■ . , 1 • A W ^'.' .^j-^ .^^ ,s^--.. ,0 <^ \ ■* .*'% ' 'iv. .^^ .^^ >"' K^"' ■0^ . ft. '.'. -^^^ -^-^ ^V^^'M?^.-, ^ V \' '. •> S' -^^ .;^' ■■1 ■-^^^^ r^0 ?v^' -: ,0^ .'• ,' O N O ^^ v^' c 0^ c ^-^ *^>, x^ •, %.^^ MWA'- '\ \^^ . ' • o. "^ .0 ^* 0^ <; UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA The Changing Race Relationship in the Border and Northern States BY HANNIBAL GERALD DUNCAN, A. M., Th. D. PROFESaOR OF ECONOMICS AND SoCIOLOaT Simmons Colleqe. A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PHILADELPHIA, PA. 1922 r-^ / V yt^ \ PRESS OF INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER. PENNA. Gift c??^'^^// TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Pa^^ Preface 3 I. Migration 5 1. Number 5 2. Type 1'^ 3. Causes 19 II. Segregation in Cities and in the Country 22 1. By general growth 22 2. By law 26 3. In the country 33 III. Segregation in Institutions of Learning 35 1. Elementary and high schools 37 2. Business and trade schools 41 3. Colleges and universities 42 4. Hospitals, reformatories, and asylums 47 IV. Race Distinctions in Places OF Public Accommodation 55 1. Railroads and street cars 55 2. Hotels and restaurants 62 3. Theatres and motion pictures shows 04 4. Barbershops and bootblack stands 66 5. Skating-rinks and pool-rooms 68 6. Parks 68 V. Race Distinction in the Economic and Political World .... 71 1. Professional and business men 72 2. Skilled and unskilled laborers 77 3. Office holders, voters, and the courts 85 VI. Sex Relationship and Crime 90 1. Interracial marriage 91 2. Mulattoes 94 3. Crime, riots, and lynchings 98 VII. Religious Relationship 106 1. In churches 10^^ 2. In Young Men's Christian Associations 114 VIII. General Summary and Conclusions 116 Bibliography 1""1 PREFACE Some twenty-five years ago Henry Grady was invited to de- liver an address in Boston on the New South. On his way to Boston he stopped for a day in New York City, where he met a staunch Southern friend, who asked, with interest, what he would say to the people in Boston about the South. Grady replied: "For the life of me, I don't know. I can think of a score of things which, if I do not say, the people of Georgia will lynch me when I return to that State, and which, if I do say, the people of Boston will skin me alive before I can leave town." I suppose every one who has spoken or written anything on the Negro question has felt himself in somewhat the same predica- ment. Six years ago I began the study of the Negro problem. Since that time I have tried to take advantage of the opportunities afforded me to gain a correct and sane view of the problem. After the subject of this thesis came to my mind I went to several large public libraries and read everything I could find on the Negro problem. Then I traveled several thousand miles, going to a number of the largest cities and towns to investigate the real race relationship. In addition I have written over a hundred letters to authors, writers, social workers, investigators, and other public men and women who are in a position to give accurate information, many of whom have written me the results of their investigations on different points and their opinions, etc., for all of which I am indeed grateful. My purpose in writing my thesis on this subject is primarily to show that the Northern white people have lost their war-time sentiment for the Negro race, and are becoming more hostile to his presence and less interested in his welfare; and secondarily, to show that the Southern white people have lost some of their war-time sentiment and are becoming more interested in the uphft and welfare of the Negro race. I purposed not to go below the Southern Border States, nor into the Western States, but I have quite often had to overstep my boundary. So many boards, conferences, conventions, etc., are designated as Southern, Northern, and Western, which 3 4 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States boundaries cut some sections and States in twain, and do all their business in one central body, that I have been forced to go over my boundary. Then I have occasionally referred to some specific thing out of my boundary to draw a comparison or to bring out more clearly some point under consideration. I do not think I have written a mere iu quoque argument. Such a puerile performance, I fear, would be perilous for me. I did not intend to write a defence of the South and a condemnation of the North, nor vice versa. I have written of conditions just as I have found them, and I have expressed my views frankly about conditions which the data I have collected sustain. Hannibal Gerald Duncan Moravian Falls, N. C, September, 1919. CHAPTER I MIGRATION We hear and read much to-day about the exodus of Negroes from the South into the North, but few seem to have any definite idea of the extent and scope of this migration or the causes that bring it about. Some seem to think there is no undue exodus, while others have the idea that it is much larger than it really is. In this chapter I shall endeavor to find out something of the number of Negroes who are migrating, the type, and the causes of their migration. I shall have to deal mostly with statistics, tables, etc. As every one who has dealt with statistics knows, we can not rely upon them to prove every point. So do those who have studied the statistics of the Negro know that some reports relating to the per cent, of increase of the Negro can not be wholly trusted. When the census report of 1900 came out, experts and students of Negro census were greatly baffled. They could not understand why there should be such a fluctuation in the Negro population, seemingly without a cause. The truth was, as they later decided, that in 1890 census taking had been badly done, especially in the South. In all probability, the rate of Negro increase between 1880 and 1890 was about 16 per cent, rather than 13.5 per cent.; and between 1890 and 1900, under 15 per cent, rather than 18 per cent, as reported. However this may be, I feel that this would not make any material change in the kind of work I am doing, as these mistakes were chiefly, if not wholly, in the "Negro States" and have little or nothing to do with the Border and Northern States. So I feel that we can very satis- factorily rely upon the statistics that I shall use in this chapter; and in this chapter I hope to lay the basis for some of the con- clusions reached in other chapters. 1. Let us try to find out something about the number of Negroes who are migrating and whether they are migrating from the South to the North, or from the North to the South. 5 6 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States TABLE I Percentage op Absolute Increase of Racial Elements, 1900-1910.' Native White of Native White of Cities Native Parents Foreign Parents Foreign Born Negro New York 25.0 32.0 52.1 51.2 Chicago 25.6 25.3 18.1 46.3 Philadelphia 11.9 19.9 30.2 34.9 St. Louis 42.0 3.2 13.2 23.8 Pittsburg 19.6 14.0 22.3 25.3 Kansas City 62.9 36.5 38.5 34.1 Indianapolis 54.0 8.0 15.8 37.5 Cincinnati 36.3 5.7 1.8 33.7 Boston 8.0 24.2 23.4 16.9 In the above table I have taken a few of the largest cities of the North to find out the increase of the racial elements in those cities for the decade ending 1910. In it we find that the Negro element has increased in New York City next to the foreign born; in Philadelphia, Chicago, and Pittsburg it has gone far ahead of any of the other racial elements. In St. Louis, Indianapolis, and Cincinnati it comes next to the native whites, and in Kansas City, alone, it falls to the bottom of the list. Thus we find the Northern cities of the metropolitan class showing a percentage in the absolute increase in the Negro population varying from 51.2% to 16.9%, New York standing at the top and Boston at the bottom. In table II, we find a steady increase in the percentage of Negroes in the total population in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Jersey City, and Columbus. In Boston, Cleveland, Baltimore, Buffalo, Kansas City, Indianapolis, Louisville, Memphis, Wilmington, and Little Rock we find a higher percentage of Negroes in 1900 than in either 1910 or 1890. Newark shows no change for the last two decades. So we may say in the last named cities there is no indication of a rise in the percentage of Negroes, but a decrease for the last decade is noted in all except Newark. When we turn to Washington and Richmond, two cities which have been noted for their Negro population, we find a steady decrease in the percentage of Negroes. It is probable that the decrease in the last two cities was due to migration. It seems plausible that these cities, situated as they are, would furnish many Negroes for the North. The great fluctuations in some of the cities shows the need of local study, which alone can determine the conditions and the causes of the fluctuations. ' Census for 1900-1910. Race Relationshij) in Border and Northern States OS ^.-iroio.-^'^iocodcoiNC^'-iOco ,_! C3 I— 1 o ^ H bC , O ai c3 05 o "^ -*-» ^ 00 Cft t-H 00 S 1-1 o fl o "3 OQ c3 O w 3 H a, o Ph !?5 s fin I o CO •* O '^ 00 (N CO CO c^ o (M CO (N Ti< o -^ O t^ ■^ lO CD t> t^ CO 00__ C3 t^_ •*. 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"o I>-S>OCOO-lCD^COcp-*CO^CO(MCOOO^ CO C3 3^ c^ o § O O 00 t^ »o gj 5 oq_ cD^ >> ^„ c^„ ^^ " cT oT co" '-^" "^ '* i=i rH (N IM (:0 C-l 05 CO rH !-; CO ^ (M CO CO ;g; ^ o 00 »0 t- !>•„ -^^ *-! ^^ r-T o cf cd" (N Ci ,-( (M ■* T-H ■* lO Soo^OOt^cDiOCOOlco-'ticoco^h'^;-^^;:--; riSScD«C>iOiOiO'J-5 h^ ^U o a Cj f5s 02 §^ aia o 1—1 05 o CO 1-1 a o «— ( 03 3 02 a a> O 8 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States TABLE III Percentage of Racial Elements in Total Population in 1910.^ Native White of Native White of Cities Native Parents Foreign Parents Foreign Born Negro New York 19.3 38.2 40.4 1.9 Chicago 20.4 41.8 35.7 2.0 Philadelphia 37.7 32.1 24.7 5.5 St. Louis 39.3 35.9 18.3 6.4 Boston 23.5 38.3 35.9 2.0 Cleveland 23.6 39.9 34.9 1.5 Baltimore 4G.8 24.1 13.8 15.2 Pittsburg 33.0 35.9 26.3 4.8 Buffalo 28.2 43.3 28.0 0.4 Cincinnati 42.6 36.4 15.G 5.4 Newark 27.3 38.1 31.8 2.7 Washington 50.4 13.6 7.4 28.5 Jersey City 28.0 40.7 29.0 2.2 Kansas City 01.9 18.4 10.2 9.5 Indianapolis 64.5 17.7 8.5 9.3 Louisville 50.7 23.4 7.8 18.1 Columbus 64.4 19.6 9.0 7.0 Richmond 54.2 6.0 3.2 36.6 Wilmington 51.4 22.5 15.6 10.4 Memphis 45.8 9.3 4.9 40.0 Little Rock 54.0 10.0 4.3 31.6 In table III, I have taken the largest cities in the Border and Northern States to compare the percentage of racial elements in the total population of these cities. In them I find the percent- age of Negro population in the total population ranging from 0.4% in Buffalo to 40.0% in Memphis. The percentage of Negroes in the Northern metropolitan cities is generally very small compared with the other racial elements, but as we approach the South it suddenly begins to rise. Wilmington has 10.4%; Baltimore, 15.2%; Louisville, 18.1%; Washington, 28.5%; Little Rock, 31.6%; Richmond, 36.6%; Memphis, 40.0%. In Wash- ington, Little Rock, Richmond, and Memphis it is exceeded only by the native white population of native parents, far surpassing the other racial elements. In New York the foreign born exceed any of the other racial groups. In Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Newark, and Jersey City the foreign born are more numerous than the native white population of native parents. Census of 1910, Abstract, p. 95. Race Relationship in Border and Northern States 9 The percentage of Negroes does not amount to 11% in any of the Northern cities, and in the largest cities it ranges from only 2% to 6%. Nevertheless, if the Negro population is considered in absolute numbers, it constitutes a "city within a city," larger than most of the cities of the South. The Negro city in New York is confined to a much smaller area than cities where the total population corresponds to it. We often hear it stated that foreigners do not have as much prejudice against the Negroes as do Americans. This statement seems strange when we examine a city Uke New York, with its heterogeneous cosmopolitan popu- lation, and find so much feeling against the Negro. TABLE IV Percentage of Negroes Born Outside the Border and Northern States From 1890 to 1910, Also the Percentage of Urban and Rural for 1910.* Pennsylvania Urban Rural 1910 1900 1890 1910 1910 Native Negro Population 191,935 155,981 107,(526 154,560 37,375 Born in State 84,960 70,365 58,681 63,605 21,355 Born outside State 106,975 85,616 48,945 90,955 16,020 Per cent, outside State 55.7 54.9 45.5 58.8 42.9 New York Native Negro Population 121,340 95,680 68,543 104,934 16,406 Born in State 49,750 44,614 40,177 40,151 9,599 Born outside State 71,590 51,066 28,366 64,783 6,807 Per cent, outside State 59.0 53.4 41.4 61.7 41.5 New Jersey Native Negro Population 88,273 69,385 47,362 64,143 24,130 Born in State 37,017 31,663 26,874 23,502 13,515 Born outside State 51,256 37,722 20,488 40,641 10,615 Per cent, outside State 58.1 54.4 43.3 63.4 44.0 Ohio Native Negro Population 110,797 96,418 86,771 81,676 29,121 Born in State 59,194 56,232 50,568 39,349 19,845 Born outside State 51,603 40,186 36,203 42,327 9,276 "Per cent, outside State 46.6 41.7 41.7 51.8 31.9 < Census of 1910. 10 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States Urban Rural West Virginia 1910 1900 1890 1910 1910 Native Negro Population G4,091 43,475 32,686 15,353 48,738 Born in State 27,160 21,420 18,189 7,202 19,958 Bom outside State 36,931 22,055 14,497 8,151 28,780 Per cent, outside State 57.6 50.7 44.4 53.1 59.1 Virginia Native Negro Population 670,800 660,570 635,673 158,031 512,769 Born in State 623,472 625,544 616,513 136,203 487,269 Born outside State 47,328 35,026 19,160 21,828 25,500 Per cent, outside State 7.1 5.3 3.0 13.8 5.0 Illinois Native Negro Population 108,121 84,468 56,507 84,758 23,363 Born in State 35,917 30,022 23,437 24,730 11,187 Born outside State 72,204 54,446 33,070 60,028 12,176 Per cent, outside State 66.8 64.5 58.5 70.8 52.1 Maryland Native Negro Population 231,799 234,761 215,388 98,849 132,950 Born in State 201,594 208,672 196,075 77,637 123,957 Born outside State 30,205 26,089 19,313 21,212 8,993 Per cent, outside State 13.0 11.1 9.0 21.5 6.8 Indiana Native Negro Population 60,223 57,441 45,466 48,351 11,872 Born in State 25,224 25,304 21,215 18,727 6,497 Born outside State 34,999 32,137 24,251 29,624 5,375 Per cent, outside State 58.1 55.9 53.3 61.3 45.3 Delaware Native Negro Population 31,146 30,668 28,362 11,142 20,004 Born in State 22,668 23,274 22,426 6,806 15,862 Born outside State 8,478 7,394 5,936 4,336 4,142 Per cent, outside State 27.2 24.1 20.9 38.9 20.7 Tennessee Native Negro Population 472,989 480,151 430,751 150,435 322,554 Born in State 393,173 405,007 363,058 102,362 289,811 Born outside State 79,816 75,144 67,693 47,073 32,743 Per cent, outside State 16.9 15.7 15.7 31.3 10.2 Kentucky Native Negro Population 261,590 284,634 268,057 106,577 155,013 Born in State 233,454 260,025 246,225 90,621 142,833 Born outside State 28,136 24,609 21,832 15,956 12,180 Per cent, outside State 10.8 8.6 8.1 15.0 7.9 Race Relatio7iship in Border and Northern States 11 In the above table I have taken some of the Border and North- ern States, those that show the greatest fluctuation of the Negro population, to find out the percentage of Negroes born outside the State in which they reside. In this we find that the largest per cent, of Negroes in Illinois, New York, Indiana, New Jersey, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania were born outside of the State in which they reside. In Ohio, Tennessee, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky the greater part were born in the State in which they reside. Ilhnois heads the hst with 66.8% born out- side of the State, and Virginia falls to the bottom with only 7.1%. From this it is easy to see which way the Negroes are migrating. It also appears that Negroes have become more mobile each decade. In West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Arkansas the percent- age of increase of Negroes was above that of the whites, but in all the other Southern States there was a small relative decrease in the proportion of Negroes to whites in the population. TABLE V Negroes Born in one State and Residing in Another.^ Virginia Maryland Delaware District of Columbia West Virginia North Carolina South Carohna Georgia Florida Kentucky Tennessee Alabama In the above table I have taken Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio to find out from which States they receive the largest number of their migratory Negroes, and how many they give in exchange. Just arglance at the table is enough to satisfy any one that thousands of Negroes are leaving the South, and but few are going into the South. Of course these three States have 6 Census of 1910. Pennsylvania New York Ohio Gained Lost Gained Lost Gained Lost from to from to from to 48,995 1,092 29,157 570 10,195 283 20,030 1,621 3,510 343 737 130 5,798 952 463 126 35 16 2,937 848 2,080 435 284 285 2,260 554 345 63 2,358 1,176 9,735 264 10,283 161 3,884 82 2,113 107 6,698 48 1,102 27 1,578 232 3,792 101 1,549 104 393 198 1,257 191 164 98 992 161 873 49 18,835 805 1,065 179 648 79 3,481 366 545 213 536 53 781 229 12 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States within their borders Negroes born in all the Southern States, but I thought it sufficient to work out only those States furnishing the largest number. In 1890 there were 241,000 Southern born Negroes living out of the South. In 1900 there were 349,000. From 1900 to 1910, 2,100 Northern Negroes went South. The total number of Negroes living in the North, but born in the South, was in 1910, 440,534. At the same date there were only 41,489 Negroes born in the North living in the South. Need we wonder, then, that there is a change in conditions with this great army of blacks marching into the North? Yet, there were but 1,078,000 Negroes north of Mason and Dixon's Line in 1910, or 1.72% of the total population of the North. In no geographic division outside of the South did the Negroes constitute as much as 3 per cent, of the total population in 1910. The highest percentage, 2.2, w-as in the IMiddle Atlantic division. Outside of the South there was no State in which the percentage of Negroes was as high as 5%. Negroes formed 4.8% of the population of Missouri; 3.5% of New Jersey; and 3.2% of Kansas. Despite the fact that the Negro population of the North appears as a negligible quanity at that time, it had reached sufficient propor- tions to call forth opposition. In 1880 sixteen percent, of the Negro population, that is over 1,000,000 persons, were living in States other than those in which they were ])orn; this migrating population increased 100,000 be- tween 1880-1890. Between 1890 and 1900 it increased still faster, reaching in the later year 1,370,000. Between 1900-1910 it increased 240,000. Between 1860-1910 the Northern Negro population increased from 344,719 to 1,078,336, indicating a migration of at least 200,000 persons in addition to the natural increase. Mr. John C. Rose says: "There has been a consider- able movement of Negroes, during the decade, northward across the Mason and Dixon 's Line and the Ohio river. Yet in the North as a whole the Negroes do not even yet number one in every fifty of the inhabitants."*^ According to the census of 1910, the net loss of Negroes from the South to the North and West was 399,045; yet the Southern whites show a net loss of only 46,839. Among the most striking things shown by the last two census are the small increases and " America Ecomomic Revieiv, June, 1914. Race Relationship in Border and Northern States 13 decreases of the Negro population in the Border States. Of the six States in which the Negro population decreased during the last ten years, four of them — Maryland, Tennessee, Missouri, and Kentucky — are Border States. The increases for Virginia and Delaware were so very small that they can almost be classed with the retarded group. When we compare the movements of the white and Negro populations in the counties of the Border States we see some striking contrasts. For example, in the 98 counties of Virginia, the whites gained in 84, while the Negroes lost in 68. Similar contrasts appear in the figures for the other Border States. This shows us that the movements of Negroes and whites in these States are quite different. But when we go to a State like Alabama, we find that for the last decade, out of her 67 counties, the whites increased in 51 and the Negroes in 43. We also find that the rate of increase in the Negro population is about four times as rapid in the cities farther North as it is in those nearer the Mason and Dixon's Line. One half of all the Negroes in the thirty-two States, North, East, and West, are in the cities of Washington, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, Pittsburg, Kansas City, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. We have seen from the census of 1910, table V, that up to that time, thousands of Negroes had migrated North. For some time we have been living under abnormal conditions. When the war clouds broke in Europe with its far reaching effects, our country did not escape and later entered into the struggle. The European War immediately caused a scarcity of labor in the North. Immigrants from the warring nations ceased to land on our shores, and many of those who were already here, returned to their native countries to fight. The demand for supplies from across the seas put our industrial plants to the test, and calls for labor were imperative. Before any one was aware of the fact Moses' army had l^egun to march out of Egypt. Thousands of Negroes were leaving the South for the North. This migration continued throughout the War and to-day no one knows how many Negroes crossed into the North. James W. Poe, President of the Colored Patriotic League, estimated that one third of a million Negro laborers had moved from twelve Southern States in less than a year, (June 23, 1917) and that at least 73,000 had 14 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States found their way into Pennsylvania. He gives the figures of the exodus by States as follows: Virginia, 49,768; Mississippi, 35,291 ; Tennessee, 22,633; Florida, 10,291; Georgia, 48,897; Kentucky, 21,855; South Carohna, 27,560; Texas, 10,870; North Carolina, 35,576; Arkansas, 23,628; Oklahoma, 5,836. The estimate made for the Government by G. R. Suavely for the State of Alabama, is 75,000 or 8.3% of the Negro population. This number, he says, migrated within eighteen months. During the eighteen months, the time when the Negro migra- tion was the most extensive, the Negro population of certain Northern cities is said to have increased from one to four fold. On July 12,. 1917 it was estimated that Cleveland's Negro population had been increased by an influx of 10,000 Negroes from the South. During the year ending September 1917, it is reported that 25,000 Negroes entered Cincinnati; and for the same year Pittsburg found itself with a new Negro population of 18,550. The Negro population of Detroit jumped from 8,000 to 25,000, and the population of Philadelphia was increased by 40,000 Negroes from the South. Dr. Du Bois conjectured that altogether about 250,000 Negro workmen had left the South up to June 1917. If these Negroes moved their families, it would imply that something like three- fourths of a million of Negroes have moved North. Other estinjates, based upon the records of insurance companies, railway ticket offices, and other sources, range from 250,000 to 750,000. After weighing all the estimates, the result seems to show that from 400,000 to 500,000 Negroes have traveled North during the period of migration which ran at high tide during the years of 1916-1917. Of course these estimates are not much more than a guess and how many of these Negroes returned South no one knows. But, after all is said, I think we can say there are nearly 2,000,000 Negroes now living in the North. 2. Now let us examine the type of Negroes which is migrating North. In this I wish to ascertain whether the Negroes going North are rural or urban, blacks or mulattoes, illiterate or educated, for I am sure this has something to do with the race relationship in the North. Race Relationship in Border and Northern States 15 TABLE VI Growth of Negro Urban Population.^ Percentage of Urban and Percentage of Rural Negro Population Increase by Decades 1910 1900 1910-00 1900-00 Negro population in U.S., 100.0 100.0 11.2 19.0 Rural 72.6 77.3 4.5 13.7 Urban 27.4 22.7 34.2 35.2 TABLE VII Rural and urban Negro Population in the South, North, and West for 1900-1910.8 Rural 1910 Percent. 1900 Percent. United States 7,138,534 100.0 6,829,873 100.0 South 6,894,972 95.6 6,558,173 96.0 North 232,708 3.0 271,700 4.0 West 10,854 1.5 » • Urban United States 2,689,229 100.0 2,004,121 100.0 South 1,854,455 69.0 1,364,796 68.0 North 794,966 29.6 639,325 32.0 West 39,808 1.4 » » We see, from the above tables, that the Negroes are rapidly moving toward the cities. In 1860, less than 10% of the total Negro population lived in cities of 2,500 and over, but by 1910, 27.4% lived in such cities. In 1910 there were 38,992 fewer Negroes living in the rural districts of the North than in 1900, and 336,799 in the South. In 1910 there were 489,659 more Negroes living in the cities in the South than in 1900, and 155,641 in the North. Nine Northern and Border cities— Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cincinnati, Evansville, Indianapolis, Pittsburg, and St. Louis— were chosen to show the tendency of the Negroes to leave the rural districts and go to the cities. In these it was found that between 1880 and 1890, the Negro popu- lation increased 36.2%, a rate three times that of the rate of increase in the Negro population of the United States. Between 1890 and 1900, the movement became more pronounced and the ' Census of 1910, Abstract, p. 92. * Idem, Supplementary Arialysis, pp. 204-205. » In Census of 1900 figures for "West" are included in "North". 16 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States Negro population increased 74.4%, or more than four times the rate of increase of the Negro population in the United States. Between 1900 and 1910, the increase was 37.4%, or more than three times that of the Negro population in the United States. In fifteen representative Southern cities it was also noticed that the Negro population increased more rapidly than the normal rate of increase all over the country, but during the same period the increase in the Northern cities was larger. In these it is shown that there is a steady migration of Negroes from rural to urban districts. If there is steady flow of Negroes from rural to urban districts, and such a large number of Negroes migrating from the South to the North, and 95.50% of the Negroes living in the South are rural, then, it seems to me, a large per cent, of the Southern Negroes migrating North must be rural. TABLE VIII Percentage of Mulattoes in the States of the United States — 1910.'" States Mulattoes States Mulattoes States Mulattoes Maine 45.9— North Dakota 25.4— Mississippi 16.9 New Hampshire" 36.9— South Dakota 36.2— Arkansas 18.4 Vermont 26.9— Nebraska 27.1— Louisiana 21.4 Massachusetts 36.7 Kansas 29.9 Oklahoma 28.6 Rhode Island 33.4 Delaware 11.9— Texas 18.1 Connecticut 24.7— Maryland 18.6 Montana 33.3 New York 22.8 District of C, 34.9 Idaho 34.7— New Jersey 15.8 Virginia 33.2 Wyoming 13.1— Pennsylvania 19.2— West Virginia 32.5 Colorado 31.8— Ohio 35.2— North Carolina 20.7 New Mexico 27.0— Indiana 24.1— South Carolina 16.1 Arizona 22.3— Illinois 33.8 Georgia 17.3 Utah 25.3— Michigan 47.0— Florida 16.0 Nevada 37.0— Wisconsin 39.4— Kentucky 25.2 Washington 30.4— Minnesota 36.9— Tennessee 25.1 Oregon 29.1— Iowa 24.3— Alabama 16.7 California 36.3— Missouri 28.4 '^Census of 1910, vol 1, p. 1910 than in 1890. 159. — A smaller percentage of mulattoes in Race Relationship in Border and Northern States 17 According to tabic VII, Michigan has the distinction of having the highest percentage of mulattoes, but she is followed closely by Maine. Delaware may be proud of having the smallest percentage, 11.9%. Wyoming comes next with 13.1%. Except- ing the last two named states, it is clear that the smallest per cent, of mulattoes is in the "true" South. Then, if there are so many more "black" Negroes in the South than mulattoes, it seems reasonable, according to a priori arguments, to suppose that a very large per cent, of the Negroes who migrate North is black. According to the census reports for 1910, the percentage of mulattoes in the Negro population has increased from 12% to 29.9%, or about 74%,, since 1870; and from 15.2% to 20.9%, or about 37.5%, since 1890. There is something about the white race that causes the "black" Negro to be repugnant to it. We do not mind so much coming in contact with the bright, shiny-faced mulatto, but when it comes to the flat-nosed, thick-lipped type there is greater aversion. I cannot help feeling that the Northern whites coming in contact with this black, thick-lipped, flat-nosed variety from the South is responsible in some measure, at least, for their change in relationship. The Negro living in the small Northern or Western town, where there are very few Negroes, gets along very well, but just as soon as there is a new migration from the South conditions are no longer Utopian; and were we to move one-half of the Negroes from the South into the North, we would create a problem far more serious and complicated than any that has ever existed in the Southern States. Almost everywhere I went in the North I heard complaints against the black Negroes from the South. Often I heard it said, "those who come from the South are so black. " 18 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States 'J^ABLE IX Illiterate Negroes in the Population Ten Years of Age AND over by States — 1910." State Per cent. State Per cent. New York 5.0 Delaware 25. G New Jersey 9.9 Maryland 23.4 Pennsylvania 9.1 District of Columbia 13.5 Ohio H.l West Virginia 20.3 Indiana 13.7 Virginia 30.0 Illinois 10.5 North Carolina 31.9 Michigan 5.7 South Carolina 38.7 Wisconsin 4.5 Georgia 36.5 Minnesota 3.4 Florida 25.5 Iowa 10.3 Kentucky 27.6 Missouri 17.4 Tennessee 27.3 North Dakota 4.8 Alabama 40.1 South Dakota 5.5 Mississippi 35.6 Nebraska 7.2 Arkansas 26.4 Kansas 12.0 Louisiana 48.7 Texas 24.6 Oklahoma 17.7 From Tabic IX I have omitted the New England, Moii ntain, and Pacific States. This table shows that the Southern States have the highest per cent, of illiterates. Louisiana takes the lead with 48.4%. As we approach the North and West the percentage gradually grows smaller. TABLE X Illiterates in the Population ten Years of Age and Over 1910.^- Native White of Cities Native Parents Boston 0.1 New York 0.2 Philadelphia 0.5 St. Louis 0.6 Kansas Citj^ 0.4 Indianapolis 0.9 Cincinnati 1.0 Chicago 0.2 Columbus 1.3 Washington 0.6 Louisville 1.3 Baltimore 0.6 Native White of Foreign Pai rents Foreign Born Negro 0.2 10.0 3.5 0.4 13.2 3.6 0.6 12.9 7.8 0.6 11.4 12.4 0.4 8.9 9.6 0.5 11.3 12.4 0.5 9.6 14.3 0.3 10.0 4.0 0.9 12.6 8.7 0.4 8.2 13.5 1.0 9.5 18.7 0.6 12.0 13.2 " Census of 1910, Abstract, p. 245. '2 Census of 1910, Abstract, p. 250. Race Relationship in Border and Northern Stales 19 I n the above table I took a few of the largest cities to compare the percentage of Negro illiterates with the native whites of native parents and with native white of foreign parents, also, foreign born. We can gain very little by a comparison of Negro illiter- ates with foreign born, as many of the foreign born have not had the advantages of our schools. In every case the percentage of illiteracy is higher among the Negroes than among either the native whites of native parents or the native whites of foreign parents. In cities where they have separate schools for the two races, we can account for part of their illiteracy on the grounds that the Negro schools are often not as good as those for the whites, but where the schools are not separate, having the same laws, management, teachers, etc., we shall have to say part of it, at least, is due to migration of illiterate Negroep from the South. The presence of these illiterate blacks in the North, from the South, stirs up race feeUng more and more. Large numbers of them go North, seeking freedom, where they can have their "rights," and often they mistake liberty for hcense — as a result, the more Negroes the sharper the expression of prejudice. The whites, who in 1910 constituted 89.3% of the total population ten years of age and over, contributed 40.4% of the ilhterates. In 1910, 36.1% of the ilhterate Negroes was in the rural districts and 17.6,^ was urban. Ilhteracy among the Negroes, however, is declining rapidly in all the states. In many sections the Negroes are striving harder to gain an educa- tion than the whites. 3. Now let us turn to the third part of this chapter and try to find the causes of the migration of the Negro to the North. Most of the Negroes, perhaps over three-fourths, have gone North for economic reasons. This fact was brought out in every investigation made. Of course quite a bit of this is due to the work of labor agents. Before the European War labor agents did a thriving business; according to one agent, positions had been given to more than 15,000 Southern Negro girls and women during eighteen years. After the European War began labor agents were sent South to get Negro laborers and ship them North. The labor agents were unscrupulous as to the means used for soliciting Negroes to go North to work. They issued attractive circulars containing such phrases as, "Let's go back 20 Race Relationship in Border and Northern States North where there arc no labor troubles, no strikes, no lockouts; large coal, good wages, fair treatment. Two weeks' pay; good houses. We ship you and your household goods. All colored ministers can go free. Will advance you money if necessary. Scores of men have written us thanking us for sending them. Go now while you have a chance." These circulars and the news of the Negro migration reached almost every Negro cabin in the South. The promise of free transportation on a special train to Avork that would pay them from twice to five times as much as they were making at home excited many a Negro throughout Dixie. Of course the labor agents did not care so much for the quality as they did the quantity. They received their pay "by the head" and it was to their interest to get large numbers to go North. It seems, however, that a majority of the migrants were unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 30. Neither the labor organizations of the North nor the wx^althy farmers of the South wished to see these Negroes migrate. Often the Negroes are used as strike breakers, as in East St. Louis. This often results in serious rioting. On the other hand, this migration left many of the wealthy farmers in the South without a sufficient supply of labor to cultivate their farms. It is re- ported that many acres of good farming land have been idle for the last four years as a result of the migration of the Negroes. These farmers are largely responsible for the laws being passed prohibiting the wholesale exportation of labor out of the different States in the South. These Southern employers have been raising a pathetic cry about the great loss the migration has cost and it is estimated that it represents an economic loss to the South of not less than $200,000,000 in crop wealth. 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