i ill mmm iJWJi'l m«IC( or Author Title Imprint 16—47372-3 i m I I. ^>»»»s-c«c-c-^^ ^DEDICATED TO THD ^y >*y ©TK^ m HE HE GRAND ARMY OE REPUBLIC AND SONS OF VETERANS AND TO riY con- RADES IN THE FIE 1861 D 1866 ^>)-)-)->M«(«H^ I .>i«MIM«ii;!{99«t« Bng.-Gciil., U. V. A., U. S. A. THE Grand Army Button A SOUVENIR Dedicated to " My Comrades," the Grand Army of the Republic AND THE Sons of Veterans, of the United States / BY / NELSON MONROE REMINISCENCES OF THE DAYS OF DARK SECESSION i86i AND 1865 ■ And we recognize this Button wheresoever it may be, as a badge of glory won." BOSTON Rockwell and Churchill Press 1893 CONTENTS. Preface .... The Grand Ar.mv Button Introduction . Abraham Lincoln . Ulysses Simpson Grant . William Tecumseh Sherman Philip Henrv Sheridan . Lee's Surrender Review of the War LiBBY Prison "The Dead Line" at Libby Prison 3 6 7 13 18 21 23 28 35 61 6? COPTRIGHT, 1893, BY NELSON MONBOB. PREFACE T^HIS little book, which is presented to the public, is designed to keep the hearts of the people warm and grateful toward the noble defenders of the Union and freedom, who in so many weary and bloody struggles have upheld the nation's flag, the nation's honor, and the nation's life ; of the life of our noble men whose trials and hardships in prisons and prison pens, and triumphs of the volunteer on many bloody fields of battle, whose immortal valor and patience have done the work and paid the price of liberty and peace. Therefore, ^ For what he was, and what he dared, remember him to-day." The Grand army Button. Yet, perhaps, should you now observe him closely you will perceive his enthusiasm" increasing faster even than his strength. He is on the enemy's side of the river. Now for strict guard duty ! Now for the lonely picket amid the thickets where men are killed by ambushed foes! How the eye and the ear and — may I say it? — the heart are quickened in these new and trying vigils ! Before long, however, the soldier is inured to these things. He becomes familiar with every stump, tree, and pathway of approach, and his trusty gun and stouter heart defy any secret foe. Presently you find him on the road to battle. The hot weather of July, the usual load, the superadded twenty extra rounds of cartridges and three days' rations strung to his neck, and the long, weary march, quite exhaust his strength during the first day. He aches to leave the ranks and rest; but no, no ! He did not leave home for the ignominious name of " strag- gler" and " skulker." Cost what it may, he toils on. The Acotink, the Cub Run, the never-to-be-forgotten Bull Run, are passed. Here, of a sudden, strange and terrible sounds strike upon his ear and bear down upon his heart: the booming of shotted cannon; the screeching of bursted shell through the heated air, and the zip, zip, zip of smaller balls. Everything produces a singular effect upon him. Again, all at once, he is thrown quite unprepared upon a new and trying experi- ence ; for now he meets the groaning ambulance and the bloody stretcher. He meets limping, armless, legless, disfigured, wounded men. To the right of him and to the left of him are the lifeless forms of the slain. Suddenly a large iron missile of death strikes close beside him and ex- plodes, sending out twenty or more jagged fragments, which remorselessly maim or kill five or six of his mates before they have had the opportunity to strike one blow for their country. His face is now very pale ; and will not the American soldier flinch and turnback? There is a stone wall, there is a building, there is a stack of hay. It is so easy to hide ! But no! He will not be a coward. " O God, support and strengthen me! " 'Tis all his prayer. Soon he is at work. Yonder is the foe. " Load and fire ! " «» Load and fire!" But the cry comes, "Our flank is turned!" "Our men re- treat ! " With tears pouring down his cheek, he slowly yields and joins the retiring throng. Without any more nerve and little strength, he struggles back from a lost field. Now he drinks the dregs of suffering. Without blanket for the night, without food, without hope, it is no won- der that a panic seizes him, and he runs demoralized away. This disrep- utable course, however, is only temporary. The soldier before long forgets his defeat and his sufferings, brightens INTRODUCTION. up his armor, and resumes his place on the defensive line. He submits for weary days to discipline, drill, and hard fare ; he wades through the snows of winter and the deep mud of a Virginia spring. He sleeps upon the ground, upon the deck of a transport steamer, and upon the floor of a platform car. He helps load and unload stores ; he makes facines and gabions ; he corduroys quicksands and bridges, creeks and bogs. Night and day he digs or watches in the trenches. What a world of new experience ! What peculiar labor and suffering he passes through the soldier alone can tell you. He now marches hurriedly to his second battle ; soon after he is in a series of them. Fight and fall back ; fight and fall back ! O those days of hopelessness, sorrow, toil, and emaciation ! How vividly the living soldier remembers them — those days when he cried from the bottom of his heart, " O God, how long ! how long ! "' Would you have patience to follow him through the commingling dis- asters, from the battle of Cedar Mountain to the same old Bull Run, }ou would emerge with him from the chaos and behold his glistening bayonet again on the successful field of Antietam, where a glimmer of hope lighted up his heart. Would you go with him to the bloody fields of Fredericksburg, stanch his wounds in the wilderness of Chancellors- ville, and journey on with him afterward to this hallowed ground of Gettysburg, and could you be enabled to read and record his toils, his sufferings, and all his thoughts, you might be able to appreciate the true American soldier. You might then recite the first chapter of the cost of the preservation of the American Union. In September, 1863, after the battle of Gettysburg, the government sends two army corps to reinforce our brethren in the West. The soldier is already far from home and friends, but he is suddenly apprised that he must go two thousands miles farther. He cannot visit his family to take leave of them. He has scarcely the opportunity of writing a line of farewell. The chances of death are multitudinous as they appear before his imagination, and the hope of returning is very slender. Yet again the soldier does not falter. With forty others he crowds into the close unventilated freight-car, and speeds away, night and day, without even the luxury of a decent seat. With all the peculiar discomforts of this journey, the backings, and the waitings at the railroad junctions, the transfers from car to car and from train to train, being confined for days without the solace and strength derived from his coffee, there is yet something compensative in the exhila- rating influence of change. And there is added to it, in passing through Ohio and Indiana, a renewed inspiration, as the people turn out in masses 10 The Grand army Button. to welcome him and to bid him godspeed ; and little girls throw wreaths of riowers round his neck, kiss his bronzed cheek, and strew his car with other offerings of love and devotion. Such impressions as were here received were never etTaced. They touch the rough heart anew with ten- derness, and, being a reminder of the old home affections, only serve to deepen, his resolution sooner or later, by tlie blessing of God, to reach the goal of his ambition ; that is to say, with his compatriots to secure to his children, and to other children, enduring peace, with liberty and an undivided country. He passes on through Kentucky, through the battle- fields of Tennessee, already historical. The names Nashville, Stone River, Murfreesboro, and Tullahoma remind him of past struggles, and portend future conflicts. He is deposited at Bridgeport, Ala., a house- less, cheerless, chilly place on the banks of the Tennessee, possess- ing no interest further than that furnished by the railroad bridge destroyed and the yet remaining rubbish and filth of an enemy's camp. Before many days the soldier threads his way up the valley of the great river, which winds and twists amid the rugged mountains, till he finds himself beneath the rock-crowned steeps of Lookout. Flash after flash, volume after volume of light-colored smoke, and peal on peal of cannon, the crash- ing sound of shot and the screaming of shell, are the ominous signs of unfriendly welcome sent forth to meet him from this rocky height. Yet on he marches, in spite of threatening danger, in spite of the ambush along the route, until he has joined hands with his Western brother, who had come from Chattanooga to meet and to greet him. This is where the valley of Lookout joins that of the Tennessee. At this place the stories of Eastern and Western hardship, suffering, battling, and danger are re- capitulated and made to blend into the common history and the common sacrifice of the American soldier. Were there time, 1 would gladly take you, step by step, with the soldier, as he bridges and crosses the broad and the rapid river, as he ascends and storms the height of Mission Ridge, or as lie plants his victorious feet, waves his banner, and flashes his gun on the top of Lookout Mountain. I would carry ynu with him across the death-bearing streams of Cliicka- mauga. I would have you follow liim in his weary, Ijarefooted, wintry march to the relief of Knoxville and back to Chattanooga. From his point of view I would open up the spring campaign, where the great gen- eral initiated his remarkable work of genius and daring. I could point you to the soldier pursuing his enemy into the strongholds of Dalton, behind the stern, impassable features of Rocky Face. Resaca, Adairs- ville, Cassville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Pickett's Hill, Pine Top, INTRODUCTION. H Lost Mountain, Kenesaw, Culps' Farm, Smyrna, Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, front so many points of view, and Jonesboro, are names of battle-fields upon each of which a soldier's memory dwells. For upward of a hundred days, he scarcely rested from the conflict. He skir- mished over rocks, hills, and mountains ; through mud, streams, and forests. For hundreds of miles he gave his aid to dig that endless chain of intrenchments which compassed every one of the enerny's fortified positions. He companied with those who combated the obstinate foe, on the front and on the flanks of those mountain fastnesses which the enemy had deemed impregnable, and he had a right at last to echo the sentiment of his indefatigable leader, " Atlanta is ours, and fairly won ! " Could you now have patience to turn back with him and fight tiiese battles over again, behold his communications cut, his railroad destroyed for miles and miles; enter the bloody fight of Allatoona ; follow him through the forced marches, via Rome, Ga., away back to Resaca, and through the obstructed gaps of the mountains of Alabama, — you would thank God for giving him a stout heart and an unflinching faith in a just and noble cause. Weary and worn, he reposes at Atlanta on his return but one single night, when he commences the memorable march toward Savannah. The soldier has become a veteran ; he can march all day with his musket, his knapsack, his cartridge-box, his haversack and can- teen, upon his person ; his muscles have become large and rigid, so that what was once extremely difficult he now accomplishes with graceful ease. This fact must be borne in mind when studying the soldier's marches through Georgia and the Carolinas. The enemy burned every bridge across stream after stream ; the rivers bordered the swamps ; for example, the Ocmulgee, the Oconee, and the Ogeechee were defended at every crossing. That they were passed at all by our forces is due to the cheer- ful, fearless, indomitable private soldier. O that you had seen him, as I have done, wading creeks a half a mile in width, and water waist deep, under fire, pressing on through wide swamps, without one faltering step, charging in line upon the most formidable works, which were well defended. You could then appreciate him and wliat he has accomplished, as I do. You could then feel the poignant sorrow that I always did feel when I saw him fall bleeding to the earth. I must now leave the soldier to tell his own tale among tlie people : of his bold, bloody work at McAllister against the torpedoes, abattis, artil- lery, and musketry; of his privations at Savannah; of his struggles through the swamps, quicksands, and over the broad rivers of the Caro- linas ; of the fights, fires, explosions, doubts, and triumphs suggested by 12 The Grand army Button. Griswoldville, Rivers' and Binnaker"s Bridges, Orangcl^urg, Congaree Creek, Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville, Averysboro, and Bentonville. 1 will leave him to tell how his hopes brightened at the reunion at Golds- boro ; how his heart throbbed with gratitude and joy as the wires con- firmed the rumored news of Lee's defeat, so soon to be followed by the capture of the enemy's capital and his entire army. I will leave him to tell to yourselves and your children how he felt and acted, how proud was his bearing, how elastic his step, as he marched in review before the President of the United States at Washington. I would do the soldier injustice not to say that there was one thing wanting to make his satisfac- tion complete, and that was the sight of the tall form of Abraham Lin- coln, and the absence of that bitter recollection, which he could not altogether exclude from his heart, that he had died by the hand of a traitor assassin. I have given you only glimpses of the American soldier as I have seen him. To feel the full force of what he has done and suffered, you should have accompanied him for the last four years ; you should have stood upon the battle-fields during and after the struggle ; and you should have completed your observation in the army hospitals, and upon the countless grounds peopled with the dead. The maimed bodies, the multitude of graves, the historic fields, the monumental stones, after all, are only meagre memorials of the soldier's work. God grant that what he planted, nourished, and has now preserved by his blood — I mean American liberty — may be a plant dear to us as the apple of the eye, and that its growth may not be hindered till its roots are firmly set in every State of this Union, and till the full fruition of its blessed fruit is realized by men of every name, color, and description in this broad land. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 13 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, sixteenth President of the United States, and at the time of his death filling that office for the second term, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, Feb. 12, 1809. His ancestors were Quakers. In 1816 his father removed to Spencer County, Indiana, and Abraham was thus early put to work with an axe to clear away the forest. In the next ten years he received about one year's schooling, in such schools as were taught in that new country. At the age of nineteen years he made a trjp to New Orleans as a hired hand on a flat-boat. In March, 1830, he removed with his father to Decatur, 111., and aided in building a cabin, settling the family in their new home, and providing for them the ensuing winter. In 183 1 he again made a trip to New Orleans, and on his return became a clerk in a store at Sangamon, 111.' In 1832 he volunteered in the Black Hawk War, and was made captain of a company, but saw no fighting. On his return from the campaign he was a candidate for the Legislature, but was unsuccessful. A store which he purchased did not prosper; and after a short term of service as post- master at New Salem, 111., studying at every leisure moment, he became a surveyor, and won a good reputation for the accuracy of his surveys. In 1834 he was elected to the Legislature, and reelected in 1836 and 1838. Having devoted all his leisure time to the study of law, he was ad- mitted to the bar in 1836, and in 1837 removed to Springfield, 111., and opened an office in partnership with Hon. John F. Stuart. He soon rose to eminence in his profession, but did not withdraw from politics. In 1844 he was nominated as a Whig presidential elector, and canvassed the State for Mr. Clay. In 1846 he was elected to Congress from the central district of Illinois, and in Congress maintained the reputationof an honest and able represent- ative, acting generally with the more advanced wing of the Whig party. In 1849 lis was a candidate for United States Senator, but the Legislature 14 The Grand army Button. was Democratic, and elected General Shields. In 1854 the passage of the Nebraska Bill and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise called him again into the field, and by his disinterested labors Judge Trumbull was elected to the United States Senate. In 1856, at the Republican National Conven- tion, he was urged for the vice-presidency, and received one hundred and ten votes. In 1S58 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Repul)- licans, and in company with Judge Douglas, the Democratic candidate, can- vassed the State, discussing with his antagonist the great principles which distinguished the two parties. Lincoln had a majority of the popular vote, but Douglas was elected by the Legislature by eight majority. On the i8th of May, i860, Mr. Lincoln was nominated by the Republican National Con- vention at Chicago for the presidency, and on the 6th of February following was elected, receiving one hundred and eighty out of three hundred and three electoral votes. It was the policy of those who were conspiring against the Union to divide the opponents of Mr. Lincoln as far as pos- sible, in order that he might succeed by the votes of Northern States alone, and thus afford a pretext for secession ; and therefore three other distinct presidential tickets were run, headed respectively by Messrs. Breckenridge, Douglas, and Bell. As soon as his election was known, measures were taken by political leaders in several of the Southern States to drag their States into secession; and wlien Mr. Lincoln left Springfield, 111., on the iitli of February, to go to Washington for his inauguration, six States had al- ready .seceded, and others were preparing to follow. A Southern con- federacy had been formed, with Davis and Stephens for president and vice-president. Notwithstanding three or more attempts to assassinate him, he reached Washington in safety, and, though still threatened, was inaugurated March 4, 1861. The condition of the government, through the imbecility, fraud, and treason of tiie preceding administration and cabinet, was deplorable : its credit nearly ruined ; its army deprived of arms and paroled; its navy sent to distant seas; its arms removed to the arsenals of the States in insurrection, or sold and broken up; its forts, vessels, custom-houses, and mints .seized by the conspirators. Mr. Lincoln set himself to remedy this, when, on the 14th of April, 1861, Fort Sumter was captured and the war commenced. He then called for seventy-five thousand men for three months, proclaimed a blockade of the Southern ports, and summoned an extra session of Congress for July 4, 1861. Large armies were soon required, and in the executive responsi- bilities of his position in a time of war, with a great army to be maintained, disciplined, and kept at work, finances to be managed, the disloyal gov- ^^y^/^'^L^''^^<:^c7-t^ 16 " TnH Grand army Button. ernment officers, civil and military, to l)c weeded out, the schemes of secessionists to be thwarted, and later in tiie year tlie ditticult case of the seizure of ^lason and Slideil to be adjusted, he had his full share of the burdens of his official position. During 1862. these were rather increased than diminished. Compelled by his convictions of duty to assume in fact his titular posi- tion of commander-in-chief of the army and navy, he ordered an advance in February, 1862, which was made in March. The indecisive or disastrous battles of the Peninsula and Pope's campaign caused him great anxiety, and the conviction having been forced upon him, by the course of events, that the slaves in the rebel States must be emancipated as a military necessity, he issued, on the 22d of September, soon after the more favor- able battles of South Mountain and Antietam, his preliminary proclama- tion, announcing his intention of declaring free all slaves in rebel States, on the 1st of January, 1863. Several successes in the West had cheered him, and in 1863, with some disasters, there were many and important victories East and West. Mr. Lincoln had been very desirous that the border States should adopt some plan ol more or less gradual emancipa- tion, and, during the year, West Virginia, Maryland, and Missouri did so. In 1864, having called General Grant to the lieutenant-generalship, Mr. Lincoln divided with him a part of his burdens, which had become too oppressive to be borne. A great outcry had i)een made against him for the arrest of Vallandigham and other promoters of rebellion ; but in two very able letters, addressed to the New York and Ohio committees, he fully justific^d his course. The victories of Sherman, Thomas, Farragut, Terry, and Sheridan, and the persistency and resolution of Grant, had at length, in the spring o^ 1865, prepared the way for the downfall of the rebellion ; and after a brief but desperate struggle, Petersburg and Richmond fell, and Lee sur- rendered his army. In the progress of these events, Mr. Lincoln, whose anxiety had been most insupportable, was at the front, and the day after the occupation of Richmond by the Union troops he entered that city, not with the pomp of a conqueror, but quietly and without display, and after spending one day there returned to City Point, and tlu'nce to Wash- ington. The war was to all intents and purposes closed, and, with his mind intent on tlie great problem of pacification, his brow cleared, and he ap- peared in better spirits than usual. This was the time seized upon l)y the conspirators for his assassination, and on the 15th of April, just four years from the date of his proclamation calling the people to arms, he died by the hand of a wretched murderer. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 17 He was a man of thorough integrity and uprightness, conscientious, candid, amiable, and forgiving; slow in arriving at conclusions, but firni in maintaining them ; of sound judgment and good execu- tive abilities, and possessing a rare power of natural logic which was the more convincing from its singularity. Though sprung from the common people and never ashamed of the class, he possessed a native politeness and grace of manner which caused Edward Everett, himself one of the most refined and elegant gentlemen of our time, to say that in his personal bearing and manner Mr. Lincoln was the peer of any gentle- man of America or Europe. "cy^ ^/^^^^ ^^^^^:y^ Ulysses Simpson grant. id ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT. ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT, Lieutenant-General, United States Army, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, O., April 27, 1822. After a fair preliminary education, he entered West Point in 1839, and graduated in 1843, ranking twenty-first in a class of thirty. Brevetted second lieutenant. Fourth Infantry, he served first at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis ; next on the Red River in Louisiana. In 1845 made full second lieutenant in his regiment, and in 1846, under General Taylor, moved forward to the border, took part in the battles of Palo Alto, Reseca de la Palma, in the storming of Monterey and the capture of Vera Cruz ; appointed quartermaster of his regiment ; took part in the assault of Molinodel Rey and the storming of Chapultepec, and was made first lieutenant on the spot and subsequently brevetted captain. In August, 1848, married Miss Dent of St. Louis, and ordered successively to Detroit, Sackett's Harbor, and Fort Dallas, Oregon. Promoted to full captaincy in August, 1853 ; resigned his commission July 31, 1854. He engaged in various occupations, but with no great success, as farmer, collector, auctioneer, and leather-dealer. On the opening of the war he raised a company and marched with it to Spring- field, 111., from Galena, his then residence. Other men of more imposing appearance obtained commissions, but Captain Grant received none. Soon after, however, Governor Gates made him adjutant-general, and in June commissioned him as colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers. His regiment was employed in guarding the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. Here he was soon made acting brigadier-general, and on the 9th of August commissioned as brigadier-general and ordered to southern Missouri to oppose Jefferson Thompson. He next took command of the district of Cairo, occupied Paducah and Smithland, Ky., and sent an ex- pedition in pursuit of Jefterson Thompson. On November 7 fought the battle of Belmont. Early in January made a reconnoissance in force into Kentucky to learn the position of the enemy, and in the beginning of February moved on Fort Henry, Tenn., which, however, Flag-Officer Foote captured before he reached it. He then besieged Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland, and after four days received — Feb. 16, 1862 — its un- 20 The Grand Army button. conditional surrender. Promoted to a major-generalship Feb. i6, 1862. Moving southward through Nashville, Franklin, Columbia, etc., he reached Pittsburg Landing and Savannah, on the Tennessee River, the latter part of Alarcli ; fought the severe battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing April 6 and 7 ; under command of General Halleck took part in the siege of Corinth, After its evacuation, put in command of the Department of West Tennessee ; broke up the illicit traffic at Memphis ; commanded in the battles of Luka and Corinth September and October, 1862; moved southward to attack Vicksburg in rear, in December, 1862, but was recalled by the capture of Holly Springs, his depot of supplies. Returned northward, and bringing his army to Young's Point sought the reduction of Vicksburg by various measures. Finally marching his force down the west side of the river, crossed at Bruinsburg; fought in the first seventeen days of May the battles of Fort Gibson, Fourteen Mile Run, Raymond, Jackson, Champion's Hill, and Black River Bridge ; besieged Vicksburg for seven weeks, when it surrendered — by far the richest prize of the war thus far; defeating and routing Johnston at Jackson with Sherman's troops, he next visited New Orleans, where he was seriously injured by being thrown from his horse. Appointed in October, 1863, to the command of the Western Grand Military Division, he hastened to Chattanooga, where by the magnificent battles of Chattanooga he surpassed his previous reputation. He also raised the siege of Knoxville. Appointed lieutenant-general in March, 1864, he reorganized the Eastern armies, and in May, 1864, commenced his great campaign, and fought within the next weeks the terrible battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Court House, the North Anna, Cold Harbor, Mechanicsville, Chickahominy, and Petersburg; later in the season, the disastrous battle of the Petersburg Mine, the battles of Deep Bottom and Chaffin's Farm, several attempts to gain possession of the South Side Railroad occasioning battles southwest of Petersburg, the battles of Hatchers Run, in October, 1864, and February, 1865. The re- pulse of the attack on Fort Stedman and the final movement by which Five Forks was taken, and the strong works before Petersburg carried, Richmond and Petersburg captured, the retreating rebel army pursued, fought at Deatonville, Farmville, and Appomattox Station, and finally compelled to surrender, demonstrated his ability and persistence. At the same time he had directed in general the movements of Sherman, Sheri- dan, and Thomas, and in particular the expeditions for the capture of Fort Fisher and the reduction of Wilmington. He also dictated the terms of the subsequent surrender, and the reorganization of (he greatly reduced army. I WILLIA.W TECUMSEH SHERMAN. 21 WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN. WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN, Major General, United States Army, was born in Lancaster, O., Feb. 8, 1820. After a good preliminary education he entered West Point in 1836, and gradu- ated in 1840, sixth in his class ; appointed immediately second lieutenant Third Artillery, and served successively in Florida (where, in 1841, he was promoted to be first lieutenant). Fort Moulton (i 841-6), in California (1846-50), where he was made assistant adjutant-general, brevetted captain, and in 1850 promoted to a captaincy, and ordered to St. Louis. In 185 1 he was stationed at New Orleans. In 1853 he resigned his com- mission, removed to San Francisco, and was for four years manager of Lucas Turner & Co.'s banking-house. In 1857 he was offered the presi- dency of a State military academy in Louisiana, and accepted, but resigned in January, 1861, because the academy was used to train rebel officers, and removed to St. Louis, and at the opening of the war offered his services to the government. He was appointed, May 14, 1861, colonel of the Thirteenth Infantry, United States Army, and commanded the Third Brig- ade in the First (Tyler's) Division at Bull Run, where neither he nor his men ran, but rendered efficient service. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers Aug. 3, I861, reported at first to General Anderson, and on Gen- eral Anderson's resigning (October 8) was made commander of the Depart- ment of the Ohio. Here he was greatly embarrassed by the utter insufficiency of the force allowed him to meet the rebels, who greatly outnumbered his forces. Finding remonstrances useless, he asked to be relieved, and was shelved by being put in command of Benton Barracks near St. Louis. General Halleck found him here, and presently put him in command of the Fifth Division of Grant's Army. At Shiloh General Grant testifies that he saved the army and the day. He was in the advance in the pursuit and siege of Corinth, and was made major-general of volunteers from May i, 1862. June 20 he captured Holly Springs, Miss. In June he was put in command of the district of Memphis, and suppressed the contraband trade 22 The Grand army Button. and the guerrillas there. In December he was appointed to the command of the Fifteenth Army Corps, and sent to Chickasaw IJlufifs, Vicksburg, where, owing to Grant's inability to cooperate, in consequence of the capture of Holly Springs by the rebels, he was repulsed with considerable loss. He then proceeded with his command and General McClunand, who ranked him to Arkansas Post, which was captured early in January, 1863. In Grant's subsequent campaign against Vicksburg, Sherman was his ablest lieutenant. He saved the gunboats from destruction on the Sunflower River, made so formidable a demonstration against Haines's Bluff, when Grant was at JJruinsburg, as to completely deceive the rebels and draw them away from his route ; fought bravely at Fourteen Mile Creek and Jackson, destroyed rebel property there, and thence moved rapidly toward Vicksburg; captured the rebel batteries on Haines, Wal- nut, Snyder, and Chickasaw Bluffs, and then opened communication with the Union fleet above Vicksburg. He assaulted the city on the 19th and 22d of May, and gained some ground, though he did not enter the city. Immediately after the surrender in July, he was sent in pursuit of Johnston, whom he drove back through and out of Jackson with heavy loss. After a short period of rest, he was called to reinforce the Army of the Cumberland at Chattanooga, and while on his way was put in command of the Army of the Tennessee, General Grant, who had formerly com- manded it, being promoted to the command of the Military Division of the Mississippi. Arriving at Chattanooga, he was at once ordered to move to the attack of the rebels at the northern extremity of Missouri Bridge. He crossed the Tennessee, and, by his persistent demonstrations on Fort Buckner, compelled the rebels to withdraw their troops from Fort Bragg ta oppose him, and then that fort fell a prey to the assault of the Fourth Corps. This battle over, he was immediately sent by General Grant to raise the siege of Knoxville, which he accomplished by an extraordi- nary forced march. After a brief period of rest, early in February General Sherman was at Vicksburg, at the head of twenty thousand troops, march- ing into the heart of Mississippi and Alabama. On his return Grant was lieutenant-general, and Sherman again succeeded him in the command of the Military Division of tlie Mississii)pi. Gathering his troops, he moved from Chattanooga May 7, 1864, for Atlanta, capturing in the campaign Dalton, Resaca, Kingston, Rome, Dallas, Allatoona Pass, Marietta, Sandtown, and Decatur, besides many places of less note, and fighting the severe battles of Rocky-Faced Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Little Kenesaw, the three battles before At- lanta, and the battles at Jonesboro. He entered Atlanta September i, ^ WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN. 24 The Grand army button. removed tlie civilians from it, and gathered stores there ; and Hood, the rebel general, attempting to cut his communications, he followed him northward, fought him at Allatoona Pass, drove him westward to Gayles- ville, Ala., and intrusted the task of taking care of him to General Thomas while he returned to Atlanta, voluntarily severed all communica- tion with Chattanooga, destroyed the public buildings of Atlanta, and with a force of sixt\- thousand men commenced his march toward Savannah Sweeping through a broad tract, he arrived at Savannah with very slight loss, capturing Fort McAllister byassault, and compelling Hardee to evac- uate the city. He remained there a month, recruiting and setting matters in order, and with a force of nearly eighty thousand moved northward tow- ard Goldsboro, N.C. On his route he captured Orangeburg, Columbia, and Winnsboro, S.C., compelled the rebels to evacuate Charleston, took Cheraw and Fayetteville, and entered Goldsboro on the 24th of March, having fought two battles at Averysboro and Bentonville, the latter one of considerable severity. Remaining seventeen days at Goldsboro to reclothe and refit his army, he moved, April 10, on Smithfield, and thence to Raleigh and westward. Receiving overtures for surrender from Johnston, he made a memorandum of an agreement with him, which, being unsatis- factory to the government, was annulled, and on the 26th of April John- ston surrendered on the same terms on whicli Lee had done. The war ended. General Sherman was put at the head of one of the five great military divisions, that of the Mississippi, embracing the North- western States and territories, Missouri, and Arkansas. Philip Henry Sheridan. 25 PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN. PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN, Major-General, United States Army, was born in Perry County, Ohio, in 1831. He had the adv^antages of a good common-school education, and was appointed to a cadet- ship at West Point in 1S48, and graduated in 1853, very low in his class, his belligerent disposition reducing his standing in his studies, which was otherwise above the average. He was attached to the First United States Infantry as a brevet second lieutenant, and ordered to Fort Duncan, Texas. In the spring of 1835 he was transferred to the Fourth Infantry as full second lieutenant, and ordered to San Francisco, via New York. In the latter city, he was for two months in command of Fort Wood. For six months he remained on the Pacific coast, and among the Indian tribes, whose confidence he had won, and whom he could manage better than any other officer. He was promoted to a first lieutenancy in the winter of 186 r, and when the war broke out, to a captaincy in the Thirteenth Infantry, United States Army, and ordered to join his regiment at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis. He was made acting chief quartermaster under General Custis, but succeeded indiff"erently. During the Pea Ridge campaign, he was ordered by General Blunt to impress a large amount of provender from the citizens of Arkansas, and, refusing, was put under arrest, and ordered to report to General Halleck, who relieved him from arrest, made him his own chief quartermaster, and presently allowed him to accept a commis- sion of colonel of a Michigan cavalry regiment. On the 14th of July, 1862, with his regiment, he fought and defeated a rebel brigade of cavalry, for which he was made brigadier-general ot vol- unteers, his commission dating from July i, 1862; but his command was infantry, not cavalry, to which he was best adapted. Not to speak of some Union engagements in which Sheridan acquitted himself well, he held the key of the Union position at Perryville Octo- ber 8, and saved the Union Army from defeat. In the battle of Stone River his division fought with the utmost desperation, losing all the brigade commanders, seventy officers, and half tlie men, and finally tell 26 THE GRAND AF^WY BUTTON. back in good order with empty cartridge-boxes, but, reforming, fought through the remaining days of the battle. At Chickamauga, on the first day, he prevented a serious disaster to Wood's corps ; and on the second day, though driven from the field by the sudden assault of the enemy upon the gap in the Union lines, he fought his way out, and, reforming his men, brought his division into line before midnight. At Chattanooga, his bravery and daring were conspicuous in the attack upon Fort Bragg. His horse was shot under him, and the men under his leadership were almost frantic with excitement. He followed Sherman to Knoxville, to raise the siege of that city ; and when General Grant be- came lieutenant-general, he was ordered to the Army of the Potomac, to the command of the Cavalry Corps. In this congenial position he led several expeditions into the enemy's country, where he manifested the utmost daring and skill. In August, at General Grant's request, he was appointed to the com- mand of the Middle Military Division. Here he had for his task the keeping of the rebel General Early in order. After several minor skir- mishes, he defeated him severely on the 19th of September, near Win- chester; again on the 22d at Fisher's Hill; routed and drove him back on the 8th and 12th of October; and on the 19th of October, at ]\Iiddle- town, turned what had been, in his absence, a sad and disastrous defeat of his troops into a magnificent victory. In the next three or four months he desolated the Shenandoah \'alley and smaller valleys adjacent, that they might no longer serve as harboring-places for guerrillas; and in March, 1865, descended the valley, captured Staunton and Waynesboro, routed Early once more, and destroyed the railroads and canals and other property, to the value of over fifty millions of dollars. Marching by way of White House, he joined General Grant's army, and after two days' rest was ordered to the field in the last campaign, where to his bravery and strategic skill was mainly due the caj^ture of Five Forks and the pur- suit and eventual surrender of Lee. After the war on the Atlantic coast was over, he was sent, in command of a force of over eighty thousand men, to Te.xas ; and Kirby Smith hav- ing surrendered, after a few weeks' guarding of the border he was allowed to reduce his army. On the 27th of June he was appointed commander of the Military Division of the Gulf, comprising the department of Mis- sissippi, Louisiana, Texas, and l^'lorida. In 1869 General Sheridan was promoted to lieutenant-general, vice Sherman, promoted to the rank of general, joositions which both these soldiers filled entirely to the satisfaction of the whole country. '■V ^-. ... il ^ Jj^^^^^ L^I^ft- ^^p%.; PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN. 28 THE GRAND ARMY BUTTON. LEE'S SURRENDER, APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, VIRGINIA, APRIL 9, 1865. AI50UT April i, 1865, the confederate forces under General Lee were totally routed and flying before Grant's army ; victory and peace seemed very near, and General Grant wrote the following letter to Lee : Farmville, Va., April 7, 1S65. Genkral : The results of the last week must convince you of the hope- lessness of further resistance on the part of the army of northern Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of any further effusion of blood, by asking of you the surrender of that portion of the Confederate States Army known as the army of northern Virginia. U. S. GRANT, LicutouDit-general. Lee had been counseled by his own officers to surrender. He hesitated to acquiesce in their advice, saying, " 1 Iiave too many brave uilmi. The time has not yet come to surrender."' Still he reislicd to (jnint's letter on the evening of the .same day : General : I have received your note of this day. Though not entirely of the opinion you express of the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the army of northern Virginia, I appreciate your desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your proposi- tion, ask the terms you will offer on condition of the surrender. Gen. R. E. LEE. \, . A ;u) The Grand army button. This note was placed in General (Grant's hands on the morning of the 8th. while lie was still at Farniville. He immediately replied : Gexekai. : Your note of last evening in reply to mine of the same date, asking the conditions on which 1 will accept the surrender of the army of northern V^irginia, is just received. In reply I would say that, peace being my great desire, there is but one condition I would insist upon ; namely, that the men and officers surrendered shall be disqualitied for taking up arms against the government of the United States until properly ex- changed. I will meet you, or will designate officers to meet any officers you may name for the same purpose, at any point agreeable to you, for the purpose of arranging definitely the terms upon which the surrender of the army of northern Virginia will be received. U. S. GRANT, Lieutoiant-general. Meanwhile the Union army kept on in its pursuit, and the fighting con- tinued. Early on the 8th, Grant set out from Farmville to join Sheridan's advance. He had been absent from his own headquarters several days, and, worn out with anxiety and fatigue, loss of sleep, and the weight of responsibility, he became very unwell, and was obliged to halt at a farm- house on the road. While here he received about midnight another letter from Lee. April 8. I received at a late hour your note to-day. In mine of jesterday I did not intend to propose the surrender of the army of northern Virginia, but to ask the terms of your proposition. To be frank, I do not think the emergency has arisen to call for the surrender of this army, but as the res- toration of peace should be tiie sole object of all, I desired to know w^hetiier your proposals would lead to that end. I cannot, therefore, meet you with a view to surrender the army of northern Virginia; but as far as your proposal may affect the Confederate States forces under my command, I should be pleased to meet you at lo A.M. to-morrow on the old stage- road to Richmond, between the jiicket lines of the two armies. R. K. LEK. This letter was thoroughly disingenuous and unworthy of Lee. On the other hand, (irant in reply used direct language and meant what he said. He wrote, on the morning of llie 9th of .April : LEE'S Surrender. 31 General : Your note of yesterday is received. I have no authority to treat on the subject of peace. The meeting proposed at lo A.M. to-day could lead to no good. I will state, however, that I am equally desirous for peace with yourself, and the whole North entertains the same feeling. The terms upon which peace can be had are well understood. By the South laying down their arms, they would hasten that most desirable event, save thousands of human lives, and hundreds of millions of property not yet destroyed. Seriously hoping that all our difficulties may be settled without the loss of another life, I subscribe myself, etc., U. S. GRANT. Liejiteuant-general. Lee received Grant's letter on the morning of the 9th, and at once replied : General : I received your note of this morning on the picket line, whither I had come to meet you, and ascertain definitely what terms were embraced in your proposal of yesterday with reference to the sur- render of this army. I now ask an interview, in accordance with the offer contained in your letter of yesterday, for that purpose. R. E. LEE. This communication did not reach Grant until about noon. He im- mediately returned answer : General: Your note of this date is but this moment (11.50 A. I\L) received, in consequence of my having passed from the Richmond and Lynchburgh roads to the Farmville and Lynchburgh road. I am at this Wiiting about four miles west of Walkin Church, and will push forward to the front for the purpose of meeting you. Notice sent to me on this road where you wish the interview to take place will meet me. U. S. GRANT. On receipt of this note Lee rode to the village of Appomattox, and selected the house of a farmer named McLean for his interview witli Grant. Grant having received information of Lee's waiting at the farm- house, at once proceeded to the interview. The house was a very plain building, with a verandah. Grant was conducted through a narrow hall into a small parlor containing a centre table, one or two small stands, a sofa, and two or three chairs. Lee was accompanied by his military secre- tary and chief-of-staff, Col. Charles Marshall. The two great commanders Thh Grand ar.wy button. shook hands heartily, and had scarcely taken their seats when their first words were interrupted by the entrance of the Union officers. General Grant had not personally met General Lee since the two were in Mexico together, the latter then on the staflf. of Scott, the former a subaltern. The conversation naturally hinged at first upon these old recol- lections. Then there was a slight pause, which was broken by General Lee, who said : "I asked to see you, general, to find out upon what terms you would receive the surrender of my army." General Grant thought a moment and replied: "My terms are these: All officers and men must become prisoners of war, giving up, of course, all weapons, munitions, and supplies. But a parole will be accepted, binding officers and men to go to their homes and remain there until exchanged, or released by proper authority." Lee responded to this with a remark not exactly pertinent to the oc- casion ; whereupon Grant continued, asking : " Dp I understand. General Lee, that you accept these terms? "'' "Yes," replied Lee, faltering. " If you will put them in writing, I will put my signature to them." General Grant, without saying more, again took seat at the table, and wrote the following : Appomattox Court House, V'iRGiNiA, April 9, 1865. General : In accordance with tlie substance of my letter to you of the 8th inst., I propose to receive the surrender of the army of northern Virginia on the following terms, to wit : Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer to be desig- nated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States until properly ex- changed, and each company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery, and public property to be packed and stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to ha disturbed by the United States authorities so long as they observe their ])aroles and tlie laws in force where they may reside. U. S. GRAiNT, Lieutenant-general. LEE'S Surrender. 33 While Grant was penning these words he chanced to look up, and his eyes fell upon General Lee's sword. He paused tor a moment, his mind conceived a new thought, and he inserted in the document the provision that "This will not embrace the sitle arms of the officers, nor their private horses or baggage." General Lee read what Grant had written. He was touched by the clemency of the victorious commander, and on laying down the paper said simply, in a husky tone of voice, " ALagnanimous, generaL" But he essayed to gain a few points, and remarked : " The horses of my cavalry and artillery, general, are the property of the soldiers. It is, I hope, within the terms that they shall retain their property." " It is not within the terms," replied General Grant. Lee glanced at the paper again and then said, "No. You are right. , The terms do not allow it." " And now," said Grant, " I believe the war is over, and that the sur- render of this army will be followed soon by that of all the others. I know that the men, and, indeed, the whole South, are impoverished. I will not change the terms of the surrender. General Lee, but I will in- struct my officers who receive the paroles to allow the cavalry and artillery to retain their horses, and take them home to work their little farms." " Such an act on your part, general," replied Lee, " will have the best effect in the South." He then sat down and wrote out the following letter: Headquarters Army of Northern Virginia, April 9, 1865. General : 1 received your letter of this date containing the terms ot the surrender of the army of northern Virginia as proposed by you. As they are. substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th inst , they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect. R. E. LEE, GeneraL Lieut. -GEN. U. S. Grant. General Grant returned to his headquarters, where the firing of salutes welcomed him. He gave orders to have it stopped at once. "The war is over," he said; "the rebels are our countrymen again, and the best sign of rejoicing will be to abstain from all demonstrations in the field." a-i The Grand army Button. He dismounted Ijy the roadside, sat down on a stone, and called for pencil and paper. An aide-de-camp offered him his order book, taking which, he wrote : Hon. 1-. M. Stanton, Secretary of War, Washington : General Lee surrendered the army of northern \'irginia this afternoon, on terms proposed by myself. The accompanying additional correspond- ence will show the condition fully. U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-general. And thus Grant announced to the government the end of the great rebellion. From the War Department, Washington, D.C, April 9, 1865. Lieutenant-general Grant : Thanks be to Almighty God for the great victory with which He has this day crowned you and the gallant armies under your command. The thanks of this department, and of the government and of the people of the United States, their reverence and honor, have been deserved, and will be rendered to you and the brave and gallant officers and soldiers of your army, for all time. EDWIN ^L STANTON, Secretary of JJ^ar. And thus with the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate Army, to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the United States Army, came the end of this unholy rebellion. REVIEW OF THE WAR, THE war which commenced in the spring of 1861, and was maintained for four years with a violence and intensity hardly equalled in mod- ern history, was not, on the part of the South, a sudden uprising, the resilience of a brave and generous people, goaded at last to resistance after years of oppression and wrong, and without previous preparation seizing on such weapons as were available to throw off the hated yoke. On the contrary, it was but the fulfilment of a long-cherished purpose. Thirty years before, South Carolina had revolted; and though partly coaxed and partly awed into submission at that time, the political leaders of that and other Southern States had never ceased to threaten secession whenever their demands had been refused in the National Legislature ; and from the presidential campaign of 1856 they had made active prepara- tions to consummate their purpose at the next presidential election. In the cabinet of Mr. Buchanan they had their pliant tools to furnish from the nation's resources the means of destroying the nation's life ; and while one had quietly sent to the States which were to rise in rebellion the arms and ammunition intended for the nation's defence, till seven hundred and seven thousand stand of arms had been placed in the South- ern arsenals, another had sent all the ships of the navy, except a mere handful, to distant seas for long cruises, and another had so depreciated the credit of the Republic that its bonds, which in 1857 stood at a pre- mium of seventeen per cent., had, in a time of profound peace, fallen to eighty-five per cent., and even at this price no large sums could be placed. The Indian agencies had been given over to plunderers until the natives were exasperated and ready to rise and massacre the whites. Abroad, several of the more important missions and consulships were filled by men hostile to the nation's existence. And in the army and navy all the officers from the South and many of those from the North had been. tam- pered with, and urged by the strongest inducements to abandon the cause of their country. What, then, were the causes which led to the rebellion? They were mainly : 36 The Grand army button. I. An entire difference of opinion in regard to the fundamental princi- ples of government, arising from the different social and economical con- ditions of society North and South. The men of the North were the descendants, for the most part, of the middle class of English yeomen. Sturdy, self-reliant, not averse to labor, but enterprising and intelligent, they had maintained commerce, established manufactories, fostered the mechanic arts, and developed, by high and scientific culture, the agricultu- ral wealth of their region. They had organized free schools over their entire territory ; reared academies, colleges, and universities of the highest character, and planted their churches over the entire region. With them labor was honorable, and the hard hand of the son of toil more welcome than the lily fingers of the children of indolence. The men of the South were descended in almost equal numbers from the profligate and vicious younger sons of the English aristocracy of two centuries ago and the con- victs who were sent over, to the number of more than a hundred thousand while Virginia and Maryland were penal colonies, with a small infusion of Huguenots in South Carolina, and a considerable number of French Creoles in Louisiana. Naturally averse to labor, they had, early in their history, commenced the importation of African slaves, and, under the stimulus of the profit to be derived from the culture of cotton, had laid out the South- ' ern States in large plantations, often of many thousand acres, which were cultivated by slave labor, while the proprietors of the plantations and slaves led an easy and luxurious life. There was little commerce, and of that little nineteen-twentieths was conducted by Northern men. The man- ufactures were very few, and, for the most part, only of the rudest kind — coarse burlaps, negro cloth, the simpler agricultural implements, etc., while the great bulk of needful articles, either for war or peace, were brought from the North. The mechanic arts did not flourish, for it was not respectable to be a mechanic. Agriculture on an extended scale, though prosecuted with the rudest implements and in the most slovenly manner, was the only avocation which was popular ; and at this the slaves were, except in the mountainous districts, the only toilers. All the whites were not planters, and as most of those who possessed neither plantations nor slaves were in abject poverty, and the system of large plantations ren- dered good free schools impossible, there grew up a class of poor, degraded whites, ignorant, depraved, and vicious, hating the negro intensely, and often inferior to him in intelligence. The slave system of agriculture was proverbially wasteful and destructive ; and the rich and fertile lands of the South, after a few years of the reckless and superficial cultivation bestowed u])on them, became barren, and the slaveholders emigrated to newer lands Review of the War. 37 to ruin them in the same way. There was thus a constant demand for new territory, to be sacrificed to the slave-holders ; and as the large planters were often men of intelligence, and resolute in their defence of the princi- ples of their caste, and could readily obtain seats in Congress, they were determined to secure for themselves and their fellow-planters the right of taking their slaves to any portion of the new territories, and bringing them under the influence of slavery. 2. The State Rights doctrine, first broached by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798, amplified and enlarged by John C. Calhoun in 1832 and 1833, and finally fully adopted by the principal Southern leaders between 1850 and i860, was another cause of the rebellion. The advo- cates of this doctrine insisted upon the supremacy of the State in all mat- ters. The Union was, they said, only a confederation of States, with but feeble powers, and when the sovereign States saw fit to secede from it they had a perfect right to do so. This right was to be exercised when- ever the majority in Congress or the States should adopt any measure by which a sovereign State should feel or fancy itself aggrieved. 3. But slavery, directly or indirectly, was the proximate cause of the war. The North, with its regard for free and honorable labor, felt an ab- horrence for slavery ; and the poor bondman flying from its torments, its indignities, and its vicious indulgence was reluctantly sent back into its vortex, and often succeeded in effecting his escape. To sacrifice to such a system the virgin soil of the new territories seemed a crime against nature, and claiming an equal right to the fair lands, as yet unsettled, with the South, the citizens of the North refused to sanction slavery in any region beyond that already yielded by past compromises. On the other hand, the Southern leaders, accustomed to control Congress by their demands or threats, sought the permission to make slave territory of all the region west of Missouri, the recovery of their slaves everywhere in the United States, and the right to take them where they pleased with- out incurring risk of loss. They claimed also the right of reopening the slave-trade, and of maintaining the interstate slave-trade. They saw, however, with serious apprehension, that in each succes- sive Congress their power, hitherto enforced by haughty threats and the crack of the slave-driver's whip, was waning, as new Western States were admitted, and the opposition to slavery and slave-holding aggression became stronger and more effectually organized. In 1856 this opposition first excited their alarm. John C. Fremont, the candidate of the Re- publican Party for president, and the representative of the men who were hostile to any farther aggressions of the slave power, polled a very 38 The Grand army button. heavy vote ; and, though defeated, Iiis party evidently possessed strength enough to succeed next time. The slave-holding leaders at once took measures, quietly, to thwart such a result if it should happen. Many of them were not averse to a disruption of the Union, if only they might make suitable preparation for it beforehand ; and while, as we have said, the cabinet of Mr. Buchanan lent themselves willingly to the plans of the conspirators, measures were taken in other quarters to provide for the coming emergency. Military schools for the training of officers were established in many of the South- ern States, and superintended by eminent graduates of West Point ; South Carolina imported large quantities of arms and munitions of war from England. The railroads and telegraph lines through the South, built mostly with Northern capital, were pushed forward with great rapidity ; and at length, so confident were the arch conspirators of success, and that with but moderate resistance, that they purposely incited divisions in the Democratic party, and other opponents of the Republican party, wliich, by the nomination of three other candidates for the presidency, should insure the success of the Republican nominee. This accomplished, their orators, by the most vehement denunciation of Mr. Lincoln and the North, sought to " fire the Southern heart" and prepare the excitable masses for the tragedy of secession. The people of the North, meantime, except those who were in the secret of the conspirators, sturdily refused to believe that the South intended to secede or fight. They had so often heard threats of secession from Southern leaders that the cry of '-Wolf! Wolf!" had lost its terrors. The day of election came, and Mr. Lincoln was elected by a large majority of the electoral college and a plurality of the popular vote. Within four days after the election, South Carolina had called a secession convention, and on the 17th of December passed an ordinance of secession ; Mississippi imitated her example on the 9th of January; Florida on the loth; Alabama on the lith; Georgia on the 19th ; and Louisiana on tiie 25th ; while Texas followed on the 7th of February. The election of Mr. Lincoln was the occasion, but in no sense the cause, of secession. Seven of the seceding States had passed the ordinance before he had left his home in Illinois to come to Washington to take the oath of ofiice. The Senate and the Supreme Court of the United States were both opposed to him politically, and the House had but a small majority in his favor. There were not wanting those who hoped that by yielding to the demands of the Southern leaders, making conce.ssions and compromises as in the jjast, war might yet be averted, and the " erring sisters come back in peace." A peace conference was r Review of the War. 39 accordingly assembled in Washington on tiie 4th of February, 1861. Delegates were present from twenty States, and various measures were discussed. A majority finally united in a series of propositions which gave no satisfaction to any party, and were rejected by both. Mr. Crittenden offered in Congress a series of compromise resolutions, which after long discussion and numerous modifications were finally rejected. At this juncture one of the leading conspirators, afterward president of the rebel confederacy, avowed that no propositions could be made which would be satisfactory to them ; that if offered carte-blanche to write their demands they would refuse it, as they were determined upon separation. Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated ; and before he and his cabinet had fairly learned the condition of the nation the conspirators precipitated the war upon the government. There was now no possibility of compromise or settlement. The war must be fought out till one or the other party should be ready to yield. How stood at this time the two opposing par- ties, the United States and the insurgents, as to their preparation for the conflict? The conspirators had thirty thousand men already under arms, and a hundred thousand more already called out and fast organizing for service. They had a moiety of the living graduates of West Point ready to take command of their armies, and the graduates of their half-dozen military schools for subordinate officers ; they had an ample supply of muskets and rifles and pistols from the United States armories, furnished by the fraud and treason of John B. Floyd ; and a large supply of cannon of all calibres in the arsenals, forts, and navy yards they had seized. The people, wrought up to frenzy by the harangues of the conspirators enlisted with great promptness ; and there was reason to fear that they would seize upon the capital and wreck the government before the slower North could put on its harness for the fight. But besides these advantages they had others of no mean importance. From the first it was evident that their fighting would, for the most part, be defensive, though with offensive returns. Adopting this mode of warfare, they reserved to themselves the great advantage of interior lines ; that is, supposing the two armies to occupy in their positions segments of two parallel circles, the outer segment and what was beyond it would represent the position of the union army, while the inner seg- ment and what was within it would exhibit the position of the rebel army. Of course troops, supplies, arms, and ammunition could be moved much more readily across the area included within the inner segment than around the outer one. 40 THE GRAND ARMY BUTTON. Repudiating, either by State or individual action, tiie payment of the debts due tiie North, and having on hand the greater part of the cotton- crop of iS6o, which as rapidly as ])ossible was shipped to Europe as the basis of exchange, they were supplied at the beginning with considerable resources for carrying on the war. Furthermore, the war would be fought on their own territory, and every white inhabitant, whether combatant or non-combatant, would be of service to their cause. Women as well as men could be spies and scouts; the weak, by wrong information to the enemy, by constant correspondence with their own leaders, and in a thousand other ways, could serve their cause as well as the strong. They had, moreover, able officers, whom thev at once put at the head of aflfairs. Davis, whom they had already made president of their so- called confederacy, was a graduate of West Pi^int, had served with credit in the Mexican war, had been secretary of war under President Pierce, and possessed a high reputation for executive ability. Albert Sydney Johnston, an officer of high rank and superior talent; Joseph E. John- ston, hardly inferior to him in ability; Robert E. Lee, the friend and confidant of General Scott; G. T. Beauregard, an engineering officer of brilliant abilities; and Thomas J. Jackson, a stern Cromwellian sort of fighter, were all pledged to their service, together with numbers of others who were hardly inferior to these in military skill and knowledge. What had the North to oppose to such a state of preparation for the impending conflict? She had men — brave, noble-hearted, patriotic men, but they were all unskilled in the arts of war. She had some officers, but the lieutenant-general was old and feeble, suffering from wounds received fifty years before in his country's cause, and wholly unprepared for the emergencies of a war far vaster than he had ever dreamed of. His plans became, through the traitors among the officers of his military family, known to the enemy as soon as he had formed them, and the burden of responsibility became so great that he was fain to lay it down. Of the other generals of the regular army, Wool was nearly as infirm as his chief; Harney was hardly more than semi-loyal ; Twiggs, with a depth of treason and meanness which should make him forever infamous, had not only gone over to the rebels, but had betrayed the common soldiers of his com- mand to them, and made them prisoners, while A. S. Johnston had also joined the South. But two colonels, Mansfield and Sumner, were found loyal and capable of higher commands ; and while the number of officers of lower grade whose loyalty would bear the test was much larger, few of them had had much actual exj^erience of war, and they needed long Review of the War. 41 training to enable them to comprehend fully the vast struggle on which they were about to enter. Many of the army officers who remained loyal were so affiliated with the South by marriage or friendship, or their obliga- tions to some of the Southern leaders, that they had hardly the heart to fight them, and desired to conduct the war on such principles that no one should be seriously hurt. The departments of government, the halls of Congress, the military offices, the president's house even, swarmed with spies, who communicated without delay to their Southern friends every incident or movement of importance. That the North, with its vast resources of patriotic men, its skilled labor, and its immense wealth, must eventually win the day was the con- fident belief of every loyal man ; but with the immediate advantages so greatly on the side of the South, it seemed to be evident that the struggle must be long and severe. Yet the president and his cabinet, hopeful in the midst of the surrounding gloom, thought the war would not continue " beyond ninety days." The president, by proclamation, on the 15th of April, 1861, called out seventy-five thousand militia to serve three months, and called for soldiers for the regular army, which should recruit its numbers to forty-two thou- sand. He also summoned Congress to an extra session on the 4th of July, and by another proclamation, of the 19th of April, declared the ports of the insurgent States under blockade. There were abundant volunteers to make up the seventy-five thousand men called for, three hundred and fit"ty thousand, it is said, having oftered their services, and eighty thousand having been accepted ; but very few, probably not twenty thousand in all, belonged to any militia organization at the time when the call was made. The skeleton militia regiments, where any such existed, filled up their ranks to the full required quota by recruiting, but in most of the States there was no effective military organi- zation. In the cities volunteer companies and regiments kept up the uni- form, though with but little of the discipline of the army; but in the rural districts, and in many entire States, there was no militia organization. Fifty years of peace had caused the nation to forget the needed prepara- tion for war. So strongly wedded was the secretary of war to the belief that the war was to be a brief one that he very reluctantly accepted a few additional regiments from the hundreds offered him, and suffered the re- mainder, after long waiting, to disband, disgusted with the neglect of the government to respond to their patriotic offers. Let us now glance at the conduct of the war thus inaugurated. The troops assembled around Washington — brave fellows enough, but utterly 42 The Grand army Button. without discipline, except in the case of a very few regiments. The men, in many instances never having handled a musket before their enlistment, were hardly arrived in their camps before a cry was set up by the news- papers of, " On to Richmond ! " and the fiercest denunciations were heaped upon the administration and the veteran lieutenant-general, because he did not order an immediate advance. Meantime, though all possible expedition had been used, the regiments had hardly been formed into brigades, or the brigades into divisions. There was much to be learned in five or six weeks ; but the clamor arose so fiercely, "On to Richmond ! On to Richmond ! " that General Scott suffered himself to be over-persuaded, and ordered an advance when the troops were as yet wholly unprepared for it, though some of them were approaching the close of their very short term of enlistment. Then followed tl^ Ijattle of Bull Run. It is much to the credit of this undisciplined mass of militia that they should have fought so well as they did. The far better trained force of Beauregard was beaten back, and, but for the arrival of Johnston's- rein- forcements just at the last moment, would have given way, routed and utterly discomfited. But the evil eft'ects of the want of discipline showed themselves in the panic which affected the Union troops when their rein- forced foe began to rally and press them back. But not all mingled in this terrible panic ; a few regiments maintained their ground, and found that the rebels were too much exhausted and had suffered too heav\- losses to assume the offensive. The day seemed one of sad disaster, but it was a blessing in disguise. Rallying promptly from its deep humiliation, the nation saw the need of thorough discipline, of able leadership, of skilful strategy. Had the North been successful at Bull Run, the war would not yet be ended. After this battle. General McClellan, who had already won some distinction in West Virginia, became the actual, and in November following the titular, general-in-chief of the armies of the Union. At the West there were some movements worthy of notice. Captain Lyon, U.S.A., soon after brigadier- general of volunteers, held command in Missouri, where the governor, Claiborne F. Jackson, and Sterling Price, a former governor and then major-general of the Missouri State (kiard and president of tiie State (Convention, were endeavoring to compel the secession of the States. Removing the United States arms from St. Louis, and arresting a brigade of the State Guard under General Frost, who sought to seize St. Louis in the interests of the secessionists, General Lyon soon compelled Jackson, Price, and their adherents to fly westward, driving them from the capital, skirmishing with them at liooneviile, and finally pushing them to Review of the War. 43 a point where the rebel general, McCulloch, brought up his forces to aid them. He fought and defeated them at Dug Spring on the 2d of August, 1861, and on the 9th of the same month, in the desperate and hard-fought battle of Wilson's Creek, he fell while leading his troops in a charge upon the enemy. His death temporarily disheartened his troops, who retreated to Rolla. A few days later, the rebels in large numbers besieged and finally captured Lexington, notwithstanding its gallant de- fence by Colonel Mulligan. Brigadier-General Grant, a name just begin- ning to come into notice, had been appointed commander of the District of Cairo, had thwarted the plans of the rebel general, Jefferson Thompson, in ."(outh-eastern Missouri, occupied Paducah and Smithland, Ky., and early in November, after a careful reconnoissance, had attacked and captured the rebel camp at Belmont, and fought the bloody but indecisive battle at that point. The Army of the Potomac, now rapidly filling up its numbers under the requLsitions of the president, equipped, organized, and disciplined till it was one of the finest armies ever led into the field, whitened all the hills around Washington with its tents. These were the days of " anaconda" strategy. The rebellion was to be surrounded on all sides by our troops, and then, its boundaries being gradually diminished by our contracting lines, at the last the monster was to be crushed into one shapeless mass by the tightening fold of our armies. The plan is said to have been devised by General Scott, and to have been sanctioned and developed by General McClellan. It was very pretty, and lacked but one element of success — practicability. To have accom- plished it would have required at least .six millions of men and six billions of money, and even then some weak point would have been found by the enemy. In accordance with this theory, however, expeditions were fitted out for the capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark on the North Carolina coast, and of Forts Beauregard and Walker at Hilton Head, the keys to the fine harbor of Port Royal, and other enterprises were commenced looking to the reduction of Roanoke Island and Newbern, and the capture of New Orleans and its defences. The Hatteras and Hilton Head expeditions both came within the year 1861, and both were successful — the latter owing to the admirable arrangement of Flag-Officer (afterward Rear-Admiral) S. F. Dupont, proving one of the finest naval victories of the war. The war, on the ist of January, 1862, had raged for nearly nine months, and as yet had made but little impression upon the Southern confederacy. The Union flag floated indeed over a small portion of North and South Carolina ; Fort Pickens and Key West were ours ; Kentucky was driven •i-i The Grand army Button. from her position of neutrality, thoiisjh still at several points occupietl by the rebels; and Missouri was under Union rule, but sorely harassed by bands of rebel ruffians and guerrillas. The second year of the war was des- tined to see wider conquests, though not unmingled with serious reverses and disasters. One fold of the anaconda was sweeping southward froni St. Louis to the Alleghanies, where an army with its right and left wings three hundred miles asunder pressed the rebel forces before it. The Army of the Western Department, now under command of General Halleck, had its left wing in eastern Kentucky, where the sturdy Thomas swept steadily and grandly onward, defeated ZollicofFer at Camp Wildcat, killed him, and routed most completely his army at Somerset or Mill Spring, and then, his foe having disappeared, hastened to join the centre under Buell. Slow in movement, but an excellent disciplinarian, Buell with the centre had occupied a threatening position toward the rebel stronghold at Bowling Green, wliere Albert Sydney Johnston, the ablest of the rebel generals, had fortified himself with a large army. Westward still, Grant was moving along the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, and preparing under General Halleck's directions one of those flanking move- ments which have since rendered him so famous, and by which he hoped ere long to render Columbus, Ky., — now strongly fortified and held by a large force under the Bishop-General Polk, — untenable and to compel Johnston to evacuate Bowling Green without a battle. The feat is soon accomplished. Fort Henry yields on the 6th of February to Flag-Officer Footers well- directed assault, and on the i6th of the same month Fort Donelson, after a bloody and desperate siege of four days, is " unconditionally surrendered " by General Buckncr to General Grant, and fourteen thousand prisoners grace the conqueror's triumph. Clarksville and Nashville were now at the mercy of the Union Army, and Johnston, marching rapidly from Bowling Green, passed through Nashville without stopping, and pushed on to the Mississippi line. While his colleague, the bishop-general, made the best of his way down the river to Island Number Ten, where in a strong position he could for the time defy his pursuers. Grant did not rest upon his laurels. Following his antagonist by way of the Tennessee River, he landed his troops at Pittsburg Landing, near Sliiloh Church, about twenty miles from Corinth, a place of great strategic importance, where Johnston was concentrating his forces. General Halleck had ordered I'iuell and Thomas, the former in advance, to join Grant at this point. The roads were heavy, and the progress of the troops slow. Johnston, a brilliant and skilful soldier, at once saw his opportunity and improved it. Review oh the War. 1.3 His force, though perhaps not equal to Grant's and Buell's combined, was nearly double that of Grant, and by hurling them upon Grant before his reinforcements came up, he might be able to destroy his army and then to defeat Buell. But the deep mud delayed by a day or more his advance, and Buell was nearer than he supposed. Still, on the first day's attack (Sunday, April 6) the Union troops were in part surprised, and, till near the close of the day, defeated. The greater part of Prentiss' division with its commander were taken prisoners, and the entire army driven out of their camps and toward the river bank. Johnston, the rebel commander, was killed, and Beauregard took his place. Late in the afternoon the tide of battle began to change. The gunboats, coming within range of the enemy, opened upon them with their heavy shells, and Grant's chief of ordnance, gathering the scattered cannon, packed them on a command- ing position and commenced so deadly a bombardment at short range that the rebels began to fall back. The gunboats continued their bom- bardment through the night, and the morning bringing a part of Buell's force, the Union Army assumed the offensive, and by a little afternoon had driven back the rebels and regained the lost ground. The rebels retreated leisurely to Corinth, where they were pursued and besieged till the 30th of May, when Beauregard evacuated it and moved southward. The battle of Shiloh had been the bloodiest of the war thus far. The bishop-general did not find his stronghold of Island Number Ten im- pregnable. A canal was cut through a bayon on the west side of the river, by which the gunboats were able to attack it from below, and. New ^ladrid having been captured by General Pope, the position of the rebels became precarious, and they flitted southward again, leaving, however, their heavy guns and a considerable number of prisoners. Fort Wright was their next halting-place, and ere long they were dispossessed of this, and Memphis was surrendered, the rebel fleet having first been destroyed in a short but sharp naval action. In Arkansas there had been some severe fighting ; the Missouri troops, pushing southward to keep up with the sweep of the "anaconda," had encountered the enemy in large force at Pea Ridge, and after a two days' fight, by the gallant conduct of General Sigel the Union ti'oops were victorious, and the rebels driven over the mountains. The expedition intended for the capture of New Orleans and its defences had wisely been placed under the command of that able and skilful officer Captain (now Vice-Admiral) Farragut, and the cooperating land-force under General Butler. Leaving Fortress Monroe in February, 1862, the expedition was delayed at Ship Island and other points for two months, 41) THE GRAND ARMY BUTTON. and it was not until the i8th of April that it approached Forts Jacl*e I l^*flBI 11 /'? O vo •s^^i* ^'C*^ 64 ' Thh Grand army Button. Upon passing inside, we entered a room about forty feet wide and a hundred feet deep, witii bare brick walls, a rough plank floor, and narrow, dingy windows, to whose sash only a few broken panes were clinging. A row of tin wash-basins, and a wooden trough, which served as a bathing- tub, were at one end of it, and a half-do/cn cheap stools and hard-bot- tomed chairs were littered about the floor, but it had no other furniture ; and this room, with five others of similar size and appointments, and two basements floored with earth and filled with debris, composed the famous Libby Prison, in which for months together thousands of the best and bravest men that ever went into battle have been allowed to rot and to starve. From the time the war began, twelve and sometimes thirteen hundred of our officers and men were hived within those half-dozen desolate rooms and filthy cellars, with a space of only ten feet by two allotted to each for all the purposes of living. Overrun with vermin, perishing with cold, breathing a stifled, tainted atmosphere, no space allowed them for rest by day, and lying down at night "wormed and dovetailed together like fish in a basket," their daily rations only two ounces of stale beef and a small lump of hard corn-bread, and their lives the forfeit if they caught but one streak of God's blue sky through those filthy windows,* — they have endured all these horrors in the middle passage. My soul sickened as I looked upon the scene of their wretchedness. If the liberty we were fighting for were not worth even so terrible a price, if it were not cheaply i)urchased even with the blood and agony of the many brave and true souls who have gone into that foul den only to die or to come out the shadows of men, — living ghosts, con- demned to walk the night and to tade away before the breaking of the great day that is coming, — 'Who would not cry out for peace, for peace on any terms ? We need no other proof of the true nobleness of soul in the young men of our country than the voices wiiich come ever and anon from these forbidding prison-places, telling us of a quenchless love for the cause of right ; of a devotion and fervor that know no abatement, and a willingness to do and to dare, to suffer and to die, that the tyrant of oj^pression may be crushed, and the glad hosannas of Freedom ring through the land and reverberate among the hills; that we may have not a "circle within a cir- cle," but one that is continuous, unbroken, clasping in its mighty embrace a free, happy, and united people. • See poem, *' ' The Dead Line ' at Libby Prison." "The Dead Line" at Libby Prison. 65 "THE DEAD LINE" AT LIBBY PRISON, FROM his box the rebel soldier watched his sad and weary foe, While the noon in solemn silence seemed unwilling far to go, As if it did wish to whisper to the sad and weary there. How it smiled o"er Western prairies and New England valleys fair ; And the starving son looked on it, and the weeping mother too, One at home and one in prison, but their hearts together drew. And the pining husband saw it, and his fond and loving wife, One looked from her chamber sleepless, one was trying to hold life. Oh ! the moon was brightly beaming, as it on its way did roam. And it lit the soldier's prison and it lit his far-off home. Wife and mother asked beneath it, Where's my husband and my boy? Months have passed since I heard from them, and shall time my hopes destroy ? Son and husband asked beneath it, Where"s the mother and the wife ? Do they know how now I suffer, how Tm loth to part with life? Do they know the peril of it, if we leave the heated clime. And without a moment's warning put our feet on the Dead Line? Distant friend, how we have suffered for the want of food and clothes, How we've daily pined with hunger, but the God of Heaven knows, And how we have had no shelter from the sun and from the storm. Ah ! it sent to yonder graveyard many a once stout, noble form. Ah ! we've seen the light of hoping leaving many a once bright eye. And we've seen the strong and robust turn to skeletons and die, And we knew why they were numbered with the cold and silent dead Was because they had no shelter, and ate filth instead of bread ; And we heard how distant fond ones, from the golden State of Maine. Sent us blankets to wrap round us, sent us food life to sustain. But the minions of Jeff Davis robbed the starving prisoners there, While their chivalry they boasted, and their leader formed a prayer. 'Twas a prayer for aid from Heaven on the traitors' cherished plans> As if God himself could sanction all the ways they murdered man. As if He could look with favor on the fiends who there combine To cause famine and exposure to force some to the Dead Line. 6G THE GRAND ARMY BUTTON. And why should the traitor soldier be too cautious ere he fires? And why should he loudly challenge, when so glowing his desires? And why would he not aim steady wlien he gets a leader's praise, And if thus he shoots a Yankee, has a furlougli thirty days? Other nights they may be dismal, and the line may pass from view ; Still the bloodhounds, trained to watching, eye the weak and helpless too ; And the sentinels are knowing that his food has made him so, That his stomach is disordered, and his face portrays his woe ; And for him tliey have no pity, for their hearts like rivers freeze, Though he suffers from starvation and the inroads of disease. Still the glimmering hope is cherished, 'mid the many dangers there. That again he may be knowing a fond wife or mother's care. And he jjonders as he wanders, Nature does assert its right. And each sentinel well knoweth the poor prisoner's dreadful plight. But, oh! nothing say unto him, from him hide not the marked place. For you'll never get a furlough, if you warn him from the line. Hark! There is a scream of terror, traitor minions heed it not, For it's not of much importance, but a Yankee soldier's shot. Not a fence was there to warn him, and the marks were hard to see, But a '• Reb " has got a furlough and a prisoner's soul set free. There's another squad of Yankees waiting and watching there. How we wish when we are guarding some would try to cross tlie line. 'Tis a wonder they don't try it when they have to suffer so ; And it is our leader's study how to starve or freeze each foe. So that he may ne'er be useful in the foeman's ranks again ; And the pale and tottering " Yankees " tell the hope is not in vain ; While they from their Northern prisons stouter send our prisoners back, With no crushed hopes in their bosoms and no bloodhounds on their track ; And to keep their hard-earned money they did not in vain beseech, Nor when wishing for an apple pay a dollar bill for each ; And no Federal iiad a furlough to make hopes the brighter shine. Till he shot a helpless foeman full five feet from the Dead Line. Who'll forget the rude old wagons in which they our dead conveyed, And the loathsome, shabby manner in which our brothers there were laid? Who'll forget the same rude wagons, in which ihe) conveyed our dead. After served another purpose — that of bringing us our bread. That of bringing us our " corn-cob," which they cruelly called meal, While the life-blood from the soldiers it would like a robber steal? The Dead Line" at Libby Prison. 67 Who'll forget the putrid " beef-steaks," twenty men on one to dine, Peas in wliich huge worms were gathered as if drawn in battle line? Who'll forget the black swamp-water and the crocodiles near by? Who'll forget the chains so heavy in which foes let prisoners die? Who'll forget the smoky pine-fires round which clustered " heart-sick bands, Speaking of the friends they treasured, while they looked like " contra- bands " ? Who'll forget the rampant villains saying we deserved our lot. And the " unknown " who were buried in the trench — a fearful spot? Who'll forget the countless horrors — there's no book the tenth could tell, For Libby Trison nothing lacketh to make it the Earthly Hell. See the graveyard yonder swelling with the prisoners paroled. Let us trust their noble spirits have gone to their Saviour's fold. Ah ! how many forms were murdered in a cold and shocking way — Can their treatment be forgotten while our souls are in this clay? It needs something more than human to forget what brave men bore. To forget the graveyard swelling and the hearts that suffered sore, To forget the noble comrades who did perish midst our foes. For the want of food and shelter, while the rebels stole their clothes. To forget the horrid treatment mortal man must feel to know. There's no human comprehension that can realize the woe ; But \)e tried as foes have tried us, fearing that we would surviye, And you wonder that a mortal left that Earthly Hell alive. There were many, many spirits left Libby Prison and took flight. As if they had wings of angels, to the land of life and light ; Many who were often longing they could leave the accursed place. And the angels bade them welcome, far outside of the Dead Line. And now, comrades, this is what we have done ; and thirty years have passed and gone. Our friendship with each other, in Fraternity, Charity, and Loyalty, has with those years stronger grown ; and as we look back upon the past, and tiiink of our comrades who have answered the final roll-call we won- der why it was not our fate to be called from that Earthly Hell (Libby Prison). Who can answer? But, comrades, as we have been spared this, the Grand Army Button, to wear, let us wear it as a " Souvenir" (as it is), in remembrance of the past, and thank God that we did not approach too near the Dead Line. lillii ;;i;i:;;iSi;|,g|!:;'!';;.':!v ;--j^.^;v;«Ji,:;:i, >•;, W" iipgi LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 013 673 436 2 p