, mach helper C G W, r 208 2nd st s. McBride, brakeman C G W, r caboose. McCann, John, stenog C G W, rms 303 n Frederick. McCarron, Frank, wife Mary, car inspr C G W, r 6 7th w. McCaughy, Samuel, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. McCauley, Frank, fireman C G W, rms Hanlon House. McChesney, Robert B, wife Minnie, wks C G W and alderman 3rd ward, r 123 5th av w. McClaury, Anna, wid Robert, r 20 2nd av n. McClaury, Arthur, dairyman, r 20 2nd av n. McClaury, Charles, wks C G W, r 20 2nd av n. McClintock, Albert, brakeman C G W, bds 222 1st av n. McConn, A, carp C G W, 402 3rd av n. McConn, John, fireman C G W, r 402 3rd av n. McConn, Miss Ruth, r 402 3rd av n. HINTZ BROS. FurniturB CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. 139 12 W. CrttRiES McConn, Susan, wid Alexander, bds 402 3rd av n. McCormack, Robert D, wife Augusta, Elder United Brethren, r 319 2nd st n. McCormack, Vernon, wife Mildred, fireman C G W, r 319 2nd st n. McCormick, John P, elk C G W, rms 5V2 w Charles. McCoy, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. McCrone, James, wife Margaret, tank mkr C G W, r 234 3rd av s. McCullock, T D, mchst C G W. McCullough, Thomas, wks C G W, rms 203 4th av s. McCUSKER, ANTHONY T, wife Eliz- abeth, bartender P J Coogan, r 201 s Frederick. ^ ^ ^ ^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO >^ ^^ ^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Kernahan & Gosse 1 PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH Up-tfl-Oate LIVERY The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 90 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. McCusker, Miss Nellie, student, r 201 s Ifrederick. McDermott, James, wife Annie, wks C G W, r 233 4% st w. McDevitt, Charles, eng C G W, r 902 1st av w. McDevitt, John J, elk Gressler Camp- bell Drii£? Co, r 902 1st av w. McDEVlTT, MISS MARGARET, pub- lic stenog A M Odell, r 902 1st av w. McDevitt, Martin, wks C G W, r 902 1st av w. McDevitt, Patrick T, wife Margaret, r 902 1st av w. m McDonald, John, eng C 5th av n. McDonald, John, eng C lington House. McDonnell,, Clement E, boiler mkr C G W, r McDonnell, Robert J, steam fitter C G W, r McDonough, Miss Anna GOT 1st av s. McDonough, John, eng W, r 607 1st av s. McDonough, John, wife helper C G W, r fi07 McDcncugh, Leo, stud: av s. Oelwein Register IS THE BEST ADVERTISING MEDIUM G W, rms 110 G W, bds Ar- wife Ethel 241 41/2 St w. wife Carrie, 207 6th w. L, student, r inspector C G Mary E, mach 1st av s. nt, r COT 1st McDonough, Miss Vernetta, student, r GOT 1st av s. ' McDowell, brakeman, C G W. I McDuffee, John R, wife Mae, carp, r I 308 1st av e, bus tel C B 162. j McElhone, A W, brakeman C G W, I rms 118 s Frederick. I McErlane, cond C G W, r caboose. j McFarland, J M, brakeman C G W, j rms 118 s Frederick. I McFarland, cond C G W, r caboose. McFarlane, Alexander, wife Elizabeth, r 205 2nd av e. McGarry, Miss Mabel, student, r 218 3rd av north. McGarry, William, wife Tillie, foreman yards C G W, r 218 3rd av n. McGee, Wm, Ibr, r 932 1st av w. McGillis, brakeman C G W, r ca- boose. McGimsey, Melville G, wife Lulu, bar- tender Wm Lingelbach, r 14 1st SI w. McGloughlin (See also McLaughlin) McGlcughlin, David, brakeman C G W, rmr. 310 3rd av n. McGlaughlin, Fred, eng C G W, bds Arlington House. McGlocm, Martin, wife Mary boiler- mkr C G W, r 922 s Frederick. McGonegal, Rasmus, stock buyer, rms 206 s Frederick. McGourty, Miss Anna, r 23 Gth w. McGourty, Frank, wife Mary, toclman C G W, r 23 6th w. McGourty, John, mach C G W, r 23 Cth west. VISITS E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 21 CARPETS, RUGS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP a»^^ THAT'S ALL OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 91 McGourLy, Miss Katie, r 23 Gth w. McGcurt>, Hiss Mary, elk L N Has- kins, 1- 23 6th w. McGovern, Bernard A, wife Millicent, fireman C G W, r 519 w Charles. McGovern, Thomas, mchst C G- W, j rms 102 1st av e. | McGowen, Fred, driver Standard Oil i Cc, bds 128 5th av s. j McGing, fireman C G W, r Arlington j HouSv.'. j McGrath, brakeman C G W, r caboose. McGraw, brakeman C G W, r caboose. McGuire, Bernard J, wife Rebecca, switchman C G W, r GIC 5th av w. McGuire, Bernard, wife Susan, car repr C G W, r 444 1st av s, res tel C B. McGuire, Wm J, switchman C G W, r 444 1st av s. McHugh, Catherine, wid Edward, r CIS av w. McHugh, Henry, r 63G 5th av w. McKenna, Fred, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. I McKenna, Harry, student, r 9 3rd av e. \ McKenna, John K, wife Ella, switch- j man C G W, r 9 3rd ay e. \ McKenna, Miss Nellie, r 9 3rd av e. I McKenzie, William A, wks C G W, | rma 110 n Frederick. i McKibben, Arthur, fireman C G W, ^ rms 22 5th av n. , McKillips, Alexander, wife Margaret, painter, v 14G 3rd av n. i McKillips, Miss Cloa, student, r 146 3rd av n. : IIcKillips, Lloyd, student, 14G 3rd av n. McKinney, James B, wife Rose, wks bcller mkr helper, r 208 1st st e. McKittrick, brakeman C G W, r ca- boose. McKliget, Harry, wife Etta, foi-eman freight depct C G W, r 123 3rd av n. McLain,' Miss Edith, r 409 1st st e. McLain, Benj, wife Ida, eng C G W, r 409 1st st e. McLain, Floyd, student, r 409 1st st e. McLain (See also McLean). McLain, Howard, student, r 409 1st st e. McLaughlin {See also McGloughlin). McLaughlin, Charles, wife Katie, switchman C G W, r 600 1st av s. McLaughlin, Mary E, wid Frank, r 110 1st av n. McLaury, John C, wife Abbie, wks C G W, r 329 8th av w. McLean (See also McLain). McLean, Alexander, mchst C G W, r 150 2ad av n. McLean, Charles, mchst C G W, r 150 2nd av n. McLean, Mrs. Elizabeth, r 150 2nd av n. McLean, Frank E, r 110 5th av s. McLean, Gcoige A, wife Emily, fore- man C G W, r 110 Fifth av s. McLean, George J, wks C G W, 150 2nd av n. McLean, John, wks C G W, rms 102 1st av e. BELL & RICHARDS PHONE 98 THE HUB Clotliiers^ Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR .N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 92 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Mel.; an, Ralph IvI, niacli appr C G W, r 110 5th av s. McLuen, Cliaiies A, wife Laura, car repr C G W, r 201 2nd st n. McLuen, Marshall O, wife Minnie, car repr C G W, r 527 w Charles. McNamara, Miss Alice, milliner, r 29 5th st n. McNamara, James, eng C G W, r 29 5th st n. McNamara, Jennie, wid Michael, r 29 5th st n. McNamara, Miss Lucy, r 29 5th st n. McNamara, Roger, switchman C G W, r 29 5th st n. McNamara, Miss Vera, student, r 29 5th st n. McPherson, William, chief draughts- man C G W, rms 302 2nd av e. McQueen, Benj, wife Emma, wks C G W, r 305 1st av s. McQueen, C homer, wife Emma, (McQueen & Gosse), r 603 e Charles. res tel C B 194. [/icQUEEN & GOSSE (C H McQueen and H C Gosse), prop Oelwein Boom Livery, boarding and sales stables, 35 w Charles, bus tel C B 39. McQueen & Gosse (C H McQueen and H C Gosse), books and stationery, 3 e Charles. McQueen, Miss Ima, r 317 1st av s. McQueen, Miss Jessie, r 603 e Charles. McQueen, John S, toolman C G W, r 317 1st av s. McQueen, Miss Vesta V, r 317 1st av s. McQueen, Webster B, wife Victoria, wks C G W, r 317 1st av s. McQuilkin, Austin, wife Lydia M, prop Mack Hotel, 11 1st st s, r same. McQuilkin, Miss Florence, tchr Cen- tral, r 11 1st st s. McVinckey, Fred, eng C G W, bds Arlington House. McZet, F, mchst C G W. ita: Mack Hotel, Austin McQuilkin, prop 11 1st st s. Madden, Miss Florence, student, r 122 2nd av n. Madden, John L, cond C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. Madelbaum, S M, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Madison, David, bartender, bds 310 2nd av e. Magee, cond C G W, r caboose. Magner, W A, pres Fayette County Business Men's Association, t West Union, la. Maher, Timothy J, painter C G W, rms 226 3rd av s. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > Fins Cigars and Soda Water ^ ^ ^ .^ 93 Mahoney, William J, wife Gertrude, gen yard master C G W, r 140 2nd av n. Mahood, George, fireman C G W, rms 110 5th av n. Mahra, John P, wife Elizabeth, cond C G W, r 37 4th av s. Maleno, Vincent, Ibr C G W, 203 w Charles. Malombey, Augusta, wid, r 122 3rd av n. Maloney, .John D, wife Ella, boiler- mkr C G W, r 626 1st av w. Malnsnar, Miss Helen, r 103 5th av s, Malnsnar, Jacob J, wife Mary, mach C G W, r 103 5th av s. Manlowe, G, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Manning, Hiram W, wife Maggie, boil- er mkr helper C G W, r 618 2nd av w. Manocchin, Frank, wife Pia, wks C G W, r 123 w Charles. Manyalaver, Jol, Ibr C G W, r 203 w Charles. MAPLE LEAF SALOON, Jackman & Nolan, prop 100 1st st w, bus tel C B 234. Markhf.m, Miss Delia B, r 621 2nd av w. Markham. James, wife Ellen, car help- er C G W, r 621 2nd av w. Markham, Miss Rosella, r 621 2nd av w. Markin, Samuel, fireman C G W, rms 111 1st av w. CIGARS OF QUALITY have made a reputation for our cigar dept. worth more to us than Dia- monds J. R. PERRY SCO. Markley, Miss Eda, house kpr, 932 s Frcdericl:. Merklin, George, blksmth helper C G W, rms 213 2nd av s. Marrah, cond C G W, r caboose. MARSH, CLARENCE U, wife Nellie, painter and paper hanger 111 e Charles, r 112 4th av s. Marsh, Burton T, wife Kittle, eng elec- tric crane, r 209 7th w. Marsh, Norman R, wife Jessie M, sup- ply car store keeper C G W, r 313 4th av s, res tel C B 2. Marshall, Clifford C, student, r 13 6th west. Marshall, Plarry W, wks C G W, r 13 6th w. Marshall, Russell L, student, r 13 6th west. Marshall, Wm A, wife Nellie, boiler- mkr C G W, r 13 6th w. JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THST YOU mx BIG CLOTHING STORE F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 94 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Martin (See also Morton). Martin, Amanda, wid Charles, r 403 w Charles. Martin, Andrew T, wife Ellena, junk dealer, r 502 10th st e. Martin, Floyd W, wife Nellie, wks C G W, r C09 w Charles. MART;n henry R, wife Etta, cash- ier Aetna State Bank, r 403 w Charles. Martin, James, mchst appr C G W. Martin, Morris J, wife Emma C, r 111 2nd av s. Martin, Orville A, wife Minnie, wks C G W, r 120 7th av n. For Want Ads -»— P HONE 28— —» Martin, Scott O, pattern mkr C G W, r 111 2nd av s. Martin, Van, r 120 7th av n. Martin, W, fireman C G W, r Arling- ton House. Mason. Prank, wife Viola, wks paint shops C G W, r 231 41/2 st w. Masonic Hall, 4 w Charles. MAGSIN & BROWN (Frank Massin and ,1 H Brown) meat market 25 e Charles, bus tel C B 46. MASSIN, FRANK, wife Henrietta, (Massin & Brown) r 133 1st av e. Mastropoolo, Augustine, wks C G W, bds 215 w Charles. Matheson, brakeman C G W, r ca- boose. Mathews, Bert E, wife Delia, mchst G G W, r 217 3rd st n. Mathews, Mfs. Hattie, dom 117 2nd av south. Matson, H L, fireman C G W, r Arling- ton House. Matthie, William, wife Allie, supt C G W Terminals, r 320 4th st e, res tel C B. Matzal, Fred C, wife Sophia, mach C G W, r C29 3rd av w. Matzal, John F, student, r 629 3rd av w. Maudlebaum, brakeman C G W, r ca- bccso. Maybanks, George, cond C G W, rms Union Hotel. Mayfield, Miss Clara B, student, r 314 1st av s. Mayfield, George A, wife Margaret, fireman Oelwein Light, Heat and Power Co, r 314 1st av s. Mead, Elmer E, wife Eva, wks C G W, r 121 2nd av n. Mead, Stanley, carrier C M Smith, r 121 2nd av n. MEALEY ANNEX, (The), W T Han- Ion prop, 108 s Frederick, bus tel C B 164. Mealey, James, wife Mary, elk Loeb & Co, r 221 2nd st s. Mealey, Miss Marie, r 221 2nd st s. Mealey, Miss Martha, student, r 221 ::n.i £t s. NEXT TIME TRY ug^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleaning, Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 95 Means, James, auctioneer, rms 10 1st St e. Medd, Joseph L, wife May, agt Grand Pacific Tea and Coffee Co, 948 s Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 115, Median, Michael, bds 19 2nd st s. MEGOW, LOUIS A, wife Ellen, barber 13G s Frederick, r 113 3rd av e. Mehany, Wylie, wife Addie, Ibr, r 408 5th av s. Meikle, Archie J, driver Bell & Rich- ard, r 302 1st av e. Meikle, William C, wife Sarah C, wks C G W, r 302 1st av e. Melender, Miss Amy, r 144 4th av w. Mellen, Frank A, cond C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Mendman, T K, toolman C G W. Menuey, Henry, wife Lena, tmstr, r 115 Sth av w. Menotti, Patrick, wks C G W, r 14 2nd st w. Menotti, Peter, wife Mary, wks C G W, r 14 2nd st w. Mercuric, August, wife Lena, prop Cal- ifornia Fruit Store, r 6 4th av e. Mercuric, Miss Nellie, elk California Fruit Store, r 6 4th av e. Mereness, Lester, mach helper C G W. r G13 1st av s. Mereness, Wm H, wife Mellisa, r 613 1st av s. Mecrcone, Pasquele, wks C G W, bds 215 w Charles. Meskell, Miss Bertha, student, r 28 3rd st n. Meskell, Kisiah, wid Edward, r 15 3rd st n. Meskell, Leonard, fmr, r 28 3rd st n. Meskell, Thomas E, wife Margaret, blksmth helper C G W, Fire War- den 2nd ward. Fire Police Hook and Ladder Co, r 28 3rd n, res tel C B 152. Messerer, Henry W time keeper C G W, bds 222 1st av n. Mcssincer, Charles, eng C G W, rms 717 2nd st n. Metcali, brakeman C G W, r caboose, METROPOLITAN LIFE INS CO, A L Sherrill asst supt, 5% w Charles. Mettlin, Prentice M, wife Alice, wks W A Thomson & Son, r 222 Third av n. Meyer (See also Meyers and Myers). Meyer, Albert, prof, r 19 4th av s. MEYER, W H COMPANY, pres W H Meyer, v pres Albert Hath, sec C G Gary, groceries, dry goods, boots and shoes, 12 and 14 s Frederick. MEYER, J HENRY, wife Alvina, v pres Aetna State Bank, r 19 4th av s. Meyer, Stephen H, bds IG Gth av n. MEYER, WM H, pres and mgr W H Meyer Co, Chief Fire Department, bds 102 4th av s. Michaels, Mrs. Irene, cook Hotel Mea- ley, r same. Michaels, Owen, student, r 208 Gth av w. BELL & BIGHARDS P H O N K Q 8. HAG( GULLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY DR NIGHT K^l W. G. FETTKETHER Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers i14 FIRST AVENUE SOUXH^i— i-b 96 OELWBIN CITY DIRECTORY. JMichaels, William R, wife Ida, fore- man loading machine C G W, r 38 5th St n. Michels, Catherine, wid John, r n s 10th w, 4th west of 1st av w Michels, Miss Edna, r 208 6th av w. Michels, Herman M, wife M^ry, blk- smth helper C G W, r 208 6th av w. Mickels, John G, wife Katie, car repr C G W, r 208 0th w. Miehe, Archie J, r 302 1st av e. Miehe, Wm, treas Oelwein Farmers' Creamery. Mihlhime, Edward C, r 131 6th av s. Mihlhime, Edward S, wife Mary, car repr C G W, r 131 6th av s. Miles, Patrick J, wife Kathryn E, grain buyer, 36 s Frederick, r 102 1st s. Miller (See Mueller). Miller, Adam, wife Lovina, carp, r 1180 1st av w. Miller, Andrew, wife Augusta switch- man C G W, r 311 2nd st e. Miller, Andrew J, wife Martha, r 735 n Frederick. Miller, A Ray, stone mason, r 161 12th s. Miller, Edward, bartender, Wm Klei- man, r Union House. Miller, Fender, wife Lulu, stone ma- son, r 130 16th s. Millen, F A, cond C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Miller, H, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. Millsr, Miss Hazel, r 421 8th w. 1,-iller, Miss Ina, dressmkr, bds 103 Is;: ay e. Lliller, Miss Ina, r 421 8th w. Miller, James T, stone mason, r 161 12th s. Miller, John H, stone mason, r 161 12th s. Miller, Joseph, elk C G W, rms 39 4th av s. Miller, Miss Luceile, r 735 n Frederick. Miller, Miss Maggie, r 161 12th s. Miller, Philiij J, wife Barbara, carp C G W, r 201 7th av w. Miller, Roy, wife Cassie, stenog C G W, r 118 3rd av n. Miller, Wm H, wife Etta, wks C G W freight house, r 744 2nd av s. Miller, Marion, cond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Miller, brakeman C G W, r caboose. MINER, FRANK D, wife Ada, dentist, office hours 8 to 12 m, 1 to 5 p m, 9 e Charles, r 522 1st av e, bus tel C B 256, res tel C B 195. Minkle, W, car repr C G W. Minneapolis Brewing Co, M J CON- WAY, agt, 115 s Frederick. Misnar, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Mitchell, James F, wks C G W, r 548 Sth W. Mitchell, John, student, r 548 Sth w. Mitchell, Robert, r 548 8th w. Mitchell, William, wife Anna, fireman C G W, r 548 Sth w. SEE J. W. RIDLE Sanitary Plumbing # Heating 'a- A. C. WILSON B°s Drugs- BookS' Stationery OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 97 Moffett, Lambert B, wife Gertrude, supt schools, r 29 2nd st n, res tel C B 75. Molinsky, C, car repr C G W. Molumby, Augusta, wid Thomas, r 122 3rd av n. Monahan, Miss Alice C, dressmkr, r G13 3rd av w. Monahan, James A, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 613 3rd av w. Monahan, Mary, wid James, r 613 3rd av v;. Monshaw, Miss Esther H, student, r 27 6th v;. Monshaw, Fred H, bell boy Hotel Mea- ley, r 27 6th w. Monshaw, Oliver F, wife Margaret, boilermkr helper C G W, r 27 6th w. Montgomery. G Bert, wife Alma, prop Hillcrest Poultry Farm, r 501 7th av s. Mcodey, Arnold B, wife Mary, pastor First Presbyterian Church, r 24 n Frederick, res tel C B 191. Moody, David E, wife Eliza, boiler- mkr helper C G W, r 518 31/2 st w. Moody, Miss Mazie, r 513 3% st w. Mooney, William, wks C G W, rms 607 1st st e. Moore, Archie C, scrap gang C G W, r 605 n Frederick. Moore, Earl, wks C G W shops, r 605 n Frederick. Moore, Eugene W, wife Maude, Ibr, r 415 2nd av e. Mocre, H, car repr C G W, r 415 2nd av e. HINTZ BROS Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 12 W.CHARLES Moore, J F, eng C G W, r Clarion. Moore, James W, wife Elizabeth, wks C G W, r 603 n Frederick. Moore, Miss Mabel, bookkpr W H Meyer Co, r 605 n Frederick. Moore, Nelson G, wife Genevieve, blk- smth C G W, r 319 8th av w. Moore, Wm H, r 318 e Charles. Mocre, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. Morehouse, Ralph, wife Adda, mchst C G W, r cor 4th st w and 3rd av w. Morcono, Peter, Ibr C G W, r 203 w Charlea. Morgan, George B, wife Lena C, carp C G W, r 235 3rd av s. Morgan, H, brakeman C G W, rms 322 n Frederick. Morgan, Horace N, wife Maude W, cond C G W, r 12 5th av n, res tel C B 143. CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVEKY CALL ON Kernahan 6c Gosse NO. 12 FIRST SX. SOUTH phone: so 98 OELWETN CITY DIRECTORY. Morgan, Miss Jeanette, student, r 12 5th av n. Morgan, Miss Luella, student, r 12 5th av n. Morgan, James, brakeman C G W, rms 322 n Frederick. Morris, John, brakeman C G W, rms 102 3rd av n. Morris, Walter M, wife Ella, wks C G W Ice House, r 625 4th av s. Morrison, Harvey L, wife Helen, sta- tionary fireinan C G W, r 630 4th av w. Morrison House, Thomas Leonard prop 305 s Frederick. eilTHE REGISTER — DAILY AND W!:EKLY ^="^ Morrison, James, wife Mary, barten- der M J Conway, r rear 201 s Fred- eric!'. Morrison, John M, r 122 s Frederick. Morrison, Thomas H, wife Annie, r 118 7th w. Morrow, Charles, student, r 234 7th av w. Morrow, John, wife Jennie, boilermkr C G W, r 234 7th av w. Morrow, Miss Mae, student, r 234 7th av W. Morrow, Robert, student, r 234 7th av W. Morse, E L, brakeman C G W, r ca- boose. Morton (See also Martin). Morton, Charles K, wife Addie, carp, r 501 2nd av e. Morton, John F, wife Carie, conti'actor 251 5th st e, r same, res tel C B 72. Morton, William, r 215 5th st e. Mosher, Bert, wks C G W, r 112 3rd av e. Mosher, Charles, wife Eliza, Ibr, r 112 3rd av e. Mosher, Miss Pearl, elk G R Glanville & Son, r 127 5th av s. Mosher, Willard, wife Ella, express, 127 Fifth av s, r same. Mosterpola, J, Ibr C G W, 203 w Charles. Motherspeck, Fred, wife Rose, mchst C G W, bds 528 1st av n. Mott, Elmer J, wife Nellie A, toolman C G W, r 122 6th av e. Moulton, Ralph W, wife Laura, grocer 119 s Frederick, r 116 2nd av n, bus tel C B 86, res tel C B 112. Mouser, Frank W, painter C G W, r 132 6th av s. Mouser, Jennie, wid George W, r 132 6th av s. Moyle, Charles A, wife Rena M, elk W H Meyer Co, r 110 4th av s. Moyle, Jane, wid Edward, r 154 3rd av n. Mueller (See Miller). Mueller, freight brakeman C G W. Muhasen, E J, fireman C G W, rms Hanlon House, lives Chicago. MuUahey, Owen, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. .VISIT: E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 21 CARPETS, RUGS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD sm&GRAUER, Jailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 99 Mullen, Henry C, carp, r 111 w Charles. Mullen, Joseph, boiler mkr C G W, rms 412 w Charles. Mullen, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Mullhern, fireman C G W, r Arling- ton House. Mulvihill, Thomas, cond C G W, r Mealey Hotel. Mullvihill, Mart, eng C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Munger, Day, elk Candy Kitchen, r 124 5th av s. Munger, Earl, wks C G W shops, bds 20 e Charles. Munger, John, wks Allen, rms 206 s Frederick. Munger, Simeon R, wife Polly A, carp r 124 5th av s. Munger, Wm, boiler mkr helper, rms 118 s Frederick. Murphy, James, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Munrow, Frank, eng C G W, r Ar- lington House. Murphy, J J, eng C G W, bds Mealey Hotel. Murphy, cond C G W, bds Hotel Mea- ley. Murray, Edgar L, wife Myrtle, ^ car repr C G W, 708 1st st n. Murray, George M, wife Laura E, r 708 1st st n. Murray, Henry F, wife Katherine, bar tender Last Chance saloon, r 111 3rd st n. Murray, James, student, r 708 1st st n. Myers (See also Meyer and Meyers). Myers, James A, wife Jessie, wks C G W, r 205 7th av s. Myers, James H, wife Sophia, wks C G W, r 728 2nd av e. Myers, Miss Jessie, student, r 728 2nd av e. Myers, Miss Lulu, elk R S Glenn, r 728 2nd av e. Myers, Wm I, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 17 4th av e. Myers, William M, wife Mary, r 17 4th av e. Myrton. Charles, wks C G W, bds 116 7th av n. ISJ" Nancolas, John M, wife Emma, r 111 4th st e. Narr, Eugene, molder Oelwein Foun- dry, bds Park Hotel. Narz, J, Ibr Ice house C G W. Nasby, Iver K, tailor A G Parker, bds 32 n Frederick. Nathem, Wm J, wife Elizabeth, car repr C G W, r 622 4th av w. Neff, cond C G W, r caboose. P H O r\J E: 9 8. PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. 100 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Nelson, Christian, wife Mary, tmstr, r 122 1st av n. Nelson, Frank, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Nelson, Fred C, wife Fay, wks C G W, V 719 2nd av w. Nelson, George, call boy C G W, r 147 3rd av n. Nelson, George H, wife Blanche, exp messgr Wells Fargo, r 16 6th av n. Nelson, Nels, wife Gertrude, exp messgr Wells Fargo,r 111 3rd av n. Nelson, Peter, wks C G W, bds 533 5th av n. Nelson, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Neve, Wealthy, wid John, r 112 1st av s. Neville, John D, mchst appr C G W, rms 14 2nd av n. NEW CITY LIVERY STABLES, Ker- nahan & Gosse prop, 12 1st st s, bus tel C B 50. Newton, George, mach appr C G W, r 809 2nd av w. Newton, Joseph, student, r 809 2nd av w. Newton, Joseph, wife Eliza, foreman C G W, r 809 2nd av w. Nlblock, John G, rural mail carrier pcstofRce route 2, r in country. Nichols (See also Nichels and Nicol). Nichols, Andrew, wife Edith, mach C G W, V 125 3rd av e. Nichols, Jam?s R, wife Elizabeth, brakesman C G W, r 410 3rd av n. Nichols, Jason, wife Frances, r 114 n Frederick st. Nichols, Jay, wife Blanche, r 231 5% s; f. Nichols, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Nichols, F, brakeman C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. Nicks, Joseph, fireman C G W, rms 28 1st av e. Nicks, Nicklos, eng C G W, rms Han- Ion House. Nici els (See also Nichols and Nicol). Nickels, Emil, v 801 3rd av w. Nickels, Peter, wife Christena, boiler mkr C G W, r 801 3rd av W. Nickleson, Charles, eng C G W, bds Arlington House. Nicol (See also Nichols and Nickels). Niccl, Miss Belle, delivery elk P O, r 11 4th av s. Nicol, James, wife Ambrosine, tool- man C G W, r 11 4th av s. Nobes, John, store keeper C G W, rms 25 n Frede-^ick. Nolan, Miss Clara, laundress Spens- ley's Laundrying Co, r 12 1st av w. Nolan, Miss Gertrude, laundress Spen- sley's Laundrying Co, r 12 1st av w. Nolan, James P, wife Margaret, wks C G W, r 12 1st av w. Nolan, Maggie, wid Wm, r 12 1st av vr. Nolan, Miss Mayme, dressmkr, r 12 1st av w. NOLAN, RICHARD J, wife Josie, (Jackman & Nolan), r 32 4th st n. Nolan, Miss Theresa, laundress Spen- sley's Laundrying Co, r 12 1st av w. FOR HOIST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO ilfeer s Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, GAiPBELL DRUG CO.— — DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs. Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Wdter ^ jf- jf- ^ OELV/EIN CITY DIRECTORY. 101 N jrene, Ernest L, wife Blanche, moul- der C G W, r 20C Gth av w. Norman, Mary A, wid Nicholas V, r 15 4th av s. Norris, Wm H, music teacher, 4 w Charles, bds Union House. North Western Life Ins Co, N A Ger- ken agt, 731 1st av e. NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE INS CO, J A Bogert, dist agt 5i^ w Charles. Norton, Charles, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Norton, Fred, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Norton, James, eng C G W, rms 132 Gth av n. Norton, Wm, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. THjSJI J. R. PERRY Oelwein's Leading Druggist He will be pleasfd to meet vou at the store Norton, W, ^ng C G W, rms Hanlon House. Nutt, George W, wife Charlotte, mchst C G W, r 137 2nd av n. Nutting, Harvey C (Philleo & Nut- ting), r 127 1st av n. O' O'Brien, Charlie, brakeman C G W, rms 102 3rd av n. O'Brien, Daniel A, stenog C G W, r 104 1st St s. O'Brien, Edward, wife Anna E, room- ing lis and 120 s Frederick, r same. O'Brien, Edward R, student, r 118 s Frederick. O'Brien, Miss Gertrude, r 104 1st st s. O'Brien, James J, cook Great Western Eating House 104 1st st s. O'Brien, Mrs; Jennie, r 104 1st st s, res tel C B 183. O'Brien, John, elk C G W, r 104 1st st s. O'BRIEN, JOHN F, prop Leader-Shoe Store 34 s Frederick, r 129 n Fred- erick, res tel C B 204. O'Brien, Miss Noey, r 118 s Frederick. O'Brien, Wm, wife Delia, wks C G W, r 24 Gth W. O'Brien, Walter F, wife Minnie, wks C G W, r 305 3rd st e. If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES F.H Ml^JfUU Wholesale Manufacturer of (i^ars ^ Toliaao •32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 102 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. O'Brien, James J, wife Anna, cook C G W lunch room, rms IIG 2nd av n. O'Brien, Timothy, brakeman C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. O'Connor, Miss Delia, waitress The Best Restaurant, r n Frederick. O'Connor, Eugene J, lawyer, 3G s Fred- erick, r 628 s Frederick. O'Connor, John B, physician, 14 s Frederick, v same. O'Connor, Michael, switchman C G W, bds 513 31/2 St w. O'Connor, Patrick S, pastor Sacred Heart church, r C28 s Frederick. O'Conror, Timothy, r C13 2nd av w. T^^ OELWEIN REGISTER ADVERTISING COLUMNS. O'Donnell, Hugh, r 410 s Frederick. O'Donncll, Michael, wife Lora, sta- tionar:' fireman C G W, r 410 s L'redorick. O'Haran, Charles S, wife Carrie, wks C G W, r 38 n Frederick st, res tel C B 223. O'Haran, Roy, student, r 38 n Freder- icl-. O'Lcary, Bernard, r 1005 s Frederick. O'Leary, Daniel, wife Hanora, wks C G W, r 1005 s Frederick. O'Leary, Miss Katie, waitress C G W lunch room, rms 1005 s Frederick. O'Leary, Miss Katie, waitress Great Weste'-n lunch room ,r 1005 s Fred- erick. O'Leary, Miss Lulu, waitress Great Western Eating House, r 1005 s Frederick. O'Leary, Timothy, wife Marietta, wks C G W, r 128 5th av e. O'Neil, Miss Mary L, poultry, r 408 w Charles. Obenchain, Carroll, fireman, r 201 5th av s. Obenchain, John, wife Rose, r 201 4th av s. Obenchain, Julius J, wife Lucy, mchst helper C G W, r 204 8th av w. Obenchain, Lawson W, wife Margaret, wks C G W, r 109 7th av w. Obenchain, Miss Mabel, student, r 204 8th av w. Obenchain, Miss Mary, student, r 201 5th av s. Ocken, Miss Frances, dcm Ideal Res- taurant, r 104 9th av w. Ocken, John, r 104 9th av w. ODELL, ARTHUR M, wife Lena, real estate, ins and renting, City Assess- or, sec Fayette County Business Men's Association, 18 1/^ s Frederick, r 520 2nd st s, bus tel C B 180, res tel C B 145. NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 103 Otlbt-i, oamts C, prop Oelwein Shoe Stcie "ii s Frederick, bds Hotel IVicale:.-, Oelrich, Eilert, carp, rms 110 3rd av s. Oeiwein. Miss i^na, r 19 1st st w. OELWEiN BOOM LIVERY, McQueen & Gosse, prop, livery, boarding and sales stables, 35 w Charles, bus tel C E 39. •Oelwein Business Men's Association, pres Alfred Hanson, sec A M Odell, 18 1/2 s Frederick, bus tel C B 180. ■Oelwein Business University, R E Ecklund pres, 34 and 3G s Freder- ic!:. ■Oelwein Cadet Band, Oelwein, Iowa. Oelwein, Charles, wife Emma, wks C G W, r 143 3rd av n. Oelwein, Charles T W, r 19 1st st w. OELWEIN DAILY AMERICAN, Wm A Reed prop 13 n Frederick, bus tel C B 1339. OELWEIN, DAILY THE, F L Douglas editor 30 s Frederick, bus tel C B 2G3. OELWEIN DAILY REGISTER, Hoyer & Robinson prop, IG s Charles. OELWEIN EMERGENCY HOSPITAL, J F & D N Pattison prop, 109 s Frederick, bus tel C B 17. Of Iwein, Miss Emma, r 19 1st w. Oelwein Farmers Creamery, Wm Wal- ker pres, Harry Hanson v pres, J R Ross sec, Wm Miehe, treas, 220 1st st w'. OLLV^EIN FOUNDRY CO, pres A J* _;iawky. Gee and trtas Robert Wel- lisch, iron works, foundries, shaft- ings, hangers and pulleys and gaso- line engines, 4th bet 2nd and 3rd av v;. Oelwein Gas and Power Co, pres J R Howe, V pres F J Gates, treas J R Howe, sec T H J Leckband, 1st av s and C G W tracks. Oelwein, Gustave A, wife Emma, real estate, r i9 1st st w. Oelwein, Gustave A, Jr, r 19 1st st w. Oelwein, Miss Lena, r 19 1st st w. Oelwein Light, Heat and Power Co, pres J E Hartinbower, v pres, John Jamison, sec R B Jamison, treas Roy Collins, office 2 e Charles, pow- er house 309 s Frederick. Oelwein, Oscar E, wks C G W, r 143 3rd av n. Oelwein Pantator^im, Williams & Smith prop, 33 s Frederick. Oelwein, Richard C, wks C G W, r 143 3rd av n. Oelwein, Robert C, wife Mia, blksmth C G W, r 122 3rd av n. Oelwein, Miss Rose, r 19 1st st w. Oelwein Shoe Store, J C Oelberg prop, 11 n Frederick. OELWEIN STEAM FEED MILL, (Butler & Rundle prop), flour and feed 222 1st st w, bus tel C B 22. Offerman, John, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Oglesby, Frank, wife Margaret, wood worker C G W, r 36 7th av s. phone: 98. BELL & RICHARDS HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART DF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable GOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 104 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Ogelsby, Iia, wks C G W, r 3G 7th av s. Olandt, Samuel, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Oldham, James, wife Nellie, fireman C G W, r 44 4th st n. Oliver, Fred, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. ' Oleson (See also Olsen). Oleson, Miss Carrie, waitress Ideal Restaurant, rms 124 6th av e. Oleson, James, wife Effie, swichman C G W, bds 112 4th av w. Oliver, George C, wife Nettie, blksmth C G W, r 233 7th av w. Olmstead, Edward, wife Sadie, cooper Oelwein Farmers' Creamery, r 417 3rd w. Olsen (Sec also Olson). Olsen, Arthur, r 440 1st av s. Olsen, Lewis, wife Jane, wks C G W, r 440 1st av s. Ostrander, Loren L, wife Mildred, elk Wells Fargo Express, r 718 1st av n. Ouimet, Joseph R, wife Pauline, bur- nisher C G W, r 606 4th av w. Our Store, W H Xint prop, 206 s Fred- erick. Packard, Richard P, printer The Reg- ister, r 205 e Charles. Paget, Miss Florence, tchr Harlan school, r 724 w Charles. Paget, James, wife Mary, carp, r 724 w Charles. Paign, Miner, wife Hannah, r 303 1st st e. Paine, Thomas, eng C G W, rms 111 1st av w. Paintor, John C, wife Anna, car repr C G W, r 903 1st av e. Papen, C, eng C G W. Pappin, Lawrence, stenog C G W, rms 203 1st st e. Palace Clothiers, The (Solomon and Simon prop), clothing, men's furn- ishing goods, hats, caps and gloves, IC s Frederick. Pall, Thomas, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Park Hotel, S J Glass prop, 29 1st st w, bus tel C B. Park Side School, Miss Blanche Ayers prin, northwest cor 3V2 st w and. Gth av w. Parker, Albert F, wife Belva, blk- smth C G W, r 215 2nd av e. PARKER, ALLEN G, wife Maude E, tailor 7 w Charles, r 107 1st e. Parker, Edward C, v/ife Blanche, car- rier P O, r 117 3rd av e. Parker, James B, wife Elizabeth, r 231 3rd av s. Parker, John, eng C G W, rms 22 5tli av n. Parker^ Milo C, wife Mary E. uphol- sterer C G W, r 26 3rd av s. J. W. RIDLER, PHONES 23 AND 33 Plumber 15 NORTH FREDERICK - szssaEiSi Phone 144 A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 105 Parrett, Clarence, molder Oelwein Foundry, r Park Hotel. Parsons, Vaughn V, wife Ethel, r 40 4th av s. Patterson, Alfred D, wife Alice, carp C G W, r 330 4th av s. PATTISON BROS, (J F & D N Pat- tison) prop Oelwein Emergency Hospital 109 s Frederick, bus tel C B 109. PATTISON, DILL N, wife Emma, (Pattison Bros) physician 109 s Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 17, res tel C B 17. PATTISON, JOHN F, wife Amy, (Pat- tison Bros), physician 109 s Fred- erick, V 15 same. Pattison, Miss Matilda, r 109 s Fred- erick. Paul, Albert, wife Myra J, agt North- western Mutual Life Ins Co, r 211 ^Vz St e, res tel C B 55. Paul, Miss Avis, bds 303 n Frederick. Paul, Edgar, wks C G W, r 121 6th w. Paul, Miss Etta, r 121 6th w. Paul, Harry, wks C G W Ice House, r 121 6th w. Paul, Jesse, r 121 6th w. Paul, Oscar, student, rms 21 3rd av n. Paul, Wm, wife Emma, wks C G W, r 121 6th w. Payne (See also Paine). Payne, Beecher, Ibr, r 603 0th st n. Payne, Burdette, student, r 603 0th St n. Payne, C E, eng C G W. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES ANO UNOERTAKING, PHONE 139 2 W. CHARLES Payne, Miss Eveline, r 151 7th av s. Payne, Frank, molder, r 151 7th av s. Payne, James, wife Elizabeth, wks G W, r 151 7th av s. Payne, Miss Laura, dressmkr, r 151 7 th av s. Fayne, Lyman S, wife Jeanette, ma- son, G03 Gth St n, r same. Fayne, Osborn, wks C G W, r 603 6th s; n. Fayne, Sullivan H, v/ife Margaret, switchman C G W, r 601 6th st n. Pearce (See also Peirce). Pearce, Miss Helen, dom Park Hotel, r same. Peck, Miss Ada, wks Miss Eller, rms 30 r. Frederick st. Peck, H M, brakeman C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Peet, Stewart G, wife Viola, wks C G W, r 115 1st st n. If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES Kernahan & Gosse 1 = f PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH Up-lD-Date LIVERY The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 106 OBLWBIN CITY DIRECTORY. Pendcrgast, Frank (Santee & Pender- gast), rms 7 6th av e. Pendtrgast, V/illiam Jr, wife Adella, wks C G W, r 16 6tli av e. Pendergast, William, wife Bridget, stone mason, r 16 6th av e. Penhollow, Harrison, wife Thusn, con- tractor 615 2nd st e. r same. Penhollow, Harry, student, r 615 2nd sc e. Penhollow, Miss Lavon, r 615 2nd st e. Penrod, Allen A, wife Lucelia, wks C G W, r 528 1st av n. Penrod, Miss Mildred, student, r 528 1st av n. ADVERTISE IN THE DAILY AND WtEKLY Del we in Register Penrod, Miss Sarah, r 528 1st av n. Percival, Phillipine, wid Thomas, r 124 1st av w. Perry, Archie B, car record elk C G W, bds 201 6th av e. Perry, Edson, wife Nellie N, tinner, 112 s Frederick, r 33 5th av s, res tel C B 65. Perry, Dudley, wife Annie, fireman C W, r 225 9th av w. PERRY, JESSE R, wife Pearl, .1 R Per- ry & Co, r 16 s Frederick. PERRY, JOHN H, (J R Perry & Co) r 16 s Frederick. E. N. ROSS & PERRY, J R & CO (J R and J H Per ry), drugs and wall paper, paints and oil and glass 4 e Charles and 3 s Frederick, bus tel C B 109. Peter, Ernest, wks C G W, rms 117 1st st e. Peters, Joseph, mach C G W, rms 516 1st av e. Peters, Nicholas, wks C G W, r 516 1st av e. Peters, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Peterson, Arthur, fireman C G W, rms 717 2nd st n. Peterson, Louis J, wife Anna, toolman C G W, r 110 3rd av s. Peterson, Peter C, wife Amanda, trav- eling salesman, bds 106 n Freder- ick St. Petres, Miss Annie, r 708 1st av w. Petres, John, student, r 708 1st av w. Petres, Jcseph, mach C G W, r 708 1st av w. Petres, Nicholas, wife Mary, uphol- sterer C G W, r 708 1st av w. Petres, Wm, r 708 1st av w. Petry, James, eng C G W, rms 106 3rd av n. PFEIFFER BROS, (Ernest and W F Pfeiffer), drugs, wall paper, paints, oils and glass 6 s Frederick, bus tel C B 54. PFEIFFER, ERNEST, wife E Sophia, (Pfeiffer Bros), r 112 2nd st e. PFEIFFER, WM F, (Pfeiffer Bros), bds 112 2nd st e. Pfluger, Henry, wife Mamie, blksmth C G W, bds 235 4 1/2 st w. STATE BOARD CF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP uio^^ THAT'S ALL OSLWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 107 Phelps, Miss Grace, waitress Hotel Mealey, r same. Philleo & Nutting (A K Philleo and H C Nutting), jewelers 18 s Frederick. Philleo, Addison K, wife Etta (Philleo 6 Nutting), r 18 Aledo, Ills. Phillips, Arthur C, wife Sarah, painter 113 e Charles, r 13 2nd st s. Phillips, A John, car repr C G W, r 206 6th av w. PHILLIPS & BANE, (G H Phillips and J R Bane), lawyers, s Frederick, bus tel C B 16. Phillips, George H, (Phillips & Bane) 7 s Frederick, r 9 s Frederick, bus tel C B 16. Phillips, Miss Lena B, r 9 s Frederick. Phillips, Ray B, stenog G H Phillips, r 9 s Frederick. Phillips, E, Ibr C G W. Phipps, Samuel, agt cement walks, rms 203 1st st e. Pichke, Pauline, wid William, r 711 4th av e. Pichke, William, Ibr, r 711 4th av e. Pickard, Miss Clara, r 203 1st st e. Pickard, Miss Grace, r 203 1st st e. Pickard, John, wife Ivy, coal and wood dealer, 203 1st st e, r same, res tel C B 1. Pickering, Frank M, wife Katherine, tel opr P T C Co, r 14 3rd av e. Pickering, Orville W, wife Nora, P T C Co, r 21 w Charles. Pierce (See also Pearce). Pierce, Frank, fireman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Pierce, John, wife Nellie, car inspec- tor C G W, r 506 3rd av n. Pitkin, Maria A, wid J C, r 515 w Charles. Pitt, Miss Leila, student, r 102 n Fred- erick. PITT, WM S, wife Margaret, jeweler, cut glass and china 1 w Charles, r 102 n Frederick. Pitznei', Albert, painter C G W, rms 25 2nd st n. Place, Miss Jennie, waitress Union House, r same. Place, Miss Lulu, dom Union House, r same. Plank, Eliza, wid Elon, r 214 4th av s. Plashal, John, wife Emma, foreman lumber yard C G W, r 410 4th av n. Piatt, Miss Gertrude, elk R W Moul- ton. Piatt, Josiah, r 110 1st av w. Pleimling, Miss Bertha, r 503 n Fred- erick. Pleimling, Miss Charlotte, r 503 n Frederick. Pleimling, -Emil G, wife Anna, elk The Hub, r 129 3rd av s, res tel C B 213. PLEIMLING, NICHOLAS, wife Mary, prop The Hub, hats, caps, gloves clothing, men's furnishing goods, 24 s Frederick, r 503 n Frederick, bus tel C B 325. Polka, Mrs. Josephine, r 533 5th av n. Pollock, Clarence N, wife Matie, por- ter M J Conway, r 746 2nd av s. Polsue, Harriet, wid John, r 327 9th av w. phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. FLEIMLING, Froprieton 108 OELV/EIN CITY DIRECTORY. Polsue, John, wks C G W, r 327 9th av w. Porter, David A, wife Mary, traveling salesman, r G02 1st st e. Porter, Ernest, traveling salesman, r 602 1st st e. Porter, Frank, traveling salesman, r 602 1st st e. Porter, M D, v^^ife Pearl, lawyer, 8 s Frederick, r 219 5th st e, res tel C B 166. POST OFFICE, LEW I STURGIS, postmaster, 9 and 11 w Charles. Postal Telegraph Cable Co, C T Wil- liams, mgr, (Great Western Pas- senger Depot.) Potter, Hallie R, wife Nellie, station- • ary eng C G W power house, r 212 4y2 st w. Potter, Valda W, patternmkr C G W, bds iOO 3rd av s. Potter, W N, boiler mkr C G W, bds 303 41/2 st w. Potter, Eugene, cond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Potts, George W, wife Clara, elk R M S, r 513 1st av e. POTTS, JACOB W, wife Adah, (Shel- son & Potts), r 110 1st av w. Powers, Frank G, cook, r 510 4th av s. Powers, Gordon, tailor A G Parker's. Powers, Gordon, student, r 407 7th south. Powers, Harris L, wife Carrie, tmstr Kint Lumber Co, r 124 6th av e. Powers, Henry, wife Livonia, r 202 2nd av e. Powers, John, wife Margaret, car repr C G W, r 103 6th w. Powers, Miss Myrtle, waitress Ideal Restaurant, r 124 6th av e. Powers, Miss Pearl, student, r 124 6th av e. Powers, Thomas, wife Cora L, board- ing, 124 1st av w, r same. Powers, Wallace E, wife Margaret, r 510 4th av s. Powers, Walter L, wife Ellen, fmr, r 407 7th st s. Powers, William T, wife Mamie, boil- ermkr C G W, bds 241 41/2. st w. Powers,- Wm W, paper hanger, r 510 4th av s. PC'Wles, Thomas H, wife Bertha, mchst C G W, 132 2nd av n, res tel C B 217. Prazak, Louis, wife Sophia, mgr T R Glanville & Son, r 22 1st n. Prentice, Adell, wid Nathan F, r 315 2nd st n. Prentice, Edgar, wks C G W, r 315 2nd st n. Prentice, Miss Florence, tchr Harlan, r 315 2nd st n. Preston, Cressy W, wks C G W,. r 417 1st av e. Preston, Miss Ethel A, tchr music, r 417 1st av e. Preston, Milton M, wife Mary E, eng pass C G W, r 417 1st av e, res tel C B 111. Prier, Oliver, wks C G W. bds 302 3rd av n. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ > ^ j» OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 109 Primitive Baptist Church, J C Jones elder, sw cor 7th st e and 4th av e. Proctor, Charles, wks C G W, bds 9 1st St e. Protestant Cemetery, 4th st bet 1st av and 2nd av w. Puff, Charles A, wife Anna M, blk- smth C G W, r 410 7th w. Puff, Richard, vs^ife Anna, blksmth helper C G W, r 223 4th av n. Putnam, Peter, wife Alice, janitor Ma- sonic Hall, r 510 2nd av e. Good goods at PERRY & CO. Quackenboss, J, cond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Queeney, Stephen F, wife Anna, mach C G W, r 233 2nd av s. Queno, Thos, Ibr C G W. Quilliam, Basil, wife Lucile, nichst C G W, r 138 1st av n. Rada, Joseph, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Race, Carey T, wife Dora, boilermkr C G W, r 206 41/2 st w. Radley, freight brakeman C G W. Rahe, August J, wife Myra, rural mail carrier post office route 1, r 213 4th av e. Rail, Edward boiler mkr C G W, bds 322 5th av s. Ramsey, Ben, wife Bertha, night elk C G W, r 132 7th av n. Ramsey, Mary A, wid Eli, r 21 5th av 3. Randall, Miss Pearl, rms 19 1st av e. Rappe, Julius, express messgr Wells Fargo, bds 29 n Frederick. Rathbun, Frank R, carrier postoffice, r 320 2nd av e. ^' vj? >j? ^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO vi» ^ ^^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE lid Colonial" ^ m F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer j>^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 110 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Rathbun, Louis, jeweler, r 320 2nd av eas:. Rathbun, Miss Lulu, r 320 2nd av e. Rathbun, Robert H P, wife Harriette, y 320 2nd av e. Rausch, Miss Mary, dom 102 n Fred- erick St. Rawl, Oral, driver Bell & Richards, rms 117 1st st e. Rea, Addie, wid George, r 421 1st st e. Reall, Alexander, wife Ina, blksmth C G W, r 520 3rd av s. Reams, Miss Clara, waitress The Best Restaurant, r 25 s Frederick. Rechemmer, Miss Lena, nurse, rms 203 n Frederick. THE OELWEIN REGISTER — FOR FINE JOB PRINTING — Rechkemmer^ Selma, wid Louis A, r 28 6th av s. RECORD, THE, W M Reed prop print- ing, 13 n Frederick, bus tel C B ' 133a. Reed, Benj, eng C G W, bds Arlington House. Reed, Miss Edith A, student, r G22 2nd av w. Reed, Edward, elk W H Meyer Co, bds lie 5th w. Reed, Glenn T, wife Winifred, elk R M S, r G13 n Frederick. Reed, James, wife Cora, tmstr, r 1007 1st st w. Reed, James W, wife Jennie, wks C G W, r 116 5th st n, res tel C B 156. Reed, John W, elk C G W, r 13 e Charles. Reed, Mary J, wid J W, r 13 e Charles. Reed, Orin S, wife Bessie, paper han- ger, r e s s Frederick, 5th outside limits. Reed, wm, 'wife Mary, blksmth C G W, r 213 5th av s. REED, WILLIAM A, wife Clare, The Oelwein Daily American, prop The Record, and city mayor, r 309 1st av e, bus tel C B 133a, i-es tel C B 133b. Reed, Wesley S, wife Mina, car repr C G W, r 622 2nd av w. Reeder, Andrew J, cond C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. Reedy, John W, wife Rose, switchman C G W, r 113 w Charles. Reen, William, molder Oelwein Foun- dry, r 28 1st av e. Rees, Amanda, wid Daniel, r 403 s Frederick. Rees, Arch, wife Minnie, switchman C G W, r 1044 s Frederick. Rees, G Wm, wks C G W freight house, r 403 s Frederick. Re f snider, Mrs. Mary E, milliner, 28 s Frederick, r 221 1st s. Refsnider, Wm, wife Mary E, r 221 1st st s. PSSS HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS SMITH & GRAUER TAILORS Cleanings Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Ill Regenold, Matthew M, wife Josephine, Ibr, r 219 5th av e. REGISTER, THE, Hoyer & Robinson, props 16 e Charles, bus tel C B 28. I^eidy, Austin F, wife Anna, car repr C G W, r 712 1st av w. Reid, Lee, wife Clara, drayman, r 128 3rd av e. Reifstack, William, wife Anna, wks C G W, r 714 3rd av e. Reinbold, Godfrey, wife Alvena, r 206 8th av w. Reinhardt, George, mach C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Reisinger, Elmer, toolboy C G W, r 414 3rd av n. Reisinger, Obied R, wife Anna, charge man C G W, r 414 3rd av n. Replogle, fireman C G W. Retz, Albert H, wife Carrie, car in- spector C G W, r 157 3rd av n. Reynolds, George, wks C G W, bds 302 3rd av n. Rice, Charles, wks Schumacher & Son. Richards, A O, mchst helper C G W. Richards, Edward H, wife Elizabeth, mach helper C G W, r 364 8th w. Richard, Glenn E, wife Bertha, wks C G W, r 221 2nd av e. Richards, James, eng C G W, rms 22 5th av n. Richards, Jeremiah, fmr, r 602 6th st n. Richards, Luther, mach C G W, rms 513 1st av e. Richards, Orlando R, wife Pearl, wks C G W, r 128 4th av w. RICHARDS, SAMUEL, (Bell & Rich- ards), rms 25 e Charles. Richardson, F, fireman C G W, rms 717 2nd St n. Riche, Frank M, wife Addie, toolman C G W, r 223 7th av w, res tel C B 113. Riche, James L, student, r 223 7th av w. Riche, Melburne, wife Isabelle, Ibr, r 235 s Frederick. Richman, Clifford, wks C G W, r 138 5th av s. Richman, Henry A, wife Elizabeth, toolman C G W, r 138 5th av s. Riddle, Jesse E, wife Eleanor A, bkpr store keeper C G W. r 134 Third av s. Ridgedale, Herbert B, mchst C G W, rms 209 e Charles. Ridler, Farnk R, elk J T Ridler, r 30 n Frederick. Ridler, Fred J, wife Alice, painter and Fire Warden 2nd ward, r 102 2nd av n, res tel C B.ll. RIDLER, JAMES W, wife Nettie B, plumber and mgr Ridler Opera House, 15 n Frederick, r 402 1st av e, bus tel C B 23, res tel C B 33. Ridler, John T, wife Elizabeth, gro- cer 11 e Charles, r 30 n Frederick, bus tel C B 56. RIDLER OPERA HOUSE, J W Ridler mgr, 9 n Frederick. Ridler, Rush, elk J T Ridler, r 30 n Frederick. phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. ^^'Ji?ate "' w G FETTKETHER Livery Rigs See "■ W" ■ ^ ■ ■ l\Li I lli.ll Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 14 FIRST AVEINUE: SOUTHi 112 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Ridler, Thomas, r 30 n Frederick. Reiman, Miss Jessie, witress Hotel Mealey, r same. Riggs, A D, fireman C G W, rms Han- Ion House. Rile, W, boiler washer C G W. Riley, Annie L, wid Charles C, r 210 3rd av s. Riley, C Earl, elk R W Moulton, r 210 3rd av s. Riley, Leo V, student, r 210 3rd av s. Riley, Thomas, wife Mary, City Mar- . shal, r 974 s Frederick, res tel C B 169. Riley, Miss Winifred, student, r 974 s Frederick. RINEHIMER, EDWARD, (Rinehimer & Wetlaufer), rms 18 s Frederick. RINEHIMER & WETLAUFER (Ed ward Rinehimer and Herbert Wet- laufer, prop City Laudrying Co, 202 s Frederick, bus tel C B 254. Rishworth, Thomas P, wife Anna, r 26 6th av e. Risk, Howard, student, r 14 5th av s. Risk, Loren, wife Ella M, lawyer, 36 s Frederick, r 37 5th av s, bus tel C B 172. R'sk, Nancy H, wid Alexander, r 14 5th av s. Risley, Oscar S, scrap gang C G W. Ritchie, Robert, wife Anna, elk C G W, r 121 2nd av s. Roberts, Albert J, v/ks C G W, r 131 6th av e. Roberts, Miss Almira, waitress The Best Restaurant, r 25 s Frederick. Roberts, Archie I, wife Rosamund, up- holsterer C G W, r 9 2nd av s. Reberts, Edward L, wife Minnie, flue welder C G W, r 326 5th av s. Roberts, Ellis W, wife Nellie, wks C G W, r 131 6th av e. Roberts, Frank M, wife Rose, hostler C G W, r 107 4th av n. Robinson, Miss Cassie, milliner, bds 617 n Frederick. Robinson, Frank A, wife Mae, eng Oel- wein water works, r 205 4th av e. ROBINSON, FRED S, wife Rebecca (Koyer & Robinson), r 205 e Charles. Robinson, Miss Tessie, milliner, bds 617 n Frederick. Robinson, Wm E, wife Rena A, physi- cian, 3 e Charles, r 201 e Charles, bus tel C B 19, res tel C B 19. Rocarek, Wm, mchst C G W, rms 218 3rd av s. Reck Island Park, 2nd av e bet e Charles and 1st st s. RODABAUGH, ARTHUR B, wife Mary, prop The Best Restaurant, 25 s Frederick, r same. Roder, Miss Emma, r 712 4th av w. Roder, Harry, student, r 712 4th av w. Roder, Miss Lillian, r 712 4th av w. Roder, Theodore, wife Lena, wks C G W, r 712 4th av west. Roe, Arthur, eng C G W, rms 717 2nd st n. Roentink, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Roepke, R, Ibr C G W ice house. J. W. RIDLER ^at MANAGER OPERA HOUSE ue^ Phone 144 A. C. "WILSOIT Glass Block DrugS' BookS' Stationery OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 113 Roesch, Fred G, wife Minnie, mSch C G- W, 743 2nd av s. Rogers, Amy K, wid Eli, r 144 4th av v;. Rogers, Charles P, wife Emma, wks C G W, r 654 4th av s. Rogers, Marcus, Ibr, r 144 4th av w. Rjgge, Frank, mach C G W, r 10 w Charles. Rogge, Michael, wife Marie, charge- man C G W, r 942 1st av w. Rogge, Nicholas, wife Caroline, pain- ter C G W, r 957 s Frederick. Rohrback, W D, fireman C G W, r | Arlington House. I Rohrig, Charles H, wife Olga, lawyer, i 7 Gth av s, r same. I Rominger, Thomas, rms 110 1st st e. Rooney, A C, mach C G W, rms 218 , 3rd av s. Rooney, Mary, wid, Edward, housekpr 613 2nd av W. Root, G H, eng, rms 717 2nd st n. Rcper, F E, cond C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. Ross, Miss Bessie F, student, r 24 Gth av e. Ross, Charles M, buttermkr Oelwein Farmers' Creamery, bds 139 1st av north. Ross Clay, traveling salesman Becker Coal Co, r 24 Gth av e. ROSS, DONALD, wife Cora M, con- tractor. Fire Warden First ward, foreman Hose Co No 1, 16 2nd s, r 210 1st av e, res tel C B 89. Ross Earl, student, r 103 n Frederick. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 12 W.CHARLES Ross Emele, wid Jacob H, r 420 2nd av e. ROSS, EUGENE N, wife Cecelia (E N Ross & Son) r 103 n Frederick. ROSS, E N & SON, (E N and Wm Ross), furniture, carpets and oil- cloth, and undertakers, 118 and 120 s Frederick, bus tel C B 21. Ross, Frank, telegraph opr R I, r 24 Gth av e. Ross, J C, eng C G W, r Clarion. Ross, .Jerome R, w'ife Louisa, sec Oel- wein Farmers' Creamery, r 24 Gth av e, res tel C B 248. Ross Jessie, wid Alexander, r 220 1st av e. Ross, Leon, wife Hattie, fireman C G W, r 241 51/2 st e. Ross, Martin, fireman C G W shops, rms 230 4th av s. Rcss, Nelson B, wife Clara J, wks C G W. r 124 IGth s. CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan Sc Gosse phone: so. NO. 12 FIRST" ST. SOUTH 114 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Ross, Roy, wks C G W, bds 220 1st av e. Ross, Samuel, r 102 2nd av n. ROSS, WM H, wife Sallie E, (E N Ross & Son), r 135 1st av n, res tel C B 92. Rossen, Andrew O, wife Hilda M, blk- smth C G W, r 810 3rd av w. Rosser, Wm B, wife Nellie, mach C G W, r 131 5th av s. Roth, Miss Agnes, dom Union House, r same. Rothie, Andrew, fireman C G W, rms 717 2nd n. FOR ALL THE NEWS READ THE Daily jSj Register Rowe, Arthur, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Rowe, Delbert S, wks C G W, rms 40 4th av s. Rowe, Jesse, elk Massin & Brown, r country. Rowe, Oral, wks Kernahan & Gosse, r 12 1st St s. Rubly, Frank, Ibr C G W, r 121 7th w. Rubly, Joseph H, wife Elizabeth, wks C G W, r 121 7th w. Rubly, Miss Rose, r 121 7th w. Ruby, Edward E, wife Mae, mach C G W, r 11 3rd st n. Rudd, Charles G, wife Margaret, elk C G W freight house, r 801 2nd av w. Rudd, Miss Hannah, student, r 801 2nd av w. Rudd, Robert A, r 801 2nd av w. Ruddlesdin, Sarali, wid Eli, r n s 10th w, 1st w of 1st av w. Ruddlesdin, Wm C, wife Luella, car repr C G W, r 618 1st av s. Ruhs, M, wks C G W Rule, Fred S, barber D E Taylor, rms 105 4th av s. Rulifson, Claude K, wife Eliza, wks C G W, r 10 7th av e. Rulon, Arthur, r 211 Stickney bvd. Rulon, Miss Edna, student, r 211 Stickney bvd. Rulon, Jesse F, wife Jennie, wks C G W, r 211 Stickney bvd. Rulon, Jesse O, wife Margaret E, pain- ter and sub carrier P O, 720 w Charles, r same. Rumple, Charles C, wife Marie, wks C G W, r 222 4th st n. RUNDLE, WALLACE A, (Butler & Rundle) bds 209 3rd st n. Rupert, Miss Edna B, r 117 5th av s. Rupert, George W, wife Frona, carp C G W, r 117 5th av s. Rupert, Harry V, r 117 5th av s. Rupert, Miss Ida E, r 117 5th av s. Russell, Amy A, wid Joseph, r 231 s Frederick. Russell, George W, wife Effle, coach cleaner C G W, r 451 8th w. Russell. Royal A, wife Blanche, wks C G W, r 209 4th av e. Russell, William, wife Nellie, tin- smith C G W, r 112 7th av n. E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 115 Ryan, Daniel, fireman C G W, rms 110 Rybicka, James, wife Bessie, wks C 5th av n. G W, r 620 3rd av s. Sacred Heart Church, Rev P S O'Con- nor pastor, s Frederick bet 6th and 7th w. Sacred Heart School, conducted by Sisters of Mercy, Sister M Isabelle superior, 7th w ne cor 1st av w. fiadlers' Cafe, J W Sadler prop, 12 e Charles, bus tel 63. Sadler, Louis W, wife Bessie, prop Sadler Cafe 12 e Charles, r same, bus tel C B 63. Sager, Charles A, wife Nellie E, asst marshal, r 15 1st s. Sager, Miss Mabel M, elk L N Has- kins, r 15 1st s. Sager, Mrs. Nellie E, dress mkr 15 1st st s. Sagert, Louis, wife, Wilhelmina, mach C G W, r 802 2nd av w. Sanders, Prank M, wife Mary, agt Grand Union Tea Co, 319 2nd st e, r same. Sanders, Miss Hazel, student, r 319 2nd st e. Sanford, Mrs. Katherine, dom Union House, r same. Sanders, Wallace, express messgr Wells Fargo, rms 14 2nd av n. Sanders, Willis E, wife E Mary, plan- ing mill. Fire Warden 4th ward, 325 1st av s, rear same. Sanford, Vernon, wks C G W, r 130 12th s. Santee, James F, wife Nina (Santee & Pendergast) r 18 e Charles. Santee & Pendergast (J F Santee and Frank Pendergast) prop Crescent Bakery 18 e Charles, bus tel C B 224. Santee, Reuben, wife Bertha, wks C G W ice house, r 1140 1st av w. Sarset, Wm F, wife Letta, druggist A C Wilson, r 212 2nd st s. Saratoga, Winterowd & Wood prop, 8 and 10 e Charles, bus tel C B. Saundry, Elizabeth, wid John, r 19 6th av e. Sayles, John S, wife Anna, stockbuyer, r 215 1st st s. Schaal, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Schadle, Joseph, elk Massin & Brown. Schaeffer (See also Shaffer and Shaef- fer). Schaeffer, August C, wife Caroline, chief eng C G W, r 103 4th av s. Schaeffer, Miss Elizabeth,, dom 820 1st av w. Schaeffer, Miss Ellen, laundress City Laundrying Co, r 235 4% st w. Schaffer, Frank, wife ]>,Iary A, carp C G W shops, r 119 s Frederick. B RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. 116 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Schaeffe r, Herbert N, wife Louisa, traveling salesman, r 235 4% st w. Schaeffer, Miss Lillian R, school tchr, r 103 4th av s. Schaeffer, Miss Louise V, student, r 103 4th av s. Schaeffer, Mark, eng C G W, rms 110 5th av n. Schaeffer, Miss Mary, dom 112 1st av e. Schaeffer, Miss May J, r 103 4th av s. Schaller & Churchill (George Schaller and Henry Churchill, meat mkt 11 n Frederick, bus tel C B 200. Schaller, George, wife Maude (Schal- ler & Churchill), t 114 5th av s. Schedl, Miss Aloisia, r.743 2nd av s. Schell, Frank J, wife Sophia, wks C G W, r 41 2nd st n. Schemmerhorn, Wm, Ibr, bds 119 s Frederick. Schilling, Carl G, r 501 7th av s. Schilling, Edward, sample distributor, r 501 7th av s. Schiller, John, wife Lucile, r 206 s Frederick. Schilling, Matilda, wid Nicholas H, r 501 7th av s. SCHLETTE, SAMUEL G, wife Bertha, prop Last Chance 111 First st w, r same. Schletter, Otto A, wife Pearl, wks Oel- wein Light, Heat and Power Co, r GOl 1st st e. Schlumbohm, George H, wife Mar- garet, plumber 12 w Charles, r 14 3rd av s, res tel C B 157. Schmillen, Anthony, wife Elizabeth, foreman W R Baxter, r 105 9th av west. Schmillen, Miss Elizabeth, student, r 111 1st av w. Schmillen, Peter, wife Elizabeth, r 126 3rd av s. Schmillen, Thomas, wife Mary, Ibr, r 111 1st av w. Schmitt( See also Smith and Smyth). Schmitt, Fred, wife Ella, agt Wells Fargo, r 606 e Charles. Schneeberger, James D, wife Anna, mchst C G W, r 216 4th av n. Schneider (See also Snyder). Schneider, Miss Alma, dom Hotel Mea- ley. Schneider, August, r 119 1st av w. Schneider, Edward, r 119 1st av w. Schneider, Dwight, student, r 7 1st av e. Schneider, Fred, r 119 1st av w. coS.e Schneider, Gustave, wife Anna, car repr C G W, r 119 1st av w. Schneider, Ludwig, wife Anna, r n s 10th w, 2nd west of 1st av w. Schneider. Miss Martha, dom 25 n Frederick. Schneider, Miss Pearl, r 7 1st av e. Schneider, Philip, wife Katie, prop The Cottage Studio, 5 1st av e, r 7 same, res tel C B 232. Schneider, William A, wife Hattie, r 313 1st av e. Schoerner, Christian, r 230 4th av s. Schoerner, John A, r 230 4th av* s. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK' GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ ^ ^ ^ OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 117 Schoerner, Miss Katherine, r 230 4th av s. Schoerner, Miss Mary A, r 230 4th av s. SCHRACK, BERT, S, wife Bertha. (Van Wirt & Schrack), r 111 7th av w. Schrack, Charles H, wife Belle, blk- smth helper C G W, r 303 41/2 st w. Schreck, Miss Daisy, dressmkr, 529 1st av n, r same. Schreck, David, wife Katherine, r 529 1st av n. Schreiner, Edward, wife Inez, electri- cian Oelwein Electric Heat, Light and Power Co, rms 223 4th av s. Schroeder, Charles, wks C G W, r 130 1st St s. Schuchmann, Anna, wid George, r 327 4th av s. Schuchmann, Miss Mary, r 327 4th av s. Schuh, Charles W, v/ife Maude, prop Star Bakery, 22 s Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 14. Schultz, Wm H, Ibr C G W, bds 124 1st av w. SCHUMACHER, ANTHONY, wife Jos- ephine, (A Schumacher & Son), r 221 Third av s. SCHUMACHER, DOMINICK, (A Schumacher & Son), r 222 3rd av s. Schumacher, Miss Lucile, r 221 3rd av s . Schumacher, Miss Marguerite, r 221 3rd av s. When you think of.... PAINTING OR. PAPERING Think of us. J. R. Perry & Co.lMoneysam£ SCHUMACHER & SON (Anthony & Dominick Schumacher), meat mkt 17 s Frederick, bus tel C B 34. Schwidder, Adolph, student, r 430 7th wesc. Schv/idder, Ernest, wife Louise, mill man C G W, r 430 7th w. Schwidder, Miss Olga, r 430 7th w. Schwindel, Frank, carp C G W, bds 12G 1st av s. Scoles, Charles, switchman C G W, r 817 1st av e. Scothorn, Dedllo, elk Whiteside & Scothorn, bds 19 3rd av e. Scothorn, Geoi'ge, wife Emma, blk- smth C G W, r 19 3rd av e, res tel C B 175. Scothorn. James F, (Whiteside & Scothorn) r 19 3rd av e. Scothorn, Miss Pearl, elk Whiteside & Scothorn, r 19 3rd av e. JUST Q LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE "Old Coloniar' ^( m F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturar ^j' 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 118 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Scothorn, R, pipe fitter helper C G W, 19 3rd av e. Scothorn, Miss Vidys, student, r 19 3rd av e. Scott Co, The (E E, C L and F E Scott), plumbing 22 e Charles, bus tel C B 18. Scott, C L, The Scott Co, r Beloit, Wis. Scott, E E, The Scott Co, r Beloit, Wis. Scott, T E, The Scott Co, r Minneap- olis. Scott, William M, wife Emma, mgr The Scott Co, r 104 1st av n, res tel C B 125. Scryminger, cond C G W, r caboose. READ THE DAILY AND WEEKLY Oelwein Register. Searcy, Miss Alma, student, r 530 w Charles. Searcy, Florence, wid Edward, laun- dress Spensley's Laundrying Co, r 530 w Charles. Secrist, Miss Icie E, student, r 513 7th w. See, John R, tel opr C R I & P, r 112 1st av e. Seeber, Ralph W, wife Lois, painter, r 221 51/2 St e. Seely, Miss Anna C, dom 301 e Charles. Seeley, Miss Anna C, dom 113 3rd Segur. Fay, wife Minnie, wks C G W, r 30 5th st n. Seidel, Charles, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Seifert, Paul, wks C G W shops, bds 230 4th av s. Senterman, Anton, Ibr C G W, bds 203 w Charles. Senterman, Ralph, Ibr C G W, r 203 w Charles. Servoss, cond C G W, r caboose. Sexton, Charles H, wife Gertrude, (Amiot and Sexton) r 403 2nd av e. Shackford, cond C G W, r caboose. Shadle Abner J, wife Iva, eng C G W, r 108 5th av w. Shadle, Joseph, elk Massin & Brown, r country. Shadle, Miss Mary, dom The Best Restaurant, r 108 5th av w. Shaffer (See also Shaefer and Schaef- fer). Shaffer, Earl, student, r 119 s Fred- erick. Shaffer, George, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Shaffer, Joseph, Ibr C G W, r 119 s Frederick. Shaffer, Martin, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Shaklee, Warren E, wife Julia, tool- man C G W, r 122 First av s. Shambaugh, Joseph C, wife Mae D, agt, r 100 3rd av s. Shannon, M J, eng C G W, rms 110 5th av n. PSS HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & GRAUER, TaJIfirs OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 119 Shanncn, Michael, eng C G W, bds Arlington House. Sharp, George, Wife Emma, wks Oel- wein Foundry, r 740 2nd av s. Shaw, Harry, wife Emma, mach C G W, r 229 2nd av s. Shaw, Miss Mattie, dom 403 w Charles Shaw, William A, wks C G W, r 229 2nd av s. Sheldon, Ralph, porter Hotel Mealey, r 18 2nd st w. Sheldon, Wm, wife Luella, Ibr, r 18 2nd St w. SHELSON, GEORGE L, wife Luella (Shelson & Potts) r 110 1st av w. SHELSON &. POTTS, (G L Shelson and J W Potts) prop Ideal Restaur- ant 10 1st st w. Shelton, James M, wife Emma, wks C G W, r 704 3rd av e. Sheratt, James, mach C G W, rms 5 2nd av s. Sherman, Sherman, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. SHERRILL, ARTEMUS L, wife Nel- lie, p.sst supt Metropolitan Life Ins Co, r 117 1st st n. Shields, James T, wife Augusta, cab carp C G W, r 318 3rd av n. Shields. Wm, r 210 3rd av s. Shippy, Chiles D, wife Katherine, cashier C G W freight depot, r 524 1st av n. Shippy, Edgar A, wife Sophia, tool- m.an C G W, r 8.51 5th av w. Shomer, Henry M, wife Mayme, mach C G W, r 118 1st av s. Shomer, Mathias, wife Sarah E, stone cutter C V Spezia, r 415 s Frederick. Shomer, Michael, r 128 3rd av s. Shomer, Michael E, wife Katie, stone cutter C V Spezia, r 128 3rd av s. Shraman, M O, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Sidell, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. Siegel, Gabriel, carrier C M Smith, r 221 2nd av s. Siegel, Jacob P, r 221 2nd av s. Siegel, Martin, wife Barbara, mach C G W, r 221 2nd av s. SIMON, ALBERT, (Solomon & Si- mon, r Waterloo. Simon, David, wife Rachael, elk Pal- ace Clothiers, r 323 n Frederick. SIMON, HARRY D, mgr The Palace, r 323 u Frederick. SIMON, SIDNEY, (Solomon & Simon) i" Waterloo. Simon, William B, wife Marion, boil- er mkr C G W, r 15 5th av w, res tei. C B 251. Simpson, Miss Alta, dom 119 4th av s. Simpson, William J, wife Chloa, car repr, r 16 2nd st n. Singer, .John D, wks C G W, r 110 n Frederick. Singer, Margaret E, wid Roscoe, r 110 n Frederick. Singer, Robert L, wks C G W, r 110 n Frederick. Sipes, Arthur W, wife Levada, driver Spensley's Laundrying Co, r 222 3rd av s. phone: 98. BELL & RICHARDS PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY W. G. F ETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable GOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 120 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Skeels, August L, wife Mary, wks Schaller & Churchill, r 235 3rd av s. Skillings. Sarah, wid Thomas, r 1108 w Charles st. Slattery, Thomas, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Slayton, Harriet B, wid John, r 20 6th av w. Slick, Samuel H, wife Stella, toolman C G W, r 220 4th av n. Sloan, Charles C, wife Charlotte, mech eng Gas Co, r 212 6th av e. Slccum, Clara, wid Wallace, r rear 15 1st av e. Sloyer, Thomas S, wks W G Fettgeth- er, r 12 n Frederick. Small Hall, 12 1st st w. Smith (See also Schmitt and Smyth.) Smith, Miss Ada, r 202 3rd av n. Smith, Adam, wife Carrie, r 131 2nd av s, res tel C B 153. Smith, Mrs. Addie, r 43 6th st n. Smith, Alfred, mchst C G W, rms 209 G Charles. Smith, Aretas K, blksmth C G W, r 910 s Frederick. Smith, Miss Avis, student, r 202 3rd av n. SMITH BROS, (R H and Thomas Smith), real estate 4 w Charles, bus tel C B 187. Smith, Carl M, wife Ida J, news deal- er 3 s Frederick, r 14 e Charles. Smith, Carl M, wife Lena, baggage- man C G W, r 13 1st st e. Smith, Christopher, wife Harriet, r 73G n Frederick. Smith, C D, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Smith, C M, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Smith, C P, eng C G W, bds Arling- ton House. Smith, Edgart T, wife Mae, wks C G W, r 306 3rd av n. Smith, Miss Elizabeth, physician, 34 s Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 110 Smith, Edward G, wife Bessie, boiler mkr helper C G W, r 315 3rd st n. Smith, Edwin D, wife Chloe, r 419 e Charles. Smith, Fred, brakeman C G W, rms 102 3rd av n. Smith, Fred W, wife Ida, prop The Exchange 16 1st av s, r 121 3rd av e. Smith, George W. wife Oliva L, bkpr G W Jamison, r 103 1st av e, res tel C B 41. SMITH & GRAUER, (O C Smith and J E Grauer), tailors, 14 w Charles. Smith, Harry, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Smith, Miss Hattie, student, r 43 6th st n. Smith, James, wife Jane A, r 202 3rd av n. Smith, James E, wife Virginia A, wks W E Robinson, r 201 e Charles. Smith, James E, wife Ella, Ibr, r 215 41/2 st w. Smith, J K, mchst C G W, rms 132 2nd av n. ^.^ SECURE DATES EARLY AT oUjI pera Phone 144 A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 121 Smith, John W, cond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Smith, Jonas R, r 812 n Fredericlt. Smith, Miss Laura M, r 143 1st av n. Smith, Maria, wid Charles, r rear of 21 3rd av n. Smith, Miss Millie, r 736 n Frederick. SMITH, OLIVER C, wife Catherine (Smith & Grauer), r 1 e Charles. Smith, Owen, loading machine C G W. Smith, Richard, wife Maude, real es- tate, r 309 n Frederick. SMITH, RICHARD H, wife Maude B (Smith Bros), r 309 n Frederick. Smith, Robert H, wife Ellen, tinsmith, C G W, r 143 1st av n. Smith, Simon, wife Rosa B, wks C G W, r 513 1st st e. SMITH, THOMAS, wife Ora C, (Smith Bros), r 603 w Charles, res tel C B 101. Smith, William C, fmr, 736 n Freder- ick. Smith, freight brakeman C G W. Smyth, J, eng C G W. Smyth, Matthew, wks C G W, rms 24 2nd av n. Snavley, Charles, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Snavley, John, elk Arlington House, r 222 7th av n. Snavley, Wm, student, r 222 7th av n. SNAVLEY, WM M, wife Elizabeth, prop Arlington House, boarding, 222 7th av n. Snyder (See also Schneider). HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 12 W. CHARIES Snyder, Fred, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Snyder, G, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Snyder, J V, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Soasby, Earl C, wife Minnie, tends switch lights C G W, r 222 3rd av n. Solfisburg, Sarah A, wid Fred, house- keeper J Dickson, 4th av n. SOLOMON, HARRY, (Solomon & Si- mon) r Chicago. , SOLOMON & SIMON, (Harry Solo- men, Albert, H D and Sidney Si- mon), prop The Palace Clothiers, hats, caps and gloves, clothing, men's furnishing goods, 16 s Fred- erick. Solon, Martin M, wife Annie, switch- man, r 829 1st av w. Solon, Thomas, r 829 1st av w. y» ^ ^ >^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO nj* ^ ^^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Kernahan & Gosse 1 PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH Up-to-Date LIVERY The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 122 OELWBIN CITY DIRECTORY. Sonderburg, Christian, wife Bertha, brass trimmer C G W, r 213 2nd av s. Sonderburg, Miss Elsa, r 213 2nd av s. Sonnenberg, Christ, wife Mary, car repr C G W, r 322 5th av s. Sonnenberg, Fred, wife Augustina, blksmth helper C G W, r 154 12th S. Sonnenberg, Miss Mary, r 322 5th av s. Soper, Miss Julia, dom 509 3rd av s. Sorenson, Miss Catherine, student, r 1010 s Frederick. Sorenson, Nicholas, wife Anna, car repr C G W, r 1010 s Frederick. The Oelwein Register IS THE BEST ADVERTISING MEDIUM Sorger, Miss Mary, r 743 2nd av s. South, Benj A, wife Henrietta, wks C G W, r 420 s Frederick. South, Robert J, wife Minnie, pipe fitter C G W, r 142 6th s. South School, May Boyd, principal, 1st av w bet 9th and 10th w. Sparks, Council, wife Amanda, pain- ter, r 621 1st St e. Sparks, Melvin A, messgr Western Union Telegraph Co, r 28 4th av s. Sparks, Sylvester G, wife Cora, wks C G W, r 28 4th av s. Speagal, August, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Spaulding, B C, foreman scrap gang C G W, rms 109 1st av n. Spaulding, W W, e.ng C G W, r Du- buque. Spear, Edwin G, wife Sarah D, wks C G W, r 515 31/2 st w. Spear, Eugene E, wife Mina, fireman C G W, r 711 2nd st n. Speed, James, wks C G W, r 213 5th av w. Speed, John, fireman C G W, r 948 s Frederick. Speed, John, fireman C G W, r 213 5th av w. Speed, Miss Mary, dom 231 4i/^ st w. Speed, Miss Mary, r 213 Fifth av w. Speed, William A, wife Margaret, wks C G W, r 213 5th av w. Spencer, Frank, boiler mkr appr C G W, r 723 1st av w. SPENGLEY, GEORGE R, wife Anna, (Spensley & Girard), r 321 1st av e, res tel C B 146. SPENSLEY & GIRARD, (G R Spens- ley and A J Girard), prop Spensley's Laundrying- Co 23 w Charles, bus tel C B 29. Spensley, H Arthur, wife Daisy, wks Spensley's Laundrying Co, r 151 2nd av n. Spencer, James W, wife Mary, boiler- inspector C G W, r 723 1st av w. SPENSLEY'S LAUNDRYING CO, Spensley & Girard prop 23 w Charles, bus tel 29. = VISIT: E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 2 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS Smith &Grauer Jailors UNION SHOP jiw*^ THAT'S ALL OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 123 Spezia, Charles V, wife Mary, monu- ments 8 1st av e, r 114 1st n, res tel C B 250. Spicer, Alfred B, wife Mary, plumber The Scott Co, r 523 n Frederick, res tel C B 142. Spicer, Rush L, wife Mana, carp C G W, r 16 5th av s. Spiegel, C A, fireman C G W, r Ar- lington House. Spoo, John S, wife Luella, wks C G W, r 112 2nd av n. Stabler, C A, eng C G W, r Clarion. Staehle, August, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. S'tahl, George A, wife Rose, wks J B Green, r 30 3rd av s. Stahl, Miss Virgil, r 30 3rd av s. Standard Oil Co, M J Gleason, mgr, 128 5th av s, bus tel C B 129. Stanley, Miss Alice, rms 116 4th av e. Stanley, Walter, porter saloon, r 19 4th St n. Stansbary, John, wife Finnette, r 810 s Frederick. Stansbary, Lewis L, wife Dorothy, ex- press, r 114 1st av n. Stansfield, Wm, mach C G W, r 203 4th av s. Staples, E B, pumper C G W, rms 111 w Charles. Staples, Herbert G, pumper C G W, r 443 s Frederick. Staples, Mary A, wid Almon M, r 443 s Frederick. Staples, Willis W, wife Catherine, jew- eler W S Pitt, r 715 s Frederick. Star Bakery, C W Schuh prop, 22 s Frederick, bus tel C B 14. Starks, George, wife Caroline, r 409 s Frederick. Starry, Louis, wife Josephine, boiler mkr C G W, r 322 iVz st w. Starry, Louis, r 322 4i^ st w. Starry, Miss Mollie, r 322 4% st w. Starr, Royal E, wife Margaret, r 413 1st av e. Starry, Rudolph, core mkr appr Oel- wein Foundry, r 322 4% st w. Stebbins, Clara, wid Lyman, r 20 6th av w. Stebbins, Elmer J, wife Etta, wks C G W, r 207 ^Vz st e. Stebbins, Frank W, wife Hattie, eng C G W, r 20 6th av w. Stebbins, George L, wife Hope, mach helper C G W, r 32 4th av s. STEBBINS, ORRIN C, wife May, gro- cer 19 e Charles, r 307 e Charles, bus tel C B, 88. Steele, Miss Pearl, student, r 602 6th st n. Steele, Thomas, wife Minnie, carp C G W, r 602 6th st n. Steggall, George M, wife Ethel E, wks C G W, r 623 3rd av w. Steggall, Miss Gertrude, student, r 209 2nd st n. Steggall, John, bds 209 2nd st n. Steggall, John F, wife Rachael, r 209 2nd st n. Steggall, Leonard R, wife Cassie, wks Baldwin's cement, r 108 7th av w. 6 RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 124 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Steggall, Samuel, wife Emily, garden- er, r 123 12th s. Steggalls, Walter, wife Eva, fmr, r w s Fairbanks Road, 1st s of 10th w. Steggner, John, toolman C G W, r 131 2nd av s. Steinke, Miss Blanche, tchr, r 33 3rd st n, Steinke, Miss Edith, r 33 3rd st n. Stephans, F, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Stevens, Albert, cook Sadler's Cafe, rms 10 s Frederick. Stevens, Albert, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Stevens, A R, eng C G W. Stevens, Edward, wife Annie, eng C G W, r 201 3rd av s, res tel C B 241. Stevens, Miss Fannie M, r 201 3rd av s. Stevens, Miss Rubie E, r 201 3rd av s. Stevens, Miss Winnie, official reporter Superior Court, r 201 3rd av s. Stewarts Hardware, R F and R E Stewart, prop 23 s Frederick, bus tel C B 237. Stewart, Robert E, rms 21 s Freder- ick. Stewart, Robert F, (Stewarts' Hard- ware), alderman 4th ward, r 21 s Frederick. Stewart, R F and R E, props Stewarts' Hardware 23 s Frederick, bus tel C B 237. Still, Frank, wife Minnie, wks C G W, r 521 1st av n. Stinson, George E, wife Jennie B, blk- smth W A Thompson, r 37 3rd st n. Stockwell, Ray, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Stone, George W, mach C G W, r 932 s Frederick. Stowell, Miss Eflie, r 303 3rd st e. Stowell, Ezra S, carriage builder 115 e Charles, rms same. Stowell, Ezra S, contractor, 303 3rd st e, r same. Stowell, Fred, carp E S Stowell, r 303 3rd av e. Stowell, Miss Hattie, r 303 3rd st e. Stowell, John, carp E S Stowell, r 303 3rd st e. Stranahan, Catherine, wid George, r 211 51/2 st e. Stranahan, Delos V, elk The Ex- change, rms 10 1st av s. Stufflebeam, T Nathan, wife Hattie M, carp W E Sanders, r e s s Frederick, 2nd outside limits. Sturgis, Miss Adelaide, student, r 605 1st av e. Sturgis, Lew C, asst postmaster, rms 51/4 w Charles. STURGIS, LEW I, wife Ella R, post- m-aster, r 605 1st av e. Sturgis, Miss Marion, student, r 605 Isl. a\ e. Sudheimer, Edward, mach eng C G W, rms 302 2nd av e. Sullivan, James L, wife Kathryn, wks C G W, r 142 1st av n. Sullivan, John, cook Ideal Restaurant, rms 118 s Frederick. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ PDCCCI CD PAUDnCI I l-eaders in Pure tantOOLIln, bAmrDCLL Drugs, Druggists' unuu UU. Qjgg^3 and Soda DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Water .^ > ^ j» OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 125 Sullivan. L F, switch helper C G W. Sullivan, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. Superior Court of the City of Oelwein, E L Elliott judge, R E Bales, city elk, Thomas Riley marshal, bus tel C B. Swanson, Charles, wife Helena, blk- smth C G W, r 147 3rd av n. Swartz, Henry R, wife Carrie J, wks C G W, r 221 1st av n. Swearingen, Miss Clara, r av w. 1130 1st Swearingen, Miss Delia, r 1130 av w. 1st CIGARS OF QUALITY have made a reputation for our cigar dept. worth more to us than Dia- monds J. R. PERRY & CO. Swearingen, Isaac, wife Martha, r 1130 1st av w. Taft, Fred, wks Corn Belt Telephone Co, bds Mack Hotel. Talmadge, Edward, eng C G W, bds Arlington House. Talty, John, cigar mkr F H Tousley, rms 103 1st av e. Talty, Matthew H, wife Catherine, mchst C G W, rms 103 1st av e. Taprett, George, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Tarr, A E, mach C G W, bds 137 4th av s. Tarr, James, wife May, carp C G W, r 218 3rd av s. Taylor, Charles, brakeman C G W, r caboose. TAYLOR, DALLAS E, wife Blanche, barber 5 s Frederick, r 105 4th av s. Taylor, Herman, wks C G W, bds 215 2ncl av e. Taylor, Maurice, wife Maggie, carp C G W, r 112 3rd av s. Taylor, Samuel W, wife Nellie, mach C G W, r 111 Fifth av s. Tennant, Edward G, elk W F Grem- mels, rms 29 n Frederick. Teno, fireman C G W. Thiele, Fred, boilermkr C G W, r 316 7th w. Thiele, Harry, waiter Hotel Mealey. r same. JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of Tobdao (l(iirs -32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 126 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Thiele, John, boilermkr, rms 119 3rd av n. Thiele, Julia, wid Charles, cook Hotel Mealey, r 31G 7th w. Thomas, Alfred E, wife Eli|;abeth, gen foreman locomotive repairs C G W, r 315 e Charles. Thomas, Miss Bessie, r 315 e Charles. Thomas, Charles, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Thomas, Joseph A, r 423 1st st n. Thomas, Percy, mach C G W, r 315 e Charles. Thompson, Miss Amy, dressmkr 19 s Frederick, r same. For Want PHONE 28 Thompson, Chester C, wife Mary mchst C G W, r 41 3rd st n. Thompson, F, fireman C G W. Thompson, George, elk Luthmer's gro- cery, rms 114 1st st e. Thompson, George L, wife Florence, foreman C G W, r 706 s Frederick. Thompson, Glenn J, wks W A Thomp- son & Son, r 525 w Charles. Thompson, Hans, wife Alma, car repr C G W, r 112 6th av s. Thompson, H L, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Thompson, James M, elk W F Grem- mels, rms 114 1st st e. Thompson, Lee, r 41 3rd st n. Thompson, Lee, car checker C G W, bds 147 3rd av n. Thompson, Loyal C, wife Alta, (W A Thompson & Son) r Peoria, 111. Thompson, Wm A, wife Ida, (W A Thompson & Son), r 525 w Charles. Thompson, W A & Son, (W A and L C Thompson) blksmths 27 and 31 w Charles, bus tel C B 158. Thompson, brakeman C G W. Thompson, F J, cond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Thorman, William, wife Louisa, r 604 n Frederick. Thornton, John, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Thorpe, Bernice E, wife Laura, trav- eling salesman, r 125 2nd av n, res tel C B 58. Thorpe, Miss Eva, student, r 125 2nd av n. Tibbitts, Glenn A, tailor T E Coogan, r 40 4th av s. Tierney, cond C G, W, r caboose. Tiffany, Albert O, wife Sarah, carp Oelwein Foundry, r 137 5th av s. Tiffany, Albert R, molder appr Oel- wein Foundry, r 137 5th av s. Tift, Miss Minnie, music tchr, 319 2nd av n, r same. Tift, Samuel, student, r 319 2nd av n. Tift, Wheeler D, wife Lillie, r 319 2nd av n. Tighe, John, boiler mkr C G W. Tobin, J P, car repr C G W. NEXT TIME TRY ^.g>^ PARKER, THE TAILOR SMITH & GRAUER TAILOHS Cleaning, Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 127 Todd, Andrew S, wife Carrie, r 17 2nd av s. Toft, N P, wheel house chargeman C G W. Toney, Jane, wid Sibert, r 1002 s Frederick. Toomey, Miss Catherine, dressmlvr, r 128 5th av s. Torrey, Roy A, wife Alba, tcolman C G W, r 230 6th st e. TOUSLEY, FRANK H, wife Mayme, cigars and tobacco and phonographs 32 s Frederick, r 512 1st av e, bus tel C B 198, res tel C B 196. Tousley, John, bricklayer, bds 32 n Frederick st. Trout, William F, wife Ada, charge- man C G W, r 112 4th st n. Town, Morris, cond C G W, r Hotel Mealey. Towslee, Fred, r 230 iVz st w. Towsley, Horace, wks Kernahan & Gosse, r 230 iV2 st w. Towsley, Miss Lydia, waitress Wilson House, r 31 s Frederick. Towsley, Mrs. Lydia, r 230 4% st w. Towsley, Miss Pearl, waitress Wilson House, r 31 s Frederick. Towsley, William, fmr, r 230 41/2. st w. Trasey, cond C G W, r caboose. Tremain, W, eng C G W. Trier, Miss Sadie, nurse, 10 1st st e, •r same, res tel C B 210. Tripp, Charles L, wife Gertrude, ma- son, r 212 9th av w. Tripp, Miss Grace, student, r 212 9th av w. Tripp, Miss Maude, student, r 212 9th av w. Tritz, Joseph, mach C G W, bds 109 3rd av s. Trosen, Nicholas, wife Katie, charge- man C G W, r 632 5th av w. Trosen, Miss Rose, student, r 632 5th av w. Trudell, J, eng C G W. True, Ernest L, wife Anna, pastor Free Baptist church, r 27 1st av e. res tel C B 201. TRUMBAUER, EMERY E, wife Emma hackline 937 1st av w, r^ same, res tel C B 73. Trumbauer, Lydia, wid Isaac, r 937 1st av w, res tel C B 73. Trux, Miss Grace M, school tchr, r 234 3rd av s. Tullar, F A, eng C G W. Tunison, Charles R, mailing clerk postoffice, r 961 3rd av e. Tunison, Dennis, wife Blanche, r 961 3rd av e. Tunison, Frank C, wife Beulah, (Brown & Tunison, r 18 s Freder- ick, Tunison, Raymond, wks C G W, r 961 3rd av e. TUNNEL, THE, P T Birmingham prop W/o First st w. Turner, Dorothy, wid John, bds 132 2nd av n. Turner, Howard F, elk R M S, r 513 1st av e. Turner, fireman C G W. BELL & RICHARDS PHONE 98. HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT Est W. G. FETTKETHER Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers -14. FIRST AVENUE SOUTHi 128 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Turney, Neri H, wife Harriet, elk R M S, r G21 n Frederick. Tyler, Charles R, wife Jennie, confec- tioner, subcarrier P O 2 w Charles, r 10 same. Tyler, Garfield E, wife Millie, elk post office, r 315 1st st e (upstairs). Tyler, James, elk Union House, r same. Tyler, Miss Lulu, tel opr Corn Belt Telephone Co, r 102 6th st n. Tyler, Miss Lulu, rms 107 6th st e. Tyler, Samuel, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Tyne, John, r 104 1st st s. TYRRELL, HERBERT B, wife Jen- nie, dry goods 21 s Frederick, r Lake Geneva, Wis. XJ Uhl, Emma, wife of Geo A, r 220 10th av w. Umland, Charles, eond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Underwood, Ernest, wife Pearl, blk- smth C G W, r 150 12th s. Underwood, Frank, eng C G W, rms 130 1st st s. Underwood, Fred, wife Roxy, horse- shoer, r 309 1st av s. Underwood, Wm F, wife Roxa, horse- shoer 111 e Charles, r 309 1st av s. UNION HOUSE, (R R and C M Cor- niek) proprs 17 e Charles, bus tel C B 13. United States Express Co, August Hillman agt, 130 e Charles. Upton, Frank, wife Anna, blksmth C G W, bds 124 1st av w. -V Vail, G M, switch helper C G W. Vail, freight brakeman C G W. Van Bogart, Adelbert, wife Lulu, w^vS C G W, r 126 1st av n. Vannest, James E, wife Jennie, boiler- mkr C G W, r 315 41/2 st w. Van Pelt, Mrs. Cora, milliner, 6 e Charles, r 118 w 7th. VAN WIRT, CASIUS 0, wife Pinkey, (Van Wirt & Schrack), r 202 1st st e. Van Wirt, Edward, wife Nellie, wks C G W, r 16 7th av e. Van Wert, James E, druggist Pfeiffer Bros, rms 16 7th av e. Van Wirt, Kyle, wks Van Wirt & Schrack, r 202 1st st e. Van Wirt, Miss Nellie, elk millinery, r 204 1st st e. VAN WIRT & SCHRACK, (C C Van Wirt and B S Schrack, horse shoers 115 e Charles. SEE J. W. RIDLERFOR Sanitary Plumbing # Heating 'nr A. C. WILSON K DrugS' Books Stationery OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 129 Vargason, John, wife Mae, wks C G W, r 123 6th av e. Ventrillo, Louis, Ibr C G W, r 203 w Charles. Verill, Charles, Ibr C G W, r 203 w Charles. Vermillion, Paul, cond C G W, bds Ho- tel Mealey. Vigezo. Micucce, Ibr coal chute C G W, r 203 w Charles. Vila, Joseph, express messgr Wells Fargo, rms 111 w Charles. Vosberg, Wm, wks Telephone Co, bds Mack Hotel. HINTZ BROS Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND DNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 12 W. CHARLES Wachtel, Wm A, wife Retta, real es- tate, 17 n Frederick, r same. Wagner, Carl F, wife Grace, molder Oelwein Foundry, r 307 iV2 st w Wagner, L, car repr C G W. Wagner, Thomas J, wife Zella, brick- layer, r 510 8th st w. Wagner, W J, car repr C G W. Wait, Ella, wid Dean, r 133 6th av s. Waldahl, Charles, wife Nellie, car repr C G W, r 628 5th av w. Waldahl, Clarence W, student, r 628 5th av w. Wahlgren, Herman, cupola tender Oel- wein Foundry, bds 206 6th av w. Walker, Charles A, r 102 4th av s. Walker, Mrs. Daisy, r 217 2nd av e. Walker, Fred, r e s s Frederick, 6th outside limits. Walker, G E, upholsterer C G W. Walker, Harold, mach appr C G W, r ess Frederick, 6th outside limits. Walker, John, wife Nellie, contractor 131 7th av e, r same. Walker, Miss Olive M, r e s s Fred- erick, 6th outside limits. Walker, Mrs. Sarah E, cashier W H Meyer Co, r 102 4th av s. Walker, Wm W, wife Ruth, pres Oel- wein Farmers' Creamery, r e s s Frederick, 6th outside limits, res tel C B 76a. Wallace, Charles H, wife Bertha A, boilermkr C G W, r 117 3rd av s. Wallace, Clement W, student, r 117 3rd av s. Walleen, cond C G W, r caboose. CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan 6c Gosse phone: so. no. 12 first sx. south 130 OBLWETN CITY DIRECTORY. Wallig, Nicholas, car repr C G W, bds 322 5th av s. Wallim, L C, brakeman C G W, rms 118 s Frederick. Wallish, John F, wife Mary, mach C G W, alderman 3rd ward, r 22 7th w. Walsh (See also Welch and Welsh.) Walters, Earl, student, bds 205 5th av s . Walters, Elmer, student, bds 205 5th av s. Walters, Miss Orpha, student, bds 205 5th av s. Walton, Harry, wife Mayme, printing, 30 s Frederick, r 306 1st st s. 8HLTHE REGISTER DAILY AND WEEKLY Wandell, Ella, wid Alexander, r 12 6th av e. Wandel, Wilber, wife Myra, elk R W Moulton, r 12 6th av e, res tel C B 117. Wander, Miss Ida, cook Union House, r same. WARD, DR, physician 12 s Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 199. Ward, Harry, wife Alice, mach help- er C G W, r 224 9th av w. Ward, John, wife Elizabeth, carp C G W, r 33 3rd st n. Warren, G Frederick, wife Ella, wks C G W, r 215 8th av n. Warren, George H, wife Lucy, carp C W, r 214 4th av s. Warren, Harley H, mach C G W, r 214 4th av s. Washburn, Miss Nellia, student, r 43 5th st n. Watchel, Joseph, student, r 135 n Frederick. Watchel, William, wife Retta, real es- tate, r 135 n Frederick. Waterworth, Harry E, wife Marie, pipe fitter C G W, r 419 s Frederick. Watkins, Thomas H, wife Margaret, millinery, 23 e Charles, r same. Watson, Miss Beulah, dom 133 4th av e. Watson, Clyde, cook, rms 110 s Fred- erick. Weatherby, James, wks C G W, r 515 3rd av s. Weatherby, William, wife Martha, blksmth C G W, r 309 41/2 st w. WEAVER, FRED, wife Dorothea, mgr H B Tyrrell, r 606 n Frederick. WEAVER, GEORGE W, wife Clara, prop and mgr Hotel Mealey 102 s Frederick, r same, bus tel C B 10. Weaver, John, wife Freeda, wks C G W, r 905 1st st w. Weaver, cond C G W, r caboose. Webb, Charles, toolman C G W, bds 231 s Frederick. Webber (See also Weber.) Webber, Albert, wife Maude, fireman C G W, r 148 1st av n. Webber, E H, boilermkr helper C G W, bds 303 4% st w. ^VISITr E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 21 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & GRAUER, TaJlnrs OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 131 Webber, Peter B, wife Mary, board- " ing, 32 n Frederick st, r same. Weber (See also Webber). Weber, Artliur C, wife Blanche, mchst C G W, r 123 1st av n. Weber, Roy, wife Lizzie, elk Wells Fargo Express, r 313 2nd av e. Weber, A R, eng C G W. Webster, Edward, fireman C G W, bds Arlington House. Weger, Otto, pipe fitter helper C G W, bds 323 4th av s. Wegner, Charles J, wife Lena, pat- tern maker C G W, r 226 4th av n. Wegner, Charles, student, r 226 4th av n. Wegner, Louis C, wife Emilie, car repr C G W, r 220 4th av n. Weidner, John, wife, Elma, blksmth C G W, r 130 12th s. WEIL, LOUIS, wife Lena (Loeb & Co) r 421 1st av e, res tel C B 124. Weim, Knutson, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Weiman, J, eng C G W, rms 717 2nd St n. Welbes, John F, wife Mary K, car repr C G W, r 12 11th av w. Welch (See also Welsh and Walsh). Welch, Miss Anna, r 113 7th w. Welch, James A, watchman Oelwein Foundry, r 113 7th w. Welch, Mary, wid Patrick, r 113 7th w. Welch, cond C G W, r caboose. Welch, brakeman C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. Welders, Miss Stella, cook Sadler's Cafe, r same. WELLISCH, ROBERT, sec and treas Oelwein Foundry Co, r St. Paul, Minn, care South Park Foundry and Machine Co. Wells Fargo Express, Fred Schmitt, agt. West Charles bet West Charles and 1st st w, bus tel C B 126. Wells, George, wife Maggie, Ibr, r 103 1st st e. Wells, J, eng C G W. Wells, Park, elk C G W, rms 308 n Frederick. Welsh (See also Welch and Walsh). Welsh, Maurice, foreman Foundry C G W, bds 206 6th av w. Welter, Cecelia M, wid John, r 10 s Frederick. Welter, Frederick F, appr C G W, r 10 s Frederick. Welter, Joseph C, toolman C G W, r 18 s Frederick. Welter, Miss Stella E, asst cook Sad- ler's Cafe, r 10 s Frederick. Werdel, Miss Barbara, student, r 206 5th av w. Werdel, Barney, mchst C G W, r 206 5th av w. Werdel, Miss Elizabeth, elk Bee Hive, r 206 5th av w. Werdel, Henry, wife Magdalena, carp C G W, r 206 5th av w. Wertz, Mrs. Lillian J, cook The Best Restaurant, r 21 w Charles. West Side Dairy, F I Badger prop 990 s Frederick. phone: q 8, BEOUCHARDS PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 132 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. West, Wni W, porter P J Coogan, bds 210 3rd av s. Western Union Telegraph Co, August Hillman mgr, office Rock Island Depot 130 e Charles. Wetlaufer, Miss Alma, student, r 110 2nd av n. WETLAUFER, HERBERT, (Rinehei- mer & Wetlaufer, r 110 2nd av n. Whalen (See also Whelan). Whalen, Francis, eng C G W, rms 717 2nd st n. Whalen, Frank, eng C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Wheatley, George H, special mach C G W, r 720 3rd av w. Wheaton, Wm, wks C G W, bds Park Hotel. Wheeler, Dora, wid Hugh, r 14 2nd av n. Wheeler, Elizabeth, wid Thos F, r 222 1st av n. Wheeler, Freeman, butter mkr, r 222 1st av n. Wheeler, Thomas O, wife Jessie, time kpr C G W, r 606 1st av e. Wheeler, cond C G W, r caboose. Whistler, Warren, wks C G W, rms 40 4th av s. Whiston, Bertha, wid Fred, elk W H Meyer Co, r 131 2nd av s. White, Miss Anna, dom 29 n Freder- ick. White, Fred R, wife Florence, boiler- mkr helper C G W, r 238 8th av n. White, Sarah E, wid Lewis, r 9 2nd av s. Whiteley, Harry, elk Coonley & Ter- ris, bds 10 w Charles. Whiteside, Otis, (Whiteside & Scot- horn), rms 11 5th av s. Whiteside & Scothorn, (Otis White- side and J F Scothorn) prop The Bon Ton 14 e Charles, bus tel C B 95. Whitney, Fred N, wife Margaret, elk freight depot C G W, r 142 3rd av north. Whitney, John L, elk RMS, rms 710 4th n. Whitney, Louis, lawyer 21 s Freder- ick, r same. Whittenbaugh, Miss Edith, chamber maid Hotel Mealey, r same. Whitter, Edward, wife Elizabeth, r 131 1st av n. Whitter, Guy, student, r 131 1st av n. Whitter, John, wife Sadie, Ibr, r 130 3rd av n. Whitter, Miss Julia, r 131 1st av n. Whitter, William, student, r 130 3rd av n. Wiatt, William, brakeman C G W, rms 102 3rd av n. Widows, Miss Minnie, student, r 102 3rd av n. Widows, William M, wife Rena, blk- smth C G W. r 102 3rd av n. Wiedman, Oscar, mach appr C G W, rms 321 1st av e. Wiedner, Allen H, wife Helen, elk C G W, r 8 4th st n. Wilbur, Benj F, wife Lizzie, eng C G W, r 7 6th av e, res tel C B 190. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ ^ ^ j» OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 133 Wilcox, Leo, shipping elk store room' C G W, bds 147 3rd av n. Wilder, Frank N, wife Lillian, time kpr Oelwein Foundry Co, r 9 1st e. Wilkins, J C, rms 617 n Frederick. Wilkinson, Miss Fern, student, r 18 1st av n. Wilkinson, Mae, wid George, r 18 1st av n. Willerton, Miss Agnes, dom 234 4th St w. Willerton, Mrs. Iva, wks Sadler's Cafe, r 227 41/2 w. Williams, Albert A, wife Bertha, bar- ber, 20 s Frederick, r 119 4th av s. Williams, Miss Amy, r 948 s Freder- ick. Williams, Charles T, wife Martha A, mgr Postal Telegraph Cable Co, r 117 2nd St n. Williams, Edward R, boiler mkr help- er C G W, bds 236 1st av s. Williams, Frank G, wife Bessie, boil- ermkr C G W, r 221 3rd st n. Williams, Harry, wks C G W, bds 221 3rd st n. Williams, R D, wife Maude (Williams & Schmitt), r 207 5th av e. Williams, Mrs. Sarah, r 119 4th av s. Williams & Schmitt, (R D Williams and Fred Schmitt), prop Oelwein Pantatorium 33 s Frederick. Willing, Arthur U, wife Alma, painter C G W, r 128 2nd av n. Willis, brakeman C G W, r caboose. MM J. R. PERRY Oelwein's Leading Druggist Ay Ay He will be pleased to meet you at the store WILSON, ARCHIBALD C, wife Eliza- beth, drugs, wall paper, paints, oils and glass, and stationery 2 n Fred- erick, 5 w Charles, r 402 e Charles, bus tel C B 144, res tel C B 128. Wilson, Edward P, wife Mae, mchst C G W, r 718 2nd av e. Wilson, Ernest, wks C G W, bds 121 1st av e. Wilson, Fred, wife Ocie, wks C G W, r 209 6th av e. Wilson, Griffith W, r 125 7th av e. Wilson, Harry, r 31 s Frederick. Wilson, Harry A, elk A C Wilson, r 402 e Charles. Wilson House, Mrs. Belle Wilson prop 31 s Frederick, bus tel C B 80. Wilson, James L, wife Amy, contrac- tor, r 214 n Frederick st, res tel C B 194. Wilson, John, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of (Ijdrs m Mm ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 134 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. Wilson, John H, wife Belle, prop "Wil- son House 31 s Frederick, r same, res tel C B 80. Wilson, Miss Jessie school tchr. r 125 7th av e. Wilson, John M, wife Adelia, express and transfer, r 115 n Frederick. Wilson, Milton, wife Elizabeth, r 115 n Frederick. Wilson, O George, r 122 s Frederick. Wilson, Orinda, wid Elton, r 125 7th av e. Wilson, Ralph, student, r 402 e Charles. Wilson, Robert, wks C G W, rms 109 1st av n. T^H OELWEIN REGISTER ADVERTISING COLUMNS. Wilson, Robert J, wife Clara A, den- tist, 4 w Charles, r 501 same. Wilson, Miss Susanna, r 31 s Freder- ick. Wilson, Miss Susie, r 31 s Frederick. Wilson Vene S, wife Mayme, barber F S Cragin, r 120 5th av s. Wilson, Wheeler, wife Lulu, car repr C G W, r 153 3rd av n. Wilt, brakeman C G W, r caboose. Wimmer, Mrs. Nelile, r 14 5th av s. Winders, Mrs. Mar.v A, r 122 s Fred- erick. Wine, Edward S, wife Edith, blksmth C G W, r 1002 2nd av s. Wing, Maraton, wife Azubah, r 203 n Frederick. Winkler, Edward B, r 40 4th av s. Winn, G, fireman C G W, r Arlington House. Winn, W C, cond C G W, bds Hotel Mealey. Winterowd, Linley J, wife Ida, (Win- terowd & Wood) r 110 1st e, res tel C B. Winterowd & Wood, (L J Winterowd and J W Wood) prop Saratoga 8 & 10 e Charles, bus tel C B. Winterowd, Ross, brakeman C G W, r Des Moines. Winters, Earle, express messgr Wells Fargo, rms 14 2nd av n. Winzler, Miss Hattie, cook Park Ho- tel, r same. Witte, Edward W, wife Lulu, mchst C G W, r 311 e Charles. Wittenberg, Wm E, wks Oelwein Boom Livery, r 35 w Charles. Wolf, Miss Bertha, r 964 s Frederick. Wolf, Fred J, wife Amelia, r 964 s Frederick. Wolf, Miss Hattie, student, r 964 s Frederick. Wolf, John, traveling salesman, bds 106 n Frederick st. Wolf, John G, wife Emma, Ibr, r 1007 w Charles. Wolf. Miss Lena, r 964 s Frederick. Wolf, Miss Martha, wks Spensley's Laundrying Co, r 964 s Frederick. Wolf, Miss Mary, r 964 s Frederick. Wolfe, Miss Lena, dom 321 2nd av e. NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smitli & Grayer, Tailors OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY. 135 Wolfe, Miss Margaret, student, bds 205 5th av s. Wolter, Frank, wife Amelia, contrac- tor 4 GO s Frederick, r same. Wolters, Miss Grace L, student, r 213 4tli av s. Wolters, Gustave E, wife Mary, uphol- sterer C G W, r 213 4th av s. Wombacher, Archer, student, r 203 5% St e. Wombacher, Jesse M, wife Belle, ex- press and transfer, r 203 5% st e, res tel C B 79. Wood, Clara S, wid Joseph W, r 720 3rd av w. W^ood. George, wife Emma E, r 23 1st av e. Wood, G H, fireman C G W, bds Ar- lington House. Wood, Miss Gertrude, nurse, r 720 3rd av w. Wood, Miss Hattie M, r 107 5th av s. Wcod, Hiram D, wife Lydia, r 215 q Frederick, res tel C B 147. Wood, Joseph, student, r 720 3rd av w. Wood, Joseph W, (Winterowd & Wood), r 23 1st av e. Wood, Ralph, wife Ida M, w ks Tett- gethers' Livery, r 107 5th av s. Wood, Miss Rose, r 215 n Frederick. Wood, Stanley, driver Spensley Laun- drying Co, r 720 3rd av w. Wcod, William, wife Alta, mchst C G W, r 127 7th av w. Wood, fireman C G W. Wood, cond C G W, r caboose. Woodhouse, Harry L, wife Emma. lineman C G W, r 110 5th av w, res tel C B 179. Woodhouse, Miss Marie, student, r 110 5th av n. Woodhouse, Miss Mette, student, r HO 5th av n. Woodland, Charles M C, printer Har- ry Walton. Woodring, Miss Ada, r 121 1st av e. Woodring. Miss Ethel, r 121 1st av e. Woodring, Miss Laura, laundress City Laundrying Co, r 121 1st av e. Woodring, Peter, wife Mary J, carp, r 121 1st av e, res tel C B 135. Woodward, Harry, cond C G W, r 502 1st av s. Woodward, Jay, tmstr, r 204 6th av e. Woodward, John B, wife Minnie, pain- ter C G W, r 437 s Woodward. Woodward, John D, wife Elizabeth, watchman C G W, r 502 1st av s. Woodward, Miss Nellie C, r 502 1st av s. Woodward, Jasper, wife Sarah, tmstr, r 204 6th av e. Wooldridge, John A, wife Mary E, r 217 5th av e. Wortman, Wm C, wife Maude, boiler mkr C G W, r 208 2nd st s. Wren, Miss Nell, student, r 217 4th av s. Wright, Miss Hazel, student, r 218 9th av w. Wright, Jesse, wife Etta, driver W R Baxter & Co, r 218 9th av w. BELL & RICHARDS phone: 98. HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable GOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 136 OELWEIN CITY DIRECTORY, Yarrington, Isaac N, wife Cecelia, bil- liards, 15 s Frederick, r 417 6th st s Yeager, C, mach appr C G W. Yeager, Miss Louisa, r 133 1st av e. Yoemans, freight brakeman C G W. Yonker, Samuel E, wife Viola, eng, r 421 1st St e. Young, Elmer, wife Lizzie, r 114 5th av e. Young, Elva, student, r 114 5th av e. Young, Homer, fireman, rms 106 3rd av n. Young, Lloyd, elk The Palace, r 310 1st av e. Young, Miss Mary, r 215 8th av w. Young, Miss Maude, 114 5th av e. Young, Parker J, wife Maude, charge- man C G W, r 107 3rd av n. Young, Rebecca, wid Merritt, r 809 2nd av e. Young, Robert, wife Belle, real estate 4 w Charles, r 310 First av e, bus tel C B 49, res tel C B 49. Young, Robert L, mach helper C G W, bds 215 8th av w. Zacharia, Miss Ida, dom, r 24 n Fred- erick. Zacharias, Miss Emma, dom 135 n Frederick. Zatsch, Fred, wife Augusta, r 28 6th av s. Zeilinger, George J, wife Elizabeth, pastor Zion's German Evangelical Lutheran church, r 31 4th av s. Zenft, Albert, fmr, r 214 5th avs. Zenft, Emil, wife Minnie, real estate 120 3rd av s, r same, res tel C B 150. Zenft, Ulah, wid Carl, r 214 5th av s. Ziegler, William A, wife Linie, elk The Palace, r 117 n Frederick. Zimmerman, Adelbert, student, r 210 2nd av e. Zimmerman, Frank, wife Mattie, car repr C G W, r 210 2nd av e. Zimmerman, Wm, wife Matie, barber L A Megow, r 617 n Frederick. Zinger, V, car repr C G W. Zion's German Evangelical Lutheran Church, Rev G J Zeilinger, pastor, 4th av bet e Charles and 1st st s. Zittlou, Miss Antonia, nurse. 627 s Frederick. Zoller, Frank L, student, rms 34 s Frederick. Zoller, Leslie A, stenog C G W, rms 34 s Frederick. Zwisler C, eng C G W. J. W. RIDLER, Plumber PHONES 23 AND 33 — 15 NORTH FREDERICK 'f.T A. C. WILSON §is Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass OELWBIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 137 OELWEIN Classified Business Directory 1906- 1907 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. BOYACK W. A., 28 and 30 1st av s. Thompson W. A. & Son, 27 and 31 w Charles. AUCTIONEERS. Means James, 10 1st st e. AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS. ALLEN GAS ENGINE WORKS, 15 Fifth av e. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 12 W. CHARLES BAKERS AND CONFECTIONERS. Star Bakery, 22 s Frederick. BAKERS. Bon Ton (The), 16 e Charles. Crescent Bakery, 18 e Charles. BANKS. AETNA STATE BANK, S s Frederick. Bank oi Oelwein, 2 e Charles. If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES Kernahan & Gossb PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH I Up-to-Date LIVERY The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 138 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. FIRST NATIONAL, 10 w Charles. BARBERS BIRMINGHAM P. T., 101/2 1st St w. Cragin Frank A., 15 e Charles. MEGOW L. A., 136 s Frederick. TAYLOR D. E., 5 s Frederick. Williams A. A., 20 s Frederick. ADVERTISE IN THE DAILY AND WtEKlY Oelwein Register BATHS. Cragin F. A., 15 e Charles. Williams & Schmitt, 33 s Frederick. BILLIARDS & POOL. CLUB THE, 104 & 106 s Frederick. Cragin P. A., 15 e Charles. Winterowd & Wood, 8 and 10 e Charles. Yarrington I. N., 15 s Frederick. BLACKSMITHS & HORSE SHOERS. Hann G. F., 16 1st av w. Thompson W. A. & Son, 27-31 w Charles. Underwood W. F., Ill e Charles. Van Wirt & Schrack, 115 e Charles. BOARDING. ARLINGTON HOUSE, 222 7th av n. Ball Mrs. K. E., 20 e Charles. Bishop J. T., 236 1st av s. HANLON W. T„ 221 s Frederick. Morrison House, 305 s Frederick. Powers Thomas, 124 1st av s. Webber P. B., 32 n Frederick. Wilson House, 31 s Frederick. BOOKS AND STATIONERY. GRESSLER & CAMPBELL DRUG CO. 33 s Frederick. PERRY J. R. & CO., 4 e Charles and 3 s Frederick. PFEIFFER BROS., 6 s Frederick. McQueen & Gosse, 3 e Charles. WILSON A. C, 2 n Frederick, 5 w Charles. BOOTS AND SHOES, MAKERS AND REPAIRERS. Garnatz Fred, 11 s Frederick. Graff Nicholas, 27 s Frederick. HILLIGER SHOE STORE, 19 s Frederick. Hogan Thomas, 121 s Frederick. E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURMLTURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP j$^^ THAT'S ALL OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 139 Jones O. P., 34 s Frederick. LEADER SHOE STORE, 34 s Frederick. BOOTS AND SHOES (RETAIL). Beehive, 9 n Fredericlc. Graff Nicholas, 27 s Frederick. Hilliger Shoe Store, 19 s Frederick. KERWIN J. H. & SONS, 4 s Frederick, 6 & 8.w Charles. LEADER SHOE STORE, 34 s Frederic]?;. MEYER W. H. CO. 12 & 14 s Frederick. Oelwein Shoe Store, 11 s Frederick. Palace (The), IG s Frederick. BROKERS. GRAVES L. T., Fayette, Iowa. CARPETS, OIL CLOTH, ETC. Harter H. L., 5 s Frederick. HINTZ BROS., 12 w Charles. ROSS E. N. & SON, 118 & 120 s Frederick. CARRIAGES AND WAGONS (MAN- UFACTURERS AND DEALERS). BOYACK W. A., 28 and 30 1st av s. Thompson W. A. & Son, 27 and 31 w Charles. CHINA, CROCKERY AND GLASS- WARE. Beehive, 9 n Frederick. GREMMELS W. F., 36 s Frederick, 7 1st st w. LUCAS & CO., 1 e Charles. McQueen & Gosse, 3 e Charles. STEBBINS O. C, 19 e Charles. CIGAR MANUFACTURERS. TOUSLEY F. H., 32 s Frederick. Wintorowd & Wood, 8 and 10 e Charles Yarrington I. N., 15 s Frederick. CIGARS AND TOBACCO RETAIL). CLUB THE, 104 & lOG s Frederick. TOUSLEY F. H., 32 s Frederick. Winterowd & Wood, 8 and 10 e Charles Yarrington I. N., 15 s Frederick. CIGARS AND TOBACCO (WHOLE- SALE). TOUSLEY F. H., 32 s Frederick. Winterowd & Wood, 8 and 10 e Charles p H o N) e: Q S BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnisliers GENTS' FOOTWEAR >N. PLEIMLING, Froprieton 140 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. CLOTHING. CONFECTIONERS. HUB THE, Bon Ton (The), 14 e Charles. 24 s Frederick. California Fruit Store, 13 s Frederick. KERWIN J. H & SONS, 4 s Frederick, 6 & 8 w Charles. CONFECTIONERS (RETAIL). CLOTHING (RETAIL). Candy Kitchen, 19 s Frederick. Tyler C. R., 2 w Charles. Loeb & Co., 100 s Frederick, 4 1st st. w MEYER W. H. CO.. CONTRACTORS (CARPENTER). 12 and 14 s Fredericlt. PALACE THE, Baldwin David, 14 3rd st n. 16 s Frederick. Barr William N., 211 8th av w. Berg Swan, 133 Sixth av s. Borland Lonson, 30 5th av e. COAL AND WOOD. Derflinger David, 624 3rd av w. CITIZENS LUMBER CO., Dodge W. J. (Cement), 212 3rd st e. 100 First St s. Kraft Albert G., 301 2nd av n. COLE & KING BROS., Morton J. F., 215 5th st e. 16 2nd av s. ROSS DONALD, Jamison G. W., 25 First av. s. IG 2nd st s. KINT LUMBER CO., ROSS DONALD, 218 First st w. 210 1st av e. Pickard J., 203 First st. e. Stowell E. S., 303 3rd st e. Wolter Frank, 460 s Frederick. COLLECTIONS. CONTRACTORS (MASON). Backus G. W., 8 s Frederick. Bowers R. S., 28 s Frederick. Eller George W., Ill n Frederick. GRAVES L. T., Eller J. A., 121 First st e. Fayette, Iowa. Griffith B. T., 10 w Charles. HANSON BROS., 10 w Charles. CONTRACTORS (PLASTERER). Knight & Hillman, 5i^ w Charles. SMITH BROS., Conkey William, 129 5th av e. 4 w Charles. Haering C. L., 24 First av s. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR ANO REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG GO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Purs Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > Fins Cigars and Soda Water j* > j» a» OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 141 Walker John, 131 7th av e. CONTRACTORS (STONE). Payne L. S., 603 6th st n. Penhollow Harrison, 615 2nd st e. CREAMERIES. Oelwein Farmers' Creamery, 220 First st w. CUT GLASS AND CHINA. Philleo & Nutting, 18 s Frederick. PITT, W. S., nw cor Charles and n Frederick. DAIRIES. Badger F. I., 990 s Frederick. DENTISTS. DAVIS J. C, 5% w Charles. Harper A. S., 1 e Charles. MINER F. D., 9 e Charles. Wilson R. J., 4 w Charles. DIRECTORY PUBLISHERS. TELEGRAPH-HERALD, Main n e cor 7th. Good goods at right prices make business grow. It builds a reputation. If you are looking for quality, safety and satis- faction trade with - J. R. PERRY & GO. DRESSMAKERS. Boyd Mrs. S. A., 19 s Frederick. Doctor, Mrs. Richard G., 24 3rd st n. Downing Mrs. Mate, 9 First st s. Duggan Miss Retta, 30 4th av e. Hickey Miss Mamie, 720 Third av w. King Miss Nettie, 133 Fifth av s. McLuen Mrs. C. A., 201 2nd st n. Miller Miss Ina, 103 1st av e, bus tel 41. Payne Miss Laura, 15 Seventh av s. Nolan Miss Mayme, 12 First av w. SAGER MRS. NELLIE E., 15, First st s. SCHRECK MISS DAISY, 529 First av n. Thompson Miss Amy, 19 s Frederick TOOMEY MISS CATHERINE, 128 First av s. >J9 ^' V}? .^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO ^ ^ ^ >^ BIG CLOTHING STORE lid Colonial" ^c F H. TOySLEY, Manufacturer ^^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 142 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. DRXTGS. ' GRESSLER & CAMPBELL DRUG CO. 33 s Frederick. PERRY J. R. & CO., 4 6 Charles, 3 s Frederick. PFEIFFER BROS., 6 s Frederick. WILSON A. C, 2 n Frederick, 5 w Charles. DRY GOODS. Beehive, 9 n Frederick. Glanville T. R. & Son, 13 e Charles. THE OELWEIN REGISTER — FOR FINE JOB PRINTING — HASKINS L. N., 9 s Frederick. MEYER W. H. CO., 12-14 s Frederick TYRRELL H. B., 21 s Frederick. EXPRESS COMPANIES. United States Express Co., 130 e Charles. Wells Fargo Expi-ess Co., w Charles bet w Charles and First st w. EXPRESS AND TRANSFER. BELL &. RICHARDS, w Charles (rear postoffice.) Folsom H. H., 123 Fifth n. Hanson Edward, 28 1st av e. Hulbert Wm., 421 Eighth w. Kint J. D., 215 First st e. Mosher, Willard, 127 5th av s. Stansbery L. L., 114 1st av n. Wilson John M., 115 n Frederick, Wombacher J. M., 203 5% st e. FEED YARDS. Ridler J. T., 30 n Frederick. FIVE AND TEN CENT STORES. Edgar & Kirkman, 21 e Charles. FLOUR AND FEED. OELWEIN STEAM FEED MILL, 222 First st w. FOUNDRIES. OELWEIN FOUNDRY CO., 4th bet 2nd and 3vd av w. FURNACES. Perry Edson, 112 s Frederick. PH5 HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS SMITH & GRAUER TAILORS Cleanings Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 143 FURNITURE. Harter H. L., 7 s. Frederick. HINTZ BROS., 12 w Charles. ROSS E. N. & SON, 118 & 120 s Frederick. GASOLINE ENGINES. ALLEN GAS ENGINE WORKS, 15 Fifth St e. Boyack W. A., 28 & 30 First av OELWEIN FOUNDRY CO., Fourth bet 2nd and 3rd av w. Thompson W. A. & Son, 27 & Charles. GRAIN (WHOLESALE). Agnew Grain Co., 220 s Frederick. Miles P. J., 36 s Frederick. 31 w GROCERS (RETAIL). COONLEY & FERRIS CO., 9 e Charles. GREMMELS W. F., 36 s Frederick, 7 First st w. Kint W. H., 206 s Frederick. LUCAS & CO., 1 e Charles. Luthmer's Cash Grocery, 29 s Freder- ick. MEYER W. H. CO., 12-14 s Frederick. Moulton R. W., 119 s Frederick. Ridler J. T., 11 e Charles. STEBBINS O. C, 19 e Charles. HACK LINES. BELL & RICHARDS, w Charles, (rear postoffice.) TRUMBAUER E. E., 937 First av w. HARDWARE (RETAIL). CAMPBELL & KING, 10 s Frederick. Gates E. C, 20 e Charles. Green J. B., 5 e Charles. Helm Mrs. Ernestine, 17 w Charles. Stewart's Hardware, 23 s Frederick. HARNESS AND SADDLERY. Biddinger E. E., 21 w Charles. Boyack W. A., 28 & 30 First av n. HATS, CAPS AND GLOVES- HUB THE, 24 s Frederick. KERWIN J. H. & SONS, 4 s Frederick, 6 & 8 w Charles. Loeb & Co., 100 s Frederick and 4 1st St w. MEYER W. H. CO., 12 and 14 s Frederick. phone: 9 s BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. «:: W. G. FETTKETHER BooiJ Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers ,14 FIRST AVENUE SOUTHi 144 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. PALACE THE, IG s Frederick. HAY AND GRAIN. Oelwein Steam Feed Mill, 222 First St w. HOSPITALS. OELWEIN EMERGENCY HOSPITAL, 109 s Frederick. HOTELS. Mack Hotel, 11 First st s. HOTEL MEALEY, 102 s Frederick. Park Hotel, 29 First st w. UNION HOUSE, 17 e Charles'; ICE. Baxter W. R., 18 3rd st s. INSURANCE AGENTS. Backus G. W., 8 s Frederick. Belt & Day, 5 e Charles. BOGERT J. A., 514 w Charles. Bowers R. S., 28 s Frederick. Fleming Michael, 1 s Frederick. Gerken Nelson A., 731 1st av e. GRAVES L. T., Fayette, Iowa. HANSON BROS., 10 w Charles. Heath C. E. & Son, 26 w Charles. Kint J. W., 11 e Charles. Knight & Hillman, 5% w Charles. Little B. B., 1 s Frederick. Lyon N. E., 12 s Frederick. ODELL A. M., ISVo s Frederick. SHERRILL A. L., 51/2 w Charles. SMITH BROS., 4 w Charles. Ycimg R. J., 4 w Charles. INSURANCE COMPANIES (ACCI- DENT. INSURANCE COMPANIES (FIRE). Retail Merchants' Mutual of Des Moines, la., R. J. Young. INSURANCE COMPANIES (FIRE, TORNADO AND LIGHTNING.) Aachen Munich Fire Ins. Co. of New York city, G. W. Backus. Aachen-Munich Fire Ins. Co. of New York City, R. S. Bowers. AETNA OF HARTFORD CONN., Hanson Bros. Atlas Fire & Tornado Ins Co. of Des Moines, la., R. J. Young. American Central Ins. Co. of St. Louis, Mo., B. B. Little. J. W. RIDLER ^^ MANAGER OPERA HOUSE Jt^ '» A. C. WILSOIT ss DrugS' Books- Stationery OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 145 American Ins. Co. of Newark, New Jersey, Knight & Hillman. Century Fire Ins. Co. of Des Moines, Iowa, R. J. Young. Commerical Union Assurance Co. of London, Hanson Bros. Concordia of Milwaukee, J. W. Kint. CONNECTICUT INSURANCE CO. OF HARTFORD, CONN., Hanson Bros. Continental Fire Ins. Co. of New York, N. Y., C. E. Heath & Son. DES MOINES INS. CO., OF DES MOINES, Smith Bros. Dubuque Fire & Marine of Dubuque, Michael Fleming. Equity Mutual Insurance Association of Lisbon, la., C. E. Heath & Son. Fayette County Mutual Ins. Co., of Fayette Co., John Jamison. FIDELITY INS. CO. OF DES MOINES L. T. Graves, Fayette, Iowa. Fidelity Ins. Co. of Des Moines, Knight & Hillman. FIDELITY INS. CO. OF DES MOINES, lA., Hanson Bros. Firemen's Fund Ins. Corporation of San Francisco, J. W. Kint. German Alliance Ins. Co. of New York City, Knight & Hillman. GERMAN AMERICAN INS. CO. OF NEW YORK, N. Y., A. M. ODELL, GERMAN FIRE INS. CO. OF PEORIA. ..ILL., A. M. ODELL. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING, PHONE 139 12 W.CHARLES GERMAN INS. CO. OF FREEPORT, . .ILL. L. T. Graves, Fayette, la. GERMAN INS. CO. OF FREEPORT, ILL., A. M, ODELL. German National of Chicago, Michael Fleming. Germania of New York, J. W. Kint. Glens Falls of Glens Falls, New York, B. B. Little. j Hanover Insurance Co. of New York, Belt & Day. ■Hartford Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn. John Jamison. Hartford of Hartford, Conn., Michael FlemiUt^. HAWKEYE INS. CO. OF DES MOINES, lA., A. M. ODELL. HOME OF lA. INS. CO. OF DU- BUQUE, L. T. Graves, Fayette. la. HOME INS. CO. OF NEW YORK, N. Y., A. M O.DELL. CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan 6c Gosse phone: so. NO. 12 FIRST ST. SOUTH 146 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. INS. CO. OF NORTH AMERICA OF PENNSYLVANIA, A. M. O'DELL. Insurance Co. of The State of Illinois, B. B. Little. Iowa Home of Dubuque, Belt & Day. Iowa Mercantile Mutual Fire Ins. Asso. of Spencer, la., R. J. Young. Iowa Mutual Fire and Tornado of Newton, Iowa, R. J. Young. IOWA STATE INS. CO. OF KEO- KUK, IOWA, Smith Bros. LIVERPOOL, LONDON & GLOBE OF LONDON, Hanson Bros. FOR ALL THE NEWS READ THE Daily a? Register LONDON ASSURANCE CORPORA- TION OF LONDON, Hanson Bros. MILWAUKEE FIRE INS. CO. OF MILWAUKEE, WIS., Smith Bros. MILWAUKEE MECHANIC INS. CO. OF MILWAUKEE, WIS., A. M. O'DELL. National of Hartford, Conn, J. W. Kint. NATIONAL FIRE INS. CO. OF HART- FORD, CONN., L. T. Graves, Fa- yette, Iowa. National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pitts- burgh, Penn., .1. W. Kint. MERCANTILE UNDERWRIT- MILWAUKEE NIAGARA INS. CO. OF NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. Smith Bros. NORTH BRITISH & OF LONDON, Hanson Bros. NORTH WESTERN ERS' AGENCY OF WIS., A. M. O'DELL. Northern Assurance Co. of London, Belt & Day. Northwestern Fire Ins. Co. of Minne- apolis, Minn., C. E. Heath & Son., NORTHWESTERN INSURANCE CO. OF MILWAUKEE, Hanson Bros. Norwich Union Fire Ins. Society of Norwich, England, Knight & Hill- man. Pennsylvania Fire Ins. Co. of Phila- delphia, Penn., Belt & Day. PHOENIX ASSURANCE CO. OF LONDON, Hanson Bros. Phoenix Insurance Co. of Hartford, Conn., Belt & Day. Queens Insurance Co. of N. Y. City, B. B. Little. Security Fire Ins. Co. of Davenport, Iowa, Knight & Hillman SECURITY INS. CO. OF NEW HA- VEN, A. M. O'DELL. ST. PAUL FIRE & MARINE INS. CO. OF ST. PAUL, A. M. O'DELL. SPRINGFIELD FIRE & MARINE INS CO. OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS, A. M. O'DELL. E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Wear the Best. It Costs No More Sffli & Grauer, Tailors OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 147 Sun Fire Ins. Co. of London, England, Knight & Hillman. INSURANCE COMPANIES (LIFE). AMERICAN LIFE INS. CO. OF DES MOINES, L. T. Graves, Fayette, Iowa. Guaranty Mutual Life Ins. Co. of Dav- enport, 12 s Frederick, Lyon, agt. METROPOLITAN LIFE INS. CO. OF NEW YORK, N. Y., A. L. Sherrill. Northwestern Life, Milwaukee, Nelson A. Gerken. NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO. OF MILWAUKEE, WIS., J. A. Bogert, dist. agt, 5i^ w Charles. Union Central Life Ins. Co. of Cincin- nati, Ohio, Knight & Hillman INSURANCE COMPANIES GLASS.) (PLATE The Metropolitan of New York, B. B. Little. INSURANCE COMPANIES (TOR- NADO.) Insurance Company of The State of Illinois, B. B. Little. Iowa Mutual Tornado Insurance Asso. of Des Moines, Iowa, R. J. Young. IRON WORKS. OELWEIN FOUNDRY CO., Fourth bet Second and 3rd av w. JEWELERS. Philleo & Nutting, 18 s Frederick. PITT, W. S., n-w cor Charles and n Frederick. JUNK. Graham Bros, 13 First st w. Hallman Benj., 237 7th av e. Martin A. T., 502 10th st e. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. Bentley A., 1 s Frederick. Dowse Philip, 3 s Frederick. LAND COMPANIES. Heath C. E. & Son, 26 w Charles. U. S. Land Immigration Co, Belt & Day, 5 e Charles. LAUNDRIES. CITY LAUNDRING CO., 202 s Frederick. SPENSLEY'S LAUNDRING CO., 23 w Charles. LAWYERS. Backus G. W., 8 s Frederick. b'Urds hack line — PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 148 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. COOK JAY, 28 s Frederick. Cooney James, 5% w Charles. Harwood C. H., 13 e Charles. Ingersoll W. B., 5 e Charles. Irvine A. E., 36 s Frederick. O'Connor E. J., 36 s Frederick. PHILIPS & BANE, 7 s Frederick. Porter M. D., 8 s Frederick. Risk, Loren, 36 s Frederick. Rohrig C. H., 7 6th av s. Whitney Louis, 21 s Frederick. LIGHT, HEAT AND POWER. Oelwein Light, Heat and Power Co. 309 cor s Frederick and tracks. LIME AND CEMENT. CITIZENS LUMBER CO., 100 First St s. COLE & KING BROS., 16 Second st s. Jamison G. W., 25 First av s. KINT LUMBER CO., 218 First st w. LIVERY, BOARDING AND SALES STABLES. BECKERS' LIVERY, 22 First st s. FETTGETHER W. G., 14 1st av s. NEW CITY LIVERY STABLES, 12 1st st s. OELWEIN BOOM LIVERY, 35 w Charles. LOANS AND MORTGAGES. Hardy & Son, 10 w Charles. Heath C. E. & Son, 26 w Charles. Kint J. W., 11 e Charles. Knight & Hillman, 51/2 w Charles. Little B. B., 1 s Frederick. ODELL A. M., 181/^ s Frederick. SMITH BROS., 4 w Charles. Young R. J., 4 w Charles. LUMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES. CITIZENS LUMBER CO., 100 First st s. COLE & KING BROS., 16 Second st s. Jamison G. W., 25 First av s. KINT LUMBER CO., 218 First st w. LUNCH ROOMS. Great Western Eating House (Great Western Depot), w Charles bet w Charles and 1st st w. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK- QRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ j^ ^ ^ OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 149 MARINE ENGINES. ALLEN GAS ENGINE WORKS, 15 Fifth St e. MEAT MARKETS. MASSIN & BROWN, 25 e Charles. Schaller & Churchill, 11 n Frederick. SCHUMACHER & SON, 17 s Frederick. MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS (RE- TAIL). HUB THE, 24 s Frederick. KERWIN J. H. & SONS, 4 s Frederick and 6 & 8 w Charles. Loeb & Co., 100 s Frederick and 4 First st w. MEYER W. H. & CO., 12 and 14 s Frederick. PALACE THE, 16 s Frederick. MILLINERS. Grennels Rose, 3 n Frederick. Refsnider Mrs. M. E., 28 s Frederick Van Pelt Mrs. Cora, 6 e Charles. Watkins T. H., 23 e Charles. MONUMENTS. Spezia C. V., 8 1st av e. When you think of.... PA INTING -OR. PAPERING Think of us. J. R. Perry & CO. ^^neysavers'' MUSIC TEACHERS. Hansen C. W., 11 s Frederick. Higbee Miss Maude, 11 s Frederick. Lucas Miss Nannie, 26 4th av e. Norris W. H., 4 w Charles. Preston Miss Ethel A., 417 1st av e. Tift Miss Minnie, 319 2nd av n. NEWS DEALERS. Smith C. M., 3 s Frederick. NEWSPAPERS AND PUBLICA- TIONS. RECORD THE, 13 n Frederick. OELWEIN DAILY, 30 s Frederick. JUST a LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE "Old Colonial" ^( F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer ^j> 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 150 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. OELWEIN DAILY AMERICAN THE, 13 n Frederick. OELWEIN DAILY REGISTER, 16 e Charles. REGISTER THE, 16 e Charles. NOTARIES. Backus G. W., 8 s Frederick. Collins, A. R., 2 e Charles. ■ COOK JAY, 28 s Frederick. Cooney James, 5% w Charles. READ THE DAILY AND WEEKLY Oelwein Register. HANSON BROS., 10 w Charles. Hardy R. P., 10 w Charles. Irvine A. E., 36 s Frederick. Jamison John, 2 e Charles. Kint J. W., 11 e Charles. ODELL A. M., 18y2 s Frederick. Porter M. D., 8 s Frederick. SMITH BROS., 4 w Charles. Young R. J., 4 w Charles. NURSES. Blunt, Miss Lila, 121 1st av e, bus tel C. B. 135. Fox Mrs. E. M., 19 s Frederick. Lawrence Mrs. J. F., 521 w Charles. Rechemmer Miss Lena, rms 203 n Frederick Trier Miss Sadie, 10 1st st e. OILS. Standard Oil Co., 128 Fifth av s. OPTICIANS. Philleo & Nutting, 18 s Frederick. OSTEOPATH. Eller Miss Frances M., Ill n Freder- ick. PAINTERS AND PAPER HANGERS. Amiot & Sexton, 38 w Charles. Chase T. G. & Son, 10 Fifth av s. Freeman R. C, 3 First av e. Hutton James, 127 s Fredrick. MARSH C. U., -I 111 e Charles. Phillips A. C, 113 e Charles. Rulon J. O., 720 w Charles. Wilson J. L., 214 n Frederick. PAINTS, OIL AND GLASS. GRESSLER & CAMPBELL DRUG CO. 33 s Frederick. PHS HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S 6000 SMITH & GRAUER, Tailnrg OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 151 PERRY J. R. & CO., 3 s Frederick and 4 e Charles. PFEIFFER BROS., 6 s Frederick. WILSON A. C, 2 n Frederick, 5 w Charles. PANTATORIUM. Williams & Schmitt, 33 s Frederick. PHONOGRAPHS. CAMPBELL & KING, 10 s Frederick. Norris W. H., 4 w Charles. Philleo & Nutting, 18 s Frederick. TOUSLEY F. H., 32 s Frederick. PHOTOGRAPHERS. Cottage Studio The, 5 First av e. Denham B. W., 12 s Frederick. FENNER G. T., 114 s Frederick. Hoag Studio, 1 e Charles. Philip Schneider, 5 1st av e. PHYSICIANS. Clark O. W., 9 n Frederick. COLE J. F., 514 w Charles. CONVERY P. O. 8 s Frederick. Cconey C. J., 14 s Frederick. GAHRINGER & FORDYCE, 14 s Frederick. LEEHEY F. P., ^V2 w Charles. O'Connor J. B., 14 PATTISON D. N., 109 s Frederick. PATTISON, J. F., 109 s Frederick. Robinson W. E., 3 s Frederick. e Charles. Smith Miss Elizabeth, 34 s Frederick. WARD DR., 12 s Frederick. PIANOS AND ORGANS. Brown & Tunisons, 6 First av e. Henderson E. M., 23 e Charles. HINTZ BROS., 12 w Charles. Norris W. H., 4 w Charles. PICTURES AND PICTURE FRAM- ING. Harter H. L., 5 s Frederick. HINTZ BROS., 12 w Charles. ROSS E. N. & SON, 118 and 120 s Frederick. PLANING MILLS. Sanders W. E., 325 First av s. PLUMBERS AND GAS FITTERS. RIDLEY J. W., 15 n Frederick. phone: 98, BELL & RICHARDS PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable 600D TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 152 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. Schlumbohn G. H., 12 w Charles. Scott Co. The, 22 e Charles. POULTRY. Johnson A. J., 212 s Frederick. Montgomery G. B., 501 7th av s. O'Neil Miss Mary L., 408 w Charles. PRINTING (BOOK AND JOB). HOYER & ROBINSON, 16 e Charles. THE RECORD, 13 n Frederick. Walton Harry, 30 s Frederick. RAILROADS. Chicago Great Western pass depot, w Charles bet w Charles and First w; freight depot Second w bet 1st and 2nd av w; shops 2nd w and tracks. Chicago Rock Island & Pacific pass depot e Charles bet 1st av s and 2nd av s; freight depot First st south bet 1st av s and 2nd av s. REAL ESTATE. BANE J. R., 7 s Frederick. Bank of Oelwein, 2 e Charles. Belt & Day, 5 e Charles. Bowers R. S., 28 s Frederick. Fleming Michoel, 1 s Frederick. GRAVES L. T., Fayette, Iowa. HANSON BROS., 10 w Charles. Hardy & Son, 10 w Charles. Heath C. E. & Son, 26 w Charles. IRVINE JOHN, 36 s Frederick. Kint J. W., 11 e Charles. Knight & Hillman, 51/2 w Charles. Little B. B., 1 s Frederick. ODELL A. M., 18 s Frederick. Oelwein G. A., 19 First st w. SMITH BROS., 4 w Charles. Wachtel W. C, 17 n Frederick. Young R. J., 4 w Charles. Zenft Emil, 120 3rd av s. RENTING. Bowers R. S., 28 s Frederick. Kint J. W., 11 e Charles. Knight & Hillman, 5V2 w Charles. ODELL A. M., I8V2 s Frederick. RESTAURANTS. COSELMAN'S CHOP HOUSE, 113 s Frederick. Great Western Eating House Western Depot), w Charles Charles and First st w. IDEAL RESTAURANT, 10 First st w. RODABAUGH A. B., 25 s Frederick. Sadler's Cafe, 12 e Charles. (Great bet w ^^ SECURE DATES EARLY AT ^-» ou$e 'S' A. C. WILSON ils Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 153 ROOMING HOUSES. O'Brien Edward, 118-120 s Frederick. SALOONS. Conway M. J., 115 s Frederick. Coogan P. J., 213 s Frederick. GIFFROW H. L., 139 s Fi-ederick. KLEIMAN WM., 200 s Frederick. LAST CHANCE, 111 First St w. LINGELBACH WM., 12 First St w. MAPLE LEAF, 100 First St w. MEALEY ANNEX (THE), 108 s Frederick. SASH, DOORS AND BLINDS, CITIZENS LUMBER CO., 100 First St s. COLE & KING BROS., 16 Second s. Jamison G. W., 25 First av s. KINT LUMBER CO., 218 First st n. SECOND HAND GOODS. Graham Bros, 13 First st w. Smith F. W., 16 First av s. HINTZ BROS. Furniture CARPETS, DRAPERIES AND UNDERTAKING. PHONE 139 2 W.CHARLES SEWING MACHINES. Gates E. C, 20 e Charles. HINTZ BROS., 12 w Charles. SHAFTINGS, HANGERS AND PUL- LEYS. OELWEIN FOUNDRY CO., Fourth bet Second and 3rd av w. SHORT HAND AND TYPEWRITING SCHOOLS. Oelwein Business University, 34-36 s Frederick. SODA WATER MANUFACTURERS. KRUEGER, R. F., w Charles, outside city limits. ^ %^ ^ ^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO >^ ^ ^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Kernahan & Gosse ! = I PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH Up-to-Oate LIVERY The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 154 OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. STATIONARY ENGINES. ALLEN GAS ENGINE WORKS, 15 Fifth St e. FEED MILLS. Steam Feed Mill, Dreyer Bros, n-s Tenth w, 6th w of First av w. STEAMSHIP AGENTS. John Jamison. HANSON BROS., 10 w Charles. ^Oelwein Register IS THE BEST ADVERTISING MEDIUM STENOGRAPHERS. McDEVITT MISS MARGARET, 181^ s Frederick. STOVES AND TINWARE. CAMPBELL & KING, 10 s Frederick. Gates E. C, 20 e Charles. Green J. B., 5 e Charles. Helm Ernestine, 17 w Charles. Stewarts' Hardware, 23 s Frederick. TAILORS. Coogan T. E., 110 s Frederick. PARKER A. G., 7 w Charles. SMITH & GRAUER, 14 w Charles. TEAS, COFFEE AND SPICES. Grand Pacific Tea and Coffee Co., 948 s Frederick. Grand Union Tea Co., 319 2nd st e. TELEGRAPH COMPANIES. Postal Telegrpah Cable Co., Great Western Depot. Western Union Telegraph Co., 130 e. Charles (Rock Island Depot). TELEPHONE COMPANIES. Corn Belt Telephone Co, 8 s Freder- ick. Iowa Telephone Co., 104 s Fi'ederick (Hotel Mealey). THEATRES. RIDLER OPERA HOUSE, 9 n Frederick. TIN, COPPER AND SHEET IRON. Helm. Ernestine, 17 w Charles. VISIT I *■ ■ I E. N. Ross & Son mmi CARPETS, RUGS so. FREDERICK ST. .PHONE 21 Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP ai^a» THAT'S ALL OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 155 Tin, Copper and Sheet Iron Works, ROSS E. N. & SON, Perry Edson, 112 s Frederick. 118 and 120 s Frederick. TRUNKS AND VALISES. VETERINARY SURGEON. PALACE THE, 16 s Frederick. Hazlet S. K., 14 First av s. UPHOLSTERERS. WALL PAPER. HINTZ BROS., w Charles. GRESLER & CAMPBELL DRUG CO., 33 s Frederick. PERRY J. R. & CO., UNDERTAKERS. 3 s Fi-ederick and 4 e Charles. Pfeiffe;' Bros., 6 s Frederick. HINTZ BROS., Wilson A. C, 2 n Frederick, 5 w 12 w Charles. Charles. B RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR ■N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- i5r. OELWEIN BUSINESS DIRECTORY. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE ''HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders In Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ > ^ a» OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 157 OELWEIN CITY STREET DIRECTORY 1906-1907 NORTH FREDERICK ST. 106 110 Mrs. Laura Blake Margaret E Singer ^ A C Wilson 111 Miss Frances M Eller, G W EUer 3 Mrs Rose Gremmels 114 J A Collins, Jason Nichols 6 J H Kerwin, Wm Kerwin 115 J M Wilson 9 Ridlei' Opera House, R S Glenn, 117 Wm A Ziegler W Clark 118 John Benham 11 Schaller & Churchill 129 J F O'Brien 12 W G Fettkether 135 William Watchel 13 Oelwein Daily American, The 202 S T Corris Record 203 Maraton Wing 15 J W Ridler 204 J H Biddinger 17 W A Wachtel 210 H V Hoyer 24 A E Moodey 214 J L Wilson 25 J F Cole 215 H D Wood 29 Mrs E T Clothier 220 J G Gloeckner 30 John Ridler 229 Mrs. Maude Hanson 32 P B Webber 303 Fred Field 33 Henry Kapes 308 W J Brennan 38 C S O'Haran 102 W S Pitt 309 Richard Smith 103 E N Ross 322 Esther Jarred JU ST A LITTLE DIFFEREI ^ VTFt lOM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of Tobdao (im ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 158 323 403 410 417 503 511 517 523 529 601 604 605 609 613 614 617 621 631 707 735 736 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. David Simon Alfred Hanson Jay Cook C M Hall Nicholas Pleimling Frank Lemley Guy Barnes Alfred B Spicer Joseph Cabalka J L Crawford William Thorman J W Moore Fred Weaver G T Reed I J Bogert W H Zimmerman Neri H Tumey J E Chisholm F O Kint A J Miller Christopher Smith SOUTH FREDERICK. Philip Dowse, A O U W Hall, Abraham Bentley, B B Little, Michael Fleming C M Smith, J R Perry & Co J H Kerwin & Sons D E Taylor Pfeiffer Bros Phillips & Bane, H L Harter Guy W Backus, Corn Belt Tele- phone Co, M D Porter, Aetna State Bank, P O Convery G H Phillips, L N Haskins 10 Campbell & King, Mrs C M Wel- ter 11 J C Oelberg, Fred Gamatz, Mrs Elizabeth Cadwell 12 Guaranty Mutual Life Ins Co, B W Denham, Dr Ward 12-14 W H Meyer Co 13 August Mercuros, Emmet Edom 14 J B O'Connor, Gahringer & For- dyce, C J Cooney 15 J F Pattison, I N Yarrington 16 The Palace, Clothiers, J R Perry 17 S K Herriman, Anthony Schu- macher & Son 18 Philleo & Nutting, F C Tunison ISVa A M ODELL 19 Candy Kitchen, Mrs E M Fox, E E Hilliger, Mrs. S A Boyd, Miss Amy Thompson 20 A A Williams 21 Louis Whitney, H B Tyrrell 22 Star Bakery 23 C F Anderson, Wm. Artz, Stew- arts' Hardware 24 The Hub, B P O E 25 The Best Restaurant 27 Nicholas Graff 28 R S Bowers, Jay Cook, Mrs. M E Refsnider 29 Luthmer's Cash Grocery 30 Harry Walton, The Oelwein Daily 31 Wilson House 32 F H Tousley 33 Gressler Campbell Drug Co, Wil- liams & Smith NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleanings Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 159. 34 O P Jones, J F O'Brien, Super- ior Court of the City of Oel- wein, Miss Elizabeth Smith 34 and 36 Oelwein Business University 36 P J Miles, A E Irvine, John Ir- vine, W F Gremmels, E J O'Connor, R E Ecklund, Loren Risk 100 Loeb & Co 102 Hotel Mealey, Iowa Telephone Co. 104 and 106 The Club 108 Mealey Annex, J E Hanlon, M J Hanlon 109 Pattison Bros, Emergency Hospi- tal 110 T E Coogan 112 Edson Perry 113 H L Coselman 114 G F Fenner 115 Thomas Kennedy, M J Conway 118-120 E N Ross & Son, Edward O'Brien 119 Frank Shafer, George Gibbons, R W Moulton 121 Thomas Hogan 122 A C Kraft, Mrs M A Winders 126 H L Coselman 127 Mrs. Catherine Hutton 132 O J Bush 136 L A Megow 138 Fred Anderson 139 Jesse Kenney, H L Giffrow 200 Wm Kleiman 201 A T McCusker 201 Rear, James Morrison 202 City Laundring Co 206 W H Kint 212 A J Johnson 213 P J Coogan 217 Samuel Herriman 220 Agnew Grain Co 221Hanlon House 231 Mrs. A A Russell 235 A H Albright 305 Morrison House 309 Electric Light and Power House- 400 E G Barr 403 Mrs. Amanda Rees, L O DeMell 409 George Starks 410 Michael O'Donnell 414 John Brennon 415 Mathias Shomer 419 H E Waterworth 420 B A South, Mrs. Jane Hockings, Mrs Minnie A Brown 423 Mrs. Rose Gary 433 John Graham 437 J B Woodward 440 Mrs N E Fenner 443 Mrs. M A Staples 460 Frank Wolter 501 J H Brinkman 605 James Holroyd 610 John Hallinan 613 Gustave Erickson 624 Sacred Heart Church 627 James Burns 628 P S O'Connor 631 A H Champlin 632 Joseph Butler 706 G L Thompson 711 Mrs Margaret Hand BELL & RICHARDS PHONE Q S, ^B HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE GITV DAY OR NIGHT ^S^, W. G. FETTKETHER Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers i14 FIRST" AVENUE SOUTH-— i 160 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 712 James M Cusack B B Bonham, 3rd outside limits 715 W W Staples M S Alsip, 3rd outside limits. 720 John Irvine H A Chambers, 4th outside lim- 725 F W Howe its 810 John Stansbary James Lynch, 4th outside limits 814 Charles Engelman O S Reed, 5th outside limits 820 A J Johnson W W Walker, 6th outside limits 910 A K Smith John Aubrey, 7th outside limits 922 Martin McGloom 932 G W Stone EAST CHARLES. 938 Myron B Damon 1 The Hoag Studio, O C Smith, Lu- 948 J L Medd cas & Co. A S Harper. 956 Christian Kolb ^ Bank oi' Oelwein 957 Nicholas Rogge o W E Robinson, McQueen & Gos- 964 Fred J Wolf se, H E Gosse 974 Thomas Riley 4 J R Perry & Co 990 F I Badger 5 J B Green, W B Ingersoll, Belt & 1002 Mrs. Jane Toney Day 1005 Daniel O'Leary 6 Mrs Cora Van Pelt 1006 Samuel Harper 8-10 Winterown & Wood 1010 Nicholas Sorenson 9 Coonley & Ferris Co, F D Miner 1017 Thomas Kirby 11 J W Kint, J T Ridler 1022 Howard R Garner 12 L W Sadler. 1043 F H Batterson 13 C H Harwood, T R Glanville & 1044 Arch Rees Son, Mrs M J Reed 1121 John Dearhammer, Claude Dud- 14 Whiteside & Scothorn, J M But- ley ler, C M Smith 1127 1131 1139 August Klebba Charles Dearhammer Clayton Kelly 15 16 17 F A Cragin Hoyer & Robinson, Oelwein Daily Register Union House 1220 Maurice Burns 18 Crescent Bakery, J F Santee, C J W Conrad. 1st oi tside limits Bans Herman Kobbe, 1st outside limits 19 O C Stebbins T N Stufflebeam, 2nd outside 20 E C Gates, Mrs K E Ball limits 21 Edgar & Kirkman Robert Hanna, 2nd outsid e limits 22 The Scott Co SEEJ. W. RIDLERFOR Sanitary Plumbing (@ Heating 'rs' A. C. WILSON s Book 'O ^m .S" OELWEIN STREET ] DIRECTORY. 161 23 E M Henderson, T H Watkins, T WEST CHARLES. E Edgar, J W Gibbons 1-5 W S Pitt, Glass block 25 Massin & Brown A S Julian 2 C R Tyler 100 First Presbyterian Church 4 Smith Bros, W H Norris, R J 111 C U Marsh, W F Underwood Wilson, R J Young, Masonic 115 E S Stowell, Van Wirt & Schrack Hall 130 C R I & P Pass DeiDOt. United 5 A C Wilson, Will Pitt States Ex Co, Western Union 51/2 Northwestern Mutual Life Ins Tel Co. Co, Mrs Annie Hammond, Knight & Hillman, J C Davis, 202 J D Beardsley R C Baker, P P Leehey, J F 201 W E Robinson ' Cole, H C Hayes, James Coon- 205 F S Robinson ey, Metropolitan Life Ins Co 209 Bert Jones 6-8 J H Kerwin & Sons 215 Mrs. Emily Kinsel 7. A G Parker 216 W A Boyack 10 First National Bank, C R Tyler, 218 Mrs E W Lingelbach Frank Lovejoy, Mrs. Mary 219 Mrs H E Fish Knucky, B T Griffith, Hardy & 223 J W Kint Son 301 Mrs Ada Frisbie 302 E C Belt, B L Belt 9-11 Postoffice, Hintz Bros, G H 307 C Stebbins Schlumbohm 311 E W Witte 14 Smith & Grauer 315 A E Thomas 15 E N Francisco 318 H R Cooper 15 Rear. Bell & Richards 402 A C Wilson 17 Ernestine Helm 403 Thomas Hardy 20 John Jamison 412 Henry Giffrow 21 E E Biddinger, W Pickering, 416 J W Ainsworth Mrs L J Wertz 419 E D Smith 23 Spensley Laundring Co 420 J C Ferris 26 C E Heath & Son 502 S J Fox 27-3] L W A Thompson & Son 507 C L Hough 35 Oelwein Boom Livery 517 A G Luloff " 38 Amiot & Sexton 518 A .J Fairley 105 First Christian Church 603 C H McQueen 109 John Fullbright 606 Fred Schmitt 111 B F Little CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESl THE AMEniCAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan 6c Gosse phone: 5o. NO. 12 FIRST ST. SOUTH 162 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 113 J W Reedy 119 Abe Bentley 123 Frank Manocchin 203 Veto Dennattio 215 Angelo Ceresa 218 Wells Fargo Ex Co, C G W Pass Depot, Postal Tel Cable Co, C G W Eating House 1201 Base Ball Park R F Krueger, outside limits. FIRST WARD. FIRST AV. EAST. Philip Schneider, The Cottage Studio 324 John Hann 6 Brown & Tunison 403 Henry Martin 7 Philip Schneider 408 M L O'Neil 8 C V Spezia 412 C W Cooper 15 Mrs. Julia Conklin 413 Michael Fleming 15 Rear, Mrs Clara Slocum 501 R J Wilson 19 C R Brown 502 G L Gilbert 20 Maurice Loeb 512 G R Gilbert 23 Geo Wood 515 W H Burgum 24 W F Kint 519 B A McGovern 27 E L True 521 J F Lawrence 28 Edward Hanson 522 S S Fenley 29 Free Baptist Church 523 H A Howard 102 Frank Lawrence 525 W A Thompson 103 G W Smith 526 John Human 112 August Hillman 527 M McLuen 121 Peter Woodring 530 Richard Campbell 122 T E Kint 603 Thomas Smith 124 Adam Fulmer 609 F N Martin 128 J H Campbell 718 Daniel Burlingame 133 F Massin 720 J Rulon 134 G W Jamison 724 James Paget 203 T L Hanson 1000 R D Conkey 210 Donald Ross 1001 John Gray 211 W B Ingersoll 1007 J G Wolf 215 F S Hill 1101 W H Amiot 217 Geo G Allen 1107 H Bushnell 220 John King 1108 J M Beebe 221 R S Glenn 1109 E F Eckhart 302 W C Meikle ^VISITr E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 21 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & GRAUER, Jajlgrc OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 16? 308 J R McDuffee 210 Sarah Johnson, Frank Zimme 309 William A Reed man 310 R J Young 215 A F Parker 313 W A Schneider 217 Mrs Daisy Walker 320 Mrs. Mary Detriek 220 W G Gregory 321 G R Spensley 221 G E Richard 402 J W Ridler 301 Erastus Coselman 403 A L Hunter 302 W B Collinson 411 J M Gahringer 305 W Clark 412 J B Feltus 310 George Buehlers 413 R E Starr 311 Mary Dixon 417 M M Preston 313 Ray Weber 421 Louis Weil 316 E S Cresswell, R E Cronk 502 P J Gallagher 317 C Kutschit 503 C M Doucett 320 RHP Rathbun 511 S K Hazlet 321 E E Hilliger * 512 F H Tousner 403 C H Sexton 513 G W Potts 404 George Brownell 516 A J Girard 405 C A Brinkerhoff 522 602 605 606 F B Miner J A Bogert L I Sturgis T Wheeler 411 415 420 E F Hain E W Moore C C Hillman 612 A R King 501 C K Morton 704 Rose Gremmels 502 Frank Brownell 723 731 817 818 William Guilbert N A Gerken L E Ashworth J H Behrens 510 512 520. Peter Putman Wm Ernst F M Howell 819 R D McAllister 602 P L Hartsough 903 J C Paintor 702 Hollis Garrett 718 E P Wilson, Mrs Elvira L Bac kus SECOND AV. EAST. 728 J H Meyers 202 Henry Powers 804 A Buchanan 205 A McFarlane 809 G A Kidd RICHARDS phone: 9 S. PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY Clothiers ^Furnishers 1 IIL III JD GENTS' FOOTWEAR ^"" rLtSdlvr 164 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. THIRD AV EAST. 113 H R Adams 9 J K McKenna 116 Mrs S W Crowell 14 Frank Pickering 117 A W Hockings 15 B F Hammond 125 J E Flynn 19 George Scothorn 133 T Lider 20 W H Brown 136 A J Gardner 23 C D Blaisdell 138 R J King 29 R H Freeman 205 F A Robinson 109 A Fiala 209 R A Russell 112 C Moslier 213 A J Rahe 113 L A Megow 702 George Hodge 117 E C Parker 711 Pauline Pichke 121 125 F W Smith A Niciiols FIFTH AV. EAST. 128 Lee Reid 204 Oelwein City Watei Works 12 L A Dailey 221 J F Chivington 13 B Cole 420 G R Barden 19 Benj Fereday, C Bans 503 William Galloway 30 L Borland 704 J M Shelton 114 E Young 714 William Reifstack 116 F E Dunn 718 G C Dickman 119 C A Bruil 901 Henry Birch 125 128 .129 G Borland T O'Leary W M Conkey FOURTH AV. EAST. 207 R D Williams G August Mercuric 210 D Y Bressie 10 J Bulgar 212 I T Bloom 11 Frank Lucas 217 A Wooldridge 14 D M Auten 219 M M Regenold 17 W M Myers Frank Fox 18 22 C A Hancock SIXTH AV. EAST. 26 Mahala Lucas 7 B F Wilbur 27 William Lucas 12 W M Wandell 30 Philip Dowse 16 Wm Pendergast 112 W H Drake 19 Elizabeth Saundry FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG GO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs. Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ j» > > OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 165 20 Henry Edwards 110 L J Winterowd 24 J R Ross 113 C T Cummings 26 T P Rishworth 114 Mrs M A Culver 119 H B Holmes 117 W C Bell 122 E J Mott 118 George Kint 123 J Vargason 121 J A Eller 124 H L Powers 122 A M Kint 131 E W Roberts 123 E W Gremmels 201 G M Barden 203 John Pickard 204 J Woodward 204 C C Van Wirt 208 Mrs Lizzie Ishman 207 W G Benninger 209 F Wilson . 208 J B McKenney 212 C C Sloan 210 Edward Halver EAST. 211 215 216 J T Kenney SEVENTH AV. J D Kint J H Brown 10 C K Rulifson 219 Hattie Erdman 11 Gustave Borwig 303 Minor Paign 14 Henry Hose 311 E H Burlingham 16 Edward Van Wirt 315 T W Linder, G E Tyler 17 S A Andrews 319 Alfred Hockings 125 Mrs Orinda Wilson 409 Benj McLain 131 John Walker 421 Mrs. Addie Rea, S E Yonker 23V Benj Hallman 503 Bert Badger 612 F E Higgins 513 Simon Smith 628 W A Gardner 523 David Irwin 3AST. 601 602 607 A Schlitter EIGHTH AV. ] D A Porter Mrs Martha Gibbons 612 E F Gardner 615 B J Jenney FIRST ST. EAST. 619 John Johnson 9 F W Wilder 621 C©jncil Sparks 10 F H Luther 703 P B Harford 13 C M Smith 17 J E Grim 103 George Wells SECOND ST. EAST. 107 A G Parker 112 Ernest Pfeiffer If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of Tolmao (i^drs 166 ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 116 A J Luthmer 243 Alexander Hodge 122 127 130 311 J F Kuba L F Halpin J H Fitch Andrew Miller C H Harwood 230 SIXTH ST. EAST. R A Torrey 315 319 F M Sanders NINTH ST. EAST. 403 J H Hanson 401 James Killerlain 615 Harrison Penhollow TENTH ST. EAST. THIRD ST. EAST. 502 A T Martin 212 W J Dodge L H Crist E S Stowell 215 303 SECOND WARD. 305 W F O'Brian FIRST AV. NORTH. 309 August Kutschat 16 G T Edgington 18 Mae Wilkinson Louis Prazak W M Scott E E Biddinger Mary E McLaughlin 111 320 FOURTH ST. EAST. J M Nancolas Wm Matthie 22 104 109 110 114 L L Stansbery FIFTH ST. EAST. 118 L L Ostrander 211 B A Cole 122 Christian Nelson 215 J F Morton 123 A C Weber 219 M D Porter 126 Adelbert Van Bogert. 127 131 C H Irvine Edward Whitter FIVE 1/2 ST. EAST. 134 W F Gremmels 119 John Edwards 135 W H Ross 203 J H Wombacher 138 Basil Quilliam 207 E J Stebbins 139 H D Easton 211 G R Abel, Albert Paul 142 J L Sullivan 221 R W Seeber 143 R H Smith 231 Jay Nichols 146 Fred Bachtenkircher, Dolph 241 Leon Ross Bachtenkirchei' NEXT TIME TRY .^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors OELWBIN STREET DIRECTORY. 167 14S Albert Webber 145 L M Baldwin 21-1- A E Cooley 149 W M Davidson 215 C F Campbell, R E Krousaid 150 Elizabeth McLean 217 William Bentley 151 H A Spensley 221 H R Swartz 214 Abner Lewis 222 Elizabeth Wheeler 220 Willard Fairfield 302 Valentine Kappes 301 A G Kraft 302 Charlie Kappes 302 A J Anders 517 F B Hogan 316 James Cooney 521 Frank Still 319 W D Tift 524 C D Shippy 412 Maria Jane BallufE 628 Allen Penrod David Schreck 529 21 THIRD AV. NORTH. C E Conway SECOND AV. NORTH. 21 Rear, Sarah A Brown 14 Marie Coger, Dora Wheeler 102 W M Widows 15 C W Hanson 106 David Cross 20 George Lee 107 P J Young 21 W R Baxter 110 L B Brooks 23 L E Goldsberry 111 Nels Nelson 24 Anthony Akins 114 C C Butler 102 F J Ridler 115 Mary Da r rah 106 John Hanson 118 Roy Miller 110 Henry Haynes 119 Owen Conley 112 J S Spoo 122 Augusta Molumby, R C Oelwein 116 R W Moulton 123 Harry McKliget 121 E E Mead 127 W V Gardner 122 John Jamison 130 John Whitter 125 B E Thorpe 139 A H Cotton 128 A U Willing 142 F N Whitney 132 T H Powles 143 Charles Oelwein 133 Malvin Erb 146 Alexander McKillips 136 J P Beck 147 Charles Swanson 137 G W Nutt 150 Otto Bernjus 140 W J Mahoney 151 A H Retz 141 W I Bodell 153 Wheeler Wilson B ELL & RIGHAI ID \ phone: OS. HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY DR NIGHT W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable GOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 168 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 154 Jane Moyle 24 A Bensch 202 James Smith 533 Josephine Polka 214 Macy Downing William McGarry E N Mettlin, E C Soasbe M C Kendall E T Smith A A Clark L J Libby 218 222 302 306 310 314 IG 120 132 136 SIXTH AV. NORTH. G H Nelson David Graham S S Hanson James Farris 318 J T Shields 402 John McConn SEVENTH AV. NORTH. 406 A L Lee 111 Peter Knutson 410 J R Nichols 112 William Russell 414 D Reisinger 116 Charles Bray 506 John Pierce 120 O A Martin 126 C A Boulet 107 109 FOURTH AV. NORTH. F M Roberts Bert Keeler H Keeler 132 222 223 Benj Ramsey Arlington House John Campbell 202 206 W H Jones FIRST ST. NORTH. 210 John Plashal 111 J C Jepson 216 J D Schneberger 114 C V Spezia 216 Rear, C Kendall 115 S G Peet 218 A J Henehan 117 A L Sherrill 219 William Armitage 121 J E Lilley 220 S H Slick 423 A E Anderson 220 Rear, L C Wegner 52S Aaron Howard 223 Richard Puff 523 William Burns 226 C J Wegner 527 F A Kemp 708 E L Murray FIFTH AV. NORTH. H N Morgan 933 A Butler 12 16 J A Humphry SECOND ST. NORTH. 22 C A Flagg 15 C R Ingamells J. W. RIDLER, Plumber PHUNES 23 AND 33 — 15 NORTH FREDERICK ^r A. C. WILSON lis Wall Paper— ■Paint 'C^ ^■TAZi n H twu /^1 a cc rO"" ■"Winuuw \jiaoo OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 169 16 W J Simpson 217 B E Matthews 19 Harry Dunbar 221 F G Williams 25 S V R Graves 29 L B Moffett -33 S J Grubb FOURTH ST. NORTH. 41 F J Sceel 8 Ellen H Wiedner, E C Gates 103 Matilda Hanson 19 Walter Stanley 117 C T Williams 22 I S Blaisdell 121 Eliza M Hanson 36 A W Hoth 201 C A McLuen 39 Harlan School 205 C B DeVeny 40 J P Connors 209 J F Steggall 41 Harlan School 221 J L Lawi'ence 44 James Oldham 315 Adell Prentice 110 Ida M Hall 319 R D McCormack 111 E L Elliott 717 E E Spear 112 W F Tout 212 S W Frederickson THIRD STREET NORTH. 213 J C Crellin 217 E E Doane 11 E E Ruby 218 Gunder Hansen 14 J K Christenson 15 Kisiah Meskell 17 Will Johnson 222 C C Rumple 18 C G Harvey FIFTH ST. NORTH. 21 T K Lendman 24 Richard Doctor 25 J R Harper 25 H J Gartz, Fred Gartz 29 Jennie McNamara 28 T E Meskell 30 Fay Segur 29 C Hiler 34 Valentine Kappes 33 John Ward 37 C W Baldwin 37 G E Stinson 38 W R Michael 41 C C Thompson 43 E L Hovey 111 H F Murray 48 E E Holseng 117 H W Flanagan 111 E E Day 208 John Cox 115 Harrison Butler 209 J L Butler 116 J W Reed 215 E G Smith 123 H H Folsom If You Don't Know ^ ^1?^ ^ ^ You Ought ti i^m^ '^ THEY SELL CLOTHES I\ Giiiaiiaii Ob ui lOi )u — \ The Best is none PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH customeriT ."" 170 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. SIXTH ST. NORTH. 811 David Harmon 31 32 43 103 103 601 602 603 J S Aubrey F M Camnack Addie Smith, James Earnshow Adelard Guilotte S A Barlow S H Payne Thomas Steele, Jerry Richards L S Payne 820 829 902 912 920 921 932 933 937 James Liddell M M Solon P T McDevitt Frank Kluge South School J T Allen J D Fennell Mrs M M Beebe Mrs Lydia Trumbauer, E E Trumbauer THIRD WARD. 942 Michael Rogge FIRST AV. WEST. * 980 1130 Lewis Bevan Isaac Swearingen 12 Mrs. Maggie Nolan, James P. No- 1140 Reuben Santee Ian 1180 Adam Miller 16 G F Hann 1184 E Z Cross 110 G L Shelson, J W Potts 1198 Nathan Hoppies 111 Thomas Schmiller J F Elkins, Mrs Justina Kelley George Blunt 115 116 SECOND AV. WEST. 119 Gustave Schneider 612 Rudolph Anderson 124 Thomas Powers 613 Timothy O'Connor 620 Thomas Carroll 617 C Homer Clark 622 Mrs. Mary Hanlon 618 H W Manning 626 J D Maloney 621 James Markham. 632 Thomas Boyd 622 W S Reed 702 J A Connolly, Mrs. Catherine 704 P M Becker, Joseph Kaufmann Burke 708 C E Kacer 708 Nicholas Petres 709 Herman Bartlett 712 A F Reidy 712 F R Albro 713 J W Edwards 713 P J Coogan 717 M J Conway 719 F C Nelson 720 J H Bell 801 C G Rudd 723 J W Spencer 802 Louis Sagert 801 Martin Ballman 805 T C Kennedy 807 F L Currier 809 Joseph Newton F N. ROSS & s f\mm STATE BOARD OF 1 1 M HEALTH LICENSE 222 Ui ^^^ phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Smith SGrauer, Tailors UNION SHOP oJ^ois THAT'S ALL OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 171 THIRD AV. WEST. G34 R D Hunter 304 Ralph Morehouse 712 Theodore Roder 440 Matthew Beitzel 720 W N Jones 446 W J Coombes 448 Christopher Klotzbach FIFTH AV. WEST. 613 Mrs. Mary Monahan 15 W B Simon 619 Oscar Krauel 25 Theodore Anderson 622 J M Chase 623 G M Steggall 31 J B Cole 624 David Derflinger 33 William Corry 102 Charles Hausner 629 F C Matzal 638 D T Donahue 103 Edward Brown 702 P C Lindstrom 108 A J Shadle 706 T H Gill 110 H L Wcodhouse 710 J L Hyde 115 W S Brown 720 Mrs C S Wood 122. E W Hare 800 Allen Pereday 123 R B McChesney 801 Peter Nickels 203 C C Klinger 810 A Rossen 20C: Henry Werdel 814 Herman Hensch 211 Christopher Burgom 820 Benj Benson 213 W A Speed 21G 219 Fred Brace S L Bellis FOURTH AV. WEST. 232 C E Heath 112 Charles Graham 312 J S Driscoll 124 J H Hindle 311 James Larson 128 Orlando Richards, E Richards 500 A A Erickson 132 J T Bradley G16 B J Mcuire 136 J E Graham G20 Joseph Ferry 140 Edward Baird 624 Charles Waldahl 144 Amy K Rogers G28 Gustave Buchholz 154 James Dixon 632 Nicholas Trosen 606 J R Ouimet 63G John Linney 618 Elmer Kirkpatrick, John Kirk- patrick 851 E A Shippy 622 W J Nathem, N W Henderson SIXTH AV. WEST. 630 H L Morrison 20 F W Stebbins B ELL & RIGHA R[ 1 X phone: q 8 Evening Parties a Specialty. Clothiers ^Furnishers 1 IIL II UU GENTS' FOOTWEAR ^^ DT D 172 OELWEIN STREI IRECTORY. 103 John Gruver 215 G F Warren 206 E L Norene 238 F R White 208 H M Michels 306 Charles Ehrenfeld 214 John Barger 309 James Damon 216 W S Burland 319 W G Moore 217 Otto Kammos 329 J C McLaury 230 S Fox 238 Fred Holubar 104 NINTH AV. WEST. John Kleiman SEVENTH AV. WEST. 105 Anthony Schmillen 106 R E Barton 107 G W Eno 108 L R Steggall 212 C L Tripp 109 L W Obenchain 218 Jesse Wright 111 B S Schrack 224 Harry Ward 114 William Law 225^ Dudley Perry 127 William Wood 312 Victor Censer 201 P J Miller 318 Michael Berger 202 William Holubar 327 Harriet Polsue 205 F E Campbell Harry Levett 207 210 P O Anderson TENTH AV. 216 Oscar Howell 101 Hartwell Hawkins 223 P M Riche 219 Barney Kleimann 225 L G Lilley 220 Emma Uhl 233 G C Oliver 222 R M Ingersoll 234 John Morrow Dennis Edwards 242 12 ELEVENTH AV. WEST. J F Welbes EIGHTH AV. WEST. 303 Frank Acord 104 J A Lawrence F C Lowe 111 115 Henry Menuey STICKNEY BOULEVARD. 204 J J Obenchain 6 C M King 206 Godfrey Rembold 211 Jesse F Rulon 211 W N Barr 213 Addie Dunham FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Purs Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > Fine Cigars and Soda Water j* ^ j» .^ OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 173 FIRST ST. WEST. THREE 1/2 ST. WEST. 4 Loeb & Co 515 E G Spear 7 W F Gremmels 516 John Lofstdt 10 Ideal Restaurant 518 D E Moody 10 Va P T Birmingham Wm Lingelbacti, Labor Hall, 575 Park Side School 12 Small Hall Graham Bros FOURTH ST. WEST. 13 107 Protestant Cemetery 14 M G McGimsey 108 Catholic Cemetery 18 Wb Lingelbach 221 A B Gage 19 G A Oelwein 234 S C Klotzbach 29 Park Hotel 100 Jackman & Nolan, Eagles Hall FOURTH ST. 3RD AVENUE WEST. 105 H E Inman S G Schlette Ralph Morehouse 111 41/2 ST. WEST. 201 R B Gilman 205 Michael Conley 218 Kint Lumber Co. 206 C P Race 220 Oelwein Farmers' Creamery 209 Jonas Johnson 222 Oelwein Steam Feed Mill 212 H R Potter 529 A F Becker 215 J E Smith 905 John Weaver 907 W A Crawford 216 A I Le Grange 219 William Lewis 1007 James Reed 225 Griffith Evans 227 Eva W^illerton 230 Lydia Towslee SECOND ST. WEST. 231 Frank Mason 14 Peter Menotti 233 J C McDermott 18 Wm Sheldon 235 Matthew Hannan, H N Schaefer 105 Great Western Freight 241 C E McDonnell 515 Minnie Becker 303 C H Schrack 721 Thos Farrell 307 C F Wagner 309 314 William Weatherby Edward Kuhns THIRD ST. WEST. 315 J E Vannest 322 Louis Starry 417 Edward Olmstead 326 Frank Kress ^' ^ ^ ^ ALL ROADS LJ&AD TO ^i» ^ V» ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Colonial" ^( m F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer >^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 174 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 41/2 ST. WEST & 5TH AVE. WEST. 400 H L Arthurs W H Hatch 410 C A Puff 420 Wm Hanken SIXTH ST. WEST. 430 Ernest Schwidder 13 W A Marshall 513 Thomas Buck 14 R M Abbott 517 L E Frakes 19 23 Mrs Augusta Brandau Frank McGourty 521 J E Fortier, J W A Fortier 24 Wm O'Brien EIGHTH WEST. 27 T Monshaw 315 L A Held 100 Edward Gallagher 3G4 E H Richards 103 John Powers 421 Wm Hulbert 104 John Klotzbach 451 G W Russell 112 Edward Blood 464 Fred W Harms 121 Wm Paul 510 T J Wagner 125 George Alton 548 William Mitchell 200 Bernard Bettendorf 552 Mrs Jane Hughson 207 R J McDonnell 602 W W Gay 208 J G Mickels 610 George Bennett 215 John Eggert 620 Jacob Bennett 224 E L Borland W M Doran 238 102 TENTH ST. WEST. SEVENTH ST. WEST. Frank Gerstenberger, Edward Galvin Gilson, 1st outside limits 6 Frank McCarron Ben.i 22 J F Wallish Ludwig Schneider, 2nd outside limits 45 Sacred Heart School W J Boyd. 3rd outside limits 108 John Donahue D T Howard, 4th outside limits 113 Mrs. Mary Welch J B Eller, 5th outside limits 117 Wilfred Guite Mrs. Fredericka Dreyer, 6th outside 118 T H Morrison limits. 121 Joseph Rubly John Gallagher 201 FOURTH WARD. 209 B' T Marsh 31G Mrs Julia Thiele FIRST AV. SOUTH. 318 W H Bloom 14 W G Fettgether, S K Hazlet PBH HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleanings Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 175 16 The Exchange SECOND AV. SOUTH. 24 C L Haering 5 J E Cheney 25 G W Jamison 26 John Bennett 9 A I Roberts, Mrs S E White 13 L N Haskins 28-30 W A Boyack 112 Ray Ball, Mrs M L Huntington 17 A S Todd 118 H M Shomer 21 H L Harter 122 W E Shaklee 25 G H Kennedy 29 H B Arnold 126 T F Donlin 236 J T Bishop 33 B E Hough 302 P J Miles 36 St Mary's Episcopal Church 305 Benj McQueen 37 J H Burns 309 Fred Underwood 111 M J Martin 313 C H Benson 117 F A Cragin 314 G A Mayfield 121 L A McAllister, Robert Ritchie 317 W B McQueen 125 C L Heath 127 Mrs Eleanor Jeffords 320 George Jackson & Co 321 Myron E Damon 131 John Steggner, John Dorset^ 321 Myron Damon Adam Smith 324 C G W Stockyards 133 Alexander Lundstrom 325 W E Sanders 137 J B Hutton 325 Rear, W E Sanders 209 G L Ives 440 Lewis Olsen 213 Christian Sonderburg 444 Bernard McGuire 217 Mrs Etta G Deyo 502 J D Woodward 221 Martin Siegel 503 Frank Kirkpatrick 225 M P Dwyer 508 W J Hanna 229 Harry Shaw 600 Charles McLaughlin 233 S F Queeney 601 N F Hodgdon 710 H H Flinn 607 John McDonough 740 George Sharp 611 John Lennon 743 F G Roesch, Aloisia Schedl 613 W H Lonie, W H Mereness 744 W H Miller 614 H D Head 746 C N Pollock 617 P L Butler 758 R C Lewis 618 W C Ruddlesdin 802 W M Larghe 619 O P Jones 1002 E S Wine 628 A B Koile 1080 Samuel Kimball phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. K^l W. G. FETTKETHER 600(1 Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 1-14 FIRST avenue: SOUTHi 176 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. THIRD AV. SOUTH. 515 Martin Cannon 520 Alexander Reall 11 Marcus Lienau 531 Frank Jilek 14 G H Schlumbohm 619 Frank Harper 18 Mrs M J Grimwood 620 James Rybicka 22 J B Green Central School 25 26 M C Parker FOURTH AV. SOUTH. 30 G A Stahl 10 T F Baldridge 100 J C Shambaugh 11 James Nicol 109 H W Etzkorn 15 J W Knight 110 L J Peterson IG Henry Gremmels 112 Maurice Taylor 19 J H Meyer 113 C J Cooney 20 R P Hardy 116 H J Luthmers 24 I M Holmes 117 C H Wallace 25 Zion's German Evangelical Luth- 120 Emil Zenft eran Church 126 Peter Schmillen 28 S G Sparks 128 M E Shomer 31 G J Zeilinger 129 E G Pleimling 32 G L Stebbins 134 J E Riddle 37 J P Mahra 137 E M Henderson 39 P F Graff 200 J King 40 Mrs. Janette Burrow, "V V Par- 201 Edward Stevens sons 210 Mrs Annie L Riley 102 Mrs M A Cross 217 D C Carter 103 A C Schaefer 218 James Tarr 105 D E Taylor 221 Anthony Schumacher 106 W E Fordyce 222 A W Sipes 109 E F Luthmers 226 T N James 110 Charles Moyle 227 W B Doran 112 M A Hoag, C U Marsh 230 L E Harthill 116 R C Ferguson 231 J H Parker 119 A A Williams 234 James McCrone 123 Henry Churchill 235 G B Morgan 124 Anthony Lippert 509 E A Baker 129 Frank Esterly 514 Wm Cairns 133 J J Hardy J. W. RIDLER ^.M MANAGER OPERA HOUSE ^^ %" A. C. "WILSON i!SJ ^^^ D/\/\1^o ^-B ^^ijOOIkr » BT E OELWBIN STRE )IRECTORY. 177 136 F W Gerhart , 14 Mrs N H Risk 137 Eriek Larson i 16 R L Spicer 201 George Gregory 17 J F Gallagher 203 D T Corkery 21 S L Johnson 209 Edwin Hacking 24 J C Becher 210 J M Carlson 27 Christopher Bahe 213 G E Wolters . 33 Edson Perry 214 G H Warn 34 Henry Kuhrke 217 W S Ayers 37 Loran Risk, Mrs. M A Harrington 218 M B Bing 103 J J Malnsnar 222 Oscar Elfstrom 107 Ralph Wood 223 A S Ladd 108 Matheas Hath 225 Wm Kappmeyer 110 G A McLean 229 C F Kaiser 111 S W Taylor 230 J A Schoerner 114 George Schaller 302 E Kint 116 H E Kalm 304 J C Glenn 117 G W Rupert 313 N R Marsh 120 V S Wilson 315 J W Clark 124 S R Munger, H L Ellet 322 F J Braun 127 Willard Mosher 323 August Baumgartner 128 M J Gleason 327 Mrs Anna Schuchmann 131 W B Rosser 30 A D Patterson 133 Thomas King 410 T C Barclay 137 A O Tiffany 510 W B Powers 138 H A Richman 511 Thomas Tanta 201 John Obencham 540 W H Luebbe 205 Otto H Heinze 623 Earl Jacoby 206 John Lee 625 W- M Morris 209 J H B'ushhusen 654 C F Rogers 210 F M Hammond 655 A H Glazier 213 Wm Reed 214 Albert Zenft 219 Wm Clark FIFTH AV. SOUTH. 220 L W Brownell, Lorin Colton 7 W P Chrysler 317 A J Buberl 10 T G Chase 322 Christ Sonnenberg 11 R S Fox 326 E L Roberts CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJES' rJML THE mimn CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan Sc Gosse phone: 50. no. 12 FIRST ST. SOUXH 178 OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. 330 H B Gilbert 100 Citizens Lumber Cc 408 Wylie Meharry 120 Chicago Rock Island & racitic Freight Depot SIXTH AV. SOUTH. 130 Mrs Isabelle Hough, Charles Schroeder 7 C H Rohrig 202 M O Hook 14 J B Doctor 215 J S Sayles 15 Edward Heise 221 Wm Refsnider 22 L J Doctor 304 Mrs Jennie O'Brien 28 Fred Zatsch 306 Harry Walton 42 J C Becker 417 Nute Yarrington 109 J A Bittorf Hans Thompson 112 SECOND STREET SOUTH. 124 Fred Ganatz 13 Arthur C Phillips 128 W A Lux 15 J D Cowley 131 E S Mihlhime 16 Cole & King Bros, James Can- 132 Mrs Jennie Mouser non 133 Swan Berg 208 W C Wortman 200 A R Collins 210 Henry Harthill 212 W F Sarset SEVENTH AV. SOUTH. 214 J R Arnold 14 D S Hillman 216 George Becker 28 Adam Linton 218 A E Lucas 36 Frank Oglesby 221 James Mealey 203 H E Clark 520 A M Odell 205 J A Myers 501 G B Montgomery rn. 18 108 THIRD ST. SOUTH. W R Baxter FIRST ST. SOUT Mrs Hattie Brown 607 John Callahan 9 Mrs Mate Downing Mack Hotel 11 FOURTH ST. SOUTH. 12 Kernahan & Gosse 15 C A Sager Becker's Livery 422 J T Hedrick 22 25 Grace Methodist Episcopal SIXTH ST. SOUTH. Church 140 Charles Larson F N Rfl.^ .N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor OELWEIN STREET DIRECTORY. FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRIN6 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store ^tOUTH FREDERICK' GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG GO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water j^ ^ jf- ^ PAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 181 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY 1906- 1907 ALPHA. Abbot, Jet, fmr Abbott, P. G., fmr Abbot, Walter, fmr Beach, C. N., buttermaker. Bent, Mrs Broadbent, Albert, Ibr Carr, C. F., mer Carr, M. F., mer Clark, Hiram, fmr Clark, Hiram P., Ibr Clark, Jas., fmr Clark, S. L., Ibr Clark, Seth, fmr Clark, Wm. O., fmr Conklin, H. F., fmr Conklin, J. E Davis, Almond, hdwe Davis, A. E., Ibr Davis, A. & Son, bksmth.. Davis, H. P., fmr Davis, R. D., blksmth Dickens, Mrs Dungey, Albert, fmr Dungey, Hubert, fmr Finch, A. A., m!r Finch, Ed., Ibr Pinch, Eugene, gardner. . . Finch, Job, mlr Pinch, Minor, mason , Finch, Theron, mason Gager, Aimer E., mer Gager Bros,, merts Gager, Ernest R., mer Gager, John T., retired fmr.. Gager, Sarah Holton, Clair, fmr Holton, Miles, fmr Johnson, Ed., Ibr Johnson, E. P., miller Johnson, Mrs. L. A., retired. Johnson, M. A Johnson, Voltaire, p. o Niewoehner, Henry, fmr Patterson, J. A., salesman... Patterson, James, Ibr Patterson, W., Ibr Patterson, Vv^. R., fmr Pierce, Prank, fmr Pierce, George, fmr Perwinkle, Aug., fmr Robinson, Clara G., nurse... Rogers, Eliza, retired Rogers, Joseph, fmr Schnor, Earl, fmr Sheldon, Laura M., rest Sheldon, Ray, Ibr , Stokes, C. S., fmr Thelman, Fred, fmr JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE lid Colonial" ^ m F. H. TOUSLEY. ManufacturBr >^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 182 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Waterworth, John, fmr . West, Frank West, Tom., fmr ARLINTON. Abbott,, Melissa, housekeeper.. Abel, Chas., fmr Abies, Mrs Addle, Andi-ew, rtd Ainsworth, Frank, jwlr Ainsworth, S. M Ainsworth, T. N Albright, Albert Allen, Anna, housekeeper Allen, D. B Allen, E. D., rest Allen, Maggie, housekeeper Anderman, Fred, fmr Anderman, Fred, fmr Anderman, Henry, fmr Anderman, Lewis . Anderson, A., eng Anderson, Anna, housekeeper. . . Anderson, Wm. E., mail carrier. Andrae, Charles Andrea, Conrad, fmr An twine, Joe, Ibr Antwine, Vern, Ibr Arbuckle, A., fmr Asmus, Frank Asmus, Fred, fmr Asmus, Gustave Averill, Mirt, Ibr Averill, W. E . Aver, O. O,, Dr ." . B Bachtel, Elmer, bksmth. Ball, Fred, fmr Ball, J., fmr Barnes, Frania, housekeeper. Barnes, Lewis, elec Barrett, M. N., fmr Bassett, Mrs. C. J Bassett, Ed., fmr Bates, Anna, dressmaker Bates, Geo. A., fmr Bates, G. C, mer Bates, Nora E., housekeeper. . Baumgartner, A., fmr_ Bawack, Fred, fmr Beckwith, J. M., fmr Benson, Geo Bills, Mary E., fmr , . . . Bingham, Thankful Bird, A. R., jwlr Birrer, Jos., fmr Bissell, J. E., fmr Blanchard, J. A _ Boekenheuer, Fred, fmr Bond, Charles Bond, Eugene, fmr Bond, N. L., fmr _ Bond, Robert Boots, Clarence, Ibr Boots, M. E., Ibr Bower, C. E., physician Bower, Harriett, hkpr Bowers, M. H., mason Boyd, J. F., fmr Boyer, E. P., painter . . Brandenburgh, Warn, fmr . . . Brockmeyer, D., fmr Brockmeyer, Herman, fmr. . . Brockmeyer, J. D., fmr Brockmeyer, Rosa Brooks, Earl, fmr. Burgett, Delos Burgett, Geo Burgett, Wm., fmr ?m HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & GRAUER, JaJ|n|-3 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Burns, Charles Burrock, Fred, fmr. . . . Burrock, Geo., fmr.... Buschhusen, Fred, fmr Bushnell, I. N., fmr... Cummings, H. B., fmr. Cummings, Lula B.... Currie, W. L., fmr Curtis, Henry, Ibr Cushion, Albert, Ibr... Cushion, Charles, Ibr. . Cushion, Wm., Ibr.... Cammack, C. W., fmr..., Cammack, L. L., fmr.... Cammack, Sam, fmr.... Campbell, Alpha, fmr... Campbell, Clarence, fmr_ Campbell, E. A., fmr. . . . Canine, James Canine, Martin, rtd Canine, W. R., Ibr Carnall, C. S., fmr. Carothers, John, mason . Carpenter, J. H., fmr Carpenter, J. W., fmr.... Caudle, M. H., fmr Cavanaugh, Phil., Ibr. . . . . Chapman, James Chittendon, F. S., fmr Clark, Bird, fmr. . . Clark, Charles " Cheeseman, George, fmr.. Clendemier, Jane, widow. Clough, George, fmr Cook, James Corbin, H., fmr Cordes, AVm Cornelius, F. B. r. r Courtright, Julia A Cousins, Levi, fmr Crawford, H. H., fmr Crawford, James, Jr Crawford, J. R. Sr., fmr.. Crawford, M. F Crawford, Nina Crawford, Ross, fmr Crawford, W. V., fmr Cronk, James, Ibr Culver, Charles, fmr Culver, John, fmr Daily, Alta Daniels, John O., fmr... Davidson, Robert Davis, A. J., fmr Davis, John E., fmr Davis, J. M., Ibr Davis, John R., fmr Deming, Chauncey, fmr. Deming, C. M Deming, George ' Dempster, James, fmr. . Dempster, W. J., fmr. . . . Derflinger, Archibald . . . Detrick, Jay, fmr Dexter, Clara .^ Dexter, John, fmr Doane, G. L., fmr Doerflier, Magdalena . . . . Dwello, P. N., preacher.. Bckhert, C. F., clerk Eckhert, Frederica Eckhart, D. G., fmr Echhart, George, fmr Eckhart, George, fmr Eckhart, Will, fmr Eckhart, Willard, Ibr Edwards, L. S., butter mkr. Engelman, Henry, fmr Ewing, Elizabeth Ewing, Robert Falck, Fred, fmr BELL & RICHARDS 183 phone: q 8, PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY W. G. FETTKET Livery, Sale and Feed Stable eOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHOKE 32 184 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Falck, Lawrence, fmr. . . Falck, Theodore Faust, H. P., fmr Ferguson, James, fmr... Ferguson, Wm Fink, Carl, fmr Finney, C. N., tmstr Finney, Floyd Finney, Mrs. S Fish, Alpha, Ibr Fish, Lee Fish, Sarah, fmr Fleming, John, fmr Flowers, C. E., fmr Flower, H. E. Jr Flower, H. E. Sr Flowers, Henry Sr., fmr. Flowers, J. M., fmr Folsom, Mary Fortney, Frank, fmr Fortney, George, fmr.... Fossnight, Charles, fmr, Fossnight, N. D., fmr Foster, Allen, fmr Foster, Allen, Sr., fmr. . Foster, Jessie • . . . Foster, Thomas, fmr... Foster, W. A;, clerk.... Fox, A. W., fmr Fox, Charles Fox, David, fmr Fox, George H., fmr Frame, Lewis, Ibr Frame, S. S., fmr...... Frederick, Charles, fmr. , Frederick, G. W . . Freeman, George Gable, J. F., rtd Gable, Wm., fmr Gallaher, D. J., fmr. . . . Gamm, Leonard Gladwin, Alice, tchr. . . , Gladwin, John, Jr., fmr. Gladwin, John, Sr., R. F. D. Gladwin, Joseph, fmr Gladwin, O. C, fmr Gladwin, Sarah, tchr Gleim, Fred, rtd Gleim, George, fmr Gleim, Jos., rtd Gleime, L. G. fmr Glime, Oscar, fmr Gleime, W. C, rtd Gleime, W. H., undertaker.. Goodspeed, August, bbr Gordon, David, mcht Gordon, Lewis, fmr Gordon, W. H. Gotham, Mrs. L. C Grapes, T. B., livestock.... Graybill, Wm., Ibr Groat, John Groat, Sarah H Haberzeth, Anton, fmr. Hall, Albert, fmr Hall, Pauline, fmr Hall, Roy Hall, Wallace, fmr.... Hall, W. J. fmr Halstead, R. E., fmr. . . Halstead, Rufus, tmr. . Halstead, Walter, fmr. Hammis, M. L ■. . Harkin, C. H., fmr.... Harkins, Wm., fmr..., Harris, Joseph, fmr.... Hart, Orpha, dom .... Hatcher, John, mason. Hawn, M. (est.) Haxton, Catherine .... Haxton, Frank C, rtd. Haxton, James, fmr... Haxton, Wm. E Hayes, Ross, hotel.... Heartzman, John, fmr Heath, D. E., fmr ^^ SECURE DATES EARLY AT jSj* idler's w A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. K Heath, Frank, tmstr Heath, Phila Heerin, Michael, fmr Heller, Wm Hendrickson, George, tmstr.. Hendrlckson, Mary E Hendrickson, Paul, tmstr Herren, Henry, fmr Herrin, Michael, fmr Hertzman, Frank, fmr Hertzman, Ferdinand H., fmr Hertzman, John, fmr Hetzel, Fred, fmr Hetzel, George, fmr Hibbard, Susan M Hibbard, R. N., R. F. D Hicks, J. M., fmr Hill, C. A., fmr Hill, George, rtd Hill, Herbert, engr Hoffman, Ed., fmr , ^. „^ ^.^ ,^ tt . . . T TUT • King, W. W., renter Hoismgton, L. W ; ^'^T' aeovze fmr Holmes, Charles, fmr Knapp, George^ imr Hoover, J. O. rtd Hoskins, J. H., preacher House, Ellen House, Wm., harness... Howard, J. B., rtd Howland, Eugene, fmr \^„„a^ Huffman, J. T., fmr K^^^^' i^^^l^^. Hughes, C. B., attorney Hulderson, A., Ibr Hulderson, Mary Huhphrey, H. J., fmr.. Hummel, Mark, fmr Hunter, John, Ibr Hunter, Joseph, fmr. . . Hunter, Henry, Ibr. . . . Hunter, Robert, carp... Hyde, Alfred, fmr James Lilly Jewell, B'. D., mcht Jewell, C. H Jewell & Moyer, hdwe. . Jewett, Walter, fmr Johnson, Albert, fmr... Johnson, Richard, fmr. Kamper, J. H., fmr. . . Keith, Alice E Keith, J. R., mkm Kenyon. W. S., hotel, Kershaw, John, fmr.. Kershaw, T. H., fmr. Keve, J. F., lumber . Keve Lbr. Co King, Fred, fmr King, Herman King, Janet Knapp, M. C, fmr. Koehler, Charles . . . Kray, George, fmr. . Kray, Henry, fmr... Kreamer, John, fmr. Krug, Fred, fmr Kuney, Frank, gnl. mdse. Kuney, Lillian Kuney, L. C, mcht Kuney, W. H., gen mdse. Lackey, M. H., wgnmkr. Lake, Nora Lake, W. F., newspaper. Syde: George: liverV •.•.•.•.'.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.■.■.■ Lamphier Loyal, lbr xtL. t.,,. Lang, L E., fmr..... Hvde, Jane Hyde, Wm., lbr James, Lewis, rtd. Lanser, Hubert, fmr. Lathrop, G. L., fmr. Lathrop, S. H., fmr. Lawrence, Cordelia 185 ^ ^ ^ ^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO vp ^ ^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Kernahan & Gosse I m^ PK0?;E 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 186 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Lawrence, F. R , mcht Leibundguth, Mary Leonhart, Michael, fmr Leonhart, Philip, fmr Lickiss, G. A Lickiss & Lawrence, gnl. mdse. Lickiss, Leona Lickiss, L. L., clerk Lickiss, Perry, fmr Lickiss, P. D., fmr Lickiss, Sarah J Lindner, Marg Lindweal, Fred, fmr Little, Anna L., photo Little, Harriett, millnr Little, J. H., cooper , Little, W. A., fmr Livingstone, Frank, Ibr Mc McCabe, Wm McClarrinon. Benj., fmr McClarrinon, John, fmr McClarrinon, Walter, teacher. McConnell, James, blksmth... McCrea, John, fmr -. McDannell, .John, Dr McDonald, J. R., rtd McFarland, John, fmr McFarlane, William, fmr McLaine, Bird, Ibr McLean, Albert, fmr McLean, G. E., bartender McMillan, Mrs. H., hkpr McQuay, John, fmr M Manchester, Charles, fmr.... Manchester, Ellsworth, fmr. Manchester, Wm. B., fmr..., Manson, A. C. fmr Marcelles, John, trav agt. . . . Maser, Albert, fmr Maser, George, fmr Maser, Jacob, fmr Maser, Mathias, fmr Maser, Wm., fmr Maxwell, Emily Maxwell, Solomon Meisgeier, Charles, fmr Meisgeier, Herman, fmr Meisgeier, J. H., fmr Meisgeier, L. F., fmr Menges, Joseph, rtd Menges, Henry, fmr...-. Menges, Peter, fmr Mercelles, Mary '. Metcalf, E. K., fmr Miller, A. D., painter Miller, A. W., fmr Miloslosky & Gordon, gnl. mdse, Miloslosky, Jacob Mitchell, L. E., fmr Moine, Clemen, fznr Moine, E. D., fmr Monie, Hall, fmr Monie, Maria Montz, J. J. bksmth Moore, T. J., Ibr Morley, Wm, rtd Morley, Wm. A Moser, Fred S., fmr Meyer, Caroline, rtd Meyer, D. H., hdwe & mchy Murphy, Alice N Nace, Will, Jr., fmr Nace, Wm., Sr., Ibr Newton, Robert, Ibr Newton, Roy, painter.... Nichols, Ernest, pool hall. Noble, Wm., fmr Noi'thrup, V. D. fmr Nils. August, fmr Nus, Charles, fmr Nus, Ernest, fmr Nus, Frank Nus, Harman, fmr VISIT- E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 2 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP jiwBtaJ THAT'S ALL FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 187 Nus, Henry | Probasco, Joseph L., fmr. Nus, Hugo, fmr I Putnam, Elliott, fmr Nus, Louis, fmr j Nus, Richard, fmr i Q Oldfather, Adam, fmr... Oldfather, Frank, fmr... Oldfather, George, fmr. . Oldfather, Joseph, fmr.. Oldfather, Martin, fmr.. Oldfather, Richard, fmr. Oppeeman, Wm., fmr.... Otterback, John, fmr. . . . Oviatt, S. T., furniture.. Palmer, D. D., atty Palmer, Henry, rtd Palmer, L. J., pntr Parker, Charles T., fmr. . . . Patterson, John E., fmr... Pattison, R. M., fmr Paul, Herbert, fmr Peck, James, fmr Peeper, Dow, fmr Perkins, Andrew, fmr Perkins, Ida C, housewife. Perkins, Reuben, fmr Peterman, Charles, fmr... Peterman, Joseph, fmr. . . . Pfranger, Albert, fmr Phillips, Earl Phillip, Goodell, Ibr Phillips, Orin, rtd Phillips, Wm., fmr Pieplow, Fred, fmr Pierce, Jesse, fmr Pierstorff, Christ., fmr.... Powell, Henry Powell, John Quitmeyer, A. J., fmr Quitmeyer, Henry, fmr Quitmeyer, Noble, drayman. Rau, Frank, Sr., fmr Rau, Frank, Jr., fmr Rau, Joseph, fmr Rawson, Guy L., tchr Rawson, J. D., fmr Rawson, J. E., fmr Rawson, O. S., fmr Rawson, Walter, lumber Rawson, W. O., Ibr Reiniets, Wm., fmr Retz, Jacob, fmr Rice, Mrs. Samuel, widow Richards, Everett, fmr Richards, Walter, fmr Rittenhouse, Amos, rl est Rittenhouse, L. G., Ibr Rittenhouse, Martha, housewife. Robbins, H. J., barb Roberts, Alfred, fmr Roe, C. B., rtd Rogers, Phoebe A., \/idow Ross, James, fmr Rowell, J. H. drayman Roys, Benj., fmr Rulison, Charles, brmmkr Rupp, Fred, fmr Rutherford, Robert, blksmth Powell, AVm., mcht ; St. John, David, fmr. Presnell, Ella, wife St. John, Frank, fmr. . Presnell, John, ptr St. John, F. L., fmr. Prideaux. Harley, fmr : Schafer, George, fmr. Prideaux, Thos., fmr : Schafer, Henry BELL & RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR —^h PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 188 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Scheffler, August, fmr Scheffler, Leopold, fmr Schlumbohm, John, fmr Schoeppe, Herman, btchr Schug, Albert, fmr Schwartz, John, fmr Schwartz, Lewis, fmr Seedorff, Ernest, fmr Seedorff, Mrs. Fred Seedorff, John M., fmr Seedorif, John, Sr., fmr Seedorff, Lewis, fmr Seedorff, Noble, fmr Seedorff, Wm., fmr Semm, Fred, fmr Shaffer, Frank, fmr Shaffer, Gerd., fmr Shaffer, Joseph, fmr Shambaugh, Charles, rtd Shambaugh, Jacob, fmr Shambaugh, Jas., fmr Shambaugh, Tillie E., housewife Sherman, Wm., fmr Shesler, Albert, fmr Shippy, Algie, fmr Shippy, Roy, fmr Shippy, Wilber, fmr. Shops, John, fmr Shriver, George, rtd Shriver, Levi, fmr Shriver, Thos., fmr Struckman, Julius, fmr Shultz, Linda, dsmkr Shumway, Myrtle, housewife Shumway, Walter, drugs Silha, John, Ibr Sillig, August, fmr Sillig, Mary, housewife Simpson, George, Jr., grain, coal, etc Simpson, George, Sr., grain, coal & e Smith, Charles, fmr Smith, C. W., fmr Smith, Frank, carp Smith, G. E., fmr Smith, Henry, fmr Smith, Jacob, fmr Smith, James, fmr Smith, Orin, carp SmJth, Wm. V., fmr Sorenson, Elmer, Ibr Spatcher, Wm., carp , Speed, George, fmr Squires, Almon, fmr Squires, C. C, Ibr Squires, Clarence, livery Squires, Lester, fmr Starr, Edw., fmr Staudt, Ferdinand, fmr Stetter, Albert, fmr Stetter, Arthur, Ibr Stevenson, J. M., fmr Stondt, F., farmer Strawn, Wm., fmr Streicher, Fred, fmr Swales, John, fmr Swartz, John, fmr Swartz, Louis, fmr T Taylor, Dr., dentist Taylor, Emmet, pool hall Taylor, Henry Taylor, W. B., Ibr Thomas, Walter, Ibr Thompson, Catherine, housewife. Thompson, Everett, fmr Thompson, J. G., insurance Thompson, Lano, fmr Thompson, M. E., fmr Thompson, O. E. fmr Thompson, W. S. B Thorp, Frank, fmr Torrey, A. R., Ibr Torrey, F. D., saloon Tripp, J. W., fmr Tripp, Newell, fmr Tromblee, F. E., fmr Truesdell, Ray, fmr Truesdell, Wm. P., fmr , Truman, L. C, rtd Turner, F. C, fmr Turner, Robert, fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY, Leaders in Pun Drugs, Druggists* Sundries j^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ ^ j» > 189 U Uhl, Hattie E V Vogelsung, Wm., Ibr Voshell, Alfred, Ibr Voshelh Daniel, Ibr , Voshell, Ira, f mr Voshell, John D., fmr Voshell, Killen, fmr Voshell, Will, Ibr W Wade, Henry, Ibr Wagner, Julius, fmr Walrath, D. & B. B., druggist. Walrath, Marve, rtd Walrath, Will, rl est Waltenbaugh, Dora, teacher.. Waltenbaugh, Walter 'Walters, George, fmr Walters, Harvey, fmr Walters, Louis, fmr Ward, Arthur, fmr Ward, R., fmr Waring, Charles, fmr Warner, Albert, fmr Warner & Son, fmrs Waterman, C. A., Ibr Watson, Stephen, Ibr Wazamski, Joseph, fmr Weimer, Charles, fmr Westbrook, C. H., rtd Westcott, George, fmr Westcott, Lizzie, housewife... Welch, John M., mcht Wellman, O. Z., postmaster.. Welsh, C. F., fmr Welsh, J. J., Ibr Weston, Joseph, fmr Wheeland, C. G. & Son, fmrs. White, Samuel, fmr White, W. J., fmr White, William, fmr Wilcox, Henry, fmr Wilcox, W. E. fmr Wilkens, John C, hnsmkr... Willerton, Robert, fmr Wilson, Albert, carp Wilson, Fred, fmr Wilson, Julia E., housewife. Wiltse, J. P Wiltse, Rhoda Wimer, Charles, fmr Wolf, Ed., mason Wood, W. W., Ibr Woolridge, W. B., fmr Woolridge, W. S., fmr WYite, Frank, Ibr Wroe, J. W., fmr Wroe, L. L., fmr Wroe, West, fmr , Wurster, John,, fmr Y Yearous, John, fmr York, Ed., fmr Younckman, Minnie, widow. . Z Zickler, Fred, fmr AURORA. A Anderman, Fred, fmr Anderman, Henry, fmr B Bishop, O. D., barber Bird, C. J., fmr Bradley, Isaac, fmr B'urco, Homer, fmr Burco, Nelson, fmr Bush, A. J., fmr JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU [l.'iGVi/ BIG CLOTHING STORE F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of Tobdao (l^iirs ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK" 190 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Clark, Robert, fmr. DeBar, Geo., fmr Derflinger, T. N., fmr. Downer, H. A., fmr.. Downer, J. U., fmr. . . . Duckett, Mike, fmr... Fry, A. C, mcht. Gundlach, John, fmr... Gundlach, Martin, fmr. Gundlach, Scott, fmr. . . Gundlach, Will, fmr H Hahn, Frederick, fmr. . . Hahn, Henry, fmr Hall, Mrs. Geo. B., fmr. Harkin, Harry, fmr Harkin, Jas, fmr K Kraft, Charles, fmr. Kraft, Jacob, fmr. . , Kraft, Wm., fmr... Mc McFarlane, P. J., fmr. McQuay, Berton, fmr. McQuay, Jno. B., fmr. IVI Martin, Albert, fmr. Meinken, Catherine, fmr. Olson, Peter, fmr. Quitmeyer, Irvy, fmr Quitmeyer, Mary, fmr Rice, Del Gratia, fmr Scharff, Aug., fmr Scharff, Mary, fmr Schlumbohn, Henry, fmr. Schug, Albert, fmr Schug, Jacob, fmr , Schug, Mary, fmr Schultz, Aug., fmr Schultz, Chas, fmr Schultz, Fred, fmr Seedorff, Fred, fmr Seedorff, Will, fmr Staple, Theodore, fmr. . . W Watson, Clark, fmr. . Watson, John, fmr. . Wesinger, J. B., fmr. Weston, Otis, fmr. . . . Wolf, John Wolf, Leonard, fmr. . BRAINERD. B Bartholomew, Blsworth, Ibr Bartholomew, Palmer, fmr.. Bartlett, Ben, Ibr NEXT TIME TRY u^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleaning, Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 191. Bartlett, Frank I Bartlett, H. M., fmr... Bartlett, J. L Bartlett, L. G Bartlett, Mary A Bartlett, Sherman, Ibr. Boleyn, D. T Boleyn, Thos Boyer, E. G Brown, M. C, Ibr Burk, John Burk, John, Jr Burk, Maggie Craft, Amos, Ibr. Craft, George . . , Gruver, G. S. H Helms, R. W., mcht and fmr. Helmes, R. W., R. R. agt... Hills, Harry Jennings, Enos Jennings. M. C, fmr. Jennings, Walter . . . Learn, Levi W. Learn, Samuel Lyon, Wm M Martin, Frank Martin, H. F. . . Martin, John . Martin, Lewis .... Miller, H. G....- Miller, H. T Miller, H. W Miller, L. M Miller, W. D Moniger, Belle Mounce, J. W Mounts, Joseph, Ibr. Munger, Laura J... Munger, M. M N Nicohomer, J., fmr. O'Neill, Mary Patterson, Joseph Patterson. S. S.. . . Peters, A. S Peters, C. A Sanderson, H. C. Slaughter, Vida . Tripp, Clarence . . Tripp, George W. W White, C. E., fmr. CLERMONT. Anderson, Albert, fmr Anderson, A. T., fmr. PHONE 98. BELL & RICHARDS HACK CALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT 'i'Mt W. G. FETTKETHER Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 14 FIRST AVEINUE: SOUTH— ^— 192 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Anderson, Charles, restaurant. Anderson, Chris, fmr Anderson, Elmer, fmr Anderson, Gilbert, fmr Anderson, Henry, fmr Anderson, Herb., Ibr Anderson, John, fmr Anderson, Larson, fmr Anderson, Lester, Ibr Anderson, Mary Anderson, Ole, fmr Anderson, Peter, fmr Appelman, E. H., fmr Appelman, E. W., mail elk.... Appelman, Louie, fmr Appelman, Rod Archer, George, mcht Archer, John, Ibr Archer, Jack, livery Aufinson, Lars A., wagon mkr. B Baars, Wm Bailey, Samuel, Ibr Bailey, W. S., Ibr Baker, Ola, fmr Barris, Ered, fmr Becker, Aug. G., carp Becker, F., physician Bellis, D. C, Ibr .. Bellis, Thomas, Ibr Benson, Mary, washwoman. Berry, R. P., piifsician Bigler, F. W., harnes.smkr. . Bilden, L. T., elk Bilden, Enoch, elk Bilden, E. E., fmr Bilden, T. T., fmr Bisbing, Harry, carp Bisbing, J. S., fmr Blake, W. R., editor Blunch, John, fmr Boyle, Wm., restaurant , Brandt, John, fmr Brcsby, Mrs. .James, rtd. fmr. Brown, Laura, rtd Buraas, H. H., fmr Burke, Daniel, btchr Burke, J. P Burke, M. P., butcher Burke, M. W., fmr Burrow, Fi'ed, fmr C Cahalan, Mrs. John Cahalan, M. W., mail carrier Caldwell, John, minister Cane, George W., Ibr Carlin, Peter, fmr Carlin, L. H., fmr Carragher, Ed., fmr Carragher, H. H., fmr Cavanugh, Nellie Cavanaugh, Thos, fmr Chensvold, Christian, fmr Chenswold, Peter, fmr Christianson, Christopher, blksmth. Cclliton, Thomas, Ibr Connors, Mrs. B Cooley, H. B., fmr Cooley, H. C, fmr Cornely, John, fmr Creehan, Bat., fmr Crowe, John, P. M Crowe, Wm., druggist Cummings, Mrs. P., fmr Cummings, P. H., fmr Cummings, Thos., fmr Cummings, Wm. H., Ibr Cupps, Henry, painter D Dalms, Fred, fmr Delaney, Ed., fmr Delaney, Walter, fttir Devery Sisters, restaurant Dibble, Ezra, Ibr Dibble, M. V., fmr Dravis, Mary SEE J. W. RIDLERFOR Sanitary Plumbing ^Heating -S' A. C. WILSON §!s Drugs- Books- Stationery PAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 193 Drager, Fred, fmr.... Dreyer, Peter, minister Dulin, Bridget, rtd . . . . , Dulin, Pat, fmr Erhardt, David, fmr Ericl^son, Amon, buttermlir. Errickson, Mrs. Iling Errickson, Jennie, drsmlir.. . Erickson, John, fmr Erickson, Lors, fmr Erickson. Peter, fmr Ericlvson, Samuel, fmr Everson, Ever, fmr , Farrelly, M. J., minister Ferguson, A. D., mail carrier. Ferguson, F. P., fmr Fisher, Wm., fmr Fisk, E. A,, poultry raiser... Fitzgerald, Dan Fitzgerald, Edw., rtd. fmr. . . . Flynn, Paul, fmr Foley, Timothy, fmr Foster, H. E Fox, B. P., carp Fcx, Charles, fmr Fox, Reubin, fmr Frisbie, Frank, Ibr Frisbe, John, horse doctor... Frisbie, J. W., Ibr Garvey, Wm., fmr Gerber, Lena, housekpr Gilbertson, A. O., fmr Gilbertson, Ole, fmr Gorden, Orren, fmr Gress, Acam, rtd fmr Gress, Claud, fmr Gress, Willis, Ibr Grossman, Emma, housekpr. Grossman, H. W., carp Groth, H. H., fmr Groth, Kittle H Groth, Knut H., fmr . . . Gruver, B. C, bank cashier. Gulbrunson, Gilbert, fmr.. Gunderson, Albert, fmr Gunderson, Andrew, fmr... Gunderson, Alma . . . Gunderson, Anna Gunderson, A. E., fmr Gunderson, Clara Gunderson, Edwin A Gunderson, Edwin G., fmr. . Gunderson, Gunder, fmr..., Gunderson, Hans, fmr Gunderson, James, Ibr Gunderson, Julius Guyer, Ethen G., fmr H Haas, Wm., hdwre Halvorsen, Albert, Ibr Halvorsen, Carl, fmr Halvorson, H. O., fmr Hammond, Eva, fmr Haug, C. G., salesman Hangartner, F. P., fmr Hangartner, F. S.. fmr Hangartner, John, fmr Hannie, G., fmr Hannie, G. J., fmr Hause, A. J., fmr Hause, Grant, fmr Hanson, Andrew, fmr Hanson, Carl, Mrs Hanson, Chr. C, section foreman. Hanson, Halvor, fmr Hanson, John, fmr Harwood, Miss, tech. school Havenstrite, Frank, fmr Havenstrite, P. R., fmr Hawk, Mrs. Priscilla, fmr Hawke, Wm., Ibr Healgerson, Nelson, fmr CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan Sc Gosse phone: 5o, NO. 12 FIRST ST. SOUTH 194 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Heckle, F. E., principal of school... Helgerson, Nelson, fmr Hendershott, Chas. (servant doctor) I-Iendershott, Fred, elk Hendershott, George, teacher Hendershott, T. H., bbr Hendershott, Victor, elk Hendershott, Wm., hotel Hettelson, Knut, fmr Hines, Frank, Ibr Holsteinson, Holstein, fmr Holverson, H. O., fmr Holverson, Knudt, fmr Horan. J. H., fmr Horan, J. W., fmr Houlihan, John, fmr Houlihan, John, Jr., fmr Houlihan, Michael, fmr Houlihan, Mary, fmr House, Abraham, fmr House, Ham, fmr Jacobson, Bendick, fmr... Jobe, J. B., mail carrier. . . . Johnson, Dorf, fmr Johnson, E., fmr Johnson, Hadley, fmr Johnson, Henry H., Ibr. . . . .Johnson, Herbert, painter. Johnson, James, Ibr Johnson, J. A., fmr Johnson, J. H., fmr Johnson, Jens, Ibr Johnson, Lowers, fmr Johnson, Martin, fmr Johnson, Rachel, drsmkr... K Kann, Hubert, fmr Keer, C. M., fmr Kelley, Mrs. James, rtd. Kelly, John, fmr Kelly, Wm., fmr Kelly, Wm., Jr., fmr... Kern, Louis, Ibr Kettleson, Henry, fmr. Kettleson, Knut, fmr.. Kloster, A. M., fmr Kloster, Lars N Kloster, Nels. M., fmr.. Kloster, Ole M., fmr. . Kneeland, John, fmr. . . Knudson, J. L Krueger, August, fmr. Kruger, Fred, livery. . . Landsgoard, Ever Larrabee, Wm Larrabee, Wm., Jr., fmr Larrabee, Mrs. Wm., Jr., housekpr. Larsen, N. N., carp '. Larsen, Paul, Ibr Larson, Aron, carp Larson, Emil, fmr Larson, Hans, fmr Larson, John O., fmr Larson, Mrs. John, housekpr Larson, Lars O.. fmr , Larson, Lien, fmr Larson, Nels Larson, Ole, fmr Larson, Orin, fmr Larson, Order O., Ibr Lauden, Henry, Ibr , Lavelle, Wm., fmr Learn, D. E., fmr Learn, John, fmr Learn, John G., fmr Learn, J. H., fmr Learn, R. F., fmr Leehy, Frank, fmr Leehy, Johana, housekpr Leehy, Mrs. John, housekpr Leehy, Lydia, teacher Leehy, Tim, fmr Leehy, T. J., Ibr Legge, Samuel, Ibr , ^ VISIT: E. N. Ross & Son ^^1 so. FREDERICK ST. .a^^ PHONE 21 CARPETS, RUGS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S 6000 SMITH & GRAUER, Jaj|n|-s FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORS. 195 Legge, Wm., Ibr Lein, Bergit, rtd Lein, E. O., fmr Lenobee, Wm., Jr., fmr Lenobe, Wm., fmr Lepka, H., fmr Lindenbauer, H., fmr Linderman, Wm., fmr , Loftie, Andrew, fmr , Lof tie, Peter, fmr Loomis, A. H Looney, J. T., fmr Louden, Henry, bridge foreman. Ludeman, Wm., Ibv Miller, C. & Son, hdwe. Miller, Felix, fmr Miller, Henry, fmr.... Miller, J. F., fmr Miller,Wesley, fmr Mittelstedt, G. C, fmr. Mosby, Owen, fmr Mosby, T., fmr Mylan, R. A., fmr Mc McCall, A., fmr McCall, M. E., milliner McDermott, Patrick, Ibr McGrahnan, Thos,, fmr McGreevy, Margaret, dressmkr. McGreevy, Thos., fmr McGreevy, Thos., Jr., Ibr McKinley, Alex, merchant IVI Maetsch, John, fmr Malone, Johanna, Mrs., fmr Malone, Mrs. Patrick, Jr Mannings, Michael, fmr Markham, E. W., wagonmkr Markham, Melvin, Ibr Mathis, Franz, Ibr Mathis, Mary, rtd j O'Brien, Ann, rtd N Neff, H. A., depot agt Nelson, Andrew, Ibr Nelson, Mrs. Andrew, bookkeeper. Nelson, Benj., Ibr Nelson, Christ., Ibr Nelson, Gilbert, fmr Nelson, John, fmr Nelson, Knute, Ibr Nelson, Nels, fmr Nelson, U. H., lumberman Nelson, Nels P., Ibr , Nelson, Ole, fmr Nelson, Ole C, fmr Nelson, Oley, llDr. Nelson, Peter, shoemaker Ney, Claus Nise, John, fmr Nordhus, A. O., fmr Nutting, R. R., fmr Nygard, Gunder Mecklenburg, F. W., livery Meland, Lars, Ibr Meyer, Wm., fmr Meylan, R. E., fmr Michael, Mary Michel, Anna, hired girl.... Michel, Catherine, housekpr Michel, Elsie Miller, Christ., fmr * Miller, C. C, hdwe O'Brien, Mrs. Julia O'Brien, Lester, fmr O'Connor, Catherine, rtd. O'Lien, Thomas O., fmr. O'Reilly, P., fmr Olsen, Chas., Ibr Olsen, Mrs. Embric, fmr. Olsen, Gustave, fmr Olsen, Halver M., fmr... Olsen, Miens, fmr phone: 9 s. BELL & RICHARDS PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 196 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Olson, Anton, Ibr Olson, Mrs. Emerick, rtd. Olson, Julius, fmr Olson, Ole A., fmr Olson, Ole E., fmr Olson, Paul, laborer Olson, Samson, fmr Olson, Theodore, Ibr Olson, Thomas, fmr Osmundson, Lars K., fmr. . Ostlie, G. L., fmr P Parwancher, Aaron, fmr.. Paulson, Abe, fmr Paulson, Anna, elk Paulson, A. J., fmr Paulson, H. H., fmr Paulson, Julius, fmr Paulson, Lars, carp Paulson, Martha Paulson, Ole, hdwe Paulson, Paul Pederson, Albert, eng Pederson, Miss Helen, dom Peterson, Amalia, fmr Petersen, Andrew, fmr..., Peterson, A. C, Ibr Peterson, Chr. C, blksmth. Peterson, John, fmr Peterson Ole, fmr Peterson, Ole C, fmr Petersen, Peter L., fmr.... Phillips, Jesse, fmr Ploht, Herman, fmr Porter, Rev., minister . . . . Powers, James, fmr , Powers, John, fmr Powers, Michael, drayman. Powers, Thos., Jr., fmr Powers, Thos., Sr., Ibr Powers, Wm., fmr Priest, Anson, fmr Priest, John, Ibr Priest, Mrs. Geo., teacher. . Pringle, Frank, restaurant Pringle, Miss Mae, tchr Pringle, Robt., fmr Q Quinn, E. P., Ibr Quinn, J. M., Ibr Quinn, Michael, fmr Quinn, Wm., tmstr R Rafferty, John, fmr Rafferty, Nicholas, fmr Rafferty, Wm., Jr., Ibr Rear, E. E., fmr Reinhart, Rudy, fmr Reusser, Christopher, fmr Rierson, Ole, fmr Riser, Alfred, Ibr Ritchie, W. W., fmr Robbe, Nettie L., housekpr Robbe, Warren, fmr Rocktassel, Nicholas, fmr Rogers, H. B., blksmth Rolf Bros., f mrs Roll, John, fmr Rolf, Hennan, fmr Root, A. H., fmr Rounds, J. S., fmr Rounds, W. J., fmr. Rowland, E. L.. fmr Rowland, J. A., fmr Ryan, Catherine, on county S Saboe, Miss Carrie H., fmr Samsen, Lars Schaefer, Charles J. & Co., mcht. Schaefer, Elizabeth, rtd Sehaefers, George B., mcht Schroeder, John C, fmr Schroeder, Wm., fmr Schwinefus, C. F., fmr Scott, E. T., fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hillig^er's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs. Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water .^ ^ ^ ^ FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 197 Scott, T. W., fmr Scott, Wm. H.. fmr Sensor, Wm., fmr Shaffer, Earl, Ibr Shaffer, Fred, Ibr Shaffer, Wm., mlr. . Shall, Herman, fmr Sheehan, Bridget, dressmkr Sheehan, D. A., fmr Sheehan, E. J., mch. agt. . . . Sheehan, J. H., stock buyer Sheehan, Mamie, elk Sheehan Sisters, rtd Sheehan, Thos., fmr Sheehy, J. H., fmr Sheehy, Maggie, tchr Sheehy, Nell, tchr Sheehy, Wm., fmr Shipton, Frank, fmr Sholtz, Fritz, fmr Simpson, Walter, Ibr Skarsburg, Mrs. G. H., rtd.. Skarshong, H. H., fmr Skarshong, L, fmr Skein, Anton, fmr Skinner, J. H., fmr Skinner, L. T., fmr Smith, Henry, fmr Stamford, Mary, tchr Starkey, Geo., fmr Starkey, John, fmr Starkey, Wm., fmr Stineroon, Goodman, fmr... Stineroon, Nels, fmr Stoll, Albert, rtd Stoll, Martin, mcht Stray, Ed., N., fmr Stuveland, A., fmr Stuveland, Ida, tchr Suckow, Fred, fmr Sullivan, C. J., fmr Sullivan, Jos., Ibr Sullivan, Patrick, fmr Swenson, Swen If You Don't Know T Tatro, E. C, fmr Tatro, Roy, fmr Tatro, S. S.,fmr Thompsdn, Adeline, rtd Thompson, Bert, fmr Thompson, Edw., fmr Thompson, G. E., Ibr Thompson, J. H. Ibr Thompson, Mack, fmr Thompson, T. A., fmr Thorson, Andrew, fmr Tollifson, T., fmr Tonjum, H. S., mcht Toole, Mary E., fmr Torkelson, Helger, fmr Torkelson, Torkel, fmr Torsen, Andrew, fmr U Udson, Simon, fmr Ugland, Hans, fmr Ugland, Reinart, fmr V Vasby, Andrew, painter Vasby, Lars L., fmr Vasby, Reinhart, painter W Wagner, Chas., fmr Wagner, E. O., fmr , Wagner, P. G., fmr Walke, Herman, Ibr Walker, Chas., Ibr Walker, Fred Walker, Henry, Ibr Walker, Elizabeth Wallin, Oscar V. & Carl, fmr. Warnholt, John, fmr Warner, W. B., Mrs Week, C. F., banker .' Wedo, Herman, fmr you Oiigiit to THEY SELL CLOTHES F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of (ilijirs ^ Tobiicco ■32 SOUTH FREDERIC K 198 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Wells, John Wells, Joseph Wells, Lee, Ibr Wells, Nicholas Wenrich, E. J Westvik, John, fmr White, P. K., collector... White, Grace White, John White, Mary J., housekpr. Wickham, Ed., Ibr Wickham, W. A Willard, George B Williams, F. & W., fmr. . . Willie, Fred, fmr Winrick, E. J., fmr Wisowa Lbr. Co., lumber. Wolf, Louis, fmr Wolf, Peter, fmr Youslin, John DONNAN. B Bartie, T., blksmth Bearl, C, fmr Begalske, Aug., restaurant. Brooks, Robt. E., fmr Crawford, W. E., creamery. Davis, C, fmr. H Hefling, M. M., fmr , Holmes, D. A Holmes, Geo., stockman. Holmes, G. R., agent. Holmes, J., fmr .... Holmes, W. J., fmr. . . K Keig, Thos., fmr. Kelley, I. L., fmr. Leistokow, Herman, fmr Mc McCormack & Sykes Odekirk, Edd., fmr Ostrander, C. A. . . . Reinhart, Beal, fmr Riley, Matt., fmr... S Sherman, B., livery... Sherman, M. O., fmr. . . Sherman, Robt., livery. Thompson, D. S. Vought, Roy H., fmr.,. W Walker, John, grocery Walker, T NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 199 DOUGLAS. Adams, H. L., Ex-Supt. schools. B Bemis, Mrs. George Billmyer, Wm., fmr Brooks, James, day worker. Burroughs, Wm., mason..., Bysong, Max, fmr Chapman, Ed., carp Chapman, Jane, Ibr Chapman, Kate, housekpr. Chapman, Walt, fmr Crooks, Frank, Ibr Danks, Henry, fmr Danks, O. S., fmr Darnell, Ray, fmr Descent, A. G., fmr Dickson, Robert, rtd. fmr. Downs, Frank, fmr Ducent, Allen, fmr Eastman, J. J., fmr. Edison, John, fmr. Fels, Martin, fmr. Gardner, Mary, fmr.... Greenside, Rosetta, fmr. H Hall, G. W., day worker Hall Herb, day worker Hanson, Andrew, day worker. Hershiuger, Jake, rtd. fmr. . , Hoops, L. L., fmr Hoyt, Mrs. E. J Hoyt, Will, fmr Huck, Lewis, Ibr I Ishman, J. L., day worker. Ishman, Mary K Knal, Frank, carp. Lee, Theodore, fmr M Mihm, Frank, fmr , Mihm, John, fmr Miller, Frank, no occupation given. Miller, Hiram, no occupation given. Miller, Wm. F., fmr Morris, A. J., fmr Morton, Margaret, fmr Mott, Mrs. S. J., fmr Munger, W. J., fmr Musser, Charles, cont 'Musser, D. M., fmr Musser, Fred, day worker N Nelson, James, day worker.. Nelson, Jesse L., day worker., Nelson, W. B. day worker Nelson, W. L., fmr Northrop, A. L., stone mason. PHONE 98. BELL & RICHARDS HACK CALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable GOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREEUL DRIVERS, PHONE 32 200 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Pitts, Elmer Pitts, Mrs. J Pitts, John Pitts, Warney, mcht. Prouty, Win., fmr. . . . Q Quackenbush, Anson, fmr. Reirson, R. T., fmr.. Reynolds, S. E., fmr. Schmitz, Peter, fmr. . Sorenson, Peter, fmr. Tope, J. M., fmr Tupper, H. S., fmr. Tapper, Ward, fmr. Vermilya, D. M., mcht. W Wagner, Fred, fmr Wagner, George, fmr Wilbur, Grant T., mlr Williams, Alfred, day worker. Wilson, John, fmr Wilson, Sarah, fmr Wroe, J. E., fmr Wroe, Luverne, day worker. . Wroe, L. L., day worker Yorgenson, Martin, fmr. ELDORADO. Adorna, Mrs. Mary Althouse, Mrs. Margarette. B Bergeson, Alfred, fmr.... Bergeson, Tobias, fmr Bernatz, Michael, miller.. Blessin, Rev. G., preacher Engelhardt, Mrs. John, fmr. Erickson, Erick, Ibr Fluegel, Alfred Goode, Andrew Graffenberg, Mrs. Hulda. Gross, Conrad, fmr Gross, H. W., fmr Gross, John Henry, fmr. H halverson, George Halverson, Halver, fmr. Housland, Miss Martha. Jacobson, Lauris, fmr Jaquot, George, wagon repairer. Johnson, Jens, mason Johnston, Mrs. Cary, fmr Johnston, John, fmr Johnston, Sten., fmr Junge, Mrs. Frederick, fmr.... J. W. RIDLER, Plumber PHONES 23 AND 33 — 15 NORTH FREDERICK %■ A. C. WILSON iis Wall Paper^Paints— Window Glass FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 201 K Paulson, Ole, fmr Peterson, C. & Bros., mcht. Kelsey, Theodore . . . , Knudtson, C. A., fmr. Koester, Geo. H., fmr. Koester, John, carp... Koester, Jno. D., fmr. Koester, Philip, fmr.. Kueling, David, fmr. . Lauer, Henry, fmr. Lauer, J. P., fmr. . . Lauer, Peter, fmr. . Lauer, P. H., fmr . . Lauer, W. P., mcht. Larson, Forvil, fmr. Lee, Ole, fmr Lierboe, K. L., fmr. IVI Meister, Mrs. Martha. . Miller, Frank Miller Isaac Mosby, Andrew, mason. Muller, Henry, fmr. . . . Reierson, Cecelia, fmr. . . . Reinertson, Knute, fmr.. Reinertson, Martin, fmr. . Reinertson, Nels., fmr. . . . Rosveld, Christ., fmr. . . . Roth, Fritz, fmr Roth, Wm., Sr., fmr Roth, Wm. J., fmr Rothmeyer, John D., carp. N Nelson, Jacob, fmr Nelson, Osmond, Sr., fmr. . Nerhus, Mrs. Susan Neumann, Miss Anna Neumann, Miss Anna Neumann, Henry, blksmth, Ney, Henry Nottnagel, Andreas, fmr... Schatz, Mrs. Rosena Schneider, Albert, fmr. . . Schroeder, August, fmr. . Stansland, Andrev/, fmr.. Stansland, Anna, fmr.... Stansland, Anna O., fmr. Stansland, Christ, fmr... Steffens, Mrs. Anna Steffens, D., fmr Steffens, H. A., fmr Stendel, Robert, carp Olson, Mrs. Carrie. Olson, Knudt Pape, Peter, fmr. Tjensvold, Omond, fmr. Tolloffson, Ole, fmr. .. Trapp, John W Watne, H. T., fmr Watnc. Johanna, fmr. Watno, Tom, fmr Winter, Mrs. Anna... ELGIN. A Aasen, Halvor O., Ibr. Aasen, Ole. Ibr If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES Kernahan & Gosse I m^ PHONE SO. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 202 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Achori, Fred, fmr Adain, A., fmr Albright, Mrs., millinery Allen, B. F., fmr Anderson, A. J., fmr Anderson, Bros., fmrs Anderson, Peter, fmr Anmundson, Adolph, fmr Aschleman, Pete, fmr Ask Kittel, fmr Ask, Nels, fmr B Baechler, Ernest, fmr Bailey, Wilbur, Ibr Bakeman, Nicholas, mail carrier. Baker, Ole, fmr , Baldwin, C. A., fmr Baldwin, Mrs. C. A., housekpr. . . Baldwin, George, fmr Baldwin, George W., Sr., fmr.... Baldwin, Nancy, fmr Bander, Mrs. Caroline, housekpr. Bartholomew, P. D., Ibr Basceini, Loceis, Ibr Bauman, John, fmr Baumgartner, Adolph, fmr Baumgardner, Mrs. B Baumgartner, Alex, fmr Baumgartner, Joseph, fmr Baumgartner, John, fmr Becker, Mrs. Charles Becker, C. F., banker Becker, Charles, tinner Beitikoffer, Jacob, Ibr Bell, Mrs. Sophia, housewife Bennett, I. O., fmr Bensen, August, rtd Benson, B. M., fmr Benson, Benj. T., fmr Benson, Elias, fmr Benson, John, fmr Benson, Mrs. John, housekpr Benson & Johnson, fmrs Benson, Tom, fmr Berg, F. R., mcht Berg, Frederick, fmr Berg, Maynus, fmr Berg, Olaf, fmr Berg, Ole O., fmr Berger, Mrs. Christ., fmr Berger, Emma and Tilda, tchrs. Berger, John, fmr Berger, Mrs. Julia, fmr Berger, Magdalena, housekpr. . . , Betzei, Louis, Ibr Bigler, Gottlieb, fmr Bigler, Henry, fmr Bilden, E. E., fmr Bilden, H. J., fmr Bilden, J. E., fmr Bilden, Theodore, fmr Blockhus, Holver O., fmr Blockhus, S., fmr Blow, B. J. Ibr Blow, Mrs. George Boelyn, D. G., fmr Bohanan, Frank, rtd Boleyn, Adam, fmr Boleyn, Lester, Ibr Boleyn, S. A., fmr Boleyn & Wing, fmrs. & mchts. Boland, John, Ibr Boots, James, Ibr Bowman, A., fmr Boyer, Gustave, Ibr Boyer, Louisa, housekpr Boyle, Charles, fmr Boyle, Ed., fmr Boyle, Frank N., fmr Boyle, James B., Ibr Boyler, John, Ibr Brabham, Ward, fmr Brabham, Wm., fmr Bracker, Andrew, fmr Brackin, J. B., fmr Brackin, John, fmr Brackin, Wm., Ibr Brause, August, fmr Brause, David, fmr Brause, Fred, fmr E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP Jt^^ THAT'S ALL FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 203 Brause, Wm., fmr Brockhus, Carl, Ibr Bruce, J. F., elk Bryant, A. I., hotel Bryant, E. A., hotel Bucher, Louisa Bucher, Susie, housekpr.... Bulfer, Rudolf, fmr Burinek, Joseph, cigar mnfr. Burinek & Stepanek, mnfrs. Burk, John, fmr Burows, Fred, fmr Burrow, Herman, fmr Buser, Louis, Ihr Butikofer, Elise, fmr Butikofer, Fred, fmr Butikofer, John, fmr Butikofer, Joseph, Ibr Butikofer, Mrs. John, fmr. . . Butikofer, Rosa Butler, Joseph, carp Capper, Frank S., elk Capper, T. J., mcht Carlin, Peter, fmr Chapman, A. J. . Chapman, Charles, fmr Chapman, C. L., rtd Chapman, J. B., fmr Christ, Edith, dom Christ, Mrs. Elizabeth, housekpr. Christ, John, Sr., fmr Christ, John, Jr., painter Christ, John F., fmr Christ, Louis, Ibr Christ, Will, Ibr Christen Bros., fmrs Christen, John, fmr Christianson. Ole, fmr Citizens' State Bank, banks Cold, N. G Conner, Mrs. Alvira, fmr Conner, Benjamin, rtd Conner, Eddie. Ibr Conner, F. A., fmr Connor, Henry, fmr Conner, I. N., fmr. and miller. Conner, John, Ibr Conner, Judson Conner, Martin, fmr Conner, W. B., fmr Cook, Andrew, fmr Cook, Jacob, Ibr Cook, Will, Ibr Cooley, James, rtd Cooley, Mrs. J. C, Ibr Cooley, Lester, mail elk Cooley, Wm. J., mail elk Cox, Nicholas, fmr Craft, Charles, Ibr Craft, Daniel, fmr Craft, Henry, fmr Craft, John, fmr Crane, I. S., fmr Cribben, John W., Ibr Crooks, Frank, fmr Daly, C. W., fmr Davis, Elmer, fmr Denier, Christian, fmr Denier, Fred, Ibr... Denier, Gottlieb, fmr Denier, John, fmr Denier, Jacob, fmr Desart, Albia De Sart, Francis, drayman. De Sart, John, Ibr De Sart, Ralph, Ibr Dickinson, Wm Dixon, Fred, Ibr Doan, Burk, Ibr Doan, Thurlow, Ibr Dolt, Emanuel, fmr Doty, Wm., fmr Duby, Alice, housekpr Duby, Christian, fmr Dummermuth, Albert, Ibr. . Dummermuth. Carl, Ibr. . . . phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR .N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor 204 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Dummermuth, Christ, fmr. . . Dummermuth, Ernest, Ibr... Dummermuth, Gottfried, Ibr. Dummermuth, Jacob, fmr. . . . Durscher, John, fmr Dybhon, Nels, fmr Eastegard, Nels., Ibr Edmunds C. C, bbr Elgin Canning Co., pkrs Elgin Farmers' Dairy Co., creamery. Ely, A., fmr Enderson, Jennie Enos, E. D., Ibr Erhardt, David J., fmr Erickson, Ed., fmr Erickson, Henry, fmr Erickson, John, fmr . Ernest, Fred, Jr., fmr Ernest, Fred, Sr., rtd Etter, Anna, housekpr Etter, Frank Etter, John, Ibr Etter, Louis, blksmth , Everson, Ever O., fmr Falb, John, btchr Falb, Mrs. John, housekpr Fennell. John, fmr Fennell, J. J., fmr. and stkholder. Finke, W. H., drugs Fitzgerald, James, bartender Follett, E. R. & Son, fmrs Follett, H. H., fmr Forbes, David D., fmr Forbes, David O., fmr Fothergill, C. O., physician Foxwell, Steven, fmr Frederick Bros Frederick, Fred, fmr Frederick, Gottfred, fmr '.'. Frederick, John, fmr Frieden, Fred, Jr Frieden, Fred, Sr., fmr. Frieden, Henry, fmr..., Frieden & Son, fmrs... Frieden, Benj., frm Frieden, Oscar, fmr Frisbie, John, vet. surg. Fritz, Charles, fmr Gage, Francis, fmr Galvin, J., fmr Garber, Benj., fmr Garber, Martha, housekpr Gehring, Albert J., fmr Gehring, Edward, fmr Gehring, Frank, fmr Gehring, Fred, mcht , Gehring, Jacob, fmr Gerber, Magdalene Gilbertson, Holver H., fmr Gim, E., Ibr Gislison, Holver, fmr Gisleson, Ole, fmr Goetz, Daniel, Ibr Goetz, Mary, housekpr Graham, C. G., Ibr Graham, Mrs. C., milliner Graham, Ida C, housekpr Greathead, Thos., fmr Greenly, Roy, Ibr Greenly, Samuel, drayman Greesinger, Jacob, fmr Gregeson, Guttorn, fmr Gregerson, Lars, fmr Grether, H. E., fmr. and mail carrier Grimm, Ed.. Ibr Grimm, Edward, fmr Grimm, Ernest, fmr Grimm, John, fmr Groth. H. J., fmr Groth, H. S., fmr Groth, James, J., fmr Groth, John, fmr Groth, K. K., fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO.- DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Purs Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water j» ^ j» .^ FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 205 Groth, Lewis, J., fmr Groth, Tom, Ibr Groth, T. J., carp Gruver, John Graver, Wm. J., sect, foreman , Gruver, W. T., fmr Gruver & Weed, fmrs Gulsvig, E. A., fmr Gunderson, Elizabeth, housekpr Gunderson, Gustave, impt dlr Gunderson & Monnahan, implt. dlrs. H Halstanson, Alb., fmr Halstanson, Charles, mcht Halstinson, E. S., fmr Halstenson, H. S., fmr Halverson, A. J., Ibr Halvarson, Carl, fmr Halverson, Hans, fmr Hamm, Gottleib, fmr Hannie, Gottfred, fmr Hanson, Adolph, Ibr Hanson, Andrew, fmr Hanson, Edward, Ibr Hanson, Tom, fmr Harrington, C. J., fmr Harrington, I. L., Ibr Hegg, John, fmr Helgerson, Nels, fmr Hellickson, August, fmr Hertig, John, Ibr Herwig, Henry, fmr Hills, Chancy, Ibr Hill, Harry, Ibr Hiserman, George, fmr Hitch, W. B., fmr Honas, Jack, Ibr Hong, A. S., fmr Hong, E. S., fmr Hong, K. K., Sr., fmr. Hong, K. S., fmr Hong, Ole K Hong, Oscar S Hoelzer, Alfred, restaurant Hoelzer, August, mcht Hoelzer, Charles H., Ibr Hoelzer, Ernest, fmr Hoelzer, George, cigar-mkr Hoelzer, Henry Jr., fmr Hoelzer, Henry, Sr., Ibr Hofer, Mrs. Jacob, housekpr Hoffer, Mrs. Nicholas, fmr Holen, Nels, rtd Holestansen, Mrs. Charles, housekpr. Holestansen, John, fmr Holm, Nels O., fmr Holverson, Albert Homewood, Thos., fmr Hopkins, O. N House, Ham, fmr Howard, Enos, fmr Howard, Ezra, fmr Howard, John, fmr Howard, Tom, fmr Howard, W. E., frm Howard, W. T., frm Hughes, F. W., pub Humphrey, Edw Humphrey, Frank, fmr Humphrey, James B., fmr Humphrey, J. T. and "Walter Humphrey, M. J., fmr Hunsberger, Andrew, fmr Hunsberger, Charles, fmr , Hunsberger, Mrs. Christine Hunsberger, Effort Hunsberger, Frank, fmr Hunsberger, Louis, fmr Hutchinson, L. S., dent I Islio, John, Ibr J Jack, Henry, fmr Jacob, Benj., fmr Jacobia, David, fmr Jaquette, Carl, Ibr ^ >J» ^ ^ ALL ROADS LE;AD TO ^ ^ ^ff yf BIG CLOTHING STORE Colonial" 5( (ifaf F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer » 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 206 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Jaquette, Mrs. Miles, seamstress Kohler, Lewis J., fmr Jennigs, Martin, t'mr Kohler, Rosa, fmr Jensen, Jens, fmr Kohler, William, carp Jerome, I., fmr Koland, T. A., jwlr Jolinson, Austin, fmr Kold, Nels., fmr Johnson, Gustave, fmr ivrutgcr, John F., fmr Johnson, John, fmr Kurth, Jacob, fmr Johnson, Julius, Ibr Jones, David, fmr L K Lansgaard, E., fmr Lantz, Joseph, fmr Reiser, Hans Lantz, John, Ibr Kerr, Thos, fmr Lantz, William, fmr Kimball, Al., fmr Larson, Hans, J., housekpr Kimball, Charles, fmr Larson, J. 0., fmr Kimball, Roy, Ibr Larson, Ole, Ibr , Kimball, Elizabeth, housekpr Lehman, Christopher, mcht Kimpson Bros., fmrs Lehman, Ed., fmr Kimpson, Richard Lehman, Emil, Ibr Kimpson, Tom King, Clyde, fmr Lehman, John, rtd Kinney, Mrs. A. D Lehman, Louis, fmr Kinney, Glenn W., blksmth Lehman, Mrs. P., widow Kiple, GeoTge, fmr Lehman, Robert, fmr Kiple, Murray, carp Lehman, Rudy, blksmth Kiple, Noah, carp Lehman, Samuel, carp Kirkeberg, Knute, fmr Lehman, Theodore, fmr Klingman, C. W., fmr Lehman, Tofield, fmr Klingman, Edward, bbr Levi, Nels., fmr Klingman, Mart, fmr Levi, William, Ibr Kniel, Charles S., mcht Lewis, Thomas, painter Kniel & Rubyor, mchts , Lien, Even, fmr Knudtson, Carl, Ibd Light, Albert, fmr Knudtson, Holvert, mcht Light, Fred, fmr Knudston, Olavus, fmr Lind, Oscar, fmr Knudston, 0. T., fmr Lindt, E. M., fmr Knudston, Thomas, rl est Loetscher, Christian, fmr Knudston, Torkel, fmr Loetscher, Ernest, Ibr Kohler, Albert, fmr Loftsgoard Brcs., fmrs Kohler Bros., fmrs Loftsgoard Nels fmr Kohler, Edward, fmr Louis, Martie, fmr Kohler, Fred, Sr., fmr 1 iichKinger, Melchoir, fmr Kohler, F. E., fmr I uchsinger, Peter, fmr Kohler, Mrs. Jacob LuRdt. E. M., fmr Kohler, John, fmr Lyon, Frank, fmr P™ HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS SMITH & GRAUER TAILOHS Cleaning^ Pres sing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 207 Lyons, Mary, housekeeper Mc McGee, Ann, housekeeper McGee Bros., fmrs McGee, William, fmr McKeller, Peter, rtd McMillen, H. M., fmr M Mann, Delbert S., Ibr Mann, Wilford, Ibr Martie, Ema Martie, Joseph Martie, Louis, fmr Martie, Rachael Martin, G. E., Ibr Martin, John, Ibr Mathis, Uly., fmr Matthys, Ephram, fmr. . . Matthys, F. G., fmr Matthys, Mrs. Mary, fmr. . Matthys, Ole, fmr May, David, fmr May, Robert, fmr Mead, M. C, Ibr Medberry, Charles, fmr. . . Medberry, Frank, fmr.... Medberry, G. E., fmr Messerli. Fred, fmr Meyer, Christ, fmr Meyer, Ernest, fmr Meyer, George, fmr Miller, A. E,, fmr Miller, Christian, fmr Miller, Felix, fmr Miller, Fred, Ibr Miller, F. C, Ibr Miller, G. L., fmr Miller, H.. Ibr Miller, Henry C, fmr Miller, Mrs. John Miller, J. B., fmr Miller, J. F. Jr., fmr Miller, J. F. Sr., fmr Miller, Mrs. J. O., Miller, J. W., fmr Miller, Tom, fmr Miller, Wesley, fmr Miller, Wm. B., fmr Moats, David, rtd Monnahan, Charles, imp dlr Monnahan, I. J., livery Monnahan, Maurice, fmr Monnahan, Mrs. M. J., fmr Monnahan, Michael, fmr Monahan, William, merch Moor, C, Ibr Moore, Ed. O., fm'r Mork, Knute, fmr Mork, Ole, fmr Mork, Peter, carp and fmr Morse, S. W., fmr Mosby, A. O., fmr Mosby, Carl, Ibr Mosby, Samuel, clerk Moser, Christopher, Ibr ^ Moser, Craig, Ibr Moser. C. Jr., Ibr Mosier, Rudolph, wagonmkr Mounce, Joe, Ibr Muehlenthaler Bros., druggists Muehlenthaler, Fred, druggist Muehlenthaler, John, Ibr Muehlenthaler, Rosa Muehlenthaler, R. W., druggist N Nelson, B., fmr Nelson, Even, fmr Nelson, Gilbert O., fmr Nelson, Ole L., fmr Nelson, P., fmr Nelson, Simon, fmr Neuenswander, George R., wagonmkr Nicklaus Elizabeth Nicklaus, Mary A phone: © 8 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. K^l W. G. FETTKETHER Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 14 FIRST AVENUE SOUTHi 208 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Nickols, Judd. Ibr Nilson, Christ L., fmr. Nutting, S. F., fmr. .. Nydegger, Fred, fmr. Nygoard, Hans, fmr. . Odegaard, Carl K., Ibr. . . . Odegnard, Knute K., Ibr. . Olson. Asle, fmr Olson, Gus.. fmr Olson. Halm Nils, fmr. . . Olson, Halvor, fmr Olson, Julius, fmr Oleson, Millie, Ibr Olson, Ole, fmr Oleson, Ole J., Ibr Olson, O. K., fmr Olson, Thomas C, fmr. . . Oleson, Tom J., Ibr Olson, Torkel, fmr O'Neil, Simon B., fmr... Ostrander. Earl A., Ibr.. Oswald, Lewis H., merch. Overbeck Henry, fmr. . . Patterson, A. L., fmr Patterson. E. J., fmr Patterson, Elver L., Ibr. Patterson. Hugh Patterson, Joseph, fmr. Patterson. Mrs. J. R Patterson. Sarah A Patterson, S. S., fmr Patterson, W. W., fmr. . Peeper, Mrs. Mary Peters, A. H.. Ibr Peters, C A., Ibr Peters, Elick, fmr Peters, Robert, fmr Peters, Vine, fmr Peters. Wales, fmr Peterson, Henry, fmr Peterson, Kittle, imr Peterson. Ole K.. fmr Phillips, Everett, Ibr Phillips, J. I., fmr Phillips, Jesse P., fmr Pinney, Elmer, Ibr Pinney, Olden, Ibr Pollock, V/illiam, fmr Pritchard, Walter, fmr Pritchard, William, fmr Pritchard, Wm. Jr., fmr Pulver, Rudy, fmr R Rear, Henry, fmr Reed, L. W., fmr Reed, Wm., fmr Reichert. Fred, fmr Reiorson, Reier, fmr Reinhart, Andrew, Ibr Reinhart, Jacob, Sr., fmr Reinhart, Maria, housekeeper. Reinhart, Rudolph, fmr Reitz, Fred., fmr Rensser, Christian, fmr Reple, Mtirray, Ibr Rhinehart, Fred, fmr Rhinehart, Mrs. Jac, fmr. . . . Rhinehart, Ugland, fmr Rhinehart, Waiter, fmr Richards, Thos., fmr Rierson, Ole, fmr Ritchie, Jasper, Ibr Ritz, John, fmr Ritz. Magdalena, housekeeper. Robbins, F. K., rtd Robbins, H. F., fmr Robbins, .Tohn, fmr Robbins, W. W., fmr Rocktassel, Nickolas, fmr. . . . Rodgers, Edward, hotelman.. Rolfs Bros., fmrs Rolfs, Charlotte, housekeeper. J. W. RIDLER ^jt MANAGER OPERA HOUSE ^^ 'fr A. C. WILSON Glass Block Drugs- Books' Stationery FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 209 Rolfs, Herman, farmer. Rolfs, John, fmr Rolfs, Theodore, fmr Rothlisberger, Charles, Ibr Rothksberger, Cora, housekeeper. Rcthlesberger, E., housekeeper... Rothlisberger, Mrs. E., fmr Rothlesberger, Fred, fmr Rothlesberger, John, fmr Rubj'er, Sydney W., merch Ruegg, Kate, fmr Rurodin, Albert, Ibr Rurodin, Olaf , fmr Rurodin, Ole, fmr Rurodin, T. C Ryemon, R. L., fmr Sampson, Lars, fmr Schaer, Jacob, fmr Schaffer, Israel, fmr Scheel, Herman, fmr Schlupp, Alfred, Ibr Schlupp, Fred., merch Schmid, F. W., fmr Schmid, J. C, fmr Schmid, Theodore C, merch Schmid, Theodore & Son, harnessmki Schmidt, Mrs. August, fmr Schmidt, F. T., fmr Schneider, Benj, Sr., fmr Schneider, Benj. Jr., fmr Schneider, Fred., fmr Schneider, Joseph, Sr., fmr Schneider, Joseph, Jr., carp Schopp, Orlando, fmr Schori, Benjamin, stockbuyer Schori, Earnest, stockbuyer Schori, Fred E, fmr Schori, George N., Ibr Schori, Mrs. Lillie, housekeeper Schori, Alb., stockbuyer Schori, Benj., stock dealer Schori, Ernest, Ibr I Schori, George, Ibr Schori, George E., bkpr Schori, N., rtd Schricker, Jacob, Ibr Schricker, Maggie, housekeeper. Echupback, Fred, fmr Schwitzer, Christ, Jr., fmr Schwitzer, Christ, Sr., fmr Seaver, Frank, Ibr Service, Mrs. R , Shaffer, C. L., fmr Shaffer, John, fmr Shaffer, Ray, fmr Shipton, H. F., fmr Simpson, Knute, Ibr Skarshong, Henry, fmr. Skarshong, H. O., fmr Skarshong, Mary, housekeeper. . Skoien, Lars, fmr Smith, Frank M., merch Smith, Fred, fmr Smith, W. C, fmr I Sova, Frank, merch Spahr, F. G., fmr Spahr & Kohler, fmrs Stahl, Eugene, Ibr Stahl, Marv, weaver Stahl, W. B., Ibr... Stansberry, George, fmr , Stepanek. Frank, cigarmkr Stoeckmann, C. F., preacher Stoehr & Co., drugs Stoehr, Eugene, merch Stoehr, George, merch Stoehr, Gustave, W., mei'ch Stole, J. H., fmr Strei, Ed., fmr Strong, C. L., fmr Strcng, C. W.. fmr Snyder, Bmil, ibr , Sullivan, Oscar, Ibr. Sullivan. Wm., rtd.. Sutter, John, Ibr. . . Sutter. Rahel , CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE mmWl CITIZEN BBB^neasi BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan 6c Gosse phone: 50. no. 1S first ST. SOUTH 210 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Tebbets, G. W., fmr Tebbets, H.. fmr Thoma, August, merch Thoma Bros., merchants Thoma, Max, merch Thomann, Timothy, fmr Thomann, Timothy Mrs., housekeeper. Thompson, Albert, fmr Thorndilve, T. D., railrd agent Thorson, T. H., fmr Thorson, Ole, fmr Thorson, Thoe Tollifson, I., fmr Torl^elson, Ole, fmr Trudo, Wyman, fmr Vikan, Halver, fmr.... Vinton, W. H. Jr, Ibr. Vinton, W. H., Sr.. fmr. W Wade, Lee, deputy recorder.. Walton, F. S., saloon , Wander. Charles, fmr Wander, E. W., fmr Wander. George, fmr Wander, Mary Wander <& Sons, tmrs Wander, Val, Ibr Wander, Wm. F., fmr Webb, M. G., Ibr Webb, Sarah A., housekeeper. Wegmiller, Fred, Ibr Weibel, Adolph Weibel, Alfred, Ibr Weibel, Benjamin, Ibr Weibel, Fritz, Ibr Wenger, Christ, fmr , Wengcr, Fred, Ibr Wetleson. Lars, fmr Wettleson, T., fmr White, C. F., fmr Wickham, S. E Wikan, H. H., fmr Wilbur, C, fmr , Wille. Fred Williams, J. Harold, teacher. Wilson, James, fmr Wilson. John, fmr Wilson, William, Ibr Wilson, Rachel, fmr Wilson, Robert, Jr., fmr Wilson, Robert, Sr., fmr Wilson & Son, fmr Wimber, H., blksmth Wing, W. H., fmr Winkler, Hans, Wittkson. Mrs. Wetley, fmr. Y Yannie, Melchel, Ibr FAIRBANKS. A Adam, Carl, fmr Adams, Bert Adams, F Agnew, Mrs. Ward B Bahe, August, fmr Balensefen, Barney, fmr Betts, J. A Bockholt, H. J., fmr Brant, A Breakman, Fred, fmr Busby, Jas., fmr Buzhholz, Wm C Cannon, Martin E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 211 Cannon, Patrick, fmr. Cannon, Wm Caroll, C, fmr Clow, F. G., fmr Codling, Fannie J.... Conway, Nancy Daniels, Mrs. F. D. Ellis, B. F., rtd Ellis, Chas, fmr. . . Ellis, Daniel, fmr. . Ellis, Julia Ellis, S. A Englert, L. H Everett, F. G., fmr. Fay, Frank Finch, Henry, fmr., .. Finck, August, fmr... Fox, O. A Frederick, John, fmr. Fuller, J. H Fuller, J. R Gallop, Port Garvey, M. F., fmr. Garvey, N.,fmr Grieger, Geo. E H Haberkamp, Mary H. Hare, Chas. E Hausler, Alfred Hockins, Wm., fmr. . K King, Sarah A King, W. J Klingfuss, August, fmr. Kraft, Chas. H Kuenzel, C. H., mcht. . Lacey, Mrs. F Leonard, Bridget . . . , Lickiss, Robert, fmr. Lockwood, L. N., rtd. Lodwig, W. ,F., fmr. . Lyon, Charles Lyon, J. B Mc McCormick, Martin, fmr. McCuniff, Thos McDonald, Thos., fmr McQueen, Prof., tchr. . . . M Maley, Charles, fmr. Mathews, E. T., fmr. Mealey, C. M., fmr. . Miller, A. L Miller, G. F N Nealand, Adolph Newton, E. M., fmr Newman, Gustave, fmr. Nuss, C. C, fmr Omalia, Thos Ott, Mathias, fmr. Ott, Rudolph, fmr. B RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. 212 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Piegors, L. W Potts, John R Regonald, M. M.. Ibr Regonald, O. J Reiter, Gustave, fmr... Reiter, Wm., fmr Ridden, Barney Ridden, Joseph, fmr Ridden, J. F., fmr Rundle, Richard, fmr. . . Rundle, Robt. W., fmr. Ryan, John, fmr S Sayles, W. O Shaw, N. A Shelton, Fred T., fmr. . . Sims, E. F Sims, G. A Smalley, J. C, harness. . Smith, Herman, btchr. . Springer, John, fmr Staach, Henry Stufflebeam, H. M., Ibr. . V Valentine, John, fmr... W Welsh, E. J., fmr , Welsh, John, fmr Z Zi-:rjack, Christ., fmr.. FAYETTE. A Abel, H. C, fmr Adams, Francis, fmr Adams, O. C, fmr Adams, Samuel Alderson, Mrs. P Allen, Chas. F'., clerk Allen, Harrison, Ibr Alwood, Mrs. Joseph, fmr Amos, Ance, Ibr Ashbaugh, Mrs. N. J Ashby, Clyde, fmr Ashby, Fred, fmr Ashby, O. W Aylesworth, W. B., housemover. B Babcock, Q. C, rtd Bacon, Henry, fmr Badger, Bert, fmr Badger, H., fmr Bailey, George, Ibr Bailey, H. M., mcht Bailey, Joseph, Ibr Bailey, O. E., groc Bailey, Albert, Ibr Baker, F. E., fmr Baker, F. L., M. D Baker, M. Y„ Dr Baker, Dr. W. M Baldwin, C Ball, Wm., Jr., fmr Ball, Wm. H., fmr Banning, Frank, Ibr Banning, P. S., Ibr Bark, Mrs. Carrie, fmr Bark, John, Ibr Barnes, C. P., fmr Barr, Catherine Barr, Thos., fmr Barrett, J. D., fmr Bass, Bertha FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL ME4LEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs, Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water j^ j^ j^ ^ FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 213 Bass, Carrie Bass, Sidney, fmr Bass, Sophrina, fmr Bassett, John, fmr Bates, G. A Beach, F., tel. opr. Beach, O. M., blksmth... Belsford, Sam, fmr Beldin, N., fmr Belknap, Bessie, fmr. . . . Belknap, Ed., fmr Bender, H. A., rtd Bennett, Prof., teacher. . . Berkstresser, Celia Bigelow, H. N., fmr Bills, Carl, fmr Bills, Mrs. M. E., fmr Bleeden, David, junkman Bolton, J. W., drayman. Boyce, J. H., jeweler.... Bratt, A., Bray, William, Bremer, U. R Brewer, A. M., fmr Briggs, H. H Briggs, J. S., fmr BronsOn, Minnie, Brooks, Bertha, nurse . . . Brooks, G. L., carp , Bronn, Geo Brown, W. J., fmr Bucknell, J. W Buetzberger, Earnest. . . . Bunnell, Wm., fmr Burch, Wm Burger, Ed., fmr Burger, Eli, rtd Burger, J. W., fmr Burkholder, George Burlingame, H Burmaster, F., fmr Butler, J. J., mason Butler, Lydia Butts, Arthur, fmr Butts, E. C, fmr Cain, C. W., Ibr Calhaun, H. Z., fmr Calkins, J. G., operator. . . . Calkins, Wm., rtd Callender, A. W., attorney. Campbell, Alpha, fmr Canfield, H. S., hotel Cannell, Geo., fmr Cannell, D. B., fmr Caudle, M. H., fmr Carmichael, Wm., fmr... Carmichael, Fred G., fmr. Carmichael, M. M., fmr.;.. Carpenter, Carl, student. . Carpenter, C. R., banker... Carroll, John, stock Carter, A. A., merchant... Carter, G. W Cavanaugh, Mrs. Phil Chaffln, G. W., retd Chapman, R. A., Ibr Chittenden, D. W., rtd Chittenden, Fred, fmr Chittenden, Frank R., fmr. Clark, A. H., Ibr Clark, J. C, rtd Clark, L. G., p. o Clark, S. C, mail carrier. Claxton, I. C., fmr Claxton, Margaret Claxton, J. A., rtd fmr Clegg, Erskine, fmr Clegg, Virgil, fmr Clegg, Wm Clothier, W. N., rtd Clothier, Ed., fmr Clow, L. M., fmr Clow, P. S Cobb, Sidney, capitalist. . . Cole, Mary C., dressmaker. Cole, O. C, printer Cole, L. L., fmr Coleman, Floyd, Ibr Coleman, Joseph, fmr.... JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THIT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE lid Colonial" ^ m F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer ^^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 21i FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Collett, D. C, fmr Collet, Guy, fmr Collins, C. C, Ibr Collins, M., Ibr Collins, Percy Comstock, Arthur, p. o Comstock, Carrie Comstock, G. E., postmaster Coiiistock, W. W., court reporter Cook, Nora Cooper, Fred, fish peddler Corbin, Wm., fish peddler , Cornelius, O Cornelius, V Cornish, E. A., fmr Cornish, Lewis, fmr , Coselman, Adeline, rtd fmr Cox. Timothy, fmr Craig, Dr Crandall, D. V., fmr Crandall, Mabel, teacher Crandall, W. H Crawford, R., fmr Crawley, Daniel, rtd , Crissey, Adeline R Cronk, B. F., rtd Cronk, Martin, fmr Crooks, Frank, fmr Cross, Wm., fmr Crow, A. T., Ibr Crowe, Milton, fmr Crubaugh, J. G Culbertson, Warren T., fmr Cullins, I. M., fmr Culver, John, fmr Cummings, Bert Cunningham, Rose Davis, Byron, fmr. . . Davis, Silas S., fnu-. Davis, Frank, fmr. . Davis, Geo. A., fmr. Davis, James, rtd... Davis, James, fmr. . Davis, J. B., fmr Davis, Josiah, fmr Davis, L. E., fmr Davis, Lottie B Davis, Lottie O Davis, Alice Dean, S. G., fmr De Bow, C. H., fmr Deeds, D., fmr Deeds, Jesse, Ibr Denier, A. N., fmr Dennis, M. B., Ibr Denniston, W. C, mcht.... Dickinson, J. E., fmr Dickinson, B., veterinary. Dickman, J. W., teacher... Dixon, B. W., fmr Doland, A. D., fmr Doland, John, fmr Donat, W. E., fmr Doncke, Augustus Dorman, J. M., dentist.... Doud, O. A., rtd Doughty, A. M., fmr Doughty, John, fmr Doughty, W. W., fmr Douglas, Mrs. Carrie Dowse, George, fmr Drier, Wm., fmr Dudley, Mrs Duggan, W. P., fmr Dye, V. E., fmr Eastman, R. E., fmr Eastman, S., fmr Edmunds, J. M., mach Ellery, Mrs. G. W., millinery. Elliott, Charles H Estey, Charles, prt Eustis, J. S., fmr Fauser, Samuel, Ibr. PH HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & BRAUER, TaJInrR FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 215 Field, Edith Field, Peter, Ibr Fifield, W. C. fmr Finch, C. C, fmr Finch, G. B., rtd Finch, W. G., fmr Finney, Harry, student... Finney, S. B., mcht Fockler, Amelia, fmr Fockler, Joe, fmr Fockler, Lizzie, fmr Folsom, Hiram, fmr Follett, Chas., Ibr Fouser, A. M., fmr Foote, A. L., fmr Fordyce, G., fmr Fox, A. J., mer Fox, Earnest, fmr Fox, Mrs. George Fox, G. T., Frayer, George, Ibr Frayer, Wm., section boss. Fryer, Nannie Fussell, E. C, fmr Fussell, M. H., fmr Fussell, O. G., fmr Fussell, Roy, fmr Gallagher, T. H., student Gantenbein, John Gardner, Doc, Ibr Gaynor, George, mch Gemmil, Miss M. E., dressmkr. Gennrich, John, fmr Gill, F. W., restaurant Gilmer, H. E., fmr Goodrich, A. N., carpenter Gordon, Samuel, fmr Graf, John, hdwe Graf, Peter, hdwe Grannis, H. J., rtd Grannis, J. L., rtd Graves, L. T., broker Gray, Bert, fmr Gray, H. W., mcht Greenough, A. L., fmr Greenwell, Mary and Libbie. Gress, Leon, Ibr Grummitt, A., fmr Grummitt, John, fmr Guinn, Albert, fmr H Hackert, T. E., fmr Haines, Maggie B. Hall, D. F Hamrich, Charles, fmr. . . Hamrich, J., fmr Hancock, B. P., clerk.... Hanchett, Solen, fmr Hanks, E. E., Ibr Hannie, D. R., Ibr Harkin, W. H., fmr Harnoz, Mrs., fmr Harrison, A. A., fmr Hartman, George, mcht... Hartman, M. J., clo Hass, Herman Hastings, John, fmr Havenstrite, J. B., fmr... Hawn, Clara Hawn, L., fmr Hay ward, E. F Hays, John Hay ward, Eva R Heath, A. L., drayman. . . Heath, Frank, fmr Henry, Emma Hensley, A. J., rtd Hensley, R. L., fmr Hildebrant, A Ibert Hildebrandt, Henry, fmr. Hildebrant, John Hildebrant, Peter, fmr... Hill, G. B., mcht Holmes, A. M., fmr Holmes, C. O Holmes, Milan, teacher... Holmes, Mrs. Samuel, fmr phone: 98 BELL OiOlRDS PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY W. G. FETTKETHE Livery, Sale and Feed Stable BOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS, PKCNE 32 !16 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Holmes, E. W Holmes, Frank, rtd Holmes, Fred, fmr Holmes, F. D Holmes, Wm. O., Ibr.... Holtzman, O. E Holtznian, Jesse W Homewood, Alfred, fmr. Homewcod, Henry, fmr. Homewood, Ira, fmr.... Hortmon, E. N Hotchkiss, C Houlsworth, Mrs Houlsworth, Sam Horton,, D., fmr Howe, Jessie, drecsmkr. Howe, E. C Howell, Julia A Hoyt, C. H., elect Hoyt, Elma L Hoyt, F. A., rl est Hubbell, M. S., fmr Hills, Ed., fmr Hiimiston, Ed., clerk. . . . , Hunnewell, M., fmr Hunt, W. E., fmr Ingersoll, C. J., attorney. Ingersoll, J. H., rtd Irwin, J. H., fmr Jellings, D. B Jennings, James Jennison, P. E., fmr Johnson, A. P., fmr Johnson, Charles Johnson, J. K., fmr Johnson, Samuel Johnson, Sarah E Jones, G. M., liveryman. Joyce, Patrick, fmr Jubb, P. E., rtd K Keig, Thos., fmr Keil, F. A., fmr Kelly, Edward G Kelly, iviatt, fmr Kelly, Wm., carp Kendrick, F. S., laundryman Kernahan, Mrs. J. E Khunes, John, fmr Kidder, Jesse, fmr Killerlain, Charles, fmr Killeiiain, James, fmr Killerlain, Timothy, fmr Kimpston, Frank, fmr King, F. W., fmr King, Thos. J King, Truman J., Ibr Kinyon, E. H., justice of the peace. Knight, Alban, tmstr Knight, Arthur, blksmth Knight, A. E Knight, C. W., miller Knight, E. C Knight, Horace, blksmth Knight, John Jr., blksmth Knight, Milo, Ibr Knight, Riley, fmr Lantz, Ernest, Ibr Lane, H., Ibr Lane, Nellie, teacher Langerman, Charles, fmr Langerman, Ed., fmr. . . . Langerman, Fred, fmr. . Langerman, John Lantz, Charles Lapier, N. M Latimer, R. Z., tinner. . . Lease, A. H., fmr Leace, J. W., rtd Lee, Mrs. Josephine Leitch, John Lembke, David j«a« SECURE DATES EARLY AT Jiwt idler's 'iiT A. C. WILSON iis Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 217 Lewis, J. I., fmr Lewis, Tom, fmr Light, F. A., painter Linn, H. S., rtd fmr Llewllyn, C, fmr Llewllyn, W Lockwood, E. H., fmr Loomis, Arthur, fmr Loomis, Carl, fmr Loomis, F. E., Ibr Loomis, H. J., Ibr Loomis, J. M Luce, Ambrose, Ibr Luce, Earnest, Ibr Luce, G. N Luce, Orlando, fmr Luce, Samuel, fmr Luce, Stephen Luce, W. W Lyons, Chas., Ibr Lyons, Mrs., fmr Lynch, H. M., fmr Lynch, Ju,mes, fmr Lynch, Wm., drayman Mc McCann, Geo., shoomkr McCann, George, Jr., Ibr. . . , McCarthy, J. E., rtd McCarthy, Roy, student McComb, Sarah, laundry..., McComb, S. W., fmr. . . ' McDonald, Mrs. C, laundry McGarvey, A. N., fmr McGee, Earnest, fmr McGee, Harry, Ibr McGee, John, fmr McGee, Theodosia M McGoon, John, fmr Mcintosh, J. S., teacher McLean, J. W., Dr McNane, Wm., Ibr , McNaul, David, Ibr McNaul, J. F., Ibr McNaul, N. A M Mabon, George W., fmr Mackey, Alden M Mackey, H. W Miadison, Eliz., dressmkr Magee, John, student Magee, Rev. John C Marvin, J. H., miller , Marvin, Mrs. Joseph, Ibr Masters, Ray , Masters, Stephen, fmr Masters, Thos., fmr Mathews, Hiram, fmr Maxfield, Samuel, fmr May, J. J., fmr Mayer, Ernest, fmr Metzgar, Hattie M , Metzgar, L. H., fmr Miller, J. E., fmr Miner, Irv., fmr Mitchell, J. M., rtd Mittlestadt, Elpha, dressmkr.... Mittlestadt, F. J., carp Mittlestadt, John, Ibr , Mittlestadt, Mrs. R., bdg hse... Moloney, Martin, station agent. Moore, C. B., fmr Moore, Ed., fmr Moore, Fred Moore, George, fmr Moore, J. E Moore, Miss L., Ibr Moore, Mrs. Lucy, bakery Morrison, H. B., fmr Mott, Ezra Mott, George, fmr Mott, Mengo, fmr Mott, Mrs. S. J Mculton, Clarence, fmr Moulton, Ed., fmr Murphy, George, fmr Munger, O. S. Mrs Muzzleman, Adam, fmr Myers, Eli V» ^ ^ >^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO ^i* ^ ^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Kernahan & Gosse \ ttMffi PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 218 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. N Neelans, James, fmr Neelans, John W., fmr Neff, C. D., Prof. Music Newcomer, J. F., mason... Newton, John, farmer Nichols, Frank, fmr Nichols, Mrs. Nettie Noble, George B., blksmth. Nobles, Mrs. Robert, rtd. Odeldrk, H. E., fmr Odekirk, Willard, fmr... Odekirk, W. E., Ogden, B. D., fmr Older, Ei:a Oliver, Geo. A., teacher. O'Neil, James O'Neil, R., fmr Orr, James W., fmr Orr, Mrs. Martha Orvis, James ,rtd Osburn, James, fmr Ostrander, C. E Owens, M. L., fmr Page, Ren Paine, J. L., fmr Palmer, O. L Palmer, George O Pangburn, Wm Parkor, James, fmr Parker, J. D. Dr Parker, L. G., fmr Parker, T. R., fmr Parker, Thomas, fmr. . . . Parsons, G. W., assessor. Patterson, Ed., Ibr Patterson, Mabel, teacher Patterson, Samuel, rtd.. Pattison, R. M., fmr Pattison, Geo Pattison, Frank, fmr Pattison, Herbert J., fm,r. Pattison, M. W., fmr Paul, Charles, fmr Paul, Fay, fmr Paul, George, fmr Paul, H Paul, James, fmr Paul, Jesse, fmr Paul, John, fmr Paul, Orange, fmr Paul, Willis, fmr Payne, A. S., rtd Payne, C. F., printer Payne, Fitch, Ibr Payne, S. T., fmr Payne, W. H., Sr Payne, W. H., Jr Peaks, A. G., student Perkins, C. E Perkins, Warren, fmr Perry, Mary I Peterman, T. D., atty Peterman, W. W., fmr. . . . Peterson, P. E., barber. . . . Pettit, A. M., Ibr Pettit, John, Ibr Pettitt, Wm Pond, H. A., btchr Pooler, C. L., fmr Pooler, Robert, fmr Poppenhagen, Fred, fmr. . . Porter, M.,R. F. D Potter, Mrs. John, Ibr Potter, Perry, fmr Potter, T. W., fmr Potter, W. W., fmr Preston, C. W., fmr Preston, Jay W Preston, L. H., fmr Price, George, fmr Pritchard, D. L., fmr Proctor, Daniel, fmr -VISIT: E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 21 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP ui^uj THAT'S ALL FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 219 Raftus, Edw., fmr Raftus, James, fmr Rathbun, Charles W., fmr Rathbun, D. C, mcht Rathbun, G. D., mcht Rathbun, J. C, fmr Rau, Joe and Wince, fmrs , Reed, Wm., fmr Ressler, F. J., fmr Rhineheimer, G. W., fmr Rice, C. W Richards, Z. M., fmr Ricketts, Chas., Ibr Ricketts, Walter, Ibr Ricketts, Lem Rickert, H. F., drgst Rickert, W. M. Co., drugs Robbins, J. A., fmr Robertson, F. M., rtd Robertson, George, well driller. Robinson, H. J., jv/lr Robinson, J. W Robinson, Mrs. J. F Rush, H. E Russell, A , Russell, E. A., fmr S Salisberry, Henry, fmr. Saltsgiver, O. J., fmr... Sanders, F. E., carp. . . . , Sanders, John Sanders, Roy, carp Sanderson, Dr. (Rev.) . . Schaefer, Henry, fmr..., Schamel, A Scobey, Charles, grocer.. Scobey & Co., groceries. Scobey, E. B., mcht Scobey, Martha E., fmr. . Serene, Maggie Servoss, G. B Servoss, J. J Shadbolt, W., fmr Shafer, Henry Shaif er, Adam, fmr Shaffer, A. J., fmr Shaffer, David, rtd Shaffer, Fred, barber , Shaffer, Gus, tlr Shaffer, G. L., barber Shaffer, L. D., fmr Shanklin, Dr. W. A., pres U I U. Shefford, Al Sheldon, Amelie C Sheppard, J. F Shepherd, S. B., fmr Sheve, F. C, fmr Shierry, L. C., bbr Shierry, Hattie Shirley, J. W., rtd Shoemaker, J. M., Ibr Showalter, C, rtd Simon, Harry, carp Simonson, B. F., tchr Sinnott, P. N., fmr Sisley, J. L., fmr Skeels, Al., Ibr Skeels, Mont, Ibr Skeels, Minnie Skinner, John, student Skinner, Rev Smith, J. H. & C. F Smith, Mrs. Eliz Smith, Edward Smith, Fred Smith, Mrs. Finley, rtd Smith, Martin, fmr Smith, Perry Ibr Smith, Susie, Mrs Spatcher, Bert, fmr Sperry, A. J Sperry, W. A., fmr. . Sprague, Lewis Stansberry, Albert C Stansbury, J. K., fmr Starr, Mrs. B., fmr Starr, Frank, fmr Stearns, Aurelia S B RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor- 220 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Steggall, A., Ibr Steggall, A. J., rtd Step, A., fmr Stepp, James, fmr Stevenson, J. M., fmr Stevenson, Oliver, fmr... Stevenson, W. B., rtd Stranahan, L. M., rtd Strayer, V. E., fmr Stranahan, W. A., fmr Stnrch, Frank, fmr Sturch, Geo. F., teacher. Sturch, John, Ibr Swartley, Frank, mcht... Swartley, C. M., fmr Swartlev, John W., rtd. . . Sweet, D. H., fm^r Sykes, Albert, ptr T Tann, John, fmr Tatro. O. W., fmr Taylor, Charles L., fmr. . . Taylor, Henry, fmr Temple, Rev Thomas, B. A , Thomas, Mrs. S. E., tchr., Thompson, A. H Thompson, Ralph, fmr. . . . Thompson, W. H Thompson, Z. D Thorp, Mrs. B., rtd Timmerman, W. L., fmr.. Tontsch, A. N Tracv. J. H.. restaurant. . Trindle, J. H Trout, M. N., carp Turner, Frank Turner, Jerome, Ibr Turner, J. W., rtd Turner, L. H., fmr Turner, Robert Twitchell, Mrs. M. E., rtd U Underwood, Harry Tipton, E. i.., fmr W Wagner, C. J., fmr Walker, Dell Walker, Edmund, fmr. . . , Walker, F. S., drgs Walker, L. E., fmr Walker, Nelson Walker, E. D., rtd Ware, Frank, ptr , Warner, L. H., Ibr Warner, Mrs Warnke. John, Jr Waste, Thos., Ibr Watkins, George D Watkins, James, Ibr Wattles, Mrs Webster, Wm., fmr Wells, Ed, fmr Wells, M. L Wells, Wm., fmr Wells, W. R., fmr Welsh, George Wescott, Bert, fmr , Wescott, Everett, fmr. . . . West, C. C, carp West, O. B., restaurant. . . , White, Deacon, btchr. . . . White, Earn, Ibr White, Ed, fmr White, Jacob, fmr White, W. v., fmr Whitely, Charles H., fmr. Whitely, F. M., fmr Whiteley, Mrs. George.... Whiteley, James, fmr.... Whitney, A. E Widger, Eli, Ins Widger, P. G., horseman. Widger, P. G., Sr., rtd Wilbur, C. H., fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUe CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" PAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Leaders In Pun Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > FIni Cigars and Sodi Water j* j» j» > 221 Wilder, O. D., R. F. D Wilder, Mrs. Myrtle, nurse Wilkinson, C. B., fmr Williams, Mary W., boarding house Williams, Mrs. M. E., fmr Wilson, J. H., drayman Wilson, Robert, Ibr Wilson, Thomas Wing, John , Winston, Alexander, carp Wolfgram, August, fmr Wood, W. D., fmr Wooldridge, Jesse, fmr Wright, Robert, fmr Wyman, Blanche , Wyman, F. D., fmr Y Yates, C. F., fmr Yates, L. H Young, Frank A., hdwre Z Zobornic, Jesse, fmr Zobornic, J. M., fmr GUNDER. E Erickson, Henry, fmr Erickson, S. G., fmr G Groth, Knudt, fmr Groth, K. K., fmr H Halvorsen, Clara Halvorson, Mary J Johnson, Dorf, fmr K Knudtson, Knute, fmr.... Korland, Gunder, fmr - L Levy, Hans, Ibr N Nelson, E., fmr Nelson, Ole, fmr Nelson, Simon E., fmr. ... Nilson, N., mcht Nilson, Ole G Nork, Thomas, fmr , Nyberg, Andrew, blksmth. O Oleson, carp Oleson, Halver, Ibr Oleson, Nels, milk handler. Oleson, O. K., fmr Olson, T. H., fmr Olson, T. J., fmr. R Rierson, R. L., fmr S Simmonds, Kunt, fmr timpson, K., fmr Stinerson, Nels, fmr HAWKEYE. A Abbott, H. W., fmr. Abbott. J. P., fmr... JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of (i^ars m loHiiao ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 222 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Ackroman, Rev. P Appelman, Charles, fmr. Arnold, Stephen, tmr. . . Austin, D. N., fmr Austin, G. H., rtd frm. . . B Barnes, W. H., restaurant Barnett, Stewart Barnhou«e, S. C, fmr Baumgartner, John fmr, Beach, C. N., Ibr Begalske, Wm., fmr Beilxus, W. H., fmr Belschner, E. J., fmr Belschner, H. P., fmr Belschner, John G., Ibr Belschner, W. C, fmr Belschner, W. M Bemis, B. S., fmr Bevins Bros, rl est Bevins, O. N., bnkrs Bevins, S. H., bnkrs Bevins, N., Mrs Bigalske, August, fmr Bigalske, Louis, fmr Billings, Ray Billings, W. H., fmr Blunt, J. H., rtd fmr Boch, Levi, Ibr Boeckenheuer, Charles, rtd fmr Boeckenheuer, F. P., fmr Boeckenheuer, H. L., Ibr Boeckenheuer, M. P., Ibr Boess, Adam, fmr , Boess, Fred, fmr Bogart, Frank H., fmr Boie, Fred, fmr Bopp Bros., state bank Bopp, Charles W Bopp, John G., bnkr Bopp, M. N., fmr T^ortner, George, stock buyer. . Bottcher, Mary, fmr , Brackett, E., fmr Bunhler, C. H., fmr Brockway, Isaac, fmr Brooks, A. H., drgst Brooks, George, fmr Brooks, Ike, fmr Brooks, .Joseph, fmr Brooks. Robert, fmr Brooks, Wm., fmr Bruihler, C. H., fmr Buldhaupt, Ernest, tmr.... Burkhart, A. C, drgst Burkhart, C, fmr Burkhart, Chris, rtd Burkhart, E. G., fmr Burkhart, F. G., rtd. fmr. . . Burkhart, Mrs. Mary A.,fmr Burling, Wm., fmr Burns. Robert, Imr Burrell, James, rtd. fmr.... Burrell, Mary A., fmr , Push, Carl, fmr Bush, Theodore, fmr Bysong, Max Bysong, Samuel Campbell, Fred, fmr Campbell, J. S., fmr Campbell, L. R., fmr Campbell. R. J., elevator. . . Carnall, T. N., R. R. agt Chamberlin, G. W., rtd. fmr. Chase, Daniel Chase, Fred, Ibr Clark, Edward, horsebuyer . CoUett. David, fmr Coons, C. A., elk Copp, Fred, fmr Cousins, Elmer, fmr Craft, Art., fmr Craft, H., fmr Cr?Jt, Mrs. Martha, fmr Crandall, Clyde, fmr NEXT TIME TRY .^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleanings Pressing and Repairing SUITS SI5,00 TO S50.00 PAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 22^^ Crandall, C. R., fmr. Crandall, S. A., fmr... Craven, W. R., fmr. . Crawford, David . . . . Culbertson, C. L., elk. Ciimmings, H. B., ibr. Curtis, C. L., fmr. . . Curtis, K. A Dibble, George, fmr.... Dibble, Hattie E., tchr. Dickens, F. S., fmr Dietel, Ed., fmr Dietel, Frank, fmr Dietel, John, fmr Dietel, L. J., fmr Doland, E. C, fmr Donivan, Michael, fmr. Dooley, J. D., rtd Doty, T. J., fmr Downham, George, fmr. Downing, James, rtd . . Downs, Frank, fmr Downs, Garfield, fmr. . . Downs. Judson. fmr. . . . Downs, Rufus, fmr Dreier, C. J., fmr Dreier. Herman, fmr. . . Dreier, John, tmr Dreier, Louis, fmr Dreier, Wm., fmr Edel, Roy, fmr Edel, J. G., fmr Eitel, Ed., fmr Engel, F. H Engel, J. C, rtd. fmr. . Engel, Peter, rtd. fmr. Engelke, Fred, fmr. . . Engelke, Paul, bbr.... Ettner, Mrs. Gertrude. Fecleler, Carrie, fmr Fedeler, J. H.,fmr Fedeler, Wm., fmr Ferrill, Charles, fmr Ferrill, John, fmr , First State Bank Fish, Jessie, fmr Fish, Judd, fmr Fish. Louisa, imr Fish, W. D., imr Flaherty, James, imr Foot, H. H., fmr Fordyce, J. F., Ibr , Fordyce, L. M., f m .• P^'rinke. Henry, fmr Fritschel, G. E., Dr .,. Fritz, August, fmr Fritz, Charles, imr Fritz, Ed., tmr Fritz, William E., fmr Fritz, M., fmr Fryburg, Charles, liveryman. Gager, A. A., fmr Gager, C. G., fmr Gager, C. H., fmr Gardner, Mrs. M. A Gehrhart, Louis, fmr.... Gehring, Fred, fmr Geyer, Henry, fmr Geyer, J. H., fmr Gillard, J. A., Ibr Gillard, Mrs. M. H Gilmore, Eden, fmr GiDper, Henry, fmr Gipper, John, fmr Gcodspead, F. A., fmr. . . . Goodspeed, Ora, fmr. . . . Grannerman, August, fmr Green, Mrs. E Green, J. W., fmr BELL & RICHARDS P H O N E: 9 8. HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT is:: w. g. fettkether Good Teams, Easy Rigs Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 1-14 FIRST aveinue: SOUTHi 224 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Green & Lyon, hdw Gundacker, Daniel Gundacker, Gustave, shoes. Gundacker. Henry Gundacker, James, fmr.... Gundacker, Ludwig, Ibr. . . Gundacker, Philip H Hack, H., fmr Hack; John, fmr Hack, Samuel Hatt, J. W., Ibr Hanchett, W. S., Hand, Warren, Ibr Hathaway, Allen, blksmth... Hathaway, A. K., jwlr Hathaway, Mrs. Caroline... Hathaway, U. M Hathaway, W. A., painter.. Hawkeye Packing Co....... Hayden, J. A., fmr Hayden, J. H., fmr Hecht, R. H., dentist Hehmke, Albert, fmr Hehmke, Ferdinand, fmr.... Hehmke, W. M., fmr Hehmke, Will, fmr Hehmke, Ferd, fmr Heich, Henry, Ibr Heiserman, W. E Held, John, fmr Henderson, A. W., fmr Henderson, Bert, fmr Henderson, M. V., hotel Henderson, M. V., Jr., bnkr. Henn, G., fmr Hiams, C. A., fmr Hill, Emmet, fmr Hockberger, Chas, fmr Hochberger, Eliza, fmr Hochberger, F. W., fmr Hochberger, W. H., fmr Hoehne, Chris, fmr Hoepfner, F. C, fmr Hoepfner, P., fmr House, Elmer, fmr House. James, fmr Hoyt, Charles, fmr Hoyt, Wm, fmr Hughes, D., W., fmr Hull, George, rtd. fmr Hull, Mrs. Gertrude, music tchr. Hull, J. A., rtd. fmr Hull, Melvin, stock Hard, W. G., hdwe Hyman, A. W., fmr Hyman, C. G., fmr Hyman, Wm, fmr. Jacobs, Harry F., clerk... Jacobs, N., mcht , Jacobs. W. H., stockman.. Jarchow, Fred, fmr Johanson. John, Ibr Johnson. C. E.. Ibr , Johnson, J. A., blksmth... Johnson, Leo, Ibr Jones, A. J., mail carrier. . J ones, Clarence, frm Jones, C. H., fmr Jones, George, mail carrier Jones, J. H., rtd Jordan, A. A., fmr K Kaeppel, Andrew, fmr. , Kangley, Peter, fmr... Kangley, Patrick, fmr. , Kelley, George, Jr., fmr Kelley, George, fmr.... Kilcher, Chris, fmr Kimpson, Thomas, fmr. Kitch, Mrs, A., fmr. . . . Kitch, E., fmr Klinger, Simon, fmr. . . . SEE J. W. RIDLERfOR Sanitary Plumbing ^Heating %' A. C. WILSON ss DrugS' BookS' Stationery PAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 225 Kludt, Mrs. Dora Knapp, Ed., fmr Knoll. Fred, fmr Knoll, William, drgst.. Knox, A. D., fmr Knox, D. J., fmr Knox, E. L., fmr Knox, James R., fmr.. Knox, Joseph, fmr. ... Koehler, Ed., fmr Koehler, George, fmr. , Koehler, Mrs. M., fmr. Krause, Fred, fmr Kraiise, Wm., fmr Krueger, A. J., fmr.... Krueger, Fred, fmr Krueger, F. C, fmr. . . . Krueger, H. A., fmr.... Krueger, Wm., fmr Krueger, William, fmr. Lang, Fred, fmr Leathers, H. L., fmr.... Leathers, R. G., fmr Lee, Mrs. E. E., fmr. . . . Lee, James, Ibr Lee, N. E., Ibr Leistickow, Fred, fmr. . . . Leistiokow, Herman, fmr. Lenz, J. A. H., fmr Lewis, Wm., fmr Liddle, L. G., fmr Littel, O. B., fmr Lyon, H Lyon, J. W., fmr Mc McElree, Samuel, frm. McGoon, A. J., stock. . McGuire, Thos., Ibr. . . Mclntyre, John, Ibr Mclntyre, M., fmr Mclntyre, Robert, fmr. , McLane, J. J., blksmth. M Mabb, Ed, fmr Mabb, Thos Main, S. C Manly, Joseph, Ibr Manweiler, Frank, fmr. . Manweiler, Jacob, fmr. . . , Manweiler, John, fmr. . . . Manweiler, Wilhelm, fmr Martin, C. J., fmr , Martin, Godfried, fmr.... Mayo, Fred, fmr Mayo, Ed., fmr Mayo, Joseph, fmr Miller, Aaron, fmr Miller, Edward Miller, F. F Miller, Tillie, fmr Mimm, Fanny, fmr Mitchell, Charles, fmr Moody, E. J., rtd mcht Moore, Mrs. Mary H Morf, C. H., fmr Morf, John, fmr Morgan, E., fmr Morgan, L. R., fmr Morph, Chris., fmr Morton, A. J., fmr Morton, W. W., fmr Moser Bros., meats Moser, Hugo, butcher. . . . , Moser, Otto, butcher Muldowney, A., fmr Muldowney, P., Munson, C. A Munson, C. F., N Nefzger, L. C Nelson, J. L., fmr. . Nelson, Perry, fmr. CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan Sc Gosse phone: so. no. 12 firsx sx. south 226 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Newkirk, Herman, fmr. Newman, Ed., fmr.... Newman, H., fmr Niemann, August, fmr. Niemann, Chris, fmr. . Nieman, G. H., fmr. . . . Niemann, George, fmr. Niemann, H. H., fmr.. Niemann, J. F., fmr... Niewohner, Fred., fmr. Niles, H. A., fmr Niles, H. R., fmr Niles, Robert, fmr Notbohm, Fred, fmr... Nuss, John, fmr Nutting, Sid, fmr Oehler, A., fmr Oehler, Mrs. K., fmr Ohmann, Carl, fmr Ohman, Charles, fmr Ohmann, Frank, fmr Ossman, I. B., fmr Ostrander, C. A., fmr Ostrander, Bert, fmr Ostrander, Ed., fmr Ostrander, H. A., fmr Ostrander, Mrs. Phoebe, fmr. Ostrander, Robt Palmer, Palmer, Palmer, Palmer, Palmer Parker, Parker, Parker, Parker, Parker, Parker, Parmer, Patrick, Caleb M H. R., mcht . . . J. B., carp J. E., mcht. . . . & Schlegel, Ibr. Charles, fmr. . . Ed., fmr H. G., fmr Mrs. Isabel . . . Pierce, fmr D. F., fmr A. C, fmr A. E., fmr Pelleymounter, John, Ibr. r r Peters, A. B., mcht Peterson, B. E., mcht Peterson & Flack, mchts Pieper, Mrs. E., fmr Pieper, H. F. fmr Pieper, W. H., carp Pitts, Delos, fmr Pitts, A. D., fmr Pitts, C. L., Ibr Pitts, Delos, fmr Pitts, Elmer, fmr Pitts, John, fmr Pleggenkuhle, August, fmr. . Pleggenkuhle, Charles, fmr.. Pleggenkuhle, Fred, Jr., fmr. Pleggenkuhle, Fred, Sr., fmr. Pleggenkuhle, Henry, fmr.... Pleggenkuhle, Herman, fmr.. Pleggenkuhle, Samuel, fmr. . Pleggenkuhle, William, fmr. . Pratt, G. E., hnsdlr Preston, C. W., fmr Preston, E. C, prin. schools. Probst, George, fmr Probst, Daniel, fmr Proctor, A. E., fmr Proctor, Charles, fmr Proctor, Ralph, fmr Quandt, John, fmr. Quandt, Wm., fmr. Quin, Patrick, fmr Raatz, E., fmr Raatz, Wm., fmr Rappold, John, fmr Rappold, Michaels, fmr. Reain, G. W., fmr Rehwinkle, Rich, fmr... Rehwinkle, Wm., fmr. . . Reichel, Adam, fmr. . . . ^ VISIT: E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 21 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & GRAUER, Jaj|nrs FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORS 227 Reichel, J. A., fmr Reichel, Wm., fmr Reisner, H. L., fmr , Reisner, George, fmr Reisner, James, fmr Reisner, Nicholas, fmr.. Reisner, Mr., fmr , Rembold, A. G., fmr Rey winkle, August, fmr. . Rey winkle, Wm., fmr.... Reynold, S. E., fmr Reywinkle, Richard, fmr. Richard, T. P., fmr Richmond, C. H., Ibr Richmond, Oliver, fmr Ridley, Albert, fmr Riley, Matt, fmr Riley, M., sec. foreman. . Rogers, Frederick, Ibr. . . . Rogers, W. N., printer Rowland, D. L., fmr Rush, Clint, fmr Russler, Chris., Ibr Russler, John, fmr Sanborn, J. S., fmr Schatz, Michael, fmr Schlatter, G. J., fmr Schlatter, J. J., fmr Schlatter, Mrs. Mary A., fmr. . . , Schlatter, Wm., fmr Schlegel, J. A., lumber and coal. Schlegel, Nicholas, fmr Schlessner, Fred, fmr Schlessner, John, fmr Schleshner, M. J., fmr Schmidt, Joseph, fmr Schnor, Carl, fmr Schnor, Fred, fmr Schnor, H. C, fmr Schnor, Henry J., fmr Schott, L., fmr Schott, August, fmr. Schrader, Carl, rtd fmr Schrader, Charles, lumber. . Schrader & Sorg, Ibr Schroeder, H. C, fmr Schroeder, Henry, Ibr Schug, R. W., furniture.... Schultz, John, fmr Schultz, J. A., fmr Schultz, John J., fmr Schultz, Louis, fmr Schwendman, Charles, fmr. . Searles, A., fmr Searles, Lon, fmr Senner, Carl, fmr Senner, Ed., fmr Sennott, John, fmr Sennott, Wm., fmr Sennett, Wm., fmr Shaffer, W. P., fmr Shales, J. A., elk Shales, Mrs Laura Sharpf, M., meat , Shaw, J. K., fmr Sieck, Fred, fmr Smirl, J. R., fmr Smirl, L. G., fmr Smith, A., fmr Smith, A. D., fmr Smith, David, fmr Smith, E. A., fmr Smith, Florette A Smith, Fred, rtd Smith, Gurnsey, rtd fmr Smith, Joseph, rtd Smith, R. A., dray Smith. Robert D., mlr Smith, W. O., Ibr Smock, David, Ibr Smock, Elmer, Ibr Smothers, Elmer, fmr Snyder, Mat., fmr Snyder, Peter, fmr Soper, Mrs. Addie Soper, Hurley, fmr Sorg, F. G., lumber and coal. Schrack, Mrs. Mary Sorg, J. H., fmr RICHARDS phone: 98, PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR .N. PLEIMLING, Proprieto 22S FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Sorg, Mrs. J. L Spille. Emile, elk Spitzbart, Helen, fmr. . . Staehling, J. O., fmr.. .. . Stamp, W. E., bar tender. Standorf, W. D., fmr... Stapel, Gary H., fmr Stapel, John R., Ibr Stauer, Mrs. Mary, fmr. . Stehr, John, Ibr Steinloge, F., fmr Steinloge, G., fmr Steinlage, William, fmr. Stevens, Phoebe, Mrs... Stocher, Wm., fmr Stokes, L. J., fmr Stokes, Jefferson, fmr... Strudthoff, Henry, fmr.. Swale, Arthur, fmr Swale, H. S., fmr Swale, T. W., fmr Swant, F. W., tinner Tatro, Frank, fmr Tatro, John, fmr Theabald, Ed., fmr Thompson, Ralph, fmr. Tiffany, W. H., fmr.. . Tims, Fred, fmr Tims, Mrs. F., fmr Timm, Peter, fmr Tongues, Wm., fmr... Tope, J. E., Tope, J. J., fmr Turner, David, fmr. . . . U Ungerer, F. J., fmr.. Ungerer, Henry, fmr Van Bogart, F. H., rtd fmr. Van Brocklin, J. E., fmr. Van Brocklin, Matt, fmr. Vosteen, B. H., carp...., Vosteen, Helena, mlnr.. W Wagner,- John, fmr Wain, Mrs. T. M Walsh, T. N., Dr Ward, A. G., preacher Ward, Mrs. Catherine Ward, C. E., Ibr Wartamm, A., Ibr Wartamm, Benj Wartamm, Enoch, Ibr Warthan, Almon, Ibr Warthan, Enoch, Ibr Watt, N. L., fmr Wattenpaugh, Frank, fmr Wayman. W. F., fmr Weed, C. A., fmr Welcome, M., fmr Weidemann, Charles, fmr Weidemann, John, fmr Weidermann, Paul, fmr Weidermann, Robert, fmr Weidermann, William, fmr Weier, Carl, fmr Weihler, Carl, fmr Weist, George, fmr Weist, John, fmr Wendland, August, fmr Wendland, Mrs. Caroline, fmr. Wendland, Christ Wendland, G., fmr Wendland, E. H., fmr Wendland, Fred, fmr Wendland, Paul, fmr Wendland, William, fmr Westenberger, L. A., preacher. Westpfahl, Ed., fmr Westpfahl, Henry, fmr Westpfahl, Herman, fmr Westphal, H. J., Ibr Westpfahl, John, fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN . FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK' GRESSLER, CAmPBELL Drugs. Druggists' nnilfl nn ^^^^^ Sundries ^ Fine DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Water ^ > ^ ^ FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 229 Westpfahl, W., fmr Whittenburg, Jerry, fmr.. Wickham, A. O., frar... Wickham, F. E., fmr Wickham, Hattie Wickham, J., fmr Wickham, W. H., fmr Wickham, W. R., fmr Wickman, Henry, fmr . . . . Wier, Herman H., Ibr Wilber, Mrs. Mate Wilbur, D. W., fmr Wilbur, J. W Wilbur & Proctor Williamson, Charles, fmr.. Williamson, Wm., fmr. . . . Willman, A. W Wilson, Andrew, Ibr Winkelman, John, fmr.... Winning, Henry, fmr Wittenberg, Jeremiah, fmr Wittenburg, Charles , Wittenberg, John, fmr... Wollfrom, Matt, Ibr Woolsey, Orrin, fmr Woodson, Frank Woodson, Henry Woodson, John Woodson, J. W Woodson, Reuben Woodson, T. J., Ibr Woodson, W. H Woodson, Mrs. W. H Woolsey, Orrin, Ibr Wright, C. J Wuest, George, fmr Wuest, John, fmr Z Zilmer, August, fmr , HAZLETON. A Arthand, A., fmr Arthand, C. F., fmr If You Don't Know D Dickinson, Aden, fmr. E Erdman, W., fmr F Fornert, F., fmr Forney, Frank Fourtner, Mrs. E. W... H Harold, M. B., fmr Hasbrook, W Hayes, Mort, fmr Held, John, fmr Heiring, G. H., fmr.... Heise, Wm., fmr Hillman, I. T., fmr K King, Frank, fmr King, Frank, fmr Kunkle, John, fmr Kunkle, John, fmr.... M Means, Daniel, fmr.... Michels, D., fmr Morey, Charles O O'Connor, fmr P Puff, Joseph; fmr S Saunders, Ira, fmr You Oo|ht to THEY SELL CLOTHES F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of Tobdao (i(iirs ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 230 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Scott, W. V Seely, Jay Shippey, George, fmr. Steggall, Charles, fmr Swarts, Robert, fmr. . Swartz, William Timmons, J. G., fmr. W Weise, Gust, fmr Winkler, Frank, fm Ibr. Wright, Vern LAMONT. B Bruggman, Wm. Bush, Roy Jessen, Peter Nedreau, Moses Puffett, Charles W Ward, Ellen Winkler, Frank, fm Ibr Wintenberg, Nancy . . . . LIMA. B Bartholomew, Robert. Bass, S. A., fmr Carmichael, Mrs. Mary, fmr Carmichael, Mrs. Sam, R. F. D. man, Carmichael, W. H., fmr Carmichael, Wm., fmr Corbin, Marion Davis, John, fmr Davis, Silas, fmr Davis, S. S., fmr Deneer, A. N Doland, James Doland, John, fmr. . . . Doland, Orval, fmr... Dorland, James, fmr. Durfey, Mrs. Hattie. . Earle, Charles, Ibr... Earle, George R., fmr. Earle, Wm Everetts, Frank, fmr. . Everett, Harvey, fmr. Everett, Ralph, Ibr. . . Fanser, A. M., fmr. . Flynn, Mr., fmr Foley, Kate, fmr.... Foley, Marguerite . . Fonelsly, J. J., fmr. Grahao", Lester H Hamrick, Charles, fmr. Hamrich, John H Harrison, C. C, fmr... NEXT TIME TRY -g^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors FAYETTE COUNTS DIRECTORY. 231 Hastings, J. P Hastings, Patrick H... Hastings, Warren, Ibr. Helmes, Samuel, fmr... Helmis, Frank, frm.... Helms, F. W., fmr Helms, S. C, fmr Henry, N. F., fmr Hensley, R. L., fmr.... Herriman, Samuel, Ibr. Hines, R., fmr Holesman, J. W., fmr. . Husley, Rebe, fmr Hutchison, Jim, fmr. . . Jones, Frank T., fmr. Jones, Wm Kuhnes, George . . Kuhnes, John, fmr Lambert, George, fmr. . Landers, Chas. E., fmr. Landers, Smith Lang, M. O Lang, Mrs. Polly Lang, Simeon Lewis, J. I., Lewis, T. D., fmr Mc McFarland, Frank, McFarland, John . . McGee, Wm., fmr. McGee, Rachel . . . M Martin, Charles T., Ibr. Miller, Frank Minger, Charles, fmr. Nefzgar, August C . . . . Nefzgar, Henry S., fmr. Oleburg, Albert, mcht... Oelberg, A. R., mcht Oelberg, Charles F., fmr. Oelberg, Frank Oelberg, J. J Parker, T. R Peterman, Henry, fmr Peters, C. P Place, E. D., gardener Potter, T. W., fmr Pritchard, Jno. & Gonner, fmrs. Pritchard, Thos., Jr Reed, Granville E. Reid, Wm., fmr. . . . Shepard, Samuel B., fmr. Sloan, Will Smith, Chauncy Soloman, J. J Solomon, Wm., fmr Stearns, Joseph Stephins, Harry, Ibr Thorp, Mrs. Belle, tchr. . . Thorp, R. E., fmr Tompkins, Harry J., fmr. BELL & RICHARDS PHONE OS. ■■^ HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable 6000 TEAMS, E/ISY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. W Ward, Mrs. C. A., Warner, J. G., fmr Warner, J. S Warner, R. A., blksmth.. Wing, John, mcht MAYNARD. A Adams, Christ., fmr Adams, G. C, rtd fmr. . . . Adams, Mrs. L. L Adams, O. C, fmr Ashbaugh Bros., fmrs... Ashbaugh, Ross, fmr Ashbaugh, W. P., fmr B Badger, Bert, Ibr Baldwin, F. M., fmr Ball, John, fmr Banke, George Barholt, David, Ibr Bark, Mrs. C, fmr Bark, J. H., fmr Barnes, Charles, fmr Barnes, Gail, Ibr Barnes, H., fmr Barnes, L. C, Ibr Barnes, Mrs. Mabel, Ibr.. Barnes, M. A., Ibr Barnes, Orin, fmr Barnes, S. F., grocery. . . . Barnes, W. H., Ibr Barney, C. W., butcher.. Barnholt, Henry, Ibr Barnholt, Wm., Ibr Bartels, H. B., fmr Bartels, Martin Beattie, J. A., elk Becher, Thos., fmr Beckner, Earl, fmr Beckner, Fred, Ibr Beckner, F. J., fmr Beckner, F. M., fmr Beckner, Jno. A., fmr Belden, G. C, fmr Belden, G. R., fmr Belden, Newton, fmr Benson, Arthur , Benson, H. H., fmr Benzer, Gehrhart, fmr Billick, C. J Billick, Jep Billick, Jessie, fmr Billings, Arley Billings, C, restaurant. . . . . . Bing, J. D., trav man Bing, M. E., carp Blethen, F. E., salesman Borchers, Fred., fmr Borchers, P. C, shoemkr B'orchers, Wm., fmr Bracy, C. B., creamery Brooks, George, minister Brown, E. J., fmr Brown, W. S., salesman Buenneke, F. Jr., cigarmkr... Buenneke, F., Sr., cigarmkr. . . Buenneke, Henry, clerk Buenneke, Herman, blksmth. Buenneke, Louis, cigarmikr. . . Bunn, Fred, fmr Bunn, G. W Burdick, A. D., Ibr Burdick, Blanche Burdick, Earl Burdick, F. S., carp Burdick, Lizzie, Ibr Burlingame, H., fmr C Calhoun, H. Z Capmyer, Wm., r r man Carpenter, Ezra, fmr Carpenter, Henry Carpenter, H. J., fmr J. W. RIDLER, PHONES 23 AND 33 — 15 NORTH FREDERICK Phone 144 A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 233 Carpenter, Oscar, bbr Cassidy, F. P., minister Chase, H. C, fmr Chase, Jesse, Ibr Chase, John, fmr Chase, Morpha, fmr Chase, W. E., fmr Clark, A. H., blksmth Clark, Charles Clark, Herm., Ibr Clark, H. P., carp Clark, Joseph, Ibr Clark, J. D., Conklin, F. M Conklin, Roscow, barber Ccnnell, George, fmr Conrad, A. E., physician Conrad, C. C, Mrs Conrad, E. E., student Conrad, James, fmr Cover, H. E., agt. r r Cowles, Lewis, Ibr Crawford, A. F., fmr Crawford, Reg T., fmr Cremer, D. E., clerk Cremer, R. H., genl store Crippen, O. A Crouse, O Crowley, Cornelius, Jr., fmr Crowley, Cornelius, Sr., fmr Cummings, Frank, salesman Cummings, J. F., road salesman Cummings, Mrs. J. F., Cummings, J. R Cummings, S. V., Cunning Bros., Curtis, Mary B., Mrs D Davis, David, Ibr Davis, Mrs. Hannah, fmr Davis, James, fmr Davis, Josiah, Jr., fmr Davis, Josiah, Sr., fmr Davis, W. E., fmr If You Don't Know Dawson, Mrs. D. P Day, Emma L., hotel Day, J. B., hotel Debow, Chas Deckard, Mrs. E. N Deckard, W. H., butcher Delong, S. L., fmr Delong, W. B., fmr Dewey, Addison, fmr Dewey, Franklin, fmr Dickens, A. M Donot, E Donot, W. E Dugan, W. H., fmr Dyer, Charles, fmr E Ecker, A., fmr Ecker, Irwin, fmr Eustis, Joseph Evans, A. L., fmr F Falk, N. W., fmr Fishback, Mrs. Melrosa Fclsome, Herman, fmr Fortney, Andrew Foss, Fred, fmr , Fox, George Fox, Henry, Ibr Freeman, M. B., fmr Frost, E., mcht Frost, R. E., clerk G Gantenbein, John Garnier, A., rtd fmr Garnier, H. J., fmr Garnier, Lena, fmr .- Goldsbery, A. E., fmr Goldsbery, F. C, dray Goldsbery, F. W., fmr Goldbery, Mrs. Louisa , You Ought THEY SELL CLOTHES Kernahan & Gosse 1 PP^a PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 234 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. GoldsbeiT, W. A., fmr. . . . Goodrich, Mrs. Etta, fmr. Goodrich, H. C, fmr Goodrich, L. H Gray, C. H., fmr Gray, George, fmr Gray, Horatio, fmr Gray, John, fmr Gray, Steven Gremmels, C. H., fmr... Grey, D. J., fmr Gueritz, Charles N., fmr. Gurity, August, Sr., fmr. . . Guy, Charles, fmr H Haas, Anton, fmr. . . Haines, Mrs. A. E. Hall, A. T., fmr Hall, Cass Hall, George Hurd. Mabel Jennison, P., fmr •Jennison, S. H., fmr Johnson, A., fmr Johnson, Carrie V., Johnston, Mrs. L. F K Kanne, Charles Kappmeyer, Emma Kappmeyer, Mrs. Katie... Kappmeyer, William .... Kendall, Glen, Ibr Kernehan, Mrs. J. E., fmr. Kidder, Mrs. Phila Klink, Otto, fmr Knight, A. A., fmr Knight, Riley, fmr. Hall, W. H., fmr ! Koelling, Fred G., fmr. Ham, Wm., Jr. Hanes, A. E. & Co Hctnes, G. W., physician.... Hanes, H. H Hanes, P. E., Dr Harrison, A. A Harrison, Mrs. Louisa, fmr. Harrison, Simon, carp Hart, William, fmr Hart, W. N., fmr Hassenplug, Frank Heller, Carl, fmr Hildabrandt, Albert Hoeger, Fred H., fmr Hoeger, F. J., Hoeger, H., fmr Holmes, Henry, student . . . Horn, Sarah K., fmr Hough. H. B., stockbuyer. . . Horn, W. M., Sr., fmr Kruse, O. G., fmr. . . Kuhnley. J. W., fmr. Larson, Charles, Ibr. ... Lartney, Bert., carp , Lauridsen, L Lehmkuhl, Charles, carp. Lembke, Fred, fmr Lembke, Henry, fmr Lennon, O. E., livery... Lewis, J. C, fmr Lewry, T. F Lindner, Charles, fmr... Lindeer, Walter, barber. Loomis, Arthur, fmr Luecht, A . . . Mc Horn, W. M., Jr., fmr. Hurd, A. E., fmr j McGee, Frank, R. F. D. Hulbert, Henry, harness McLeish, A., fmr E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP a^^ THAT'S ALL FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. McLeish, Robert, fmr. McLiesh, G. W., fmr. .. McMaster, A. F., fmr. . . McMasters, Mrs. B. N. McMasters, G. W., fmr. McSweeney, John .... M Malven, C. C. R. L. P.. Malven, Harve, fmr. ... Malven, W. V., fmr Masters, C. L. E Masters, Mrs. Emily... Masters, E. T Masters. Mary I Masters, S. E., fmr Masters, Thomas, fmr. . . Maynard, George, fmr.. Maynard, H. A., fmr. . . Maynard Savings Bank. Maynard, S. J., Mears, Ada A., teacher. Mears, G. S., mer Mears, J. C, fmr Merrill, A. E Meyer, C, fmr Meyer, F. C, fmr Meyer, H. H., fmr Meyer, John, mcht Meyer, Y. C Meyers, George, fmr... Meyers, Robert, fmr. . . . Miche, Lena Miehe, Albert, fmr Miehe, August, fmr Miehe, A. H., mcht Miehe, Chas., fmr Miehe, Fred, Sr Miehe, John, fmr Miehe, Theodore, fmr.. Miller, William Milne, S. B., fmr Mittlestadt, A. E., fmr.. Mittlestadt, E. J., dray. . Mittlestadt, John Odekirk, Evert, fmr.. Ogden, E Olttrogge, Fred, fmr.. Orbell, Fred, Ibr. . . . .. Osgood, J. S., mayor. Packard, Edward Palmer, David Palmer, George, fmr Patridge, A. D., fmr Patridge, John Patridge, Mrs. L. A., fmr.. Paul, C. H., Paul, Eugene, fmr Paul, Fay, fmr Paul, G. H Paul, H Paul, Jno., fmr Paul, Orange, fmr Payne, E. M., stone mason. Payne, S. T., fmr Pember, .Joseph N Perry, G. I., Ibr Perry, G. K., fmr Psrry, Mrs. Jane M ^Mllips, D., painter T^hippen, Mrs. M. A Ponsor, Jacob, fmr 235 Moer?y, G. W., fmr , Morrow, J. L Mort, J. B., fmr , Moulton, E. L., fmr N Newton, Archie, fmr Newton, Mrs. M. M., fmr. Nichols, Fred, blksmth... Nordyke, Frank, fmr.... Nuss Bros., Nuss, Mrs. John, fmr phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietori 236 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Ponsar, Robert, fmr Potratz, C. G., fmr Potratz, Ferdinand, fmr. Pratt, Fred, fmr Pratt, Henry H Pratt, Mrs. H. H Pratt, Mrs. W. C Price, George, fmr Rand, H. N Ranney, Cora A Ranney, H., Ibr Ranney, J. W., Ibr. . . Rathburn, Mrs. Ethel. Rathburn, E. A Rathburn, J. E Rathburn, S. F., Ibr. . Reese, E. J., fmr. . . . Reese, W. F Reese, W. G., fmr. . . Rich, Earl Rich, L. C Ritze, A. J., fmr Robbins, J. A Roe, James H., Ibr. . . . Roe, John Rowley, L. D., editor. Rueber, Johan, fmr... Sassenberg, H., fmr Sayles & Hough, implements. Schaffer, Henry Schlafman, Frank, fmr Schmitt, F. H., fmr Schmitt, Otto, fmr Schrader, Fred Schrader, Henry, fmr Schrader, "Wm., Jr Schrader, Wm., Sr Schuler, Louise Seegert, Wm., fmr Seely, Mr. Harve Seely, W. H., fmr Servos, C. E., teacher Shadle, Wm. J., fmr Shult, W. J Simpson, A. G., Imr Simpson, Frank, fmr Simpson, W. D., fmr Sisley, J. L Stann, L. C Smargo, C, Smarzo, Mrs. A., fmr Smith, Cloud, Ibr Smith, E. H., fmr Smith, G. B Smith, Harry R., fmr Smith, J. T., barber Smith, Mrs. L. E Smith, Martin Smith, N. J Smith, Steve Stahl, Mrs. Augusta Stamm, L. C, fmr Stansberry, I., justice of peace. Stransberry, Mrs. S. E Staples, Ella Stewart, Dale Stewart, P. P., fmr Stewart, Samuel, fmr Stewart & Son Stewart, Walter, fmr Stewart, W. J Struthoff, George, genl store. Strutthoff, Mrs. G Suhr, H. F., fmr Sylvester, S. A., lumberman. . . Talcott, D. H., fmr Talcott, Frank, fmr. . . Talcott, F. E., fmr. . . Talcott, L. D., fmr. . . Thomas, A., fmr Thomas, Mrs. A Thomas, Wm Thompson, B. F., fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK' GRESSLER, CAMPBELL D?ug8, Druggists' DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Sundfies > Fini Cigars and Soda Water >>.!•> FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Timmerman, Lucie ... Timmerman, Wm., fmr Torrey, Claud, barber. Torrey, Mrs. Fred Turner, Frank Turner, Miss L Vandersee. Paul, fmr. . . Van Sickle, L. H., fmr. Voelschow, C. A Voelschow, R Volshav/, August, fmi. W Wagner, Clarence "Walker, George Walker, J. N Walker, Leonard, fmr Walker, L. P Walker & Son Walters, J. L., fmr Ward, Mrs. H. B Warnke, E. F., fmr Warnke, Fred, bank Watenpaugh, J. E., fmr Watenpaugh, Miss Olive Weller, C. E Wells, George White, T. M White, Miss Mabel, teacher. White, W. v., fmr Whitney, Mrs. D. F Whitney, Mrs. M. D Wilkerson, Chas., fmr Wilson, J. H., Wilson, Thomas, fmr Witherstine, Fred, fmr Wolf gram, August Wolfgram. H. ¥/., fmr MINKLER. B Bartz, Joulous, fmr Betkke, Herman, fmr. Bethka, Wm Curtis, C. F. Downing, Albert, fmr. Ellis, C. R Heinemann, H. W. Leverton, Charles, fmr. Mc McCormick, Martin McCrae, J. G., fmr. McLain, John, fmr. Ott, Adolph, stone mason. Ott, Robert Runnell, Wm., blksmth. Schmit, A. J Schmit, J. P Sewell, George, fmr. Springer, John, fmr. OSSIAN. Amdahl, Lars B., fmr. Amdahl, Ole 237 ^^ ^^ ^ ^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO ^ ^ V» >^ BIG CLOTHING STORE lid Coloniar'^c (if^r F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer ** 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 238 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Amdahl, S. L Amonson, Andrew... Amonson, Mrs. Lars. Anfinson. Anfin, i'mr. Anfinson, Hans, fmr. Anfinson, Ole, fmr. . . Askelson, Andrew... Finnegan, Patrick, fmr. Fossaaen, Andrew, fmr. Fossaaen, A. C, Ibr. . . Freberg, Fritz H Hagelie, J. H., fmr Helgerson, Andrew, fmr. Helgerson, Lars, fmr. . . Holahan, Mary, rtd.... Jenson, John, fmr. K Kleppe, John, fmr. . . . Kleppe, Lois K., fmr. Kleppe, Ole K., fmr. . Kleppe, Peter, fmr... Kloster, Andrew L... Kloster, Gunder Knuding, P., fmr Lofte, Andrew Lofte, Peter, Sr., fmr. Lofte, Peter, Jr., fmr. . M Moarnan, Dan J., fmr. Mork, Martin, fmr... Osterhus, Mrs. Anna, fmr. Osterhus, C. S., fmr Osterhus, Knut, fmr Paulson, A., fmr. . . . Paulson, Paul Peterson, John J.... Peterson, Lars, fmr. Peterson, Luen, fmr. Powers, Julia .- Q Quanime, Peter, fmr. S Sabol, Anna C, fmr Sabol, Christ H., fmr. . . Sabol, K. Johnson, fmr. Schweinefus, Chas . . . . Schweinefus, Lewis . . . Schweinefus, Wm Schweinefus, Wm., Jr.. Stangeland, C. A Stangeland, John Stangeland, J. A Stangeland, L. S., fmr. . . Stangeland, T. A., fmr. Thorson, Mrs. Annie, fmr. Thorson, John, fmr Thorson, T. O., fmr Torkelson, T. O., fmr W Mittelstedt, Fred C, fmr Wedow, Fred., fmr. PSSS HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleanings Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 239 Westphal, Fred Willeikson, Andrew, painter. Wolf, Henry, f mr Wolf, Jno., fmr Wolf, M. J., fmr Wolf, Peter, fmr POSTVILLE. A Anderson, fmr Anderson, Erick, fmr. B Baker, Ole C, fmr. Bareis, Fred., fmr. Berg, Fred C, fmr. Beucher, mer Bilden, T. T., fmr. . Block, Wm Erickson, Henry, fmr. Everson, Ever, fmr. . Fay, Charles, fmr . . . Fay, Frank, fmr. . . Fischer, Bertha . . . Fischer, Wm Fleming, B. C, fmr. Groth, H. H. fmr Groth, Knudt H., fmr. H Halverson, Mrs. John. Hanson, Lars, fmr. . . Heckman, F. C, Heckman, Wm Heckman, W. H Helgerson, Nels, fmr. Johnson, Dorf, fmr Johnson, Julius, fmr. Johnson, Lauritz, fmr. Kettleson, Knudt, fmr. Koland, Gunder, fmr . . Kuhsie, Albert Larson, Ole, fmr. . . Lien, E. O., fmr. . . . Lien, Thomas, fmr. Mc McGreevy, Daniel, Ibr. McNeil, John, fmr.... M Meyer, Wm., fmr. . Mosby, A. O., fmr. Mosby, Tom, fmr. . Nyborg, Andrew, blksmth. Oleson, Gus., fmr. Olson, Tom, fmr. Reinhart, Andrew, fmr. Rierson, Lars, fmr phone: q 8 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. zBC W. G. FETTKETKER Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 1-14 FIRST avenue: SOUXHi 240 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Rounds, Jerome, fmr.... Rounds, Mrs., fmr S Schraeder, Carl, fmr.... Schultz, Fred Sholty, Fritz, fmr Skaine, Anfin, fmr Skaine, Lars, frm. Skein, Anton Skein, L. Anton, fmr Stray, Ed., Ibr Swenson, Swen, fmr.... W iVarnholz, John Waters, Burt, fmr Westvich, Martin, fmr. . Williams, Fred Williams, Wilkes, fmr. . RANDALIA. A Ashby, O. H Austin, N. C, fmr B Bacon. H. L., Bakman, G. R., ins B'ark, John, fmr , Belden, Clarence, fmr. . . Belden, Clyde Belden, N. A Bellis, F. E., fmr Bellis, J. H., fmr B'eman, Mrs. A ". . . Beutzberger, E. Lj. Brackett, O. C Breuhahn, Ed., fmr Brewer, F. A., fmr Bright, W. A., fmr Brown, W. J., fmr Bruhahn, C. F., Bucknell, J Burlingame, A. J , C Carpenter, O. W., barber Claxton, J. A Claxton, I. C Clow, John Clow, L. W. Colgrove & Sylvester Lbr. Co. Crawford, R. S., fmr D Darnall, G. B., fmr Darnell, J. C, fmr Davis, J. J., fmr Dooley, R. E., fmr Duggan, W. P., fmr F Farrell, J. J., Jr Farrell, J. T., Sr., fmr Fordyce, G Fordyce, T. L Foj-tney, O. J., fmr Fortney, Wm Freeman, L. E., fmr Frieden, Jacob, fmr Furry, C. J., rr. agent G Giles, H. E., miller Gilmer, E Gilmer, Frank, fmr Gilmore, E. L., fmr Gleason, Ed Gleason, Frank Grant, Wm., fmr Green, J. J., lbr Guritz, August, fmr J. W. RIDLER ^jt MANAGER OPERA HOUSE a^ ^' A. C. WILSON Glass Block DrugS' BookS' Stationery FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 241 fjj^j. Neuenschwander, W. E., fmr Hack, H. Henderson, Julania Henderson, O. C, butcher. Hockert, T. E., fmr Hoepfner, P., fmr Holmes, A. M., fmr Holmes, C. R., fmr Holmes, D. N., fmr Holmes, J. E., fmr Holmes, W. J., fmr Horton, D Jarchow, John, fmr . , Johnson, Fred, fmr. K King, Bffie J Kinsel, Jackson S., fmr. Knight, A., blksmth Lyons, Mrs., fmr Mc McCormack, R. B., fmr. McFadden, J. J., fmr . McGoon, A. D., fmr. . . McNaul, J. W., fmr. . McNaul, W. J., fmr M Mabon,, D. A., fmr Mabon, E. A., stock dealer. Miner, Addie S Miner, C. W., plasterer... Morf, J. H., fmr. . .» Morse, Albert Moulton, C. E., fmr Neuenswander, John, fmr. Newton, J., fmr Niles, Robert, fmr. . . Nutting, R. L., fmr. Odekirk, E. V., fmr. .. Osborn, J. E., fmr Owen, Martin L., fm.-. Parett, A., hotel Parett, Clarence Potter, Fay, carpenter. Preston, C. W., fmr. .. Pritchard, D. E Riley, Matt, fmr. S Schmidi, J. A., fmr Sherwood, G. A Shiery, Emelia M Sinnolt, John, fmr Sinnolt, Michael, fm/ Sinnott, Mrs. P Sinnott, Wm Smith, Jane E, post mistress. Smith, Martin, fmr Sorg, J. H Spatcher, Arthur, Ibr Staehli, R., fmr Staples, Mary, fmr Stevens, C Tslcott, Edward, fmr Thomas, Glenn CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan 6c Gosse phone: 50. NO. 12 FIRST ST. SOUTH 242 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Thompson, W. E., fmr Torrey, G. G., fmr Trager, Charles, fmr. Trager, L., fmr Turner, L. H., fmr. . . Vaughn, A. J. Vaughn, J. L. Vought, Roy W Wagner, Robert, buttermkr. Walker, L. L White, J. B., fmr Whiteford, Charles, fmr. . . . Whiteford, George, fmr . . . . Whiteford, W. W., livery. . . . Wilder, A., fmr Wooldridge, Jesse E., fmr. . . Wyman, T. D., fmr Zbornik, Jesse M., fmr. Zbornik, John, fmr.... READLYN. G Garvey, M., fmr. H Hazlett, W. G., fmr. M Maley, Charles, fmr. S Stock, Wm., fmr. Tidmarsh, P. J. SCOTT, B Barrett, Mr., Sr., fmr. . Briggs, Chauncey, fmr. D Davis, Alfred, fmr De Bar, George W.,fmr. Derflinger, Arch, fmr. . . Derflinger, T. N., fmr. . . Faust, Henry, fmr. Stock, Henry, fmr. James, Phin., fmr. . . Jellings, George, fmr. Mc McCormack, James, fmr. . McCormack, Thos., fmr McCormick, Lloyd, Ibr McCormick, Roy, Ibr McCormick, Wm., Sr., fmr. Sharman, Frank, fmr. W Wooldridge, W. N., fmr. Wagner, W. H., fmr ST. LUCAS. B Balk, Carl, fmr E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 243 Balk, Ulrech, fmr Baratz, Jacob, Ibr Bieker, Will Bird, H. W Brinnecombe, Henry .... Blany, Jos Blong, John B., Jr Boeding, Rev. F., minister. Bodensteiner, Henry, fmr. Bradley, James, fmr Brownell, G. S Bruening, Henry, fmr Creamery Farm, butter factory. Davis, John Devolt, A. L., Duclas, Louis, hotel. Feakes, B. A., fmr Franzen, Mat, fmr . . . . Foote, F. H Foote, Horace Foreman, J. H Foreman, John N., fmr. Foster, George Gardner, Benj., carp.. Garrettson, M. V Gerteman, Anton Gerteman, F. M., mer. Gilson, H. J Gretman, Joe H Hackett, G. M Hackman, Herman, fmr. Hageman, Theo., fmr. Hall, W. F Hardy, Fred Hauer, Con Hauer, Jas., blksmth. . Hauer, John, blksmth. Hermer, Conrad, fmr. . Hunter, Sam Hunter, Will I Irvine, S. C. James, Henry L. James, P. C. . . . Kiener, John, rtd Koca, Martin, carp Koerzendorfer, H Kraft, Peter Kuennen, B. H., buttermkr. Kuennen, H. H., agt Kuennen, J. H., fmr Kuennen, Mary, dressmkr. . Kuhner, Nicholas, fmr Lichter, Anna M . . , Lincoln, J. W Lusson, Daniel, lab. Lusson, Jos., rtd. . , Mc McCormick, Thomas McCormick, Roy McCormick, Wm McMillan, Robt B RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnisher GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. 244 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. M Manning, Nellie Manning, S. J Meinart, Barney, Sr., fmr Messenger, W. J Meyer, Theodore B., fmr. Mihm, Clemence, fmr. . . . Mihm, Henry, fmr Oakes & Disher Oakes, H. S Ott, Mrs. John, fmr. Ott, Michael, fmr.. Short, W. H Slcan, Thomas M., pump man. Smith, John H., fmr Smith, Ray E Steinlage, Ferd, fmr Steinlage, Gerh, fmr Steinlage, Joe, Ibr Stev/art, James B Strawn, John H Strav/n, John W Strong, Frank , Sumner. W. O Thiel, James, carp. Ferry, Theodore, mer. Perry, W. S., Ibr Plummer, Russell . . . Prouty, Ellis, fmr. . . . Puffett, C. L Reicks, Henry, fmr. Reierson, Mary Rohrig, Henry Scanlan, Daniel Schaufenbuehl, Joe, fmr. Schaufenbuel, S. rtd Schmitt, Jacob, Jr., fmr. . Schmitt, James, Sr., rtd. . Schmitt, John, Jr., fmr. . Schmitt, John, Sr Schmitt, Henry, fmr....: Schmitt, Peter H., fmr.. Setter, Otto, Ibr Sherman, F. A Sherman, J. S Sherrill, T. L Verlsteffen, Jos., fmr. . . Vonderset, Anton, fmr. . Vonderset, John, fmr. . . . Vorderbrick, Henry, Ibr. W Walter, Gottlief, Ibr Weber, Michael, fmr. . Weis, .James White, Charles, Ibr Whitney, Hiram Wilde, Frank, thrasher. Wilde, Henry, thrasher. Winter, Henry, Ibr Winter, Nicholas, fmr. . Winter, Peter, rtd Witte, C. H., mason Witte, John Wurzer, Magdalena, rtd. Zabriskie, Roy M. STANLEY. A Addis, Loyd, fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK- GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Pure Drugs. Druggists' Sundries ^ Fine Cigars and Soda Water ^ ^ ^ ^ FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 245 B Baldwin, Chas., fmr. Boots, Mrs. E. H Butts, L. A., fmr Dickinson, A. C, fmr H Hall, Mrs. Will M Manning, A. J Manning, Lou, fmr. Manning, S. J Metlin, Chas., fmr. Oaks, H. S., fmr. Strawn, Ross, fmr. Strawn, Wm., fmr. . Zabriska, S., fmr , STRAWBERRY POINT. A Alderson, John L., fmi . . Alderson, Richard, fmr. Anton, Henry, fmr Arbuckle, Archie B Bruce, George, fmr. Gladwin, O. C, fmr H Hertzman, Gus., fmr. . . K Kenyon, D. B., fmr L Lei, Michael, fmr O Opperman, George, fmr. W Waring, Charles SUMNER. A Adams, A. W., fmr.. Aders, Henry Arndt, Aug Arndt, Herman . . . . Aubrey, Prank, fmr. Aubrey, O. R., fmr.. B Baas, John L Bark, H. C Bartels, Arthur, fmr. Bartels, Fred, fmr. . . Bartels, F. E., fmr. . Bartels, F. J., fmr. . . Bartels, H. F., fmr. . Bartels, J. F., fmr. .. Bartie, Chas. JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE "Old Colonial" ^( m F, H. TOUSIEY, Manufacturer ^j^ 32 SOUTH FREDERICK 246 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Bartie, L. G Bartz, Julius, fmr Bass, L., fmr Baumgartner, A. C, restaurant Baumgartner, J., gardener. ... Becker, John F Becker, Joseph, Jr Benter, F Betka, Herman, fmr Blaschka, Otto Blowers, G. A., fmr Boas, John L Borchers, J., fmr Bork, John, fmr Boyce, R. L. fmr Bracket, O. C, fmr Brechtel, Anton Brooks, I Buenger, Wm Buhr, Henry, fmr Burkhart, Albert, fmr Burkhart, Chas., fmr Burkhart, Bdw Burkhart, Walter, fmr Claus, Henry, fmr. . . . Cloyer, Samuel, fmr. Gluts, Henry, fmr. . . Corkery, P. J., fmr. . . Corkery, Tim Crane, F. G., fmr Dallenbach, Frank Davis, J. F Davis, L. E Davis, M. T Dean, Earl Dean, Frank Dean, J. M., fmr Dellebrotsch, Frank, fmr. Deluhery, Daniel, fmr. . . Deluhery, Patrick, fmr. . Deluhery, Thos., fmr. . . Deluhery, Tim, fmr.... Dietel, S. A., fmr Duffy, E. J., fmr Duhrkopf , Albert, fmr . . Duhrkopf, Ernest, fmr. Duhrkopf, Geo., Ibr.... Duhrkopf, W. P Edel, J. G., fmr Edel, Susan Eggleson, Le Roy Eggleson, V. R., mail car. Elsamiller, Carl Farrand, E. W. & R. S. Ferrill, James, fmr.... Fink, A. J., fmr Fink, Caroline Fortsch, .Edw., fmr.... Fortsch, .Tohn, fmr Fortsch, Wm., fmr Fox, R. L., fmr Franklin, W. H., fmr. . Fridly, A. E., fmr Fridly. Geo., fmr Frish, Herman, fmr. . . Frish, Julius Fritz, K., fmr Funk, B-ruce, fmr Funk, R. B., fmr Galvin, J. J., fmr Garden, Libbie Gehrke, Ernest Gehrke, Robt Gehweier, Geo Gieseman, Edw Gieseman, Herman, fmr. Gletty, David, fmr PH5 HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS fROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & GRAUER, ]2\\m FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 247 •Gletty, Ira J., fmr Granger, E. E., Ibr Granneman, Christ Gropper, Louisa Gruber, Geo., fmr Guida, John, fmr Gunther, Fred, fmr H Haag, Phoebe Hack, John, fmr Hack, Samuel Hagenberg, Henry, fmr Hallowell, John, fmr Hannaman, Lawrence, fmr. Harding, Frank, fmr Harding, Robt., fmr Harms, Christ, fmr Harms, John Harms, Wm., fmr Harold, H. B Hath, Wm., fmr Hausner, H. J., fmr Havi, R., fmr Hettler, Henry, fmr Hoepfner, F. C, fmr Hoth, Chas Hughs, C, fmr Hughs, R. D Hughs, W. J., fmr Hunnence, E. A Jacob, F., fmr. . . Jacob, Morris . . . Jencks, W John, August ... John, Emil Johnson, D., fmr Karsten, Frederika Karsten, Wm., fmr. Keding, H. C, salesman. Kingsbury, G. E Kirchoff, Wm Klemp, F., fmr Klutz, H., fmr Knox, Joe H Koelling, Fred, fmr Koelling, H. J., fmr Kohles, Gustave Konaplo, Wm., fmr Lang, Chris., fmr Lang, Mary Lang, T. C. & P. M Lange, Fred Lauterbauch, C. J Lauterbach, Gustave, fmr. Lay, George, fmr Lay, Leonard, fmr Leaman, M. L., fmr Lease, Chas Lenius, Louis, Ibr Leverence, Mary Leverenz, Wm. F Leverton, C. H., fmr Lewelyn, O. A Lewis, Wm Leyh, Dan, fmr Leyh, Fred, fmr Leyh, Geo., fmr Leyh, Leonard, fmr Leyh, Sam, fmr Linn, W. B.. landman Littell, O. B., fmr Livingston, J., fmr Luecht, R Mc McLain, Archie, rtd fmr. McClain, Nancy McCormac, F. S., fmr phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable eOOD TEAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 248 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. IVI Mabb, Edward, fmr Mabb, P., fmr Mathers, H. L , Mathers, W. H., fmr Messerer, G. H., fmr Messerer, J. T Messerer, M. J., fmr Meswerb, Ed., fmr , Meyer, George, fmr Miles, Wm., fmr Miller, Anton, fmr Miner, Charles A., mason.... Minger, S. A Mohlis, Amil, fmr Mohlis, August, fmr Moore, Thos., fmr Moore, Wm Mosher, Fred, fmr Mosher, F. R Moulton, C, fmr Moulton, Ed., fmr Moyer, A. I., fmr Musselman, Adam, fmr Musselman, Dorothea , N Newenschwander, .John, fmr. , Newenschwander, W. E., fmr. Newton, James, fmr Niedert, Herman, fmr Neon, J. H., mer , Nolte, C Notbohm, Fred W., fmr Notbohm, J. F Nuss, August, fmr Nuss, Mrs. Mary O Oelwein, Edw, fmr Oltrogge, F. C, fmr Otto, Albert, fmr P Pagel, August, fmr. . . . Platte, Aug., fmr Potratz, August, fmr. . . Potratz, Wm., fmr.... Premis, John, fmr Pries, Wm R Rachow, Fred, fmr. . . . Renwick, G. H Rief, Geo., fmr Ritchie, Robert, elk... Robertson, Mary Rochford, Frank, fmr. Rochford, Michael . . . . Rochford, Thos Ross, Mort, fmr Rowe, Geo., fmr S Scheve, F. C, fmr Scheve, John Schmit, John Schmidt, Philip Schott, Christ Schrader, Henry, fmr. Schultz, Wm Schwartz, Wm., fmr. . Schwerin, Wm Seegers, Wm., fmr. . . . Sewell, Geo., fmr Sewell, Lizzie Shoemaker, J. W., fmr. Shrader, Henry, fmr. . Siefkers, Sigfried Smith, John Sorg, H. J., fmr Sorge, Philip, fmr.... Steege, Fred, fmr Steuer, Henry Swan, Julius, fmr ^^ SECURE DATES EARLY AT w*w» Idler's Phone 144 A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 249 Timm, A. E Timm, Gustave . . . . Timm, John, fmr... Timmerman, Fred . Torno, August .... Trager, Chas Trager, John A.... Trager, Lawrence . Treager, John, fmr. Triplet, Ann Triplett, Clyde Vanser, Fred, fmr. W Wagnei", Wm Warnke, Herman Wamke, John, fmr Waskow, Frank, fmr.... Waskow, Fred, Ibr Waskow, John, fmr Waskow, Will, Ibr Watenpaugh, A. A Webb, F. O., fmr Wells, F. J., Ibr Wells, H. A Wells, Jerry Wells, Katie Wenthe, Mrs. Minnie Wenthe, Wm., buttermki Westendorf, Albert, fmr. . Westendorf, John, fmr. . . . WestenJorff, Joseph, fmr. Westendorff, W. C, fmr.. Whiting, W. H., fmr Whitnable, Benj., fmr.... Wilkins, J. D., fmr Wilson, F. L Winthe, Minnie Wittenberg, Fred, fmr. . . . Wittenburg, Herman .... Wittenburg, J. F Wolfgram, August .... Wolfgrahm, H, fmr VOLGA. P Probert, James, fmr. .. V Voshell, George, fmr... WADEN'A. Aeschliman, P. C, fmr. Allen, Mrs. George Anderson, Hans Andress, Rectina B Baldwin, Louisa, fmr. . Benson, Ole, fmr Bigler, Louis E, drugs.. Bolej'n, J. H., sawmill. . Brooks, Albert, fmr.. .. Brown, Fred, fmr B'lihlman. Gotfred, fmr Burget, Will, fmr Burgett, W. O., fmr Burke, Mary, fmr Cavanaugh, Philip, fmr Tavenough, Philip, woodchopper. Chase, James, fmr , Chase, J. J., fmr Clark, G. P., Ibr \ Cline, C. & J. W., fmrs Cline, Mary, fmr Cook, A. C, Ibr ^ ^ ^ ^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO >^ ^ ^ ^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Kernahan & Gosse 1 l^ia PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 250 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Corbin. C. C, Ibr Corbin, Ed., fmr Corbin, Henry, fmr Corbin, J. B., fmr Corbin, Jobn, fmr Corbin, Maggie, fmr Corkery, James E., stock buyer. Corkery, John, mer Cornish, William, fmr Coventry, H. S., fmr Cox, James, mail carrier Cox, Nicholas, fmr .^. . . Cox, Timothy, fmr .*. . . Crandall, L. L, Ibr Crandall, W. D., barber Crawford, C. C, fmr Crawford, Bert, fmr Crawford, Ora, fmr Crawford, Phoebe, fmr Crandall, W. H., fmr Crocks, Prank, fmr Culbertson, E. E., fmr Culbertson, M. E., fmr. ........ Davis, George, fmr Davis, Zeb., carp. Durland, Ed Dye, Rebecca, Ibr. Dye, Sealy, Ibr. . . . Erickson, John, fmr. Ernst, E. P., fmr. . . . Ernst, Fred, fmr.... Ernst, John, fmr.... Everson, Even, fmr. Everson, Rose, fmr. . Fennell, Ellen, fmr. . Fennell, E. C, fmr. . . Fennell, William, fmr -VISIT: Fisher, James, fmr Flannagan, Thos., fmr... Flannagan, William, fmr. Frame, Wm., fmr Frey, J. M., fmr Gage, Henry, fmr. . . . Garley, C. A., fmr. . . Gernand, Fred, fmr. Gorley, Rose, fmr... H Hageman, W. J., fmr Harrington, Dr. J. F Hastings, Ida, fmr Hellerich, John, harness Herbold, George, fmr Herriman, Charles, Ibr Herriman, Daniel, Ibr Herriman, Jacob, fmr Herriman, John, stock buyer. Herrling, A. G., p. m Herrling, C, rr. agt Herrling & Talcott, hdwe.... Hobart, H. H., fmr Hollister, J. J., mer Huddy, J. W., Ibr Hummel, Martin, fmr Hummel, Perry, fmr Hunsburger, Lewis, fmr Jennings, Bert, fmr Jennings, George, fmr... J'Tunings, Le3t(: r, fmr. . . . Jennings, Mary A., fmr. Jennings, Sidney, fmr. . . Johnson, Anna, fmr Johnson, Christ, fmr.... Johnson, O. F., fmr. . . . , Johnson, Richard, fmr. . Jones, George, fmr E. N. Ross & Son SO. FREDERICK ST. .PHONE 21 Furniture CARPETS, RUGS Smith SGrauer, Tailors UNION SHOP uj^uj THAT'S ALL FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 2rA Jordan, Wm., fmr.. Joyce, Patrick, fmr. K Kelley, Matthew, fmr Kennedy, J. C, fmr Kennedy, Mrs. John Kennedy, Maggie Keve Lbr. Co., (p. o. Arlingtony Kerr, Uriah, fmr Killerlain, J. E., fmr Kirmse, Paul, lbr Klingman, M. A., fmr Kimpson Bros., f mrs Knutson, Rier, blksmth Krebs, Charles, fmr Krebs, John, fmr Krebs, Wfti., fmr Kuhn, Henry, sec irm Milkr, Charles, fmr Miller, E. G., fmr Minger, Fred, fmr Miniger, John, fmr Miniger, Mary, fmr Mitchell, A. H., meat mkt. Moore, J. S., Rev Ogle, Fremont Ogle, Sarah, fmr. . . . Oldfather Bros., fmrs. Lamphere, Oscar, fmr. Larson, Charles, fmr. . Laughren, Thos., fmr. Lawler, John, fmr Lewis, W. Q., fmr. . . . Lockard, Henry, fmr. . Lockard, Hugh, fmr. . . Lockard. J. D., fmr. . . . Lugenbuhl, Fred, fmr. Mc Page, A. L., fmr Page, Ed., fmr Page, Lorenzo, fmr.... Patterson, Wilbur, fmr. Perkins, Clinton, lbr... Perkins, Warren, fmr. . Peterman, H.' B., clerk. Pierce, Jesse, fmr Poor, Frank, Ibi' Poor, Mrs. Lizzie, lbr. . . Poor, Maggie, lbr Poor, W. J., lbr McGee, Ann, fmr... McLaver, Ann, fmr. McLavey, Wm., fmr. IVi Magie, Ernest, fmr Markley, T. C, clerk Mattocks Bros., fmrs Messerli, Christ, fmr Messerli, Christ, Jr., fmr. Raftis, James, fmr... Raftis, J. Ed Robbins, H. F., tmstr. Robbins, John, fmr... Robbinson, H., fmr. . . Roys, Will Sackett, A. W., clerk Sargent, Wm., dray Schmidt, H. A., telephone... Schroeder, F. J., creamery. Scott, G. G., rtd mer Seward, W. J., fmr Sloan, Robert, fmr B RICHARDS HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUe Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR .N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Starr, Edson, fmr Starr, George, fmr Steffenhagen, J. J., fmr Stetter, C, hotel Stetter, Glen, Ibr T Talcott, C. A., fmr Talcott, Mrs. M. A., fmr Taylor, H. J., fmr Thompson Bros Toomey, Patrick, fmr Tripp, John, fmr Tschantz, Fred, fmr V Voshell, Calvin, fmr Voshell, E. W., livery Voshell, M. F., fmr Voshell, Peter, fmr W Walters, H. D.. fmr Walters, Martin, rtd Wells, Martha J., Ibr Wells, Victor, Ibr Welsh, James, fmr Wescott, Everett, fmr Wheeler, E. P., . Ibr Wheeler, Frank, fmr Wheeler, Fred B., fmr Wheeler, John R Wilcox, W. A., carp Wilson, C. H., fmr Wittenbaugh, John, fmr Wittenbaugh, Wm., savsr and feed mill Wyttenbach, Gottleib, rtd Z Zuercher, John, fmr WAUCOMA. A Abbott, H. W., fmr Adams, M. S., fmr Alton, J. E., fmr , B Baker, Claud, drayman Balk, John, fmr Balk, Jos. W., fmr Barbour, D. G., photographer . . , Barbour, Robt. M., fmr , Barbour, W. M., carpenter Beebe, A., restaurant Belding, H. H., dentist Belknapp, A. A., teacher . .«. Bemis, C, fmr Bemis, L. E., Bender, W. I., fmr Blanchard, Elgin, drayman Blong, Frank, fmr Blong, Matthew H., hdwe merch. Bodensteiner, James, fmr Bodensteiner, John, fmr. : Boeding, Herman, fmr Bouska, Charles, fmr Bouska, Martin P., fmr Bowers, G. W., rtd Bcwers, Wm., fmr Boylfan, Eliza, fmr Brace, Diana, rtd Brace, Guy E., fmr Brace, Wm., fmr Bradley, Mrs. A. M., rtd Brannan, Anna, rtd Brannon, Benedict, fmr Brannon, Ignatus, fmr Brannon, James E., fmr Brannon, J. J., fmr Branncn, Philip, fmr Brannon, T. K., fmr Bray ton, Cassie, dressmkr Bright, B. I., rtd merch FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders In Purs Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > Fine Cigars and Soda Water j^ > j» > FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 253 Bright, D. D., rtd Broadbent, W. A., fmr Brockway, Barry, fmr Brockway, Geo. F., fmr Brockway, Major A., fmr Bruess, Christ, fmr Burget, Mrs. Mary M., rtd Burke, John, fmr Burke, Patrick, fmr Burns, John, Ibr Burnside, H. J., Ibr Burnside & Husband, druggists . . Burnside, J. M., druggist Byers, Emil, fmr Byers, Herman, fmr Byers, Will, fmr C Cannon, Alice, housewife Carter, Margaret, housewife Clark, Andrew, rtd Clark, A. M., fmr Clark, James, fmr Clark, Orlando, fmr , Clyde, Alex, fmr Clyde, F. W., fmr Cockran, A. H., ins. and land agt. Coffin, B., rtd mer Comstcck, H. S., fmr Conklin, Charlotte, housewife... Conklin, Ed., fmr Conklin, Georgie F.. fmr Conklin, Hawe, fmr Ccnklin, S. W., fmr Conklin, Will., fmr Connor, Joseph, fmr Coverdale, Wm., fmr Crider, Chester, Ibr Crider, J. C, fmr Croatt & Blong, hardware Croatt, Nicholas, fmr Crotatt, Victor, merch Crowther, Mrs. L. A., rtd fmr... D Dailey, Henry, fmr Dailey, Wm.; fmr Dickens, C. B., fmr Dickens, N. I., fmr Dirst, Emma, widow, pensions. Dodd, Dr. O. B i;?odd. Dr. F. B Dodd, Mary J., doctor's wife... Dooley, Wm., fmr Doyle, James E., fmr Doyle, J. T., Ibr , Doyle, Julia, widow. . .' , Drilling, F. W., fmr Drilling, George, fmr Drilling, Joseph, fmr Drilling, Mat, fmr Duclos, Matthew, Ibr Duffy, Fanny, dressmkr Dungey, Albert, fmr E Erler, Augusta, rtd fmr F Farley, Emma, housewife .• Farley, .1. E., Ibr Farr, Elmer, fmr , Farr, Mrs. Ella E. widow Farrell, Ed., fmr Farrell, James, Ibr Farrell, John, fmr Fee, Chas. M., fmr Fee, Tina J., wife of C. M Finch, Max, fmr Finch, R. E., fmr Fish, Chas., fmr Fitch, J. E., brick layer Flynn, John, fmr. Foot, J. C, drugs Ford, Thos., Ibr Fcreman, Nelson, fmr Foreman, R. N., fmr JUST A LITTLE DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS THAT YOU KNOW BIG CLOTHING STORE F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of ^ Mm (l$drs ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 254 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECJTORY. Franzen, Henry, fmr. FranzSn, Matt, fmr. . . Furgeson, S. C, fmr. . Gage, G. R Garger, Fanny Gibbs, Anna L. Gibbs, L. J., Ibr Gifford, L. C, fmr Gifford, Margeret, rtd . . . . Gifford, Sim, rtd Gillard, Ason, fmr Gillard, David, Ibr Gillard, Mrs. Hattie, fmr. Goodnow, H. A., fmr Goodnow, H. C, fmr Guptill, Charles, fmr.... Guptill, F. E., fmr H Hackman, G. H., fmr Haines, Alfred, fmr , Haines, Charles, fmr Hale, George, rtd fmr Hale, W. W., fmr Hall, R. A., fmr Hancock, Fred, fmr Harris, Jeremiah Hathaway, S. L., fmr Haugh, E. A., fmr Haugh, Henry, fmr Haugh, Mrs., fmr Hayze, Jno Hetherton, James, Ibr Hetherton, R. J., fmr Hetherton, Thos. F., fmr Hetherton, Wm., fmr Hogan, Martin House, A. H., fmr House, Sarah A., wife rtd fmr. Howe, Charles, fmr Howe, Frank, fmr Howe, Fred, fmr Howe, Mary O., fmr Howell, Wm. E., fmr Huber, Tony, fmr Hunnerberg, W. H Hurd, Mrs. N. A., milliner. Husband & Whitney, fmr. Jarchow, Henry, fmr. . . Jellings, George, fmr. . . , Johnson, A. N Johnson,, Herbert, fmr. K Keith, Mrs. E. C, wife of Peter. Keith, P. W., insurance agt Kent, William, blksmth , Kieron, Edward Kieron, J. J Kieron, J. W Kieron Bros., gen mdse King, G. A. & Son, hardware. . . . Knapp, Charles, Ibr Knapp, Edward, fmr Kolbet, P. J., buttermaker Kruse, John, fmr Kuennen, Frank W., fmr Kuennen, J. B., fmr Kuhner, John, fmr Kunz, Jacob, fmr I anee, Henry, fmr Leslie, Frank, fmr Leslie, Sarah L., rtd fmr. . . . Lickter, Jacob, Ibr Lindsay, J. B., fmr Lindsey, Robt., cattle dealer. Loyd, Charles, Ibr Lucas, John, fmr Luce, F. I., horse buyer T usscn, Nicholas, fmr' Lynch, Charles, fmr NEXT TIME TRY j^ j^ j^ PARKER, THE TAILOR SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleaning, Pressing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 255 Lynch, Leo, Ibr Lynch, Matthew, Ibr. Lynch, Patrick R., Ibr. Lynch, Terrance, fmr. Lynch, Thos., Jr., fmr. Lynch, Thos., Sr., fmr. Mc McCall, J. E., fmr McCarthy, Hiram McEnaney, Catherine, rtd fmr. McEnaney, J. E., imp dealer... McEnaney, T. W., fmr McKay, F. F., merchant McKay, P. K., clerlv McMahn, J. J., fmr M Maher, Walter, fmr Mangan, Frank, barter Mangan, Thomas, cattle buyer. Marron, Jennie, widow Mangan, Mary A., wife Thos . . . Mayo, Ed., fmr Mayo, Seth, fmr Mead, Mary J., rtd Meyer, Bernard, fmr Meyer, Mrs. Bernard, fmr. . . Meyer, Catherine, fmr Meyer, Frank, fmr Meyer, F. H., fmr Meyer, John, Ibr Meyer, Mrs. Mary W Meyer, Wm., fmr Meyers, Elizabeth Meyers, Hattie Millbrandt, Carl, fmr '.'.'. Miller, Amanda Miller Etta ' Miller, John, fmr Miller, Dr. L. A., Miller, William, rtd fmr Mitchell, Jos., fmr Monroe, Norman, Ibr Morf, Catherine Mullen, E. E., fmr Mumby, Charles E., Ibr. Mumby, F. E Mumby, Herbert Mumby, J. W Mundt, F. H., fmr Murphy, Mrs. Maria . . . , Murphy, Thos., fmr.... Murphy, W. H., fmr... N Nauertz, E. P., fmr. . . . , Nauertz, Homer Nauertz, Peter Niehwane, Henry, fmr. Nims, Frank, fmr Nims, W. H., fmr Nims, Wm. L., fmr Nolte, George, fmr Nolte, John, fmr Northrup, Helen, rtd.. Northrup, H. A., fmr.. Odell, Wm. Page, B. D., fmr Parker, Catherine Parker, Charles Parker, Walter Paul, E. M., fmr Peet, Miss Mary Pepper, O. H., fmr Perry, Stephen, fmr.... Pierce, Frank, fmr Pierce, George, Jr., fmr Pierce, Geo., Sr., fmr.. Pierce, Walter, fmr.... Plummer, D. C, Ibr Potter, C. M., fmr Potter, D. W., fmr PHONE 98. BELL & RICHARDS HAC,( CJiLLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT For Fine and Up-to-Date Livery Rigs See W. G. FETTKETHER Bood Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 14 FIRST avenue: south— -^ 256 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Potter. G. W., fmr Potter, Galern .... Reams, Albert, fmr Reams, Clarence, fmr Reed, F. B., restaurant. . . Reed, J. W., furn dealer. Richmond, A. D., fmr.... Richmond, G. A., fmr.... Richmond, L. C, fmr Ridgeway, W. S., fmr Rhinehart; A., Ibr Roberts, H. N., Ibr Roberts, L. C, fmr Roberts, Walter, Ibr Rogers, Clara Rogers, O. N., fmr Rogers, R. W Rogers. RoUa Rubendall, Geo Sanford, John H.. Ibr. . . . Sanford, S. H., rtd fmr. . Scallan, James, fmr Soa.llen, J. E., fmr Scalley, James, fmr Schlaughter, Selina, fmr. Schlichte, A. C, fmr Schlichte, Bernard, fmr. . Schlichte, Gerhard, fmr . . Schlichte, John, Sr., fmr. Schlichte, John H., fmr. Schoeberle, J. S., fmr. . . . Schonefeldt, Fred, fmr.. Schoonover, E. D Schwamman, John Scott, Robert Servoss, Shular, grocer. . Shephard, Charles Shepard, C. S., fmr Shook, A. W Shook, Mrs. E. F Shook, E. F., horse doctor. . . . Shook, Fred, painter Shortel, Mary Shortel, Michael Sixt, Michael, fmr Sloan, L. H., fmr Smith, A. F., Ibr Smith, Mrs. B Smith, Clem T., fmr Smith, Fred, fmr Smith, Helen Smith, Jeremiah Smith, Lafe, fmr Smittle, Dr. J. M Smittle, Phoebe E Smock, O. C Smothers, Wm., fmr Snyder, Wallace Soukob, John, fmr Soukob, Joseph, fmr Soukob, Will, fmr Sperry, W. R., fmr Stafford, L. G., painter Stafford, W. D., racket store.. Steadman, W. W., fmr Stedman, Elizabeth Steele, James B Stone, Mrs. E. J Stone, George, fmr Stone, G. O Stone, Hattie M Stone, Leo C Stone, W. B., fmr Stone, W. H., fmr and banker Tabbert, Hermian, fmr. . . Tank, Wm., fmr Tesmer, Charles, fmr. . Tesner, Ferdinand, fmr. Tesner, Mrs. F Thompson, D. A., fmr . . , Thompson, Geo Thompson, Wm Tompson, John, lor SEEJ. W. RIDLERFOR Sanitary Plumbing^ 'ffi' A. C. WILSON iS DrugS' Books' Stationery FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Thompson, Sarah E . . . Tierney, Timothy, fmr. Towell, James Trime, O. W., fmr Tupper, Carl Twamley, Robert T warn ley, William ... V Van Buskirk, Ida Veally, Mary A W Wayman, 3. G. Webster, A Webster Bros Webster. Charles . . . . , Webster, J. P West, F. P Westpfahl, Henry . . . . Whipp, Mrs. C. A Whitney, Clyde, fmr. . . Whitney, E. G., fmr. . . Whorley, F. J., rtd fmr. Whorley, Jacob Whoerley, Mrs. Jacob . , Whorley, Louisa Wilke, Sarah J Wilkie, Sarah Willis, S. E Wilson, M. B Winter, Fred, fmr Winter, George H., fmr Winter. Henry, fmr. . . , Winter, John, fmr...., Winter. Otto Winter, Mrs. Pauline . Winter, Wm Wurzer, Anton Y Young, L. H Young, N. J. & A. R.., Z Zuctner, Edward WESTGATE. A Adam, Fred, fmr Auer, Chas., fmr Auer, Fred, fmr B Baenbrick, Chas., ibr Baker. S. J., fmr Barnard, Herbert, Ibr Bavtels, Fred, Jr., fmr Bartels. Fred, Sr., fmr BartelG, Herman, fmr Bartels, John, fmr Bart els, W. B Bartels, Wm. J., fmr Bartz, Carl, fmr Baxter, Hube. fmr Baxter, Mrs. R. P., fmr Bayness, John, fmr Bayness, Wm., hired man Becker, Thos., fmr Beimbrech, Chas., mason Bender. Louis, blksmth BethkL". Will, Ibr Block, Wm. F., fmr Boeckman, F. C, fmr Bond, W. H., fmr Bradley, J. R Brann, August, fmr Branch, H. P., editor Bros^ha, Henry, I'mr Buesing, Henry, fmr Buesing, L. W., hotsl landlord. Carpenter, Homer A., well digger. . CLOTHIERS TO HIS MaJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan 6c Gosse phone: 50. no. 12 FIRST ST". SOUTH 25S FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Clark, H. E., section man. Coleman, F. S., cashier. . Connable, Bert, Ibr Corbin, C. E., fmr Culver, John, fmr Davelaar, .John G., fmr... Decker, Mrs. Chris., fmr. De Garzon, H. G., doctor. . Deluhry, Maggie, tchr. . . . Deluhery, Pat, fmr Deluhery, TJm, fmr Deluhery, Wre., fmr Dickens, A. M., fmr Dickey, E. H., fmr Di"key, Elston, fmr Dietrich, Gottlieb, fmr... Doty, Allen, fmr Doty, Bert, section boss . . Doty, Roy, section man, . Downing, Albert, fmr. . . . Downing, Ashley, fmr. . . . Dov/ning, C. E., impl Downing, Mrs. E., fmr. . . . Downing, J. R., hdwre. . . . Downing, Mrs. Lizzie Downing, Roy, fmr Downing, W. W., fmr. . . . Dwyer, Alice, I'mr Dwyer, Mrs. John Dwyer, Michael, rtd fmr. Edwards, G. A., fmr. Egan, John, fmr Egan, W. J., imr. . . . Eiler, B. A., fmr Farin, E. H., mer Pox, F. E., wood sawyer. Fox, Jessie, fmr. . . Fox, L., tmr Fox, L. A., Sr., fmr. Fox, Roy, fmr Fox, S. T., fmr Fridley, F, J., fmr. . Funk, R B., imr. , Gadow, Gottlieb, fmr Gadow, Wm,, fmr Gaortner, R., wagon mkr Galson, John Galvin, J. P., fmr Galvin, M. H., fmr Ginter, George, harness mkr, Ginter, H C, harness mkr, , , Grannis, H, R., rr. agent Green, John, rtd fmr Griffith, Frank, Ibr Griffith, J, O., btchr Griitzmacher, Fred, fmr Guida, John, fmr Gumm, Fred, fmr Gumm, Wm,, fmr Guritz, Chas,, fmr Guritz, Fred, fmr H Hageman, Wm,. fmr , . . . Hagenbuch, Christ,, blksmth Hagenbuch, Wm,, ball player (Oelwe; Hall, Art., fmr Hall, Cass, fmr Heller, Carl, fmr Heller. John, Ibr Hill, Archie, ibr Hollenbeck, Elmer, workman Hollenbeck, H. C, grain buyer Hopka. Gottlieb, fmr Hopka, Herman, fmr Hopka, Paul, blksmth Hopka, Wm., fmr VISIT== IP ., E. N. Ross & Son EMMI so. FREDERICK ST. PHONE 21 CARPETS, RUGS FROM THE BEST THAT'S MADE TO THE CHEAPEST THAT'S GOOD SMITH & GRAUER. Jailors FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 259 Hoth, H., fmr. ]ahn, C. F.. fmr Jarschen, Gustave, fmr. , Jenks, O. M., fmr. ..... Johnson, Davirl E., fmr Johnson, Orrey, Ibr K Kauten, Joseph, fmr Kauten, P. C, imr Keegan, Christ, section man. Kelly, C, fmr Klammer, Fred, fmr Klammer, G. P., fmr Klammer, Wm., rtd fmr Klammer, W. F Knief, Clara, millinery Knief, Mrs. C, widow Knief, Mrs. Chris., rtd fmr. . Knief. Fred, fmr Knief, T. W., fmr Knief, Mrs. G.. fmr Knief, Mrs. G. P., fmr Knippling, John, fmr Koch, George, rtd fmr Koelling, Fred, fmr . Koelling, G., Adolph, fmr... Koelling, H. J., fmr Koelling, Mrs. Wilemena. . . . Komos, Herman, fmr Kroehler, Louisa Kulow. George, fmr Kurrnus, H., fmr Lange, Henry, fmr Latimer, G. H., mail carrier. Leech, G. A., fmr Leverton, Chas., fmr Lewis. Charles, rtd fmr.... Lewis, E. E., drayman.... Leyh, L., fmr ; . . . . Likiss. R. W., fmr Lilley, Mrs. H., Ibr Limhagen, Fred, fmr Linstrum, C. J., fmr Linstrum, Louis, rtd fmr. Littig, Mrs. Henry Lusby, E. W., druggist. . . . Mc McClain, John, fmr McClain, S. E., fmr McCue. E. J., fmr McCue, L., fmr McCue, R. L., milk hauler McMahon, P. W., fmr McSweeney, Henry, fmr McSweeney, Mrs. John, fmr McSweeney, J. H., fmr McSweeney, J. M., fmr Mchweeney, J. S., fmr McSweeney, P. L., fmr McSweeney, Wm., fmr McSweeney, W. J., stock buyer. M .Madigan, T. F., fmr Madigan. John, fmr Madigan, M., fmr Mahoney, Daniel, rtd fmr.... Mahoney. Flenry, fmr Mfiiley, Hank, fmr Matthias, W. C, fmr Meswarb, W. J., stock buyer. Metzka. Oscar, fmr Meyers, Fred, fmr Miles, John, fmr Miles, Wm., fmr N ^'auholz, Henry, imp. man. RICHARDS phone: 98, PICNIC PARTIES A SPECIALTY THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnishers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor 260 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. NTeins, John, fmr. Niemeyer, Gustave, fmr Noak, Gustave, fmr... Nolle, John, fmr Nuss, Mrs. John. fmr. . . O 0':enchain, Wm., fmr. . Ottroggie, FreJ, fmr... P Plaster, Charles, fmr. . . Plaster, Fred, fmr Plaster, G., fmr Platte, August, fmr Plotz, Fred. Ibr Ponsar, Robt., fmr Portratz, Fred, fmr Potter, Lou, fmr Ibr.... Pov.'ers. Wm., fmr Pratt, Fred, fmr Q Ouandt John, Ibr Quinn, James, Jr., fmr., Quinn, James, Sr., fmr. , R Raether, Fred, fmr Raether, John, fmr Rather, Ferdinand, fmr. , .Regenp.ld. Joe, fmr ReJyca, Frank, fmr Retland, E., fmr , Reuber, John, fmr Reuber, J. L., fmr Reuber, Wm., fmr Richter, Carl, livery.... Rickert, John, fmr Ritchie, A. F., tmr , Ritchie. Adam, fmr Ritchie, Andrew, fmr Ritchie, Mary, boarding Ritchie, Mrs. Thomas, fmr Ross, Morton, fmr Ruckert, John, fmr Rueber, John, fmr Reuber, R. J., clerk (see Reuber) Rueber, W. L S Sachtlaben, S. A., fmr Sassenburg, H., shoemkr Scheibe, Gottlieb, fmr Schevo, John, fmr Schmidt, John, fmr Schomaker, W. H., banker Schrack, Harry, mach man Schwarz, Carl, fmr Schwarz, Jacob, rtd fmr Shafer, Clinton, fmr Shafer, Henry, fmr Shortau, H., fmr Sidler, H. fmr Springer, John, Mrs Stahl, Theodore, shoemkr ?.tp.ege, C, fmr Steege, Mrs. Conrad, fmr Steege. H. W., fmr. Steege, Wm Steil, John, fmr Stephens. George, fmr Stephens, John, fmr Stephens, W. J., fmr Stewart, James A., elk Stevga, Mrs Cory, fmr Stohr, Corwin, fmr Sugers, Wm., fmr T Tegtmeier, August, fmr Tegtmeier, Wm., mer Thran. Carl, fmr Thran, Gustave, fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING GO TO ig'er's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK' GRESSLER, CAMPBELL f* jf.;-;! nRUB en — ^— ^ Sundries ^ Fine DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL ME/>LEY" Water ^ ^ ^ >^ " FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 261 Tietje, Henry, fmr Tift, W. T., fmr Pimm, John, fmr Towlerton, J. H., rtd fmr... Tretow, Henry U Uhlman, Rev. R V Vauser, Fred W Wheeler, Elton, fmr , Wilbur, Henry, rtd fmr Wilkins, E. W., fmr Wilkins, J. D Williams. J. C, fmr Willis, John, fmr Winegar, D. E., fmr •. ■ Winegar, J. R., fmr Winegar, P. H., fmr Winegar, Ralph, fmr Winegar, Roy, fmr Winkler, Ernest, Ibr Wolt. Earl, fmr Wolf, John, fmr. Wolfe, George, fmr Z Ziegler, Philip, fmr Zilmer, August, fmr Zilmer, John, fmr WEST UNiON. A Ackley, Lee, bbr •Adams, John Q., marble dlr Adams, Sarah M .A.insworth, E. A. physician. Ainsworth, W. J., lawyer.. Albee, E. E., fmr Alcorn, Archie C, fmr Alcorn, George, fmr Alcorn, Lester G., fmr Alcorn & McMasters, fmrs Alcorn, W. J., fmr Allen, Clarence E., section foreman.... Amdahl, Andrew Olson, fmr Anders, Julia A., dressmkr .Anderson, Andrew, fmr Anderson, R. G., lawyer .Anderson, Wm. A., fmr c^k, Appelman, Louis, fmr Archer, Charles C, harnessmkr Archer. George, harnessmkr Archer, Minnie M Ash, Charles, fmr Ash, Ed L., imp dlr Ash, Lavern A., P. O. Deputy Ash, Susie S Askelson, Askel, tmr , Askelson, Lars, fmr B Bacon, Charles, soldier Bacon. Sarah W . . Badger, F. I, Badger, Henry, fmr Badger, R. E., fmr Bailey, Louis, fmr Baldwin, Charles W., printer Baldwin, Harriet, widow Ball. John H.. express ., Ballard, E. R., photographer .' Ballenger, A., Ibr Barclay, S. W.. fmr Barker, Osc3r D., Ibr Barker, Walter B., rtd fmr Barnes, Hunt, horse trainer Barnes, Josephine Barnes, Loren E., Ibr Barnhart, J. A., fmr Barnhouse, Anna, fmr Darnhouse, Frank, fmr If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES F. H. TOUSLEY Wholesale Manufacturer of IOl)ii((0 (i^ars ■32 SOUTH FREDERICK- 262 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Barnhouse, J. M., fmr Bartholomew, Lizzie Bartlett, Frank, fmr Bartlett, L. L., physician Baumgartner, Joseph, fmr Beamer, Mrs. Fannie, fmr Belden, Clarence, fmr Belden, N. A Belknap, Ray H., Co. Supt. schools.. Bemis. BerT, fmr Berkey, E. H Berkey, .Jane Berkey, J. .T., ins. agt Berkey, John E., poultry Berkey, Louis C Berkey, Willard D., ins. agt Bernau, A. J., bbr Bernau, Mrs. C Bernatz, Mary Bernatz, Matthew, miller Betsinger, Emily Mrs Bielfuss, Herman, fmr Billings. Frank C, creamery Billings, Waren, fmr Billmeyer, Charles Billmeyer, Ed., fmr Billmeyer, William, fmr Bishop, Frank, fmr Bishop,,, H. W., fmr Bitzberger, Mrs., nurse Blackmun, H. B., fmr Bloomfield, Frank, fmr Bloomfleld, L. L., fmr Blunt. A. B., deputy sheriff Blunt, Harry G., bookkpr Blunt, Jesse, fmr Blunt, John, fmr Boale, Grace, fmr Boalc, Hannah, tchr Boale, John, fmr Boice. R. L., Ibr Boier, L. L., fmr Bomes. E. L., Ibr Bopp, J. W., rl est Borland, C. B., elk Borland. Mrs. Harriett Borland, John, fmr Borland, Nancy J., fmr Borland, Nus Borland, Wm., fmr Bower, Mrs. J. W., fmr Bowman, A., fmr Boyer, John, fmr Boyer, Lester, fmr Boyer, Rosa, servant . Bradley, James Branch, B. W., ins. agt Branch, Earl B., mer Branch, Margie E Branch, O. W., painter Brause, August, fmr Brause, Daniel, fmr Brause, David, fmr Brause, Fred, fmr Brause, George Brause, Gu's W., fmr Brause, Wm., tmr Brewer, Ed E., station agt rr. . . Brooks, George, fmr Brooks, Mrs. Wm Brown, Estella E Brown, Frank, tv. slsm Brown, Jay Brown, Lee F., mer Brown, Louise P., confectionei-y. Brown. V. N., rtd soldier Bunton, F. L., fmr Bunton, L. M Burnham, L. W Burns, Josephine Burrett, A. R., janitor bank Burrett, Mary A Butler, Barton, Ibr Butler E. Glarence,bakery Butler, J. D., fmr Butler, N. W., boarding house. . Butler, Wm. H., Ibr Bvers. W. F., fmr Cain, Moses. Ibr NEXT TIME TRY ^ ^ ^ PARKER, THE TAILOR Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors FAYETTE COUNTS DIRECTORY. 263 Callender, J. H., grain buyer... Camp, Frank, cashier banlv Campbell. Frank, Ibr Campbell, George, Ibr Cannom, William L., dentist.... Cannon, .T. E., fmr Capper, .Tames E., Ibr Carlson. Carl, Imr Carlson, Peter Carlson, Rasmus, Ibr Carmichel, H. C, fmr Carmichel, H. M., fmr Carpenter, Dan S., fmr Carter, J. H Carter Manly Co., clothiers Carter, S. B., fmr Chambers, C. P., elk Chandler. B. D., horse buyer... Chandler, F. C, restaurant Chandler, Hazen E., painter.... Chandler, Kate E Chapman, C. L., fmr Chapman, Frank, fmr Chapman, James E., driver Chapman, J. I., fmr Chapman, Walter, fmr '. Chensvold, A Chensvold. C, fmr Chensvold, Peter, fmr Childs, Frank, Ibr Childs, Helen L Childs, W^m. F Clapp, Mrs. A. C, fmr Clark, Malissa A Clark, Wm., fmr Clark, W. A., fmr Clements, D. W., atty Clements. Mary A Clothier, Ella, (Fayette) Clover. Evanna Colburn. Charles W., nightwatch. Colburn. Wm. M., bbr Colby, Wm., justice Conkey, Charles Conkey, G. F., fmr Connor, Henry W., fmr Cook, Amos, painter Cook, Mrs. Belle Cook, J. H., fmr Cook, John R., special agt Cock, John W, soldier Cook, Norah N Cook, Sarah A Cooley, H. C, fmr , Cooley, L. S., fmr Cousins, Elmer, fmr Cousins, Peter, fmr Cox, J. T., fmr Craft, Art., fmr , Craft, H., fmr Craft, John I., fmr Craft, Martha Craine, A. R., fmr Craine, E. W., fmr Craine, Mary Craine, Nelson, fmr Crawford, Arthur, fmr. Crawford, Mrs. A., fmr Crawford, David, fmr Crawford, Elizabeth Crawford, Mrs. Elwell, fmr Crosby, Wm. C, blksmth Crowder, W. G., minister Crowe, Fred, fmr Crowe, Hannali, fmr Crowe, John J., fmr Cullins, A. J., fmr CuUins, Clellie E., R. F. D. carrier. Cullins, George, fmr Cullins, Mrs. G. W., fmr Cullins, Harry Culver, C. L., sheriff Curtibs, Mary, fmr Dahl, Edward, Ibr . . . , Dahl, Emil, Ibr Dagelman, Mary J. . . . , Daniels, Benj. D., Ibr. BELL & RICHARDS PHONE 9 S. HACK GALLS MADE IN ANY PART OF THE CITY DAY OR NIGHT W. G. FETTKETHER Livery, Sale and Feed Stable GOOD TfAMS, EASY RIGS AND CAREFUL DRIVERS. PHONE 32 ■2Qi FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Daniels, James H., Ibr Daniels, John, Ibr Daniels, Wm. A., Ibr Danielson, Benj, fmr Danielson, Daniel, fmr Danks, S. H., fmr (Douglass) Darnell, G. D., physician Davis, Alice E Dean, F. A., fmr Degelman, Fred J., cigar mkr Deitrich, Mrs. Erna Delmore, August, fmr Ibr Deppe, M. M., agl. dlr Dershan, George, Ibr Dershan, H. Clay, fmr Dershan, Maurice E., printer Desart, Jeremiah, Ibr Desart, Leander E., Ibr Desart, Mathew M., Ibr Dewey, R. F., auctioneer Dick, Chris, ibr Dickens, Edward, Ibr Dickey, R. J., horse dealer (St. Paul) . Dickson, Wm Dikline, David, Ibr Dildine, James G., elk Domkc, August, fair Domke, Fritz Domke, Martin Domke. Wm., fmr Donaldson, R M., rtd fmr , . . . Dooley, R. C, fmr Donlittle, Delia Dorland, Charles Dorland, Cornelius, tmstr Dorland, David L., liveryman Dorland, Edward A., fmr Dorland, Ed C, barber Dorland, Sophia Dorland, Ted Dorland, W. A., rl est Dorland, W. L., Ibr Dorland, Neil, cigar mkr Dorland, Wm. F Doty, Truman, fmr Dowd, Wm. M., truck farm Dowse, George Drewes, Claus, fmr Drewes, Henry, fmr Du Bois, W. W., Ibr , Dullard, J. M., fmr Dullard, Patrick, fmr Dullard, Wm., fmr Dunbar, Harvey, plasterer Dunbar, Louisa Dunbar, Rose Dunbar, Tom, plasterer Durscher, J. J., fmr Dutton, Lorenzo, rtd fmr Dwyer, J. W., rl est Dwyer, Maurice Dwyer & Tamblyn, Imbr Dye, Mrs. Andrew Dye, Beulah Dye, Mary J Dykins, C. C, rtd Dykins, Chas. W., lawyer E Earl, J. J Earl, Jane White, rtd fmr Eastman, Loftus , Ebert, Emma R Ecker, Ernest C, printer Ecker, Hattie, boarding house.... Eckcr, Wm. G., Ibr Eddy, Pierce, Ibr Edison, John Edmund, Grace M Edmund, Joseph, cigar mkr Edmunds, Leroy, Ibr Elwell, Clara L Elwing, John O., tailor Erickscn, Miss A, wash woman... Erickson, Louis N., music dealer. Esterbrook, Alice Esterbrook, Mrs. E Estey, Albert H., lawyer Evans, Carl, mer Evans & Schatz, clothiers J. W. RIDLER, p PHONES 23 AND 33 ' 15 NORTH FREDERICK Phone 144 A. C. WILSON Glass Block Wall Paper— Paints— Window Glass FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 265 Evenson, Lars | ^"*^' ,^- ^•' ^^J"- •.• • • Evenson Nels ! Froehlich, Catherine Evenson! Thos, fmr'. '.'.'.'. , Fues, Fred, fmr I Fuller, Lew C, Ibr. . . F Fuller, Wm. E., asst. atty. gen. Falb, Fred, mer Farr, A., Ibr Farr, E. L Farr, George, painter Farr, L. L., soldier Farrill, John, S., stone mason Farrington, H. A., gardner Fay, George, W., Ibr Fayette Co. National Bank Fayette Co. Savings Bank Fels, Martin, fmr Ferrington, Cyrus, gardner Finch, Benj. W., ins. agt Finch, James D., horse buyer Fisher, Amos Fisher, Lew A., grocer Fisk, James G., rtd fmr Fisk, -Karl D., trav salesman Fister, Peter, fmr Fitch, D., Ibr Fitch, George N Flynn, Michael, fmr Foley, E. T., fmr Follen, Mary E Foote, S. M., fmr Foster, D. P., pension Foster, L. O Foster, Peter, fmr Fox, Jennie, dressmkr Fox, John J., Ibr Fox, Mary J., dress mkr , Fox, Minnie, tailoress Franzen, Joseph, fmr Franzen, Peter, fmr Fraverd, George H., ti'aveling salesma' Fraverd, H. A., rtd Frisbie, B. R., fmr Frisbie, E. L., fmr Fritz, George M., Ibr Fritz, Jacob, fmr Ibr Gageby, F. J., minister Gardner, Fred L, stock buyer. Gardner, Hattie M Gardner, Mrs. Joseph Gardner, Joseph N., Ibr Gardner, M Gardner, Tom Gates, Frank, Ibr Gearhart, Louis, fmr Gearhart, S. J., fmr George, Henry, fmr George, Levina George, Miss Lucretia Gilbert, Elizabeth Gilbert, G. W., fmr Gilbert, Mark, rtd fmr Gilson, George M., miller Gilson, Harry B, miller Gilson, Oliver L., rtd fmr Ginter, Fred, fmr Gipper, John, fmr Glaver, Herman, fmr Glenn, S. B., barber Glover, F. J., fmr Glover, O. B., Jr., fmr Goode, G. T., fmr Goode, Mrs. R. A, fmr Gorham, James, Ibr..' Graff enberg. Max, fmr Graham, Mrs. James Graham & Schenck, lumber.. Gray, H. L Gray, L. D., trav agt Green, H. R., fmr Green, J. S., wagonmkr Green, S. B Green, S. E., druggist Green, T. L., postmaster If You Don't Know You Ought to THEY SELL CLOTHES Kernahan & Gosse 1 1^%= PHONE 50. 12 FIRST STREET SOUTH The Best is none too Good for our Customers • • • • 266 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Griffith, Harry D., pianos and organs Griffith, Parker O., pianos and organs Griffith, T. P., mer Grimes, B., fmr Grimes, E. B., fmr Grimes, E. C, fmr Grimes, G. B'., fmr Grimes, I. M., fmr Grimes, L. A., fmr Grimes, M. W., fmr Grimes, R. J., fmr. Grimes, S. C, fmr Grimes, W. S., fmr Grimm, Ernest, fmr Gruver, A. J., section foreman Gruver, Elizabeth Gruver, Etta, elk Gruver, Fred Gruver, George, Ibr Gruver, John A Guenther, Adam, fmr Guenther, Fred, W., fmr Gundacker, Frew W., fmr Gunsaulus, A. C, mer Gurdy, Eliza Gurdy, Seth G., Ibr ......'.".'. Gurney, A. J., bank teller H Hacker, C. B., fmr Hackett, Celestia, fmr ".' Hackett, Mary Hackett, W. L., fmr '.'.'.'.'.".'.'.' Hames, Milton, Ibh Hames, S. R., mer Hall, Alfred L, Ibr Hall, A. T., Ibr Hall, D. H., fmr '.'.'.'.'..' Hall, John H., stockman Haller, Fred C, fmr '.". Halstead, Anna M., fmr .' Halstead, Wm. E., fmr ■ ' ' ." Hancock, H. P., lawyer ........' Hand, Harvey J., Ibr. Hand, Millie A Haneisen, Mrs. Fritz Hanson, Halver, fmr Harper, Charles Harper, James T., trav salesman. Harper, John, rtd Harris, W. F., painter Harrison, Crit C Harvey, Robt. R., fmr Hassler, Ed., fmr Hassler, J. A., fmr Havens, painter Hawer, J. W., fmr Hayes, Clifford, J., fmr Hazlett. J. H Hazlett, Orpha C, milliner Heald, Charlotte, rtd Heiserman, Benj., rtd Heiserman, Ed., fmr Heiserman, G. Merve, Ibr Heiserman, O. W., mer Heiserman, Wm., rtd mer Heldt, A., fmr Heldt, Emil, fmr Heldt, Mrs. E., fmr Heldt, Herman, fmr Heldt, Mrs. Herman, fmr Helmer, Elbert, fmr Helmer, J. W. & Son, fmrs Helmer, Lillie Henner, Karl, fmr Herrick, E. G., mer Herschinger, Jacob, fmr Herwig, George, fmr Herwig, Kate, fmr Hidinger, Charles E., Ibr Hidinger, Frank, mason Hidinger, Wm. A., mer Higgins, C. T., Ibr Higgins, J. W., fmr Hight, Charles, Ibr Hills, Arrcn, fmr Hill, A. D., fmr Hirshinger, G. M., rtd Hitch, I.. D., fmr Hitch. W. B., fmr Hoagland, Elizabeth, rtd E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF HEALTH LICENSE 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Smith &Grauer, Tailors UNION SHOP Jt^^ THAT'S ALL FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 261 Hobson, A. N., judge Hobson, Elizabeth Hobson, Frank, printer Hobson, Joseph Hobson, L. T., printer Hoep, Albert Holmes, Clarence S., fmr Holmes, Elmer, fmr Holmes, Erastus N., fmr Holmes, Mrs. James Holmes, W. J Homewood, T. J., fmr Hoover, J. W., fmr Hoover, Lew, fmr Hoover, William Hopf , A. F., fmr Hornbach, S. W., rtd Horton, Charles, buttermkr . . . . House, H Houg, A. S., fmr House, Wm Howard, Belle M Howard, Charles H., rtd fmr.... Howard, John N., fmr Howe, C. M., fmr Howe, J. C Howe, Joel W., fruit grower.... Howe, Simeon, fmr Howesien, F. W., elk Hcyer, C. C, rtd fmr Hoyer, George D Hoyer, J. A., rtd Hoyt, F. E., hrdwre Hoyt, L. B Hcyt & Lawyer, hrdwre Hughbanks, Susana F., Ibr Hughbanks, Virgil, Ibr Hull, D. T., fmr Hull, Frank E., fmr Huls, J. P., express Huls, Mary A Hulse, Edward, fmr Humphrey, L. V. "V., horse trainer Humphrey, Wm., horse dealer... Hunsberger, Charles, fmr Huntzinger, C. B., Ibr Huntzinger, Ida A., dressmkr. Huntzinger, J. W., fmr Hurley, John, fmr Hurley, M. H., fmr Hunnance, Charles Iliff, J. A., ins. agt. Iliff, Royal C, Ibr. [liff, Sarah E Jack, John, fmr Jackling, Eearl F., Ibr. . Jackling, J. H., Ibr Jacobs, Arthur, C, carp. Jacobs, Edward J., carp. Jacobs, Roy C, carp.... Jacobsen, Hans, fmr Jacobson, Lars, fmr.... James, George Jenkins, Arthur, Ibr.... Jennings, E., Ibr Jensen, G. C, fmr Jensen, J. P., fmr Jensen, J. R., fmr Jchansen, Mrs. Karl . . . . Johansen, J. C, fmr.... Jchansen, P. E., fmr Johnson, C. E., farm Ibr. Johnson, Carl, tinner. . . Johnson, Earl A rhnson, Haakon, fmr. . . "rhpscn, Issac, fmr Trhnscn, Jaccb L., carp., Johnson, Newell, Ibr 'oiins:on, Perry W., Ibr. Johnson, S., carp Jolilf, Francis, Ibr Jones, Iva J., Ibr Torgenson, Martin, fmr.. .Tor,£>-enscn, N, fmr Juvick, Paul, fmr. LL & RICHARDS phone: Q 8 Evening Parties a Specialty. THE HUB Clothiers ^Furnisliers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor* 268 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. K Kane, M., Ibr Kasler, A Keegan, John, mail carrier. ... Keig, Harry, fmr Kennedy, Henry F., physician Kent, A. H., fmr Kent, Herb, fmr Kent, Wm. & Son, fmrs Killfoiel, M., Ibr King, George, Ibr King, Thomas A Kinsel, H., fmr Kinsel, James Kinsey, John, Ibr Kinsey, Wm., rtd Kiple, George W., fmr Kiple, V. D., carp Kleppe, Chris., fmr Kleppe, Enoch, fmr Kleppe, John, fmr Kleppe, K. K. Jr., fmr Kleppe, K. K., Sr., fmr Kline er, Franz, rtd Klinger, George, fmr Klinger, S. W., fmr Knight, J. W., carp Knox, Joe R., Ibr Knox, Wm. M., driver KnudSon, Hans, fmr Knudson, J. L., fmr Knudsvig, S. O., fmr Koester, Diedrich, fmr Koester, Henry, fmr Koester, John A., fmr Kohler, Charles, laundry Kohler, Frank, carp Kreger, John, fmr Krueger, Albert, fmr Krueger, Chris, fmr Krueger, Fred Krueger, H., fmr Krumlauf, Wm., fmr Krumlauf, Mrs. Wm., fmr Kuhen, Dell Kuhen, John Kuhrty, Henry L Lacy, Jennie E., tchr Lamb. Alfred G Lang, S. E., Ibr Langrick, Bernard Langrick, Herman Langrick, John, fmr Larson, B. T. & L. T Larson, Louis, painter Larson, Thos, fmr. Larson, Torval, fmr Lathrop, Charles D, bank teller Lathrop, C. W. D., ins. agt Lauer, Charles, fmr Lawyer, E. S., deputy county treasun Layton, Amy M., boarding Leach, David A., Ibr Leahy. M. J., fmr Leahy, Philip, fmr Leahy, Philip, Jr., fmr Leahy, T. J., fmr Leathes, R. G., fmr Lehmer, George, express Lehmer, Mary, fmr , Lehmer, George, drayman Lembke, D. C, fmr Lestice, H.. fmr Lewis, W. C, atty Light. Fred Limback, F. J., law student Lindsley, John M., C. R. L & P. agt Lisher, F. Cliff, restaurant Lisher. Ida S., restaurant Lisher, James, M., hotel Lofte, Peter, fmr Loftus, Daniel, Ibr l.oftus, Kate M., milliner Loftus, Thos., clothier Loftus, Wm., Ibr Longfield, A. A., billiards Lcngfield, Cliff A., horse trainer Longfield, Jesse A., billiards FOR HONEST VALOES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRING 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK^ GRESSLER, CAMPBELL DRUG CO. DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE "HOTEL MEALEY" Leaders in Purs Drugs, Druggists' Sundries > Fins Cigars and Soda Water > ^ j» > FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 269 Loomis, A. B., furniture . . . . Loomis, Bros., furniture Loomis, D. W., fmr Loomis, Edwin H., furniture. Loomis, E. R., Ibr Lovell, Oscar, Ibr Lower, C. A., fmr Lower, John, fmr Lower, R. Ray, Ibr Lower, Wm. H., fmr Lusson, Wm Mc McComb, John, soldier McComb, Margaret M McCreery, • Marrette McCrery, W. C, ice man McCue, E. J., fmr McCue, Mrs. Mary, fmr McDonald, John H., rtd McDougal, Charles, blksmth.. McElree, George, fmr McGlathery, Anna M , McGlathery, E. S., fmr Mcllree, Elmer A., editor McLaughlin. C. J., druggist... McMasters, H. N., fmr McMasters, Hattie N., fmr.... McMasters, N. H., fmr McMasters, S. L., salesman.., McMasters, Susan McMullen, Edward R., tmstr. M Mabb, Anna Mabb, Percy Magner, Wm. A., dry goods. Manderfield, Wm., fmr Manley, Carter, clothier. . . . Mann, W. L., Ibr Manning, E. R., rtd Marcuse, Milton, dry goods. Margraff, Wm., fmr Marker, L. W., Ibr Markham, C. L., Ibr Markham, Delos C, Ibr Marr, Ernest, fmr Marr, Robert, fmr Martin, Gottfred, fmr Martin, H., Ibr Martin, Mrs. H. C, dressmkr. . Martin, Lester, driver Mason, F. H., soldier Mathews, S., Ibr Mathis, Lewis, J., Ibr Mays, Eva, fmr Mays, J. C, fmr Merritt, Mrs.., widow Meskel, J. J., fmr. Meskel, T. J., fmr Meskel, Wm., fmr Messerlie, Fred Meyer, Ernest, fmr Millard, Milford, rr Miller, C. E., fmr Miller, H. J., fmr Miller, J. B., fmr Milling, Sidney Minchen, C. B., rtd Miner, Frank B., rtd Mishler, C. S., fmr.". Mishler, Henry, wood sawyer. Mishler, Lewis, Ibr Mishler, Samuel, fmr Mishler, Wm., Ibr Mittelstedt, Wm., fmr Mittlestedt, H., fmr Moarnan, Andrew, fmr Moa'rman, James, fmr Montgomery, C. E., fmr Montgomery, J. K., rtd fmr.... Montgomery, M. J., fmr Mork, Andrew, fmr Mork, John, fmr Morland, Maggie Morris, A. J., fmr Morse, W. E., fmr Mortin, Clark, mason Mosher, Louis P., fmr Muldowney, Patrick, fmr ^' >J9 ^ ^ ALL ROADS LEAD TO ^^ ^ ^ i^ BIG CLOTHING STORE Colonial" 5( m F. H. TOUSLEY, Manufacturer ^> 32 SOUTH FREDERICK FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Hunger, W. F., fmr Musser, David, fmr Musser, H. C, shoes Musser, M. O., dry goods. Musser. S. A., fmr N Neff Bros., electric light Neff, Chas. G., electric light Ntff, Joe H., electric light plant. Neff, Kate M Nelson, Even, fmr Nelson, G., fmr Nelson, L., Nelson, Osman Neumann, Herman, fmr Newcomb, Mary S., widow^ Ney, Frank, fmr Ney, Henry, fmr Niles, Mrs. N. H., rtd Noble, George, rtd Noonan. C. E., fmr Noonan, Hannah, fmr Nocnan, Wm., fmr Nordhus, A. E., fmr Nuss, O. C, county treasurer. . . . Oakland, John Ober, Calvin L., honey O'Brien, James O'Brien, Mrs. M., fmr O'Connor, Anna B O'Connor, Ed., laborer O'Connor, Nellie, rtd O'Halloran, Daniel, stock buyer O'Halloran, D. & Co., stock buyer.... Olesen, F. D., fmr Olesen, H. C, fmr Olesen, M., fmr Oleson, A. B., fmr Oleson, H. Peter, fmr Oleson, Paul, fmr Oliver, Charles V., deputy county elk. Olsen, Fred, fmr Olsen, Nels Olson, Andrew, fmr Olson, Hans, fmr O'Meara.J. F., fmr O'Meara, Wm., fmr O'Neill, John F., carp Orchard, F. W,, fmr O'Rourke, Charles A., lineman. Orvis, J. J., bbr Osmundson, John K., fmr Ostrander, C. A., fmr Otley, K. S., hotel elk Otto, Wm., fmr Owens, Charles E., clothing Owens, John, rtd Owens, John A., Owen, Martin, fmr Paige, B. F., fmr , Palmer, A. C, fmr Pape, Dedrich, fmr Pape, Henrich, fmr Pape, Paul, fmr Parrott, Ella, jeweler Parrott, Fred B., mechanic Parrott, Mary E Parrott, Sarah L Patrick, A. E., fmr Patterson, Emma, fmr Patterson, Ezra, fmr Paulson, H. H., fmr Peck, Louisa, elk Pedicord, Wm. H., harness Peebles, W. W., mer Peek, Mary E Peek, Wm. M., county recorder. Pendleton, Miss Perry, Charles, fmr Peterson, Andrew, fmr Peterson, G., fmr Peterson, John, fmr Phelps, Wilbur, carp Phillips, A. A., fmr PSS5 HE SATISFIES SUIT OR OVERCOAT $18 UPWARDS SMITH & GRAUER TAILOES Cleanings Pres sing and Repairing SUITS $15,00 TO S50.00 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTOi.lY. 271 Phillips, E. M., ins Phillips, Emma M Phillips, Jessie , Phillips, J. E. . Phillips, Leon P., lawyer... Phillips, M. J., fmr Phillips, S. A Philips, Mrs. Wm. F Phillips, Mrs. W. L., widow. Pierce, Mary J Pierce, W.'N., soldier Pope, D., fmr Pope, Peter, fmr Poperhagen, F., fmr Popenhagen, H., fmr Popenhagen, John, fmr Proctor, Charles, fmr Prouty, W. L., fmr Quackenbush, A., fmr Quackenbush, John, milk. Quandt, John, fmr Quass, Anna, fmr Quass, C. C, fmr Randall, Hugh, Ibr Randall, Lewis, J., Ibr. . Randall, W. W., soldier. Ray, Anna P Redfield, Mrs. widow.. Reed, Wallace B., mer. . Reeder, J. J., fmr Reeder, R. D., fmr Reeder, Thos. D., fmr. Regan, C. S., minister. . Reidel, G. E., fmr Reirson, R. T., fmr Reisner, G. A., fmr Reisner, James, fmr... Reisner, Louis, fmr.... Reisner, Mary Rembold, Albert, fmr.. Rembold, J. G., minister Rembold, Paul Rennison, Allen G., physician Rensser, Fred, fmr Richmond, Henry L., fmr Riley, George M., painter Riley, J. Wm., Ibr Roberts, A. M., Ibr Roberts, Charles A., express Robertson, Amos M., electrical eng. Robinson, Wm. A., baker Rockwood, Charles, atty Rodgers, W. J., lawyer Rogers, Omer A., rtd Rogers, Sarah J Rolland, N., fmr Rothmeyer, Joseph, fmr Routh, Wm. H., gen. mdse Rowland, M. L., fmr , Rubyor, Anson B., hdwre Rubyor, C. B'., fmr Rubyor & Sons, fmrs Rubyor, T., fmr Rulifson, H. N., fmr Rush, Chloe A., widow Rush, Clinton, fmr Rush, Harry A., blksmth Rush, Mary M Saboe, Peter, fmr Saltsgiver, David, fmr , Sampson, J. S., rtd Sanborn, E. M., rtd fmr Sanders, James C, tohr Scallan, J. L., county auditor Schatz, Erhart Schatz, Fred, fmr Schatz, George P., mer , Schatz, John, Ibr Schatz, M., fmr , Schenafelt, Frank L., Ibr.... Schenck, N. S., lumber Schermerhorn, Charles, fmr. . Schlatter, G. M., fmr phone: 98 BELL & RICHARDS Evening Parties a Specialty. For Fine and in 0% ■■^■^■^■■^^■^ Up-to-Date W R FETTKET Livery Rigs See "* ^" ■ ■- ■ ■ 1^^ ■ Good Teams, Easy Rigs with Rubber Tires and Careful Drivers 14 FIRST AVENUE SOUTHi FA\ETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Schwamman, Christ., fmr Schmelzer, Anson, fmr Schmelzer, John, fmr Schmelzer, Max, fmr Schmitt, Clarence, fmr Schmule, August Schmuhl, Louis, Ibr Schmutzler, George, fmr Schneider, Fred W., druggist. . . . Schneider & Green, druggists. . Scholl, Martin, fmr Ibr Schoup, Orlando, fmr Schroeder, Frederika M Schroeder, Mrs. Henry, widow Schroyer, Emanuel, rtd Schroyer, Frank M., Ibr Schroyer, G. C, fmr Schroy.er, John, fmr Schroyer, John A., Ibr Schroyer, Martha A Schroyer, Oscar S., express... Schroyer, Seth L., Ibr Schroyer, W. L., fmr , Schuman, David, junk dealer. . . Schwestka, Frank, tailor Schweska, Joseph, btchr Scott, Alexander, fmr Scott, Edward , Scott, Hugh, fmr Searles, Charles I., invalid Searles, Ida M., fmr Searles, James A., painter Searles, J. J., janitor Searles, L. E Shaffer, Ella Shaffer, Roy, printer Shaffer, W. P., fmr Shaw, E. B., bank examiner Shaw, John K., fmr Shaw, Mrs. N Shepard, George G., painter Shepard, Virginia Sheppard, Harry A., carp Sherman, George, fmr Sherman, M. O. & G., fmr Shiek, Charles, livery Shiek, Frank, fmr Shiek, Helen, rtd Shiek, Wm. E., livery.... Skinner, J. H., fmr , Smale, Fred, fmr Smart, Charles H., Ibr..., Smart, Henry, Ibr Smart, Ira, Ibr Smith, Amanda B Smith, Caroline Smith, D. O., wagonmkr. Smith, Elmer J., clerk. . . . Smith, F. D., fmr Smith, Frederick, fmr. . . . Smith, George, hdwre.... Smith, G. W., fmr Smith, J. F., rtd fmr Smith, John P., driver. . . . Smith, J. S., fmr Smith, L. M., Ibr Smith, L. P., Ibr Smith, Milton, Smith, N. W., butcher Smith, O. B., carp Smith & Rubyor, hdwe. . Smith, S. G., fmr Smith, Verne, teacher . . , Smith, W. J Smith, W. W., Ibr Snider, Mat., fmr Snider, Peter, fmr , Solomon, J. J Sorensen, Nels, fmr Soreusen, P., fmr Sorg, Elmer F., fmr Spahr, Charles, thresher . Spahr, Edward, Ibr Spahr, John Spaulding, H. D., dentist. Spencer, N. C, fmr Spicer, W. M., Ibr Springer, Wm., fmr Stafford, D. C, rtd Stafford, Harry M., fmr.. Stafford, Mvron, rtd Stahl, A J. W. RIDLER .^■ji MANAGER OPERA HOUSE ^of %' A. C. WILSON Glass Block Drugs- BookS' Stationery FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Stahl, John R., Ibr Stam, T. R., trav salesman... Standard Oil Co Stangeland, John J., fmr Stannard, E. T., fmr Stearns, Jaj- H., Ibr Sterm, Roy, painter. Steele, Emily L., Stehr, John, Ibr Stewart, Ed., supt Co. Farm. Stewart, Mrs. H. M Stillman, F. J Stirk, C, fmr Stoefller, John F., fmr. Stoll, A., fmr Straus, George, gardener. . . . Strohschein, A. G., fmr Strohschein Bros., fmrs Strohschein, C. G., fmr Stroup, W. A., tel opr Stuart, Dr. A. B., Sturch, Hal., Ibr Sturch, Thomas H., Ibr Sturm, Alpha J., painter Sturm, H. C, Ibr Sullivan, Andrew, Ibr Sullivan, Burt, Ibr Sullivan, Cliarles H., elk Sullivan, Earl E., Ibr Sullivan, E. T., rtd Sullivan, George, clerk Sullivan, John, Ibr Sullivan, Morris Sullivan, Wm Swain, Malissa, fmr Talmadge, C. H., editor Talmadge, D. H., printer i'almadge, John C, printer Tamblym, B. F., lumber Tamblym, Frank J., lumber Tarkelson, T. O., fmr Tatro, Mrs. Frank Tatro, O. M Theobald, Thos., butcher Thomas, Edward H., rtd Thcmas, Laura F Thomas, W. B., rtd mer Thompson, A. G., fmr Ibr Thompson, Harriett A Thompson, Mrs. H Thompson, Jane Thompson, John S., Ibr Thompson, M. D., fmr Thompson, Wm., Ibr Thorson, Thos., fmr Tibbetts, William, fmr Tiffany, Wm., Tisdale, W. H., druggist Tisdale, W. H. & Co., druggists. Titus, A. H., soldier Titus, Benj. A., electrician , Tofte, Andrew, fmr Tollefson, Lars, fmr. . . '. relief son, Ole, N., fmr Tollefson, Toilet, fmr Tope, Berth, fmr Tope, H. S., fmr Tope, Jacob, fmr Tope, John M., fmr Tope, J. W., fmr Swain, Russel C, fmr I Tope, S. B., fmr Swale, Elizabeth, fmr. Swale, George, fmr. . . Swale, Mary A., fmr. . Sweske, S., Ibr Sykes, O. D., Ibr Talcott, Silas, Ibr Tope, Mrs. Susan Topp, Henry, biksmth. Torson, Tom, fmr Trapp, Peter, fmr Tremain, J. H., barber. Tripp, G. W Tripp, Marion E., Ibr. Tupper, F. M., fmr Tupper, Wade O., Ibr. . Talmage, Aylia T I Turner, David, fmr CLOTHIERS TO HIS MAJESTY, THE AMERICAN CITIZEN BIG CLOTHING STORE FOR FIRST CLASS LIVERY CALL ON Kernahan Sc Gosse phone: so. no. 12 first snr. south 274 FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Turner, L., fmr Turner, W. H Tussing, Emma L Tussing, John, section hand Tussing, Michael, section foreman, V Vaghts, Fredrich, fmr Van Atten, Geo. W., abstracts Vanbroclvlin, Mat., fmr Van Cyle, J. M Van Sicltle, E. 3., fmr Van Siclvie, James, Ibr Van Sicltle, John, rtd Van Sicltle, Waller Van Sickle, Wm. E., Ibr , Vawser, Robert, Ibr Vellmecke, Ferd, fmr Voight, Wm. J Von Rolf, Theodore, ins W Wade, Mrs. Dorothea Wade, Mrs. E. E., widow Wade, Juliette Wade, Leigh, deputy recorder.... Wade, Mary E Wade, Mrs. Willard, widow Wagle, C. T., fmr Wagner, Adam, mail car Wagner, C. E Wagner, P. G Wagoner, Fred, Jr., fmr Waldron, John, fmr Walrath, W. G., clerk Ward, Cabbot. tel opr Ward, Frank H., livery Ward, Wm. F., fmr Washborn, Edward E., Ibr Washborn, Josephine Waterbury, D. D Watne, H. T., fmr Watson, Tom Wayman, Samuel, rtd -. . Wayman, Thos. C, rtd Webb, Edward B., fmr Webber, Mrs. C, widow Weber, John M , Weber, Mary , Weber, W. F., fmr Webster, A. G WeeJ, H. T., loan agt Weist, George, fmr Wendland, August, fmr Werner, Helen M., dressmkr West, Mrs. Edmona, fmr West, E. A., fmr West, G. W., fmr West, Orval, fmr Westcott, Sarah, fmr Westphal, C. J., laundryman Westpfahl, John F., barber West Union State Bank Wetherbee Bros., 1' very Wetherbee, C. W., livery Wetherbee, James M., Jr., livery. . . Wetherbee, James, Sr., wood dealer. Wetherbee, Wm., Ibr Weyman, W., fmr Wheeler, Charles, fmr Wheeler, Newton, fmr Whitbeck, Arlow, fmr Whitbeck, Burton, fmr White, Mrs. Amos White, Anna M White, August White, Charles E., Ibr White, Mrs. E. W White, George E., Ibr White, Homer, Ibr White, Suphronice Whitmore, F. Y., cashier bank Whorley, Frank E., fmr Wilber, Arthur Wilber, C. S., fmr Wilber, Henry Wilber, Leonard Wilber, Lew, fmr Wilber, Willis, fmr Wilbur, Alonzo, billiards E. N. ROSS & SON STATE BOARD OF health license 222 phone: 21 FURNITURE, CARPETS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS Wear the Best. It Costs No More Smith & Grauer, Tailors FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. 275 Wilbur, Charles Wilbur, R. T., rtd Wilbur, Wm. R., Ibr Wilke, Ernest, fmr Williams, R. D Williamson, Charles H., physician. Wilson, John, fmr Wilson, Sarah A Wimber, Fred, clerk Wimber, Henry, Sr., blksmth Wimber, H. T., Jr., blksmth Wimber, John M., painter Winston, J. W., county clerk Winter, John, fmr Wolf, Charles, fmr Wombacher, Sarah Wonnenberg, T. J., printer Wood, George, grocer Wood, John A., Ibr Woodard, Charles, mer Woodard, R. O., loan agt Woolf, Henry, fmr Woolf, Judelia Wright, Charles E., clerk Wright, Mrs. J. S., widow Wright, Thomas, wagonmkr. Wright, W. W., ins agt, Wuist, John, fmr Yearous, Clifton, fmr Yearous, C. A., fmr Yearous, Jacob S., fmr Yearous, J. S., fmr Yoemans, Mrs. F., fmr Youmans, Miles, fmr Young, Chauncy L., minister. Zeigler, S. B., banker Zoller, Charlotte N., widow. B MARDs HACK LINE PHONE 98 THE HUB 276 Clothiers #Fyroi8liers GENTS' FOOTWEAR •N. PLEIMLING, Proprietor. FAYETTE COUNTY DIRECTORY. Too Late For Classification FT. ATKINSON. Barthelme, Ferd Baumler, Martin Blany, J. B Boeding, Edward O Boyer, George Ditzenbach, Andrew Dietzenbach, Anna Ditzenbach, Joseph. , . Dietzenbach, Mary Dvorak, John Frazen, John S Gardner, Stephen Gerleman, Henry Hinker, Zetta Kappes, Vince , Meinart, Bernard, Jr., fmr. . Meinart, Bernard, Sr., fnar. Meyer, Henry J., fmr Schaufenbuehl, S., rtd Schaufenbuehl, John, fmr.., Smith, Mrs. John Stammeyer, Carl Swelha, Joseph Swehla, Theodore Thies, Fred Tillman, John Voderburggen, John CALMAR Bruening, Barney Bruha, Kath Busch, Gerhardt Doorah, Kate Hess, Kate Neinhouse, Henry Neinhouse, John Smith, Phil Tuma, Josephine Tuma, Mary Walton, Mrs. M. G CASTALIA. Barrett, T. H., fmr Holahan, J. G., fmr Hanson, Ed., section boss. McGaheran, James, fmr. . , McGaheran, Thomas, fmr. Wander, John G., fmr FOR HONEST VALUES IN FOOTWEAR AND REPAIRIN6 60 TO Hilliger's Shoe Store SOUTH FREDERICK- First in Circulation First in Advertising First in News First in the Hearts of its Readers If you have a Want Ad to Place put it in the Telegraph-Herald Put them to the Test Compare any Paper Published in Iowa with the Dubuque Telegraph- Herald To the Amount and Quality of its Iowa News Home News Telegraphic Reports Reliable Market Reports And Clean Editorial Policy You will* then see why the people in Northern Iowa should subscribe for The TELEGRAPH-HERALD r In the Family Circle Is where the Telegraph- Herald finds the greatest favor. 1 1 is a clean, energetic family news- paper with Reliable Market News Complete Iowa News All the Important World's News SUBSCRIBE NOW 2^c PER MONTH TELEGRAPH-HERALD, Kr >i:,"^i