PD 310^ ■fe . ... ■ . l,-,_..»^ v. , ... Di. E. C. RASK'S DANISH GRAMMAR EDITED BY THORL. GUDM. REPP. SECOND EDITION. COPENHAGEN. PUBLISHED BY J. H. SCHULTZ. 1846. ?3 PRINTED BY J. H. SCHULTZ, PRINTER TO THE KING AND TO THE UNIVERSITY. TO HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY KING CHRISTIAN THE EIGHTH, SIRE, It is to YOUR ROYAL Munificence that the second edition of the work, now laid at YOUR MAJESTY'S feet, owes its appearance. For, the first edition being out of print, and a great demand existing for a second, still the publisher could not adequately remunerate the labors of an editor; so that the task of editing would not, in all proba- bility, have been undertaken, had not YOUR MAJESTY been graciously pleased to supply the means required for its accomplishment. The Editor therefore most humbly hopes, that YOUR MAJESTY will graciously receive the following most humble statement, in respect to his share in the edition now ofFered to the public* The full title of the first edition runs as fol- lows : "A Grammar of the Danish Language for the Use of Englishmen, together with extracts in prose and verse. By Erasmus Rask, Professor and Libra- rian in the University of Copenhagen, and member of several learned societies. Copenhagen. 1830." In reediting this work, it appeared to me, that two objects must steadily be kept in view viz. that it should be rendered really useful to Englishmen, by exhibiting to them the structure of the Danish language in a plain and intelligible form: and that at the same time, no material part of Professor Rask's system should be sacrificed; but every respect paid to the memory of the great linguist, in the reproduction of his work. Fourteen Years have now elapsed since his death, and still hut a very small part of the im- provements proposed and advocated hy him — improvements which he professedly adopted from Peter Syv and Hojsgaard — has met with general reception. Nevertheless his arguments made a great impression, and that impression is not as yet hy any means entirely obliterated. Under these circumstances it appeared, that in point of useful- ness it would scarcely be advisable simply to reprint the learned author's work without any mo- dification whatever; and this seemed the more evi- dent since even in the original edition, Professor Rask himself had sacrificed some part of his own system and e. g. reinstated the aa, which in his other works he had discarded, adopting instead Hojsgaards d. I could therefore devise no better plan for the accomplishment of the twofold object stated above, than to preserve indeed Professor Rask' s system in all essentials unaltered; but at the same time point out by means of notes inserted partly in, and partly under the text, where he differed from the general usage, In some instances he had in fact done this himself, so that I felt the more justified in adopting this plan, in a far greater number of places, where he had omitted to notice his deviation. The å I have expunged from the alphabet, for in retaining it there, he appeared scarcely consistent with himself, since he did not make use of it in any other part of the book ex^ cept in the last extract. The Q I reinstated, for although even his adversaries, e. g. Mr. Molbech, agree with him in considering it as superfluous and useless, it still is in general use. The English I have corrected in many places, though perhaps not in every place where this might have been done. The consideration that Mr. B. Thorpe M. A. of Cambridge had read the proofs of the first edition, made me cautious in rejecting idioms and phrases, which although sometimes appearing to me not quite correct, had been allowed to remain by a Graduate of an English University and a distinguished scholar. I accordingly confined my corrections to passages where either some obscurity in the expression, or a manifest error seemed to render them necessary. And thus I lay before YOUR MAJESTY that work of Professor Rask which it has been my humble endeavour, without impairing in any part, to render more practically useful. Some learned men among the Danes have la- tely expressed a great deal of apprehension lest their language should gradually become extinct. If this fear be well founded, one way — perhaps the chief way — of retarding such a consum- mation, is in my humble opinion, to propagate the knowledge of it, by means of Grammars and Dictionaries, among the great nations who take the lead in the progress of civilization. As Profes- sor Borring has done much, in the way of dissemi- nating the knowledge of Danish among the French as well as of the French language amongst his countrymen, so I have humbly endeavoured, in various ways, not only to promote the knowledge of English in Denmark, but also the knowledge of Danish in England ; and if these very humble efforts meet, in some degree, with YOUR ROYAL MAJESTY'S most August as well as most compe- tent approbation, they will receive indeed, a high and satisfactory reward, How scanty and unsatisfactory and uncertain is our knowledge of most of the languages spoken in the ancient world, from the Indus westward to the Atlantic, because so few of them were known to the Greeks and the Romans! And why? — If they had through Greek and Latin Grammars and Dictionaries preserved any memorial of themselves, they would not have utterly perished ; or left their identity doubtful. That it may please the Almighty to preserve YOUR MAJESTY, together with YOUR MAJESTY'S AUGUST CONSORT, in the continual enjoyment of Health, Prosperity and Peace, is the fervent prayer of, SIRE, YOUR MAJESTY'S most devoted, most obedient and most humble servant Thorleifr Gudmuwdson Repp, t'openhagcn the 3d December 1846, THE AUTHOR 9 S PREFACE. ■L ▼ early % ly 30 years hare now elapsed , since Capt. Fr. Schneider published his Danish Grammar for the use of Englishmen, during which time no other attempt has been made in English, to describe the structure of the Danish in a more satisfactory way, or to assist the English learner in acquiring a more accurate knowledge of this language; although it has been very considerably enriched and improved, and its Literature greatly enlarged and cultivated during this period. But even for the time when it was composed, Capt. Schneiders Grammar icas a very imperfect one; for besides the general inaccuracy of the rules, the careless- ness of the spelling and translation of the Danish words, and the utter tastelessness in the arrange- ment and appearance of the text, it is totally devoid of system. Still, if the language itself follows a system , as in fact every language may X FltEFACE. be supposed to do, or it could not be spoken by a whole nation, that system should appear in the Grammar , or the Grammar must be acknowledged to be deficient in the most material point, its chief object being to exhibit a mew of the system of speech adopted by the nation. This system, how- ever, is seldom so evident in any language, that there may not be formed many different ideas of it, and consequently many different plans may be laid down for a Grammar of one and the same language. That which I have here adopted is, for the greatest part the same as that of the Icelan- dic, as also of the Frisic and the Anglosaxon Grammars which I have published. The internal structure of all these, and indeed also of the other languages of the Gothic stock, appears to be nearly the same, though less evident in the Danish than in the ancient idioms; and it may afford an assistance to the learned inquirer, to find them all exhibited from the same point of view. But even to those who merely study the language , in order to be able to read a book in it, or to use it in conversation, it will be convenient to find a true and tolerably complete system of inflection and formation of words in the Gnmimar; for although the study may appear easier, if the Grammar offer merely some loose or detached remarks, together PREFACE. XI with a variety of examples: yet this is merely concealing the difficulty, making the knowledge thus acquired deficient, and, consequently, the road much longer, as it obliges the learner by dint of long experience and use to deduce the rules him- self, for which he vainly seeks in his Grammar. As to the nature of this system, 1 am happy to find it agree so closely with that of Mr. John Grant in his Grammar of the English language. In order, however, not to write a large and crab- bed volume on an easy and elegant tongue, I have carefully omitted reasoning about the system and the terms of Grammar. In the syntax, I fear, I have been rather too short, but this defect may easily be supplied in a new edition, should this first essay in any way be so happy as to meet with the encouragement of the public. Mr. Hansen of Christiania has published a separate treatise on this head of Danish Grammar. Perhaps also an explanation of the old poetical forms may be missed', in the notes however the reader will find the most remarkable difficulties of this description explained. In order to be short in the notes, I have sometimes marked the grammatical properly of the words by a fraction, of which the numera- tor is intended to indicate the declension, or con- jugation, and the denominator the class, or sub- XII PREFACE. division, to which the word belongs : e. g. 'Tjeneste (i)' signifies that the noun Tjeneste, service, fol- * lows the first declension, common class, or is, m every respect, inflected like Dame, lady, p. 18; likewise 4 befaler (j)' signifies that the verb jeg- befaler, J command, belongs to the first conjugal- ion, first class, and is inflected like jeg elsker, / love, p. 40, and so on. With regard to the Literature, this place is much too limited to speak of it to any purpose ; we have now translations of many celebrated works of English and American authors, as : Shake- spear, Fielding, Sir Walter Scott, Cooper, Wash- ington Irving 6fc. which may afford an easy and agreeable introduction to the Danish Literature ; though translations in general are scarcely to be recommended to learners. Those who wish for a thorough knowledge of the Danish and Norwegian- ) *) Throughout the kingdom of Norway, the Danish language, though pronounced with a peculiar accent, is used to this day, in speaking and writing, in the pulpit and in public affairs of every description. Several natives, however, since the union with Sweden, seem, to pride themselves particularly on calling it Norwegian, not is it to be denied that, even before the celebrated Holberg, the Norwegians had an honorable share in cultivating and improving it; hut that its whole present form originated in Denmark is an histori- cal fact beyond dispute. From hence it was propagated to Norway, especially about the lime of Luther's Reformation , when Literal tire PREFACE. XIII authors till 1S14 , may find sufficient informa- tion in Nyerup's § Kraft's dansk-norske Literatur- lexicon. But a book which presents a view of the best authors, in the elegant branches of Lite- rature, together with copious specimens of their writings, and with which every learner of Danish should be provided, is K. L. Rahbek' s danske Læsebog- eller Exempelsamling in 2 voll. S v0 . It may be proper still to add the names of the most celebrated authors of Danish Grammars, The Rev. P. Syv wrote several works on this sub- ject with great skill, and considerably improved the orthography, though his opponents strove very hard to defend the flu instead of v (e. g. haffue for have) and the diphthongs, ia, ie, ay, ey fyc. Hojsgdrd discovered the true system of the ten vowels, and proposed the method of denoting them with single characters now again adopted by those who care to distinguish them. He also wrote a Grammar and a Syntax in separate volumes. and learning were in a very low state , and almost totally extinct in that country, and the old Norse greatly corrupted and dissolved into rustic dialects or provincialisms. Hence no attempt was ever made to translate the holy Scriptures into Norse, nor any polemical pamphlet either for or against the catholic party published, nor any sermons or works of instruction & education compiled, nor any law promulgated in Norwegian after that time. XtV PREFACE. Still more celebrated are Prof. J. Badens Fore- læsninger over det danske Sprog , of which four editions have appeared. This was the first regu- lar and complete Grammar of the Danish Langu- age, and is still perhaps one of the best existing. Cape* Abrahamson wrote a very elaborate Danish Grammar for Germans, also of great merit; and Dichman a treatise on Orthography and a Gram- mar perhaps in rather too philosophical a style. Prof. S. N. J. Bloch published a Grammar for schools together with a treatise on Orthography, in which he differs from his predecessors , admit- ting the diphthongs and many mute vowels and consonants, but the second vol. of his Grammar, intended for the syntax never appeared. Prof. L. Nissen wrote another Grammar for schools, as also Prof. F. H. Guldberg, Besides these there were many smaller works published for schools, amongst which Thonboe's and Benzien's are the most re- markable: the former has been reprinted several times; of the latter a second edition has recently appeared; this being the last, and containing also a syntax, is perhaps the best of the smaller works. Finally, I have to apologize much for my English stile, I ought not, perhaps, to have hazard- ed writing a book in this language, nor was it PREFACE. XV my intention to do so, when I began the work. The bookseller, who was the owner of Capt. Schneider's Grammar, merely wished me to pre- pare a new edition of that work, which I thought might be undertaken without great presumption; but I was soon convinced of the utter faultiness*) of the Grammar, and consequently of the necessity of almost writing a new one; I went on however cheerfully mending the old work, until the book- seller , when the printing of the new edition was to begin, gave up the idea, thinking my alterations much too many and too hazarded or unnecessary. In order therefore not to lose the time and labor spent in preparing the most difficult part of the manuscript, I found myself obliged to look out for another bookseller , to undertake the publication, as a book of my own, leaving at the same time Capt. Schneider'' s work entirely out of sight, as far as could be done without rewriting the manu- script. If, after all these changes, the text of *) As the reader may demand a proof of this hard censure. I shall merely quote the first line, where the author states that there are 28 letters in the Danish alphabet, though the large table immedia- tely following contains only 27. The pronunciation of the first let- ter, A, is thus described: ''Like the broad A in all^ wall." The truth is the very reverse, for the broad English A is a sound never given to this letter in Danish. XVI PUFF ACE. the book still reads tolerably well, the reader trill, in great measure, be indebted for it to the able and learned translator of my Anglosaxon Gram- mar;, Mr. B. Thorpe, who kindh) undertook the tedious business of correcting one of the proof sheets throughout the volume* PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY. 1* I he Danish alphabet consists of twenty seven letters, viz. FIGURE NAME Danice Anglice POWER A, a, or % a, A, Ah, a in father, part, far. B, b, - 25, b, Bé, Bey*) b. C, c, - (S, c, Cé, Cey, s and k, as in English. D, d 5 - % t>, Dé, Dey, d hard; and th flat, as in thus. E, e, — @, e, E, Ey, French é ferme & é ouverh F, f, - 8, f, Eff, Eff, I G, g, - ©, g, Gé, Ghey, g in go, give. H, h, — £, \), Haa; Haw, h aspirated. t, i, ~ % i, h Ee, ee in bee, i in bill. h h — 3/ if Jod, Yoth, y consonanth. K, k, - St, t, Kaa, Kåw, k. L, 1, - £, i, El, El, 1. M, m, — Wl, lit, Em, Em, m. N, n, ^ % it, En, En, n. *) In the names of the letters the Danes pronounce é like the French é (with the acute accent), or like English ey in the word they. The former of these two columns gives the names of the letters with the Danish spelling: the latter gives the same names spelled in the English way, so as to lead the English learner to the right Danish pronunciation of these names. bd. 2 ORTHOGRAPHY. FIGURE NAME POWER Danice Anglice 0, o, or £), o, O, O, o in more, for. P, P, - % h Pé 5 Pey, p. Q, q, — D, q, Ku, Koo, q. R, r, — 31, r, Er, Er, r. S, s, — "@, 0, Es, Es, s hard. T, t, - %, t, Té, Tey, t. U, u, — U, U/ U, Oo, oo in fool, u in full V v, — 53, », Vé, Vey, v in vein, w in ftorø/. X, x 5 - $, X, Ex, Ex, x hard. Y, y, — §), 9/ Y, U, -A) in pur^mif. Z, z, - 3r 5/ ?et, Set, z. Æ, æ, — 2@,ce, A, Ai, a in sale, ai in said. O, ■», | - £5, a,] 0, Eu, (French) ferme in pew. 0, 6, j — S, 0,1 0, Ell, (French) OltVevt ill »CWC^ æu in cceur, æiif. 2. Remarks on the alphabet. Dr* Rask omitted the Q, and declared it to be "not merely superfluous and useless, but even prejudicial to a faithful represen- tation of the language, by obscuring the origin and affinity of words, e. g. Kvinde, woman," he said, "is derived from Kone, wife: bekvem, convenient, from komme, to come, (Fr. venir); Kvarter, a quarter of an hour, is also called Korter; Kvast, tuft, is originally the same word as Kost, broom; and kvæle, suffocate, the same as the Engl. kilV 1 And he added: "The Q is therefore justly rejected by the celebrated Grammarian P. Syv, as also by the learned Prof. S. N. J. Bloch in his Danske Sproglære, Odense 1817. It is how- ever still used by some, but always followed by *, never by u in any Danish book, as: Qvinde, beqvem, Qvarter, «$V [Christian Molbech in his Danish dictionary has also declared Q to be "pro- perly speaking a superfluous letter, but retains it nevertheless; and as it is still used by almost every Danish author except Rask it is here introduced again into the alphabet, ed.] Z, z, (Zet, pron. setty has crept from the German orthography into a few words, which should he written by s, according to the true pronunciation, as: Zobel, ORTHOGRAPHY. 3 sable; zire, to adorn, better Sobel, sire, [Dr. Rask omit- ted z in the alphabet but I have reinstated it, since it is indispensable not only in the words enumerated in Mr. Molbechs dictionary, but also in a great many nouns proper, ed.] 0, Z, and W are used in names of foreign origin, as are also the German vowels å, il (for «?, y) ; hut these characters ought not to be inserted in the alphabet, never occurring in any Danish word. Dr. Rask inserted A which always has been used by the Swedes, as the twenty fourth letter, in his alphabet and justified the adoption of this character by the following remarks: "A has been, till the beginning of this century, commonly represented by aa, according to the old Lowgerman orthography, but d is found in ancient Danish and Norwegian manuscripts : it's ^introduction, proposed by the celebrated Danish Grammarian Hojsgård 1743, later by Schlegel, Baden, Nyerup, Schrejber, Thonboe &c. has, in the last decennium, been realized in about thirty separate books or pamphlets by Prof. A, Gamborg, Mr. H* J. Hansen, Mr. N. M. Petersen, also by the author of these pages, and several anonymous writers. At all events the sound is simple, and conti- nually interchanging with other simple vowels, («, æ, o), in the inflection and derivation of words, e. g. fæller, to count, in the past tense (aide or tdlde, counted; gå, to go, Gang, gait, gængse, current, common: from Far, sheep, is derived Færoerne, the Far- oe Islands. So also in kindred dialects, as Vingård, vineyard J Tåre, tear, Germ. Zåhre ; Måned, month, Germ. Monath; åben, open &c. Whereas da is sometimes long a, sometimes even to be read in two syllables as: Haarlem, Aaron, Kanaan, Knud Da- naast, the name of a Danish Prince. As the learner however will find aa for « in most printed books hitherto published, we think it convenient to preserve that orthography in the succeeding pages". Æ, like Åj represents a simple vowel sound, and must never be separated or resolved into ae, which make distinct syllables, e. g. bejae (be-ya-e), affirm. and are commonly confounded, so that is used for both sounds in books printed in the Gothic type in those in the Roman character. The distinction pro- 4 ORTHOGRAPHY. posed by Hoisgård, shall be adopted here, as it will greatly assist the student's memory in recollecting the genuine pronunciation. [In the above alphabet and O have been counted for one letter, ed.] 3. Of Pronunciation. The double sound of some of the letters may create some difficulty. The open e is exactly like the æ, but usually short, as Herre, gentleman, like værre, worse. The é ferme, or close e, is very frequent in Danish, but not of frequent occurence in English: still it is found in such words as: their, vein, veil, which have a different sound from: there, vain. In analogy with this, the open o sounds exactly like the aa, but is generally short as, Kaag , boiling, like Bog, book The close o is often used, where the Eng- lish has the open one, as: Broder, brother, &c. [The Danish close o is more close than the English and has a sound more nearly approaching to Walker's 2 d o, in move, ed.] E, 0, I, U, Y have in general their close sound at the end of syllables, whether long or short, e. g. tre, three; lé-ve, live; Ko, cow; troværdig, credible; fri, free; Skri-ve-ri, (continual) writing; synes, seems; yder- mere, moreover. There are however some few excep- tions, as: Sté-det, the place; Bo-gen, the book; vi, we; gudelig, religious (book), have the open sound, most of these because the consonant originally belonged to the preceding syllable. For cases in which the syllable terminates in a con- sonant, scarcely any certain rule can be given, although the open sound is perhaps the more frequent, e. g. trende, three (to each); Konge, king-, vinde, to gain; Guld, gold ; gylden, golden; especially before ng, nd, Ig, Id. But in Ord, a word; Nordenj the North, the 6 is long. Med, ORTHOGRAPHY. 5 with, for, for, have the open short sound; in ved, by, the e is close, although it be short; and in stor, great, the o is close. Sometimes e, i, u are doubled when long or close before a consonant in the same syllable; unfortunately this rule applies only to the cases, where the consonant following is /, m, n, r, or s, c. g. Piil, arrow, but livid (never hviid) white; and not even regularly to all the cases mentioned, e. g. Viin, wine, but min, mine, the pronun- ciation in both cases being exactly alike (viz veen, meen). As soon as a vowel is added in the inflection of the words, the doubling ceases, as: Pilen, the arrow , Pile, arrows; Vinen, the wine, Vine wines. As there is little danger, that the reader should divide these ee, ii, uu, into distinct syllables, we shall preserve this orthography, though very imperfect, as the most common ; and in cases necessary, where it is not used, assist the learner, by placing accents over the vowels , (') for the close or long sound and O for the open or slender, as in French, There are no diphthongs in Danish, but aj, ej, oj, u h Qfo even though written by some ai, ei, oi, ui, 6i, are pronounced with the open sound of the vowels and a distinct y consonant following, never like ai, ei French oi, ui, or the like, e. g. ej, not, sounds like Engl, eye or /; Ko?woy, a convoy, like the verb to convoy, &c. Per- haps however the j is a little softer after the wovels than at the beginning of words. Even after g and k it is soft, e. g. begjére, desire ; kjédelig, tedious ; like the Engl. guardian, cure, &c. In like manner av, ev, iv, ov, æv, 6v are pronounced as clear vowels followed sometimes by a distinct v con- sonant, sometimes by a w; the v also is softer after the vowels than at the beginning, e. g* tav, was silent; Brev, letter; stiv, stiff; Tov, cable; Ræv, fox; døv, deaf. The sound of iv is particularly observable, when another consonant follows, e. g. tavs , silent; Evropa, Europe; b ORTHOGRAPHY. stivne, to stiften; hovne, to swell; Hævn, revenge; søv- nig, sleepy, drowsy. Like,/ & v some other consonants have also a softer sound after the vowels than before them,, thus d sounds like dh, Anglosaxon and Icel. 5, or Engl, flat th in bathe, when it concludes the word, or is placed between two vowels, also when doubled, as lad, lazy, sluggish ; Fader. father; vædde, lay a wager, &c. After I, n, r, it is scarcely perceptible in the common pronunciation, except as a peculiar emphasis on the vowel preceding, [e. g. Staid, stable is pronounced stall; Mand, man pron. man; Bord, lableyron. boor (where oo sounds as in floor), ed] G in similar cases has also a softer sound, which was formerly written gh, e. g. Sag, cause, affair, con- cern ; tage, take. Sometimes after e, 6 it is pronounced like j (or Engl y cons.), e. g. eg in jeg, I, sounds quite like ej, in Vej, way; and 6g in Dogn , a day and night, like bj in hojne, to heighten. [H is not aspirated in Danish before j (in stead of which Molbech always writes i), or v, e. g. Hjelp, help, aid, pron. yelp-, Hvalfisk, whale, pron. Valfisk; hvid, white, pron. veeth. ed.] The English sounds of,;, ch, sh, th sharp are enti- rely foreign to the Danish language. 4. Of accentuation. In Danish there are six accents (Tonehold') or modes of pronouncing the vowels , three long and three short, four of them are easy to understand and to apply, but examples of the other two are not easily found in other languages : the long are: 1) the trailing as: oh! 2) the advancing — oral. 3) the abrupt — (pro-noun ?) the short are: 1) the rolling — worthy, lore. 2) the running — torrent* 3) the rebounding — ORTHOGRAPHY. 7 The rebounding is the abrupt shortened, but it must be learned by oral instruction; they are both very fre- quent in Danish, and very difficult to foreigners. The abrupt takes place in almost all long mono- syllables as: Bam, child; Been, bone; Bi, bee; Blod s blood; Ur (Uhr), watch; sky, shun; Træ, tree; d&, die. The rebounding in many short monosyllables, ter- minating in consonants, especially nd, ng, Id, Ig, rg. Ex. hån, can; Kam, comb; hen, away, up to; slem, bad; Skind, skin; ond, evil; ting, young; Hyld, eldertree; Bælg, husk, bellows; Sorg, sorrow. But many others have the running accent, as: han, he; rank, slim, tall; Ven, friend. The advancing (or obtuse) is usual in pronouncing long vowels in dissyllables or polysyllables, as: barn- agtig, childish; benig, bony; more, divert; Fure, furrow; lyde, obey; taale, endure; være, be; fere, carry; Hjorne, corner. The running (or sharp) is usual with short and sharp vowels in dissyllables, especially before double consonants, as: Klasse, class; hellig, holy; ikke, not; begge, both; Odde, point of land; Fusker, bungler; hyg- gelig , comfortable; tækkelig, neat; Børste, a brush; Smorrebred, bread and butter. The trailing and the rolling occur but rarely; the former mostly in interjections and contracted monosyl- lables, as: a! ah! o! oh! Fa'r, father, Mo'r, mother; the latter especially when a short vowel is followed by rd, as: myrde, to murder; værdig, worthy; sometimes Id produces the same effect, but never v as in English. As to the position or place of the accent (Tone- fald-eQ, the Danish also differs widely from the English. In words of northern origin, the first radical syllable usually bears the emphasis, as: væsentlig, essential; Gjér~ righed, avarice; tf delig, evident; betydelig, considerable; Ubetydelighed, insignificancy; Rentekammeret, the Danish 8 ORTHOGRAPHY. board of revenue, or the exchequer; but we also find: agtværdig, worthy of esteem ; retfærdig, just; Kebe?ihdvn, Copenhagen ; Bornholm, Kristiansstad, Frideriksddl, Hof- mansgåve, &c* Words derived from the southern languages have often she stress on the last, as: Karavan, caravan, Bi- bliothekår, librarian; Karakter, character; Filosofi, phi- losophy; Religion, religion; Sekretær, secretary; Direktør, director; Natur, nature; Matematik, mathematics, &c. When the french e mute is preserved in Danish, it never receives any emphasis, but sounds like short e at the end of Danish words, en Terrasse , a terrace , not Ter- rasse; Artikkel, article &c. But usually it is thrown away entirely, though sometimes written according to a false orthography, serving merely to confound the learner, by disguising the true pronunciation. 5. Of the spelling. There is a great dispute among the Danish ortho- graphers about the manner of spelling foreign words. As the Italians write tesauro, the Spaniards accion, the French caractére, monarque, the English Bachelor, author, analogy &c. entirely disregarding the Greek and Roman usage, so it seems but just that the Danes should be at liberty, to spell such av ords in their own writings according to their own pronunciation. In fact Prof. Bloch in his Dan. Gram, has adopted f for ph, as Filosof, philosopher; and it is pretty common to write, Monark, Mekdnikus, Maskine &c» We shall adopt also the t for th, though less frequent, the th being very apt to mislead the English student, e. g. Matematiker, Mathematician. It is very common also to write k for c, whenever it has this sound, and only preserve c where, according to it's name, it sounds like s, e. g. Akademi, Specier. As to the division of words into syllables, the lear- ner must observe , that j is always referred to the pre- ORTHOGRAPHY. 9 ceding vowel, which is in these cases constantly pronoun- ced short and sharp, e. g* Vej-e, ways, not Ve-je. The other consonants are usually referred to the vowel fol- lowing, when single; or divided between the preceding and succeeding vowel, when more than one, no care being taken to distinguish the radical parts from the accessories, except in compound words, e. g. Dage, days, from Dag, day, but for-ud-si-ge , foretell from for-ud, beforehand, and sige, tell, say. Though the Danish orthography is doubtful in many cases, yet the leading principle is evidently to express the sound as nearly as possible; and, where the sound may be expressed in two different ways, to adopt the spelling, that agrees the most with etymology, e. g. skærpe, to sharpen, from skarp, sharp, not skjerpe, although it would express the same sound; skjenke, to pour in, from Icel. skénkja , Germ, schenken , not skænke, because not derived from Skank, shank. Saald (Said), a sieve, be- cause the verb is sælde, to sift, not Sold, which is an- other word, meaning wages, or soldiers pay, from whence Soldat, a soldier. Before a, aa, o, u, e, the consonants k and g are always hard, as in the English words cow, gown, and in order to produce the sound in cure, guard, a j must be inserted, as en Skjald, a bard; en Kjole, a coat; skjule, conceal; gjaldt , was worth, cost; Gjéd, goat; ojorde 3 made, but before æ, 6, &, y, i, k, and g take always the softer sound, and no j should be inserted, as: kær, dear; (Lat. earns), Kon, sex, gender, (Lat. genus)\ København, Copenhagen; but many people, not being aware of this rule, will insert the J even in these cases, and write kjær, or kjer, Kjon, Kjebenhavn &c. It is however ack- nowledged to be erroneous, to insert they, when the primi- tive is a Danish w ord, which has ka, ko, ku, ga, go, gu without j ; e, g. at kjempe or kjæmpe for kæmpe, to figlit, combat, would be a fault, because the primitive is Kamp ? 10 ORTHOGRAPHY. combat; in the same manner we write hæmme, to comb; from Kam, a comb ; sked, shot, from at skyde, to shoot, and et Skud, a shot; gød, poured, from gyde, (Germ. goss), not kjæmme, skjed, gj&d. It is a great advantage in Danish orthography, that every noun substantive is written with a capital letter at the beginning, as numbers of words, else perfectly alike, are thereby easily distinguished at the first view. *) Ex. (en) Tale, a speech, (at) tale, to speak, (en) Bor, a barrow, (jeg) hor, I must, ought, (en) Tro, faith, tro, faithful, (en) Flbj, weathercock, flbj, flew, (et) Onske', a wish, (at) onske, to wish, Vande, waters, (at) vande, to water. On the other hand adjectives of national names are usually written with small initials , contrary to the Eng- lish usage, as: dansk, Danish; norsk, Norwegian; svensk, Swedish; hollandsk, Dutch; engelsk, English; angelsak- sisk, Anglosaxon, Those who wish to see an analysis of the sounds of the Danish and of the principal points of it's ortho- *) The advantage of this usage which the Danes and Norwe- gians have borrowed from the Germans is not felt or acknowled- ged by the rest of mankind: the English, the French, the Spaniards, the Portuguese, the Italians, the Greeks, the Arabs, the Persians, the Armenians, the Russians, the Polacks, the Bohemians and the other Slavonic nations, the Magyars, the Turks, the Swedes, the Finlanders and the Icelanders spell all words in the same way without distinguishing any by a capital letter excepting nouns proper. At one time it was attempted to introduce the German fashion in England, and in many English books printed in the reign of George 1 and George II the nouns often have capital initials; but this practice has now become quite obsolete. Thus it is evident that the Germans with their imitators the Danes und Norwegians have in this particular been left in a very small minority. The distinction between verbs and nouns alledged to be affected by this practice is of no great moment, since the context always shews plainly enough whether a given word is a noun or a verb. bd. INFLECTION. 11 graphy, may consult the author's essay: "Forseg til en videnskabelig dansk Retskrivningslære med Hensyn til Stamsproget og Nabosproget, København 1826", published as the first volume of Tidsskrift for nordisk Oldkyndighed. PART IL INFLECTION. 6. ARTICLES. Jroperly speaking the articles. (Kjendeord) form no peculiar part of speech, being all originally pronouns, but as many nouns are never used without some ar- ticle , a previous knowledge of them may be desireable. They are moreover sometimes combined with the nouns, and then have a considerable influence on the declension. Fortunately in Danish the articles also distinguish gen- ders and numbers like adjectives: and it would greatly assist the student's memory in recollecting the puzzling distinction of gender, if he would make it a rule, never to pronounce nor even to think of a noun without its proper article. The Danish admits but of two genders (Kon), viz. the neuter (Intetkonnet) and the common (Fælles- kbnnet) ; the latter including the masculine (Hankon- net) and the feminine ( Hunkbnnet) ; but even these two were formerly distinguished, there being three gen- ders (neut. masc. & fern.) in Ihe old mothertongue, the Icelandic, of which many traces are left in the structure of the modern language. The numbers (Talformerne) are the usual two, the singular (Entallet ) and the plural (Flertallet). There are three articles in Danish, one indefinite (ubestemt) and two definite (bestemte), the one for nouns substantive, the other for adjectives. 12 INFLECTION. The indefinite article has merely two forms, viz. et before a noun of the neuter, and en before one of the common gender, it has no plural. Being derived from the numeral eet, een, one, it is pronounced with é close, though short. Ex. neutr. com. sing, et Land, a country, en Stol, a chair plur. Lande, countries, Stole, chairs. The definite article of nouns substantive is et in the neuter, en in the common gender, and -ne (ene) in the plur. of both genders; it is pronounced with open é in the sing., and always added as an affix to the nouns, as : sing. Land-et, the country, Stol-en, the chair, plur. Lande-ne, the countries, Stole-ne, the chairs. It is derived from the demonstrative pron. hint (Icel./wft), hin, pi. hine, that, yon; The def. art. of adjectives is dét in the neut. dén in the com. gend. and dé in the plur. of both genders; it is always placed before the adj. as a separate word, as: sing, det skonne (Land), the fine (country), plur. de skonne (Lande), the fine (countries), sing, den gamle (Stol), the old (chair), plur. de gamle (Stole~), the old (chairs), This last article is nothing 1 but the demonstrative pronoun ; but when used as an article it loses all em- phasis. 7. NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. Of Gender. In Danish, as in most other languages, it is impos- sible to give perfectly satisfactory rules for the gender of nouns: the following observations may however be useful to the learner. Neuters are 1) the names of countries and cit- ies, metals and letters, as: det frugtbare Danmark, INFLECTION. 13 fertile Denmark; det smukke London, fine London; det ny Jerusalem, the new Jerusalem; Paris &c. Guld, gold; Selv, silver; Jcern, iron; Bly, lead; et stort E, a capital E ; at skrive En et X for et V ', literally : to write one an X for a U (meaning the Roman number V) , or ten for five, i. e. to impose upon one, make him work or pay double* 2) Most monosyllabic nouns of action, formed of verbs, without any additional termination, as: et Køb (or Kjeb), a bargain, from købe, to buy; et Salg, a sale; et Spring, a leap; et Tryk, a thrust; et Skud, a shot* Those in ang and gt are excepted, as en Sang, a song*, en Gang, a going, a time; en Agt, intention; en Tugt, discipline, and a few others: en Strid, a contest, strife; en Drik, a drink; en Hjælp, a help, assistance, which are of the common gender. 3) Derivative nouns in -eri, as: Bryderi, trouble; Frieri, courtship; and those in -skab signifying a situa- tion or relation, as: Broderskabet, the fraternity; Adel- skab, nobility, Venskab, friendship. 8. To the common gender belong 1) most names of persons and dignities, sciences, animals, trees and plants. Ex. en Mand, a man, en Qvinde, a woman, en Konge* a king, en Dronning, a queen, en Smed', a smith, en Jordemoder, a midwife, en Theologi, divinity, en Logik, logic, en Hest, a horse, en Gaas, a goose, en Torsk, a cod-fish, en Myre, an ant, en Ko, a cow, en Kalv, a calf, en Slange, a snake, en Firbeen, a lizard, en Eeg, an oak, en Bog, a beech, en Tom, a thorn, en Rose, a rose, en Tulipan, a tulip, en Tusendskon, amaranth* There are however some exceptions to this rule, a) es- pecially compound words, of which the last part is a 14 INFLECTION. neuter; e. g. et Mandfolk, a man; et Fruentimmer, a woman; el Daadyr, a doe; et Rensdyr, a reindeer; et Pæretræ, a pear tree. 6) Some Names of living beings which comprize both sexes, as: et Menneske; man (homo); et Folk, people; et Barn, a child; et Asen, et Æsel, an ass; et Bæst, a beast; et Dyr, an animal; et Fæ, a. brute; et Kvæg, (a) cattle ; et Faar, a sheep ; et Lam, a lamb ; et Kid, a kid; et Nød, a neat; et Hors, et >&g, a jade; et Fel, a colt; et Sviin, a swine; el Egern, a squirrel. 2) Derivative nouns in: tfe, dom, héd, ing, ning, else, sel, t, st, en, as: Hojde, height; Bredde, breadth; en Guddom, a godhead; Trældom, slavery; Hvidhed, whi- teness; Hurtighed, swiftness: Forandring, change; Læs- ning, reading; Slægtning, a relation; Begyndelse, begin- ning; Forkortelse, abbreviation; Indførsel, importation; Væxt , growth; Hugst, cutting (of trees); Skrigen, a crying; Leben, a running, Also those in -skab, deno- ting qualities, as: en Egenskab, a quality; en Ondskab, malice. 3) Foreign words in -ter, ist, an, on, isme, tét. Ex Konduktor, Rigorist, Lutheran, Kujon (cow ard), Kal- ken (turkey), Revision, Terrorisme, Prioritet, except et Universitet, 9. Compounds take the gender of the last part, as : et Birketræ, a birchtree ; et Morbærtræ, a mulberry- tree; 'Mesterstykke, a masterpiece; en Selvtallerken, a silverplate; en Hovedpunkt, a main point. Except et Bog- stav, a letter ; et Maaltid, a meal ; et Vidnesbyrd, a testi- mony; from en Stav, en Tid, en Byrd. It is to be observed that the following words change their significations with their genders : of the neuter gender : of the common gender : et Ark, a sheet (of paper), en Ark, an ark, et Bid, a bite ; en Bid, a morse), INFLECTION. 15 et Brud, a breach, en Brud, a bride, el Buk, a bow (inclination of the body), en Buk, a He-goat, el Digt, a poem, en Digt, a fiction, tale, el Flor, a gauze. en Flor, prosperity, el Fblge, retinue, train, en Fblge, consequence*), et Gran, a grain, en Gran, a pine, et Leje, a couch, bed, en Leje, hire, efXæ<7,afold;dogsear(e.g.inabook), en Læg, calf of the leg, et Lod, half an ounce, en Lod, a lot, share, et Mode, an assembly, en Mode, a fashion, et Nod, a neat, en Rod, need, distress, and en Nod, (sharp), a nut, et Raad, an advice, council, en Raad, a counsellor (title), et Skrift, a book, work, en Skrift, a handwriting, et Snært, a stroke of a whip, en Snært, the lash, cord, et Spand, ateamofhorses;aspan, en Spand, a bucket, et Som, an (iron) nail, en Som, a seam, et Ting, an assize, en Ting, a thing, et Tryk, a thrust, en Tryk, print, et Værge, a weapon, en Værge, a trustee. Several words are of doubtful gender, as : en Punkt, or et Punkt a point; en Trold , or et Trold, a giant, goblin.**) The word et Bogstav, a letter, was formerly of the common gender , and is still used thus in some biblical and adverbial phrases , as : Bogstaven ihjelslaaer, men Aanden gjor levende. At tage noget efter Bogstaven, to take something literally. Et Sted, a place, was likewise *) The verb fblge is not only to folloic, but also to attend, ac- company one. **) Mr. Molbech makes Trold of the common gender (e» Trold) and this has been adopted on his authority by Ferrall and Repp in their Danish-English Dictionary. In Icelandic, however, Troll is neuter, and such, no doubt the gender ought to be also in Danish, when the word denotes a giant, or ogre; but when it is used as a term of abuse, of a clamorous scold, it probably is right, on the authority of several Danish poets to make it: en Trold. Eo. 16 INFLECTION of the common gender, and this is preserved in many adverbs, as: isteden, in the place Cof), andensteds, else- where, nogensteds, anywhere, somewhere, ingensteds, nowhere. En Taage, a mist, is called et Taag, by the common people in the isle of Funen, hence in the culti- vated language the phrase: at gaa i Taaget, literally: to walk away in the mist, i. e, to be thoughtless, heedless, absent, not to have ones wits about one* 10. Of the declension of nouns. The Danish nouns (Navneord) admit but of few inflections, viz* the two numbers (mentioned p. 11), and two cases (Forholds former) in each, viz. the nominative {Nævneformen) and the genitive (Ejeformen) just as in English; but the formation of these inflections is a good deal more varied. In this respect the nouns are divided into two orders or declensions, the one more simple in ifs inflection, the other more complex. The simple order contains all nouns ending in short e; the complex comprizes all the rest. The former follows one invariable rule in forming the numbers and cases, adding always r in the plural, and s in the genitive of each number, without distinction of gender; the latter is subdivided into three classes, originally distinguishing the three genders , the first for- ming the plur. like the sing.; the second by adding -e; the third by adding -er. The following table may serve as a synopsis of the whole system : Simple order. Complex order. Sing. N + e class 1. - cl. 2, - cl 3. -- G. -s -s -s -s Plur. N. -r -e -er G. ~rs -s -es -ers But when the definite article is added, the s which forms the genitive is removed from its place immediately behind INFLECTION 17 the noun and affixed to the article; some rules of eu- phony must also be observed, when a final e of the noun would be immediately followed by the e of the article. I shall therefore exhibit the paradigms in their compound or difinite as well as in their simple or indefinite form, in order to give the reader a complete idea of all the inflections, of which they are susceptible, 11«. The simple order. Though this order forms only one declension, yet on account of the def. article it may be divided into two classes, the one for the neuter, the other for the common gender. The nouns: et Hjærte*), a heart; en Konge, a king; en Dame, a lady, shall be our paradigms : Indefinitely. i neuter class common class Sing. N. et Hjærte, en Konge, en Dame, G. et Hjærtes? en Konges, en Dames, Plur, N. Hjærter, Konger, Darner, G. HjærterSf Kongers, Definitely. Darners, Sing, N, Hjærte-t, Konge-n, Dame-n, G. Hjærte-ls, Konge-ns, Dame-ns, Plur. N. Hjærler-ne, Konger-ne, Damer-ne f G, Hjærter-nes, Konger-nes, Damer-nes* In like manner are declined : el Rige, a kingdom, en Love, a lion, en Lovinde, a lioness. et Æble, an apple, en Abe, an ape, en Tudse, a toad, el Mærke ;, a mark, en Hane, a cock. en Hone, a hen, et hofte, a promise, en Have, a garden, en Pære, a pear, et Mode, a meeting, en Fjende, an enemy, en Krone, a crown, et Styhhi ?, a piece, en Herre, a master, en Stavelse, a syllable. *) Molbech following the German analogy writes Hierte (from Herz). B»» 18 INFLECTION. The final e receives the open sound (é), whenever a consonant is added. The article loses its original e (before the t and ri) everywhere in this declension. Bonde, a farmer, peasant, changes the vowel in the plural,, Bonder, Bonderne. Words denoting dignity or rank, and ending in -e, lose this e, when prefixed to a name, as Kong Frederik den sjette, King Frederic the sixth ; Fyrst Edvard, Prince Edward ; Grev Bernstorff, Count Bernstorff; Herr Moller, Mr. Moller; Fru Skibsted, Mrs. Skibsted. There are however several exceptions to this rule, as the word Kammerherre, Chamberlain, and female titles m-inde, as Grevinde, countess, <&c. which are never abbreviated. The old form of the article in the neuter gen. sing, was -ens (not ets), *) hence instead of Hjærtets we say Hjærtens in some old phrases, as: min Hjærtens Ven, the friend of my heart. Thus also of Menneske, man, instead of the usual gen. defin. Menneskets, we say Menneskens, in the biblical expressions Menneskens Son, the son of man; Menneskens Born, mankind. In the def. plur. we often say Menneskene instead of Menneskerne. Derivative words in domme likewise often reject the plural r before the defin. art.; e. g. Hertug dommene, instead of Hertug dommerne* *) It can not, surely, be established as a general rule, that the old form vas -ens, instead of -ets : it occurs only i a few words. The old form, i. e. the Icelandic form, was -i?is, and by contrac- tion -mi, when the nominative of the noun terminated in «. Hjær- tens and Menneskens may be considered as faint vestiges of the ancient form ; but it certainly does not appear that the genitive in -ens ever was generally adopted ,• and this is the less likely to have been the case since the use of the definite article was much less frequent in old Danish e. g. in writings from the 14th and 15th centuries than in modern Danish. bd. INFLECTION. 19 Tilfælde, accident, case, and Sddskende, brother and sister, do not admit any -r in the plural* Et Oje, an eye, forms Ojne, (formerly Ojeti) in the plur., gen* Ojnes, defin. Ojnene, Ojnenes* Et øre, an ear, forms øren, or ører, gen. ørens or ørers, defin. ørerne (Ørene), ørernes (ørenes). En Oxe, an ox,, forms in the plur. Oxer (øxne, Øxen)* Of the common gender there are two exceptions, viz. en Penge, a coin, medal, money, and en Lige, an equal; which receive no r in the plur., so that the indef* plur. of both is like the sing. , and the def. form of Penge, Penge-ne-s ; but Lige has no definitive plural, per- haps because it might be confounded with: Lig-ene, from Lig, a corpse. 12. The complex order* This order must be divided into three classes accor- ding to the three manners of forming the plural, though not agreeing exactly with the genders in the modern language. As examples let us take et Dyr, an animal, deer; en Dag, a day; en Sag, a thing. Indefinitely* 1st class 2d class 3d class Sing. N. et Dijr, en Dag, en Sag, G. et Dyrs, en Dags, en Sags, Plur. N. Dyr, Dage, Sager, G. Dyrs, Dages, Definitely. Sagers, Sing* N. Dyr-et, Dag-en, Sag-en, G. Dyr-ets, Dag- ens, Sag-ens, Plur. N. Dyr-ene, Dage-ne, Sager-ne, G. Dyr-enes, Dage-nes, Sager-nes* In like manner are declined 20 INFLECTION. et Ark, a sheet, en Fisk, a fish, en Dyd, a virtue, el Slag, a blow, en Fugl, a bird, en Frugt, a fruit, et Baand, a ribbon, en Vej, a way, en Dronning, a queen, et Aar, a year, en Stav, a staff, en Aand, a spirit, et Ror, a rudder, en Hest, a horse, en Aa, a brook, et Skridt, a pace, en Hund, a dog, en Sandhed, truth. 13. General remarks. In each of these classes there are some words, hav- ing a short vowel, followed by a single consonant, which double the final consonant, as soon as a termination beginning with a vowel is added. Ex, of the 1st class et Kar, a vessel, def. Karr-et, pi. Karr-enc; et Lam, a lamb, Lamm-et, <&c. ; et Som, an iron nail, Somm-et^ et Led, a joint, Ledd-et; et Lod, half an ounce, Lodd-el; et Æg , an egg, Ægg-et Of the 2d class en Bæk , a rivulet, plur. Bække, def, Bækk-en, pi. Bække-ne; en Blok, a block, pi. Blokke, &c; en Hat, a hat, pi. Hatte; en Top, a top, pi. Toppe: en Straf, punishment, pi. Straffe; en Rigdom, riches, pi. Rigdomme; en Træl, a slave, pi. Trælle; en Væg, a wall, pi. Vægge. Of the 3d class en Ned, a nut, pi. Nsdder; en Almanak, a cal- ender, pi. Almanakker; en Fabrik, a manufacture pL Fabrikker; en Ven, a friend, pi. Venner, When a word of the com. gend. belongs to the first class, it takes of course the com. art. -en, &c. instead of the neut. -et in the sing, def. & indef, as: en Fejl, a fault, en Fejls, Fejl-en, Fejlens, pi. Fejl-ene, Thus also en Sild, a herring; en Kræbs, a crayfish, en Leg r an onion; en Lus, a louse; en Mus, a mouse; en Sko, a shoe ; en Aal, an eel ; but en Alen, an ell does scarce- ly admit the affixed definite article at all. Likewise, when a word of the neut, gend. belongs to the 2. or 3. class, which is still more frequently the case, it merely takes the neuter article without any further deviation. Ex. of the 2d cl. et Land, a country, et Lands, def. INFLECTION. 21 Land-el^ Land-ets, plur. Lande-ne ; thus also et Bord, table, Bordet ; et Hus (Huus), a house, Hus-et ; et Bjærg a mountain, Bjærget; et Hav, a sea, ocean, Havet Of the 3d cl. et Beviis, a proof, def. Bevis-et, pi. Bevis- er-ne; et Begreb, a conception, idea., Begrebet; et Papir, a paper, Papiret; et Bibliotek, a library, Biblioteket; et Universitet, a University, Universitetet; et Venskab, a friendship, Venskabet; et Hoved, a head, Hovedet; et Hul, a hole, def. Hullet, pi. Huller-ne> For the other remarks that may be required we must consider each of these classes separately. 14* The first class. To this class belong, besides those already mentioned a number of primitive monosyllables of the neuter gen- der, as: et Been, a bone, el Lav (haug), a guild, et Bind, a cover; volume of a et Lys, a candle, book. et Laag, a lid, et Brod, a loaf, et Lov, a leaf, et Folk, a people, et Ord, a word, et Fro, a seed, et Pund, a pound, et Faar, a sheep, et Sejl, a sail, et Fæ, a brute, et Shaar, a sherd, et Gran, a grain, et Sprog, a language, et Gryn, a grain of grits, et Straa, a straw, et Hjul, a wheel, et Sværd, a sword, et Horn, a horn, et Staab, *) a cup, et'Jærn, an iron, et Saar, a wound, et Knæ, a knee, et Tag, a roof, |£f '■ et Korn, a grain, et Taarn, a tower, et Krus, a mug, e£ Aag, a yoke, ei Jfræ, a creature, ef 0#, a jade. et Kær, a pool, A considerable number of monosyllabic derivatives of the verbs, cf. p. 15, as: et Brud, a breach; et Bud, a commandment a message; et Liv, a life; et Hik, a *) Molbech writes Stob> ed. 22 INFLECTION* hickup, sob ; et Kys, a kiss ; et Haab, a hope ; et Knæk, a crack; et Tag, a gripe; et Trin, a step; et Slag, a blow; et Ridt, a riding; from bryde, break; byde, com- mand; leve, live; &c. Some of the primitives change the vowel in the plural, as ; en Gaas, a goose, pi. Gæs, pronounced sharp, whence the def. form sing, Gaas-en, pi. Gæssene-, en Mand, a man, pi. Mænd-, an irregular change takes place in et Barn, a child, plur. Born. 15. The second class* There are some primitive neuters of this class, as et Brev, a letter, pi. Breve; et Blad, a leaf, Blade; et Skib, a vessel, Skibe; et Bad, a bath, Bade; et Vand, water, Vande; et Skab, a cupboard, Skabe; but by far the greater number are original masculines, asyenBaad, a boat, (Icel bdtr), plur, Baade; en Krop, a body (Icel. kroppr), Kroppe; en Skik, a custom, Skikke; en Dreng, a boy, (Icel, drengr), Drenge; en Dal, a valley, (Icel. dalr), Dale; en Bom, a bar, Bomme; en Steen, a stone, (Icel. sleinn), Stene, en Stilk, a stalk, Stilke; and some few original feminines, as en Lov, a law, pi. Love; en Sol, a sun, Sole, Some dissyllables in el, er, suffer a contraction in the plur. as et Kammer, a chamber, closet, pi. Kamre, def, Kammer-et, pi. Kamre-ne; et Offer, a sacrifice, pi. Offere or Ofre; en Ager, a field, pl» Agre; en Finger, a finger, pi. Fingre ; en Hammer, a hammer, pi. Hamre ; en Engel, an angel, pi. Engle; en Himmel, heaven, sky, pi. Himle. The def. art. rarely requires this contraction in the sing, as: Himlen, in the acceptation providence, other- wise Himmelen, Hammeren &c. Mase. derivatives in -er do not admit the contraction in the plur., but constantly reject the plural termination -e, when the art, is atfixed, as en Græker, a greek, pi. INFLECTION* 23 Grækere, def, sing. Grækeren, pi. Grækerne, thus also Skræder, taylor; Væver, weaver, værSt > evi1 ' bad; smaa, (plur,), smærre, (smærrest) ; gammel-t, ældre, ældst, old; faa, (plur.), færre, færrest, few; (tiær-t,) nærmere, nærmest, near; ■meget, en, mere, meest, much ; National adjectives and several others are used only in the positive degree, as : spansk Spanish ; isla?idsk, Icelandic; thus also: heel, whole; enkelt, simple; bstre, eastern; sydre (sondre), southern; vestre, western ; nordre, norre, northern* Some adjectives are defective in the positive degree, and some even in the compar* being originally adverbs or prepositions, as: (ned, down), nedre, nederst; (for, fore) — forrest; (over, over), ovre, averst; ( ua 9, behind) — bagerst; (ud, out), ydre, yderst; (for, before) — forst; (ind, in), indre, inderst; (siden, afterwards) — sidst; ene, alone — det eneste; (mellem, hetw een) — mellemst; Participles very rarely admit the inflection of degree, but in order to express the same ideas, they take before them meer (jnere) more, in the comparative, and meest, most, in the superlative as : *) Molbech an others write beskeden. INFLECTION. 31 godgjorende, charitable, meer, meest godgjdrende \ elsket, beloved, meer, meest elsket; drukken, drunk, meer, meest drukken; skjelbjet, squinting, meer, meest skjelbjet; A diminution of degree, having no appropriate ter- mination, is always expressed by prefixing the adverbs mindre, less, and mindst, least, as : mindre, mindst hvid-t, less, least white ; mindre, mindst syg-t, less, least sick;; mindre, mindst elske-t, less, least beloved; mindre, mindst drukken, less, least drunk, &c. PRONOUNS. 20* The personal pronouns, (personlige Stedord), in Danish as in English, have also an objec- tive case (accusative and dative), but are sometimes de- fective in the genitive, as: 1st person. 2d person. _____ ^d P er8on - recipr, mase. fem. S. Nom, jeg, J, du, thou, = han, he, him she; Object* mig, me, dig, thee, sig, ham, him, hende, her, Gen. ti: hans, his, hendes, her, P. Nom« vi, we, /, you, = x : Object* os, us, eder {jer), you, sig, s - Gen. vores, ours, eders(jer). yours, s * * The plur. of han, hun, is supplied for both genders by de, dem, deres, being the plur. of the demonstr. Selv, self, is used as in English to make the two 1st pers. reciprocal^ as : mig selv, os selv, <&c. it is also frequently added to the nominatives of all three personal pronouns and to the recip. in order to make them more expressive, as: jeg selv, I myself ; vi selv, we ourselves; sig selv, himself, themselves. Han selv means also the master of the house , hun selv , the lady of the house, pi. de selv, master and mistress. But selv is never added to the genn\ 32 INFLECTION. 21. The Genit. sing, of the two first persons and of the recipr. form of the third is supplied by the pos- sessive pronouns (Ejestedord) , which are declined like indef. adjectives, thus: neut. com. plur. of the 1st pers. mit, min, mine, my, mine ; — 2d pers, dit, din, dine, thy, thine; — recipr. sit, sin, sine, its, his, her own, Even from the plurals possessives are formed thus : of the 1st pers. vort, vor, vore, our, ours; — 2d pers. (jért).jer,jere, your, yours ; — recipr. sit, sin, sine, their own, theirs. The last however is much disputed, the Gramma- rians commonly limiting the use of sit, sin to those cases, where the nominative is singular: but being derived from sig, which is allowed to be used also of a plural, it appears to have just claims to the same right, and thus it is used in Icelandic and Swedish, and even often- times in Danish authors, especially the elder. Nay, the Latin use of the corresponding word suum, suns, sua, seems to justify the extension we have given it The Gen. vores is used absolutely, like the Engl. ours, but the possessive vort, vor, in connection with nouns substantive like our: but eders is commonly used in both cases by authors, so thal/ér/, jer, rarely occurs but in common conversation. Eget, egen, egne, own, is used as a sort of reci- procal possessive, corresponding to the personal recipr. selv, e. g. mit eget, my own, vort eg$t, our own, hans egen, his own, hendes egne, her own. 22. The neuter gender of the third person, as also its plural in all genders, are supplied by the demon- strative pronoun (bestemmende Stedord) det 9 den 9 which is thus declined. INFLECTIONS 33 neut. com. /Sing. Norn. det, den, Obj, det, den, Gen. dets, dens, Plur. Norn* de, Obj. dem, Gen. deres. The plur. of this word is used in common con- versation to a single person, or to several, like the Eng- lish you , and in this case it is always written with a capital letter for the sake of distinction*): De, Dent, Deres. But in connection with a substantive it is declined like the $ef. art. of the adjectives, from which it is distinguished merely by a peculiar stress or emphasis, when used demonstratively thus : Sing. No in. dét Bord, den Stol, Gen. dét Bords, dén Stols, Plur. Kom. dé Borde, de Stole, Gen. dé Bordes, dé Stoles, The remaining demonstratives have no more than these three inflections, viz. delle, denne, pi. disse, this ; hint, hin, — hine, that; saadant, saadati, — saadanne, such ; sligt , slig, — slige, such ; samme, same, is indeclinable, being properly the def. form of and old . demonstr. sam-t, though often used without the article. Only, like the other demonstrs ., it receives the genit. termination -s, when standing absolute, as dettes, hins, saaåaimes, sammes &c. *) The capital letter is considered as a mark of respect, and it would be held to be an insult to write this pronoun, when used in addressing 1 another person, .with a small letter. This fashion is originally German, for the Germans also write "Sie" and "Ihnen" with a capital* ed. 3 34 INFLECTION. 23. Relative pronouns (henvisende Stedord) are: der, who, that, used only in the nominative without distinction of gender and number; som, who, whom, that, used both as nominativcand object, but likewise without distinction of gender and number. Both interrogative (sporgende) and relative, are: hvad, what, used of things, and hvem, (formerly in the nom. hvo), who, whom, of persons, the latter even sometimes as a plural; hvilket, hvilken, pi. hvilke, which. To all these relatives and interrogatives the only abs. genitive is hvis for both numbers ; hvordant, hvordan, hvordanne, how (Xat. quale, Js) is scarcely ever used in the objective or genitive, 24. Indefinite pronouns (ubestemte Stedord) are: der, it, or there, which expresses a perfectly indefinite subject*), especially with passive verbs, as: der siges at han kommer hertil, it is said, or they say that he is coming hither; der er næppe nogen som troer det, there is scarcely anybody who believes it. man, one, a person, (the French on), as : man maa finde sig deri, one must put up with it ; man taler meget *) Professor Rask often uses the term "Subject" in the sense which it frequently has with the German grammarians; but which is little known in England. What Rask calls "Subject", the English Grammarians always calh "nominative". A Dane asks: "Hvad er Subjectet i denne Sætning?'' In English he must express the same question thus: "What is the nominative in this proposition?" Eng- lish scholars are so little accustomed to the continental school term "subjectum gramma licale' ', that they would, I think , better understand the Greek term, vrroxsifitrov, than "subject", as expres- sive of that notion wich they use to call "nominative." ed. INFLECTION. 35 derom, they speak much about it. This word is merely used as nominat. or subject; in the objective case we sometimes say En, one, instead of it, and in the gen. Ens, speaking of ourselves. noget, nogen, pi. nogle or nogen, some , any ; (somt) s pi* somme, some people; intet, ingen, pi. ingen, nothing, nobody, none; alt, al, pK alle, all, every ; hvert, hver, (without a pi.) every; also ethvert, enhver; ingenting (ingen Ting), nothing; alting, every thing; et andet, en anden, pi. andre; another, somebody else; this last word is also used definitely without changing its form, as: det andet Bord, the other table, <&:c. Hinanden, each other, speaking of two; hverandre, one another, speaking of a greater num- ber. 25. The numeral of two sorts, viz. a) eardinals (Mængdetal) ; 1. eet, een, one, 2. to, two, 3. tre. three, 4. fire, four, 5. fern, five, 6. sex, six, 7. syv, seven, 8. aalte (otte),*) eight, 9. ni, nine, 10. ti, ten, 11. elleve, eleven, 12. tolv, twelve, 13. tretten, thirteen, 14. fjorten, fourteen, 15. femten, fifteen, pronouns ( Talordene) are b) ordinals (Ordenstal). det, den fbrste, det andet, den anden, det, den tredie, — fjerde, — femte, — sjette, — syvende, — attende, [ottende], — niende, — tiende, — éllefte, — tolvte, — trettende, — fjortende, — femtende, *) The usual spelling certainly is "oMe" and Molbech has no other. Prof. Rasks spelling however is supported both by pron- unciation and etymology, the Icelandic word being J 'dtta'\ bd* 3* 36 INFLECTION. 16. sejslen [commonly sexten], den, del sejstende [commonly sex- sixteen, 17. sytten, seventeen, 18. atten, eighteen, 19. nitten, nineteen, 20. tyve, twenty, 21. een og tyve, twenty one &c. 30. tredive, thirty, 40. fyrretyve, forty, 50. hahtrés, halvtrésindsA tyve [commonly halv-) fifty, tredsindstyve], ) 60, tres, tresindstyve, [commonly tredsindstyve and tredsinds- tyvende,] sixty, 70, halvfjers, ) halvfjersindstyve, { 80. firs, firsindstyve 90, halvfems ) .Jmni seventy, eighty, halvfemsindstyve iety, l ende], syttende, attende, nittende, tyvende, een-og-ty vende, twenty first, trédifle [commonly trediv- te], thirtieth, fyrgetyvende, fortieth, halvtresindstyvende [com- monly halvtredsindstyven- de], fiftieth, tresindstyvende, sixtieth, halvfjer sindst y vende, seventieth, firsindstyvende, eightieth, hahfcmsin dslyvendc, nine- tieth, hundrede, hundredth, hund 'rede-og- forst e, -en, perceive; hjælper, hjalp, (hjulpe), hjulpet, -en, -ne, help ; træffer, traf, {truffe), truffet, -en, -we, hit ; trækker, trak, (trukke), trukket, -en, -ne, pull; sprækker , sprak, (sprukke), sprukket, -en, -ne, burst; brækker, brak, brukket, -en, -ne, break. For brak, brukket we usually say brækkede, brækket, according to the 1st conj. 1st class. Perhaps brak should be used as a neuter verb, brækkede as an active one. The difference between this class and the first of the 2d conj. is properly that this., in the past, has a short or sharp a, which, in the plur., is changed again to u, and this u is preserved in the partic. pass., whereas the 1st cl. of the 2d conj. has a long a, which is preserved in the plur. but in the partic. pass, is replaced by the original vowel of the verb in the present tense. This new ^change of vowel however being sometimes neglected in the plur* of the past, and in the part, pass., several verbs are transferred from this class to the other, in which consequently several words are found with a short vowel. Of this and the like changes, which the modern Danish has undergone, in the 13-15. centuries, the curious reader may find ample information in Mr. N. M. Pe- tersen's det danske, norske og stenske Sprogs Historie under deres Udvikling af Stamsproget. 1ste Bel, det danske Sprog. Kh. 1829. 8- , 37. To the second class belong: gibber, sleb-e, griber, greb-e, kniber, kneb-e, piber, peb-e, bliver, blev-e, river, rev-e, skriver, skrev-e, skriger', skreg-e, stiger, steg-e 9 sniger, sneg-e, sviger, sveg-e, glider, gled-e, viger, veg-e, gnider, gned-e, slebet, -en, -ne, grebet, -en, -ne, knebet, -en, -ne, pebet, -en, -ne, blevet, -en, -ne, revet, -en, -ne, skrevet, -en, -ne, skreget, -en, -ne, steget, -en, -ne, -en, -ne, -en, -ne, gledet, -en,-ne, (glidt) slide, glide ; veget, -en, -ne, yield,cede; gnedet, -en, -ne, rub ; grind ; seize; pinch ; pipe, whistle ; become; tear; write y cry; ascend; sneak; betray; 50 INFLECTION. svider, sved-e, svedet, -en, -ne, singe ; rider, red-e, (ridt) redet, -en, -ne, ride ; strider, stred-e, (stridt), stredet, fight, contend > skrider, skred-e, (skridt) skredet, -en,-ne, proceed ; vrider, vred-e, vredet, -en, -ne, wring y bider, bed-e, bidt-e, bite; lider, led-e, lidt-e, suffer ; slider, sled-e, slidt-e, tear ; smider, smed-e, smidt-e, throvv,cast,fling; triner, treen, trint-e, step ; hviner, hveen *), kvint, whine, howl. 38. The third class comprizes the following-: kryber, krbb-e, krbbet, -en, -ne, creep ; lober, lob (-e), lobet, -en, -ne, run ; ryger, rog (-e), rbget, -ede. smoke ; lyver, loj, Ibjet, lie (menlior) $ flyver, floj, jlbjet, -en, -ne, fly; byder, bbd-e, budet, -en,-ne. ,budt, invite, bid ; bryder, brbd-e, brudt-e, break; fortryder , fortrbd-e, fortrudt, repent ; skyder, skbd-e, skudt-e, shoot; skryder, skrod-e, skrydl, bray ; gyder, gbd-e, gydt-e, pour; lyder, Ibd-e, lydt-e, obey; flyder, flbd (-e), flydl-e, flow; nyder, nbd-e. nydt-e, enjoy; snyder, snbd-e, snydt-e, cheat; fryser. fros (~é) y frusset, -en, -tie, freeze ; fnyser, fnbs (-c), fnyst. . fret ; gyser, gos, shudder; kyser, kos, kyst, frighten ,• nyser, nos, nyst, sneeze. The four last are also in the past formed according to the 1st conjugation 2d class, for we say: : fnyste, gyste, *) The two last words furnish a strong proof of the i'aulti- s\ess of the rules for doubling the vowels in Danish, making the perfectly regular "words appear irregular. There are also some such verbs in the 2d conj. e. g. foer (for), suae (sa). INFLECTION. 51 kyste, nyste. There are also several variations of the partic. pass, as brudet, -en, -tie, instead of brudt; even in vul- gar speech fludt for flydt, smidt for snydt 9 frosset for frusset , kosset-en for kyst. 39. Auxiliary verbs. The verbs possessing but few inflections, in propor- tion to the many distinctions of tense and mode, which it is often necessary to indicate in speaking of actions with precision, auxiliary verbs {Hjælpeord) are applied nearly as in English, to form a number of additional tenses and modes by way of periphrasis. The most remarkable auxiliary verbs in Danish are : skal, til, har, er, faar,*~) Mirer; having spoken of their inflection already under their respective classes, we have merely here to observe, to what part of the principal verb they are joined, and what modifications in its sense they are intended to express. Skal and vil in the pres. tense denote futurity or intention, though not exactly as in English. Skal implies a duty and necessity on the part of the person: nil a mere futurity, without any personal volition a sort of prediction of what will happen, e. g. jeg skal skrive, I shall write, jeg vil drukne, I shall drown, (if...). In the past [skulde, vilde), they denote a futurity relative to some other time; they are prefixed to the infinitive, as: jeg skal komme i Morgen tidlig, I shall come (call) to morrow morning. Han sagde jeg skulde komme, he said (that) I should come o: told me to come, where I may add i Gaar, yesterday, the action "to come" being future merely with respect to "his orders," not with respect to my relation to time. The past of these auxiliaries also expresses the conditional future in French; e. g. jeg skulde h ) Commonly faaer. kd, 4* 52 INFLECTION* nok skrive , hvis jeg havde noget at skrive om , I would write (to him) indeed, if I had any thing to write about. Har and er serve in the present to express the pre- terperfect, and in the past (havde, var) , the pluperfect, when connected with the participle passive of the prin- cipal verb, as: jeg har hort, I have heard; jeg havde læst, I had read; du (De) er kommen for silde, you are come too late; han var ikke kommen, he was not come (arrived). The difference is, that har is used with active verbs, er with some of the neuters, *) and with all the passives, e. g, er fundet, has been found; var fundet. had been found; it never, as in English, expresses the pres. of the indicative pass., so that is found must be rendered in Danish by findes, was found by fandtes. Faar, get, united to the partic. pass, expresses the Engl, shall have, as : naar jeg faaer skrevet, when I shall have written, naar han fik Bogen læst, when he should have read (perused) the book; but da han fik Bogen læst, when he had got through the book. Har and faar are sometimes combined with the infin., in order to express a duty or obligation in the person: as: jeg har at sige Dem, I have to say (must say) to you; du faaer at sige mig, you must say to (tell) me. Er is never used in this way, so that the Engl. I am to... must be translated, jeg har at, or jeg skal, jeg maa. Bliver, am, is often used in a periphrasis of the passive, as: bliver fundet, is found, blev fundet, was found. 40. Two auxiliaries are often connected with one principal verb, as: har {skullet), villet siqe, has had (intended) to say ; havde (skullet) villet sige, had had (intended) to say; *) But these are always to be considered as neutro passive verbs. bd. INFLECTION. 53 sked, vil have sagt, shall, will have said*); skulde, vilde have sagt, should, would have said; har haft skrevet, have had (it) written (once) ; havde haft skrevet, had had (it) written ; skal, vil være skrevet, shall, will be written ; skulde, vilde være skrevet, should, would be written ; har været skrevet, has been written ; havde været skrevet, had been written; skal, vil faa skrevet, shall get (it) written; skulde, vilde faa skrevet, should get (it) written ; har faaet skrevet, has got written ; havde faaet skrevet, had got written; skal, vil blive skrevet, shall, will be written ; skulde, vilde blive skrevet, should, would be written ; er blevet skrevet, has been written; var blevet skrevet, had been written > havde blevet skrevet, would have been written: Sometimes even three auxiliaries are added to one principal verb, as: det skal have været besluttet, it is said to have been resolved ; det skulde have været gjort, it should have been done; det vilde have været gjort, it would have been done ; det skal være blevet omtalt, it is reported that it was spoken of; det skulde have {være) blevet omtalt, it should have been spoken of; det tilde være blevet omtalt, it would have been spoken of; det skal have blevet gjort, it shall have been done; det skulde have**) blevet gjort, it should have been done. The reader will observe, that there is a good deal more variety in the Danish than in the English circum- locutions; and that variety serves admirably to modify the sense, in a manner difficult to express in other lan- guages; e. g. det skulde have været gjort signifies: it *) The meaning of this phrase jeg skal have sagt usually is: / am said or reported to have said; but hati vil have sagt, he shall have said (it, before you may warn him). * ) I allow this have, in the two last phrases, to remain be- cause Rask seems to have put it deliberately; but være ought undoubtedly to be put instead of "have:' kd. 54 INFLECTION. should have been previously done, and consequently then finished or completed; but det skulde have blevet gjort means : it should have heen done after that time, implying moreover that the person would have done it, or caused it to be done. Thus also: det skal være skrevet means: it shall be (ready) written, or I shall have it written at a certain future time, but det skal blive skrevet expresses an assurance that it shall be written, or that I will write it; and det skal skrives expresses a command: it shall, must be written, or you have to write it. So that a master will say: det skal gjores i Dag, it must be done to day: and the servant will answer: det skal blive gjort. it shall be done (viz. to-day) ; or det skal være gjort inden Klokken sex, it shall be done (finished) before six o' clock. There are several other verbs used as auxiliaries, e. g* maa, may, must; kan, can, may; tor, dare, need; lader, let, cause to, &c. Besides the English student should observe, that these, as well as the auxiliaries proper, are more complete or less defective in Danish than in English, being used even in the infinitive, in the same capacity. This great variety being modified still more by the conjunc- tions, naar, when, da, as, &c. it is a strange fault in some old Grammars to mistake these circumlocutions for real tenses or mo- des of the verbal inflection, and to admit them as such in the paradigms of the regular conjugation* Several of the English modes of applying the auxiliaries are not used in Danish, e« g. J am tcriting, jeg er i Færd med at skrive; I was writing, jeg var ved at skrive; I am going to write, jeg skal til at skrive; I was going to write, jeg skulde, vilde til at skrive; I do not write, jeg skriver ikke; I did not write, jeg skrev ikke, (har ikke skrevet) ; do write, skriv dog (endelig) ; do not write, skriv ikke, skriv dog ikke : I have done writing, jeg er færdig med at skrive: / had done writing, jeg var færdig med at skrive. INFLECTION. 55 41. Different Mnds of verbs. In Danish, as in other languages which have a pas- sive voice there is a peculiar sort of verbs with passive terminations but active signification. They are commonly called verbs deponent (lideformede Gjerningsord), and are regularly inflected as other passive verbs of the conj. and class, to which they belong; only the Supine, requiring also the addition of the passive s, creates some difficulty. Those of the first conj. 1st class form the sup. in edes, or ets, those of the 2d class in tes. Ex. fattes, fattedes (har fattedes), want J, lykkes, lykkedes, har lykkedes or lykkets, succeed, prosper,*) længes, længtes, har længtes, long; synes, syntes, har syntes, seem ; slaaes, sloges, har slaaedes or slaaets, fight ; bides, bedes, (har bidts), bite one another. Some are entirely defective in the sup. as : mindes, min- dedes, recollect. Neuter verbs (gjenstandslose Gjo.J on the con- trary have no passive voice at all, as : jeg staaer, I stand ; jeg kommer, I come ; never jeg staaes, jeg kommes. Reflective verbs (tilbagevirkende Gjo.) are fol- lowed by the objective cases of the pronouns, as: jeg smigrer mig, I flatter myself, du rober dig, thou betrayest thyself, han bader sig t he bathes (himself,) %i smigre os, we flatter ourselves, I robe eder, you betray yourselves, de bade sig, they bathe (themselves.) In the 3. p. care must be taken, to distinguish the re- flective pronoun sig from the personal (ham, hende, pi. *) When Lykkes is used as an impersonal verb er is used as its auxiliary and not har. A Dane certainly says: "det er sjæl- den lykkedes mig at faae saa god en Afstbbning. I have rarely succeeded in getting so good a cast. The Icelanders say : "pat hefr luchazt." 56 INFLECTION. dem), which after such verbs would indicate a fourth person, e. g. han bader ham, he bathes him, de bade dem, they bathe them, implies somebody beside the agent. From the reflective sig , must also be distinguished the reciprocal pronouns hinanden, each other, when speaking of two, and hverandre, one another, speaking of more persons, e. g. de elshe hinanden, they love each other; de elske hverandre, they love one another. Several verbs have a reciprocal sense in the passive voice, and do not, in that case, admit any reciprocal pronoun e. g. m sés hver Dag, we see each other every day. The reflective and reciprocal verbs quoted as ex- amples hitherto may all be used as transitives, e. g. jeg smigrer ingen, I do not flatter anybody &c. ; but some reflective verbs require in this case another expression in English, e. g. jeg betænker mig, I hesitate, but jeg betænker, I consider. *) Several verbs are only used as reflectives, e. g. jeg understaar mig, I presume ; jeg skynder mig 3 I hasten; *) This is not very clear, still I do not like to alter it. The meaning certainly is: that there are some reflective verbs in Danish which are not usually rendered by corresponding reflective verbs in English, but rather by some other absolute and intransitive verb, different from that by which the general sense of the Danish verb, when it is used absolutely, is commonly expressed, and of this Rask gives as an instance jeg betænker mig, which thus used as a verb reflective, must be translated "I hesitate"; although jeg be- tænker, used absolutely, must be Englished "I consider". But the example is not felicitously chosen, for the corresponding verb reflective, although perhaps rather obsolete certainly exists in this case, and is unquestionably English, since Shylock says in the Merchant of Venice : "I will bethink me" : and on the other hand "I consider" or "I will consider" is also sometimes used to ex- press the sense of the Danish jeg betænker mig* bd. INFLECTION. 57 several others, require a preposition beside the objective pronoun, to combine them with another object, e. g. jeg forstaar mig pact, I am skilled in ; jeg bestræber mig for, I endeavour, jeg forbinder mig til, I engage; jeg bryder mig ikke om, I do not care about. There are also, in Danish, as in English, many imper- sonal verbs (upersonlige Gjo.) , thus called because merely used with an indefinite nominative in the 3d pers. sing* of the different tenses, though else formed regu- larly. Ex. det regner, regnede, (har) regnet, it rains; det sner,*) sneede, (har) sneet, it snows; det lyner, it lightens; det tordner, it thunders; det tor , toede, toet, it thaws. Many personal verbs can also be used imper- sonally, as: jeg fryser, it is cold to me, I shiver, but det fryser, it freezes; even so we say impersonally: det blæser, it blows; det stormer, it storms; det gjor ondt, it smarts : though jeg blæser , jeg stormer , are also used. — Likewise man troer, one believes o : they believe ; man siger, they say. — Sometimes der, there, is prefixed as a sort of indefinite nominative, but then the real no- minative is usually added afterwards, as: der kommer en Tid, a time will come; der lober (gaaer) et Rygte, there is a report; and the verb is even put in the plural, if the nominative be plur. as: der ere de som mene, there are (there be) those (people) who think — Several impersonal verbs are., at the same time, deponent, though else active, when used personally. Ex. der siges, it is said, they say; der skrives, they write; det dages, it dawns; det morknes, it grows dark.**) — Several neutro- *) The common spelling is: det sneer, det toer, which also is supported by etymology since the Icelandic has snjoar, pyfrir (]>eyir)+ ed. **) These are, indeed, not verbs deponent, but grammatically speaking, verbs passive or middle, just as dicitur and scribilur in 58 IIVFLECT10IV. active verbs have no passive voice, except as imperso- nate* Ex. der soves for meget, they sleep too much ; der løbes idelig, they run (up and down) continually. It must still be remarked, before we leave the verbs, that the active participle in -ende is also sometimes used in a passive signification; f. i. blæsende Instrumenter, instruments to be blown, i. e. wind-instruments : mit ibo- ende Hus, my house lived in, e. g. the house I live in ; especially as a 'future part. pass. e. g. den afholdende Avksion, (Auction), the auction to be held: den udgivende Bog, the book about to be published: though several Grammarians of later times, not knowing the old Icelan- dic, nor the Swedish, have rejected these forms as spu- rious. 42. PARTICLES. Under this denomination are generally comprehended ; adverbs (Biord), prepositions (Forholdsord), con- junctions {Bindeord) and interjections (Udraabs- ord). Of all these parts of speech merely some of the adverbs admit a sort of inflection, viz. a comparative and a superlative degree, which are however usually similar to those of the corresponding adjectives: e. g. smukt, smukkere, smukkest, line, pretty ; hojt, hojere, hojest, high ; the latter is contracted in the superlative, when prefixed to other adv. or adj. e. g. hojst dannet (Aand), highly cultivated (mind). For the positive degree of adverbs vid. p. 67. Latin, and they do not change that character by being used imper- sonally. When the slave says to Pseudolus "Quid ttgitur?" and he replies : "statur" there is no doubt that these must be consi- dered as verbs passive: on that their comicalness partly depends. Det "morhier" and det "mbrknes" are two Danish impersonal verbs which convey indeed only one meaning viz. "it grows dark" oi "it is getting dark"; still the former is an active and the latter a passive verb. ED * FORMATION. W Several are irregular as: ilde (slemt), værre, værst, ill, badly ; vel (godt), bedre, bedst, well; tit (tidt), tiere, tiest, frequently ; længe, længer, længst, long, (din); meget, mér, *) mest, much ; gjerne, keller, helst, fain: (for), for, forst, prior. PART III. FORMATION. 43* Introductory remarks. All words are either simple (enkelte), as: et Hoved, a head, or compound (sammensatte), as en Hovedpine, a headach; the simple words are moreover either pri- mitive (Stamord) as: rodt, red, or derivative (_Af- ledsord), as: en Rodme, a blush, hun rødmer, she blushes. The simple primitives are but few in every language, and their augmentation by the introduction of foreign words, which is the common resource of all mixed idioms, is a mere burthen to the memory, not affecting the understand- ing, and therefore prejudicial to the instruction of the com- mon people ; whereas it is the great excellency of original or less mixed tongues, that they have the means of enlarg- ing the fundamental stock of expressions by derivation and composition, in such a manner, that the new word must create the idea in the mind, as soon as the sound reaches the ear. It will also be a considerable assi- stance to the student's memory in recollecting the immense *) Commonly meer. ed» 60 FORMATION. number of words, of which a cultivated language consists, if he pay some attention to the manner, in which this whole mass is formed from the few original primitives. In this view we shall here briefly consider the Danish derivation and composition. Those who wish more ample information may consult: Dansk Orddannelseslære af N. Petersen. Odense 1826. DERIVATION. 44. Subdivision. When a general Idea, e. g. of negation , deteriora- tion &c. is to be expressed, some prefixed are added to the words ; but whenever a word is to be transferred from one part of speech to another, it is effected by ter- minations or change of vowel, sometimes even by trans- ferring the words without any change, this last is how- ever of much less frequent occurence in Danish than in English, the grammatical qualities being in general more strongly marked on the words in the former, than in the latter of these languages. 45. Prefixes. Of a negative or privative signification are: U- Engl, tin- [or in-] Ex. Udyd, vicious habit; twist, uncertain; uovervindelig, invincible; nt/dsigelig-t, unspeakable; ugjort, not done [undone]; ugjerne, unwil- lingly; umager, or ulejliger, trouble (one); Van- Vanskabning, monster, from Skabning, a crea- ture; vandrtig, depraved; vansirer, disfigure; Mis- Misundelse, envy; misundelig-t, envious; at misunde, to envy; mistroster, dishearten. Sometimes composed again with the negative u, as: imiskjcndelig, evident; [not to be mistaken]. FORMATION. 61 For- fordemmer , condemn; forgiver, poison; for- skærer, spoil in cutting (e. g. a gown or coat) ; forsmaaer, slight; en Forseelse, an oversight; Foragt, contempt, for- legen-t, embarrassed, puzzled, at a loss. Sometimes it merely serves to form verbs of an active signification, as forgylde, gild; fordansker, do into Danish; or nouns of such verbs, as: Forgylding, gilding; Fordanskning, translation into Danish; Forandring, change; Forstyrrelse, devasta- tion. This prefix appears to be different from the pre- position for, which is also frequently used in composition ; in general they may be distinguished by observing, that the prepos. has the emphasis of the word, the prefix not as: Forklæder, aprons; forklæder, disguise; there are however some exceptions to this rule, as; et Fortrin, a preference, preeminence; but fortrinligst, preeminent. Und- Undskyldning, excuse ; undskyldelig, excusable ; at undskylde, to excuse. Also composed with the nega- tive u-, as; uundskyldelig, inexcusable; • Veder- Vederlag, compensation; vederfares, happen to; vederstyggelig, abominable, 46. Of a positive signification are: Be- Begreb, notion, conception ; betænkelig-t, doubt- ful; betænksom, considerate, beklager, bewail: from klager, complain, betænke?*, consider, [some of these also receive the negative u as ubetænksom inconsiderate ubeviist, un- proved.] Bi- Bistand, assistance ; Bihensigt, secondary design ; bilebig, [Germ. beilaufig~\ by the way, obiter; bidrager, contribute. Sam- Samtykke, consent; Samklang, harmony; samtidig, contemporary, coeval; at samtykke, to consent; usamdrægtig, disagreeing, discordant. Er- Erholder, get, receive; erkjénder, acknowledge; Erindring, remembrance; uerstatteligt, irretrievable; 62 FORMATION. An-*) Ansigt, face; et Angreb, an attack; at an* gribe, to attack; uanvendelig-t, inapplicable. 47. Pronominal & a d v e r b i a 1 prefixes are : /*- (demonstrative with respect to the 1st pers.), as; hér, here; hid, hither; the Lat. hoc, this, seems to be formed in this manner. d- (demonstrative with respect to the 3d pers.), as; det, den, that; der, there; did, thither; da, then: hv- (relative and interrogative) hvad, hvem, hvilket, hvor, where; i- (placed before the hv, gives those words an in- determinate or general signification), as: ihvad, whatsoe- ver; ihvem , whosoever; ihvilket, whichsoever; ihvor, wheresoever. AFFIXES. 48. Formation of nouns, a) Affixes deno ting the agent-, -er: Bommer, judge; Læser, reader; Englænder, Englishman; Viser, a hand of a watch: Stégvender, turnspit. -ner: Kunstner, artist; Falskner, forger. -mager : Skomager, shoemaker ; Urmager, watchmak- er; Mage?*, is never used separately in Danish, but me- rely adopted from the Germ, macher, in compound words. -Ung: Lærling, disciple; Yndling, favorite: Yngling, a youth; Gæsling, gosling. -inde: Hertuginde, dutchess; Grevinde, countess; Sangerinde^ songstress ; Veninde, (female) friend : Vlrinde, a she wolf. *) Though IK- ami An- are no Danish words, yet they occui separately in several phrases adopted from the Teutonic tongues as: lægge bi, lay hy i.stcta bi, standby; del guar an, that will do Germ. Es gcht an ; at gribe sig an, to exert one's self. FORMATION. 63 ske: Væverske, female weaver; For f o rerske, seduc- tress; Giftblanderske, (fem.) poisoner. 49. b) the action, as; Monosyllabic nouns, formed of verbs, are mentioned p. 13, but there are many more of this sort Ex. et Skrig, a cry; et Synk, a draught; et Sting, a stitch; et Stik, a stab; et Suk, a sigh. -en; en Prædiken, Præken, a sermon; vor Gjeren oy Laden, our doing and omission i. e. our whole conduct. -ende: (mit) Vidende, Cmy) knowledge; Sigende, saying; Foretagende, undertaking. -ing: Handling, action; Forandring, change, altera- tion; Landing, landing; Munding, mouth (of a river); Tinding, temple (of the head); even of persons, as; Ar- ving, heir; Hovding, chieftain, from Hoved; -ning: Skrivning, writing; Læsning, reading; en Gjerning, an act (action); en Strækning, a tract of land; en Gr (inning, a green, a lawn; en Slægtning, a relation; en Flygtning, a fugitive; en Dronning, a queen, from Drot, a lord. [In Icelandic Drotning], else: Styrelse, moderation; Beskrivelse, description; Udfor else, execution; Frembringelse, production; For- nojelse, pleasure; Skrivelse, letter; Stiftelse, establish- ment; Hændelse, accident; — et Værelse, a room. -set: Fodsel, birth; Kjorsel, driving; Udforsel, ex- portation; Trusel, threat; Hchigsel, hinge; Fængsel, prison. -t, d: en Drift, an instinct (from driver); Dragt, dress; Indtægt, revenue; Blæst, blowing, wind; en Sæd, a seed, (from at saa): en Færd, a journey, tour, (fare); en Skyld, debt, crime, {skulle) : Byrd, extraction, descent, {bære); — et Vidjiesbyrd, a testimony. st : Kunst, art (from kunne) ; Fangst, a catch, a take, Yndest, Gunst, favor; Ankomst, arrival ; Tjeneste, service, but tjenst-dgtig, officious. -eri: Fiskeri, fishery; Praleri, ostentation; Tyveri, theft. 64 FORMATION. 50. c) Qualities, &c. denote: -e: en Hede, a heat; Kidde, cold; Vrede, anger; Glæde, joy; Fylde, fulness; Styrke, strenght; Længe, row (of houses); Mitte (Midte), middle. -de: Dybde, depth; Længde, lenght; Vidde, width; Mængde, multitude; Tyngde, gravity. -hed: Hojhed, highness, greatness; Skævhed, dry- ness ; Frihed, freedom ; Kærlighed, love ; Rettighed, right, privilege. -dom: Viisdom, wisdom; Ungdom, youth; Alderdom, old age; Lægedom, medicine; -domme (a province or district): Hertugdomme, dutchy; Fyrstendomme, principality; Herredomme, do- minion. -skab: et Grevskab, a count's estate, also a county; Fjendskab, enmity; Venskab, friendship ; Broderskab, fra- ternity, brotherhood; Svogerskab, affinity; — and of the com. gend. Klogskab-en, prudence: Morskab-en, diver- sion; Kundskab, knowledge; Videnskab, science; &c. cf. p. 13 & 14. -me: Fedme, fatness; Sodme . sweetness: Rodme, blush; Kvalme, qualm. 51. d) concrete things. -e, (the definite neuter of the adj.)., et Onde, an evil; et Hele, a whole; et Mbrke , the dark; et Rige, dominion, kingdom, (reign, power), from the adj. rig, rich, formerly powerful. -t, (the indef. neut. of the adj.): Rodt, red colour: Grout, (Gronsel), vegetables; Blyhvidt, (BlegJwidt), white- lead; Spansgront, verdegris; Berlinerblaat, the Prussian Blue. (It is a germanism to say Spansgron , Berliner- blaa). -(the indef.com gend. of the adj.): en Ret, a court, a noun of very ancient formation; especially of persons, as: en Sort, a negro; en Vild, a savage; en Gal, a FORMATION. 65 madman; en Lovkyndig, a lawyer; en Lærd, a scholar, a learned man, and more frequently in the def. plur. de Sorte, de Vilde, &c. -e/, /, (denotes an implement) ; en Nogel, a key ; en Sadel, a saddle; en Skovl, a shovel. There are many remnants of old forms of derivation, which existing only in some few words may be consid- ered as irregular, as : en Maan-ed, a month ; et Lev-net, life, conduct; en Hav-n, a haven; et Sog-n, a parish (from soge, seek) ; en Tor-ke , drought ; en Væd-ske, a liquor; et Lof-te, a promise. 52. Formati on of adje ctives. -ig-t : mbdig-t, courageous; sovnig-t, sleepy; flit- tig-ty industrious; lydig-t, obedient. -agtig-t: bondeagtig-t, rustic; kvindeagtig-t, effeminate ; skarnagtig-t, vile, mean, malicious ; nojaglig-t, accurate ; blaaagtig-t, bluish ; langagtig-t, longish. -%-£ : venlig-t, friendly ; daglig-t, daily; lykkelig-t, happy; beviislig-t, demonstrable; mulig-t, possible; umu- ligst, impossible; syrlig-t, sourish. Sometimes t is insert- ed between this termination and the root, e. g. miindt- lig-t, oral; offentlig-t, public; égentlig-t, proper; (from Mund, mouth ; Germ, offen, Dan. aaben, open, egen-, own). Still more frequently an e precedes, especially in those formed from verbs, and denoting a passive possibility. Ex. kostelig-t, costly; dodelig-t, mortal; tænkelig-t, apt to be thougt, i. e. imaginable, conceivable ; nbegribelig-t, incomprehensible. -som-t: voldsom-t, violent; nbjsom-t, content; een- som-t, lonely; langsom-% slow; arbeidsom-t, assiduous, -sommelig-t: fredsdmmelig-t, peaceable; mojsomme- Mg-t, laborious; frugts ommelig-t, pregnant; kjedsomme- lig-t, tedious. bar-t: frugtbar-t, fertile; cerbar-t, modest, compo- sed"; seilbar-t, navigable; ufeilbar-t, infallible. 5 66 FORMATION. ~barlig-t: skiribdrlig-t, manifest; ufejlbarligt, that cannot fail. -sk: spodsk, scornful, disdainful ; løbsk, restive, starting (horse); træsk, cunning; lumsk, insidious. Many national or patronymic adj. get this termination, as: tysk, (tydsk), German; polsk, Polish ;iingersk, Hungarian; græsk, Greek, Grecian ; fransk, French* Sometimes i precedes, as : bar- barisk, barbarous; politisk, political; filosofisk, philosophi- cal; tyrkisk, Turkish ; russisk, Russian; hebraisk, Hebrew; kaldaisk, Chaldean. When such epitheta gentilia are used as nouns, and consequently written with capitals, they denote the languages, as : taler De Dansk? do you speak Danish? Har de studeret Kinesisk? have you stu- died Chinese? Han kan slet intet Portugisisk, he knows nothing of Portuguese. These nouns are usually of the com, gend. as : bred Dansk, broad Danish ; Tysken er vanskelig, the German is difficult. -et: hornet, horned ; buget, bellied; furet, furrowed; trekantet, triangular; firka?ilet, aattekantet [ottekantet] &c; stribet, striped; smålstribet, narrowstriped; blaaaaret, blue- veined; blaaojet, blueeyed; hullet, full of holes; behjærtet, courageous; haaret, hairy. -laden-t ; morkladen-t, sortladen-t, of a dark com- plexion, darkfaced; rundladen-t, round-faced; vred-laden-t, hot-headed. -vorre?i~t, (vorti-t): fjantevorren-t, tossevorren-f, Isily; kvaklevorren-t, fickle**) -s: gængs (gængse), current; taus, silent; eens uni- form, alike; fælles, sommon (not fælleds, being derived from Fælle, not from Fælled). There are remnants of many more adjectival ter- minations, as : vammel, qvalmish ; gylden, golden ; solvent, *) Kvaklevorren : the ordinary spelling would be qvaklevorreti. I do not recollect ever having seen this word; possibly it is a misprint for vaklcvorren, fickle : but even this word is little used. FORMATION. 67 silvern; fædrene, paternal; but these occur only in a few instances. 53. Formation of adverbs and prepositions. -e (Icel. -t) 9 indicates rest in a place, as : ude, with- out; oppe, up ; hjemme, at home ; borte, away; (from ud v out; op, up; hjem, home; bort, away). -e (Icel. a? forms some old adv. from adj.) vide, widely ; dyre, dearly ; stille, calmly ; næppe, scarcely (from knap, scanty). -er (motion to, or rest in a place): oster (ud), east, vester (paa), west; atter, again (back); agter, aft, abaft; efter, under, c£c. -on (Icel. an, originally motion from a place, now its signification is not easily defined) : osten for, to the east of; vesten fra, from the west; uden til, on the outside ; in- den (en Time), within (an hour) ; oven paa, on the top of; næsten, almost; sjælden, rarely. -igen, Ugen (from adj. in ig, lig): kr af tigen, strongly; modigen, courageously; foleligen, sensibly. But the ad- jectives are frequently used as adverbs, without the-e/j, as : han blev ikke understøttet kraftigt nok, he was not supported sufficiently (or strongly) enough; han blev f 6- lelig straffet, he was severely punished. Several modern authors would add the neuter t in these cases, but this is a Swedish form, contrary to the Danish usage; we constantly say: de slog dygtig fra sig, they defended themselves bravely; hjcertelig gjerne, with all my heart. The justness of this rule appears evident from the next adverbial termination. -lig, elig (Engl ly, ely), as : nemlig, navnlig, to wit, namely ; lydelig, audibly; snarlig, soon; visselig, certainly; fuldelig, fully, (never nemligt, fuldeligt). -t (The neuter form of the adj. of other termina- tions is often applied adverbially) as : godt, well ; vidt og Iredty widely; hojtog dyrt, with terrible oaths; but there 5* 58 FORMATION. are many exceptions, as: knap nok, hardly enough ; heel vel, very well; fuldkommen fomojet, perfectly satisfied. — Those that have no t added in the neuter, never receive it in the adverbial form, as: skjelmsk, roguish. set ' l ,ut; laa, ~ Icegger, lay; for, — forer, carry synker, sidder, ligger, farer, roa, — ri > De vil ikke finde Sproget vanske- ligt, og naar De har lært det, vil Literaturen rigelig belonne Deres Umage. I denne Henseende stoler jeg ganske paa Deres gode Hjælp, og haaber De har Venskab nok for mig, til at beære mig med Deres Raad og Vejledning* Men forst maa jeg bede Dem at oversætte mig folgende Ord, som jeg vil behove hvert Ojeblik. Meget vel, Hr. B! vil De give mig Pen og Blæk, Well, what do you think of our language ? do you un- derstand any thing of it? It sounds pretty well to the ear, but I must confess, I understand almost nothing of it at all. But don't you intend to study it? Yes , sir I I intend to take ad- vantage of the short time, I can stay here, to learn the language, to know the people, and to see every thing remarkable. I am very glad to hear it, and I am sure you won't find the language difficult, and when you have learned it, the literature loill amply repay your trouble. In this I entirely rely upon your kind assistance, and I hope you have fiiendship enough for me, to give me the benefit of your advice and instruction. But pre- viously I must beg you to translate for me the follow- ing words , which I shall require to use every mo- ment. Very well, Mr. B. will you give me pen and ink, I will FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 89 skal jeg oversætte dem for translate them for you in Dem i et Ojeblik. Jeg kan a moment. I suppose 1 may vel skrive det paa det sam- write on the same paper. me Papir. Yes, sir! I just wanted to Ja, jeg onskede just at have have the Danish words right de danske Udtryk lige over against the English, over for de engelske , og and rather in front, in order helst foran , saa at Ojet that the eye may meet with kan træffe dem forst, naar them in the first place, when jeg seer paa Bladet. / look at the paper. En trekantet Hat, rund Hat. A cocked hat, round hat. Pudder, Pomade, T åndpulver. Powder, pomatum, toothpowder. Kam, Borste, Tandborste. Comb, brush, toothbrush, Nåtsjorte, Manskjétsjorte. *) Nightshirt, frilled shirt. Nåttroje, Halsklæde, Seler. Vnderwaistcoat, neckcloth, bra- ces. 2 J Vest, Kjole, Frakke. Waistcoat, coat s great coat. Beenklæder, Buxer. Pantaloons, breeches. Uld-, Traad-Silke-stromper. Woollen, thread-silk stockings, Stovler, Sko, Spænder. Boots, shoes, buckles, Tofler, Nathue, Slaaprok. Slippers, nightcap, nightgown. Handsker, Lommetorklæde, Gloves, pocket-handkerchief, Stok. stick. Tobåksdaase, Ring, Ur. Snuffbox, ring, watch. Tandstikker, Kikkert, Oje- Toothpick, pocket-glass, eye- glas. glass. Tegnebog, Pung, Blyant. Pocketbook, purse, pencil. Bankosedler, Vexler, Smaå- Bank-notes, bills of exchange, W penge. change, or small coin. Visitkaart, Sæng, Sængeklæ- Calling cards, bed, bedclothes. der. i ) Commonly Katskjorte, Mansketskjorte. ed» 2 ) The first Edition has gallowses, which certainly is never heard, either in shops, or in common conversation; still it is found in such dictionaries as abound in slang 1 terms : it surely is rather vulgar. I have put the usual expression* bd. 90 FAMILIAR DIALOGUES* Lågener, Puder, Sofa. Sheets, pillows, sofa, y Skriverpult, Spillebord, Spi- Writing-desk, card table, di- sebord. ning-table. Spejle, Stueur, Lampe. Looking-glasses, chamber-clock, Lysekrone, Gardiner, Over- Lustre, curtains, cups. kopper. Underkopper, Ske-er, Kniv-e Saucers , spoons, knives and og Gafler, Duge, Serviet- forks, table-clothes, napkins. ter. Haandklæder, Flasker, Glas. Towels, bottles, glasses. Tallerkener, Lys, Lysesax. Plates, candles, snuffers. Lysestager, Snustobak. Candlesticks, snuff. Lak, Signet, Oblater. Sealing-wax, seal, wafers. Skrivpapir, Postpapir, Maku- Writing-, post-, wastepaper. latur. Ridehest, Vognheste, Vogn. Saddlehorse, [or riding horse] coach horses, carriage. Karet, Kusk, Tjener. Coach, coachman, servant, or footman. Vært, Skræder, Skomager. Landlord, tailor, shoemaker. Barbér, Haarskærer, Bog- Barber, hairdresser, bookseller. handler. Urmager, Hattemager, Hand- Watchmaker, hatter, glover. skemager. Se, her har De de forlangte Well, sir! here you have the Ord paa Dansk, men kan words required in Danish ; De nu ogsaa læse dem? but now, shall you be able to read them ? Tilvisse, De har jo skrevet Surely, I see you have writ- dem med latinske Bdgsta- ten them in the English cha- ver, de andre falde mig racier, the other indeed I J ) The first edition has couch which is a different piece of furniture like that which is called chaise tongue« or Canapee on the continent. ed. FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 91 rigtig" nok meget vanske- find it very difficult to lige at finde ud af. make out. Men de ere dog imndgaaelig As yet, however, it is.indis- nodvendige at kjende end- pensably necessary to know nu. them. Ja, naar jeg forst bliver lidt Oh, when only I get a little bekjendt med Sproget, haa- acquainted with the langua- ber jeg de gamle Bogsta- ye, I hope the old letters ver vil blive mindre van- will be less difficult to me. skelige for mig. Mener Don't you think so too? De ikke ogsaa det? Upaatvivlelig. No doubt of it. Fjerde Samtale. Dialogue 4. Nu hvorledes gaar det med Well, how do you get on with Deres Dansk? Har De your Danish? Have you made gjort betydelig Fremgang considerable progress. i den allerede? Langt fra, jeg forstaar næsten Far from it, I know nothing intet. almost. Man siger dog, De taler ret It is said however, you speak bra'. it very well. Gid det var sandt! Men dé, Would it were true! but those der sige det, tage meget who say so, are much mis- fejl. taken, Jeg forsikrer (Dem), det har / assure you, I was told so. været mig sagt (ell. jeg har hort det). Jeg kan nogle faa (enkelte) / can say a few words, which Ord, som jeg har lært / have got by heart. And udenad. Og hvad der er as much as is necessary to nodvéndigt for at begynde begin to speak. at tale. Vel begyndt er halv fuldendt Well begun is half finished, siger man ; men Begyndel- we say ; however , the be- 92 FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. sen er ikke nok alligevel ; De maa ogsaa se til at naa Enden. Har De ingen gode dansk- engelske Samtaler at anbe- fale mig. Jo vi har en ganske brugbar Bearbejdelse afJ. Marstons Samtaler, paa Engelsk og Dansk ved afgangne Kapt. Schneider,, som er udkom- men i Kobenhåvn 1812. Er dét en stor Bog? Den udgjor omtrent 15 Ark i Oktav. Og hvor faaes den (faaer man den)? Hos Boghandler Brummer, Nr. (Nummer) 52 paa Ostergade. Der er ogsaa en anden kaldet Lommebog for Samtalen i Fransk, Tydsk og Engelsk 1822, som De kan faa paa samme Sted. Hvilken af dem er den bed- ste? Den sidstanforte er den rige- ste, og temmelig noiågtig i Dansken, blot paa Ret- skrivningen nær; men saa er der baade fransk og tysk Oversættelse, som De vel ikke bryder Dem om. — ginning is not all, you must also try to make an end. Are there no good Danish and English Dialogues, which you can recommend me. Yes, sir! we have a pretty good edition of J, M. Dia- logues in English and Da- nish, edited by the late Cap. S., and printed in Co- penhagen 1812, Is it a large volume? It makes about 15 sheets in octavo. '..-: And where is it to be had? At Mr. Brummer' s, the book- seller No. 52 Eaststreet. There is also another, cal- led Taschenbuch fiir die Conversation in fremden Sprachen, &c. which you may get in the same shop. Which is the best of them? The last mentioned is the ri- chest, and pretty accurate in the Danish, except the orthography ; but then there is a French and a German translation, which I suppose you don't care about. — FAMILIAR DIALOGUES. 93 Men De maa bestandig tale But you must always be speak- Sproget, enten vel eller ing the language, whether ilde. well or ill. Jeg er bange for at begaa / am afraid to commit blun- Sprogfejl. ders. Frygt aldrig for dét; Dån- Never fear; the Danish is not sken er ikke vanskelig, hard, but rather more nearly men tværtimod nærmere related to the English, than ved Engelsk end Holland- Dutch or any other living sken eller noget åndet le- tongue. vende Sprog, Mener De dét? Do you think so, sir! Jeg vil vise Dem nogle Ord, Why, I will show you some som gddtgjdre det* words to prove it. Oje ~ é^épArm — arm; Finger — finger; Negl — nail-, Side — siåe\ Taa — toe; jeg — /; de — Ihéy ; dem — . them ; deres — theirs ; vi ere — ice are ; have — have; give — glee; tage — take; saae — sow; Plov — plough; see — see; forst — first ; af — of; ad — at'&c. :.':- '&; ■.':: *■.--; : ANEKDOTER. af A. Fr. Hostes Miniatiirbiblioték for T Morskabslæsning. Jbn *) havde været paa Komedie. Man spurgde ham, hvad Stykke 2 ) de havde haft? — "Skam faa dén, der veed det, " 3 ) sagde han, ve usually prefer the termination -et for en in the few participles, that may still admit the -en in the com. gend. J1 ) right, or very pretty. 12 ) to-day as every day, since* 13 ) the spring. 14 ) footpath. 15 ) by, passing by* lfi )her master's. 17 ) field, piece of ground. 1 8 ) the young miller. 19 ) sprightly. -°) put out, »forth his head. 21 ) the hole in the mill* 22 ) cried jestingly. 23 ) fair Elisa-' 2i ) angry. 2S ) blev slaaende, stood still. 2G ) what is the matter now again? 27 ) as, the same as. 28 ) a mind. 20 ) marry* 30 ) you r han hun are often used as terms of civility amoifg the common people, or to persons of that class by those of higher rank: sometimes they ex- press a slight displeasure : clu is used much more in Danish than thou in English, but expresses a greater familiarity or superiority than han, hun. 31 ) annoy. S2 ) rest, peace* TALES AN© STORIES. 99 " Disse Ord sagde hun ganske mut, 33 ) i dét hun vendte sig bort. 34 ) Liidcig. Men hulde 35 ) Lise, du skal jo ikke 36 ) gifte dig med mig ! Jeg veed vel, en Moller er for lidt 37 ) for dig. Lise. Som Kommissionær*-) vil jeg slet ikke 38 ) have méd ham at bestille. 39 ) Adjo! Ludvig. Altsaa dog heller 40 ) som Frier ? 41 ) O Lise, Mollehullet er desværre 43 ) for lidet, men kunde jeg komme jgjennem, saa styrtede jeg strags i dine Arme. Hor en Gang 43 ) — husker du vel endnu, 44 ) for fire, fem Aar siden? 45 ) — Du vilde den Gang endnu ikke 46 ) gjælde for 4T ) en voxen Jomfru 48 ) — da gav du mig vel endog 49 ) et Kys, naar jeg om Sondagen 50 ) tog dig paa Skodet, 51 ) og gav dig en Peberkage. 52 ) Nu har visselig Herr Pastoren 53 ) forbudet 54 ) dig det ; ikke sandt, 55 ) han præ- ker daglig for dig? Lise. Ikke sandt, han havde nu Rét, 5t5 ) til at præke : 'Xise ! begiv dig til dit Arbeide, 5T ) og lad ikke Molleren have dig til bedste ?" 5 8) Lise var nu virkelig i Begreb med at gaa, 59 ) hvor gjérne hun end 60 ) gad 61 ) hore den overmodige, 62 ) men 33 ) in a pout. 34 ) turning herself away. 35 ) charming. 36 ) jo, is a particle very difficult to translate, the purport of the whole context is: who says that you shall, or: nobody says that you shall. 37 ) licit, contracted of lidet (p. 28), is only used as adverb or noun. *) agent. 38 ) not at all. 39 ) have to do with, 40 ) consequently rather. 41 ) suitor. 42 ) indeed, or I am sorry to say. 43 ) hark a moment, 44 ) do you still recollect. 45 ) ago. 4G ) then still you would not. 47 ) pass for. 48 ) fullgrown young lady (see the note p. 87). 49 ) you would even give me. *°) p. 79. 51 ) on my lap, knees. 52 ) gingerbread-cake. S3 ) the parson. 64 ) prohibited; as to the order of dig del see p. 26. 55 ) is not it true that, or does not he, placed after the next pro- position. 56 ) a right, occasion to* 5r ) go to your (thy) work, 56 ) make a fool of you, take you in. 59 ) was really about going ^way, 60 ) hvor.,. end, however* 61 ) would, liked, ^presump- tuous, ?* 100 TALES AND STORIES. ellers 63 ) brave Ynglings 64 ) Spog, 65 ) da denne endnu en Gang 66 ) raabte: Lise, skon Lise! — Og sé! 67 ) Lise vendte sig rigtig nok 69 ) endnu en Gang om 69 ) og 16. Hold Forklædet op, lille Hex! 70 ) raabte Molleren, dér hår du 71 ) et splinternyt 72 ) Æble fra Paradis. Forend hun havde fattet en Beslutning, om 73 ) hun skulde holde Forklædet frem 74 ) eller ikke, rullede Appelsinen 75 ) hen 76 ) for hendes Fodder, en Frugt, som hun aldrig 77 ) havde seet for. Spis, 79 ) min Eva! raabte Kårlen leende, spis det skonne Påradisæble! Den lettroende Pige fulgde Raadet, og trak Munden ganske skæv 79 ) ved den bitre Smag 90 ) af Skallen; 81 ) men vel bemærkende, at en sod Saft 8 *) flod ud 83 ) af Hullet, lob hun hurtig 84 ) bort med Appelsinen, imedens Ludvig spottende 85 ) raabte efter hende : Lise, skon Lise; hvordan småger Påradisæblet? Pigen stod nu paa Préstens Mark, 86 ) og brugte Spå- den paa det flittigste 87 ) for at indhente 89 ) det forsomte. 89 ) For hendes Tanker svævede 90 ) uden Ophor 9 *) den mun- tre 92 ) Ludvig. Saaledes gjor han med alle Piger, sagde hun til sig selv, alle gjor han Lojer 93 ) med, og tænker ikke — ■ o ! og dog 94 ) er han en god, brav Dreng, 95 ) flittig, ordentlig, og hvor smukt klæder 96 ) ikke hans ny blaa Klæder 97 ) ham! — Er det da ikke ogsaa skikke- ligt 98 ) af ham, at han, om ogsaa 99 ) af Overgivenhed, 10 °) 6 3 ) otherwise. 64 ) p. 62. 65 )jest, 66 ) still another lime. 67 )look: 6B ) verily. C9 ) om, about. 70 ) witch, enchantress. 71 ) there you have o: there is for you. 72 ) a spick-span-new. 7S ) om — cller. see p. 79. 74 ) forth, up. 75 ) the orange. 76 ) up to. 7r ) never. 78 ) eat (|). 79 ) literally: drew the mouth entirely awry. 80 ) taste. 81 ) shell, peel. 82 ) sweet juice. 83 ) ran out, came out (p. 44.) 84 ) speedily. 86 ) with raillery. 86 ) field. er ) very diligently. 88 ) retrieve, make good. 8 ' J ) neglected. 90 ) hovered, presented himself. 91 ) incessantly. 92 ) playful. « 3 ) fun. 94 ) however '*) boy (|). 9e ) klæder ham smukt, becomes him well. 9r ) clothes, S8 ) kind or kindly done. 99 ) although perhaps. 10 °) frolick, wantonness. TALES AND STORIES. 101 gav mig den skonne Frugt ? han mener det dog vel O ikke saa meget slemt méd mig. Medens hun tænkte dette, nærmede en huul Lår- men 2 ) sig meer og meer fra Landsbyen, En sélsom, 3 ) kraftig 4 ) Luftstromning, 5 ) kun indtagende 6 ) en Bredde af omtrent 7 ) 200 Skridt, 9 ) styrtede sig i dette Ojeblik hid fra Kruschwitz, og forte forst Tåge 9 ) og Ruder, si- den 10 ) Skure og Ståide 11 ) bort méd sig. Luften, der stedse blev morkere, robede 12 ) den eensomme Pige en sig nærmende Orkan ; hun ilede 13 ) hén bag et levende Gærde, 14 ) der rigtignok 15 ) endnu var uden Lov ; 16 ) men dog tæt 17 ) nok til nogenlunde 18 ) at bryde Vindens Magt, Nu floj allerede Straaet fra hendes Hjems Tåge tættere og tættere hén 19 ) over hende ; en stor Lade 20 ) flagrede 21 ) lig en Fjeder hojt oppe i Luften, derpaa 22 ) igjen skin- nende Linned, der var fort bort fra Blégen. 23 ) Men nu — frygtelig brager og bruser 24 ) og hviner det. Lise seer bævende 25 ) ivéjret: ved Gud, det er den ny Véjr- molle, der uimodstaåelig greben 26 ) af Luftsstromningen, lig en Papirsdrage, 27 ) suser hén 28 ) over hendes Hoved. Ved dette skrækkelige Syn tåber 29 ) hun Bevidstheden. 30 ) Dog snart vækker en forfærdelig Knagen 31 ) hende. Stor- J ) vely is a particle difficult to translate, it expresses a probability, where there might still be some doubt; like: I should think, pos- sibly. 2 ) a hollow noise. 3 ) strange. 4 ) powerful. 5 ) current of air. c ) that only filled. 7 ) about. 8 ) paces (f- p. 19). 9 ) roofs 10 ) afterwards. X1 ) sheds & stables. 12 ) betrayed, rober is betray, indicate, but forraader is betray perfidiously, like a traitor. 13 ) hast- ened. 1A ) a quickset hedge. 15 ) indeed. 16 ) leaves (? p. 21). a7 ) tight, thick. ie ) in some degree. 19 ) away. 20 ) barn. 21 ) fluttered. 22 ) after that. 23 ) bleaching-ground. 24 ) roars. **) trembling. 26 ) irresistibly seized. 2T ) a kite. 28 ) whistles away. 29 ) loses, tabe is to lose for a time, or something that may be found again, but miste is to lose entirely, or something most difficult to recover. 30 ) consciousness. 31 ) crashing noise. 102 TALES AIVD STORIES. men havde ladet sit Bytte 32 ) fare, 3 *) og kun faa 34 ) Skridt fra hende laa Mollen nedstyrtet. 35 ) Efter dette tordnende Fald var det paa een Gang 36 ) igjen blevet stille 37 ) ; men med unævnelig 38 ) Forfærdelse 39 ) begreb 40 ) Lise at Ludvig maatte være begravet méd 41 ) under Mollens Ruiner. Véklagende 42 ) irrede 43 ) hun om- kring den lette Bygning, og den sandeste Smertes 44 ) Taa- rer strommede néd ad hendes Ansigt. O, var Huset dog kun 45 ) styrtet néd paa mig, raabtehun jamrende; 46 ) ti 47 ) hvorledes skal jeg overleve 48 ) hans Dod? Aldrig har han anet, 49 ) hvorméget mit Hjærte tilhorte 50 ) ham, hvor kært ethvert Blik, 51 ) ethvert Ord af ham vår mig: aldrig, det vidste jeg vél, kunde jeg blive håns, men dog havde jeg ham kær, 52 ) og var lykkelig ved kun at sé 53 ) ham. Nu er han borte, den venlige Yngling; knust 54 ) ligger han under sonderbrudte 55 ) Bjælker! 56 ) Imedens den skyldfri 57 ) Jomfrus hele Hjærte udgod sig 58 ) i saadanne Klager, lod 59 ) pludselig Ludvigs vélbe- 32 ) booty. 33 ) go, (fall.) 34 ) few. In order to distinguish this word from the verb at fact, to get, some authors write in the latter case faae, to make it analogous with the other verbs in -e, but this is in direct opposition to etymology, the pronoun being a dissyllable in the old tongues, Anglosaxon feawa, Icel. fair, Lat. pauci, the verb on the coutrary a monosyllable, Anglos, fon, Icel. fa, S wed. få. 35 ) hurled down, thrown down. 3S ) all at once, suddenly. 3r ) calm. 38 ) unspeakable. 39 ) horror. 40 ) under- stood, thought. 41 ) with (the other things). 42 ) lamenting. 43 ) strayed. 44 ) pain, grief. 43 ) were but only! 40 ) lamenting. 47 ) for, also written thi, but improperly, it seems, the old th being in all cases changed to I or d in the modern Danish, even in this same word in the composition fordi, because, not fordhi. 48 ) sur- vive, live after. 49 ) imagined, also written ahnet, according to the Germ, orthography. 50 ) belonged to. was devoted to. 51 ) look. 32 ) I had him dear, i. e. he was dear to me. 63 ) by merely seeing (p. 77). 54 ) crushed. 55 ) broken to pieces. 56 ) beams. 3r ) guiltless, harmless. 58 ) poured forth itself, streamed forth (the heart i. e. feeling). 59 ) sounded, was heard TALES AND STORIES. 103 kjendte Stemme: 60 ) Lise, hulde Lise!" — Fn Skjælven 61 ) lob over hende; modlos 62 ) saae hun sig om, og see! Lud- vigs Hoved stak muntert ud af Mollehullet, der nii vendte op ad mod 63 ) Himlen. Ogsaa i hans Ojne stode Taarer. "Bedste Lise," sagde han forvirret, 64 ) hjærtelig elsker "jeg dig: — hjælp mig kun ud af den fordomte Kiém- "me; 65 ) ti Doren ligger néd mod Jorden: — gode Barn, "skal vi saaledes erfare 66 ) at vi ére bestemte 6T ) forhin- " ånden? Bryd kun dette Brædt 68 ) hér lost, Vinden har "allerede 69 ) losnet Sommene 70 ) en Smule. 71 ) — Gud, "hvilken Helvedfart! 72 ) — men, Lise, hår du migdåsaa "kær? — Nu, Herren skje Tak, 73 ) jeg er ude og i dine "Arme!" Hér trykte han 74 ) den glodende, af overvæl- dende 75 ) Glædesfolelse sitrende 76 ) Pige til sit Bryst. "Guds Storm selv har bragt mig til dig, — Stormbruden er bleven en Jomfrubrud — kom, kom til min Fader, lad os sige ham det, og hente 7T ) hans Tilladelse ! 78 ) Arm i Arm, betragtende 79 ) hinånden med salige 80 ) Blikke, vandrede de Elskende til Landsbyen. 81 ) Paa dén Plads, hvor den ny Molle havde staaet, fandt de Ludvigs Husfæller 82 ) samlede med lydelige 83 ) Veklager. Som en 60 ) well known voice. 61 ) shivering. ° 2 ) downcast. 63 ) towards. ® 4 ) perplexed. 63 ) strait. 66 ) learn. 67 ) destined. 68 ) board, also written Bret. 69 ) already, in Danish it must be written with 11, being composed of alle-rede, Ice], alla-re&u, whereas neither ale nor erede afford any meaning whatever. But alene, should be written with one I, being compounded of al-ene, wholly-one, i. e. al-one, Icel. aleinn. 70 ) the nails. rl ) a crura, bit. a little. r2 ) hell-flight. 73 ) literally: to the lord be praise (that). r4 ) he pres- sed: presser is also a Danish verb, but used of squeezing violent compression, compulsion cfec. 73 ) overwhelming. 76 ) trembling, sometimes, though erroneously, written sittrer, or in the Germ, way zittrer, but the Icel. litra, has but one t in the middle. 7r ) fetch, get. T8 ) permission. 79 ) gazing upon. 80 ) blissful. 81 ) the vil- lage. 82 ) house-fellows, inmates. 9S ) loud. 104 TALES AND STORIES. Aand viste han sig- midt iblandt dem. Den gamle Faders Henrykkelse 84 ) ved at gjénsee ham, overgik 85 ) ål Beskri- velse, og da Sonnen forestillede 86 ) ham den undseelige 87 ) Lise, som sin Brud, saa blev den forste heftige Glæde 88 ) en blid Forenings Stifter. 89 ) Snart var den forældrelose 90 ) og fattige Pige omskabt 91 ) til en Madam Mollermesterinde, og hun plejede 92 ) siden ofte, i Foleisen af sin Lykke, at sige : "Eva mistede Paradiset, da hun spiste Frugten, for mig har Påradisæblet betydet 93 ) Paradis selv." Den som iovrigt, 94 ) ikke vil tro 95 ) denne sandfær- dige 96 ) Historie, der rigtig nok, formedelst Vejrmollen, der susede igjennem Luften med Molleren, småger stærkt 97 ) af et Æventyr, han efterlæse 98 ) den paa graat") Maku- latur) l0 °) trykte O Haude- og Spenerske Tidende 2 ) Nr. 57 for 13de Maj 1823, under blandede Bekjéndtgjorelser, 3) hvor han vil overtyde sig 4 ) om, at Historien om denne Vindmolle 5 ) ikke er Vind. **) rapture. 85 ) passed. 86 ) introduced, presented. 8T ) bash- ful. ee ) excessive joy. 89 ) founder. 90 ) orphan. 91 ) transfor- med. 92 ) used. 93 ) signified. 94 ) as for the rest. 95 ) believe. (p. 41). 90 ) true. 97 ) much. 98 ) consult. 99 ) grey. 10 °) waste- paper. *) printed. 2 ) Gazette. 3 ) iniscellanous advertisements. 4 ) convince himself. *) a Germanism for Vejrmolle , preserved here, to make a quibble with the following word Vind. TALES AND STORIES. 105 Fédor og Evelina. en Fortælling, 1 ) (af F. C. Hillerups Italica, 1. B.*S, 85). Forste Capitel. Mig opgaar nti min Morgenrode, 2 ) jeg Solen skuer 3 ) i sin Glands; 4 ) hvor tusind svage Hjærter blode, jeg vundet har min Séjerskrands. •) Jeg glemmer 6 ) eder, svundne 7 ) Dage ! I skal ej nage 8 ) meer mit Bryst. I kan ej komme meer tilbage ; Naturens Skonhed 9 ) er min Trost. tlmtrent tré danske Mile fra Rom hæver sig 10 ) Albaner- bjergenes isolerede Gruppe. De ere ligesaa mærkvær- dige IJ ) for Beskueren lT ) med Hensyn til den henrivende 13 ) Naturskonhed 14 ), der pryder 15 dem, som til de ærvær- dige 16 ) Minder 17 ) fra den klassiske Oldtid, 1S ) der overalt frembyde sig for Vandrerens Blik. Hvo har vel 19 ) nogen- sinde 20 ) tilbragt 21 ) skonne Ojeblikke 22 ) i de venlige Smaåstæder 23 ) Fraskåti, Marino, Kastel Gandolfo, Albåno, Némi, og mindes ikke 24 ) med vémodblandet 25 ) Glæde sit behagelige 26 ) Ophold 27 ) i Skodet 2 *) af en fortryllende 29 ) Natur? Hvo vandrede vel 30 ) ved Albånersoens 31 ) og J ) tale, novel. 2 ) aurora, dawn. 3 ) behold (j). 4 ) splen- dor. *) trophy, wreath of victory. 6 ) forget (jr). 7 ) gone, past (p. 48). ") not gnaw, torment, trouble. 9 ) beauty. 10 ) rises to the view. xi ) remarkable. 12 ) spectator. 13 ) ravishing. 14 ) beauty of nature, beautiful nature. ia ) adorns (}). 1 6 ) venerable. l7 ) remembrances, monuments. 18 ) antiquity. 19 ) vel of this particle see p. 101 note 1 ; here it seems to answer to the Engl s who shall have.' 20 ) ever. 21 ) spent. 22 ) moments. 23 ) small towns. 24 ) does not call to mind. 25 ) mixed with sa dness. 26 ) agreeable. 27 ) sojourn, stay. 28 ) bosom. 29 ) charming. 30 > shall have wandered, cf. note 19. 31 ) of the lake of Albano. 106 TALES AIYD STORIES. Némisoens romantiske Brædder, 33 ) og onsker ikke ofte med et Længselssuk, 33 ) at gjénsee disse uforglemmelige 34 ) Egne? I længst 35 ) hénsvundne Tider, forend Historien endnu lader sin Rost 36 ) hore om Menneskenes Færd 37 ) i disse Bjerge, har en frygtelig 58 ) Vulkan raset 39 ) hér, og efter- ladt gigantiske Spor 40 ) af sin Tilværelse 41 ) ved 42 ) tre store, i den fjærneste Oldtid udbrændte, 43 ) Kratere, som nu ére forvandlede til en yppig 44 ) blomstrende Dal, og to maleriske, 45 ) Indsoer, 46 ) som de medhojetilbågetræ- dende 4T ) Skraaninger, 48 ) der omgive 49 ) dem, danne 50 ) tre trågtformige 51 ) Fordybninger. 52 ). Det storste af disse fordums 53 ) Kratere er Albånersoen, der forer Navn efter Ståden Albåno, og hår en æggeformig Skikkelse. 54 ) Dybt nede, umiddelbart ved 55 ) dens Brædder, slynger sig 56 ) en Fodsti gjennem blomstrende Frugthaver og smaa Viin- plantninger, 57 ) der omgive det klare Våndspejl 5S ) lig en yndig Krands, 59 ) fra hvilken Jordsmonnet 60 ) hæver sig flere 61 ) Hundrede Fod 62 ) i en temmelig stejl 63 ) Skraa- ning, som bestandig 64 ) træder meer tilbage, jo meer den fjærner sig fra Dybet, og endelig afbrydes af den ovre 65 ) Bræd, som med den yppigste Vegetation danner Randen 66 ) 32 ) shore, some authors write Bredder, but Brædder seems to be preferable: 1) on account of the pronunciation: 2) in order to distinguish it from Bredde, breadth, latitude, which is pronounced with, e; 3) to show its derivation from Icel. barf, and its analogy to Swed. briidd, 33 ) sigh of longing. 34 ) not to be forgotten. 35 ) long ago. 3G ) her voice. 3r ) doing. 38 ) terrible. 39 ) raged. 40 ) traces. 41 ) existence. 42 ) by or in, i. e. left as traces of its existence three great &c. 43 ) burnt out. 44 ) rich. 45 ) pic- turesque. 4G ) lakes. 47 ) retreating. 48 ) declivities. 4? ) surround, encompass. 50 ) form (f). 51 ) funnel-like. 52 ) cavities. 53 ) old. 54 ) form, appearance. 55 ) close to. 56 ) winds itself i. e. runs a winding (foot-path). ST ) vine-plantations. 58 ) expanse of water. 59 ) graceful wreath. 00 ) the ground. 61 ) more (than one) i. e. several. 62 ) feet (p. 24). 63 ) steep. 64 ) always, continually. 65 ) upper. 66 ) the brim. TALES AND STORIES. 107 af den Tragt eller det Bæger, 67 ) hvis Bund 68 ) Soens Overflade 69) ei\ En for det meste 70 ) smal 71 ) Vej lobet* langs om denne hoje Kyst 72 ) og frembyder paa en skon Dag hojst maleriske Udsigter 73 ) over den me- lankolske dybe So og dens idylliske Omgivelser, 74 ) hvor disse Bjerges hojeste Spidse, 75 ) Monte. cavo kaldet, næsten allevegne 76 ) afgiver 77 ) en behagelig Hvilepunkt 78 ) for Ojet. Fra Ståden Albåno selv kan man ikkeojne 79 ) Soen, men maa, for at see den, gaa et Par Hundrede Skridt udaf Byen, og bestandig opad* Da standser 80 ) man tilsidst 81 ) paa en hoj Brink, hvorfra man skuer den dunkle 82 ) mystiske Våndflade 83 ) dybt under sine Fodder. Til venstre forer 84 ) en Allee af gamle ærværdige Ege 85 ) og andre Træer til den lille By Kastel Gandolfo, som med sin Kuppel og sit pavelige 86 ) Sommerslot 87 ) hæver sig paa de ujævne 88 ) Hojder. I Baggrunden taarne sig 89 ) de fjærne Appenniner, blandt hvilke det taggede 90 ) Sorakte nu tildags 91 ) San Oreste, troner 92 ) i stille 93 ) Majestæt. Til hojre 94 ) seer man Klosteret Pallazuola, som beboes 95 ) af smudsige 96 ) Munke, der prale 97 ) af at en portugisisk Prinds engang har levet og doet som en raget 98 ) Bro- der 99 ) i deres Midte. 10 °) Denne fromme Fyrste ^hedder endnu bestandig i dette Kloster il Portoghesino, og hans 67 ) cup. 68 ) hottom. 69 ) surface. 70 ) mostly. 71 ) narrow. 72 ) coast. 73 ) views. 74 ) environs. 75 ) point, top, peak. 76 ) every where. 7T ) afFords. 78 ) point of rest. 70 ) see, reach with the eye. 80 ) stops. 81 ) at last. 82 ) dark. 83 ) sheet of water. 84 ) on the left hand leads. 85 ) oaks. 86 ) papal. 87 ) summer- seat. 86 ) uneven, unequal. 89 ) tower. 90 ) jaggy. [Rask spells det taggede-, the common spelling is takkede ed.] 91 ) now-a-days. 92 ) sits on the throne, stands. 93 ) calm, unshaken. 94 ) on the right hand. 95 ) is inhabited (p. 41). 96 ) filthy. 97 ) boast 58 ) shaved. 99 ) brother, friar. 10 °) In their middle, among them, i) pious prince, Fyrste is generally said of a reigning prince, Trins of a young person of blood royal. It should be written without a d, as also : Provins, Krans, Dans, Glans, there being no d in these roots, but the orthography with nds (from the German nz) is still more common. 108 TALES AND STORIES. Billede, som hænger paa en Væg i disse morke Haller, er Gjénstand 2 ) for Munkenes Beundring. 3 ) Mere mærk- værdigt for den fordomsfri 4 ) Rejsende er en romersk 5 > Konsuls Gravmæle, 6 som findes i Klosterhavcn 7 ). Noget fra 8 ) dette Mysticismens og Sværmeriets 9 ) eensomme Sæde hæver sig paa Bjergets Skraaning den usle 10 ) men hojst romantiske Landsby, Rocca di Papa, der, paa den vildeste og sélsomste 11 ) Maade, ligesom 12 ) hænger néd ad Klipperne, 13 ) og i det fjærne 14 ) ikke er ulig en Sva- lerede* 15 ) Naar Vandreren er kommen igjennem 16 ) denne lille By, træder han ud 17 ) paa en anseelig Slette, 18 ) der forer Navn af Campo di Anibale, enten fordi Hannibal dér har haft sin Lejr mod Romerne, eller, som andre vel 20 ) med mere Grund 21 ) antage, 22 ) fordi Romerhæren 22 ) dér havde sin Lejr, for at iagttage den kartaginénsiske Feltherre. 24 ) Naar man nu har vandret et Stykke frem paa denne Slette, staar man ved Foden af den Bjergtop, 23 ) som forer Navn af Monte cavo, og hæver sig omtrent trétusinde Fod over Middelhavets 26 ) Overflade. Denne Spidse, som har Skikkelse af en afkortet 27 ) Kegle, 28 ) bestiger 29 ) man med Mågelighed 30 ) og Sikkerhed ved Hjælp af en antik brolagt 31 ) Vej, der i Oldtiden forte op til et Jupiters- Tempel, som dannede Bjergets hojeste Punkt. Til dette ærværdige Sted, som nu har maattet 23 ) vige 33 ) for et Munkekloster, droge 34 ) i de hédenfame 35 ) 2 ) object. 3 ) admiration. 4 ) unprejudiced. 6 ) Roman, pro- nounce rommersJt. 6 ) tomb. 7 ) convent garden. 8 ) A short way from. 9 ) fanaticism. 10 ) miserable. 11 ) most strange. 12 ) as it were. 13 ) from the rocks. * 4 ) at a distance. i5 ) swallow's nest. lfl ) is come through, has passed through. * 7 ) conies out. ae ) considerable plain. 19 ) camp. 20 ) may here be rendered per- haps. 21 ) reason. 22 ) believe. 23 ) the Roman army. -^Gene- ral. 25 ) summit. - 6 ) of the Mediterranean. 27 ) shortened. 28 ) cone. a9 ) ascends. 30 ) ease. 31 ) paved. 32 ) has been obliged to. 33 ) give way. 34 ) drew i. e. went, cf. p. 96 note 2r, it p. 44. 3a ) deceased, gone past. TALES AND STORIES. 109 klassiske Dage de sejrende 36 Feltherrer, for at bringe Gudernes Fader Tak og Pris, for den forundte 37 ) Lykke i tilendebragte Krige. 38 ) Naar mi omsider 39 )* den Rej- sende staar paa denne ophojede 40 ) Punkt, da lonnes 41 ) den Moje, som Opgangen 42 ) kan have foraarsåget ham, fuldkommen ved en vid og fortryllende Udsigt over de historiske Egne, som en Gang i hénsvundne Dage spil- lede 43 ) en saa forbavsende 44 ) Rolle 45 ) paa Jordkloden. 46 ) Mod Vesten svæver Blikket ud 47 ) over den uhyre Slette, i hvis Midte Verdens 48 ) gamle Hovedstad 49 ) troner med sin Péterskuppel, og ud over denne Slette tåber Ojet sig i Middelhavets umaalelige 50 ) Solvflade,*som i den yder- ste 51 ) Horisont synes at smelte sammen 52 ) med Luften. Mod Nord og Ost begrændses 53 ) Synskredsen af Apen- ninernes hoje Bjergmasser, 54 ) blandt hvilke 55 ) Soråkte hæver 50 ) sit truende Hoved; mod Syden opdager 57 ) man Oer og Forbjerge 58 ) i Kongeriget 59 ) Neapel. Vil man nu betragte 60 ) de nærmere Gjénstande, da overskuer 61 ) man Albanerbjergenes hele Masse med alle deres yndige Skove 62 ) og mange Smaastæder, og dybt neden under sig 63 ) seer man de omtalte 64 ) Indsoer, der danne en Figur ej ulig et Par Briller, 65 ) som dog rigtig nok blive 66 ) lidt urégelrette, da Albånersoen er meget stdrre end Nemisoen. Herud til dette Paradis drage utallige Mennesker om Sommeren, 07 , for at ombytte 68 ) Hovedstadens kvælende 69 ) 36 ) victorious. 37 ) alloted. 38 ) wars (§). 39 ) finally. 40 ) ele- vated. 41 ) will be repaid. 42 ) ascent. 43 ) played. 44 ) asto- nishing. 45 ) part. 4G ) the globe. 4r ) literally: the look hovers out, i. e. the view extends. 48 ) of the world. 4D ) capital 50 ) immeasurable. 31 ) farthest. 52 ) mingle with. 33 ) is bor- dered. 34 ) mountain -masses. 55 ) amongst which. 55 ) raises (f)- 5r ) discovers, espies. ° 8 ) promontories. 39 ) the kingdom. 60 ) view. 61 ) overlooks. 62 ) woods. 63 ) far beneath oneself. 64 ) mentioned. 63 ) spectacles. 66 ) are. 67 ) see p. 78. 68 ) ex- change. 69 ) suffocating. 110 TALES AND STORIES. Atmosfære med Bjergenes rene, forfriskende 7 «) Luft. Især 71 ) besoges disse Egne flittigen af de mange Rej- sende, som gæste 73 ) det skonne Italien, og fremfor alt 7 *) af de fremmede Kunstnere 75 ) der opholde sig i Rom for sine Studiers Skyld. 7fi ) Staden Albåno, hvis Navn man udleder 77 ) af det gamle Alba longa, som har ligo-et 78 ) der i Nærheden, er hverken smuk eller stor. Dens Folke- mængde 79 ) overstiger 80 ) næppe halvtrédie Tusinde Ind- vaanere, og blandt dens Bygninger kunne vistnok 81 ) kun faa gj ore Krav paa 82 ) arkitektonisk Skonhed. Nogle Rui- ner fra Oldtiden, blandt hvilke det saakaldte Horåtiernes og Curiåtiernes Gravmæle, 83 ) som vel næppe nogensinde har været et Gravmæle, ére det eneste, som hér kan vække Opmærksomhed hos Kunstens og Historiens Ven- ner. Men er Albåno selv ikke i Stand 84 ) til at fæno-sle 85 ) den Rejsende, da formaar 86 ) vel det smilende Landskab hvori den ligger, at fylde Vandrerens Bryst med Glæde og Beundring over Hespériens herlige 87 ) Naturskonhed. I denne lille Stad opholdt sig 88 ) en Gang i de varme Sommermaaneder en ung Russer, 89 ) som vi ville kalde Fédor. Som Son af en formuende 90 ) Kobmand 90 ) i St. Petersborg, vår han af sin Fader bleven nodsagct 9 -) til at lægge sig efter 93 ) Handelen, 94 ) men Merkur var alt for tor 95 ) en Guddom for den fantasirige 96 ) Yngling, der med sin hele Sjæl tilbad 97 ) Skonhedens evige Poesi. En Rejse, som den unge Håndeismand en Gang i Forrétnin- 70 ) pure, refreshing. 71 ) espeeially. 72 ) are visited (£). 73 ) go to see. 74 ) most of all. 75 ) artists (p. 62). 76 ) on account of, because of, 77 ) derives. 78 ) been situated. 79 ) amount, num- ber of inhabitants. 80 ) exceeds. pl ) certainly. 82 ) make pre- tensions to. 83 ) sepulchral monument. 84 ) incapable, not able. 85 ) captivate. sti ) can, has power. 87 ) excellent, eminent. 88 ) lived. 89 ) Russian 00 ) wealthy. D1 ) merchant. ° 2 ) obliged ° 3 ) to apply -himself- id. 0i ) commerce. 95 ) dry. ° 6 ) of a lively imagination. 9T ) adored. TALES AND STORIES. Ill ger 88 ) maatte gjore til Frankfurt am Mayn, opflammede") hans Kærlighed til Landskabsmaleriet, 10 °) hvilket han alt O længe havde yndet og dyrket 2 ) i sine Fritimer, 3 ) til den jiojeste Gråd, og nédsænkte 4 ) ham i Fortvivlelse 5 ) for nogen Tid. En ulykkelig Lidenskab 6 ) for et Fruentim- mer, der var hans Hjærte uværdig, og spillede Gjek med 7 ) hans Roligheds) forøgede 9 hans dybe 10 ) Misfornøjelse 11 ) med sin Stilling, 12 og gjorde ham Opholdet 13 ) i Fædrene- landet forhadt. 14 ) Omsider indsaae 15 ) Faderen, at hans Son ikke var bestemt 16 ) af Naturen, til at blive en stor Købmand, og indvilligede 17 ) i, at Fédor ganske opofrede 18 ) sig til Kunsten. Den gamle, som aldrig gjorde noget halvt, tilstod 19 ) end mere 20 ) den henrykte Yngling en betydelig Understøttelse, hvorved denne saae sig i Stand til at uddanne 21 ) sig i Kunsten i fremmede Lande. Ef- terat have opholdt sig et Par Aar i Tyskland og Svejts, 22 ) drog den unge Landskabsmaler over Alperne néd i Kunst- nernes forjættede Land, 23 ) det af Naturen saa begunsti- gede 25 ) og ved Historien saa ærværdige Hespérien. Med Henrykkelse hilste 23 ) Fédor Rafaels og Michelangelos Fædreland, da han fra Bjergene forstø Gang øjnede Lombardiets yppige Sletter. Det herlige Milano, Bologna med sine Arkader og Medicæernes Stad, som med Rette 26 ) forer Navn af den skønne, tildroge sig 27 ) i høj Gråd lians Opmærksomhed og Beundring; men alting maatte vige for det Indtryk, som den evige Tiberstad gjorde 98 ) in (commercial) business. ") inflamed. 10 °) landscape- painting. a ) already. 2 ) favored and cultivated. 3 ) plur. lei- sure, also called Fritid. 4 ) plunged. 5 ) despair. 6 ) pas- sion. 7 ) sported, mocked. 8 ) peace of mind. 9 ) increas- ed. 10 ) deep, i. e. high, great. 21 ) discontent, disgust 12 ) situation. 13 ) his stay. 14 ) odious. 15 ) perceived, saw. a6 ) destined. 17 ) consented. 18 ) devoted. 19 ) granted. 20 ) more- over. 2J ) perfect, 22 ) Germany and Switzerland. 23 ) the pro- mised (i. e. holy) land, Canaan. 24 ) favored. 25 ) saluted. 26 ) justly, 27 ) attracted. 112 TALES AND STORIES. paa hans dybt bevægede 28 ) Sjæl. Hér svælgede 29 ) han i Nydelsen 30 ) af Kunstens og Naturens Skatte/ 1 ) og dromte sig ved Beskuelsen af Oldtidens Mindesmærker tilbage i de Tider, da 32 ) Rom var dét, som det endnu kunde og burde være. Hér forglemte den unge Måler 33 ) en uhel- dig 34 ) Kærligheds bittre Kvaler, 35 ) og levede ene for sin skonne Kunst. For sit Fodeland havde han paa Grund af det omtalte forstyrrede Forhold en vis Rædsel, 36 ) og onskede at kunne forblive 37 ) saa længe som muligt i det Land, hvor Skonheden og Historien med Tryllekraft 38 ) fængsle det folende Gemyt. 39 ) Han kunde saa meget mere frit 40 ) nære dette Onske, som han havde tvende 41 ) Brodre hjemme, der vare Faderen behjælpelige 42 ) i hans Handelsforretninger, og tillige ansete 43 ) for at være kyn- dige 44 ) i deres Fag. 45 ) Det var en Loverdag Morgen og netop 46 ) den for- ste September, da den unge Russer meget tidlig 47 ) rejste sig 48) f ra s it Lej e> i den Hensigt at gaa ud, for at op- tage 49 ) et Par Skidser 50 ) af Albånersoens meest roman- tiske Partier. Den klare Himmel oplivede hans Sjæl, og snart stod han færdig 51 ) til sin Vandring. I en Over- kjole 52 ) af grimt Bomuldstoj, 53 ) med Vest og Pantalonger af graat Lærred, 54 ) Sko af ufarvet 55 ) Læder, og paa Hovedet en lysegul 50 ) Straahat, som var omvunden med- et rosenrod t Baand, 57 ) traadte Kunstneren ud af sit Væ- relse. Om Skulderen hang en Taske , 58 ) hvori hans 2a ) moved, touched. 29 ) revelled, rioted. 30 ) enjoyment. 31 ) trea- sures (I) p. 20. 82 ) when. 33 ) painter. * 4 ) unlucky. 33 ) af- flictions (|) 36 ) terror. 37 ) and wished to be able to stay, or that he might stay, i. e. to stay. 38 ) magic power, charm. 39 ) mind. 40 ) freely. 41 ) two. 42 ) vare behjælpelige, aided, assisted, 43 ) {vare) ansete, were thought, passed for. 44 ) skilled. 45 ) pro- fession. 46 )just. 47 ) early. 48 ) rose (^). 49 ) make. 50 ) sket- ches. fil ) ready. * 2 ) great-coat. 53 ) cotton-stuff. $4 ) linen. 55 ) uncoloured. 58 ) light -yellow. 5r ) rose-coloured riband. * B ) bag, scrip. TALES AND STORIES. 113 Skidseboger og Tégneredskaber 59 ) laa. I Lommen 60 ) havde han en lille Kurveflaske 61 ) med Viin og noget Brod; i Haanden bar han en sammenrullet 62 ) Solskjerm 63 ) paa en lang Stang, 64 ) der i Enden var forsynet med en Jærnspids, og hertil var endnu fastbunden 65 ) en lille Feltstol 66 ) af dét Slags, som Kunstnerne betjene sig af 67 ) paa deres Vandringer. Da han havde drukket sin Kaffe i Posthuset, befalede han sin Stovlepudser 68 ) Raimondo, at komme med et Æsel til Kastel Gandolfo Klokken ni, hvor Kunstneren selv vilde indtræffe til samme Tid. Der- paa gik Fédor igjennem Gaderne, hvor han af Almuen 69 ) blev betragtet 70 } med den godmodige 71 ) Nysgjerrighed, 72 ) der er Sydboerne 73 ) saa ejendommelig. 74 ) Saa meget mere var dette Tilfældet 75 ) hér, som den tinge Mands Udvortes 76 ) i hoj Gråd var i Stand til at gjore et beha- geligt Indtryk paa enhver, som forste Gang saae ham. Fédors hoje ranke 77 ) Væxt, 78 ) hans livfulde Bevægelser og raske Gang faldt paa en behagelig Maade i Ojet. 79 ) Hans Ansigtsfarve 80 ) var saa mork og kraftig, 81 ) at man gjérne 82 ) kunde have antaget ham for en Spånjer eller Nea- politaner. De tykke Lokker vare glindsende 83 ) sorte, og hans Ojne vare, som Ariosto udtrykker sig, to lysende Sole ; trsjæl- den have to sorte Ojne funklet 84 ) med et saa betydningsfuldt 85 ) Liv og flammende Folelse som hans. Naar han betragtede nogen i Alvaar 86 ) eller Vrede, da syntes hans Blikke, lig usynlige 87 ) Dolke, 88 ) at ville gjénnembore 89 Menneskets Inderste, 90 ) men naar' hans Sjæl var stemt 91 ) til Mildhed s9 ) drawing instruments. 60 ) the pocket. 61 ) basket-flask. 62 ) rol- led up. 63 ) umbrella. v 64 ) slaff. 65 )tied. 66 ) field-chair. 6T ) make use of. C8 ) boot-cleanser. 69 ) the vulgar, common people. 70 ) gazed on. 7i ) good natured. 72 ) curiosity. 73 ) the inhabi- tants of the southern countries of Europe. 74 ) peculiar. 75 ) the case. 76 ) exterior. 77 ) slender, by a germanism they eay also slank. 78 ) growth. 79 ) faldt i Ojet, struck the eye. 80 ) com- plexion. 81 ) energetic. 82 ) easily. 83 ) glittering. 84 ) sparkled. 8S ) significant. 86 ) earnest. B7 ) invisible. 88 ) daggers (§). 89 ) pierce through. 90 )the inmost, the very soul* S1 ) disposed. 8 114 TALES AND STORIES. og Munterhed, da maatte den blide brændende Lue, som udstrommede af hans Oje, fast 92 ) være i Stand til at kunne smelte det haardeste Hjærte, at trylle 93 ) en Fjende til en Ven, og opvække Kærlighedens almægtige Flamme i det koldeste Pigehjærte. 94 ) Hans Næse var fiin og veldannet, Munden liden og udtryksfuld, 95 ) og de skont formede Tænder af en blændende 96 ) Hvidhed, som end mere fordge- des ved den dunkle Farve , der var udbredt 97 ) over An- sigtets 98 ) skonne Oval. I Orerne bar han smaa gyldne Ringe, som stak smukt af 99 ) mod det ravnesorte 100 ) Haar og dunkle Skæg. J ) Paa den hojre Haands fMéllemfin- ger 2 ) sad en Ring, hvori der paa morkeblaa Grund funk- lede Ordet Amitié i straalende 3 ) Diamanter. Ved Afskje- den 4 ) fra Hjemmet gav hans Fader ham den med disse Ord : "Min Son ! Kærlighed forbitrede din Ungdom : maat- te 5 ) et trofast 6 ) Venskab, ægte som disse Diamanter, for- sode 7 ) dig din Manddom !" Dén Gang troede Fédor , at en Kunstner var éphojet over Amors Paafund, 8 ) og for- lod sit Fædreneland med det begejstrede Forsæt, 9 ) at leve ganske alene for sin Kunst med Opofrelse af 10 ) jor- diske Tilbøjeligheder. 11 ) Hvorvidt det stod i hans Magt, at udfore dette Forsæt eller ej, vil det Folgende 12 ) vise. 13 ) Da den unge Måler var kommen udaf Ståden Alba- nos snævre Gåder, og havde naaet Soens hoje Kyst, drejede han om 14 ) til venstre gjennem den herlige 92 ) almost. 93 ) charm (f). 94 ) maiden's heart. ° 5 ) expressive. 96 ) dazzling, or ) spread. 98 ) of the (his) face. ") set off well, made a fine contrast to. 10 °) raven hlack. *) beard. 2 ) middle-finger. 3 ) radiant, sparkling. 4 ) at the (his) leave, i. e. when he took leave. s ) may, or would to God that. 6 ) faith- ful. r ) sweeten. 8 ) devices, tricks. 9 ) enthusiastic purpose. 10 ) with sacrifice of, i. e. sacrificing. ll ) earthly propensities. 12 ) the following, i. c. the succeeding pages. ,3 ) show (|). **) he turned about. TALES AND STORIES. 115 Allé, 15 ) som forer til Kastel Gandolfo. Omtrent midt imellem disse to Smaastæder ligger der ved Vejen et Munkekloster, udenfor hvilket der findes en halvrund 16 ) aaben Plads, omgivet af Træer med mange fritstaaende Altere, hvor de Troende forrette 17 ) deres Andagt. 18 ) Nærmest ved Soen, næsten lige 19 ) ved den nédgaaende 20 ) Skraaning, staaer der et ældgammelt 21 ) stort Træ, som med sine tætte vidtudstrakte skyggefulde Grene, yder Vandreren et koligt Hvilested. Paa en Bænk 22 ) under dette Træ satte Fédor sig, og tabte sig i Beskuelsen af det herlige Maleri, som laa udbredt for hans Oje. Den klare Morgensol oplyste Soens skovrige 23 ) Brædder, og Monte Cavos Top spejlede sig 24 ) i den blanke, 25 ) solv- blaa Våndflade. Kunstneren tog en Tegnebog 26 ) frem, og begyndte at skidsére, 27 ) men under Arbejdet 28 ) hensank han ofte i saa dybe Tanker, at hans Haand blev liggende 29 ) uvirk- som 30 ) paa Papiret. Han gjénnemlob i Tanken flere Begivenheder 31 ) i sit Liv, og hans sjælfulde Ansigtstræk 3 ^) gjengåve, 33 ) som et tro Spejl, alt hvad der foregik 34 ) i hans Indre. „O! tænkte han, i det han med glædesdrukne 35 ) Blikke skuede omkring sig, hvor herligt er ikke Italien? Med Rette skildre 36 ) Rejsende og Digtere os dette Land saa skont, og vistnok bor enhver, som er saa lykkelig at betræde 37 ) dets hellige Jordbund, takke Forsynet for en saadan Gave, hvorefter saa mange Tusinde forgæves 38 ) stræbe med brændende 39) Længsel; 40 ) uden 41 ) nogen- 15 ) walk. 16 ) semicircular. 1T ) perform Q). 18 ) devotion. l9 ) directly, close. 20 ) sloping. 21 ) very old. 22 ) bench, form. 23 ) woody. 24 ) was reflected. 25 ) bright. 26 ) pocket-book, drawing-book. 2r ) sketch. 28 ) during the work. 29 ) remained lying, lay a long while. 30 ) inactive, idle. 31 ) accidents. S2 ) features. 33 ) reflected. 34 ) passed. 35 ) joy-drunken. 36 ) paint, describe. 37 ) set foot upon. 38 ) in vain. 39 ) ardent. 40 ) longing, desire. 41 ) without. 8* 116 TALES A1YD STORIES. sinde at opnaa 42 ) deres Ojemed. 43 ) Himmelske Fader! jeg takker dig, fordi du lod det falde i min Lod, at be- træde Historiens og Skonhedens Land, og gav mig Hjærte til at fole Naturens evige Herlighed, og Villie til at elske det gode hos Italiens Indvaanere. — Ak, desværre, alt- for ofte blive de grusomt miskjendte, 44 ) især af Personer, som aldrig have været udenfor deres Moders Kokkendor. Hvor faa Rejsende gives der dog i Grunden, 45 ) som nyde det der tilbydes dem? Vel forsynede med politiske og religiose Fordomme, see de alting fra en falsk Synspunkt miskjende Ojeblikkets Herlighed , og forbitre sig enhver Glæde ved utidige Sammenligninger med Hjemmet. Men hvor ofte angre de 46 ) deres daarlige Adfærd, 47 ) naar den svundne 48 ) Fryd 49 ) for evig 50 ) er tabt. Jeg veed mig selv, trods 51 ) alle mine andre Svagheder, dog fri for denne Fejl. Mit kære Fædreneland; Gud veed, at du er mit Hjærte kær, men derfor 52 ) er jeg ikke saa blind for andre Landes Fortrin, 53 ) at jeg éne og alene skulde soge det fortræffelige 54 ) i dit Skod. 55 ) Tilgiv 56 ) mig, at Albå- nersoens yppige 9 smilende Brædder forekomme 5T ) mig skonnere end Ilmensoens taagefulde 58 ) Kyster. Sælsomme Forvildelse 59 ) af den skabende™) Natur ! Hvorfor^) skulde jeg, i hvis Aarer 62 ) Sydens hede Blod flammer i sin hele Lue,, 63 ) just fodes 64 ) ved Névas iskolde Vande under den tresindstyvende Breddegrad? 65 ) Herre Gud! Du kunde jo ligesaa godt have ladet mig see Dagens Lys ved det viin- rige Astrachan eller paa det blomstrende 66 ) Krimm. Der have vi jo ogsaa Viindruer , 67 ) evig glodende Roser og duftende 68 ) Meloner ligesom hér. Jeg havde da paa een 42 ) reaching. 43 ) aim, end. 44 ) misjudged. * 5 ) in faet (f). 46 ) do they repent. 47 ) foolish behaviour. 48 ) gone past. 49 )joj. 30 ) eternally. 5l ) in spite of, notwithstanding. 5 -) for all that. 53 ) superiority (f). 54 ) the excellent, i. e. excellency > 35 ) lap, bosom. 3G ) forgive! 57 ) appear. 38 ) foggy. 39 ) mistake. 60 ) crea- ting. GJ ) why? 62 ) veins, also oars (I). G3 ) flame. 64 ) be born. 6S ) degree of latitude. 6C ) florid. ° 7 ) grapes. 68 ) fragrant. TALES AND STOKIES. 117 Gang været baade en Sydbo og en Russer, jeg havde da ikke frusset mellem Isklumper og Snedynger 69 ) ved den fmske Bugt. 70 ) Dog hvortil dette? Landskabsmaleren kan vel elske det pittoreske., det henrykkende i fremmede Landes Naturskonheder, og mindes det med vemodig Længsel, naar han ej mere har det for Oje, men Menne- sket maa finde sig i 71 } Skæbnens Tilskikkelser 72 ) med Taalmodighed , og virke 73 ) i den Kreds, 74 ) hvor Himlen har hensat 75 ) ham. Unyttigt 76 ) er det at spilde Tiden med tomme Klager; 77 ) derfor vil jeg ikke plage 78 ) mig med Bekymringer 79 ) over de svundne Dage, ej heller gruble over 80 ) min Fremtids Skæbne, men nyde Øjeblik- kets elskelige Lyst med Taknemmelighed. 81 ) Ja, dejlige 82 ) Italien, du er en Bålsom83) for mit saarede 84 ) Hjærte, du stiller 85 ) de Kvaler, hvormed den falske Natalias T ro- loshed 86 ) sonderrevS 7 ) min Sjæl. Smertelige 8 ^) Minde 89 ) om en fordærvelig 90 ) Lidenskab, vig for Naturens troste- rige 91 ) Skonhed. Ha! yndige, falske Slange, 92 ) hvorledes kunde du saa letsindig 93 ) forglemme min Kærlighed, og lonne min varme Troskab med Meenéd? 94 ) I lange Aar tilbad jeg dig, lindrede 95 ) din Faders sorgelige Stilling, og forskaffede 96 ) dig ved hans Dod et venligt Ly 97 ) un- der mine kære Forældres 98 ) gæstfri 99 ) Tåg. Og saale- des gjéngjælder du mig ! — O, Taknemmelighed ! var du da aldrig Kærligheds Moder? — Ak, nej! Kærlighed er Himlens Datter, og fodes ej af jordiske Drifter. 100 ) Den 6S ) lumps, masses of ice & heaps of snow, r0 ) the gulf of Fin- land. 71 ) put up with, bear. 72 ) decrees of fate. 73 ) act (1). 74 ) circle, cycle, sphere. 73 ) placed. 76 ) useless. 77 ) empty complaints. 78 ) torment. 79 ) griefs, (plur. f). 80 ) muse upon. 81 ) gratitude, 8i ) fair. 83 ) balm, 84 ) wounded. 85 ) soothest. 86 ) faithlessness. 8r ) tore to pieces, broke. 88 ) sore, doleful. 89 ) remembrance, 90 ) pernicious. 91 ) rich in comfort. 92 ) snake, viper. 93 ) fickly, inconsiderately. 94 ) perjury. 93 ) alleviated. 96 ) furnished, afTorded (l), 97 ) shelter. 96 ) parents. 99 ) hospi- table. 10 °) instincts. 118 TALES AND STORIES. er fri som Luften paa Bjergene, og flygter for Lænker *) og Tvang, 2 ) Ja ! jeg foler det. Natalia svor mig Tro- skab af Taknemmelighed, og derfor hævnede den fornær- mede 3 ) Natur sig paa hende , da Ivan smeltede den fal- skes Bryst. Dog hvorfor hykle 4 ) Folelser, hun ikke nærede ! Min grændselose 5 ) Hengivenhed, min provede 6 ) Troskab blev til Latter , 7 ) da hun i Ivans Arme drev Gjék med 8 ) Tro og Love. 9 ) O , Natalia , vildt kastede du dig i hans Favn! 10 ) er du da lykkelig ved hans Side ? Er du det virkelig? Elsker han dig da? — En Taare stod i Fédors Oje, da han mindedes sin Ungdoms Kærlighed, men snart fattede han sig, 11 ) greb 12 ) sin Crayon, og tegnede atter. 13 ) "Ak! tænkte han, hvi anklager 14 ) jeg da hende? Kan en Mårmorstotte 15 ) besjæ- les af Lidenskab, en Istap 16 ) glode af brændende Foleise ? — Nej , nej ! jo mere 17 ) jeg overtænker dette usalige 1S ) Forhold, jo mere indseer jeg, at det ikke var Kærlighed, ihvorvel 19 ) det har forbitret mig min Ungdoms skonneste Dage* Men bort 20 ) med dette! Jeg opgiver 21 ) for evig enhver Fordring 22 ) paa den Lykke at elske og elskes igjén, og glemmer mine Forvildelser. 23 ) Kun 24 ) i dit Tempel, Natur! vil jeg knæle, og paa dit Alter, o hel- lige 25 ) Kunst, ofrer jeg frivillig 26 ) mit Hjærtes Folelser. Jeg er nu fem og tyve Aar gammel, det er nu paa Ti- den 27 ) at blive klog. 28 ) Saaledes filosoferede Kunstneren en rum Tid, 29 ) og arbejdede derhos flittigen. Men da han var lidt iidmat- *) chains (|). 2 ) constraint. 3 ) injured, offended* 4 ) feign, 5 ) unbounded. 6 ) tried. 7 ) was turned to ridicule. *) sported with. 9 ) faith and promise, Love, is derived from the Germ. Glaube, belief, trust. 10 ) fathom, embrace. 1J ) recovered himself. 12 )took up. 13 ) sketched on (again). 14 ) complain of. 15 ) marblestatue. 16 ) icicle. ir ) the more. 18 ) unhappy. 19 ) although. 20 ) away. 21 ) renounce. 22 ) claim. 23 ) errors. 24 ) only. 25 ) sacred. * 6 ) voluntarily. 2r ) high time. 28 ) wise. * 9 ) a long while, they say also, but it is a Germanism, en Tid lang. TALES AND STORIES. 119 tet 30 ) af den forrige 31 ) Dags Arbejde, og nu desuden saa tidlig havde forladt sit Leje, saa begyndte han at blive sdvnig. Han satte sig derfor mere magelig 32 ) paa Bænken, lænede Ryggen 33 ) mod Træets tykke Stamme, og lagde sin Tegnebog paa Skodet. Det vårede 34 ) ikke længe, forend han begyndte at nikke 35 ) med Hovedet, og snart faldt han i en dyb vederkvægende Slummer, hvor- ved hans Tegnebog gled néd paa Jorden, og blev lig- gende opslagen 36 ) med en Skidse af den halvrunde Plads, paa hvilken han sad. I Forstningen 37 ) slumrede han rolig; 38 ) men efterhaånden 39 ) begyndte hans Fantasi at tumle sig 40 ) i mångehaande sélsomme 41 ) Forestillinger og Billeder, der omsider ordnede sig 42 ) til en mærkelig Drom, som vi hermed ville meddele 43 ) vore Læsere. Det forekom ham, som om 44 ) uforudsete Omstæn- digheder nodte ham til pludselig, at maatte forlade Ita- lien, og vende tilbage til sit Hjem. Med Ranselen 45 ) paa Ryggen og en Våndringsstav i Haanden, stod han med eet 46 ) foran en meget lang Bro,, 47 ) paa hvilken der bevæ- gede sig mange Tusende Mennesker i det daglige Livs Sysler. 43 ) Under den var det grændselose 49 ) Hav yderst 50 ) klart og gjénnemsigtigt, 51 ) paa hvis Bund det ligeledes vrimlede af 52 ) utallige Mennesker, der vogtede 53 ) deres Forretninger, ligesaa frit og uhindret som Vandrerne paa Broen. Op af Bolgernes Overflade hævede sig et blændende hvidt Skelet med glimrende Vinger og en gyl- den Lé. 54 ) I dets Aasyn, 55 ) skont kun en Knokkelbyg- ning, 56 ) laa Mildhed og Fred. 57 ) Fédor studsede 58 ) ved 30 ) wearied. 31 ) preceding. 32 ) commodiously. 33 ) back. 34 ) lasted, was. 35 ) nod. 36 ) open. 37 ) the beginning. 38 ) quietly, softly. 39 ) by little and little. 40 ) ramble, rove. 41 ) wonderful. 42 ) arranged themselves. 43 ) communicate to. 44 ) as if. 45 ) wallet. 46 ) at once. 47 ) bridge. 48 ) occupations. 49 ) boundless. 60 ) exceedingly. 51 ) transparent. 52 ) swarmed with. 53 ) attended to. 54 ) scythe. 55 ) countenance. * 6 ) struc- ture of bones. 5T ) peace. 58 ) started at. 120 TALES AND STORIES. disse Syner, 59 ) og tænkte: „Dette er ikke den lille Vin- debro, som forer til min Faders Landsted, 60 ) og dog syntes mig for, at jeg saae Huset selv og Haven, som omgiver det. I det han anstillede disse Betragtninger tilhviskede et ubekjéndt Væsen ham: 61 ) „Dette er Vér- densbroen, som forer til Fuldkommenhedens Borg. 62 ) Du er Livets Genius og Skelettet med den gyldne Le er D6- dens Genius. Ved Lyden af disse Ord forekom det Fédor, at han forandredes 63 ) i sit hele Væsen. Hans sædvanlige jor- diske Dragt 6 *) sank néd, og han indhylledes 65 ) i et straa- lende hvidt Klædebon. 66 ) Der voxte hvide Vinger frem 67 ) af hans Skuldre, og hans hele Legeme lutredes 68 ) af æterisk Ild. Han gjénnemskuede med Klarhed hele Jord- livets Færd, og folte sig i en uendelig 69 ) Gråd ophojet over det menneskelige Kom Han saae sig omkring med ædel ophojet Anstand, 7 ^ og Vandrerne paa Broen betrag- tede ham med Ærbodighed 71 ) og Frygt. Skelettet saae smilende op til ham, og sagde: u Vær 72 ) mig velkommen min Broder, og unddrag mig ikke 73 ) mine Offere/' 74 ) u Nei, svarede Fédor, Livets Fyrste kjender ingen Uret- færdighed. 75 ) De svage Dodelige elske mig og hade dig, og dog 76 ) leve de hos dig som hos mig."' Med disse Ord vinkede 77 ) han ad en Mand, som gik ham forbi. Denne nærmede sig skjælvende, men Fédor greb ham med overnaturlig Kraft, og slyngede ham lid i Bolgerne. Gaa! sagde han, du er moden 78 ) til Doden. Forsvind af Livet, og gjor Plads for andre ! Den ulyksalige sank med 59 ) visions (§) , but Sync without plur. is appearance, show. 60 ) country-seat. 61 ) tilliv, ham, whispered to him (p. 72). f ' 2 ) the castle of perfection. 63 ) was changed, transformed. 64 ) clothing. 65 ) was covered. 6G ) garment. 67 ) voxle frem, grew forth, shot forth. 68 ) was purified. 69 ) infinite. 70 ) dig- nity. 71 ) veneration. 72 ) be! (p. 40). r3 ) do not withdraw. 7 *) victims. 7a ) injustice. 70 ) nevertheless. 77 ) beckoned. 78 ) ripe. TALES AND STORIES. 121 et Skrig néd i de klare Vande, men da Doden berorte ham sagte 79 ) med sin Lé, bevægede han sig med for- nyet Munterhed og Kraft paa Havets Bund. Skelettet takkede Fédor med et venligt Nik, og sank derpaa néd i Bolgerne. Livets Genius skred videre frem 80 ) paa Broen, og bragde sin Broder Doden mangt et Offer. Omsider da Fédor var nær ved den modsatte Kyst, nærmede sig en dejlig Pige, som lignede hans fordums elskede Nata- lia, og hviskede til ham: <4 Her er Fuldkommenhedens Borg paa denne Klippetinde. 81 ) Jeg forer 82 ) dig derhen." Fédor betragtede hende studsende S3 ) og sagde: e4 Du ér dog Natalia, og stoler paa 84 ) min jordiske Svaghed. Men jeg siger dig for forste og sidste Gang; misbrug aldrig mit Venskab, ti ellers bliver 85 ) du straffet. s 6 ) Foran dem laa Borgen paa et truende Fjeld, 87 ) og Vejen derhen gik hnéllem Torne og Krat ved Siden af umaalelige Afgrunde. 88 ) Da greb 89 ) Natalia en modende Vandrer, og kastede ham fra Klippetinden néd i Bjergets dybeste Klofter. 90 ) Gy- sende 91 ) bemærkede 92 ) Fédor dette, og udbrod 93 ) i dyb Bevægelse: ; .Det er forbi. Dit jordiske Liv er endt! Nu kommer Dddens Genius op af denne Brond, 94 ) og forer dig bort.'' I det han frémforte 95 ) disse Ord, stode de begge i en mork Hvælving 96 ) i Borgen ved Siden af en uhyre 97 ) dyb Brond. Op af dens Svælg steg Doden, og tog Natalia ved Haanden, for at lede hende derhen; men den fortvivlede 9S ) Pige omslyngede 99 ) Fédor med Hæftighed, og bad om Skaansel. 100 ) Da svarede denne med Taarer : _ t Jeg kan ikke redde *) dig ! jeg maa selv en Gang nedstige 2 ) i Bronden , naar Himlens Herre 3 ) 79 ) softly, gently. 80 ) advanced farther. 81 ) summit of the rock. 82 ) I will bring, lead. 83 ) amazed. 8i ) trust to. 85 ) shall be. 86 ) punished. 87 ) mountain. 88 ) abysses. 89 ) seized. 90 ) clefts. fil ) shuddering. 92 ) perceived. 93 ) broke forth, cried out. **) well. 95 ) spoke* 9G ) vault. 9r ) excessively, terribly. 9e ) desperate. ") wound herself about, cleaved to. 10 °) indul- gence, mercy. 1 ) save. -) descend. 3 ) the lord of heaven. 122 TALES AND STORIES. omvælter 4 ) denne Tingenes Orden."' Med disse Ord slap 5 ) Fédor den trosteslose 6 ) M6, 7 ) og Doden styrtede 8 ) hende néd i Bronden. Jåmmertoner 9 ) 16de fra det rædsomme 10 ) Dyb. Nu vendte Fédor sig til Doden , og sagde : Min Broder! ogsaa jeg maa en Gang 11 ) nedstige i dit Rige. Modtag mig da vénligen. Mit Hjærte trænger til 12 ) Kær- lighed, Da saae Doden med et himmelsk 13 ) Smil paa ham, og trykte hans Haand med uendelig Varme mod 14 ) sit Bryst. ff4 D6den er Livet", sagde han, ie l mit Rige bevæger Stovet 15 ) sig som i dit; dit er en evig Omvex- ling 16 ) af Tingene, og alt dette er kun Forberedelse. 17 ) Vi to vide intet. Over 18 ) os ére der uendelige Gråder af fuldkomne Aander. Men vi ére Venner.'' Ved disse Ord forandrede Skelettets hele Udvortes sig; dets Aasyn straalede 19 ) i en uforkrænkelig 20 ) Glorie, 21 ) og dets hele Skabning 22 ) antog 23 ) saa skonne og ædle Former, som det dodelige Oje aldrig skuer. Det herligste meest fuld- endte 24 ) Væsen, med Salighedens 25 ) reneste Udtryk i sine Miner, 26 ) stod for Fédor, som folte sig betåget 27 ) af unæv- nelig hellig Fryd. Den skonne forædlede Genius sank til sin Broders Hjærte , og en Anelse 28 ) af den himmel- ske Reenhed 29 ) faldt i Fédors Sjæl. Han vilde tåle, men Læben nægtede 30 ) ham sin Tiéneste. Hans Hjærte mæg- tede ikke 31 ) at bære denne overjordiske Salighed, og han — vaagnede. 32 ) 4 ) destroyes. 5 ) let loose, let go. 6 ) inconsolable. T ) maid. 8 ) precip- itated, hurled. 9 ) tones of lamentation. 10 ) dreadful. **) one day, at last. 12 ) stands in need of. 13 ) celestial, heavenly. 14 ) to, * 5 ) the dust, mankind. 16 ) transmutation. 1T ) preparation. 38 ) above. I9 ) beamed. 20 ) incorruptible, imperishable. 21 ) ra- diance. 22 ) shape, person. 23 ) assumed. 24 ) finished, perfect,. 25 ) beatitude. 26 ) countenance. 2T ) seized, stunned. 28 ) per- ception, idea. 29 ) purity. 30 ) denied. 3l ) was unable. 32 ) awoke. 123 KONG VALDEMARS DATTER OG ALKORS SON. Et Æventyr af Nyerups Idunna for 1812. Iler vår en Konning l ) ved Oster -Strand, 2 ) Kong Valdemar hédte 3 ) den bolde, 4 ) han raadte 5 ) ej over Riger og Land, og ej over grorme Volde ; 6 ) han aate 7 ) en Borg saa brat. 8 ) og fast, og dertil vel tusinde Snækker 9 ) med Silkesejl og forgylden Mast: saa vide hans Vælde 10 ) sig strækker. 11 ) Om Vinteren sad han paa bratten Borg alt 12 ) med sine Kæmper 13 ) tilsammen ; 14 ) da drukke de Mjoden foruden Sorg, og Vinen den klare med Gammen. Naar Solen skinned' i gronnen Vang 16 ) og Gjdgen 17 ) mon gale 18 ) i Lunde, 19 ) da hejsed 20 ) han Sejl med Spil 21 ) og med Sang, at gæste 22 ) de bretlandske 23 > Sunde. 24 ) Om Hosten, 25 ) naar Voven ej mere var huld, 26 ) og Stormen begyndte at bjælde, 27 ) *) poet* for Konge, king. 2 ) for Ostersd-en, the Baltic. 3 ) for hed, p* 46«. 4 ) the brave, gallant (bold). 5 ) reigned. 6 ) poet. or Norwegian for Mark, field. Svved. vall 9 Icel* vollr. r ) an old poet* form for ejede possessed. [It is the past tense dtti of the Icelandic verb eiga, to possess* ed]. 8 ) steep [it means lofty, beetling. ed.] + 9 ) vessels. 10 ) power* iJ ) extends. 12 ) all, a poet, expletive. 13 ) champions. 14 ) together, an old Germanism* 15 ) mirth, joy. 16 ) field. ir ) the cuckoo. 18 ) did Qrow, sing. 19 ) groves, woods* 20 ) hoisted. 21 ) play, music. 22 ) visit. 23 ) British* 24 ) sounds, strath. 25 ) harvest, autumn. 26 ) favorable* 2r ) howl. 124 POETICAL EXTRACTS. da drog han tilbage med Solv og med Guld, med kostelig Vin og med Trælle. Han var saa saare 28 ) rig paa Guld, paa Tærner 29 ) og favre Svende, 30 ) men al sin Klenod 31 ) han agted som Muld mod Hilda hans Datter hin vænne. 32 ) Hende gilled 33 ) saa mangen Ridder skon, de droge saa vide Veje, men hun havde kaaret 34 ) Prins Rerik i Lon, 35 ) ham maatte hun ikke éje. Hans Fader var Alkor, den Stolkonge 36 ) gram; af Hjærtet Kong Valdemar hadede ham. De våre Fostbrodre 37 ) i Ungdommens Vaar; 38 ) de bléve saa fjendske 39 ) i Manddommens Aar. Naar Valdemar drog paa Leding 40 ) ud, blev hundrede Kæmper tilbage, som skulde forsvare den M6 41 ) saa prud, 42 ) og tage paa hende vel Vare. 43 ) Da torde 44 ) hun aldrig af Buret 45 ) gaa, dog blev hende Tiden ej lang: hun dansed med sine Tærner smaa, hun slog Guldharpen og sang; saa sommede 46 ) hun med roden Guld, og naar hendes Finger var vund, 47 ) saa légte 48 ) hnn med sin liden Hund, smaa Issegrim var baade væn og huld. Naar Solen gik ned bag Skovens Top, da tren hun saa tit i Hojenloft op, - 8 ) so very. i9 ) hand -maids, girls. 30 ) fine lads. 3I ) treasure, a Germanism for Klenodie. 32 ) fair. 33 ) approved, courted. 34 ) chosen. 35 ) privately, secretly. 3G ) literally: throne-king i. c. .great king. 37 ) sworn friends. 3e ) spring.-. 39 ) hostile. 40 ) naval expedition. 41 ) maid. 4 -) fine, elegant, excellent. 43 ) tage Vare paa, attend, take care of. 44 ) durst (p. 43). A5 ) cage ; small, separate dwellinghouse; a lady's bower. 46 ) sowed, stitched. * 7 ) wounded (hy the needle). 4e ) played. POETICAL EXTRACTS. 125 og saae hen ud over hviden Strand, 49 ) hvor Havfruen 50 ) légte i klaren Vand. Da saae hun og tit til de gamle Linde, 51 ) hvorunder hun légte med Rerik saa fr6> alt forend de Fædre blev fjendske i Sinde, alt forend Prins Rerik i Leding uddrog. Da kvad hun: „Prins Rerik! hvor est 52 ) du min Ven? hvor svæver du nu paa Bolgen blaa? Sju 53 ) lange Vintre er rundne hen, siden dig mit Oje saae. Ak! har du forgæt 54 ) din Barndoms 55 ) M6. da 56 ) Hilda af Kummer og Sorrig maa do." En Kvæld 57 ) som i Hojenloft hun sad, og saae, hvor de Havfruer légte saa glad, og horte hvor Aftenens Vinde mon suse igjennem de Linde. Fra Lindenes morke Kroner 58 ) klang 59 ) saa yndelig 60 ) saadan en Harpesang: ,Jeg réd saa vide om Bjerg og So, gjennem morken Skov og dybe Dale, men ingensteds fandt jeg den vænne Mo, der kunde mit Hjærte husvale. 61 ) Ak! Elskov klemmer 62 ) saa saare; Naar Snækken gled over Bolgen blaa, klang Vovernes Pladsken som Hildas Sange: naar Gangeren traved f3 ) over Heden graa, lod Gangerens Fodslag som Harpens Strenge, som Hilda slog under Linden. 49 ) sea or seashore. 50 ) the mermaid. 31 ) limetrees. 52 ) art, poet. for er. 33 ) seven, poet. for syv. 54 ) forgot, an archaism for forjættet, poet. for forglemt. 56 ) of thy childhood. 56 ) then. 5 7 ) night, late evening. 38 ) crowns, tops. 59 ) sounded. 6C ) grace- ful, charming. 61 ) comfort. 62 ) presses, wrings. 63 ) trotted, for travede (f) thus in the following e is frequently omitted in similar cases. 126 POETICAL EXTRACTS. Jeg Hildas Billed' i Skyen saae, naar Ojet til Himlen jeg hæved, og stirred jeg dybt ned i Havets Blaa, hendes Billed imode mig svæved, ti Elskov klemmer saa saare ! Hvor est du, Hilda! o lyt 64 ) til min Sang, og il til mit bankende Hjærte! i Barndommens Vaar ved Harpens Klang du selv jo at elske mig lærte, 65 ) naar Harpen du slog under Linden, Ak! Elskov klemmer saa saare!" Nu tav den tonende Harpe brat, 66 ) Og Hilda lyttede længe; men ingen Tone i morke Nat klang mere fra Harpens Strenge. Kun Vinden sused i Lindens Grene, og Bolgen pladsked mod Strandens Stene. Da greb hun Harpen og sagte rorte de gyldne Strenge, og Vinden forte igjennem Morket de svage Toner hen til de gamle Lindekroner: 44 I ensomt Bur, en Due 67 ) lig, maa Hilda kvæde sorgelig; 69 ) knap 69 ) tor hun Harpens Strenge rore, at ej de Tærner deres Klang skal hore; knap tor hun nynne saa sagtelig: min Hjærtens Ven! jeg elsker dig. Ak! Elskov klemmer saa saare." Nu sidder Hilda hver Kvæld saa glad, mens Rerik kvæder i Lunden; skont tykke Mure dem skiller ad, • de have dog Sorgen forvunden. 70 ) * 4 ) the imperative from jeg lytter, I hearken, listen, 63 ) taughtst. 66 ) suddenly. er ) dove, pigeon. C8 ) melancholy. 69 ) scarcely, otherwise næppe. 70 ) repaired, forgot. POETICAL EXTRACTS. 127 Men hor mig, skon Jomfru, og mærk derpaa 71 ) Til Gammen 72 ) til Sorg sig mon 73 ) vende, naar Solen som klarest 74 ) paa Himlen mon staa, da kommer Uvejret 75 ) behænde. 76 ) Det lakked nu alt ad 77 ) Hostens Tid, og Vinden fra Vesten mon stande, 78 ) de Vikinger 79 ) ile fra Bretland hid alt over de skummende 80 ) Vande, paa Voven danse de Snekker blaa, i Skoven hvirvle de Blade smaa. Det stormer saa hårdt over Vesterhav, S1 ) de Bolger styrte som Bjerge mod Stranden. „Ak! fandt du, kær Fader, i Bolgen din Grav, da dor din Hilda, jeg siger for Sanden, mit Hjærte da brister 82 ) af Sorgen." Det tordner 83 ) i Vesten, det lyner 81 ) saa brat 85 ) den Taarnevægter 86 ) blæser 87 ) om morken Nat, det runger 88 ) saa hojt udi Borgen; fra Stranden hores som Vaabengny, 89 ) de Kæmper raabe i vilden Sky; da kiger 90 ) Maanen saa listelig 91 ) bag Skyen frem over hviden Bolge. Det er Kong Valdemar gæv 92 ) og rig, fra Brétlands Tog 93 ) med alt sit Folge; 94 ) det er Kong Valdemar stolt og prud alt med sine tusinde Snækker. 71 ) attend to it, think on. 72 ) joy, mirth. 73 ) will, may. r4 ) at the clearest, brightest. 75 ) bad weather, storm. T6 ) nimbly, hastily. 77 ) literally: it now already approached to. 78 ) poet, for staa, stand« 79 ) sea-champions, sea-heroes. 80 ) foaming. 81 ) theNorth-sea 5 or German ocean. 82 ) will. burst (f p. 49)« 83 ) thunders, 8 *) light- ens. 85 ) frequently. 86 ) tower-watchman. 87 ) blows (his horn). e8 ) resounds. 89 ) noise of arms. 90 ) peeps« 91 ) rogu- ishly, slyly, 92 ) excellent. 93 ) from (his) expedition to Britain. 9i ) retinue« .. 128 POETICAL EXTRACTS. Skou Hilda seer fra Hojenloft ud; de Silkesejl Stranden bedækker : 95 ) "Nu Krist være lovet i Himmerig! kær Fader! jeg snart kan favne dig." De Kæmper sidde ved breden Bord, de drikke baade Ol og Mjod; de vexle 96 ) saa mangt et skjemtsomt 97 ) Ord, ti Vinen den småger saa sod. I Hojsædet 98 ) sidder den Konning god, ved Siden skon Hilda det Rosenblod. 99 ) , I Hallen triner en Ridder ind, 100 ) - var klædt i Maar J ) og Skarlagenskind. 2 ) Forst hilser 3 ) han den Konning god, saa hilser han Hilda det Rosenblod. t Hil 4 ) være eder, Kong Valdemar bold ! Kong Alkor la'r 5 ) eder hilse; I 6 ) stréde 7 ) saa ofte med Avindsskjold 8 ) eder begge til liden Frelse ; 9 ) nu er til Forlig 10 ) han og Venskab bered, han byder eder saa tryg 11 ) en Fred, om I ham vil vide 12 ) en Bon. I haver en Datter, saa væn 13 ) en M6 der findes vel næppe paa Verdens O, hende fæste 14 ) I Rerik, Kong Alkors Son." 4< Nej !" skreg Kong Valdemar, var saa gram. 15 ) a ret aldrig min Datter skal fæste ham! 95 ) cover. 90 ) interchange. or ) sportful. ") on the throne. ") Bloch blood, stands poetically for creature, maiden. 10 °) tri- ner ind, enters, (§ p. 50). J ) marten (-skin). 2 ) Skind, skin, is here put poetically for cloak furred with skin. 3 ) greets, salu- tes. 4 ) hail. 3 ) for lader, lets (you greet, i. e. sends you greet- ing). °) you (both). r ) fought (^ p. 50). 8 ) shield or arms of envy, i. e. rancour. 9 ) salvation, benefit, gain. 10 ) reconciliation* al ) safe, secure (p, 27). 12 ) grant, a poet, expression Icel. veito. 33 ) so fine, equally fine. l4 ) betroth., optative (i). 15 ) (he) was so (very) angry or hateful. POETICAL EXTRACTS. 129 ret aldrig min Datter en Nidding 16 ) skal faa. En Nidding er Alkor, hans Son deslige : 1T ) for skal hun som M6 udi Kloster gaa og fæste sig Brudgom i Himmerige." Den Ridder ham svarer sommelig: 18 ) ^rjerre Konning! du ikke forivre Dig!" 19 ) han vidste at foje 20 ) sin Tale saa godt, .. «Kong Alkor er Rysalands mægtige Drot, 21 ) Prins Rerik en Ridder med Ære: hvad han faar ej med Gode, han tager med Magt. Ej Niddinger monne de være." ts Spar 22 ) du dine Ord, Ridder Uselig, 23 ) hvis mit Sværd ej Munden skal stoppe 24 ) dig." Ud ganger 25 ) den Ridder saa skyndelig, 26 ) det var ej ret sikkert at dvæle; men Hilda sidder saa bleg som et Lig, for Sorrig hun kunde ei mæle 27 ). Nu lider det 28 ) Maaneder fire og fem, de Huskarle drikke og kvæde; men Hilda saa saare mon græde. 29 ) Nu lider det alt til Vaaren frem: hojt Solen skinner paa klaren Vove, og Gjogen galer i gronne Skove; de Huskarle stunde til 30 ) Ledingsfærd, skon Hilda sig onsker i sorten Jord. Men Valdemar ponser 31 ) saa mangelund, 32 ) han frygter for Alkors lumske Fund, 33 ) 16 ) a scoundrel. [Nidding. Icel. nitPingr is not a plain scoundrel but a mean recreant, a vile traitor. Where the Icelandic sagas say "kvers matins nifringr 1 ', the Italian poets use the expression falsissimo tr adit ore , false traitor, ed ] 17 ) also. 18 ) decently, courteously. 19 ) do not get into passion, optat ({). 20 ) manage, dispose (]). 21 ) lord, poet. 22 ) spare, forbear* 23 ) Sir Pitiful. 24 ) stop, (bung the mouth, i. e. silence). 25 j goes, poet for guar. 26 ) hastily. 27 ) speak. 28 ) it goes i. e. there pass. 29 ) did weep* 30 ) think on, prepare. 31 ) muses, meditates. 32 ) many ways, poet. 33 ) cunning devices. 9 130 POETICAL EXTRACTS. han kalder nu for sig- de Huskarle sju, de bedste i Gaarden 34 ) mon være. (i l sværge en Ed, I sværge mig nu ved Krist og hans Moder kære; I være mig tro, I tie kvær, 35 ) I sige ej fra, hvad jeg byder jer. 1 folge mig nu med Oxe hver 36 ) og hver med sin brede Hakke 37 ) til Morkveds Skov; naar vi komme dér, saa ville vi videre snakke." Og der de kom til Morkveds Skov, begyndte de flugs 3S ) at grave ; 39 ) en Hule 40 ) saa dyb i Jorden de grov, en Stue 41 ) saa 42 ) vilde de lave: 43 ) foroven bedækket med Sten 44 ) og Muld, forinden behængt med Solv og med|Guld, Did bragde Kong Valdemar alt sit Klenod, baade Guld og kostbare Vare, og dertil alskons 45 ) Fetalje 46 ) god, baade. Mjod og Vinen klare. Saa ledte 47 ) han did kær Datter sin med hendes Tærner trende. «Jeg haver beredt en Stue fin med Solv og med Guld behænde, 45 ) den er saa kol 49 ) mod Solens Brand: der vælder 50 ) en Kilde 51 ) af hviden Sand, som Perlen rén er dens klare Vand. 34 ) the house. 35 ) tie, be silent, optat. Q- p. 45), lu-ær, poet* adverb, still, silently, i. e. preserve the secret religiously* 36 ) each. 3r ) mattock. 38 ) immediately. 3 *) di# (| p. 47). 40 ) cavern. 41 ) room. 42 ) an expletive particle. 43 ) prepare, make. 44 ) sto- nes (p. 25). 45 ) of every kind, i, e. divers. 46 ) victuals [a low (German corruption of the Latin word victualia. kd.] 47 ) lead, conducted. 48 ) dexterously, artificially. 49 ) cool, a Germanism for liiilig. 30 ) springs forth. 31 ) fountain. POETICAL EXTRACTS. 131 I dvæle nu hér vel Maaneder fem, mens jeg paa Bolgen maa svæve, 52 ) til Hosten 53 ) komme vi glade hjem i Lyst og Gammen at leve." , Dernede den sorte Grav jeg seer, kær Fader! jeg siger for Sanden: kommer jeg derned, ret 54 ) aldrig mér vi glade skue hinanden. ; .Stig ned, stig ned, min Datter kær! det er saa lystigt at leve dér. Trindtom i Bogens 55 ) Sale 66 ) saa liflig 57 ) synge de Nattergale. 58 ) Stig néd, stig néd, min Datter kær! der er saa herligt at leve. For Hulder 59 ) og Hojbo 60 ) du frygte ej 61 ) dér, vi Kors 62 ) i Dorstolperne 63 ) skréve. Du bede en Bon 61 ) hver Morgenstund, hver Aften du ganger til Hvile, saa vogte 65 ) Smaaéngle om din Blund, 66 ) og bær' dig paa Armene sine." ..Farvel da, kær Fader! du seer mig ej mér! det Lofte du maa mig dog give, at sende mit Hjærte, naar dod jeg er, til Rerik; hans var jeg i Live," u Hold Mund, 67 ) hold Mund, du lede Kvind, 68 ) og pak dig 69 ) nu strags i Hulen ind." Nu dækked de Hulen med Kvist T0 ) og med Gren, 7l ) saa klagelig 72 ) Hilda sig vinder; 73 ) * 2 ) must ramble. 53 j at, in the harvest. 54 ) surely, certainly. 55 ) of the beech. 56 ) saloons, halls. 5T ) sweetly. 38 ) nighting- ales. 59 ) elfs. 60 ) spectres, ghosts, liter, the inhabitant of the harrow, [confer Repp on "Hogmanaye" in the Archæologia Sco- tica. ED.l 61 ) fear not, optat ({). 62 ) crosses Q). 63 ) the posts of the door. 64 ) beg (say) a prayer, optat. 65 ) guard. 66 ) slumber. 07 ) mouth, your tongue* 68 ) you ugly (lewd) woman! 69 ) get you gone. 70 ) twig, I e. twigs. 71 ) branch, bough. 7i ) mournfully. 73 ) winds, wrings herself. 9* 132 POETICAL EXTRACTS. men Faderens Hjærte er haardt som Sten, fast 74 ) Kæmperne græde som Kvinder. Hvi gjalder, 75 ) saa hojt i vilden Sky den Ludurblæst 76 ) og Vaabengny? Hvi bæve de Gråne 77 ) i Limden? Ak, hjælpe dig Gud, du Konning bold! dit Guld og dit Solv er i Fjendens Vold, 75 ) Din Borg Konning Alkor har vunden; 79 ) Dine Kæmper er saar, 80 ) Dine Svende S1 ) er dod': han 82 ) sparer ej Barnet i Moderens Skod, for Du ham for Nidding udskældte. 83 ) Prinds Rerik i Hojenloft selv mon gaae, lian soger skon Hilda i hver en Vraa, 84 ) han vader i Blod til sit Bælte. Da mælte Kong Valdemar gram i Hu: 44 ej Rerik har vundet sit Spil endnii; skon Hilda han aldrig skal finde." Han axler 85 ) saa brat sit Purpurskind, 86 ) behænde sin Brynje 87 ) mon binde; han rider sin Ganger 88 ) ad Borgeled 89 ) ind: „hil være dig Alkor, Fostbroderen min ! vel var det, jeg hér dig kan finde, nu ville vi slikke 90 ) hinandens Blod. 5 ' 91 ) Da hug 92 ) han med baade 93 ) Hænder; men Sværdet brast i Stykker to; 74 ) although, a Sved. idiom for shonU 75 ) sounds. 76 ) the trum- pet-sound Ludur, or Lur or even Lu, is the name of a sort ai antique horn or trumpet used in war. 77 ) the pines. 78 ) power. 79 ) a Germanism or archaism for vundet, won (p. 48). 80 ) wound- ed, an old adj. usually expressed by the partic. saaret. 81 ) young men. 82 ) he, the enemy, viz. King Alkor. 83 ) calledst, abusedst. 84 ) corner. 85 ) throws on his shoulder. 86 ) purplecloak. 87 ) cuirass* 88 ) charger. 89 ) the gate, poet, for Port. 90 ) lick. sl ) alludes to the ancient custom in swearing one another intimate friendship [Fostbrddrelag), 92 ) struck (| p. 47). 93 ) both. poet, for begge. POETICAL EXTRACTS. 133 ham Alkor fra Sadelen render. 94 ) „Nu ligger du alt paa din Bag paa bioden 95 ) Jord behænde, 96 ) nu var det for mig en foje 97 ) Sag, dit nselig Liv at ende. Men aldrig jeg dræber 98 ) Fostbroder min, fast du mig en Nidding mon kalde; min Son du fæste skon Datter din, saa frier 99 ) jeg dig Borgen med alle. 100 ) Men Valdemar drog sin hvasse Kniv : „da agter jeg ikke at spare dit Liv." Han havde 4 ) da Ye J et 2 ) Kong Alkor brat, jeg vil det sige for Sande; men Tagstenen 3 ) ned fra Taarnet drat/ 4 ) og Valdemar slog 5 ) paa hans Pande. 6 ) Da flygted 7 ) Kong Valdemars Svende fus, s ) men ingen af dem saae Dagens Ljus, 9 ) som vidste, hvor Hilda mon blive. 10 ) „Hvor est du, Prins Rerik! hvor est du, min Son? haver du skon Hilda funden? Kong Valdemar haver alt fangen 11 ) sin Lon; og vi have Sejeren vunden." „Gud hjælpe mig arme nselig Svend! Jeg haver forloret 12 ) min Hjærtens Ven. Jeg sogte med Lampe, jeg sogte med Blus, 13 ) det var saa 6de 14 ) i Valdemars Hus, jeg ingensteds min Fæstemo 15 ) saae og ingensteds hendes Tærner smaa. Gud hjælpe mig arme nselig Svend! jeg haver forloret min Hjærtens Ven. ° 4 ) runs., throws. 95 ) the soft, a poet. form for blod or den Mode. ° 6 ) finely. 97 ) small. 98 ) shall kill, 99 ) deliver. 10 °) altogether. 1 ) would, should have. 2 ) killed, poet. 3 ) the tile, a tile. 4 ) dropt. 5 ) hit. 6 ) forehead. 7 ) fled. 8 ) readily, precipitately. 9 ) light, poet, for Lys. 10 ) did stay. 21 ) poet, for faaet, got. 12 )lost. 13 ) flambeau, torch, 14 ) waste, emdty. i:i ) betrothed maid. 134 POETICAL EXTRACTS. <; Du sorge ej saa, kær Sonnen min! Din Mo jeg dig bringer til Hænde; jeg lader nedbryde hver Stok og Sten, jeg lader det Tavlegulv 16 ) vende." De sogte i Dage, de sogte i fem, men Hilda de fandt ej i alle dem. Da kasted de Svende Fakler og Blus i Hojenloft med stor Gammen. De gyldne Floje 17 ) sank néd i Grus, i vilden Sky brasked 18 ) Flammen. Saa brændte de Valdemars stolte Borg; men Rerik havde stor Hjærtesorg. u Hvad have I gjort? Ak, hjælp mig Kristi den Lue saa sorgelig brager; min Fæstemo have I brændt forvist. 19 ) hor, hor, hvor det ynkelig 20 ) klager!" 21 ) Da blev Kong Rerik saa vild i Hu; i Ilden da vilde han springe. Det var stor Jammer, det var stor Gru 22 ) at see, hvor ham Sorgen mon tvinge. Hans Svende ham bandt med Silkesnor, w) de bandt ham de Hænder hvide. Sex Dage og Nætter han mælte ej Ord, hans Fader til megen Kvide. 24 ) Den syvende Morgen, da Sol opstod, gik Rerik ind for sin Fader god han var saa vee 25 ) tilmode : i( l give mig Kaabe, I give mig Stav! saa ganger jeg til den hellige Grav, alt for mine Synder at bode.' 26 ) Den gamle Konning da blev saa mod, 27 ) han græd saa bitter en Taare: 16 ) checkered floor, [or tesselated pavelment. kd.] ir ) weather- cocks. 18 ) bragged, showed itself, arose. 19 ) surely. 20 ) wo« fully. 21 ) laments. 22 ) horror. 23 ) silkcord. 24 ) anguish, sor- row. 25 ) woeful. 2C ) repent. 27 ) weary, sorry. POETICAL EXTRACTS. 135 „Du altid varst 28 ) mig en Son saa god, nu lægger du mig paa Baare. 29 ) Hvad hjælper mig Solv og rode Guld? hvad hjælper mig Lande og Borge? en bårnlos Fader i sorten Muld jeg ganger med bitre Sorge. Bliv hér, min Son! udi Rysaland, her trives saa favre Kvinder; selv rider jeg ud, jeg siger for Sand, den vænneste M6 jeg dig vinder." «Ak Fader! her er ingen Gammen mér, paa Jorden er morkt kun og ode, I Himmelens Rige, hvor Hilda hun ér, der finder jeg Ro for min Kvide." Da tog Prins Rerik den Stav i Haand, han gik saa brat for Sorgen. Da sukked Kong Alkor og opgav sin Aand, der var stor Jammer paa Borgen. Tre Aar han vanked 31 ) vide om Land, og fandt hverken Ro eller Lise; 32 ) da saae han i Dromme en gammel Mand, han ligned Kong Alkor tilvisse. 4i Vend om, vend om, du Ridder bold ! hvi spilder 33 ) du Tiden saa ilde? dit Rige er i dine Svendes Vold, de raade, 34 ) alt som de ville. Din Fader er lagt i sorten Muld; men Hilda hun er dig tro og huld. Vend om, vend om saa skyndelig, men mærk 35 ) det Ord, jeg siger dig: 28 ) poet. for var. 29 ) the bier. 30 ) thrive, grow up. 31 ) strayed, rambled. 32 ) relief, comfort. 33 ) losest. 34 ) rule, act 35 ) at- tend to. 136 POETICAL EXTRACTS. den Jomfru, du moder paa Hojenlofts Bro, 36 ) hende skal du kaare 37 ) og give din Tro, men Hilda skal komme fra Graven brat, og sove saa sodt i din Arm hver Nat." , Sjeberbammen fufte, inbtil Jjan fom uben Sotnerneø Sanb, og r)an font inben 3lferne3 ©tab. Sftøbte t)atn ber $t)or mibt i (Staben, og t)an bet Orb allerførjt fbab: „$if bu noget „for bin 3K6je'? 19 ) „ft g mig i duften „en lang ^Beretning ; „tit for ben ftbtenbe „©agnet forbilbeS, 20 ) „og ben liggenbe „Ifyber en «§ob.^) „SKoget«) j« jeg u for min 9R6ie: „SuSferne« Størjle „$r»m fear bin jammer „ingen ffal få ben „atter tilbage, „uben ban forer barn „ftreba til 93rub! 2)e gif meb fagre %xfya at tale, og tjan bet Orb allerfcvft fbab: * 3 ) collars (f). 14 ) for the dogs, Dative, 15 ) braided. 16 ) evened. * 7 ) the saddle-animal i. e. the horse. l8 ) put aside, a euphe- mism for robbed. l9 ) did you get (gain) any thing by the trouble you have taken. 20 ) the tale is troubled. 21 ) a (good) deal. 22 ) something. POETICAL FXTRACTS. 153 H 33inb om big, grel;a! , ( 99rubelinet 23 ) „age 24 ) ffot bi fammen „til SøtnerneS Sanb!" SSreb Heb ba ftretya, og fn^Pc fåre,**) tøle 2lfa*faten unber tønbe ftjato, Braf* og bet pore 33rijfnge ^aløbånb: u StaV* mig ben tabefte 26 ) u blaubt Æbinber aUt, u om jeg ager meb big „til Søtnerneø Sanb!" GtragS bare Slfer alle ^a Singe og Qlftynier aUe $å $ate: monne berom råbjtå 27 ) be mægtige ©uber, tøur 28 ) be ffutte tønte dommeren fov $or. Set fj?ab ba £ejmbal ben tøibefte 2lfe, oet forubbibenbe 29 ) [om $aner 30 ) alle: u 93inbe bi om %ox ba (( $rubelinet, (( b«re tjarx bet fiove u 93rtftnge £al3banbj u ^Iingtenbe gøgler u fntøte bi tit bæltet, Jabe om §anø Stm „Æbinbeflæber falbe, „men $aa 93rfyftet u Brebe 5<£b#ene, 31 ) „funfttgen meb „fnart ftulle Søtner „Qløgårb fcefco, u uben 35 ) bu bin jammer (( tønter big igien." SBanbt be ba om $or Srubelinet, fcar Ijan og bet pore $riflnge <§aløbånb, ffingrenbe gøgler fntøteb be til 93eltet, lobe om ^anS Jfcnæ Æbinbefføber fatbe, 23 ) bridal attire. 24 ) drive, ride. 25 ) fumed terribly. 26 ) the most lascivious, wanton. 27 ) deliberate. 28 ) an obsolete expres- sion for hvor, or hvorledes, how. 29 ) foreseeing. 30 ) a gentile name like Ases, perhaps a Slavonian tribe, to which Hejmdal belonged* 3l ) gems. 32 ) coif. 3S ) let us adorn, me with effeminacy. 35 ) if not. eproach 154 POETICAL EXTRACTS. men !på ©rljfiet fcrebe 2$betftene, funjtigen meb <§>«t flreb be J)anø £oceb. Set fcab ba Sofe Søbøø Qfrbing: „toijt bit jeg meb big, „bære bin Seerne, „age flat bi fammen „tit SøtnerneØ £anb." ®tragø Btece fcegge «u!fe 36 ) breime fyem, fatte for ©fagterne, 37 ) ffutbe tjurtig tofce: mangen Æltype ftraft, tjrønbte Sorb i £ue; Obinø (Son agebe til 3øtnerneø £anb. Set f&ab ba $rt)m Suøferneø ^rjte:38) „Sftejfer eber Søtner, „reber 39 ) oø aSamfe, i( fører tnig nn ba ,$retya til SSrub, „9?jorbø fagre Sotter u fra 9?oatune! „@ange t;er til ©årbon „gulbtjorneb' tføer, „fulforte JØffnc „Søtnen tit ©ammen ; „nof r)ar jeg ©fatte, lt nof ^ar jeg ©utb&ånb, ,$rei)a afene „fattebeø jeg enb!" 40 ) Sibfig om Jtuætbe fom ber mange ©after, og for 3øtnerne SZJI 6teo Baret frem, ab ba $or en £>ffe, åtk £affe, aUe be tofe, 41 ) amberne ffutb' Jjabe; Sørfien ftuffeb 42 ) $or meb trenbe lotter a^job. Set fbab ba %xljm Suøfcrneø ftfyrfte: J;bor fa' man SSrttbe „Bebre tage tit fig? „$lfbrig få' jeg S3rube „fcebre at få SOTab, 43 ) „atbrig nogen 9ftø „mere Sftjob at briffe. Sen fnilbe 44 ) $e: hm fif (Sfmo for <5fiUinger, 56 ) og «§ammer*«£ug for £;elc $enge*, 57 ) få fom £)btn§ @o»t atter tit ftn jammer. 40 ) He, the Giant, 4r ) ducked with his head under the veil. 48 ) sorry, miserable. 49 ) dared to beg. 50 ) bride-gifts. 51 ) af- fection. 52 ) the crusher, the name of the mallet. 53 ) the God- dess of marriage. 54 ) the ceremonies 3 manners. 55 ) consecrate, especially join in wedlock. 56 ) cuffs for coins; Skrub is here a collective noun, we say also en Skrub, a blow. 57 ) hele Penge, liter, whole money, i, e, large silver or gold-coins, of which Skillinger are considered as fractions or fragments, / f/f* i 3 C>3