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THE 
 OF AMERICA 
 
 COMPARED WITH 
 
 SOIMEXS XSUB.OFISA2>r COU£9rTB.XES, 
 
 PAUTICCLAKLT 
 
 ENGLAND: 
 A DISCOURSE 
 
 BELITERED 
 
 Jn Trinity Church, and in St. PauPs and St. John's Chapels^ 
 in the City of New -York, October, 1825. 
 
 BY / 
 
 JOHN HENRY HOBART, D. D. 
 
 Hector of the said Church and Chapels, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 
 State of New- York, and Professor of Pastoral Theology and Pulpit Eloquence 
 
 in the General Theological Seminary. 
 
 PRINTED BY T. AND J. SWORDS, 
 
 No. 99 Pearl-street. 
 
 1825. 
 
E 
 
 V\ 
 
TO 
 
 JOSHUA WATSON, Esq, 
 
 TREASURER OF THE SOCIETY (iN ENGLAND) FOR PROMOTING 
 CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 
 
 ONE OF HIS majesty's COMMISSIONERS FOR THE BUILDING 
 OF CHURCHES, 
 
 SfC. SfC. ^C. 
 
 My DEAR Sir, 
 
 T KNOW too well your attachment to Eng- 
 land, to suppose that you will approve of all the sentiments 
 expressed in this discourse. But I have received too 
 many evidences of your candour and liberality, to be for a 
 moment apprehensive that you will censure an American 
 for the frank, but, I trust, decorous avowal which he makes 
 of his preference for the institutions of his own country; 
 accompanied as this avowal is, by the declaration of the 
 debt of gratitude which is due to your's, for those civil 
 and religious blessings which his countrymen have derived, 
 as their best inheritance, from the land of their fathers. 
 
 My object in dedicating this discourse to you, is to ex- 
 press the feelings of private gratitude; and to bear testi- 
 mony to eminent Christian worth, and to zeal devoted and 
 unwearied in the advancement of the kingdom of Christ, 
 Your favourable opinion of some of my early publications, 
 in which 1 advocated the cause of " evangelical truth" 
 in union with " Apostolic order," introduced me to the 
 notice of individuals in England, whose attachment to that 
 truth and order, and whose exalted character and station 
 and influence, render their friendship most honourable 
 
IV DEDICATION. 
 
 and valuable fo me. At your hospitable board f often met 
 this honoured circle; and in yoursociet), and that of your 
 interesting family and friends, I spent some of the most 
 delightful hours that solaced my absence from my country, 
 my diocese, my congregations, and my home. 
 
 But, my dear Sir, it is in your public character that I 
 most admire, honour, and venerate you. As the prudent 
 and wise, and uniform friend of the Church, divinely con- 
 stituted in her sacra;sients, ministry, and worship, to be 
 the guardian of the faith once delivered to the Saints, you 
 devote your time, your talents, and your fortune, to her 
 interests and advancement; and in this exalted work of 
 Christian benevolence, you are associated with the highest 
 dignitaries of the Church of England, and with some of the 
 nobles of that land. But 1 esteem it a still more enviable 
 distinction, that in primitive principles, in unaffected piety, 
 in every amiable virtue of the Christian, the name of 
 Watson is not unworthy of being ranked with those of 
 J^elson, of fVogan, of Waldo, and of Stevens, * 
 
 That your life, so valuable to the large circle of your 
 friends, and to that Church to which it is devoted, may to 
 a distant period be prolonged in health, in usefulness, and 
 in happiness, is the fervent prayer of, 
 My dear Sir, 
 
 Your very faithful, affectionate, 
 And obliged friend, 
 
 J. H. HOBART» 
 J^ewYork, Nov, 18, 1825. 
 
THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, &c. 
 
 PSALM cxxxvii. 4, 5, 6, 
 
 How shall we sing the Lord's song in a strange land? If I forget 
 thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning. If I 
 do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my 
 mouth; if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. 
 
 X HIS exclamation of lively and deep affection for 
 the land which was " blessed of heaven above and of 
 " the deep that lieth under," and for that Zion where 
 God delighted to dwell, uttered by the Israelites when 
 captive by the rivers of Babylon, expresses forcibly 
 and pathetically the feelings which must often rise in 
 the bosom of him who, from motives of health, of busi- 
 ness, or of pleasure, sojourns a voluntary exile in dis- 
 tant climes, from such a country as that, brethren, of 
 which we may be proud, and such a Zion as tliat 
 which engages, I trust, our best affections* Often, 
 
6 The United States of America 
 
 O how often ! have these feelings of strong and affec- 
 tionate preference for the country and the church 
 which he had left, deeply occupied the mind of him, 
 who now wishes to thank the Father of mercies that 
 he is permitted again to address you in these walls, 
 sacred on account of the objects to which they are 
 devoted, and endeared to him as the place where 
 he has mingled with you in supplications and praises 
 to the God of all grace and goodness, and delivered 
 with much infirmity indeed — (this is not the place 
 nor the time for the affectation of humility) — in much 
 infirmity indeed, but he can and he will say, in 
 sincerity, the messages of the Most High and the 
 words of salvation. They were feelings excited not 
 only in those distant lands less capable of being com- 
 pared in their physical aspect, and in their civil, 
 and social, and religious institutions, with his native 
 clime, but even in that with which the comparison 
 is more natural and obvious; which must always 
 come with lively excitement on our feelings, as the 
 land of our fathers ; and which, with all its faults, pre- 
 sents even to our impartial, and calm, and scrutinizing 
 judgment, so many claims to our admiration and love. 
 Yes, even in that land whose fame is sounded through- 
 out the earth, which its sons proudly extol (we need 
 not wonder at the boast in them) as the first and 
 the best of the nations, whose destiny she has often 
 
compared with — England. 7 
 
 wielded — even there, where nature has lavished some 
 of her choicest bounties, art erected some of her no- 
 blest monuments, civil polity dispensed some of her 
 choicest blessings, and religion opened her purest 
 temples — even there (and he thinks the sentiment was 
 not that of the excusable but blind impulse which in- 
 stinctively attaches us to the soil that gave us birth) 
 his heart deeply cherished, and his observation and 
 reflection have altogether sanctioned, lively and affec- 
 tionate preference, in almost every point of comparison, 
 for his own dear native land, and for the Zion with 
 which Providence has connected him. And often in 
 the fulness of those feelings has he poured forth the 
 exclamation which the fulness of feeling now recals — 
 " How shall I sing the Lord's song in a strange land? 
 <^ If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand 
 ^* forget her cunning. If I do not remember thee, 
 '' let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I 
 " prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy." 
 
 I have not been accustomed, my brethren, to ob- 
 trude on you, in this place, my private thoughts and 
 feelings, particularly when connected with topics not 
 strictly appropriate to the pulpit. Yet on an occasion 
 like the present, I think I shall secure your indulgence 
 if I do so. The event that unites, after a long separa- 
 tion, a pastor with a flock who, through a course of 
 years, has been so indulgent to his infirmities, so lenient 
 
8 The United States of America 
 
 to his deficiencies and failings, and so disposed to over- 
 rate his services ; who have loaded him, and those more 
 immediately dear to him, with so many favours ; and 
 who now welcome, with those delicate, and tender, and 
 warm greetings that go to the heart, his return among 
 them, is surely one in which the predominance and the 
 expression of personal feelings are not only excusable, 
 but natural and proper, and to be expected. Bear with 
 me then, if for a short time^ — and with such concerns it 
 ought only to be for a short time — I occupy you with 
 some of those reflections which forcibly occurred to 
 me during my absence, and which now press them- 
 selves on my thoughts and feelings. And I wish to do 
 so with the view, which I trust will sanction topics as 
 well as a style of address not common in this place, of 
 confirming your enlightened and zealous attachment 
 to your country and your church. 
 
 It is a common observation, and there are few com- 
 mon observations which are not founded in nature and 
 in truth, that we know not the full value of our bless- 
 ings until we are deprived of them. Certainly I knew 
 not the value of mine. I speak not of my private 
 comforts and blessings; of the greatest of all, the 
 family and the faithful friends, with whom I could 
 pour out my soul, and to whose endearing society I 
 could flee, and be for a while at rest. I speak not of 
 
compared with — England. 9 
 
 my congregations and my diocese, from my connection 
 with which I derived so many exalted gratifications. 
 But I allude to those public blessings which I enjoyed 
 in common with all the citizens of this eminently 
 favoured land — blessings, physical^ literary^ civile and 
 religious — which while they elevate us as a nation, call 
 loudly for our thanks to him who assigns to the nations 
 their destinies, and for the cultivation of all those 
 principles and virtues which only can make our bless- 
 ings salutary and permanent. 
 
 We have heard of the fertile soil which, in other 
 lands, makes so abundant a return to the light and 
 easy labour that tills it. Our feelings have glowed with 
 delight or thrilled with awe at the descriptions which 
 have vividly presented to our imaginations, the beau- 
 tiful or the sublime scenery for which other countries 
 have been so long celebrated. We have perhaps 
 sighed for those distant climes, whose skies are re- 
 presented as glowing with serene and almost perpetual 
 radiance, and whose breezes bear health and cheeriness 
 to the decaying and languid frame. And undoubtedly 
 in these respects, it would be absurd to urge a supe- 
 riority over some other lands, or altogether an equality 
 with them. But the comparison was less adverse to 
 our own claims than I had supposed. We boast not 
 indeed of Alps rising on Alps with wild and snow- 
 crowned summits, sheltering within their precipitous 
 
 2 ' 
 
10 The United States of America 
 
 and lofty ridges, vallies that beam with the liveliest' 
 verdure and bear the richest productions of the earth. 
 Yet the warmest admirer of nature, after having feasted 
 on these tremendously sublime or exquisitely beautiful 
 scenes, would still be able to turn with refreshing 
 pleasure to the contemplation of the varied and bold 
 outlines, that mark the extensive mountains which 
 range through our own country ; of the highly cultivated 
 fields that occupy their vallies and variegate the massy 
 forests which mount up their sides ; of the long and 
 majestic rivers that proudly traverse the plains, or 
 burst through the lofty hills which oppose them; and 
 even of that sky, if not always as genial, often as 
 serene and glowing as that of the most favoured of the 
 southern regions of Europe, and which illumines the 
 fertile soil that it nourishes and enriches. The traveller 
 here, indeed, is not surprised and elevated and 
 delighted by the stupendous castles which guard the 
 mountain pass, or proclaim in their more interesting 
 ruins, that they were the place of refuge or the point 
 of assault. He sees not the large and imposing 
 edifices which embosomed in the groves of some rich 
 valley, or pointing some lofty hill, proclaim the taste 
 as well as the piety of the ecclesiastics, who here daily 
 and almost hourly raise the responsive strains of devo- 
 tion. Nor is he astonished at the splendour that beams 
 from the immense structures which wealth has erected 
 
compared with — England. 1 1 
 
 for the gratification of private luxury or pride. But 
 he can see one feature of every landscape here^ one 
 charm of American scenery, which more than repays for 
 the absence of these monuments of the power, and the 
 grandeur, and the wealth, and the taste of the rich and 
 the mighty of other lands — and which no other land 
 affords. The sloping sides and summits of our hills, 
 and the extensive plains that stretch before our view, 
 are studded with the substantial and neat and com- 
 modious dwellings o^ freemen — independent freemen, 
 owners of the soil — men who can proudly walk over 
 their land and exultingly say — It is mine ; I hold it 
 tributary to no one ; it is mine. No landscape here is 
 alloyed by the painful consideration, that the castle 
 which towers in grandeur, was erected by the hard 
 labour of degraded vassals ; or that the magnificent 
 structure which rises in the spreading and embellished 
 domain, presents a painful contrast to the meaner 
 habitations, and sometimes the miserable hovels that 
 mark a dependent, always a dependent — alas, some- 
 times a wretched peasantry. 
 
 To one country, in some particulars, this infant na- 
 tion, and older nations, must indeed yield a proud and 
 inaccessible pre-eminence — in those arts of which it is 
 well said that they embellish life ; which present, with 
 all the vivid charms of painting, and all the energy 
 and grace and expression of sculpture, the human face 
 
12 The United States of America 
 
 and the human form divine, or embody those events 
 that interest every feeling of the soul, which history 
 has recorded or which imagination forms — in those 
 classical recollections that bring before our delighted 
 feelings the brightest names of genius, of eloquence, 
 and of taste ; and associate, with all that is great and 
 alas ! also all that is mean, with the ardent struggles 
 and triumphs of freedom and the cruel and bloody 
 deeds of remorseless tyranny, the eventful progress, 
 celebrated in strains that form, and will form, the model 
 of all which is noble in sentiment, and graceful in dic- 
 tion — of a small band of exiles, confined to a narrow 
 spot of soil, to that station from which they looked 
 down on a prostrate and subject world. 
 
 But even in that station, in the very seat from which 
 once issued the mandates that ruled the nations, amidst 
 the awe-inspiring and soul- delighting ruins of imperial 
 Rome, the citizen of these States may stand, and say 
 with the mingled feelings of commiseration and ex- 
 ultation — How are the mighty fallen ! I would not ex- 
 change the freedom, the independence, the substantial 
 comfort and happiness that distinguish the infant coun- 
 try that owns and protects me, for all that recollection 
 can supply of what is great and glorious in genius or 
 in achievements, or all that art can furnish delightful 
 to the eye or grateful to the feelings, which alas ! now 
 only serve to mark with greater humiliation, the fall, 
 
compared tvith — England, 13 
 
 and abject condition of oppressed, enslaved, and de- 
 graded Italy. 
 
 And he may also say, that, in the arrangement of 
 our cities and villages, and in the modern structures, 
 civil and religious, that adorn them, with the exception 
 of those which in Italy constitute the wonder of ad- 
 miring crowds, and of that which, in the metropolis 
 of England, rises with imposing grandeur, we need 
 scarcely yield in the comparison to any other nation.* 
 
 Even in our literary institutions, their present im- 
 proved and extended organization embraces a larger 
 scope of science in connection with efficiency of opera- 
 tion, with the practical application of talent and learning 
 to the great purposes of instruction, than some foreign 
 institutions.^ 
 
 a The public squares of European cities exceed in number those 
 of our own ; and the fountains that pla^ in the humblest villages 
 of Italy, and constitute so striking an ornament of Rome, are not 
 here to be seen. But in our cities, the churches and public build- 
 ings will in many respects vie with the similar modnn struc- 
 tures in the cities of Europe; our streets are wider and better 
 arranged; and our country villages afford more evidences of sub- 
 stantial comfort than those of any other country, except England. 
 And perhaps no city can boast of a promenade superior, if equal, 
 in point of prospect, to the Battery in ISew- York. 
 
 ^ It would be absurd to say that foreign universities are not dis- 
 tinguished by intellect and learning of the highest order ; but this 
 intellect and learning are not ahcays brought into as great practical 
 efficiency as in our colleges, where the professors are engaged, for 
 the greater part of the year, in the active business of instruction, 
 
14 The United States of America 
 
 But it is in our civil and religious institutions that 
 we may, without the imputation of vain-glory, boast 
 the pre-eminence. Actual observation will compel 
 every traveller through those nations of the continent 
 that now succumb under the yoke of despotic power, 
 mild and benevolent as in son>e instances is confessedly 
 its administration, to feel, however reluctant, the full 
 
 by the daily examination of the students confided to them. In 
 the English universities, it is well known tliat classical and ma- 
 thematical studies are pursued to the comparative neglect of phy- 
 sical and moral science, Jn many of the colleges in these univer- 
 sities, instruction is most actively and usefully pursued. But others, 
 richly endowed, ar^ considered principally, if not solely, as pro- 
 visions for the fellows or members. And with respect to the pre- 
 sent operation of these provisions, the following remark is ex- 
 tracted from the Quarterly Review published in June last. After 
 speaking of a clamour, which has passed away, against " the 
 " number and indolence, the prejudice and port, of the resident 
 " fellows of colleges," the reviewers attribute to it " the present 
 *' custom of dispensings as a matter of course, with the residence 
 " of all members of foundations who have taken the degree of 
 " Master of Arts ;'' and th^y observe— " Fellowships are sought 
 *' for, as helping out the incomes of students in the active profes- 
 " sions of life" P. 91. Would not that system be the best, which 
 would so occupy the fellows in the business of instruction, as to 
 extend this important duty of the universities without burdening 
 the fellows so as to prevent their devotion to literature? And should 
 not a portion of the immense wealth of the universities be appro- 
 priated to the increase of the accommodations for students ? If I 
 am correctly informed, it is extremely difficult, from the great 
 number of applicants, to obtain admission into the universities; 
 so that, from this circumstance, many are excluded ; while the 
 great expense of a university education excludes others. Both 
 these causes, it is presumed, have had their effect in producing 
 the plan, which is likely to succeed, of" a London university." 
 
compared with — England. 15 
 
 force of the remark, which he may have thought evil 
 discontent alone had raised, that the labour and inde- 
 pendence and freedom and happiness of the many- 
 are sacrificed to the ambition and power and luxury 
 of the few* 
 
 Let us never withhold the acknowledgment, that 
 from the^r^^ of European nations, drawing our origin, 
 we have also derived her admirable principles of civil 
 freedom. Rejecting indeed the feudal characteristics 
 of her polity, the monarchical and aristocratic features 
 of her constitution, we broadly and fearlessly recognize 
 the great truth, that though, in its general powers, and 
 in its sanctions, government is " ordained of God," in 
 the particular form of its administration, " it is the or- 
 " dinance of man ;" and that, in this sense, the people 
 only are the source of that political power, which, when 
 exercised according to the legitimate forms of the con- 
 stitution which they have established, cannot be resist- 
 ed, but under the penalty of resisting the " ordinance 
 " of God." Still, though, in these respects, our go- 
 vernments differ from that of England, let us grate- 
 fully remember, that from her we have derived not only 
 many of her unrivalled maxims of jurisprudence, those 
 which protect the freedom of the subject and secure 
 the trial by jury, but those great principles which con- 
 stitute the superiority of the modern republics above 
 the ancient democracies. These are, the principle of re= 
 
16 The United States of America 
 
 presentation;^ the division of the legislative, executive, 
 and judiciary departments; the check on the exercise of 
 the power of legislation by its distribution among three 
 branches ; the independence of the judiciary on all in- 
 fluence, except that of the constitution and the laws; 
 and its accountability, and that of the executive, to the 
 people, in the persons of their representatives;'' and 
 thus what constitutes the characteristic blessing of a 
 free people, a government of laws securing to all the 
 enjoyment of life, of liberty, and of property. 
 
 But even in this, next to our own, the freest of na- 
 tions, it is impossible not to form a melancholy con- 
 trast between the power, and the splendor, and the 
 wealth of those to whom the structure of society and 
 the aristocratic nature of the government assign pecu- 
 liar privileges of rank and of political consequence^ 
 with the dependent and often abject condition of the 
 lower orders; and not to draw the conclusion, that the 
 one is the unavoidable result of the other. 
 
 Advantages confessedly there may be in privileged 
 orders, as constituting an hereditary and permanent 
 source of political knowledge and talent, and of refine- 
 
 « The principle, I say; for in England it is only partially 
 carried into practice. 
 
 d Even England's king is accountable, .through his ministers^ 
 to the commons of England, theoretically acting in the lower 
 house of parliament. 
 
compared with — England. 17 
 
 ment and elevation of character, of feeling, and of 
 manners. And in this view, no men can be more im- 
 posing or more interesting than the high-minded noble- 
 men and gentlemen of England.^ But, in this imper- 
 fect world, we cannot enjoy at the same time all pos- 
 sible advantages. And those which result from the 
 hereditary elevation of one small class of society, must 
 produce in ail the noble qualities which distinguish in- 
 dependent freemen, a corresponding depression of the 
 great mass of the community. And can we for a mo- 
 ment hesitate which state of society to prefer ? No. 
 It is the glorious characteristic of our admirable polity, 
 that the power, and the property, and the happiness, 
 which in the old nations of the world are confined to 
 the few, are distributed among the many ; that the 
 liveliness and content which pervade the humblest 
 classes among us, are not the mere result of that buoy- 
 ancy of animal spirits which nature seems to have 
 kindly infused into our frame, and which man shares 
 with the beast that sports in the field or courses over 
 the plain^ — but a sober sentiment of independence, nur- 
 
 ^ And yet dissipation and unbounded devotion to pleasure, the 
 consequences of idleness and wealth, often contaminate the higher 
 ranks, and produce corresponding effects upon the lower. 
 
 f It is cheering to think that, even in this way, there is some*- 
 thing which does lighten the chains of the oppressed peasantry of 
 Europe. 
 
 3 
 
18 The United States of America 
 
 tured by the consciousness that, hi natural rights and 
 original political power all are equal. The obedience, 
 therefore, which fear in a great measure extorts from 
 the mass of the people of other countries, is here the 
 voluntary offering of a contented and happy, because, 
 in the broadest sense of the term — a free people. 
 
 Brethren, I am not the political partizan. You know 
 that I have never thus sunk in this sacred place my 
 high office. I am not advocating the views or the 
 feelings of this or that political party. Happy omen is it 
 for our country, (may I not say so?) that on great na- 
 tional questions parties no longer exist. But I do ad- 
 vocate that in which there should be no difference of 
 opinion among us — the distinguishing features of our 
 free government. These are topics of general political 
 and civil interest, not inappropriate at certain times 
 (and I think this is one of them) to the sanctity even 
 of this place. Nor on these points, nor on any others 
 which I shall present to you, have I substantially 
 changed my opinions : but undoubtedly the situation 
 in which Providence has placed me, of considerable 
 observation and reflection abroad, has powerfully con- 
 firmed me in them all — and I feel it my duty to tell 
 you so. 
 
 But I hasten to subjects on which I feel myself more 
 at home. It is the religious freedom of my country 
 
compared with — England, 19 
 
 that constitutes, in my view, one of her proudest 
 boasts. Protected as religion is by the state, which 
 finds in her precepts and spirit and sanctions, the best 
 security for social happiness and order, she is left free 
 to exert her legitimate powers, uninfluenced and unre- 
 strained by any worldly authority whatsoever. And the 
 happy effect is seen in the zeal with which her institu- 
 tions are supported, as far as the ability of an infant 
 country, and a spreading, and in many cases sparse and 
 humble population, will admit ; in the prevalence of 
 those moral and social virtues that arc among her best 
 fruits ; and above all, in less, much less of that hosti- 
 lity to her divine origin and character, which in other 
 countries her unhallowed perversion to political pur- 
 poses inspires and cherishes. The continent of Europe 
 witnesses the arm of secular and ecclesiastical power 
 exerted, in some parts, in the extension and restoration^ 
 in all its rigour, of a religion which alloys and contami- 
 nates the pure spirit of the Gospel by numerous super- 
 stitions and corruptions. And among those that once 
 professed a purer faith, owing to their destitution of 
 the best guards against heresy, the Apostolic constitu- 
 tion of the ministry and a prescribed liturgy and ritual^ 
 an indifference and laxness prevail, which can hear 
 uttered as the oracles of truth, the most absurd and 
 blasphemous heresies, and listen, even in the temple of 
 the Most High, to those metaphysical speculation 
 
20 21 le United States of America 
 
 which would terminate in the doubt of his existence 
 and his attributes. ^ 
 
 From the melancholy view of the corruptions and 
 superstitibns that disfigure, and the heresies that sub- 
 vert the pure principles of Christianity among the na- 
 tions of the continent, let us turn to that Church, which 
 every heart among us must revere and love as the 
 Church of our fathers — by whom our own Zion (let 
 this never be forgotten) was planted, and long sedu- 
 lously and affectionately nourished ; and which, what- 
 ever may be the defects and faults that are caused 
 by those human admixtures which are extraneous to 
 her Apostolic and primitive character, still in that cha- 
 racter, and in the zeal and liberality with which she 
 expends her wealth and her labour in the diffusion of 
 Christianity, must call forth our warm admiration, af- 
 fection, and applause. And in union with this general 
 sentiment, the American Episcopal Church, I repeat 
 it, should cherish, as another tie which binds her to 
 this Church, gratitude for her *' first foundation, and 
 " for a long continuance of nursing care and protec- 
 
 g The present state of "German Protestantism" is ably and 
 eloquently exhibited in a course of sermons, preached in iVlay last, 
 before the University of Cambridge, by the Rev. Hugh James 
 Rose; who, for genius, learning, eloquence, and })rimitive prin- 
 ciples, zeal and piety, ranks among tiie most distinguished clergy 
 of the Ciiurch of England; and whom I am proud and happy to 
 call my friend. 
 
compared with — England. 21 
 
 " tion." Still she has cause of congratulation, that 
 having received, through the Church of England,'' the 
 faith as it was once delivered to the saints, the ministry 
 as it was constituted by the Apostles of our Lord, and 
 a worship conformable to that of the first Christian 
 ages, she professes and maintains them in their primi- 
 tive integrity, without being clogged or controlled by 
 that secular influence and power which sadly obstruct 
 the progress of the Church of England, and alloy her 
 Apostolic and spiritual character. 
 
 Look at the most important relation which the 
 Church can constitute, that which connects the pastor 
 with his flock. In the Church of England, this con- 
 nection is absolute property. The livings are in the gift 
 of individuals, of the government, or corporate bodies ; 
 and can be, and are, bought and sold like other pro- 
 perty. Hence, like other property, they are used for 
 the best interests of the holders, and are frequently 
 made subservient to the secular views of individuals 
 and families. And they present an excitement to enter 
 into the holy ministry, with too great an admixture of 
 worldly motives, and with a spirit often falling short of 
 that pure and disinterested iirdour which supremely 
 
 '» And the American Episcopal Church ought not to forget her 
 debt of gratitude to the ancient Episcopal Church of Scotland j 
 hy whose Bishops her first Bishop (Seabury) was consecrated. 
 
22 The United States of America 
 
 aims at the promotion of God's glory and the salvation 
 of mankind.* . 
 
 The connection thus constituted entirely indepen- 
 dent of the choice or wishes of the congregation, is 
 held entirely independent of them. And such are the 
 gross and lamentable obstructions to the exercise of 
 discipline, from the complicated provisions and forms 
 of their ecclesiastical law, that common, and even 
 serious clerical irregularities, are not noticed. In a case 
 of recent notoriety, abandoned clerical profligacy could 
 not be even tardily subjected to discipline, but at an 
 immense pecuniary sacrifice on the part of the Bishop 
 who attempted to do that to which his consecration 
 vows solemnly bind him.^ 
 
 • The mode of support by tythes, though perhaps, as 
 part of the original tenure of property, not unreasonable 
 nor oppressive, is still calculated to prevent, in many 
 
 ' Many are the cases of honourable patronage, and of entrance 
 into the ministry from the purest motives. But the general ten- 
 dency of the system is, I conceive, as above stated. 
 
 ^ A petition was presented, during the last session of parliament, 
 to the House of Lords and the House of Commons, complaining of 
 the Rector of a parish, who had for years been notorious for the 
 grossest profligacy. The Bishop of Lincoln stated in his place in 
 the House of Lords, that owing to the operation of certain formali- 
 ties in the ecclesiastical courts, he had hitherto ineffectually endea- 
 voured to subject this clergyman to discipline ; and considered it as 
 a hardship, that in this discharge of duty he had been already sub- 
 jected to an expense of several hundred pounds sterling. The de- 
 bate on this occasion was published in the English newspapers. 
 
compared with — England. 23 
 
 cases, cordial and affectionate intercourse between mi- 
 nister and people. Indeed, even where clerical duty- 
 is conscientiously discharged, the state of things does 
 not invite that kind of intercourse subsisting among us, 
 which leads the pastor into every family, not merely as 
 its pastor, but its friend. 
 
 I need not observe how superior, in all these re- 
 spects, are the arrangements (doubdess not without 
 their inconveniences, for no human system is perfect) 
 of our Church. To the congregations is secured the 
 appointment of their clergymen, under regulations that 
 prevent, in episcopal supervision and control, the choice 
 of heretical or unworthy persons, and his support arises 
 from their voluntary contributions, — the connection is 
 thus one of choice, and therefore of confidence and ' 
 affection.* The provisions for ecclesiastical discipline 
 
 ^ In the few cases of popular appointment of Rector or Lecturer 
 in the Church of England, every inhabitant of the parish, (which 
 is a district of a certain extent,) whether he be a Churchman or 
 dissenter, a Jr w;, an injidt'l or a heretic, has a right to vote • and 
 the canvassing which takes place, and the elections which ensue 
 are often attended with unpleasant occurrences. None of these 
 inconveniences are felt in the American Episcopal Church ; where 
 the choice of the minister is, in the larger churches, generally 
 made by the vestry, who are a select number of Episcopalians 
 chosen by the pew-holders in that particular church, to manage 
 their affairs. In the smaller churches, the congregation sometimes 
 choose their clergyman ; which is done by private consultation, or 
 by assembling in the church for that purpose : and from the force 
 of public opinion, any thing like canvassing, any efforts made bv 
 a clergyman to promote his election, would powerfully tend to , 
 
24 2'he United States of America 
 
 can arrest the progress of the unworthy clergyman, and 
 put him away from the congregations *he is injuring 
 and destroying, and the church which he is disgracing; 
 and happy are the effects in the general zeal and 
 purity and exemplary lives of the clergy, and the affec- 
 tionate intercourse that subsists between them and their 
 flocks."" Often have I taken pride and pleasure in ex- 
 citing the astonishment of those who supposed and 
 contended that the voluntary act of the people would 
 not adequately provide for the clergy, by stating in my 
 
 defeat it. In case the BishojD be not satisfied that the person so 
 chosen is a '^ qualified minister," provision is made for inquiring 
 into the sufficiency of the person so chosen, and for the confirma- 
 tion or rejection by the Bishop of the appointment, as the issue of 
 the inquiry may be. 
 
 ^ The canons of the Church, in every diocese, make provision for 
 the trial of clergymen on presentment to the Bishop, by the vestry 
 of the church of which he is minister, by a certain number of pres- 
 byters, by the convention of the clergy and lay representation of 
 the diocese, or by a stanciing committee of a certain number of 
 presbyters and laymen chosen by the convention. And the Bishop, 
 either in virtue of his episcopal superintendence generally, or of 
 the provisions of the canons, may, in case of rumours seriously 
 affecting the character of a clergyman, appoint a board of clergy- 
 men and laymen, to inquire whether there be cause of present- 
 ment; and if there be so in their judgment, to present accord- 
 ingly. Tlie ecclesiastical sentence, canonicaUy pronounced by the 
 Bishop after a canonical trial, will always be ratified by the civil 
 courts, should an appeal be made to them on a suit for damages. 
 In all such cases, the courts only inquire whether the individual 
 has been tried according to the rules of the denomination of Chris- 
 tians to which he belongs, and to which rules he has voluntarily 
 subjected himself. 
 
compared with — England, 25 
 
 own case ; the continuance of my salary ; the provision 
 for my parochial duty ; and the ample funds by which I 
 was enabled to leave my congregations and my diocese. 
 Advance higher in the relations that subsist in the 
 Church, to those which connect a Bishop with his dio- 
 cese. The commission of the Bishop, his Episcopal 
 authority, is conveyed to him by the Bishops who 
 consecrate him. But the election of the person to 
 be thus consecrated is nominally in the Dean and 
 Chapter of the cathedral of the diocese ; and theoreti- 
 eally in the King, who gives the Dean and Chapter 
 permission to elect the person, and only the person, 
 whom he names ; and thus, in the actual operation of 
 what is more an aristocratical than a monarchical go- 
 vernment, the Bishops are appointed by the Cabinet 
 or the Prime Minister; and hence, with some most 
 honourable exceptions, principally recent, the appoint- 
 ments have notoriously been directed with a view to 
 parliamentary influence. Almost all the prelates that 
 have filled the English sees, have owed their advance- 
 ment not solely as it ought to have been, and as, in our 
 system it must generally be, to their qualifications for the 
 ofiice ; but to a secular interest, extraneous from spiri- 
 tual or ecclesiastical considerations." 
 
 " I have often heard the remark made in England, and so 
 pubHcly that I cannot be accused of indelicacy in here stating 
 it, that no Prime Minister before the present (Lord Liverpool) 
 manifested scarcely any regard, in his ecclesiastical appointraentSj 
 
 4 
 
26 The United States of America 
 
 Advance still higher — to the Church in her exalted 
 legislative capacity, as the enactor of her own laws, 
 
 to otlier considprations than family or parliamentary influence. 
 In the Church of Ireland, until recently, this influence has alone 
 prevailed. In the Church of England, the Bench of Bishops is at 
 present most honourahl}/ filled. It is doubted whether the see of 
 Canterbury could be occupied by a prelate uniting so many quali- 
 fications for the office as those which render the life of Archbishop 
 Sutton of such value to the Church over which he presides. With 
 the most singular talent for business, he is unwearied in his devotion 
 to the multiplied concerns that daily claim his attention; and iii 
 every thing that he says, and in every thing that he does, there 
 are a prudence and propriety, a dignity and condescension, a deco- 
 rum and grace, which never fail to inspire with high reverence 
 and respect, and at the same time with pleasure and delight, all 
 who witness him in the oflicial station or in the private circle. 
 Elevated as the Metropolitan of England is above all the Peers, 
 except those of the Royal Family, and allied by birth as the pre- 
 sent metropolitan is with one of the noblest and most powerful 
 families of that country, I considered as an act of kind attention 
 the invitation which I received from him, to accompany him to 
 the House of Lords, at the opening of Parliament. And I could 
 not but admire the unaffected dignity and the mild courtesy which 
 distinguished him. On this occasion, and on others, the attentions 
 of himself and liis family were the most gratifying that I could 
 possibly receive, and have made an impi'ession on my mind which, 
 will never be effaced, and have excited feelhigs of gratitude which 
 will never be extinguished. 
 
 I owe the same acknowledgments most particularly to tlie pre- 
 late (Dr. Howleij,) whose exalted learning, and worth, and devo- 
 tion to duty, are of such great advantage to the diocese o^ London 
 —to the Bishop of Llandaff (Dr. Van Mildcrt,) whose extensive 
 and deep theological attainments are always actively employed in 
 the defence of primitive truth and order — to the Bishop of Peter- 
 hrjrough (Dr. Marsh,) and the Bishop of SnUshary (Dr. Bur-- 
 gfss,) whose critical acumen and learning, though sometimes ex- 
 erted in defence of opposite points of classical or theological spc- 
 
compared with — Euglamh 27 
 
 and regulations, and canons. The Convocation, the 
 legitimate legislature of the Church of England, and the 
 
 culation, are so great an honour to the Church — to tlie Bishop of 
 Durham (Dr. BarringfoUy) who, in a long life, has munificently 
 applied his patronage to the most useful and benevolent purposes 
 — to the Bishop of Litclifipld and Covfntry {I>v. Ryfler,) whose 
 exemplary piety and episcopal activity are so generally acknow- 
 ledged — and especially to the recently appointed Eishop of 
 Chester (Dr. Bloomjieldj) who, distinguished by the highest clas- 
 sical reputation, promises in his theological and episcopal career 
 to attain the most elevated station of honour and of usefulness. 
 From these, and from some other Bishops, especially the excellent^ 
 and learned, and active Bishop o{ Limerick (Dr. Jebh,") I received, 
 as far as opportunity offered, the kindest aitentions. And I hope I 
 shall be pardoned for this public acknowledgment of them ; parti- 
 cularly as my further abject is to remark, in reference to the senti- 
 ment expressed in the discourse, that eminently, most eminently 
 worthy as those prelates are of their exalted station, it may be 
 doubted whether, if they had not been of nobie birth or alliance, 
 or possessed, from their connection as tutors with noble families, 
 or from other cause, of what is called interest, they would have 
 filled the high stations which they now adorn. The same remark 
 will apply generally to other cases of court patronage. And the 
 evil is, the exclusion sometimes of superior merit, in consetjuence 
 of the want o{ intfreat ; and sometimes the advancement of those 
 who have little /jf any other pretensions than the possession of 
 this inter est. 
 
 In the American Episcopal Church, the Bishop of every diocese 
 is chosen in diocesan convention of the clergy, and the lay repre- 
 sentatives of congregations; each clergyman and each congrega- 
 tion having one vote; the concurrence of a majority of the clergy 
 and of a majority of the delegates being necessary to a choice. 
 The person elected by the diocesan convention, must be recom- 
 mended to the Bishops by a majority of the standing committees 
 of the respective dioceses, consisting of a certain number of clergy- 
 men and laymen chosen by the conventions thereof; or by the 
 House of Clerical and Lay Deputies of the General Convention : 
 
28 The United States of America 
 
 high grand inquest of the Church, has not exercised 
 its functions for more than a century. And the only 
 body that legislates for a Church thus bound by the 
 state and stripped of her legitimate authority, is parlia- 
 ment, with unlimited powers — a House of Lords, 
 where the presiding officer may be, and it is said has 
 been, a dissenter — a House of Commons, where 
 many are avowed dissenters, and where, whenever 
 church topics are discussed, ample evidence is afforded 
 that the greatest statesmen are not always the greatest 
 theologians.** 
 
 after which, the Bishops may consecrate or not, according to theii' 
 discretion. It seems impossible to devise a better mode of se- 
 curing a proper choice of a Bisliop — though doubtless it is liable to 
 the inconvenience of party feeling in the diocese; which however, 
 if ii should operate in an improper choice, may be counteracted by 
 the standing committees, or the House of Clerical and Lay Depu- 
 ties in General Convention, who must ratify the choice; or 
 by the Bishops, who must consummate it. The clergy and the 
 representatives of the congregations are, generally speaking, the 
 best judges of the fitness of the person who is to be their Bishop; 
 and as they are most interested in a fit choice, it is to be presumed 
 that generally they will make it. And the violence of party, if in 
 any case excited, will soon sober down, after the choice of the dio- 
 cese has been confirmed by the highest ecclesiastical authorities. 
 
 ^ The following remarks on the subject of parliamentary theo- 
 logy, are extracted from a most able work recently published, en- 
 tilled, " Letters to Charles Butler, Esq. on the Theological Parts 
 " of his Book of the Roman Catholic Church, by the Rev. Henry 
 " Phillpotts, D. D. Rector of Stanhope," in the diocese of Durham — 
 a most powerful writer, characterized not more by the compactness, 
 the energy, and the condusiv eness of his reasoning, than by the pun- 
 jjencvj elegance; and delicacy of the classical style in which that rea- 
 
compared ivkh—Englajid. 29 
 
 Let me not be misunderstood — I am not speaking 
 disrespectfully of dissenters, nor entering into the ques- 
 tion of the propriety of their participating in the civil 
 government of England. But what business have dis- 
 senters with legislating for a Church, from which they 
 dissent, and to which they are conscientiously opposed? 
 
 I need not remark to you how superior are the arrange- 
 ments of our ecclesiastical constitutions. These provide 
 in Diocesan Conventions, consistingof the Bishop, the 
 Clergy, and the delegates of congregations ; and in a 
 General Convention of the Bishops, the Clergy, and 
 the representatives of the Laity, with a negative on 
 each other, for the full, efficient, and vigorous exercise 
 of the legislative, executive, and judiciary powers of 
 
 zoning is made to reach the understanding, to gratify the taste, and 
 to arouse the feelings. This writer observes, (p. 218,) '' Of that ho- 
 " nourable assembly, to which I have here alluded, I trust that I shall 
 " not be thought likely to speak in terms of purposed disrespect. But 
 " I may without offence be permitted to observe, that the Reports of 
 ^' what passes in its deliberations on subjects like those w hich I am 
 " now treating, do not always tend to heighten our veneration for 
 " it. If ^ there is no royal road to philosophy,' neither is there 
 " any parliamentary short-cut in the science of divinity : — here 
 " privilege is of no further use, than to enable its possessors to 
 ^^ speak peremptorily in a high place, without always * knowing 
 " ^ what they say, or whereof they affirm :' in short, * honourable 
 " * members,' and even ' honourable and learned members,' must 
 " be content to be ignorant, where they will not take the trouble 
 " to be informed ; and if they think fit to proclaim their ignorance, 
 ^< they have only to thank themselves for any exposure to which 
 •^' it subjects them." 
 
30 272^- United States of America 
 
 the Church; and at the same time secure in every 
 department, and in every officer, that responsibility 
 which is essential to a zealous and correct administation 
 of ecclesiastical affairs. 
 
 The principle of our ecclesiastical polity we derive 
 from the Church of England. It is the principle which 
 its ablest champion, styled, in olden time and in olden 
 phrase, " the judicious Hooker," enforces and vindicates 
 — that all orders of men affected by the laws, should 
 have a voice in making them.^ lln the theory of the ec- 
 
 P " To take away all such mutual grievances, injuries and 
 " wrongs, there was no way but only by growing unto composi- 
 *^ tien and agreement amongst themselves, by ordaining some 
 " kind of government publick, and by yielding themselves subject 
 " thereunto ; that unto whom they granted authority to rule or 
 " govern, by them the peace, tranquillity, and happy estate of the 
 " rest might be procured." (Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, vol.i. 
 page 241. Oxford edition.) — " Strifes and troubles would be end- 
 " less, except they gave their common consent all to be ordered 
 ** by some whom they should agree upon. Without which con- 
 " sent there were no reason that one man should take upon him 
 " to be lord or judge over another." (Ibid. pp. 241, 242.) — 
 ** Impossible it is that any should have complete lawful power 
 " but by consent of men, or immediate appointment of God." 
 (Ibid. p. 242.) — " So that, in a word, all publick regiment, of 
 " what kind soever, seemeth evidently lo have risen from deli- 
 " berate advice, consultation, and composition between men, judg- 
 *' ing it convenient and behoveful." (Ibid. p. 243. — " The law- 
 " ful power of making laws to command whole politick societies 
 " of men, belongeth so properly unto the same entire societies, 
 " that for any prince or potentate of what kind soever upon earth 
 " to exercise the same of himself, and not eitiier by express com- 
 " mission immediately and personally received from God, or else 
 
compared xvitli — England, SI 
 
 elesiastical constitution of England, the Bishops and the 
 Clergy legislate in the upper and lower house of Convo- 
 cation ; and the laity in Parliament, whose assent, or that 
 of the King, is necessary to all acts of the Convocation. 
 But though the Convocation is summoned and meets 
 at every opening of Parliament, the prerogative of the 
 King is immediately exercised in dissolving it. Hence 
 Parliament — a lay body, with the exception of the Bi- 
 shops who sit in the House of Lords, and whose in- 
 dividual votes are merged in the great mass of the Lay 
 Peers — becomes in its omnipotence the sole legislator 
 of the Apostolical and spiritual Church of England. 
 
 " by authority derived at the first from their consent upon whose 
 " persons they impose laws, it is no better than meer tyranny. 
 *' Laws they are not therefore which publick approbation hath not 
 " made so." (Ibid, p 246.) — " Till it be proved that some spe- 
 *' cial law of Christ hath for ever annexed unto the clergy alone the 
 " power to make ecclesiastical laws, we are to hold it a thing 
 " most consonant with equity and reason, that no ecclesiastical 
 *' laws be made in a Christian commonwealth, without consent as 
 *' well of the laity as of the clergy, but least of all without consent of 
 " the highest power. For of this thing no man doubteth, namely, 
 " that in all societies, companies, and corporations, what severally 
 " each shall be bound unto, it must be with all their assents rati- 
 " fied. Against all equity it were, that a man should suffer detrl- 
 ** ment at the hands of men for not observing that which he never 
 " did either by himself or by others, mediately or immediately 
 " agree unto." (Ibid. vol. iii. pp. S&^^ 369.) — " Peace and justice 
 *^ are maintained by preserving unto every order their right, and 
 *^ by keeping all estates, as it were, in an even balance." (Ibid. 
 |». 369.) 
 
32 The United States of America 
 
 And the plan has been agitated, of altering by autho- 
 rity of Parliament the marriage service of the Church, 
 so as to compel the Clergy to dispense with those 
 parts which recognize the doctrine of the Trinity, in 
 accommodation to the scruples of a certain class of 
 dissenters.'! Thanks to that good Providence who 
 hath watched over our Zion, no secular authority can 
 interfere with, or control our high ecclesiastical as- 
 sembly. The imposing spectacle is seen there, of 
 her Bishops in one house, and her Clergy and Laity 
 by their representatives in another, (analogous to the 
 mode of our civil legislation,) exercising legislative, and 
 by the Bishops, admonitory authority over the whole 
 Church, and co-ordinately enacting the laws that her 
 exigencies may demand. Harmony, union, vigour, zeal^ 
 like the life-blood of the human frame, are thus sent 
 from this heart of our system, into every part of the 
 spiritual body — through all the members of our church, 
 wliich is destined, we humbly trust, to exhibit not only 
 as under the most discouraging circumstances, she has 
 always done, in its purity, but in the strength arising 
 from increasing numbers, the primitive truth and order 
 which Apostles proclaimed and established, and for 
 
 q The plan has not succeeded ; nor is it likely to succeed. But 
 the fact of its agitation is mentioned to show the ideas entertained 
 of the omnipotmce of Parliament in matters ecclesiastical as well 
 as civil. 
 
compared ivith — England. 33 
 
 which they and a noble army of martyrs laid down 
 their lives/' 
 
 ^ The Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 in America, are identified as to the Episcopacy ; by which is 
 meant the divine constitution of the ministry in the orders ol Bi- 
 shops, Priests, and Deacons, with their appropriate powers; the 
 order of Bishops possessing exclusively the powers of ordination, 
 of confirmation, of superintendence, and of supremacy in govern- 
 ment. But these Churches differ in many respects in their Epis- 
 copal government; which general term not only includes the above 
 orders of the ministry, but extends to other offices of human ap- 
 pointment ; and especially to the mode by which her ministers 
 are vested with jurisdiction ; and to the particular organization of 
 her legislative, executive, and judiciary departments. It is correct 
 to speak of the divine institution of Episcopacy ; but not as is done 
 by some writers of the divine constitution of Episcopal govern- 
 ment ; which on many points is of human arrangement, and varies 
 in different Episcopal Churches. 
 
 In the American Episcopal Church, the body which exercises 
 her legislative power is constituted analogous to the paramount 
 civil body of the United States — the Congress. This consists of 
 two houses, of senators and representatives of the several states^ 
 the concurrence of both being necessary to laws. And the supreme 
 authority of the American Episcopal Church is vested in like 
 manner in a General Convention of two houses, with co-ordinate 
 powers — the House of the Bishops of the several dioceses — and the 
 House of Clerical and Lay Deputies from each diocese, chosen by 
 the Clergy and representatives of the congregations in diocesan 
 Conventions ; the consent of both houses being necessary to the acts 
 of the Convention ; and the Clergy and Laity having a negative 
 on each other. The government of the Episcopal Church in Ame- 
 rica is perhaps even more republican than that of the Presbyterian 
 denomination. The legislative bodies of the latter are not divided aa 
 that of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church is, into two 
 houses, similar to the civil legislatures; nor in their ecclesiastical 
 assemblies have the Laity, voting as a distinct body, a complete 
 negative on the acts of the Clergy, as they have in all the legislative 
 
 5 
 
34 The United States of America 
 
 I might dwell on other points of comparison — but 
 the detail is painful to me, and I forbear/ I forbear 
 
 bodies of the Protestant Episcopal Church. There is also a close 
 analogy between the civil government and the government of the 
 Episcopal Church in the single and responsible executives — the 
 president and governors in the one ; and in the other, the Bishops 
 of the several dioceses, originally elective officers, and amenable 
 by impeachment of the diocesan Conventions to the general 
 council of Bishops. A single executive, securing at once energy 
 and responsibility, a feature so valuable in our civil constitutions, 
 is unknown to all the forms of Church government, except the 
 Episcopal. Let it not be said tiien that there is any inseparable 
 alliance between an Episcopal government and monarchy Hap- 
 pily without violating the cardinal principles of Episcopacy in the 
 divinel}' constituted powers of Bishops, Episcopal government 
 may be adapted to any form of civil polity ; and in this country, 
 resembles more than any other ecclesiastical government, our civil 
 constitutions. 
 
 s I cannot, however, avoid adverting to one or two other par- 
 ticulars. It would hardly be supposed, and yet such is the factj 
 that the theological requisitions for the ministry, and the provisions 
 for theological education in the American Church, are much 
 superior to those in the Church of England. With respect to the 
 qualifications for orders, in addition to evidence of pious and moral 
 character, the canons of the latter church only require that the 
 person applying for orders has " taken some degree of school in 
 ^' either of the universities ; or at the least, that he be able to- 
 ^' yield an account of his faith in the Latin, according to the articles 
 '' of religion ; and to confirm the same by suflTicient testimonies 
 " out of the Holy Scriptures." No previous time for theological 
 study is specified. Compare with the above meagre requisitions, 
 the following, contained in a canon of the American Episcopal 
 Church.— (See Appendix, No. L) 
 
 In the Church of England there are really scarcely any public 
 provisions for theological education for the ministry. In each of 
 the universities there are only two professors of divinity. Their 
 duties are confined to delivering at stated times^ a few lectures on 
 
compared with — England. SS 
 
 also, lest it should be supposed that I delight in 
 exposing the weak points of a church, who, with all 
 
 divinity to the university students ; but they have not the especial 
 charge of the candidates for orders, who are left to study wJiejt 
 and tvhfre and hoio they please. Almost iir.'.nediately on gradu- 
 ating, they may apply for orders, with no other theological know- 
 ledge than what was obtained in the general course of religious 
 studies in the college of which they have been members. 
 
 In the American Episcopal Church, a Theological Seminary, 
 under the authority and control of the whole church, is established, 
 embracing, under six professorships, a course of tlitologival study 
 of three years, in which, for nine months every year, the students 
 are daily examined by the professors on the subjects of their 
 respective departments. — (See Appendix, No. II.) 
 
 Must not every friend to the Church of England most ardently 
 desire that in the universities, distinct and full provision, similar 
 to that above named, should be made for theological education ? 
 And could there be a better plan than i\mt o( (Jiviniti/ culleges^ 
 where the graduates of the other colleges could pursue their theo- 
 logical studies under suitable professors and tutors? What an 
 incalculable effect would such institutions produce in raising the 
 tone of theological and practical qualifications for the ministry, 
 and in counteracting the superficial and secular views with which 
 that holy function is now too often regarded } A church of such 
 wealth and influence as the Church of England, has only to say 
 this must be done, and it vould be done. But alas ! the Church 
 of England cannot speak nor act. There is no community of 
 authoritative acts as in the American Church between the Bishops, 
 none between them and the Clergy and the Laity. No Gmeral 
 Convention of the Bishops and the representatives of the Clergy 
 and Laity, superintends and regulates her concerns. 
 
 The only public bodies of the Church of Ei^gland, are the 
 Society for Promoting Christian Knov/ledge, the Society for Pro- 
 pagating the Gospel, and the Church JMissionary Society. But 
 these have no authoritative power over the internal concern? 
 of the church; and are in many respects most loosely organized. 
 The business of the two former is regulated by public me'^ring.'-' 
 
36 The United States of America 
 
 her faults, arising not from her spiritual character, but 
 from secular arrangements, is the great blessing and 
 hope of England and of Protestant Europe; who, 
 notwithstanding defects that obscure her splendour and 
 impede her Apostolic influence, I revere and love ; and 
 who ranks among her Bishops and Clergy some of the 
 highest names for talents, for learning, for piety, and 
 for laborious zeal ; and whose friendship and hospitable 
 attentions, an honour to any person, I have felt to be 
 an hon(;ur to me. I make this acknovvledgment with 
 emotions of the liveliest gratitude for the abundant hos- 
 pitalities and attentions which gladdened my residence 
 among them. But surely this powerful feeling is not to 
 repress the exercise of the privilege, and indeed the 
 
 of all the members, in which, as far as votwg is concerned, the 
 Bishops may be entirely controlled by the Clerical and Lay mem- 
 bers, and the two former by the latter, who it is believed, out num- 
 ber them. How much more correct and judicious the principle 
 of a concurrent vote by orders in the American Church, so that 
 the three orders of Bishops, Clergy, and Laity, have a negative 
 on each other. No person I think, who knows the present state 
 of the Church of England, but must ardently desire the union of 
 the two societies for Propagating the Gospel, and the Church 
 Missionary Society, in a nnv society, to be managed by directors 
 consisting of the Bishops, of certain of the beneficed Clergy, and 
 of officers of the state ; and of the law ; and of other persons 
 to be chosen by the members — in this board of direction, adopting 
 the principle above mentioned, of voting by orders. The party 
 spirit that now rages in that church, would thus be allayed, and 
 the greatest efficiency given to the operations of the Church of 
 England, in the important work of propagating the Gospel. 
 
compared zvith — England. 37 
 
 duty of every person who may have the opportunity, 
 of comparing his own country and church with others, 
 not for the unworthy purpose of petty boasting, but in 
 the elevated view and hope, however humble his influ- 
 ence, of advancing the great interests of the human 
 kind, and the divine cause of the kingdom and church 
 of Jesus Christ. Hospitalities and attentions, estimable 
 as they may be, would, at such a price, be much too 
 dearly purchased. 
 
 No — I revere and love England and its church; 
 but I love my own church and country better. — " If 
 " I forget thee, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget 
 *' its cunning. If I do not remember thee, may my 
 *' tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I prefer 
 <* not Jerusalem above my chief joy." 
 
 It is with a view to nourish the same sentiments 
 in you, that I have indulged in remarks which some 
 may think unnecessary and invidious. But what I 
 have said, has been dictated by a paramount sense 
 of duty, which, when clear and decided, ought not 
 to look to personal consequences — by a deep and de- 
 liberate conviction that you cannot be made sensible 
 of the great superiority of your own church in many 
 particulars of human arrangement, but by the compa- 
 rison which I have made. And you ought to know 
 and to feel this superiority, not for the purpose (I re- 
 peat it) of nourishing a foolish vain-glory, but of che» 
 
38 The United States of America 
 
 rishing that enlightened and warm attachment to your 
 church, which only will lead to zealous and unabating 
 endeavours to preserve her purity, and extend her hal- 
 lowed influence. 
 
 Nor is this comparison without another important 
 object. Common opinion often identifies our church 
 not merely in the cardinal points of faith, of ministry, 
 and of worship, in which we are proud thus to be 
 identified, with the Church of England, but in the 
 organization which results from her connection with 
 the state. This erroneous view of our church has sub- 
 jected her, in various places and at different times, to 
 an odium which, preventing a dispassionate examina- 
 tion of her real character, of her Apostolic and primi- 
 tive claims, has seriously retarded her progress. It 
 has been insinuated, if not openly asserted, that we 
 secretly desired the establishment, the honours, and 
 the wealth of the Church of England. God for- 
 bid (I speak reverently and most seriously) that we 
 should ever have them. It may be doubted whether 
 in their present operation they are a blessing to tha 
 Church of England. They weigh down her Apostolic 
 principles; they obstruct the exercise of her legiti- 
 mate powers ; they subject her to worldly policy ; they 
 infect her with worldly views. Still in her doctrines, 
 in her ministry, in her worship, she is ** all glorious 
 *' within" — and thanks to the sound and orthodox and 
 
compared witk — England. 39 
 
 jealous Clergy, who have been faithful to her princi- 
 ples, she is still the great joy and the great blessing of 
 the land. It would be irnposssible to sever the church 
 from the state without a convulsion which would up- 
 root both, and thus destroy the fairest fabric of social 
 and religious happiness in the European world. But 
 many of the abuses to which secular interest and views 
 have subjected the Church of England, and many even 
 of the original defects of her constitution, might be, 
 and may we not hope will be, corrected and remedied 
 by the gradual but powerful influence o^ public opinion. 
 And it therefore is a high act of duty and of friendship 
 to that church, to direct the public attention to those 
 abuses and defects.* For if the Church of England 
 were displayed in her evangelical and apostolic cha- 
 racter, purified and reformed from many abuses which 
 have gradually but seriously diminished her influence ; 
 greater would be the blessings she would diffuse, more 
 limited and less inveterate the dissent from her, and 
 
 i « The author has not the vanity or the presumption to suppose, 
 that his opinions will be considered as of so much importance in 
 England, as to excite any solicitude as to their nature or their 
 operation. But he must say, that fervently and deeply attached 
 to the Church of England in her apostolic and primitive character, 
 if he were one of her clergy, and occupied a station of influence, 
 he should feel it an imperious duty, and the highest evidence of his 
 attachment to her, to proclaim precisely the same opinions which 
 he has expressed in this discourse-; 
 
40 The United States of America 
 
 more devoted the grateful attachment of her mem- 
 bers. We want not, therefore, the wealth, the honours, 
 or the establishment of the Church of England. With 
 the union of church and state commenced the great 
 corruptions of Christianity. And so firmly persuaded 
 am I of the deleterious effects of this union, that if I 
 must choose the one or the other, I would take the 
 persecution of the state rather than her favour, her 
 frowns rather than her smiles, her repulses rather than 
 her embraces." It is the eminent privilege of our 
 church, that, evangelical in her doctrines and her wor- 
 ship, and apostolic in her ministry, she stands as the 
 primitive church did,^ before the first Christian em- 
 peror loaded her with the honours that proved more 
 injurious to her than the relentless persecution of his 
 imperial predecessors. In this enviable land of religi- 
 ous freedom, our church, in common with every other 
 religious denomination, asks nothing from the state 
 but that which she does not fear will ever be denied 
 her — protection, equal and impartial protection. 
 
 " Perhaps these expressions are too strong. I know they are 
 thought so by some whose judgments I greatly respect. But I must 
 confess, T think they are justified by tlie view which history affords 
 of the effects of state influence on the church. 
 
 X In this view, as identified with the church in the first and 
 purest ages of Christianity, how exahed is her character, how 
 responsible her situation, and how momentous the duties of her 
 clergy and her people. 
 
compared with — England. 41 
 
 My brethren, I have done — I have laid before you 
 at this interesting period of meeting you after a long 
 absence, some of the thoughts and feelings that have 
 occupied my mind. But there is still one weight of 
 which you must allow me to disburden myself — that 
 of gratitude to you. You sympathized kindly and 
 tenderly with me in the illness that disabled me from 
 serving you. You pressed my voyage abroad. As a 
 vestry, and individually, you made the most ample 
 provision for me. I left you with your kindest wishes, 
 attentions, and prayers. I left you with the hope in- 
 deed, that I should meet you again ; but truly, with 
 some apprehension that it might be otherwise. But I 
 left you with a heart solaced and cheered by your 
 kindness; the recollection of which cheered many 
 lonely moments, solaced many days of solitude and 
 sickness, in distant lands. Through the protection 
 and favour of a gracious Providence, I meet you ; 
 and I am greeted with a welcome, oh let me say 
 so, that my heart delights to think, is an evidence 
 that I have a stronger hold on your affections and 
 your confidence than I supposed I possessed — and 
 beheve me, than I think I deserve. I ought to be the 
 happiest of men ; and considering what I owe to my 
 congregations and my diocese, I ought to be the best 
 of Pastors and the best of Bishops. In the strong sense 
 of my obligations to God for his mercies, not the least 
 
 6 
 
42 The United States compared with — England, 
 
 of which are your confidence and attachment which 
 bind me to your service, I will, by his grace, aim at 
 what I cannot hope to attain. And may he, the Author 
 of all good, the God and Father of our Lord and Sa- 
 viour Jesus Christ, bestow on you his choicest bless- 
 ings ; not merely the temporal joys of a fading life, but 
 the rich blessings of his mercy and grace in Jesus 
 Christ, through the ages of eternity. 
 
APPENDIX, No. I. 
 
 ;Extract from the Constitution and Canons of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in the United States of America. 
 
 " Article I. 
 " There shall be a General Convention of the Protestant Epis«= 
 " copal Church in the United States of America, at such time in 
 <* every third year, and in such place, as shall be determined by 
 " the convention ; and in case there shall be an epidemic disease, 
 " or any other good cause to render it necessary to alter the place 
 " fixed on for any such meeting of the convention, the presiding 
 ^' Bishop shall have it in his power to appoint another convenient 
 " place (as near as may be to ihe place so fixed on) for the holding 
 *^ of such convention : and special meetings may be called at other 
 '•times, in the manner hereafter to be provided for; and this 
 ^' Church, in a majority of the states which shall have adopted this 
 ^' constitution, shall be represented, before they shall proceed to 
 *' business ; except that th« representation from two states shall be 
 *^ sufficient to adjourn : and in all business of the convention, free- 
 " dom of debate shall be allowed." 
 
 ^* Article III. 
 " The Bishops of this Church, when there shall be three or 
 " more, shall, whenever General Conventions are held, form a 
 " separate house, with a right to originate and propose acts, for 
 ^' the concurrence of the House of Deputies, composed of clergy 
 " and laity : and when any proposed act shall have passed the 
 " House of Deputies, the same shall be transmitted to the House 
 " of Bishops, who shall have a negative thereupon ; and all acts 
 '' of the convention shall be authenticated by both houses. And 
 " in all cases, the House of Bishops shall signify to the convention 
 " their approbation or disapprobation (the latter with their reasons 
 " in writing) within three days after the proposed act shall have 
 *' been reported to them for concurrence; and in failure thereof, 
 " it shall have the operation of a law. But until there shall be 
 " three or more Bishops, as aforesaid, any Bishop attending a 
 " General Convention shall be a member ex ojicio, and shall vote 
 *^ with the clerical deputies of the state to which he belongs; and 
 '^ a Bishop shall then preside.*' 
 
44 APPENDIX. 
 
 " Of Candidates for Orders, 
 
 *^ Every person who wishes to become a candidate for orders 
 " in this church, shall give notice of his intention to the Bishop, or 
 " to such body as the church in the diocese or state in which he 
 " intends to apply for orders may appoint, at least one year before 
 " his ordination. 
 
 " No person shall be considered as a candidate for orders in this 
 " church, unless he shall have produced to the Bishop of the di- 
 " ocese or state to whom he intends to apply for orders, a certifi- 
 " cate from the standing committee of said diocese or state, that 
 " ihey believe, from personal knowledge, or from testimonials laid. 
 " before them, that he hath lived piously, soberly, and honestly; 
 " that he is attached to the dt)ctrines, discipline, and worship of 
 " tie Protestant Episcopal Church ; and further, that in their 
 " opinion he possesses such iiualifications as may render him apt 
 " and meet to exercise the ministry to the glory of God and the 
 " edifying of the church. 
 
 *^ With this enumeration of qualifications, it ought to be made 
 *^ known lo the candidate, that the church expects of him, what 
 *' can never be brought to the test of any outward standard — an 
 " inward fear and worship of Almighty God; a love of religion, 
 " and sensibility to its holy inliuence; an habit of devout affec- 
 " tion; and, in short, a cultivation of all those graces which are 
 ^' called in Scripture the fruits of the Spirit, and by which alone 
 *' his sacred influences can be manifested. 
 
 " The Bishop may then admit the person as a candidate for 
 '* orders." 
 
 " Of the preparatory Exercises of a Candidate for Deacon^s 
 " Orders. 
 " There shall be assigned to every candidate for deacon's orders 
 ^^ four different examinations, at such times and places as the Bishop 
 " to whom he applies for orders shall appoint. And if there be a 
 ^^ Bishop within the state or diocese where the candidate resides, 
 *' he shall apply to no other Bishop for ordination without the 
 " permission of the former. The examinations shall take place 
 " in the presence of the Bishop and as many Presbyters as can 
 " conveniently be convened, on the following studies prescribed by 
 ** the canons, and by the course of study esiablished by the house 
 *' of Bishops. 
 
APPENDIX. 45 
 
 " At the first examination — on some approved treatises on 
 " natural philcsophj', moral philosof by, and ibetoric. and the 
 *' Greek Testament; and be shall be required to give an account 
 <* of his faith in the Latin tongue. At the second examination — 
 " on the books of Scripture; the candidate being required to give 
 *' an account of the different books, and to explain such passages 
 " as may be proposed to him At the third examination — on the 
 " evidences of Christianity, and systematic divinity. And at the 
 " last examination — on church history, ecclesiastical polity, the 
 " Book of Common Prayer, and the constitution and canons of 
 " the church, and of the diocese or state for which he is to be 
 " ordained. In the choice of books on the above subjects, the 
 '* candidate is to be guided by the course of study established by 
 " the House o( Bishops. At each of the forementioned examina- 
 ' " tions he shall produce and read a sermon or discourse, composed 
 " by himself on some passage of Scripture previously assigned 
 " him; which sermon or discourse shall be submitted to the criti- 
 " cism of the Bishop and Clergy present. And before his ordina- 
 " tion he shall be required to perform such exercises in reading, 
 '^ in the pre.sence of the Bishop and Clergy, as may enable them 
 " to give him such advice and instructions as may aid him in per- 
 " forming the service of the church, and in delivering his sermons 
 ^^ with propriety and devotion.'' 
 
 No. II. 
 
 Extract from the Statutes of the General Theological 
 Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 
 United States of America. 
 
 " Of the Course of Theological Learning. 
 
 " The Course of Theological Learning to be pursued in this 
 " Seminary shall embrace the following departments : — 
 
 ^' 1. Oriental and Greek Literature; comprising the knowledge 
 " which is necessary to the critical study of the Holy Scriptures 
 " in the original languages. 
 
 " 2. Biblical Learning; comprehending whatever relates to the 
 " criticism of the sacred text. 
 
40 APPENDIX* 
 
 <^ S. The Interpretation of the Scriptures ; exhibitinsf the prin- 
 " ciples of scriptural interpretation, and the meaning and practicstl 
 " application of the sacred writings. 
 
 " 4. The Evidences of Revealed Religion ; establishing the 
 ^' genuineness, authenticity, and credibility of the Scriptures, and 
 " a view of the character and effects of Christianity, of the various 
 " objections of infidel writers, with a refutation of them, and of 
 " moral science in its relations to theology. 
 
 " 5. Systematic Divinity; presenting a methodical arrange^ 
 " ment and explanation of the truths contained in the Scriptures, 
 '< with the authorities sustaining these truths ; a statement aud re* 
 " futation of the erroneous doctrines attempted to be deduced from 
 " the sacred writings ; and a particular view and defence of the 
 " system of faith professed by the Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 " 6. Ecclesiastical History; displaying the history of the Church 
 " in all ages, and particularly of the Church of England, and of 
 " the Protestant Episcopal Church in this country. 
 
 " 7. The Nature, Ministry, and Polity of the Church, com- 
 " prising a view of the nature of the Christian Church, and of the 
 " duty of preserving its unity ; of the authority and orders of the 
 " ministry; with a statement and elucidation of the principles of 
 " ecclesiastical polity, and an explanation and defence of that of 
 " the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and also an exhibition of the 
 " authority and advantages of liturgical service, with a history, 
 " explanation, and defence of the Liturgy of the Protestant Epis- 
 " copal Church, and of its rites and ceremonies. 
 
 " 8. Pastoral Theology and Pulpit Eloquence; explaining and 
 " enforcing the qualifications and duties of the clerical office ; and 
 " including the performance of the service of the Church; and the 
 ^^ composition and delivery of sermons. 
 
 " Of the Professors, 
 
 " The Instructions of this Seminary shall be conducted by the 
 '' following Professors, viz. — 
 
 '^ 1. A Professor of Oriental and Greek Literature. 
 
 "'^2. A Professor of Biblical Learning and the Interpretation 
 ^'' of Scripture. 
 
 " 3. A Professor of the Evidences of Revealed Religion, and of 
 '' Moral Science in its relations to Theology. 
 
 "' 4» A ProfessQr of Systematic Divinity. 
 
"5. A I^rofessdf of Ecclesiastical History, and the Nature, 
 " Ministry, and Polity of the Church. 
 
 " 6i A Professor of Pastoral Theology and Pulpit Eloquence. 
 
 «« Oft/te Students. 
 
 " As- niere theological learning, tinaccompanied with real piety, 
 *' is not a sufficient qualification for the ministry, it is declared to 
 " be the duty of every student, with an humble reliance on divine 
 " grace, to be assiduous in the cuhivation of evangelical faith, and 
 " a sound practical piety; neither contenting himself with mere 
 " formality, nor running into fanaticism. He must be careful to 
 ** maintain, every day, stated periods of pious reading, meditation, 
 " and devotion 5 and occasional special seasons for the more so- 
 " lemn and enlarged observance of these duties, together with that 
 " of such abstinence as is suited to extraordinary acts of devotion, 
 " having due regard to the days and seasons recommended for this 
 " purpose by the Church. In order to excite just views of the na- 
 " ture, responsibilities, and obligations of the clerical office, he 
 " should frequently and carefully read over the services for the 
 '^ ordination of Deacons and Priests, with a view of making their 
 " contents the subjects of serious reflection, and an incitement to 
 " fervent prayer, that, if admitted to either of those offices, he may 
 ** have grace to be faithful in the discharge of its duties. He must 
 " be regular in attendance on the public service of the Church, not 
 " only on Sundays, but also, as his studies and other duties will 
 " admit, on holy-days and prayer-days. Sundays, in particular, 
 ** he should consider as devoted, except the portions of them oc- 
 " cupied in the stated services of the Church, to the private use of 
 " means for his advancement in Christian kffowledge and piety. 
 " And with a v^ew to the promotion of the same great object, it 
 " shall be the duty of the Professors to commence their respective 
 " lectures or recitations with an office of devotion appointed for 
 " the purpose, and to incorporate with their instructions, as op- 
 ** portunity is afforded, such advice and directions as may tend to 
 " the religious improvement of the students, and to their proper 
 " view of the true character and weighty obligations of the Gospel 
 " ministry. 
 
 «* Of the Course of Study, 
 
 " There shall be three classes in the Seminary ; the term of 
 ^* study in each of which shall be one year. The students who 
 
4S APPENDIX. 
 
 '* enter the first year, shall compose the third class; those ad- 
 " vanced into the second year, the second class ; and those into 
 '^ the third year, the first class 
 
 " The course of study in the different classes shall be as follows : 
 
 " All the classes shall, on one day in each week, from the 
 " commencement of the first session of each year, and through the 
 " second session until the last of May, and as often on the day ap- 
 <^ pointed as he may re(juire, attend the Professor of Pastoral The- 
 " ology and Pulpit Eloquence, for the performance of the services 
 " of the Church, the delivery of original sermons, and the instruc- 
 « tions and recitations, or other exercises, to which he may think 
 " proper to call their attention, 
 
 " In addition to the above, the foUovvinjr course of studies shall 
 " be pursued : — 
 
 " Third Class. This class shall attend the instructions of the 
 " Professors of Oriental and Greek Literature ; of Biblical Learn- 
 " ing, and the Interpretation of Scripture : and of the Evidences 
 " of Revealed Religion, and of Moral Science in its relations to 
 " Theology; at least one half of their time being devoted, during 
 " the first session, to the first named of the above Professors. 
 
 " Second Class. During the first session, this class shall attend 
 " the Professor of Oriental and Greek Literature ; the Professor 
 " of Biblical Learning, &c. ; and the Professor of the Evidences of 
 " Christianity. During the second session, they shall devote four- 
 " fifths of their time not occupied as above stated with the Pro- 
 " fessor of Pastoral Theology, to the Professors of Systematic Di- 
 " vinity, and of Ecclesiastical History, and the Nature, Ministry, 
 " and Polity of the Christian Church ; and the remainder to the 
 " Professor of Biblical Learning, &c. 
 
 " First Class. This class shall attend the Professors of Syste~ 
 " raatic Divinity and of Ecclesiastical History, &c." 
 
 FINI§. 
 
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