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cAt Work with 
 the Italians 
 
 WILLIAM P. SHRIVER 
 Director of City and Immigrant Work 
 Board of Home Missions of the 
 Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. 
 
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 MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT 
 OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 
 156 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK 
 
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 COPYRIGHT, 191 7, BY 
 MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT 
 OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 
 
 ©CU479099 
 
 NOV 17 1317 
 I 
 
At Work with the Italians 
 
 THE various denominational home 
 mission societies are conducting a 
 propaganda throughout the church- 
 es of America in behalf of a friendly and 
 neighborly interest in the three million 
 Italians who are so important a factor 
 in our new community life. The wide 
 circulation of Prof. Mangano's book, Sons 
 of Italy, and other literature which has 
 been specially prepared for this Italian 
 year, will in many quarters provoke the 
 question, "What can we do for the Ital- 
 ians in our community?" This manual is 
 designed to help answer that question. 
 It gathers together much fruitful sugges- 
 tion embodied in Mr. Mangano's book 
 along with experience gained by many 
 others. It is needless to point out that 
 unless this widespread propaganda does 
 lead to this practical expression of our in- 
 terest in the Italians, it will have shot far 
 of the mark. 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 The approach to any immigrant group 
 ought to be preceded by a careful study 
 of their social and religious background 
 
and of their racial heritage. We Ameri- 
 cans know too little of the countries from 
 which our recent immigrants are coming, 
 and this lack of knowledge is the occasion 
 of a good deal of blundering in our effort 
 to serve the immigrant. A thoughtful 
 study of Sons of Italy, by Antonio Man- 
 gano, should be made. Where a group is 
 brought together for the study of this 
 book, "Suggestions for Leaders" will be 
 found helpful. 
 
 "Religious Work among Italians in 
 America," by Antonio Mangano, is a 
 pamphlet which enters with more detail 
 into religious conditions among Italians 
 than was possible in Sons of Italy. It also 
 has statements from the various denomi- 
 nations concerning their policy and work 
 among Italians, and a complete list of all 
 Protestant Italian churches and missions 
 in this country. This pamphlet will be 
 of the greatest aid to any church contem- 
 plating work with Italians. 
 
 A recent book throwing much light on 
 the problems of the immigrant is The Im- 
 migrant and the Community, by Grace 
 Abbott. The author, a former resident of 
 Hull House, served as director of the 
 Immigrants' Protective League of Chica- 
 go, and from such first-hand experience 
 writes suggestively concerning the jour- 
 ney of the immigrant, the immigrant in 
 the courts, the immigrant and the public 
 
health, and the education of the immi- 
 grant. Immigrant Forces, by William P. 
 Shriver, may also be consulted. Leader- 
 ship of the New America, by Archibald 
 McClure, is an excellent brief introduc- 
 tion to the immigrant groups, presenting 
 particularly the immigrant's point of 
 view. Withal, nothing will be so fruitful 
 as first-hand contact with the Italians 
 themselves. 
 
 A POINT OF VIEW 
 
 At the outset, it is essential that we get 
 a wholesome and sympathetic point of 
 view. While many of the Italians who 
 have come to this country have suffered 
 many handicaps because of conditions be- 
 yond their control, they are a self- 
 respecting people. They do not want to 
 be patronized. In the last fifteen years, 
 furthermore, the Italians have made rapid 
 progress in this country. In every com- 
 munity there are Italians of ability in 
 business and the professions. They 
 should be our allies for community bet- 
 terment. What the Italians ask is not 
 our charity nor commiseration, but a fair 
 chance to share with us in rearing that 
 community life in which every individual 
 may come into his own best heritage. 
 Our aim should be not to do something 
 for the Italian, but to work with him. 
 
Sympathy, comradeship, cooperation, are 
 the keywords of Christian democracy. 
 
 GETTING TOGETHER 
 
 As we aim to line up Americans and 
 Italians in this cooperative spirit we may 
 consider 
 
 1. The Italian colony or community 
 
 2. The Italian household or family 
 
 3. The Italian as an individual 
 
 4. The Italian in his religious need 
 and aspiration 
 
 On the other side, we have to reckon 
 with 
 
 1. The American community, organ- 
 ized for community service through the 
 local government, or in unofficial and vol- 
 untary groups 
 
 2. The American family, as a friendly 
 neighbor to the Italian 
 
 3. The American as an individual, a 
 new comrade to the Italian 
 
 4. The American evangelical church, 
 with its discovery of a "mission field" in 
 its own city, town, or community 
 
 The crossing of these interests, Ital- 
 ian and American, marks out a number 
 of fields for cooperative service. A dia- 
 gram may make this clearer. 
 
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Here are at least thirteen opportuni- 
 ties for getting together in mutually help- 
 ful cooperation. 
 
 The American community has a very 
 definite responsibility for conditions in 
 the Italian colony and in assuring equal 
 opportunity for the local Italian popula- 
 tion. Its concern may also sympathet- 
 ically reach into the Italian household. 
 It may have frequent occasion to protect 
 and aid the individual Italian. By the 
 community is meant the city or town or- 
 ganized in the local government with its 
 various departments of health, education, 
 public safety, etc. ; or, the people of 
 the community organized in voluntary 
 groups, such as the Town Improvement 
 Club, the Woman's Club, or the Parent- 
 Teacher Association. Where any church 
 establishes a parochial school, the com- 
 munity should see to it and insist that 
 the same standards are maintained as in 
 the public schools. Beyond this the or- 
 ganized community will not, under exist- 
 ing conditions, concern itself with the 
 religious situation other than to see that 
 fullest protection is given any group of 
 Italians to worship according to the 
 mode of their own choice without being 
 molested. 
 
 While the American family may feel 
 impotent to move in the larger matters 
 of community betterment, alone and of 
 itself, in the Italian family it may find a 
 field for friendly cooperation. The Amer- 
 
 6 
 
ican home in its warmth and welcome 
 may be tellingly effective for the young 
 Italian. 
 
 The individual American who wants to 
 extend a friendly hand to the Italian will 
 not have to wait for a community-wide 
 movement. He may get acquainted with 
 an Italian family. There are opportuni- 
 ties on every hand to cultivate some 
 young Italian as a friend. 
 
 To the American evangelical church 
 the whole field is open. It may set up 
 a program of community betterment 
 which may at length gain the adherence 
 of all elements in the community ; it may 
 relate itself to the Italian home ; it will 
 find many opportunities to cooperate with 
 the individual Italian ; and the religious 
 life of the Italian will be its normal con- 
 cern. 
 
 From these standpoints, then, the fol- 
 lowing pages will consider with greater 
 detail the opportunities of working with 
 the Italian. 
 
 MAKING A SURVEY 
 
 Preparatory to a program of service, 
 either on the part of the American com- 
 munity or the church, it is desirable to 
 make a survey, which is nothing more 
 nor less than a careful and orderly study 
 of existing conditions. Where possible, 
 it would be better to make a survey of 
 the entire town or community, up-town 
 
and down-town, or at least of a certain 
 area or ward, rather than a survey of the 
 Italians. No group of people particular- 
 ly relishes being "studied," and often the 
 process serves to emphasize divisions 
 rather than to obliterate them. It would 
 be helpful to enlist the cooperation of 
 some of the representative Italians. This 
 may save misunderstanding, facilitate 
 the work, and lay the basis for coopera- 
 tion. In a New Jersey town a communi- 
 ty survey was made. When completed 
 an exhibit was displayed in a vacant 
 store on a main street down-town. A 
 group of Italians visited this exhibit. 
 One of the men was outraged to find on 
 a screen designed to illustrate home con- 
 ditions in the Italian colony a photo- 
 graph of his wife. The Italians tore 
 down the picture and a small tempest 
 was stirred in the Italian colony. 
 
 Where a comprehensive survey of a 
 city or town is contemplated from a mu- 
 nicipal or community standpoint, the ef- 
 fort should be made to enlist in prelimi- 
 nary conference, and thereafter in the 
 committee to carry forward the survey, 
 a wide and representative group of men 
 and women, not overlooking the indus- 
 trial workers and the immigrant popula- 
 tion. The ground is thus prepared for 
 cooperative action in carrying out the 
 recommendations of the survey. A com : 
 munity engaging in such a thorough- 
 going survey should correspond with the 
 
Department of Surveys and Exhibits, 
 Russell Sage Foundation, New York. 
 
 Where the churches undertake such a 
 community survey, assistance may be 
 had from denominational home mission 
 headquarters. The Board of Home Mis- 
 sions of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 (Philadelphia) maintains a Bureau of 
 Social Service and Surveys; the Immi- 
 grant and City Work Office of the Pres- 
 byterian Board of Home Missions (U. S. 
 A.), and the Department of City and 
 Foreign Speaking Work of the American 
 Baptist Home Mission Society, New 
 York, will cooperate in planning commu- 
 nity surveys. 
 
 Where volunteer service must be used, 
 a pamphlet, "What Social Workers 
 Should Know about Their Own Commu- 
 nities," by Margaret F. Byington (Char- 
 ity Organization Department, Russell 
 Sag:e Foundation, New York, 15 cents), 
 will be most helpful. It outlines ques- 
 tions bearing on community problems 
 under such headings as Housing, Health, 
 Recreation, Industrial Problems, the Im- 
 migrant, Children ; and also suggests a 
 line of inquiry concerning agencies for 
 relief and for the improvement of social 
 conditions. 
 
 "A Survey Blank for an Immigrant 
 Community," by William P. Shriver (5 
 cents), will be suggestive. It outlines a 
 brief inquiry under such heads as Housing, 
 
Industrial Conditions, Home Life and 
 Health, Recreation and Amusements, Social 
 Agencies and Schools. 
 
 The camera is a valuable ally in bring- 
 ing home community conditions to the 
 public. From small kodak negatives en- 
 largements may be made, about 10 x 13 
 inches ; mounted on cards 22 x 28 inches, 
 there will be room for two pictures with 
 brief inscriptions. Lantern slides may 
 be made directly from negatives 3^ x 
 434 inches at a cost of about 25 cents 
 each. 
 
 Graphs or charts may also be made set- 
 ting forth statistical information on cards 
 22 x 28 inches. It is desirable to pre- 
 sent a single fact in as simple, clear, and 
 convincing a way as possible. Line cuts 
 for publication may also be made from 
 these larger exhibit cards. (See page 39.) 
 
 A survey of conditions having been 
 made, the way is opened for a program 
 of service. 
 
 I. The American Community and the 
 Italian Colony 
 
 1. Housing and Neighborhood Sanita- 
 tion. Where a survey reveals, as is so 
 often the case, bad conditions in housing 
 and neighborhood sanitation, pressure 
 should be brought to bear on the local 
 government. But mere laws will be in- 
 effective unless there are means of regu- 
 
lar inspection and enforcement. As Miss 
 Byington points out, "With our foreign 
 colonies, ignorant of American standards 
 and legal rights, and not knowing where 
 and how to make complaint, it is not 
 enough for the Board of Health to act 
 on complaint ; it should make regular in- 
 spections." This principle of calling 
 upon and utilizing the facilities of the 
 local government should be stressed. 
 But the cooperation of the Italians should 
 be enlisted. Because they may not read- 
 ily understand English and are not ac- 
 quainted with local ordinances bearing on 
 health, housing, sanitation, and public 
 order, a community that will take the 
 pains to print a pamphlet (English and 
 Italian in parallel pages) explaining some 
 of the more important ordinances, will 
 have taken a first step in securing such 
 cooperation. The public school may also 
 be an agency for instruction and in secur- 
 ing the cooperation of parents and pupils. 
 2. Protection and Justice for the Ital- 
 ian. The Italian suffers from many ex- 
 ploiters. His dealings with the unscrup- 
 ulous banker, the land shark masquerad- 
 ing as a real estate agent, and the unregu- 
 lated employment agency are disastrous. 
 Many of the offenses of the immigrant 
 are, furthermore, due to ignorance. Such 
 information as is suggested in the preceding 
 paragraph concerning local ordinances 
 will lessen the number of arrests. It is 
 unfortunately true that in many com- 
 
munities the immigrant gets scant justice 
 at the hand of the courts. There is a con- 
 vincing and suggestive discussion of "The 
 Immigrant in the Courts" in Miss Ab- 
 bott's book, The Immigrant and the Com- 
 munity. 
 
 Lack of competent court interpreters 
 often prevents the immigrant from secur- 
 ing justice. Mr. Mangano writes in Sons 
 of Italy, "Before the Italian or any other 
 foreigner can have proper regard for our 
 political institutions, America must see 
 to it that they are free from graft and 
 that protection and justice are assured to 
 rich and poor alike. This matter of court 
 interpreters, for example, is calling for 
 instant action. There is no standard of 
 qualifications for the position. Many of 
 them speak Italian poorly, and as far as 
 education goes, are not fit for the place. 
 These positions are given to particular 
 friends of the politicians. They wield 
 great pow T er, the fate of an accused man 
 often depending upon a truthful and ex- 
 act translation of what is said. Only men 
 of high character and unquestioned integ- 
 rity should have such a responsibility." 
 
 3. Juvenile Delinquency. "Does a 
 city's court still consider the delinquent 
 child a criminal to be punished, or is he 
 now looked upon as a wayward child who 
 must be protected and helped or a de- 
 fective child needing special care and 
 treatment? In all stages of its proceed- 
 ings, one attitude or the other must be 
 
evident." This field of cooperative service 
 is opened up in Miss Byington's "What 
 Social Workers Should Know about 
 Their Own Communities" (page 28). 
 Loss of parental control is one of the 
 tragedies of immigrant life in America 
 and a source of juvenile delinquency. Mr. 
 Mangano finds the solution in the re- 
 union of the family life. "We must teach 
 the boys and girls to respect and honor 
 their parents and to speak their native 
 tongue as well as English. Imagine the 
 helplessness of a mother who knows no 
 English and whose children feel that 
 Italian is to be despised and cast aside. 
 The children talk English in the home 
 and even plan to disobey her before her 
 eyes when she has no idea what they are 
 saying. (Sons of Italy, page 109 ff.) What 
 becomes of Italian boys in your commu- 
 nity when arrested? In a New Jersey 
 community which prides itself on its 
 community spirit, two boys, one colored 
 and one Italian, were committed to the 
 county jail for trial. It was later dis- 
 covered that the county sheriff had 
 placed them in a room with adult prison- 
 ers. When this undesirable situation 
 was discoA^ered, the judge directed that 
 they be detained in separate quarters. 
 This is the sort of thing worth being in- 
 formed about. 
 
 4. Education. The public school is 
 first and foremost in its contact with the 
 immigrant and in its opportunity for 
 
 13 
 
helpful and cooperative service. Study 
 your local schools in their relation to the 
 Italian or other immigrant population. 
 Schools of To-morrow, by John Dewey, 
 is a prophetic book. It describes schools 
 throughout the country that are pioneer- 
 ing for the new democracy. But the 
 public school is not limiting its facilities 
 to the children of the community. It 
 is being made a community center. Con- 
 sult A Wider Use of the School Plant, 
 by Clarence Arthur Perry. It is sugges- 
 tive, also, of a wider use of the church 
 plant. 
 
 The education of the adult immigrant 
 has not begun to receive the considera- 
 tion in this country it deserves. Many 
 communities feel that they have dis- 
 charged their responsibility for the for- 
 eigner when they offer in the public 
 school a class in English for foreigners, 
 four nights a week, often in a school re- 
 mote from the immigrant community and 
 taught by a day-school teacher already 
 tired by the day's work. When in the 
 autumn of 1917, roused by the war. the 
 Mayor's Committee on National Defense 
 set afoot a campaign for the Americani- 
 zation of aliens living in New York, it 
 was stated : "The brunt, of course, has 
 so far fallen on the schools. The new 
 campaign will extend far outside the 
 schoolroom. The facilities, organization, 
 leadership, and resourcefulness of social 
 agencies are to be used in every possible 
 
way." The public schools, libraries, set- 
 tlements, clubs, churches, synagogs, em- 
 ployers' associations, and city depart- 
 ments were enlisted. Some of the most 
 successful instruction of adult immigrant 
 women — the most difficult group to 
 reach we know of — was carried on by a 
 highly intelligent young American 
 woman who formed her classes in the 
 homes, the objects of the home suggesting 
 the vocabulary to be used. 
 
 But the older Italian men and women 
 who will never learn English should be 
 considered. In her practical discussion 
 of the education of the immigrant Miss 
 Abbott writes, "We should long ago have 
 recognized that much of the opportunity 
 for education which is offered the adult 
 immigrants should be in their native lan- 
 guage. Many of the older men and * 
 women will never learn English, and 
 with others it will be many years before 
 they will understand it easily. Most of 
 them have lived in the country, and are 
 having their first contact with the prob- 
 lem of city life in the United States. 
 They need at once a knowledge of the 
 city's water and milk supply; of its san- 
 itary regulations; of the labor laws de- 
 signed for their protection; of the natur- 
 alization requirements ; something of the 
 history of the United States; and more of 
 the problems of municipal government 
 with whose right solution they, as much 
 as any one else, are concerned. The pub- 
 is 
 
lie libraries are beginning to meet the 
 cultural needs of the immigrant, but 
 books with concrete information along 
 these lines are not available for the edu- 
 cated and would not be used by those of 
 little education or by the illiterate. 
 These people must be reached by moving 
 pictures explained by lecturers who speak 
 their language." 
 
 5. Recreation. "We live in a boarding- 
 house, where we have to drink beer. It is 
 served at every meal, and they would put 
 us out if we didn't drink it. I have no 
 place to go in the evening; I can't stay shut 
 up in my rooms. So I walk the streets or 
 go to moving pictures or the pool-room." 
 Here is the problem of recreation from the 
 standpoint of a young Italian in Barre, 
 Vermont, He voiced the need of thou- 
 sands of young Italians throughout this 
 country. In this city, reports Mr. Mangano 
 in Sens of Italy, "the socialists have built 
 a big hall where there are dances and meet- 
 ings, but the serious-minded Italians, and 
 there are many, would like a place where 
 they could go, read the papers, study Eng- 
 lish, and indulge in gymnastics for recrea- 
 tion. In less than six weeks' time two 
 years ago, it was possible to gather a group 
 of twenty-two fine young men, all away 
 from home ties and influences, into a club 
 for the study of English." The dramatic 
 instinct is highly latent in the Italian. Get- 
 ting up a play, staging, and performing it 
 before a group of neighbors has furnished 
 
 16 
 
interest and expression for many groups of 
 young Italians. 
 
 Supervised playgrounds are increasingly 
 being featured in programs of community 
 welfare. The Playground and Recreation 
 Association of America, New York, will 
 be glad to correspond with any community 
 interested. The Association furnishes 
 stereopticon lectures showing the need of 
 playgrounds and playground equipment. 
 
 6. Cooperating Agencies. It is impos- 
 sible in the brief compass of this manual to 
 take up in detail the varied forms of com- 
 munity service being successfully carried 
 on among Italians. It is hoped that a point 
 of view has been gained. A number of 
 concrete suggestions have been made. At- 
 tention has been directed to books replete 
 with further suggestion. As an addendum 
 to this manual there is a list of organiza- 
 tions which hold themselves in readiness 
 to advise communities or groups along the 
 line of their specific interest. 
 
 II. The American Community and 
 the Italian Family 
 
 The problems of health, of child welfare, 
 and of education are frequently best met 
 through a sympathetic relation with the 
 family. The visiting or school nurse is a 
 connecting link between the Italian house- 
 hold and the community. In California, 
 state legislation has been enacted providing 
 for "home teachers." The duty of the 
 
 17 
 
home teacher is to visit her entire district 
 in order to discover the homes that need 
 care, and then to teach English to the for- 
 eign mother in her home, as well as sani- 
 tation, household tasks, purchase of sup- 
 plies, clothing, and concerning our Amer- 
 ican system of government. 
 
 The Italian should be protected from 
 medical quacks and nostrums. Mr. Man- 
 gano states, "The Italian quacks to whom 
 many Italians go because of language are 
 unscrupulous, and the quacks of all races 
 who advertise in Italian free advice and 
 sure cures for all manner of trouble, take 
 thousands of hard-earned dollars. Realiz- 
 ing the injury to the Italian people and the 
 disgrace upon the profession, some of the 
 finest Italian physicians in New York re- 
 cently banded together and are publishing 
 a health culture journal in Italian, called 
 La Parola del Medico, 'The Word of the 
 Doctor.' The aim is to teach personal 
 hygiene to the Italians and expose fraud- 
 ulent quacks. The constructive articles 
 deal with such subjects as 'Fruit Diet,' 
 'Examples of Good Living,' 'Wheat, Cer- 
 eals, and Legumes,' 'The Work of the 
 Italian Hospital.' The recent epidemic of 
 infantile paralysis was discussed, and part 
 of the blame for its spread laid squarely 
 upon the bad housing conditions among 
 Italians." 
 
 The fight against tuberculosis and the 
 saving of the lives of babies are causes in 
 which the community should seek the co- 
 
 18 
 
operation of the Italian home. In order 
 to meet the constantly increasing demand 
 for a simple educational card or pamphlet 
 on tuberculosis, which can be supplied in 
 quantity at a reasonable price and in sev- 
 eral different languages, the National As- 
 sociation for the Study and Prevention of 
 Tuberculosis (New York) has arranged 
 that a simple card or folder be printed in 
 large quantities, thus giving local bodies 
 the advantage of the reduced cost. Ar- 
 rangements have been made whereby this 
 card may be secured in Italian and eight- 
 een other languages for $2.50 per thousand, 
 and $2.20 per thousand in English. 
 
 The "Save the Seventh Baby'' campaign 
 carried on by The Delineator and similar 
 movements will furnish concrete sugges- 
 tion for helpfulness in the Italian family. 
 The Italian mothers and their new-born 
 babies often suffer irreparable injury at 
 the hands of unskilled midwives. The 
 Italians should be made acquainted with 
 physicians of competence and character. 
 
 Those interested in a thoroughgoing 
 study of family rehabilitation should con- 
 sult Social Diagnosis, by Mary E. Rich- 
 mond, especially Chapter XXI on "The 
 Immigrant Family." There is an extended 
 questionnaire bearing on the family. 
 
 III. The American Family and the 
 Italian Home 
 
 "What can any Christian American do 
 
 19 
 
to reach the foreigner?"' asks Mr. Man- 
 gano. "Let him play the host to the 
 stranger. We too often blame the stranger 
 within our gates for his un-American 
 standards of living. How is he ever to at- 
 tain the true American standard if he never 
 crosses the threshold of an American 
 home? Not long ago a well-educated for- 
 eign worker startled his audience by tell- 
 ing them that he had been laboring in their 
 city for over six years and had never been 
 invited to an American home. People are 
 honestly seeking how to reach Italians, but 
 they do not use the most potent means at 
 their disposal to establish a point of con- 
 tact — their homes." 
 
 Much that has been written in the pre- 
 ceding paragraphs will be suggestive in 
 this connection. The National American- 
 ization Committee has prepared a fine pro- 
 gram of 'activities for mothers' organiza- 
 tions, which includes this standard for 
 individual women: 
 
 i. Americanize one immigrant woman 
 
 2. Teach English to one foreign-born 
 mother 
 
 3. Put one immigrant family on your 
 calling list 
 
 It would be impossible to estimate the 
 enormous transformation that could be 
 wrought if every Christian woman would 
 earnestly set herself to the task, taking the 
 foreign-born woman who lives nearest her 
 as her particular work and care. The re- 
 lation of an American family or visitor to 
 
the Italian home, while friendly and sym- 
 pathetic, should be guarded against an ill- 
 considered charity or patronage. 
 
 IV. The American Individual and 
 the Italian 
 
 To know one Italian or a single Italian 
 family intimately; to have entered with 
 sympathy into his or her life story, ambi- 
 tions, and progress ; in the real spirit of 
 comradeship to give oneself heartily as to 
 a new friend — here is an opportunity for 
 every American. Multiply these comrade- 
 ships a hundred thousand times and forces 
 will be set at work that will mean more 
 to the Italians of this country than scores 
 of settlements or social agencies. 
 
 V. The American Evangelical 
 Church 
 
 i. Community Work. With the sym- 
 pathy and service of Jesus as its burning 
 passion and inspiration, it would be ex- 
 pected that the Christian church will be 
 first and foremost in its solicitude and care 
 for the immigrant, as he makes his ad- 
 venture in the new world so full of vexing 
 problems. As a local church presses its 
 program of missionary education, it should 
 include a first-hand study of the conditions 
 of life in the Italian or other immigrant 
 community nearest at hand. This near-by 
 need should be kept before the congrega- 
 
tion and the church school in some graphic 
 and appealing way. It should be accom- 
 panied by some definite program of ser- 
 vice. 
 
 The local church should put its forces 
 back of all well-accredited communitv. 
 movements making for the common wel- 
 fare. The church furnishes a large share 
 of workers actively engaged in social bet- 
 terment. Their outlook and experience 
 should be capitalized in the church's mis- 
 sionary or social service committee. When 
 in anv citv or town there is outstanding 
 need in the Italian or other immigrant 
 colonv, and efforts to arouse the American 
 constituency have failed, a church or group 
 of churches may well take the matter in 
 hand and work confidently in the faith that 
 the enterprise, when demonstrated, will be 
 taken over by the city or community. A 
 kindergarten in the immigrant section of 
 Gary conducted bv the Women's Mission- 
 ary Societies of Indiana was the pioneer 
 kindergarten in that great industrial center 
 now noted throughout the country for its 
 progressive public schools. Where such a 
 community service is undertaken by a local 
 church, it must not expect immediate re- 
 turns in the terms common to its evan- 
 gelistic propaganda. The service rendered 
 must be reckoned worth while in itself. All 
 the preceding sections bearing on com- 
 munity and welfare work will be sugges- 
 tive to churches. 
 
2. The Evangelical Church and the Re- 
 ligious Needs of the Italians. 
 
 (a) Why Carry on Religious Work for 
 Italians? Any specific religious work un- 
 dertaken by a church or group of churches 
 must be based on a clear and unmistakable 
 conviction that the Italians of the com- 
 munity have social and religious needs 
 which are not being met by the Roman or 
 any other church. In a statement concern- 
 ing the work of the Congregational 
 Church, Philip M. Rose, supervisor of 
 Italian Congregational churches in Con- 
 necticut, writes : "While showing all toler- 
 ance for and willingness to cooperate with 
 the Italian Roman Catholic Church, we 
 must recognize that the majority of our 
 Italian-Americans are, spiritually, un- 
 churched, and hence are our legitimate 
 field." In the pamphlet, "Religious Work 
 among Italians," Mr. Mangano frankly es- 
 timates the loyalty of the Italian to his 
 traditional faith : "It is a common belief 
 among Americans that all Italians are 
 Roman Catholics, and there seems to be 
 good reason for this impression. Out of 
 Italy's population of 36,000,000 there are 
 not more than 60,000 Protestants, but there 
 are unnumbered thousands, yes, tens of 
 thousands of anticlerics and even atheists. 
 Ninety-nine per cent, of the Italians land- 
 ing on our shores would give the Roman 
 Catholic as their religious belief, but if 
 questioned a large number would add that 
 they were not faithful to its celebrations 
 
 23 
 
nor its services, except perhaps at times of 
 births, deaths, and marriages. A question- 
 naire sent to all Baptist, Presbyterian, 
 Methodist, and Congregational Italian pas- 
 tors on the question, 'What per cent, of 
 Italians in your colony are loyal to the 
 Roman Church?' evoked an amazingly 
 unanimous reply, 'About one third.' One 
 or two reported, one fourth; and one re- 
 ported, one half. 
 
 "In one city of Massachusetts, out of a 
 population of 1,700 Italians, only sixty at- 
 tend the Roman Church; and in another 
 city there is a colony of 6,000 Italians, of 
 whom only 300 attend that church. There 
 is a colony of 35,000 Italians in Brooklyn 
 which has only one Italian church, seating 
 at the utmost 400 persons. It conducts 
 three masses on Sunday, and granting it 
 were filled to its capacity each time, it 
 could only minister to 1,200 persons, less 
 than four per cent, of the population. Out 
 of the 600,000 Italian population of Great- 
 er New York, the Roman Church, by its 
 own figures, so far as I could obtain them, 
 lays claim to only 180,000, including chil- 
 dren, as members of the Roman Catholic 
 Italian churches — less than one third of the 
 total Italian population. 
 
 "There is need for the widest publicity 
 of these facts in order to refute the com- 
 mon charge of proselyting, which all evan- 
 gelical mission work among the Italians 
 meets, and also because officials of city de- 
 partments, health, probation, juvenile court, 
 
 24 
 
and charity organizations, and even school- 
 teachers commonly assume that all Italians, 
 adults or children, are Catholics, and insist 
 on treating them as such. 
 
 "Religiously then, Italians both in Italy 
 and America may be divided into four gen- 
 eral groups : ( i ) All who are loyal to the 
 Roman Church ; (2) a larger group who are 
 indifferent to religion; (3) the atheistic, 
 anarchistic group, which is actively hos- 
 tile to religion of whatever name. To 
 this latter class belong the great throng 
 of younger men who have lost faith in 
 Roman Catholicism and who firmly be- 
 lieve that all religions are only worn-out 
 superstitions, imposed upon ignorant people 
 to keep them in subjection. (4) The mem- 
 bership of the evangelical churches." 
 
 (b) An Objective. Religious work among 
 Italians is no longer an experiment. The 
 statistical table in the Appendix of "Re- 
 ligious Work among Italians" indicates over 
 325 Protestant churches and missions em- 
 ploying the Italian language, with 14,000 
 members and over 15,000 in church or Sun- 
 day-schools. The figures, moreover, do not 
 in any adequate degree convey the influence 
 which these 325 churches and missions are 
 exerting in Italian communities. In the be- 
 ginning of Italian work in this country 
 many missions were started under serious 
 limitations. Stores were rented and meager- 
 ly equipped ; budgets were small and not al- 
 ways assured; leadership available was fre- 
 quently poorly trained and as poorly paid. 
 
 25 
 
While many such enterprises have since 
 developed into strong churches, it is the con- 
 viction of a number of leading denomina- 
 tional agencies that a bolder faith and larg- 
 er enterprise ought now to characterize our 
 work with Italians. When a new work is 
 contemplated, the church or committee con- 
 cerned ought to "count the cost." When 
 the field has been carefully surveyed and 
 the need demonstrated, a program should 
 be drawn up forecasting the equipment re- 
 quired ; provision should be made for a staff 
 of thoroughly trained and competent work- 
 ers; an ample budget should be assured. 
 Unless it is the purpose of those concerned 
 to carry the work through to some worthy 
 conclusion, it were better and fairer to the 
 Italians not to begin. The initial years of 
 pioneering in this new home mission field 
 have established a more or less definite 
 norm for an organized religious work 
 among Italians. The Bureau of Foreign 
 Work of the Board of Home Missions and 
 Church Extension of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church has set up the following pro- 
 gram of work for the local Italian church. 
 i. Approach to the family as a whole 
 
 (a) Home visitor, a woman speaking 
 Italian, with the American training and 
 American spirit. Such a one, bilingual, 
 could work with little children in English, 
 and conduct older classes possibly in Italian. 
 The problem is one of young women as well 
 as mothers. The future objective is to be 
 young Italian women thoroughly trained. 
 
 (b) Family gathering for everybody in 
 the church parlors or church house. Music, 
 
 26 
 
games, pictures, etc. Recognize the family 
 unit. 
 
 (c) Meetings in the home. The coming 
 of the stranger draws all the neighbors in 
 so that a program may be used. Special 
 attention to home meetings for girls. 
 
 2. Approach in Italian for adult Italian groups. 
 
 (a) Religious services of worship in 
 Italian. (Members of the staff should speak 
 both English and Italian.) 
 
 (b) Volunteer workers: A lawyer, a 
 physician, an employment agent, and a 
 printer, whose services may be used for 
 help among the Italians in the community. 
 
 (c) Mothers' clubs in Italian 
 
 (d) Men's clubs for learning English and 
 citizenship (civic questions, citizenship 
 papers, etc.) 
 
 (e) Use of Italian literature 
 
 (f) Religious instruction in Italian 
 
 (g) Illustrated lectures 
 
 (h) Italian patriotism as point of contact 
 (Italian days, the 20th of September, 
 Columbus Day, etc.) 
 
 (i) Make use of musical interest 
 
 3. Approach in English to children and young 
 people. 
 
 (a) Attendance at English church services 
 
 (b) Religious instruction (Sunday-school) 
 
 (c) Related week-day club activities, 
 emphasis on expressional work, such as rec- 
 reational clubs, gymnasium clubs, choral so- 
 cieties, dramatic clubs, Boy Scouts, Knight? 
 of King Arthur, Camp Fire Girls, Girl 
 Scouts, sewing, painting, drawing, and 
 sculpture. 
 
 (d) Illustrated lectures and moving pic- 
 tures 
 
 (e) Daily Vacation Bible School 
 
 (f) Flower mission 
 
 (g) Fresh air work 
 (h) Camps 
 
 2.7 
 
The conduct of religious work with 
 Italians is discussed in a practical way by 
 Mr. Mangano in Sons of Italy, Chapter VI. 
 Out of a wide range of experience and ob- 
 servation, recommendations are also made 
 in "Religious Work among Italians" con- 
 cerning a more comprehensive attack, a 
 plea for a better considered, adequately 
 equipped, and worthily supported work 
 for Italian communities. The question 
 of workers, the message, literature, and 
 publications are also discussed. 
 
 (c) Leadership. The family should be 
 the unit of our interest. The adult mem- 
 bers are seldom accessible except through 
 the ministration of an Italian-speaking pas- 
 tor or missionary. The trained and diligent 
 Italian pastor knows his people and can 
 best interpret the Christian message to 
 them. Language is a strong bond. Where 
 a new work may not warrant nor afford 
 the undivided time of a pastor, occasional 
 addresses or services, with home visitation 
 by the nearest neighboring Italian-speaking 
 pastor will help make the unselfish purpose 
 of the work understood. 
 
 When an Italian pastor is to be engaged, 
 a man of thorough training should be 
 sought. He should speak both Italian and 
 English and be resourceful in modes of 
 educational and community work. In the 
 beginning of the church's work with Italians 
 in this country and when missionaries were 
 difficult to obtain, many young Italians with 
 a sincere Christian experience, but with 
 
 28 
 
limited training, were enlisted. Their work 
 in many instances has been signally blessed. 
 But with the steady growth of Italian evan- 
 gelization and with opportunities now of- 
 fered for training, the Italian ministry itself 
 is urging that young men enlisting for this 
 service should submit themselves to the 
 most thorough preparation and that there 
 should not be two standards of ministerial 
 education, one for Americans and a lower 
 standard for Italians. 
 
 On the part of the American church, it 
 should sustain the Italian-speaking minister 
 and his family with an adequate salary. 
 
 (d) Equipment. Where a church has 
 become surrounded or is near an Italian 
 community, it will cheerfully extend its 
 facilities for Italian meetings and group 
 activities. Its hospitality should be unmis- 
 takable and unstinted. A church that offers 
 its basement or lecture room for Italian 
 work, but is hesitant about the church audi- 
 torium, had better reconsider its motive. If 
 it is necessary at the outset to begin work in 
 a rented building or hall, see that the equip- 
 ment is fresh and new. Do not send the 
 old and tuneless piano or organ, or the dis- 
 carded hymn books. If possible, let the 
 room devoted to worship be maintained ex- 
 clusively for such purposes. The Italian 
 sense of reverence cannot associate the 
 place of worship with an ice cream party. 
 
 Where a new building is to be erected, 
 however small, the best architectural con- 
 sideration should be given to its design. A 
 
 29 
 
building in the simple yet pleasing style of 
 the early Tuscan architecture carried out 
 in brick will be thoroughly acceptable. Great 
 interest should be given to the place of wor- 
 ship. It should be set apart from the rooms 
 designed for educational and social purposes. 
 (e) Departmental Work. Where a church 
 is near an Italian community it may find a 
 number of opportunities for distinctive 
 work with Italians. The following are 
 among methods which have been successful- 
 ly employed: 
 
 Home visitation 
 
 English classes 
 
 Civic clubs 
 
 Week-day craft school 
 
 Visiting nurse 
 
 Mothers' clubs 
 
 Daily Vacation Bible School 
 
 Boys' clubs or Boy Scouts 
 
 Stereopticon lectures 
 If the occasional services of an Italian- 
 speaking minister may be secured, 
 through visitation and a series of lectures 
 or evangelistic meetings, the purpose of 
 the work may be made clearer to the Ital- 
 ian community. 
 
 Work thus begun may lead to the em- 
 ployment of an Italian-speaking visitor 
 or minister. Such a worker should be 
 recognized as a member of the church 
 staff. While a church wholly given over 
 to an Italian congregation, with its own 
 pastor and official boards may be an ideal 
 arrangement, there are a number of illus- 
 
 30 
 
trations of English-speaking churches 
 which are maintaining with great encour- 
 agement a departmental work in Italian. 
 In most cases services of worship are 
 maintained in Italian, while all children 
 attend the same Sunday-school. A work 
 of this sort calls for a generous spirit of 
 accommodation. 
 
 (f ) Literature and Bibles. Four weekly 
 papers are published by denominational so- 
 cieties in the Italian language. The tendency 
 is to print the Sunday-school lesson and 
 other articles of interest to the young people 
 in English. These papers will be pleased 
 to furnish terms concerning club rates or 
 sample packages for distribution. 
 
 77 Cristiano. American Baptist Publication So- 
 ciety ; 18 Jackson Street Brooklyn, N. Y. ; C. 
 Buffa, Editor. Subscription price, $1.00 a year. 
 La Fiaccola. (The Italian Christian Advocate). 
 Methodist Book Concern, 150 Fifth Avenue, 
 New York City; Piero M. Petacci, Editor. Sub- 
 scription price, $1.00 a year. 
 
 L'Era Nuova. Presbyterian Board of Publica- 
 tion and Sabbath School Work, 114 East 116th 
 Street^ New York City; F. J. Panetta, Editor. 
 Subscription price, $1.00 a year. 
 
 77 Vessillo. Board of Home Missions, United 
 Presbyterian Church, 7716 Tioga Street, Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa. ; Michael Renzetti, Editor. Subscrip- 
 tion price, $1.00 a year. 
 
 The distribution of tract literature 
 should be carried on with discrimination. 
 The following, published by the Ameri- 
 can Tract Society, 101 Park Avenue, New 
 York, have be.en recommended ; 
 
 3 1 
 
Envelope Series (in Italian) 
 
 (Price, 1,000 pages for $1.00 and postage 12 
 
 cents extra). 
 
 No. Pages 
 
 I. Good News for You 4 
 
 6. How a Garibaldian Soldier Became a 
 
 Soldier of Christ 8 
 
 9. Turn the Key. (Temperance) 12 
 
 10. Jesus Christ for Everybody 8 
 
 13. Why Should I Read the Bible ? 8 
 
 14. You, Me, or Anybody Else 8 
 
 15. The Dying Drummer Boy 12 
 
 16. Looking Unto Jesus 4 
 
 Hymn Books 
 II Nuovo Innario Evangelico. Rev. Stefano L. 
 Testa and Rev. Agide Pirazzini, Editors. With 
 tunes, cloth 8vo., 50 cents. Words only, 25 cents. 
 (Half price for mission purposes). 
 
 The Bibliography of Sons of Italy, and 
 the list of leaflets, pamphlets, periodicals, 
 lectures, etc., given in the "Suggestions to 
 Leaders" on Sons of Italy give very com- 
 plete and valuable information on literature. 
 
 The American Bible Society, Bible 
 House, New York (or nearest depository: 
 Atlanta, Chicago, Richmond, Denver, 
 San Francisco, Dallas, Brooklyn, Cincin- 
 nati, Philadelphia), publishes Bibles, New- 
 Testaments, and single Gospels in the 
 Italian language. The following num- 
 bers will prove acceptable : 
 
 Italian No. 4. Italian Bible ' (Diodati). Roan, 
 burnished red edge. With refer- 
 ences, family record, and maps. 
 Small pica type. Size, Quarto. 
 8x10 inches. (Family Bible). 
 Price, $2.25 each. 
 
 32 
 
Italian No. 8. Italian Bible (Diodati). Cloth, 
 red edge. Brevier type. Size, 12 
 mo. 5 x 734 inches. Price, $.63 
 each. 
 
 " No. 12. Italian Bible (Diodati). Cloth, red 
 edge. With references and maps. 
 Minion type. Size, 16 mo. 434 x 
 634 inches. Price, $.28 each. 
 
 " No. 26. Italian and English New Testa- 
 ment. Parallel columns. Brevier 
 type. Size, 12 mo. 434 x 7 inches. 
 Price, $.42 each. 
 
 " No. 28. Italian New Testament and 
 Psalms. Pica type. Size, 8vo. 
 534x8^4 inches. Price, $.50 each. 
 
 " No. 32. Italian Nezv Testament and 
 Psalms. Lone- primer type. Size, 
 i2mo. 5x7 inches. Price, $.25 
 each. 
 No. 45. Italian and English St. Matthew. 
 Parallel columns. Brevier type. 
 Size, i2mo. 4*4x634 inches. Cloth, 
 cut flush, red edge. Price, $.14 
 each. 
 
 " Nos. 46-49. Single Gospels 
 
 Cloth, cut flush, flexible, round 
 corners, plain edge. Brevier type. 
 Size, 234 x 4 3 4 inches. Price, $.03 
 each. 
 
 (g~) The Church and Social Justice for 
 the Italian. It will be frankly recognized 
 that many of the modes of service suggested 
 in this pamphlet are after all but efforts to 
 alleviate conditions which have no place in 
 a Christian social order. They do not go 
 to the root of the matter. The Italian im- 
 migrant is the marginal worker. He is the 
 last man in. His needs are urgent. His 
 wages are small. He must frequently at- 
 tempt to sustain a family on an annual in- 
 
 33 
 
come of $600. Here follows a whole chain 
 of untoward circumstances. To secure so- 
 cial justice for the Italian immigrant and 
 his fellow immigrant workers is a field of 
 service in which all churches must engage. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 Information concerning any of the 
 books referred to in this pamphlet may 
 be had by addressing your denomination- 
 al home mission headquarters ; or the 
 Missionary Education Movement, 156 
 Eifth Avenue, New York, will forward 
 your request, together with any other 
 inquiries you may make, to the proper 
 headquarters, if you will mention the 
 name of your church or denomination. 
 
 COOPERATING AGENCIES 
 
 The following agencies will furnish lit- 
 erature and suggestions bearing on com- 
 munity service. In writing, state with all 
 possible definiteness the problem you are 
 confronting. 
 
 Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in 
 America. Constituted by 30 Protestant denomi- 
 nations. Rev. Charles S. Macfarland, general 
 secretary; 105 E. 226. Street, New York. 
 Commission on the Church and Social Service ; 
 Rev. Worth M. Tippy, executive secretary. 
 Campaign for the Conservation of Human Life; 
 and "Strengthen America" Campaign in the in- 
 terest of nation-wide prohibition, Charles Stelzle, 
 secretary. 
 
Russell Sage Foundation. For the improvement 
 of living conditions. John M. Glenn, director, 
 130 E. 226. Street, New York. 
 Department of Surveys and Exhibits ; Shelby 
 M. Harrison, director; E. G. Routzahn, associate 
 director. 
 
 Library; open free to the public; one of the best 
 working collections in the United States on so- 
 ciology and social work; Frederick Warren 
 Jenkins, librarian. 
 
 Playground and Recreation Association of 
 America. Howard Braucher, secretary; 1 Madi- 
 son Avenue, New York. Playground activities, 
 equipment, and administration; community cen- 
 ters ; field work in communities ; rural recrea- 
 tion; physical efficiency tests for boys and girls. 
 Pamphlet A 105, "Athletic Badge Test for Boys" 
 (5 cents), and A 121, "Athletic Badge Test for 
 Girls" (5 cents), specially recommended. Send 
 for list of publications. 
 
 National Kindergarten Association. 250 Madison 
 Avenue, New York. Object: To have the 
 kindergarten established in every public school. 
 Furnishes bulletins, exhibits, lecturers, advice, 
 and information. 
 
 National Consumers' League. Mrs. Florence 
 Kelley, general secretary; 289 Fourth Avenue, 
 New York. 87 branch leagues. 15,000 members. 
 War program : To help our industrial army by 
 promoting clinics for treatment of new diseases 
 (incident to munitions work and to fatigue and 
 strain) ; reasonable working hours ; safe and 
 sanitary working conditions; decent standards 
 of living; safeguards for women taking men's 
 places in industry; protection for children. 
 Minimum membership, $2. 
 
 National League of Women Workers. Jean 
 Hamilton, organization secretary ; 35 E. 30th 
 Street, New York. Evening clubs for girls; 
 recreation and instruction in self-governing and 
 supporting groups for girls over working age. 
 
 35 
 
National Association for the Study and Preven- 
 tion of Tuberculosis. 105 E. 22d Street, New 
 York. Organization of tuberculosis campaigns; 
 tuberculosis hospitals, clinics, nurses, etc. ; open 
 air schools; Red Cross seals, educational 
 methods, etc. 
 
 National Child Labor Committee. Owen R. 
 Lovejoy, secretary; 105 E. 226. Street, New York. 
 35 state branches. Industrial and agricultural in- 
 vestigations ; legislation ; enforcement ; educa- 
 tion; mothers' pensions; juvenile delinquency; 
 health ; recreation. 
 
 National Child Welfare Exhibit Association, Inc. 
 70 Fifth Avenue, New York. Educational health 
 posters covering care of babies and children. 
 Second edition of Parcel Post Exhibit. Photo- 
 gravure reproductions in color with simple, eas- 
 ily understood legends, attractively illustrated 
 from original paintings; 25 posters (i8"x28") 
 in set. Further information regarding these and 
 other exhibits on request. Illustrated booklets 
 on Baby and Child Care. Lantern slides. 
 National Organization for Public Health Nurs- 
 ing. Ella Phillips Crandall, R.N., executive 
 secretary; 600 Lexington Avenue, New York. 
 Object: To stimulate the extension of public 
 health nursing. 
 
 Travelers' Aid Society. Orin C. Baker, general 
 secretary; 465 Lexington Avenue, New York. 
 Provides advice, guidance and protection to 
 travelers, especially women and girls. 
 Neighbors' League of America, Airs. Edward H. 
 Scott, registrar; room 1017, 23 E. 26th Street, 
 New York. Civics and English for foreigners. 
 Girl Scouts, Inc. Dr. Abby Porter Leland, ex- 
 ecutive secretary; ^27 Fifth Avenue, New York. 
 Camp Fire Girls, Inc. Dr. Luther H. Gulick, 
 president; 461 Fourth Avenue, New York. 
 Bov Scouts of America. James E. West, Chief 
 Executive of the National Council of Boy Scouts 
 of America; 200 Fifth Avenue, New York. 
 
 36 
 
Italian Immigration 
 
 North and South Italians 
 Six years to dune 30th. 1915 
 
 South Italians tow, 900 
 
 North Italians 135, soa 
 
 37 
 

 5 79 
 
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