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 I 
 
 VIA MEDIA : 
 
 A Peaceful and Permanent Settlement 
 
 By EMMA WILLABD, 
 /I 
 
 Author of Current Histories, American and Universal. 
 
 § 
 
 <s,' 
 
 
 
 
 W ASHING T N : 
 
 CHARLES H. ANDERSON, BOOKSELLER, 
 
 No. 458 7th street. 
 
 HENRY POLKINHORN, PRINTER. 
 
 1862. 
 
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THE AFRICAN IN AMERICA. 
 
 TO FIND HIS TRUE POSITION, AND PLACE HIM IN IT, THE VIA 
 
 MEDIA ON WHICH THE NORTH AND SOUTH MIGHT MEET 
 
 IN A PERMAMENT AND HAPPY SETTLEMENT. 
 
 This nation appears evidently near a crisis, in which the 
 forms of our past policy, in regard to the Africans among 
 us, must encounter a change. A great upheaval — a bloody 
 civil war, having reference to that race, has so commingled 
 and dissolved the political elements, that they are now in a 
 plastic state, and ready to be moulded for futurity — well or 
 ill, as wisdom or folly shall rule the hour. Light is needed, 
 and will be welcome, even should it come glimmering from 
 an earthen vase — long used, and ready to mingle with its na- 
 tive dust. 
 
 Our subject is the African race as existing in this nation. 
 North and South ; and the great question underlying it is — ■ 
 what, considering their peculiar characteristics, ought to be 
 their condition in our social system? And we conceive that 
 the inquiry would become simplified, if the statesman should 
 first look at it in the single aspect of righteous dealing to the 
 race ; for, if he find what thjs would be, he may surely ex- 
 pect that in following it out, he would produce a state of 
 things among us, good for all; for good and right, duty and 
 expediency, as God sees them, are one. 
 
 Said the eloquent Henry Ward Beecher, (who has recently 
 modified his views respecting the negroes,) " If I had been 
 God, I would not have made ihem at all ; but since He who 
 is wiser than all of us put together has seen fit to make them, 
 and bring them here, what are you going to do with them?"* 
 Bating a touch of profanity, we would thank Mr. Beecher for 
 this candid statement of the case, indicating, as it does, the 
 great error of fanaticism. God grant it may see and retrace 
 
 * A highly respectable lady who hoard him, related this to me, and to 
 others. 
 
its mistakes, before it is yet too late to save our country from 
 their direful effects ! Doubtless (jod made the negro, and He 
 made him as lie made the white man, after His own perfect 
 pattern, and fitted him to his peculiar place and duties; and 
 the reason of men's embarrassment respecting him is, that, 
 overlooking the indications of God's will concerning him, 
 they have jumped to conclusions from their own conceits. 
 That this is true is evident from the fact that they find the 
 neo-ro made amiss. Said the late Governor Slade, and he 
 sighed deeply as he spoke—" After all that we can do for 
 the negroes, they must be black !" 
 
 Among the philosophers who have thought the creation 
 might have been improved had the Almighty taken them 
 into His counsels, we rnay now reckon Mr. Beecher, in addi- 
 tion to King Alphonso of Portugal— the last respecting the- 
 stars of the heaVens, and the first respecting the negroes 
 of the earth. And be it remarked, they were both in ad- 
 vance of those who remained satisfied with the false systems 
 received around them. 
 
 Of those false systems, none are more pernicious, none 
 fraught with more '^fatal consequences to our social system, 
 as regards both our race and the African, than that which 
 sets up for the political equality of the negro race, and holds 
 them entitled, in this country, to all the political privileges 
 of the whites. I particulaily take exception to this, as a 
 woman. 
 
 Eeckoning, for the sake of the argument, that the people 
 of this nation exist in four parts — 1st, the white men ; 2d, 
 the white women ; 3d, the negroes ; and 4th, the Indians- 
 there is but one part of the four, the white men, to whom 
 political power appertains ; and it should only be to the 
 educated among them. Others have nothing to do, either 
 with making constitutional laws or legislative enactments, 
 or any share in administering them after they are made ; and 
 so we hold it right that it should be. We sit down con- 
 tentedly in a class which has not this power, believing that 
 in the present state of the world our political rights and 
 those of our children are safest in the hands of the educated 
 men of our race; and that to take care of them is their high 
 and sacred duty, — a duty which is not transferable, and 
 which they cannot impart to the men of a subordinate race, 
 without a keenly-felt indignity and wrong inflicted upon us. 
 Observe here that we are not discussing absolute infe- 
 riority and its opposite. The dependent vine hangs her 
 
rich clusters upon the rough arms of the self-supporting oak ; 
 yet who says that the vine, as a work of God, is inferior to 
 the oak ? Neither is the small and beautiful wheat stalk 
 inferior to either ; or even the lowly esculent that hides in 
 the ground the nutritious bulb which gives food to nations. 
 Among the human race the greatness which will decide our 
 acceptance with God, is to be judged of by the rule, be that 
 would be great among you, let him be your ministering 
 servant. In this sense, and even intellectually, the wife 
 may be greater than the husband, and the servant greater 
 than either ; but, both in the family and in the State, order 
 must prevail ; law, human and divine, must have its course ; 
 and the good show their goodness by submission. This is 
 one of the trials of this life, by which immortal beings be- 
 come fitted for a better. 
 
 AVerea grand famil}^ procession to set forth in the order 
 appointed by Providence, the white men would go first, 
 the white women with their children second, and next the 
 colored servants. And who knows but one of the causes — 
 not the principal, which doiibtless relates to climate- — -why 
 the Almighty has seen fit to distinguish them by color, is 
 that their place in the family shall be unmistakably settled, 
 so that all jealous heart-burnings and vain expectations shall 
 be spared, and a permanent order in the household be estab- 
 lished ? We know by the ten commandments that the ser- 
 vant's place in the family is sanctioned by God ; and who 
 knows that in form in 2: the nes-ro He has not had it in view 
 to create a race with a mission to serve the white women, 
 and add strength to their ph)^sical weakness? 
 
 Concerning the effects of climate — ^the colored man, by 
 his extended apparatus for breathing, inhales in a given time 
 as much oxygen from the diluted atmosphere of the South, 
 as the white man, with his small mouth and compressed 
 nostril, gets from the concentrated atmosphere of the North ; 
 while by the negro's superior evaporating apparatus he is 
 kept cool, where a white man would perish from heat. But 
 the white man may, by keeping in shelter, inhabit the same 
 region, and by his superior brain (the average difference be- 
 ing calculated at from 21 to 18,) may direct his energies, 
 though he cannot labor by his side. And, while only a few 
 negroes would be employed at tlie North, the great body of 
 them would be retained as field-laborers at the South. 
 
 It is man's wisdom to worship God, as the Universal, All- 
 
Wise Ruler, not only by following out the indications of His 
 will in His works of nature, but in submitting to the dis- 
 pensations of His rigliteous providence. He has not only 
 made the negro as he is, but He has placed him here, and 
 in such numbers that ha cannot novj he remoced ; and our lirst 
 duty concerning him is to settle his true position among us. 
 
 There is an ulterior object, dear to the heart of Christian 
 philanthropists, especially those of the African race, which 
 looks to their ultimate removal to Liberia. This should not 
 be lost sight of; but it can by no possibility go forward but 
 at a rate too slow to make much difference in the account of 
 what is now to be done with the Africans of America. They 
 amount to four millions, and they cannot he sent avjay,for the 
 sujficient reason that VOLUNTARILY THEY WILL NOT GO. Free 
 or slave, they prefer to remain where they are. Among the 
 free blacks of the North, the Colonization Society has long 
 been setting forth the advantages of their quitting the use- 
 less strife for equal position with the whites, and telling them 
 how much better it would be for them to go back to the coun- 
 try of their fathers — where the abilities of such black men as 
 Roberts and Benson have already shown that their intellect- 
 ual powers are equal to the founding and governing of a na- 
 tion. How eloquently have Crummell and others shown them 
 that they may not only acquire wealth and position, but 
 benefit their race, and serve humanity at large, by going 
 thither to join and aid their brethren! Yet how few have 
 listened to the appeal; — and as regards the sending of the 
 slaves of the South to Liberia, (a few instances to the con- 
 trary,) we find that they are unwilling to go, even when mas- 
 ters are willing to send them. 
 
 Said a Virginia chambermaid to me in 1832, whenl asked 
 her " what do your people think about the new plan of your 
 being sent to Liberia ?" " Why, they thought well of it at 
 first, and Aunt Flora and her husband, when their master 
 gave tliem the chance, went with all their children; but af- 
 ter a year we had this word from them — that we had better 
 stay and eat grass in old Virginia than to come there." In 
 1846, during a tour through the slave States, I learned many 
 facts on this, and cognate subjects. One Avhich I received 
 from the excellent Judge McGhee, of Woodville, Mississippi, 
 I relate as the representative of a class. " James," said he to 
 a colored servant of middle age, "you have served me faith- 
 fully, 3^ou have deserved your freedom, and I now otter it to 
 you, advising you to go to Liberia." " Will master go to 
 
Liberia?" said the servant. " No, James, I cannot leave 
 home." " Then if master can't go, I can't ; all I want is to 
 be as I have been, and live with master." 
 
 If, then, the servants of good Southern masters are useful, 
 happy, and contented, why are we not to consider that the 
 problem is already solved, and theirs is, in reality, the true 
 position of the American Africans? It might be so, if all 
 masters, like these, were, in their treatment to them, governed 
 by kindness and Christianity ; and if death and change were 
 not the order of the world. And, indeed, it is not our voice 
 which would ever alter these affectionate relations between 
 good masters and good servants — who, indeed, ought not to 
 be called slaves and slave-holders — but we wish the whole 
 system to become modified, so that the barbarous laws of 
 slavery, under which the race are liable to great abuses, 
 many actually suffering them, may be abrogated and suc- 
 ceeded by those of a civilized character, in which the true 
 rights of the black man shall be recognised and duly guarded 
 by law. That the African is a man, all believe ; and what 
 is it but a barbarism to say, as has been said, that he has not 
 a right in this country which the white man is bound to re- 
 spect? That the husband has no right to his wife ; the fa- 
 ther and mother no right to the child — that all fathers, 
 mothers, and children, though accustomed to indulgences, 
 may be taken, should they chance to lose the best of mas- 
 ters, or he become poor, and sold separately into distant 
 lands ; or, still worse, when the slave-collector, sent by the 
 spirit of gain, comes to buy human herds for some hard ser-, 
 vice in distant unhealthy lands, these plantation slaves may 
 then be collected and penned up like cattle for a fair; and 
 how is manhood degraded when the slave is set up on a 
 block and shown oft" to be sold as a chattel to the highest 
 bidder ! and childhood is there — and womanhood— thrice de- 
 graded ! 
 
 If we would purge away slavery by taking from the laws 
 the gross faults by which they arc deformed, it is not that the 
 watchful care which the good master afl"ords to his servant, 
 aad which his dependent spirit and improvident nature makes 
 liim need, should be destroyed ; nor yet that the master should 
 be deprived of his right to the services of a race whom other- 
 wise he could not provide for or protect ; but that there should 
 be limitations to this power made by law; and guards fixed 
 which shall shield the negro in case of the death or poverty 
 of his master, as well as against his abuses; — in fine, to use 
 
6 
 
 the language of the Rev. Dr. Fuller, of Baltimore, that "mas- 
 ters should become guardians of their slaves and extend over 
 them a parental government;" and that ilie race be thus 
 raised from the condition of slavery to that of a regulated 
 serviW.de ; and this on the principle that though the master 
 owns the time, according to restrictions of law, yet he does not 
 own the man, — he belongs to God. This we believe would 
 place the negroes in their true position; and it is exactly the 
 one which every good master, and especially every good mis- 
 tress, at the South would desire to see established by law, 
 and which, if it were established, the South would be hon- 
 ored, and humanity everywhere would rejoice. We are per- 
 suaded tliat this change is possible, and that it might be 
 brought about by a tribunal composed of the best minds of 
 such American statesmen as are thoroughly acquainted with 
 the condition of the country and tlie character of the race to 
 be dealt with ;* and we say this in the confident hope that if 
 such a change were cordially entered upon by the South, it 
 would fo]-m the basis of a permanent settlement of the great 
 question at issue between the North and the South, and event- 
 ually bring improvement and happiness to the colored race; 
 whereas we believe that to emancipate them, in their pres- 
 ent condition, would be likely to result, first in misery and 
 confusion, and next in their final extermination. [For a 
 continuation of this subject, see Note B.] 
 
 Here we wish to meet by facts an anticipated objection 
 from those who maintain that the neo-ro is wront^ed unless 
 he has absolute freedom. Two wealthy slave-holders, of 
 Virginia, becoming conscientiously imbued with the opinion 
 that they were then living in the commission of sin, emi- 
 grated with their slaves to western New York ; and, together, 
 purchased a fine tract of land on one of the most beautiful 
 lakes in the State. They laid it out into small farms, and 
 built comfortable houses for the negroes, with places for wor;- 
 ship and instruction. Here the liberated slaves were to en- 
 joy their paradise of freedom. But alas, they managed ill, 
 and were neither prosperous nor ha)>py. And although at 
 first their benefactors would wind them u]) whenever they 
 ran down, yet they at length became discouraged, and con- 
 vinced that their labors were hopeless; and they must aban- 
 don their generous scheme as a failure.f 
 
 *Svuli men, for example, as the Rev. Dr. Fuller, of JJaltimore. 
 
 fl had this aeeouiU last wiuter from (Jeiieral Swift. I have endcavoied 
 to give it exactly as he related it, hut if there should he uiistakcs they 
 would doubtless be U)ine, for he described from personal knowledge- 
 
The abolition of the mild form of slavery which existed 
 in New England* and New York at and after the Revolution, 
 was an honest outburst of alarmed conscientiousness. But 
 with facts as they now stand developed, it may fairly be 
 questioned whether it did not produce, especially to the ne- 
 groes, injury, where good was intended. The venerable 
 Stephen Van Rensselaer, former patroon of Albany, mourned 
 in his later days for the share he had taken in it ; for he said 
 "there were then forty of these home servants to the manor 
 born, and I have lived to see every one of them go into the 
 gutter."t So said the late Colonel Van Ness, formerly of 
 New York, respecting the colored dependents of the wealthy 
 and extensive family to which he belonged ; and so have 
 said many others. 
 
 And here we remark, as accounting in part for the differ- 
 ences of opinion which prevail among us on the African 
 question, that a singular and unaccountable difference exists 
 among the individual negroes of the African tribes. The 
 characteristic of the masses, as shown by Dr. Livingstone and 
 others, is unquestioning obedience to their chiefs. But whence 
 come the chiefs, endued as they are with the vast knowledge 
 and extensive cares which appertain to their governments ? 
 Above all, many of these chiefs have the mental element of 
 a great will, and they exercise it without any touch of con- 
 scientiousness. Dr. Livingstone asked Matiamuo why he 
 sent to such a great distance for certain of his subjects. " To 
 kill them," was the answer of the chief. " There are too many 
 of them, and I want to thin them out." Yet, though sus- 
 pecting his cruel designs, his subjects would follow their in- 
 vStinct of obedience, and come when he sent for them. This 
 difterence between the chief and his subjects among Africans 
 seems to me as difficult to be accounted for, as royalty among 
 the bees. And if, in the guardianship of a master over tliem, 
 he should find indications that there are among them any 
 born for queen heer<, their aspirations for freedom sliould be 
 encouraged, for otherwise they would be likely to become 
 dangerous. These ideas may be somewhat visionary, but, 
 that great inequality in the genius and talents of the race 
 exists, none can doubt. Those who possess superior abilities 
 are all needed in Liberia, and let them be helped thither. 
 In Canada, they make an unwholesome population. 
 
 capital description of the former condition of tlic fi-n- petted negroes 
 iw England exists in a work, " Tim Mini.-<lcr's Wooing,'' by Mrs. H. 
 
 *A 
 
 of New 
 Beeclier Stovve. 
 
 jForthe truth of this faet I refer to tlie Rev. Dr. Campbell, of Albany. 
 
The former part of this subject has addressed itself to tlic 
 South ; this Last part wo address to the North. The fortunes 
 of war have thrown a large number of Southern slaves into 
 the hands of the Government. What is to be done with 
 them ? Will not the President and Congress appoint com- 
 missioners to find for them that position which in all right- 
 eous dealing shall be decided to be for them the happiest and 
 most useful ? They could not be sent to Liberia unless by 
 previous training they had become fitted to be good citizens 
 there; otherwise, as was the case with the captured negroes 
 already sent, their board and teaching must first be paid for. 
 If the liberated slaves on the cultivated banks of Seneca lake 
 could not, with all the appliances furnished them by their 
 kind benefactors, make headway for themselves, surely the 
 Government would not be so cruel as to set them free with- 
 out any guardian care over them. If they do, the Northern 
 States will soon be following the example of Illinois and oth- 
 ers, and making cruel laws to keep out all Africans. What 
 then remains but that you, my brethren and sisters, Christian 
 patriots and })hilanthropists of the North, should be appealed 
 to ; that, regarding these contrabands, you, according to your 
 ability and the situation of your families, each take one or 
 two of them, perhaps a married pair, to your homes, and thus 
 let us divide the responsibility which rests upon us, that they 
 shall be cared for, and their children duly instructed ; then 
 in ten or fifteen years, for their improvement re<pures time, 
 they will become fitted to go to Liberia, and will have earned 
 from you the means; which of course the Government agents 
 who would on this supposition have bound them to you, will 
 see that you are under legal obligation to perform. But if 
 in the mean time your contrabands, having it at their option 
 to go, prefer staying with you, as your permanent, faithful, 
 and attached servants, you to support them until death, we 
 see no reason why in this case laws should not be made 
 to sanction the arrangement; and if sound and able minds 
 were employed to make the laws under which the African 
 may, at the North, find his true position, not of slavery, for we 
 repudiate the word and the thing, but of a regulated servitude 
 to a guardian-master, or mistress, we see no reason why 
 these might not thus find tvhat the}'' cannot depend on in their 
 present system, the comfort and respectability of permanent 
 and contented servants. The American of revolutionary de- 
 scent is no one's servant but his own — and ha]i})V were those 
 families where, in the simplicity of the oldcu time, the mother 
 
and daughters served themselves and their tamilies. But in- 
 crease of wealth, with the influx of foreigners, has changed 
 these times, and now the unreliableness of domestic servants 
 is the common complaint of Northern housekeepers — and not 
 without reason. 
 
 The foreigners, on whom we must rely, having in view 
 ultimate independence, generally stay with us but a short 
 season ; and while they remain, how few of us are there who 
 have been fortunate enough so to attach them to ourselves, 
 that the interests of their own kindred will not be preferred 
 to ours ! And many a tenderly-educated Northern woman, 
 brought, by a wealtliy and hospitable husband as a happy 
 bride to a' magnificent home, falls a sacrifice to the conse- 
 quent want of permanent domestic arrangements. She finds 
 herself at some unfortunate moment, when her house is filled 
 with guests, v/ith not a single servant. Her ambition to 
 please her husband, and make his house acceptable to his 
 friends, obliges her to tax herself to fill their several vacant 
 of&ces. Nature, unused to the effort, revolts, and she either 
 dies, or lives a miserable invalid. And if such a one should 
 yet remain on earth, what could her wealthy husband, with 
 liis extensive accommodations, do so well as to take to_ his 
 home some of these contrabands, who could be supervised 
 and taught by a mistress, who would thus have been brought 
 to appreciate and love them for their useful domestic vir- 
 tues ? 
 
 American families who see that all which is here stated is 
 true, might yet hesitate, fearing that European nobility 
 might denounce them as having slaves to " fan them," &c. 
 But our regulated system of colored servitude would be no 
 more slavery than that service to which they constantly 
 hold the hereditary servants of their own national blood ; 
 nor would you keep them at a greater distance, or more 
 hold your families disgraced by intermarriages with servants 
 than do they. Yet these English homes are regarded 
 throughout the world as the abodes of comfort and elegant 
 enjoyment; and this cannot be, except where there are per- 
 manent servants, knowing each their several places, and 
 contented with their own condition. 
 
 We do not wish to intermeddle with English servitude; 
 neither do we desire their interference with ours. Their 
 fathers, as allowed by Providence, forced the African race 
 upon us ; and their statecraft has long, for the bad purpose 
 of dividing us because "the safety of Europe requires it," 
 
10 
 
 sought, and not vainl}^, to sow liatred and dissension among 
 us; and now, regardless of all we must suffer, both North 
 and South, fearing to lose the ultimate end of their efforts,, 
 tlieir money, and their emissaries — the division of our lie- 
 public ; now they talk of acknowleding the independence of 
 the South, on the condition that the South shall set free their 
 African domestics! thus introducing confusion and misery 
 into their liomes, and probably causing the ultimate destruc- 
 tion of the dependent race, whom they have long loved as 
 their faithful and devoted servants. 
 
 Daughters of the South ! plead with your sons and hus- 
 bands, and avert these horrors while yet you may. Turn 
 not away from your kindred of the North, whose blood flows 
 intermingled with yours in a thousand channels, and whose 
 memories of past national glories must forever be identified 
 with yours. Although you have hated them, it was because 
 you have been deceived, and falsely persuaded that they 
 wished to bring that ruin upon your homes which, it would 
 seem, you are now preparing to bring upon them yourselves. 
 Yet the North has never hated you. If she has waged war, 
 she entered upon it against her will, because she had no other 
 means to keep us all from worse than Mexican anarchy. Oh 
 then relent, and no longer allow this cruel hatred to fill your 
 hearts. Save your country ! save yourselves — your families 
 — and doom not to destruction that affectionate race, who, if 
 we all treat them as we ought, and no longer injure them 
 by our dissentions, may yet become more hapi)y and more 
 elevated in mind and character than ever before ; and 
 if 'placed and sustained in their true position, they may 
 yet become an element of strength and increased civilization 
 to a redeemed and renovated nation. 
 
 EMMA WILLARD. 
 
 Baltimoee, May 23, 1862. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 Note A. — There are, who believe that women should be made equal 
 with men. in political rights : — and negroes with both. But would the sex 
 have cause to thank these philanthropists, if, by giving them, during their 
 lives, the fullest control of their property, and leaving to their husbands 
 the duties of supporting them with their children, and paying their debts, 
 they discountenanced marriage ? Or, will the colored race have cause to 
 thank them, if they should succeed iu putting such conditions upon the 
 whites as should prevent their voluntarily taking over them that parental 
 guardianship which, to their improvident and affectionate natures, becomes 
 the source both of their happiness and their usefulness ? But if they are 
 right, still the course we indicate is the best for the race which the times 
 admit of; for, that the North sliould buy the negroes of the South, is not 
 now feasible, whatever it may be hereafter ; and this would therefore con- 
 stitute the best practical measure of gradual emancipation. 
 
 Note. B. — It may be recollected, that last winter I presented a memorial 
 to Congress, pleading for peace, in the name of my sex. My original de- 
 sign was expressed in a memorial longer than that presented ; and it brought 
 forward the plan of settlement herein, much more fully developed. The 
 following are extracts from the first, or larger, memorial, not presented : 
 
 "When we have become sutficiently humbled by the chastisement which 
 God is now inflicting upon us, then 'shall we be ready to inquire for the 
 Right, — knowing that whatever is of Right, is of God. In it as in Him, 
 there is Uxity. Its path is straight, and if we can find it, all — North and 
 South, East and West— may walk togetlier in it. Every step towards 
 it is a gain — to seek for Right in order to do it, is to draw near to God. 
 Suppose His voice should now audibly inquire of all and of each, 'Are you 
 willing to do right ?' and there came from a chastened people the universal 
 reply,"' I am ;' and again should the voice divine inquire, 'Are you ready 
 to be satisfied with others when they do right ? and again there should come 
 up a universal response, 'We are,' — then what would remain would be to 
 agree on some method of findinq out ivhat the right in this case is, or of making 
 the nearest possible approach to it; so that those who have the care of the 
 colored race may do it ; and which, they thus doing, all others in the Union 
 are to be satisfied in heart,— to approve and to uphold. And this regardless 
 of the sneers of foreign politicians, (who ivish to divide us, so that our power 
 as a nation mav not become inconvenient to them,J and the more subtle in- 
 fluences of poetical flourishes, whether found in the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence, or in the beautiful works of Cowper, Campbell, and others. The 
 abuses of negro servitude, we are no more obligated by these resolves to 
 uphold, than we are bound to justify the tyranny of husbands because we 
 d.-tVnd the institution of marriage." 
 
 The memorial tlien recommends a Board of Commissioners from the 
 North and South, to act "as guardians of the colored race, and arbiters for 
 the just and peaceful settlement of the Slavery question, on the toundation 
 of right, to be done by the one party, and to be firmly and boldly upheld 
 
 by the other." , . . r •;; 
 
 In the two things necessary to the accomplishment of an object— fA^ tviU 
 and the ?««»/— that which we here seek to create, is the will. Let that ap- 
 pear, and the genius of American jurists and statesmen would leap forth 
 gladl'v to find The h-gal and expedient way : for this would be the glorious 
 work' of giving us once more a united country, increased m wisdom and 
 strength. 
 
^ I"; <r. 
 
 
LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 
 
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