liSllilliliiiill! Glass ___LC5M. fiook,____Y5 Copyiight}^^ COPYRIGHT DEPOSm VJ (J EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT OUTLINES OF Courses of Study (Revised Prospectus) GEORGE B. HODGE Educational Secretary YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION PRESS NEW YORK Copyright, 1908, BY The International Committee OF Young Men's Christian Associations TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Preface I. Definitions and Essentials 1 II. Group Courses S Commercial,' Shorthand, Practical Mechanics, Electrical, Plumbing, Boys' Preparatory, College Preparatory, Civil Service. III. Subject Courses 11 Commercial and Business 13 Commercial Arithmetic, Mechanics' Business Arithmetic, Pen- manship, Business Correspondence, Bookkeeping, Accountancy, Stenography, Typewriting, Business and Commercial Law, Commercial Geography, Office Boys' Training, Business, Com- merce and Finance, Advertising, Real Estate, Salesmanship, Care of Buildings, Journalism. Social Science 31 History of the United States, Municipal Government, Economics, Ethics, Sociology, Civics. Industrial and Technical 35 Freehand Drawing, Industrial Design, Clay Modeling, Archi- tectural Drawing, Plan Reading and Estimating, Building Construction, Masonry Construction, Structural Work in Steel, Mechanical Drawing, Blue Print Reading, Machine Design, Locomotive and Car Design, Physics, Elementary Electricity, Applied Electricity, Electric Wiring, Electric Railways, Telegraphy, Telephony, Shop Mathematics, Ap- plied Mechanics, Strength of Materials, Elementary Chemistry, Applied Chemistry, Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, Mining and Assaying, Pharmacy, Practical Steam Engineering, Marine Engineering, Locomotive Engineering, Stationary Steam En- gineering or Engineers' License, Boiler Firing, Ship Drafting, Navigation, Surveying, Municipal Engineering, Railroad En- gineering, First Aid to the Injured, Personal Hygiene, Public Health or Community Hygiene, Textiles, Shop Work or Manual Training, Arts and Crafts, Automobile Work, Window Trimming, Sign Painting, Sign Lettering and Show Card Writing, Art in House Furnishing and Decorating, Seaman- ship, Motor Boating, Fire Protection, Printing. Machine and Building Trades 88 Carpentry and Building, Pattern Making, Foundry Work, Forg- ing, Tool Making, Machine Shop Practice, Sheet Metal Work, Boiler Making, Metal Roofing, Tinsmithing, Plumbing, Heating and Ventilation, Steam and Hot Water Fitting, Bricklaying, Plastering, House Painting, Fresco Painting. iv CONTENTS Language and Academic 102 Business English, English Composition and Rhetoric, Literature, English for Non-English Speaking, German, French, Latin, Spanish, Elementary Algebra, Plane Geometry, Solid Geometry, Trigonometry, Physical Geography, Public Speaking and Elo- cution, Reading Course, Elements of Music. Agricultural and Rural Science 118 P'orestry, Soils, Field Crops, Grain Grading and Judging, Rural Economy and Farm Management, Insects, Pests, and Plant Diseases, Animal Husbandry, Poultry Husbandry, Dairy Hus- bandry, Rural Engineering, Agricultural Clubs for Boys, Educational Work in Camps. Special Railroad 126 Enginemen, Locomotive Firemen, Conductors, Trainmen, Office Men, Air Brake, Transportation of Explosives, Express Com- pany Employees. IV. International Examinations 135 International Examiners, Regulations, Special Instructions. PREFACE The fifth edition of the Educational Prospectus having become exhausted, it is necessary to issue its successor, and this has required a great deal of time and effort on the part of many experienced Association men and educational authorities. The former issue contained outlines and suggestions from experience, for thirty-three subjects and courses, while the present issue, or sixth edition, includes similar material for one hundred and fifteen. In gathering and arranging these outlines, from the best work of the kind among employed men and boys, the Committee has striven to make the result so valuable and practical that no educational director, general secretary, or teacher, can expect to do his best work without becoming familiar with the material of this book. For their patient and helpful cooperation in this work, the Committee is under obligation to the various International examiners, especially to Dr. T. M. Balliet, Prof. L. Rouillion, Prof. W. S. Perry, Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin, Prof. A. L. Williston; also to a number of the educational directors, especially A. G. Bookwalter, G. B. Landis, J. G. Perkins, B. B. Farnsworth, R. P. Kaighn, A. D. Dean. This book will serve each Association best, not when its outlines are slavishly followed, but when it is used as the outlines direct and as per the suggestion below. IMPORTANT It is essential that each educational officer or teacher care- fully read the first ten pages of this book, also the suggestions at the head of each section, before arranging the local course in any subject. I. DEFINITIONS AND ESSENTIALS Scope and Purpose Association educational work supplements public and other school work, aids many young- men in preparing for college and technical schools, helps employed men and boys to discover and improve their abilities, and is a servant of commerce, trade, and industry. It includes : 1. The stimulation of effort in libraries and reading rooms. 2. The inspiration of lectures and practical talks. 3. The cooperation of educational clubs, groups, and tours for research. 4. The instruction in class recitation, laboratory work, and shop practice. This book, with its suggestions and outlines of courses, pertains more especially to the fourth section — the work of small groups in class recitation, laboratory training and tutoring. The other features of the movement are treated in "Educational Work for Men." The purpose of this book is to aid local Associations in deciding upon and lay- ing out their courses for both boys and men, to help them improve the character and quality of their work, and thus strengthen it as a whole. The outlines of courses and suggestions naturally divide themselves into two parts: (1) Group courses of the out- line of a group of consecutive and closely related subjects in which the aim is to encourage students to continue sys- tematic work, either day or night, for three to six years, and prepare for or develop in some vocation as that of a machinist, or fit for college as in the college preparatory courses. See pages 5-10. (2) Subject courses, or outlines 2 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY in which attention is concentrated upon a single subject for one or two seasons, as in bookkeeping. See pages 11-31. As the work grows, and while the subject courses will still meet the larger need, more of the group courses will be rapidly developed, for both day and night work. Quality vs. Numbers To meet the growing demands of commerce, manufacture, and industry to-day, we must have a better quality of work, a more efficient training, a broader industrial intelligence, a greater skill, and with it all a higher character in men. Best results are realized in three ways : 1. When men are properly prepared to enter upon any course. 2. When that kind of instruction or training is given which equips the students with the basic scientific principles, gives the ability to apply knowledge to daily problems, and at the same time develops reason, judgment, initiative, right habits, and character. 3. When students, as they proceed, especially in any industrial or vocational course, are required to master the fundamentals related to or connected with it, as mathe- matics, drawing, elements of physics and chemistry, labora- tory, and shop work. The present demands for better trained men, together with the prevalence of too much superficial, commercialized instruction, usually outside but sometimes in the Association, make quality of work, rather than niimbers of students, all the more necessary to-day. The instruction in the different courses will naturally vary in every place, but should include such class work, lectures, quizzes, and laboratory practice as will develop individual efficiency and meet the local needs. Academic vs. Vocational While the larger part of Association educational work is and will continue to be supplementary to public and other DEFINITIONS AND ESSENTIALS 3 school work, and while it will have more direct reference to meeting the great present need — improved vocational train- ing — yet there is a growth in the line of the practical academic features. In both day and evening work larger numbers of students are asking the Association to fit them for all kinds of academic examinations, to prepare them for college entrance, or other forms of matriculation. In this way many of the subject courses in language and science subjects, as well as those of the group courses like the col- lege preparatory, are in large and increasing demand. Day Work Association experience proves that there is relatively just as large a field for the introduction of appropriate educa- tional privileges in the daytime as in the evening, and instead of competing with public and other schools, good day work encourages and strengthens all such other efforts in addition to meeting a distinct need not otherwise met. In its day work, and with the instruction largely if not wholly individual, the Association conducts some courses in single subjects, some group courses, either academic as in college preparatory or industrial and trade as in machine and building trade courses, or vocational as in civil service, business, boys' preparatory, office training and others. The careful and wise development of this adapted supplemental work, da3^time as well as evening, will prove one of the best Association investments, because the Association plant will be in more continuous use. Individual Instruction The abilities and ambitions of men differ so widely that personal instruction is becoming more necessary year by year. Smaller classes and groups of men with higher tuition fees, make possible far more valuable instruction and hence better results. 4 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Nature and Brevity of the Outlines The outlines herein presented are the results of experience in the best evening schools among employed men and boys. They include only the more essential topics and principles. In view of the facts that (1) there are many good courses in each subject; (2) that the teachers, local conditions and students' abilities all vary; (3) that the best results come from giving the largest possible freedom and initiative to the local teacher, consistent with established principles ; in view of these and other good reasons, no two Associations will successfully conduct exactly the same courses. How- ever, in view of their fundamental character and largely accepted use, the topics and outlines given in this book may well be woven into, or made the basis of, the local courses, which in turn should be expanded and adapted to meet local needs. How to Use This Book Having first discovered a special opportunity or need for a course, as Mechanical Drawing, and having learned by interviews with employers, foremen, and the young men themselves, the particular phases of mechanical drawing desired, and having selected the best experienced teacher, — then the secretary or educational director carefully goes over the outline and suggestions of the subject in this book, selects such topics, suggestions, and texts as best meet local needs, expands and adapts them to fit the situation in detail, and thus is formed the local course in mechanical drawing, covering two, three or more years. The texts and reference books named under the different subjects and courses may be obtained of the Association Press with the usual discounts except in the case of net publications. II. GROUP COURSES Increasing interest is being taken in group courses. Each includes several closely related and sequential courses tak- ing three or four years of day work — about 2,000 hours — ■ on the part of younger students, or five or six years of even- ing work — from 1,000 to 1,500 hours — on the part of the older and more mature students, to improve them in, or fit them for, some business or other vocation, or a trade. The group course is designed to encourage continuous systematic work with a well rounded objective as a goal. Much of the day work already includes various adapted group courses for boys as well as for men. In commercial lines we find the business, boys' preparatory, and office train- ing courses. In industrial lines we find the hand tool work, practical mechanics, automobile and other courses. In lan- guage and academic lines, the college preparatory, regents' courses, etc., there is the greatest opportunity for the Asso- ciation in its day work to supplement that of the public schools by conducting the kinds of practical, vocational and other industrial courses to meet the increasing need and de- sire of boys dropping out of public schools. They leave school for the reason that many of the public school courses are not yet adequately adapted to meet present industrial and vocational needs. This group work, either in day or evening, must be no less efficient in meeting the needs of men in manufactures, trade and commerce than other similar facilities outside of the Association, but also in addition, as shown by experience, the best results are obtained when it is related to the physi- cal, social, and religious, and conducted with reference to the development of Christian manhood. The following outlines are the results of the codperation of more than thirty successful leaders in evening work 6 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY among employed men, both in and out of the Association. It is assumed that students can write, read, and speak Eng- lish with fair accuracy and are familiar with the simple elements of arithmetic and business English before begin- ning any course. For evening work the courses involve from six to eight class sessions per week for six to nine months of the year. COMMERCIAL COURSE To improve men in, or help fit them for, general office work. 1st Year. Elementary business English, commercial arithmetic, penmanship, spelling, business correspondence. 3d Year. Business English, advanced arithmetic, book- keeping, commercial geography. 3d Year. Bookkeeping, English, business law, office methods, 4th Year. Accountancy, office practice, commerce and finance. SHORTHAND COURSE To fit for amanuensis work and office correspondence. 1st Year. Elementary business English, commercial arithmetic, penmanship, spelling, business correspondence. 2d Year. Business English, stenography, business cor- respondence, office methods, commercial geography. 3d Year. Stenography, typewriting, English, office meth- ods and practice. PRACTICAL MECHANICS For apprentices, journeymen and other mechanics. 1st Year. Elementary business English, mechanics' busi- ness arithmetic, mechanical drawing. 2d Year. Business English, mechanical drawing, me- chanics' arithmetic, laboratory work, elementary physics. GROUP COURSES 7 3d Year. Shop mathematics, machine drawing, shop work, elementary chemistry. 4th Year, Design, applied mechanics, applied electricity, chemistry, shop work. ELECTRICAL COURSE For electrical workers. 1st Year. Elementary business English, mechanics' business arithmetic, mechanical drawing, elementary physics. 3d. Year. Business English, electricity, laboratory work, algebra, physics. 3d. Year. Applied electricity, advanced algebra, ele- mentary geometry, shop work, chemistry. 4th. Year. Applied electricity, shop work, shop mathe- matics, design. PLUMBING To improve apprentices and journeymen in sanitary plumbing. 1st Year. Business English, arithmetic, drawing, shop work. 2d Year. Shop work, drawing, mechanics' business arithmetic, physics, chemistry. 3d Year. Shop work, drawing and shop methods, sani- tation and ventilation, building laws of the city, rules of board of health. BOYS' PREPARATORY COURSE Arithmetic — Addition, subtraction, multiplication, di- vision ; factoring, simple fractions, decimals ; measures of time, value, weight, liquid, extension, surface, and volume; simple percentage, interest, discount, taxes, simple accounts. Business English and Correspondence — Penmanship, reading and spelling ; letter writing, including business let- ters and papers ; punctuation, capital letters, paragraphing, use of dictionary, practice in writing letters from dictation; simple sentences, subject, predicate, and modifiers. 8 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Geography — Chief divisions of land and water; states, provinces, capitals, principal mountains and rivers; climate, leading exports of the United States and Canada ; a few great trade routes by water and also by rail. History and Government — Simple facts, elementary prin- ciples ; principal wars, their causes and results ; political par- ties, local city government ; growth in population, in com- merce, in industry. The following is a suggestive program for the work of one teacher with 15 or 20 boys three evenings per week. The instructor can modify it to suit local needs. As much individual help as possible should be given. 7:30 — 7:45 p.m. — Reading, individually, rarely in con- cert. 7 : 45 — 8 : 00 p. m. — Penmanship, spelling — both writing and oral. 8 : 00 — 8 : 30 p. m. — ^Letter writing, business correspond- ence, simple English exercises, dictation of sentences. 8 : 30 — 9 : 00 p. m. — Business arithmetic and simple ac- counts. 9 : 00 — 9 : 30 p. m. — Drawing one evening per week, geography, civics, and history the other two evenings. The old-fashioned district school plan of conducting the classes is found to work to good advantage. The course is usually best adapted to boys 14 to 17 years of age. Ex- perience has proved that the group course will be successful when properly conducted and adapted to local conditions. The introduction and promotion of the group course has largely increased the efficiency of all-round boys' work. Text and Reference Books. Under the subject courses in this book, as arithmetic, English, history, etc., will be found text books suggested. Very often some results are secured better without than with text books. Emphasis should be placed on leading the student to think and reason GROUP COURSES 9 for himself, and then to learn how to find and to use from books such help as he needs. COLLEGE PREPARATORY As its name indicates, this work is to prepare men for entrance at secondary and higher institutions of learning, and hence will vary according to the different entrance re- quirements. It can be taken for granted that mastery of the academic subjects is necessary. When there are established standards as those set by the local state university as found in many states, or like those of the Regents' examinations in New York, they will naturally establish the basis of the local Associations' effort. On the basis of units, to show relative value or importance of various subjects in entrance requirements, the following essentials for entrance at the University of Michigan is suggestive. A student prepared for these can obtain en- trance at any technical school, college, or university. Of the fifteen units necessary, nine are specified and six are elective. The required are : English 3 ; Mathematics (Algebra and Geometry) 3 ; Physics 1 ; Latin, French, or German 2. The electives are : Greek 2 ; Latin 2 ; German 2 ; French 2 ; English Literature, History, Chemistry, Botany, Geology, Biology, Physiology, each 1. The Chicago Association schedule for College Prepara- tory Work, the figures showing periods per week for 40 weeks in day work, is as follows : First year — Rhetoric 4, composition, elementary algebra 5, general history 5, ele- mentary French, German, or Latin 5. Second year — Eng- lish and literature 4, composition 1, geometry 5, physics and laboratory work 7, advanced French, German, or Latin 5, mechanical drawing 10. Third year — English and Ameri- can classics 4, composition 1, advanced algebra and trigo- nometry 5, chemistry and laboratory work 9, American and English history 5. 10 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY The similar work in other large Associations places equal emphasis on English, mathematics, science, history, and mod- ern languages. The acknowledged authority in all these matters is the College Entrance Examination Board, P. O. Sub-Station 84, New York City. We advise each secretary or educational director planning any work in this subject to secure its printed matter. Text and Reference Books. Any named in other sections and subjects applicable to the work offered, and texts gen- erally used in secondary and preparatory schools and academies. CIVIL SERVICE For: Those preparing for civil service examinations, either federal, state, or municipal. Preparation : Varies with the position sought. Experience shows that the instruction should be largely individual, suited to the student's particular need and to the position he seeks. The requirements of the various civil service examinations will determine the nature and quality of preparation work to be done. Each student should be encouraged to pursue a maximum amount of home study, and should be advanced as rapidly as the work will permit. Topics : Arithmetic ; fundamental operations, fractions, decimals, percentage. English ; reading, spelling, letter writing, much drill in dictation and composition. Geogra- phy; state boundaries, capitals, large cities, waterways and railway systems, outline drawings, reading addresses ; con- version of currency, gauging problems, copying from plain copy, also from corrected draft. Instruction should be adapted to meet a specific civil service examination and work should be begun early enough — in the summer if necessary — to give ample preparation. Text books and courses in the fundamental subjects named elsewhere in this pamphlet will be found most helpful. III. SUBJECT COURSES To help classify the subject courses the following di- visions from Association experience are made : 1. Commercial and Business Subjects. 2. Social Science Subjects. 3. Industrial and Technical Subjects. 4. Machine and Building Trade Subjects. 5. Language and Academic Subjects. 6. Agriculture and Rural Science Subjects. For Whom To facilitate the plans and work of secretaries, directors, and teachers there has been placed at the beginning of each subject a list of the kinds of men or occupations to which the course is more especially applicable. Wherever possi- ble, the officers and teachers should study all good evening school and supplementary educational work in other insti- tutions and Associations. Preparation Much wasted energy is due to the fact that men are not always prepared to successfully carry the course they choose. To this end, each course, other than the most elementary, is preceded by names of subjects or courses that students should have previously mastered. Special emphasis should be laid upon : (1) Sequence of subjects as arithmetic before bookkeeping, algebra, physics, or electricity, etc. ; English before shorthand, bookkeeping, and industrial subjects. Students should not be permitted to enter any course unless by examination or otherwise they show that they have cov- ered the preparatory work and can pursue the course with profit. (2) Laying out local courses covering from two to five years both in single subjects such as electricity or chem- 12 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY istry, and in such group subjects as practical mechanics or plumbing, aiming at some vocation or trade. Text Books The movement being of wide area and involving all meth- ods of teaching, several text books, instead of one, are sug- gested in each subject. These are the ones found in widest and most successful use in the various evening schools. The educational director or general secretary, in cooperation with the teacher, should select the text book, where one is used, in which the best results can be accomplished, whether such book is mentioned in the list or not. No book should be slavishly followed. Further aids will be found in the use of the International examination questions from year to year. Most successful teachers and educational directors obtain much help and inspiration for their work in many technical, industrial, science, and commercial courses, found in the current technical magazines and periodicals. The best of these should be on file in the Association reading room. Text and reference books for all courses, also technical and engineering periodicals, pocket books and trade catalogues of large engineering and manufacturing companies, blue prints, working drawings, and other forms of printed mat- ter and available helps may well be added to the reference library. In this connection, Association students also find much additional valuable material in public and other refer- ence and technical libraries, and the use of all such outside privileges is both welcomed and desired. Length of Course To meet the demands for better trained men Associations are extending their courses from fifty to one hundred per cent. The average student in Association work ranges from 14 to 26 years of age, is employed, knows the worth of a dollar, usually does his own thinking, and means business. SUBJECT COURSES 13 As such, he can creditably cover in two years of three nights per week what the ordinary day student, who is six or eight years younger, covers in one school year of six hours per day. In this book the term season implies at least six months, three evenings per week. While some students may cover a course in one season, others, because of different abilities and training, may require two or three seasons. Experience shows that it is not the length of the course that counts, but the nature and quality of the work done. Associations do not agree to fit men for positions or to pass them through any course in a certain time, but rather to offer opportuni- ties for training. COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SUBJECTS For agents, clerks, office men, superintendents, and those engaged in commerce, banking, trade, transportation, pro- fessional, and domestic science vocations. To meet the demands for increased quality of service in this field, emphasis must be placed upon definite, practical, up-to-date, successful experiences and methods of dealing with business, commercial, and financial problems. Individ- ual instruction should have an increased place, there should be a smaller number of men in each class or group, and the instruction should be supplemented with much practice work on the part of the student. Series of practical talks appropriate to commercial, busi- ness, and financial problems may well be introduced to sup- plement the class and group work. Frequent visits to large or model offices, banks, and other commercial enterprises are most desirable to study the best customs. Commercial clubs of various kinds for research work may also be or- ganized to supplement or continue the students' education after thev have finished class work. 14 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY The topics in the following courses are found in the best courses in the most successful Associations, small or large. COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC— Two Seasons For: Students, clerks, office men, and all who desire a knowledge of the elements of practical and commercial arithmetic. Preparation : Ability to speak and read English. Topics : First Season — Fundamental operations ; factor- ing, cancellation ; fractions — common and decimal, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and reduction of frac- tions ; compound or denominate numbers ; measures of time, value, weight, liquid, length, surface, and volume ; per- centage ; profit and loss ; interest ; trade discount ; taxes ; such other topics as are usually included in simple commer- cial and business arithmetic. Topics : Second Season — Review first season's work ; insurance — fire and life ; custom house business ; taxes ; stocks and bonds ; bank discount ; partial payments ; ratio and proportion ; bankruptcy ; square root ; mensuration ; sim- ple principles of algebra or literal arithmetic ; metric sys- tem; other topics usually included in advanced commercial or business arithmetic. The following suggestions are emphasized : ( 1 ) Lead the student to see a reason for every step and to make practical applications of every principle in order to de- velop the power of independent thought; (2) principles of each topic should be taught by simple problems, do not waste time in puzzles ; (3) obsolete topics should be omitted ; (4) lead the student to formulate and then learn his own rules, after having been made familiar with the processes which the rules describe; (5) the student should learn principles and definitions in an objective way, or through illustrations rather than from definitions in the book. This SUBJECT COURSES 15 inductive process of formulating definitions and principles and rules by the student is educationally valuable; (6) some of the best educational discipline comes from training in the clear and orderly written solutions of problems and pro- cesses. Systematic, consecutive thinking develops habits of practical value in many lines. Text and Reference Books Arithmetic for Evening Schools. W. E. Chancellor. (American Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. Arithmetic. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 65 cents. Commercial Arithmetic. Williams and Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.10. Business Arithmetic. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 80 cents. New Business Arithmetic. (Powers & Lyons, Chicago, 111.) $1.00. Commercial Arithmetic. (Goodyear & Marshall, Cedar Rapids, la.) $1.00. Grammar School Arithmetic. Walsh. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- ton.) 65 cents. Young & Jackson's Arithmetic, Books II. and III. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.) 80 cents. New Commercial Arithmetic. J. H. Moore. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. Grammar School Arithmetic. Smith. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 65 cents. Business Arithmetic. Williams & Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) 80 cents. Everyday Business. M. S. Emery. (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, Boston.) 30 cents. MECHANICS' BUSINESS ARITHMETIC— One Season For: Technical students, apprentices, mechanics, and those in building trades and industries. Preparation: Arithmetic, including fractions, business English. Topics : Review of fractions, compound numbers, deci- mals, percentage, and other topics with reference to applica- tion in daily life ; formulas ; mensuration, measurements of 16 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY surfaces, as lumber, land, wood, shingling, plastering, paint- ing, and paper-hanging; measurements of solids, as cubes, prisms, spheres, cylinders and their parts, relations, surfaces, and volumes. Text and Reference Books School Mensuration. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 35 cents. Mechanics' Arithmetic. Wright. (New England Pub. Co., New York.) 25 cents. Mensuration. Furst. (Meyers & Co., Harrisburg.) 50 cents. Workshop Mathematics. F. C. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 65 cents. Business Arithmetic. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 80 cents. Business Arithmetic. Williams & Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) 80 cents. PENMANSHIP— One Season For : All men and boys who cannot write plainly. •Preparation : Ability to read. Topics : Much practice in securing ability to write a plain legible hand ; small letters and capitals ; importance of plain handwriting in all kinds of business ; care, accuracy, neatness, and dispatch as valuable assets. Text and Reference Books The numerous copy books on the market, teacher's copy on the blackboard and other means are used. Modern Penmanship. Mills. (American Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. Budget of Writing Lessons. No. 96. (Sadler, Rowe & Co., Balti- more, Md.) 25 cents. BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE— One Season For: Commercial and other students, stenographers, clerks, correspondents, office men, bookkeepers, mechanics. Preparation: Grammar school subjects, penmanship. SUBJECT COURSES 17 reading, speaking, and writing, spelling, simple business English. Topics : Letter writing, forms and parts of a letter, busi- ness letters, special letters, exercises in description, narra- tion, and composition, critical reviews and corrections of various letters and correspondence. Text and Reference Books Business Correspondence. Williams and Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) 35 cents. Letter Writing. (Practical Text Book Co., Cleveland.) 75 cents. Beldings' Commercial Correspondence. (American Book Co., New York.) 50 cents. Practical Grammar and Correspondence. Williams and Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) 60 cents. BOOKKEEPING— Two Seasons For : Office men, clerks, students, and others fitting themselves for business, or for those who wish to familiarize themselves with modern business methods. Preparation: Commercial arithmetic, business English, penmanship. Topics: First Season — Meaning and application of sim- ple mercantile terms, as cash-books, drafts, notes, receipts, statements, bills, invoices, account-sales, etc. ; simple rules and principles for debiting and crediting accounts ; books, as check book, bank pass book, day book, journal, cash-book, ledger; accounts, as cash, personal, property, bills payable, bills receivable, merchandise, expense, labor, interest, which show simply a profit or loss ; practice work in opening books, journalizing, posting; closing books, trial balances, state- ments ; bank dealings, opening bank accounts, deposits, col- lections, checks, balancing, proving bank account and cash- book. Topics : Second Season — Review of first season's work, including mercantile terms, rules, principles, and definitions ; books including those mentioned in the first season and 18 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY many other special books for special lines of business ; ac- counts under various terms of classification and adapted to different lines of business ; business practice, opening set of books, journalizing, posting, using various books and differ- ent kinds of accounts, involving the numerous commercial, manufacturing, industrial and financial business interests ; column journal and specially ruled cash-books and ledgers for particular lines of business ; closing books ; trial bal- ances, statements, inventory, resources, liabilities, net worth, balance sheet ; bank dealings, deposits, collections, discounts, loans, checks, endorsements ; foreign exchange, imports, duties, and exports ; systems for checking postings, proving bank pass book and cash-book ; short methods and arrange- ments of accounts ; advanced practice, corporation accounts, purchase and sales, manufactures, discounts, interest, and other complex accounts for profit and loss. Text and Reference Books Modern Illustrative Bookkeeping. Williams and Rogers. (Ameri- can Book Co., New York.) $1.00. New Complete Bookkeeping. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) Complete Bookkeeping. (Goodyear & Marshall, Cedar Rapids, la.) 90 cents. New Complete Bookkeeping. Williams and Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.35. Practical Bookkeeping. (Practical Text Book Co., Cleveland.) $2.25. Ellis System of Business. (Ellis Pub. Co., Battle Creek, Mich.) $2.25. The Complete Accountant. O. M. Powers. (Powers & Lyons, Chicago.) $1.60. Accounting and Business Practice. Moore and Miner. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 80 cents. ACCOUNTANCY— Two Seasons For: Bookkeepers, managers, cashiers, accountants, and others fitting themselves for advanced commercial work and public accountant examinations. SUBJECT COURSES 19 Preparation: Arithmetic, business English, bookkeeping, business law, history, civics, and practical experience. Topics : The differing State Certified Public Accountant's requirements should be covered. To do so a thorough ac- quaintance with the four divisions is necessary — Commercial Law, Theory of Accounts, Practical Accounting, and Auditing. Commercial Law — The topics in this subject are already described on page 22. Theory of Accounts — Includes all kinds of accounts with individuals, partners, corporations, profits, expenses, sales, supplies, personal, and so on; it also includes the various books of accounts as ledgers, cash-book, sales book, invoice book, bill books, check book, and so on; rules and methods in bookkeeping already covered in this pamphlet under that subject; corporation accounting, factory accounting, bank- ing accounting, railway accounting, business papers and statements of all kinds. Practical Accounting — Including accounts of various kinds as partnership, corporation, manufacturing, insolv- ency, foreign . exchange, executors, trustees, and assignees, negotiable paper, bonds, and other securities, joint miscel- laneous accounts. Auditing — Object of an audit and methods of procedure, including work preceding trial balance, balance sheet, vouchers, bank accounts, etc. ; m.ethods of keeping accounts ; procedure in auditing special kinds of accounts; examina- tions and investigations. Text and Reference Books Corporation Accounting and Auditing. Keister. (Burrows Broth- ers Co., Cleveland.) $4.00. Accountants' and Bookkeepers' Vade Mecum. Whately. (Busi- ness Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $3.00. Accountants' Manual. Seven volumes. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $3.00. 20 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Auditing. Dicksee. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $5.00. Accounting. Rahill. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $4.00. Accountants' Guide for Executors. Gottsberger. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $5.00. C. P. A. Questions and Answers. Tipson. (Business World, 1 Madison Ave., New York.) $3.00. STENOGRAPHY— Two Seasons For : Clerks, ofifice men, reporters, stenographers, stu- dents, and those preparing themselves for secretarial posi- tions. Preparation : English, business forms, and correspond- ence, spelling, composition, arithmetic. Topics : In view of the fact that there are so many sys- tems of stenography in which efficient office work and cor- respondence is conducted, no single system is selected to the disadvantage of the others. Emphasis will be placed on dictation, speed tests, and accuracy of transcriptions. Stu- dents should be required from the beginning to read back all matter taken by them in dictation. Oral and written exercises should be given frequently. In the second season much time should be devoted to thorough drills in writing from dictation, business cor- respondence, involving technical expressions relating to in- surance, railroading, electricity, legal, and general work; in the transcription, special emphasis should be placed on accuracy, form, capitalization, punctuation, and expression. Text and Reference Books Shorthand Instructor. Isaac Pitman. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, New York.) $1.50. Standard Phonography. A. J. Graham. (A. J. Graham & Co., New York.) $1.00. The Art of Phonography. J. E. Munson. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.) $2.00. Manual of Phonography & Reporters' Companion. Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard. (Phonographic Institute Co., Cincinnati.) $2.00. SUBJECT COURSES 21 Manual of Phonography. Heffley. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.25. Phonetic Shorthand. (W. W. Osgoodby, Rochester, N. Y.) $1.25. Brief Course in Pitman Shorthand. Barnes. (A. J. Barnes Pub. Co., St. Louis.) $1.25. ■Shorthand. Gregg. (Gregg Pub. Co., Chicago.) $1.50. TYPEWRITING— One Season For: Clerks, office men, stenographers, and others fitting for complete office work. Preparation : Same as for stenography. Topics : The demand upon typewriters is becoming more and more exacting, requiring increased speed, greater ac- curacy, and more intelligence on the part of the operator. A more thorough and general training is now necessary for successful work. Location of letters ; proper fingering and touch ; graded exercises in words ; commercial, legal, and legislative phrases ; business correspondence ; headings, titles, and ad- dresses ; spelling, punctuation, and capitalization ; letters and circulars relating to all kinds of transactions ; miscel- laneous forms of reports, receipts, and bills; legal forms, testimony, and architects' specifications ; miscellaneous ex- ercises in writing from dictation; technical expressions and abbreviations ; speed exercises ; copying from manuscripts. Special care must at all time be given to neatness and accuracy. Text and Reference Books Touch System. C. E. Smith. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, New York.) 50 cents. Manual of Typewriting. (A. J. Barnes, St. Louis, Mo.) $1.00. Touch of Typewriting. (Bates Torrey, Boston, Mass.) $1.00. Manual of Typewriting. F. S. Humphrey. (Baker & Taylor, New York.) $1.50. Practical Course in Touch Typewriting. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, New York.) 50 cents. 22 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Piano Method. Patterson. (N. G. Patterson & Son, Chicago.) 60 cents. BUSINESS AND COMMERCIAL LAW— Two Seasons For: Bank clerks, bond salesmen, real estate and insur- ance agents, apprentices, prospective law students, and business men. Preparation: Business English, arithmetic, United States history, civics, business experience. Topics : First Season : — Law — its definition and object, civil and criminal; husband and wife, duties and rights of each; parent and child, duties and rights of each; guardian and ward; master and servant; contracts — parties to, who may make, remedies for breach; agency — general and special, when do agents bind their principals and when themselves ; sales — difference between sale and exchange, warranty, sales C. O. D., statute of frauds; bailments and carriers; insur- ance — fire, marine, life, accident, powers of agents; part- nership — how formed, powers and liabilities of partners, how ended, judgments against; corporations — how formed, rights and liabilities of stockholders, power of corporation, dif- ferent kinds of bonds and stocks, functions of directors. Topics : Second Season : — Property — in general, real and personal, estates, in fee simple, homesteads; deeds — parts of a deed, execution, delivery, mortgages, deeds of trust, leases ; wills — signatures, codicils, probate; guaranty and surety- ship — original promise, statute of frauds, extent of obliga- tion, enforcement, rights of surety to indemnify; negotiable instruments, promissory notes, parties to, liabilities and duties of endorser, protests, due bills, bank checks, letters of credit, purchase before maturity for value ; crimes and torts, treason, felony, false pretenses, robbery, forgery, libel; courts — objects, officers, how suits are brought, how prose- cuted, how determined, judgment of court, how enforced, jury, witness; bankruptcy — who may be adjudged a bank- SUBJECT COURSES 23 rupt, how discharged in bankruptcy, estate, how adminis- tered; attachment and garnishment — grounds of, property affected, what may be garnished, exemption. Text and Reference Books Elementary Law. W. C. Robinson. (Little, Brown & Co., Boston.) $3.00. Commercial Law. Gano. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. Commercial Law. Qark. (Maynard, Merrill & Co., New York.) $1.05. Business Law. Williams and Rogers. (American Book Co., New York.) 80 cents. Commercial Law. J. A. Lyons. (Powers & Lyons, Chicago.) $1.10. Commercial Law. Spencer. (Bobbs, Merrill Co., Indianapolis,) $2.00. Elements of Business Law. Huff cut. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.00. COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY— One Season For : Students, office men, clerks, agents, shippers, whole- salers, manufacturers, importers, and exporters, and others in commercial positions. Preparation : A grammar school education or its equiva- lent. Topics: Dependence of life, agriculture, mining, manu- facturing, trade and commerce, on climate, topography, population; relation of transportation facilities to commerce and their development ; ocean and inland water-ways ; land routes; lines of commercial traffic, foreign and domestic; location and growth of towns and cities. In North America — ^Agriculture, production and market- ing of foodstuffs, clothing products, building materials ; mining, production and marketing of iron, coal, copper, stone ; manufacturing industries, location of plants and pro- duction and marketing of products ; development of trade and commerce, and methods of operation. 24 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY In foreign countries — ^Production and exchange of products. Text and Reference Books Commercial Geography. Redway. (Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York.) $1.25. Commercial Geography. Gannett, Garrison and Houston. (Ameri- can Book Co., New York.) $1.25. Commercial Geography. Adams. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.10. Geography of Commerce. Trotter. (The M'acmillan Co., New York.) $1.10. The Man and His Markets. L. W. Hyde. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 50 cents. OFFICE BOYS' TRAINING— One Season For: Particularly boys in offices, and those who desire preparation for this work. Topics: Instruction in the fundamentals of business arithmetic, spelling, correspondence and penmanship, business English and commercial geography. Ele- mentary training and much practice in the following: Personal carriage ; manners, courtesy and address ; care of office appliances ; calls and messages ; use of tele- phone and switchboard; receiving customers and visitors; letter copying; letter book indexing; letter filing; card in- dexing; manifolding and duphcating; mailing; shipping; cashier's department ; general office routine. Text and Reference Books See "Boys' Preparatory Group Course." As much of the work is practical there should be an equipment of modern office appliances. BUSINESS, COMMERCE AND FINANCE— One Season or More for Each Division Business Organization and Management For : Agents, students, manufacturers, superintendents, managers, employers, railroad men, reporters, brokers, SUBJECT COURSES 25 bankers, collectors, credit men, importers, investors, execu- tives. Preparation : A high school education or its equivalent. Topics : Principles in the conduct of general business ; purchasing systems ; inventories ; organization of sales and distributing departments ; oflfice systems ; advertising ; credits ; stocks ; practice work in the examination of actual business systems. Text and Reference Books Introduction to Business Organization. Sparlin. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) $1.25. Factory Management. Cook. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $3.00. Office Organization and Management. Dicksee. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $2.00. Science of Organization and Business Development. (Robert J. Frank, Chicago.) $3.00. Technical Journals and Magazines. Finance and Investments A practical course in financial organization, operation, and methods with a study of investment securities ; stocks and bonds ; market operations. Text and Reference Books Corporation Finance. Greene. (Putnam's Sons, New York.) $1.25. Credit and Its Uses. Prendergast. (Business Man's Pub. Co., Detroit.) $2.00. Investors' Primer. Moody. (Moody Corporation, New York.) $1.00. Pitfalls of Speculation. Gibson. (Moody Corporation, New York.) $1.00. Art of Wall Street Investing. Moody. (Moody Corporation, New York.) $1.00. 26 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY First Lessons in Finance. Cleveland. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.25. The Bond Buyer's Dictionary. Nelson. (Moody Pub. Co., New York.) $2.00. Money and Banking The nature and service of money and its relation to credits; prices and values; forms of exchange mediums together with banking laws and methods ; collections ; com- mercial papers; exchange. The elementary principles of the subject should be covered before the course is directed into special applied lines. Text and Reference Books Theory and History of Banking. Dunbar. (Putnam's Sons, New York.) $1.25. Money and the Mechanism of Exchange. Jevons. (D. Apple- ton & Co., New York.) $1.75. Money and Banking. Scott. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) $2.00. Money and Banking. White. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.50. Importing and Exporting A course designed for manufacturers, managers and clerks of houses engaged in foreign trade, and should there- fore cover the principal topics of national trade policies; tariffs ; shipping regulations ; rates of transportation ; foreign exchange. Covered by lectures, discussions, and readings. Consular reports should be examined. Text and Reference Books Introduction to the Study of Commerce. Clow. (Silver, Burdett & Co., New York.) $1.25. Tariff History of the United States. Taussig. (Putnam's Sons, New York.) $1.25. Reciprocity. Laughlin and Willis. (Baker & Taylor Co., New York.) $1.25. Consular Reports. SUBJECT COURSES 27 Railway Transportation A brief survey of the economic and social phases together with the economic and geographical factors determining methods of transportation; organization and administration of passenger and freight departments; classification of traffic and rates; methods of handling passengers and freight ; lading and shipping orders ; receipt and delivery of freight; transfer; records and accounts. Text and Reference Books American Railway Transportation. Johnson. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.50. Railway Economics. Newcomb. (Railway World Pub. Co., Philadelphia.) $1.00. Theory of Transportation. Cooley. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 75 cents. ADVERTISING For: Printers, superintendents, students, business men, advertising managers, and business promoters. Preparation : A high school education or its equivalent including English, freehand drawing, and design. Topics : The following will be found in the best courses : Psychological basis of advertising ; advertising methods and mediums, newspapers and periodicals ; mail-order advertis- ing ; street car cards ; bill boards and signs ; window display ; general printed matter; booklets, pamphlets, bills, folders, etc. ; letters, programs, premiums, novelties, etc. ; depart- ment store, retail and wholesale advertising; general vs. special advertising; principles of display; advertising rates and contracts ; advertising records, checks and accounts ; advertising costs ; advertising medium ratings ; follow-up systems; fake, unprofitable and dangerous advertising; preparation of "copy" ; style and expression, grammatical composition ; types, cuts, and illustration ; printers' instruc- tions ; advertising construction ; proof reading ; the advertis- 28 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY ing campaign ; relation of advertiser to the "firm" ; duties of the advertising manager, agent, soHcitor; requisites and necessary equipment of the advertising man. Text and Reference Books Modern Advertising. Calkins and Holden. (D. Appleton & Co. New York.) $1.50. Theory of Advertising. Scott. (Small, Maynard & Co., Cam- bridge.) $2.00. Successful Advertising— How to Accomplish It. MacDonald. (Lincoln Pub. Co.) $2.00. Building Business. Fowler. (Publicity Pub. Co., Boston.) $1.50. Periodicals, Newspapers and Magazine Articles. REAL ESTATE For: Real estate brokers, investors, operators and all others interested in the buying, selling, management and other phases of the real estate business. Most successful results are realized from a combination of a course of lectures by experts and some practice work in the handling of real estate. In a few Associations some of the practice work includes trips to and inspection of suburban property and mock buying and selling of the same. Topics : The following topics are included in the best courses : Real estate problems, including : principles of city growth and country development; public utilities and realty development; city, suburban, and country prosperity; hous- ing and building laws ; real estate valuations and appraisals ; taxation and tax rates ; public real estate records ; titles ; deeds ; transfers ; abstracts, etc. ; title and fire insurance ; mortgage and building loans ; rents and sales ; real estate management ; salesmanship ; the real estate business ; rela- tion of broker to customer and client ; real estate ethics ; rights and duties of the agent. Real estate law, including : the definition of real estate property; landlord and tenant; SUBJECT COURSES 29 leases ; repairs ; mutual rights ; evictions ; notice, etc. ; rights and liabilities of property owners ; easements and re- strictions ; contracts ; mortgages and other liens ; methods of acquirement and conveyancing ; tax titles ; powers of attor- ney ; wills ; encroachments ; conditional sales, etc. Office management, including : organization and routine ; records and information data ; listing of properties for rent or sale ; advertising; clients and customers, how to get them and keep them; marketing property; making a deal, drawing papers, closing titles ; real estate exchange. Text and Reference Books Guide to Buyers and Sellers of Real Estate. Van Sicklen. (Record and Guide, New York.) $1.00. How to Buy and Sell Real Estate at a Profit. Carney. (Business Man's Publishing Co., Detroit.) $2.00. SALESMANSHIP— One Season For : Clerks, salesmen, solicitors, dealers, agents, and business men. Preparation : A high school course or its equivalent. The character of the course depends largely upon the in- dividual instructor. The following outline is so arranged that it may be adapted to meet circumstances. The work will be divided between lectures and laboratory work pro- gressing from the "approach" to the culmination of the sale. Topics : Relation of character to salesmanship ; develop- ment of personality — habits, carriage of the body, dress, in- flection of the voice, tact, self-control, courtesy; conduct and service — relations with customers ; basis of selling — knowledge of the goods, knowledge of human nature, care and handling of stock; the approach — obtaining attention; practical demonstration — display of goods, selling argu- ments and persuasion ; closing the sale ; business systems of payment and collection ; preservation of customers' interests. 30 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Text and Reference Books Valuable suggestions may be received by addressing the educa- tional directors conducting the courses. CARE OF BUILDINGS— One Season For: Building superintendents, owners, agents, janitors, and care-takers. Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- lent. Apartment houses, hotels, office, school, factory and in- stitute buildings are increasing at an astonishing rate in number, size and details in all large cities. The care of these properties calls for the expenditure of many thousands of dollars annually. Brains count as well as muscle in keeping a building clean and in good repair. Topics : Principles of efficient service ; relation to reputa- tion and value of property served; economy and waste; tools — their selection, use and care ; soaps and powders — uses and cost; floors — kinds, finishing and care; metals — kinds and care; marble, glass, and tile — methods of cleaning, polish- ing and caring for the same ; rugs — cleaning, care and use ; toilets — care, cleaning, ventilation and sanitation ; insects, vermin and pests — methods of extermination; heating sys- tems and principles ; water — hot and cold, leaks, wastes and care of faucets ; lighting — ^kinds, use and care, efficiency and economy; tennis courts and athletic fields — ^kinds, care and use ; lawns — ^preparation and care, seed, sod, etc. ; flower beds ; lawn mowers and sprinklers ; miscellaneous — paints, varnishes, reading meters, stoves, electric bells, repairs, city laws relating to crowding in rooms, care of sidewalks, board of health regulations, house cleaning, and dusting ; relation- ships — to owners, superintendents, tenants, assistants; rent- ing of apartments and etiquette of janitor service. Text and Reference Books Available and adaptable texts of the other courses. SUBJECT COURSES 31 JOURNALISM For: Reporters, prospective newspaper men, and those desiring knowledge and practice in news-gathering, journal- istic writing and the general newspaper business. Preparation : A high school education or its equivalent, including history and civics, elementary economics and political economy. Topics : Analysis of requirements of newspaper men ; news-gathering; interviewing; city and managing editors; department pages; the city desk; the telegraph desk; car- toons and illustrations; make-up; advertising; circulation department; business department; news and special stories; editorials ; the pressroom ; mailing department. These and other topics may be covered carefully by lec- tures. These supplemented by actual work of the students in news-gathering and writing, lead and head writing, spe- cial stories, dummy make-up and editing; concluding with an organization of the class into a newspaper "staff" and the editing of a practice "edition." Text and Reference Books Making a Newspaper. J. La P. Givens. (Henry Holt & Co.) $L50. SOCIAL SCIENCE SUBJECTS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES— One Season For: All men and boys. ■Preparation: English, geography, arithmetic. Topics: Discoveries (1000-1600) — Spanish, French, Enghsh, Dutch, Northmen; colonization (1600-1763)— Spanish, French, Dutch, English; colonial wars (1688- 1763) — King William's, Queen Anne's, King George's, French and Indian; the Revolution (1763-1789) — causes and beginnings (1763-1776), government of the colonies. 32 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY conduct of the war, treaty of peace, territorial extent of the colonies ; contest between doctrines of state rights and cen- tral authority (1789-1865) — establishment of national au- thority (1789-1801), establishment of a national democracy (1801-1841), slavery agitation (1841-1860), civil war and its results (1860-1865) ; national development (1865-1898) ; United States a world power (1898 to date). Text and Reference Books School History of the United States. McMaster. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. Students' American History. Montgomery. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.40. New Century History of the United States. Eggleston. (Ameri- can Book Co., New York.) $1.00. History of the United States. Adams and Trent. (AUyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.50. History of the United States. Fiske. (Houghton, Mififlin & Co., Boston.) $1.00. History of the American Nation. McLaughlin. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.40. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT— One Season For: All men and boys. Preparation: Grammar school education or its equiva- lent. Topics : Fundamental ideas of government ; city govern- ment; city charter, its provisions and why necessary; the city and public safety ; the city as a business corporation ; the city and education ; municipal finances ; charities and corrections ; relation of city government to state legislature, and to state constitution ; duties of citizenship ; political par- ties, their policies and methods. Text and Reference Books Politics for Young Americans. Nordhoff. (American Book Co., New York.) 75 cents. American Citizen. Dole. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 80 cents. SUBJECT COURSES 33 A Study of City Government. Wilcox. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. Citizenship in the United States. Sherman. (American Citizen- ship League, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York.) 25 cents. ECONOMICS— One Season For : Students, business and newspaper men, and leaders of thought and public opinion. Preparation : United States history, general history, civil government, business law. Topics : Fundamental ideas of economics, right of prop- erty, wealth, economic evolution of the race, production of wealth, capital and labor and their cooperation, consumption, just distribution of rewards, wage theories, rent, ownership in land, taxation, socialism, exchange, value and price, mar- ket value, monopolies, money, credit systems, banking sys- tems, clearing houses, international trade, free trade and protection, trusts and trust problems. Text and Reference Books Economics. Hadley. (Putnam's Sons, New York.) $2.50. Introduction to Economics. Seager. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) $2.00. Political Economy. Laughlin. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.20. Outlines of Economics. Ely. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. Wealth and Progress. Gunton. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.00. Distribution of Wealth. Carver. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.50. Outlines of Social Economics. Gunton and Robbins. (Appleton & Co., New York.) 75 cents. ETHICS— One Season For : Men who have had at least the equivalent of a high school training. 34 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Topics: Fundamental ideas of the subject; psychological basis of ethics ; physical nature of man ; psychical nature of man; moral consciousness; law of duty — the Hebrew ideal of duty, the Epicurean, the Stoic, the Christian; motives — egoistic, altruistic, of justice, of mercy, social duties, per- sonal duties ; virtue ; relation of ethics to Christianity. Text and Reference Books Elementary Ethics. Steele. (H. Sibley, Detroit, Mich.) $1.00. Introduction to Ethics. Murray. (DeWolfe, Fiske & Co., Boston.) $1.50. SOCIOLOGY— One Season For : Men who have had at least a high school course. Topics: Basal ideas; origin and scope of subject; land and its population ; the family, its nature and history ; tribal relations and problems; the state, its idea, development and its problems ; the school and its problems ; the church, its idea, unity and worship ; social problems ; institutions, chari- table, benevolent, and reformatory ; morality and law ; social consciousness; relation of sociology to social reform. Text and Reference Books Elements of Sociology. Giddings. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.10. Divine Order of Human Society. Thompson. (John D. Wattles.) $1.00. Introduction to the Study of Society. Small and Vincent. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.80. CIVICS— One Season For : Men who have had at least a grammar school edu- cation. Topics : Fundamental principles of government ; classi- fications of governments ; source of American institutions ; the Revolutionary government, the state governments ; the federal constitution; the legislative, executive and judicial SUBJECT COURSES 35 divisions, their composition, duties and powers ; the states and territories ; general provisions ; amendments ; elementary principles of international law, of municipal law. Text and Reference Books Civics. Boynton. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 25 cents. Civics. Hoxie. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. Government in State and Nation. James and Sanford. (Scrib- ner's Sons, New York.) $1.00. Government : Its Origin, Growth, and Form in the United States. Lansing and Jones. (Silver, Burdett & Co., New York.) $1.05. Civil Government in the United States. John Fiske. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York.) $1.00. Civics. Sherman. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 90 cents. Our Government. Macy. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 75 cents. INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNICAL SUBJECTS For apprentices, journeymen, draftsmen, superintendents, foremen, managers, and others connected with manufactur- ing and industrial work. In the Association more attention than ever is now given to industrial education and vocational training, first, be- cause of the greater demand for high quality of service and increased efficiency to meet industrial and manufacturing needs; second, because present public educational facilities fall far short of supplying this need. Industry and manu- facture have developed far more rapidly than have the edu- cational facilities and training for men connected with them. In this industrial and technical work the Association should place increasing emphasis on the appropriate mathe- matics, drawing, physics, chemistry, shop practice and laboratory work as applied to each of the principal occupa- tions and useful arts. Some of this work is now being done in the daytime as well as in the evening. A good deal of shop work may well be done, and is already being con- ducted, outside the Association in connection with local 36 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY manufacturing plants, thus making the individual training more practical and cooperation with industry and manufac- ture more complete. From this cooperation there is already resulting not only many classes for apprentices, but also a few apprentice schools in the interests of both the men and the industry. The topics mentioned in the following outlines are found in all the best courses in the most successful Associations. In addition to the text and reference books mentioned, teachers will find most excellent helps in the science, indus- trial and engineering periodicals found in the reading room ; as "Scientific American Supplement," $5.00 ; "Power," $3.00; "Street Railway Journal," $3.00; "Engineering Review," $1.00 ; "The Wood Worker," $1.00 ; "Carpentry and Build- ing," $1.00, etc. New problems, discussions and inventions there described will afford the often needed stimulus to hold attention. Trade catalogues, obtained free of charge, in numbers sufficient to supply each student, will be helpful. Topics that do not find continued application in practical shop or trade work are omitted. Much shop practice should be used in applying the principles. Whenever possible the actual local blue prints, shop formula and shop methods should be incorporated into the course of instruction. FREEHAND DRAWING— Two Seasons For: Apprentices, draftsmen, lithographers, illustrators, students and others engaged in work in which a knowledge of freehand drawing will be of value. Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent. Material: Paper, smooth, and with a slight and even grain. Pencils, medium black, smooth in quality, sharpened to make a broad, even, and expressive line. Topics : First Season — Simple freehand perspective, drawing in outline from models, objects, casts and nature, and from good examples of historic ornament. Emphasis SUBJECT COURSES 37 to be placed on free and correct drawing in outline of groups of cylindric and rectangular objects, and on simple Egyptian, Greek, and Roman ornaments. The following details of study have been found very helpful: (1) The appearance of the circle as an ellipse, using an upright cylin- der or cylindric object above and below the eye; the cone above and below the eye; spouts and handles; the appear- ance of ornament upon cylindric and rectangular objects. (2) A closed book below the eye with its back parallel with the picture plane ; an open book below the eye with its ends parallel with the picture plane ; a closed book below the eye with its horizontal edges turned at angles of 30 and 60 de- grees; an open book in the same position; two books, one on the other, turned at different angles ; a book grouped with a cylindric object; two books grouped with one or more cylindric objects. (3) Light-and-shade drawing in pencil or charcoal. The following objects have been most help- fully studied in reference to high light, shade, shadow, re- flected light, and effect on object of its background: Cylin- der; cylindric object of color; sphere; spherical object of color; cube, or rectangular block; book and cylindrical ob- ject grouped; group of fruit. (4) Ornament. Drawing of simple examples of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman styles. Topics : Second Season — Further practice in freehand perspective as illustrated in the appearance of objects, as follows: (1) A house from chart or blackboard, as a class exercise ; details of house, steps, chimney, porch, piazza, ell, dormer window ; a house in outline from photograph or ob- ject; an interior from chart or blackboard as a class exer- cise; an interior from a room; a chair or other furniture from object; part of a staircase; a clock or other detail of interior furnishing. (2) Cast drawing, in charcoal or pencil, showing light and shade; ornament; block heads, masks, hands, feet, busts, full length jfigure; sketching from life. (3) Ornament — simple examples of Saracenic, Byzantine, 38 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Romanesque, and Gothic ornament. (4) Design for special object — poster, calendar, book cover. International certifi- cate, register, tile, wall paper, printed cloths, etc. Examination and Thesis Drawings. In the elementary examination special emphasis will be placed upon drawing in outline, while the examination for the second season's work will include outline, light-and-shade drawing, drawing of ornament, and a thesis. Before taking the examina- tion in the advanced or second season's work, in freehand drawing, each student must have finished some time during the three months preceding the examination three thesis drawings on three sheets of paper 8 x 11 inches, as follows : First Sheet — A freehand perspective outline drawing of an interior of a room, showing furniture and objects on floor and wall, or a portion of a house or other building, showing steps, chimney, porch or piazza. Second Sheet — A light-and-shade drawing from a cast, either ornament or the antique, or from a group of objects. Third Sheet — ^A drawing of an ornament or an applied design for some object named above. No advanced examination returns hereafter can be accepted unless accompanied with the stu- dent's thesis drawings, which may be retained by the In- ternational Committee. Text and Reference Books Teachers' Manual, Part 4, Prang's Complete Course. (Prang Educational Co., New York.) 75 cents. The Essentials of Perspective. L. W. Miller. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $1.50. Lessons in Decorative Design. F. G. Jackson. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $2.00. Sheets of Historic Ornament. (Prang Educational Co., New York.) 15 cents each; $10.95 for the set. The Human Figure. J. H. Vanderpoel. (The Inland Printer Co., Chicago.) Freehand Perspective. D. M. Horton. (Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York.) SUBJECT COURSES 39 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN— One Season For: Decorators, artists, stone cutters, terra cotta work- ers, designers, cartoonists, silversmiths, iron workers, stu- dents, and those engaged in the rendering of ornament in the flat or the round. Preparation : Much preliminary practice in general free- hand drawing, light-and-shade drawing, elementary design, styles of historic ornament, animal and plant form from na- ture. Principles of composition in construction and decora- tive design ; arrangement of units and of conventional plant forms to fill given spaces, or for borders and surface pat- terns. Special courses for the illustrator, wall decorator, costume designer, or cartoonist, may well follow. Text and Reference Books Bases of Design. Crane. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. Ornament and Its Application. Day. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $3.25. Studies in Plant Form. Lilley & Midgley. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $2.00. Lessons in Decorative Design. Jackson. (Scribner's Sons, New York) $2.00. Periodicals : The Craftsman ; The International Studio. CLAY MODELING— One Season For: Draftsmen, students, artists, wood and stone carvers, and those engaged in the practice of applied ornament. Preparation : The same as for industrial design. Indus- trial design may well accompany modeling. Topics: Modeling of leaves, flowers, and fruit from casts; modeling of ornament in different styles; studies of capitals, panels, spandrels, festoons, friezes, wreaths; com- position and design for ornament ; parts of the human figure and animal forms as used in decorative work. 40 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Text and Reference Books The Technique of Sculpture. W. O. Partridge. (Ginn & Co., New York.) ModeHng. E. Lanteri. (Chapman & Hall, London.) The Human Figure. J. H. Vanderpoel. (The Inland Printer Co., Chicago.) ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING— Two Seasons For: Prospective draftsmen, students, apprentices, and journeymen in the building trades, and those in architects' offices. Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent, including business English, freehand drawing, and mechan- ics' business arithmetic. Topics : First Season — Drawing materials, their use and care; practice with ruling pen; section-lining and cross- hatching; projections; front, top, side view and sections of solids occuring most frequently in architecture; develop- ments and intersections of surfaces and solids ; scale draw- ings, in plan, elevation and section, of small buildings (as a two-room cottage, a bam, a small chapel), showing win- dows, fireplaces, stairs and railings, and thickness of walls, roofs and floors ; elementary details of construction, as bond- ing of masonry and brickwork, framing details of sill and water table, or eaves, floors, windows, and doors; practice in freehand drawing, and simple lettering. As early as possible in the coiirse introduce practical examples relating to the daily life of students. Too much formal drawing of the kind apparently unrelated to the study of architecture will result in a loss of interest. Topics: Second Season — Working plans and elevations to ^-inch and ^-inch scale, of a frame house and of a brick house; tracings on cloth; working up scale drawings from freehand sketches or from dictation; building details, SUBJECT COURSES 41 as framing in wood, masonry, and brickwork, framing and finish of doors, windows, fireplaces, roofs, stairs, full size and to 1-inch scale; architectural elements as typical forms of doors, windows, roofs, balustrades, vaults, and ceilings; the general design and proportions of the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders ; columns, pilasters, pediments, and arches. Questions on the orders of architecture may well form a part of each International examination. Free- hand sketches of architectural ornament and decorative de- tail ; practical lettering. Examination and Thesis Drawings. Each student before taking the examination of the second season, should have prepared thesis drawings of some simple building or piece of construction, — as an exterior, or a floor plan, of a bunga- low, a two-story cottage, a library building, a porch, a tomb, or other simple edifice. Such drawing is to be finished in ink and on paper 8 x 11 inches in size, or a multiple of such size, in order that it may be folded and sent with the examination package. Thesis drawings must be the entire work of the student, completed some time during the three months pre- ceding the examination, and may be retained by the Interna- tional Committee. Hereafter, no examination in archi- tectural drawing (second season) can be accepted without the student's thesis drawing accompanying the examination paper, the same as is. the case in mechanical and freehand drawing. Text and Reference Books Architectural Drawing. C. F. Edminster. Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. (Published by the Author.) $2.00. Practical Lessons in Architectural Drawing. Tuthill. (W. I. Comstock, New York.) $2.50. Babcock's Elementary Architecture. (American Book Co., New York.) $3.25. Building Construction and Drawing. C. F. Mitchell. (The Polytechnic, Regent Street, London.) 42 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Ware's American Vignola, Parts I. and II. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) Details of Building Construction. Martin. (Bates & Guild Co., Boston.) $2.00. Architectural Shades and Shadows. McGoodwin. (Bates & Guild Co., Boston.) $2.00. History of Architecture. Fletcher. (Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York.) $6.00. PLAN READING AND ESTIMATING— One Season For : Contractors, builders, foremen, plumbers, steam fit- ters, superintendents, and those desiring ability to read plans and make estimates from them. Preparation: A high school course or its equivalent is desirable. Topics : Interpretations of working drawings, specifica- tions, plans and details ; methods of taking off and listing of quantities ; types of buildings ; relation of owner, architect and builder; building materials and their handling; cost estimating; laying out of work; building superintendence, collections. Text and Reference Books Building Plans, Blue Prints, Building Specifications. Estimating Frame and Brick Houses. Hodgson. (David Wil- liams Co., New York.) $1.00. Specifications for Building Works and How to Write Them. Farrow. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.10. Modern Estimator and Contractors' Guide. F. T. Hodgson. (F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION— Two Seasons For: Architects, contractors, builders, superintendents, estimators, and those engaged in building trades. Preparation: The same as for Plan Reading and Esti- mating. Topics: Excavating; shoring and underpinning; laying SUBJECT COURSES 43 out work; masonry; cut stone; mortars, cement and con- crete; structural steel; carpentry, lumber and mill work; plastering and tiling ; hardware and ornamental iron ; plumb- ing ; heating, lighting, and ventilating. Text and Reference Books Masonry Construction. Baker. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Structural Mechanics. Greene. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Hand Books of the Carnegie and other Steel Companies. Materials of Construction. Johnson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $6.00. Cements, Limes and Plasters. Eckel. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $6.00. Details of Building Construction. Martin. (Bates & Guild Co., Boston.) $2.00. Ordinary Foundations. Fowler. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. Hand Book for Superintendents of Construction, Architects, Builders and Building Inspectors. Rickey. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Kidder's Hand Book. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Kidder's Building Superintendence, Vols. I. and H. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. MASONRY CONSTRUCTION— One Season For : City engineers, builders, and contractors. Preparation : Mathematics, drawing, applied mechanics, physics, and chemistry. Topics : Study of buildings and engineering structures in stone, concrete, and brick ; the use of limes, cements, mor- tars, and concrete in structures ; reinforced concrete and its advantages ; design and methods of construction of piers, foundations, retaining walls, dams, and reservoirs. Text and Reference Books Masonry Construction. Baker. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. 44 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Reinforced Concrete Construction. Tumeaure-Maurer. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Trade Journals contain most helpful information about reinforced concrete. STRUCTURAL WORK IN STEEL— Two Seasons For: Students, architects, contractors, and builders, building superintendents, and those engaged in drawing or executing plans for steel buildings, roofs, bridges, trusses, etc. Preparation: A high school training or its equivalent, including architectural drawing, elements of physics and chemistry, metallurgy, shop mathematics. Topics : Elementary mechanics, laws of equilibrium, parallelogram of forces, stress diagrams, loads; materials used in construction ; strength of materials ; formulas ; bend- ing moments ; deflection ; tension ; moments of inertia ; loads in structures ; details of construction ; design and calculation of column and column-base sizes ; splices ; roof -truss design ; wind bracing; general building foundations and footings; specifications ; special designs and calculations. For pattern and template makers and workers in the fabri- cation of structural steel, the following topics have been most successfully used : — Details for template shop ; mill and erection ; scales used ; sketch sheets ; rolled sections, built-up sections, properties of sections and the use of hand books ; gauge lines and standard connections. Plate girders, columns and trusses; working dimensions, splices and stiffeners; rivet spacing, shop and field values for connections. Shipping details, bill of ma- terials, estimate of weight, shop marking. Text and Reference Books Architectural Iron and Steel. Birkmire. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. Skeleton Construction in Buildings. Birkmire. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. SUBJECT COURSES 45 Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings. Birkmire. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. Architectural Engineering. Freitag. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. Steel. Metcalf. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Materials of Engineering, Part II. Iron and Steel. Thurston. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. Strength of Materials. Merriman. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. Various Trade Catalogues with tables and formulas. MECHANICAL DRAWING— Two Seasons For: Apprentices, journeymen, machinists, mechanics, pattern makers, engineers, firemen, electricians, students and others wishing to quaHfy for positions as draftsmen, as well as those who desire to know the language of their trade. Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- lent, including arithmetic, freehand drawing, the elements of physics, penmanship. Topics : First Season — Drawing instruments, their use and care; simple projection, including front, top, and side views of rectangular solids with dimensions ; working draw- ings of simple objects, as of wood joints; development of simple surfaces, plane and curved ; patterns ; screw threads, true and conventional, bolts and nuts ; freehand dimensioned sketches of simple objects and parts of machines; working drawings of machine details, full size and to scale, as pulleys, sheaves, clamps, pipe elbows, tees, wrenches, couplings, and others through a large range of machine details ; practice in lettering. Care should be taken to present typical construction forms. Working drawings from the first should contain all dimen- sions necessary to show facts of form. The work of first season should be mainly in pencil. That of the second sea- son should be finished in ink. Topics : Second Season — Working drawings of machine 46 , OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY details as lifting jack, hangers, pillow-block, etc., with di- mensioned sketches ; inking and tracing in ink ; full set of working drawings of a complete simple machine ready for the shop, as a bench lathe or small engine. No copying of plates or drawings should be permitted ex- cept as tracings. Increasing emphasis is placed on drawing from the object or model itself. It is desirable that little or no work in geometrical problems be given. Appeal to the student's interest from the beginning by drawing from ob- jects which relate to his trade. Do not tire him out with meaningless sheets. Freehand fully dimensioned sketches made by the student should form the basis of working draw- ings. By means of talks illustrated with models, specimens, or blackboard sketches, the teacher should lead the student to a knowledge of the strength of materials used, the simple mechanical principles involved, the workshop processes em- ployed, and the accepted method of construction in the various models or parts of the machines drawn. Examination and Thesis Drawings. The student's work in the second season's examination must be accompanied by thesis drawings of some simple machine or piece of mechan- ism. The assembly of the same is to be on one sheet and the complete working drawings of at least one quarter of this machine on a second sheet. Tracings of these two sheets, not the originals as these are not returned, must be sent with the examination paper. All of this thesis work — design, meas- urements, sketches, inking, lettering — must be entirely that of the student and not of the teacher, and must be finished some time during the three months preceding the ex- amination. Text and Reference Books A Course in Mechanical Drawing. L. Rouillion. (Prang Educa- tional Co., New York.) $1.25. Elements of Mechanical Drawing, Parts I. and II. Anthony. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. SUBJECT COURSES 47 Elements of Machine Drawing, Part III. Anthony. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. Mechanical Drawing. C. F. Jackson. (Lippincott & Co., Phila- delphia.) $1.50. Notes on Mechanical Drawing. Mathewson. (Published by Author, Springfield, Mass.) $1.25. Manual of Mechanical Drawing. Johnston. (Williams Co., New York.) $2.00. Mechanical Drawing. J. G. Tracy. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.80. Mechanical Drawing. MacCord. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Elements of Mechanical Drawing. Jamison. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. BLUE PRINT READING— One Season For: Apprentices, shop men, machinists, journeymen, and others engaged in machine shop work who through a short course desire to learn how to read drawings rather than to make complete drawings. Preparation: Arithmetic, reading, writing, spelling. Topics : Familiarity with the nature and making of blue prints from drawings; meaning of simple projection as top view, side or front view, end view of object or piece of machine ; interpretation of simple drawings ; much practice on simple sketches of projections to insure the meaning of blue prints. The student must know how, from the blue print, to really see and intelligently describe objects and parts of objects and machines in their proper relations. Explana- tion by the teacher of chemical principles of blue printing. Text and Reference Books Mechanical Drawing Text Books. Blue prints and working drawings from local shops and drawing rooms. (The teacher should have a wealth of such material on hand.) Blue Print and its Variations; Photo Miniatures. Drafting Books. 48 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY MACHINE DESIGN— Two Seasons For : Students, draftsmen, machinists, engineers, appren- tices, inventors, superintendents, and others. Preparation : The equivalent of a high school course, in- cluding physics, chemistry, shop mathematics, mechanical and freehand drawing, strength of materials, mechanism. Topics : Designs of simple machine parts, such as a pulley or a shaft coupling ; designs involving more machine construc- tion such as a lathe or planer chuck, a globe valve or a screw- jack, with or without ball bearings ; designs and problems in- volving the use of cams, gears, eccentrics, toggle joints, etc. ; designs and problems illustrating the principles of strength and resistance of materials, such as the thickness of shell in steam boilers, riveted joints proportioned to resist shearing and tearing, the strength and stiffness of beams and other problems involving the tensile, compressive and shearing strength of different materials ; designs and problems illus- trating mechanical transmission of power, such as the proper widths of belts, and the diameter of shafts to transmit the given horse power, proper length and diameter of bearing under different working conditions. Text and Reference Books Manual of Machine Drawing and Design. Low and Bevis. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.50. Elements of Machine Design. Unwin. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.00. Elements of Machine Design. Klein. (Moravian Pub. Con- cern, Bethlehem, Pa.) $6.00. Elementary Machine Design. Smith and Marx. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Elements of Mechanism. Stahl & Wood. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $2.00. Strength of Materials. Merriman. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. Lessons in Applied Mechanics. Cotterill and Slade. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) $L25. SUBJECT COURSES 49 Essentials of Gearing. Anthony. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. Practical Treatise on Gearing. (Brown & Sharpe M'f'g Co., Providence.) $1.75. Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design. J. S. and D. Raid. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Machine Design. (I. C. S., No. 997, Scranton, Pa.) LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR DESIGN— Two Seasons For : Draftsmen, engineers, and others specializing on the design of railroad machinery. Preparation : Mechanical drawing, mathematics, ele- mentary mechanics and design, and some acquaintance with railroad shops and appliances. Topics : Locomotive Design — The general principles of mechanics as applied to practical locomotive designing, in- volving the composition and resolution of forces, moments, strains to be resisted by the various parts of the locomotive, adhesion, friction, lubrication; the general principles of thermodynamics as applied to practical locomotive designing, involving the elementary theory of heat, combustion of fuel, evaporation, steam, condensation, draft, the steam engine indicator and its diagrams ; strength of materials, involving their deflection, elastic limit, resistance to rupture ; train re- sistance, involving the resistance to be overcome by the loco- motive as influenced by load, gradient, curvature, wind, kind and condition of cars ; general proportion of locomotives and their parts for given service, involving weight, tractive power, heating surface, grate area; the practical designing of locomotives, involving the working out of the detail de- sign, the making of actual working drawings, tracings, and blue prints, and their systematic care and filing. Car Design — The general principles of mechanics as ap- plied to practical car designing, involving the composition and resolution of forces, moments, graphical statics, friction, 50 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY strains to be resisted by the various parts of freight, and of passenger cars ; strength of materials, involving their deflec- tion, elastic limit, resistance to rupture; general types and proportions of freight cars for given service, involving capacity, ratio of tare to paying load, etc. ; general types and proportions of passenger cars ; passenger car decoration, in- volving the artistic work (this is a distinct art in itself and can only be touched upon here) ; the practical designing of freight and passenger cars, involving the working out of the detailed design and making actual working drawings, tra- cings and blue prints. Text and Reference Books Applied Mechanics. Jamieson. (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadel- phia,) $1.25. Mechanical Engineer's Pocket Book. William Kent. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Steam and Steam Engines. Jamieson. (D. Van Nostrand, New York.) $1.50. Thermodynamics of the Steam Engine and other Heat Engines. Peabody. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Manual of Rules and Tables for Mechanical Engineers. D. K. Clark. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $7.50. Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Angus Sinclair. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Master Car Builders' Dictionary. (Railroad Gazette, New York.) $6.00. Locomotive Operation. Henderson. (Railway Age, Chicago.) $3.50. Mechanics of Engineering. Weisbach. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $6.00. Treatise on Valve Gears. Zeuner. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $5.00. Proceedings Master Mechanics' Association. Proceedings Master Car Builders' Association. The Standard Current and Technical Railroad Periodicals. Books of Blue Prints and Specifications of Actual Locomotives as Built by Various Railroads and Locomotive Builders. Trade Catalogues and Reference Books from Various Locomo- tive Works. SUBJECT COURSES 51 PHYSICS— Two Seasons For: Mechanics, engineers, apprentices, clerks, students, office men, tradesmen, and those interested. Often used for those in college preparatory work with laboratory practice. Preparation : A grammar school course including mathe- matics, drawing, algebra, English. Topics : Matter, energy, motion, and force — their proper- ties, laws, and relations ; gravitation, law of falling bodies ; simple laws of machines, including lever, pulley, and in- clined plane ; work, its units of measurement ; horse power, and problems of calculating ; dynamics ; momentum ; laws of motion ; hydraulics ; hydrostatics ; density and specific gravity ; heat, temperature, and thermodynamics ; sound as applied to telephone ; pitch as applied to music, phonograph ; light, reflection, refraction, microscope, telescope, stere- opticon, the eye; electricity and magnetism, batteries, elec- trical effects, measurement, resistance, instruments, com- mercial electricity. The various hand and power machines in actual use in manufacturing afford splendid material for the study of mechanics. The descriptions of new inven- tions in current magazines serve to illustrate the applica- tions of many scientific principles. Text and Reference Books Introduction to Physical Science. Gage. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.00. Physics. Carhart and Shute. (Allyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.25. Physics. Watson. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $3.50. Physical Laboratory Manual. Chute. (D. C. Heath & Co., New York.) 80 cents. Physics. Henderson and Woodhull. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.10. Laboratory Manual of Physics. Crew and Tatnall. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) 90 cents. Physics. Hoadley. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.20. 52 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY— One Season For: Electrical workers, engineers, apprentices, telegra- phers, construction men, students, and those who wish to acquire a knowledge of principles. Preparation : Business English, elementary physics, arith- metic, algebra, drawing. Topics : Nature and properties of electricity ; electrical effects ; batteries ; electrolysis ; electro-magnetism, its nature and properties ; electric circuits, currents ; resistance, meas- urements. Ohm's law ; measurement of electric current, principles of electric machines, dynamos and motors ; electro-motive force ; direct current dynamos ; direct current motors ; alternating current machinery ; arc, and incan- descent lighting; power stations, electric railway and other applications of motors ; telegraph, telephone, electric bells ; wireless telegraphy. Do not confuse the essential principles in electricity with what may be merely informational and of temporary value. Text and Reference Books Elementary Electricity and Magnetism. Jackson. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) $1.40. Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism. S. P. Thompson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.40. Practical Electricity. Swoope. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $2.00. Lessons in Practical Electricity. Jackson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.40. Primary Batteries. Carhart. (Allyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.50. APPLIED ELECTRICITY— Two Seasons or More For: Students, electricians, motormen, dynamo tenders, testers, instructors, electrical engineers, and others. Preparation: A high school training or its equivalent, including shop mathematics, mechanical drawing or blue print reading, physics, chemistry, elementary electricity. SUBJECT COURSES 53 Topics : Review of elementary electricity ; electric power and its measurements ; generation of direct and alternating current ; application to power, light, and railroad work ; storage batteries, their types, principles, care and applica- tion to light and power service; switchboards, electric ma- chinery, dynamos, direct current and alternating current motors; alternators, transformers. From 50 per cent to 60 per cent or more of the students' time may well be spent in shop and laboratory work, using all the various forms of electric machines and equipment available. Students should be fitted to creditably fill such positions as inspectors, switchboard wiremen, electrical draftsmen, foremen, and engineers, assistants with manu- facturers of electrical machinery, and so on. Text and Reference Books Keys for the Practical Electrical Worker. F. J. Robinson. (Mc- Graw Pub. Co., New York.) $2.00. Practical Management of Dynamos and Motors. Crocker and Wheeler. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.00. Elements of Electrical Engineering. Franklin and Esty. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $4.50. Alternating Currents. Franklin and Williamson. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) $2.50. Design of Dynamos. Thompson. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $3.50. Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Elements of Electric Lighting. Atkinson. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.50. Lessons in Practical Electricity. Swoope. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.00. ELECTRIC WIRING— One Season For: Linemen, wiremen, lamp trimmers, electricians, engineers, dynamo tenders, stationary engineers and stu- dents. Preparation : A grammar school training or its equiva- 54 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY lent, including simple algebra, mensuration, electricity, draw- ing and the elements of physics. Topics : Wire and its coverings, sizes and grades for various purposes; switchboards, their location and wiring; generating station; storage battery equipment and wiring; systems of distribution; outside wiring and construction; underground wiring and construction ; electric lighting ; in- candescent and arc lights ; efficiency and heating, carbons, operation ; wiring of buildings ; details and plans. Half the time of this course can be well spent in practical construction work with switchboards, wiring of a room, installation of annunciators, etc. Text and Reference Books Standard Wiring for Electric Light and Power. Gushing. (H. C. Gushing, Jr., 39 Gortlandt Street, New York.) $1.00. Electric Light Tables and the Distribution of Electricity. Rus- sell. (The Macmillan Go., New York.) $3.00. Electric Lighting. Grocker. (D. Van Nostrand Go., New York.) $3.00. Modern Wiring Diagrams and Descriptions. Horstmann. (Frederick J. Drake & Go., Ghicago.) $1.50. Rules of the insurance companies pertaining to electric wiring. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS— One Season For: Linemen, wiremen, students, conductors, motor- men, machine tenders, construction men, and superin- tendents. Preparation : Mathematics, drawing, shop work, elec- tricity, electric wiring, English, elementary physics. Topics : Equipment of cars ; armatures ; gearing ; bear- ings ; lubrication ; location of motors ; controllers and car wiring ; car heaters ; brakes ; construction for overhead, third rail, and conduit systems ; trolley wires and feeders ; elec- trolysis ; bonding and return circuits ; distribution of power supply ; alternating current transmission and systems ; power SUBJECT COURSES 55 station; switchboard; operation; testing; difficulties and remedies. Text and Reference Books Hand Book for Street Railway Engineeers. Andrews. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.25. Electric Traction. Rider. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $3.00. Power Distribution for Electric Railroads. Bell. (Street Rail- way Pub. Co., New York.) $2.50. Texts on Steam Railroads. "Street Railway Journal." (New York.) $3.00. TELEGRAPHY— One Season For : Operators, and men already in the service or those who desire preparation either for operation or construction work. Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent including business English, drawing or blue print reading, shop mathematics, elements of physics and chemistry, elec- tricity and electric machinery. Topics : Equipment of small office ; principles of the elec- trical telegraph ; the electric current ; construction and opera- tion of sounder ; the Morse code ; graded exercises in letters and words ; main line circuit, description, switchboard and its use, messages, abbreviations, code telegraphy. Railway telegraphy, train orders; equipment of station; electric circuits and devices ; the dynamo for main line work ; multiplex telegraphy, duplex, magnetic poles, polar relay ; rheostat ; condenser ; quadruplex ; transmitter ; tap and leak box ; wireless telegraphy, the Marconi system. Text and Reference Books Elementary Telegraphy and Telephony. Crotch. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $2.00. Telegraph Instructor. Dodge. (Dodge Institute of Telegraphy, Valparaiso, Ind.) $1.00. 56 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Hand Book of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph. Loring. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 50 cents. Twentieth Century Manual of Railway and Commercial Teleg- raphy. Meyer. (Rand, McNally & Co., New York.) $1.00. Wire and Wireless Telegraphy. Moore. (E. B. Moore Pub. Co., Springfield, Vt.) 50 cents. Manual of Wireless Telegraphy. Collins. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. TELEPHONY— One Season For : Those employed in telephone companies. Preparation : Same as for telegraphy. Topics : Sound and electricity ; batteries, alternating cur- rents; instruments, signalling, complete telephone outfit; telephone lines, circuit distribution ; trunk, toll, and subscrib- ers' lines. Construction of lines, material, poles, fittings, staying, running the wire; underground cables; splicing; terminal and distributing points. Telephone exchange, systems, switchboard, exchange wir- ing, power apparatus, batteries, machines, operation, by systems, local calls, trunk calls; long distance switchboard; trunk and party lines ; branch exchange ; locating difficulties ; repairs. Growth of automatic telephone. A large part of the course should be given to switchboard and other practice work. Text and Reference Books Telephone Principles and Practice. Wilder. (Cantwell Printing Co., Madison, Wis.) $2.00. Elementary Telegraphy and Telephony. Crotch. (Spon & Chamberlain.) $2.00. Telephones, Their Construction and Fitting. Allsop. (Spon & Chamberlain.) $1.25. Electric Telephone. Houston and Kennelly. (McGraw Pub. Co., New York.) $1.00. Telephone Lines and Their Properties. Hopkins. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $1.50. SUBJECT COURSES 57 Practical Telephone Hand Book and Guide to the Telephonic Exchange. Poole. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $2.00. SHOP MATHEMATICS— One or Two Seasons For: Apprentices, journeymen, mechanics, machinists, draftsmen, and those connected with building and manufac- turing trades. Preparation : Arithmetic, English, mechanical drawing or blue print and plan reading ; elements of physics and chem- istry, shop work. Topics : Problems in daily shop and trade work involving the following topics: Review of fundamental operations, fractions and decimals with reference to shop work calcula- tions ; formulas, their meaning and application ; mensura- tion of surfaces, solids, and irregular bodies, their rules, formulas, and relations ; laws of simple machines, mechanical powers, inclined plane, levers, wheel and axle, cams; horse power, its computation, value in various engines, in indi- vidual machines, and its loss of efficiency due to friction; shafting, problems involving the size, material, location, and speed of shafting to realize certain horse power, and vice versa ; screw threads, various kinds, U. S. standard threads, diameter, sharp V thread, square thread ; weight of materials in castings, computed from weight of wood patterns, meth- ods of finding weight of castings from drawings, relation of such weights in cast iron, wrought iron, and steel, weights of copper and steel wire, various gauges; pulleys and belts, calculations for speed, length of belt, cone pulleys, size for transmission of given power ; gearing, formulas and methods for computing change of gears for screw thread cutting, milling machine work, bevelled and mitred gears; speeds and feeds of machines as twist drills, mill cutters, lathe work. The topics that do not find continued application in prac- tical shop or trade work are omitted. Much shop practice 58 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY should be used in applying the above principles. Individual instruction is emphasized. Text and Reference Books Machine Shop Arithmetic. Calvin. (N. W. Henley Co., New- York.) 50 cents. School Mensuration. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 80 cents. Engineers' Arithmetic. Colvin. (N. W. Henley Co., New York.) 50 cents. Mechanics' Pocket Memorandum. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) Use of Slide Rule. Halsey. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 50 cents. Practical Mechanics. Saunders. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.00. Mechanical Engineering Pocket Book. Kent. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Workshop Mathematics. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 65 cents. Elementary Practical Mathematics. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 80 cents. Various trade catalogues and hand books with their formulas and tables. APPLIED MECHANICS— One Season For : Advanced students, apprentices, journeymen, me- chanics, foremen, superintendents. Preparation : A high school course, including physics, chemistry, shop mathematics, mechanical drawing. Topics : Force and its measurement ; composition of forces ; laws of motion. Simple machines ; law of machines ; work and energy, its measurement, and the calculation of horse power. Simple machine parts, as screws, cams, link work, motion and power. Different kinds of gears and their velocity ratios. Strength of materials may well be followed in connection with applied mechanics. SUBJECT COURSES 59 Text and Reference Books Applied Mechanics. Alexander & Thompson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $5.25. Graphics. Greene. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Analytic Mechanics. Bowser. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $3.00. Mechanical Movements. Hiscox. (N. W. Henley Co., New York.) $3.00. Applied Mechanics for Beginners. Duncan. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 60 cents. Elementary Mechanics. (I. C. S., No. 989, Scranton, Pa.) STRENGTH OF MATERIALS— One Season For: Machinists, journeymen, engineers, students, drafts- men, builders. Preparation : A high school course, including shop mathe- matics, mechanical drawing, physics, chemistry, mechanism, English. Topics : Stresses and strains in floors, beams and girders ; columns; shafting; boilers and riveted joints, etc.; the be- havior of material of construction under strain. Individual experiments and laboratory tests for 50 per cent to 70 per cent of the time, using such equipment as may be available either in the Association or any manufacturing plants and laboratories nearby, are very necessary. The course is of much value to practical engineers and mechanics as well as to architects and builders. Text and Reference Books Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures. Bovey. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $7.50. Structural Mechanics. Greene. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Materials of Construction. Johnson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $6.00. Strength of Materials. Merriman. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. Strength of Materials. (I. C. S., Nos. 995 and 996, Scranton, Pa.) 60 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY— One Season For: Young men entering manufacturing and com- mercial industries where a practical knowledge of chemistry is needed. Preparation : Arithmetic and business English. A gram- mar school education is desirable. Topics : Principles of chemical reaction and familiarity with laboratory manipulations; properties and relations of the non-metallic and metallic elements and their compounds ; acids, bases and salts; properties of oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, sodium compounds, sulphur; nitrogen and carbon compounds ; silicon ; calcium compounds, magnesium. Best results are found when students are able to give more than half of their time in the practical laboratory work, also when special attention is given to chemical laws and simple reactions. Text and Reference Books Introduction to Chemistry. Remsen. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) $1.12. Descriptive Chemistry. Newell. (D. C. Heath & Co., New York.) $1,20. Elements of Chemistry. Freer. (AUyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.00. Elements of Chemistry. Bradbury. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.25. APPLIED CHEMISTRY— Two Seasons For: Men desiring to fit themselves for positions as as- sayers, chemists, inspectors, analysts, foremen, and assistant superintendents in chemical industries. Preparation: Elementary chemistry, mathematics, and business English. A grammar school training essential. Topics : Problems involved in industries pertaining to acid, alkali and dye works ; soap, drug, and extract works ; oil and varnish ; gas and water plants ; sugar refineries ; steel, iron, and brass works ; electro-chemical industries ; pulp works ; mineral plants, cement and pottery works. SUBJECT COURSES 61 Drinking water, boiler and mineral waters ; fuel, illuminat- ing- and flue gases ; disinfectant and bleaching agents ; reduc- tion of ores ; iron and steel analysis ; qualitative and quantita- tive analysis of common products ; paints, fertilizers, soils ; assaying. Best results are found where a very large portion — from 70 per cent to 90 per cent — of the time of the student is spent in laboratory and experimental work, using all the available equipment feasible, and closely related to the local industrial and manufacturing plants. Text and Reference Books Outlines of Industrial Chemistry. Thorpe. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $3.50. Industrial Organic Chemistry. Sadtler. (J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia.) $5.00. Chemical Technical Analysis. Ulzer and Fraenckel. (P. Blakis- ton Sons & Co., Philadelphia.) $1.25. Chemistry of Paints and Painting. Church. (The Macmillan Co., New York) $3.00. Oil-Chemist's Hand Book. Hopkins. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Manual of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Ladd. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. Modem Pigments and Their Vehicles. Maire. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. METALLURGY OF IRON AND STEEL— One Season For: Foremen, assistants, and others holding or prepar- ing for advanced positions in connection with the iron and steel industry. Preparation: Arithmetic, business English, physics, and chemistry. Topics : The development of metallurgy in the industrial arts ; iron ores, their kinds, uses, value, and locations ; coal and coke; blast furnaces, including warm and cold blast, charcoal furnaces, coke furnaces ; pig iron, its various kinds 62 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY and uses as charcoal, Bessemer, low phosphorus, foundry; cast iron, as malleable, chilled; gray iron, its nature, composition, and manufacture ; steel, Bessemer process, con- verter, cupola process, open hearth process, Siemen's pro- cess ; effects of elements in steel ; tempering. Text and Reference Books Metallurgy of Iron. Turner. (J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadel- phia.) $4.50. Hand Book of Metallurgy. Schnabel. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $10.00. Steel. Metcalf. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. The Cyanide Process. Miller. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. Hiorns. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.50. MINING AND ASSAYING— Two Seasons For : Operators, foremen, superintendents, and those em- ployed in mining and smelting. Preparation : A grammar school education, including arithmetic, business English, physics, chemistry, physiog- raphy. Topics : Chemistry of minerals, apparatus, blow-pipe tests ; simple laboratory tests for qualitative and quantitative analysis ; economic geology, including the earth's crust and fossils, mineral veins, vein filling and ore deposits; simple mineralogy; determination of minerals by methods for field use; training in recognition and naming of various ores as well as rock formations; location of mineral claims; simple laws of mining; simple assaying; tests with small equip- ment leading the student to make simple assays with accuracy. Text and Reference Books Elementary Geology. Tarr. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.50. SUBJECT COURSES 63 Geology as Applied to Mining. Spurr. (Engineering and Mining Journal, New York.) $2.00. Mineralogy Simplified. Erni. (Baird, Henry Carey & Co., Philadelphia.) $2.50. Elements of Mineralogy, Crystallography and Blow Pipe Analysis. Moses and Parsons. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $2.00. Assaying and Metallurgical Analysis. Rhead and Sexton. (Long- mans, Green & Co., New York.) $4.20. Technical Methods of Ore Analysis. Low. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. PHARMACY— One Season For: Drug clerks and those looking forward to phar- maceutical work. Preparation: Elementary chemistry, arithmetic, business English, elements of Latin and physics. Topics: Preparation for state board examinations will naturally be made the basis of study. Best results are seen where much laboratory work is conducted. Quiz exercises following the talks, class recitations, name and formulas of the common drugs and chemicals. Text and Reference Books Whys in Pharmacy. Ruddiman. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. Incompatibilities in Prescriptions. Ruddiman. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Elementary Course in Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry. Wulling. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Laboratory Guide to Students in Pharmacy. (P. A. Fish, 915 East State Street, Ithaca, New York.) 75 cents. PRACTICAL STEAM ENGINEERING The outlines for the courses in Practical Steam Engineer- ing have been subdivided under three headings : Marine Engineering, Locomotive Engineering, and Stationary En- gineering. In each of these the ground covered is substan- tially the same, but the method of approach and the practical 64 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY suggestions and illustrations are varied to better fit the needs of the different types of men for whom each of these three outlines is planned. In addition to the preparation mentioned under each head, it is desirable for men to have had business English, drawing and mechanics' arithmetic. Marine Engineering — Two Seasons For: Engineers, assistant engineers, and firemen em- ployed in marine service, and for others engaged in the con- struction, repair or operation of marine engines and ma- chinery. Preparation : Some experience or familiarity with some type of marine engines. Topics : Select from the following : Condensers, the na- ture of a vacuum, increase in power from a condenser, the degree of vacuum attainable, surface condensers and jet con- densers, the air pump; lubrication, importance, different systems, suitable oil ; knocking in engines, causes, adjustment of main bearings, connecting rod brasses, crosshead guides, eccentric straps ; how to line an engine, starting and stopping engine, precautions to be taken, reversing an engine, throw of an eccentric ; description of piston, and adjustment of piston rings, etc. Meaning of words admission, cut-off, release, and com- pression ; plane slide valves, piston and poppet valves, bal- anced valves, rules for setting valves ; meaning of words lap, lead, and angular advance, their influence upon the events of stroke and upon indicator diagram; diagrams for con- densing and non-condensing engines ; mean effective pres- sure in the steam cylinder determined by averaging or- dinates ; meaning of words work, power, and energy, calcula- tions of horse power from indicator diagram ; steam, same as in "Boiler Firing" outline ; cylinder condensation, value of steam expansion in cylinder, steam jackets, influence of com- pound and triple expansion ; pumps, centrifugal, steam, and SUBJECT COURSES 65 air ; paddle wheels and propellers and their principles ; steam piping, expansion, bends and joints, separators, gaskets and packings, and practical suggestions, their limitations and principles ; careful study of valve diagram and indicator dia- gram, the construction of a link-motion model; emergency repairs; the steam turbine; the resistance of ships; etc. Also such portions of the course relating to Boilers and Firing as seems appropriate for marine engineers. Text and Reference Books Engine and Engine Running. Joshua Rose. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $2.50. American Marine Engines. Emory Edwards. (Carey, Baird & Co., Philadelphia.) $2.50. Catechism of the Marine Engine. Emory Edwards. (Carey, Baird & Co., Philadelphia.) $2.00. Practical Marine Engineering. Durand. (Office of Marine En- gineering, New York.) $5.00. A Manual of Marine Engineering. A. E. Seaton. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $6.00. Steam Turbines. C. C. Thomas. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. Questions and Answers for Marine Engineers. Lucas. (Audel & Co., New York.) $2.00. Practical Advice for Marine Engineers. Roberts. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) 75 cents. Locomotive Engineering — Two Seasons For: Locomotive engineers and firemen and others en- trusted with the care of locomotive engines. Preparation : Experience on or about locomotives. Topics : Select from the following : Description of loco- motive boiler, dry pipe and passages to cylinders, the throttle, the reversing lever, the injector, the safety valve; different engine frames, equalizing levers and methods of distributing load; adjustment of axle boxes, lubrication of axle, im- portance of sufficient journal area ; cylinder arrangement for 66 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY different modem locomotives ; practical valve, valve motion, and indicator diagram instruction same as in "Marine En- gineering" outline; etc. Effect of rocker arm; construction of simple model to scale of Stevenson link motion, determination of valve travel and events of stroke for each position of link, rules for valve setting; the nature of heat, the law of expansion for gases ; the meaning of the words work, energy, and power ; steam, same as in "Boiler Firing" outline; calculations for horse power and indicated steam consumption ; cylinder con- densation and its effect; rules for determining horse power of engines ; rules for determining draw-bar pull ; locomotive accessories; mechanical bell ringers; steam sanding ap- paratus; laws of expansion and contraction; importance of firing carefully; draught; spark arresters; brakes, toggle joints, steam brakes, automatic air brakes; emergency re- pairs and practical hints in breakdowns; Walschaert valve gear; traction limits and train resistance; centrifugal force and elevation of outside rails ; also such portions of the course relating to "Boilers and Firing" as seems appropriate for locomotive engineers. Text and Reference Books Modem Locomotive Engineering Handbook. Swingle. (Frederick J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $3.00. Locomotive Engines, Running and Management. Sinclair. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. The Locomotive Up-to-Date. McShane. (Griffin & Winters, New York.) $2.50. Locomotives, Simple and Compound. Reagan. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Locomotive Operators. Henderson. (Railway Age, New York.) $3.50. Catechism of Locomotive. M. N. Forney. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) $3.50. Modern American Locomotive. Emory Edwards. (Carey, Baird & Co., Philadelphia.) $2.00. SUBJECT COURSES 67 Locomotive Breakdowns, Emergencies and Remedies. Fowler. (N. W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $1.50. Modem Air Brake Practice, Its Use and Abuse. Dukesmith. (F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. Stationary Steam Engineering or Engineer's License— Two Seasons For: Stationary engineers and firemen connected with the operation, or construction, or repair of steam engines or steam apparatus. Preparation : Knowledge of EngHsh and arithmetic and previous employment in or about power plant. Topics : Select from the following : Starting and stop- ping plain slide valve engine ; draining and warming the cylinders ; oiling ; instruction in starting and stopping Corliss engine ; effect of moving wrist-plate forward and backward ; way in which steam is admitted and leaves cylinders of both ; governors ; engine knocking, causes and methods of pre- vention; adjustment of main bearings, of connecting rod brasses, crossheads and guides ; the piston, rings and their adjustment; piston rod packing, practical valve, valve mo- tion, and indication diagram instruction same as in "Marine Engineering" outline ; practical rules for setting valves ; fly wheels and rules for maximum safe speed; meaning of the words, work, energy, and power ; calculation of horse power from indicator diagram ; the Prony brake, calculation of brake horse power ; nature of heat, the mechanical equivalent of heat ; steam same as in "Boiler Firing" outline ; the cal- culation of steam accounted for by indicator; the effect of cylinder condensation ; the value of steam jacket and super- heated steam ; compound and triple expansion engines ; inter- mediate reversers ; laws of friction and rules for horse power of a belt ; steam pumps, condensers and air pumps ; steam traps, velocity of steam in pipes, rules for determining size of same; practical hints regarding steam piping; steam 68 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY and oil separators ; feed water heaters and purifiers ; re- versing engines; Stevenson link motion; shifting eccentrics and special valve gears ; efficiency tests of steam engines ; also such portions of the course relating to "Boilers and Firing" as seems appropriate for stationary steam engineers. Text and Reference Books Engines and Engine Running. Rose. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $2.50. Steam. Ripper. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.50. The Steam Engine. Holmes. Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.00. The Steam Engine. W. H. R. Creighton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Elements of Steam Engineering. Spangler. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Power Plants. F. R. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. The Gas Engine. F. R. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. The Gas Engine. D. Clerk. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) 50 cents. Steam Heating for Buildings. W. J. Baldwin. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Boiler Firing — One Season For: Locomotive, marine and stationary boiler firemen and others entrusted with the care and operation of steam boilers. Preparation : Some experience or familiarity with some type of steam boilers or engines. Topics : Select from the following : The safety valve, its purpose, ways in which it may become a source of danger, care, inspection, and setting of safety valves, principles of lever valves ; the water level, its importance, ways of finding it, reasons of false water level, effects of low water, rules for dangerously low water; known causes of priming, how detected and prevented ; blowing off ; formation of scales, SUBJECT COURSES 69 effectiveness of feed heaters and purifiers in preventing scale, the danger of boiler compounds ; cleaning, washing out and scaling the boiler, responsibility on the boiler washer, keeping water column clean, careful inspection after wash- ing, laying up of boilers ; boiler feeds, where best introduced, importance of feeding slowly, feed pipes, feed pumps, and injectors, method of operation and care. Firing — The banking of fires, lighting and cleaning of fires, handling of clinkers ; firing with anthracite and bituminous coals; thickness of fires; air regulations, nature of flame for perfect combustion ; nature of combustion ; con- stituents of fuels ; combustion of hydrocarbons ; heat value of different commercial fuels ; furnace temperature ; preven- tion of smoke ; simple boiler repairs ; types of boilers, and the advantages of each compared ; steam domes and mud drums, their efficiency and best location; computations regarding the thickness of shell ; board of trade rules, insurance rules, rules for safe working pressure ; boiler accessories. The nature of draught, natural and forced draught, draught required for different fuels and rates of combustion, draught areas, height of stack, area of stack ; boiler settings, importance, allowance for expansion, prevention of radia- tion, heat lost by air leakage and by radiation ; furnace con- struction, the fire brick arch, air over the fire; mechanical stokers, advantages, overfeed and underfeed stokers, care in handling each, conditions for good combustion, coal handling machinery ; steam, its expansive nature, temperature, volume compared with water, saturated steam, superheated steam, use of steam tables ; sensible and latent heat, specific heat, total heat of evaporation, mechanical equivalent of heat; definition of mechanical horse power, of boiler horse power ; heating surface per boiler horse power, rate of generation of steam per square foot of heating surface in different parts of boiler, boiler tests ; steam fitting, draining of steam lines, allowing for expansion, location of flange joints, use of 70 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY gaskets, rules for determining size of steam pipes ; systems, etc. Text and Reference Books Steam Boilers: Their Construction and Operation. Swingle. (F. R. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. Steam Boilers. Rose. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) $2.50. Steam Boiler Practice. W. B. Snow. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Steam Boilers. Peabody and Miller. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. SHIP DRAFTING— Three Seasons For : Those connected with the ship building industry, or who wish to fit themselves in the theory and practice of the science. Preparation : Mathematics, applied mechanics, mechanical and architectural drawing. The applied mechanics and trigonometry may be taken during the course, but are needed before completion. Topics : First Season — Working drawings of simple con- struction ; laying down table ; calculations for displacements and for stability; rules for calculations of areas and mo- ments; planimeter; application of same to displacements; discussion of curves of form, stability, etc. Topics : Second Season — Calculation and drawing curves for launching ; midship section ; calculation of weight of hull and fittings; details of construction; flooding apart- ments. Topics : Third Season — Moment of inertia ; graphic bending moment ; stress on hull ; discussion of strength ; roll- ing waves, propulsion. SUBJECT COURSES 71 Text and Reference Books Naval Architecture. Peabody. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $7.50. Naval Constructor. Simpson. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $5.00. Naval Architecture. Watson. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $5.00. Manual of Naval Architecture. White. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $9.00. Class Book of Naval Architecture. W. J. Lovett. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.50. NAVIGATION— One Season For: Masters and mates, pilots, quartermasters, seamen, amateur yachtsmen, yacht owners, and those preparing for examination before government inspectors for either ocean or inland navigators' licenses. Preparation : Arithmetic, English, and geography. Topics : Chart work ; calculations ; variation and devia- tion ; compass, use and adjustments ; laws of magnetism ; navigation ; tables ; instruments and their use ; chronometer and barometer ; log book ; astronomical observations ; logarithms ; latitude, plane and Mercator's sailing ; laws of storms ; soundings ; currents ; rules of road ; local channels, buoys, ranges, obstructions and signals ; lights ; cross bear- ings; fire and boat drills; station bills; shipping and legal papers. Class and individual instruction should depend on condi- tions and be adapted to meet particular needs of these dif- ferent classes of students. Text and Reference Books Treatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. (U. S. Naval Institute.) $5.00. Elements of Navigation. Henderson. (Harper & Bros., New York.) $L00. Elementary Treatise on Navigation and Nautical Astronomy. Richards. (American Book Co., New York.) 75 cents. n OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY On Navigation Simplified. MacArthur. (Rudder Co., New York.) $1.00. Mariner's Pocket Book. (International Text Book Co., Scranton, Pa.) $1.50. SURVEYING— Two Seasons For : Men employed in engineering- work. ■Preparation : Practical mathematics, algebra, and geometry, business English, mechanical drawing, descriptive geometry, physiography. Topics : Measures of length, instruments, methods and correction of errors ; measurements of angles, the compass, variation of the needle ; methods of finding the true meridian and adjustment of errors; calculations of area; transit and methods of adjusting; running straight lines; actual survey of a piece of ground ; plot and calculation of area. Levelling, the level and its adjustment; profile levelling; cross-section ; stadia levelling. In connection with the course, there should be given much practice Avork in the field, together with the solution of a number of problems on the following: correcting measured lengths, calculating angles from bearings, areas by several methods, survey of public lands, surveys in a mine, working diagram from level notes, contour sketching, calculation of volumes, reducing draw- ings, meridian by the pole-star, etc. Text and Reference Books Plane Surveying. Raymond. (American Book Co., New York.) $3.00. Field Manual for Railroad Engineers. Nagle. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Topographic Surveying. Wilson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.50. Plane Surveying. Barton. (D. C. Heath & Co., New York.) $1.50. Mine Surveying. Lupton. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $5.00. Surveying. Gillespie. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $2.50. Surveying. Whitelaw. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $4.00. SUBJECT COURSES 73 MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING— Two Seasons or More For: City engineers, sanitary engineers, contractors, in- spectors, students, and others interested in the problems of property, streets, water, and sewerage. Preparation : Mathematics, drawing, mechanics, applied electricity, and chemistry, public health, physiography. Topics : Plane surveying, including measurements of all kinds; tools, their use and care; levelling, transit work; plotting, and topography; strength of materials; resistance and elasticity ; beams ; columns ; testing ; tension and com- pression ; shear and torsion. Masonry construction, kinds of masonry, foundations, cement, mortar ; hydraulics ; hydrostatics ; water supply and its sources, construction of water works ; filtration plants ; sewers and drains, designs, specifications, and constructions ; streets, location, laying out, grades, intersections; pave- ments, kinds, care, expense, construction. Text and Reference Books Highway Construction. Byrne. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Water Supply Engineering. Folwell. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Sewerage. Folwell. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $3.00. Municipal Engineering and Sanitation. Baker. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. Municipal Improvements. W. F. Goodhue. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.75. RAILROAD ENGINEERING— One or Two Seasons For: Road masters, track foremen, surveyors, engineers, and others engaged in railroading. Preparation : Mathematics, drawing, physics, and chem- istry, plane surveying, plotting and topography, strength of materials, masonry construction, physiography. Topics : Surveys, preliminary, location, curves ; construe- 74 OUTLINES OF COURSES OP STUDY tion, earth work, cross-sections and calculations ; excava- tions, tunnels, cuts, and fills; culverts; trestles; retaining walls ; piers ; water stations ; coaling stations ; laying track, material, ballast, switches, terminals, tools, work trains ; or- ganization ; signaling ; finances ; operating expenses ; reve- nue ; improvements. Text and Reference Books Theory of Railroad Construction. Webb. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. Economic Theory of the Location of Railways. A. M. WeUing- ton. (Eng. News Pub. Co., New York.) $5.00. Railway Track and Track Work. Tratman. (Engineering News, New York.) $3.00. Notes on Track. Construction and Maintenance. Camp. (W. M. Camp, Chicago.) $3.00. American Railway Transportation. Johnson. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.50. Earning Power of Railroads. Mundy. (F. W. Mundy, New York.) $1.25. Railroad Construction. Webb. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Field Engineer : Book of Practice in Survey, Location and Track Work. Shunk. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) $2.50. Railroad Working and Organization. Dewsnup. (University of Chicago.) $2.00. How to Handle Freight. Richards. (R. C. Richards.) 50 cents. FIRST AID TO THE INJURED— One Season For: All men and boys, especially those in commerce, trade, and industry. Preparation : Reading, business English. It is very fortunate to know what to do in case of an accident. Much suffering and perhaps a life may be saved by cool and prompt action by one who knows what to do until the doctor comes. The following topics or their equiva- lent to meet local needs have been covered successfully by thousands. This course has the hearty endorsement and co- SUBJECT COURSES 75 operation of the Physical Department of all Associations The work may be conducted either as a class, a club, or a series of ten or more lectures and quizzes. Oftentimes a series of demonstrations are carried on during the noon hour in the shops and factories. Topics : Structure and important functions of the human body, skeleton, muscles, nervous system, lungs, heart, stom- ach, etc. ; broken bones, dislocations, sprains, splints ; hemor- rhage or bleeding, arteries, veins, capillaries, circulation of blood, the tourniquet ; breathing, respiration, suffocation, apparent drowning, choking, croup; carrying the sick and injured, bandaging, materials in emergencies ; accidents, rupture, foreign bodies in the eye, ear or nose, poison and antidotes; unconsciousness, fainting, apoplexy, intoxication, convulsions, epilepsy, sunstroke, shock, concussion of brain ; wounds, burns, scalds, electric burns, frost-bite, exposure to cold, bites from animals ; the sick room, heating, ventilation, feeding, bath, care of patient; prevention of disease, anti- septics and preventives, contagious diseases ; board of health. Text and Reference Books First Aid in Illness and Injury. Pilcher. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $2.00. First Aid to the Injured. Morton. (Society First Aid to the Injured, New York.) 25 cents. The Barton First Aid Text Book. (National First Aid Associa- tion of America, Boston, Mass.) $1.25. Includes outfit. First Aid to the Injured. Dr. Morrow. (Saunders, Philadelphia.) $2.50. PERSONAL HYGIENE, INCLUDING PHYSIOLOGY— One Season For : All men and boys, especially those employed in commerce, trade, manufacturing, and industrial plants, and also for those in the physical department as well as those in the educational department. 76 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Preparation: Reading, business English. The following topics, or their equivalent to meet local needs, endorsed by the Physical Department of the Interna- tional Committee, are recognized as increasingly important. Much importance is attached to the topics of bathing, food, diet, exercise, sleep, and rest. The course may be conducted either as a class, a club, or a series of fifteen or twenty lec- tures, demonstrations, and quizzes. A splendid course for noon talks in the factory. Topics: Anatomy of the human body; skeleton, head, spinal column, pelvis, upper and lower extremities, muscles, internal organs ; physiology applied ; the circulatory, respira- tory, muscular, nervous, and digestive systems, and their functions ; care of the body, the skin, bathing and dress ; food and digestion, diet ; systematic exercise ; care of the eyes, ears, lungs, blood, muscles, nerves ; the use of stimulants and narcotics, tobacco and alcohol ; influence of body on mind and character; sexual hygiene; contagious diseases, quaran- tine, disinfection, prevention, board of health ; sleep and rest ; conservation of nervous energy. Text and Reference Books The Human Body. Martin. (Holt & Co., New York.) $2.50. Physiology and Hygiene. Hutchinson. (Merrill & Co., New York.) $1.10. Our Bodies. Blaisdell. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 65 cents. Human Mechanism. Hough and Sedgwick. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $2.00. The Efficient Life. Gulick. (Doubleday, Page & Co., New York.) $1.20. Personal Hygiene. Woodhull. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. PUBLIC HEALTH OR COMMUNITY HYGIENE— One Season For: Students, teachers, social, and political leaders, newspaper men, city officials, and those interested. SUBJECT COURSES 77 Preparation : Civics, history, arithmetic, business English, personal hygiene. The Educational Department, cooperating with the Physi- cal Department, offers this important course in matters per- taining to public health. It is adapted equally well to all Associations, and may be conducted as class work, in groups or clubs, or as a series of twenty or more practical talks. An annual examination may be given in the spring. Topics : Growth of cities ; results of overcrowding ; care of streets ; garbage, ashes, and rubbish ; parks, playgrounds, and public baths ; fires, fire department ; water supply and its safeguards ; sewage and its disposal ; food supply inspection ; epidemics and preventive measures ; board of health ; tuber- culosis and its prevention ; city health and alcohol ; hospitals and dispensaries ; domestic hygiene and sanitation ; the house, its location, heating, lighting, ventilation, plumbing; sanitation of traveling. Text and Reference Books Town and City. Jewett. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 50 cents. Elements of Hygiene and Sanitation. Hough and Sedgwick. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.75. Practical Sanitation. Bashore. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.25. TEXTILES— Two Seasons or More For: Mill superintendents, boss carders, spinners, design- ers, weavers, dyers, and other employees in textile manu- facturing. Preparation : Arithmetic, business English, elements of physics, chemistry, and electricity. For more advanced work mechanical and freehand drawing, practical mathematics, industrial design, applied chemistry, and electricity. Topics : Cotton — the cotton plant, varieties of the staple, strength of fiber, tests, bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing; de- 78 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY sign and construction, squared paper, plain and various other weaves, twills, drafts, and drafting, analysis of various fabrics. Woolen — sorting of wools and hair, oiling, kemps, scour- ing, bleaching and dyeing ; design and construction, plain and fancy suitings, dress goods, principles of ply fabrics, extra warps and fillings, face and black threads, corkscrews, analy- sis of fabrics. Linen — the flax plant, obtaining the fiber ; design and con- struction corresponding to cotton and woolen fabrics. Silk — origin, varieties, bleaching and dyeing, chemical tests ; design and construction, foundation weaves, derivative weaves. In all courses, place emphasis on the laboratory and indi- vidual work; on the simple elements of manufacture and design ; on the chemical and microscopic analysis of cloth to determine the percentage of cotton, wool, silk, etc. ; on clear descriptions of processes for treatment of the various fibers from the raw material to entering the loom; on the application of colors to the various fibers, and study of dye stufifs ; dyeing, bleaching, and weighting ; on illustration of the various machines used in both weaving and printing ; on various methods required for finishing silk, cotton, and wool ; and on the decorative elements used in designing textile fabrics. The needs of the silk, cotton, and woolen indus- tries vary somewhat in subject matter. Text and Reference Books Textile Fibers. Matthews. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Introduction to the Study of Textile Designs. Barker. (E. P. Dutton & Co., New York.) $2.50. The Textile Fibers of Commerce. Hannan. (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.) $3.00. Textile Magazines and Technical Journals in Design, etc. SUBJECT COURSES 79 SHOP WORK OR MANUAL TRAINING— Three Seasons For: Boys who wish to make something, to understand the systematic use of tools, and possibly to learn the ele- ments of a trade. Preparation : Arithmetic, reading, writing, and spelling. Topics: First Season — Use and care of tools; joinery; turning, drawing, and sketching ; simple shop problems ; making simple objects in wood, as window seats and easy chairs for furniture of Boys' Department. Topics: Second Season — Carpentry and joinery; turn- ing; simple pattern making; forging and blacksmithing ; working drawings ; applied mechanics ; shop work methods ; making objects in wood or metal, or both, such as andirons, lamps, chests with iron trimmings, boats, Venetian iron work. Topics : Third Season — Cabinet work ; foundry or mold- ing; machine shop work, as with lathe, planer, and shaper; working drawings ; methods of efficiency ; making more diffi- cult objects in wood or metal. By means of class work, talks, quizzes, the course should be effectively supplemented by much appropriate work in drawing, much practice in practical mathematics applied to shop work, the elements of physics and chemistry as they apply to materials, and the best methods, tools, and ap- pliances in shop work. Text and Reference Books Wood Working for Beginners. Wheeler. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.) $2.50. Wood Working. Foster. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 75 cents. Bench Work in Wood. Goss. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 85 cents. High School Manual Training Course in Wood Work. Ritchey. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.45. Problems in Wood Working. Murray. (Manual Arts Press, Peoria, 111.) 75 cents. 80 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Problems in Furniture Making. Crawshaw. (Manual Arts Press, Peoria, 111.) $1.00. First Lessons in Metal Working. Compton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.50. Manual Training Magazines and Publications. ARTS AND CRAFTS For: Boys who wish to make something, to understand the systematic use of tools, and possibly to learn the elements of a trade. Preparation: Simple arithmetic, reading, writing and spelling. Topics : Class or club work with definite instruction in making useful and decorative articles of wood, iron, leather, brass, copper, or other materials ; includes tool work in wood working, scroll sawing, carving and burning ; iron bending ; leather painting and burning ; brass and copper hammering ; clay modelling ; basketry ; elementary industrial and decora- tive design. Text and Reference Books The Boy Craftsman. Hall. Boston. $2.00. Art Crafts for Beginners. Sanford. (Century Co., New York.) $1.20. Home Arts and Crafts. Marks. (Lippincott Pub. Co., New York.) $1.50. First Years in Handicraft. Kenyon. (Baker & Taylor, New York.) $1.00. Arts and Crafts Magazines and Publications. AUTOMOBILE WORK— One or Two Seasons For : Chauffeurs, prospective buyers, owners of machines, shop men, and young men wishing to prepare themselves to be repair men and drivers. Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- lent, including the elements of shop mathematics, mechanical drawing, physics, electricity, and English. SUBJECT COURSES 81 Best experience proves that in order to insure efficient re- sults, the work should include three distinct divisions : 1. Lectures, quizzes, and written work. 2. Shop, repair or garage work. 3. Road work. The shop and road work should be largely individual, and varied to meet the differ- ing needs of prospective chauffeurs, various machines, and local conditions. Usually the student begins with the general principles of construction and equipment, and follows with the different kinds of engines, or, very often, this order is reversed. The road work should train the students not only in driving, but also in emergency work, and cultivate coolness and common sense. Topics : 1. Construction, including the various types of bodies, forms, wheels, gearing, the driving and steering gear; brakes; lubrication; tires; accessories; general care and repairs. 2. Motors and Engines. (1) The gasoline machine. The engine, including varieties, details, methods of use and care; types of pumps, radiators, carbureters; systems of ignition ; spark timers or commutators ; engine speed control; engine clutches. (3) The steam machine. The engine, including varieties, details, methods of use and care ; various types of boilers ; gauges ; burners ; pumps ; tanks; injectors. (3) The electric machine. The motor, batteries, controllers ; wiring of different parts ; voltmeter and ammeter ; single and double motor driving and gearing ; speeds, including control and change. 3. Road Work. The laws of the road; driving; break- downs ; accidents, and road repairs. Text and Reference Books Self-Propelled Vehicles. Homans. (Theo. Audel & Co., New York.) $2.00. Handbook. Brooks. $1.50. 82 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Horseless Vehicles, Automobiles and Motor Cycles. Hiscox. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $1.50. Complete Automobile Instructor. Tillson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.50. Handbook — Automobiles. Brooks. (F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. The Operation, Care and Repair of Automobiles. Clough. (Horseless Age Pub. Co.) $1.00. See Steam Engineering, Electrical and Other Engineering Courses. WINDOW TRIMMING— One Season For : Salesmen, clerks, merchants, advertisers, managers, window decorators, and others desiring a knowledge of the principles of window and store decoration and display. Preparation: At least a grammar school education and preferably some knowledge of advertising, window card writing, freehand drawing, and furnishing and decorating principles. Topics : Form and color harmony ; lighting and illumina- tion ; dummies and figures ; draperies ; window forms ; sizes ; floor space ; moving and fixed displays ; fixtures ; set-up, background ; show and window cards ; display arrangement ; printed advertising matter and announcements vs. window display ; special sales ; seasonable display. These are some of the subjects to be covered in a practical way adapted to various lines of business and supplemented by practice work with trim materials in regular windows and portable booths. Text and Reference Books Art of Decorating Show Windows. Tracy. (Merchants' Record Co., Chicago.) $3.50. Art of Window Dressing for Grocers. Bauer. (Sprague, War- ner & Co., Chicago.) 20 cents. Window Dressing. Daly. (Bookseller.) $1.00. Merchants' Record and Show Window. (Chicago.) (Monthly magazine.) SUBJECT COURSES 83 SIGN PAINTING— One Season For: Sign painters and those desiring- to fit themselves for the trade. Preparation : Arithmetic, spelling, business English, freehand drawing, lettering. Topics : Use of tools and materials ; freehand lettering with chalk and other material; preparing surfaces, coating wood, metal and brick; alphabets in use and their relative values; treatment of old signs for relettering; styles of let- ters; spacing and formation of letters; one, two or more colors ; shading, laying out work, smalting ; gilding on wood and on glass, etching; engraving and embossing on glass; lettering on muslins, on Japanned plates, on wire ; wall and bulletin lettering; lectures on colors used, how mixed in shading and blocking to produce required effects. Text and Reference Books Sign Writing and Glass Embossing. Callingham. (Henry Carey, Baird & Co., Philadelphia.) $1.50. Paint and Color Mixing. Jennings. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $2.50. Freehand Lettering. Wilson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. System of Easy Lettering. Cromwell. (D. Williams Co., New York.) 50 cents. SIGN LETTERING AND SHOW CARD WRITING— One Season For: Clerks, office men, sign writers, window trimmers, merchants, and those interested. Preparation : The same as for Industrial Design. Topics : Hand tools and materials, their use and care ; letters, formation of, spacing, shading, and proportion; decorations, rulings, borders, panels, and stencil patterns ; work with pens, pencils, brushes ; construction of lines, curves, striping; general design and construction of show 84 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY cards and designs ; color, principles of, shades, blending, and mixing. Text and Reference Books System of Easy Lettering. Cromwell. (D. Williams Co., New York.) 50 cents. Freehand Lettering. Wilson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. Theory of Advertising. Scott. (Small, Maynard & Co., Cam- bridge.) $2.00. Practical Lettering. Meinhardt. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) 60 cents. ART IN HOUSE FURNISHING AND DECORATING— One Season For: Salesmen, buyers, architects, decorators, designers, furnishers, artists, and others interested in the art of deco- rating and furnishing homes, offices, halls, various buildings and apartments. Preparation: At least a grammar school education and freehand drawing. It depends largely upon the character of the course offered — elementary or more advanced. Topics : Principles of color and form harmony applied to furniture, upholstering patterns, colors and designs in wall papers, tapestries, rugs, and carpets; frescoing; pictures and frames; window decoration; furniture and wood work finishing. A study of the foregoing as applied to various rooms and purposes, including a descriptive historical study of the development of art, motifs of ornament ; various periods and types of art and decoration applied to present-day archi- tecture, furnishing, and decoration. Text and Reference Books Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors and Their Applica- tions to the Arts. Chevreul. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.50. SUBJECT COURSES 85 Decoration of Houses. Wharton- Codman. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $2.50. Home Furnishing. Kellog. (F. A. Stokes, New York.) $1.50. Principles of Home Decoration. Wheeler. (Doubleday, Page & Co., New York.) $1.80. Homes and Their Decoration. French. (Dodd, Mead & Co., New York.) $3.00. Points of View on Interior Decoration. Brooks. (E. L. Brooks.) 25 cents. Practical House Decoration. Facey. (Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) $1.00. Art of the House. Watson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $2.00. SEAMANSHIP— One Season For : Those wishing to sail boats of various kinds. Preparation : A grammar school education. Topics : Knotting and splicing ; bends and hitches ; siz- ings, mousings, worming, and serving ; blocks, tackles ; pur- chase weights ; bending sails ; sail making and repairing ; anchors, rigging, wire, and hemp; fishing spars. Text and Reference Books Sailing Handbook. Hitch. (John Lane, New York.) $1.00. Small Boat Sailing. Knight. (Dutton, New York.) $1.50. Boat Sailing in Fair Weather and Foul. Kenealy. (Outing Pub. Co., New York.) $1.00. Yacht Sails and How to Handle Them. Patterson. (New York Nautical College.) $1.00. Small Yacht Construction and Rigging. Hope. (Forest & Stream Pub. Co.) $3.00. MOTOR BOATING— One Season For: Prospective buyers, owners, and those who wish to become acquainted with the principles of construction and operation. Preparation: Grammar school subjects. 86 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Topics : Boat types and models ; hulls and hull construc- tion ; care of hulls ; boat materials ; displacement and speed measurements ; engines and motive power ; equipment ; boat design and building; navigation; manoeuvring and boat driving. The course may well be conducted in three parts simul- taneously, viz., lectures, shop work, and operation on the water. Text and Reference Books 1 May be found under other subjects: Automobile, Navigation, etc. FIRE PROTECTION— One Season For : Firemen, insurance agents, engineers, students, and those interested in reducing waste and risk by fire. Preparation: Grammar school or its equivalent. Topics : Nature of fire, its causes, means of com- munication, and methods of quenching; variously con- structed buildings and their relation to fire protection, as frame buildings, brick buildings, steel and fire-proof con- struction ; city water supply ; public fire departments ; pri- vate protection as automatic sprinkler systems, sprinkler supplies, mill yard and manufacturing plant protection, private fire departments ; fire pumps ; chemical apparatus ; protection for firemen during exposure ; fire walls and other means of controlling; common and special hazards. Rules and requirements of the national and local insur- ance companies explained and applied. Risks due to elec- trical, acetylene, gas and oil usage; remodelling defective buildings; installation and organization of fire departments. Text and Reference Books Fire and Explosion Risks. Von Schwartz. (J. B. Lippincott Co., New York.) $5.00. Chemistry of Fire and Fire Prevention. Ingle. (Spon & Cham- berlain, New York.) $2.50. SUBJECT COURSES 87 Prevention of Loss by Fire. Atkinson. (Old Corner Bookstore, Springfield, Mass.) 25 cents. Hand Book of Fire Protection for Improved Risks. Crosby- Fiske. (Standard Pub. Co., Cincinnati.) $3.00. PRINTING— Two Seasons For : Apprentices, journeymen and others in the printing trade. Preparation: Business English, English composition, and the equivalent of a grammar school education. Topics : First Season — Spelling, punctuation, capitaliza- tion, copy, proof reading; mercantile printing, including bill heads, note heads, statements, letter heads, business cards, dodgers, circulars, blank forms, tabular work, cutting and mitering ; much practice in making ready for presswork ; much practice in the study of design and appearance of printed matter ; general principles applying to good display ; color harmony; printing machinery; linotype machines. Second Season — This is not a pure trade school course, but is designed to supplement the regular daily mechanical work of apprentices, journeymen and printers by a series of lectures, quizzes, and some practice work, as may be neces- sary to broaden the vision, increase the intelligence, and improve the efficiency of the students. It is also a continua- tion of the first season's work or may be taken up indepen- dently. Topics: History of printing; type making; type faces; composition; book, job, advertisement, and machine work; stone work ; plain composition and display make-up ; press- work ; plates ; cylinder ; color, embossing and steel die print- ing; bookbinding; photo-engraving; electrotyping ; inks and rollers ; papers ; commercial and art designing ; color harmony; printing styles. Spelling; punctuation and capitalization; English gram- 88 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY mar and composition; literature and history; copy reading, print and manuscript ; proof reading and marking. Text and Reference Books Practice of Typography. De Vinne. (Century Co., New York.) $2.00. Practical Printer. H. G. Bishop. (Oneonta, N. Y.) $1.00. Art and Craft of Printing. Morris. (Elston Press, New Rochelle, N. Y.) $5.00. Practical Colorist. Sheldon. (Owl Press, Burlington, Vt.) $8.00. Technical Journals, Inland Printer, Printers Ink. MACHINE AND BUILDING TRADE SUBJECTS For journeymen, apprentices, foremen, inspectors, super- intendents, contractors, and others connected with the various machine and building trades. In these courses the Association does not attempt to produce finished mechanics, but rather offers practical instruction to supplement the daily work of apprentices, strengthen the reason and judg- ment, increase the industrial intelligence, broaden the vision, and thus teach the principles and supplement the practice of the different occupations. It is often advisable for courses in the same subject for apprentices to be slightly modified from those for journey- men, as courses for the latter may well include more than half of the time on lectures and class work, covering the principles, science, drawing, and mathematics of the trade, while the courses for the apprentices need no less time and emphasis on the drawing and class work, but much more time on the shop work. Experience shows that it pays. to place emphasis on in- dividual instruction. Occasional text books may be secured for each course. Helpful suggestions in methods, printed matter and local courses and equipment may be obtained SUBJECT COURSES 89 from a few Associations, and especially from Pratt Insti- tute, Brooklyn; Carnegie Technical Schools, Pittsburg; Drexel Institute, Philadelphia; Armour Institute and Lewis Institute, Chicago; New York Trade School, and Me- chanics' Institute, New York; Ohio Mechanics' Institute, Cincinnati, and other leading similar institutions, upon pay- ment of a reasonable sum to cover expense. The most successful results are found when emphasis is placed on : — 1. The mathematics fundamental to all courses. 2. The essentials of mechanical or architectural drawing so necessary in all constructive work. The drawing for the building trades will differ a little from that for the machine trades. 3. The science and mechanical principles fundamental to the trade. These are brought out in the class work, demon- strations, talks and quizzes, and thus supplement the shop work in each trade. The physical and chemical properties of the various materials used in construction must also be made familiar, 4. The necessary shop work or laboratory practice. This will take a large part of the time of the course and differs with each subject and in each Association. It includes the explanation, use and care of the various tools, materials, fix- tures, or machines involved. All necessary equipment may be secured either by purchase, by gift, or by loan, or the shops of the local manufacturing plants of the city may be used. Associations are specially urged to make each course of such a practical character, so adapted to meet local condi- tions that the results shall not only merit but receive the endorsement and cooperation of men and of industry. This means that the student should spend from two to five sea- sons, if need be — from 300 to 500 sessions or more — ^to master the work. No certificate in any course should be 90 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY given under any circumstances until the student has satis- factorily completed the requirements. It is very desirable to form a representative advisory com- mittee of three or five men carefully selected from those of largest interests and experience in the aims and results of the course, to cooperate with the local Association in any particular trade course as plumbing, carpentry and building. Such committees have proven of great practical strength to the Association as a whole, as well as to the particular course. CARPENTRY AND BUILDING— Two Seasons For: Wood workers, apprentices, students, and those fitting themselves for or improving themselves in the trade. Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent, including elementary mechanical, architectural, and free- hand drawing, physics, and chemistry, shop mathematics and mensuration, English. Topics: Use and care of tools; bench work in wood; much practice involving all the fundamental principles in wood work; joints of various kinds; splices; framing and paneling; operation of wood-working machinery; kinds, nature, seasoning, shrinking and warping of woods ; fasten- ings as wedges, keys, dowels, nails, screws, glue ; laying out simple work from plans; various graded problems in joinery; finishing surfaces; painting, varnishing, oiling, and shellacking ; making and hanging doors and windows ; erect- ing partitions and laying floors; house construction and framing; sheathing and shingling; roof-framing; stair- building ; intersections. Lectures and quizzes, reading, study and class recitations on the nature of wood, its use in commerce and manufac- ture, and the principles of carpentry, joinery, cabinet mak- ing, etc., may well take from 15 per cent to 25 per cent or more of the time. SUBJECT COURSES 91 Text and Reference Books Bench Work in Wood. Goss. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 70 cents. Exercise in Wood Working. Sickels. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. How to Use Wood Working Tools. Whitaker. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 60 cents. Fifty Lessons in Wood Working. Upham. (A. S. Barnes & Co., New York.) 50 cents. Beginning Wood Work. Van Deusen. (Manual Arts Press, Peoria, 111.) $1.00. Problems in Wood Working. Murray. (Manual Arts Press, Peoria, 111.) 75 cents. Problems in Furniture Making. Crawshaw. (Manual Arts Press, Peoria, 111.) $1.00. American Wood. Hough. (Lowville, N. Y.) $5.00. Kidder's Carpentry, Part II. (David Williams Co., New York.) $4.00. PATTERN MAKING— Two Seasons For : Journeymen, apprentices, machinists, molders, and those employed in machine and pattern shops. Preparation : Mechanical drawing, English, wood work- ing, shop mathematics, and elementary forging. Topics : Planing exercises for accuracy of surface, for square and to gauge lines ; rectangular balance weight with rounded corners; steam chest cover; turning flanged coupling ; making a ribbed bracket ; turning packing gland ; flanged tee pipe; blank spur gear; blank bevel gear; seg- ments for wheel patterns; segments tongued for chain sprocket; patterns for steam cylinder, for crank pin, globe valve, spur wheel; practical examples in solid, split, and loose piece patterns. Skeleton, marine, and Corliss cylinders ; sweep-work with and without cores; sweeping green sand molds. Lectures and quizzes on woods used in pattern making, their nature, shrinkage and warping tendencies. Much work in sketching 92 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY and drawing should accompany the shop work, the latter taking from 60 per cent to 75 per cent of the time. A few lessons should be given in the art of molding. Text and Reference Books Art of Pattern Making. Chase. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Principles of Pattern Making. Horner. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 90 cents. Wood Turners' Hand}' Book. Hasluck. (D. Williams Co., New York.) 40 cents. Practical Pattern Making. Barrows. (Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $2.00. Pattern Making. James Tate. (University of Minnesota.) Pamphlet on Pattern Making. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) FOUNDRY WORK— One Season For: Students, molders, blacksmiths, pattern makers, machinists, foundry men. Preparation: Mathematics, drawing, physics, and chem- istry, metallurgy, English. Topics : Tools and their uses ; bench mold, snap flasks ; molding simple machine details in green, dry, and loam sand ; core making ; floor molding ; venting molds ; set- ting and securing cores; green and loam cores, drying molds; the lining and care of ladles, making chilled cast- ings ; cupola practice ; mixing iron, etc. Text and Reference Books Foundry Practice. Tate and Stone. (H. W. Wilson Co., Minne- apolis.) $1.50. American Foundry Practice. West. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Moulder's Text Book. West. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Moulder's and Foundryman's Guide. Overman. (Baird & Co., Philadelphia.) $2.00. SUBJECT COURSES 93 FORGING— One Season For: Men in blacksmithing and forge shops. Preparation: Mathematics, English, freehand drawing, physics and chemistry, geometry and mensuration, blue print reading. Topics: Management of fire; practice in drawing out, up-setting, bending, forming, fullering, swaging, punching, and welding of iron and mild steel ; tool-steel making, hard- ening and tempering; difference in the composition of iron and steel upon their commercial properties ; machine forging and hammer work ; various methods of tempering and case hardening; brazing; jigs and dies for bending and forming; forge shop equipment ; estimations of costs. Text and Reference Books Forge Practice. Bacon. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.50. Guide to Blacksmithing, Horseshoeing, Carriage and Wagon Building and Painting. Lungwitz. (M. A. Donohue, Chicago.) $1.00. Modern Blacksmithing, Rational Horseshoeing, Carriage and Wagon Making. Holmstrom. (F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.00. TOOL MAKING— One Season For: Apprentices, machinists, steel workers, students, and tool makers. Preparation: Shop mathemiatics, English, metallurgy of iron and steel, drawing, forging, and machine shop practice. Topics : Tempering, hardening and grinding ; measuring instruments; reamers, kinds, edges, adjustments, and hold- ers ; mandrels ; milling machine arbors and taps ; flutes ; dies and die holders. Forming tools and holders; milling cut- ters; end and spiral mills; drill and slab jigs; bushings; punch and die work; shear; laying out work; gauges; accuracy. 94 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Text and Reference Books Turning and Boring Tapers. Colvin. (N. W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) 25 cents. American Tool Making and Interchangeable Manufacturing. Woodworth. (N. W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $4.00. Modern Machine Shop Tools. Vanderhoot. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $4.00. Pamphlets on Tool Making. (I. C. S., No. 303, Scranton, Pa.) Dies. Woodworth. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $3.00. Punches, Dies and Tools. Woodworth. (N. W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $4.00. MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE— Two Seasons For : Men in or fitting for the machinists' trade. Preparation : A course in manual training, or mathe- matics, mechanical drawing, elements of physics and chem- istry, shop work in wood, business English. Topics : Bench work, including the filing, fitting, and finishing of work in cast iron, wrought iron, and steel ; operation and use of drill press, hand lathe, engine lathe, shaper, plain milling machine ; theory of and practice in the grinding of cutting edge tools used in general machine shop practice; planer work; the construction and operation of the engine lathe as applied to turning, boring, screw cut- ting and chucking of cast iron, wrought iron, and all metals used in general engineering practice ; screw machine ; grinding machines ; milling machines, their construction and operation ; use of the micrometer and vernier calipers ; cut- ting of spur, spiral, and bevel gears. When the various machine tools used in this course are not found in the equipment of the Association building, their use in nearby machine shops at certain hours is often satisfactorily arranged. Text and Reference Books Hand Book for Apprenticed Machinists. Beale. (Brown & Sharpe M'f'g Co., Providence.) 50 cents. SUBJECT COURSES 95 Treatise on Gearing. (Brown & Sharpe M'f'g Co., Providence.) $1.00. Machine Shop Tools and Methods. Leonard. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. Rules for Belting. Cooper. (David McKay, Philadelphia.) $3.00 Modern Machine Shop Tools. Vanderhoot. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $4.00. Pamphlets on Machine Shop Practice. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) SHEET METAL WORK— One or Two Seasons For: Sheet metal workers, tinsmiths, plumbers, car- penters, contractors, boiler makers, apprentices, journey- men. Preparation : Arithmetic, elements of physics, and chem- istry, mechanical and freehand drawing, geometry and mensuration, English. Topics : Use and care of shop tools ; methods of obtain- ing patterns ; intersection and development of surfaces ; development by triangulation ; irregular figures. Practical shop problems including various kinds of sheet metal articles and wares as pans, pails, elbows, bath tubs, round and square and irregular objects. Soldering fluxes; cutting out, forming and assembling work; simple pieces, brackets and mouldings of various designs ; miters ; skylights ; piping intersections ; scroll signs. BOILER MAKING —One Season In addition to the course for sheet metal work the follow- ing topics are added : Boiler construction ; materials ; test- ing, punching, drilling, and riveting joints and plates; ex- panding tubes ; flues ; general requirements ; grate area, heating surface ; manholes ; brackets ; chimney. Types of boilers; various forms of vertical, horizontal, and tubular boilers; marine and locomotive boilers. 96 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY METAL ROOFING— One Season In addition to the course for sheet metal work the fol- lowing topics are added: Coverings, tables, roof calcula- tions; various shaped roofs; preparing sheets, laying base flashing; fastening metals to stone, solder, wood and iron; electrical influences; standing seam roofing; roof flashing for soil pipes ; corrugated iron roofing and siding ; skylight work; methods of construction; shape of bars and curves; styles. TINSMITHING— One Season In addition to the course for sheet metal work the follow- ing topics are added: Use and care of tools; methods of obtaining patterns ; materials and standards of tin plate ; in- tersections and developments of surfaces ; practical tinware problems ; much shop work practice. Text and Reference Books Boiler Construction. Kleinhaus. (Norman W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $3.00. Practical Physics of the Modern Boiler. Rowan. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $7.50. Pocket Book on Boiler Making. Sexton. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $2.00. Boiler Making for Boiler Makers. Ford. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. Roofing, Cornice and Skylight Manual. (David Williams Co., New York.) $1.50. Easy Lessons in Roof Measurements. Neubecker. (David Wil- liams Co., New York.) $1.25. Cornice Work Manual. Johnston. (American Artisan Press, Chicago.) $3.50. Tinsmith's Helper and Pattern Book. Voeburgh. (David Wil- liams Co., New York.) $1.00. Galvanizing and Tinning. Flanders. (David Williams Co., New York.) $2.00. The New Metal Worker Pattern Book. Kittredge. (David Wil- liams Co., New York.) $5.00. SUBJECT COURSES 97 Steam Boiler Design. (I. C. S., Nos. 1016-1018, Scranton, Pa.) Steam Boiler Construction. Hutton. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New- York.) $6.00. Steam Boilers. Peabody- Miller. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. PLUMBING— Three Seasons For: Apprentices, journeymen, mechanics, sanitary en- gineers, and others. Preparation : Business English, mechanics' business arith- metic, mechanical drawing and plan reading, the elements of physics and chemistry. Topics : Mathematics of plumbing ; sizes of pipe for water and sewage connections; defective arrangements of drain, soil and waste pipes, and how to correct the same; vacuum effects and how to prevent them; hydraulics; water weights, pressures, and their measurements; pumps, supply pipes, tanks, and fixtures; freehand sketching of plans, and details; charts and diagrams used freely; plan reading from architects' blue prints ; detailed drawings and plumbing specifications ; illustrations of defective plumbing in trade journals ; tools and materials ; leads and solders; plumbing inspection and proving tests; familiarity with the principles underlying the plumbing rules of the city. In the shop and practice work which will take from 60 per cent to 75 per cent or more of the time of the course, emphasis should be placed upon the soldering and wiping; horizontal and vertical round joints; bath plugs; side and floor flanges ; ferrules ; traps ; tank seams ; solder seams in brass, iron, lead, and tin; setting of basins, tubs, sinks, water closets, tanks, and boilers; trapping and ventilating drain, soil and waste pipes; pipe fitting; lead seams; over- cast joints; calking. 98 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY In the lectures, quizzes and also the class work, emphasis should continually be placed on the science and principles underlying plumbing, as drawing, mathematics, elements of physics, chemistry and sanitation. Text and Reference Books Sanitary Fittings and Plumbing. Sutcliffe. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.60. Plumbers' Manual. Tower. (E. M. Lyman & Sons, Springfield, Mass.) $1.25. Questions and Answers on Sanitary Plumbing. Starbuck. (R. M. Starbuck, Hartford.) $1.00. Modern Plumbing, Steam and Hot Water Heating. Lawler. (Popular Pub. Co., New York.) $5.00. Principles and Practices of Plumbing. Cosgrove. (David Wil- liams Co., New York.) $3.00. Standard Practical Plumbing. Two vols. Davies. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $7.50. Sanitation of Public Buildings. Gerhard. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.50. HEATING AND VENTILATION— One Season For: Sanitary engineers, plumbers, steam fitters, archi- tects, and builders, firemen, janitors, draftsmen. Preparation : Mathematics, English, drawing or plan reading, physics, chemistry, boilers, engines. Topics: Various forms of heating as that from stoves, furnaces, steam, hot water, electricity; composition of air; ventilation; inlets and outlets; calculations. Furnace heat- ing, kinds of furnaces ; location parts, draft, pipes, register and care. Steam heating, radiators, systems of piping, con- nections, valves, heaters, flues, and care. Hot water heating, heaters, radiators, valves, fittings, and care. Text and Reference Books Heating and Ventilating Buildings. Carpenter. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. SUBJECT COURSES 99 Steam Heating and Ventilation. Monroe. (McGraw Pub. Co., New York.) $2.00. Furnace Heating. Snow. (David Williams Co., New York.) $1.50. Ventilation and Heating. Billings. (Engineering Record, New York.) $6.00. STEAM AND HOT WATER FITTING— One Season For: Janitors, sanitary engineers, plumbers, machinists, contractors, and those interested in the trades. Preparation : The same as for Heating and Ventilating. Topics: Pipe fitting tools, bench, vise, dies, and stocks, tongs, wrenches, drills, reamers, and taps; boilers and con- nections, their arrangement, setting, foundations, fittings, capacity, and coverings ; pipes, size and distribution ; various systems of steam piping, as dry return, wet return, one- pipe ; two-pipe ; steam pressures and temperature ; expan- sion; various kinds of radiators and coils; capacity of heaters; radiator connections; piping for hot and cold wa- ter ; heating of water. Text and Reference Books Gas and Gas Fittings. Hills. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.60. Principles of Fitting for, Engineer Students. Horner. (The Mac- millan Co., New York.) $1.50. Pipes and Tubes. Bjorling. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.00. Hot Water Supply. Dye. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $1.00. Modern Plumbing, Steam and Hot Water Heating. Lawler. (Popular Pub. Co., New York.) $5.00. Practical Hot Water Heating, Steam and Gas Fitting. Lawler and Hanchett. (Excelsior Pub. House, New York.) $2.00. Steam Heating. Briggs. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 50 cents. Steam Heating Problems. (Engineering Record.) LOFC 100 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY BRICKLAYING— One Season For: Journeymen and apprentices. Preparation: Grammar school education, drawing, ele- ments of physics, plan reading, mensuration. Topics: Proper methods of handling tools; preparing mortar; straight walls; building piers; arches, bonded and ring; fireplaces and gathering over flues; fire-proof parti- tions; ornamental cornices; panels; bonding brick work to steel frame buildings; setting terra cotta; pressed brick work ; vitrified brick work. Text and Reference Books Bricklaying. Maginnis. (O. B. Maginnis, 310 W. 128th St., New York.) $2.00. Bricklaying and Brickcutting. Richards. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $1.25. Estimating Frame and Brick Houses. Hodgson. (David Wil- Hams Co., New York.) $1.00. Cements, Mortars and Concretes. Falk. (M. C. Clark, New York.) $2.50. Building Construction and Superintendence. Part. I., Masons' Work. Kidder. (D. WilHams Co., New York.) $4.00. Masonry Construction. Baker. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. PLASTERING— One Season For : Apprentices, journeymen, and those in the trade. Preparation : Business English, mathematics, and men- suration, drawing and physics. Topics : Lathing, including various kinds, materials, and methods; much practice in scratch and brown coat work until the work can be done evenly and rapidly ; hard finish- ing ; cornice work, including bands, moulding. Text and Reference Books Plaster and Plastering Mortars and Cements. Hodgson. (D. Williams Co., New York.) $1.00. Concretes, Cements, Mortars, Plasters and Stuccos. Hodgson. (F. J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $2.00. SUBJECT COURSES 101 HOUSE PAINTING— One Season For: Apprentices, journeymen, and those in the trade. Preparation: Business English, arithmetic, mensuration, drawing-, and chemistry. Topics : Care of brushes and pots ; glazing ; treatment of new wood, including killing knots, priming, puttying, and sandpapering; second and third coats; burning off paint; painting brickwork, woodwork, and plaster walls; lining; mixing white paints, materials required; mixing oil colors; mixing kalsomine colors ; painting in three shades ; flatting ; stippling; preparation of kalsomining and sizing; cutting and preparing stencils; staining; varnishing; treatment of hard wood; enameling, gilding, bronzing, graining, and marbling. Text and Reference Books Paint and Color Mixing. Jennings. (Spon & Chamberlain, New York.) $2.50. How to Mix Paints. Godfrey. (D. Williams Co., New York.) 50 cents. The Modern Wood Finisher. Maire. (D. Williams Co., New York.) 50 cents. FRESCO PAINTING— One Season For: Artists, apprentices, students, and those in the trade. Preparation: Mechanics' business arithmetic, business English, freehand drawing, elements of chemistry, house painting. Topics: Freehand drawing and decorative design; light and shade, studies of historic ornament; much practice in the use of plates, casts and objects; constructive decorative design; preparation of surfaces, lining, preparing stencils and stenciling; laying out panels, preparing pounces, laying on flat ornaments ; shading from the flat ; shading of orna- 102 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY ments and mouldings ; tinting ; mixing colors ; glazing ; wall and ceiling work. Text and Reference Books Modern Mural Decoration. Baldry. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $5.00. LANGUAGE AND ACADEMIC SUBJECTS Without the command of language a person is seriously handicapped and often defeated. The Association lays spe- cial stress on instruction in the English language. It en- dorses all methods of teaching the various languages, if they arrive at the result of practical, accurate, available knowl- edge, clearly and distinctly expressed. While in both day and evening classes, the Association still gives aid in Latin and other languages to students fitting for college, also more help in German and French to fit for commercial work, yet by far the largest service is in business English for large numbers of men and boys, and in simple English for the non-English speaking. Much practice in careful written work, pronunciation, and translations, should be required in every course. BUSINESS ENGLISH— Two Seasons For : All men and boys. Preparation: Reading, writing, spelling, or the equiva- lent of fifth grade public school work. Topics : Letter writing, forms and parts of letters, much practice in various kinds of business letters, with emphasis on brevity, clearness, unity, courtesy; forms of various social notes and usages; general correspondence; choice of words, avoidance of words and expressions not in good use ; exercises to extend and show value of vocabulary; habitual and intelligent use of the dictionary ; formation of words ; SUBJECT COURSES 103 simple English prefixes and suffixes in common use; exer- cises in spelling. Punctuation and capital letters; the English sentence, its parts and modifiers ; kinds of sentences ; parts of speech, their use and forms ; simple parsing ; exercises in corrections of common errors; analysis of simple, complex, and com- pound sentences ; construction of sentences, involving forma- tion, transformation, or substitution of words, phrases, and clauses. Text and Reference Books New Practical Grammar and Correspondence. Williams. (American Book Co., New York.) 60 cents. English Composition. Chittenden. (Scott Foresman Co., Chi- cago.) 60 cents. Longmans' English Lessons and Longmans' EngHsh Grammar. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 65 cents. Lessons in English. Lockwood. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.12. Business Methods. Teller and Brown. (Rand, McNally Co., New York.) 75 cents. ENGLISH COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC— One Season For : All men and boys. Preparation : The course in business English, including history and government, and the equivalent of sixth and seventh grades in public school work. Topics : Review of business English, principles of Eng- lish grammar, discriminating parts of speech, analyzing sen- tences of various kinds, correcting faulty English; how to write clearly, choice and arrangement of words in sentences, unity in the sentence ; study of descriptions, involving choice of subject and point of view ; outlining descriptions, how to make them interesting and effective; paragraphing, includ- ing topics, topic sentences, unity and plan in paragraphs, various kinds of paragraphs. Narrations, including the planning and presentation to 104 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY best insure interest; emphasis, showing how to choose the forms and arrange the parts of sentences to emphasize im- portant ideas ; figures of speech, their description, use, and importance; choice of words; origin of words from Latin and Greek roots, with study of prefixes and suffixes ; exposi- tions and arguments, including planning and writing of brief essays on subjects of interest. Text and Reference Books Writing in English. Maxwell and Smith. (American BcK>k Co., New York.) 75 cents. A First Book in Writing English. Lewis. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 80 cents. Outlines of Rhetoric. Genung. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.00. Essentials of English Composition. Tarbell. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 60 cents. LITERATURE— One Season For: Students, teachers, reporters, and others. Preparation : A high school course or its equivalent. American literature : — Topics : The reading and discussion of the following works should be prefaced by brief outline of the develop- ment of American literature, with special reference given to perhaps the place, work, and influence of eight or ten authors in that development. (a) Irving: Rip Van Winkle, (b) Hawthorne: The House of Seven Gables, (c) Longfellow: Evangeline. For 1908-09 and thereafter Cooper's "Last of the Mo- hicans" will be substituted for (b). For 1909-10 and after, Longfellow's "Hiawatha" will be substituted for (c). For 1910-11, Lowell's "Vision of Sir Launfal" will be substituted for (a). Composition by the class, on the lives of the authors mentioned, on the stories told in the selected works, and if SUBJECT COURSES 105 possible on other works of these authors than the ones mentioned. English literature since 1750 : The instructor may sim- ilarly outline the development and range of this period of literature, with mention of a few of the most important writers, their chronological position, and their relative im- portance. (a) Goldsmith: The Deserted Village, (b) Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities, (c) Scott: The Lady of the Lake. For 1908-0'9 and thereafter Tennyson's "Elaine" will be substituted for (b). For 1909-10 and after, Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" will be substituted for (c). For 1910-11, George Eliot's "Silas Marner" will be substi- tuted for (a). Class compositions, biographical, descriptive or argu- mentative, based upon the authors named and on their works. Review of the six books read. Text and Reference Books Texts of the readings mentioned above may be had in various inexpensive forms, as in the English Classic Series published by Effingham, Maynard & Co. (paper, 12 cents each) ; by The Mac- millan Co. (cloth, 25 cents each) ; by the American Book Co. (boards, 15 to 50 cents each; paper, 15 cents); in the River- side Literature Series of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. (paper, 15 cents; especially satisfactory for Hawthorne and Longfellow.) If the teacher wishes to use a book on the history of literature (English and American) the Brooks-Carpenter "English Literature" (The Macmillan Co.), or the well-known primers of English and Ameri- can literature, may be chosen. ENGLISH FOP NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING— One Season For : Those who cannot read, write, or speak English. Preparation : A desire to learn English. Suggestions : The different nationalities, the local condi- tions, the work to be done and the helpers, all vary to such 106 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY an extent that it seems impossible to suggest a definite course or outline. However, the most successful efforts show that in the early stages the work is entirely by object — the spoken and written word being closely connected. Then comes action, qualities, places, and so on, which brings in the verbs, adjectives, forming of sentences, and gradual introduction of short, appropriate stories. The books below have been successfully used. Large use of the blackboard by the teacher is necessary; also the gradual use of the same by the men, as well as their writ- ing on paper, is strongly encouraged. See the six-page chapter on "Foreign-Born Young Men and Their Needs" in "Information and Suggestions" for 1906. Dr. Peter Roberts, Special Secretary of the International Committee for foreign-speaking men, says: (1) Secure the best possible teacher; success or failure rests here. (2) Teach the names of the objects and tools they daily handle. (3) It is somewhat better to include all the foreign- speaking men according to the industry in which they are employed rather than to take the different nationalities by themselves. (4) In the use of text books remember that we deal with men, and that public school books are pre- pared for children. As progress is made, and depending upon the versatility and genius of the teacher, the reading, speaking, and writ- ing exercises will include lessons in simple business habits and customs, in civics and history, varying exercises in simple numbers, geography and the various fundamentals so necessary to a stranger in a strange land. Text and Reference Books First Book for Non-English Speaking. Harrington and Cun- ningham. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 25 cents. Second Book for Non-English Speaking. Harrington and Moore. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 30 cents. English for Evening Schools. F. B. Swingle. (Racine, Wis.) SUBJECT COURSES 107 Reading and Language Lessons. W. E. Chancellor. (American Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. English-Italian. Moore. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 30 cents. GERMAN— Two Seasons For: Students, clerks, salesmen, office men, agents, cor- respondents, stenographers, and those desiring an acquaint- ance with the language or who are preparing for college. Preparation : English, a grammar school education. The object is to give the student a practical knowledge of the elements of German grammar and good pronunciation, the ability to read and translate German at sight, and to translate the ordinary English into good German. All methods are good if they arrive at the goal of prac- tical, accurate and available knowledge. Students are not to use the German script. Much practice is necessary in pronunciation, reading, speaking, and translation exercises throughout the course. First Season — Ability to read and translate at sight and into good English easy selections from the German, also to translate short sentences into German and show proficiency in elementary German grammar. German grammar, including gender, declension of arti- cles, adjectives, nouns and pronouns; conjugation of weak verbs, simple auxiliaries and the most common strong verbs; use of prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs; gen- eral rules of syntax, including those for the genitive, dative, and accusative cases, rules for the various modes, and for the ordinary construction of sentences. Sight reading and translation into good English from any such selections as : — Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts. Eichendorf. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 30 cents. L'Arrabbiata. Heyse. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 25 cents. Immensee. Storm. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 25 cents. 108 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Bilderbuch ohne Bilder. Andersen. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 30 cents. Aus meiner Welt. Meissner. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) 35 cents. Traumereien. Leander. (American Book Co., New York.) 35 cents. Translations of simple English sentences into German. Second Season — Exercises in reproduction in German of matter previously read or heard, conversation in German, and letter writing ; a very thorough, practical knowledge of German grammar ; the elements of word forms ; syntax ; order of words in connected discourse. Sight reading and translations into English of any such selections as : — "Die Journalisten," 30 cents; Selections from "Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit." Freytag. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) "Minna von Barnhelm." Lessing. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 75 cents. "Wilhelm Tell," 48 cents ; "Die Joungfrau von Orleans," 60 cents. Schiller. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) Ability to translate easy connected English into German. Reading : Reading from authors, such as Freytag, Riehl, Heyse, Heine, and Schiller, with constant practice in free reproduction of what has been read. Text and Reference Books Practical German Grammar. Thomas. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) $1.12. German Grammar. Joynes-Meissner. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- ton.) $1.12. German Reader. Harris. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) $1.00. German Reader. Joynes. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.75. German English Dictionary. Weir. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. Commercial German. Kutner. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. SUBJECT COURSES 109 German Daily Life. Kron. (Newson & Co., New York.) 75 cents. FRENCH— Two Seasons For: Students, clerks, salesmen, secretaries, newspaper men, stenographers, and those desiring an acquaintance with the language. Preparation: A grammar school education. First Season — Rudiments of grammar; careful drill in pronunciation ; exercises in English to French and French to English; principles of grammar; special attention to irregular verbs and idioms ; much conversational work ; reading of simple stories like the following : Le Petit Chose (Daudet), Le Tour de la France (Bruno), Le Pays de France (Foncin), Le Roi de Montagnes (About) ; much oral and written work based on drills and reading exercises. Text and Reference Books French Grammar. Fraser and Squair. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- ton.) $1.12. French Grammar. Edgren. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.12. New French Course. Bacon. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. French Daily Life. Rippman. (Newson & Co., New York. 75 cents. Second Season — French grammar reviewed and ex- tended; much work in composition; exercises in pronuncia- tion and reading ; French to English and English to French ; the use of historical prose articles as Jeanne d'Arc (Lamar- tine), Le Siege de Paris (Sarcey) ; dictations; compositions and resumes of texts reading ; continued drill on idioms and constant application in the construction of sentences ; some reading selections from Victor Hugo, Moliere and other authorities. For the classic dramas see reading exercises of Le Cid Polyeute (Corneille). Scientific French in reading the magazine La Nature. This latter is very important for science students, no OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY LATIN— Two Seasons For : Students, prospective physicians, pharmacists, law- yers, and those preparing for college. Preparation : A grammar school education. Topics : Pronunciation, grammatical accuracy, and familiarity with principles is essential ; Latin to English and English to Latin exercises made prominent; principles of Latin language from a series of graded exercises; intro- ductory Latin book and reader ; selected stories from Roman history ; selections from Caesar's Gallic War ; other selections from Caesar, Cicero, Sallust, and Virgil; Latin composition. Text and Reference Books First Year Latin. Collar and Daniel. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.00. Foundations. Bennett. (Allyn & Bacon, New York.) 90 cents. SPANISH— Two Seasons For : Students, office men, secretaries, clerks, stenogra- phers, agents, newspaper men, and those who desire a knowledge of Spanish. Preparation : A grammar school training or its equiva- lent. It is not only desirable to be able to read, write, and trans- late the Spanish language, but also to speak it. Teachers should insist on correct pronunciation and conversational exercises during their classes with their pupils, conducting the same in Spanish as soon as practicable. The examina- tions are intended to be a fair test of the student's pro- ficiency, without regard to the method by which he has been taught. All methods are good if they arrive at the goal of practical, accurate, available knowledge. Topics : Ability to translate at sight and into good Eng- lish easy selections from the Spanish and short English sen- 1 SUBJECT COURSES 111 tences into Spanish, and to show in addition a practical knowledge of the elements of Spanish grammar. The elements of Spanish grammar : Article, nouns, their gender and number; pronoun, verb, the three regular con- jugations and interjection. A thorough practical knowledge of Spanish grammar; reproductions; descriptions, letter writing, correspondence, conversation in Spanish ; syntax ; sight reading and transla- tions into English of selections from the better known Spanish authors, with some knowledge of their works and lives. Selections from the following are advised : — Don Quixote. First Part, Chap. IV.; Second Part, Chap. XLII. Cervantes. El Pirate. El Canto del Cosaco. Esprondeda. Selections of "La ultima lamentacion de Lord Byron." Nunez de Arce. En el puno de la Espada. Jose Echegary. (The above books may be secured at R. D. Cortina's Academy of Languages, 44 West 34th Street, New York.) Text and Reference Books The teacher should acquaint himself with "The Art of Teaching and Studying Languages," by F. Gouin. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $1.75. Parallel Grammar Series. Sonnenschein. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 60 cents. Spanish in Twenty Lessons. R. D. Cortina. (Cortina, 44 West 34th Street, New York.) $1.50. Metodo-Berlitz. (Berlitz Co., New York.) $1.50. Spanish Daily Life. Bonilla. (Newson & Co., New York.) 50 cents. Combined Spanish Method. DeTornos. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.50. ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA— Two Seasons For: Students, apprentices, office men, shop men, fore- men. 112 OUTLINES OF COURSES OP STUDY Preparation: Arithmetic, business English, history, civics. Topics : First Season — Introduction, literal notation, pre- liminary, definitions, signs and symbols, evaluation of literal expressions ; fundamental operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, detached coefficients, synthetic di- vision; simple equations, transformations, solution of prob- lems; factoring, divisors and multiples, remainder theorem; fractions, reduction, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractional equations ; simultaneous equations of the first degree. Topics : Second Season — Simultaneous equations, two or more unknown quantities, elimination, determinants, solu- tion of problems; involution and evolution, binomial formula, theory of exponents, index law, powers and roots ; radicals, reduction, fundamental operations, rationalization ; imaginary expressions; quadratic equations, solution by factoring, completing the square, theory and properties, simultaneous quadratics ; binomial theorem, with any ex- ponent ; ratio and proportion ; progressions ; series, converg- ance and divergence; logarithms, graphic methods. Text and Reference Books Elements of Algebra. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.12. Academic Algebra. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.12. Elementary Algebra. Tanner. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. Essentials of Algebra. Stone and Millis. (B. H. Sanborn & Co., Boston.) $1.12. Elementary Algebra. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.12. New School Algebra. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.32. High School Algebra. Milne. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. SUBJECT COURSES 113 PLANE GEOMETRY— One Season For : Apprentices, journeymen, mechanics, engineers, foremen, superintendents. Preparation: Algebra, instrumental drawing, business English, history and government. Topics : Introduction, preliminary definitions, axioms, postulates ; rectillinear figures, triangles, parallels and paral- lelograms, problems, loci ; equality of polygons, pythagorean theorem, problems, practical mensuration of surfaces ; cir- cles, angles, chords, tangents, secants, inscribed and cir- cumscribed figures ; methods of attacking original theorems and problems; ratio and proportion, theory of limits, lines cut by parallels, lines cut by a circumference, similar figures ; mensuration of plane figures, rectangles, triangles, regular polygons, the circle. Much stress should be laid on original work, figures should be accurately drawn, and exact reasoning in every case be required. Experience proves that the work should be made as concretely practical as possible. Geometrical truths, constructions, and reasoning in their application and rela- tion to everyday problems, are essential. The closest rela- tion between this subject and drawing is desirable. Text and Reference Books New Plane and Solid Geometry. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.25. Plane and Solid Geometry. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.25. Plane and Solid Geometry. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.25. Elements of Plane and Solid Geometry. Sanders. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.25. Inductive Plane Geometry. Hopkins. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- ton.) 75 cents. 114 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY SOLID GEOMETRY— One Season For: Students, mechanics, designers, engineers, fore- men, and others interested in the subject. Preparation: Instrumental drawing, elements of physics and chemistry, algebra, plane geometry. Topics : Lines and planes in space, including the meas- urement of various kinds of angles, dihedral angles, poly- hedral angles ; cylinders, cones, and polyhedrons, including their relations and measurements ; pyramids and prisms ; similar and regular polyhedrons, cylinders and cones ; the sphere, including plane sections and tangent planes, figures on the surface, measurements of spherical surfaces, volume of a sphere. Text and Reference Books New Plane and Solid Geometry. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.25. New Plane and Solid Geometry. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.25. Plane and Solid Geometry. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.25. Elements of Plane and Solid Geometry. Sanders. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.25. Descriptive Geometry. Church. (American Book Co., New York.) $2.50. TRIGONOMETRY— One Season For: Students, engineers, mechanics, superintendents, and others interested in the subject. Preparation : Algebra, plane and solid geometry, instru- mental drawing, physics, chemistry. Topics: Definitions and relations of the six trigo- nometrical functions, proof and use of formulas, solution of right and oblique triangles, solution of trigonometric equations ; use of logarithms, application of problems. SUBJECT COURSES 115 Text and Reference Books Elements of Plane Trigonometry. C. W. Crockett. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.00. Plane Trigonometry. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) $1.40. Elements of Trigonometry. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., New York.) $1.08. Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Buchanan. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY For: Students, agents, teachers, and those engaged in mining and industrial work. Preparation : Elements of physics and elements of geology. Topics : The earth as a globe — its motions ; the ocean — currents, tides, effect on climate; the atmosphere — composi- tion, winds, cyclones, tornadoes, rainfall, distribution of temperature, weather maps; plains and plateaux — coastal plains, young plateaux, dissected plateaux, old plateaux, land sculpture, mountains ; rivers — erosion of river valleys, waterfalls, development of river system, young, mature, and old rivers, deltas, flood plains, lakes and river systems ; rising and sinking of coasts, drowned coasts, bays, gulfs, and capes ; glacial erosion and deposits — distribution of glacial drift in North America and its effect on fertility of soil, formation of glacial lakes, formation of waterfalls; effects of topography on political geography and history; inland waterways in their relation to political geography; mineral products. Text and Reference Books Elementary Physical Geography. W. M. Davis. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.25. Lessons in Physical Geography. C. S. Dryer. (American Book Co., New York.) $1.20. New Physical Geography. R. T. Tarr. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.00. 116 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Geographic Influences in American History. A. P. Brigham. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.25. Man and Nature in North America. N. S. Shaler. (Scribner's Sons, New York.) $1.50. Physiography of the United States. (Various Authors.) (Ameri- can Book Co., New York.) Geology, Vol. I. Chamberlain and Salisbury. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) $4.00. Elements of Geology. Tarr. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.40. PUBLIC SPEAKING AND ELOCUTION— One Season For: Students, professional men, and others who desire greater self-command and power in speech. Preparation : Arithmetic, English, English literature, his- tory, business law, civics. Topics: Lectures upon the principal features of public speech, individual practice in extemporaneous speaking, declamation of matter, both original and otherwise, study of the use of the voice in public speaking, exercises in brief debates, manner and bearing. READING COURSE In order to stimulate habits of systematic reading among young men, and especially of those books which deal with civic, political, social, and modern economic problems, the International Committee has and will continue to publish lists of books which most nearly will meet the above object. These books are recommended by Association officers, ex- perienced public librarians, and others familiar with them and acquainted with their relation to the problems of young men. While the suggestion of those books is made, partly to strengthen a growing desire to increase the full and efficient use of Association and other libraries and reading rooms, and as a valuable adjunct to the work done in educational SUBJECT COURSES 117 classes, clubs, talks, and lectures, they are especially se- lected to appeal to all young men and boys and particularly those who are not reached by any of the other features of educational work. The lists of books published annually merely serve as guides. The aim is to enlist the interest and efforts of young men in systematic self-cultivation through definite reading. To further this end, an International examina- tion is conducted annually on the list of published readings, and certificates are awarded for the reading of and suc- cessful examination on a minimum number of books. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC— One Season For: All who enjoy the rare art. Preparation : Appreciation of good music, English. Topics : Tone, properties of, pitch ; scales, diatonic, ma- jor, minor, and chromatic, syllables, and figures for locating pitch of tones ; staff, lines and spaces or degrees, names of degrees by letter to locate the pitch of tones ; notes and rests, the various kinds of each, together with much drill upon their use ; clefs, definitions and various kinds ; time, the meaning of the numerator and denominator of the fraction, various kinds of time ; sharps, flats, naturals, and acci- dentals ; signatures, location of do, or i of the key ; signa- tures for various keys ; the hold, repeat, slur, tie, accent, etc. ; dynamics or terms of power and quality, fortissimo, forte, mezzo, piano, pianissimo, etc. ; rhythm or terms of movement, largo, adagio, andante, tempo, allegro, etc. ; har- mony, various kinds of intervals as primes, seconds, thirds, etc. ; chords, triads, and their inversions. Text and Reference Books The Choral Class Book. McGranahan. (Theo. Presser, Phila- delphia.) Popular Methods of Sight Reading. Frank Damrosch. (Shirmer & Co., New York.) 50 cents. 118 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY The Vocalist's Companion. (A. T. Goodsell, Bridgeport, Conn.) 25 cents. Principles of Sight Singing. Waldo S. Pratt. (Hartford Sem- inary Press.) 30 cents. Various Male Quartet Books, Standard Selections and Glees for Male Voices. AGRICULTURE AND RURAL SCIENCE SUBJECTS For : Farmers, real estate agents, business men, students, and the rapidly increasing numbers of those interested in the subjects of such vital importance. Preparatory Subjects : A grammar school education or its equivalent. The courses under this head should not be thought of as complete or exhaustive. They are suggested to meet the needs and requirements of the above named classes of men who desire a knowledge of scientific up-to-date methods of agriculture, but who are not able to attend for either a long or short course any of the agricultural colleges of the country. These courses should be particularly adapted to those Associations which are located in the centers of im- portant agricultural districts, for groups of men studying under the auspices of the county organizations, or for any Association which finds it can meet needs in this direction rather than, or as well as, along commercial, industrial or technical lines. The work should be developed to meet local conditions and therefore each subject should be covered with particular reference to the peculiar soil, climate, physiographic, geo- graphic, and commercial situation of the district to which it is applied. Also the work should be so conducted as to most nearly fit into the absolute needs of men in these par- ticular employments. SUBJECT COURSES 119 It will be advisable for an Association, if possible, to ob- tain the services, which in all probability will be gladly ren- dered, of the men connected with the state agricultural school. It may be found wise to conduct such courses as a "shorter course" extending for from one week to a month or more, at which time continuous attendance at daily ses- sions would be practicable. However, depending upon the character and residence of the men and boys registered, the course may extend for a longer period. Adequate provision should be made for laboratory equipment and means whereby students can pursue some individual work in judg- ing, scoring, and investigation. Such is the case with the Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, Association, in a residential city of 6,000 population in one of the best agricultural sections of the country. It has conducted for two years — one month each year — most successful farmers' agricultural institutes of one month each — and attended by 240 men. The topics following were covered in day and evening sessions. Regular practice work on corn and live stock was carried through the course. Many other Associa- tions will undertake a similar work. Many of the teachers came from the state agricultural college. The text and reference books named under each subject do not include all the good books on them. It is advised that special application for information in these and other mat- ters should be made to agricultural experiment stations and colleges. Special bulletins on these and many other subjects can easily be obtained by addressing the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Attention is also called to the excellent reading courses published by the Agricultural College of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Many most useful books contain material of a more general character. It is impossible to give all of these within limited space. These can always satisfactorily introduce the general subject and may be used for supplementary reading. 120 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY FORESTRY For: Students, farmers, business men, foresters, and those contemplating forestry as a profession. Preparation : A high school education or its equivalent. Topics : Soils, climate and sites and their influence on wood and forest growth ; clearing and thinning ; fire, insect, and disease protection; tree and forest planting and repro- duction ; windbreaks, shelter-belts, plantations, and nurseries ; seeds and seedlings ; wood characteristics ; measurement and estimates of felled and standing timber; lumbering and milling. Lectures and discussions, supplemented by reading, par- ticularly adapted to the interests and objectives of the students. Text and Reference Books Timber and Some of Its Diseases. Ward. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.75. Forest Mensuration. Graves. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $4.00. History of the Lumber Industry of America, Vol. I. Defabaugh. (American Lumberman, Chicago.) $5.00. Practical Forestry. Giflford. (Appleton & Co., New York.) $1.20. Principles of American Forestry. Green. (John Wiley & Sons, New York) $1.50. SOILS Topics : Origin, classification and function of soils ; with particular reference to plant production ; soil distribution ; physical and chemical properties ; fertilization ; soil bacteria ; sub-soiling; methods of plowing and tillage; drainage; reclamation of waste land ; irrigation. Covered by lectures, illustrated discussions, and some practice or laboratory work in soil analysis and classification. Text and Reference Books Agricultural Bacteriology. Conn. (P. Blakiston's Sons & Co., Philadelphia.) $2.50. SUBJECT COURSES 121 Irrigation and Drainage. King. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.50. Fertilizers. Voorhees. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.00. The Soil. King. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 75 cents. Fertility of the Land. Roberts. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. Soils. Burkett. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.25. FIELD CROPS Topics : Cereals and forage plants ; soiling crops, silage and roots; crop treatment; rotation; cultivation; planting; harvesting, marketing and storage. Given by lectures, discussions, readings, and considerable laboratory practice with exhibits of various materials. Text and Reference Books Forage Crops Other Than Grasses. Shaw. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.00. Cereals in America. Hunt. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.75. Improved Methods of Corn Growing and Intense Cultivation. Armstrong. (J. B. Armstrong.) $1.00. GRAIN GRADING AND JUDGING Chiefly a laboratory course supplemented by lectures on the description, storing, judging, and inspection of cereals by the use of outlines and score cards, followed by a study of methods of fertilization and grain breeding. Text and Reference Books Corn Tables for Corn and Rye. E. D. Davis. (E. D. Davis, Minneapolis.) $1.25. Grain Tables. J. L. Elwood. (E. Durrow Co., Rochester, New York.) $1.25. Corn Plants. F. L. Sargent. (Houghton, Mififlin & Co., New York.) 75 cents. 122 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Cereals in America. T. F. Hunt. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.75. Examining and Grading Grains. (J. L. Lyon and E. G. Mont- gomery, Lincoln, Neb.) 40 cents. RURAL ECONOMY AND FARM MANAGEMENT Lectures and discussions on principles of agricultural methods; cost and profit determinations; arranging and listing ; profit-sharing systems ; marketing of products ; loca- tion and construction of buildings ; permanent improve- ments ; labor-saving methods, machinery and power ; crop marketing vs. stock feeding; public roads and transporta- tion facilities ; farm values and loans. Text and Reference Books The Farmers' Business Handbook. Roberts. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.00. Bookkeeping for Farmers. Atkeson. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) 25 cents. How to Choose a Farm. Hunt. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.75. INSECTS, PESTS, AND PLANT DISEASES Lectures and discussions supplemented by laboratory work and individual investigation of crop-destroying insects and pests. An elementary study of entomology, particularly adapted to farm operations ; description and classification ; breeding ; habits of insects ; remedies ; bacterial, fungus, and physiological diseases, causes and preventives. Text and Reference Books Insects Injurious to Vegetables. Chittenden. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.50. Insects Injurious to Staple Crops. Sanderson. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.50. Spraying of Plants. Lodeman. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.50. Text-book of Plant Diseases. Massee. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.60. SUBJECT COURSES 123 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Topics: History and development of breeding; princi- ples of breeding; laws of heredity; in-breeding and cross- breeding ; creation and improvement of various breeds ; principles of feeding, care, selection, and management of dairy and beef cattle, sheep, swine, horses ; breed character- istics ; selection and measurements of rations ; training and development ; diseases ; pedigrees. Covered in a series of lectures and discussions on the various topics supplemented by practice in judging and scoring with card. Text and Reference Books Swine Husbandry. Coburn. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.50. Feeds and Feeding. Henry. (C. N. Casper Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) $2.00. Animal Breeding. Shaw. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.50. Care of Animals. Mayo. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. Manual of Cattle Feeding. Armsley. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.75. Feeding Farm Animals. Shaw. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $2.00. POULTRY HUSBANDRY Topics : Origin, history, and classification of domestic breeds ; judging and breeding ; managements ; pen records ; study of the &gg ; poultry anatomy ; caponizing ; hatching and brooding ; incubators ; construction of buildings and laying out of plants ; rations and feeding ; diseases ; tgg pro- duction ; killing and marketing. Lectures and discussions supplemented by practice work in judging and laboratory investigation. Text and Reference Books New Egg Farm. Stoddard. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) $1.50. 124 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Farm Poultry. Watson. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. Poultry Craft. Robinson. (Farm Poultry Pub. Co., Boston.) SO cents. Diseases of Poultry. Salmon. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) SO cents. DAIRY HUSBANDRY Topics: Dairy breeds; care of stock; food rations and feeding ; dairy buildings and equipment ; creamery and home butter making; cream separation, ripening, churning, but- ter working and printing ; cheese making ; dairy machinery ; milk inspection and testing; marketing; milk and cream pasteurization ; butter scoring. Covered by lectures and discussions supplemented by laboratory, scoring and judging work. Text and Reference Books Bacteria in Milk and Its Products. Conn. (P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.) $1.2S. Milk and Its Products. Wing. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.00. Principles and Practice of Butter Making. McKay- Varsen. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.S0. Modern Methods of Testing Milk and Milk Products. Van Slyke. (Orange Judd Co., New York.) 7S cents. RURAL ENGINEERING Topics : Farm machinery and care ; erection and location of buildings ; sanitation ; drainage ; tiling ; roads ; water supply. Lectures and discussions on the problems of farm en- gineering and of the purchase and use of machinery, equip- ment and permanent improvements. Text and Reference Books Engineering for Land Drainage. Elliott. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.S0. Practical Farm Drainage. Elliott. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.00. SUBJECT COURSES 125 AGRICULTURAL CLUBS FOR BOYS Elementary introduction in the principles of agriculture and soil cultivation ; soils and soil preparation ; manures and fertilizers ; planting ; seed germination ; thinning ; trans- planting ; cultivation ; cuttings ; pests ; light, heat, and moist- ure ; seed fertilization. Work can begin in early spring with hot beds or window boxes, followed by practical outdoor work, which can best be done by the boys on vacant ground working cooperatively in a club. Text and Reference Books Agriculture for Beginners. Burkett. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 75 cents. Practical Agriculture. James. (Appleton Co., New York.) 80 cents. Principles of Vegetable Gardening. Bailey. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.25. EDUCATIONAL WORK IN CAMPS Nature Study : Covered in an elementary way by simple, brief talks and conversations, tramps, collections, and ex- hibits ; first aid to the injured ; manual work ; rough car- pentry, whittling, masonry, boat and raft building ; nautics ; sail and rowboat manoeuvring, knotting and splicing; wood- craft; use of compass, calculations of time, directions and distances; fire building; tutoring; photography; signalling; camp cookery; reading; surveying; practical talks. Text and Reference Books See lists in various courses, consult Bibliography, Association Boys, and other publications. 126 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS While men employed in railroad service, either on the road or in the shop, are found improving their abilities in various subjects of the commercial, industrial, language, machine trade, and other groups, there is an opportunity to help still other railroad men, especially the road men, through special courses arranged to meet the special require- ments on firemen, enginemen, conductors, and others. Experience shows that success in all these positions de- mands that men must be in good health, in possession of all their mental faculties, with emphasis increasingly placed on honesty, sobriety, obedience, loyalty and courtesy. Best results are realized when men have a maximum of actual practice work with their study of principles and text- book work, and a minimum of the merely theoretical. An engineman can read about engines, and hear people talk about them indefinitely, but if he ever understands them, he must, in addition to the reading, discussions, lectures, etc., have to live on, and in, and run his engine. So with other courses, the practice work must accompany the lecture and study. Some of the work in each subject can be given in talks, quizzes, and discussions, some in demonstrations, and some in reading ; but the larger part must be in actual daily prac- tice work. Depending upon circumstances, the local or system instructor may conduct some of the written work so that the men may study at home or in connection with their daily work. There is no special order in the following courses. The Kirkman series of books on the "Science of Rail- ways," published by the World Railway Publishing Co., of Chicago, are recommended as the best complete available material on many of the following sections. SUBJECT COURSES 127 For their hearty cooperation, interest and counsel in assisting in the construction of this section, we wish to particularly mention : G. R. Henderson, Consulting Engineer, New York. G. P. Conrad, Secretary Association of Transportation and Car Accounting Officers, New York. R. E. Riley, Tariff Bureau, Southern Pacific Company, New York. Major B. N. Dunn, Chief Inspector, Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives, New York. J. A. Christie, City Superintendent, American Express Company, New York. Frederick T. Slack, Division Superintendent, New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, New York. ENGINEMEN For : Men already in the service and for firemen who are fitting themselves to become engineers. Preparation : In addition to the qualities mentioned at the head of the chapter, the ability to see clearly, read and write, and compute accurately is necessary; also experience in firing and familiarity with the engine and with general railroad work. Topics : Definitions and train rules ; signals : visual — as lantern, flag, the hand and its motions, indicators, flags or lights on head and rear of trains, colors ; auditory — as en- gine and air whistle, tail hose, torpedoes; fixed — as the block, semaphore, train order, home, distant, post; defini- tions and standard rules with generally accepted interpreta- tions for the railroad system ; time tables, their various indi- cations, interpretations, and accepted rulings in changes. Movement of trains ; train orders, their forms, interpreta- tion and execution ; train blocking, automatic, space, positive, permissive. 128 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Engine supplies and emergency tools ; oil and methods of lubricating bearings ; coal, its qualities, use and efficiency. The air brake; various parts, names, location and opera- tion ; pump ; valves, brake, plain triple, quick action, straight air, high speed, reducing; proper handling of air brake on various kinds of trains. Emergencies either in passenger or freight service — as protection of trains, in case of hot boxes, derailments, col- lisions; personal injury and rendering of first aid; re- ports, etc. General instruction in air brake practice, train handling, car lighting and heating ; locomotive management in detail ; breakdowns, bad steaming, poor coal or bad combustion, in- jectors, lubricators, boiler feeding, low water, blowing off, steam cylinders, steam chests, valve gears, etc. See course for Locomotive Firemen. Text and Reference Books Air Brake — See Air Brake section. Standard Code of Train Rules. American Railway Association. Book of Rules. Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Sinclair. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Local Road Rules. LOCOMOTIVE FIREMEN For : Locomotive firemen, round-house employees and others who aspire to become firemen. Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of the section, a knowledge of elementary reading, writing and arithmetic. Topics : Principles of combustion ; fuel ; steam genera- tion; general properties of heat; economical firing with dif- ferent kinds of fuel, and the draft conditions suitable for same; effect on boiler and steaming of different kinds of water and the proper treatment in each case; lubrication of SUBJECT COURSES 129 cylinders and machinery, and the economic use of oil; characteristics of different oils ; general principles of air brake construction and operation; train operation rules and signals, various methods of block and train order signalling ; hauling capacity of locomotives ; emergency repairs in cases of breakdowns. Text and Reference Books Catechism of Locomotive. Forney. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $3.50. Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Sinclair. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. Locomotive Operation. Henderson. (Railway Age, Chicago.) $3.50. Locomotives, Simple, Compound and Electric. Reagan. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. Air Brake Instruction Book. Westinghouse Air Brake Co. Proceedings of Traveling Engineers' Association. CONDUCTORS For : Conductors now in the service and for trainmen of experience, fitting for positions as conductors. Preparation : In addition to the qualities stated at the beginning of the section, a working knowledge of the three R's, general railroad information, and some experience as a trainman, are necessary. Topics : Train rules ; signals, same as for enginemen ; time tables, interpretations and changes ; movement and blocking of trains, same as for enginemen. Air brake, including the various appliances, the manner of coupling up train line ; air brake tests ; defects ; disabled parts ; valves, triple, high speed, reducing, car discharge, conducting. General instruction concerning train movement whether passenger or freight; train orders, their forms, interpreta- tion and execution ; protection of trains ; train lighting and heating; handling of freight; efficient and courteous 130 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY handling of passenger traffic, accidents and emergencies; first aid to injured; reports. In general information, training and experience, he must be able to be master of the situation. His judgments and orders should at all times represent the best results on the system and as far as his train and crew are concerned, be final authority. Text and Reference Books First Aid to the Injured. See First Aid Section. Standard Code. Book of Rules. Air Brake. See Air Brake Section. Local Road Rules. TRAINMEN For: Those in the service and those fitting to take such positions. Preparation: In addition to the qualities at the head of the section, a knowledge of the three R's, courtesy, and some familiarity with railroad terms and methods is essential. Topics : Train rules ; signals, same as those for engine- men; time tables, how made; train schedule, rules concern- ing changes, adjustment to new schedules, interpretation, etc. Various kinds of trains — as passenger, mixed, freight, special, ore, stock, express, mail and excursion; train crew, number of men and various positions; train orders, forms and importance of execution ; inspection. Passenger train service, courtesy, personal appearance, care of equipment, proper ventilation and temperature of cars, aid in emer- gencies; freight train service, through, local, special, mail, express, etc. ; hot boxes, causes and remedies ; way switch- ing ; air brake, same as for conductors ; first aid. Text and Reference Books Same as for Conductors. SUBJECT COURSES 131 OFFICE MEN For: Station agents, shipping clerks, office men, and others engaged in traffic work. Preparation : In addition to the quaUties given at the head of the section, a business training, executive abihty, and a fair education are essential. Topics : Freight — Freight classifications ; conditions of acceptance ; carriers' liability ; time tables ; way billing ; transportation of freight ; routing ; accounting, division earn- ings, connecting line settlements ; claims ; freight rates ; federal regulations ; tariff construction. Passenger Business : Classification of tickets ; Pullman accommodations ; general outline of express ; baggage, checking, forwarding, lost and found ; telegraph ; United States mail ; passenger tariffs ; time tables ; accountancy of earnings. A successful method of conducting the course is in assigning to the student a station on a line and having him perform that work which would be required of him were he in the service of a carrier. At the completion of the station work the subject of accounting can be taken up and the work that has been done by them as station agents they will then audit as at the central office. Text and Reference Books None particularly available. AIR BRAKE For : Locomotive engineers and firemen, trainmen, round-house mechanics, and repair men. Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of the section, a knowledge of elementary reading, writing and arithmetic. In order to give the best service, engineers should fully 132 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY understand how to make simple repairs on the road. The fireman who aspires to the right-hand running-board should also be posted. Trainmen should know how to obviate sim- ple defects between terminals, and those responsible for maintenance of equipment either in the yards or the engine houses should be able to locate and remedy defects. While some portions of the course should be studied by all the classes of employees mentioned, some parts have particular application to the operation, and others to the maintenance and repair of brakes. These will be more particularly use- ful to train operatives or to shopmen respectively. Topics : General — Principles of operating brakes by compressed air and the general arrangement of various valves, cylinders, pipes and reservoirs ; effect of friction be- tween rails and wheels, and between wheels and brake- shoes in retarding trains ; elements of compression ; storage and transmission of air; detail construction of the various parts of both the Westinghouse and the New York Air Brake, and also train signal apparatus. For locomotive and trainmen : Effects of graduating the application and release of brakes on long and short trains; proper handling and adjustment for straight air, quick acting, high speed and high pressure control. For repair men : Detection of defects and location of same; repairing parts under cars and testing trains before leaving terminals; detail repairs of the individual parts in the shop; wear and breakage of parts and the proper re- placement of same. This work should include tests and experiments with actual working models and personal examination of the different parts comprising the brake if possible. Text and Reference Books Air Brake and Train Signal Instruction. M. C. B. Association. Air Brake Catechism. Blackall. (Norman W. Henley, New York.) $1.50. SUBJECT COURSES 133 M. C. A. Tests and Reports. M. C. B. Proceedings. Air Brake Instruction. Westinghouse Air Brake Company. Treatise on New York Air Brake. International Correspondence Schools. TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER DANGEROUS ARTICLES For: Trainmen, yardmen, conductors, express and sta- tion agents and others whose duties require them to have some knowledge of the handling, transportation and storage of explosives and other dangerous articles. Preparation : At least a grammar school education or its equivalent, in addition to the qualities named at the head of this section. Topics: General nature and classification of explosive and inflammable articles; manufacture of explosive com- pounds and mixtures; chemical and practical tests for sta- biHty, for sensitiveness to shock and friction and for strength ; packing for shipment ; storage at railway stations ; loading and staying of packages in cars ; protection of pack- ages by labels and of cars by placards ; handling of cars in switching and location in trains ; precautions while cars are in transit ; disposition of defective packages ; action in case of wreck; railway reports and blank forms used in con- nection with transportation of explosives and other dan- gerous articles. These topics may be covered chiefly by lectures by rail- way employees experienced in handling these shipments, manufacturers of explosives, chemists and representatives of the Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles. Special readings can follow. Text and Reference Books Any text book on Elementary Chemistry. Cundill's Dictionary of Explosives. (An English publication.) 134 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY Regulations for the Transportation of Explosives and Other Dangerous Articles, approved by the American Railway Association, 24 Park Place, New York. EXPRESS COMPANY EMPLOYEES For : Men in the employ of express companies. Preparation : In addition to qualities stated at the head of this section, executive ability, working knowledge of the three R's, and business training are essential. Topics : Definitions, terms, rules, interpretations ; wagon service, duties of drivers and helpers, care of horses, pro- tection of property; messenger service, duties at office ter- minals, on road, methods of checking and handling freight in station and in cars, reports ; agents, their qualifications, duties, responsibilities, reports, methods of promoting busi- ness ; tariffs ; outward and inward business and various methods of handling; claims, how and when made, manner of filing with the company, suggestions on avoidance of unwise claims, and the manner of handling them. Particular emphasis in this subject should be laid on the qualities of honesty, sobriety and good behavior on the part of men engaged in the express business. Text and Reference Books None particularly available. IV. INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS These written exercises have proven most valuable by- stimulating both teachers and students, increasing thorough- ness and definiteness of work and revealing points of weak- ness and strength. In the student they have developed accuracy of expression, concentration of mind, the ability to use his own resources, the best educational discipline, and have furnished him a standard by which to judge of his progress. These exercises under the direction of the Board of Examiners are held during the first week in April and the second week in June. Dates and details will be sent each Association in ample time. INTERNATIONAL EXAMINERS The outlines of courses of study in this book, being the experience of the best evening schools and other institu- tions helping employed men and boys educationally, have been further improved and strengthened by the Board of Examiners, each of whom is an authority in his subject. These men and others like them conduct the annual exam- inations and finally pass upon results. Among the exam- iners are the following: — T. M. Balliet, Dean of the School of Pedagogy, University of New York. S. P. Spencer, Judge of the Circuit Court, St. Louis, and President International Convention Y. M. C. A., 1907. W. S. Perry, Director Art Department, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. A. D. F. Hamlin, Director Department of Architecture, Columbia University. 136 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY W. W. Beman, Professor of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. L. Rouillion, Director Mechanics Institute, New York. G. J. Smith, Examiner Board of Education, New York. R. W. Moore, Professor of German, Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. J. M. Lopez-Guillen, Iglesia Congregational, Hispano- Americana, Havana, Cuba. N. P. Heffley, Heffley School of Commerce, Brooklyn. A. L. Williston, Director School of Technology, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn. Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants, New York, Chicago, London. G. R. Henderson, Consulting Engineer, New York. C. Forbes, Mechanics' Institute and Teachers' College, New York. W. J. Hancock, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn. George J. Fisher, M. D., Physical Department, Interna- tional Committee, New York. New examiners are added annually. REGULATIONS GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS (1) Supervision. The general secretary or educational di- rector shall be responsible for their supervision and conduct. (2) Dates. Regular examinations will be held annually at specified dates during the first week in April and the second week of June. Special examinations may be held April 15- May 15, and possibly in December at the convenience of a local Association, provided: (a) The Committee has time to satis- factorily arrange for the same, (b) The necessarily greater expenses are assumed. The Committee will undertake to pro- INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 137 vide a special first season or elementary examination in a sin- gle subject for any number of students from one to twenty meeting in the same place at the same time for $10, and fifty cents for each additional student. Similarly for second-season examinations $15 per subject, and seventy-five cents for each additional student. (3) Subjects. The subjects, as a rule, together with days of the week, will be as follows: Monday. Arithmetic, Shop Mathematics, Electricity, Ac- countancy. Tuesday. Bookkeeping, Geometry, Chemistry, Literature, Locomotive Car Design, Personal Hygiene. Wednesday. Freehand Drawing, Algebra, Stenography, Busi- ness Law, Spanish. Thursday. Mechanical Drawing, Architectural Drawing, Reading Course, Boys' Group Course, French. Friday. English, First Aid, Typewriting, German, Steam En- gineering. Saturday. Physics, Machine Design, Elements of Music, Boiler Firing, Public Health. Special annual announcements will give particulars in detail. Former question papers usually show the general character of the examinations. The Committee will try to arrange for ex- aminations in additional subjects if desired and for the best good of all, providing the expenses are met. (4) Thesis Drawings. In the second season or advanced work in Mechanical, Architectural and Freehand Drawing, the students must have completed thesis drawings or designs pre- vious to the examinations in April or June, and be ready to send them with the returned examination papers. No student can receive a certificate in the advanced or second season examina- tion in drawing if he fails to submit such work. The thesis drawings must be completed some time during the three months preceding the examinations. They may constitute a part of the regular course and the student may receive the occasional coun- sel and criticism of the instructor but the drawings must be wholly the work' of the student. He will be required to state on a blank provided for the purpose, that he has done the entire work himself. They should be on good and appropriate drawing paper 8 x 11 inches in size, or a multitiple of such size, so they 138 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY may be folded and sent in the original examination package. They may be retained as the property of the International Committee, hence blue prints of the originals should be sub- mitted when possible. These thesis drawings are required that the examiners may obtain a better idea of the student's pro- ficiency and progress than can be secured by the examination alone. In mechanical drawing, the thesis will require two sheets of paper, one for the assembly drawing and one for the details, and will involve a simple machine or piece of a machine, as a part of a lathe, engine, or other mechanical appliance. In freehand drawing, the thesis will require three sheets: first, an outline drawing of an interior of a room; second, a light-and-shade drawing from a cast; third, a drawing of an ornament or an applied design. In architectural drawing, the thesis work will require one or two sheets, showing either the exterior ori the floor plan of a small cottage of two or three rooms on a floor; the exterior or floor plans of a one-story library or church, or the educational department floor of a large Y. M. C. A. building, or an equivalent. See pages 40 and 41 for details in these matters. (5) How to Order. A requisition blank is sent each secre- tary or director about March 1. On this blank — not on other paper — and signed by the general secretary or educational direc- tor, order as many question papers in each subject as will be needed. Be sure to order enough, and thus avoid the confusion of a later change and the disappointment of many desiring to take part at the last moment and not finding question papers enough for them. Only one person is permitted to use one question paper. Obviously the examiners will accept no more returned answer papers in any subject than there were question papers ordered. This requisition blank for the regular April or June examinations cannot be filed if received after a date ten days preceding the examination. For the special examinations, the order must be received at least twenty days in advance. The order from both senior and boys' departments in a single Association should be placed on one and the same blank. The material for examinations in both departments will be sent in one package. Teachers should see that their students who can do credit in any of the examinations are strongly urged to participate. The INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 139 order for question papers must be given to the secretary or director at least twenty to tliirty days in advance. The in- creasing value of these written tests to both students and teachers will lead them to gladly emphasize the opportunity of participation. Teachers should be present, if possible, at the time of the examinations, carefully look over, mark and deliver each paper to the secretary or director within two days after the examination. In case the Association chooses the cooperative plan of setting questions, the teacher will proceed as in section 7. (6) Expenses. The conduct of the regular examinations costs the International Committee more than twice as much as is received from the charge for question papers. To help cover a portion of this expense of the regular examinations in April, and also in June, the charge is 25 cents for each ele- mentary or first season question paper, and 50 cents for each second season question paper, including certificates won. For the special examinations the rates would necessarily be much higher. See section 2. The above charges in each instance include a quantity of specially prepared examination paper for each student, and the necessary blanks and forms used. (7) Local Cooperation in Questions. A choice of two plans for official examination questions is oflfered: (1) Use the In- ternational questions entirely, the student answering questions the sum of whose credits equals 100. (2) Use International questions equaling 70 credits and local questions equaling 30 credits, provided: (a) The local teacher, in conjunction with the educational director or general secretary, prepares at least 5 questions which meet local needs, but which are no less difficult than International questions of previous years, and provided the same are sealed and withheld from the students until the hour of the official examination, (b) The student first answers 7 of the International questions, and then at the same session answers 3 of the 5 local questions provided, (c) The local teacher marks the answers to both series of questions and sends to the International Committee the local questions together with all papers marked 65 or above. The sealed envelopes containing all questions, whether In- ternational or local, must be kept sealed under all circumstances until the specified hour for the examinations, and then opened only in the presence of the class when seated ready for the exercise. 140 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY (8) The Student will write in black ink all answers to such questions — whether International alone or both International and local — as are required or selected, the sum of whose credits equals 100, but no more. All work, not results merely, is to be placed on the written paper. Each student must work inde- pendently, rely on his own judgment, neither ask nor receive any help of any kind from any source. Only as many men may write on the examinations as there have been question papers ordered and received. (9) Marking Papers. At the close of the examinations the teachers are to collect and mark the answer papers, both Inter- national and local, placing a mark on each answer — not one mark for the paper as a whole. Such marking is to be done in red ink. Teachers are urged to be very careful in such marking and should deliver all results finished within two days following the examinations. (10) How to Send Papers. While the minimum passing grade will be kept at 75, the examiners desire that all papers bearing a total mark of 65 for either the International questions when used alone, or for both International and local questions together, when the latter are used, be sent to them. Such papers in each subject should be fastened together and carefully re- corded on the class lists. These smaller packages should then be gathered into one larger package and sent by mail or express prepaid to George B. Hodge, 124 East 28th Street, New York. Such returns should be received within ten days following the examinations. They will not be accepted by the examiners if they bear a postmark or express shipping date later than ten days after the examinations. (11) Certificates. As soon as the papers have been examined and recorded by the examiners and by the Committee, a record of the results will be sent each secretary interested. About three weeks after this, or as soon as the certificates can be en- grossed and signed by the proper officers, they will be sent in bulk to the general secretary or educational director. (12) The McBurney Cup, for promoting efficiency in educa- tional work among boys, will be awarded that Association whose boy members seventeen years of age and under, in the regular April examinations, win the largest actual, or the largest pro- portionate number of certificates in relation to the boy mem- bership. (See folder, The McBurney Memorial Cup.) INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 141 SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS To Secretaries and Directors. (1) The order for question papers should be made on the requisition blank — not on other paper — signed by the secretary or educational director. (2) Orders from both men's and boy's departments should be placed on one and the same blank. (3) To avoid confusion and mistakes, the requisition should reach New York twenty days or more before the examinations, and should not thereafter be modified unless absolutely necessary. (4) The certificate of the general secretary or director to the effect that all regulations governing the examinations have been faithfully observed, will be required for the acceptance of the students' papers by the International Examiners. To Teachers. (1) Each teacher should become familiar with the regulations in detail governing both the regular and the special examinations. (2) He is urged to plan for, and to lead a few of his students to take part, also give the order for question papers to the secretary or director at least twenty days before the examina- tions. (See Regulations, sec. 5.) (3) He is invited to cooperate with the International Exam- iners in setting official questions, also in keeping these as well as the International questions in sealed envelopes until the time of examination. (See Regulations, sec. 7.) (4) He will see that all students in the second season or ad- vanced examinations in either Mechanical, Architectural or Freehand Drawing have completed their respective thesis draw- ings or designs before the date of the examination, and have the same or their copies ready to send with the students' exam- ination papers to New York. (See Regulations, sec. 4.) (5) In Freehand Drawing, he will gather some models or objects with straight edges and others with curved edges and surfaces to arrange in groups on desk or table for the purpose of using them in the examination. (6) He will mark each answer on all papers in red ink and deliver the same to the secretary or director within two days after the examinations. (See Regulations, sec. 9.) To Students. (1) The student will place the number of each question above or before its answer and confine his answer 142 OUTLINES OF COURSES OF STUDY strictly to the question proposed. All work in the examinations — not merely answers, but computations, exercises and opera- tions — is to be put on the examination paper. Failure to do so will be marked zero. (2) All work, as far as possible, should be in black ink. Drawings and sketches for freehand work, also in elementary mechanical and architectural drawing may be in pencil, while in the advanced mechanical and architectural drawing it should be mainly in ink. (3) The student will write in black ink all answers to such questions — whether International alone or both International and local — as are required or selected, the sum of whose credits equals 100, but no more. All work, not results merely, is to be placed on the written paper. (4) The student is not permitted: (a) To have any book, notes, or other helps in the examinations, (b) To communicate, with any one in any way. He must rely on his own judgment for the interpretation, meaning and answer of each question, (c) To leave the room after the examination has begun and return again to continue his examination, (d) To write on the examinations unless he is furnished a set of printed questions for his own individual use. No two students are allowed to use the same question paper, (e) To occupy more than three hours in the examinations in any one subject. (5) When he has finished his examination, or the time of closing has arrived, he will deliver his papers to the person in charge. (6) A violation of any of the above requirements forfeits the right to the examination. €>a IQ Mi '„..,., in Pi I iii iiill ill j ir PI! ii I ! l'lill!il!iHil!l!tlillii||i LIBRARY OF CONGRESS i DDQE1177477 i ! iii 1 t!l!l!i!liillillJ!ii!l i til m I i^ I M !t ! ii i I ! iill!!l!i'i-ii!!l|!iiii!!!!it!li!!!ir ! jji 1 1 ■ hi jmiji] i' ij ji iliilii; li > I I hi iiiiiiiiii Iii