I* I ml iiiiTinriTiiiBiiimiiiTi>iii¥iiBHiiiwiiiBi m ^- 1 '*'r I *-| BMaMMiiMBa«BB»aa[ii^iMMaMMi^a» "«»lWffl i flM aa P I » l l'MW > w« i if" i Mn iiiiii JM «iiiw K li WBMBMana MHi ipi^f pM a||^Nli||.^^*li « I o:J >■ j «-| #;• I "«^- I ^'z 1 r/. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ChaiiEJJSCopymht No. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA J A SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES REVIEW OUTLINES, BLACK BOARD FORMS AND OTHER DEVICES TO AID IN THE SUCCESSFUL PRESENTATION OF THE SUBJECT HENRY E. CHAMBERS AT.THOR OF " A HK^HER HIsTORV OF THE UNITED STATES," ETC., ETC. REVISED EDITION UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK— NEW ORLEANS ///S TOKICA L TEX T- BOOK'S Hv H. K. CHAMBERS A School History ok thk United States. (For Primary Classes.) A Higher History of the United States. (For Intermediate, Grammar and High School Classes.) A Topic Gludh to the Study of American History. UNIVERSITV PUr.l.lSHIXr, CO., Pi Bi.isHEKs, New York H748 CoPVKir.HT, TS87, l>.\ F. F. HANSELL & PRO. C oi'VKiGHT, i8q8, hv rxivERsrrv publishing company 1898, Pret ace, Few school histories liave been written from tlie standpoint of those who mast teach the suhject in our common schools. The only pnrpose of the majority of the text-hooks on this snl)ject seems to have heen to present an attractive story from the point of view of a story-teller. This is indeed, essential, and any school history wdiich fails to j^resent an interesting story w411 fail to win a place in popular esteem. But the teacher recognizes a necessity for something more. The teacher demands not only that the school history shall he a story so simple as to he easily understood, and so well told as to attract the children who study it, hut it must he a text-hook so arranged that they will readily learn the leading facts of history. As a teacher, the author felt the defects of the text-hooks on this suhject in the hands of his classes, and expedients which he found valuable in his every-day work are incorporated in this volume. It is not based upon mere theories, hut upon actual class-room experience. To this the author attributes the popu- larity of the first edition of the book from the day of its pub- lication. In the development of the author's method the following special features invite the attention of the teacher : An Introduction, to be read by pupils, so as to awaken interest in the study of history and to give a general idea of what is to follow ; Blackboard Forms, wliich furuisli a valuable training in analysis and assist the memorv ; IV rKKFACK. lVe})aratorv (ieogi-ai)liy Questions, wliicli compel the pupil to familiarize liimself with the geography of each section of the country before he studies its history : Questions at the end of eaeh chapter, so worded as to require a more complete answer than •* Yes " or " No *" : Ixeview Outlines, answering (as do the blackboard forms) the purpose of teachers who employ the topic method ; Eeview Questions after each Period, and also a tinal set, to test the pupil's familiarity Avith the whole subjetn. These })oints were the characteristic features of this volume when it was tirst })uhlished : they have been retained in the revised edition. Xo material changes have been made in the text, yet much has been done in the direction of greater simplicity of language. The great improvement in typogra])hy and illustrations will be lu^ed with satisfaction by the many friends whom this little work has made among the teachers. In its present im})roved form both author and ])ublishers sincerely trust it will be found a text-book upon American history })erfectly adapted Ic the needs of primaiy classes. n. K. r. Boys' High School, Xew Orleans. La. Goi^tei^ts, iNTUOnUCTIOX I'AGK 1 I.-PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. ER l._CnUISTOPHER COLtMBUS 1I._What Columbus Discovered III._The Man who Discovered the Mainland . lY —The Man after whom America was Named V. —Spanish Explorations . . . - • YI —The Man who Discovered Florida . Yii.— The ^Fan who Discovered the Mississippi Kiver Yiil. -French, English, and Ditch Explorations . IX.- X.- XI.- XII.- XIII.- XIV.- XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII.- XIX. XX. XXI. Il.-PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT^ -The Nations that Colonized America -The First Quarrel over Territory . -The Lost Colony of America -The First Permanent English Settlement -The Father of Virginia . . . • -Events of Early Virginia 1Iistoi{Y . -Early History of New York -Puritans and Pil(;rims -Other New En(;land Settlements -Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsvlvanlv -Maryland -Carolina and CiH)K(;rA -Louisiana 38 40 42 40 4S 51 55 58 6>3 m (58 vl CONTENTS. III.-PERIOD OF COLONIAL GROWTH. CUAI'TEi; I'AtJK XXII, — Colonial Jealoujsies 82 XXIII.— TuE GuEAT Virginian 8-1 XXIV, — The Great Quarrel over Territory 87 XXV, — English Defeats 89 XXVI. — English Successes 92 XXVII,— Results of the War 9;") IV. -PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION. XXVIII. — AVuY THE Colonists Resisted XXIX,— Getting Ready . , , . XXX, — The First Battle XXXI. — Driving the British from Boston' XXXII.— The War for Independence . XXXIII. — Washington .... XXXIV. — Gates and Lincoln . XXXV. — Greene XXXVI. — The Last Battle of the Wak 99 102 105 108 111 114 119 122 126 v.— PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. PART FIRST— UNION XXXVII.— The Union of States XXX\'I1I.— The First Four Presidents XXXIX.— The War of 1812 XL.— Land Battles . XLL— Naval Battles . XLII. — The Battle of New Orleans XLIIL— The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Presidents XLIV.— Tariff XLV.— The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Presidents 131 184 140 143 140 150 156 160 163 CONTENTS. vii CHAPTER PAGE XLVL— Texas , .... 166 XLVIL— War with Mexico 169 XLVIII.— The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Presidents 175 XLIX.— Slavery 178 PART SECOND— DISUNION. L. — Leaving the Union , . . 183 LI. — The First Important Battle 189 LII.— The War in the West 192 LIIL— The War in Virginia 197 LIV. — The Last of the War 204 LV. — The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Presidents .... 209 PART THIRD— REUNION. LVI. — The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first Presidents 215 LVII. — The Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Presidents 220 LVIIL— The United States of To-day ....... 226 APPENDIX. Declaration of Independence . 233 Index ... 239 Illastratior^s, l'A(iE Map Sliowing Territorial (irowth . . Frondspiece Headpioco—Introdnction 1 Of Indian Lift' 2 8 Headpiece— Discovery 9 Ferdinand 11 Isabella 11 Colnmbus 13 Leaving the Island 14 The Santa Maria 15 The World as Known in the Time of Colum- bus 17 Sebastian Cabot 18 Americus Vespucius 20 Cortez 22 Balboa Taking Possession of the Pacific Ocean 28 Landing of Ponce de Leon 25 UeSoto 28 The Burial of !).• Soto 29 La Salle Taking Formal Possession of Lou- isiana 32 Half Moon on the Hudson 33 Headpiece— Settlement 38 Old Gates of St. Augustine 41 Croatan 44 Ruins of Jamestown 47 Captain John Smith 49 Pocahontas Interceding for Smith 50 Dutch Traders Selling Negroes to Settlers. . 53 Peter Stuyvesant 56 The Mayflower 59 Landing of the Pilgrims GO Miles Standish 01 Roger Williams and the Xarragansetts G3 The Charter Oak 64 William Penn 07 Catholics Colonizing Maryland 70 James Oglethorpe 73 Founding of New Orleans La Salle Headpiece — Colonial (irowtli Washington's Danger Braddock and Captain Jack Montcalm Wolfe Wolfe's Army Ascending the Heights. . Headpiece- Revolution Boston Tea Party Patrick Henry A Minute Man Paul Revere Watcliing for the Signal. . . Fortifying Breed's Hill Continental Paper ^loney Lafayette DeKalb Benjamin Franklin Washington Crossing tlie Delaware The Outpost Greene Morgan Gates. Sumter Marion Col. Henry Lee Pickens George Washington of Virginia Headpiece— Independence George Washington John Adams Tiiomas Jefferson James Madison Impressment of American Sailors Croghan's Defence of Fort Stephenson. " Don't Give up the Ship '" Battle of New Orleans James Monroe 78 82 86 90 93 93 94 99 101 103 104 106 108 109 112 112 113 117 119 120 120 121 122 123 123 124 127 131 135 136 137 138 141 144 148 151 156 ILLUSTRATIONS. rAGE John Qniiicy Adams 137 Aiiflrew Jackson 157 Black Hawk 158 Early American Railroad Train 158 Machines for Spinning Cotton 161 Machines for Carding Cotton 161 Martin Van Buren 163 William Henry Harrison 164 John Tyler 164 Daniel Webster 165 The Alamo 167 (ieneral Sam Houston 167 James K. Polk 169 '• General Taylor Never Snrrenders ■" 171 Crossing the Rocky Mountains 172 Zacliary Taylor 175 Millard Fillmore 176 John C. Calhoun 176 Franlvlin Pierce 177 James Buchanan 1 77 Henry Clay 180 Headpiece— Disunion 183 Jefferson Davis 184 Alexander H. Stephens 185 P. G. T. Beauregard 185 Bombardment of Fort Sumter 186 Joseph E. Johnston 189 McDowel' 190 PAGE The First Battle of Manassas, or Bull Run. . 191 Albert Sidney Johnston 193 Braxton Bragg 194 George H. Thomas 194 Battle of Shiloh J95 George B. McClellan 198 Robert E. Lee 199 " Stonewall '' Jackson 200 George G. Meade 201 The Famous Charge at Gettysburg 202 Battle Between the Virginia and the Moni- tor 204 Ulysses S. Grant 206 John B. Hood 207 The Confederate Flag 208 Abraham Lincoln 210 Andrew Johnson 211 Headpiece— Reunion 215 Western Fort and Trading Post 216 Rutherford B. Hayes 217 James A. Garfield ... 217 Chester A. Arthur 218 Statue of Liberty 221 Grover Cleveland 222 Benjamin Harrisor 223 William McKinley 226 The Jetties 227 Battleship Oregon 228 T^Mir- ^ ^7 '^iiiii'""""^ ~ Ii^tPodUctioi^. Not very long ago, America was the land of the red men, or Indians. They did not call their land America. They did not call themselves Indians. But at one time they owned the whole country, and there was not a A\'hite man on the continent, from the Arctic Ocean to Cape Horn. Nol)ody kno\vs an here these Indians came from, or how long they had lived here. They Avere very ignorant, and could not read or Avrite. The true story of their race, which the hrst comers told to their children, was forgotten in the many years that passed a\ hile these people Avere shut off by great oceans from the rest of the Avorld. The Indians \vere a dark-skinned race, tall, with straight Llack hair and high cheek bones. We call them red INTKODUCTIOX. ^r day Ave call Mexico men, l)Ut tliey were not really red. They were of a dull cop- per color, and all belonged to tlie same race, tlioiigli tliey Avere divided into several na- tions AvLicli spoke different lano'uag^es and had different cus- toms. Eacli nation was divided into tribes, and eacli tribe liad a chief, sometimes a great w/irrior, sometimes a wise man. Those Indian nations ^vho lived in the countries which to- and Pern were by far the most intelligent. They built stone houses and temples, jjlanted and cultivated fields. They" made pretty ornaments of mother-of-pearl, of copper, and of gold and silver. They made fanciful earthenware dishes of clay and stone, and could even weave cloth. AVe have veiy little interest in these Indians because, excepting a few settlements in the southwest, they did not live in the land that Ave now own. ^eim^^ ^ N ^H ^^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ "I'"- The Indian nations that oc- cupied the part O I -A. m eric a long house of the iroquois. INTRODUCTION. wliich is our home to-day were savages. They did not know hoAv to l)uiki stone houses as did the red men of Mexico. They usuall}^ lived in small liuts made of the l)ark of trees, or in tents which they called wig- wams, and which were made of the skins of animals. These ^vigwams or huts Avere placed near together, form- ino' a sort of villao-e. Some- times one h)no; liouse was built, and many families would live together in it. The Indian men called themselves wai'riors, and Avere fond of fio^htino; and hunting, Ijut they Avere not industrious and \vould not Avork. They had no farms or plantations, but lived chieiiy on game, beri'ies, and those plants which grow wild in tlie Avoods. The Indian Avomen, or S(pia\vs, as they were called, did all the hard work. They planted little patches of corn and vegetables. They had no plows or hoes, but A FLORIDA INDIAN WARRIOR. lNTROl>rCTI0X. would break up the grouiul Avitli sliarp-poiuted sticks. They iiuuU^ bowls of clay, baskets of split caue, aud deer- skin slippers wliich they called moccasins and Avore for shoes. They gathered the ^\ ood to make tlie lire, and did all the cooking. Meat and lish Avere 1.)roiied over the coals. Ears of corn, Avhen green, were roasted in hot ashes. AVheu dry and hard, tlie grains Avere ]^)onnded between stones so as to make a sort of coarse corn-meal. This meal Avas mixed Avith Avater and made into cakes AA'hich Avere cooked on hot stones or in the ashes. Fire Avas obtained hy rul)bing dry sticks of Avood together imtil they blazed. An Indian babyAvas called a pap<.)Ose, and it had a pretty hard time. It Avas Avrapped in skins and tied to a board, (»r l)undled u[) in a basket. AVhen the mother Avas at A\'ork. the bundle Avas liung u[) in a tree, or on the side of the AvigAvam, so that no harm could come to the little one. A\'ht-n the tribe traveled, she carried her [)a]>oose on her back. Around every village many little Indian boys and girls Avere playing all day long. They did not go to school. They had no books to read, no pretty clothes to Avear. As soon as they Avere old enough, the girls helped 1 > i •^ i L y^^^^ INDIAM COOKlNC^ 1 IM'KODUCTIOX. tlieir mothers, while the boys Avere taught to use the how and alTo^v, set traps, catch hsh, and en- | dure liardshii)s, so that they niio-ht in time be- ^ come Avarriors like their fathers. Q Both the AN arriors and squaAvs Avere A'ery fond | of bright colors and ornaments. Besides the i feathers of birds, the}' Avore l)elts, chains, and strings of pretty beads of ditferent colors. These beads \vere made from the inside of shells by iiU'indinu" oft' the I'ousrh outer coA^erinu* a^-ainst a piece of" hard stone. It recpiired a great deal of time to make a single bead, so that it Avas prized A'ery liio-hh', not onh' for its beaut \', but for the time and labor it representml. These beads Avere called Avampum, and Avei'e used as money. TIica' had no silyer or gold coin : but eyery Indian avIio had anything to sell Avas Avilling to take beads in payment for it. The Indians kncAV nothing of guns, powder, or bullets. They made l:>o\vs and arroANs tipped Avith stone, Avith Avhicli they killed game. The skins of animals Avere tanned A'erA' niceb' and made into clothinir. The feathers of birds Avere used as ornaments for tlieir persons and f o 1' their pipes. For fishing, they used hooks m a d e of •TRIXG OF WA.MPUJI. BIRCH-BAKK CANOE. INTKODFCTIOX. Lone, or nets of bark til)i'e, and tliey moved about from place to place in the forests where game was abundant, or near tlie rivers Avliere there ^\'ere j^l^nty of fish. They made very graceful canoes of birch l)ark, and some not so gi'aceful hollo\ved out of the body of a tree. As these Indian men Avere Avar- riors and loved fighting, the tribes Avere constantly at war with one Avar Avas declared by sending a Avith arrows. When a tri])e Avas TOMAIIAM K OK SHKLL. another. Sometime? rattlesnake-skin tillec al)out to go out to figlit, the warri(.)rs Avould paint their faces and bodies \vith rlay of ditferent C(dors, tlunking that this Avould tei'rify their tMiemies. They Avould move stealthily through the Avoods, one behind tlie other, often stepping m the same ti'ack, so as to leave no trail l)ehind. Coming thi'ough the Avoods in this Avay, scarcely breaking a tNvig or a leaf in their mai'ch, they Avould fall suddenly u[)on their enemies a\ itli a terribk' yell, or Avould send a shower of arroAvs at them from btdiind trees and kuslu's. They fouglit Avitli clubs or Avitli bows and arrows, and A\ith hatchets, caUed tomahawks, made of stone or sludl. Tlie\ had sharp knives made of split cane. Kach Avar- rior ^\ho had killed an enenn' in the tiu'ht would cut intkoduction: fALUMET. oft' tlie scalp — that is, tlie skin on the top of tlie liead — aiul wear it in his belt as an ornament, or hang it np in his w igwani ^vhen he i-etnrned home. They were very crnel to their prisoners, and often ])nt them to death Avitli tej'rible torture. As the arrow ^^as an end)lem of Avai*, so the pipe was an emblem of peace ; and when a tri])e wanted to form an alliance of friendshi[) Avitli another, it was customary to send a pipe of peace. The ^varriors of friendly tribes woidd sit to- gether around the lire and smoke their pipes of peace. These pipes ^vere made in fancy shapes and decorated with feathers, and were called calumets. For more than a thousand years these red men lived in the land that is our home to-day, and hunted in the great forests that grew Avliere our cities and to^vns now stand. Durino; all these years the white men lived in Europe, in AVestern Asia, and in Northern Africa. They believed there was no land in the ^vorld except those continents and the adjoining islands. They had never heard of the red man and the great continent on which he lived. A charming story tells us how the wliite race ftrst found out that the land of the red man lay beyond the ocean. It also tells how a few white men came to this B INTRODUCTION. land and settled along its shores; how their settlements grew larger and larger until the I'ed nien were driven back into the mountains ; and, finally, hoAv the white men established their own government in this country, cleared a^s ay forests, planted fields and orchards, started furnaces and factories, founded great cities, built long lines of railroads and telegra^^hs, and made this country one of the greatest on earth. This story is told in the pages that follo^v. It is called history, and is just like other stories, except that it tells about real men and real events. It ouo:lit to be most interesting to us, because it is the story of our own country. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter I. Turn to a map of Europe. Where is Italy? Spain? France? In w'liat part of Italy is Genoa? In what part of Spain is Palos ? In what two directions might you go from Spain to reach the southeastern ])art of Asia ? In going west from Spain, what two oceans would you cross before reaching Asia ? Turn to a 7nap of Africa and find the Canary Islands. In what direction are they from the southwestern part of Spain ? 2\irn to a ma}) of the United States and tiud the Bahama Islands. In what direc- tion are they from the Canary Islands ? First Period: 13iscoVery CHAPTER I. ( IIRISTOPIIER ('OLU]\rBUS. 1. On the tliird day of August, 1492, three small vessels sailed from the little town of Palos, Spain. The names of these vessels were the Pinta [pen'tah], the Nina [nen'yah], and the Santa Maria [mah-re'ah]. The captain of the Santa Maria, the largest of the three, was Christopher Columbus. Two brothers named Pinzon commanded the other two, but all were under the direction of Columbus. 2. Ninety sailors ^vere upon these vessels. They were starting upon a very remarkable voyage. They were 10 KTKST VKKK^D I DTSOWEUY. about to oi'os>5 an ocean Nxliicli, to their knowledge, had never l>eeii ero^^sed. This voyage made Columbus one of the most famous men tliat ever lived. Let us learn some- thing about him. .*5. Christoj>her Colund)us was born at (lenoa, Italy, lie went to seliool until he was fourteen years old, then beeame a sailor, and folU)wed the sea for tifteen years. People in tliose (hiys did not know as mueh about the earth as ^^ e do now. They imagined it to be tlat, some even supposing it to be not only tiat, but sipiare, with four corners. 4. Cobnubus liad reas^ui to believe otherwise. While making liis voyages he thought over the matter a great deal, lie tinally came t«> the eonelusion that the earth is not Hat, Imt round like a globe. 5. Ill the time i^( Columbus the southeastern part of Asia ^\ as know n as the Indies. Here ^vere found gold, preeimis stones, silks, and spiees. To get these valuable articles Europeans made long joui'neys by land : and to reach the Indies they traveled east. AVhen Columbus came to the concbisioii that the earth is ivnind, he thought that a s]u>rter \\ay to reach the Indies would be to sail west on tlu^ Atlantic (^(*ean. lie therefore resolved to make siu-h a \«>yage. C>. (\)lunibiis was \ery poor. He had no vessel of his ow 11. \\ hen ho spokt^ of the earth beinu" round, ignorant jHH^]>le, and many who Avere considered very wise, thought him crazv, and ridiculed him. lie made elforts to obtain CllKlSTOlMIKR COLrMliUS. 11 nssisljnuH'. He first went to Oeiioa, tlieii to the king of Portugal, then to tlii' king of Spain; but for a k)ng time li(^ could get no one to listen to liini or help kini. 7. At last Queen Isabella, wife of tlie king of Spain, w as persuaded to assist liini. Slie did not have tlie money, but by offering to pledge lier jewels she obtained enongli to ht out three vessels for Cobnnbus. These wei'e the three vessels w itl» \vhieh hr set sail from Palos. fkki.inam). 8. Cohnnbus stopped at the C^a- nary Islands a little ^^'hile, and then sailed westward. Day after day passed a\ ith nothing to be seen but sea and sky. The sailors became very uneasy, and tried to make (Vdundjus turn back. But refusing to listen to them, he sailed on. At last their fear Avas s(^ great that they threat- ened to throw him overl)oard if he \\()ul(l not return. With much ditHculty he })ersnaded them to l)e patient and give him a little more time. 0. A\^hen the time had ex- ])iied, signs of land, appeared. A ])ranch tilled A\-ith berries went floating by, and from this the sailors knew that land nuist be near. On the ISABELLA. 12 FIRST PERIOD t DTSrOVERV. iiiofht of the 11 til of October, lio-lits Avere seen moviiio; along what appeared to be a shore. AVheii daylight came, all were overjoyed to find land in sight. The man who first saw land was Rodiwo Triana. The land seen was one of the Bahama Islands. Questions. — W^hat were tlie names of the vessels witli which Colum- bus sailed ? How many sailors did he have ? What ocean was he about to cross ? Tell something about Columbus himself. What did Columbus conclude to be the shape of the earth ? Where did lie expect to go ? Whj^ did people in those days go to the Indies ? To whom did Columbus go for aid ? What queen befriended him ? Wiiat islands did he first reach from Palos ? What troubles did he have after leaving these islands ? What islands appeared in sight on the 12th of October ? Who first saw land ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter IT. Where are the Bahama Islands ? Where is Cuba ? Hispaniola or Havti ? In what direction is Spain from Ilayti ? W^hcre is Jamaica ? In what direction is .lamaica from Spain ? Spain from Jamaica ? In what part of South America is the Orinoco River ? Where is the Isthmus of Darien ? Where are the West Indies ? CHAPTER II. WHAT COLUMBUS DISCOYEKED. 1. AYlien the sailors saw land, they felt very sorry for the tronble they had caused their captain during the voyage. Columbus was so pleased with having succeeded in his voyage that lie gave them all full pardon. \viiAT coT.r:^ir>rs dtscoyekkd. 13 2. Wlien.Cohiinbiis landed, tlie first tiling lie did was to kneel and thank God for his success. He then took possession of the island in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and (jueen of Spain. 3. He found a race of people on the island that were (1 a r k - s k i n n e d . They were gentle and kind. They looked upon Co- lumbus and his men \vitli great wonder. They thought the shi|)s of the Spaniards ^vere laro-e birds and that the sails ^N'ere wings. 4. The natives called their island (luanahani. Co- lumbus named it COLUMBUS. San Salvador. As he thought he had reached the Indies, he called the people Indians. 5. Columbus liegan to search for gold and precious stones, but found none. He then erected a large cross on the beach, after which he left the island and made other discoveries. 14 FiK'sr PKRioi) : iiisrovERV 0. lie soon reached Cuba aud sailed along- its sliores. Tlien lie came to llayti, Avliieli lie named Ilispaniola. Here the Santa ]Maria was ^\ reeked. Here, also, Colum- Inis left thirtv-five of his men to form a settlement. The fort theyl)uilt Avas called La Xavidad, and the settlement was afterwards named Isabella in honor of the (jueen. T. Leavino' to the settlers the ruined Santa Maria, an itli A\ liicli to make a fort, he sailed for Sj>ain. lie took with him man\ tlihii^'s, snch as an.imals, fruli, and birds, to show to the kini:-. lie also took some of the Indians. S. A\dien (\)hnnl)us returned to Spain, the king and queen and the ])eople paid him many honors. He now found no dithculty in get- ting ships, and soon 1^ set oft' on another voyage. ^., 9. He reached Havti, C^ and found that his colo- ^^..!''''''-v'^ uists liad been killed. ■7^ .EAVlXi; THK ISl-ANU. WHAT COLUMBUS DISCOVERED. 15 They had ill-treated the natives after the departure of Columbus, and the natives had avenged themselves by destroying the colonists. 10. Columbus discovered Jamaica on his second voy- age. On his third, he discovered South America near THE SANTA MARIA. the mouth of the Orinoco River, and on his fourth, the Isthnuis of Darien. 11. (\)lund)us died without ]vno\vino: that the land he discoN cred a\ as not India. AVe noAV have two Indies in the ^^'orld, the Indies of Asia and the Indies that Colum- bus discovered. One is called the East and the other the AA'est Indies. Colundjus gave to Spain a NeAV AVorld. 16 FiEST period: discovery. Blackboard Form. i San Salvador. 149i>, . Cuha. Voyaqes of Colunibus. -^ , .,..> r ' • ^ '' ' ' 149o, Jamaica. 1498, South America. 1502, Central America. Questions. — Wliat effect upon the sailors bad the siglit of huul ] Tell about the peoi)lc on the island. What did they think the ships -were ? What name did Columbus give the island upon which he first landed ? What did the natives call it ? What colony did Columbus plant ] What happened to it ? What did Columbus take l)ack to Spain with him ? How was he received ? IIow many voyages did Columbus make ? Upon what voyage did he discover Cuba ? Hayti ? Jamaica? South America? Isthmus of Darien ? Which of the two Indies did Columbus discover ? What did Columbus give to Spain ? Write the Blackboard Form for the voyages of Columbus. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. rRKl'ARATOllV TO TUl-: SXL'DY OF CHAFTEU 111. Turn fo (I tntip or Eoroin' ov refer to a (jlohc. In what part of England is Bristol ] In what part of Europe is Venice ? What ocean lies between Europe and America ? Turn to a map of Xorth Aiuevic<(. Where is Labra- dor ? Which is greater, the distance from Spain to San Salvador, or from England to Labrador ? AVhero is the Strait of Belle Lie ? Where is New- foundland I Turn tod lit, ip of the Vnited Sttdes and nm^ MaryJand. What course would a vessel take in exploring the coast of America, from Labrador to Maryland I Trace it. What European nation now owns Labrador ] Newfoundland? Canada? What are the two divisions of the Western Continent ? THE MAX WHO DISCOVERED THE MAINLAND. i: CHAPTER III. THE MAX AVHO DISCOVERED THE MAINLAND. 1. About the time that CohiDibiis discovered America, there lived at Bristol, England, a Venetian merchant named John Cabot. AVhen he learned that land had been found Ivy sailing west, he also was tilled ^vith a de- sire to go upon a voyage of discovery. 2. Cabot thought that if the earth is rouiul, the further north the Atlantic Ocean ^v a s ^^^ c 1' o s s e d , the shorter would l^e the voyao-e. Obtainimr permission from Henry YH., King of England, he set sail from Bristol to carry out liis ne^^' idea. 3. His son Sebastian went ^vith him. They sailed directly west. After passing through several storms, MAP SHOWING THE WORLD AS KNOWN IN THE TIME OF COLUMBUS. 18 FIKST rKKIOD: DISCOVERY. tliey readied tlie western coiitiiieiit at a })oiiit now sup- posed to be Cape Breton Island. 4. This discovery was made June 24, 1497, about fourteen months l^efore Columbus reached the mainland of South America. The land discovered was called Prima Vista, which means " tirst seen.'' 5. Tlie region was bleak and barren. The Cabots felt sure it was not the Indies, but a new-found land. After exploring the coast of the mainland for some distance, they returned to England to tell of the discovery. 6. The king ^vas much j)leased, and gave them per- mission to make another voy- a2:e. Sebastian Cabot Avent upon the second A'oyage and became its cliief man. In ]\Iay, 1498, he sailed for Labrador with three hundred men. 7. Finding the wt^ather very cold when he arrived there, he turned toward tlie south. lie sailed along the shores of what is no\\ the Tnited States, until he reached the southern bomulai'y of what is now ^[aryland. He then returned to England. 8. These discoveries \vere very inq^ortant. The Cab- ots were the first Europeans to reach the mainland of the western continent, and it was throuii'li their discov- JKBASTIAN CABOT. THE ]\IAX AFTER WHO:V[ A^rERlCA WAS NAMED. 19 eries that England aftei'\\ard claimed the greater part of North America. 9. Sebastian Cabot is known in history as a skillful and brave sailor. He has been called tlie Great Seaman. If Columbus ga\'e a new world to Spain, Cabot gave to Eno'laiid a o-reat continent. Questions.— Who was Jolui Cabot? What was his son's name? What hind did John and Sebastian discover ? How long was this before Columbus discovered Soutli America ? What was the character of the land ? What was the land first seen called ? When and where did Sebas- tian Cabot explore the east coast of North America ? What did England claim in consequence of these discoveries ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter IV. Turn to a nwp of the United States. Where is the District of Colum- bia ? In what part of South Carolina is the city of Columbia? In what ])art of Ohio is the city of Columbus ? Where is tlie Columbia River ? Tm-n to (t map of South America. AVhere is the United States of Colom- bia ? Upon what ocean would a navigator sail in exploring the east coast of South America ? CHAPTEK IV. THE .AIAN AFTP:R Wn03r A^rElUCA WAS NA:\rET*). 1. Although Columbus discovered the New AVorl his name was not given to it. Rivers, cities, and countries have been named in his honor, but the continent itself is known as xVmei'ica, It was so called after Americus Ves])ucius. 20 FIRST period: discovery, 2. Vespucius wus auotlier European wlio felt a desire to make discoveries after tlie New AVorld liad been found. In 14U9, two years after tlie discovery by the Cabots, and one \ car after CVdumbus liad reached South America, he crossed tlie western ocean. 3. lie sailed several hundred miles aloiiu' the shores of South Ameiica, and made ex[)l()rations. He found the land beautiful and fertile, and he Avrote a number of letters o-iviuo- an account of his voyau'e and describinii' what he had seen. 4. These letters were afterwards made public. They were the first published description of the New World. Many persons in Europe read them, and came to know, for the iirst time, about tlie land beyond the At- huitic. 5. Pe<)[)le then l)eu"an to speak of the land described bv Vespucius as the hind of Americus. In 151^7, a Ger- man o-eoL^-raplier named \\'aldsee-Muller pi'inted a little book, and in it called the land America. It has l)orne Tiiis name ever since. AMEUK IS VESPlCirs. Questions. — After ^vhom Avas America named ? Where and when did Americus Ve.si)ucius nuikc his explorations? How did tlie land appear? What was the result of his letters of description ? How long after Colum- bus did Vespucius reach South America? What did he write? Who read these letters ? How were letters and books ])ul)lished at this time :' Who tirst named the Xew World America ? SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 21 GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter V. Turn to a map of North America. Where is Mexico ? In what direc- tion from Hayti is tlie Isthnius of Darien ? In crossing tins istlimus from the Caribbean Sea, what ocean would you come to ? Turn to a map of South America. Where is Peru ? Where is tlie Strait of Magellan ? In sailing from Spain to the Strait of Magellan, wliat direction would you take ? Turn to a map of Asia. Where are the Philippine Islands ? In what direction are they from the Strait of Magellan ? How would a ves- sel go from the Philippine Islands to Spain, without crossing the Pacific Ocean ? ciiaptp:r v. 1. W'^e lidA'e leariird sometliiiii;" of the man wlio dis- coxered America, the man wlio first I'eaehed the main- land, and tlie man aftei' w horn America was named. 2. These tlu'ee men had touched only along the sliores of the countries they disco\ere(h 'I'hey knew nothing of the interior, or countr\" hack from the coast. They did not know liow karge the continent was, or anything of the trihes of Indians that lived in the interioi'. 3. For a h)ng time after C'al)otV discoveries, Enghind tlid N'ery little to e\|)h)re the land lie had taken })()s- session of in her name, l^ut Spain and France were most active in exploring th.e interior of the country. 4. The Spaniards were always seeking foi' the gold tlie\ thouo-ht Avas to be found in the Ne>v A\\)rld, The FIKST PKKKM^: IMSCOVKRY. iih»i celebrated of tlie Spaiiisli explorers were De Leon, Hall>o.u ^[aiivllan. Cortex, Pizarro. and De Sot(\ ,1. Two (^f these exploreis w er^' sueeessfnl in their search. Thev were C'ortez and Pizarro. C'ortez landed with a small a.nny on the coast of l\lexico in 1519, and in two years con([nered tliat conntry. Pizarro in 15ol, A\ ith a much sm;dler arnn . wen*^ to South .Vmerica and conijuered Pern. i\. The nativt^sof Mexico and Peru were ditfe rent from tlie t»tlier inhabitants c>f America. They were partly civilized. They knew many of the uses of metals and wt>re ornaments of gold. By compiering them the Spaniards be- came rich. \ 7. Pall>oa made himself famous l>v discovering the Pacific Ocean. He went from llayti to the Isthmus of J>arien. Hearing that tliere was a large body of water on the other side, he crossed the isthmus and on reach- ing the sununit of a mountain beheld the great ocean spread out before him. This was in 151.*>. S. Seven years after, Magellan sailed aroiuid the south- ern ]i>oint of South America and crossed this ocean. He discovered the Philip]>ine Islands, wliere lie lost his life in an encounter with the natives. His vessel continued the vtwage, and at last reached the p«>rt of Spain from which it had started. Althouirh ^Fairtdlan diil not tinish SPA NISil KXl'LOIiATIONS. UALKOA TAKING POS.SE^.SIUN OF THE I'ACIFIV (KEAN. 24 FTEST rT:TcTO"n: DTsroYEP.y. the voyage, I lie lioiior is i^'iveii to liim of Ix'liig the first to sail roiiiul llie ^\'(^^hl. 1). Tlie (liseoveries and ex|)h)i'atioiis of i)e Leon aiul De Soto Avei'e made in ^•\hat is now tlie ITnited States, so we will have to learn more ahont them. Questions. — Of whom liave we so far learned ? What did tlie first expk)rers know of the interior of the countries ? What two nations were most active in making explorations ? Tv^ho were the most celebrated Span- ish explorers? What was the great object of Spanisli exph)rations? What two explorers were successful in this ? What did C'ortez conquer ? Pi- zarro? What did Balboa discover i' When? YDiy is the name of Magellan found in history ? What happened to him i* Vv^hat two Spanish explorers are connected with I'nited States histoiy ? Write the Blackboard Form for the lour voyages of Coliiinhus. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of C^haptei: VI. Turn to tlie map of the West Indies. Where is Porto Pico ? In what di- rection is it from Hayli ? In what direction is San Salvador from Porto Rico ? Turn to the map of^ tlie [luted States. Where is Florida ? In what part of Florida is St. Augustine ? ClIAPTEE YI. THE :\rAX WTTO DISCOYEKFP FLOPTPA. 1. AVheii Columbus piade his second voyage to the New AVorhl, there went with him a hrave old soldier named Ponce de Leon. lie liai>: t>ts('ovki;v iiig thus far of wlint is now llir l^iitrd States. The part of tlie world they were in \vas so new and sti-an^-e tliat tliey were ready to l)elieve anytliing alK)ur it. ii. Ponee de T.eon lieard that there was a \von(h-rful fountain upon an island called Biniini supposed to be not far to th^ nortlieast of liispauiola. The water of this fountain when bathed in Avas tluumlit to liave the power of niakinu' an old person young. Ponre de Leon, beinic an old man, felt a strong desire to iind this fountain. 4. lie at last determined to go in search of it. In 1512, lie left Porto Kieo with three vessels. After touching at San Salvador, he sailed among the Hahama Islands. I pon Kaster Sunday, the mainland a\ as seen. It was called Florida because Kaster Sunday is known to S])aniards as Pascua Florida. 5. Tlie shores were lined with brinlit ^reen trees. Beautiful tiowei's ^vere blooming evei'\ \\ here. Ponce de Leon went ashore a few miles north of the spot upon Avhicli St. Augustine was afterwards built, and for many days searclied in vain for the Fountain of Youth. He returned to Porto Rico, and the land he had discovered was claimed by S])ain. (>. To reward him for his discovery he was made ofov- ernor of Florida, lie sailed Avitli two vessels to take possession of his province. AVhen he landed, his men were attacked by the Indians. ]\lany of them lost their lives. Ponce de Leon himself was mortalh- wounded, so lie never lived to rule o\ cr the land he luul found. TlIK :MAN who DLSCOVERKl) THE MISSISSIIM'! KIVER. 27 Questions.— With whom did Dc Leon come to the New World ? To what ollicc was he apijoiiited { Of wliat island Avas lie next made governor ? To seek what did lie sail from Porto Ilico ? AVHien did he reach the main land ? What name did he give to the land he discovered ? Where did he land 'i How was he rewarded for his discovery ? What w^as his end ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. PrKFARATORV to the StIDV ok ClIAl'TKR \'1I. I'uni to the nuip of the Hotdherii Stdte.^. Where is Florida ? In Avhat direction is Florida from Cuba ? AVhere is Tampa Bay ? Upon what gulf would a vessel sail in going from Cuba to Tampa Bay ? In what direction is the Altamaha River from this bay ? Ogeechee River ? In what direction is the Coosa River from the Ogeechee ? Wliere is Moljile ? Wliere is Mem- j)his ? In what dii'ection is ]Memphis from Mobile ? Where is the Ouachita River? Into what does the Ouachita flow^ ? Into what does the Red River flow :' Into what gulf does the Mississippi flow ? (^IIAPTKU \ II. TTTE AFAX WTTO DrsCOVKUKD 11 TK ArTSSlSSIPPI PIVEK. 1. Among tlie men anIio Avent to Peru Avitli Plzarro was Hernando de Soto. With liis sliare of tlie o-reat AN'ealtli ol)taiiie(l fi'oni the l^eruAaans, lie returned to Spain. 2. But he did not I'emain content there A'eiy long. lie felt a desire to excel l;)oth Cortez and Pizarro in mak- ing conquests. He tliought there AN'ere races of people like the Mexicans and PeruA'ians in the interior of Florida, and that gold also Avas ahnndant there. 3. l)e Soto obtained permission from the king to cou- 0j5 FiKsr rKKit^n : msotn-Kin'. »[iUM' Flori«la. niul, at his own rxjuMisr, ]w tittril up an ex[>iHlition. Six lunuhxHl men w eii' picktMl out h\m\ tlie many that dcsiivd to ii\> witli liini. (iivat preparations were made. 4. Ot' Soto took \\ith liini chains to Inml eaptiws, besides many kinds of w t^apons, and a bhieksmith's forge to keep tliem in li"0(hI oriU'r. He also took horses to ride, l)KHHlhounds with A\hieh ti^ pur- sue tlie natives, anti a drove of liogs to furnisli meat fiM* liis men. «■>. The expedition started from the Ishmd of Cuba in ir);U>. They landed at a ]^oint not far from Tampa Ha\. and bt^^-an their mareh through the forest. They eneountei'ed many dangers. The Indians ^\ ere hostile and oppt^sed their mareli. (». Oe Soto or^^ssed the Altamaha Kiver in what is now CnHU'gia, and reached the Ogeeehee. lie then turned to the ui^rthwest. and eoming to the (.\H>sa River, near its heaih\aters, went soiuh through what is now Alabama. 7. All this time his sohliers surtered very mueli and wanted to turn baek, but Oe Soto was determined to find riehes, or make sure that there a\ ere none to be found : so he kept on. He soon arrived at an Indian vilhiii'e nt\ar where ^b>bile m^w stands. Here a ditlieultv UK S.t>TU. iin: MAX WHO ])is(r)VKin:i) 'iiir: mtssissii'I'I im\i;i;. 20 arose with tlie iijitiv(^s, jiiid In ;i h.-iith* that followed I)e Soto lost eiglitcM^ii ol* liIs nicii, 'I'liniiiig again to the nortliwcst, li(^ I'eached the Mississi])[)i Iliver at a point TUE liUUIAL OF 1)E i«OTO. not far from Memphis. Thus De Soto (1Isco\'(M'e(1 tlie Mississij)pi River, and the (liseovei*y was made in 1541. 8. Ci-ossing tlie Mississi})pi, lie waiidei-ed around the country of the Quapaws in A\diat is now Arkansas. From here he went south down the Ouachita [w^asli'it- no FiKsr i'kriod: T)ts(<^vkrv. talij River, but lie suou lost liis ^\ay among the many bayous uear its nioutli. Then it a\ as that his courage o-ave \\a\ , and lie sought to return. 9. But a fevei' eanie u})on him. from ^\'hicll he ne\'er recovered. In tlie a\ Ihls of what is now Louisiana, with hostile natives on every side, J)e Soto died. His follow- ers were faithful to the last. They buried him at the foot of a tree: but fearing that his remains might be disturbed by the Indians, they raised the Ixnly from the oTound and sank it in the \vaters <>f the mighty river he had discovered. 10. After Be Soto's death, the Spaniards with great dilheulty built several small vessels. In these they drifted down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, aud reached a place of safety. Of the (>00 men that started with De Soto in 15o9, only oil lived through the three years of hardship. Questions. — Who went to Peru with Pizarro ? Why did De Soto make an expedition to Florida ? What did he expect to find in the interior of Fhn-ida ? How man\- men did he select ? What did he take with him i When did he start s Where did he hind ? Into what did he march from Florida ? What river did lie cross before reaching the Ogeechee ? Where did he next go ? To what Indian village did he come ? What liappened there ? Where did he discover the Mississippi River ? When ? After crossing the ]Mississippi, where did he wander? What happened to him in wliat is now Louisiana ? How many times was he l)uried ? What became of his followers ? How many men survived the three years' march ? Trace upon a map tlie route from Cuba to Tampa Bay. Follow De Soto's line of march to 3Iol)ile. Trace De Soto's path to the 3Iississippi River. FKENCH, ENGLISH, AXD DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. 31 GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatouy to the Stuuv oi- Chapter VIII. Turn to n mop of British Americo. AVhere is Newfoundland ? Where is the St. Lawrence River ? AVhere is Montreal ? Quebec ? What great lakes are between Brilisli America and the United States ? Tnrn to a mop of the United States. In wliat direction, from Quebec is Illinois ? What States touch the Mississippi River on the west ? Where is Louisiana ? What States are called the Xew England States ( Where is Lake Cham- plain ? Where is Cape Cod ? AVliere is the Hudson River ? Turn to a mop of North America. Where is Davis Strait ? Hudson Strait ? Hud- son Bay ? CHAPTER YIIT. FREXCH, EXGLISH, AXD DITCH EXPLORATIOXS. 1. Xot lonir after tlie discovery of the mainland of Aniei'ica, tlie Avaters of Xewfoiindland became known as fine fishing grounds. French fishermen early visited these waters, and thus the attention of France was di I'ected to the Xew AVorld. 2. Throngli tlie explorations of four great Fiench explorers, Fi'ance laid claim to a large amount of ten-i- torv. These explorers were Verrazano [ ver-raht-tsah'no], Cartier [car'tya], Cliamplain, and La Salle. 3. Verrazano reached Xortli Carolina in 1524, and explored the east coast of what is now the United States. Ten years aftei'wards (1534), Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence, and the next year sailed u]^) that river to wliere ^Montreal now stands. 32 FTK:?T FERLOGl DISCO V^BT. 4. Xew France was* tlie name given to the region explore*! bv Cartier. For more than seventy years very little Tvas done towani making further explorations. Then a Frenchman name^l Champlain came o\-er. and foondeil the city «.>f Quebec. This was in 1<50int fr«»m whiek to send ♦^nt explorers. A number of ex- p 1 o r a t i o n s were maile among the < Treat Lakes and in Tiorthem port of : is now the United States. ^ The explorers Mar»[uette [mar- ket'] and Joliet zhole-a] reached the Mississippi River :a 1670^ at a point witi:' '- - '■ - w HA *>fcT.r.K taJKEHi P»»«JtVL P- r.it n!>t\x V. the > It seems pr»>bable that La Salle discovered the Ohio Kiver about I*>ri^ and in lf>S:? he ^jcttetl down the MississippL Landing at Chickasaw Bluff, he built a f<>rt. anil then continuetl on his way until he reacheii the Gulf •>f Mexico. AK this territorv was claime*i bv FKEXCR. ENGLISH. AXD DUTCH EXPLORATIOXS. :5a France, aud it was called Louisiana, after the French king. Louis XIV. 7. While the French were making these explomtions, the English were not only exploring, but plantinir coL> nies in the eastern pait of what is now the United States. AA e shall learn <»f these colonies when we come ^.-^^-i^f to the PericK;l of Settlement. "-^'*^- ~ ' 8. The most famous Entflish ex- ph jrei-s after the Cabots were HAU MOOX OS THE HUD60X. Fi'.vbisher. Drakf. Davis, and Gosnold. Frobisher, in 1576, and Davis, in 1585, made discoveries in the noith- easteni pan « f Xorth America. Drake explored the Avest coast of Xorth America in 1579. He eave the name New Albion to that portion now known as Oreoron. 9. Gosnold discovered Ca|>e Cotl in 1602. He Avas 34 FTRST pekiod: discovery. tlu' fii"st EnglisJmiaii w lio laiicUM] in wliut is now New England, and liis ex})l()rations led to its settlement not long after. 10. Tlie only exploration made l)y Holland was that undertaken by lleni'v Hudson in 1009. He discovered the Pludson River and the island u})on Avhich New York city is })artly l)uilt. He called the country New Nether- land. Hudson afterwards sailed as an English explorei', and discovered the bay and strait that l)ear his name. 11. We thus see that people from four countries made discoveries and explorations in the New A\\)rld, and that some of the territory, having been visited by the ex})lorers of more than one country, Avas claimed by more than one nation. As lono- as the territory- remained unsettled, there was no trouble. But Avlien people began to colo- nize the New A\\^rld. (piarrels and dis]Mites arose. AVe shall learn of these in another })eriod. Questions. — What uttnictcd tlie attention of France to the New World? Name the four great French discoverers. What explorations Avere made by Verrazano ? Cartier ? Cham[)lain ? Who reached the Mississippi River ? When ? Where ? Wliat Frencii exi)lorer was the first to sail down this river to its mouth ? When ? What river was ])rol)al)ly discovered by La Salic before he sailed down the 3Iississippi ? What was the territory claimed by France called ? Name five English explorers ? When and where did each make explorations ? Who was the only Dutch explorer ? What did he discover ? What did he name the region he discovered ? SPECIAL EXERCISE. Notice what happens in the schoolroom during the day : the classes that recite, and the order in which they recite ; the work put on the blackboards; FEEXCH, ENGLISH, AXD DUTCH EXPLOEATIOXS. 35 the lessons that seem to be best known ; the visitors that have entered. Select three or four of your schoolmates, and keep a record of what you see tliem do. From what you have observed, write a short history of the school- room for a period of one day. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Name three great discoverers. How many voyages did Columbus make? What did he discover upon each? TThen was America discovered? "When and by whom was the mainland of Xorth America discovered ? Who gained tlie title of Great Seaman ? After wliom was America named ? When did Yespucius make his voyage of exploration ? Xame two Spaniards who made successful conquests. Name two Spaniards who were unsuccess- ful in their expeditions. Why was De Soto buried a second time ? Xame two Spaniards whose discoveries were connected with the largest ocean in the world. Who has the credit of being the first to sail around the world ? Who were the four great French explorers ? What rivers were discovered by French explorers ? Xame the explorers who visited the east coast of America. Who first explored this coast ? What were the discoverers and exjDlorers mainly in search for ? Write what you know of Columbus. Write what you know of De Soto. Write the Blackboard Form for the voyages of the three great discoverers. Write the Blackboard Form for Spanish discoveries and explorations. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter IX. Turn to a map of the United States. What States border upon the At- lantic ? What States border upon the Gulf of Mexico ? What States bor- der upon the Mississippi River ? What States and Territories border upon Mexico ? What States border upon the Ohio River ? Where is St. Augus- tine ? Santa Fe ? Where is Xova Scotia ? In what direction from Nova Scotia is Canada ? 36 ITBST pekiod: dkcotert. Review Outline. 1492 »Si//< SiliaJor. ^, , , 1493 Jiimaioj. Columbus ^ , ,,.^ c ^7 J 149S K>ouf/i Amen4}a. [^ 1502 Isthmus of Thirien. Vtspucius 1499 South America. I>er, Champlain 1608 Ginada. J^^^^'^ U673 Plinois. Joliet » pj SiNe 16S2 Pmlsiana, ^ Sen #•// Hudson . . 1 609 ^eir York. English discoverers In red: Spanish in blue; French in black; Dutch in full-face type. REVIEW OF PlKST PERIOB. 37 Review Outline. 1492 America Columbus. 1493 Jamaica Columbus. 1497 Labrador Cabot. 1498 South America. • Columbus. 1498 Maryland ^ CaboL 1499 .Soutli America Vespucius. 1502 Darien CoUmbus. 1512 Florida De Leon: 1513 Pacific Ocean Balboa. 1519 Mexico Cortez. 1520 Magellan Strait Magellan. 1524 East Coast of N, America. . Verrazano. 1531 Peru Pizarro. 1534 SL Lawrence River Cartier. 1541 Mississippi River De Soto. 1576 N.E. Coast of America. . . .Frobislier. 1579 Oregon Drahe. 1585 Davis Strait Davis. 1602 Cap)e Cod Gosnold. 1608 Canada Champlain. 1609 ^ew York Hudson. 1671 Ohio River La Salle. \ Marquette 1^^^3 ^^^^'^^^'^ I andJoliet I 1682 Louisiana. ^ La Salle. Nations are indicated by the same colors and type as in the pre- ceding^ outline. On the blackboard, colored crayons may be used. Sccoi^d Period: Settlen^ei^t. CHAPTER IX. THE :n^ations that colo- nized AI^IERICA. 1 . AYe have seen ^vliat the English, French, Spaniards, and Dutcli did to explore America. We must now learn about the settlements made l)y them. 2. The southern part of what is now the United States was claimed by the Spaniards, whose first settlement was at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. The Spaniards also took possession of the southwestern j^art of the United States. Those Spaniards who settled this portion came up from Mexico, and made a settlement at Santa Fe as early as 1582. THK XATir»XS THAT COLONIZED AMERICA. 39 3. Tlie eastern part of the United States was settled |>rin('i[)all\' by tlie Euiflisli. People came over fi'om Hol- land and Sweden also. Ijut tliey occupied territoi'v claimed hv Enii'land, aiiuceess to [>lant colonies on Spanisli territory, the French made their first perma- nent settlement ill America at Port Royal, Xova Scotia, in 16<)5. Thev soon to(.k possession of all Canada. F]-oni Canada, French exploi-ei's went down the Missis- si]»[>i River, and niany of the States now bordei'ing upon this river Avei'e settled by the Fivncli. 5. The English settlement- became in time thirteen distinct cohniies. As time passed on, the j)opulation of these colonies greatly increased, anUne immediately after the massacre of the French. He then hanired all the Span- iard> \][um trees, and sailed for Europe. S. Thus Ave see tliat France and Spain were the first nations t<» rpiarrel over territory in the Xew AA orld. France later on izave up all claim to the territory of Fh^rida. and for many years Spain had full possession of all the land touching:' the (xulf of ^Mexico. Questions. — Through \\iiose explorations ilid France claim the cast coast of North America r Wlu^t were French Protestants called I Who attempted to settle Spanish territory ? Where was the settlement made ? What happened to the colony ? Where did the next Huguenot colony attempt to settle .' When ? What happened to them ? What Spaniard founded St. Augustine ! Who avenged the massacre of the French colonists ? Why did the Spanish and French make war upon one another ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. PRKPARATORY TO IMF. >TU1>Y uF CUAin-EK XL Turn to n\. The colonists landed npon Roanoke Islan, James 1. was king of Eiiglaiul. From lilm a patent, or permission, to settle Virginia was obtained 1)v a company of gentlemen and mereliants. This eompanv was called the Lon(h)n Company. It Avas ])ermitted to select any territory l(Mi miles srpiare along the seacoast l)etween the :Uth and 41st parallels. Later the company was given a mncli longer stretch of land on tlie seacoast, and reaching hack to the Pacific Ocean. 2. On the l^>tli of Decend)er, ](>.") cohmists set sail from London. They had only three small vessels with which to ci'oss the Atlantic. The names of these vessels, in order of size, Avere the Snsan Constant, the Good Speed, and the Discovery. 3. It was the intention of the colonists to settle on Koanoke Island, hnt a storm drove them ont of their conrse, and they soon entered the month of what is now Chesapeake Bay. The names of Charles and Henry were u'ivcn to the capes at the entrance to this bay, in honor of the sons of the king. 4. They then sailed np a broad, beantifnl river, which they named the James, after the king himself. On the 13th day of ]May, they landed npon a little peninsnla formed b^• a bend of the river, and began to lay the fonndation of a town. THE FIKST 1M:R>.IAXE.\T KXnF.TSII SETTI.KMENT. 5. All this region A\as iii]ial)ittMl ])y a powerful trilje of Iiuliuus wlioAvere I'liled over b}' a king or chief named Powliatan. The Indian villao-e in wliicli Powhatixn lived is supposed to have Ijeen where the city of Ttichmond is now. 6. The London CVunpany liad a])- pointed seven coun- cilors to govern the colony. These elected one of their number President. The iirst President of the Virginia col- ony Avas Ed\\'ard ^^ ingheld. 7. Jamestown AV a s tlie name given to tlie town founded by the colonists. It is famous in liistory as the first permanent Englisli settlement in America. Befoi'e the settlement of JamestoAvn, France and Spain had full possession of America. But no^v England be- gan to claim tlie territoiy explored for her by tlie Cabots. EUIN.S OF JAMESTOWN 4>i SECoxp period: >kttle:mfxt. 8. The early eulouist^ sutfeivd iiiaiiy liai'dsliips. yevertlieles:? the cohmy grew and soon became prosper- ous. Let us learn something of its early history. Questions. — What English king gave a patent to colonize Virginia ? To \\liom was it given ? What territory was granted to them ( How many colonists set sail ? What were the names of their vessels i Where did they intend to land ? Where did they land i What bay did they enter ? What river ? After Avhom were the capes at the entrance of the bay named ? After whom was the river named ? The town that was built ? Who was the chief of the neighboring Indians ? How many councilors were appointed to govern the colony i Who was the first President of the col- ony ? Why is the settlement of Jamestown one of the most important events of United States historv ? CHAPTEF. XIII. THE FATHER OF VIEGIXIA. 1. Of the seven men appointed councilors l>y the London Company, only two we-re tit to rule. ( )ne of tliese was Bartholomew Gosnold, the man ^vho discovered Cape Cod. He died soon after landing in Virginia. The other was Captain John Smith. 2. The colonists had come to a iit-w world. They were not used to the climate. Many of them had never done hard work. They had to learn t<> cut down trees, l)uild h(^uses, and cultivate the ground. 3. But in doing all this they should have 1 >een pr< >perly directed and wisely governed. Wingfield was not a lit man for a president. an«l the colonists had little conli- ♦ THE FATHER OF VIRGINIA. 49 deuce iu liini. The second PresidiMit, \\ lio was named Ratclift'e, Avas not niucli better. 4. Then John Smith became leader of the colonists. He was an experienced, a l)rave, and a wise man, and knew exactly the right thing to do. Each man was shown ho\v to work; and Smith himself, h\ his OAvn industry, set the example to the others. When food be- came scarce, lie made expeditions into the interior, and trading with the Indians he o1)- taiued from them supplies of corn, di"ied meat, and game. 5. Smith also made explorations of the country al)out Jamestown. Upon one of these expeditious he was captured by the Indians. They took him to Opecancanough, Pow- hatan's brother, who kept him three days, considering whether or not t(^ put him to death. 6. He Avas then sent to Pow- hatan. Here he met Pocahontas, a daughter of the chief, and she and Smith soon became friends. She was a great favorite Avitli her father, and when she inter- ceded for Smith, lie Avas permitted to return safely to JamestoAvn. 7. After this, Pocahontas often proved herself a friend to the colonists. She brought them food several times Avhen they Avere in much need of it. She married one 4* CAPTAIN JOHX SMITH. EYEXTS OF EAELY YIEGIXIA HISTORY. 51 of them, a young EiiLclisliman named Jolm Rolfe^ and went with him to Emj^land. This maiTiao;e made Pow- hatan a friend of the coh^nists. 8. Tlie name of Captain Jolm Smith occupies a most honoraljk' phice in liistory. His wis. One hundred and fifty young women were sent from Kngland to Virginia in 1620. They l)ecame the wives of colonists. Each colonist paid the expense of his wife's journey from England. The amount was paid in tobacco; the (pnmtity of \vhicli required for each was one hundred or one hnndred and fifty pounds. 7. The colonists were now happy and contented. Their only dlfiicnltles ^vere with the Indians. When Powhatan -T. w liioli is known as Bacon's Rebellion. In this ivbellion Berkeley was driven ont of JamestOAvn and the village was burneik It has never been i-ebnilt. A few ruins shoAv the place whei-e it once stooil. But Bacon dieil. Berkelev ivgaineil his jx^wer and punisheil the rel>els. The settlements, however, were not destroyeik and from these beginnings has grown the great State of Vii-gini^i, Blackboard Form. 1607, Seffleme/if of 'ramestown, 1 1^1 ^> * ItiffOiffiiikm of SJai'^rtf. . . ' /Tr-v/ Colonial A-s-^fnhl^. liynuii i^:^^,_irnr.jl of Seff/ers ]Vic€S. Colon 'J, j^.oo /;>.^ in,]ian Jfa-ss^icre. 1»>-1:4, Second Indian Afassaere. lt>7<\ JB(ieon\s HelfeUion, Questions. — What plan did the colonists first pursue in regard to buikiing hou<<.s and raising cn>i^ ? Whjit plan was found to l»e l>etter ? What was fimnd to lie the nn^st profiiahle crop I Who taught the Euro- jiean how to use tol»acco I Who introduced it into England ? What was brought to the colony in 1619 ? Wliy were these negroes bouglit by the Vir- ginia planters ? When and whene did the first Colonial Assembly, or legis- lature, meet f Who was governor thon ? What was this Colonial Assembly calleil ? How did the Mrginians obtain wives ? Wliat were now the only difficulties ! Wlien did the two Indian m:issacres take place ? Who was gx^vernor in 1676 I What brave young lawyer rebelled against him f Why r Who was successful in this contest ? What hap|)eneti to Jamestown dur- ing Bacon's Rel>ellion r Write the Blacl^board Form for tlio Virginia ti»loiiy. EARLY HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 55 GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XV, Tui'n to a riKip of Europe. Where is Holland ? AVhere is Amsterdam ? AViiat course wouid a vessel take in sailing from Holland to New York ? Turn to a maj} of the Middle Sttiten (iiid fiid Nerr Yorl. What river in the eastern part of this State ? What island at the mouth of tliis river ? What large city is partly situated upon this island ? AVhere is Albany ? What two States border upon the southeastern [)art of New York ? ClIAPTEH XV. EARLY HISTOKY OF NEW YORK. 1. Six years after the first settlement of Jamestown traders from Holland established a trading post upon Manhattan Island (1G13), whei'e part of the cit}^ of New York no^v stands. The Dutch traders found it Yery profitable to buy skins and furs from the Indians. 2. The Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from the Indians for twenty-four dollars. New Amsterdam \\'as the name given to the settlement upon this island, and the territory was called New Netherland. 3. Large numljers of colonists Avei*e sent from Hol- land. A trading post was established as early as 1615, near the place \vhere Albany now stands. In 1624, a number of Dutch Protestants, or Walloons, as they Avere called, ascended the river, built a fort at the same place, and made a settlement. This wa^ called Fort Orano-e. o 4. The Dutch also established trading posts in New 56 SECOND period: settlement. Jersey and Connecticut. All this territory was claimed bv them because of the discoveries of Henrv Hudson. PETEK sTL YVESAM'. This brought them into difficulty with the English, who also claimed the territory. 5. Four Dutch governors had ruled over Xew Xether- land when it Avas granted by the King of England to his brother, the Duke uf York. Pfter Stuyvt^sant was the last of the Dutch o^overnoi-s. EARLY HISTOEY OF NEW YORK. ' 57 6. He ^vas a brave old .soldier, and ^\'llell the Englisli came to take possession, lie was ready to iiglit them. But the people A\'ould not help him, and so he had to surrender. This ^Yas in 16(34. 7. When the English obtained possession of New Am- sterdam, they changed its name to Ne^v York, after the king's brother. The Dutch did not get along very Avell ^N'ith the Eii(j:lisli <2:overnors. One of these was driven a^vay, and a man named Leisler made himself governor. But another o^overnor Avas sent from Ensrland, and Leisler ^vas hano-ed for treason. 8. The early Dutch settlers had many difficulties with the Indians. Their contest with the English may be called the second (puirrel over territory. Blackboard Form. f 1609, Hudson .River explored. New Yorh \ 1013, Settlement of New Amsterdam, Colon If. I 1624, Settlement of Fort Orange, L 1664, Englisli Conquest. Questions.— Who settled New York I Upon wluit island was the first settlement made ? What did the settlers pay for this island ? What large city is now partly situated upon Manhattan Island ? What name was given to this city by the early Dutch settlers ? What name was given to the ter- ritory ? What other settlements were made by the Dutch ? Upon what grounds did the Dutch claim this territory ? AVliat other nation claimed it ? How many governors had New Netherland ? Who was the last Dutch o-ove.rnor ? Wlio took possession of New Amsterdam while he was gov- "> SECOXD PEEJOP: SETTLZilEXT. emor .' To ^/ i: ^v li^ its name chang^ I After whom I WIio was Leis- ler i Wha: A' •^nevi to him? What was the s<:Con'^t tj^a^vrnel over lerri- tonr ? Write the BlacklKKurtl Form for the settlemeut of New York. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. PkEFABLHTOKY TV THE SxiTDY OF ClLLPTEJlS X\~I. AXI> XVII. Tmnt t¥ a W4»j» «r' tkf 3>4«- £m^»J Siate^^ la uiiat part of 3iassaeha- setts is Pivmoath ? What bar ia the eastern part of 3lassachus4^tts ? Where is Salem ? Boston I Where is ^iarragansett Bay I What State toQches Connectieot on the west ? In what part of Connecticnt is Wind- sor I Hartford ? Xew Uaren ? In vrbat part of ^ew Hampshire is Do- rer ? Portsmouth ? In what part of Vermont is BnttlebofO ? Between what two States is Vermont ? iHAl^tK XVI PriaXAXS AND PILGRLMS. 1. The ^rst settlement in what is now Massachusetts was made by English Puritans in lt>2*>. These Pimtans Avere |»e«>ple who held religious opinions *A their own. Avhieh weiv not ai-eeptalde t»» the Establisheil C^hureh. On aeci>unt i»f the:4>u:^lii reiu^re in Holland. Al- though Avell treateil there, they were among strangei*s and were ni»t Avholly satisiie^T. They determined to cross the Atlantic, and make a home for themselves in the Xcav World. One huudreil and one i>f them came over in a PmiTAXS AXD PTTXJPJMS. 59 vessel named tlie Mayliower. and iimde the iirst settle- ment at PI} montli. 3. Because tliey had moved so often, these Puritans were called Pilu-rims. It was Avinter an hen thev landed in America. The weather was very severe, ^hn-e than lialf of tliem died before the winter was over. 4. At first the settlers were in o-reat fear of the Hi: MAY FLOW Ki;. Indians. A little military eom])any was organized. It was put nnder the command of a brave little man named Miles Standish, ^\'llo was its captain. 5. There was, h()^vever, no need of feai*. Massasoit, the chief of the neighboring Indians, showed himself friendly. ' He sent one of his tribe named Samoset to \velcoine the newcomers. Samoset had learned some m SECOND pektod: settlement. Avords of English fi\nii lisLeriiieii, a few years before. AVlieii lie came to the Plymoiitli colouists aiul said, '* AVel- come, Euglishmeii," they were surprised to hear an Indian speak English. 0. Another cohniy of Puritans came over from Eng- land in 1(^:?8. This was the Alassachu- setts Bay Colony. They made a settle- LANDIXG OF THE PILGRIM-. nient at Salem. In 1680, Boston was founded. Alany more colonists followed, and a nund>er of small to^vns sjM-ang up around Boston. 7. The Puritans had suffered mucli in England on account of their religious helief. This suffering should have made them act kindly towards those ANdiose religion was not the same as theirs. Instead, however, of l)eing kind, they were often cruel. Roger AVilliams, an ehxpient PrRITAXS AND PILGRIMS. 61 youno^ minister, ^va8 driven from the colony. Anne Ilutcliinson, a pious woman, was also compelled to leave. A nnml^er of Quakers, ^vlio ^vere a (piiet, religious peo- })le, AN'ere persecuted wlien tliey visited the colony, and some \yeve put to death. 8. At one time the colonists were filled ^vith supersti- tions about Avitches. These witches were women and girls, ^vho were Ijelieved to be under control of evil spirits. In Salem many innocent people were accused of witchcraft, and Ave re cruelly tor- tured, and put to death. The colo- nists soon came to see how foolish it was to believe in witches. 9. In 1675, an Indian war broke . -, . . -MILES STANDISH. out. Ihe natives were beormnino^ to fear that tlie white people Avould settle too far from the coast, and would drive the red men from their forests and fields. Tliey raised the war-cry, not because they were cruel, Ijut to defend tlieir riulits. The Indians Avere led by King Pliilip, a son of Massasoit. After mucli liglit- ing tlie colonists were victorious. Xearly all the Indians Avere destroyed. King Pliili]) liimself Avas killed in the last l)attle of this war. 10. For a long time tlie Massachusetts Bay Colony and tlie Plymouth Colony were under separate govern- ments. In 1691 they were united. From this union has grown the present State of ^lassachusetts. 62 SECOND period: settlement. MassacJi u setts Colon its. Blackboard Form. '' IGi^n, Landimj of the Pihjrims. U)i\s, Settlement of Sal em. 1 6 o 0, Fo i( n (Jin g of Boston . 1 (3 o , Ba n ish m en t of Boget • T Villi a ms. 1C>75, King Philip s Wav. 1691, Union of Plymouth and Massa- chusetts Ba[i Colonies. . 1692, Sdtm Witchcraft. Questions. — Where AViis tlic first settlement in Massachusetts made ? AVheu ? By whoiii ? Who were the Puritans ? Where did some of the Puritans first go after leaving England? Where did they afterwards go? How many first went to America ? AVhat was the name of their vessel ? Why were they called Pilgrims ? What fear had the early settlers ? Who was appointed captain ? Who was chief of the neighboring Indians ? How did he show friendship for the whites ? What son of his afterwards made war upon the whites ? What was the second ^Massachusetts colony called ? Where did this colony settle ? When \ When was Boston founded ? AVhat two pit)us ])ersous were driven from the colony ? What treatment did the Quakers receive ? What superstition filled the minds of the early settlers of Salem i Why did the Indians begin war ? What was the result of King Philip's War ? When did the two colonies unite ? AVrite the Blackboard Form for the 31assachusetts colonies. CHAPTER XVII. OTHEi: NKW KX(;LAXD SETTLE^fEXTS. 1. The Dutcli c-laiined C'oiineeticnt as a part of Xew Netlierlaiid. .\ short time after XeAv .VmsterJaiu was settled, they l)iiilt a miniljer of ti'adiiig posts along the OTHER NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENT?. G3 shore of Lonir Islaud Soimd. and a fort ii|k»ii the Con- necticut River, 2. The English, as we know, als<» claimed this terri- tory. In 1633, some c<»hjnists from ^Massachusetts made a settlement at AVindsor. The coinitrv Avas fotmd to be ROGER WILL1A>I-S A>'D THE XARRAGAXSETT5 SO fertile that many others came and settled in the neigh- borhood. In 1636, Hartford was founded. 3. AVhen Ii[KXT. of Jersey ? Turn ton map of the United Stuolics it on the north ? AVhere is New Jersey ? "What State lies west of the Delaware Kiver .' Where is Phihulel[^lua ? c'liArrKK will. DELAWARE. XEW JEIISEY, AXH rEXXSYLVAXIA. 1. Delaware wa>i settled by a colony of Swedes and Finns in lO.'^S at Christina, where is now the eity of AVilniington. It was claimed by the Dutch as a part of tlieir teri'itory. Peter Stuyvesant. while governor of New Xetlierland, sent an army down to New Sweden, as Dehnvare was then called, and tO(^k possession of it. 2. When Xew Xetlierland was conquered by the Eng- lish, all the Dutch territory was given to the Duke of York. The duke gave that portion of the Dutch terri- tory known as Dehiware to William Penn. the great English Quaker. 3. The duke also gave the territory now known as Xew Jersey to two lords named Berkeley and Carteret Carteret had been governor of the Island of Jersey, in the English Channel, and so this territory was called Xew Jersey. A settlement was made at Elizabethtown in 16G4. •A. The King of England also gave William Penn some territorv. This territory lav west of the Delaware River, and it was given to Penn in ]xninent of a large debt which the kinii' owed Penn's father. As the Quakers DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA. 67 were persecuted in Eughiiul on account of their way of worsliiping God, Penn's idea in acquiring possession of this huid \vas to liave a phice Avliere the Quakers would be at peace. 5. In 1082, two thousane a profitable crop, and it soon became the principal one. 4. In 1729, the Kino- of Eno-land bouo-ht the territory CAROLIXA AND GEOEGIA. 73 back from the Proprietors. He divided it into two parts, Xortli aud Soiitli Carolina, and appointed a gov- ernor for each. When the division was made, there still remained on the south a portion of territory not included in South Carolina. This territor}' ^vas by charter granted in 1732 to James Oglethorpe and other trustees. 5. Georo-e II. ^vas the ]dng- who made this Pi'ant. The territory Avas named Georgia after him. Oglethorpe, who secured tlie charter from the king, was one of the best men connected with the early settlement of America. He Avas Avidely known for his bravery, for his kind heart, and for the many efforts he made to help the distressed. 6. In those days it was the custom to put men in prison for debt. Oglethorpe felt that this ^vas unjust. He determined to found a colony in the New A\\>r](l where such men could q:o and beo'iu life airain. He >— o o would give them a chance to become comfortable and independent by their work. Many were glad to take the opportunity thus given them. 7. Oglethorpe and his colony readied the Savannah River and founded the city of Sa\'annah. He managed all the affairs of the colonv with o-reat wisdom. Like JAMES OGLETHORPE. 74 SECOND period: SETTLE>[EXT. AVilliam Peiiii, be made peace with the Iiidiaus. His only troubles were witli the Spaniards of Florida. At one time a large Spanish Heet with 5,000 men threatened the Georgia colonies. Oglethorpe had only 8< >0 men. but lie managed ^vitll so much prudence that the Spaniards retreated. 8. In 1752. nineteen years after its settlement, the charter Avas surrendered t<^ the king, and Georgia became a royal province. Very liberal laws Avere made. Many C(»lonists came over from Europe. Among them were a number of Germans. In a short time Georo-ia became one of the most prosj^erous of the American colonies. 3C 5) Blackboard Form. (' 1653, First Settlement. I 166o, Granted to Lords Proprietors. Carolina. - 1670, A-^Jihi/ Hirer Colony. Xmih Carolina I. \ South Carolina. 17in\ Divided into ^ I 17oo, SavannaJi Founded. Georgia. -[ 1740, Trouble with the Spaniards. I 175i\ Becomes a Rotfed Province. Questions. — From Mlicre did the early settlers of Xorth Carolina come? Where did they form settlements ? "What king made a grant of the terri- tory south of Virginia ? When ? To whom ? How far south did this terri- tory extend \ Name three of the Lords Proprietors. When was Lord Clarendon's coUmiv sent out \ Where did it land ''. What town did thev LOUISIANA. 75 foiiiul ? Who were ainongthe colonists ? What became the piinci[)al crop of tlie Carolina colonists ? What king bought back this territory i When? To whom did he grant the southern porti(Mi of it ? What name was given to it ? AVhat kind of man was Oglethorpe ? What custom i)revailed in England in tiiose days ? What city did Oglethorpe found ? What troubles had the early Georgia settlers ? What did the Georgia colony shortly become ? Write tlie Blackboard Form for tlie colonies of Carolina. Georgia. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to tue Study of {'hapter XXT. Tu)'n to a map of Louisiana and Texas. In what pai't of Louisiana is the mouth of the Mississippi River ? What large river Hows into the Mississippi in Louisiana ? What State touches Louisiana on the east ? Where is New Orleans ( In what part of Texas is Matagorda Bay :' Where is the Nech. s Kiver ? In what direction is Illinois from ^latagorda Bay ? Turn to a map of Mississippi andjind Biloxi. How would you go by water from New Or- leans to Biloxi ? ("HAPTEK XXL LOnSIAXA. 1. After La Salle had sailed down tlie erreat Missis- sippi Kiver to its iiioutli, he went to France and told the king of his explorations. The king ^vas well pleased to hear that the great territory of Louisiana had been added to the Freneli possessions in America. 2. It was the wish of La Salle to make a settlement at the month of tlie river he had explored. The king very readily gave him permission. In 1685, La Salle T6 SECOND period: SETTLE^[EXT. started ^vitli four vessels and 250 men. He missed the mouth of tlie Mississipj^i, and reached a bay further west, that is noAv known as Matagorda Bay. 3. Here La Salle landed and built a fort. A number of misfortunes had happened to him. Two of his ships were lost, and his naval commander, Beaujeu [bo-zhoo], quarreled ^vith him and left in a third ship for France. Shortly after this he lost the fourth vessel. The Indians Avere very unfriendly, and he was on territory claimed by Spain. 4. AVitli tAventy picked men he started across the coun- try. His purpose was to reach either the Mississippi Eiver, or the French settlement tliat had l)een made in Illinois some years previously. 5. He arrived at a point near the Xeches River, in the southeastern part of Avhat is noAV Texas. Here his men (juarreled, and La Salle was killed. The great and l)rave explorer who had done so much for France in the Xew AVorld did not liv(- to know hoAv important Avere his explorations. 6. In 1699, Iberville, accompanied by his younger brother Bienville, entered the Mississippi. He sailed up as far as the Red River. On his return, IberA^lle made explorations in Avhat is noAv the southern portion of Mis- sissippi, and planted a colony near an Indian village. It AA'as called Biloxi. 7. He Avas soon joined by Bienville. Sau voile AA^as appointed goA^ernor of the colony, and Iberville returned LOUISIANA. to France. Upon the death of Sauvolle, Bienville be- came governor. In 1718, a point ^va8 selected npon the left bank of the Mississippi River, and the city of New Orleans was founded. 8. From these French settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi to the French settlements in Canada there FOUNDING OF NEW ORLEANS, was soon established a line of forts and trading posts. These posts were built along the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Great Lakes. The English colonies upon the Atlantic coast were thus almost enclosed on the land side by the territoiy occupied by tlie French. We shall see what quarrels the French and Englisli had over some of this territorv. SECOXD teriod: settlement. Lo uimana, - Blackboard Form. 154:2, T7.v//*^// ly Be Soto. 1682, Rrphreifh/ La Salle, 1699, SettM at Bilari bf/ IherviUe. 171 S. 3??r Orleans Founded, Questions. — Who first saileil down the Mississippi River to its mouth? What name tliu he give the territory he explored ? To whom did he go to tell of his explorations I IIow did the French king receive the news ? How did La Salle first reach the Mississippi River before sailing down to its mouth ? After returning from France, how did he try to reach it r "With how many ships did he sail ? With how many men ? When? Who was his naval commaudor r What did he reach in place of the mouth of the Missis- sippi ? Wliat misfortunes happened to him .' What became of La Salle ? What French- man entered the >[ississippi ? How far up did he go I What settlement did Iberville LA 5AIXK. make ? When ? Where i Who was the first governor ? The second ? When was New Orleans fonndetl ? How was the territory of Louisiana and Xew France connected ? What colonies were almost surrounded by French territory ? \Vrito the Blackboard Form for Louisiaua. REVIEW QUESTIONS. What part of North America was claimed by Sj^ain ? Name the principal Si>ani>h discoverers and explorers. What two Spanish settlements were made in what is now the Unitetl States ? When were these settlements made .' What part of North America was claimed by Enghuid ? Name the principal English explorers. What was the first permanent English settle- LOUISIANA. 79 ment ? What settlements were made by English Puritans ? Quakers ? Catholics ? What was the lost colony of America ? What was the first quarrel over territory ? Name the principal events of early Virginia history. Massachusetts. Maryland. New York. Connecticut. When was Boston founded ? New York ? Philadelphia ? Baltimore ? Charleston ? Savan- iiali ? New Orleans ? Who Avas Captain John Smith ? William Penn ? James Ogletliorpe ? Peter Stuyvesant ? Edward Wingfield ? Roger Green ? Roger Williams ? Cecil Calvert ? Miles Standish ? Natlianiel Bacon ? Powhatan ? Samoset ? Pocahontas ? Massasoit ? Opecancanough ? What four explorers are connected with the Mississippi River ? What was the fate of La Salle ? AVliat two brothers first entered the mouth of the Mississippi River ? After whom was New York named ? Virginia ? Georgia? Louisiana? Maryland? New Jersey ? Pennsylvania? Why is Penn's Elm famous ? The Charter Oak ? What two rebellions occurred in the early history of the English Colonies ? Write what yoii know of John Smith. William Penn. James Oglethorpe. La Salle. Write the Blackboard Form for Virginia. New York. Massachusetts. Pennsylvania. Maryland. The Carolinas. Georgia. Louisiana. SPECIAL EXERCISE. Visit some interesting place not far from where you live, and explore it. Tell your teacher about your exploration, and see if you can draw a map or diagram showing the positions of the different objects you noticed during your visit. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXII. Turn to a map of the Middle States. In what part of New York is Schen- ectady ? Where is Albany ? What bounds New York on the north ? In what direction from Albany is Montreal ? Turn to a map of North America. Where is Cape Breton Island ? AVhere is Nova Scotia ? How would you go by water from Boston to Cape Breton Island ? To Quebec ? so SECOND teriod: settlement. § ^ ►3^ ^ .?^ EnqJish, Review Outline. 1585 Xortli Carolina (attempted ). 1607.. .. Virginia. 16:?0 Jlassach usetts. 1623 Kew Harnpsliire. 1633 Con necticut. 1634 Maryland. 1636 Rhode Island. 1653 Xortli Carolina. 1664 Xeio Jersey. 1670 South Carolina, 1681 Pennsylvania. 1733 Georgia. ( 1562 South Carolina (attempted). I 1564 Florida {^attempted). 1605 Xova Scotia. French. - 1608 Quebec. 1685 Texas (attempted). , 1699 Piloxi. 1^ 1718 Xew Orleans. ni(tch...UnS Xeiv Yor7.\ Sicedisli. . .1638 Delaware. f 1565 St. Augusfine. Spanish. 1582 Smta Fe. English in red : Spanish in blue : French in black ; Dutch and Swedish in full-face type. REVIEW OF SECOND I'KRIOD. 81 Review Outline. 1562 South Carolina (attempted) ^ 1564 Florida {attempted ). 1565 St. Augustine. 1582 Sa7ita Fe. 1 585 North Carolina {attempted). 1605 Nova Scotia. 1607 Virginia, 1608 Quehec. 1613 New York, 1 620 Massachusetts. 1 <)23 New Hampshire, 1638 Connecticut. 1634 Maryland. 1636 Rhode Island. 1638 Delaware. 1653 North Carolina. 1664 New Jersey. 1670 South Carolina. 1681 Pennsylvania. 1685 Texas {attempted). 1699 Biloxi. 1718 New Orleans. 1733 Georgia. Nations shown by colors and type as in preceding outlines. Colored crayons may be used on the blackboard. Tl^ii'd Period: Goloinal Gi'o\Vtb CHAPTER XXII. COLONIAL JTALOrSIES. 1. The English sertlemeuts were all made along the Atlantio coast. The French settlements were made in Canada and along the Mississippi Kiver. French settle- ments were also made in what is now Xova Scotia, called by the French, Acadie : by the English. Acadia. 2. As time passed on. both French and English colo- nists grcAv in numbers. It was not long before they be- came jealous of one another. France and England quar- COLONIAL .TEALOrSIKS. 83 reled several times in Europe w liile America was being settled. Whenever the motlier countries Avent to war witli eacli <>ther, the Ensclish and Frencli colonists did the same. 3. In these wars between the colonists, tlie Fi-encli ^vere assisted bv Indians. The Ensrlish colonists suffered greatly from the cruel t\^ of the Indians. Many help- less old men, ANomen, and children Avere massacred by them. 4. Eacli of tliese colonial Avars is known l)y the name of the king or queen that ruled ovtM' England at the time. The wars wei'e : King William's War, Queen Anne's Wai', and King George's War. 5. Kinar ej^peditions w«^ planned by the English. Two wei^ soccessfuL One of these was to northern Xew York, wheie the French wei>? defeate«l near Lake Gev^ge. The tHher was to Acadia. 7. ^kVTi«i the English e«:*nqQejed Acadia some years bef i^re. they pcnnitted the French to lemain. These gave the Ei^li^ some trcNible wIk^h the French and Indian War Iwvike out. The exj«edirion that was n«:»w sent captwed the Aca^lian ^^rtSw The Aes^liatts thaoi- selves w«»e croeDy fc^rt^ed to leave their li->mes^ A srreat many of them were carried «:^ by English vessels to English coliHiies aloi^ the coast. St successfuL One Avas a^rainst ^iasara. and one was as^nst the Fi«ich ENGLISH DEFEATS. 89 Fort I)u Qiiesue. This fort had been built where Pitts- burg now stands. The leader of this expedition was the commander-in-chief of the Eng-lish forces, General Edward Braddock. Questions. — Who was sent to occupy the disputed territory ? Wiiat victory did he win ? Wliat was the French commauder's name ? How was Washington forced to surrender, and wliere ? Wliat war began with these battles ? Who were the four principal English generals in tliis war ? Who was the principal French general ? How many expeditions were planned at the beginning of the war ? What two were successful ? Who was the commander-in-chief of the English ? AYliat expedition did he lead ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXV. Turn to a map of the Middle States. In what part of IMaryland is Cumber- laud ? In what part of Virginia is W^illiamsburg ? How would an tirmy go from Williamsburg to Cumberland ? In what direction is Pittsburg from Cumberland ? In what part of New York is Ticonderoga ? CHAPTER XXV. ENGLISH DEFEATS. 1. Braddock's army consisted of 1,000 soldiers from Eno:land. These had been accnstomed to fio-htino- in the wars of Euro})e, but knew nothing of the Indian way of fighting. They were joined by about the same number of colonial troops from Virginia, Maryland, and New York. 3. General Braddock was a brave soldier, but he was very stubborn and would not take advice. He thought 90 THIRD pkriod: poloxial growth. tliiit the Eiiii-lisli soldiers could do all the Hii-htiiiu", and that the French and Indians would not he able to stand ao:ainst them. 3. Although he kne^v nothing about the country through which he was to travel, he refused the assistance of a celebrated ranger and hunter named (>aptain Jack. This ranger ^vas used to the Gi'eat Woods, and he had offered to o-o with his companions in advance of Braddock, and keep liim informed of the move- ments of the eneni}'. 4. It was in June, 1755, Avhen the army started from Fort Cumberland in what is now the western part of Maryland. Instead of traveling as fast as possible so as to surprise the French, the English army proceeded through the Avoods, with drums beatino- and flao:s ilyino-. Much time was wasted. The English often stop}>ed to build good roads to march over. 5. Washington accompanied the expedition. He made wise suo-o-estions and o-ave o'ood advice to the sreneral, but Braddock Avould not listen to him. The army soon drew near Foi't Du Quesne. Its movements had been watched bv Indian scouts all along. BKADUOCK ANL» CAI'TAIN JACK. ENGLISH DEFEATS. 91 6. AVlieu the French coiumaudaiit of Fort Dii (juesiie lieard that Braddock's army Avas near, he tliouglit of retreating. But one of his young captains, named De Beaujeu, offered to go out and give Braddock battle. The commandant permitted him to do so. 7. De Beaujeu had about eiglit liundred and sixty men, most of Avlioni ^^^ere Indians. He ])osted tliem be- hind rocks and trees. When tlie English came up, he opened a hot lire upon them. This was not tlie European Av^ay of lighting. Many of the English ^vere shot down. The rest retreated in a panic. 8. The Indians would have followed np the success and massacred the Hying soldiers, were it not that Wash- in j^ton and his brave Virmnians stood their o-round. They had posted themselves behind rocks and trees just as the French and Indians had done, and opened a deadly fii'e upon the enemy ^vhei'ever he appeared. The rear of the retreating army was thus protected by them. Brad- dock was mortally Avounded in this battle and De Beaujeu was killed. 9. In the lirst years of the French and Indian War, the English were defeated several times. Fort William Henry, on Lake George, surrendered to General Mont- calm in 1757, and the Eni'dish crarrison was massacred by the revengeful Indians of his army. In 1758, Mont- calm defeated General Al^ercrombie, who, with a large arm}' of English and colonial troops, had attacked Fort Ticoncleroga. Iii this battle the English lost 2,000 men. 92 THIRD 1'eriod: poloxial growth. Questions. — Of how numy did Braddock's arm\' consist ? What kiud of a man was Braddock i AVhose services did he decline ? AVlien and from what phice did liis army start ? How did iiis army travel ? Who accom- panied him ? What did Washington do ? What young French captain offered to light Braddock ? IIow did the French and Indians arrange them- selves ? What was tlie residt of the battle ? Who saved the defeated army from massacre ? What other defeats did the English suffer in this war ? What French general captured Fort William Henry ? When ? What Eng- lisli general was defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga { When ? How many men did the Englisli lose in this battle ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study or Chapter XXVI. Where is Louisburg ^ Where is Ticonderoga :' In what part of Penn- sylvania is Pittsburg ? Where is the Niagara River ? In what part of Canada is Quebec i* Upon what river is Quebec ? CHAPTER XXVI. EXGLISTI SUCCESSES. 1. After Braddock and Abercronibie had been so badly defeated, Greneral Amlierst won some very im- portant victories for tlie Englisli. In 1758, lie sailed to Cape Breton Island, and captured Louisburg. This time it was not o-iven back to the French. 2. Next year Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point. These were two strono- forts in the north- eastern part of Xew York. ^lean while Washington captured Fort Du Quesne, and the English General Pri- deaux took Xiaii'ara. ENGLISH SUCCESSES. 93 3. Tims the French were driven back to Canada. The strongest city in America ^vas Quebec. The English having decided to con- quer Canada, an expedition was sent out against Quebec. 4. The commander of the ex- pedition was a brave young gen- eral named AVolfe. His army con- sisted of 8,000 men. General MONTCALM. Montcalm, who had about as many men, occupied the city. 5. Quebec is built upon a high bluff, and Wolfe found it almost impossible to reach the top. For two months he besieged the place. At last he discovered a rough, narrow pathway to the top of the bluff*. The French thought it ^vould be impossible for a whole army to go up this little path, and so they did not guard it very well. 6. AVolfe brought his army one night to the foot of this path. They moved so quietly that the French knew nothino; about what the}^ were doing. By morning the whole army was at the summit of the bluff, and on the Plains of Abraham just outside the city. 7. The French army came out of Quebec, and a battle Avas fought. 94 THIED period: COLONIAL GKOWTH. The Eng'lisli were victori- ous. AVolfe and ]\Ioiit- oaliu sliowed great brav- ery. Both Avere mortally ^\ oiiiided. Both died hap- ])y — Wolfe, because his ai'uiy had won ; ^lontcalm, because he was not to live to see the surrender of Quebec. WOLFK S AlOlV Questions. — What English general won important victories? What fortified town did lie captnre ? When ? What two forts in Xew York did he take ? When i Who captnrcd Fort Du' Quesne about this time ? What general took Niagara ? What English general was sent against Quebec ? How many men did he have ? What Freneh o(>iieral occupied the city ? Why was Quebec ditHeult to capture ! AVhat ]dains are just outside the city ? How did Wolfe's army reach the Plains of Abraham ? What was the result of the battle ? RESrLTS OF THE WAii. 05 GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXVII. Turn to a map of the United States. Wliat States lie east of the Missis- sippi River ? What States border on Canada ? What States and territo- ries west of the ^lississippi River ? What country lies north of the United States ? To whom does it belong ? CHAl^TEK XXVri. ItESULTS OF THE A\'A1J. 1. Peace was made l)etween France and England in 17GP.. The Frencli and Indian AVar tlms came to an end. In tlie treaty of peace, France agreed to give up all her territory in x\merica, except two small islands near New- foundland. 2. Canada and most of the territory east of tlie Mis- sissippi Ri\er were given to England. Tlie land west of the Mississippi, including Ne^v Orleans on the east side of the river, was given to Spain. 3. The Indians who had assisted the Frencli did not stop fighting Avhen the French did. An Indian chief named Pontiac troubled the Eno-lish colonists for several years. He ^Nas at last conquered. 4. The French and Indian War gave the colonists much experience in fighting. England had furnished the arms, the ammunition, and the generals. The colo- nies had furnislied tlie soldiers. These soldiers learned Oi» TH1KP tkkiop: ooi.v^niat. o,rowth. i\\\ alKUii war, ami this kuoA\ IoiIl^'o soon iKH'anie valuablo to them. 5. The expense of eai'r\ liii: on the war was Lireat. It had eost Kng'hmJ nuu-li nionev. It had eost the eoh^- nies botli nionev and men. Knu'huul was paid baek by the hirgv territory she had w on. bnt she thought the eolonies ought at least to return to her the money she had spent. G. The eolonists did not think this was right. AVhen Kngland tried to make them pay taxes, it eaused much trouble. Tlie sueoess of their sohliers gave the eolonists nnieh eoutiilenee in themselves. If Eughiud w as going ti^ treat them unjustly, they ^vv>llhl ivsisr. Their resist- ance, as \\ e shall see, brought about the Kevolutiou. Questions. — When was peace declared between France and England I Wnar vlid Fnuice lose by the French and Indian War r What territory was given up to Enghuid i What did England furnish in this war ? What did the colonists furnish t What did the colonists learn ? How was England repaid for tUe expense of the war ? What did she, nevertheless, think that the colonists o\ight to do ? AVhy did the colonists now liave confidence in themselves { What Indian chief g-ave the colonists much trouble after this war i SPECIAL EXERCISE. Get some one who has traveled to tell you alH-»ut wliere he ]\as lv?en. Frvmi what he tells you. write an account of his travels, and let yoar teacher read it. Do yttu know anyone who has ever seen Indians t If so, get him to tell you alK>ui these people. Then write a description of how they Ux>ked, dressevl. talked ; and what kind of liouses they lived in. How did the town or county in which you live get its name i Find out, and see if vou cannot write a little historv. KEVTEW OF THIRD PERIOD. 97 Review Outline, CO I JO I- French and Indian War. Cause, Disputed Territovfj. ^ Braddoch. J Ahercromhie, Amherst. Wolfe. ^ ^ EnglislL ( I)e Jvmonville. French. -^ De Coatrecmur, I Montcalm. British Victories. 1754.... Great Meadows. 1755 — LdJce George. ^^rQ \ Louishurg. 1759 I Fort Du Quesne. '' Ticonderoga. CrownPoint, Niagara. Qiiehec. 1 754. . . lujrt Necessity. 1755... .Braddocl^'s Defeat. 1757... Fort William Henry. 1758 — Ticonderoga. End of the War. 1763.... Trealyy of Peace. French Victories. 93 TTTTKP rKKIOP: rOT.OXTAT. (.KOWTH. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Name four Spanish discoveiors and explorers. Four Eufrlish discoverers anil explorers. Four F'reneh discoverers and explorers. What part of the New World was claimed l>y France .' Bv Enuland ■ AVhen was the Hrst ]>er- manent French settlement made ? English .^ "Niune the three inter-colonial wars. When did each begin ? What Avas the cause of the French and Indian War ? AVhen did it begin ? Name tlie French victories ? The English victories. AVho was Braddock i ^[ontcalm ? Abercrouibie ? De IJeaujeu ? Amherst ! Was'.iington '. AVolfe .' Prideaux ? AVrito Avliat vou k!i(»\v of Kraddotk. AVriti* Avliat yon kij(>>v of the oaptiiro of l^iicboo. AVrito the l\oview Out lino of the Froncli and Indiau AVar. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. PrVPAKATOKV to TMK StUPV l^F (."HAinKKS XXVI II. — XXXI. AVhere is Philadelphia ? Where is Boston ! Xame the States between Maine and Florida that border upon the Atlantic. In what direction is Philadelphia from Bosttni ? lli»\v would y»ni go by land from Virginia to Boston ? What States east of New York ? What mountains in these States ? Where is Tic«>ndero!2:a ? Crown Point ? f'oartl} Period: RcVolatioi^ ^^' CHxYPTER XXVIII. WIIV 11 IK COLONISTS IIP:srSTEL). 1. From time to time some very unjust laAvs liad been made l)y England for the government of the colonies. Wlien ]a\vs are unjust and people are forced to ol)ey them, we call tliis use of power tyranny. Bi'ave people seldom submit to tyranny. 2. One of the laws, made l)y iMighmd as far l)ack as 16^)0, forl)ade the colonists to build oi* nse their own ships. Although many things wew ex[)orted or sent to Europe, tlie law was that only English vessels were per- IW FOURTH rFKIOD: KKVOLITIOX. mitted to be used. This law was known as the Xavio-a- tion Aet. o. Ill 17»U. Acts <»f Trade were passed. These com- pelleil the eok>nists to send their products, sncli as snixai', rice, tobacco, and indigi\ to England only. They were forbidden to ti*ade witli any other country. At one time the colonists ^^ ere not permitted to manufacture certain articles for themselves. The object Avas^ to make them buy these articles abroad, anil they were allowed to Iniv froni none but English merchants. -A. Laws Avere also made in England to tax the colo- nists for the expenses of the French and Indian AVar. One of these laws was known as the Stamp Act. It compelled the colonists to write or print on stamped paper every promissory note, bond, in- other legal docu- ment, and also every newspaper and almanac. The stamped paper was sold only by the English Government. 5. Another way by which England tried to raise money in America was to reipiire the colonists to pay a tax on the tea they used. Taxes were iilso imposed upon jiaint. varnish, glass, and other things. C>. Tliese tax laws were made in England. Euixlish laws are made by men from different parts of the king- dom. These men represent the peo})le of England and form the Parliament, or legislature. 7. The colonists did not have representatives in Par- liament, anrl it should not have im^x^sed taxes ujx>n them, for taxation without rejuvsentation is n(^t riofht. win' TiiK ('or.oNTsTs KKSiS'n<:i). lot x\inong tlie colonists (lu'ic wcic iiiany l)rave men who ^vel•e Avilliiig to tight iuid dio for w liat they thouglit to be right; 8o they detenniiied. to resist. 8. Tlie stamped paper that Avas sent over was either destrojed or returned to Enghiud. When tlie tax was BUsTDN TKA PAUTY. pLaced on tea, the colonists stopped using it altogether. A number of men disguised as Indians went one niglit on board a vessel loaded Avitli t(^a, and tlirew it all into the water. This took place in P>oston harbor, and is known as the I)oston Tea l^irty. 102 ForRTii period: revotxtton. 9. Eiiu'laiul Ix'caiiie aiiu'i'v at tlu; resistance of the colo- nists, and sent soldiers over to compel them to obey. These sohliers were (quartered in Boston. Very soon trouble arose between them and the people. Questions. — AVluat is tyranny ? AVhcn did England pass unjust la^\'s iov the government of the colonies ? What was the Navigation Act ? What were the Trade Acts ? What was the Stamp Act ? What was the Tea Tax ? What other articles were taxed ? How did the colonists resist the Stamp Act ? ITow did they resist the Tea Tax ? Why did they object to being taxed ? What Avas the Boston Tea Party ? What step did Eng- land take to compel the colonists to obey ? CHAPTER XXIX. OETTTNG READY. 1. Tlie sendinc: of soldiers to Massachusetts aroused all the colonies. Yirj^inia and Massachusetts took the lead in resistino: Eno-land. The colonists of Tirocinia declared that an attack upon Massachusetts was an attack upon Virginia. They also expressed much sympathy for the people of Massachusetts. 2. An eloquent young Virginian named Patrick Henry made himself famous at this time. His speeches stirred the colonists. They had resisted a long time without believing that war ^vonld actuall}' occur. 3. Henry foresaw what was comino-. He did nuich to encourage and strengthen the colonists to stand up for the right. He is known as the Prophet of the llevolu- GETTING EEADY. 103 tion ; and his eloquent words, " Give me liberty, or give me death ! " will ever be I'emend^ered. 4. On the 5th day of September, 1774, representatives from twehe <>f the colonies met at Philadelphia. This meeting Avas called a congress. It was the First Conti- nental Congress. It ^vas composed of some of the best and AN'isest men in the colo- nies. 5. This Compress drew up a Declaration of Rights, an Address to the People of Great Britain, and an Address to the People of the C(donies. It also agreed to have nothing to do with England until the unjust laws comj)lained of were re})ealed. 6. By this time, men in different colonies were organizing themselves into military companies. In forming such companies, the men prom- ised to l)e ready at a minute's notice, heuce they were called '^minute men.'' In Massachusetts a Committee of Safety called for 12,000 of these men. 7. The colonists were determined not to be interfered with by Ihiglish soldiers. And they were getting ready to hght if necessary. Tlicy eared he set out at full speed to warn the people that the soldiers had started. 4. The 2HH>ple became greatly excited, ^linute men quickly assend)led at different points. Some of these wei'e at Lexington when the British entered the town. They Avere undei' the command of Captain Parker. 5. AVIien the minute men were seen, ]\[ajor Pitcairn, of the British, ordered them to disperse. The order PAl'L KEVEUE WATCUING FOR TUE SIGNAL. THE FIRST BATTLE. 107 ^vas not obeyed. 'J'lie soldiers then fired upon the Ameri- cans, killing seven. The minute men scattered, and the British marched on to Concord. 6. After destroying all the stores they could find, the soldiers started to return to Boston. Three hundred of them never saw Boston again. They wave killed })y the minute men, \vho ha leave the city. The Americans immediately beo:an build- ino- foi-tilica- tions. 2. Abont one thousand were sent to fortify a liill near Boston, called Bnnker Hill. Not far from tliis hill was another, called Breed's Hill, to which, by mistake, they pro- ceeded. As tliey were bnsy at work, a British force of 2,500 men came to drive them olf. 3. But tlie Americans were not so easily driven. Twice the British charged up tlie hill, and each time they ^vere met ^vith so hot a lire, and so much braverv, that b'oiM'iKViNi, r.i;Ht;i> < hu.l. DRIVING THK ISRI'IISH FROM BOSTON. 109 tliey Avere compelled to retreat. Before the third charge Avas made, the ainmunitiou of tlie Americans had given out. Then tliey used their muskets as clubs, and stood their ground as long as they could. 4. But at last the Americans were forced back and compelled to 5-- Six 2)ofemi ^ri-IlSBultMUleTtk. 1 Beare-r to ■rect\\z SIX SPANISH MILLED Q DOLLa-RS . or_t\> i^J I J "^^1^ , Value ir,' at'tei* the struggle was over, and fought bravely foi* tlie liberty of his own j>eople. Steuben, by his experience in Kui'oj)ean \vars, had learned a great deal about armies. He was of great help in drilling and ti'aining the Americans. 5. Lafavette Av^as a brave young Frenchman, own country he was a. nobleman of wealth. lie came o\ cr and shared the hardshij)s of the Americans, and lie and Washington soon became warm friends. O. After the colonists had fought for about three years, a treaty Nvas made w^ith France. In this treaty France agreed to lielp the Americans, and stMit over both In liis )K KA1.15. TirK WAR FOR I.N'I>KI'K\DKXCK. \V.i men and ammunition foj- tliat puipose. This ti'eaty was brought about cliiefiy tlji-oii^di tlio eft'oi'ts of HfMijamin Franklin, one of iIk' 2"r<'at(\ritish genei'als wJio took pait in t}i<'. Revolution were ilowc, Clinton, Bnrgoyne, and ("oi-nwal- lis. ^i'he ])i-ineipal American gf^n^rals were AV'asliington, (Irec^ne, Gates, i\i-no]('<'anie famous as Iji'axc American generals. 8. Wasliington and Gi'eeiie proverl tliemselves gi'eat before tlie war Avas ovei-. Tliey ^v^^j-e not al- ways \ictorioas, Jiowevei*. Often were thf^y foi*eed to retreat. J>ut they man- aged with >\\c]\ \>v\\<\(']\(:(' that th^'ii' jitth^ armies were rje\'ei- destroyed oj* caj)tiii, was tlie day upon Avhieh tlie Deelar- ation was ado[)ted. It \vas good news to the people. The ohl l)ell that liung in tlie steeple of the honse in Philadelphia in Avliieli Congress met rang out tlie glad tidings. Tliis bell has ever since been known as the Liberty Bell. Let ns now learn of some of the battles of the Revolntion. Questions. — How long did the Revolution last ? Why is war expen- sive ? IIoAv did the patriot soldiers sidTer ? AVhy did they bear this suffer- ing ? What did the British try to do ? Why did many Europeans ^admire the Americans ? Name live Europeans that fought for American lil)erty. AVhat hccame of De Kail) and Pulaski i ITow did Steuben help the patriots ? What became of Kosciusko ? Who was Lafayette ? What Euro[>ean nation assisted the Americans i What great American licli>cd to make a treaty with France ? Name four of the British generals. Name six principal American generals. What other American generals took part in the war ? AVho were the greatest of the American generals ? What resolution did Richard Henry Lee introduce into Congress ? Who Avrote the Declaration of Independence .' When was it adopted ? AVhy is the Liberty Bell famous ? CHAPTKU XXXIIL WASIIIN(iTOX. 1. Before the British were driven out of Bostc^n by Washington, tliey sent by sea an expedition of 2,000 men under (xeneral Clinton to capture Charleston, Soutli Carolina. After they had been driven to Halifax, they planned an expedition against New York city. AVASHI\(rn)N. 115 2. A fort liad been l^iiili upon ,*in isljiud at the en- trance of Cliarleston liarlx)!'. Tliis foil, made of logs cnt fr(jni ])alniett<) ti'ees, ^vas ])ullt 1)\' Colonel Moultrie. The British began a ])oinbardnient of the fort, and the Americans returned tlie iii'e. The Britisli soon found Moultrie's fort could not be taken, so they sailed for New York, to join tlie other expedition. 3. It ^vas at the siege of Fort ^Moultrie that a })rave sergeant named Jasper made himself famous. AVhen a shot from the enemy cut down the ilaii: that had been iiying over the fort, Jasper jumped over the fortiiications, seized the iiag, ami [»ut it in its place again. AVhile he \\'as doing this, l)ulletstleNV all around him, but he sho^ved no fear. 4. When Washington learned \vliere the British ^\•ere oY)ing, he hastened from Boston to defend New York. A great misfortune hei*e ]>efell the Americans. Wash- ington had stationed a portion of liis army under General Putnam on Long Island. The British landed a large force there and defeated the Americans Avith great loss. Washington then saw^ that he couhl not liold New York, so he retreated a\ ith his army up the Hudson Iliver. 5. General IIoNve, the Britisli commandei', followed him. A battle was fought at Wliite Plains, in whicli the Americans were again defeated. Washington then retreated into New Jersey. After capturing two forts, Fort Washington and Fort Lee, the British followed. Early in December the Americans crossed the Dela^^'are 116 FOURTH period: revolution. River. Tliinkinir tliere would be no more fitrhting: that winter, tlie British Avent into Avinter quarters. 6. In their retreat across New Jersey, the Patriots endured nuicli sufterino-. But AVashin2:ton was not vet willino^ to rest, as the British Avere doino^. Recrossino^ the DelaAvare, he surprised a body of Hessians at Tren- ton and captured a thousand of them. These Hessians Avere sohliers from the little European country of Hesse- Cassel. They AA'ere hired by the British to fight against the Americans. 7. The battle of TrentiUi occurred December 26, 1776. Eight days afterwards another victory Avas Avon by the Patriots. When the British heard Avliat Washington had done at Trenton, a force under CoruAvallis hurried to meet him. The two armies soon came near each other, and CoriiAvallis expected that there Avould be a battle. But Washington skillfully AvithdrcAv his army in the night, and marched secretly to Princeton. Here he de- feated a British force that CornAvallis had left behind. 8. AA'ashington Avas noAV Avilling to rest. His army spent the Avinter at MorristoAvn, Xcav Jersey. It Avas at this time Lafayette joined the Americans. Before long, Washington Avas called upon to defend Philadelphia. When General Howe, Avho had sailed from New York, arrived, t^\ o battles were fought. 9. These Avere the battles of Brandywine and Germau- toAvn. In both cases the Americans Avere unsuccessful, so the Biitish took possession of Philadelpliia. Wasli- WASHTNGTOX. 117 iiigtoii\s I'Mgged, siift'eriiig soldiers spent the winter of 1777-8 at Valley Forge, Peiiusylvaiiia. It was here that Steuben joined the army, and began training and drilling the men. 10. In the year 1778, the treaty with France was made. As a French fleet was expected in the Delaware, the WASHINGTON CUOSSING THE UELAWAUK. British left Philadelphia and retreated across New Jer- sey towards New York. Wasliington folloAved them, and overtook them at Monmouth, New Jersey, where a battle was fought. In this battle the Americans were victorious. The British lost 2,000 men in their march across New Jersey. 11. Molly Pitcher was the wife of a Patriot cannoneer 118 F( MDiiiuoutli. She was cuii- veying \\at('r to hrv liiishaiul Avlieii lie fell. AVitli great eoiii'age she took his place at the eaunoii aiul remained until the battle was owv. Ilrr l)ra\ery \von for her tiie title of ra])tain ^NFolly. Questions. — AVhcre did tlie British go from Boston ? What expedi- tions tlid ihov make ? Which was unsuccessful ? Why did it not suc- ceed i Who commanded Fort Moultrie? How did Sergeant Jasper distin- guish liimself ? AViio attemi)ted to defend New York ? What misfortune befell him ? Where did AVashington retreat from New York ? Wliat bat- tle was fought ? Vriu) were victorious ? What two forts were then taken b}' the British ? Into what State did AVashington then retreat ? AVhat general followed him ? AVlnit river did the Americans reach and cross ? AVhat victory did they win when they rccrosscd this river? AYhat victory was Mon eight days after ? AVho were the Hessians ? AYhere did AVash- ington spend the rest of the winter ? AA^here did he spend the winter of 1777-8 ? AA'hat two battles did he lose before camping at A^alley Forge ? AA^here did Lafayette join the army ? Steuben ? AVhy did the British leave Philadelphia ? AVhat battle took place on their retreat to New York ? What woman showed great bravery in this battle ? SPECIAL EXERCISE. If you slumld tintl an island that nobody ever claimed or owned, whose island would it be ? AVhat name would you give to it? AVhy ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. rKKPARAtOKY TO TMi: STLDV OF C'HAI'TKII XXXIA'. Turn to a ))icij> of the Middle IStates. In what part of New York is Sara- toga ? AVhere is Bennington ? In what direction would you go from Canada to Saratoga ? Tur» to n map of the Southern States. AVhere is Sa- vannah ? CMuiileston ? AA^iere is Camden ? GATES AND LI^XOLX. 119 CIIAITEPt XXXIV. 1. Wliih'. Wasliin^^oji was hruNely Ai{.VT()KV TO I'm: Sitdv oi- Chai'tkk XXW. 'Turn to a map of North and South Caruliu<(. In whut part of Soutli Carolina is Camden t Where is Cow i)i'ns ? In what part of North Carolina is Ch'eensiioro :' In what direction is Yoiktown. ^'ir<4inia, from Greens- l.>oro '( In what direction from Greensboro is Camden i CliAITKK XXXV. <£^s:^%> GKKKNE. 1. After defeatlno- Lincoln and ( rates, tlie Bi'itisli overran Soiitli Carolina. Tliey n\ ere joined hy many Tories, and givat cruelty n\ as prae- tieed towards \\liate\er l^itriots eonld he IVnind. 2. JMany of tlie Patriots escaped to tlie woods and swamps, and foi'med tliemsclves into ])ands, called Partisans, under brave and daring" leaders. Sumter, Marion, Lee, and Pickens Averc tlie most fanunis of these leaders. seMTKU. i^. Tliese Partisans often attaeked and captured hands of Tories and detaclnnents of British soldiei's. Altliough not stroui^' enongli to oppose a wliole army, tlicy anou some ver\^ im])oi*tant victories. Thev defeated the P>ritish and Tories at Ilanu'inu' Kock, GKEENE. 123 August (>, 1780, and again at King's Mountain, October 7tli. The battle of King's Mountain was important because it re- sulted in the tirst great victory won by the Americans in the South (hii-ing tlie Avar. 4. (xeneral Greene Avas sent to take command in the South, shortly aftei* these two battles .MAIUON. AN ere fought. A small army was collected, ]mt tlie men wei'e ill-clad and poorly e([ui})ped. AVhen the British adv^anced to meet him, Greene sent a part of his ai'my under General Morgan to take up a position at Cowpens. 5. In January, 1781, Morgan Avas attacked by a force under Tarleton. This leader of the British Avas a man of ci'uel disposition. He had alread}' \A'on a number of \^ic- tories in South Carolina, but he met his match at CoAvpens, for Morgan defeated him A\'ith a loss to the British of 800 men. The loss of the Ameri- cans AA'as only 80. 6. CornAA^allis Avith his Avhole army ad\^anced upon COLONEL HKNuv LEK. Grccue, but thc Americans 124 FOFRTII period: REVOLUTION. retreated. The retreat was managed so skillfully that the little Patriot ariiiy Avas kept well together Avithout beiuir overtaken. CV)rnwallis folloNved the Americans into North Carolina, and when his men were almost worn out with their long march, Greene, whose army had been strengthened, turned and faced him at Guil- ford Courthouse, no\v known as Greensboro. 7. Here a battle followed, in which the British claimed the victory. The Americans Avere the real victoi's, however, for their loss was veiy much less than that of the British, and they Avere no longer pursued. Greene turned and went back to drive the remainino; British from South Carolina. ' 8. At Ho])kirk's Hill, near Camden, the Americans were PICKENS. ^-. 11/> 1 ^ T 1 attacked and deieated by Lord Rawdon. But it was the same as at Guilford Court- house. The British lost so heavily that they paid very dearly for their victoiy. About this time, Greene Avas advised to give up and retire to Virginia, but he de- clared that he Avould recover South Carolina or die in the attem})t. 9. September 8, 1781, the hardest fought battle of the Avar Avas Avon by him. This Avas the battle of EutaAV Springs, South Carolina. Greene's success compelled the GREENE. 125 British to retreat to CliHi'lestoii, and the Americans were left in possession of the State. Questions. — What State did tlie 'British overiTin after defeating Lin- coln and Gates ? Where Avas Lincohi defeated ? Gates ? How were the Patriots treated by the British and Tories ? AY ho formed tliemsel ves into par- tisan bands ? Name the most famous of their leaders ? What two victories were won by the Patriots ? When ? Wliat general was sent south to take command ? What did lie do when the British advanced ? Who attacked Morgan at Cowpens ? When ? Wiio won the victory at Cowpens ? After this battle, how was the retreat of Greene's army conducted ? What battle was fought between Greene and Cornwallis ? What was tlie result ? Where did Greene go after this battle ? What battle was fought in South Caro- lina between Greene and liawdon ? What was the result ? What was Greene advised to do after this battle? What did he declare in reply? How did he succeed in recovering South Carolina ? What battle gave South Carolina to the Americans ? When was this battle fought ? What is said of this battle ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXXYI. Turn to a map of Neic England. In what part of Connecticut is New- London ? How would an army march from New York to New London ? Turn to a map of the Middle States. In what part of New Y'ork is West Point? Upon what river is Yorktowu? How would an army go from New Y^'ork to Y^orktown ? 126 FOURTH period: REVOLUTION. CHAPTER XXXVI. THE LAST BATTLE OF THE AVAK. 1. Al^oiit tile time of tlie battle of CoAvpens, a Britisli force sailed up tlie James Riveiyaiid overran the eastern part of Virginia. This force was under the command of Benedict Arnold, the general who had fought so bravely for the Americans at Sai'atoo-a. o 2. It Avas a sad blow to the Patriots Avhen he became a traitor to his country and \vent over to the British. While in command at Philadelphia, he had taken money belonging to the Government. He was reproved for this, but Washiuo:t()n still felt so much contldence in him as a soldier that he gave him command of the important post at West Point, on the Hudson lliver. Arnold deter- mined to sell out to the British, an ho ai^reed to i^ive him a laro^e sum of money and a ])ositi(ni in their army if he Avould surrender A\^est Point to them. 3. Major John Andre, a young British officer, Avas sent to arrano-e the matter with Arnold. 4. As Andre Avas returning, he Avas stopped by three Patriots. Suspecting that something Avas Avrong, they searched him and found the papers that Arnold had given liim. They immediately arrested him as a spy. He offered them money to let him go, Imt they Avould not l)e bribed. The names of these Patriots Avere John Pauldino- David Williams, and Isaac Van AVert. THE LAST BATTLE OF THE WAR. 127 5. Poor Andre was tried and banged. iVrnold escaped to tlie Britisli and Avas given tlie posi- tion promised liini. lie Mas however, despised by all, for no one can respect a traitor. Often did he regret the step he had taken. It would have been bet- ter for him had he died npon the field of Saratoga, for then he was loved and honored. 6. Arnold, with a Brit- ish force, first laid waste Connecticut. He burned New London and treated the people with great cruelty. Then he went to Virginia, where he was soon Joined by General Phillips and 2,500 men. 7. At this time, many of the Virginia Patriots were in North Carolina with Greene. So Washington sent Lafayette from the North ^vith 1,200 men to check the British. About the same time Cornwallis aiiived in Viro-inia, havino- come from North Carolina with his array, and took command of the British forces. GEOKGE WASHINGTON OF VIlUilNIA, COMMANDER- IN-CHIEF OF THE AMERICAN ARMY. 128 FOUKTH period: eevolutiox. 8. CoriiAvallis took up a position at Yorktowii, and waited for General Clinton to send him reenforcements from 'NeAV York. But Clinton was in fear of being at- tacked by Washington, so he sent no reenforcements. Washington left a small force to pretend that an attack was to be nnide, and Avith the I'est of his army hastened to the assistance of Lafayette. 9. At Yorktown, CornWallis was surrounded. A Fi'ench fleet cut off his retreat by sea. Washington opened tire with his cannon upon the fortifications of the British, and tlie Frencli and American soldiers divw their lines closer and closer around the [)lace. 10. After waiting in vain for lielp from Clinton, Corn- wallis surrendered. His Avliole army, numbering 7,000 men, laid down their arms. The ne\vs A\'as received throughout the land Avitli great joy. In Philadelpliia the Liberty Bell ^vas rung. Everybody felt that the Avar Avas at an end. Connvallis surrendered, October r.), 1781. The treaty of peace l)et\veen England and America Avas signed September 8, 1788. The colonies Avei-e at last free and independent. Questions. — AA^ho overran A^irgiiiia about the time the battle of Cow- pens wji« fouglit ? How had AA^ashington shown his confidence in Arnold ? AVhat did Arnold decide to do ? What bribe did the British agree to give liim ? Who was sent to complete arrangements with Arnold ? AVhat hap- pened to Andre upon his return ? AAHio were the three captors of Andre ? How was Arnold regarded by both British and Americans ? AVhat town did Arnold burn ? AVho joined him in A'irginia ? AVho finally arrived from North Carolina and took command of the British ? AA'hom had AA^ash- THE LAST BATTLE OF THE WAR. 129 ington sent from tlie Nortli to protect Virgiiiiii ? What British general was stationed at New York ? Where did Corn wal lis take up his poeitiou ? Wlio hastened to the assistance of Lafayette ? How was the retreat of Cornwallis by sea cut of! ? Wliy did not Clinton send rteiiforcenients to Yorktown ? When did Cornwallis surrender ? How many men laid down their arms ? When was the treaty of peace signed ? AYhat did the united colonies gain by the War of the Revolution ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. Who discovered Florida ? AYho named Louisiana ? What two nations quarreled over the Northwest Territory ? WHuit was this war called ? Name some of the English generals of this war. French. Name some of the English victories. French. After this war, how far west did the Eng- lish colonies extend ? South ? What unjust laws were made for the colo- nies by England ? What were the causes of the Revolution ? Name five American victories in this war. Five liiitish. Name five American gen- erals. Five British. Name two battles in which Washinston fousfht. Greene. Cornwallis. Lincoln. Arnold. Burgoyne. Gates. Morgan. Who was Sergeant Jasper ? Molly Pitcher ? How long did the Revolution last ? When did it begin ? When did it end ? What was the first battle ? Last battle ? Hardest fought battle ? Write what you know of Oeorge Washington. AVrite what you know of General Greene. Of Arnold. Write what you know of the Boston Tea Party. AVrite wliat you know of Sergeant Jasper. AVrite what you know of Molly Pitcher. Write the Blackboard Form for causes of the Revolution. Write the Blackboard Form for the generals and battles. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXXVH. Turn to a map of the United States. Where is Annapolis ? Where is Philadelphia ? Tn what part of Massachusetts is Worcester ? Name all the States between the Ohio River aiid the great Lakes. 9 130 FOURTH period: REVOLUTION. Review Outline of the Revolution Gage. Llowe. British. Clinton. Burgoyne. CorniralUs. Bawdon. Washington. Greene. Generals. ■ Morgan. Marion. Sumter. Gates. American. ■ Lincoln. Arnold. Putnam. Schuyler. Lee. Picl'ens. The ' .-,^p \ Fort Moultrie. \ 1 rent on. volution. i Princeton. 1777. . < Bennington. I StiUira'ter. American 1778 Monmouth. Victories. -,-,0^ \ llanqinq Bocl\ / King s Mountain. ( Coirpens. .^01 i Guilford Courthouse. ] hutaic Springs. [ Yorl-toirn. Battlrs. ^ 1775 Bunker mil. . — P S LjOnq Lsland. ^" •■ "1 White Plains. \ Brandyirine. British ' ' \ Germantoirn. Mctories. 1779 . ^ ^!''"^ ^''''''■-^• ' ' ' 1 Sacannah. i-oA ^ (7iarl('ston. ^'^^■•] Camden. _ i:Sl.... lIoUirFs Hill. Fiftl^ Period: Irjdepei^depce. CHAPTER XXXVII. THE UNIOX OF STATES. 1. The colonies Imd united for the purpose of resist- ino: Endand, and luid dedared themselves to be free and independent States. Now that tlie w ar was at an end, the Union liad almost ceased to exist. Each State was nnder its own in(h^pendent govei'nment. It began to look as if there were to be thirteen little republics in America, instead of the lai'ge one that we have now. 2. But wise Americans thought it best to form another union, l)ecause many disagreements were about to ai-ise. Tliei-e Avas a Jai'ge de})t to l)e paid by the 133 FIFTH pfriod: indfpfndence. whole conntiy, and it aviis going to ])c a difficult matter for the separate States to decide liow tliis should be done. At one time Massachusetts levied taxes to raise her share. ]Man}^ objected to these taxes, and so courts and officers had to be called upon to enforce the pay- ment of them. Looking upon these courts and officers as instruments of tyranny, 2,000 men under Daniel Shays rebelled. I'lie town of A\\)rcester was seized. It Avas only after a superior force under General Lincoln had been sent that Shays's Eebellion was put down. 3. Virginia took the lead toward the formation of a union. At lier invitation delegates from five States met at Annapolis. This Avas in 1780. Next year twelve States sent representatives to Philadelphia. These delegates assembled in a convention, presided over by Washington. 4. Tlie convention decided to form a union of States, and an agreement, or constitution, was drawn up. As soon as tliis aixreement was sio:ned bv nine States it was to go into effect between the States that sio-ned it. 5. Li drawing up the Constitution, it was hard to sat- isfy all. Some of the States disti'usted the others, and the smaller were afraid of the larger. The privileges of independence and self-government had been bravely fought for, and many thought that a general government would have too much ])o\ver and would deprive them of some of their hai'd-\\'on rights. 6. So it was agreed that each State should have its own government and make its own laws, while the gen- THE UNION OF STATES. 133 eral government would provide for the welfare of the whole country. It was also agreed that each State, whether large or small, should have two Senators, and that tlie people of the whole thirteen should he i-epre- sented by Rej^resentatives. 7. These Senators and Representatives wouhl form a congress, which was to be tlie hiw-making, or Legisla- tive, department of the (xovernment. 'J'here avms to be a Pi'esident, or Executive, to execute tlie laws ; and a third department, the Judicial, to be known as the Su- preme Court of the United States. 8. The Constitution was accepted by eleven States, before the election for President took plac(^, and by the remaining two soon after. George Washington was elected the first President in 1789, and the Government known as the United States of Ainei'ica came into existence. 9. The United States of that time extended (mly to the Mississippi River on the west and to Florida on the south. Virginia had ceded to the general Government all the territory lying north of the Ohio River, for which she had fought so bravely in the French and Indian War. This was called the Northwest Tei'ritoiy. An ordinance for the regulation and government of this territory was drawn up and passed. It is known as the Ordinance of 1787. Questions. — Why did the colonies unite during the Revolution ? After tliis war what was thought best to be done; ? Why ^ What rebellion took place in Massachusetts ? Who put down tliis rebellion ? What State 134 FIFTH fkriod: indkpfndexck. took tlie lead toward the fonnatioii of a iiiiioii ? AVherc did ilelegates first meet ? When ? How many States were represented ? AVhen did the next convention assemble ? Where ? llow many States were here represented ? Who presided over tins convention ? Wliat did the convention agree upon ? Why was it hard to agree upon a constitution ? Why did many object to a strong general government ? In the proposed form of government how were the States to be represented ? The people ? Who were to make the laws ? Who was to execute them ? What was to be tlie third department of the Government ? IIow many States first signed the Constitution ? How many did it require to cause the Constitution to go into effect ? What government came into existence with the adoption of the Constitu- tion ? Who was elected the first President? Wlnit was the extent of the United States when the Constitution was adopt(;d ^ Wliat was the Ordi- nance of 1787 ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXXVHI. Turn to a map of the United States. Wliere is New York ? Philadelphia ? Washington ? What State west of Virginia ? What State west of North Carolina ? What State west of Pennsylvania ? AYhat State west of Ohio ? What States border on the west bank of the Alississippi River ? Where is Vermont ? Indiana ? Turn to a map of Africa. What sea between Africa and Europe ? Tlirough wdiat straits would a vessel sail to reach this sea from the Atlantic Ocean ? In what jiart of Africa is Tripoli ? CHAPTEll XXXVTir. Tin: iTKsT Foni presidkxt^^. 1. The first four Presidents of tlie United States were George Wasliino-toii, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. Washino-ton, elefferson, and Madison were THE FIRST FOUR PRESIDENTS. 135 from Virginia and served each two terms, or eiglit years. Adams was from Ma ssaolni setts and served one term. GEOKUK WASHINGTON. 2, Washington ^vas inaugurated, April 80, 1789, at New York. Next Aear the seat of government was 136 FIFTH period: independence. changed to Pliiladelpliia. During tlie eight years A\'aslilno'ton was President, inanv difficulties liad to be met and overcome. The new Government had trouble with Eno-land, with Fi'ance, and with the Indians of the Northwest Territory. 3. It had trouble also with its own citizens, for ^vhen a tax was levied upon A^hisky for the purpose of raising money to pay the debt caused l)y the Avar, the people of western Pennsylvania, where whisky A\'as abundantl}^ made, objected, and rose in open re- bellion. A military force sub- dued them. 4. Through all these difficul- ties Washino-ton acted with such prudence and managed the affairs of the Go^'ernment with so much Avisdom that he became known as a o-yeat statesman as Avell as a gi'eat general. He stood first in Avar and peace, and Avhen, at Mount Vernon, he died, December 14, 1799, he was first in the hearts of his countrymen. 5. The second President, John Adams, Avas inaugu- rated in 1797. During his administration troubles again arose Avith Fi'ance, and for a time it seemed as if there AA'Ould be Avai', but a treaty was finally made. 6. At this time there Avere two political parties in the United States. One of these, called the Federalist party, JOHN ADAMS. THE FIRST FOUR PRESIDENTS. 137 tliouglit the Government liacl not enougli power and wanted it made stronger ; tlie other, wliich was then known as the Deniocratic-liepu])]iean party, thought that if the Government were given more power its strength might l^e used in taking away the rights of the States. 7. Some very unpopular Laws ^yeve nlade^vhile Adams was President. He Avas not reelected. Thomas Jeffer- son, the great leader of the party opposed to the Fed- eralists, was his successor. Jefferson ^v^as inau^'urated in 1801 at Washington, which had Ijeen made the capital of the United States the year previous. 8. The two important events of Jeff'erson's ad- ministration were the Avar with Tripoli and the pur- cliase of Louisiana. The Tripolitans were pirates, and often seized American vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. Commodore Preble Avith a fleet was sent ag^ainst them, and he compelled them to give up many Americans that had been taken prisoners. 9. In this war a young naval lieutenant named Decatur distinguished himself by boarding a large frigate called the Philadelphia, which the Tripolitans had captured. THOMAS JEFFERSON. K58 FIFTH PERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. After settiug tire to It so tliat it eoiild not auaiii be used, Decatur escaped uidiurt, iiotw itlistaudiug tliat the Pbila- delpliia ^\'as ^\cll guarded. 10. Louisiana, was purcliased from the Freucli for 51^15,000,000. France liad obtained it from Sj^ain. It was bought by tlve United States in 1S03, througli Mon- roe nud Livingstone, the two conniiissioners a[)pointed ^ ^ by Jelferson. The territory })ur- chased was not tliat now known as Louisiana, l)ut all the re2:ion west of the ^Hsslsslppi River extending to tlie Pacific Ocean, with the exce})tion of wdiat is now Texas, New ^lexico, Ari- zona, I'tah, Nevada, and Cali- fornia, and a part of Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming. In 1840, an exploring expedition under Lewis and Clark Avent over this territory to the Pacific Ocean. 11. The fourth President, James Madison, Avas inau- gurated in 1S09. All these years the ITnited States Lad been growing and increasing in pt^pulatlon. Not long- after the close of the Revolution the rich lands west of the Alleghanv ^b)untains attracted settlers, and, as the territory began to fill \\\\ new States Avere formed, and admitted Into the I'nion. Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee were admitted while A\^ashi no-ton was Presi- JAMES MADISON. THE FIRST FOUR PRESIDENTS. 139 dent, and Ohio >\'as admitted during Jefferson's admin- istration. 12. A }>art of tlie Louisiana purchase, tlien known as the Territory of Orleans, was cut off from the rest, and formed into the State now called Louisiana. Louisiana and Indiana wei*e admitted while Madison was President. During Madison's administration a second w\ar with Great Britain l)egan. Tliis was the War of 1812. Questions. — Name the first four Presidents of the United States. What States were they from ? How long did each serve ? When was Washington inaugurated ? Wliere ? What was the Whisky Rebellion ? How did Washington manage the affairs of the Government ? Where did he die ? Wiien ? When w^as Adams inaugurated ? What two political parties arose about this time ? When was Jefferson inaugurated ? W^here ? W^hat were the two principal events of Jefferson's administration ? Tell about the war with Tripoli. From whom was Louisiana purchased ? What was the price ? What Americans negotiated the sale ? Who explored the territory ? When ? What was the extent of the territory purchased ? Who was the fourth President ? When inaugurated ? What three new States were admitted while Washington was President ? What State entered the Union during Jefferson's administration ? What two during Madison's ? What war arose during Madison's administration ? Write the Blackboard Form for Washington's admin- istration. Adams's. JeflPerson's. Madison's. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXXIX. What ocean between the United States and England ? W^here is Indiana? What State north of Indiana? Wliere is Detroit? Wliat river between the western part of New York and Canada ? 140 FIFTH period: independence. CHAPTER XXXIX. THE WAK OF 1812. 1. The Indians of tlie Northwest Territory o^ave the eai'ly settlers niucli trouble. They Avere often encour- aged to do so 1)}' the English in Canada, who supplied them A\ ith arms and ammunition. This Avas one way in which tlie English showed ill will toward the United States. 2. Ill will was also shown by the Emrlish in another \\ ay. American yessels at sea were often stopped by the war-ships of England. English officers would then board these vessels and pick out the best sailoi's, claiming that the men selected were E^no-lishmen. These sailors would o be carried off and forced to work in the English navy. 3. In tliis way more than six thousand Amei'ican sail- oi's were impressed into English service within a space of ten years. The United States bore these outrages Aery patiently, but a time came when they could be borne no longer. 4. The tirst thing to be done was to punish the Indi- ans. These Indians Avere led by a very famous chief, named Tecumseh. General Harrison, Avho Avas then gOA^- ernor of that portion of the Xortlnvest Territory noAV known as Indiana, took connnand of an army, and at the great battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811, defeated the Indians under a ])rother of Tecumseh, called the Prophet. June THE WAR OF IS] 2. 141 IStli of the next year, Avar was declared against Eng- land. 5. This war lasted Uvo years and eight months. Many of the battles were fon£i:ht on sea. Encrland had lono* '-J o o been knoAvn as the greatest naval power of the world, but American ships and American sailors ^von many glorious vic- tories over r rWiBlT"^"^5'r^^ ~'^~^ her before the Av a 1' came to a close. 6. Most of the land battles took place on the C a n a d i a n f r () n t i e r . The princi- 2)al iVmerican generals ^vere Harrison, Brown, Scott, and Jackson. Among the generals of the British Avere Brock, Proctor, Ross, and Pakeidiam. 7. The war had hardly begun an hen the Americans met \vith two sad reverses. It had been determined to invade Canada from different points. General Hull Avas to cross the Detroit River, and General Van Rensselaer the Niagara. 8. Hull led his men a short distance into Canada, but ninth^-^MLN r <>t \mm{ran 142 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. soon fell back to Detroit. An English force under Brock then appeared. The Americans were ready and eager to fight, but Hull became friglitened, and cowardly surren- dered before a shot was fired. 9. Van Rensselaer crossed the Niagara River with a part of his army, lea vino- the rest on the New York side. lie met the British at Queenstown. The Americans were having every advantage, and Van Rensselaer, leav- ing Scott in command, hastened back for the troops he luid left. This time it was the men and not the general that refused to tight. The soldiers refused to cross the river and go to the help of their comrades. Scott and his men ^verc at last forced to surrender. (xeneral Brock of the British was killed during the battle. Questions.— AVho encouraged the Iiulians of the Xortlnvest Territory to trouble the settlers ? llow else was the ill will of Englaiul shown ? How many American sailors were forccil into English service ? How did the United States bear these outrages ? What famous chief led the Indians of the Northwest ? What was his brcUher called? "What general defeated the Prophet ? Where was the battle fought ? When ? When was war declared against England ? How long did it last ? Where did many of the battles take place ? Who were the principal American generals? British? What did the Americans decide to do when the war began ? Who crossed from Detroit ? Who from New York ■ What became of Hull ' What happened at Queenstown ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapters XI., and XLT, What lake is northeast of X"ew York ? AVhere is the Niagara River ? In what part of Canada is Toronto ? In Avhat part of Ohio is Sandusky ? In LAND BATTLKS. 143 what part of Caiuula is tlic Tliames River ? In what part of New York is Phittsburg ? In what part of tlic United States is Washington ? How would you go by water from Washington to Baltimore ? In what part of South America is the city of Valparaiso ? CHAPTER XL. I.A^B P.ATTLES. 1. The second year of the war the Americans had three armies in the fiehl. One was stationed in northeastern New York, near Lake ChampLain, another npon the Niagara frontier, and the third on the west shore of Lake Erie. This hist was nnder the command of General Harrison. 2. In the early part of the year the town now called Toronto, Canada, Avas captured hy the Americans under the brave General Pike. Just as the victory was being won, Pike Avas mortally wounded by an explosion. 3. Most of the fighting Avas in the West this year. Tecumseli and liis Indians had joined the English, and General Proctor liad taken Brock's phace. Proctor first surprised a body of Americans under Winchester at Frenchtown, in tlie southeastern part of Michigan. Many of Winchester's men, after sui-renderino; and la^ ino' down their arms, were murdered by the Indians of Proctor's army. 4. Proctor then advanced into the northwestern part of Ohio. He attempted to capture Fort Meigs, on the 144 FIFTH PEKIOD: iXDErKNDKNCE. Maiiinee River, but was defeated by General Harrison. Then lie tried to take Fort Stephenson, on the Sandusky Eiver. There were only 150 men in this fort. The CKOUHAN s DEFKNC'E OF FOKT J-TKl'HEXSON. commandant, Major Croghan, thouu^h only a youth of twenty-one, made one of the pluckiest defenses of the Avhole war, handling' ^vitll such skill the single cannon and the few men he had that the enemy withdrew after losinu" 150 men. LAND nAT'rLp:s. 145 5. Proctor was followed into Canada by Han-ison, and a great battle was fought near the Thames River. The English and Indians Avere defeated with great loss. Tecuniseh himself was killed in this battle. 6. In 1814 a number of battles were fought on the Niagara fi'ontier. The two most impoi'tant wei'e the bat- tles of ChippeAva and Lundy's Lane. P)oth \vere won by the Americans, Avho Avere led by Generals Brown, Scott, and Kipley. Drunnnond was the commander of the British. 7. Toward the end of the year (xeneral Prevost tried to lead an army over Bui'goyne's old route. He was de- feated by a small American force under General Macomb at Plattsburg. 8. AVliile the American armies were l)usy at the North, an English fleet I'eached the coast of the United States and entered the Potomac River. A force under General Ross landed, and took 2:)ossession of Washington. After destroying mucli property and burning many valuable public buildings, including the Capitol, they sailed to Baltimoi'e. 9. Baltimore Avas protected by forts, one of AvhicliAvas Fort McHenry. A hot fire upon this stronghold Avas opened by the British A^essels, but through it all the flag called in a great song the Star Spangled Banner floated proudly over the fort. As Fort Moultrie had saved Charleston years before in the Revolution, so Foi't McHenry saved Baltimore. 10 146 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. Questions. — How many armies had the Americans the second year of the war ? Where were they stationed ? What town in Canada was cap- tured by Pike ? What happened to liim ? Who joined the English in this war ? What misfortune befell the Americans at Frenchtown ? What two forts did Proctor try to take ? AVhere are these forts ? Who defended Fort Meigs ? Fort Stephenson ? How many men had Croghan ? How many men did Proctor lose in the attack ? Who followed Proctor into Canaila ? What battle followed ? AVho was successful ? Name three battles fought in 1814. Who was successful in these battles ? Xame the American commanders in each. What city was taken by the British ? WHiat did the British do in Washington ? Why was not Baltimore cap- tured by them ? CHAPTER XLI. NAA'AL BATTLES. 1. When the AVar of 1812 opened, it was hardly ex- pected that the United States would be able to meet England successfully upon the ocean. The United States was then a young nation and had only twenty or thirty vessels in its navy, Avhile England had many hundreds, manned b>' practised crews and commanded by officers experienced in sea fighting. 2. But it was to protect the rights of American seamen that the United States engaged in this war. Therefore in the naval battles which occurred, every ^Vmerican sailor felt that he was fio-htino- for himself as Avell as for his country, and so the Americans gained many victories over the British. 3. The first naval battle of importance was that In NAVAL BATTLES. 147 whieli the American frigate Constitution captured the British frigate Guerriere. Tlie Constitution was com- manded l)y Captain Isaac Hull, a nephew of General Hull. He Avas no ccnvard, llo^^ ever, for in half an hour he compelled the Guerriere to pull do\v^n her flag. 4. Shortly afterwards Commodore Bainbridge, in this same Constitution, captured the British frigate Java; and the frigate United States, commanded by Decatur, who was no\v a commodore, captured the British ship Mace- donia. More than three thousand prisoners were brought into American ports before the year closed. 5. The most important naval victory was won the sec- ond year of the war. Shortly before the land battle of the Thames, Commodore Perry had been sent to help General Harrison, because a British fleet held possession of Lake Erie. 6. Perry had to build his own vessels. When they were finished, he sailed out to meet the British fleet. In two hours the battle of Lake Erie was over, and the ofal- lant Perry sent to General Harrison the short and famous message, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." To Before the end of the year 1813, Captain Lawrence, commanding the Hornet, captured the British ship Pea- cock. He then took c(jmmand of the frigate Chesapeake, and sailed out of Boston Harbor to meet the Shannon. In the battle that folloAvecl, brave Lawrence was mor- tally wounded. His last words as he was carried below were '' Don't give up the ship; " but the ship was given 148 FiP^TH period: independence. up, for the Slianiion ^vas l)etter prepared for l)attle than was the Chesapeake. 8. Duriiio: the year 1814, American victories were won by the Peacock over the Epervier, and by the Wasp over the Eeindeer. The Brit- ish succeeded in cap- turino; tlie American vessel Essex, off Val- paraiso. The Essex fought one of the bravest fio:hts in all naval history, but she Av a s at last forced to surrender, as there Avere two British ships against her. 9. As Harrison was assisted by Perry, so was McComb assisted at Plattsburg by an American fleet under Macdonough on Lake CUiamj)lain. AVhile McComb was driving Prevost Imck, Macdonough caj^tured the English fleet commanded by Downie, DON T GIVE UP THE SHIP, NAVAL BATTLKS. 149 Am erica n Victor ies. Blackboard Form. Co)istitutio)i over Guerriere. Constitution over Java. Tin ited States ovtr Macedon ia. Battle of Lake Erie. Hornet over Peacoch. Peacoch over E'pervier. Wasp over Reindeer. Battle of Lake Champ! ain. Britisli Victor i/s. j Shannon over Chesapeake, I Capture of the Essex. Questions. — About liow many vessels were in the United States navy at tlie opening of the war ? Wl)at was the naval strength of England ? What was the principal cause of the war ? What did American sailors figlit for in this war ? What was the first naval battle of importance ? Wiio commanded tlie Constitution ? Who commanded the Constitution when it captured tlie Java i What vessel was commanded by Decatur ? What vessel did he capture ? What was the most famous naval battle of the war ? Who commanded the American fleet ? How long did tlie battle last ? What famous message did Perry send to Harrison ? What victory was won by Caj)tain Lawrence ? What misfortune befell him '{ What were his hist words ? What naval victories were won by the Americans in 1814 ? By the British ? Who won the battle of Lake Champlain ? Write the Blackboard Form for naval victories. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLII. In what part of Europe is Belgium ? In what part of Belgium is Ghent ? In what part of the United States is New Orleans ? Upon what river ? 150 FIFTH period: indepenbenck. Where is Mobile? Pensacolu? In uhut part of Louisiana is Lake Pontcliar- train? What lake east of tills lake ? How would a vessel go from Peu- sacola to Lake Poutehartrain ? CHAPTER XLIL THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 1. The treaty of peace that ended the war between the United States and Eno'hind was sio;ned at Ghent, Bel- gium, December 24, 1814. There were neither telegraphs nor ocean cables in those days. It took some time for ne^vs to cross the ocean. Before peace was known to have been declared aiiothei- battle had been fought in America. 2. This was the greatest contest of the war. It is known as the battle of New Orleans. It was fought on the 8th of January, 1815, fifteen days after the declara- tion of peace. The leader of the Americans was General Andrew Jackson, who had already rendered his country valuable service. .3. AMiile the United States was l)usy lighting Eng- land, the Indians who lived in what is now Alabama thought it a favoralde time to rise against tlie whites. Tecumseli had been amono- them, and had encourao-ed them to do so. The outbreak occurred in 1818, and many cruel deeds were committed. At Fort Mims, not far from Mobile, more than four hundred persons were massacred at one time. BATTLE OF NKW ORLEANS 152 FIFTH FERIOD: INDEPENDENCE. 4. Jackson I'aised a force and inarched ai]:ainst tlie In- dians. He defeated tlieni with 2:reat slaus^hter in the battles of TaUadega, Einncfan, and Horseshoe Bend. Tliiis they Avere completely conquered. The Spaniards, who then ()\vned Florida, permitted an English foi'ce to make their headquarters at Pensacola. Jackson marched against the place, and conq^elled the English to leave. 5. It ^\ as then he heard that New Orleans was to be attacked ; so he hurried to the defense of that city. He had only a few men ^v-itli liim, but the Louisianians, many of Avhom ^vere Frencli, Avere ready to give him every assistance. A nund)er of men from Tennessee and Kentucky soon arrived. They Avere iiiie marksmen and were of great service. 6. In the southei'n part of Louisiana is a bay called Barataria. The shores of tliis bay Avere inliabited by smugglers. As tlieir occupation was unla^vful, these people Avere outhiws and were piuiished Avhenever cap- tured. Their leader, named Lahtte, Avas a man of great daring. ^Mlen the English prepared to attack NeAV Oi'leans, they ti-Ied to induce Lafitte to join them, 2>i'om- ising him a position in their navy and a large sum of money. Instead of consenting, he Avrote and offered liis services to the Americans. 7. Jackson promptly acce])ted the olfei*, and a large force of Bai-atarians joined the American army. For the good services they rendered in the battle that folloAAed, the United States Government afterAvards pardoned all THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 153 of tliem wlio AA ere willino; to settle down and be law- abidino' citizens. This man>' of tlieni did. 8. Thinking the eneni} 's forces would approach New Orleans b}^ AAay of the river, Jackson built some forts to repel them. The English advanced, however, by way of the lakes that lie back of the city. Jackson built fortifi- cations, and threw up earthworks on the field of Chal- mette, a feA\^ miles from the toANii, and he was soon attacked. 9. The English army Avas led Ijy General Pakenham. It was one of the best equipped armies that the British had ever sent to America. The men were trained and experienced, having fought on many battle-fields of Europe. But Avhen they charged upon Jackson's breast- AN^orks, they were driven back Avitli great slaughter. 10. All day the battle raged, but the Kentucky and Tennessee riflemen, the citizen soldiers of New Orleans, and the Baratarians stood their o-round. The British were compelled to withdraw after losing 2,000 of their men. Pakerdiam himself was killed. The loss of the Americans Avas but eio-ht. 11. Tljis Avas the last battle of the Avar. A fcAV naval fights occurred before it became fully knoAvn that peace had been made. Tlie Federalists had been all along opposed to this Avar, while the Democratic-Kepublicaus Avere in favor of it. The reelection of Madison and the election of Monroe as his successor shoAved on Avhich side most of the people \vere. 154 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. Questions.— When was the treaty of peace signed I AVliere ? What battle was fought before the news reached America ? Wiiere was it fought ? AVho commanded the Americans ? Tlie English ? What battles had Jack- son fought with the Indians ? Wliat cruel deed had the Indians com- mitted ? Who had incited them against the whites ? Of whom was Jackson's army composed at the battle of New Orleans ? Who were the Baratarians ? What offer did Lafitte refuse ? How did the United States Government reward the Baratarians ? On what field was the battle of New Orleans fought ? What kind of army had Pakenham ? What was the result of the battle ? How many men did the English lose ? The Ameri- cans ? What political party had been in favor of this war ? Who opposed it ? On wdiich side of the war question .was the majority ? Blackboard Form. Principal Events. CO ••s> ^ Washington. Adams, Jefferson. Madison. 1789, 1791, 1792, 1794 1796, r 1797, Inauguration. Vermont admitted. Kentucky admitted. Indian Troubles, Whisky Hehellion. Tennessee admitted. Inauguratio?i. Death of Washington. Washington made Capital. Inauguration. Tripolitan War. Ohio admitted. Louisiana pu r chased. 1^ 180-4, Leivis and Clark Expedition. 1809^ Inauguration. \ War with Great Britain. ■ ( Louisiana admitted. 1816, Indiana admitted. \ 1799, (^ 1800, 1801 1803 1812 Review Outline. Causes. Generals. ^ American. < Battles. War of 1812. j British Encouragement of Indian Hostility. { Impressment of American Sailors. ^Harrison. Scott. Broion. Ripley. Jaclcson. Van Rensselaer. Pike. Macomh. [Unit. Brock. Proctor. Ross. Pahenham. Drummond. , Prevost. {Toronto {Yorlc). British. American Victories. 1813, British Victories. Ft. Meigs. I Ft. Stepjhenson. \^ Thames. { Ch ippeica. 1814 J Biindys lane, ' I Plattshurg. [Ft. Mc Henry. Neiv Orleans. j Detroit, i Queen stoicn. Frenchtoion. Capture of Washington, 1815, 1812, 1813, 1814, 15G FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLIII. Where is Massachusetts ? Virginia ? Tennessee ? In what part of Africa are the Barbary States ? Where is Florida ? Mississippi ? Illinois ? Alabama ? Missouri ? In what part of Florida are the Everglades ? Where is Arkansas ? Michigan ? CHAPTER XLIII. 1. The iiftli, sixtli, and seventli Presidents of tlie United States were James Monroe of Virginia, John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, and Andrew Jackson of Ten- nessee. Monroe and Jackson served two terms each. John Quincy Adams was the son of tlie second President, Jolin Adams, and served but one term, as did liis father. 2. Monroe was inaus^urated in 1817. Durimy his administra- tion the countr}^ was at peace with all the nations of the world. Our ships could sail upon every ocean unmolested by England. The Barbary pirates had in 1815 been pun- ished a second time bv a United States fleet under JAMES MONROE. THE FIFTH, SIXTH, AND SEVENTH PRESIDENTS. 157 JOHN yUlNCY ADAMS. Decatur for not heeding the lesson taught them by Preble in the Tripoli tan war of ISOl. 3. The country Avas growing and developing very rapidly. In 1819 Florida was purchased, and in the eight years during wdiich Monroe Avas President five new States ^vere admitted to the Union. These were : Mississippi, admitted in 1817; Illinois, in 1818; Alabama, in 1819; Maine, in 1820 ; and Missouri, in 1821. Monroe's administration has been called the ''era of good feeling,'' for tliere seemed to be no opposition between political parties. But during this administration the tw^o cpiestions of tariff and slavery arose, ^v]lich afterwards caused much ill feeling among the States. For years this ill feelinu* otcnv until at last it brouofht on one of o the o;reatest wars iu the history of the Avorld. Of that war you shall soon learn. AM)M W I \( K~()N lo8 FIFTH TERIOD : INDEPENDENCE, ..\( K IIANN K. 4. Jolm Quiiioy Adams Avas iiuuigurated in 1825. Diiriiio; his adniinistration, the first railroad in the United States was l)nilt, at Quincy, Massachusetts. The year after his inauguration, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died. Both passed away on July 4tli, exactly fifty years after the day upon Avhich the Declara- tion of Independence, written by Jef- ^. ferson, was adopted. 5. Andrew Jackson, the Hero of New Orleans, an as inauirurated in 1829. The Deniocratic-Eepidjlican party now changed its name, and henceforth was to be known as the Democratic ])ai'ty. Its opponent was noAV the Whig party. f>. Two Indian Avars occurred during Jackson's ad- ministration. One AN'as in 1832, witli the Sac and Fox Indians of \\^isconsin Teriitory, who, under their chief, Black ILnNk, were finally subdued. Tlie other was in 1835, witli tlie Seminole Indians of Floilda, wliosc chief wa;- the famous Osceola. This war Avas caused by an attem])t to move the Indians from Florida. They refused to leave, and tied to the swam])s and Everglades. It Avas with diffi- culty that they were con([uered. EAKl.Y AMKKICAN KAILROAl) TRAIN. 159 7. Two States were admitted while Jackson Avas Presi- dent: Arkansas in 183(), and Michigan in 1887. His administi'ation was not a peaceful one. There Avere many disputes, and the ill feeling that liad 1)egun in Monroe's administration increased. Let us see Avhat one of these disputes Avas about. Blackboard Form. Principal Events. Monroe. J, Q. Adams. Jackson. r 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, r Inauguration. l Mississippi admitted. Illinois admitted. r Florida purchased. I Alabama admitted. Maine admitted, Missouri admitted. 1825, Inaiujiiration. 1 «9r / I^^^^i^^ of Jeff er son and I L Adams. I 1827, First railroad. 1829, Inaiujuratlon. 1832, Blaclc Haivh War. 1835, Seminole War. 1836, Arkansas admitted. 1837, Michigan admitted. IGO riFTH PEKIOD : INDEPKKDKNOK. Questions.— Who was the fifth President of the United States ? The sixlli ? The seventh ? How man}' terms did Jackson and Monroe serve ? J, Q. Adams ? When was Monroe inaugiirated? Wliat were the relations of the United States with otlier nations during Monroe's administration ? American vessels were now ])ermitted to do wliat ? Why were they no longer molested by the Barbary pirates ? What five States were admitted while Monroe was President ? When was each admitted? What was Mon- roe's administration called ? Why ? What two questions arose ? When was Adams inaugurated ? What two great men died the year after ? AVhy do we remember Jefferson ? When was Jackson inaugurated ? To Mhat had the two political parties changed their names ? What Indian wars oc- curred while Jackson was President ? Who was Black Hawk ? Osceola ? What was the cause of the Seminole War? What two States were admitted while Jackson was President? Write the Blackboard Form for Monroe's adiiiiuistration. «T. Q. Adams's. Jackson's. CHAPTER XLTY. TARIFF. 1. England lias long been a great manufacturing na- tion. Her nianufaeturecl goods are sent to many parts of the world. AVlien tlie United States and Enii:land were at war, of course none of these manufactured articles were sent to tliis country. 2. 80 factories were built for the pur230se of making our own goods. These factories w-ere mostly in Ne\v England and the Middle States. They were found prof- itable so long as goods were not impoi'ted from Europe. 3. But when the war closed, Eno-lish manufactures were again sent to this country. They were cheaper and TARIFF. 161 better than any made in the United States at that thiie. The American manufacturers would therefore have had to stop work liad not Con- orress come to their .'NJACHINES POU SI'INMN assistance. 4. For the purpose of protecting American manufac- turers, a tax, or tariff, was levied in 1824 upon goods im- ported. This tariff made imported articles dearer than those made in America. The States in which there were fact o r i e s were very well satisfied ^vith this ar- rangement, for people bought A m e r i c a n goods in preference to the dearer goods tliat were made in Europe. 11 MACHINES FOK CARDING COTTON. 162 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 5. But many States, particularly in tlie South, had veiy fe\v factories. Tlie people in these States thought that they sliould not l)e made to pay more for goods in order to protect the manufacturers of otlier States ; so there arose much contention. 6. AVhen John Quincy Adams l^ecame President, an additional duty, or tariff, ^vas levied, and the ill feeling and dissatisfaction increased. In 1832, Avhen the tariff was made still higher, the State of South Carolina declared the tariff law to be null and void, and refused to pay the tax. 1 . This act is known as the Nullification Act. Jack- son Avas then President of the United States. He Avas a man of much firmness. He felt it to be liis duty as President to enforce or execute tlie laws made for the government of the Avhole country. The tariff laws Avere among tliese; and although he did not himself approve of a high tariff, yet he made pi'eparations to compel South Carolina to obey the laAV. 8. Before serious trouble arose, hoAvever, Congress modified the hiAvs so that the tariff Avould be lowered by degrees. This compromise satisfied all for the time, but the tariff (piestion remains unsettled. Questions. — Wliy did England send no manufactured goods to tliis country ? AVliat were put up in the United States ? In ^vliat States were most of tliese factories built ? Wliy were they not ))rofitabl(' after war had ceased? How did Congress protect them ? AVliat States were satisfied with the tariff laws ? AVhat States were dissatisfied ? In whose administration THE EIGHTH, NINTH, AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. 163 were tariff laws passed ? AVhat act did South Carolina pass in 1832 ? What Avas this act ? What did Jackson then determine to do ? What did Congress do before serious trouble arose ? Wliat compromise was effected? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLV. Where is Rhode Island ? What States touch Canada ? What State touches New Brunswick ? Where is Florida ? CHAPTER XLV. THE EIGHTH, XIXTH, AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. eighth, ninth, and tenth Presidents of the 1. The United States Avere Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, and John Tyler. Van Buren, inaugurated in 1837, served but one term. 2. During his administra- tion, tlie country suffered from a great business panic. For years before, everything had been so prosperous that much business all over the country had been done on credit Ijy banks and merchants, as it was thought that prosperous times would continue. 3. But a time came for these banks and merchants to MARTIN- VAX BUREN. 164 FIFTH period: independence. pay tlie large debts they liad contracted. It was then found that many liad given others credit, as well as received credit, and so there ^\ as not nmcli more than debts to pay debts with. Banks were compelled to close, and merchants to go into bank- ruptcy. Tlie panic Ijecame gen- eral tlu^oughout tlie country, and much suffering folloAved. 4. Harrison was inausrurated in 1841. He Avas the general Avho had fought so bravely at the battle of Tippecanoe and in tlie War of 1812. He ^vas therefore a great favorite. But he died one month after his inauguration, and John Tylei-, the man who had been elected Vice- President, took his place. Tyler was the first " accidental '' Presi- dent. 5. Tlie principal events dur- ing Tyler's administration Avere WILLIAM UENKY D orrs r eb el lion m Rhode Isl- and, and the northeastei'n bound- ary treaty, in 1842; the admis- sion of Florida as a State, and the annexation of Texas in 1845. 6. Dorr's rebellion was caused JOHN TYLKR. THE EiaHTH, NINTH, AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. 165 by a uuiiiLei' of men wlio objected to a law of the State ill wliicli tliey lived. This laAV Avas a part of the old charter under A\dnch Rhode Island Avas governed when a colony. It provided that none but property o^vn- ers should vote. The re- bellion was put down with- out bloodshed, and the law was afterwards chano^ed. 7. The northeast boundary of the United States was agreed upon in 1842. In the making of the treaty, Daniel Webster represented the United States, and Lord Ashburton, England. It is known as the Webster-Ash- burton treaty. Blackboard Form. Prinxipal Events. \vi:i;.-TEK. O Va}i Bv Harrison and Tyler. ren. 183 1841, 1842, 1845, _ ( Inauguration. [ Business panic. f Inauguration. [ Death of Harrison. f Dorrs Hehellion. i Webster- Ashhurton Treaty. ( Texas annexed. \ Florida admitted. 1G6 Fip^Tii pekiod: indkpkndenck. Questions.— Wlio was the eighth Piosidont ? The ninth ? The tenth ? How long was Van Buren President ? Harrison ? What misfortune befell the country in Van Buren's administration ? What was the cause of this business i)anic ? What was the result ? When was Harrison inaugurated ? For what had he already become famous ? AVho was the first "accidental " President ? What four events took place while Tyler was President ? What w^as the cause of Dorr's Rebellion ? How did it end ? What was the Webster-Ashburton treaty ? When was it agreed upon ? By whom was it signed ? Write the Blackboard Foriu for the adiuiuistratioii of Van Buren. Harrison and Tyler. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLVI. What State west of Louisiana ? What country southwest of Texas ? In what part of Texas is San Antonio ? In what part of Texas is Houston ? In what part of Texas is Gonzales ? CHAPTER XLVI. TEXAS. 1. Tlie annexation of Texas was one of the most im- 23ortant events of our country's liistory. All that part of the United States Avest of the Mississippi River and not included in the Louisiana purchase -belonged to Mexico. Texas was a part of Mexican territor>\ 2. As the United States grew in j^opulation, many peo2:)le moved westward and settled in the western terri- tories. In this AvaA' manv Americans had o-one to Texas. TEXAS. 167 THE ALAMO. As time passed on and the number increased, these settlers felt a desire to be independent of Mexico. 3. They won indepen- dence by a revolution, as the independence of the thirteen colonies had been won years l)efore. The beo-inninii^ of the Texas revolution was the fis^ht at Gon- zales, between the Mexican captain, Castanada, and Colo- nel Moore. This took place on the 2d of October, 1835. 4. In the ^var tliat followed, the Texans fouo^ht with the greatest bravery. In 1886, Santa Anna, leader of the Mexicans, made an attack upon a fort called the Alamo, not far from San Antonio. He had 4,t>00 men, and the Texans but 200. The fort was defended until not one Texan ^vas left, thouo-h a o:reat nund^er of Mexicans had been killed. 5. Xot lonp; after this the brave General Sam Houston, ^vith a little army of Texans, met Santa Anna. A battle Avas fouglit at San Jacinto, and the whole ^Mexican army was destroyed. Santa ^Vnna himself was taken prisoner. 6. Texas was wow free. A re- GENEISAL S>AM HOUSTON, 108 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. [g election, G Ten- public was oi'ganized, and in the followin; eral Sam Houston was chosen President, and Mirabeau B. Lamar, Vice-President. In 1845, Texas was annexed to the United States. Later in the year, officers were elected, a State government Avas organized, and Texas was admitted into the Union as the twenty-eighth State. Texas. Blackboard Form. 1685, Explored by La Salle. 1835, Battle of Gonzales 1 oo^> ( Siege of the Alamo. \ Battle of San Jacinto. ]84;j An Hexed to the United States. Admitted to the Union. Questions. — To whom did Texas belong ? B\' wliom was it settled ? How did it become independent ? What was the beginning of the Texas Revolution ? What was the great l)attle of the war ? Who was the leader of the Mexicans at San Jacinto ? Gonzales ? Who was the leader of the Texans in each battle? What was the result of the siege of the Alamo? Who was the first President of Texas ? When was it annexed ? When did it become a State ? Write the Blaxkboard Form for Texas. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Prkpakatoky to the Study of Chapter XrjVTT. Where is Texas ? Towa ? Wisconsin ? What river bonnds Texas on the southwest ? Tn what part of Texas is the Nueces River ? What city near the mouth of the Rio Grande ? Name the States and Territories Avest of the WAR WITH MEXICO. 169 Rocky Mountains and south of Oregon and Idaho. In what part of Mexico is Monterey ? In what direction is it from ]\Iatanioras ? Where is Vera Cruz ? City of Mexico ? In v/hat direction is Mexico from Vera Cruz ? In what part of California is the Sacramento River ? Where are the Rocky Mountains ? CHAPTER XLVIL WAR WITH ]VrEXICO. 1. The eleventli President of the United States was James K. Polk of Tennessee. He was inaugurated in 1845. Three States were ad- mitted while he was President : Texas in 1845, Iowa in 1846, and Wisconsin in 1848. 2. After Texas Avas ad- mitted, trouble arose with Mex- ico. The Texans claimed that their territory extended south- west as far as the Rio Grande. The Mexicans claimed that the Nueces River was the boundary between Texas and Mexico. As Texas was now a part of the United States, President Polk sent a force of soldiers to take possession of the disputed territory. 3. This force was commanded by Genei'al Zachary Tavlor. A laro:e Mexican armv under General Arista JAMES K. POLK. 170 FIFTH period: independence. advanced to meet the Americans. Battles were fought at Pah) Alto and llesaca de la Pahna, and, although Taylor's army Avas only one-third as large as Arista's, the Mexicans were defeated in both battles and were coni- 2)elled to cross the liio Gi'ande to Matamoras. 4. War had now begun in earnest. Three campaigns were planned against Mexico. General Kearney was to cross the Kocky Mountains and take possession of the northwestern portion of Mexico, which then included California and New Mexico. General Taylor ^vas to cross the Pio Grande, and General Scott was to land at Vera C^ruz and march to the city of Mexico. 5. All tliree of these plans were well carried out. Genei'al Kearney and Captain John C. Fremont, with the assistance of an American fleet under Commodore Stock- ton, took possession of California and New Mexico Avith- out any trouble. Taylor and Scott had some fighting to do before their campaigns were over. 6. General Taylor crossed the Pio Grande, took pos- session of Matamoras, and marched westward into Mex- ico. With 6,000 men he attacked 10,000 Mexicans posted under Ampudia in the strongly fortified city of Monterey. After three days' hard fighting, Taylor captured the city and all its fortifications. He then marched on to Bueua Yista, where, on February 28, 1847, his greatest victory was won. 7. The Mexican army consisted of 20,000 men. It was led by Santa Anna, the same Mexican general who WAR WITH MEXICO. 171 years before liad opposed tlie Texans. There were but 5,000 men in the American army. Feeling sure of the victory, Santa Anna suggested to a messenger sent by Taylor that the Americans would do well to surrender. iENEKAL TAYLOR NKVEK f^LKKENDEKS. " General Taylor never surrenders," was the answer made to this proposal. The battle that followed was a fierce one. The Americans were completely victorious, for Santa Anna's army was driven in great confusion from the field. 172 FIFTH period: independence. Ill c 8. General Scott, after a liard-fouglit contest, succeeded ipturing Vera Cruz. Witli 12,U00 men lie tlien l)e- a march inland to the city of Mexico. He ^vas op- })osed all ah)ng tlie route by large Mexican armies under Santa Anna, who had come down to stop him after leaving Taylor at Buena Vista. Brilliant victories were w^on by the American army at Cerro Gordo, Molino del Re}', and Cha- pultepec, and on tlie 14tli of September, 1847, Scott entered Mexico in triumph. 9. This ended the \var. On February 2,1848, a treaty was concluded at Gua- dalu23e Hidalgo, by AN'hich Mexico agreed to surrender all the territory that iio\n' forms the south- western part of the United States, for wdiich the United States was to pay $15,000,000. 10. Har Causes. Ameri- ca ns. ^ f Annexation of Texas, I Disputed territory, {Taylor. { Scott. I Kearney. r Arista. 3fexicans. -\ Ampudia. Tayh or s. Scotfs. V Santa Anna. \ 1846, May 8, Falo Alto. j " May 9, .Resaca de la Palma. \ '' Sept. 24, Monterey. Vx^^l.Feh. 23, Buena Vista. 1S47, 3far. 27, Vera Cruz. " Ap>r. 18', Cerro Gordo. '' Sept. 8, Molina del Rey. ^' Sept. 1'*), Chapultepec. ''- Sept. 14, Mexico entered. TAYLOR, FILLMORE, TIERCE, AND BUCHANAN. 175 GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to thk Study of Chapter XLVIII. Where is Louisiana ? New York ? New Hampshire ? Pennsylvania ? In wliat part of Asia is Japan ? What ocean between Japan and the United States ? Where is Minnesota ? Oregon ? Kansas ? In what part of Eu- rope is Ireland ? In what part of America is Newfoundland? CHAPTER XLVIII. THE TAVELFTH, THIRTEENTH, FOURTEENTH, AND FIFTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 1. The twelfth, tliirteeiitli, fourteenth, and fifteenth Presidents of the United States were Zachary Taylor of Louisiana, Millard Fillmore of Xew York, Fi-anklin Pierce of New Hampshire, and James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. 2. Taylor was inaugurated in 1849, but died the year after ; and the Vice-President, Fill- more, became President. Dur- ing the administration of Fill- more, California Avas admitted as a State, and three great American statesmen died : John C. Calhoun in 1850, Henry Clay and Daniel Web- ster in 1852. ZACHAKY TAYLOR. FIFTH PERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. ^H^^ MILLAHD FU.LMOKE. 3. Pierce Avas iiiauuilding, in commerce and manufacture, and they, too, found that they did not need slave labor. Therefore slavery Avas gradually abolished in the North- ern States. 3. There ^\'ere a great many slaves in tlie South, be- cause the plantations Avere large, and many laborers Avere needed to cultivate them. The growing of cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco on these plantations Avas the principal business of the people, and they believed that they could SLAVERY. 179 not do witlioiit slave laljor. Therefore the Southern States continued the system. 4. Thus the States soon came to he kno^vn as free States and sLive States, divided by the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, which was called Mason and Dixon's line. Whenever it Avas proposed to admit a new State, there was a contest in Congress as to whether slavery should be permitted in it or not. 5. In 1820 Missouri applied to be admitted as a slave State. An angry contest folloANcd. Finally Congress passed an act a\ liich a\ as knoAvn as the Missouri Com- promise, and was advocated by Henry Clay. This act 2:>ermitted slavery in Missoui'i, l)ut prohibited it in neAV States that might be organized from the Louisiana pur- chase north of the line forming the southern boundary of Missouri. Thus for a time the question Avas settled. 6. After some years societies Avere formed in the North for the purpose of abolishing slaver}'. These encour- aged slaves to run aAvay from their OAvners and make their Avay to some State north of Mason and Dixon's line. The Constitution required that Avhenever a runaway slave Avas found in a free State, he was to be returned to his oAvner. Certain Northern States, however, refused to give up fugitive slaA'es, and much ill feeling between the sections resulted. 7. While this (piestion Avas being discussed, California asked to be admitted to the Union as a free State ; but under the Missouri Compromise the Southern people 180 FIFTH PKRIOI): INDEPENDENCE. claimed tlie riglit to take their slaves into this territory, which had been won from Mexico. Pleiiry Chay, who had come to l^e known as tlie "Great Pacificator," pro- posed conipromises (1850) wliicli became laws. Accord- ing to these laws, fngitive slaves were to be returned, and California was to l)e admitted ^vithont slavery. 8. After two or tliree years of peace, trouble arose ao^ain because fus^itive slaves were not returned, and because Cono:ress passed the Kansas-Nebras- ka Bill. According to this law, the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, though north of the Mis- souri Compromise line, were to decide for themselves whether they should per- mit slavery. Settlers from free and from slave States at once I'ushed to Kansas, each side hoping to out-vote the other on the slavery question. Here the trouble grew Avorse. The new settlements were broken u]), houses were burned, and many persons were killed. All this hap- pened while Buchanan was President, and increased the ])itter feeling between the States. 1). The final trouble came in 1860. The Democrats met at Charleston to nominate a candidate for President. HENRY CLAY SLAVERY. 181 The Soiitliern members asked the convention to declare tliat it was the duty of Congress to protect slave property ill every territory. This the convention refused, and the Southern members, with a number of the, Northern mem- bers, withdrew. The I'esult was that t^vo Democratic can- didates were nominated : Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, by those opposed to the protection whicb the Southern men had asked ; and John C. Breckenridge by those who favored such protection. The Republican party, which opposed slavery in all the territories, nominated Abra- ham Lincoln. The old Whigs chose for their candidate John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln was elected. The dif- ference between the parties w^as about slavery in the ter- ritories. Both Lincoln and his party denied that they wanted to abolish slavery. Questions. — When was slavery introduced ? AVhere did the custom of liolding slaves exist ? In what States was slave labor found to be the more profitable? Why was slavery abolished in the North? Why was it con- tinued in the Soutli ? What two cUisses of States did there come to be ? Wiiat was tlie Missouri Compromise ? Who advocated it ? Wliat move- ment in tlie North caused the question to arise again ? W^hat State was admitted about this time ? Who settled the question peacefully when Cali- fornia was admitted ? W^hat was he now called ? What was the Kan- sas-Nebraska Bill ? What was the result of the passing of this bill ? In electing Buchanan's successor, what four candidates were there ? Who were the Democratic candidates? Who was the Republican candidate? Whose candidate was John Bell ? Stephen A. Douglas ? Who was elected ? Write the Blackboard Form for the aduiiiiistratioii of Taylor and Fillinore. Pieree. Buchanan. 182 FIFTH FEKIOD: INDEPENDENCE. '^^ ■^ ^ Taylor and Fillmore. lerce. Buchanan. Blackboard Form. Principai. Evkxts. 1849, Inauguration.^ j Death of Taylor. 1850, \ California admitted. I Death of Calhoun. \ ^ ' , r Clay. 1852, I Death of | ^j.^^^^^^^, ( Inauguration. I Gadsden Purchase. ( Japan Treaty. I Kansas-Nehraska Bill. Inauguration. \ Minnesota admitted. L Atlantic cable. 1859, Oregon admitted. 1860, Secession of South Carolina. 1861, Ka n sets adm itted. { 1858, 1854 1857 1858 GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter L. In what part of Virginia is Harper's Ferry ? Where is South Carolina ? Florida ? Where is ISIississippi ? Alabama ? Where is Georgia ? Louisi- ana ? Where is Texas ? Tennessee ? Where is Arkansas ? North Caro- lina? In ^vlult part of Alabama is ^[ontgomery ? In wliat part of Virginia is Richmond ? In what part of South Carolina is Charleston ? ^^p.TS^^_0/5^, LEAVING THE UNION. 1. The year before Lincoln's election, an attempt was made by John Bro^vn to incite a rebellion among the negroes of Virginia. With twenty-one men, he captured the United States arsenal at Harper's Feri-y, Ijut lie was soon taken prisoner, tried, and hanged for treason. The event showed llo^^' fast the unfriendly feeling between the sections was growing. 2. When Lincoln Avas elected, the people of the South believed that the people of the Xorth had voted not to give them ecpial rights in the territories and had denied them erpial protection to their property in slaves, although the Supreme Court had declared that they Avere entitled to both under the Constitution. 3. So a number of >States determined to withdraw, or 184 IIFTII PERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. secede. Soiitli Carolina was the first to pass an ordi- nance of secession. This she did December 20, 1860. She was soon followed by the States of Florida, Missis- sippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. 4. The seceded States formed themselves into a con- federation of their own. Montgomery was made the cap- ital. Here dele- gates met and the government of the ^ ^ C o n f e d e ]• a t e States of Amer- ica" was duly or- ganized. Jefferson Davis of Missis- sij^pi was chosen President, and Al- exander H. Ste- phens of Georgia Vice-President. 5. The people of the South be- lieved that they had a right to set»ede. They believed that the Union was a compact between the States, and tliat any State had a right to ^vithdraw from the Union Avhenever the people of that State decided to do so. 6. Tlie ])eople of the North held tlie same opinion JEFFERSON DAMij. [Photo, 1SS7. LEAA^lNG THE ITNION. 18o ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. when tlie ITnion was first formed, but tlieir belief had cliauged ; and they llo^v^ dechired that all the States were a nation, and that no State had a rij^fht to secede an itliout the consent of the others. 7. So the questions of slavery and tariff Avere now left in the l)ack- ground, and the quarrel came to be about the riofht of a State to leave the Union. Both sides believed themselves to be in the right, and it took a long and bloody war to settle the question. 8. By the time that Lincoln Avas inaugurated, it w^as known that an attempt would be made to force the South back into the Union. The seceding States had already made preparations to resist. They had seized the forts and arsenals situated within their boundaries, as they had a perfect riglit to do if they had the right to secede. Major Anderson had refused to surrender Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charles- ton, South Carolina, and Mr. Lincoln sent a ship to Charleston to reenforce the fort. This w-as regarded by the South as an act of war, and General Beauregard Avas ordered to prevent the f reenforcemeuts, and to cap- P. G. T. BEAUREGAKD. landing 186 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. tare tlie fort. Tlie first was fired Fi'icl; lie nrst gnu was nreci r nany morning, Api'il 12, 1861, and the bombardment continued until Anderson surrendered. No one was hurt. 9. The news of this bombardment fieAv over the coun- try and produced the greatest excitement. Eveiy one felt that the siofnal of war had been given. President BOMBARDMENT OF FOKT SUMTER. Lincohi called for volunteers to maintain tlie authority of tlie United States Government. President Davis called for volunteers to defend tlie Southern Confederacy. 10. The time had come for the other Southern States to decide upon which side they would be. Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the Con- federacy. The capital was changed from Montgomery LEAVING THE UNION. 187 to Ricliiiioiid, wliere the Soutlierii volunteers soon assem- bled. The Northern volunteers gathered at AYashington. The first great battle was to be fought at a point between the two cities. 11. And so these States which had stood together ever since they ^vere struggling colonies ; which had fought and suffered together in the Revolution to obtain each its independence, were now arrayed against one another. Neither side would yield, and both Avere ready to fight for what they thought to be right, as Americans had al- Avays done before them. In the days of the Revolution, Virginia had declared that " an attack on Massachusetts Avould be regarded as an attack upon Virginia," but now Massachusetts troops Avere among the first to reach Vir- ginia to Avar against hei*. 12. As the French and Indian War had trained many of the patriot soldiers Avho took ])art in the Revolution, so the Mexican War gave experience to many Avho came to the front on both sides in the Avar between the North and South. Among them Avere some of the greatest generals of the world, men Avliose names people of both North and South are now proud to honor as Americans. Questions. — Who attempted to incite the Virginia negroes to re- bellion ? AVhat was the result? What did the John Brown raid show- ? AYliat did the people of tlie South see before the country when it was known that Lincoln was elected ? What did some of the States determine to do? AVhy ? What State was the first to secede ? AVIien was the Ordinance of Secession passed ? What States followed South Carolina in the secession movement ? AVhat did the seceded States form themselves into ? AVhat 188 FIFTH period: indpjpendexce. city was made the capital ? Who was elected President ? Vice-President ? What did the people of the South believe ? What opinion did the people of the North hold i Wliat was now the question upon which there was to be a quarrel ? What steps did the South take to resist any attempt to force them back into the Union? What happened at Fort Sumter? Why? When was the tirst gun tired ? What effect had the bombardment on tlie country ? What four States joined the Confederacy ? What then became the capital ? Where did Union soldiers gather ? Wliere did the Confeder- ate soldiers assemble ? Name some of the difficulties through which the colonies had assisted one another. What war had given experience to many who fought in the Revolution ? What war trained many who fought in the war that was now to take place ? Write the Blackboard Form for the causes of the War for Southern Independence. Blackboard Form. r 1619, Introduction. ^ ^ ^ < 1 i 1 ^ S^ c « Vg •30 "^ GO ^ Slavery. Tariff. Secession 1820, Missoii ri Comp rom v 1859, John Browns Maid. r 1824, Tariff Acjitation. J 1828, Tariff Bill. ' {Tariff Bill. '^'' \ Nullification Act. \ 1860, Soutli Carolina. \ 1861, Bomhardmen t of Fort Sumter. GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter LT. Where is Virginia ? In what direction from AVashington is Richmond ? Wiiat States arc the most eastern of the Southern States ? Which is the most western ? THE FIRST IMPORTAiS^T BATTLE. 189 CHAPTER LI. THE FIRST IMPORTANT BATTLE. 1. Wlien tlie Nortliern volunteers gathered at Wash- ington, the cry was raised " On to Richmond." Tliey thouo^lit that it would be very easy to take that city, and that the capture of the Confederate capi- tal Avoid d end tlie war. 2. General Winfield Scott was the iirst com- mander-in-chief of the Union army, but as he was too old to take the field, the army that set out for Richmond was put under the command of General McDowell. 3. To oppose this army the Confederates assembled at Manassas Junction, twenty-five miles from Washington, near a little creek called Bull Run. They were commanded by Gen- eral Joseph E. Johnston and General Beauregard. Tlie Northern soldiers were confident of victory, and the Southern army had the same confidence in themselves. From a\ [Photograph. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON. 190 FIFTH period: ixdependenoe. 4. So a battle occurred. At first the advantage was with the Union soldiers, and the Confederates Avere being forced back. But there was a Confederate general in this battle ^vho ^v<)uld not be driven back. He stood with his men like a stone wall. For this reason the soldiers called him ^' StoncAvall " Jackson, though his real name was Thomas Jonathan. 5. The battle from the first had been fought by only a part of the Southern army. About the time that Jackson made his stand the remainder of Johnston's army arrived upon the scene. It was not lono- before the Union soldiers Avere driven from the field in the o;reatest disorder. The army that set out to finish the war in three months returned to Washincrton completely demoralized. G. When the people of the North heard of the battk^ of Manassas, or Bull Hun, they were resolved to conquer the South. More than half a million men joined the Union army and several campaigns were plamied. It was now felt that the war was to be a long and l)itter one, and every ])re]>aration for it was ma(U'. 7. The War for Southern In(h'[)endence lasted four years. We ha^'e not space in this little book to tell of all the battles tliat were fought and of the brave deeds that were done bv men both of the North and of the MCDOWKLI. THE FIRST IMPORTANT BATTLE. 191 Soutli, tliousaiids of Avliom fell upoii maiiy battle fields. We can tell only of some of the important battles and a few of the principal generals. 8. Fioiitino; was carried on in botli tlie eastern and ^^^ THK FIliST BATTLE OF MANASSAS, OK BULL RUN. western portions of the Confederacy. Most of the battle gronnds in the East Avere in the State of Virginia, where the war was finally brought to a close. Let us first learn hoAv the struofo^le was carried on in the West. 193 FIFTIT FFRIOD : INDFFKXDFXCE. Questions. — Wlien the Nortlicni army collected at Washington, what cry was raised:' AVhy did they wish to ca[)ture the Confederate capital? Who was the first Union eoniniander-in-cliief ? Who took his place in the field ? Why ? Where had the Confederate army taken a position ? Who commanded them ^. Which side hud the advantage at first ? AVhat gen- eral stood like a stone wall in this battle ? What was the result of this battle ? What determination tired the people of the North on hearing of the battle ? How many men joined the Northern armies ? How long did the AVar for Southern Independence last ? Where was fighting carried on ? In what State were most of the eastern battle fields ? GE9GRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter LII. Where is Missouri ? In what i)art of Illinois is Cairo ? Into what do the Tennessee and Cumberland liivers How ? In what direction does the Ten- nessee fiow ? In what [)art of Mississippi is Corinth ? In what part of Tennessee is Murfreesboro ? In Avhat part of jNIississippi is Vicksburg ? In what part of Tennessee is Chattanooga ? In what direction is Georgia from Chattanooga ? Where is New Orleans ? In what part of Louisiana is Port Hudson ? Where is the Red River ? In what part of Louisiana is Mans- field ? CHAPTER LII. Till] WAP. IN THE ^VEST. 1. The first battles in tlie AVest took place in the State of Missouri. Not Ions; after the battle of Manassas at Bull liun Creek,, a battle was' fought at Wilson's Creek, in which the Confederates were victorious. They were led by Generals Price and McCulloch. 2. In the early part of 1862, a Union force under General U. S. Grant advanced from Cairo, Illinois, to THE TVAR IX THE WEST. 193 break the line of foi-ts that had been established in Ten- nessee and Kentucky by the Confederates. He was assisted by a large fleet of gunboats under Commodore Foote, and Fort Henry on the Tennessee Eiver and Fort Donelson on the Cumber- land fell into his hands. 3. He t he n m o v e d south up the Tennessee River as far as Pittsburg Landing. Another Union army, under General Buell, had been ordered to join him there. The Confederates had col- lected an army under Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and Beauresrard at Corinth, not far off, and it was determined to attack Gi'ant before his reenforcements arrived. 4. The Confederates surprised the Union camps in the woods near Shiloh Church. Long and stubborn fighting followed. The battle had been skillfully planned before- hand by General Johnston, who was one of the ablest generals of the war. Grant's army was driven back, and many Union soldiers ^vere taken prisoners. But John- ston received a mortal wound during the battle, and 13 From Phvall Jackson was at this time in the valley throngh which the Slienandoah River runs. Washino'- ton City Avas not safe so long as Confederates \vere near ; and before McClellan could be re- enforced, it was necessary to drive them out of the valley. Two armies under Generals Fremont and Banks, and the army under McDowell, consisting in all of 60,000 men, were ordered to surround and ca])ture Jackson. 3. It was then that Jackson made the Valley Cam- paign, Avhich pi'oved liim to be a great general. Before [lhotu(jrapli. GEOUUE B. MCCLELLAN. the Union armies couk 1 unite, he defeated one at Ci'oss THE WAR IX VIRGINIA. 199 Keys (June 8, 18B2), aiiotlier at Port Kepub- lie the follow- ing (lay, and by rapid niarcliing escaped from the valley. 4. While Mc- Clellan\s army lay before liicli- niond awaitino^ reenforcements, the battle of Seven Pines was fought (May 31, 18f^2). The Confederates made the attack, and ^vel'e suc- cessful on the tirst day, l>ut the leader, (lenei'al Joseph E. Johnston, Av^as wounded. The next day McClellan Avas reenforced and the Confederates fell back to Richmond. General Pobert E. Lee now assumed command of tlie Confeder- ate Army. 5. Lee attacked the Unionists, and foi' seven days McClellan wa KOBEHT E. LEE. l)attles Avere fouglit, Avhile withdrawing 200 FIFTH rERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. his army (Juno iMj-July 1, 1S()2). These battles resulted in great loss of life on both sides. Lee won them all ex- cept the last one, at Malvern Hill, wliere tlie Union army was strongly posted and })roteeted by gunboats. The attack against Richmond had failed. 6. General Pope now took connnand of the Union army. lie was defeated, August oOth, on the same iiehl u[)()n which the battle of Bull liun had been fouirht. General Lee moved north after this ])attle, Avitli the intention of invadino' Maryland. A part of his army under Jackson captured Har- per's Feriy. McClellan, ~ who had again been placed in command, attacked Lee, and a o'reat battle was fought at Antietam Creek, Maryland (September 17, call this fiixht the battle of bTONEWALL" JACKSON. 18G2). The Confederates Sharpsburg. The l)attle lasted all day. 7. Lee drove back tlie Union army and held the field that ni<2:ht and all the next dav. Learning that reen- foi'cements were being sent to McCMellan, he crossed the Pot omac and marched back to Viro-i nia Towards the THE WAR IX VIRGINIA. 201 latter part of the year 1862, McClellan was superseded by General Biiriiside, Avho was defeated at the battle of Fredericksburg (December 18, 1862). General Hooker was then placed in conunand, and the battles of Chan- cellorsville were fought. May 2 and 3, 1868. 8. Hooker was defeated in these battles, l)ut one of tlie saddest events of the Avar occurred the nisfht after the first day's contest. General Stonewall Jackson was returniufi: from an examination of the ground and was getting ]'eady for the battle of the next day. Being mis- taken in the darkness for the enemy, he was shot and mortally wounded by some of his own men. 9. He was a man of pious, spotless character. He was loved and revered by every soldier in the army. He had helped Lee win many victories, and the men had all come to think that where Jackson was there could be no defeat. Now that he is dead and the war over, he is honored by people of both North and South as one of the great men our country has produced. 10. The Confederates were so successful at Chancel- lorsville that Lee determined to invade the North as^ain. Marching into Pennsylvania, he was met at Gettysburg by General Meade, and one of the greatest battles of the war took place (July 1-8, 1868). For three days the GEORGE G. BIEADE. 203 FIFTH period: INDET'KNDENCE. TUi; FAMol S CIlAlUiK AT UETTYtfBlKCi. tup: war in VIRGINIA. 203 battle ]'age(L On the third clay the Confederates under Generals Piekett and Pettigrew made a hei'oic charge upon the Union breast\vorks, ^vhere they planted their colors, but were driven l^ack with great loss. This ended the battle. Lee and his men I'eturned to Virginia with- out beino; followed. It ^\as the day cifter the battle of (xettysburg that Yicksburg surrendered. Questions. — Wlio assumed command of tlie Union arm}- after the bat- tle of Bull Ivun ? By what way did he advance upon- Richmond ? Who held him in clicck ? What battle was then fought ? Whom did McClellan wait for to reenforce him ? What general in the Shenandoah Valley occu- pied the attention of these reenforcements ? AVhat three armies attempted to capture Jackson ? What was the result ? What was this campaign of Jackson's called ? What did it prove Jackson to be ? At what battle was General Joseph E. Johnston wounded ? Who assumed the command of the Confederate army ? AVhat battles were fought around Riclin.ond ? AVhat was the name of the last of these battles ? What was the result of the second battle of Bull Bun ? Who were the generals on each side ? When did the battle take place ? What town did Jackson capture ? What gen- erals fought the battle of Antietam ? What was the result of this battle ? At what battle was General Buruside defeated ? When ? Who succeeded Burnside ? What was the result of the battle of Chancellorsville ? Wliat great loss did the Confederates sustain ? What can you say of Stonewall Jackson ? What did Lee determine to do after the battle of CluxncellorS' ville ? AVhere was he met ? By Avhom ? How many days did the battle last ? What ^vas the result ? What city in the West surrendered the day after the last fiirht at Gettvsburj? ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study or Chapter LIV. Where is Chattanooga? In what part of Georgia is Atlanta ? In what direction from Chattanooga is Atlanta ? In what part of Tennessee is Nash- 204 FIFTH rERIOT): INDEPENDENXE. ville ? In what direction is Naslivillc from Atlanta ? Where is Richmond ? In what part of Virginia is Norfolk ? Name some of the seaports in the Southern States. CHAPTEK LIV. THE LAST OF THE WAR. 1. In all tlie four years that the Avar lasted, there had been but little fighting on sea. The Confederacy owned BATTLE BETWEEN THE VIRGINIA AND THE MONITOR. few vessels. England sympathized ^\\\h the Southern States, and ])erniitted a cruiser, called the Alabama, to be fitted up for them at an English seaport. The Ala- bama, under Admiral Raphael Semnies, did nuicli damage THE LAST OF THE WAR. 205 to Union vessels, bnt was at last sunk, in 1864, in a battle with the United States ship of war Kearsarge. 2. In the early part of the war a vessel called the Merriniac was heavily covered with iron by the Confed- erates, and its name changed to the Virginia. A shoi't distance from Norfolk, Virginia, it destroyed the Union war-ships Cumberland and Congress. Befoi'e any more damage could be inflicted, a pecidiar war-vessel, called the Monitor, tlie invention of Captain Ericsson, of Ne^v York, appeared, and a battle was fought between these iron-clad \'essels. Neither could hurt the other. The Monitor retired to Fortress Monroe a,nd the Vir^rinia returned to Norfolk. 3. Not long after the war had connnenced, the sea- ports of the South \vere blockaded l)y Union shij^s of war. These sliips 2)ermitted no vessel to enter or leave the port blockaded. As millions of bales of cotton used to be sent to England every year, and su]3plies and manu- factures Avere received in return, the Ijlockading of these ports did much to weaken the South and caused great hardships to the people. Fleet vessels resorted to run- ning the blockade, and many narrow escapes were en- countered ])y them. 4. General Josejdi E. Johnston wuh placed in com- mand of Bragg's army after its I'etreat to Dalton, Georgia. He had I'ecovered from the wound received a year or moi'e l)efore at the Ijattle of Seven Pines. 5. General Grant, owing to his success at Vicksburii', 20G IPTII PEKIOD: I^■DK^ENDENCE. Cliattanooga, aiul in ]>revious battles, Ava.s now considered tlie al)lest general upon the Union side. lie received tlie appointment of comniander-in-cliief of all the Union ai'inies in March, 18()4. 6. Leavino- Sherman at Chattanoojj^a in char2:e of the army that was to attack Johnston, Grant hastened to Virginia to take lip the cam- l>aii>:n ai^rainst Lee. In ^lay, 8 h e r m a n a d- V a n c e d i n t o Georgia. The C o n f e d e r a t e army ^vas only about half as laro^e as the Un- ion army, and thongh it was managed Avith the greatest skill, it was forced back as far as Atlanta, after lighting a nundjer of battles. 7. General Johnston was then superseded by General Ilood, who made three gallant bnt unsuccessful attacks, in which a u^reat nundjer of men were kille»l on both sides. After holdinii" Atlanta foi' more than a month t/^^^--l ULYSSES S. GRANT. THE LAST OF THE WAR. 207 Hood ^^ as forced to leave tLe cit}' in order to save his army. He marched back to Tennessee. A little later in the year he Avon a victory at Franklin, bnt was defeated by General Thomas at Nasliville. Sherman also left Atlanta, and marched througli Georgia to the sea- coast. The State, from one end to the other, Avas overrnn by the Union army, honses were burned, and the whole countiy laid waste. 8. AVlien Grant took command in Virginia, he knew that the only way to end the war was to destroy Lee's ami}'. By this time the Con- federate States had become greatly Aveakened. The number of men able to serve in the armv^ had been growing less and less. When a Confederate soldier Avas killed now, there an- as none to take his place. 9. Many battles took place between Grant and Lee during the spring of 1864. Among these were the battles of tlie Wilderness and Spottsylvania, fonglit in May ISG-l; and the battle of Cold Harbor, June 3. Li these battles Grant tried to crush Lee, but was driven back every time with heavy loss. Lee also lost many men. But Grant could better afford to lose men than could Lee, so lie kept up his attacks. 10. Althouo-h Lee was a o-reat o-eneral, yet all his !; JOHN' B, HOO]l. i08 FIFTH j»fhiod: tndkpendencf ability could not supply the men to Hll the ranks of his army, which numbered about twenty-five thou- sand men, while (xrant constantly received reenforcements. Grant, \\ ith an army of 160,000 men, now laid siege to liichmond and Petei's- biirg. After several inonths of ahnost continuous liirhtino-, the lono- Confederate line was broken. Lee was forced to abandon liichmond April 8, 1805 ; and on April 9, after liavino' fouo'ht so lonir and well, he and his ragged, half-starved sol- diers gave n}> their arms at Ap- pomattox, Virginia. The war was over. So(m after, (leneral Johnston surrendered at Bentonville, Noi*th Carolina, and General Kii'bA' Smith in Texas. THE CONFKDEKATK FLAli Questions.— Why was tlierc but little sea lighting in this Avar ? With Avhoin did Kughuid sympathize ? What vessel was fitted up in England for the Confederates ? What became of her ^ What did the Confederates do with the ^[errimac ? AVhat Union vessels were destroyed ? What pre- vented the Virginia from destroying other vessels ? Why were Southern ports blockaded ? What was resorted to by tleet vessels ? Who took com- mand of Bragg's army after the battle of Chattanooga ? Where did Grant go after this battle? What appointment had he received? With what army was Sherman left ? How large was the Confederate army when com- l):ired with Sherman's ? What was the result of the battles in north Georgia between Johnston :ind Sherman ? Who superseded Johnston ? What THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 209 were tlie results of his attacks upon tlie Union forces ? What city was lie forced to leave ? Where did he then go ? What Avas the result of the battle of Nashville ? What nmrch did Sherman make ? Wliat did Grant determine to do in order to end the war ? Name some of the battles that took place between Grant and Lee. How large was Grant's army ? How large was Lee's i Why could Grant afford to lose men ? When was Rich- mond surrendered ? What was the condition of General Lee's army ( When was Lee's surrender made ? Where ? To whom ? What other gen- erals surrendered ? Where ? GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. Preparatory to the Study of Chapter LV. Where is Illinois ? West Virginia ? Where is Nevada '^. Li what part of North America is Alaska ? Li what part of Europe is Russia ? What country of Asia lies between Russia and Alaska ? Who owns this country ? Where is Nebraska ? CHAPTER LV. THE SIXTEENTH A XI) SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 1. Abraliam Lincoln, of Illinois, was tlie sixteentli President, and ^vas inauo^iirated in 18j61. Dni'ino^ his administration t\vo States ^^ere admitted — West Vir- oinia and Nevada. Wlien Yiro-inia seceded from tlie Union tlie people of the ^v'estern part of the State or- ganized the State no\\' known as West Virginia, which was made part of the LTnioii in 1863. Nevada was admitted in 1864. 2. A^dlile Lincoln was President, the principal events that occurred were, for the most part, connected with the 14 210 FIFTH pfriod: independence. war of wbicli you luive just learned. In tlie first year of tills ^var, a difficulty with England arose. 3. The Confederate Government had sent t\\o com- missioners to Euro|)e. These commissioners were .John Slidell and James M. Mason. They took passage in the Eni):lish vessel Trent. 4. On tl le voy- age, the Trent was stoj^ped hy a United States ship of war, and compelled to give up the commis- sioners, looked UDon pon »)y En£(land as an in- suit to her Has:, Jiiid it was only by releas- ing: Slidell and Ma- son that the United States a \' e r t e d further trouble. 5. On eTanuary 1, 1 8G3, Lincoln issued his celebrated proclamation of emancipation, declaring the slaves in the seceded States free. He w^as elected for a second term, but had served scarcely two months when he was assassinated bv an nctor named J. Wilkes B(^oth. ABUAIIAM LINCOLN. [From a nogative, /aoi. Copi/rujfit /»'9/, M. P. Bice.] THK SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 211 ANDREW JOHNSON-. 6. Vice-President Andre av Joliuson tlius became President just as tlie ^va^ ended. He be- lieved that the Soutliern -States could not leo-all y secede and were still in the Union. He ordered the people (^)f those States to hold conventions, to I'epeal the ordinances oi secession, and to al)olish slavery. This was done. The legislature in each State then approved the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishino; slaverv, and the President reco<2:nized those States as beino- airain in the Union. By counting the votes of seven of these States the Thirteenth Amendment was leo-ally adopted. This settled the slavei'}' question. 7. The leaders of the Republican party did not agree A\ itli the President. Congress decided that the Southern States were out of the Union, and now were territories concpiered by the armies of the United States, and that each must be "reconstructed"; tliat is, once more made a State. Congress passed a numljer of hiAvs called the '' lieconstruction Acts " to carr\' out this policy. Under these acts, i^-enerals of the arniA^ ^vere made o-overnors of the Southern States, and the riodit to vote Avas criven to the neo^roes and was taken from leadino^ men of the South. The President vetoed these laws because he 212 FIFTH PFRTOD: IXDEPENDENrF. tlioiiglit tlieiii Avroiig, and this led to m very bitter con- test. The feeling grew so strong that lie Avas impeached for removing a niend)er of his Cabinet witliont tlie eon- sent of the Senate. .Vfter a long trial he was acquitted. 8. Eight of the Southern States were reconstructed on the ])lan of C\mgress, and in 1868 were readmitted to tlie Union under "carpet-bag" governments. 'Jliis name was o'iven to these o'overnments because thev were con- trolled by men from the Noi'th who Avere not regarded as citizens in the South, but Avere called " carpet-baggers." 9. Durins: Johnson V administration Jeifei'son Davis and other Soutliern leaders were put in pi-ison, Init in time Avere released. Nebraska Avas admitted as a State, and Alaska Avas bought from Russia for $7,1?<><>,< i8(;s. ( Inauguration. \ Civil War. ( Trent affair. f ETnancipation Proclamation . I West Virginia admitted, Neimda admitted. ( Appomattox surrender. ( Assassination of Lincoln. \ JVedraska admitted. [ A laska p urchased. Impeachment of lohnson. THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVEXTEEXTH PRESIDENTS. 213 Questions. — Who was the sixteentli President ? The seventeenth ? What i\v(^ States were admitted while Lincohi was President ? What one while Johnson ? Witli what were the principal events of Lincoln's admin- istration connected ? What difficnlty with England did the United States narrowh" escape ? What were the names of the Confederate commission- ers ? What was the name of the English vessel ? When did Lincoln issue his })roclamation of emancipation ? What liappened to Lincoln shortly after entering upon liis second term ? What was the name of his murderer ? What territory Avas purchased while Johnson was President ? What was the i)rice paid ? Why was Johnson impeached ? With what result ? AVrite the Blackboard Form for the adiuinistratious of Lincoln aud Johnson. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Wiiat were the causes of the Civil War ? What was the first battle of this war ? Name live L'nion generals that took part in this war. Five Confederate. Wiiat battles were fought between the following generals : Grant and A. S. Johnston ? McDowell and J. E. Johnston { Bragg and Rosecrans ? Grant and Bragg ? Lee and McClellau ? McClellan and J. E. Johnston ? Lee and Burnside ? Lee and Pope ? Lee and Hooker ? Lee and Meade ? Lee and Grant ? J. E, Johnston and Sherman ? Sher- man and Hood ? Hood and Thomas ? Name two battles that took place in 1801. Four in 1862. Four in 18G3. Four in 1864. What was the Valley Campaign ? Plow many times did Lee invade the North ? What battle preceded each invasion ? What battle checked each invasion ? What was the Red River expedition ? What was the result of it ? What was the great battle of tlie AVest ? What victory made Grant commander- in-chief of the Union Army ? How was possession of the Mis.sissippi River obtained ? What were blockade runners ? Why were Southern ports blockaded ? Wlio was President of the Confederate States of America ? Vice-President ? What State was first to secede ? Name a general on each side that fought a battle in Mississippi. Tennessee. Georgia. Mis- souri. Vii'ginia. Maryland. Louisiana. Pennsylvania. What were the results of the Civil W^ar ? Write what yon know of Stonewall Jack.son. General Thomas. General Lee. General Grant. 214 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. Review Outline, ' Lee. Jackson. A. S. Johnston. Confederate . . . - J. P. Johnxtoii. Beauregard. Bragg. PrincijMd ^ Hood. Gt'ne}'aLs. Grant. Aleade. Thomas. Zhvi07l - IL'ol'er J X i_.'* /ft r / , Shernuoi. 3IcC(e]lan. ^ I^ope. 1801 • Ifanassas. WJsn,rs Creel'. . ^ Shiloh. Second' Manassas, 18C2 ^ Sharj)sl)arg^ or Ant f eta in. Predericl'shurg. M nrfrecslioro. Prhicipal Battles. ChancellorsciUe. 1868.. . ^ Gettysburg. Chicl'aniauga. Chattanooga. - ! ' Sj)ottsf/Ir(r/iHf. 18{)1: \ Cold Harbor. Atlanta. NashvUle. 18(55 - Pichmond captured. Lee^s surrender. ^^\^^ - Re FIRST PRESIDET^TS. 1. Tlie eigliteeiitli Pi-esident of the United States was General Ulysses S. Grant, who was inaugurated in 1869. He served two terms. In 1870 the remaining three Southern States ^vere I'econstructed and re-admitted to tlie Union, l)ut tlie Federal army was kept in the Soutli to tlie end of his second term. 2. During Johnson's administration two amendments ^vere added to the Constitutiou : the Thirteenth, which legally abolished slavery, and the Fourteenth, which made ncLcroes citizens. Durino; Grant's administration the Fif- teenth Amendment was adopted, in oi'der to secure ne- srroes in the rio-lit to vote already aiven them. 3. The principal events of Grant's administration were :^16 FIFTH rEKlOl) : INDEFENDPZXCE. tlie c()in2^1etioii,of tlie Paciiic llaili'oa' BENJAMIN HARRISON. 224 FIFTH PERIOt): INDEPENDENCE. section of tlie South, ^vllo came for the s])ecial purpose of taking part in the last sad ceremonies. 10. The principal events of Cleveland's second ad- ministration were: the holding of tlie Columbian Expo- sition at Cliicago (1893) ; the great labor strike centering in Chicago (1894); the visit to this country of the celebrated Chinese statesman, Li Hung Chang (1896); and tlie admission of Utah as a State (189G). The pro- posal to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, and the efforts made by the Cubans to win by revolution their independence from Spain, also occupied much of the attention of the American people. 11. As successors to Cleveland and Stevenson the Democrats nominated William Jenninixs Brvan of Ne- braska for President, and Arthur Sewall of Maine for Vice-President. The Republicans nominated William McKinley of Ohio and Garrett A. Ilobart of New Jerse}'. The campaign of 1896 closed with the election of McKinley, avIio Avas inaugurated March 4, 1897. Questions. — How many tcrins did Cleveland serve ? What "vvere the principal events of his first term ? Wlio were the next Democratic candi- dates for President and Vice-President ? Republican candidates ? Who were elected ? Who were the successful candidates in 1892 ? With what three nations did tlie United States have controversies ? What States were admitted ? Wiiat was celebrated ? Tell what you know of Jefferson Davis ? What were the principal events of Cleveland's second term ? What also occupied the attention of the peo])le ? Who were the candidates in the election of 1806 ? Who were elected ? Write the Blackboard Form for this Chapter. CLEVELAND, HAKRISON, CLEVELAND, AND McKINLEY. 225 1885, I88r), 1887, 1889, ^ S Blackboard Form. Principal Events. Ina II git rat ion. r Grant. Death of^ McCneUan. [ Hendricks. Charleston earth qiyahe. Apache War, ^ Inauguration. Samoan controversy. r North, Dcikota. , ^ . . j.\ South Dakota. Admission of 4 ^^ ^ Montana. I Washington. { IdaJio. 1890, A dmission of ^ ^ry^,l,i,,g^ j Italian controversy. 1891, ^ Chilean controversy. 1898, Death of \ J^^^'^* . ' • ( Beauregccrd. ( Inauguration. 1893, I Columbian Exposition. 1894, Lcdwr strikes. ^ ^ I ( Utah admitted. ^ ^ t ^^^^'' \ Li Hung Changs visit. 15 326 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE CHAPTEK LVITL THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY. 1. You now know some of the changes that Lave occurred in tliis country from tlie time of the Discovery by Columbus to the election of President McKinley. You have read how the country was explored, then colonized, and how the thirteen English colonies, occu- pying at first a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast, have spread westward, growing in population and in- creasing in size, until the United States came to l)e ^vhat it now is. 2. First, the French and Indian War gave the colo- nists undisputed i-ight to the territory between the Al- leghany Mountains and the MississipjDi Piver ; and after independence was won, this ter- ritory was increased first by the Louisiana purchase, then by the Florida cession, the Texas an- nexation, the Mexican cession, the Gadsden ])Ui*chase, and the purchase of Ahiska. 3. While tlie country has been growing in size and popu- lation, many improvements have been made and o^reat inventions given to the Avorld. Among the WILLIAM MclUNLEY, THE rXITED STATES OF TO-DAY. 227 improvements may be mentioned the Erie Canal, in the State of New York, connecting Lake Erie and the Hnd- son River ; the great bridges over the Mississippi River at St. Louis ; the Brookl^'n Bridge over East River ; and the Jetties, built by Captain James B. Eads, at the mouth THE JKTTIES AT THE MOUTH OF THE MIssl-^Sll of the Mississippi River, enabling the largest ocean vessels to enter from the Gulf. 4. Among other improvements and inventions may be mentioned the first steamboat, designed by Robert Ful- ton, in 1807; tlie first raih'oad, built in 1827; the first locomotive, built in 1830 by Peter Cooper and used on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; the machine-reaper, or harvester, invented by McCormick in 1834; the sew- ing machine, in 1845, by Elias Ho^ve ; the telegraph, by 228 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. Professor Morse, in 1844 ; tlie cylinder printing press, by Hoe, in 1847; the telephone, l)y Bell, in 1870; and the electric light, l)y Edison, in 1'M' Rodney, Geo. Read, Tho. M'Kean. Maryland — Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Carroll of Carroll ton. Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th. Jefferson, Benja. Harri- son, Thos. Nelson, Jr., Francis Liglitfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heyward, Junr., Thomas Lynch, Junr., Artliur Middleton. Georgia- -^xxiion Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton. Ii^dex. PAGE Abercrombie, General 8K, 91 Abraham, Plains of 93 Acadia H^, 83 Acts of Trade 100 Adams, John 136 Adams, John Quincy 156 Alabama admitted . ." 15? Alabama explored 28 Alabama secedes 184 Alabama, cruiser 304 Alamo captured 167 Alaska purchased 212 Albemarle, Duke of . . 72 Allen, Colonel Ethan 109 America, discovery of 12 America named 20 Amherst, General (-8, 92 Amidas, Philip 42 Arapudia, General 170 Anderson, Major 185 Andie, Major John 126 Andros, Governor 64 Annapolis convention 132 Annapolis founded 70 Antietam, battle of 200 Apache War • 221 Appomattox, surrender at 208 Arista, General 169 Arkansas admitted 159 Arkansas explored 29 Arkansas secedes 186 Arnold, General 113, 120, 126 Arthur, Chester A 218 Ashburton, Lord . . 165 Assembly, Colonial 52 Atlanta captured 206 Atlantic cable 176 Bacon's Rebellion 53 Bahama Islands 12 Bainbridge, Commodore 147 Balboa 22, 23 Baltimore founded 70 Baltimore, Lord 69 Banks. General 196 Baratarians 152 Barlow, Arthur 42 Baum, Colonel 119 Beaujeu 76 Beauregard, General 185, 189, 193 Bell, A. Graham 228 Bell, John 181 Bennington, battle of 1 19 PAGE Berkeley, Governor 53, .54 Berkeley, Lord 66 Bienville 76 Black Hawk War 158 Blaine, James G 218 Blockade in the South 205 Booth, J. Wilkes 210 Boston fire 216 Boston founded 60 Boundary treatv 165 Braddock, General 88, 89 Bragg, General 194 Brandywine, battle of 116 Brattleboro (Vt.) foundetl 65 Breckenridge, John C 181 Breed's Hill, battle of 108 Bristol, England 17 Brock. General 141 Brooklyn Bridge 227 Brown, General 141, 1 45 Brown, John 183 Buchanan, James 17'5 Buell, (General 193 Buena Vista, battle of 170 Bull Run, first battle of 18'J, 190 Bull Run, second battle of 200 Bunker Hill 109 Burgesses, House of 52 Burgoyne, General 113, 119 Burnside, General 201 Business panic of '37 163 Cabot, John 17 Cabot, Sebastian 1 7. 18 Calhoun, John C 175, 176 California admitted 175 Calvert, Cecil , 69 Calvert, George 69 Camden, battle of 121 Canary Islands 11 Canonicus 63 Cape Breton Island 18 Cape Cod discovered 33 Carolina divided ... 73 " Carpet-baggers " 212 Carteret, Lord 66 Cartier, explorer 31 Castanada, Captain 167 Centennial, Washington's 223 Cerro Gordo, battle of 172 Chalmette, battle of 153 Champlain, explorer 32 Chaucellorsville, battle of 201 240 INDEX. PAGE Chapu.tepec, battle of 1T2 Charleston attacked 115 Charleston founded 7'2 Charter Oak 05 Chattanooga, battles of 195 Chesapeake Bay entered 4(5 Chicat^'o tire '-ill) Chickaniauga, battle of 104 Chiekasaw Bluff 32 Chippewa, battle of 145 Clarendon, Lord 72 Clark, explorer 138 Clav, Henry ITU, 180 Clav borne, William , 09 Cleveland,. Grover 22J-224 Clinton, (ieneral 114, 128 Cold Harl)or, battle of 207 Colonial wais 83 Columbus 9-20 Confederate States organized 184 Congress, First Continental 103 Congi-ess, Second Continental 109 Connecticut charter 64 Connecticut settled 5j, 03 Consfitutioii framed 132 Constitutional amendments 211 Cooper, Peter 227 Cornwallis, Lord 113, 110,123, 128 Cortez 22 Cotton gin invented 2-28 Cowpens, battle of . 123 Croatan 45 Croghan, Major 144 Cross Keys, battle of 199 Crown Point captured 92, 109 Cuba, discoverv of 14 Cuniberhmd, Fort 90 Custer, General 217 Dare, Virginia 43 Davis, explorer 33 Davis, Jefferson 184, 212, 223 De Beaujeu, army otbcer 91 De Beaujeu, naval officer 76 Decatur 137, 147, 157 Declaration of Independence 113, 233 Declaration of Eights 103 De Kalb 1 12, 121 Delaware settled 66 De Leon 22, 20 Democratic party 158 De Soto 22, 27 Detroit surrendered 142 Dinwiddle, Governor Kobert 85 Donelson, Fort 193 Dorr's Kebellion 104 Douglas. Stephen A 181 Dover (N. II.) Pettled 65 Downie. Commodore 148 Drake, Sir Francis 33, 43 Dn Quesne, Fort 89 Eads, Captain James B 227 Earthquake, Charleston 221 PACK Edison, invc ntor 228 Election dispute 216 Electoral Commission 217 Electric light invented 228 Elizabeth," Queen 43 Elizabethtown (N. J.) settled 66 Emancipation Proclamation 210 Emucfau, battle of 152 Erie canal 227 Eutaw Springs, battle of 124 Exposition, Centennial 216 Exposition, World's 218 Farragut, Commodore 196 Federalist paitv 136 Field. Cvnis \V 177 Fillmore, ^Nlillaid 175 Florida admitted 164 Florida discovered 26 Florida explored 28 Florida purchased 157 Florida secedes 184 Foote, Commodoie 193 Fort Caroline (Fla.) 40 Fort Necessity 87 Fort Orange (N. Y.) settled 55 Fort Sumter surrendered 186 Fountain of Youth 26 Franklin, Benjamin 113 Fredericksburg, battle of 201 Fremont, Captain John C 170 Frenchtown massacre 143 Frobisher, explorer 33 Fulton, Robert 227 Gadsden Purchase 176 Gage, General 105, 107 Garfield, James A 217 Gates, General 113, 119 Genoa 10 Georgia explored 28 Georgia secedes " 184 Georgia settled 73 (iermantown, battle ol 116 Gettvsburg. battle of 201 (Jhi'iit, treatv of 150 (^old, discoverv of 172 Gonzales, battle of 167 Good feeling, era of 157 Gosnold ... 33, 48 Gourges, Dominic de 41 Grant, General 192, 195, 205 Grant, I'resirleiU 215 Great Lakes explored 32 Great IVIeadows, battle of 87 Great Woods 85 Greene, General 1 1 3, 123 Green Mountain Bovs 1 10, 119 Green, Rev. Roger 72 Gnadalu{)e Hidalgo, treaty of 172 Guanahani 13 Guilford Court House, l)attle of 124 Guiteau, Charles J 218 INDEX. 241 PAGE Hanging Rock, battle of 122 Hancock, General W. S -^17, 221 Harper's Ferry cajitureil 200 Harrison, General W. H 140, 144 Harrison, President W. II 163 Harrison, Benjamin 221, 223 Hartford founded 63 Hayes, Rutherford B 217, 225 Hayti, discovery of 14 Hendi'icks, death of 221 Henry, Fort 193 Henry, Patrick 102 Hessian soldiers 116 Hispaniola 14 Hobkirk's Hill, bai tk- of 124 Hoe, inventor 228 Hood, General 206 Hooker, General 201 Horseshoe Bend, battle ol 152 Houston, General Sam 167 Howe Ellas 227 Howe, General 1 13, 116 Hudson, Henry 34 Huguenots 40, 72 Hull, Captain Isaac 147 Hull, General 141 Hutchinson, Anne 61 Iberville 76 Illinois admitted 157 Illinois explored 22 Impressment of sailors 140 Indiana admitted 139 Indians named 13 Iowa admitted 169 Isabella, Queen 11 Isabella's settlement 14 Isthmus of Darien 15 Jack, Captain 00 Jackson, Geneial Andrew 141, 150 Jackson, President 156, 158 Jackson, General "Stoiu'wall ■' 11)0, 200, 201 Jamaica, discovery of 15 James River named 46 Jamestown founded 47 Jasper, Sergeant 115 JeflEerson, Thomas 114, 158 Jetties, Mississippi River 227 Johnson, Andrew, President 21 1 Johnston, General A. S 193 Johnston, General J. E 189, 199, 205 Joliet 32 Jumonville 87 Kansas admitted 176 Kansas-Nebraska Bill 180 Kansas struggle 180 Kearney, General 170 Kearsarge, war-ship 205 Kentneky admitted 138 King ( icorgf's War 83 King William's War 83 Kosciusko 112 16 I PAGE I Labrador discovered 18 Lafayette, (ieneral 112, 127 Lafitte 152 Lake Champlain, battle of 148 Lake Erie, battle of 147 I Lane, Governor Rii\[)h 43 I La Salle, explorer 32, 75 I Lawrence, Captain 147 Lee, Colonel Henry 113, 122 Lee, (ieneral Robert 1': 199-208, 216 Lee, Richard Henry 113 Leisler, Captain . . / 57 Lewis, explorer 138 Lexington, battle of 107 Liberty Bell 114 Liberty, statue of 221 Lincoln, Abraham 181, 209, 210 Lincoln, General 1 13, 120, 132 Livingstone, foreign miiiistiT IgS Locomotive, first America i 227 London Co!nj)anv 46 Long Island, battle of 115 LookfKit iMountain, battle (. 195 Lords Proprietors 72 Lost colony, 45 Louisburg capture( 1 83 Louisiana admitted 139 Louisiana explored 30 Louisiana named 33 Louisiana purchased 138 Louisiana secedes 1^ Lundy's Lane, battle of 145 Macdonough, Commodor<4 148 Macomb, General '. 145 McClellan, General 197-201 McCormick, inventor 227 Mcculloch, General 192 McDowell, General 189, 198 McHenrv, Fort 145 Madison, James 134, 138 Magellan... 22 Magruder, (ieneral 198 Maine admitted 157 Maine settled 65 Malvern Hill, battle of 200 Manassas, battle of 189 Manhattan Island occujaed 55 Mansfield, battle of 196 Marion, General 1 13, 122 Marquette 32 Maryland explored 18 Maryland named 69 Maryland settled 69 Masoii, James M 210 Mason & Dixon's Line 71 Massachusetts Bay Colony 60 Massasoit ~ 59 Matagorda Bay 76 Matamoras captured 170 Mayflower, ship 59 Meade, (ieneral 201 Meigs, Fort 143 Menendez . 40 242 INDEX. PAGE Mexican treaty K2 Mexican War ITO Mexico City captured 172 Micliigan jtdniitted 1 "j9 Minis, Fort 150 Minuesotii admitted 1T(3 Minute men 103 Missionary Ilidue, battle of 195 JNIississippi admitted 157 Mississippi scci'des 184 Mississippi \{\\vv discovered 29 Mississippi Kiver explored 32 Missouri admitted 157 Missouri Compromise 179 Mobile explored 28 Modoc War 216 Molino del Key, battle of 172 Monitor and Merrimac 205 Monmouth, battle of 117 Monroe, James, commissioner 138 Monroe, James, President 156 Montana admitted 223 Montcalm, General 88. 93 Monterey captured 170 Montreal, explored 31 Moore, Colonel 167 Morgan. General 113, 120, 123 Morristown, Washington at 116 Morse, Professor 228 Morton, Levi P 221 Moultrie, Colonel 115 Moultrie, Fort 115 Murfreesboro, battle of 194 Narragansett Indians 64 Nashville, battle of 207 Navigation Act 100 Nebraska admitted 212 Nevada admitted 209 New Albion 33 New Amstenlaui settleil 55 New England explored 34 Newfoundlaiul discovered 18 New France named 32 New Haven founded 64 New Jersey named 66 New Jersey settled 55 New Netherland named 55 New Orleans, l)attle of 151, 153 New Orleans captureil 196 New Orleans founded 77 New Sweden (Delaware) 66 Niagara, Fort, captured 92 Niiia, ship 9 North America, discovery of 18 North Carolina explored 43 North Carolina secedes 186 North Carolina settled 7'2 North Dakota admitted 223 Northwest territory ceded 133 Nullification Act 162 Oglethorpe, James , 73 Ohio River discovered 32 PAGE Opecancanongh, Indian chief 49 Ordinance of 1787 133 Ordinance of Secession 184 Oregon admitted 176 Oregon explored 33 Orinoco Kiver 15 Orleans, Territory of 139 Osceola, Indian chief 158 Pacific Ocean discovered 22 Pacific Railroad 216 Pakenham, ({eneral 153 Palo Alto, battle of 170 Palos 9 Parker, Captain 106 Partisan leaders 122 Paulding, John 126 Penn, William 66 Penn's Elm 67 Penn's treaty C8 Pensacola captured 152 Pequot War 64 Perry, ( Ouimodore 147 Philadelpliia founded 67 Philadelphia, frigate 187 Philip, King 61 Phillips, (General 127 Pickens, General 113, 122 Pierce, Franklin 175 Pike, General 143 Pilgrims named 59 Pinzons, ship captains 9 Phita, ship 9 Pitcairn, Major 106 Pitcher, Molly 117 Pittsburg Landing 193 Pizarro 22 Plattsburg, battle of 145 Pleasant Hill, battle of 196 Plymouth settled 59 Pocahontas 49 Polk, James K 169 Pontiac, Indian chief 95 Pope, (ieneral 230 Port Hudson captured 196 Port Republic, battle of 199 Port Royal, settlement of 39 Porto Rico 25 Portsmouth founded 65 Powhattan, Indian chief 47 Preble, Commodore 137 Prevost, General 1 45 Price, General 192 Prideanx, General 92 Princeton, battle of 116 Prhiting press. Hoe's cylinder 228 Proctor, General 1 11, 143 Prophet, Indian chief 140 Pulaski, Count 112 Puritans 58 Putnam, General 1 13, 115 Quakers . 67 Quebec captured 93, 94 INDEX. 243 PAGE Quebec founded 32 Queen Anne's War 83 Queenstown, battle of 142 Railroad, first American 228 ; Railroad riots 217 Raleigh, Sir Walter. . .-. 43 ; Ratcliff, colonial President 49 Rawdon, Lord 124 Reaping machine 227 Reconstruction Acts ... 211 Republican party 181 Resaca de la Raima, battle of 170 Revere, Paul 106 Ribault, John 40 Richmond captured 208 Ripley, General 145 River of May 40 Roanoke Island settled •. 43 Rolfe, John 51 Rosecranz, General 194 Ross, (ieneral 141 Salem (Mass.) settled 60 Samoan controversy 222 Samoset, Wampanoag Indian 59 San Jacinto, battle of 167 San Salvador 13 Santa Anna, General 1.17, 170 Santa Fe founded 38 Santa Maria 9 Sanvolle, Governor 76 Saratoga, battles of 119 Savannah attacked 121 Savannah founded 73 Schuvler, General 113, 119 Scotf, General 141. M.l, 170, 172 Seaman, Great (Cabot) 19 Seminole War 158 Settlement, first English 47 Settlement, first French 39 Settlement, first Spanish 38 Seven Pines, battle of 199 Sewing machine invented 227 Sharpsburg, battle of 200 Shays's Rebellion 132 Sherman, General 1J5, 207 Shiloh, battle of 193, 195 Sioux War 216 Sitting Bull, Indian chief 217 Slavery 178 Slaves introduced 52 Slidell, John 210 Smith, Captain John 18, 51 South America, discovery ot' 15 South Carolina secedes. .' 184 South Carolina settled 40, 72 South Dakota admitted 223 Spottsvlvania, battle of 207 Stamp Act 100 Standish, Captain Miles 59 Stark. Colonel 119 St. Augustine founded 38 Steamboat invented 227 PAGE Stephens, Alexander H 184 Stephenson, Fort 144 Steuben, German officer 112, 117 Stevenson, A., Vice-President 222 Stillwater, battle of 1 19 St. Louis bridges. 227 St. Mary's (Md. ) settled 69 Stockton, Commodore 170 Stono Ferry, battle of 121 Strikes, labor 220 Stiiyvesant, Governor Peter .56, 66 Sumter, General i 13, 122 Talladega, battle of Tariff Tarleton, Colonel Taylor, General Richard Taylor, General Zachary iu9- Tajdor, President Tea Partv. Boston Tea tax Tecumseh, chief 140. Telegi-aph invented Telephone invented Tennessee admitted . . Tennessee secedes Texas admitted Texas annexed Texas secedes Thames, battle of Thomas, General ]'.)4, Thui-man, Allen G Ticonderoga, battle of Ticonderoga captured 92, Tilden, Samuel J 217, Tippecanoe, battle of Tobacco culture Tories Treaty with France Trent affair Triana, Rodrigo Tripoli, war with Tyler, President 163. Tyranny defined Valley Campaign 198 Valley Forge 117 "\'an Buren, President 163 Van Rensselaer, General 141 Van Wert, Isaac 126 Vera Cruz captiu'ed 1 72 Vermont admitted 138 Verrazano 31 Vespucius, Americus 19 Vicksburg captured 196 Virginia massacre 53 Virginia named 43 Virginia secedes 186 Virginia settled 46 Wadsworth, William 65 Waldsee-Muller 20 Walloons 55 War of 1812 140 1.52 160 12:B 196 171 175 101 100 145 228 228 138 186 168 164 184 145 195 221 91 109 221 140 51 110 117 210 12 137 164 244 INDEX. PAGE Wasliington City captured 145 Washington Citv made capital 187 Wa!*liinfiton, Comniander-in-cliicf ..109-120. 128 Wasliington, (George 85-88 Washington, President i;«-136 Washington State admitted 2-23 Webster, Daniel 105 West Virginia admitted 209 Whigs 110 Whisky Rebellion 130, 154 White, Governor John 43 White Plains, battle of 115 Whitney, Eh 228 Wilderness, battles of the 207 PAGE William Henrv, Fort 91 Williams, David 126 Williams, Rev. Roger 60 Williamsburg, battle of 198 Wilson's Creek, battle of 192 Winchester, General 143 Windsor (Conn.) settled 63 Wingfield, Edward 47 Wisconsin admitted 169 Witchcraft superstition 61 Wolfe, Genera] 88, 93, 94 Yeardley, Sir George 52 Yorktown, battle of 128 Modern Readers for Graded Schools. Davis' Beginner's Reading^ Book Davis' Second Reading Book* Davis' Third Reading* Book. Davis' Fourth Reading* Book. These books present the "Thought Method" or *' Sentence Method " of teaching reading, and are the only Readers prepared especially on that pJan. The author is Supt. Eben H. Davis, of Chelsea, Mass. Natural Science in Simple Stories. Holmes' New First Reader. Holmes' New Second Reader* Holmes' New Third Reader. Holmes' New Fourth Reader. Holmes' New Fifth Reader. These books are most beautifully illustrated and wonderfully attractive. Interesting facts about plant and animal life are woven into charming stories, well graded, and s© judiciously in- terspersed with other reading matter as not to become monotonous. As leading Readers, or for supplemental reading, they are unsurpassed. UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING CO., NEW YORK: 43, 45, 47 East lOth Street. NEW ORLEANS: BOSTON: 714-716 Canal Street. 352 Washington Street. SUPPLEMENTARY READING. Standard Literature Series Works of standard authors, edited for use in schools. Single numbers, in stiff paper sides, 64 to 12,S pages, \2\4 cents; double numbers, 160 to 2h(j pages, :20 cents. In cloth, 20 cents and 30 cents. No. 1 (Single). THE SPY, - - - - By J. Fenlmore Cooper. " 3(DoubIe). THE PILOT, - - - By J. Fenimore Cooper. " 3 (Single). ROB ROY, - - _ - By Sir Walter Scott. " 4(Single). TH E ALH AM BRA, - By Washington Irving. " 5(SiHgle). CHRISTMAS STORIES. By Charles Dickens. " 6 (Single). ENOCH ARDEN and Other Poems, By Alfred Lord Tennyson. " 7(Double). 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ROBINSON CRUSOE, By Daniel Defoe. " 26 (Double). POEMS OF KNIGHTLY ADVENTURE, By Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Macaulay, Lowell. " 27(Double). THE WATER WITCH, By J. Fenimore Cooper. " 28 (Single). TALES OF A GRANDFATHER, By Sir Walter Scott. " 29 (Double). THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, By J. Fenimore Cooper, '' 30(Single). TH E PI LGRIM'S PROGRESS, By John Bunyan. " 31 (Double). BLACK BEAUTY, - By Anna Sewell. " 32(Double). THE YEMASSEE, - By W. Gilmore Simms. " 33(Double). WESTWARD HO! - By Chas. Kingsley. UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY. 43-47 E. Tenth Street, New York. JUNSS 1898