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 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Sii]]emteBbl of h\h iBslruclioa 
 
 ON THE onOANIZATION OF THE 
 
 i^. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 
 
 HISTORICAL BUREAU, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 CABINET OF NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE STATE. 
 
 C. THURSTON CHASE, 
 
 8ITPKRINTKNDENT OF' PTJBLIC IN8TRUCTI0H, TALLAHASSEE. 
 
 TALLAHASSEE, FLA.: 
 Printed at the office of the Tallahassee sentinel. 
 
 1869. 
 

 Office of Superinte^dej^tt of VvblIc Insteuctiojst, ) 
 Tallahassee^ Fla.^ January Qth^ 1869. J 
 
 To His Excellency Harrison JReed, Governor: 
 
 . I have the honor to hand you herewith my Report, together 
 with suggestions on the organization of the Department of 
 Public Instruction, the Historical Bureau, and the Cabinet of 
 N-atural History of the State. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 C. Thukston Chase, 
 Superintendent Public Instruction. 
 
 UG 20 »M6 
 
KEP»ORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 o 
 
 Two years after tlie admission of Florida into tlie Federal 
 Union, the Legislature jiassed an act authorizing the establish- 
 ment of a liberal system of common schools. This was soon af- 
 terwards rei)caled without being put into operation. Another 
 was passed, which has since undergone various changes. It did 
 MOt provide for free schools, nor impose any tax on property or 
 persons lor the support of schools. The school funds arose 
 chiefly from the sale of lands donated to the State by the gen- 
 eral government. Tlie interest available for common schools 
 never amounted to fifty cents a year each, to those who were 
 entitled to its benefits under the law. 
 
 The act to establish common schools, etc., approved January 
 1, 1853, provides as folloAVs: 
 
 Sec. 2. " That it shall be the duty of the Tax Assessor of each 
 eounty, at the time of assessing the taxes of his county, to take 
 the census of all tlie children of the county between the ages of 
 five and eighteen years, and if any of them be deaf mutes, that 
 lie so state, and report tlie same on oath to the County Superin- 
 tendent on or before the first day of June next, and each and 
 every year thereafter ; for Avhich said service he sliall receive 
 five cents for each child reported to the County Superintendent ; 
 .and, upon failure of the Tax Assessor to perform the duties 
 lierein and above required, he shall forfeit the sum of fifty dol- 
 lars, to be deducted from the sum which the County Commis- 
 sioners may allow him for assessing and collecting the taxes of 
 liis county." 
 
 No such enumeration Avas taken during the last year in the 
 several counties, and it was presumed, that some Assessors might 
 not be fuUv apprised of this part of their duty. Their attention 
 was callcd'to the above section on the 22d of Sej^tember by a 
 ^-ircular from this Department. 
 
 TirK SEMINAKIES. 
 
 The act establishing two Seminaries, approved January 24, 
 1851, declares that their first purpose " should be the instruc- 
 tion of persons, both 7uale and female, in the art of teaching 
 all the various branches that pertain to a good common school 
 education :" and next : 
 
" To give such instruction in the mechanic arts, in husbandry, 
 and agricultural chemistry, in the fundamental laws, and in what 
 regai'ds the rights and duties of citizens. 
 
 "Each county shall be entitled to send pupils in the ratio that 
 it sends Representatives to the State Legislature — not to exceed 
 such number as the Board may prescribe. 
 
 " Said Seminaries shall be under the direction of a Board of Ed- 
 ucation," etc. 
 
 The Constitution of the State declares that the " Legislature 
 shall provide a uniform system of Common Schools and a Uni- 
 versity, and shall j^rovide for the liberal maintenance of the same. 
 Instruction in them shall be free." 
 
 The annual income of the Seminary fund uniounts to about six 
 thousand dollars. This is divided equally between the two 
 Seminaries, it is apparent that neither of these institntions can 
 be conducted as free schools on so small an income. The use of 
 the Seminary buildings has been allowed to private parties to 
 conduct schools temporarily until some further provision can be 
 made by the Legislature for their support, according to the 
 terms of the Constitution. 
 
 PKEPAKATOBY WOKK. 
 
 Coxinty Superintendents have been requested to ascertain the 
 number of persons in their respective counties who, being enti- 
 tled, would like to avail themselves of the benefits of the Semi- 
 nary fund, They were also advised " to make such inspection in 
 their respective counties as will enable them to judge where 
 schools should be started, and to ascertain the circumstances in 
 each case. 
 
 First. The probable number of youth who would attend. 
 
 Second. The size and condition of school house, if any. Fur-^ 
 niture on hand. 
 
 Third. Expense of erecting a suitable school building. 
 
 Fourth. Amount that the people of the neighborhood would 
 contribute in money, labor, or lumber, towards the construction 
 of a school house where one is needed. 
 
 Fifth. Amount that they would pledge and secure toward? 
 the payment of one or more teachers' wages — as they might re- 
 quire." 
 
 This was done in order that they might be prepared to act fit 
 the earliest moment practicable. 
 
 Communications received from them express a desire to cO' 
 operate, most cordially, when their duties shall be defined by 
 law. 
 
 OBSTACLES IN THE WAY OF OrENING SCHOOLS. 
 
 While the new Constitution provides that the Common Schoolsi 
 
and tlic University sliould bo tree of cliarge ior instruct ion, and 
 while the funds were insutticient to make them free, and especially 
 while tlie income of the Common Scliool Fund eouhl not be dis- 
 bursed for the Avant of the data on Avhich tlie law prescribes thy 
 apportionment shall be made, it is apparent that the schools could 
 not properly be opened. 
 
 The principals of both the Seniinary and Common bchool lunda 
 were expended during the war in " the purchaijieof arms, ammu- 
 nition, and for other purposes." But the State, recognizing its 
 oblit'-ations as custodian of these sacred triists, will see that an 
 amount be paid annually to these funds eqnal to that which 
 would have arisen from the principals had they not been ab- 
 gorbed. 
 
 TEACIIEKS AT WOKK. 
 
 It is proper to speak, in passing, of three classes of schools in 
 which the teachers have shown much true devotion. They are ; 
 First. Private schools conducted by persons of either race. 
 The teachers have been poorly paid, yet many have contimied 
 their schools wdien they did not receive sufficient compensation 
 to pay their board. Such earnest devotion should be remem- 
 bered when there are funds to pay good teachers with. 
 
 Second. Schools opened under the auspices of the State. Ac- 
 cording to anthority of the act to "establish common schools 
 for freedmen," the superintendent of these schools purposed 
 paying at least twelve dollars a month to each teacher Mhile 
 engaged; but the failure to collect the capitation tax on freed- 
 m«i,^left him Avithout means to pay them. Many teachei-s 
 have continued their Avork until they A\'ere driven from it, 
 into other callings, to earn their daily bread. 
 
 Measures have been taken to ascertain the names and length 
 of time persons Avere engaged in this manner, agreeably to the 
 joint resolution of the Legislature at the summer session. Par. 
 tial returns have been received; Avhen complete they Avill be laid 
 before you. There is at least a moral obligation on the part of 
 the State to carry out the pledges originally made to this class 
 
 of teachers. i. -v-r i 
 
 Third. Schools conducted under the auspices of ISiorthern 
 benevolent associations. Numbers of the ladies who assumed 
 the duties of teachers, Avere persons of Avealth and high social 
 positions at home. Coming at a time Avhen the freed children 
 were cast suddenly at the threshold of a ncAV life, unused to the 
 responsibilities and ignorant of the duties thus thrust upon 
 them, they Avere Avelcomed Avith great joy, and labored with 
 sincere christian devotion, amidst hardships and privations. 
 The teachers have changed, but most of the schools are still 
 maintained, 
 
Wo have scon tlic labors of the true tcaciicr reaching out 
 and benefiting tlie fireside, tlie work-shop, and tlic plantation. 
 Honest, earnest labor, rightly l^stowed, is never lost. It may 
 inect opposition, as it often does, but it wins at last. 
 
 PUBIJC SEKTIMENT. 
 
 There is very great satisfaction in noticing the evidences 
 that the public Riind is in favor of universal education. At a 
 convention of the Educational Association of Florida, held at 
 Tallahassee, in iseV, the "Committee on the Education of our 
 Colored Population" reported, through their chairman, D. S. 
 Walker, then Governor of the State, that " some of our most 
 respected white ladies and gentlemen in the State have taken 
 positions in those scliools, and besides the approval of a good 
 <5onscience, feel that they have rather gained than lost social 
 position by so doing. There is not a good man or M'oman in 
 the State that does not feel the obligation of this high duty." 
 The report concluded by " commending this great work to every 
 christian and patriot in the land." 
 
 In the attempt to establ'sh common schools, there will neces- 
 sarily be some diflerences, but if the work be met in the spirit 
 of enlarged })hilanthropy, as expressed in the above quotation, 
 and characterized by mutual foi'bearance and a sincere desire 
 for the good of each other, that which would otherwise be a 
 most arduous and difficult task, will become the most interest- 
 ing, replete with the liappiest results to the State. 
 
 AID FROM THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT AND BENEVOLENT AS^O- 
 CIAITONS FOR FREEDMEn's SCHOOLS. 
 
 As the Legislature did not complete the passage of the school 
 bill which claimed its consideration at the former session, and 
 as it was apparent, after an examination of existing statutes on 
 the subject, that the officers design^ed by the Constitution, 
 and charged with the supervision and management of the edu- 
 cational interests, could not properly enter upon the 
 work of organizing public schools, the Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, by the concurrence of the 
 Governor, embraced the opportunity which was thus 
 afforded to visit other States, to inspect the workings 
 of their school systems, and to endeavor to procure the speedy 
 •expenditure of as much as ])ossible of the appropriation by the 
 general government to this State for the construction and re- 
 pair of school houses. Tliis sum amounted to about seventy- 
 live thousand dollars, in three annual appropriations, less than 
 one-third of which had expended. It was also ascertained that 
 the teachers who had been engaged under the auspices of bC'^ 
 
nevolcnt associations liad mostly been withdrawn, ;uul that the 
 project of erecting a bnihling for the accommodation of a nor- 
 mal school had been abandoned. 
 
 The first eftbrt was direct-ed towards procuring an immediate 
 expenditure of the appropriation of the general government. 
 The next was to induce other benevolent associations to revive 
 the schools that had been discontinued. IJotli of these objects 
 were attained. The government appropriation is being rapidly 
 expended in a judicious and proper manner. The normal 
 school building is being constructed. An additional endow- 
 ment of six thousand dollars has been granted to it. Benevo- 
 lent associations have undertaken to reopen and continue the 
 closed schools, and to sustain the normal school until the State 
 can assume its charge and support Avholly or in part. It is also 
 gratifying to state that private individuals of wealth have given 
 pledges of substantial aid. The amount expended and donated 
 by these several agencies' during the present school year in the 
 State will exceed forty thousand' dollars. 
 
 ORGANIC FREE SCHOOL Sl'S'JEM, 
 
 The question of organic school law transcends all others in im- 
 portance that can claim the attention of this department. I 
 have therefore made the study of the difterent school systems of 
 the older States the subject of most earnest consideration, and 
 embraced every opi:)ortunit;y to confer with eminent educators 
 and school officers on the workings of the several laws, to ascer- 
 tain the strong and weak points. Much might be written on the 
 merit and demerits of the different systems. But instead of adopt- 
 ing that course, I applied myself to making a careful digest of 
 the most approved systems of the older States, and conferred 
 freely with prominent superintendents of schools and eminent 
 educators on the practical workings of these systems, and have 
 embodied the result of these investigations in a bill which will 
 be submitted to the Legislature when desired. It is jDroper to 
 state, however, that the framework of the sehool law of this 
 State has been adopted as the basis for the above system. The 
 changes in outline are but few, and the detail is made to corre- 
 spond with the machinery of the existing laws to a considerable 
 extent. It is far more comprehensive, yet simple and eflective 
 in its provisions and economical in its financial features. 
 
 The objections urged against the systems of the older States 
 were that they too are cumbersome, difiuse, unwieldy, and ex- 
 pensive* All these objections have been obviated as far as pos^ 
 sible. 
 
 The school is the link in our civil system which connects the" 
 State with the family. The provisions of any school act should ^ 
 
therefore, he eminently just, aiul soplnin tli.it tliey in;iy be read- 
 ily eompreliended by the common mind. Many matters of im- 
 |)ortance "will arise liilder its operutionsi Good school houses^ 
 Well located, and nicely furnished; competent teachers, frequent 
 inspection and judicious supervision of th^ir Avork ; the co-opera- 
 tion of the citizens, and the adjustment of ditticulties, all recpiire 
 candid, competent men, who liave an innate love for education. 
 To im|)art iniity to the whole system, there must be some respon- 
 sible head, who shall thoroughly identify himself with the educa- 
 tional interests of every neighborhood and Avatch over them 
 with constant assiduity; 
 
 Before life and vigor can be infus9d into any — the best sys- 
 tem, there mnst be liberal provision for meeting the expenses as 
 they arise. Nothing should be done on state or county orderSi 
 Money in hand, with constant emjjloyment offered, will secure 
 the services of the best of teachers. Their duties are arduous 
 and their tasks are often the most exacting. They should be 
 paid liberally according to the value of their services. 
 
 No subject presents such strong demends upon the wisdom of 
 the Legislatui'e as the education of the youth of the State. The 
 taxes which must necessarily be imposed may seem onerous at 
 iirst, and may sometimes operate unfairly. But when we con- 
 sider the enormous sums raised and expended in other StateiSj 
 the demands upon the wealth of Florida will be trifling. New- 
 York expends annually upon her schools $5,000,000 ; Pennsyl- 
 vania $3,500,000; Ohio |3,000,000.' Other States come fully 
 up to these figures proportionately. As the expense of starting 
 the work involves the Construction of school houses and the pur- 
 chase of books, furniture, &c., it is suggested that a, loan be 
 ihade for the purposes of education, payalole at some future day, 
 when the youth who shall have enjoyed its blessings have en- 
 tered upon the active duties of life, and may then share the bur- 
 den, most cheerfully, of the expense by which they were ena- 
 bled to take exalted positions in business, in Society, or in State. 
 
 THE ORPHANS A^B THE STATE. 
 
 There are thousands of children in the State who are left ut- 
 terly friendless and dependent by the incidents of emancipation 
 or the sad casualties of civil strife. These should be looked after 
 with tender solicitude. To leave them in their ignorance would 
 be to abandon tliem to grope their way along a dark and dan- 
 gerous path, where the finest spirits might waste their energies 
 in fruitless endeavors to rise, where the most would never aspire, 
 or, attempting, would finally sink beneath an accumulating 
 weight of discouragements. But the State, by laying hold on 
 the hand of the poor and ignorant child, can prepare him for a 
 
lite olusc-rulncss and ri'spcctability. The lueu of vast wealtli In 
 Ainericu are, Avith vovy few exceptions, tli )se avIio were born iu 
 ]>overty ; and the highest offices of tlie nation are filled with 
 those who started in the race at the public school. A State can 
 never know how much it loses in the undeveloj)ed talent of its 
 neglected children. If proj^crly trained they may become the 
 chief pillars of her strength. J5ut there can be no assured peace, 
 no guarantee of security to private rights and interests, no 
 pledgO of continued prosperity nor perpetuity to popular gov- 
 ernment, Avhere the constituencies on which it rests are left to 
 settle down into permanent ignorance and unmitigated deprav- 
 ity, as these must do unless the strong ai'm of the State goes 
 down to their rescue. 
 
 AID fro:m tiik general government. 
 
 liefore closing this portion of my communication, I beg leave 
 to invite your attention to a movement which is on foot in sev- 
 eral of the Southern States. The object of it is to secure the co- 
 operation and aid of the general government in establishing 
 common and normal schools in these States on an enlarged and 
 impartial basis. Petitions are being circulated, and receive the 
 signatures of all classes. The object is so wise, and the stricken 
 condition of these States is such that it is believed the project 
 will meet with favor in Congress. The measiire might be 
 strengthened by some legislative attention to the subject. 
 
 The other duties devolved on the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction have received his careful attention. He has embraced 
 very favorable opportunities of obtaining information on the or- 
 ganization of a Historical Bureau and a Bureau of Natural His- 
 tory. The results of those inquiries are embodied in the following 
 remarks : 
 
 HISTORICAL BUREAU. 
 
 The Constitution provides that the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction " shall organize a Historical Bureau for the purpose 
 of accumulating such matter and information as may be necessary 
 for compiling and perfecting the history of the State." 
 
 The materials for a history of the State eicist in various forms, 
 and ar6 widely scattered. Florida assimied a prominent posi- 
 tion in the early history of this continent. The events that 
 transpired at that period, together with the traditions of the ab- 
 original inhabitants are rapidly disappearing under the accumu- 
 lating dust of time. No portion of the Union has experienced a 
 morervaried and, in some respects, highly interesting recoi'd. By 
 its connection with the governments of the old world, a portion 
 of its liistory can only be traced out from the documentary evi- 
 dence in the archives of those nations. Other portions are 
 
10 
 
 matters of reoord in the puLlic offices of tlie State and tlie L'uited 
 States. They are in the languages of ditierent nationalities, and 
 require thorough investigation by earnest and competent histo- 
 rians. Some valuable works are extant on this subject, but 
 none are exhaustive. It is respectfully suggested that the Leg- 
 islature make such appropriation as may enable the Superinten- 
 dent to execute the work imposed upon him. 
 
 BUREAU OF NATURAL UISTORY. 
 
 The further duty is imposed on the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, of organizing a Bureau of Natin-al History, in the 
 following words : " He shall also establish a cabinet of uiinerals, 
 and other natural productions." The geology of the State is 
 simple ; its "minerals " are few ; but the other " natural produc- 
 tions " cover a wide and most important range. Florida rivals 
 every other State in the variety of its animal and vegetable life. 
 Owing to its semi-tropical climate, and the position of its terri- 
 tory, being both peninsular and mainland, it produces a greater 
 variety of valuable fruit and forest trees, vegetables, flowering 
 and useful plants, also a larger number of species of birds, in- 
 sects, fishes, marine shells, and reptiles, .than any of her sister 
 States. Very few of our citizens are aware of these facts, nor of 
 the unmeasured wealth which lies so near them, and which, if 
 rightly comprehended, is quite Avithin the reach of all. 
 
 A complete collection which shall exhibit this infinitude of 
 form and nature to the inspection of any citizen or stranger, 
 would be of great value. But this is only a small, and the least 
 valuable part of the work. Establishing a Cabinet of Natural 
 History, includes, of course, the naming of the individual speci- 
 mens, their proper arrangement in cases for inspection, and a 
 suitable descriptive publication. 
 
 To enter upon this work in the manner which several States 
 have undertaken a similar enterprise, would involve an expense 
 beyond our means. The State of New York, for instance, ex- 
 pended about a million of dollars in the publication, alone, of 
 some thirty or forty splendid octavo volumes on her natural his- 
 tory. But this was a pioneer work of great magnitude. The 
 same results could be attained, at the present advanced stage of 
 scientific knowledge, at a much smaller outlay. Massachusetts 
 has expended upon engravings on the shells of that State some 
 $7,000. California is now causing engravings to be made of the 
 birds which inhabit that State, at a cost of "$10,000. Iowa, Illi- 
 nois, and other Western States, with far less variety to develop 
 than Florida, have long since moved in these matters. Even 
 Chili, a poor South American State, has brought out some thirty 
 octavo volumes, in a very costly style, on its natural history. 
 
11 
 
 Kvcry Stjilc wliicli lias uiKlortakon tliis \vork has derived great 
 l)enotit from it, and Chili is now feeling the pulsations of a new 
 life in consequence of her enterju-isc in showing to the world the 
 inducements which she presents. 
 
 While in the North, 1 made it my business to investigate this 
 subject, Avitli a view to ascertaining thj means by which the 
 ])roposed work could be accomplished on an economical, yet 
 truly pi-actical and scientific basi*;. There are two methods by 
 Avhicli this enterprise maybe executed: 
 
 First. l>y employing a corps of eminent naturalists to work 
 up anew the entire natural history of the State. 
 
 Second. To co-oi)er[4te Avith some national institution, as the 
 Smithsonian, Avhich is already the depository of many thousands 
 of specimens, con-ectly named, and to supplement the Avork 
 ])erformed by such measures as may be necessary for the 
 completion of the investigation in those departments Avhich are 
 yet unfinished as applied to Florida. 
 
 Of the tAvo plans, there can be no doubt that the second is the 
 most economical, and the oidy one on Avhicli it Avould be advisa- 
 l)le to enter. The first Avould involve, at the outset, an expendi- 
 ture of twenty thousand dollars for a scientific library, and the 
 employment of a corps of naturalists at many thoiLsands more ; 
 and finally a publication Avhich, to correspond Avith the work 
 in its dcA'cloped proportions, Avould cost some hundreds of 
 thousands of dollars. No such an expenditure is necessary. 
 The entire Avork can be accomplished under the second method 
 for a less sum than would be absorbed by the expenses in one 
 year under the first. By the latter it can be completed in four 
 or five years, while a long period Avould be consumed by the 
 former. 
 
 Under the organization recommended, there should be em- 
 ployed two collectors of specimens, one working in the Southern, 
 the other in the Western and Northern portions of the State, 
 Their salaries would amount to $800 or $1,000 a year each. 
 Materials for preserving specimens would cost perhaps $400 
 annually. The specimens should be forwarded to the Smithso- 
 nian to be identified, named, and i-eturned, and duplicates ex- 
 changed for others belonging to the State. The officers of the 
 Smithsonian gave me encouragement that they Avould conduct 
 this portion of the work Avithout expense to the State. There 
 yet Avill remain the arranging in cases of the collection, at such 
 place as the legislature may direct. It is respectfully submit- 
 ted that tlie State University Avould be the proper depository 
 for this valuable collection, in order that the students attending 
 may haA'c the advantage which it would afford during their 
 <?ourse of study. The publication of a descriptiA'e AA'ork, em- 
 
bracing in cuiivciiiont t'oria tiie ^leverui ik'i>:vi'tments of our nat- 
 ural history, is, after all, the ohjcctive jioint, and the one from 
 whicli tlie State would derive the most immediate and positive 
 returns. 
 
 Sucli a work need not be a reguhir scientific monograph. 
 This would be too extensive and too costly, Avitliout commensu- 
 rate advantages. On the other hand, a series of i)opular manu- 
 als, sufficiently scientific, yet eminently practical, could be pro- 
 duced in a short time on those departments of our natural histo- 
 ry which are already well understood by the scientific world. 
 These manuals should treat in a concise and compi*ehensivc 
 manner of the known uses t© which the objects under considera- 
 tion may be applied in the arts and scicfices, and their commer- 
 cial values. In the instance of birds, animals and fishes, their 
 qualities as articles of food, or for fertilizers, aiul the value of 
 their products in an economic sense, shoidd be stated. A simi- 
 lar analysis of the value and uses of the forest trees, tropical 
 and semi-tropical fruits and vegetables, fibre-producing, medici- 
 nal and other plants. In connection with the department of en- 
 tomology, a description of insects Avhich are useful or injurious, 
 their habits, and the means by Avhich their ravages may be ob- 
 viated. The value of a work of this kind is beyond any esti- 
 mate that could now be made upon it. When completed it 
 would be a dej^ository of reliable information, to Avhich capital- 
 ists and immigrants would resort when seeking investments for 
 their wealth or homes for their families. 
 
 These manuals should be illustrated Avith good wood-cuts, 
 drawn from nature, and printed and bound in a substantial 
 manner'. The officers of the Smithsonian Institution would 
 superintend the preparation of the manuals, chai-ging the State 
 only the actual cost incurred. The expense of jirej^aring the 
 matter would vary in the different departments, but can be ac- 
 complished for a moderate sum. It is estimated by eminently 
 practical scientific gentlemen, that the entire natural history of 
 Florida may be worked up and published in the manner proposed, 
 in four or five years, at an annual outlay of from three thousand 
 five hundred to five thousand dollars. 
 
 Florida contains hundreds of thousands of acres of land that 
 might be made as fertile as the fiimous valleys of the Nile or 
 Mesopotamia, and to yield annual incomes of untold wealth, 
 that do not produce to the individual a dollar of support, nor to 
 the State a mill of income. No measure could be adopted that 
 would tend to so rapid and successful development of these vast 
 resources as the Avork under contemplation. 
 
 C. Thurston Chase, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction.