fe Book ■JffT Issued July 12, 1912. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 251. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. THE PECAN. BY C. A. REED, Special Agent in Nut-Culture Investigations, Office of Field Investigations in Pomology. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1912. tlonogra^b Issued July 12, 1912. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 251. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. THE PECAN. BY C. A. REED, Special Agent in Nut-Culture Investigations, Office of Field Investigations in Pomology. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1312. I "■ BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. issistant Chief of Bureau, William A. Taylor Editor, J E. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. Field Investigations in Pomology. scientific staff. A. V. Stubenrauch, Expert in Cliarge. <;. C. Husmann and II. P. Gould, Pomologists. A. D. Sbamel, Physiologist. S. J. Dennis, II. J. Ramsey, C. S. Pomerny, A. W. McKay, Richard Schmidt, Gilbert Bi3 Crawford, jr., and C. G. Patten, Experts. W. I'. Fletcher, B. B. Pratt, Charles Dearing, C. W. Mann. K. B. Lewis, George M. 1 Darrow, L. B. Scott, and George \Y. Dewey, Scientific Assistants. C. A. Reed, Special igent. F. L. Husmann, Viticultural Superintendent. 251 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry. Office of the Chief, Washington, D. C ., March 20, 1912. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled "The Pecan," by Mr. C. A. Reed, Special Agent in Nut-Culture Investi- gations, prepared under the direction of Mr. A. V. Stubenrauch, Expert in Charge of Field Investigations in Pomology. I recommend that this paper be published as Bulletin No. 251 of the Bureau series. Respectfully, B. T. Galloway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. 251 o CONTENTS Page. Introduction 7 Botanical classification of the pecan 9 Natural distribution 9 Habit of growth n Flowering habit 12 Decrease in number of native trees 13 Cultural distribution 13 Extent of planting 14 Economic importance 15 Culture lg Preservation of nut-bearing forests 16 Soil and moisture requirements 17 History of propagation and planting 17 Propagation lg Selecting seed for planting lg Stratifying pecan seed 19 Planting pecan seed 19 Comparison of seedling and grafted trees 20 Cleft grafting 21 Formulas for grafting wax 23 Preparation of grafting cloth 23 Care of cleft grafts 24 Whip grafting 24 Care of whip grafts 25 Budding by the annular method 25 Budding by the patch method 27 Care of annular and patch buds 29 Budding by the chip method 3 Stocks for grafting and budding 31 Length of time trees should remain in the nursery 31 Top-working 01 Stocks for top-working 31 How to top-work 32 Top-working hickory with pecan 33 Planting 00 Trees for planting og Setting the trees 40 Cultivation 4 ~ Bearing age !! 41 Nut handling. . ., ~, ? 41 Harvesting ,, Marketing 42 Cleaning, polishing, and tinting 43 Cracking ,,, Sizing """ u 251 5 6 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Varieties 44 Origin of varieties 44 Selection of varieties 45 Papershell pecans 4(j Description of varieties 46 Index 53 ILLUSTRATIONS, Page. Fig. 1 . Outline map of the United States, showing the range of the pecan 9 2. A large pecan tree in Ascension Parish, La 10 3. A native forest cleared of timber other than pecan 11 4. Characteristic pecan trees of Texas 12 5. Pecan foliage and flowers L3 6. A pecan forest near San Antonio, Tex., in process of transformation into a grove 16 7. A tool specially designed for cleft grafting 21 8. Mallet for use in cleft grafting 21 9. Cleft grafting. Successive steps in the operation 22 10. Whip grafting. Early steps in the operation 25 11. Whip grafting. Later steps in the operation 26 12. A metal tool specially designed for use in annular budding 27 13. A tool with wooden handles and steel blades specially designed for use in annular budding 27 14. Another type of metal tool specially designed for use in annular budding . 27 15. Annular budding 28 16. A metal tool specially designed for use in patch budding 29 17. Chip or "dormant" budding 30 18. Seedling tree cut back during the dormant season 33 19. Seedling tree cut back to a stump 15 inches in diameter, for top-working . 34 20. A 7-year-old pecan tree top- worked with Stuart scions 35 21. Pecan tree in Morgan City, La., top-worked when about 25 years old 36 22. Pecan tree grown from a graft on a hickory stock 37 23. Nursery-grown pecan trees, showing the standard grades 39 24. Wagons loaded with native pecans in Texas awaiting the arrival of buyers 42 25. A pecan crackery 43 251 B. P. I.— 736. THE PECAN. * INTRODUCTION. The pecan is one of the most important of the nut-bearing trees now grown in the United States, and within the area thought to be adapted to its culture no other agricultural or horticultural product which has appeared during recent years is attracting greater attention or being so widely exploited. It was not found by the early botan- ists nearer the Atlantic coast than western Alabama in the South and central Tennessee and Kentucky in the North, but with the progress of agriculture in the South the species has been carried eastward and widely distributed with apparent success over the eastern Gulf and South Atlantic States. It has also been sparingly introduced into many of the Northern States, including Ohio, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and to a slight extent into the lower New England States. In the West it has received but little attention. A few planted trees may be found here and there from Washington to southern California, but pecan growing has not become an important industry west of the Rocky Mountains. The evident age of not uncommon large trees near the Gulf coast indicates that the planting of pecans in the Southern States east and south of the area of the natural range of the species has been in prog- ress for more than a century. The planting of orchards in those States began with seedling trees about 20 years after the Civil War. During the early nineties grafted and budded trees of named varieties appeared in sufficient numbers so that a few orchards of such trees were then planted, but comparatively few orchards of either seedling or grafted trees were planted previous to 1900. Since that time, especially during the past five years, the planting of pecan orchards in the Southern States has been taking place at a rapidly accelerating rate. In southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, central and south- ern Georgia, and northern Florida, large tracts of land, frequently several hundred acres in extent, are being planted to pecan trees and later sold to outside investors. For several years the demand for nursery-grown trees has been far beyond the supply, leading nursery- 37184°— Bui. 251—12 2 7 8 THE PECAN. men booking' orders for their entire output from six to eight months before the planting season. Most unusual interest is being manifested in pecan culture, and investments, which are large for an industry that is still in its infancy, are being made in spite of the fact that very few pecan orchards are as yet of sufficient age to have been in bearing long enough to furnish reliable data upon which to make safe estimates as to the probable yields of a given variety at any stated age in par- ticular localities. Observations, accurate in themselves, on the bearing records of single trees here and there are frequently taken as the basis for estimates as to the probable yield of. an entire orchard of the same variety or varieties, but as it usually develops that the trees making these records have grown under conditions of exceptionally favorable environment, the fallacy of such calculations is at once apparent. To be at all trustworthy, estimates as to future yields must be based on the average records of a great number of trees under normal conditions rather than of single trees which are conspicuous because of their abnormal production. An erroneous impression to the effect that the pecan has no serious enemies in the way of insect pests or fungous diseases and that it is not affected by drought, freezing temperatures, or high winds has become prevalent among a considerable portion of prospective com- mercial and amateur planters. No agricultural product is without its natural enemies and other obstacles that must be overcome. "When any plant is brought under cultivation and large contiguous areas are planted, the opportunities for the development and spread of the insects and diseases attacking it are greatly increased. The pecan is no exception to this rule, and in due time many serious enemies to it must be expected to appear. Among the insects that have already ap- peared are those which attack the fruit buds in earty spring; girdlers which cut off the twigs during the latter part of the growing season, frequently causing branches with clusters of nuts to fall to the ground; webworms which defoliate the trees; shuckworms which destroy the nut by burrowing out the soft hull while immature: weevils which work in the nut itself; and borers which penetrate the body and main branches of the tree; besides a number of others less well known. A Jarge number of fungous diseases also attack the pecan. The most important of these diseases is the pecan scab, which attacks the foliage, stems, and hulls of the young nuts of mature trees and which is sometimes very serious on late, rapidly growing trees of certain varieties in the nursery. Investigations of the control of insects and fungous diseases at- tacking the pecan are receiving the attention of other investigators; a detailed discussion of these problems is therefore beyond the scope of this bulletin, which is designed to give such general information 251 NATURAL DISTRIBUTION. 9 concerning the various phases of the pecan and its culture as is avail- able at the present time. 1 Long-continued rains at the blossoming time which interfere with pollination, late spring frosts which kill the buds or destroy the young nutlets, sudden drops of temperature in winter during which immature late growth may be severely frozen back, subtropical storms of such intensity as to blow the nuts off and sometimes to uproot grown trees, and droughts during the late summer months just as the nuts are maturing are inevitable obstacles which must be taken into consideration. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE PECAN. The pecan is an American species of nut-bearing tree belonging to the botanical family Juglandacea?, which includes also the hickories, the walnuts, and the butternut. It has been variously known as Jvglans pecan, Carya olivaefonnis, and by other less common terms. The botanical name now commonly accepted is Ilicoria pecan. >y\ A#£A OT SCATTfffCD PLAVTWS. "^1 jtar* TV WHICH 7HT P£CM IS HAT/V? t' ■ :; ■■ ' ■ > */?£* ll*l ADDITION TV ITJ WITltfT H. L-^'J TUfr PCCAH HAS 8£~£IV SLICCFSSrvi. Wk a&ca of most fxrtHsirr fLAI/riMS, Fig. 1. — Outline map of the United States?, showing the range of the pecan exclusive of occasional plantings in the Western States and scattered trees throughout the West and North. NATURAL DISTRIBUTION. The pecan is wholly an American species found only in certain parts of the United States and Mexico. Figure 1 is an outline map of the United States showing areas within which the pecan occurs at the present time. From this map it will be seen that with the 1 All inquiries addressed to this Department relating to the matter of insect pests should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, and those regarding diseases to the Pathologist in Charge of Fruit-Disease Investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry. 251 10 THE PECAN. exception of a small area J in central Alabama, west of Montgomery, the eastern boundary of the pecan habitat is marked by an irregular line drawn southward across central Kentucky to central Tennessee; Fig 2— A large pecan tree in Ascension Parish, La., having an estimated height of 130 feet, a spread of 125 feet, and measuring 18 feet 3 inches in circumference at breast height. thence south and west to near central northern Mississippi, and southwest to central southern Louisiana; from this point the line 251 1 Mohr, M. C, Garden and Forest, vol. 6, p. 373, HABIT OF GROWTH. 11 parallels the border of the Gulf of Mexico to southern Texas with- out reaching the coast. In a line nearly parallel to that of the eastern border, the western boundary extends from southwestern Iowa across eastern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and western Texas to the Rio Grande. HABIT OF GROWTH. In habit of growth the pecan varies greatly, according to environ- ment and locality. Under the most favorable conditions it develops a massive spreading top in the open, while in thickly crowded forests it attains great height. In the alluvial lands of the Mississippi River bottoms specimen trees ranging from 4 to 6 feet in diameter Fig. 3. -A native forest cleared of timber other than pecan on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River, 10 miles from Evansville, Ind. and from 150 to 170 feet in height are not uncommon. Figure 2 shows a pecan tree in Ascension Parish, La., photographed in 1909, having an estimated height of 130 feet, a spread of 125 feet, and measuring 18 feet 3 inches in circumference at breast height. A view of a native forest cleared of all timber other than pecan, situated on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River not far from Evansville, Ind., is shown in figure 3. Pecan trees having diameters of 2 to 1 feet and heights of 75 to 100 feet are not uncommon in this forest. In the semiarid sections of Texas the growth is different from that of humid regions; the trees do not attain such great size, their 251 12 THE PECAN. bodies are shorter, the limbs more irregular, and the terminal branches much more willowy. An illustration of the characteristic growth in that section is shown in figure 1, reproduced from a photo- graph taken in Landa Park, New Braunfels, Comal Co., Tex. 1 FLOWERING HABIT. The pecan tree has alternate pinnate leaves, with from 11 to 17 leaflets each; the flowers are monoecious, i. e., the staminate and pistillate blossoms are borne separately upon the same tree. The staminate blossoms appear in clusters of catkins upon the last sea- son's growth somewhat in advance of the pistillate blossoms, which Fig. 4 . — Characteristic pecan trees of Texas. Photographed in Landa Park, New Braun- fels, Tex., 1910. are found only at the terminals of the new branches. A cluster of pecan foliage illustrated in figure 5 2 shows the arrangement of floral organs. The catkins are to be seen as pendulous clusters sus- pended from the growth of the past season. The pistillate flowers are somewhat obscurely shown at the point of termination of the new growth. A section of a catkin is shown at a and of a pistillate flower at A, both greatly enlarged. 1 These trees are draped with "Spanish moss" (Dendropo) made thicker on the side which will be outermost when in position (fig. 9, c). Insert the wedge end of the scion in the cleft of the stock so that the cambium layer (inner bark) of its thick side will be in close contact with the inner bark of the stock. The scion should be pushed into the cleft until the cut surface of the stock is on a level with the base of the first bud. It will do no harm if it goes slightly deeper. It is imperative that the two cambium layers be brought together as closely as possible. With stocks of suffi- cient size a second scion may be similarly placed in the opposite end of the cleft. Remove the iron wedge from the middle of the cleft and cover the cut surfaces, including the tip of the scions (unless terminal shoots have been used), with grafting wax especially pre- pared, being careful not to cover the buds. If the stock is weak and inclined to further splitting after the wedge has been removed it should be tightly wound with several wraps of a stout, rather coarse material before the wax is applied. Where a large amount of graft- ing is to be done, the best as well as the cheapest material for wrap- ping is a product of one of the eastern tropical palms, known as raffia, which is obtainable from dealers in nursery supplies. For propagation on a small scale, cotton warp, strips of old muslin, or similar material will answer fully as well. FORMULAS FOR GRAFTING WAX. (1) Mix together thoroughly 1 parts* (by weight) rosin, 2 parts beeswax, and 1 part tallow. (2) A harder wax for use in warm weather is made of the follow- ing: Rosin, 4 pounds; beeswax, 1 pound; raw linseed oil, one-half to 1 pint. To prepare either formula melt the ingredients together, pour into water, and pull. Rub the hands with oil or grease before using to prevent sticking. In using the second formula the proportion of oil will depend upon the season, a greater quantity being necessary in cooler weather. PREPARATION OF GRAFTING CLOTH. Thin calico or cheap muslin saturated in melted wax, drained, and allowed to cool makes a material which answers both as a wax and as a binding substance. Before immersing in the liquid, tear the cloth into strips 12 to 18 inches wide or of whatever width may be most 37184°— Bui. 251—12 4 24 THE PECAN. convenient. "When thoroughly saturated take it from the solution and while still warm remove the excess of hot wax. Various methods of accomplishing this removal are practiced. On a small scale the cloth may be wrung out with the hands, but when larger quantities of material are to be made a convenient method much in use is to draw the cloth between two flat pieces of wood. A simple method is certain to suggest itself to any ingenious operator. "When grafting cloth of the proper consistency is used raffia will be unnecessary, as the properly prepared material carefully wrapped holds itself in place without being tied. CARE OF CLEFT GRAFTS. Obviously, two scions placed in one cleft double the chance of success. With an ordinary wrapping of waxed cloth further atten- tion to the graft itself will not be needed. If wound with stout mate- rial the bandages should be severed as soon as growth has begun, when the weaker of the two scions should be cut awa} r . If both scions are allowed to remain, the formation of a fork between the two will be inevitable and splitting very apt to follow. A single scion affords a much better opportunity for the development of a symmetrical head and there is less danger of crowding than when two scions are left. W r HIP GRAFTING. The operation of whip grafting is usually performed during the latter part of the dormant season, at any point in the trunk from immediately below the surface to several inches underground. For this method of propagation the stock and the scion should be of very nearly the same size, preferably not more than three-fourths of an inch in diameter nor smaller than a lead pencil. With the knife held so as to make an upward incision, cut the stock entirely across at a long angle, as shown at 1 in figure 10. At about one-third the dis- tance from the upper end of the cut make an incision parallel with the grain, as shown at 2 (fig. 10) . Cut the scion at as nearly the same angle as possible and make a similar incision in the cut surface one- third the distance from the upper end of the cut, as shown at 3 (fig. 10). Push the cut surfaces together in such a way that the tongue of the scion made b}^ the incision will be crowded into the groove made by the incision in the stock, as shown at 4 (fig. 10). Bind the two jDarts together with raffia or other material, as shown in figure 11 at a (not as appears at h) , and pack firmly with earth. The use of wax is not necessary. 251 PROPAGATION. 25 CARE OF WHIP GRAFTS. When grafted by the whip-graft method the young trees will re- quire little subsequent attention other than pruning and ordinary cultivation. When the root is that of a very young tree there will be no danger of the supply of plant food being such as to in- duce a growth of top that is too rapid, as is frequently the case with cleft grafts, es- pecially in the tops of old trees. While temporary staking as a support to the union is not neces- sary, in numerous cases stakes will be highly essential to insure erect growth. The moisture of the ground causes the wrapping material to decay in the course of a few weeks, and it is therefore not necessary to cut the bands, as with cleft grafts. BUDDING BY THE AN- NULAR METHOD. It is probable that more pecan trees have been propa- gated by annular budding, with its modifications, than by all other asexual methods combined. The process is also known as "ring" and " flute " budding. It is performed during the midsummer months at such time as the bark is found to slip (release) most readily. In some seasons this period may be very brief, lasting only a few 251 Fig. 10. - — Whip grafting. Early steps in the operation : a and b, Front and side views of both stock and scion properly cut ; c, stock and scion in position and ready for wrapping. 26 THE PECAN. days, while in other years the time during which annular budding may be successfully performed extends over a period of several months. Tn the latitude of southern Georgia it is not uncommon for this method to be successful from as early as May 10 until late in July or even in August. Annular budding consists merely in transferring a ring of bark to which is at- tached a bud of the desired variety from a bud stick 1 to the trunk or branch of another tree in place of a similar ring of bark previously re- moved. Specially de- signed tools, such as are shown in figures 12, 13, and 14, nave been devised for the purpose of cutting the rings. Two ordinary propagating knives having single blades may be fastened to- gether and made to answer the purpose, although they are less liable to make uniform incisions. Cut a ring of bark from the stock with one of the tools, slit it with a single- bladed knife, and lift from its bed or ' ; ma- trix,'' as it is techni- cally called. Discard this bark and from the bud stick remove a similar ring, in the center of which is a dormant laid. The bark of the bud stick should be slit on the side opposite the laid. Immediately place this ring in the Fig. 11. — Whip grafting. Later stops in the operation: a, Proper method of tying; &, improper method of ty- ing; c one year's growth following a successful union. 1 The bud stick is a hranch, usually about 2 feet in length, cut from a tree of the variety to be propagated. 251 PROPAGATION. 27 space left by removing the bark from the stock and wrap at once with waxed cloth, taking care not to cover the bud (fig. 15). Fig. 12. — A metal tool specially designed for use in annular budding. BUDDING BY THE PATCH METHOD. When the annular method is used it is obvious that the stock and scion must be of nearly the same size. If the bud stick is slightly ggsggnBSB Bgggggggggnggfflffl gmgffl Fig. 13. — A tool with wooden handles and steel blades specially designed for use in annular budding. larger than the stock a portion of the bark to which the bud is attached may be cut away so that the two ends of the ring just meet around the stock. If the bud stick should be smaller than the stock a strip of bark on the latter may be left in posi- tion to complete the ring. In actual practice, rings which extend only partly around the stock are most commonly used. Such process, however, is not true annular budding, because any bark which extends only partly around 251 p IG . 14. — Another type of metal tool specially designed for use in annular budding. 28 THE PECAN, the stock is merely a patch. It is to this deviation from the annular met hod of budding that the term " patch budding " has been applied. A tool specially designed for patch budding is illustrated in figure 16. It consists of four thin steel blades fastened together in the form of a rec- tangle, five-eighths of an inch wide by 1 inch long, and is- used as a punch. A very fair de- gree of success in patch budding by using an ordinary single-bladed bud- ding knife is re- ported from Texas. A cut is made in the bark of the bud stick about half an inch in width by three times as long, in the center of which is the bud. The piece of bark so outlined is re- moved from the bud stick and laid over that of the stock. Using this Fig. IT). — Annular budding, a. Bud stick from which the as a pattern, mci- the bud has been removed; b, the bud ready for insertion sions are then made in the matrix of the stock; c, the stock ready to receive , . . ,, the bud ; d, the bud after being placed in position and arOUlia It 111 tlie carefully wrapped; e, growth taking place, the wrapping bark of the stock, having been removed : f, growth from the bud supported „,. ,, ,-, by being tied to the stock {(j) above the union. Note the * ne pattern IS tlH'U scars abovr the union, whore the buds were removed in removed, the Section order to direct the How of sap to the new bud. „ . , , , . , . of bark outlined in the stock is lifted, and the bark from the bud stick is put in its place. Some varieties of the pecan are more difficult to bud successfully than others; with such varieties the annular method, or a near approach to it. is generally most successful. 251 PROPAGATION. 29 With the average sorts, however, the tendency among the more ex- perienced nurserymen is much inclined to favor the patch method, which may be performed with any of the tools illustrated in figures 12, 13, 14,' and 1G. The buds best suited to annular or patch budding are those in the axils of the leaves at the base of the current season's growth. It is well worth the time required to clip the leaves away, close to the buds, 10 days or 2 weeks before the bud is wanted, for by so doing the wound will heal over before the bud is needed; otherwise a serious lessening of the vigor of the bud through evaporation may take place. (ARE OF ANNULAR AND PATCH BUDS. In annular budding the added ring of bark sometimes unites with the stock promptly, permitting the upward flow of sap to proceed without much interference. "When this is the case the top should be carefully pruned back to such a degree as is necessary to direct sufficient sap into the new bud to cause it to swell. This pruning should not be done with too great sever- ity, as an oversupply of sap is liable to accumu- late under the bark of the new bud and cause it to decay or, as it is termed, " to drown " the bud. If the tree is young and the growth has been rapid, precaution should be exercised in cutting back the top in order not to expose the tender bark to the heat of the sun. A sufficient amount of foliage should be left as a protection from the hot sun. If the supply of sap be limited, it will be well to cut out all buds in the top of the stock as shown in figure 15. All dormant buds, both above and below the new bud, should be rubbed off as soon as thev begin to swell. The wrapping about the new bud must be cut as soon as growth begins. As the union of a bud with a stock made by any method of budding is at first merely the uniting together of bark and not of wood, it is necessarily weak during the first few months. To avoid danger of breaking out at the bud the new tops should be provided with extra support. For this purpose side stakes driven into the ground are sometimes used, but these are expensive and unnecessary. By leaving a stub of the original top 8 or 10 inches long, entirely denuded of foliage (g, fig. 15), the new top may be quickly tied to it, and when no longer needed the dead stub may be cut away close to the union. 251 Fig. 10. — A metal tool specially designed for use in patch budding. 30 THE PECAN. BUDDING BY THE CHIP METHOD. Propagation by chip budding is performed in the early spring or late in the dormant period. Because of being done at this season it is also known as " dormant " budding. With a sharp knife a down- ward cut is made below the bud on the bud stick to a depth of per- haps one-eighth of an inch. Raising the knife to a point above the bud a long down- ward cut is made which meets the lower end of the first cut and the bud is re- moved with a chip attached, as shown in figure 17. A similar chip is removed from the stock and the de- sired bud is put in its place. This should be carefully wrapped with such material as will hold the cam- bium layers of the stock and the bud firmly together on at least one side. Subsequent treat- ment similar to that already described for annular and patch budding should be given young trees propagated in this manner. Trees of the pecan species are difficult to propagate asexually ; that is, neither buds nor scions " take " with the readiness of ordi- nary fruit trees. The inexperienced operator, therefore, must ex- pect a very low percentage of living buds as the result of his first attempts. Skilled propagators, however, are now so successful that under favorable conditions the percentage of failures is no longer a matter of consequence. No attempt to bud pecans should be made on rainy clays or in early mornings following heavy dews. Some nurserymen even go so far 251 Fig. 17. — Chip or " dormant " budding, a, The bud stick; b, tlie bud ready for insertion ; c, the bud inserted in the matrix of the stock ; U, the bud securely tied in place. STOCKS FOR GRAFTING AND BUDDING. 31 as to select their men for budding the pecan, assigning those who perspire most freely to other duties. Extremely hot days should be avoided, especially if accompanied by drying wind s. Moderately cool, cloudy days without wind or rain are the best for pecan budding. STOCKS FOR, GRAFTING AND BUDDING. LENGTH OF TIME TREES SHOULD REMAIN IN THE NURSERY. In the Gulf Coast States seed nuts are ordinarily planted during the months of January and February. With' conditions favorable for rapid growth, a majority of the young seedlings should be large enough to graft in 12 months and should be ready for transplanting by the end of the second season. If they are to be budded they should reach sufficient size for that operation by the middle of the second season or when at the age of 18 months. Another period of equal length will be required for the trees to attain the desired size for transplanting. It will thus be seen that under exceptionally favorable conditions grafted trees will be ready for planting in the orchard two years from the time of planting the seed as compared with three years for budded trees under ordinary circumstances. In actual practice, however, comparatively few trees attain sufficient size for grafting until the end of the second season; the greater amount of grafting is, therefore, performed on 2-year-old roots. In either case the age of the root is the same, whether grafted or budded, and when established in the orchard the method by which a tree was propagated becomes immaterial. TOP-WORKING. The importance of changing the tops of pecans and other nut or fruit trees by the top-working method can hardly be overestimated. Bv this method seedlings and trees of unsatisfactory varieties may be quickly transformed into bearing trees of more valuable kinds, new varieties may be hastened into bearing, untried sorts may be quickly tested in a new locality, several sorts may be tested on the same tree, and varieties grafted to uncongenial stocks may be given a new trial by being transferred to other trees. Seedling orchards scattered over the entire pecan area are already being transformed in this manner. Wild trees, both in the forest and in the open, are being similarly improved. STOCKS FOR TOP- WORKING. For the purpose of top-working, trees of both the pecan and the hickory species are used. Although belonging to the same botanical family as the walnut and the butternut, the pecan is of a different 251 32 THE PECAN. genus. The relationship is too distant to make the grafting of it upon stocks of either worthy of the attempt. The matter of top- grafting the hickory is discussed under another heading (p. 33). In general, it is possible to transform the tops of pecan trees of practically any size or age by top-working; but the advisability of attempting so to transform giant trees or such as have begun to deteriorate with age is very doubtful. The operation is of chief value to healthy trees under 30 years of age. HOW TO " TOP- WORK. The operation of top-working is begun during the dormant season. At that time little danger of killing the trees by severe pruning is incurred. "With the exception of a few branches which should be left to utilize the excess of sap while the development of the new top is in progress, the top should be cut back to the point at which the new head is to begin. Commonly the lower three or four limbs are left for this purpose. In working over a large number of trees an ele- vated platform built at convenient height and attached to a wagon for use during the several stages of the operation will be a great con- venience. If the limbs to be cut are large, wind a heavy chain about the branch immediately below the place of cutting, in order to obviate the danger of splitting. A shallow cut on the lower side will further tend to reduce this danger. Trunks more than 6 inches in diameter heal more slowly than those of smaller size; whenever practicable the larger trunks should not be cut. Figure 18 illustrates a tree prop- erly cut back and figure 19 shows one which was cut back too severely. If desirable, the top may be cleft-grafted as soon as cut back, or new growth may be allowed to start, to be budded in midseason by what- ever method may be preferred. In small trees three healthy scions or buds centrally located will be enough to insure a symmetrically formed top. As soon as the new growth reaches sufficient size to utilize the entire flow of sap the remaining branches of the original top should be removed. Figure 20 shows a 7-year-old tree which was cut back 1 in February, 1908, budded August 10 of the same season, and the lower branches of which were removed September 1, 1909. The four spurs below the branches indicate the points at which the branches were cut away. These spurs were later pruned closely during the dormant season. Figure 21 shows a large tree near Morgan City, La., top-worked when about 25 years old and photographed six or seven years later. The points at which the operation was performed are indicated by the right-angular union more or less distinct in each branch. It is a very well-shaped tree. An objection to this method of top- working 1 Top-worked by Mr. B. W. Stone, Thomasville, Ga. 251 STOCKS FOR GRAFTING AND BUDDING. 33 lies in the fact that the new head of the tree must be formed con- siderably higher than the old and there is danger that it will be too high. This is especially true with varieties such as the Stuart, Jewett, and others which are inclined to upright growth. If the original top is already high, it is generally best to cut back and graft the lower branches a year before cutting away the central part of the top. Enough of the top may be cut back at the same time to force a liberal supply of sap into the graft. The sap can not be directed to the lower limbs in -this manner if the higher limbs are grafted first,,, for in that case pruning will be fairly certain permanently to disturb the symmetry of the new top. Pig. 18. — Seedling tree cut back during the dormant season to induce new growth for top budding. TOP- WORKING HICKORY WITH PECAN. Because of their close relationship the scions and buds of the pecan readily unite with stocks of the hickories. The advantages sought in such operations are the quick introduction of the pecan to localities to which it is not common but where hickories abound, the utilization of trees of inferior species, and the possibility of dis- covering a stock for the pecan which will have certain advantages over those ordinarily used. A number of species are known to have been tried; in southern Louisiana several trees of the water hickory (Hicoria aquatica) in standing water produced a healthy, strong pecan top, but later died outright, while others of the same species 251 34 THE PECAN. not top-worked remained alive under the same conditions; another of these trees taken up and transplanted to drier land made good growth and according to latest reports was bearing satisfactorily. Fig. 19. Seedling tree cut back to a stump 15 inches in diameter, for top-working. With large trees the sprouts on one side only should be budded. As large a portion of the stump as possible should be hewn away in order to allow the wound to heal. In Florida, where the mockernut (Hicoria alba) is common, the pecan has been found to unite readily with it and to make a rapid growth until the diameter of the pecan becomes equal to that of the 25 1 STOCKS FOR GRAFTING AND BUDDING. 35 hickory, after which it grows much more slowly. Other hickories have been tried; while the early growth is generally reported to be Fio. 20. — A 7-year-old pecan tree top-worked with Stuart scions. The seedling top was cut back in February, the buds were inserted August 10. and the lower branches removed September 1 of the next year. Note how the head of the tree has been elevated. strong and rapid, very few have thus far proved satisfactorily fruitful. 251 36 THE PECAN. As hickory trees top-worked with pecan usually stand in out-of- the-way places, not uncommonly in wood lots, it is doubtful whether Fig. 21. — Pecan tree in Morgan City, La., top-worked when about 25 years old and pho- tographed 6 or 7 years later. A very well-shaped tree, although headed rather high, the reason for unfruit fulness is due to the influence of the hickory species or to the lack of cultivation. 25] STOCKS FOR GRAFTING AND BUDDING. 37 Department investigators have generally observed a conspicuous difference in the rapidity of growth between the hickory stock and the pecan scion. As a usual thing the pecan is the more rapid grower, as is illustrated by figure 22, which undoubtedly affords the earliest Fig. 22. — Pecan tree grown from a graft on a hickory stock inserted about 1880. Note the enlargement of the trunk 2 feet above the ground, the point at which the union was made. instance on record of a pecan tree 1 grafted to a hickory stock. The operation was performed 1 foot from the ground about the year 1880. The tree is now 40 or 50 feet tall and has a spread of about the same 1 Near Gainesville, Fla. Photographed in October, 1910. 251 38 THE PECAN. distance. The trunk measured 5 feet 9£ inches in circumference below the graft, 6 feet 11 inches at the point of union, and 6 feet at breast height. It was, therefore, 1 foot 1^ inches greater in circum- ference at the point of union and 2| inches greater 4 feet from the ground than the hickory trunk at the place of its greatest cir- cumference. Nothing is known of the source of the pecan scion, but it is not improbable that it was cut from an ordinary seedling. The bearing record of this tree is unknown, but as it stands in rather poor soil and bore no nuts during the year observed (1910), it has probably never fruited to any considerable extent. PLANTING. Orchard trees are ordinarily transplanted from the nursery to their permanent location during January or February. The soil should first be put in good condition by thorough cultivation and, if necessary, steps should be taken to insure proper drainage. The usual distance for planting differs in localities. In the deep alluvial lands of Louisiana and the Mississippi Valley, where it is expected that the trees will attain greater size than when grown in the lighter soils of the more eastern States, pecans are now being set at distances varying from 50 to 75 feet. Some planters, having in mind the idea that 100 feet will be the most suitable distance wdien the trees reach maturity, are planting at 50 feet, with the intention of removing the alternate trees as soon as crowding begins, leaving them eventually 100 feet each way. In Georgia, a distance of 46 feet and 8 inches each way (20 trees to the acre) was adopted for some years, but as the orchards so set approach maturity it is becoming evident that considerably greater space, would have been better. These planters now agree that 60 feet apart (12 trees to the acre) is not too great a distance. TREES FOR PLANTING. As has been explained, nursery-grown trees are mostly planted at the age of 3 years. While sometimes sold as though graded accord- ing to age, they are actually graded according to size. If sold under the age grade the largest trees are naturally the "oldest." For this reason it is much more satisfactory to buy according to size, although in that case there is danger of slow-growing stock being worked into the lot. Within certain limits a nursery-grown pecan tree which has reached a given size in a given length of time is much to be preferred to one which has been twice as long in attaining the same size. It is natural to expect that the rapidity or slowness of growth displayed in the nursery will be relatively the same throughout the life of the 251 PLANTING. 39 tree. For this reason the healthy, quick-growing trees in the nursery are much preferable to those which grow slowly. Figure 23 shows five trees, selected to show one of each of the grades adopted by nur- serymen. Beginning at the right the grades of 1 to 2 feet, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, 4 to 5 feet, and 5 to 7 feet are represented. These measurements are of the top only ; the length of the tap- root is not taken into consideration. The taproot, which it was once thought necessary to protect in transplanting, is now cut off about 2 feet below the sur- face. In a nursery 1 visited during the fall of 1910, a tool spe- cially designed for the purpose was being used in cutting off the taproot. Purchasers of nurs- ery stock should in- sist that the trees be allowed to remain in the nursery in the fall until all growth has ceased and the foliage has fallen normally. The early demand for trees has recentty im- pelled nurserymen to dig a great portion of their trees while still in full leaf. At that season neither the top nor the root system is in a condition to be disturbed. The cutting away of foliage, branches, and roots while the sap is still in circulation results in a heavy shock which is inju- Fig. 23. — Nursery-grown pecan trees, showing the stand- ard grades. Right to left: 1 to 2 feet, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, 4 to 5 feet, 5 to 7 feet. The seed from which these trees were grown was planted in January, the seedlings were whipgrafted during the month of February of the second year following, and the trees were dug in the succeeding November. The board upon which the trees are stauding indicates the point at which the taproots were cut. 1 The Monticello Nurseries, Monticello, Fla. 251 40 THE PECAN. rious and wholly unnecessary. It is therefore highly important that every buyer of southern varieties of pecan trees grown in the South should insist that the lives be not dug until the leaves have dropped naturally, which is usually about the middle of November. With northern varieties the situation may be different, as the wood of these varieties matures very much earlier. However, with southern varieties grown in the South, it would be better for the trees not to be dug from the nursery rows before the last of November in any season. SETTING THE TREKS. Extreme precaution should be taken to prevent the roots from be- coming dry. They should be kept carefully covered from the time they are dug until finally set. A large hole, fully twice or three times the size actually required to receive the roots, should be dug. A quantity of well-rotted compost or nitrogenous fertilizer placed in the bottom of the hole, entirely covered with earth before setting the tree, will furnish plant food during subsequent seasons and tend to induce a deep root system. Immediate contact of the roots with compost or fertilizer of any kind must be avoided. All broken parts of the roots and all lateral branches of nursery-grown trees should be pruned away. Soaking the roots in a bucket of water for an hour or two or even over night gives the trees a very great advantage. The trees should be placed in the hole at about the same depth as they grew in the nursery. Spread out the roots carefully with the hands and pack firmly with moist surface soil thoroughly pulverized. If the soil is dry, it should be drenched with water before the hole is entirely filled. CULTIVATION. Satisfactory tree growth and bearing qualities can be expected only in return for careful attention to cultivation and orchard manage- ment. In addition to being unsatisfactory in bearing, neglected trees are very apt to become far more subject to attacks of fungous dis- eases and insect pests. A common practice in the Southern States is that of renting the land between the rows to tenants, reserving a narrow strip on either side of the row to be cultivated and fertilized by the owner. As the trees approach the bearing age this strip is widened until all the land is included, after which cover crops only are grown between the rows. A good many soils in which pecan trees are now being planted are of such low fertility that they should be replenished with plant food rather than be further impoverished with intercrops. Of the crops 253 NUT HANDLING. 41 being grown between the rows, cotton and corn are the most common, although truck crops are not infrequent. Legumes, such as cowpeas. velvet beans, 1 lespedeza, and bur clover, are most commonly used for soiling purposes. BEARING AGE. Owing to the infancy of the industry, very little data as to the ages at which pecan orchards come into bearing are yet obtainable. This lack of information is partly due to the fact already made clear that with few exceptions practically all orchards planted prior to 1003 were of seedling trees and therefore of very uncertain bearing habits and partly for the reason that a great majority of the grafted and budded trees were of varieties which later proved to be shy bearers. Of the trees which have been planted since 1903 a great many are bearing to some extent. It is not unusual for trees of- some varieties when grown under favorable conditions to mature a few nuts by the end of the second or third season after transplanting from the nursery to the permanent orchard location. A few nuts, however, can not be considered a crop. It is not improbable that such early bearing is detrimental to the vitality of the trees. In the belief that trees should not be allowed to bear until they have at- tained size, root hold, and constitutional vigor proportionate to that of maturity, some of the leading orchardists are now managing their orchards so as to prevent commercial production of nuts until the trees are 8 to 10 years of age. NUT HANDLING. HARVESTING. In the latitude of north Florida the period of ripening and har- vesting begins with certain varieties in some years as early as September 5 and with others extends until late into December. The hulls open partly or entirely and the nuts fall to the ground, or they are whipped from the trees with poles of bamboo or other light material, after which they are gathered up and taken to shelter. No machinery has yet been devised for separating the nuts from the hulls; consequently this work is done by hand. In sections where the pecan is native, professional thrashers beat the nuts from the trees for a stipulated fee or for a portion of the crop, according to agreement. In order to dry the nuts thoroughly as soon as separated from the hulls they are spread to a depth of not more than 3 inches upon 1 The velvet bean is a remarkably vigorous grower and special precaution should be taken to prevent it from running over the young pecan trees, causing them to break down with the weight of the vines. 251 42 THE PECAN. racks with perforated bottoms, so placed that the air will have free circulation above and below. With frequent stirrings the process of drying may be hastened so that in favorable weather the nuts may be ready for market in from 10 days to 2 weeks. A very appre- ciable loss in weight by evaporation will continue for some weeks following the ordinary period of drying. MARKETING. Comparatively few nuts of the improved varieties reach the gen- eral markets. They are largely sold to nurserymen for use as sam- ples, occasionally to seedsmen, and to tourists, fancy confectioners, private consumers, and recently to a rapidly increasing class of in- Pig. 24. — Wagons loaded with native pecans in Texas awaiting the arrival of buyers. dividuals engaged in promoting land sales of orchard property. The nuts are put up in any shape or style of package that may sug- gest itself, and shipments are sent by mail or express directly from the producer to the consumer. The pound is the unit of measure by which such sales are made. No standard package has been adopted by the trade and so far as known no grower has his own trade-mark, as is the case with leading growers of citrus and other fruits. When thoroughly dried the wild nuts are placed in burlap sacks holding 100 to 150 pounds and hauled to the local markets, where they are inspected and bid upon from the wagons drawn up in the streets much the same as grain dealers buy wheat in the Northern States. Figure 24 shows three wagon loads of pecans in the central 251 NUT HANDLING. 43 part of a Texas town ' awaiting the arrival of buyers. From the local buyers they are sent in car lots to the larger markets, principally in San Antonio, New Orleans, Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago, Cincin- nati, Buffalo, and New York, whence they are distributed to smaller cities. CLEANING, POLISHING, AND TINTING. As the harvesting season extends over a period of two to three months, a large proportion of the nuts become considerably dis- colored and their surfaces more or less covered with particles of soil. To remedy this condition the nuts are rotated in cylinders of several hundred pounds capacity; the rubbing together in the cylinders re- moves the dirt and cleans and polishes the surfaces of the nuts, and they are then known as " polished " pecans. During the polishing Fig. 25. — A pecan crackery. process the natural rich appearance of the nuts is lost. Another common process by which wild pecans are prepared for market con- sists in the immersion of the nuts in a reddish dyeing solution, after which they are dried and polished by the method just described. The latter operation is known as " tinting " or " staining." Nuts thus treated may be readily detected by their bright, unnatural color, which is easily removable with a moistened finger. CRACKING. The invention of machinery for the cracking of pecans without breaking the kernels is undoubtedly more largely responsible for the marked increase in the demand for pecan products during recent 251 1 San Saba, Tex. Photographed Nov. 12, 1010. 44 THE PECAN. years than any other single factor. Some crackeries in the cities of San Antonio, St. Louis, Chicago, and New York are supplied with machines having a daily capacity of 500 to 800 pounds each. Figure 25 shows a crackery 1 in San Antonio in which 30 to 40 of these ma- chines are installed, having a total maximum capacity of 20.000 pounds daily. After the nuts are cracked the kernels are separated from the shells by hand, generally within the same crackery. Of the wild product, approximately GO per cent of the total weight of the nut is shell, or about -10 per cent kernel. Of those cracked, depend- ing largely upon the character of the nut itself, the perfection of the machine, and the skill of the operators, from 75 to 80 per cent by weight is separated from the shell in unbroken half kernels. These kernels are placed in boxes, barrels, or other packages and sent to the retail markets, where the present prevailing price ranges from GO to 85 cents a pound. SIZING. Public fancy is most readily attracted b}^ mere bigness, and, as most of the cracking machines do not adapt themselves to varying sizes without special adjustment, the need of uniformity in size be- comes apparent. To meet this exigency various sizing devices have been perfected. The type of device used by at least one of the large cracking companies consists of a hollow cylinder 24 feet long and 2 feet 3 inches in diameter, one end being slightly elevated. This cylinder is made up of three sections of equal length composed of iron rods placed equal distances apart, the distance varying in each section. The pecans arc fed into the upper end of the cylinder, which has the smallest spaces between the rods. The cylinder is rotated slowly, the smallest nuts falling between the rods, while those of the larger sizes are carried forward. In experiments made by this Department with pecans of named varieties it has been found that a diameter difference of one-sixteenth of an inch is sufficient to constitute a difference between sizes. VARIETIES. ORIGIN OF VARIETIES. Single trees possessing such superior merit over those of the gen- eral average in the matter of size, quality of nut, thinness of shell, productiveness, and other characteristics as to justify their propa- gation by grafting or budding have been given individual names and established as varieties. Varietal names apply to the original 1 Photographed Nov. 7, 1010. 251 VARIETIES. 45 tree and to all trees grafted or budded from it. but not to those grown from its seed. Ordinarily these original trees are chance seedlings; exceedingly few varieties have thus far resulted from systematic breeding. Since attention has been called to the value of such individual trees, several hundred have been discovered, and more than 100 have been propagated as new varieties. Of these new varieties, however, comparatively few have proved to be of sufficient value to warrant their general sale to the public. The development of varieties superior in one or more respects to those already estab- lished and of varieties especially adapted to given localities is greatly to be commended, but unless a nut is plainly of special merit the attempt to add it to the present list of varieties should be discour- aged, as mediocre sorts are already very numerous. It takes time to prove the value of a good variety in any locality; many good sorts are already available from which to select, making it not worth while to pay fancy prices for propagating Avood or nursery-grown trees of any new sort, no matter how much may be said in its favor. In this bulletin the discussion of individual varieties is limited to such sorts as are best known or have been thought by some to be more or less promising. SELECTION OF VARIETIES. No factor in pecan culture is of greater importance than the selec- tion of varieties for planting. Upon it alone may depend the success of the orchard. The following general suggestions are intended to be of service to the prospective planter. (1) Ordinarily, varieties do not readily adapt themselves to soil and climatic conditions differing widely from those common to their place of origin. 1 Unless varieties have already demonstrated their adaptability to the soil and climatic conditions in a given locality they should be tested experimentally before being planted commer- cially. (2) As far as practicable, varieties which have proved to be at least fairly resistant to fungous diseases and insect pests should be selected. 2 1 Evidence of this statement lies in the fact that when taken to the more humid climate of the Eastern States a number of the leading varieties (including San Saba, Sovereign, Kincaid, and Halbert ) which originated in the semiarid portions of Texas have developed a marked degree of susceptibility to the fungous disease known as pecan scab. Further- more, experience thus far has not been such as to encourage the planting of eastern varieties in the semiarid portions of the Southwestern States or southern varieties in the Xorth other than to an experimental extent. Northern varieties have not yet been tried in the South to any great extent. 2 It is highly improbable that any variety will ever be discovered which will be alto- gether immune under all conditions to fungous diseases or insect pests ; but some vari- ties are known to be. less subject to certain diseases than others and considerable evi- dence at hand indicates that some are less affected by certain insect pests than others. 251 46 THE PECAN. (3) The market for which the nuts are intended should be borne in mind at the time of selecting varieties for planting. 1 PAPERSHELL PECANS. With reference to the pecan the term " papershell " has been extended in its application until it is now practically without signifi- cance. Originally applied to those types of pecans having such thin shells that one nut could easily be cracked when two were placed in the hand and crushed together with both hands, the term during recent years has been made to include all cultivated varieties, many of which have fully as hard shells as the average wild nuts. Properly speaking, the term " papershell v never referred to a particular variety ; its correct application has been only with reference to the group of varieties having very thin shells. DESCRIPTION OE VARIETIES. No attempt is made in this publication to discuss the merits of all varieties known to the trade ; only such as are well known or at some time have been thought to give promise as future varieties are included. Alley. From Jackson County, Miss. Widely disseminated since being introduced in 1896; size medium; shell thin; kernel plump; flavor good; a medium to heavy bearer and symmetrical, vigorous grower, somewhat subject to scab under certain conditions. Should be planted conservatively. Appomattox. Recently introduced from Dinwiddie County, Va. Parent tree not in normal condition, owing t<> stable built under tree. Size medium; shell of average thickness; flavor said to be good; believed to be promising for northern planting. Atlanta. From southwestern Georgia. Very much subject to scab. Aurora. From Mobile County, Ala. Not yet propagated to a great extent; size large; shell somewhat thick; partitions rather corky; kernel fairly plump; flavor good to very good. Probably adapted to markets catering to large nuts. Beman. From Hancock County, Ga. Propagated to a limited extent only. Size below medium ; shell rather hard ; kernel plump, bright colored, rich, and of excel- lent flavor. Very productive. Promising for north Georgia and vicinity. Beveridge. From Orange County, Fla. Large, but too shy in bearing and too much sub- ject to scab to be of value. 1 For tho market in which pecans are sold without being cracked, nuts of large size have a distind advantage at the present time; in all probability this preference for size will continue. The varieties of medium size have certain cultural advantages over the larger types in that they are less often shy or irregular in bearing and are generally better fillers. 251 VARIETIES. 47 Bolton. From Jefferson County, Fla. Size above medium ; shell moderately thin ; kernel not always plump ; flavor fairly good. Bearing record not proved. Needs further testing. Bradley. From Baker County, Fla. Size below medium; shell of average thickness, hard ; kernel plump ; flavor very good. Very productive. Especially prom- ising for Florida and south Georgia. Burkett. From Callahan County, Tex. Size large ; shell thin ; kernel plump ; flavor excellent. Said to be productive. Should be especially adapted to planting in west Texas. Centennial. From St. James Parish, La. The first variety known to be propagated. Widely disseminated but very tardy in bearing. No longer planted to any considerable extent. Claremont. From Concordia Parish, La. Not yet extensively propagated. Size medium ; shell somewhat thick ; kernel plump ; quality rich ; flavor excellent ; very productive. Considered very promising, especially for planting in northern range of the area adapted to southern varieties. Colorado. From San Saba County, Tex. Little propagated as yet. Size large; shell somewhat thick; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor excellent. A seedling of San Saba. Pi"obably especially adapted to planting in western Texas. Curtis. From Alachua County, Fla. Size below medium ; shell thin ; kernel plump ; quality rich ; flavor excellent. Very productive. Widely desseminated. Popular in Florida. Daisy. From Comal County, Tex. Widely desseminated though not extensively planted. Size medium; shell moderately thin; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor very good. Tree vigorous; said to be productive; probably best adapted to western Texas. Delmas. From Jackson County, Miss. Widely disseminated. Size large to very large; shell moderately thin; kernel plump; quality good to very good; flavor excellent. Tree vigorous; productive. Very much subject to scab under certain conditions. Dewey. From Jefferson County, Fla. Size medium ; shell thin ; kernel plump ; quality rich ; flavor excellent. Tree of rather awkward habit and thus far irregu- lar in bearing. Frotscher. From Iberia Parish, La. Widely disseminated. Size large ; shell very thin ; kernel moderately plump, often dark colored; quality fair; flavor medium. Popular in southwestern Georgia and parts of Louisiana. Georgia. From Mitchell County, Ga. Size above medium; shell thick, rather hard; kernel plump ; quality good ; flavor pleasant. Very prolific but extremely subject to scab in most places where tried. Should be avoided for the present. 251 48 THE PECAN. Greenriver. From Henderson County, Ky. Propagation recently begun. Size somewhat below medium; shell of average thickness; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor excellent. A promising variety, especially for northern planting. Hadley. From McDuffie County, Ga. Propagated to some extent in Grady County. One of the very large varieties, not yet well known. Halbert. From Coleman County, Tex. Widely disseminated, mainly by scions used in top-working. Size small; shell very thin; kernel unusually plump; quality rich; flavor excellent. Very prolific. Especially adapted to plant- ing in western Texas and places of similar climatic conditions. Hall. From Jackson County, Miss. Not widely disseminated. Size very large; shell thin; kernel usually plump, frequently defective; quality dry; flavor medium. Very prolific. Havens. From Jackson County, Miss. Not widely desseminated. Size medium to large; shell very thin; kernel plump; quality good; flavor sweet though sometimes slightly astringent. One of the most promising new varieties, especially for Gulf coast planting. Hodge. From Clark County, 111. Not propagated to any great extent. Size medium ; shell rather thick; kernel somewhat shriveled; quality fair; flavor pleasant. Hollis. From San Saba County, Tex. Not widely disseminated outside of central and western Texas. Trees of this variety were at one time sold to some extent under the name Post's Select . Size medium to large; shell thick, soft; kernel plump: quality good to very good; flavor sweet. Indiana. From Knox County, Ind. Not yet widely disseminated. Considered highly promising for planting in the northern range. Size medium ; shell of average thickness; quality said to be good. Jacocks. From Orange County, Fla. Size large and shell thin; awkward grower; irregular bearer and much subject to pecan scab. James. From Madison Parish, La. Not widely disseminated. Size medium; shell thin ; quality rich ; flavor sweet. Very prolific. Thought to be highly promising for the northern portion of the range of southern varieties. Jewett. From Jackson County, Miss. One of the earliest varieties disseminated. Fairly prolific but a very poor filler. Tree trunks of this variety are often subject to a peculiar bark disease. No longer planted by those familiar with it. Just. From Tarrant County, Tex. Recently introduced. Size small ; shell very thin; kernel slightly shrunken; quality rich; flavor sweet. Said to be very prolific. Evidently well worthy of trial in central and western Texas. Kennedy. From Alachua County, Fla. Not widely disseminated. Size medium to large; shell moderately thin; quality very good; flavor sweet. Very pro- ductive in some years. Inclined to be irregular. Thought to be especially adapted to central and northern Florida. 251 VARIETIES. 49 Kincaid. From San Saba County, Tex. Well disseminated in central and western Texas. Size large; shell of medium thickness; kernel plump; quality very good; flavor sweet. Very prolific. Especially recommended for central and western Texas. Very much subject to scab in the Atlantic States. Lewis. From Jackson County, Miss. Recently introduced. Size large; shell of medium thickness ; kernel plump ; quality rich ; flavor pleasing. Said to be productive. Believed by introducer to be very promising, especially for Gulf coast planting. Magnum. From Mitchell County, Ga. Very much subject to scab. Little planted at present time. Major. From Henderson County, Ky. Recently introduced. Not yet widely dis- seminated. Size slightly below medium : shell thin ; kernel unusually plump; quality rich; flavor excellent. Considered especially promising for planting in northern range. Mantura. From Surry County, Va. Size medium to large ; shell thin ; kernel not always plump at tip, somewhat shrunken; quality good; flavor good. Said to be productive. Believed to be especially promising for planting in the northern range. Melangon. From St. James Parish, La. Size medium to large; shell somewhat thick; kernel fairly plump; quality medium. This variety has been considerably confused since its introduction. At one time trees of Melangon and Van Deman were sold under the common name of Paragon, and it is highly probable that the variety disseminated from Ocean Springs, Miss., as Capital is true Melangon. The nuts of Capital appear to be identical with those of Melangon, and the scions with which Capital was first propagated were obtained from a grafted tree of about the same age as other grafted trees which are known to have been propagated with scions obtained from the same parish. Mobile. From Mobile County, Ala. Well disseminated, especially in southwestern Georgia. Size medium to large; shell moderately thin; kernel usually plump, frequently very defective; quality fair; flavor fair. Very pro- ductive, but thus far generally objectionable after second or third crop because of great percentage of defective kernels. Moneymaker. From Madison Parish, La. Widely disseminated. Size medium ; kernel fairly plump; quality fair; flavor sweet. Very prolific. Especially suited to planting in northern range of the area adapted to southern varieties. Moore. Synonyms : Long Moore, Moore No. 1, Moore No. 2. From Jefferson County, Fla. Size below medium ; shell of average thick- ness; quality fair; flavor fair. Unusually productive and one of the earliest to mature. Well suited to northern Florida. Nelson. From Hancock County, Miss. Size very large: she] I thick; kernel generally plump, though often very defective; quality medium; flavor good. Tree unusually vigorous; very productive. 251 50 THE PECAN, Owens. From Coahoma County, Miss. Just being introduced. Size large; shell thin; kernel fairly plump; quality medium; flavor good. Parent tree said to be very productive. Evidently promising for planting in the northern range of the area adapted to southern varieties. Pabst. From Jackson County, Miss. Widely disseminated. Size large; shell some- what thick; kernel usually plump: quality good; flavor sweet. Generally, productive, though by some thought not to be an early bearer. Post. Synonym: Post's Select. From San Saba County, Tex. Not widely disseminated. Size medium ; shell thick; kernel somewhat shrunken; quality good; flavor delicate. Much confused with Hollis. President. From Duval County, Fla. Well disseminated in northern Florida. Size me- dium ; shell of medium thickness; kernel plump; quality good; flavor pleas- ant. Vigorous and productive. Considered as especially promising for central and northern Florida. Randall. From Alachua County, Fla. Not widely disseminated. Size large; shell rather thick; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor sweet. Prolific, though irregular in bearing. Evidently well suited to central and northern Florida. Reuss. From Ascension Parish, La. Not yet disseminated. Size slightly below me- dium; shell thin; kernel plump; quality good to very good. Evidently promising, especially for northern range of area adapted to southern varieties. Robinson. From Orange County, Fla. Not widely disseminated. Size large; shell rather thick; kernel fairly plump; quality good; flavor pleasant. Very productive. Evidently promising for planting in the southern limits of the area adapted to pecans. Robson. From Jackson County, Miss. More or less widely disseminated, though not well known. Size medium; shell thin; kernel somewhat shrunken; quality good; flavor pleasant. From same parentage as Russell, resembling that variety in many respects. Rome. Synony'ms : Columbian, Twentieth Century. Pride of the Coast, etc. From St. James Parish, La. Widely disseminated and very well known. Size large to very large; shell thick; kernel usually somewhat shrunken, often very defective; quality medium; flavor fair. Very irregular in bear- ing habits. No longer recommended for planting. Russell. From Jackson County, Miss. Widely disseminated. Size medium ; shell very thin; kernel somewhat shrunken; quality good; flavor sweet. Prolific; said to be sensitive to cold weather. San Saba. From San Saba County, Tex. Very well known. Size small; shell unusually thin; kernel very plump; quality very rich; flavor excellent. Highly pro- ductive. Especially adapted to central and western Texas. Not suited to eastern planting. 251 VARIETIES. 51 Schley. From Jackson County. Miss. One of the best known and most widely dis- seminated varieties. Size medium to large, although often variable, even on same tree; shell very thin; kernel plump; quality very rich; flavor excellent. Moderately productive, but a regular, annual bearer. Although sometimes quite subject to scab, it is one of the most popular varieties at the present time. Seminole. From Jefferson County, Fla. Not well known. Size medium ; shell thin ; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor sweet. Senator. From Mitchell County. Ga. Not well known. Small; hard shelled; prolific. No longer thought to be promising. Sovereign. Synonym : Texas Prolific. From San Saba County, Tex. Very well known. Size large; shell of me- dium thickness; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor sweet. Unusually pro- lific. Especially well adapted to planting in central and western Texas. Not adapted to the Eastern States. Stuart. From Jackson County. Miss. More extensively planted than any other variety. Size medium to large; shell of average thickness: kernel plump, usually breaks into crumbs while being extracted; quality good; flavor sweet. Moderately productive. Has succeeded in nearly all parts of the range adapted to southern varieties east of central Texas. Success. From Jackson County, Miss. Of comparatively recent introduction. Size large to very large; shell moderately thin; kernel usually very plump; quality rich ; flavor very good. Generally reported to be highly prolific. Very promising. Superb. From Jackson County, Miss. Not yet disseminated to any great extent. Size medium to large ; kernel fairly plump, often defective ; quality fair. Judging from specimens examined, this is not a promising variety. Taylor. From Harrison County, Miss. Known for some time, but not widely dis- seminated. Size medium to large; kernel plump: quality very good; flavor sweet. Evidently well adapted to Gulf-coast planting. Teche. Thought to be from Iberia Parish, La. Introduced by confusion with Frot- scher. Size medium to small; shell of average thickness; kernel fairly plump: quality medium to poor; lacking in flavor. Unusually productive and generally hardy over the entire range of southern varieties from Louisiana eastward. Van Deman. From St. James Parish, La. One of the most widely disseminated of all varieties. Size large to very large; shell of medium thickness; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor sweet. Very popular until recently, when it developed a susceptibility to scab serious in some sections. In the young orchards of the Eastern States this variety has not yet proved to be prolific. 251 52 THE PECAN. Warrick. From Warrick County, Ind. Not yet generally disseminated. Size slightly below medium; shell moderately thin; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor excellent. Parent tree reported to be prolific. Evidently a very promising variety for planting in the northern range. Waukeenah. Synonyms : Round Moore, Moore No. 1, Moore No. 2. From Jefferson County. Fla. Quite generally disseminated in northern Florida. Size small ; shell of average thickness; kernel generally shrunken; quality below medium: flavor poor. Very prolific. One of the earliest to mature. Especially adapted to central and northern Florida. Wolford. From Collin County, Tex. Not widely disseminated. Size medium or slightly below; shell very thin; kernel plump; quality rich; flavor very good. Evidently well worthy of planting in central and western Texas. Young. From St. Martin Parish, La. Widely disseminated, but not extensively planted. Size large; shell very thin; kernel somewhat shrunken; quality good: flavor sweet. Possibly parent to Russell, which it resembles closely. Zink. Synonym : Big Z. From Jackson County, Miss. Recently introduced. Much like Frotscher in nut characteristics. Size large: kernel often shrunken; quality good. Though of attractive appearance, because of its deficiency in plumpness of kernel it should be held as a test variety. 251 INDEX [Synonyms are distinguished from the correct varietal names by the use of italic type.] Page. Age of pecan trees, relation to bearing of nuts 41 stocks used in propagating 31 Alabama, distribution of the pecan 7, 10, 14 Alley, variety of the pecan 46 Annular budding. See Budding, annular. Appomattox, variety of the pecan 46 Arkansas, economic importance of the pecan 15 Atlanta, variety of the pecan 46 Aurora, variety of the pecan 46 Bamboo, use of poles in harvesting pecan nuts 41 Bean, velvet, use as intercrop in pecan orchards 41 Bearing, age of nut production of the pecan 41 Beeswax. See Wax. Beman, variety of the pecan 46 Beveridge, variety of the pecan 46 Big Z, variety of the pecan. See Zink. Bolton, variety of the pecan 47 Borers, attacks in trunks and large limbs of the pecan 8 Botanical classification. See Pecan, botanical classification. Bourgeois, Emil, work in grafting the pecan 18 Bradley, variety of the pecan 47 Breeding, lack of system in originating varieties of the pecan 45 Budding, annular, method as applied to the pecan 25-28 chip, method as applied to the pecan 30 methods applicable to the pecan 19-21, 25-38, 44-45 patch, method as applied to the pecan 27-29 Buds, fruit, attacked by insects affecting the pecan 8 Bur clover. See Clover, bur. Burkett, variety of the pecan 47 Butternut, relationship to the pecan 9, 31-32 Calico, use in grafting the pecan 23 California, introduction of the pecan 7 Capital, variety of the pecan. See Melancon. Carya olivaef ormis, former botanic name of the pecan 9 Centennial, variety of the pecan 47 Chip budding. See Budding, chip. Claremont, variety of the pecan 47 Classification. See Pecan, botanical classification. Cleaning, application of process to pecan nuts 43 Cleft grafting. See Grafting, cleft. 251 53 54 THE PECAN. "Page. Climate, relation to culture of the pecan 8-9, 11-1-2, 16, 17, 19, 45 Clover, bur, use as intercrop in pecan orchards 41 Japan. See Lespedeza. Cloth, grafting, use in propagating the pecan 23-24, 27 Colorado, variety of the pecan 47 Columbian, variety of the pecan. See Rome. Compost. See Fertilizers. Corn, use as intercrop in pecan orchards 41 Cotton, use as intercrop in pecan orchards 41 Cowpea, use as intercrop in pecan orchards 41 Cracking, application of process to pecan nuts 43-44 Crops, truck, use as intercrop in pecan orchards 41 Cultivation, application of methods to the pecan 17, 38, 40-41 See also Culture. Culture, methods applicable to the pecan 16-18 Curtis, variety of the pecan 47 Daisy, variety of the pecan 47 Delaware, introduction of the pecan 7 Delmas, A. G., propagator of the pecan 18 variety of the pecan 47 Dendropogon usneoides. See Moss, Spanish. Dewey, variety of the pecan 47 Disease, affection of tree trunk of the pecan 48 See also Fungi and Scab. Distance, interval between pecan trees in orchard planting 38 Distribution. See Pecan, distribution. Drainage, relation to the growth of the pecan 17, 19, 38 Drought, erroneous impression respecting pecan trees 8 Drying, process as applied to pecan nuts 41-42 Duminie, or Duminie Mire, variety of the pecan. See Van Deman. Duty, tariff levy on pecan nuts 15 Dye, use in tinting pecan nuts 43 Economic importance. See Imports and Production. Environment, relation to growth of the pecan 11 Exports, statistics relating to pecan culture 15 Fertilizers, application in culture of the pecan 17, 20, 40 Flavor, varietal notes on pecan nuts 46-52 Floral organs. See Pecan, flowering habit. Florida, introduction and propagation of the pecan 7, 14, 19, 37 top-working the mockernut with the pecan 34-35 Foliage, removal from pecan trees at digging time 39-40 Forestry, relation of methods to pecan production 13, 16 Forests, nut-bearing, preservation as related to pecan culture 16-17 Freezing, effect on pecan trees 8, 9 Fn >t scher, Richard, propagator of the pecan 18 variety of the pecan 18, 47 Fungi, relation to culture of the pecan 8-9, 17, 20, 40, 45 Georgia, introduction and planting of the pecan 7, 14, 19, 38 variety of the pecan 47 251 INDEX. 55 Page. Germinal ion, conditions favorable to pecan seed 19 Girdlers, enumerated as pecan pests 8 Grafting, cleft, method as applied to the pecan 21-24 methods applicable to the pecan 18-25, 31-38, 44^5 whip, method as appl ied to the pecan 24, 25 Greenriver, variety of the pecan 48 Growth, habit of the pecan. See Pecan, habit of growth. Habit of growth. See Pecan, habit of growth. Hadley, variety of the pecan 48 Halbert, variety of the pecan 45, 48 Hall, variety of the pecan 48 Handling, methods applicable to the pecan 41-44 Harvesting, methods applicable to the pecan 41^12 Havens, variety of the pecan 48 Hickory, relat ionship to the pecan 9, 31-38 Hicoria alba, use as stock for top- working with the pecan 34-35 aquatica, use as slock for top-working with the pecan 33-34 pecan, botanic name for the pecan 9 Hodge, variety of the pecan 48 Hollis, variety of the pecan 48 Illinois, distribution of the pecan 14, 15 Imports, economic importance of the pecan 15 Indiana, distribution of the pecan 14, 15 variety of the pecan 48 Insects, relation to culture of the pecan 8-9, 17, 40, 45 1 ntercrops, use between rows in pecan orchards 40-41 Introduction to bulletin 7-9 Iowa, distribution of the pecan 11, 14 Irrigation, application of methods to the pecan 17 Jacocks, variel y of the pecan 48 James, variel y of the pecan 48 Japan clover. See Lespedeza. Jewett , variel y of the pecan 48 Juglandacese, botanical classification of the pecan 9 Juglans pecan, former botanic name for the pecan 9 Just, variety of the pecan 48 Kansas, distribution of the pecan 11,15 Kennedy, variety of the pecan 48 Kentucky, distribution of the pecan 7, 10 11 14 15 Kernels, preparation of pecan meats for market 11 Kincaid, variety of the pecan 45 49 Legumes, use as intercrop in pecan orchards 41 Lespedeza, use as intercrop in pecan orchards 41 Lewis, variety of the pecan 49 Linseed oil. See Oil, linseed. Longevity. See Vitality. Long Moore, variety of the pecan. See Moore. L misiana, distribution and propagal ion of the pecan 1 0, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 36, 38 use of the water hickory for top-working the pecan 33-34 251 56 THE PECAN. Page. Machinery, application to the cracking of pecan nuts 43-44 Magnum, variety of the pecan 49 Major, variety of the pecan 49 Mallet, tool used in grafting the pecan 21 Mantura, variety of the pecan 49 Marketing, methods applicable to the pecan 42-43, 46 Maryland, introduction of the pecan 7 Melancon, variety of the pecan 49 Mexico, economic importance of the pecan 9, 15 Mice, field , relation to planting pecan seed 19 Michigan, introduction of the pecan 7 M ississippi, introduction and propagation of the pecan 7, 10, 14, 15, 18 Missouri, distribution of the pecan 14, 15 Mobile, variety of the pecan 49 Mockernut, use as stock for top-working with the pecan 34-35 Mohr, M. C, on distribution of the pecan in Alabama 10 Moisture, influence on pecan trees 17, 40 See also Climate. Moneymaker, variety of the pecan 49 Moore, variety of the pecan 49 Moore, Nos. 1 and 2, varieties of the pecan. See Moore and Waukeenah. Moss, Spanish, relation to growth of the pecan 12 Muslin, use in grafting the pecan r 23-24 Natural distribution. See Pecan, natural distribution. Nelson, variety of the pecan 49 New England, introduction of the pecan ' 7 New Jersey, introduction of the pecan 7 New York, introduction of the pecan ". . . 7 North Carolina, introduction of the pecan 14 Nurseries, relation to planting pecan orchards 7-8, 14-15, 18, 19, 38-40 Nuts, age of pecan trees at time of bearing 41 methods of handling pecans 41-44 See also Seed. Ohio, introduction of the pecan 7 Oil, linseed, use in making grafting wax 23 Oklahoma, distribution of the pecan 11, 14, 15 Orchards, history and practice of pecan culture 7-8, 14-18, 20, 31, 38, 40-41, 45 Owens, variety of the pecan 50 Pabst, variety of the pecan -. 50 Papershell, use of term as applied to the pecan 46 Patch budding. See Budding, patch. Pecan, alphabetic list of varieties 46-52 botanical classification 9, 31-32 cult ure, obstacles 9 decrease in number of native trees 13 distribution 7, 9-11, 13-15 flowering habit 1 2-13 habit of growth , 11-12, 18-20, 38-39, 46-52 See also Pruning. productivity as related to size of nuts 46 251 INDEX. 57 Page. Pecan, varieties, alphabetic list with descriptions 46-52 factors of differentiation 44 named, distribution of plantings 14-15 origin and selection 44-46 See also Cultivation, Harvesting, Marketing, Orchards, Planting, Propaga- tion, etc. Pennsylvania, introduction of the pecan 7 Planting, history of the pecan 7, 14, 15, 17-1S, 38 methods applicable to the pecan 7-8, 17-20, 38-41, 46 See also Budding and Grafting. Platform, use in top-working the pecan 32 Polishing, application of process to pecan nuts 43 Pollination, relation to culture of the pecan 9 Post, variety of the pecan 50 Post's Select. See Post. President, variety of the pecan 50 Prices, quotations relating to pecan nursery trees and nuts 15, 44 Pride of the Coast, variety of the pecan. See Rome. Production, economic importance of the pecan 8, 15, 41 Productivity, varietal notes relating to the pecan 46-52 Propagation, methods applicable to the pecan 17-38 See also Budding, Grafting, etc. Pruning, methods applicable to the pecan 16-17, 28, 29, 32-36, 40 Raffia, use in grafting the pecan 21, 23, 24 Randall, variety of the pecan 50 Reuss, variety of the pecan 50 Robinson, variety of the pecan 50 Robson, variety of the pecan 50 Rodents, protection of pecan nuts for planting 19 Roman, T. J., early work in grafting the pecan 18 Rome, variety of the pecan 18, 50 Roots, pecan, relation to water table 20 developing a proper system 17, 40 proper pruning in handling pecan trees 39 Rosin, use in making grafting wax 23 Round Moore, variety of the pecan. See Waukeenah. Russell, variety of the pecan 50 San Saba, variety of the pecan 45, 50 Saw, tool used in grafting the pecan 21 Scab, fungous disease attacking the pecan 8, 45-49, 51 Schley, variety of the pecan 51 Seed, selection and treatment of pecan nuts for planting 18-20 Seedlings, use in planting pecan orchards 7-8, 14-15, 18-21, 31, 45 Seminole, variety of the pecan 51 Senator, variety of the pecan 51 Shells, relation of hardness to market value of pecan nuts 46 Shuckworms, enumerated as pecan pests 8 Size, relation to age of pecan trees 38-39 market value of pecan nuts 46 Sizing, process as applied to pecan nuts 44 Soil, conditions requisite for successful pecan culture 17, 19-20, 38, 40, 45 South Carolina, introduction of the pecan 14 251 58 THE PECAN. Page. Sovereign, variety of the pecan 45, 51 Spanish moss. See Moss, Spanish. Staining. See Tinting. Stakes, use in propagating the pecan 20, 29 Stocks, selection for propagating the pecan 31-38 Stone, B. W., top-working pecan trees 32 Stratifying, treatment of pecan nuts for planting 19 Structure, floral, relation to pollination of the pecan 9, 12-13 Stuart, variety of the pecan 18, 35, 51 Success, variety of the pecan 51 Superb, variety of the pecan 51 Tallow, use in making grafting wax 23 Taproot, proper pruning at time of transplanting 39 Taylor, variety of the pecan 51 Teche, variety of the pecan 51 Tennessee, distribution of the pecan 7, 10, 15 Texas, distribution, propagation, etc., of the pecan 11, 12, 14-18, 42-43, 45 Texas Prolific, variety of the pecan. See Sovereign. Tinting, application of process to pecan nuts 43 Tools, equipment necessary for grafting and budding the pecan 21, 26, 27 Top- working, application of method to the pecan 17, 31-36 Transplanting, pecan, proper time for digging nursery trees 39-40 See also Planting, Roots, etc. Trees, pecan, relation of age to bearing of nuts 41 See also Budding, Grafting, etc. Truck crops. See Crops, truck. Twentieth Century, variety of the pecan. See Rome. Van Deman, variety of the pecan 12, 13, 18, 51 Varieties of the pecan, alphabetic list 46-52 See also names of varieties. Velvet bean. See Bean, velvet. Virginia, distribution and propagation of the pecan 14, 19 Vitality, relation to grafting and budding of the pecan 20-21, 41 Walnut, relationship to the pecan 9, 31-32 Warrick, variety of the pecan 52 Washington, introduction of the pecan 7 Water table. See Wells. Waukeenah, variety of the pecan 52 Wax, use in grafting the pecan 21-24 Weather, relation to processes of propagating the pecan 30-31 Webworms, enumerated as pecan pests 8 Weevils, enumerated as pecan pests Wells, relation to pecan culture 17 Whip grafting. See Grafting, whip. Wolford, variety of the pecan 52 Yield. See Production. Young, variety of the pecan - 52 Zink, variety of the pecan 52 261 o LB D '12 ADDITIONAL COPIES of this publication A may be procured from the Superintend- ent of Documents, Government Printing Uiliee, Washington, D. C.,at 10 cents per copy & '-. .-. ■ ■ ■ ■■- ' : ■■:" ■:■ ™SS UIY OF INGRESS D0DD^i fl ^ 0l4 ■.-., . .:■ mm Mil m i iV.W