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 STATE OF NEW YORK : 
 
 EMBRACING 
 
 HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, AND STATISTICAL NOTICES OF CITIES, TOAVNS, 
 
 VILLAGES, INDUSTRIES, AND SUMMER RESORTS IN THE VARIOUS 
 
 PARTS OF THE STATE, TOGETHER WITH A COINIPLETE LIST 
 
 OF THE POST OFFICES, COUNTIES, AND COUNTY 
 
 TOWNS, LAKES, RIVERS, RAILROADS, &c. 
 
 Compiled and Edited by Henry Kollock. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 WITH NKARIvY 200 CHOICK KNQRAVINGS. 
 
 
 \^>r 
 
 PUBLISHED BY '^^"'/^^ OF WASH^**'*, 
 
 HENRY KOLLOCK, 22 VESEY STREET,"" 
 NEW Y^ORK CITY. 
 

CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 General Description of the State op New York, 9-80 
 
 Cities, Towns, and Post Offices, 81-126 
 
 Albany, the Capital City, 127-137 
 
 New York City : 
 
 Early History and General Description, 139-164 
 
 Descriptions of the Principal Cities and Towns : 
 
 Albion, 165 
 
 Amsterdam, 165 
 
 Arcadia, 165 
 
 Auburn, 166 
 
 Barton, 167 
 
 Batavia, 168 
 
 Bath, 169 
 
 Binghamton, 169 
 
 Brookhaven, 170 
 
 Brooklyn, 170 
 
 Buffalo, 176 
 
 Canandaigua, 182 
 
 Canton, 183 
 
 Castleton, 185 
 
 Catskill, 185 
 
 Champlain, 186 
 
 Cohoes, 187 
 
 Corning, 188 
 
 Cortlandt, 188 
 
 Cortlandville, 188 
 
 Deer Park, 188 
 
 Dunkirk, 189 
 
 East Chester, 190 
 
 Edgewater, 190 
 
 Ellicott, 191 
 
 Elmira, 191 
 
 Fishkill, 193 
 
 Flatbush, 194 
 
 Flushing, 194 
 
 Galen, 194 
 
 Geddes, 194 
 
 Geneva, 195 
 
 German Flats, 196 
 
 Gloversville, 196 
 
 Greenburg, 197 
 
 Greenbush, 197 
 
 Haverstraw, 197 
 
 Hector, 198 
 
 Hempstead, 198 
 
 Hoosic, 199 
 
 Hornellsville, 199 
 
 Hudson, 201 
 
 Huntington, 202 
 
 Islip, 203 
 
 Ithaca, 203 
 
 Jamaica, 205 
 
 Jamestown, 205 
 
 Johnstown, 206 
 
 Kingston, 207 
 
 Lansingburg, 208 
 
 Lenox, 208 
 
 Little Falls, 208 
 
 Lockport, 209 
 
 Long Island City, 210 
 
 Lyons, 211 
 
 Malone, 211 
 
 Manlius, 212 
 
 Middletown (Orange County), . . . 212 
 " (Richmond County), . 214 
 
 Milo, 214 
 
 Milton, 215 
 
 Minden, 215 
 
 (3) 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Descriptions of the Principal Cities and Towns (Continued) 
 
 Monroe, 216 
 
 Moriah, 216 
 
 Mount Pleasant, 216 
 
 New Brighton, 216 
 
 Newburg, 217 
 
 New Lots, 219 
 
 New Rochelle, 219 
 
 Newtown, 219 
 
 Niagara, 220 
 
 Northfield, 220 
 
 North Hempstead, 220 
 
 Norwich, 220 
 
 Ogdeusburg, 221 
 
 Onondaga, 223 
 
 Orangetown, 223 
 
 Ossining, 223 
 
 Oswego, 223 
 
 Owego, 225 
 
 Oyster Bay, 227 
 
 Peekskill, 227 
 
 Phelps, 228 
 
 Plattsburg, 228 
 
 Port Jervis, 329 
 
 Potsdam, 230 
 
 Poughkeepsie, . . 230 
 
 Queensburg, 232 
 
 List of Counties in the State, 
 
 " Rivers " " 
 
 " Islands " " 
 
 " Lakes " " 
 
 Ridgeway, 232 
 
 Rochester, 233 
 
 Rome, 238 
 
 Rye, 238 
 
 Saratoga Springs, 239 
 
 Saugerties, 241 
 
 Schenectady, 241 
 
 Seneca Falls, 243 
 
 Sing Sing, 244 
 
 Sodus, 245 
 
 Southampton, 245 
 
 Sweden, 247 
 
 Syracuse, 247 
 
 Troy, 249 
 
 Utica, 252 
 
 Volney, 254 
 
 Wallkill, 255 
 
 Warwick, 256 
 
 Watertown, 256 
 
 Watervliet, 256 
 
 Wawarsing, 257 
 
 Westchester, 257 
 
 Westfield, 257 
 
 West Troy, 258 
 
 Whitehall, 258 
 
 Yonkers, 259 
 
 260 
 
 260 
 
 262 
 
 262 
 
 Descriptions of the Principal Summer Resorts 
 
 Adirondack Mountains, 263 
 
 Alexandria Bay, 272 
 
 Au Sable Chasm, 274 
 
 Babylon, L. L, 277 
 
 Bridgehampton, L. L, 277 
 
 Chautauqua Lake, 278 
 
 Cooperstowu, 278 
 
 Havana Glen, 280 
 
 Lake George (Caldwells), .... 281 
 Alphabetical list of Railroads, 
 
 Lake Mohonk, 281 
 
 Niagara Falls, 283 
 
 Richfield Springs 286 
 
 Saratoga Springs, 289 
 
 Sharon Springs, 291 
 
 Shelter Island, 292 
 
 Trenton Falls, 292 
 
 Watkins Glen, 300 
 
 303 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Adirondacks, 9 
 
 Steamer " Priuce Arthur," descendinoj Lachiue Rapids, St. Lawrence River, . . 11 
 
 Thousaud-Islaud House, Alexandria Bay, 13 
 
 The Tioga Valley, 16 
 
 Seneca Lake Landing, ... 18 
 
 Urbana Wine Cellar, 19 
 
 High Falls, Trenton Falls, N. Y., 20 
 
 In the Adirondacks, 22 
 
 Looking North from Fort William Henry Hotel, Lake George, 23 
 
 Scene on Oswegatchie River, 24 
 
 Prospect INIountain and Lake George, 25 
 
 Swiss Chalet, Watkins Glen, 26 
 
 Glen Eldridge, . 29 
 
 Cayuga Southern Railway, 30 
 
 On Cayuga Lake, 33 
 
 The " Yates " passing Lyndhurst, .• 35 
 
 Bluff Point, Lake Keuka, 36 
 
 The Landing and " Yard Wide " Railway at Hammondsport, 38 
 
 Column Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 39 
 
 New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad — The Starucca Valley, 40 
 
 The Old Chestnut^, 42 
 
 Glenora, 44 
 
 Landings on Cayuga Lake, 45 
 
 British and New York Buildings on the Centennial Grounds, Philadelphia, . . 46 
 
 Near Taughannock Point, 49 
 
 Pierce's Palace Hotel, Buffalo, 50 
 
 View from Palace Hotel, Buffalo, .... 51 
 
 Harvest Scene in Central New York, 52 
 
 Cellar of the Keuka Wine Company, 53 
 
 Landings on Lake Keuka, ' 55 
 
 Cellar and Vineyards of the Pleasant Valley Wine Company, at Rheims, ... 57 
 
 View towards Havana, from Glen Park Hotel, 58 
 
 Ferry at North Hector, 60 
 
 Glen Park Hotel, Watkins, 61 
 
 Iron Suspension Bridge across Gorge, Watkins Glen, 63 
 
 Magnetic Springs Sanitarium at Havana, 64 
 
 Ithaca Hotel, 65 
 
 On the Mohawk, QQ 
 
 INIaramoth Gorge, Watkins Glen, 69 
 
 Rainbow Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 70 
 
 Watkins from the Glen Park Hotel, 72 
 
 Trenton Falls, 74 
 
 The Old Way, 75 
 
 The Poplars, Lake Waneta, 77 
 
 Cherry Valley, 78 
 
 View of Genesee Falls, near Portage, 79 
 
 (5) 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Railroad Bridge, 80 
 
 Rainbow Falls, Watkins Glen, 82 
 
 Crystal Springs Hotel, 85 
 
 " " Sanitarium, 85 
 
 New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, 88 
 
 Niagara Falls, 88 
 
 Saratoga Lake, 91 
 
 Trenton Falls, 91 
 
 Magee House, Watkins, 94 
 
 Elmira Water Cure, 94 
 
 Franklin House, Geneva, 97 
 
 Geneva Hygienic Institute, 97 
 
 Canandaigua Hotel, 100 
 
 New York State Insane Asylum at Willard, 100 
 
 Sage College — Cornell University, 103 
 
 Cornell University and Chapel, 103 
 
 Cellar and Vineyards of the Seneca Lake Wine Company, at Severne-on-Seneca, 106 
 
 Cottage at Severne-on-Seneca, 109 
 
 Cook Academy, Havana, 109 
 
 Corning Glassworks — Exterior, 112 
 
 The Cutting Department, 112 
 
 In " Rock City," Western Division, Erie Railway, 115 
 
 Camping Out, 118 
 
 Blue Mountain Lake, Adirondacks 118 
 
 Glen Mountain House, 121 
 
 Trenton Falls, 124 
 
 Conhocton River, 124 
 
 View of the Palisades from Yonkers Station, .* 127 
 
 View from Fort Putnam, West Point, 129 
 
 Washington's Headquarters, at Newburg, 131 
 
 Entrance to the Narrows from the South, 133 
 
 Newburgh Bay, 134 
 
 Soldiers' Home, Bath, Erie Railway, 135 
 
 Scene in the Catskill Mountains, 136 
 
 Mountain Trout Stream, 137 
 
 New York from Jersey City, 1 38 
 
 Trinity Church, 139 
 
 First Settlement of New York, 140 
 
 New York in 1664, 141 
 
 Broadway, New York, . . , 142 
 
 Harbor of New York, as seen from the Narrows, 143 
 
 New York "Tribune" Building, 144 
 
 New York Hospital, 145 
 
 The new County Court House, 146 
 
 Treasury Building, 147 
 
 The new St. Patrick's Cathedral, 148 
 
 Free Academy, 149 
 
 The old Post Office, 150 
 
 New York Tenement House, 151 
 
 Fifth Avenue Reservoir, 152 
 
 New York "Tombs." 153 
 
 Cooper Institute, 154 
 
 U. S. Navy Yard, Brooklyn, 155 
 
 AVest Point, 156 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Bible House, Astor Place, New York, I57 
 
 Music in Ceutral Park, 158 
 
 New York from Jersey City, I59 
 
 Family Picnic, Ceutral Park, IgQ 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association Building, 161 
 
 New York " Times " Building, 162 
 
 Drinking Fountain, 164 
 
 On Chautauqua Lake, 166 
 
 Blue Mountain Lake, 168 
 
 Niagara Falls from Goat Island, 171 
 
 Bridge of the Syracuse, Geneva and Corning Railway, at Dresden, 173 
 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal, 175 
 
 Portal of Palace Hotel, Buffalo, 177 
 
 Niagara Falls, 178 
 
 View in Buffalo Park, 180 
 
 Harvest Scene in Oneida County, 181 
 
 Lake View House, Au Sable Chasm, 183 
 
 Iron Bridge of the Syracuse, Geneva and Corning R. W. Co. over Watkins Glen, 184 
 
 Sylvan Lake, Catskill Mountains, 185 
 
 Lake Champlain, 186 
 
 Lake George, 187 
 
 Five-Mile Point on Otsego Lake, 189 
 
 Cazenovia Lake, 190 
 
 Camping Out in the Adirondacks, 191 
 
 Trenton Falls, 192 
 
 Lake Mohonk, Erie Railway, 193 
 
 Hobart College, Geneva, 195 
 
 Lake Scene in Central New York, 196 
 
 Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls, 198 
 
 Spring House, 199 
 
 Map of Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre Railroad and Connections, 200 
 
 Canadarago Lake — Wionatha Observatory, 201 
 
 Part of High Falls, 202 
 
 Cayuga Lake, 203 
 
 Taughannock Falls, Ithaca, 204 
 
 Ramapo Falls, Erie Railway, 206 
 
 Cascade, 207 
 
 Lockport at Night, 209 
 
 Mt. McGreggor, 210 
 
 Coaling Locomotives at Lyons, 211 
 
 Lake Erie, 213 
 
 Glen Falls, 214 
 
 View from Battery, West Point, 215 
 
 Lake George, 217 
 
 The Narrow Pass, Watkins Glen, 218 
 
 Glen Mountain House, Watkins Glen, 221 
 
 " " 222 
 
 Grand Flume, Au Sable Chasm, 224 
 
 Deer at Lake St. Regis at Night, 226 
 
 Pulpit Fall, Ithaca, 229 
 
 Pulpit Rock, Erie Railway, 231 
 
 Minnehaha Falls, Watkins Glen, 234 
 
 Hector Falls, Seneca Lake, 235 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Pulpit Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 236 
 
 Artist's Dream, Watkins Gleu, 239 
 
 Winter on the Delaware River, 240 
 
 Boat Ride below Table Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 242 
 
 Decker Bros' Piano Manufactory, 243 
 
 Birdseye View from the Pinnacle, Trenton Falls, 244 
 
 Fourteen-Mile Island, 246 
 
 The Basin, Au Sable Chasm, 247 
 
 Hotel Brunswick, Fifth Avenue, New York City, 249 
 
 Under the Fall, Watkins Glen, 250 
 
 In Watkins Glen. — A Disputed Point, 252 
 
 Cat Mountain, Lake George, 253 
 
 The Sentinel and Table Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 254 
 
 In the Boat Ride, Au Sable Chasm, 255 
 
 Cathedral Rocks, " " 257 
 
 The Flume, " " 258 
 
 Fountain, 259 
 
 Section of Map of Philadelphia and Reading R. R. Summer Excursion Routes, . 261 
 
 Calamity Pond Brook, 264 
 
 Driving in Central Park, 265 
 
 266 
 
 Avalanche Lake, 267 
 
 Driving in Central Park, 268 
 
 269 
 
 Rogers' Slide, Lake George, 270 
 
 View from Fourteen Mile Island, • 271 
 
 Drivi"ng in Central Park, 272 
 
 Statue of Franklin, Printing House Square, New York City, 273 
 
 Upper Au Sable Pond, 275 
 
 Hammondsport — From the Lake, 276 
 
 Long Island, Lake George, 279 
 
 Charlier Institute, Central Park, 282 
 
 Niagara Falls, 284 
 
 Old Stone House at Tappan, the Place of Andre's Imprisonment, 287 
 
 Inebriate Asylum, Binghamton, 288 
 
 Washington's Headquarters at Tappan, 290 
 
 American Tract Society, Printing House Square, New York City, 293 
 
 Highlands of the Hudson, 294 
 
 Cayuga Lake Hotel at Sheldrake, 297 
 
 On the Hudson, 298 
 
 Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York City, 301 
 
 Section of Map of Philadelphia and Reading R. R. Summer Excursion Routes, . 302 
 End Piece, 304 
 
STSTE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 \^1^E of the original 13 States of the American Union, 
 and one of the Middle States, situated between lati- 
 tude 40° 29' 40" and 50° 0' 42" N., and longitude 71° 
 51' and 79° 45' 54" W. ; extreme length east and west, 
 412 miles; breadth, varying from 8 or 10 miles on 
 Long Island and 181 miles at the west extremity of 
 the State to 31 If miles from the Canada boundary 
 
 to the south point of Staten Island ; area, 47,000 square miles. 
 
 It is bounded north and north-west by Lake Ontario and the St. 
 
 LaAvrenee river, and again north by Canada along the parallel 
 
 of 45° from the St. Lawrence to the head of Lake Champlain ; 
 
 ADIRONDACKS. 
 
10 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 east, by Vermont (separated in jjart by Lake Champlain), Massachu- 
 setts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic ocean; south by the Atlantic, New 
 Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; and west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and 
 the Niagara river. It is divided into 60 counties, viz. : Albany, 
 Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua. Chemung, Che- 
 nango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, Essex, 
 Franklin, Fulton, Genesee, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, 
 Kings, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, New York, 
 Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, 
 Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, St. Lawrence, Sara- 
 toga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Sul- 
 livan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Washington, Wayne, West- 
 chester, Wyoming, and Yates. Albany, the capital, is on the west 
 bank of the Hudson river about 140 miles north of New York city ; 
 population in 1880, within its present limits, 125,000. The population 
 of New York city in 1880, 1,520,000. The other cities of the State, 
 with the number of the inhabitants as reported by the Federal census 
 of 1880, are: Auburn, 17,225; Binghamton, 12,692; Brooklyn, 
 396,099; Buffalo, 117,714; Cohoes, 15,357 ; Elmira, 15,863; Hudson, 
 8615 ; Kingston, 22,000 ; Lockport, 12,426 ; Long Island city, 16,000 ; 
 Newburg, 17,014; Ogdensburg, 10,076; Oswego, 20,910; Pough- 
 keepsie, 20,080 ; Rochester, 62,386 ; Rome, 11,000 ; Schenectady, 
 11,026 ; Syracuse, 43,051 ; Troy, 46,465 ; Utica, 28,804 ; Water- 
 town, 9336; Yonkers, 16,000. In poiDulation New York surpasses 
 every other State in the Union. Under the colonial government the 
 number of inhabitants in 1698 was 18,067; in 1703,20,665; 1723, 
 40,564; 1731,50,824; 1737,60,437; 1746, 61,589; 1749, 73,348; 
 1756, 96,790; 1771, 163,337. The results of the United States 
 decennial censuses have been as follows: 1790, 340,120; 1800, 
 580,951; 1810,959,040; 1820,1,372,111; 1830, 1,918,608; 1840, 
 2,428,921; 1850, 3,097,394; 1860, 3,880,735; 1870, 4,382,750. 
 Included in the total of 1860 were 140 Indians, and in that of 
 1870, 439 Indians, and 29 Chinese. The population increased from 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 11 
 
 STEAMER " PEINCE ARTHUR," OF ST. LAWRENCE STEAMBOAT CO., DESCENDING 
 LACHINE RAPIDS, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. 
 
 1698 to 1771, or during a colonial period of 73 j^ears, 804.06 per 
 cent., or at the rate of 11,014 per annum. The increase from 1790 
 to 1850, or during a period of 60 years, was 810.67 per cent, or 
 1351 per annum; 1840 to 1850, 27.52 per cent, or 2.75 per annum; 
 1850 to 1855, 11.91 per cent, or 2.38 per annum; 1855 to 1860, 
 11.12 per cent, or 2.22 per annum; 1860 to 1865, 12.61 per cent, 
 or 2.52 per annum; 1865 to 1870, 13 per cent, or 2.6 per annum. 
 Of the total population in 1870, 2,163,229 were males, and 2,219,530 
 females; 3,244,406 were native, and 1,138,853 foreign born. Of the 
 natives 2,987,779 were born in the State, 38,851 in Connecticut, 5985 
 
12 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 in Maine, 41,355 in Massachusetts, 4850 in Michigan, 9211 in New 
 Hampshire, 32,408 in New Jersey, 36,170 in Pennsylvania, 6933 in 
 Rhode Island, 36,307 in Vermont, and 7070 in Virginia and West 
 Virginia. Of the foreigners 79,042 were born in British America, 
 110,071 in England, 528,806 in Ireland, 27,282 in Scotland, 7875 in 
 Wales, 22,302 in France, 316,902 in Germany, 6426 in Holland, 
 5522 in Sweden, 4091 in Poland, 3592 in Italy, 818 in Spain, 1824 in 
 Cuba, and 7916 in Switzerland. The density of the population was 
 93.26 persons to the square mile. There were 896,772 famihes with 
 an average of 4.88 persons to each, and 688,559 dwellii>gs, with an 
 average of 6.37 to each, the latter average being larger in New York 
 than in any other State. The number of persons from 5 to 18 years 
 of age were 1,220,988 ; from 18 to 45, 881,500; male citizens 21 years 
 old and upwards, 981,587. There were 163,501 persons 10 years old 
 and over that could not read, and 239,271 unable to write, of whom 
 70,702 were native, and 168,567 foreign born. Of persons 21 years of 
 age and upward, 73,208 white males, and 116,744 white females, and 
 3912 colored males, and 4874 colored females, were illiterate. The 
 number of j)aupers supported during the year ending June 1st, 1870, 
 was 26,152, at a cost of $2,661,358 ; of the total number receiving 
 support at that date, 14,100, 5953 were native and 8147 foreign born. 
 During the year 5473 persons were convicted of crime ; of the total 
 number (4704) in prison June 1st, 1870, 2658 were native, and 2046 
 foreigners. The State contained 2213 blind, 1783 deaf and dumb, 
 6353 insane, and 2486 idiotic. Of the total population 10 years old 
 and over (3,378,959), there were engaged in all occupations 1,491,018, 
 of whom 1,233,979 were males, and 257,039 females; in agriculture, 
 374,323, of whom 134,563 were laborers, and 232.649 farmers and 
 planters ; in professional and personal services, 405,339, including 
 5678 clergymen, 155,150 domestic servants, 931 journalists, 139,309 
 laborers not specified, 5913 lawyers, 6810 physicians and surgeons, 
 and 18,577 teachers not specified; in trade and transportation, 234,- 
 581 ; and in manufactures, and mechanical, and mining industries, 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 13 
 
 476.775,, of ^vhich 19,291 were blacksmiths, 24,309 boot and shoe 
 makers, 53,046 carpenters and joiners, 11,413 machinists, 16,334 
 masons, 26,540 milliners and dressmakers, 18,082 painters and var- 
 nishers, 10,192 printers, 3491 ship carpenters, 41,697 tailors, tailor- 
 esses, and seamstresses; 11,368 curriers, and tanners, and finishers of 
 leather, and 6869 woollen mill operatives. The total number of deaths 
 during the year was 69,095, being 1.58 per cent, of the entire popula- 
 tion. Chief among the causes of mortality were consumption, from 
 which 11,578 persons died ; pneumonia, 5262; and cholera infantum, 
 3577 ; there were 6 deaths from all causes to 1 of consumption, and 13.1 
 
 
 
 ■3^ 
 
 THOUSAND-ISLAND HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA BAY. 
 
14 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 to 1 from pneumonia. There were 1134 deaths from croup, 1073 from 
 measles, 582 from small-pox, 864 from diphtheria, 3403 from scarlet 
 fever, 2029 from enteric fever, 2243 from diarrhoea, 1068 from dysen- 
 tery, and 1330 from enteritis. Not included in the census are 5140 
 Indians of the Six Nations in New York, on eight reservations, 
 mainly in the extreme south-west part of the State, of whom 3000 are 
 Senecas, and the others Saint Regis, Onondagas, Tuscaroras, Oneidas, 
 and Cayugas. They have adopted a civilized life, are intelligent and 
 industrious, and are chiefly engaged in agriculture ; 30 schools and 
 an orphan asylum are maintained by the State for their benefit. The 
 outlines of the State are irregular, only about one-third of the entire 
 boundaries consisting of straight lines. The river, lake, and ocean 
 boundaries are all navigable waters, except 17i miles on Poultney 
 river, and consist of 352 miles on the St. Lawrence, Poultney, Hud- 
 son, Kill van Kull, Delaware, and Niagara rivers, and 246 miles on 
 Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean; total 879. 
 
 The land boundaries along Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- 
 necticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, all made up of straight lines, 
 form a total of 541.28 miles. The principal islands belonging to the 
 State are the following: in Niagara river, Grand, Squaw, Strawberry, 
 Rattlesnake, Tonawanda, Beaver, Buckhorn, Cayuga, and Goat ; in the 
 St. Lawrence, Carlton, Grenadier, Fox, Wells, Grindstone, a large 
 number of the Thousand Islands, and the Gallup ; in Lake Champlain, 
 Valcour, Crab, and Schuyler ; in New York bay, the Atlantic ocean, 
 and Long Island sound, Manhattan, Staten, Long, Gardiner's, Shelter, 
 Plum, Fisher s, all the islands between Long Island and Connecticut 
 to within a few rods of the Connecticut shore. Hart's, Randall's, 
 Ward's, Blackwell's, Governor's, Bedloe's, and Ellis. The last three 
 are owned by the General Government, and occupied as military 
 posts. New York bay and harbor is deep and capacious enough 
 to accommodate all the shipping belonging to and trading with the 
 port of New York. The other principal harbors are Dunkirk and 
 Buffalo, oil Lake Erie; Tonawanda and Lewiston, on the Niagara 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. lo 
 
 river; Genesee, Sodus, Oswego, Sackett's Harbor, and Cape Vincent, 
 on Lake Ontario ; Ogdensburg, on the St. Lawrence ; Rouse's Point, 
 Plattsburg, Port Henry, and White Hall, on Lake Champlain ; and 
 Sag Harbor, at the east end of Long Island. 
 
 The principal river of the State is the Hudson, which is nav- 
 igable to Troy, 151 miles from its mouth. The Mohawk, the 
 principal affluent of the Hudson rising in the interior, enters the 
 Hudson at Waterford, descending about 500 feet in the entire 
 length of 135 miles ; it affords extensive water-power at Little 
 Falls and Cohoes. Its principal branches are West and East 
 Canada creeks from the north, and Schoharie creek from the 
 south. Oswego river, which receives the waters of all the interior 
 lakes, from Oneida and Cazenovia on the east to Keuka (formerly 
 Crooked) and Canandaigua on the west, furnishes, with its branches 
 and tributaries, good water-power at Penn Yan, on Keuka lake 
 outlet ; at Waterloo, Seneca Falls, and Baldwinsville, on Seneca 
 river ; at Phelps, on Flint creek, and Canandaigua outlet ; at 
 Auburn, on Owasco outlet; almost the entire length of Skaneateles 
 outlet (the fall being 453 feet in 9 miles) ; and at Cazenovia and 
 Chittenango on Chattenango creek ; and at Fulton and Oswego on 
 Oswego river. The Allegany, Susquehanna, and DelaAvare, with 
 numerous branches, drain the western, central, and eflstern portions 
 respectively of the south part of the State, and furnish valuable 
 water-power at numerous points. Cattaratigus and Tonawanda creeks 
 are also considerable streams in the west, the former furnishing 
 important water-power, and the latter affording slackwater navigation 
 for the Erie Canal for about 10 miles from its mouth. The other 
 principal streams are Buffalo river (formerly creek), flowing into Lake 
 Erie ; Oak Orchard creek, Genesee, Salmon, and Black rivers, flowing 
 into Lake Ontario ; Oswegatchie, Grasse, and Raquette rivers, 
 tributaries of the St. Lawrence ; Chazy, Saranac, and Au Sable 
 rivers^ and Wood creek, rapid streams, or mountain torrents flowing 
 into Lake Champlain, and furnishing almost unlimited water-power. 
 
16 
 
 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 Susquehanna river, which rises in 
 Otsego lake, and in its course in 
 the State receives the waters of Charlotte, Unadilla, and Che- 
 nango rivers ; and Chemung river, which drains a portion of 
 the State between the Allegany and Susquehanna, and receives 
 the waters of Canisteo, Conhocton, and Tioga rivers. The principal 
 branches of the Delaware are Popacton and Nevisink rivers. 
 
 The State is noted for the great number of beautiful lakes in the 
 interior and north-east parts. The principal of these are Chautauqua 
 and Cattaraugus, in the west ; Hemlock, Honeoye, Canadice, and Cone- 
 sus, in the Genesee basin, which discharge their waters into Genesee 
 river; Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles, 
 Cross, Onondaga, Otisco, Cazenovia, and Oneida, in the central part 
 of the State, all of wliich find an outlet for their waters through 
 Oswego river; Otsego and Schuyler, which empty into the Susque- 
 hanna; and George, Schroon, Au Sable, Placid, Avalanche, Colden, 
 Henderson, Sandford, Blue Mountain, the Fulton lakes (eight in 
 number), Raquette, Beach's, Forked Newcomb, Long, Cranberry, Up- 
 
STATE OF M:\V VOL'K. 
 
 per Saranac, Lower Saraiiac, Tiipper's, Cliateaugay, Chazy, Rich, 
 Pleasant, Peseco, Smith's, Moose, and numerous smaller lakes, in the 
 north-east part. Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Onon- 
 daga, Skaneateles, Chautauqua, Otsego, and Oneida lakes, and Lake 
 George, are all navigable for boats and steamers, and on many of them 
 considerable trade is carried on. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain 
 are navigable for vessels of all sizes. Seneca lake never freezes, and 
 steamers ply upon it throughout the year. 
 
 The scenery of these lakes attracts thousands of pleasure-seekers 
 during the summer months. 
 
 The surface of the State is greatly diversified. The topographical 
 features are clearly marked in the mountain ranges, and great extent 
 of certain outcrops forming escarpments, which extend across the State 
 east and west. The range constituting tlie Highlands, on the Hud- 
 son, entering the State from New Jersey, extends north-east through 
 Rockland, Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess counties. It is composed 
 of compact gneissoid and granite rocks. The highest i)oints, varying 
 from 1100 to 1700 feet, are Butter Hill, Crow's Nest, and Bear Nose, 
 and Breakneck Mountain in Putnam county, and Beacon Hill in 
 Dutchess county. This range, in its proper limitation, gradually 
 declines north-eastward to Dover Plains, and passes, in low hills, to 
 Litchfield county, Connecticut. It has been sometimes regarded as 
 a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Virainia, but the connection is 
 not proved, and its geological relation is distinct from the metamor- 
 ])hic formations on either side. The Adirondack range is of the same 
 geological structure. This range begins in the Mohawk valley, and 
 is seen on both sides of it at the Noses, rising in the south 100 feet 
 above the level of the river, and again at Little Falls, forming the 
 rapids. It extends over the north part of Montgomery and Herki- 
 mer counties, the north-east part of Oneida, all of Lewis county east of 
 the Black river, "a considerable part of Saratoga, the most of Warren, 
 Hamilton county entire, nearly all of Essex, Clinton, and Franklin, 
 the greater part of St. Lawrence and mucli of Jefferson. The whole 
 
18 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 SENECA LAKE LANDING 
 
 constitutes "that compara- 
 tively immense and beau- 
 tifulh' circumscribed nu- 
 cleus, which form a height 
 (in Essex county) of near- 
 ly 6000 feet, descends with 
 great irregularity, and dis- 
 appears under the transi- 
 tion rocks which encircle 
 it, and which border the 
 St. Lawrence, the Champlain, the Mohawk, and the Black river." Under 
 the patronage of the State, Mr. Verplanck Colvin has been for several 
 years engaged in a topographical and trigonometrical survey of some 
 portions of this region, and his reports for 1873 and 1874 present many 
 new facts. The jiosition and altitude of many mountains and lakes have 
 been determined by him. and the lieights of well-known peaks more ac- 
 curately measured, giving to Mount Marcy and Mount Mclntyre 5402 
 and 5201 feet respectively. Gothic Mountain and Basin Mountain, 
 nearly 5000 feet in height, are among those now for the first time de- 
 termined. Mounts Dix, Seward, and Santononi are reduced by Mr. 
 Colvins measurements to 4916, 4384, and 4494 feet respectively. 
 
I ^; 
 
20 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 HIGH lALLS, TKKMON FALLS, N. Y. 
 
 He reports the existence in this region of the moose and beaver, 
 though rare and nearly extinct. The bear, panther, and wolf are 
 still common, and are trapped for their fur and for State bounty. 
 The common deer are plentiful in some sections. A commission of 
 State parks, appointed by the legislature, have reported in favor of 
 setting apart as a State park from 600 to 3000 square miles of the 
 high mountain region of the Adirondacks, embracing Mount Marcy 
 and all the great peaks ; the chief object being to preserve the forests 
 for their beneficial climatic effects, moderating the spring freshets in 
 the Hudson by sheltering the snow from the heat of the sun, shield- 
 ing the sources of this river from evaporation, and affording'a healthful 
 pleasure-ground . 
 
 The continuation of the Appalachian range i»ropcr in New York 
 is seen in the Shawangunk and Catskill mountains ; the former a 
 continuation of the Kittatinny and Blue mountains of Pennsylvania, 
 the latter of the Allegheny, Broad Top, Laurel Hill, and others. 
 
 This range, entering the State from the south-west, extends north- 
 
i<TATK OF SKW YoRK. 
 
 (easterly throu^uh Sullivan, Ulster, Delaware, and Greene counties, 
 culniinating in the Cat.skills about 8 miles from the Hudson river. 
 Several minor ridges pass through the west part of Delaware, 
 Eroome, Otsego, and Chenango counties, extending into the south 
 ])a.rt of Schoharie, and forming a part of the Catskill mountain 
 range. - 
 
 Along the eastern boundary of the State is a less defined but 
 continuous 1o\y mountain i-ange belonging to the same system, 
 entering the State from New Jersey west of the Highlands, there 
 forming O'Kunemunk mountain, and extending thence through' 
 Dutchess, Columbia, Rensselaer, and Washington counties, known as 
 the Taghkanic range. It is usually regarded as subordinate to the 
 Green mountain range. Its highest points are Beacon Hill, and 
 Mount Washington in Dutchess county. The Helderberg mountains 
 are a northern extension of the formations constituting the base of 
 the Catskill mountains. These present a steep escarpment on the 
 north and north-east over the Helderberg limestones and Hudson 
 river formations, while the higher rounded summits arc of the 
 Hamilton group. This escarpment continues more or less distincth 
 U) the Niagara river. Spurs of the Alleghenies occupy the south 
 part of the western part of the State. 
 
 The water-shed separating the northern and southern drainage of 
 Western New York extends in an irregular line through the southerly- 
 counties. That ])ortion of the State south of this water-shed, and 
 embracing the greater part of the two southerly tiers of counties, 
 is almost entirely hilly. The highest summits west of the Susque- 
 hanna are in Allegany and Cattaraugus counties, and are 2000 feet 
 to 2500 feet above tidewater. North of the water-shed the face of 
 the country descends in a series of rolling and smooth terraces 
 towards Lake Ontario, the region between the hills of the south 
 and the level lands of the north being a beautiful rolling country. 
 South of the Highlands the surface is generally level or broken by 
 low hills. The river system consists of two general divisions, viz., 
 
IN THK ADIUONDACKS. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 23 
 
 that part drained by the 
 great lakes and the St. 
 Lawrence, northerly, and 
 that part drained by the 
 Hudson and other rivers, 
 southerly. The water- 
 shed between these two 
 divisions extends in an 
 irregular line from Lake 
 Erie eastward through 
 the southern tier of 
 counties to near the 
 north-east corner of Che- 
 mnng county, thence 
 north-east to the Adiron- 
 dack mountains in Es- 
 sex county, thence south- 
 east to the east extrem- 
 ity of Lake George, and 
 thence nearly due east to the east line of the State. The northern of 
 these divisions consists of five subdivisions or basins, viz. : — the basin 
 drained by Lake Erie, Niagara river, and Lake Ontario, west of Genesee 
 river ; that of Genesee river and its tributaries ; that of Oswego river 
 and its tributaries ; and the small streams flowing into Lake Ontario 
 between Genesee and Oswego rivers ; of the St. Lawrence, and the 
 streams flowing into Lake Ontario cast of Oswego river; and that 
 drained by Lakes George and Champlain. The southern division con- 
 sists of four subdivisions, viz. : — the Allegany, the Susquehanna, the 
 Delaware, and the Hudson river basins. 
 
 The geological series within the State of New York is very com- 
 plete, from the oldest palreozoic rocks to the lower members of the 
 carboniferous system inclusive. This series was described by the New 
 York geologists as the New York system. The Adirondack region, 
 
 LOOKING NORTH FROJI FORT WILLIAM HENRY HOTEL, 
 LAKE GEORGE. • 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 25 
 
 north of the Mohawk, and east of the Black river, comprises the most 
 ancient highly crystalline rocks, known as the Laurentian system; 
 the lower portions are gneissoid and granitic, and the higher consists 
 of labradorite and hypersthene, forming a coarse granitic mass. Ex- 
 tensive beds of magnetite traverse the strata parallel to the bedding, 
 yielding immense quantities^ of the ore. 
 
 The hypersthene rock forms the great mountain centre of which 
 Mounts Marcy and Mclntyre are the culminations. In St. Lawrence 
 and Jefferson counties, the prevailing rocks are coarse granite, crys- 
 talline limestones, and serpentine, containing vast beds of specular 
 iron ore. These rocks are doubtfully of Laurentian age, but their 
 relations to other formations have not been determined. The crys- 
 talline rocks of this entire area are regularly stratified, and were 
 formed anterior to the Potsdam sandstone, which lies against and 
 upon their upturned and eroded edges. The Highlands on the 
 Hudson are of the same 
 
 age as the Adirondacks, 
 and also contain heavy 
 beds of magnetite. The 
 gneissoid and mica-slate 
 formation, which comes 
 into the State from the 
 south and passes east- 
 ward of the Highlands, 
 is of more recent age, 
 and contains no magne- 
 tite. Li New York the 
 Potsdam sandstone suc- 
 ceeds the Laurentian, 
 and appears in a broad 
 continuous belt along 
 the north and north- 
 west slopes of the Adir- 
 
 I'KOSPKtT MOUNTAIN AND LAKE GEORGE. 
 
26 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 SWISS CHALET, WATKINS CI.EN. 
 
 ondacks, and in interrupted outlines on the east, from Clinton to 
 Saratoga counties. Overlying the Potsdam, the calciferous sand- 
 stone is co-extensive with it in the north, and extends further 
 south. The Taghkanic range, including shales, sandstones, and 
 limestones often more or less metamorphic, with beds of hematite, 
 
STATE OF SEW YORK. 27 
 
 white and variegated marbles, roofing slate, &o., must be considered 
 of the same age as the Potsdam and calciferous sandstones and Chazy 
 limestones of Lake Champlain. The Trenton group, including 
 Birdseye, Black river, and Trenton limestones, occupies much of 
 Jefferson county, and, continuing south-east through Lewis and 
 Oneida counties, is seen at Trenton Falls, and in the Mohawk valley ; 
 thence eastward and northward it encircles at least two-thirds of the 
 great Laurentian district. The Utica slate and Hudson river group^ 
 extending from near Rondout, form a belt on both sides of the 
 Hudson to the bend of Sandy Hill; following the course of the 
 Mohawk valley as far as Rome, it diverges north-west through Lewis 
 and Oswego counties to Lake Ontario. 
 
 The Shawangunk grit, or conglomerate, containing lead and copper 
 ores, extends from the Delaware river to Rondout. where it suddenly 
 terminates, and is not again seen in situ, except in Oneida county, 
 where it is known as the Oneida conglomerate. 
 
 The gray sandstone of Oswego holds essentially the same position, 
 and boulders and pebbles^ of similar conglomerate have been there 
 found upon the surface. Southward from the outcrop of the Hudson 
 river group the Medina sandstone and Clinton group come in ; the 
 thin edge of the latter, beginning in Schoharie county, trends west- 
 ward, and extends on both sides of Oneida lake, and thence, witli 
 the sandstone, forms a broad belt along the south shore of Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 The belts of fossiliferous iron ore of the Clinton group are exten- 
 sively worked in Oneida and Wayne counties, and extend as fir west 
 as Monroe-. The limestones of the Niagara group produce the falls 
 of the Niagara and the great escarpment of Lewiston and Queenston, 
 which, beginning as a terrace in Schoharie county, extends through 
 the State and Western Canada. Co-extensive with this formation are 
 the water-lime and salt groups ; of small force in Eastern New York, 
 they expand in the central part of the State. The salt group is the 
 source of all the productive brine-springs and wells, and also of gyp- 
 
28 ^TATi: OF NEW YORK. 
 
 sum. The water-lime group furnishes nearly all the hydraulic cement. 
 Entering the State from the north-west corner of New Jersey, and 
 occupying the valley west of the Shawangunk mountain, a series of 
 strata of no great prominence reach the Hudson at Rondout, trend 
 northward in a low terrace everywhere marked ]»y a limestone crest, 
 and extend into Albany county. Here thickening and expanding, 
 they constitute the Helderberg formations, separated into u}iper and 
 lower by the Oriskany sandstone ; these, surmounted by the Hamilton 
 rocks, form the Helderberg mountains. The Hamilton group enters 
 the State from the south at Deer Park, approaches the Hudson at 
 Kingston, and thence, follownig the base of the Catskills, turns west- 
 ward, expanding to a width of several miles, and becoming a highly 
 fossiliferous grou}*. The higher beds furnish the flagstones which are 
 extensively (quarried and supplied to all the seaboard cities and towns 
 of the North. The thicker beds are known as the Hudson river blue- 
 stone. The Portage and Chemung groups, the former marked by dark 
 shales and flaggy sandstones, the latter Ity olive shales and heavy 
 bedded sandstones, form a broad belt, enterinii- the State from Penn- 
 sylvania on the Delaware river ; thence, skirting the base and forming 
 a considerable portion of the lower part of the Catskill mountains, they 
 sweep around them to the north and occupy the vjdleys l)etween them. 
 From the Chenango river west these formations cover almost the entire 
 width of the two southern ranges of counties, and outcrop on Lake 
 Erie, from Eighteen-mile creek to the Pennsylvania line. The Cats- 
 kill, or Old Red Sandstone formation, enters the State on the south 
 in several belts, trending north-east. The more westerly of these soon 
 die out. but the three easterly ones continue into Greene county, and, 
 unitinti-. form the Catskill mountains. These belts, which are svn( linals, 
 oarrv also outlines of the succeedinir formation, the lowest sandstones 
 of the Carboniferous system, forming considerable areas on the higher 
 summits of the Catskills and further south. Beyond these lower car- 
 boniferous l^eds the geological series in direct succession is not con- 
 tinued within the State of New York. The red sandstone ol' the Mid- 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 29 
 
 GLEN ELDKIDGE. 
 
 (He Secondary, or Trias, extends from North-east New Jersey over a 
 part of Rockland county, terminating at the Palisades on the Hudson 
 and at Haverstraw bay. The Cretaceous formation is known on Long- 
 Island. The more recent formations are the Post-Pliocene of the 
 Champlain valley, and the Glacial, or water-worn drift, which to a great 
 extent overspreads the older formations. The mineral springs of Sara- 
 toga and Ballston rise from a line of fault which brings the Hudson 
 river slates against the calciferous sandstone and limestones above. 
 The sulphur springs of Sharon, &c., rise from the upper part of the 
 Onondaga salt group. In Western New York the sandstones are bitu- 
 
30 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 o*. 
 
 minous. and in several of the coun- 
 ties petroleum issues with the 
 water of the springs, and carburet- 
 ed hydrogen rises from fissures in 
 the rocks or through standing or 
 running water. The rock forma- 
 tions, from the Potsdam sandstone 
 up, which have been named, with 
 ^-^ tlieir various subdi- 
 visions, constitute 
 what is called, the 
 New York system. 
 
 
 THE CAYUGA SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 
 
 and with the carboniferous group 
 complete the Appalachian system. 
 Though the whole series is found 
 in Pennsylvania, the formations 
 })elow the carboniferous are more 
 fully developed in New York, and 
 jire especir.lly richer in fossils. In 
 this State they have been studied to 
 the best advantage, and are gener- 
 ally known by the names given to 
 them by the New York geologists. 
 
 
 ys3>. 
 
 IT^ 
 
STATi: OF XFW YOJIK. 31 
 
 Many of the groups are in great part made up of limestones, and 
 even among the shales and slates of the others calcareous strata are of 
 frequent occurrence. The effect of this wide distribution of calcareous 
 matter has been to insure a general fertility of soil, and to give to Xew 
 York a liigh position among the agricultural States of the Union. 
 Somewhat more than half of the total area of the State is under culti- 
 vation. In the northern counties, and the highland regions, along the 
 south border, au<I on the Hudson, stock and sheep raising and dairy 
 farming are the almost exclusive agricultural pursuits ; while the low 
 lands that form the greater part of the surflice of the western j)ortion 
 of the State are best adapted to grain growing. Broom-corn has long 
 been the staple crop of the Mohawk Aalley intervales ; tobacco is 
 extensively raised in the Chemung A'alley, and parts of Onondaga and 
 Wayne counties ; hops are a leading product of Madison, Oneida, 
 Otsego, and Schoharie counties ; grapes are successfully cultivated in the 
 Aalley of the Hudson below the Highlands, on the north shore of Long 
 Island, and in all the lake ^'alleys in the central part of the State ; maple 
 sugar is an important product of the northern and central portions ; 
 and fruits, particularly apples, peaches, pears, cherries, and straw- 
 berries, are grown in the western counties north of the water-shed. 
 
 Large tracts in the vicinity of New York city are devoted to market 
 gardens, and to furnish the city Avith milk. 
 
 The climate possesses a wider range than that of an}' other State 
 in the Union. Those portions affected by the Avinds from the ocean, 
 sound, and lakes are more even in temperature, and suffer less seA^erely 
 from late and early frosts than more inland districts in the same lati- 
 tude. The mean temperature of the State, as determined from obser- 
 A'ations made at 58 meteorological stations, for periods ranging from 
 1 to 25 years, is 46.490. The mean length of the season of vege- 
 tation, from tlie first blooming of apples to the first killing frost, 
 is 174 days; Avhile on Long Island it is 12? days longer, and in St. 
 LaAvrence county 22 days shorter. The mean annual fall of rain and 
 BUOAV is about 40.93 inches. 
 
32 STATU OF XJ'JW YORK. 
 
 The most noted waterfalls in the State are Niagara Falls, in Niagara 
 river, 2900 feet wide, and 164 feet high; the falls of Genesee 
 river; Trenton Falls, in West Canada creek, Herkimer county, con- 
 sistinsr of five cascades with a total fall of 200 feet in t of a mile ; 
 
 o 
 
 Taughannock Falls, Tompkins county, 230 feet ; Chittenango Falls, in 
 Chittenango creek, Madison county. 130 feet; Lyon's Falls, in Black 
 river. Lewis county, flowing down an inclined plane 63 feet at an angle 
 of 00° ; Kaaterskill Falls, Greene county, consisting of two falls 180 
 and 80 feet; Bas-bish Fnlls, Columbia county (partly in Massachusetts), 
 a succession of falls in a deep ravine, the total fall in 1 mile being 
 about 700 feet ; Baker's Falls, Washington county, a succession of falls 
 and rapids, having a, total descent of 76 feet in 60 rods ; Cohoes Fall, in 
 the Mohawk near its mouth, with a total fall, including rapids, of 103 
 feet ; Glenn's Falls, Warren county, 50 feet ; High Falls, in the Hudson. 
 Warren county, 60 feet; High Falls, Ulster county, 50 feet; the Au 
 Sable Falls, in Wilmington, Essex county, 100 feet; Enfield Falls, Tomp- 
 kins county, consisting of a series of cascades with a total fall of 230 
 feet ; Buttermilk Falls, Genesee county, 90 feet ; and the falls in Fall 
 creek, Tompkins county, consisting of five cascades with a total descent 
 of over 500 feet in 1 mile. Watkins Glen, near the head of Seneca 
 lake, is a deep narrow ravine about 3 miles long, having perpendicular 
 walls in some places 200 feet high. Its annual visitors number monj 
 than 50,000; Havana Glen, 3 2 miles distant, is similar to it. Within 
 a radius of 10 miles from Ithaca are numerous picturesque ravines and 
 waterfalls. Upon Stone Bridge creek, AVarren county, is a natural 
 bridge 40 feet hiiili, 80 feet broad, and 217 feet long. 
 
 The principal mineral and medicinal si)rings are the Salt Springs )f 
 Onondaga county ; Saratoga Springs ; New Lebanon and Stockport, 
 Coluniljia county ; Massena, St. Lawrence county ; Richfield, Otsego 
 county; Avon, Livingston county; Clifton, Ontario county; Sharon, 
 Schoharie county; Chittenango, Madison county; and Alabama, 
 Genesee county. 
 
 The '' Lake Ridae." the shore line of the ancient lake, is a beach- 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ON CAYUGA LAKE. 
 
 like ridge from 4 to 8 miles south from Lake Ontario, and rising from 
 5 to UO feet above the general surface, extending from near the 
 Niagara river to Sodus, Wayne county ; thence, with many interrup- 
 tions, its line may be traced to the St. Lawrence near its point of 
 egress from the lake. 
 
 In many respects New York is the leading agricultural State of 
 the Union. According to the census of 1870, the area of farm lands 
 was greater than in any other State except Illinois ; they were valued 
 at upwards of $118,000,000 more than those of any other State, 
 and yielded during the year, $13,000,000 more. In several of the 
 Western and Southern States, the yield of wheat and Indian corn 
 was greater, but New York produced more than one-fifth of all the 
 hay raised in the United States, more than one-third of the buck- 
 wheat, and 17,558,681 pounds of the entire growth (25,456,669 
 pounds) of hops. The State ranked first in the production of peas, 
 
34 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 beans, and potatoes, as well as in the value of the produce of market 
 gardens, orchards, and forests ; next to Ohio in flax, Pennsylvania 
 in rye, California in barley, Vermont in maple sugar, Illinois and 
 Pennsylvania in oats, and Ohio and California in the amount of 
 wool, and the number of sheep. In dairy products the prominence 
 of New York is specially marked. In 1870 there were on farms 
 8,935,332 milch cows in the United States, of which 1,350,061 
 were in New York. The dairy products of the whole country were 
 514,092,683 pounds of butter, 53,492,153 of cheese, and 235,500,509 
 gallons of milk sold; of New York, 107,147,526 pounds of butter, 
 22,769,964 of cheese, and 135,775,919 gallons of milk sold. The factories 
 of the United States produced 109,435,229 pounds of cheese, valued, with 
 other products, at $16,771,565, of which 78,006,048 pounds, valued 
 at $12,164,065, were the product of New York. The great dairy 
 counties of the State are St. Lawrence, Delaware, Chenango, 
 Chautauqua, Jefferson, and Orange. 
 
 In 1870 there were on farms 15,627,206 acres of improved land, 
 5,679,870 of woodland, and 883,734 of other unimproved land. The 
 number of farms was 216,253, averaging 103 acres ; 13,066 containing 
 from 3 to 10 acres each; 18,145 from 10 to 20 acres each ; 54,881 
 from 20 to 50 acres each; 73,956 from 50 to 100 each; 55,978 from 
 100 to 500 acres each; 209 from 500 to 1000 acres each, and 36 
 over 1000 acres each. 
 
 The cash value of farms was $1,272,857,776, farming implements 
 and machinery, $45,997,712 ; total amount of wages paid during the 
 year, including value of board, $34,451,362. The agricultural produc- 
 tions of New York in 1873, and the number and value of live stock on 
 farms January 1st, 1874, as reported by the United States Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, were as follows : — 
 
 Indian corn, 17,692,000 bushels, valued at $72,384,400; wheat, 
 7,047,000 bushels, valued at $11,275,200; rye, 1,853,000 bushels, val- 
 ued at $1,593,580 ; oats, 27,548,000 bushels, valued at $11,845,640 ; 
 barley, 5,876,000 bushels, valued at $6,468,600; buckwheat, 2,947,- 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 35 
 
 000 bushels, valued at $2,269,190; potatoes, 24,925,000 bushels, val- 
 ued at $13,458,500; tobacco, 2,950,000 pounds, valued at $324,500 ; 
 hay, 4,188,900 tons, valued at $73,596,400 ; horses, 659,900, num- 
 ber, valued at $62,732,385; mules, 18,900, number, valued at $2,- 
 328,102 ; oxen and other cattle, 683,600, number, valued at $19,742,- 
 368 ; milch cows, 1,410,600, number, valued at $43,023,300 ; sheep, 
 2,037,200, number, valued at $6,844,992; hogs, 651,500, number, 
 valued at $5,036,095. 
 
 In 1870 the total estimated value of all farm productions, includ- 
 ing betterments and additions to stock, was $253,526,153 ; products 
 of orchards, $8,347,417; of market-gardens, $3,432,354; of forests, 
 $6,689,179 ; of home manufactures, $1,621,621 ; of animals slaugh- 
 tered, or sold for slaughter, $28,225,720. The productions were 
 
 tHE "YATES" PASSING LYNDHUKfeT. 
 
STATE OF NEW YOJIK. 37 
 
 1,834,330 bushels of spring, «ind 10,344,132 of winter, wheat; 
 2,478,125 of rye; 1G,4G2,825 of Indian corn; 35,293,625 of 
 oats; 7,434,621 of barley; 3,904,030 of buckwheat; 1,152,541 of 
 jjeas and beans; 28,547,593 of Irish, and 10,656 of sweet, potatoes; 
 98,837 of clover, and 57,225 of grass, seed; 92,519 of flaxseed; and 
 5,614,205 tons of hay; 2,349,798 pounds of tobacco; 10,599,225 of 
 wool; 3,670,818 of flax; 6,692,400 of maple sugar; 860,286 of 
 lioney ; 86,333 of wax; 82,607 gallons of wine; and 7832 of sor- 
 ghum, and 46,048 of maple, molasses. 
 
 There were on flirms 536,861 horses, 4407 mules and asses, 
 1,350,661 milch cows, 64,141 oxen, 630,522 other cattle, 2,181,260 
 sheep, and 581,632 swine. The value of live-stock was $175,882,712. 
 There were 319,380 horses not on farms, and 40,906 neat cattle not 
 on farms. According to the census of 1870, more than one-sixth of 
 iill the capital invested in manufactures in the United States was 
 employed in New York, and more than a sixth of the value of the 
 entire products of the country was the result of New York industry. 
 In the State ranking next, Pennsylvania, nearly $40,000,000 more 
 eapital was invested than in New York, but the products of the latter 
 State were valued at upwards of $72,000,000 more than those of the 
 former. The capital has increased from $99,904,405 in 1850, to 
 $172,895,652 in 1860, and $366,944,320 in 1870; and the total value 
 ef products from $227,597,249 in 1850, to $378,870,939 in 1860, and 
 1785,194,651 in 1870. 
 
 In the last-named year the total number of establishments was 
 36,206, using 4664 steam-engines, of 126,480 horse-power, and 9011 
 water-wheels, of 208,644 horse-power, and employing 351,880 hands, 
 of whom 267,748 were males above sixteen, 63,795 females above 
 fifteen, and 20,675 youths. The materials used amounted to 
 1452,065,325 ; wages paid, $142,466,355. 
 
 Not included in the above results for 1870 are the statistics of mining 
 and f|uarrying, in which industries 5177 hands were employed, $4,672,- 
 ■820 capital invested, and $4,322,860 Avorth of products obtained ; in- 
 
38 
 
 STATE OF SEW YORK. 
 
 THE LANDING, AND " YARD-WIDE " RAIL- 
 WAY, AT HAMMONDSPORT. 
 
 eluding 525,493 tons of iron 
 ore, valued at $2,963,486, and $1,832,365 worth of stone; and those of 
 fisheries, in which the products amounted to $285,750. The most ex- 
 tensive iron mines are in Essex, Dutchess, Clinton, and Orange coun- 
 ties. The greater portion of the stone was quarried in Ulster county, 
 though a large amount of marble was produced in Westchester county. 
 In Onondaga county are the most extensive salt works in the United 
 States. They are owned and managed by the State, which derived 
 from this source in 1873 a net revenue of $15,130. The works in 
 operation have an annual productive capacity of 10,700,000 bushels ; 
 7,450,257 bushels were inspected in 1873, and 6,594,194 in 1874. 
 
 For commercial purposes the State is divided into the following 
 10 United States customs districts, of which the ports of entry bear 
 the same name, unless otherwise specified : — 
 
 Buffalo Creek, Cape Vincent, Champlain (port of entry Plattsburg), 
 Dunkirk, Genesee (Rochester), New York, Niagara (Suspension Bridge), 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 39 
 
 Oswegatchie (Ogdensburg), Oswego, and Sag Harbor. In the district 
 of NeAv York, Albany, Esopus, Hudson, Kinderhook, Newbnrgh, New 
 Windsor, Port Jefferson, Ponghkeepsie, Rhinebeck Landing, and Troy 
 are ports of delivery. 
 
 Details of the commerce of the port of New York are given in the 
 article on that city. The only district in which vessels were reported 
 to be engaged in the fisheries was that of Sag Harbor, where in 1873, 
 128 were employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries, and 1 in the 
 whale fishery ; 7 vessels entered and 9 cleared in the general fisheries. 
 Within the past few years the State commissioners of fisheries have 
 taken measures to stock the internal waters of the State with varie- 
 ties of edible fish. A 
 State hatching house 
 is maintained at Cal- 
 edonia, Livingston 
 county, and there is 
 an extensive shad 
 nursery in the Plud- 
 son, about ten miles 
 below Albany. 
 
 The first railroad 
 in New York, the 
 Mohawk and Hud- 
 son (from Albany to 
 Schenectady), 17 
 miles long, was 
 opened 1831. 
 the following 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 111 
 year 
 and 
 21 
 
 the 
 
 Schenectady, 
 miles, and 1 mile of 
 the New York and 
 Harlem was opened. 
 
 AU SABLE CHASM.— COLUMN F.OCK. 
 
NEW YORK, LAKE EKlE AND AVESTERN RAILROAD.— THE STARUCCA VALLEY. 
 
STATE OF NJ-J]V YORK. 41 
 
 The mileage of the State had increased to 719 miles in 1845, 2444 in 
 1855, 2709 in 1865, 3829 in 1870, 9772 in 1873, and 5178 in 1874. 
 
 There are stringent laws concerning the formation and continuance 
 of railroad corporations, and strict regulations as to the protection of 
 passengers. Each corporation is required to make an annual report 
 under oath to the State engineer and surveyor, giving details as to the 
 condition and transactions of the company ; and this officer reports 
 annually to the legislature. The chief items relating to all the corpo- 
 rations in the State in 1874 are shown in the following statement, in 
 which the figures, except the mileage specified for Xew York, are not 
 limited to the State, but apply to the entire corporations : — 
 
 Miles of entire main track and branches, 8552 ; of double track and 
 sidings, 8956 ; total track mileage, 12,508 ; miles of main line and 
 branches exclusive of second tracks and sidings completed in New 
 York, 5178; capital stock authorized, $611,298,870; capital stock 
 paid in, $202,365,070; funded, debt, $291,681,017; floating debt, 
 130,801,657; total stock and debt, $724,847,745 ; cost of equipment 
 and construction, $598,543,930; total annual expenses, $66,087,974 ; 
 total annual earnings, $97,951,073 ; net annual earnings, $31,863,099. 
 
 The two most extensive railroad corporations are the Erie, and the 
 New York Central and Hudson River. The former, chartered in 1832, 
 was opened from Piermont to Goshen in 1841, to Binghamton in 1848, 
 to Elmira in 1849, to Corning in 1850, and to Dunkirk in 1851. The 
 eastern terminus was subsequently extended to Jersey City. More 
 than 1000 miles of railroad are operated by this company, whose 
 earnings in 1873 exceeded $20,000,000. The New York Central and 
 Hudson River Railroad is a consolidation of numerous lines. It was 
 completed from Albany to Buffalo in 1841, and from New York to 
 Albany in 1851. About 800 miles of road are owned and leased by 
 the company; the total earnings in 1873 were about $29,000,000. 
 
 The canals of New York are a highly important feature in its 
 commercial facilities. The Erie Canal, connecting Lake Erie with 
 the Hudson river, affords a continuous water channel through which 
 
42 
 
 >ST.l TE OF XE ]V YORK. 
 
 THE OLD CHESTNUT. 
 
 the produce of the Western States and Canada may reach the port of 
 New York, while the several canals traversing the State from north 
 to south supply transportation facilities to the interior of New 
 York and Pennsylvania. The canals and navigable feeders owned 
 by the State aggregate 857 miles in length, and the ri^er and other 
 improvements, exclusive of lakes, which have been completed, increase 
 the length of the artificial system of navigable waters to 907 miles. 
 The general superintendence of the canals is vested in three com- 
 missioners elected for three years, who have charge of the con- 
 struction of new, and the repairs of the old canals. The State 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 43 
 
 engineer and surveyor inspects the canals and performs other duties, 
 while the canal board, composed of the lieutenant-governor, comp- 
 troller, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney-general, state 
 engineer and surveyor, and the canal commissioners, fix the rates 
 of toll with the concurrence of the legislature, appoint officers, &c., 
 &c. The amount of freight transported on all the State canals 
 during 1874 was 5,804,588 tons, valued at 1196,674,322, including 
 products of the forest, valued at $17,840,356 ; agricultural products, 
 $54,344,898; manufactures, $7,094,531; merchandise, $64,477,540; 
 and other articles, $42,916,997. 
 
 The total quantity of freight carried by the canals was nearly 
 half as great as that transported by the Erie and J^ew York Central 
 Railroads. 
 
 The amount of freight brought to the Hudson river by the Erie 
 and Champlain Canals was 3,223,112 tons, valued at $107,976,476; 
 1,709,816 tons of freight worth $71,294,867 were brought by canal 
 boats direct to New York City. The number of boats arrived at 
 and cleared from New York, Albany, and Troy were 30,806. 
 
 Until 1874 the legislature was prohibited b}^ the Constitution 
 from selling or leasing any of the State canals, but in that year 
 an amendment was adopted removing the restriction except in the 
 case of the Erie, Oswego, Champlain, and Cayuga and Seneca Canals. 
 Besides the State canals there are belonging to corporations, the 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal, extending from Honesdale, Pennsylvania, 
 to Eddyville, near Rondout, 108 miles, of which 83 are in New York, 
 and affording communication between the Delaware and Hudson 
 rivers ; and the Junction Canal, which extends from Elmira to the 
 Pennsylvania State line, 18 miles. 
 
 The total tolls and miscellaneous receipts of all the canals from 
 1836 to the close of 1874 amounted to $115,318,504, and the 
 expenses of collection and repairs to $38,791,685, leaving a surplus 
 revenue for that period of $76,526,819. In 1874 the tolls amounted 
 to $2,921,721, and the disbursements to $2,696,357, including 
 
44 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 11,197,716 for ordinary repairs, and $1,398,640 for extraordinary 
 repairs and new work. The total canal revenne from all sources 
 other than taxation was $2,947,972. 
 
 For thirty years following 1818 the laws of New York restricted 
 the hanking- business to companies or institutions chartered by 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 45 
 
 SCHUYLER 
 
 special law. This was followed by the 
 "free banking" system, which was based 
 on the deposit of securities with redemp- 
 tion at a fixed rate of discount. State 
 and savings banks are required to report 
 to the superintendent of the banking de- 
 partment, the former quarterly, and the 
 latter semi-annually. 
 
 Three examiners are constantly pass- 
 ing through the State inspecting banks. 
 
 The superintendent reports annually 
 to the legislature. 
 
 In October, 1874, 81 banks were doing 
 business under the laws of the State. 
 The amount of circulation outstanding, 
 including that of 41 incorporated banks 
 and of banking associations and individ- 
 ual bankers, was $1,165,189, of which 
 1367,438 was secured. 
 
 The number of National banks on November 1st, 1874, was 276, 
 with a paid-in capital of $108,339,671 ; bonds on deposit, $64,963,050; 
 outstanding circulation, $59,929,049. 
 
 The circulation per capita was $13.53 ; ratio of circulation to the 
 wealth of the State, 9 per cent. ; to bank capital, 54.7. The total num- 
 ber of savings banks on January 1st, 1874, was 155, with 822,642 de- 
 positors, and deposits aggregating $285,520,085 ; average to each de- 
 positor, $340.12; resources, $307,589,730; liabilities, $285,140,778 ; 
 surplus assets, $21,448,952. 
 
 Insurance companies are subject to rigid inspection by the superin- 
 tendent of the insurance department, who reports annually to the 
 legislature. At the beginning of 1875 the insurance corporations of New 
 York held more than $500,000,000 assets, while their risks exceeded 
 $8,000,000,000. The assets of the fire and marine and of the marine 
 
 LANDINGS ON CAYUGA LAKE. 
 
46 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 BRITISH AND NEW YORK BUILDINGS ON THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, PHILAUELPUIA. 
 
 companies doing business in the State were returned at $160, 133,- 
 455, and of life and casualty companies at $327,281,896 ; the amount 
 insured by the former was $6,313,967,008, and by the latter, $1,997,- 
 236,230. 
 
 There were 218 fire and marine and 50 life and casualty insurance 
 companies doing business in the State; 119 of the former and 23 of 
 the latter were New York companies. 
 
 The Constitution of New York gives the right of suffrage to every 
 male citizen of the age of twenty-one years who shall have been a 
 citizen ten days and an inhabitant of the State one year next preceding 
 the election, a resident of the county four months, and of the election 
 district thirty days. The general State election is held annually on the 
 first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 47 
 
 The legislature consists of a Senate of 32 members elected for two 
 years, and an Assembly of 128 members chosen for one year. An ap- 
 portionment of Assembly and Senate districts is made decennially im- 
 mediately after the State census, the latest being in 1805. Under the 
 constitutional amendments of 1874 each member of the legislature re- 
 ceives $1500 a year (previously $3 a day for a session limited to one 
 hundred days) and ten cents a mile for travel once to and from the 
 capital. 
 
 No one is eligible as a member who at the time of election or within 
 one hundred days next preceding it, was a member of Congress, a civil 
 or military officer under the United States, or an officer under any city 
 government. 
 
 The legislature meets annually on the first Tuesday in January. 
 
 Special legislation is restricted by the Constitution. The governor 
 " (annual salary $10,000 and residence) and lieutenant-governor ($5000) 
 are to be elected from 1876 for three years (the term having been 
 previously, since 1821, two years). 
 
 The secretary of state, comptroller, attorney-general, and state engi- 
 neer and surveyor are chosen (in even years) for two years. The 
 treasurer may be suspended from office by the governor during the 
 recess of the legislature. 
 
 Members of the legislature, and all elective officers, executive and 
 judicial, except specified inferior officers, are required, before entering 
 upon their official duties, to make oath or affirmation that they have 
 not been guilty of bribery at the election at which they were chosen. 
 
 A majority of the Assembly may impeach. The court of impeach- 
 ment is composed of the Senate and the judges of the Court of Ap- 
 peals. The highest judicial tribunal of the State is the Court of 
 Appeals, which has only appellate jurisdiction in the case of judg- 
 ments and certain orders from the General Term of the Supreme Court, 
 the Superior Courts of the cities of New York and Buffiilo, the New 
 York Court of Common Pleas, and the City Court of Brooklyn. It 
 consists of a chief (salary $7500 and $2000 for expenses) and six 
 
48 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 associate justices ($7000 each and $2000 for expenses), and is in 
 session in Albany the greater portion of the year. The Commission 
 of Appeals, composed of five judges, was organized under a constitu- 
 tional amendment of 1869 for the hearing of cases that had accumu- 
 lated in the Court of Appeals ; the former is subsidiary to the latter, 
 and temporary. 
 
 There are thirty-three justices of the Supreme Court, four in each 
 of the eight judicial districts, except the first, comprising the city 
 and county of N^ew York, in which the number is five. The Supreme 
 Court has general original jurisdiction. Special terms and circuits are 
 held by one justice, the former without and the latter with a jury. 
 General terms are held in each of the former departments into which 
 the State is divided for this purpose by a presiding and two associate 
 justices designated by the governor, the concurrence of two being 
 necessary to a decision. 
 
 Its jurisdiction is appellate, appeals being made from the special 
 term and circuits, from judgments entered by the court on referees' 
 reports, from judgments of county courts and mayors' and recorders' 
 courts, and from certain orders. 
 
 A county court is held in each county, except that of New York. 
 In some counties the people elect a surrogate, who has jurisdiction 
 of probate matters ; where such special courts have not been provided, 
 the county judge performs surrogate duties. 
 
 Criminal jurisdiction is exercised by Courts of Oyer and Terminer, 
 composed, except in the city of New York, of a justice of the Supreme 
 Court, a county judge, and two justices of the peace; Courts of Ses- 
 sions, comprising a county judge and two justices of the peace ; Courts 
 of Special Sessions, and Police Courts held by a single justice. Besides 
 the above, there are Mayors' and Recorders' Courts of cities, and Jus- 
 tices' Courts, a City Court in Brooklyn, and a Superior Court in Buffalo. 
 
 Several courts peculiar to the city and county of New York are 
 described in the article on that city. 
 
 The judges of the various courts are elected by the people, those of 
 
STATE OF NEW YoUK. 
 
 49 
 
 KEAR TATJGHANNOCK POINT. 
 
 the court of Appeals and Sui)reme Court for fourteen, of county courts 
 for six, and justices of the peace for four years. 
 
 Sheriffs, county clerks, coroners, and district attorneys are chosen 
 by the people. 
 
 There are 3 districts, northern, eastern, and southern, for holding 
 United States courts. Sessions are held in New York city for the 
 southern, in Brooklyn for the eastern, and in Albany, Utica, Canan- 
 daigua, Rochester, and Buffalo, for the northern district. 
 
 The organized State militia, called the National Guard, comprises 
 23,360 men, classified in 8 divisions and 20 brigades, viz. : 1 regiment, 
 1 battalion, and 9 troops of cavalry ; 12 batteries of artillery, and 31 
 regiments of infantry. 
 
 The State exercises a strict supervision over corporations, espe- 
 cially those which are fiduciary or involve extensive financial interests. 
 Corporations, except municipal, must be formed under general laws. 
 
50 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 PIERCE'S PALACE UOIKL, LiUl-'FALO. 
 
 Railroad, banking, and insurance corporations are subject to the inspec- 
 tion of special departments, to which sworn reports must be made, and 
 by which reports are annually made to the legislature and published. 
 A married woman may hold to her separate use real and personal 
 property if acquired from any other person than her husband, and may 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 51 
 
 convey and devise it; slie may also carry on business on ]i«'r own 
 account, and sue and be sued. Neither license, magistrate, nor min- 
 ister is necessary to a valid marriage contract ; it has even been held 
 that the agreement of tlie parties constitutes legal marriage. 
 
 The sole ground of divorce occurring after marriage is adultery ; at 
 the time of marriage, impotence, idiocy, or lunacy, and consent obtained 
 by force or fraud. 
 
 The legal rate of interest is 7 per cent.; usurious contracts are void ; 
 taking usury is a misdemeanor ; and corporations can not interpose the 
 defense of usury. 
 
 New York is represented in Congress by 2 Senators and 33 Repre- 
 sentatives, and has therefore 35 votes in the electoral college. 
 
 The State debt, with the unapplied balances of the sinking funds, 
 September 30th, 1874, was as follows : General fund, $3,988,526 ; 
 contingent fund, $68,000; canal fund, $10,236,480; bounty fund, 
 $15,912,500. The only contingent debt of the State is $68,000 incur- 
 red for the Long Island Railroad, the interest of which is paid, and the 
 payment of the principal provided for by that company. The condition 
 
 V11:,W FKOM THE PALACE HOTEL, BUFFALO. 
 
tT" I'' 1." ^ 
 
STATE nr XE]V YOIIK. 
 
 53 
 
 CELLAR OF THE KEUKA WIXE COMPANY. 
 
 of the several trust funds of September oOtli. 1874, is shown in the 
 following statement: — School fund, $3,054,772 ; Literatnre fund, $271,- 
 980; United States Deposit fund, $4,014,520 ; College Land Scrip fund, 
 $473,402 ; Cornell Endowment fund, $128,596 ; Elmira Female College 
 fund, $50,000; Long Island Railroad fund, $32,823; Trust for Payment 
 of Bounties, $20,830. The total receipts into the treasury on account 
 of all the funds for the year ending Septeml)er 30th, 1874, were 
 $26,465,370. and the payments, $19,636,308. Among the ordinary 
 public expenditures were: Executive department, $31,255: legislative, 
 $289,991 ; judiciary, $400,578 ; public offices, salaries, clerk hire and 
 expenses, $301,734; printing for the State, $181,131; military, 
 $356,159 ; educational, including common, normal, and Indian schools, 
 academies, &c., $3,278,858 : State prisons, including transportation of 
 convicts, $967,930; support of deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and 
 idiotic, $338,852; quarantine, $213,483. 
 
 The statute re([uires real and personal estate to be assessed for 
 taxation "at the full, true value thereof;" l)ut it is maintained by high 
 authority that not more than one-third in value of the property liable 
 
54 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 to taxation is placed upon the assessment rolls. The aggregate taxa- 
 tion of 1874 included State tax, $13,015,847; school, $2,711,634; 
 county, $32,118,578; and town, $9,964,321. 
 
 The rate of the State general tax was 7i mills; school, li ; general 
 purposes 1 1 ; general purposes (deficiency), joV ; hounty debt, 2 ; new 
 capitol, I ; asylums and reformatories, iV; canal floating debt, -jV; ^lew 
 work on canals and extra repairs, I ; for payments of awards by canal 
 appraisers and commissioners, and certain certificates of indebtedness, 
 3^. The total amount produced by this rate was $15,727,481. 
 
 All the charitable, eleemosynary, correctional, and reformatory insti- 
 tutions of tlie State, except prisons, whether receiA^ing State aid, or 
 maintained liy municipalities or otherwise, are subject to the inspection 
 i)r the State Board of Charities, composed of eleven members appointed 
 by the governor witli the consent of the Senate, besides the lieutenant- 
 governor, secretary of state, comptroller, attorney-general, and State 
 commissioners in lunacy, all of whom serve without pay. 
 
 The board reports annually to the legislature concerning the A^arious 
 institutions visited by them, Avhicli embrace the State, local, incorpo- 
 rated, and private charities for the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, idiotic, 
 inebriates, juvenile delinquents, orphans, paupers, &c. The number of 
 insane in New York on January 1st, 1872, Avas reported at 6775, 
 of whom 1093 were in the State and 312 in priA'ate institutions, 2233 
 in city asylums and almshouses, 1319 in county asylums and i)00i-- 
 bouses, 75 in tlie Aul)urn Asylum for Insane Criminals, 161 in the 
 institutions of other States, and 1582 in the custody of friends. In 
 1874, $102,234 Avas paid by the State for the maintenance of insane 
 persons, besides large appropriations for buildings, &c. 
 
 There are 5 State institutions for the treatment of this class, of 
 Avhich the oldest is the Lunatic Asylum in Utica, oi)ened in 1843, and 
 having accommodations for al)out 600. Acute cases are chiefly treated 
 here, Avhile the chronic insane are rcceiA'ed into the Willard Asylum. 
 ( jicned at Ovid, Seneca county, in 1869, Avliich, Avith projected im- 
 ]>r(»vements, Avill accommodatt^ 1000. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 55 
 
 YATES 
 
 SCHUYLER. 
 
 The Hudson River Hospital for the in- 
 sane in Poiighkeepsie, the State Asyhim 
 at Buflflilo, and the Homoeopathic Asy- 
 lum at Middletown, are all State institu- 
 tions. The cost of each of the two form- 
 er is 13,000,000 ; when completed each 
 will accommodate 600 patients. The 
 institution at Middletown is smaller. 
 
 On September 30th, 1874, there were 
 1719 patients, 590 being in the Utica 
 Asylum. 879 in the Willard, 212 in 
 that at Poughkeepsie, and 38 in that 
 of Middletown. 
 
 There is also a State institution on 
 Ward's Island, New^ York city, for in- 
 sane immigrants. 
 
 In addition to these there are two city 
 institutions in New York city. Bring- 
 ham Hall, at Canandaigua, Marshall In- 
 firmary, in Troy, the Providence Lunatic Asylum (Roman Catholic), at 
 Buffalo, and the Asylum at Bloomingdale, all of w^hich are incorporated, 
 and Sanford Hall, Flushing, the home for nervous diseases at Fishkill, 
 and the home for insane and nervous invalids at Pleasantville, which 
 are private. The Bloomingdale Asylum is one of the oldest institutions 
 of the kind in the United States, having been opened in 1821, 
 and has a wide reputation for the excellence of its management. 
 Any person or association is prohibited by law from establishing 
 or keeping an institution of any kind for the reception of per- 
 sons of unsound .mind, without license from the board of state 
 charities. 
 
 The whole number treated in the incorporated and private asylums 
 of the State in 1873, not including the two New York city in- 
 stitutions, was 732, of whom 449 remained January 1st, 1874. 
 
 LANDINGS ON LAKE KEUKA. 
 
56 
 
 STATK OF Nf:W YORK. 
 
 The state Asylum for Idiots, in Syracuse, -was established in 1851 as 
 an educational, and not a custodian institution. It has accommodation 
 for 230 pupils; the indigent are received fn>e of charge. The daily 
 average number of pupils in 1873 was ITS, of Avhom 154 were sup- 
 ported by the State at a cost of $13,000. 
 
 The blind are instructed at the State Asylum in Batavia, opened 
 in 18G7, and the New York Institution for the Blind (incorporated) 
 in ISIew York city, founded in 1831. The former has accommodations 
 for 150, and the latter for 225 pupils. 
 
 The New Y^ork Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, 
 in New York city, is maintained chiefly by the State. It is the largest 
 of the kind in the world, having a capacity for 550 pupils, and, exc<!pt- 
 ino- the American Asylum at Hartford, the oldest in the United States. 
 having been opened in 1818. Its plan comprises an educational and 
 industrial department. 
 
 All indigent deaf-mutes between tlie ages of six and twenty-fivt> 
 are received free of charge. At the close of 1874 there were 30 
 instructors and 581 pupils, of whom 355 were beneficiaries of the 
 State, 1G2 of counties, and 47 of New Jersey, the remainder being- 
 maintained by friends. x-Vrticulation and lip reading were taught to 
 about 100. Pupils are also maintained by the State at the institution 
 for the improved instruction of deaf mutes in New York city, and at 
 the Le Coutenix St. Mary's institution, in Buffalo. 
 
 The State Asylum for Inebriates, at Binghamton, was opene<l in 
 1864. The buildings cost |500,000, and will accommodate 200 patients. 
 The State institutions for the reformation of juvenile delinquents are. 
 the House of Refuge, on Randalfs Island, New York city, opened in 1852 
 and having a capacity for 1000, and the Western House of Refuge, in 
 Rochester, with accommodations for 600, opened in 1840. 
 
 An industrial reformatory with a capacity for 500 has been con- 
 structed at Elmira. Besides these there are 11 incorporated and 
 municipal reformatories in the State which, from time to time, have re- 
 ceived State aid, but are mainly supported by private gifts and muni- 
 

58 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 VIEW TOWARDS HAVANA, FROM GLKN PARK HOTEL. 
 
 cipal approiDriations. The total number of inmates in all reformatories 
 on January 1st, 1874, was 4780. 
 
 There are also many organizations in the State for the care of desti- 
 tute children, such as the Childrens' Aid Society of New York city, and 
 the various missions and industrial schools of that and other cities. 
 
 The total property valuation of the State charitable institutions above 
 named was $6,184,302. 
 
 The receipts for the year were $1,621,132, of which $1,015,251 was 
 from the State, and the expenditures $1,589,183, of which $711,805 
 was for building and improvements. 
 
 State paupers are received at almshouses in Albany, Yaphank, 
 Delhi, Canton, and Buffalo. 
 
 The private and incorporated charities of the State comprise 128 
 orjihan asylums and homes for the friendless, 46 hospitals, and 57 
 dis})ensaries. 
 
 The prison system of New York comprises 3 State prisons, county 
 
STATE OF MIW YORK. 51) 
 
 penitentiaries. 2 St^ite imd 1 I local reformatories, lesides county jails, 
 city prisons, &c. 
 
 The general superA'ision of the i»risons is A'estecl by the Constitution 
 in o inspectors elected for three years. All prison officers are appointed 
 by the inspectors. Cigars, shoes, harness and saddlery hardware, 
 tools, machinery, and axles are made at Auburn and Sing Sing, while 
 in the latter a large number of convicts are employed in the marble and 
 lime works. In the Clinton prison, at Dannemora, the manufacture of 
 iron, nails, &c., from ore mined on the premises is the chief employment 
 of the convicts. 
 
 All the industries are managed by contract in Auburn. All but 
 tlie stone-cutting in Sing Sing, and none in Clinton Prison. !N^o one 
 of the prisons is self-sustaining. In all instruction is afforded to 
 convicts, and all have libraries. The condition of these institutions 
 for the year ending September 30th, 1874, was as follows: — In- 
 cluding $2G,231 miscellaneous expenditures not distributed, the 
 entire excess of expenditures was reported $588,537. This, how- 
 ever, is reduced l)y stock on hand, permanent improvements, and 
 unpaid accounts of the previous year, amounting to f 68,358 in favor 
 of Auburn, $225,707 of Clinton, and $163,370 of Sing Sing. With 
 these deductions, the real excess of expenditure over earnings becomes 
 $131,060. 
 
 The expense of maintaining ea<^li convict is from $3 to $4 a 
 week in excess of the income. 
 
 The prisons are full, and greater capacity is needed. The six 
 jienitentiaries are situated in BulTalo, Albany, and New York (Black- 
 wells Island). 
 
 In the three first nann^d. trades are taught to the inmates, and 
 t'vening schools are held. The State has no share in the management 
 «»f these institutions, which are under the control of the counties 
 where situated, but State i»risoners are confined in them. The total 
 num))er of prisoners in the penitentiaries at the beginning of 1874 
 was 5940. The Prison Association of New York is an organization 
 
60 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 for the repression of crime, the reformation of the criminal classes, 
 the aid of discharged convicts, &c. It has agents in all parts of 
 the State, and at all the prisons, who visit persons detained under 
 charge of crime, with a view of aiding them to obtain justice, and 
 who look after the interests of discharged convicts. In 1873, 1257 
 discharged prisoners were aided by the general agency in New York 
 city, while 4537 in prison accused of crime were visited and ad- 
 A'^ised, of wlioni 204, being friendless, were defended. 
 
 Annual reports are made to the New York Legislature. 
 
 The common school system of New York may be traced to a Inw 
 passed by the legislature in 1812. which provided for the division of 
 the State into school districts, the distribution of the interest of the 
 school fund in the ratio of the number of children from five to fifteen 
 years of age, and the annual levy by each town of a tax for school 
 
 purposes. 
 
 As early as 1795, however, an annual 
 appropriation of $50,000 for five years was 
 made l\y the legislature for public instruc- 
 tion. The acts relating to public instruction 
 were revised and consolidated in the gen- 
 eral law of 1864, which was several times 
 amended until 1807, when the free school 
 system of the State was fairly es- 
 tablished. 
 
 For school purposes the State 
 is divided into general districts 
 ;inil city districts created hy spe- 
 
 KERKY AT NORTH HKCTOK 
 
STATE OF NEW YollK. 
 
 61 
 
 cial act.s. There is no State board of education. The general super- 
 vision of" the common schools is vested in a State superintendent, 
 who is elected for tliree years by a joint ballot of the legislature, 
 receives an annual salary of 1^5000. besides an allowance of $3000 
 for a deputy, and between i|8000 and fQOOO for clerk hire, and 
 makes an annual report to the legislature. By virtue of his office 
 he is a regent of the Uni\ersity, chairman of the executive com- 
 mittee of the State Normal School at Albany, a trustee of the People's 
 College, and of the State Asylum for Idiots, and is recpiired to provide 
 for the education of all Indian children in the State. 
 
 The office of county superintendent was abolished in 1847, and that 
 of town superintendent in 1857. Their duties are performed b}' dis- 
 trict commissioners elected for three years by the people. Each school 
 district has also 2 or 3 trustees, who exercise authority in relation to 
 school funds, property. &c.. and report annually to the district com- 
 missioner. The common schools are free to all persons between five 
 and twenty-one years of age. Separate schools are provided for the 
 Indians, and any city or incorporated village may establish schools 
 exclusivelv for colored children. 
 
 GLIiN PARK HOTEL WATKINS. 
 
02 STATE <iF Si:\\ YORK. 
 
 The Compulsory Educational Law of 1874. which went into ert'eot 
 on January 1st, 1875, requires all children not physically or mentally 
 incapacitated, between the ages of eight and fourteen years, to attend 
 some public or private day-school not less than fourteen weeks every 
 year, eight of which must be consecutive, or they must be taught at 
 home for the same time in spelling, reading, writing, English grammar, 
 geography, and arithmetic. Manufacturers and others are prohibited, 
 under penalty of $50, from employing during school hours children 
 under fourteen years of age who have not received the instruction 
 required by this act 
 
 Boards of trustees are directed to make provision for the instruction 
 of habitual truants. Free district libraries constitute a feature of the 
 educational system, for which the legislature annually appropriates 
 $55,000, and for which each district is authorized to levy a small tax 
 yearly. 
 
 Indian schools were maintained in twenty-eight districts at nine 
 reservations, at a cost of $7262, and were attended by 1092 children, 
 who were taught by 19 white and 12 Indian teachers. State moneys 
 for the support of common schools are derived chiefly from the income 
 of the common-school fund, the principal of which in 1874 was $8,054,- 
 772 ; the United States deposit fund of $4,014,520, which is a nominal 
 loan received on deposit from the surplus funds of the United States 
 in 1836 ; and the State school-tax of li mills. The amount derived from 
 these sources in 1874 was — school fund, $178,813; United States 
 deposit fund, $105,000; State tax, $2,664,631; total, $3,008,444. 
 
 The total expenditures for the support of the public schools amounted 
 to $9,040,942 in 1868; $11,088,081 in 1874. 
 
 Much importance is attached to the training of teadiers for the pub- 
 lic schools. Teachers are required to have received a diploma from a 
 State normal school, or a certificate fiDiu the superintendent of public 
 instruction, the district commissioner, or city or village school officer. 
 The State maintains, by an annual a]»propriation of about $150,000, 
 eight normal schools, of which 3028 students have graduated up to 
 
,S TA TE F XK IT YO R K. 
 
 m 
 
 IRON SUSPEXSION BRIDGE ACROSS GORGK, WATKIXS GLEN. 
 
 the summer of 1874, besides a large number who ha^e received 
 instruction without completing the course. The courses of instruction 
 comprise an elementary English and an advanced English course of 
 
64 
 
 STATE OF ^'EW YORK. 
 
 MAGNETIC SriaXliS !^A^■ITAKIl".M AT HAVANA. 
 
 two years each, and a classical course of three years. The course 
 of instruction and practice at the Albany school is two years. Special 
 classes are also formed for the benefit of those desiring a few weeks' 
 instruction each year. Each county is entitled to send to a State 
 normal school, free of charge for tuition and text-books, twice as many 
 pupils as it has representatives in the Assembly ; to other pupils a 
 charge is made for instruction. Applicants for admission must be at 
 least sixteen years of age, and must pass examination. 
 
 State pupils arc appointed hy the State superintendent of pubHc 
 instruction, subject to the reijuired examination, on recommendation of 
 the school commissioners t)r city superintendents. 
 
 Teachers' institutes have been maintained by the State since 1847. 
 These arc held annually in the several counties for a period of about 
 two weeks, with special reference to the wants of teachers in the rural 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 65 
 
 districts. During the year ending January 1st, 1875, institutes were 
 held in 58 counties, at a cost to the State of |16,319. and were 
 attended by 1J,478 teachers. The most important facts concerning 
 the State normal schools are: In Albany, in 1874, 544 i)upils; Brock- 
 port, 291 pupils; Buffiilo, 303; Courtland, 399; Fredonia, 237; Gene- 
 see, 307 ; Oswego, 429 ; Potsdam, 365. 
 
 Teachers' classes attended by 2044 pupils, ranging from 10 to 20 
 weeks, were also maintained in 92 academies designated by the board 
 of regents. 
 
 The University of the State of New York is a corporate body created 
 in 1784, with functions mainly of supervision and visitation, and not 
 of instruction. 
 
 The board of regents of the Universit}^, reorganized in 1787, com- 
 prised 19 members elected by joint ballot of the legislature, besides 
 the governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, and superin- 
 tendent of public instruction. The officers are a chancellor, vice- 
 chancellor, treasurer, secretary, and assistant secretary. 
 
 The regents are empowered to incorporate and visit literary and 
 medical colleges and academies, and to require from them annual 
 reports as to their system of instruction, discipline, finances, pupils, &c. 
 
 I I ilAt A HOTKL. 
 
^£#Spr" 
 
 ON THE MOHAWK. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. g^ 
 
 Those reports, or abstracts of them, are embodied by the regents in 
 their annual report to the legislature. 
 
 Thej are also empowered to confer degrees above that of master of arts. 
 
 They are cx-officio trustees of the State Library and of the State Museum 
 
 of Natural History; and many valuable papers showing the progress of 
 
 science and the useful arts are contained in their reports on the m°useum. 
 
 The colleges and academies are mainly dependent on private bounty 
 
 and tuition fees. The State has often made large contributions to their 
 
 endowments, besides establishing the ^'Literature Fund," the annual 
 
 income of which is appropriated towards the salaries of teachers in the 
 
 academies. 
 
 Since 1853 an endowment fund of at least $100,000 paid in or 
 secured, has been a condition of the incorporation of a college by the 
 regents. 
 
 Most of the coUeges incorporated since that date have received their 
 charters directly from the legislature. The property and funds of 
 these institutions are vested in trustees, and must be used only for 
 public instruction. These trustees are answerable to the legislature 
 and the courts. Since 1838, $40,000 derived from the literature fund, 
 and the United States deposit funds, has been annually distributed 
 among the academies, according to the number of pupilj holding the 
 regents' certificates of academic scholarship. Besides this, about 
 $18,000 is annually distributed to the academies for the instruction of 
 teachers, and $3000 for the purchase of books and apparatus. Acade- 
 mic departments of union schools are admitted to the benefits of these 
 appropriations on the same terms as academies. 
 
 There are subject to the visitation of the regents 23 literarv and 
 11 medical colleges, and about 250 academies and academical depart- 
 ments of union schools. This enumeration embraces only incorporated 
 institutions. 
 
 In order to raise the standard of education, and to secure greater 
 fidehty on the part of teachers in the academies, examinations in 
 writmg are held by the regents. Each pupil who satisfactorily 
 
68 STATE OF NEW YOItK. 
 
 answers the questions receives a certificate which entitles him to 
 certain educational facilities. Since 1863 the University Convocation, 
 comprising the officers of colleges and academies, has been held annu- 
 ally, under the direction of the board of regents, for the consideration 
 of the interests of higher education. Besides the 1,044,364 pupils in 
 the common and 6515 in the normal schools in 1873-74, there were 
 31,421 in academies, 2675 in colleges, 137,840 in private, 582 in law, 
 and 024 in medical schools; total, 1,224,321. 
 
 Union University, comprising Union College, in Schenectady, the 
 Albany Medical College, and Dudley Observatory, was incorporated 
 in 1873. 
 
 The State Agricultural College is connected with Cornell University, 
 and is described in an article on that subject. 
 
 The whole number of newspapers and periodicals reported by the 
 census of 1870 were 835, having an aggregate circulation of 7,561,497, 
 and issuing annually 471,741,744 copies. 
 
 There were 87 daily, with a circulation of 780,470; 5 tri-weekly, 
 5800; 22 semi-weekly, 114,500; 518 Aveekly, 3,388,497; 21 semi- 
 monthly, 216,300 ; 163 monthly, 2,920,810 ; and 19 quarterly, 135,120. 
 
 In 1874 there were reported 98 daily, 5 tri-weekly, 20 semi-weekly, 
 681 weekly, 2 bi-weekly, 26 semi-monthly, 201 monthly, 4 bi-monthly, 
 and 18 quarterly; total, 1055. 
 
 The total number of libraries of all classes reported by the Federal 
 census of 1870 was 20,929, containing 6,310,352 volumes; 7158 with 
 2,785,483 volumes were private; and 13,771, with 3,524,869, were 
 other than private. 
 
 The whole number of religious organizations in 1870 was 5627. 
 having 5474 edifices, with 2,282,876 sittings, and property valued at 
 $66,073,755. 
 
 At the arrival of the whites the south-east part of New York was 
 inhabited by several subordinate tribes of Indians belonging to the 
 Algonquin race, and the remaining part of the State by the celebrated 
 Five Nations of Iroquois stock. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 69 
 
 The names of pla- 
 ces bequeathed by 
 
 the various tribes 
 
 indicate to what race 
 
 they belonged, the 
 
 Algonquin words 
 
 being harsh and full 
 
 of gutturals, while 
 
 the Iroquois names 
 
 are usually smooth, 
 
 soft, and musical. 
 
 In July, 1609, Sam- 
 uel Champlain, hav- 
 ing ascended the St. 
 Lawrence river, dis- 
 covered the lake 
 which bears his 
 name. On Septem- 
 ber 9th, 1609, Hen- 
 ry Hudson, in the 
 employ of the Dutch 
 East India Compa- 
 ny, discovered the 
 bay of New York mammoth gorge, watkins glen, n. y. 
 
 and three days later entered the river which bears his name. 
 
 The land discovered by Hudson was claimed by Holland, and named 
 New Netherland. In 1614 the States-General granted special privi- 
 leges to any company which should open a trade with the natives 
 of this region. In this year the first Dutch settlements were made 
 on Manhattan Island, and the name New Netherland was applied 
 to the unoccupied regions of America lying between Virginia and 
 Canada. 
 
 In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was incorporated, and 
 
70 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 AU SABLE CHASM.— RAINBOW ROCK. 
 
 in the following year, by virtue of their charter, took possession of 
 New Netherland. The first permanent agricultural colonization of 
 this country was made in 1623, when 18 families settled at Fort 
 Orange (now Albany), and a company of Walloons on the west 
 shore of Loni>; Island. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 71 
 
 111 1626 Peter Minuit, the director-general, purchased Manhattan 
 Island of the natives for the value of $24. 
 
 In 1629 the company passed an act enabling all who wished to 
 obtain manorial possessions in the country, under which the most 
 valuable part of the company's land soon passed into the hands of 
 individuals, and an aristocratic element was introduced. The efforts 
 to establish feudal privileges failed ; but the land monopolies 
 granted at this time led, more than two centuries afterward, to 
 serious disturbances known as the anti-rent difficulties. 
 
 Wouter von Twiller, the successor of Minuit, appointed in 1633, 
 was succeeded in 1638 by William Kieft. During the administration 
 of the latter, some troubles having arisen with the natives, an 
 attack was suddenly made by the whites upon the nearest Indian 
 villages, and more than 100 unoffending men, women, and children 
 were massacred. A bloody war ensued, which seriously endangered 
 the existence of the colony. In 1647 Kieft was succeeded by Peter 
 Stuyvesant, by whom the Indians were conciliated and the general 
 affairs of the colony more systematically administered. The Dutch 
 settlements, spreading to the east and the west, came in collision 
 with the English upon the Connecticut, and with the Swedes upon 
 the Delaware. In 1655 Stuyvesant took forcible possession of the 
 Swedish territory and annexed it to New Netherland. The border 
 contests with the English continued as long as the Dutch held 
 possession of the country. 
 
 The English claimed New Netherland as part of Virginia, a claim 
 founded upon the prior discovery of Cabot. 
 
 In 1622 the English minister at the Hague demanded that the 
 enterprise of planting a Dutch colony upon the Hudson should be 
 abandoned. In 1627 Governor Bradford, of Plymouth, gave notice 
 to Peter Minuit that the patent of New England extended to latitude 
 40°, and that the Dutch had no right "to plant and trade" north 
 of that line. In March, 1664, Charles II. granted a charter of aU 
 the lands lying between the Hudson and the Delaware to his brother, 
 
72 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 WATKINS FROM THE GLEN PARK HOTEL. 
 
 the Duke of" York. This incliid(Ml 
 New Netherland, and a portion of 
 the territory which had been pre- 
 viously granted to Connecticut, 
 Massachusetts,, and New Hampshire. In August of the same year, 
 without any declaration of war, Colonel Nicholls, at the head of an 
 English force, appeared before New Amsterdam, and demanded its 
 surrender. 
 
 Being in no condition to resist. Governor Stuyvesant complied, and 
 the whole country quietly passed into the hands of the English. 
 
 New Amsterdam was named New York, and the name of New 
 York was also applied to the whole province. New York was subse- 
 quently recaptured by the Dutch, but was soon after restored to the 
 English. The Dutch engaged in the slave trade as early as 1627, and 
 at the surrender in 1664 the colony contained more slaves in propor- 
 tion to its inhabitants than Virginia. In August, 1688, New York was 
 placed with New England under the administration of Andros, Francis 
 Nicholson being appointed lieutenant-governor of New York. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 In 1689 the people revolted fVoni the tyranny of Nicholson, and 
 under the lead of Jacob Leisler, a merchant of New York, seized the 
 government and administered it in the name of William and Mary. 
 
 Although never officially recognized as governor, Leisler continued 
 at the head of allairs more than two years, when he was superseded by 
 Governor Slaughter, bearing a commission direct from the English 
 sovereigns. 
 
 Oifering some slight resistance to Slaughter upon his arrival, Leisler 
 and his son-in-law Millborne were arrested, tried for treason, and exe- 
 cuted. Li 1684 Governor Dougan concluded an offensive and de- 
 fensive treaty with the Indians, and from that time the English became 
 the recipients of that friendship Avhich had been before bestowed upon 
 the Dutch. 
 
 In 1687 the Seneca country in Western New York was invaded by a 
 French army under De Nouville, governor of Canada, and in 1689 the 
 Five Nations retaliated by invading Canada. In this last expedition 
 more than 1000 French settlers were slain, and the whole French 
 province was threatened with destruction. On the night of February 
 9th, 1690, a party of French and Canadian Indians burned Schenectady 
 and massacred nearly all the inhabitants. 
 
 In 1693, a French expedition against the Mohawks took one of the 
 Indian forts, and captured 300 prisoners, but the greater part of the 
 invaders perished with cold before reaching Canada. 
 
 The peace of Ryswick in 1697, concluded the hostilities between 
 England and France, and Count Frontenac, then governor of Canada, 
 turned his whole force against the Five Nations. His plans were frus- 
 trated by the Earl of Bellamont, then royal governor of New York, 
 who declared he would make common cause with the Indians in case 
 any attack was made upon them. 
 
 During the continuance of Queen Anne's war, from 1702 to 1713, 
 hostilities in New York were confined to skirmishes upon the frontiers, 
 and to the preparation for expeditions which failed for want of promised 
 aid from England, but which involved the colony largely in debt. 
 
74 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 In 1731 the French 
 built Fort Frederick, at 
 Crown Point on Lake 
 Champlain, at Fronte- 
 iiac (now Kingston) on 
 the St. Lawrence, and 
 at Niagara. The Eng- 
 lish advanced posts 
 were at Fort Edward 
 on the Hudson, and at 
 Oswego on Lake ^^Onta- 
 rio. In 1755 a large 
 force under Sir William 
 Johnson marched 
 against Crown Point. 
 At the head of Lake 
 George he was attack- 
 ed by the French under 
 Dieskau, but the A^ictory was finally obtained by the English, and the 
 French force nearly annihilated. In 1756 Oswego was taken by the 
 French, and destroyed. In 1757 Fort William Henry, at the head of 
 Lake George, was taken by the French, and the garrison, after capitu- 
 lation, were nearly all massacred by the Indians. 
 
 In 1758 Abercrombie, at the head of 15,000 men, the largest and 
 best appointed army ever raised in colonial America, was defeat- 
 ed in an attack upon Ticonderoga, and during the same year Col- 
 onel Bradstreet marched through the wilderness and took Fort 
 Frontenac. 
 
 In 1759 Niagara was taken by General Prideaux and Sir William 
 Johnson, and Ticonderoga and Crown Point were abandoned on the 
 approach of an English army under General Amherst, leaving no 
 French force within the limits of the colony. During the last years of 
 the war, under the administration of Pitt, the English pursued a 
 
 TKENTON FALLS. 
 
E OF ^t 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 75 
 
 THE OLD WAY. 
 
 liberal policy toward the colonies ; but in 1760 they recommenced 
 aggressions which provoked oj)position. 
 
 New York entered zealously into the measures for common defense. 
 In October, 1775, Try on, the last royal governor, took refuge on board 
 a British man-of-war. In May of that year Ticonderoga and Crown 
 Point had been surprised and taken by a party of "Green Mountain 
 Boys'' under Ethan Allen. 
 
 In February, 1776, an American force took possession of New York 
 city; after the battle of Long Island (August 27th), the city and its 
 environs fell into the hands of the British. 
 
 In the summer of 1777, Burgoyne invaded the province from 
 Canada, and a British force from New York passed up the Hudson to 
 co-operate with him. 
 
 Several fortresses in Lake Champlain and the Hudson were taken by 
 the enemy, but after a series of reverses, Burgoyne's army, on October 
 17th, was obliged to surrender at Saratoga. 
 
 In the winter of 1777-'8, West Point was fortified, and soon became 
 the most important fortress in America. Under the lead of Sir John 
 Johnson, the Six Nations espoused the English cause, and continually 
 
76 i<TATK OF NEW YOL'K. 
 
 harassed the defenseless frontier settlements. In 1770. Genpijil Sul- 
 livan marched through the Indian country in Western New York, and 
 destroyed their villages. During the next two years the Indians made 
 frequent attacks upon the Schoharie and Mohawk settlements, until 
 the whole of that flourishing region was laid waste. 
 
 On November 25th, 1783, New York was evacuated })y the British. 
 
 The original grant of New York included all lands between the 
 Delaware and Hudson rivers, conflicted with patents previously granted 
 to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. In 16G4, soon 
 after the date of the first patent, the proprietor sold the territory in- 
 cluded in the present State of New Jersey. The ConnecticutiDoundary 
 was estabhshed in 1731. The claims of Massachusetts were finally 
 settled in 178G, by a compromise which gave New York the sovereignty 
 of the whole territory, but yielded to Massachusetts the right of soil 
 to that portion of the State which lies west of a meridian line passing 
 through the 82d milestone of the Pennsylvania boundary. 
 
 This line, known as the " pre-emption line," begins at the south-east 
 corner of Steuben county, extends along the west shore of Seneca lake, 
 and terminates in Sod us bay, on Lake Ontario. 
 
 The conflicting claims of New York and New Hampshire led to vio- 
 lent collisions, and almost to civil war. 
 
 The threatened hostilities were averted in 1700 by the erection of 
 the disputed territory into the State of Vermont, and the payment to 
 New York of $30,000. The seat of government was originally in New 
 York city. The first Constitution, adopted in March, 1777, was pub- 
 lished at Kingston. 
 
 In October of that year the public records were removed to Roch- 
 ester, Ulster county ; soon after to Poughkeepsie, and in 1784 to New 
 York city. 
 
 In 1704 Albany was made the capital. 
 
 The Constitution was revised in 1801, 1821, and 1846. 
 
 Slavery, which had been much restricted since the formation of the 
 first Constitution, was abolished in 1817, though, under the provisions 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 77 
 
 of the act, a few aged persons continued in nominal slavery many 
 years later. At the close of the Revolution a treaty was made with 
 the Six Nations, by which a large amount of the Indian lands was 
 ceded to the State. 
 
 Settlements rapidly spread in the fertile regions of Central New 
 York, and by subsequent treaties all the lands of the Indians except 
 a few " reservations "' passed into the hands of the whites. During 
 the war of 1812 the frontier settlements were constantly exposed to 
 attacks of the British, and several engagements took place along the 
 borders. In 1796 the "Western Navigation Company" was incor- 
 porated, which built docks around the rapids on the Mohawk, and dug 
 a canal across the portage at Rome, so that laden boats could pass 
 from the ocean to Oneida lake, and thence by the outlet to Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 In 1800 Gouverneur Morris conceived the plan, of a canal directly 
 through the State from east to west. 
 
 THR POPLARS, LAKE WAN KTA. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 79 
 
 VIEW OF GENESEE FALLS, NEAR PORTAGE. 
 
 In 1808 James Geddes made a partial sun^ey of the proposed route^ 
 and reported favorably. De Witt Clinton investigated the matter, and 
 from that time gave to the project the whole weight of his influence. 
 
 The war of 1812 caused a suspension of the project, but in 1816 
 a law was passed authorizing the construction of the canal. 
 
 The work was begun in 1817, and the canal was finished in 1825. 
 It speedily became the great channel of trade and emigration. 
 
 In 1853-'54 the Constitution was amended in order to enable the 
 State to borrow $9,000,000 to facilitate the completion of the canals. 
 In 1865 an amendment providing for the appointment of five com- 
 missioners of appeals was rejected. 
 
 In 1866 a convention was called by the popular vote, for the 
 revision of the Constitution, in pursuance of its provision for the sub- 
 mission of that question every twenty years. 
 
80 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The members were elected in April, 1867, met on June 4th. and 
 continued their sessions till February 28th, 1868; but at the election, 
 November 2d, 1869, the new Constitution was rejected, as well as 
 several amendments which were submitted separately, excepting one 
 reorganizing the judiciary. 
 
 An amendment providing for the aj)pointment instead of the election 
 of the principal judges was rejected in 1873. In November, 1874. 
 several amendments, which had been proposed by the legislature, were 
 ratified by the people. 
 
 These removed the property qualification of colored voters, re- 
 stricted the power of the legislature to pass private or local bills, 
 made changes in the executive department, prescribed an oath of office 
 in relation to bribery, established safeguards against official corrujjtion, 
 and removed the restrictions imposed upon the legislature in regard 
 to selling or leasing certain of the State canals. 
 
 During the civil war New York furnished to the Federal army 
 455,568 troops, or 380,980 reduced to a three years' standard. 
 
 In 1869 the legislature ratified the 15th amendment to the Federal 
 Constitution. In 1870 this action was annulled by a resolution, wliich 
 was rescinded in 1872. 
 
 The history of New York from 1609 to 1691 is given in Broad- 
 head's "History of the State of New York " (2 vols., 8vo., 1853-7.) 
 See also the " History of the New Netherland," by E. B. O'Callaghan 
 (2 vols.. New York, 1846-48), and "Documentary History of New 
 York" (4 vols., 4to., Albany, 1849-51), and "Documents Relative to 
 the Colony of New York" (10 vols., 1853-8), both edited by him. 
 
CITIES, TOWNS, AND POST-OFFICES 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 BEING A COMPLETK (iAZETTEER OF THE STATE, GIVING NOT ONLY THE NAME OF EACH POST- 
 OFFR'E AND COUNTY BUT THE NAME OF THE COUNTY SEAT. 
 
 Abbott's Corners Eric. 
 
 A cademy ( Jntario. 
 
 Accord Ulster. 
 
 Acra Greene. 
 
 Adams .Jefferson. 
 
 Adams' Basin Monroe. 
 
 Adams Centre I efferson. 
 
 Adams Corners Putnam. 
 
 Adams' Station Albany. 
 
 Adamsville ...Washington. 
 
 Addison Steuben. 
 
 Addison Hill Steuben. 
 
 iVddison Junction Essex. 
 
 Adirondack Warren. 
 
 Adrian Steuben . 
 
 Afton Chenango. 
 
 Akron Erie. 
 
 Alabama Genesee. 
 
 ALBANY (c. h.) Albany. 
 
 ALBION fc.h.) Orleans. 
 
 Alburgli Franklin. 
 
 Alcoye.. Albany. 
 
 Alden Erie. 
 
 Alden Centre Erie. 
 
 Alder Brook J>anklin. 
 
 Alder ( "reek Oneida. 
 
 Alexander Genesee. 
 
 Alexandria .Jefferson. 
 
 A 1 f r e d A 1 1 ega n 3\ 
 
 Alfred Centre Allegany. 
 
 Allegany Cattaraugus. 
 
 Allen Allegany. 
 
 Allensborough Washington. 
 
 Allen's Hiir Ontario. 
 
 Allentown Allegany. 
 
 Alma Allegany. 
 
 Almond Allegany. 
 
 Alpine Schuyler. 
 
 Alps liensselaer. 
 
 Altay Schuyler. 
 
 Alton Wayne. 
 
 Altona Clinton. 
 
 Amagansett Suffolk. 
 
 Amawalk Westchester. 
 
 Amber Onondaga. 
 
 Aml)oy Centre Oswego. 
 
 Amenia Dutchess. 
 
 Amenia Union Dutchess. 
 
 Ames Montgomery. 
 
 Amity Orange. 
 
 Amityyillc Suffolk. 
 
 Amsterdam Montgomer}-. 
 
 Ancram Columbia. 
 
 Ancram Ijcad Mines Columbia. 
 
 Andes Delaware. 
 
 Andoyer Allegan}-. 
 
 Angelica Allegany. 
 
 Angola Erie. 
 
 Annandale Dutchess. 
 
 Antwerp Jeffer.son. 
 
 Aj^alachin Tioga. 
 
 Apex Delaware. 
 
 Apulia Onondaga. 
 
 Aquetuck Albany. 
 
 Arcade Wy om ing. 
 
 Arcadia Wayne. 
 
 Argusyille Schoharie. 
 
 AR6YLE (c. li.) Washington. 
 
 Arietta Hami Iton. 
 
 Arkport Steuben. 
 
 Arky ille Delaware. 
 
 Arkwright Chautauqua. 
 
 Armonk Westchester. 
 
 Arthur Oswego. 
 
 (SI) 
 
STATE OF Xi:W YOIIK. 
 
 S3 
 
 Arthnrsburgli Dutclicss. 
 
 Asbury Tompkins. 
 
 A si 1 ford ( 'attaraugiis. 
 
 Ashland Greene. 
 
 Astoria Queens. 
 
 Athens Greene. 
 
 Athol Warren. 
 
 Atlantie vi He Suffolk. 
 
 .Vttica Wyoming. 
 
 Attlebury Dutchess. 
 
 Atwater Cayuga. 
 
 AUBURN (c. h.l Cayuga. 
 
 .Vugusta Oneida. 
 
 Aurelius Cayuga. 
 
 Aurelius Station Cayuga. 
 
 Auriesville Montgomer}'. 
 
 ^Vurora Cayuga. 
 
 A u Sable Chasm Essex. 
 
 Au Sable Forks Essex. 
 
 Austerlitz (Columbia. 
 
 Ava (Jneida. 
 
 Averill Rensselaer. 
 
 Avoca :... Steuben. 
 
 Avon Livingston. 
 
 Babcock's Hill Oneida. 
 
 Babylon Suffolk. 
 
 Bacon Hill Saratoga. 
 
 Bainbridge Chenango. 
 
 Baiting Hollow Suffolk. 
 
 Baker's Mills Warren. 
 
 Baldwin Queens. 
 
 Baldwin Place Putnam. 
 
 Baldwinsvillo Onondaga. 
 
 BALLSTON(c.h.) Saratoga. 
 
 Ballston Centre Saratoga. 
 
 Bangall Dutchess. 
 
 Bangor Franklin. 
 
 Barbourville Delaware. 
 
 Barker's Niagara. 
 
 Barkersville Saratoga. 
 
 Barnard's Crossing Monroe. 
 
 Barnerville Schoharie. 
 
 Barnum Cattaraugus. 
 
 Barnes' Corners Lewis. 
 
 Barre Centre Orleans. 
 
 Barrington Yates. 
 
 Barrytown Dutchess. 
 
 Barry ville Sullivan. 
 
 Bartlett Oneida. 
 
 Barton Tioga . 
 
 Bartow on the Sound... Westchester. 
 
 BATAVIA (c. h.) Genesee. 
 
 Batchellcrvillo Saratoga. 
 
 Bates Schoharie. 
 
 Bath Steuben. 
 
 Battenville Washington. 
 
 Bay Port Suffolk. 
 
 Bay Ridge Kings. 
 
 Bay Shore Suffolk. 
 
 Bay Side Queens. 
 
 Bay ville Queens. 
 
 Beaches Corner Greene. 
 
 Beach Ridge Niagara. 
 
 Bearsville Ulster. 
 
 Beaver Brook Sullivan. 
 
 Beaver Dams Schuyler. 
 
 Beaver Falls Lewis. 
 
 Beaver Kill Sullivan. 
 
 Beaver Meadow Chenango. 
 
 Becker's Corners Albany. 
 
 Bedford Westchester. 
 
 Bedford Station Westchester. 
 
 Beekman Dutchess. 
 
 Beekmantown Clinton . 
 
 Belcher Washington. 
 
 Belden Broome. 
 
 Belfast Allegany. 
 
 Belfort Lewis. 
 
 Belle Isle Onondaga. 
 
 Belleville .Jefferson. 
 
 Bellmont Centre Franklin. 
 
 Bell ona Yates. 
 
 Bellport Suffolk. 
 
 Bell vale Orange. 
 
 BELMONT (c.h.) Allegany. 
 
 Bel videre Allegany. 
 
 Bemus Lleights Saratoga- 
 
 Bemus Point Chautauqua. 
 
 Bennet's Corners Madison . 
 
 Bennettsburgh Scliuy Icr. 
 
 Bennett's Creek Steuben. 
 
 Bennettsville Chenango. 
 
 Bennington Wyoming. 
 
 Benson Ham i Itoi i . 
 
 Benson Centre Hamilton. 
 
 Benton Centre Yates. 
 
 Bergen Gene.see. 
 
 Bergholtz Niagara. 
 
 Berkshire Tioga. 
 
84 
 
 STATE OF NE]]' YORK. 
 
 Berlin Rensselaer. 
 
 Berne Albany. 
 
 Bernhard's Bay Oswego. 
 
 Bessemcr's Dejjot Tompkins. 
 
 Bethany Genesee. 
 
 Bethel Sullivan. 
 
 Bethel Corners Cayuga. 
 
 Bethel Station Dutchess. 
 
 Bethlehem Centre Albany. 
 
 Big Brook Oneida. 
 
 Big Creek Steuben. 
 
 Bigelow St. Lawrence. 
 
 Big Flats Chemung. 
 
 Big Hollow Greene. 
 
 Big Indian Ulster. 
 
 Big Tree Corners Erie. 
 
 Billings Dutchess. 
 
 Billsl.x )r( Kigh Ontario. 
 
 BINGHAMTON (c. h ) Broome. 
 
 Binne water Ulster. 
 
 Birdsall Allegany. 
 
 Bishop Street Jetferson. 
 
 Black Brook Clinton. 
 
 Black Creek Allegany. 
 
 Black River Jefter.son. 
 
 Blaine Montgomery. 
 
 Blauveltville Rockland. 
 
 Bleecker Fulton. 
 
 Bliss Wyoming. 
 
 Blockvillc Chautauqua. 
 
 Blodgctt Mills Cortland. 
 
 Blood's Depot Steuben. 
 
 Bloomingburgh Sullivan. 
 
 Bloomingdale Essex. 
 
 Bloomviile Delaware. 
 
 Blossom Erie. 
 
 Blossvale Oneida. 
 
 Blue Mountain Lake Hamilton. 
 
 Blue Point Suffolk. 
 
 Blue Stores Columbia. 
 
 Bluff Roint Yates. 
 
 Boiceville Ulster. 
 
 Bolivar A llegany . 
 
 Bolton Warren . 
 
 Bombay I'^-anklin. 
 
 Boon ville Oneida. 
 
 Boreas River Essex. 
 
 Borden Steuben. 
 
 Borodino Onondaga. 
 
 Boscobel Westchester. 
 
 Boston Erie. 
 
 Boston Corner Columbia. 
 
 Bouck ville Madison. 
 
 Bouton ville Westchester. 
 
 Bovina Delaware. 
 
 Bowen's Corners Oswego. 
 
 Bowmansville Erie. 
 
 Boylston Centre Oswego. 
 
 Boyntonville Rensselaer. 
 
 Bradford Steuben. 
 
 Brainard Rensselaer. 
 
 Brainard Station Columbia. 
 
 Braman's Corners Schenectady. 
 
 liranchport Yates. 
 
 Brant Erie. 
 
 Brantingham Lewis. 
 
 Brant Lake AVarren. 
 
 Brasher Falls St. Lawrence'. 
 
 Brasher Iron AVorks...St. Lawrence. 
 
 Brasie Corners St. Lawrence. 
 
 Breakabeen Schoharie. 
 
 Breesport Chemung. 
 
 Brentwood Suffolk. 
 
 Breslau Suffolk. 
 
 Brevoort* Kings. 
 
 Brewerton Onondaga. 
 
 Brewster's Station Putnam. 
 
 Bridgehampton Suffolk. 
 
 Bridgeport Madison. 
 
 1 h'idge ville Sullivan . 
 
 Bridge water Oneida. 
 
 Brier Hill St, Lawrence. 
 
 Brigliton Monroe. 
 
 Brinckerhoffville Dutchess. 
 
 Brisben Chenango. 
 
 Briscoe Sullivan. 
 
 Bristol Ontario. 
 
 Bristol Centre Ontario. 
 
 Bristol S})rings Ontario. 
 
 Broadalbin Fulton. 
 
 Brockett's Bridge Fulton. 
 
 Brock{)ort Monroe. 
 
 Brocton Chautauqua. 
 
 Ih'odhead Ulster. 
 
 Broken Straw Chautauqua. 
 
 Bronxville Westchester. 
 
 Brookdalc St. Lawrence. 
 
 Brookfield Madison. 
 
 Brook Haven Suffolk. 
 
 * Branch of the Brooklyn Post Office. 
 
""■^:?S>*-A-;__ i 
 
 CKV>^TAL SPKINGS SANITARIIM. 
 
86 
 
 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 BROOKLYN (e.h., Kings. 
 
 kStation.s. 
 
 Brevoort. 
 
 Green Point. 
 
 \i.\\\ Brunt. 
 
 Williamsburgh. 
 
 Brookmere Monroe. 
 
 Brooks' Grove Livingston. 
 
 Brook Yale Broome. 
 
 Broome Centre Schoharie. 
 
 Brown's Station Ulster. 
 
 Brown ville Jetlerson. 
 
 Brushhmd Dehiware. 
 
 Brushton Franklin. 
 
 Bruy nswick Ulster. 
 
 Buel ]\h)ntgomery. 
 
 Buena Vista Steuben. 
 
 BUFFALO (c.h.) .Erie. 
 
 1 in f la lo Plains.. Erie. 
 
 Bull's Head Dutchess. 
 
 Bullville Orange. 
 
 Bund y's Crossing Oswego. 
 
 Burdett Schuyler. 
 
 Burke Franklin. 
 
 J >urke Centre Franklin . 
 
 Burlingham Sullivan. 
 
 Burlington Otsego. 
 
 Burlington Flats Otsego. 
 
 Burnhams Chautauqua. 
 
 Burns Allegany. 
 
 Burnside ( )range. 
 
 Burnt Hills Saratoga. 
 
 Burr's Mills lett'erson, 
 
 Burtonsville Montgomery. 
 
 Bushnell's Basin Monroe. 
 
 Bushnellsville ( J reene. 
 
 Bush ville Sullivan. 
 
 Buskirk's Bridge A\'ashington. 
 
 Busti < 'hautauqua. 
 
 Butler Centre Wayne. 
 
 Butterfly ( )swego. 
 
 Butternut Grove Delaware. 
 
 Byersville Livingston. 
 
 Byron Genesee. 
 
 Cabin Hill Delaware. 
 
 Cadiz Cattaraugus. 
 
 ( 'adosia A^illey 1 )elaware. 
 
 ( 'ady ville C 1 inton. 
 
 Cairo Greene. 
 
 Caledonia Livingston. 
 
 Callanan's Corners Albany. 
 
 Callicoon Sullivan. 
 
 Callicoon Depot. Sullivan. 
 
 Cal verton Suffolk. 
 
 Cambria Niagara. 
 
 Cambridge Washington. 
 
 Camden Oneida. 
 
 Cameron Steuben. 
 
 Cameron Mills Steuben. 
 
 ( 'amillus Onondaga. 
 
 Campbell Steuben. 
 
 Campbell Hall Orange. 
 
 Campville Tioga. 
 
 Camroden Oneida. 
 
 Canaan Columbia. 
 
 Canaan Centre Columbia. 
 
 Canaan Four Corners Columbia. 
 
 Canadice Ontario. 
 
 Canajoliario Montgomery. 
 
 CANANDAIGUA (e. h ) Ontario 
 
 Canarsie Kings. 
 
 Canaseraga Allegany. 
 
 ( ana.stota Madison. 
 
 Canawangus Livingston. 
 
 Candor Tioga. 
 
 Caneadea Allegany. 
 
 Canisteo Steuben. 
 
 Cannonsville Delaware. 
 
 Canoga Seneca. 
 
 CANTON (c. h.) St. Lawrence. 
 
 Cape A'incent... .Jefferson. 
 
 Cardiff Onondaga. 
 
 Carlisle Schoharie. 
 
 Carlisle Centre Schoharie. 
 
 Carlton Orleans. 
 
 Carlton Station Orleans. 
 
 Carl von Orleans. 
 
 CARli/IEL (c. h.) Putnam. 
 
 Caroline Tompkins. 
 
 Caroline Centre Tomi)kins. 
 
 Caroline Depot Tomi)kins. 
 
 Carpenter's Eddy 1 )elaware. 
 
 Carrollton Cattaraugus. 
 
 Carr's Creek Delaware. 
 
 Carthage .Jefferson. 
 
 Carthage Landing Dutchess. 
 
 Cascade Cayuga. 
 
 Cascade A'alley Broome. 
 
 Cascadeville Essex. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 87 
 
 Cassadaga Chautauqua. 
 
 Cassville Oneida. 
 
 Castile Wyoming. 
 
 C 'astle Creek Broome. 
 
 (.'astleton lienssclacr. 
 
 Castleton Corners. iiichmond. 
 
 Castorland.. Lewis. 
 
 Catatonk Tioga. 
 
 Catawba Steuben. 
 
 Cattish Oswego. 
 
 ( 'atharinc Scliuylcr. 
 
 Catlin Chemung. 
 
 Cato Cayuga. 
 
 Caton Steuben. 
 
 CATSKILL (e. h.) Greene. 
 
 Catskill Station Cohimbia. 
 
 Cattaraugus ( "attaraugus. 
 
 Caughdenoy Oswego. 
 
 Cayuga Cayuga. 
 
 Cayuta Schuyler. 
 
 Cayutaville Schuyler. 
 
 Cazenovia Madison. 
 
 Cedar Hill Albany. 
 
 Cedar Lake Herkimer. 
 
 Cedarvale Onondaga. 
 
 Cedarville Herkimer. 
 
 Central Brids:e Schoharie. 
 
 Central Islip^ Suffolk. 
 
 Central Park (Queens. 
 
 Central Square Oswego. 
 
 Central Valley Orange. 
 
 Centre Berlin Rensselaer. 
 
 Centre Brunswick Rensselaer. 
 
 Centre Cambridge Washington. 
 
 Centre Lisle Broome. 
 
 Centre Moriches Suffolk. 
 
 Centreport Suffolk. 
 
 Centre Valley Otsego. 
 
 Centre Village Broome. 
 
 Centreville Allegany. 
 
 Centreville Station Sullivan. 
 
 Centre White Creek Washington. 
 
 Ceres Allegany. 
 
 Chadwick's ]\rills Oneida. 
 
 Chaffee Erie. 
 
 Champion Jefferson. 
 
 Champlain Clinton. 
 
 Chaj lin ville Ontario. 
 
 Chajipaipia Westchester. 
 
 Charleston Montgomery. 
 
 Charleston l'\)ur Corners Montg'y. 
 
 Charlotte Monroe. 
 
 Charlotteville Schoharie. 
 
 Charlton Saratoga. 
 
 Chase's Lake Lewis. 
 
 Chase's Mills St. Lawrence. 
 
 Chase ville Otsego. 
 
 Chateaugay k"'rank lin. 
 
 Chateaugay Lake Frank lin. 
 
 Chatham ( 'olumbia. 
 
 Chatham Centred Columbia. 
 
 Chaumont .Jcffersoi i . 
 
 Chautauqua Chautauqua. 
 
 Chazy Clinton. 
 
 Cheektowaga Erie. 
 
 Chemung Chemung. 
 
 Chemung Centre Chemung. 
 
 Chenango Bridge Broome. 
 
 Clienango Forks Broome. 
 
 Cheningo Cortland. 
 
 Cherry Creek Chautauqua. 
 
 Cherry Valley Otsego. 
 
 Cheshire Ontario. 
 
 Chester. , Orange. 
 
 Chestertown Warren. 
 
 Chestnut Ridge Dutchess. 
 
 Chicago Cortland. 
 
 Chili Monroe. 
 
 Chili Station ...Monroe. 
 
 China Delaware. 
 
 Chippewa Bay St. Lawrence. 
 
 Chittenango ISIadison. 
 
 Chittenango Falls Mad ison . 
 
 Chittenango Station Madison . 
 
 Choconut Centre Broome. 
 
 Churchtown Columbia. 
 
 Churchville Monroe. 
 
 Churubusco Clinton . 
 
 Cicero Onondaga . 
 
 Cigarville Onondaga. 
 
 Cincinnatus Cortland . 
 
 Circleville Orange. 
 
 City Dutchess. 
 
 City Island Westchester. 
 
 Clare St. Lawrence. 
 
 Clarence Erie. 
 
 Clarence Centre Erie. 
 
 Clarendon Orleans. 
 
 Clarksborough St, Lawrence. 
 
 Clarksburgh Erie. 
 
NEW YORK CENTRAL AND HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 89 
 
 Clark's Factory Delaware. 
 
 Clark's Mills Oneida. 
 
 Clarkson Monroe. 
 
 Clarksville Albany. 
 
 Clary ville Sullivan. 
 
 Claveraek Columbia. 
 
 Clay Onondaga. 
 
 Clayburgli Clinton. 
 
 Clayton Jeft'erson. 
 
 Clay ville Oneida. 
 
 Clear ( "reek Cliautau(|ua. 
 
 Clermont Columbia. 
 
 Cleveland Oswego. 
 
 Clifton Monroe. 
 
 Clifton Park Saratoga. 
 
 Clifton Springs Ontario. 
 
 Clinton Oneida. 
 
 Clinton Corners Dutchess. 
 
 Clintondale Ulster. 
 
 Clinton HoIIoav — : I )utchess. 
 
 Clinton Mills Clinton. 
 
 Clintonville Clinton. 
 
 Cloekville Madison. 
 
 Clove Dutchess. 
 
 Clove Branch .Junction Dutchess. 
 
 Clove Valley Dutchess. 
 
 Clyde "Wayne. 
 
 Clymer Chautauqua. 
 
 Cobleskill Schoharie. 
 
 Cochecton Sullivan. 
 
 Cochecton Centre Sullivan. 
 
 Coeymans Albany. 
 
 Coey mans Hollow Al bany . 
 
 Coffin's Sunnuit Dutchess. 
 
 Cohocton Steuben. 
 
 Cohoes Albany. 
 
 Coila A\'ashington. 
 
 Colchester Delaware. 
 
 Cold Brook Herkimer. 
 
 Colden Erie. 
 
 Coldenham Orange. 
 
 Cold Spring Putnam. 
 
 Cold Si)ring Harbor Suffolk. 
 
 Cold Water ^Monroe. 
 
 Cole's Milb^ Putnam. 
 
 Collamer ( )nondaga. 
 
 College Point Queens. 
 
 CoUiersville Otsego. 
 
 Collingwood Onondaga. 
 
 Collins Erie. 
 
 Collins Centre ...' Erie. 
 
 Collinsville Lewis. 
 
 Colman Station I )utchess. 
 
 Colossc Oswego. 
 
 Colton St. Lawrenee. 
 
 Columbia Herkimer. 
 
 Columbus Chenango. 
 
 Commack Sulfolk. 
 
 Community ^hidison . 
 
 Comstock's W^ashington. 
 
 Conesus Livingston. 
 
 Conesus Cent re Livingston. 
 
 Conesville Scholiarie. 
 
 Conewango Cattaraugus. 
 
 Conewango A^alley Cattaraugus. 
 
 Conklin Centre Broome. 
 
 Conkling Forks Broome. 
 
 Conklingvillc Saratoga. 
 
 Conklin Station Broome. 
 
 Connecticut Tioga . 
 
 Conquest Cayuga. 
 
 Constable ville Lewis. 
 
 Constant ia Osweoo. 
 
 Constantia Centre Oswego. 
 
 Cooksburgh Albany. 
 
 Cook's Corners Franklin. 
 
 Coomer Niagara. 
 
 Coomer Station , Niagara. 
 
 Cooper's Plains Steuben. 
 
 COOPERSTOWN(c.h.) Otsego. 
 
 Coopersville Clinton. 
 
 Copake Columbia. 
 
 Copake Iron A\^:»rks Columbia. 
 
 Copenhagen Lewis. 
 
 Coram Sutiblk. 
 
 Corbettsville Broome. 
 
 Corfu Genesee. 
 
 Corinth Saratoga. 
 
 CORNING (c.h.) Steuben. 
 
 Cornwall Orange. 
 
 Cornwall-on-the-Hudson Orange. 
 
 Cornwall ville Greene. 
 
 Corona Queens. 
 
 CORTLAND (c. h.j ..Cortland. 
 
 Cortland on Hudson Westchester. 
 
 Cottage Cattaraugus. 
 
 Cotton's Madison. 
 
 County Earn 1 Orange. 
 
 County Line Niagara. 
 
 Coventrv Chenango. 
 
90 
 
 STATE OF NEW YOHK. 
 
 Coventry ville Clienango. 
 
 Covert fSeneca. 
 
 Coveville Saratoga. 
 
 Covington Wyoming. 
 
 Cowlesville A\'y oming. 
 
 Coxsackie Greene. 
 
 Coxsackie Station Columbia. 
 
 Craft's Putnam. 
 
 Craigsville Orange. 
 
 Cranberry Creek Fulton. 
 
 Crandell s Corners Washington. 
 
 Cranesville Montgomery. 
 
 Crary 's Mills St. Lawrence. 
 
 Crary ville Columbia. 
 
 Crawford Ulster. 
 
 Creedmoor (Queens. 
 
 Creek Centre ^\' arren. 
 
 Creek Locks bolster. 
 
 Crescent Saratoga. 
 
 Crittenden Erie. 
 
 Croghan Lewis. 
 
 Cronomer's Valley Orange. 
 
 Cropsey ville Rensselaer. 
 
 Cross River AVestchester. 
 
 Croton Delaware. 
 
 Croton Falls Westchester. 
 
 Croton Lake Westchester. 
 
 Croton Landing M'estchester. 
 
 Crouse's Store Dutchess. 
 
 Crown Point Essex. 
 
 Crown Point Centre Essex. 
 
 Crumb Hill Madison. 
 
 Crum Creek Fulton. 
 
 Crum Elbow Dutchess, 
 
 Cry st al Spring Yates. 
 
 Cuba.. Allegany. 
 
 Cuddebackville < )range. 
 
 Culver's Point Cayuga. 
 
 Curtis Steuben. 
 
 Cutchogue Suflblk. 
 
 Cuyler Cortland. 
 
 Cuylervillc T>i vingston. 
 
 Dairyland Ulster. 
 
 Dale \\'yoming. 
 
 Dalton Livingston. 
 
 Danby Tompkins. 
 
 Dannemora Clinton. 
 
 J)ansvillc Li vingston. 
 
 Danube Herkimer. 
 
 Darieii Genecee. 
 
 Darien Centre Genesee. 
 
 Davenport I )elaware. 
 
 Davenport Centre Delaware. 
 
 Day Saratoga . 
 
 Daysville Oswego, 
 
 Dayton ( attaraugus. 
 
 Dean's Corners Saratoga. 
 
 Deansville (Jneida. 
 
 De Bruce Sullivan. 
 
 Decatur Otsego. 
 
 Deertield ( )neida. 
 
 Deer Park Suffolk, 
 
 Deer River Lewis, 
 
 Defreestville Rensselaer. 
 
 De Kalb St. Lawrence. 
 
 De Kalb Junction St. Lawrence. 
 
 Delancv Delaware. 
 
 DELHMc.h.) Delaware. 
 
 Delphi ( )nondaga. 
 
 Delta Oneida. 
 
 Denison Flerkimer. 
 
 Denmark Lewis, 
 
 Denning Ulster. 
 
 Depauville .Jefferson. 
 
 De Peyster St. Lawrence. 
 
 Deposit Broome. 
 
 Derby Erie. 
 
 De Ruyter Madison. 
 
 Devereux Station Cattaraugus. 
 
 De Witt Onondaga . 
 
 De Witt Centi'c Onondaga. 
 
 De Wittville ( 1iautau(pia. 
 
 Dexter Jefferson. 
 
 I )exterville Oswego. 
 
 Dey"s Landing Seneca. 
 
 ] )iana Lewis. 
 
 ] )ickinson l"'ranklin. 
 
 Dickinson Centre I 'ranklin. 
 
 Divine's Corners; Sullivan. 
 
 Dix Oneida. 
 
 ] )obbs P^erry A\'estchester. 
 
 ] )ora ville Broome. 
 
 ] )ormansville Albany. 
 
 ] )oty 's Corner Steuben . 
 
 Dover Furnace Dutchess. 
 
 Dover Plains Dutchess. 
 
 Downsville Delaware. 
 
 Dresden Yates. 
 
 ] )resden Centre A\'ashiugton. 
 
SARATOGA LAKE. 
 
 TKENTON FALLS. 
 
92 
 
 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 Dresden Station... Washington. 
 
 Dresserville ( "ayuga. 
 
 Drowned Lands Ulster. 
 
 Dry Brook Ulster. 
 
 Dryden Tompkins. 
 
 Duane Franklin. 
 
 Diianesburgli Schenectady. 
 
 ] )ugway Oswego. 
 
 Dundee Yates. 
 
 Dunham's Basin Washington. 
 
 "Dunkirk Chautauqua. 
 
 Dunn l^rook Oneida. 
 
 Dunnsville Albany. 
 
 Durham Greene. 
 
 Durham ville Oneida. 
 
 Dutchess Junction Dutchess. 
 
 Dwaar's Kill Ulster. 
 
 Dy keman's Pu tnam. 
 
 Eagle Bridge Rensselaer. 
 
 Eagle Harbor Orleans. 
 
 Eagle Mills Rensselaer. 
 
 Eagle Village Wyoming. 
 
 Earl Yates. 
 
 Earlvillc Madison. 
 
 East Amherst Erie. 
 
 East Arcade Wyoming. 
 
 East Ashford Cattaraugus. 
 
 East Aurora Erie. 
 
 East Avon Jivingston. 
 
 East Beekmantown ( 'linton. 
 
 East Berkshire Tioga. 
 
 East Berne Al bany . 
 
 East Bethany Genesee. 
 
 East Bloomtield Ontario. 
 
 East Bloomfield Station Ontario. 
 
 East ] )Oston Madison. 
 
 East Branch Delaware. 
 
 East Camp ('olumbia. 
 
 East Campbell.. Steuben. 
 
 East Carlton Orleans. 
 
 East Chatham Columbia. 
 
 East Chester Westchester. 
 
 East Clarence Erie. 
 
 East Cobleskill Schoharie. 
 
 East Coldenhani Orange. 
 
 East Concord Ya-'iq. 
 
 East Constable Franklin. 
 
 East Creek ITerkimer. 
 
 East Dickinson Franklin. 
 
 East Durham Greene. 
 
 East Eden Erie. 
 
 East Elba Genesee. 
 
 East Elma Erie. 
 
 East Elmira Chemung. 
 
 Ea.'it Evans Erie. 
 
 East Fishkill Dutchess. 
 
 East Florence Oneida. 
 
 East Freetown Cortland. 
 
 East Gaines Orleans. 
 
 East Gainesvil ! ( ■ Wyoming. 
 
 East Gal way Saratoga. 
 
 East Genoa Cayuga. 
 
 East German Chenango. 
 
 East Glenville Schenectady. 
 
 East Granger Allegany. 
 
 East Greenbush Rensselaer. 
 
 East Greenwich AVashington. 
 
 East Groveland Livingston. 
 
 East Guilford C 'henango. 
 
 East Hamburgh Erie. 
 
 East Hamilton.- Madison. 
 
 East Hamlin Monroe. 
 
 East Hampton Sutiblk. 
 
 East Llinsdale Queens. 
 
 East Homer Cortlan d. 
 
 East Java Wyoming. 
 
 East Jewett Greene. 
 
 East Kendall Orleans. 
 
 East Koy A\'y oining. 
 
 East Lansing Tom})kins. 
 
 East Leon Cattaraugus. 
 
 East Line Saratoga. 
 
 East ]\IcDonough Chenango. 
 
 East Maine Broome. 
 
 East Marion Sutiblk. 
 
 East ]\Lirtinsburgl i Lewis. 
 
 Ea.^t ^Lason ville I )ela ware. 
 
 East Mered it h J )ela ware. 
 
 East Moriches Sutiblk. 
 
 East Nassau Rensselaer. 
 
 East New York Kings. 
 
 East Nichols Tioga. 
 
 East Norwich... Queens. 
 
 East Oaktield < ienesee. 
 
 East on Washington. 
 
 East Oranoeville Wvoming. 
 
 Ea.st Otto.^ Cattaraugus. 
 
 East Palermo ( )swego. 
 
 East Palm vra A\'a vne. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 93 
 
 East Park Dutchess. 
 
 East ratcliogiu' Suffolk. 
 
 East Pembroke Genesee. 
 
 East Penfield Monroe. 
 
 East I*harsalia Chenango. 
 
 East Pike Wyoming. 
 
 I^ast Pitcairn St. Lawrence. 
 
 lOast I *( )cstenkill Kcnssehicr. 
 
 I'.astport Suffolk. 
 
 Joast Kandolpli ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 East K i ver Cortland . 
 
 East Kockaway (Queens. 
 
 East Pvodman Jefferson. 
 
 East Salem Washington. 
 
 ]']ast Schodack Rensselaer. 
 
 ICast Schuyler Herkimer. 
 
 East Scott Cortland. 
 
 East Seneca Erie. 
 
 East Setauket Suffolk. 
 
 East Shelby Orleans. 
 
 East S{)ringtield Otsego. 
 
 East Steamburgh. Schuyler. 
 
 East Steuben Oneida. 
 
 East Syracuse (Jnondaga. 
 
 East Troupsburgh Steuben. 
 
 East A'arick Seneca. 
 
 East A'enice Cayuga. 
 
 East A'irgil Cortland. 
 
 East AVatertown Jefferson. 
 
 East Williamson Wayne. 
 
 East Williston Queens. 
 
 East Wilson Niagara. 
 
 East "Windham Greene. 
 
 East AVindsor Broome. 
 
 East AVorcester Otsego. 
 
 Eaton Aladison. 
 
 Eatonville Herkimer. 
 
 Ebenezer Erie. 
 
 Eddytown Yates. 
 
 Eddy vi lie Cattaraugus. 
 
 Eden Erie. 
 
 Edcnton St. Eawrence. 
 
 Eden \"alley :,... Erie. 
 
 Edenville Orange. 
 
 Edgewood Greene. 
 
 Edinburgh Saratosra. 
 
 Edmeston Otsego. 
 
 Edwards St. Lawrence. 
 
 Ed wardsville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Eggertsville Erie. 
 
 Egypt Alonroe. 
 
 Elba Genesee. 
 
 Elbridge Onondaga. 
 
 Eldred Sullivan. 
 
 Elgin ( attaraugus. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWN (c hi Essex 
 
 Elizaville ( olumbia. 
 
 Elk Creek Otsego. 
 
 EUenburgh ( linton. 
 
 Ellcnburgh Centre Clinton. 
 
 EUenburgh Depot ( 'linton. 
 
 Ellenville Ulster. 
 
 Ellerv ( 'hautaucjua. 
 
 Ellicott Erie. 
 
 EUicottsvillc ( attaraugus. 
 
 Ellington (1 lautauq ua. 
 
 Ellisburgh Jefferson. 
 
 Elma Eri e. 
 
 El ma Centre Erie. 
 
 ELMIRA (c.h.) Chemung. 
 
 Elmsford Westchester. 
 
 Elton ( attaraugus. 
 
 Elwood Suffolk. 
 
 Emerson ( ayuga. 
 
 Eminence Scholiarie. 
 
 Emmonsburgh Eulton. 
 
 Enfield Centre Tompkins. 
 
 Ephratah Eulton. 
 
 Erieville Aladison, 
 
 Erin ( 'hemung. 
 
 Erwin Steuben. 
 
 Erwin Centre Steuben. 
 
 Esopus Ulster. 
 
 Esperance Schoharie. 
 
 Essex Essex . 
 
 Etna Tompkins. 
 
 Euclid ( )nondaga. 
 
 Eureka Sullivan. 
 
 Evans Erie. 
 
 Evans' Mills Jefferson. 
 
 Exeter Otsego. 
 
 Fabius Onondaga. 
 
 Factory villo Tioga. 
 
 Fair Dale OjSwego. 
 
 Fairfield Herkimer. 
 
 Fair Haven Cayuga. 
 
 Fair Mount Onondaga. 
 
 Fair Oaks Orange. 
 
 Fai r] »ort Alonroe. 
 
MAGEE HOUSE, WATKINS. 
 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 !».-) 
 
 F'airvicw ( attaraugus. 
 
 Fairville Wayne. 
 
 Falconer ('liantau(|na. 
 
 Fallsbui'uli Sullivan. 
 
 Falls IMi'll Sullivan. 
 
 Farmer's Mills Putnam. 
 
 J'^armersville ( "attarauo;us. 
 
 i'^armersville Stat ion.... Cattaraugus. 
 
 Farmer A'illage Seneca. 
 
 l'\irming(lale (Queens. 
 
 Farmington ( )ntario. 
 
 J'^arnham Erie. 
 
 J*'ar Ivockaway (Queens. 
 
 Fayette Seneca. 
 
 Fayetteville Onondaga. 
 
 Felt's Mills Jefferson. 
 
 Fenner ^ladison. 
 
 FentonvilK ( hautauqua. 
 
 Ferenbaugli Steuben. 
 
 Ferguson's ( 'oi'iic]':; Yates. 
 
 Fergu.son ville ] )elaware. 
 
 Ferrona Clinton. 
 
 Fillmore Allegany. 
 
 Findlcy 's Lake Chautauqua. 
 
 Fine St. Lawrence. 
 
 Fire Island Suffolk. 
 
 Fish Creek Oneida. 
 
 Fishers Ontario. 
 
 Fishers L'land Suffolk. 
 
 Fishers Landing .Jefferson. 
 
 Fishkill Dutchess. 
 
 Fishkill-on-tho-Hudson .... Dutchess. 
 
 Fishkill Plains Dutchess. 
 
 Fish's Eddy Delaware. 
 
 Five Corners Cayuga. 
 
 Flack ville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Flanders Suffolk. 
 
 Flatbrook ( \ )lumbia. 
 
 Flatbush Kings. 
 
 Flat Creek Montgomery. 
 
 Flatlands Kings. 
 
 Fleming Cayuga. 
 
 Flcmingsville Tioga. 
 
 Flint Creek Ontario. 
 
 Florence (Oneida. 
 
 Florida Orange. 
 
 Floyd Oneida. 
 
 Flushnig Queens. 
 
 Fluvanna ( 'hautauqua. 
 
 Fly Creek Otsego. 
 
 Fly Moun t ai 1 ) [ dster. 
 
 Fly Summit Washington . 
 
 Folsomdale Wvoming. 
 
 FONDA (c. h.^ Montgomery. 
 
 Fordham"*' New York. 
 
 Forest Clinton. 
 
 Forestburgli Sullivan. 
 
 Forest Llome Tompkins. 
 
 Forestport Oneida. 
 
 Forestville Chautauqua. 
 
 Fort Ann Washington . 
 
 Fort Covington Franklin. 
 
 Fort Covington Centre Franklin. 
 
 Fort Edward Washington. 
 
 Fort Hamilton Kings. 
 
 Fort Hunter Montgomery. 
 
 Fort Jackson St. I^awrence. 
 
 Fort Miller Washington. 
 
 Fort Montgomcr}- Orange. 
 
 Fort Plain Montgomery. 
 
 Fortsville Saratoga. 
 
 Fosterdale Sullivan . 
 
 Foster's Meadow .Queens. 
 
 Fostervillo Cayuga. 
 
 Four Mile Cattaraugus. 
 
 Fowler St. Lawrence. 
 
 Fowlerville c Living.ston . 
 
 Frankfort Herkimer. 
 
 Frankfort Hill Herkimer. 
 
 Franklin Delaware. 
 
 Franklin Depot Delaware. 
 
 Franklin Falls Franklin. 
 
 Franklin h'on Works Oneida. 
 
 Franklinton Schoharie. 
 
 Franklin ville ( 'attaraugns. 
 
 Fredonia Chautauqua. 
 
 Freedom ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 Freedom Plains Dutchess. 
 
 Freehold Greene. 
 
 Freeport Queens. 
 
 Freetown C "orntM-s Cortland. 
 
 Freeville , Tom pkins. 
 
 Fremont Centre Sullivan . 
 
 French Creek Chautauqua . 
 
 French Mountai 1 1 Warren . 
 
 Fresh Pond Suffolk. 
 
 Frewsburgh ( 'hautauqua . 
 
 Frey 's Busli Montgomery. 
 
 Friendshi j ) Allegany. 
 
 * Branch of the New York Post Office. 
 
96 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Frontier Clinton. 
 
 Frui t Valley Oswego. 
 
 Fuller's Station Alban}'. 
 
 Fullerville Iron Wks,.St. Lawrence. 
 
 Fulmer A'alle y Allegany. 
 
 Fulton Oswego. 
 
 Fultonhani Schoharie. 
 
 l-\;ltonville Montgomery. 
 
 Furnaceville Wayne. 
 
 Gage Yates. 
 
 Gaines < )rleans. 
 
 (.hiinesvillc Wyoming. 
 
 Galeville Mills ^ Ulster. 
 
 Gallatinville < 'olumbia. 
 
 Gallupvillc Schoharie. 
 
 Gal way Saratoga. 
 
 Gang Mills Herkimer. 
 
 Gansevoort Saratoga. 
 
 Garbutt Monroe. 
 
 Garden City Queens. 
 
 Garden ville Erie. 
 
 Gardiner lister. 
 
 Gardner's Corners Lewis. 
 
 Garfield Rensselaer. 
 
 Garnervillc Rockland. 
 
 Garoga Fulton. 
 
 Garrattsvillc Otsego. 
 
 Garrison's Putnam. 
 
 Gaskill's ( brners Tioga. 
 
 Gasport Niagara. 
 
 Gates Monroe. 
 
 Gayhead Greene. 
 
 Gay ville Oswego. 
 
 Geddes < )nondaga. 
 
 GENESEO (c. h.i Livingston. 
 
 Geneva Ontario. 
 
 Genoa Cayuga. 
 
 Georgetown Ma<lison. 
 
 German Chenango. 
 
 Germantown ( olumbia. 
 
 Gerry ( hautauc [ua . 
 
 Getzville Erie. 
 
 Ghent ( 'oluml)ia. 
 
 Gibson Steulx'U. 
 
 ( Jibson ville Livingston. 
 
 Gifford St-henectady. 
 
 ( lill )ert's Mills Oswego. 
 
 Gilbertsville Otsego. 
 
 Gilboa Schoharie. 
 
 Gilman's Depot Sullivan. 
 
 Glasco Ulster. 
 
 Glen Montgomery. 
 
 Glen Aubrey Broome. 
 
 Glen Castle Broome. 
 
 Glencoe Mills ( 'olumbia. 
 
 Glen Cove Queens. 
 
 Glendale Station . Queens. 
 
 Glenham JXitchcss. 
 
 Glen Haven Cayuga. 
 
 Glen Head Queens. 
 
 Glenmore Oneida. 
 
 Glenora Yates. 
 
 Glensdale Lewis. 
 
 Glens Falls AVarren. 
 
 Glen Spey Sullivan. 
 
 Glenville Schenectadv. 
 
 Glen Wild Sullivan. 
 
 Glenwood Erie. 
 
 Gloversville Fulton. 
 
 Goddefrav Orange. 
 
 Goti^'s Mills Steuben. 
 
 Golden's Bridge Westchester. 
 
 Good Ground Suftolk . 
 
 Goodhue Lake Steuben. 
 
 Goody ear's Cayuga. 
 
 (Jorluim Ontario, 
 
 GOSHENle.h.) Orange. 
 
 Gouverneur St. Lawrence. 
 
 Gowanda ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 Grafton Ivcn.^selaer. 
 
 (Jrahamsville Sullivan. 
 
 ( iranby Centre ( )swego. 
 
 Grand Gorge Delaware. 
 
 Grand Island Erie. 
 
 Irrand \\q\\ on Hudson... Rockland. 
 
 Ciranger Allegany. 
 
 Grant Herkimer. 
 
 ( Irant's Mills Delaware. 
 
 ( ! ranville Washington. 
 
 Cnr.peville Greene. 
 
 Grassy Point Rockland. 
 
 Gravesend Kings. 
 
 Gravesville Herkimer. 
 
 Gray I lerkimer. 
 
 Great Ben d .TeiYerson. 
 
 Great Neck (Queens. 
 
 Great "Walley ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 Greece Monroe. 
 
 Greenborough Oswego. 
 
'"^''i''JS.>.H,^ 
 
 FRANKLIN HOUSE, GENEVA. 
 
 GENEVA HYGIENIC INSTITCTE. 
 
m 
 
 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 Greene Chenango. 
 
 Greenfield Ulster. 
 
 Greenfield Centre' Saratoga. 
 
 Green Haven Dutchess. 
 
 Green Island Albany. 
 
 Green Lawn Sufiblk. 
 
 Green Point* Kings. 
 
 Greenport Sufiblk. 
 
 Green Kidge Ilichmond. 
 
 Green River Columbia. 
 
 Greenville Greene. 
 
 Greenwich Washington. 
 
 Greenwood Steuben. 
 
 Greenwood Iron Works Orange. 
 
 Greenwood Lake Orange. 
 
 Greig Lewis. 
 
 Greigsville Livingston. 
 
 Griffin Hamilton. 
 
 Griffin's Corners Delaware. 
 
 Griffin's Mills Erie. 
 
 Griswold's Mills.. Washington. 
 
 Grooms Corners Saratoga. 
 
 CJroton Tompkins. 
 
 Groton City Tompkins. 
 
 Groveland Livingston. 
 
 Grovenor's Corners Schoharie. 
 
 Guilderland Albany. 
 
 Guilderland Centre Albany. 
 
 Guilderland Station Albany. 
 
 Guilford Chenango. 
 
 Guilford Centre Chenango. 
 
 Gulf Summit Broome. 
 
 Gulick Ontario. 
 
 Guymard ( )rangc. 
 
 Gypsum Ontario. 
 
 Iladley Saratoga. 
 
 Hagaman's Mills Montgomery. 
 
 Ilagedorn's Mills Saratoga. 
 
 Plague M'arren. 
 
 Ilailesborough St. Lawrence. 
 
 Ilalcott Centre ( Jreene. 
 
 Ilalcottsville Delaware. 
 
 Hale's Eddy Delaware. 
 
 Half ]\Ioon Saratoga. 
 
 Half Way Onondaga. 
 
 Hall's Corners Ontario. 
 
 Hall's ]\[ills Sullivan. 
 
 Ilallsport Allegany. 
 
 * Branch of the Brookljn Post OflSce. 
 
 Hallsville ^Montgomery. 
 
 Halsey Valley Tioga. 
 
 Ilambletville Delaware. 
 
 Hamburgh Erie. 
 
 Hamden Delaware. 
 
 Hamilton Madison. 
 
 I lamlet Chautauc;[ua. 
 
 Hamlin Monroe. 
 
 Hammond St. Lawrence. 
 
 IIammonds])ort Steuben. 
 
 I lammondvillc Essex. 
 
 Ham})shire Steuben. 
 
 Hampton Washington. 
 
 Hancock Delaware. 
 
 Ilankins Sullivan. 
 
 Ilannaway Falls St. Lawrence. 
 
 Hannibal Oswego. 
 
 Hannibal Centre Oswego. 
 
 Harbor Herkimer. 
 
 Hardy's Wyoming. 
 
 Harford Cortland. 
 
 Harford INIills Cortland. 
 
 Harlem* Xew York. 
 
 Ilarlemvillc Columbia. 
 
 ■ Harmony Chautauc[ua- 
 
 Plarpersficld Delaware. 
 
 Harpers ville Broome. 
 
 Harrisburgh Lewis. 
 
 II a r r i s II i 11 Erie. 
 
 Harrison Westchester. 
 
 PTarris villo Lewis. 
 
 Hartfield Chautauc{ua. 
 
 Hartford Washington. 
 
 Hartland Niagara. 
 
 Hart Lot Onondaga. 
 
 Plartsdale Westchester. 
 
 Hart's Falls Rensselaer, 
 
 Hartwick Otsego. 
 
 Plartwick Seminary Otsego. 
 
 Hartwood Sullivan. 
 
 Harvard Delaware. 
 
 Ilasbrouck Sullivan. 
 
 Haskell Flats Cattaraugus. 
 
 Haskin ville .Steuben. 
 
 Hastings Oswego. 
 
 Plast ings ( "ent re Oswego. 
 
 Ilastings-upon-IIudson.Westchester. 
 
 Hatfield St. Lawrence. 
 
 Hauppauge Suffolk. 
 
 * Branch of the Xew York Post Office. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 99 
 
 Havana Schuyler. 
 
 Huverstraw llockland. 
 
 Hawkiiisvillo Oneida. 
 
 Ilawlevton .Broome. 
 
 Ilaynersville Rensselaer. 
 
 Ilayt's Corners Seneca. 
 
 Hebron Washington. 
 
 Hccla A\"orks Oneida. 
 
 Hector Schuyler. 
 
 Hedgesville Steuben. 
 
 Heldcrburgl i Albany. 
 
 Helena St. Lawrence. 
 
 Plemlock Lake Livingston. 
 
 Hempstead Queens. 
 
 Henderson Jetferson. 
 
 Hendy Oreek ( 'hemung. 
 
 Henrietta jMonroe. 
 
 Llensonville Greene. 
 
 HERKIMER (e.h^ Herkimer. 
 
 Hermitage AVyoming. 
 
 Hermon St. Lawrence. 
 
 Pless Koad Station Niagara. 
 
 Heuvelton St. Lawrence. 
 
 Plewittville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Hibernia Dutchess. 
 
 Hickory Corners Niagara. 
 
 Llicks Chemung. 
 
 LLicksville Queens. 
 
 Higginsville Oneida. 
 
 High Bridge''^ New York. 
 
 High Falls Ulster. 
 
 Highland Ulster. 
 
 Highland Falls Orange. 
 
 Highland Mills Orange. 
 
 Highlands Station Putnam. 
 
 High Market Lewis. 
 
 High Woods Ulster. 
 
 Hill's Branch Cayuga. 
 
 Hillsdale Columbia. 
 
 Hill View Warren. 
 
 Hilton ville Allegany. 
 
 Himrod's Yates. 
 
 Hindsburgli ( )rleans. 
 
 Ilinmansville Oswego. 
 
 Hinsdale Cattaraugus. 
 
 Hoag's Corner Rensselaer. 
 
 Hobart Delaware. 
 
 Hoftman's Ferry Schenectady. 
 
 Hogansburgh Franklin. 
 
 * Branch of the Xcw York Post OflSce. 
 
 Holbrook Suffolk. 
 
 I Tolland Erie. 
 
 Holland Patent Oneida. 
 
 HoUey Orleans. 
 
 I lollowville Columbia. 
 
 Holmesville Chenango. 
 
 Holtsville Suffolk. 
 
 Homer Cortland. 
 
 Homowack Ulster. 
 
 Honeoye Ontario. 
 
 Honeoye Falls Monroe. 
 
 Hooper Broome. 
 
 Hooper's A^alley Tioga. 
 
 Hoosick Rensselaer. 
 
 Lloosick Falls Rensselaer. 
 
 Hope Hamilton. 
 
 Hope Falls Hamilton. 
 
 Hopewell Ontario. 
 
 Hopewell Centre Ontario. 
 
 Hopewell Junction Dutchess. 
 
 Hopkinton St. Lawrence. 
 
 Horicon Warren. 
 
 Hornby Steuben. 
 
 Hornellsville Steuben. 
 
 Horseheads Chemung. 
 
 Lloughton Creek Allegany. 
 
 Llouseville Lewis. 
 
 Howard Steuben. 
 
 Ho ward ville Oswego. 
 
 Howell's Depot ( h-ange. 
 
 Howe's Cave Schoharie. 
 
 Howlct Hill Onondaga. 
 
 IIubl)ardsville Madison. 
 
 HUDSON (e.h.) Columbia. 
 
 Hughsonvillc Dutchess. 
 
 Huguenot Orange. 
 
 Hulburton Orleans. 
 
 Hulett's Landing Washington. 
 
 Hull's Mills Dutchess. 
 
 Hume Allegany. 
 
 Humphrey Cattaraugus. 
 
 Hum})hrey Centre Cattaraugus. 
 
 Hum})lireysville Columbia. 
 
 Hunter Greene. 
 
 Hunter's Land Schoharie. 
 
 Huntington Suffolk. 
 
 Hunt's Livingston. 
 
 Hunt's Corners Cortland. 
 
 Hurley Ulster. 
 
 Hurlev ville Sullivan. 
 
^'^ITHBlioS.PHILA. -^=^= -.-T^ 
 
 CANANDAIGUA HOTEL. 
 
 NEW YORK STATE INSANE ASYLUM, AT WILLARD. 
 
STATE OF NEW YOnK. 
 
 101 
 
 Huron Wa^nie. 
 
 Hiisteds Dutchess. 
 
 Hyde Park Dutches-. 
 
 Hvndsville Schoharie. 
 
 Idlcwild Orange. 
 
 Ilion Herkimer. 
 
 Independence Allegany. 
 
 Indian Falls Genesee. 
 
 Indian Fields Albany. 
 
 Indian Lake Hamilton. 
 
 Indian River Lewis. 
 
 Ingalls' Crossing Oswego. 
 
 Ingham's Mills Herkimer. 
 
 Ingraham Clinton. 
 
 Ira Cayuga. 
 
 Ira Station Cayuga. 
 
 Ireland's Mills Chenango. 
 
 Irona Clinton. 
 
 Irondale Dutchess. 
 
 Iron Junction Dutchess. 
 
 Ironville Essex. 
 
 Irving Chautauqua. 
 
 Irvington Westchester. 
 
 Ischua Cattaraugus. 
 
 Islip Sutlblk. 
 
 Italy Hill Yates. 
 
 Italy Hollow Yates. 
 
 ITHACA (c. h.) Tompkins. 
 
 Jackson Corners Dutchess. 
 
 Jacksonville Tompkins. 
 
 Jack 's Reef. Onon daga . 
 
 JAMAICA (c. 1 1 .) Queens. 
 
 Jamesport Suflblk. 
 
 Jamestown Chautauc{ua. 
 
 Jamesville Onondaga. 
 
 Jasper Steuben. 
 
 Java AVyoming. 
 
 Java Village Wyoming. 
 
 Jay Essex. 
 
 Jeddo Orleans. 
 
 Jefferson Schoharie. 
 
 Jefferson A^alley A\"estchcster. 
 
 Jeffcrsonville Sullivan. 
 
 Jenksville Tioga. 
 
 Jericho Queens. 
 
 Jerome Westchester. 
 
 Jerusalem Albany. 
 
 Jewett Greene. 
 
 Jewett Centre Greene. 
 
 ■Johnsburgh Warren. 
 
 .Johnsonburgh Wyoming. 
 
 .fol 1 nson's Orange. 
 
 Johnson's Creek Niagara. 
 
 Johnsonville Rensselaer. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN (c. h.) Fulton. 
 
 .Johnsville Dutchess. 
 
 Jonesville Saratoga. 
 
 Jordan Onondaga. 
 
 Jordanville Herkimer. 
 
 Joy Wayne. 
 
 Junius Seneca. 
 
 Kanona. . Steuben. 
 
 Karner Albany. 
 
 Kasoag Oswego. 
 
 Katonah Westchester. 
 
 Kattelville Broome. 
 
 Ivattsk ill Bay Warren . 
 
 Keek's Centre Fulton. 
 
 Keefer's Corners Albany. 
 
 Keene Essex. 
 
 Keene Valley Essex. 
 
 Keeneville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Keeney's Settlement Cortland. 
 
 Keeseville Essex. 
 
 Kelloggsville ( ayuga. 
 
 Kelly's Corners Delaware. 
 
 Kendaia Seneca. 
 
 Kendall Orleans. 
 
 Kendall Mills Orleans. 
 
 Kendall Station Chemung. 
 
 Kennedy Chautauqua. 
 
 Kensico Westchester. 
 
 Kent Cliffs Putnam. 
 
 Kenyon ville Orleans. 
 
 Kerhoukson LTster. 
 
 Ketchum 's Corners Saratoga. 
 
 Ketchumville Tioga. 
 
 Kiantone Chautauqua. 
 
 Kidder's Ferry Seneca. 
 
 Killawog Broome. 
 
 Kill Buck Cattaraugus. 
 
 Kinderhook ( 'olumbia. 
 
 Kingsborough Fulton. 
 
 Kingsbridge* New York. 
 
 Kingsbury Washington. 
 
 King's Ferry Cayuga. 
 
 * Branch of the Xew York Post Office. 
 
102 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 KINGSTON (c. h.) .Ulster. 
 
 KimKy's Four Corners Oswego. 
 
 Kirkland Oneida. 
 
 Kirkville Onondaga. 
 
 Kirkwood Broome. 
 
 Kirk wood Centre Broome. 
 
 Kirsehnerville Lewis. 
 
 Kiskatom Greene. 
 
 Knapp's Creek Cattaraugus. 
 
 Knowcrsville Albany. 
 
 Knowlesville Orleans. 
 
 Knox Albany. 
 
 Knoxboro ( )neida. 
 
 Kortriglit Delaware. 
 
 Kuckville Orleans. 
 
 Kyserike Ulster. 
 
 Lackawack Ulster. 
 
 Lacona Oswego. 
 
 La Uargeville Jefferson. 
 
 La Fayette Onondaga. 
 
 La Fayctteville.' Dutchess. 
 
 La Grange Wyoming. 
 
 La ( Irangeville Dutchess. 
 
 Lairdsvi lie Oneida. 
 
 Lake Washington. 
 
 Lake 1 )ekvwarc Delaware. 
 
 LAKE GEORGE (c. h.) Warren. 
 
 Lake Grove Suffolk. 
 
 LakeHill Ulster. 
 
 Lakeport Madison. 
 
 Lake Ridge Tompkins. 
 
 Lake RoacI Niagara. 
 
 Lake Side AVayne. 
 
 Lake A'ie w Erie. 
 
 Lakeville Livingston. 
 
 Lake Wnccalnic Westchester. 
 
 Lakewood Chautauqua. 
 
 Lamb's Corners Broome. 
 
 Lamson's < )nondaga. 
 
 Lancaster Erie. 
 
 Lanesville Greene. 
 
 Langlbrd Erie. 
 
 Lansing Oswego. 
 
 Lansingburgh liensselaer. 
 
 Lansingville Tompkins. 
 
 Laona ( 'hautauqua. 
 
 Lapeer ( 'ortland. 
 
 Larchmont Westchester. 
 
 La Salle Niagara. 
 
 Lasellsville Fulton. 
 
 Laurel Hill (Queens. 
 
 Laurens Otsego. 
 
 Lawrence Schuyler. 
 
 Lawrence Station Queens. 
 
 Lawrenceville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Lawton Orange. 
 
 Lawton Station Erie. 
 
 Lawyersville Schoharie. 
 
 Lebanon Madison. 
 
 Lebanon Lake Sullivan. 
 
 Lebanon Springs Columljia. 
 
 Ledyard Cayuga. 
 
 Lee Oneida. 
 
 Lee Centre Oneida. 
 
 Leeds Greene. 
 
 Leedsville Dutchess. 
 
 Le Fever Falls Ulster. 
 
 Lenox Madison. 
 
 Leon ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 Leonards ville Madison. 
 
 Leptondale Orange. 
 
 Le Kaysville .Jefferson. 
 
 Le I^oy Genesee. 
 
 Levanna Cayuga. 
 
 LeAvis J^ssex. 
 
 Lewisborough Westchester. 
 
 Lewiston Niagara. 
 
 Lexington Greene. 
 
 Ley den Lewis. 
 
 Liberty Sullivan. 
 
 Liberty Falls Sullivan. 
 
 Liberty ville Ulster. 
 
 Lima Livingston. 
 
 Limerick Jefferson. 
 
 Limestone ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 Lincklaen ( 'henango. 
 
 Lincklaen Centre ( 'henango. 
 
 Lincoln Wayne. 
 
 Linden Genesee. 
 
 Lindley Steuben. 
 
 Linlithgo ( 'olumbia. 
 
 Lisbon St. Lawrence. 
 
 Lisbon Centre St. Lawrence. 
 
 Lisha's Kill Albany. 
 
 Lisle Broome. 
 
 Litchfield Herkimer. 
 
 Lithgow Dutchess. 
 
 Little Falls Herkimer. 
 
SAGE COLLEGE — COKNELL UNIVERSITY. 
 
 IT 
 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AND CHAPEL. 
 
104 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Little France Oswego. 
 
 Little Genesee Allegany. 
 
 Little Neck Queens. 
 
 Little Rest Dutchess. 
 
 Little Utica Onondaga. 
 
 LITTLE VALLEY (c h.i Cattaraugus. 
 
 Little York Cortland. 
 
 Liverpool Onondaga. 
 
 Livingston Columbia. 
 
 Livingstonvillc Schoharie. 
 
 Livonia Livingston. 
 
 Livonia Station Livingston. 
 
 Loch ]VIuller Essex. 
 
 Loch Sheldrake Sullivan. 
 
 Lock Berlin Wayne. 
 
 Locke. Cayuga. 
 
 LOCKPORT (c. h.) Niagara. 
 
 Lock wood Tioga. 
 
 Locust Grove Lewis. 
 
 Locust Valley Queens. 
 
 Lodi Seneca. 
 
 Lodi Centre Seneca. 
 
 Logan Schuyler. 
 
 Long Eddy Sullivan. 
 
 Long Island City Queens. 
 
 Long Lake Hamilton. 
 
 Long Year Ulster. 
 
 Loomis Delaware. 
 
 Looneyville Eric. 
 
 Lorclville Delaware. 
 
 Lorraine .Jefferson. 
 
 Lotville Fulton. 
 
 Loudonville Albany. 
 
 Louisville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Louisville ]janding St. Lawrence. 
 
 Lowell Oneida. 
 
 Lowman Chemung. 
 
 LOWVILLE (c. h.) Lewds. 
 
 Loxea Greene. 
 
 Loyd Ulster. 
 
 Ludingtonvillc Putnam. 
 
 Ludlowville Tompkins. 
 
 Lumberville Delaware. 
 
 Lummisville Wayne. 
 
 Luzerne Warren. 
 
 Lvndon ville Orleans. 
 
 LYONS (c.h.) AVayno. 
 
 Lyonsdale Lewis. 
 
 Lyons Falls Lewis. 
 
 Lysander Onondaga. 
 
 [ McClure Settlement Broome. 
 
 McConnellsville Oneida. 
 
 ' McDonough Chenango. 
 
 McGrawville Cortland. 
 
 Mclntyre Dutchess. 
 
 McKown ville All )any . 
 
 McLean Tompkins. 
 
 Mabbettsville Dutchess. 
 
 AhicDougall's Seneca. 
 
 ]\Iacedon Wayne. 
 
 Macedon Centre AVayne. 
 
 I\Iachias Cattaraugus. 
 
 ]\Iacomb St. Lawrence. 
 
 Madalin Duchess. 
 
 Madison Madison. 
 
 Madrid St. Lawrence. 
 
 Madrid Springs St. Lawrence. 
 
 Magee's Corners Seneca. 
 
 Mahopac Putnam. 
 
 Mahopac Falls Putnam. 
 
 Maine Broome. 
 
 Malcom Seneca. 
 
 Maiden Ulster. 
 
 ]\Ialden Bridge Columbia. 
 
 A iallorv Oswego. 
 
 MALONE(c.h.) Franklin. 
 
 Malta Saratoga- 
 Malta ville Saratoga. 
 
 IMamaroneck Westchester. 
 
 Manchester Ontario. 
 
 Manchester Bridge Dutchess. 
 
 JManchester Centre ( jntario. 
 
 Mandana Onondaga. 
 
 ]\Ianhanset House Suffolk. 
 
 Manhasset (Queens. 
 
 ]\hinlius Onondaga. 
 
 Manlius Centre Onondaga. 
 
 Manlius Station Onondaga. 
 
 Mannsville Jefferson. 
 
 Manor Kill Schoharie. 
 
 Manorville Suffolk. 
 
 IMansfield Dutchess. 
 
 Maple Grove Otsego. 
 
 Mai)le Street Niagara. 
 
 Mapleton Cayuga. 
 
 Maple Valley Otsego. 
 
 Marathon Cortland. 
 
 Marbletown Ulster. 
 
 Ahircellus Onondaga. 
 
 Marcellus Falls Onondaga. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 105 
 
 Marcy Oneida. 
 
 Marengo Wayne. 
 
 Margarettville I )elawarc. 
 
 Mariaville Hclienectady . 
 
 Marietta Onondaga. 
 
 ]\Iarilla Erie. 
 
 Mariner's Harbor Richmond. 
 
 ^Marion Wayne. 
 
 Marion ville Onondaga. 
 
 Markhani Cattaraugus. 
 
 Marlborough Ulster. 
 
 Marshlield Erie. 
 
 j\Iarsh ville Montgomery. 
 
 ]\Iartindale ])epot (Jolumbia. 
 
 Martinsburgh Lewis. 
 
 Martinsville ]N iagara. 
 
 Martville Cayuga. 
 
 Marvin Chautauqua. 
 
 i\Iaryland Otsego. 
 
 jNIason ville Delaware. 
 
 ]\Iaspeth Queens. 
 
 Massena St. Lawrence. 
 
 Massena Centre St. Lawrence. 
 
 Matteawan Dutchess. 
 
 Mattituck Suffolk. 
 
 ^layfield Fulton. 
 
 ]\Livnard Oneida. 
 
 MAYVILLE (c. h.) Chautauqua. 
 
 j\Iead's Creek Steuben. 
 
 Mechanicsville Saratoga. 
 
 ]Mecklenburgh Schuyler. 
 
 Medina Orleans. 
 
 Medusa Albany. 
 
 Medway Greene. 
 
 Mellenville Columbia. 
 
 Melrose Rensselaer. 
 
 Melville Suffolk. 
 
 ^Memphis Onondaga. 
 
 Mendon Monroe. 
 
 Mendon Centre ]\Ionroe. 
 
 Merchantville Steuben. 
 
 Meredith Delaware. 
 
 ^lereditli Hollow Delaware. 
 
 Meridian Cayuga. 
 
 Merrick Queens. 
 
 Merrick ville Delaware. 
 
 Merrifield Cayuga. 
 
 Merrillsville Franklin. 
 
 Messengerville Cortland. 
 
 Mettacahonts Leister. 
 
 Mexico Oswego. 
 
 Middleburgli Schoharie. 
 
 Middle Falls Washington. 
 
 Middlefield Otsego. 
 
 Middlefield Centre Otsego. 
 
 Middle Granville Washington. 
 
 Middle Grove Saratoga. 
 
 Middle Llope Orange. 
 
 Middle Island Suftblk. 
 
 Middleport Niagara. 
 
 Middlesex Yates. 
 
 Middle Sprite Fulton. 
 
 Middletown ( )range. 
 
 Middle A'illage (Queens. 
 
 Middleville Herkimer. 
 
 Midway Tompkins. 
 
 Milan Dutchess. 
 
 Mile Strip Madison. 
 
 Milford Otsego. 
 
 Millbrook Dutchess. 
 
 Miller's Corners Ontario. 
 
 Miller's Mills Herkimer. 
 
 Miller's Place Suffolk. 
 
 Millersport Erie. 
 
 Millerton Dutchess. 
 
 Mill Grove Erie. 
 
 Mill Point Montgomery. 
 
 Mill Port Chemung. 
 
 Mills' Corners Fulton. 
 
 Mills' Mills Allegany. 
 
 Millville Orleans. 
 
 Milo Centre Yates. 
 
 Milton Ulster. 
 
 Milton Centre Saratoga. 
 
 Mina Chautauqua. 
 
 Minaville Montgomery. 
 
 Minden Montgomery, 
 
 Mine Kill Falls Schoharie. 
 
 Mineola Queens. 
 
 Mineral Springs Schoharie. 
 
 Minerva Essex. 
 
 Minetto Oswego. 
 
 Minevillc Essex. 
 
 Minisink Orange. 
 
 Mitchellsville Steuben. 
 
 Modena Ulster. 
 
 ^lofhtts ville Clinton. 
 
 jNIohawk Herkimer. 
 
 Mohawk Hill Lewis. 
 
 Moira Franklin. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 107 
 
 Molino Oswego. 
 
 Mombaccus Ulster. 
 
 Mongaup Sullivan. 
 
 Moiigaup Vallc}' Sullivan. 
 
 Monroe Orange. 
 
 Monroe Works Orange. 
 
 Monsey Rockland. 
 
 Montague Lewis. 
 
 Monterey Schuyler. 
 
 jMontezunui Cayuga. 
 
 Montgomcr V Orange. 
 
 MONTICELLOlc. h.) Sullivan. 
 
 Mont Moor Rockland. 
 
 Montrose Westchester. 
 
 ]\Ioodna Orange. 
 
 Mooers Clinton. 
 
 Mooers Forks Clinton. 
 
 Moons Chautauqua. 
 
 Moore's Mill Dutchess. 
 
 ]\Ioose River Lewis. 
 
 IMoravia Cayuga. 
 
 Morehouseville Llamilton. 
 
 ]\Ioreland Schuyler. 
 
 Morganville Genesee. 
 
 Moriah , Essex. 
 
 Moriah Centre Essex. 
 
 Moriches Suffolk. 
 
 Morley St. Lawrence. 
 
 Morris Otsego. 
 
 Morrisania* New York. 
 
 Morrisoaville Clinton. 
 
 ]\Iorristown St. Lawrence. 
 
 MORRISVlLLEfcli.) Madison. 
 
 Morrisville Station Madison . 
 
 INIorsston Depot Sullivan. 
 
 Morton's Corners Erie. 
 
 Moscow Livingston. 
 
 Moses Kill Washington. 
 
 Mosherville Saratoga. 
 
 Mott's Corners Tompkins. 
 
 INIottville ( Jnondaga. 
 
 ]Mountain Dale Sullivan. 
 
 Mountainville Orange. 
 
 IMount Hope Orange. 
 
 Mount Kisco Westchester. 
 
 IMount Lebanon Columbia. 
 
 ]\Iount Morris Livingston. 
 
 IMount Read IMonroe. 
 
 Mount Riga Dutchess. 
 
 * Branch of the New York Post Office. 
 
 Mount Ross Dutchess. 
 
 Mount Sinai Sufiblk. 
 
 Mount Upton Chenango. 
 
 Mount A'ernon Westchester. 
 
 Mount A^ision Otsego. 
 
 Muitzcskill Rensselaer. 
 
 Mumford Monroe. 
 
 Munson ville Fulton. 
 
 Munsville Madison. 
 
 Murray Orleans. 
 
 Nanuet Rockland. 
 
 Na})anock Ulster. 
 
 Naples Ontario. 
 
 Napoli Cattaraugus. 
 
 Narrowsburgh Sullivan. 
 
 Nashville Chautauqua. 
 
 Nassau Rensselaer. 
 
 Natural Bridge .Jefferson . 
 
 Naumburgh Lewis. 
 
 Navarino Onondaga. 
 
 Neil's Creek Steuben. 
 
 Nelson Madison. 
 
 Neperan Westchester. 
 
 Neversink Sullivan. 
 
 Nevis Columbia. 
 
 New Albion Cattaraugus. 
 
 Newark Wayne. 
 
 Newark A^alley Tioga. 
 
 New Baltimore Oreene. 
 
 New Berlin Chenango. 
 
 New Berlin Centre Chenango. 
 
 New Boston Lewis. 
 
 New Bremen Lewis. 
 
 New Brighton Richmond. 
 
 NEWBURi3H(c.h.) Orange. 
 
 New Castle Westchester. 
 
 New Centreville Oswego. 
 
 NEW CITY (c.h.) Rockland. 
 
 Newcomb Essex. 
 
 New Concord Columbia. 
 
 New Dorp Richmond. 
 
 Newfane Niagara. 
 
 Newfane Station Niagara. 
 
 Newf] eld. Tompkins. 
 
 New Hackensack Dutchess. 
 
 New Hamburgh Dutchess. 
 
 New Hampton Orange. 
 
 New Hartford Oneida. 
 
 New Haven Oswego. 
 
lUf:5 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 New Hope Ca}-uga. 
 
 New Hudson Allegany. 
 
 New Hurley Ulster. 
 
 New Hyde Park Queens. 
 
 New Kingston Delaware. 
 
 Newkirk Mills Fulton. 
 
 New Lebanon Columbia. 
 
 New Lebanon Centre Columbia. 
 
 New Lisbon Otsego. 
 
 New London Oneida. 
 
 NeAV Milford Orange. 
 
 New Oregon Erie. 
 
 New Paltz Ulster. 
 
 Newport Herkimer. 
 
 New Rochelle Westchester. 
 
 New Russia Essex. 
 
 New Salem Albany. 
 
 New Scotland Albany. 
 
 New Springville liichmond. 
 
 Newton's Corners Hamilton. 
 
 Newtonville Albany. 
 
 Newtown Queens. 
 
 New LTtrecbt Kings. 
 
 Newville Herkimer. 
 
 New Woodstock ]\Iadison. 
 
 NEW YORK (c.h.) New York. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 A, 595 Broadway. 
 
 B, 382 Grand St. 
 
 C, 583 Hudson St. 
 
 D, 4 Coo})er Union. 
 
 E, 405 Eighth Ave. 
 
 F, 550 Third Ave. 
 
 G, 1G07 Broadway. 
 H, 1009 Third Axe. 
 
 K, Third Aye. and 8Gth St. 
 
 L. Harlem. 
 
 M. 
 
 Fordham. 
 
 High Bridge. 
 
 Kingsbridgc. 
 
 Morrisania, 3d Aye. cor. 150th St. 
 
 Riyerdale. 
 
 Tremont. 
 
 West Farms. 
 
 New York Mills Oneida. 
 
 Niagara Falls Niagara. 
 
 Nichols Tioga. 
 
 Nicholyille St. Lawrence. 
 
 Nile Allegany. 
 
 Niles Cayuga. 
 
 Nina... Tompkins. 
 
 Nineyeh Broome. 
 
 Niskayuna Schenectady. 
 
 Niyeryille Columbia. 
 
 Norfolk St. Lawrence. 
 
 Northampton , Fulton. 
 
 North Argyle Washington. 
 
 North Bangor P'ranklin. 
 
 North Barton Tioga. 
 
 North Bay Oneida. 
 
 North Bergen Genesee. 
 
 North Blenheim Schoharie. 
 
 North Bloomfield Ontario. 
 
 North Bolton AYarren. 
 
 North Boston Erie. 
 
 North Branch Sulliyan. 
 
 North Bridge water Oneida. 
 
 North Broadalbin Fulton. 
 
 North Brookfield Madison. 
 
 North Cameron Steuben. 
 
 North Castle Westchester. 
 
 North Chatham Columbia. 
 
 North Chemung Chemung. 
 
 North Chili Monroe. 
 
 North Cloye Dutchess. 
 
 North Clymer Chautauqua. 
 
 North Cohocton. Steuben. 
 
 North Colesyille Broome. 
 
 North Collins Erie. 
 
 North Constantia Oswego. 
 
 North Creek Warren. 
 
 North Cuba Allegany. 
 
 North Easton Washington. 
 
 North Edmeston Otsego. 
 
 North Elba Essex. 
 
 North Eyans Erie. 
 
 North Fen ton Broome. 
 
 North Franklin Delaware. 
 
 North Gage Oneida. 
 
 North Gal way Saratoga. 
 
 North Germantowji Columbia. 
 
 North Granyille Washington. 
 
 North G reecc Monroe. 
 
 North Greenfield Saratoga. 
 
 North Cireenwich Washington. 
 
 North Hamden Delaware. 
 
 North I himlin Monroe. 
 
 North Hammond St. LaAvrence. 
 
 North Hannibal Oswego. 
 
COTTAGE AT SL\ EPNE ON SENECA 
 
 COOK ACADEMY, UAVAXA, N. Y. 
 
110 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 North Harpersfield Delaware. 
 
 North Hartland Niagara. 
 
 North Hebron Washington. 
 
 North Hector Schuyler. 
 
 North Hillsdale Columbia. 
 
 North Hoosick Renssela:er . 
 
 North Hudson Essex. 
 
 North Huron Wayne. 
 
 North Jasper Steuben. 
 
 North Java Wyoming. 
 
 North Kortright Delaware. 
 
 North Lansing Tompkins. 
 
 North Lawrence St. Lawrence. 
 
 North Litchfield Herkimer. 
 
 North Manlius ( )nondaga. 
 
 North Nassau Kensselaer. 
 
 North Norwich Chenango. 
 
 North Parma Monroe. 
 
 North Pembroke. Genesee. 
 
 North Petersburgh Rensselaer. 
 
 North Pharsalia Chenango. 
 
 North Pitcher Chenango. 
 
 Northport Suffolk. 
 
 North Reading Schuyler. 
 
 * North Ridge... Niagara. 
 
 North Ridgeway Orleans. 
 
 North River Warren. 
 
 North Rose Wayne. 
 
 North Rush Monroe. 
 
 North Russell St. Lawrence. 
 
 North Salem Westchester. 
 
 North Sanford Broome. 
 
 North Scriba... , Oswego. 
 
 North Sparta Livingston. 
 
 North Spencer Tioga. 
 
 North Stephentown Rensselaer. 
 
 North Stockholm St. Lawrence. 
 
 North Tarry town Westchester. 
 
 Northumberland Saratoga. 
 
 Nortl 1 Urbana Steuben. 
 
 Nortli "N^ictory Cayuga. 
 
 Nort hville ..."'. Fidton. 
 
 North ^"olney Oswego. 
 
 North Walton Delaware. 
 
 North Western.... Oneida. 
 
 North Wilna Ti'f ferson. 
 
 North Winiield Herkimer. 
 
 North AVolcott Wayne. 
 
 Norton Hill Greene. 
 
 Norway Herkimer. 
 
 NORWICH (c. h.) Chenango. 
 
 Norwich Corners Herkimer. 
 
 Norwood St. Lawrence. 
 
 Noxon Dutchess. 
 
 Number Four Lewis. 
 
 Nunda Livingston. 
 
 Nyack Rockland. 
 
 Oakdale Station Suftblk. 
 
 Oaktield Genesee. 
 
 Oak Hill Greene. 
 
 Oakland Livingston. 
 
 Oakland ^^alley Sullivan. 
 
 Oak Orchard Orleans. 
 
 Oak l^idge Montgomerv. 
 
 Oak's Corners ( Jntario. 
 
 Oaksville Otsego. 
 
 Obi Allegany. 
 
 Oceanus Queens. 
 
 Odessa Schuyler. 
 
 Ogden Monroe. 
 
 Og(len.sburgh St. Lawrence. 
 
 Ohio Herkimer. 
 
 Ohioville Ulster. 
 
 Olcott Niagara. 
 
 Old Chatham Columbia. 
 
 Old Westbury Queens. 
 
 Olean ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 Olive Ulster. 
 
 Olive Bridge Ulster. 
 
 Olmstedville Essex. 
 
 Omar Jefferson. 
 
 On eida Madison. 
 
 On eida Castle Oneida. 
 
 Oneida Lake ^ladison. 
 
 Oneida Valley Madison. 
 
 Oneonta Otsego. 
 
 Onondaga Onondaga. 
 
 Onondaga Castle Onondaga. 
 
 Onondaga ^'alley Onondaga. 
 
 Onoville ( "attaraugus. 
 
 ( )ntario A\'ayne. 
 
 Ontario Centre Wayne. 
 
 Open Meadows ( 'hautauqua. 
 
 Oppenheim Fulton. 
 
 Oranicl Allegany. 
 
 Oran Onondaga. 
 
 Orangcburgh Rockland. 
 
 Orangeport Niagara. 
 
 Orange ville A\'yoming. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Oregon Warren. 
 
 Orient Suffolk. 
 
 Oriskany Oneida. 
 
 Oriskany Falls Oneida. 
 
 Orleans Ontario. 
 
 Orleans Four Corners Jefferson. 
 
 Orwell Oswego. 
 
 Osborne Hollow Broome. 
 
 Osborn's Bridge Fulton. 
 
 Osceola Lewis. 
 
 Ossian Livingston. 
 
 OSWEGO (c.h.) Oswego. 
 
 Oswego Centre Oswego. 
 
 Oswego Falls Oswego. 
 
 Otego Otsego. 
 
 Otisco Onondaga. 
 
 Otisco Valley Onondaga. 
 
 Otisville Orange. 
 
 Otsdawa Otsego. 
 
 Otselic .Chenango. 
 
 Otselic Centre Chenango. 
 
 Otto Cattaraugus. 
 
 Ouaquaga Broome. 
 
 Ouleout Delaware. 
 
 OVID (c.h.) Seneca. 
 
 Ovid Centre Seneca. 
 
 Owasco Cayuga. 
 
 wasco Lake Cayuga. 
 
 OWEGO (c. h.) Tioga. 
 
 Owen's Mills Chemung. 
 
 Oxbow Jefferson. 
 
 Oxford Chenango. 
 
 Oxford Depot Orange. 
 
 Oyster Bay Queens. 
 
 Padelford's Ontario. 
 
 Page Brook Chenango. 
 
 Page's Corners Llerkimer. 
 
 Paine's Hollow Herkimer. 
 
 Painted Post Steuben. 
 
 Palatine Bridge ^lontgomery. 
 
 Palenville Greene. 
 
 Palermo Oswego. 
 
 Palisades liockland. 
 
 Palmer Saratoga. 
 
 Palmyra Wayne. 
 
 Pamelia Four Corners Jefferson. 
 
 Panama Chautauqua. 
 
 Paradise Orange. 
 
 Paris Oneida. 
 
 I'arish Oswego. 
 
 Parish ville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Parlshville Centre St. Lawrence. 
 
 Park Chemung. 
 
 Parksville Sullivan. 
 
 Park ville Kino-s. 
 
 Parma Monroe. 
 
 Parma Centre Monroe. 
 
 Patchin Erie. 
 
 Patchogue Suffolk. 
 
 Patten's Mills Washington. 
 
 Patterson Putnam. 
 
 Pattersonville Schenectady. 
 
 Paul Smith 's Frankl i n. 
 
 Pavilion Genesee. 
 
 Pavilion Centre Genesee. 
 
 Pawling Dutchess. 
 
 Pearl Creek Wyoming. 
 
 Pearl River liockland. 
 
 Pearsall's Queens. 
 
 Peasleeville Clinton. 
 
 Peconic Suffolk. 
 
 Peekskill Westchester. 
 
 Pekin Niagara. 
 
 Pelham Westchester. 
 
 Pelham IVIanor W^estchester. 
 
 Pelhamville Westchester. 
 
 Pembroke Genesee. 
 
 Pendleton Niagara. 
 
 Pendleton Centre Niagara. 
 
 Penfield Monroe. 
 
 Pennell ville Oswego. 
 
 PENNYAN(c.h.) Yates. 
 
 Peoria Wyoming. 
 
 Pepacton Delaware. 
 
 Perch Piver Jefferson. 
 
 Pcrkinsville Steuben. 
 
 Perry A\\vom i ng. 
 
 Perry Centre Wyoming. 
 
 Perry City Schuyler. 
 
 Perrysburgh Cattaraugus. 
 
 Perry's Mills Clinton. 
 
 Perry ville Madison. 
 
 Persia Cattaraugus. 
 
 Perth Fulton. 
 
 Peru Clinton. 
 
 Peruville Tompkins. 
 
 Peterborougli .INIadison. 
 
 Petersburgh Rensselaer. 
 
 Petrie's Corners Lewis. 
 
COKMMr GLASS WORKS— THE CUTTING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 .^^^^fl 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 n;] 
 
 Petrolia Allegany. 
 
 Pharsalia Cheiiaiigo. 
 
 Phelps Ontario. 
 
 Philadelphia Jellerson. 
 
 Phi llil)'s Creek Allegany. 
 
 Phillipsport Sullivan. 
 
 Philmont.. Columbia. 
 
 Phaaiicia Ulster. 
 
 Phuenix Oswego. 
 
 Phaniix Mills Otsego. 
 
 Pieree's Monroe. 
 
 Piermont Roekland. 
 
 Pierrcpont St. Lawrence. 
 
 Pierrepont IManor J efferson. 
 
 Piffard Livingston. 
 
 Pike ^^^•onl ing. 
 
 Pike Pond Sullivan. 
 
 Pikeville Allegany. 
 
 Pillar Point Jefferson, 
 
 Pinckney Lewis. 
 
 Pine Bush Orange. 
 
 PineCitv Chemung. 
 
 Pine Hill Ulster. 
 
 Pine Island Orange. 
 
 Pine Lake Fulton. 
 
 Pilic Plains Dutchess. 
 
 Pino A'alley Chemung. 
 
 Pi ne AVoods Madison. 
 
 Piseco Hamilton. 
 
 Pitcairn St. Lawrence. 
 
 Pitcher Chenango. 
 
 Pitcher Springs Chenango. 
 
 Pittsfield Otsego. 
 
 Pittsford Monroe. 
 
 Pittstown Rensselaer. 
 
 Plainfield Centre Otsego. 
 
 Plainvillc Onondaga. 
 
 Plank Road Onondaga. 
 
 Piatt Clove Greene. 
 
 Plattekill Ulster. 
 
 PLAHSBURGH (c. h.j Clinton. 
 
 Pleasant Brook Otsego. 
 
 Pleasant Plains Dutchess. 
 
 Pleasant Ridge Dutchess. 
 
 Pleasant Valley Dutchess. 
 
 Pleasantvillc Westchester. 
 
 Pleasantville Station Westchester. 
 
 Ple.ssis Jefferson. 
 
 Ploughs Tompkins. 
 
 Plymouth Chenango. 
 
 Poelsburgh Col umbia. 
 
 Poestenkill Ren.sselaer. 
 
 Point Au Rock Clinton. 
 
 Point Chautauqua Chautau(|ua. 
 
 Point Peninsula Jefferson. 
 
 Point Rock Oneida. 
 
 Poland Herkimer. 
 
 Poland Centre Chautauc jua. 
 
 Pomona Rock 1 and. 
 
 Pompey Onondaga. 
 
 Pompey Centre Onondaga. 
 
 Pond Eddy Sullivan. 
 
 Poney Hollow Tompkins. 
 
 Pontiac Erie. 
 
 Poolville Madison. 
 
 Poi)e's Mills St. Lawrence. 
 
 Poplar Ridge Cayuga. 
 
 Portage ville Wyoming. 
 
 Port Byron Cayuga. 
 
 Port Chester Westchester. 
 
 Port ( 'rane Broome. 
 
 Port Dickinson Broome. 
 
 Porter's Corners Saratoga. 
 
 Porterville Erie. 
 
 Port Ewen Ulster- 
 Port Gibson Ontario. 
 
 Port Henry Essex. 
 
 Port Jackson Montgomery. 
 
 Port Jefferson Suffolk. 
 
 Port Jervis Orange. 
 
 Port Kent Essex. 
 
 Portland Chautauc|ua. 
 
 Portlandville Otsego. 
 
 Port Leyden Lewis. 
 
 Port Ontario Oswego. 
 
 Port Richmond Richmond. 
 
 Portville Cattaraugus. 
 
 Port Washington Queens. 
 
 Post Creek Chemung. 
 
 Potsdam St. Lawrence. 
 
 Potter Yates. 
 
 Potter Hill Rensselaer. 
 
 Potter's Hollow Albany. 
 
 Potters vi lie Warren. 
 
 POUGHKEEPSIE (c. h.) Dutchess. 
 
 Poughquag Dutchess. 
 
 Poundridge Westchester. 
 
 Prattham Oswego. 
 
 Prattsburgh Steuben. 
 
 Pratt's Hollow Madison. 
 
114 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Prattsville Greene. 
 
 Preble Cortland. 
 
 Preston Chenango. 
 
 Preston Hollow Albany. 
 
 Prince's Bay Richmond. 
 
 Princetown Schenectady. 
 
 Promised Land Suffolk. 
 
 Prospect Oneida. 
 
 Prospect Grove Suffol k. 
 
 Prospect Station Chautauqua. 
 
 Protection Erie. 
 
 Pulaski Oswego. 
 
 Pultncy Steuben. 
 
 Pultney ville Wayne. 
 
 Purchase Westchester. 
 
 Purdy Creek Steuben. 
 
 Purdy's Station Westchester. 
 
 Purvis Sullivan. 
 
 Putnam Washington. 
 
 Putnam Station Washington. 
 
 Pu tnam Valley Putnam. 
 
 Quacken Kill Rensselaer. 
 
 Quaker Hill Dutchess. 
 
 Quaker Springs Saratoga. 
 
 Quaker Street Schenectady. 
 
 Quarry ville Ulster. 
 
 Queens Queens. 
 
 Queensbury Warren. 
 
 Quogue Suflblk. 
 
 Raccvillc Washington. 
 
 Racket River St. Lawrence. 
 
 Ramapo Rockland. 
 
 Randall Montgomery. 
 
 Randall Road Niagara. 
 
 Randallsvillc Madison. 
 
 Randolpli Cattaraugus. 
 
 Ransom ville Niagara. 
 
 Rapids Niagara. 
 
 Rathboneville Steuben. 
 
 Ravens\voo(l Queens. 
 
 Rawson Cattaraugus. 
 
 Ray Brook Essex. 
 
 Ray mertown Rensselaer. 
 
 Raymondvillc St. Lawrence. 
 
 Ray ville Columbia. 
 
 Reading Schuyler. 
 
 Reading Centre Schuyler. 
 
 Reber Essex. 
 
 Red Creek Wayne. 
 
 Red Falls Greene. 
 
 Redfield Oswego. 
 
 Redford Clinton. 
 
 Red Hook Dutchess. 
 
 Red House Cattaraugus. 
 
 Red Jacket. . . Erie. 
 
 Red Rock Columbia. 
 
 Redwood Jefferson. 
 
 Reed's Corners Ontario. 
 
 Reidsville Albany. 
 
 Remsen Oneida. 
 
 Rensselaer Falls St. Lawrence. 
 
 Rensselaerville Albany. 
 
 Reserve Erie. 
 
 Rexford Flats Saratoga. 
 
 Rexville Steuben. 
 
 Reynale's Basin Niagara. 
 
 Reynolds Rensselaer. 
 
 Reynoldsvillc Schuyler. 
 
 Rheim's Steuben. 
 
 Rhinebeck Dutchess. 
 
 Rhinecliff Dutchess. 
 
 Richburgh Alleganv. 
 
 Richfield Otsego. 
 
 Richfield Springs Otsego. 
 
 Richford Tioga. 
 
 Richland Oswego. 
 
 mCHMOND (c. h.) Richmond. 
 
 Richmond Hill.. , Queens. 
 
 Richmond ]\Iills Ontario. 
 
 Richmondville Schoharie. 
 
 Rich ville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Rider's Mills Columbia. 
 
 Ridge Livingston. 
 
 Ridgebury Orange. 
 
 Ridge Mills Oneida. 
 
 Ridge Road Niagara. 
 
 Ridgcway Orleans. 
 
 Ridgewood (Queens. 
 
 Rifton Cilen Ulster. 
 
 Riga Monroe. 
 
 Riker's Hollow Steuben. 
 
 Ripley Chautauqua. 
 
 Risingville Steuben. 
 
 Riverdale* New York. 
 
 RIVERHEAD (c. h.) Suffolk. 
 
 Riverside Broome. 
 
 Robertsonville Sullivan. 
 
 * Branch of the New York Post Office. 
 
IN "ROCK CITY," WESTERN DIVISION, ERIE RAILWAY 
 
IIG 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ROCHESTER (c. h.) Monroe. 
 
 liock City Dutchess. 
 
 Rock City Falls Saratoga. 
 
 Rockdale Chenango. 
 
 Rock Clcnn Wyoming. 
 
 Rockland Sullivan. 
 
 Rockland Lake Rockland. 
 
 Rock Rift Delaware. 
 
 Rock Stream , Yates. 
 
 Rock ^'iew Cattaraugus. 
 
 Rock ville Centre Queens. 
 
 Rockwell's jNlills Chenango. 
 
 Rock wood Fulton. 
 
 Rocky Point Suffolk. 
 
 Rodman Jefferson. 
 
 Rogersfield Clinton. 
 
 Rogers Rock Essex. 
 
 Rome Oneida. 
 
 Romulus Seneca. 
 
 Rondout Ulster. 
 
 Ronkonkoma Suffolk. 
 
 Roscoe Sullivan. 
 
 Rose Wayne. 
 
 Roseboom Otsego. 
 
 Rosendalc Ulster. 
 
 Rosiere Jefferson. 
 
 Roslyn Queens. 
 
 Rossie St. Lawrence. 
 
 Ross Mills Chautauqua. 
 
 Rossville Richmond. 
 
 Round Lake Saratoga. 
 
 Round Top Greene. 
 
 Jiouse's Point Clinton . 
 
 Rowland Dutchess. 
 
 Roxbury Delaware. 
 
 Roy alton Niagara. 
 
 Rural (J rove Montgomerv. 
 
 Rural Ilill .Jefferson. 
 
 Rush JNIonroe. 
 
 Rushford Allegany. 
 
 Rush ville Yates. 
 
 Puskey Dutchess. 
 
 Russell St. Lawrence. 
 
 Russia Herkimer. 
 
 Rutland Jefferson. 
 
 Rye Westchester. 
 
 Ry nex's Corners Schenectady. 
 
 Sabbath Day Point Warren. 
 
 Sackett's Harbor Jefferson. 
 
 SAGEVILLE (c. h.) Hamilton. 
 
 Sagg Suffolk. 
 
 Sag Harbor Suffolk. 
 
 Saint Andrew's Orange. 
 
 Saint James Suffolk. 
 
 Saint Johnland Suffolk. 
 
 Saint .Johnsburgh Niagara. 
 
 Saint Johnsville Montgomery. 
 
 Saint Lawrence Jefferson. 
 
 Saint Regis Falls Franklin. 
 
 Salamanca Cattaraugus. 
 
 Salem Washington. 
 
 Salem Centre Westchester. 
 
 Salisbury Herkimer. 
 
 Salisbury Centre Herkimer. 
 
 Salisbury INIills Orange. 
 
 Salmon River Oswego. 
 
 Salt Point Dutchess. 
 
 Salt Springville Otsego. 
 
 Sammons ville Fulton. 
 
 Samsonville Ulster. 
 
 Sanborn Niagara. 
 
 Sand Bank Oswego. 
 
 Sand Lake Rensselaer. 
 
 Sandusky Cattaraugus. 
 
 Sandy Creek Oswego. 
 
 Sandy Hill Washington. 
 
 Sanford Broome. 
 
 Sanford's Corners Jefferson. 
 
 Sangerfield Oneida. 
 
 Saranac Clinton. 
 
 Saranac Lake Franklin. 
 
 Saratoga Springs Saratoga. 
 
 Sardinia Erie. 
 
 Saugerties Ulster. 
 
 Sauquoit Oneida. 
 
 Savannah Wayne. 
 
 Savill Ora nge. 
 
 Savona Steuben. 
 
 Sa wens Genesee. 
 
 Saxton Leister. 
 
 Say ville Sutiblk. 
 
 Scarborough A\'estchester. 
 
 Scarsdale Westchester. 
 
 SCHENECTADY (c. h.) Schenectady. 
 
 Scliencvus Otsego. 
 
 Schodack Centre Rensselaer. 
 
 Schodack Depot Rensselaer. 
 
 Schodack Landing Rensselaer. 
 
 SCHOHARIE ( c. h.) Schoharie. 
 
 Schroon J--ake Essex. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 117 
 
 Schroon River Essex. 
 
 Schultzville Dutchess. 
 
 Schuyler's Falls Cliutou. 
 
 Schuyler's Lake Otsego. 
 
 Schuy lersville Saratoga. 
 
 Scio Allegany. 
 
 Sciota Clinton. 
 
 Scipio Cayuga. 
 
 Scipioville Cayugii. 
 
 Scotch Bush Montgomery. 
 
 Scotchtt)wn Orange. 
 
 Scotia Schenectady. 
 
 Scott Cortland. 
 
 Scottsburgh Jjivingston. 
 
 Scottsville Monroe. 
 
 Scriba Oswego. 
 
 Sea Clitt' O^^^cens. 
 
 Seaford Queens. 
 
 Searsburgh Schuyler. 
 
 Searsville Orange. 
 
 Sea Side. ■ liichmond. 
 
 Seely Creek Chemung. 
 
 Selden Suttblk. 
 
 Sempronius Cayuga. 
 
 Seneca Castle Ontario. 
 
 Seneca Falls Seneca. 
 
 Sennett Cayuga. 
 
 Setauket Suffolk. 
 
 Seward Schoharie. 
 
 Shakers Albany. 
 
 Shandaken Ulster. 
 
 Sharon Schoharie. 
 
 Sharon ( 'entre Schoharie. 
 
 Sharon Springs Schoharie. 
 
 Sharon Station Dutchess. 
 
 Sha vertown DelaAvare. 
 
 Shawangunk Ulster. 
 
 Shawnee Niagara. 
 
 Shed's ( 'orners Madison. 
 
 Sheen water Erie. 
 
 Shekomeko Dutchess. 
 
 Shell)y Orleans. 
 
 Shelby Basin Orleans. 
 
 Sheldon Wyoming. 
 
 Sheldrake , Seneca. 
 
 Shelter Island Suflblk. 
 
 Shelving Kock Washington. 
 
 Sherburne ( "henango. 
 
 Sherburne Four Corners. ..Chenango. 
 Sheridan Chautauc^ua. 
 
 Sherman Chautauqua. 
 
 Sherwood Cayuga. 
 
 Shin Creek Sullivan. 
 
 Shirle}' Erie. 
 
 Shokan Ulster. 
 
 Shongo Allegany. 
 
 Shortsvillc Ontario. 
 
 Short Tract Allegany. 
 
 Shrub Oak AVe.stchester. 
 
 Shunpike J)utchess. 
 
 Shushan \\'ashington. 
 
 Shutter's Corners Schoharie. 
 
 Sidney Delaware. 
 
 Sidney Centre Delaware. 
 
 Sidney Plains Delaware. 
 
 Silver Creek Chautauqua. 
 
 Sinclairville Chautauqua. 
 
 Sing Sing Westchester. 
 
 Skaneateles , Onondaga. 
 
 Skaneateles Falls Onondaga. 
 
 Slate Hill Orange. 
 
 Slaterville Tompkins. 
 
 Slingerland's Albany. 
 
 Sliters Hen-sselaer. 
 
 Sloansville Schoharie. 
 
 Sloatsburgh Rockland. 
 
 Smith's Basin Washington. 
 
 Smithsborough Tioga. 
 
 Smith's Landing Greene. 
 
 Smith's Mills Chautauqua. 
 
 Smith town Suffolk. 
 
 Smithtown Branch Suffolk. 
 
 Smith A'alley Schuyler. 
 
 Smithville Jefferson. 
 
 Smith vi He Flats Chenango. 
 
 Smithville South Queens. 
 
 Smyrna Chenango. 
 
 Snowdon Otsego. 
 
 Snydervillc Columbia. 
 
 Sodus Wayne. 
 
 Sodus Centre Wayne. 
 
 Sodus Point Wayne. 
 
 Solon Cortland. 
 
 Sols ville Madison. 
 
 Somers Westchester. 
 
 Somers Centre Westchester. 
 
 Somerset Niagara. 
 
 Somerville St. Lawrence. 
 
 Sonora Steuben. 
 
 Sony ea Livingston. 
 
CAMPING OUT. 
 
 BLUE MOUNTAIN LAKE. — ADUIONDACKS. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 no 
 
 South Addison Steuben. 
 
 South Akibama Genesee. 
 
 South Albion Oswego. 
 
 South Amenia Dutchess, 
 
 Suuthami:)ton Suffolk. 
 
 South Apalaehin Tioga. 
 
 South Argyle Washington. 
 
 South Avon Livingston. 
 
 South Ballston Saratoga. 
 
 South BaiTC Orleans. 
 
 South Berlin Rensselaer. 
 
 South Berne A Ibany. 
 
 South Bethlehem Albany. 
 
 South Bolivar xVllegany. 
 
 South Bombay Franklin. 
 
 South Bradford Steuben. 
 
 South Bristol Ontario. 
 
 South Brookfield Madison. 
 
 South Buffalo Erie. 
 
 South Butler Way u e. 
 
 South Byron Genesee. 
 
 South Cairo Greene. 
 
 South Cameron Steuben. 
 
 South Canisteo Steuben. 
 
 South Centrevillc Orange. 
 
 South Champion Jefferson. 
 
 South Colton St, Lawrence. 
 
 South Columbia Herkimer. 
 
 South Corinth Saratoga. 
 
 South Cortland Cortland. 
 
 South Cuy ler Cortland . 
 
 South Danby Tompkins. 
 
 South Lansville Steuben. 
 
 South Dayton Cattaraugus. 
 
 South Dover Dutchess. 
 
 Seuth Durham Greene. 
 
 South Easton Washington. 
 
 South Edmeston Otsego. 
 
 South Edwards St. Lawrence. 
 
 South Erin Chemung. 
 
 South Eallslnirgh Sullivan. 
 
 South Gates ]\Ionroe. 
 
 South Gilboa Schoharie. 
 
 South Glens Falls Saratoga. 
 
 South Granby Oswego. 
 
 South Granville Washington. 
 
 South Greece Monroe. 
 
 South Greenfield Saratoga. 
 
 South Hamilton ^Madison. 
 
 So Lith Hannibal . Oswego. 
 
 South Hartford Washington. 
 
 South Hartwick (Jtsego. 
 
 South I laven Suffolk. 
 
 South Howard Steuben. 
 
 South Jefferson Schoharie. 
 
 South Kortright Delaware. 
 
 South Lansing Tompkins. 
 
 South Lima Livingston. 
 
 South Livonia Livingston. 
 
 South New Berlin Chenango. 
 
 South New Haven Oswego. 
 
 South Newstead Erie. 
 
 Southold Suffolk. 
 
 South Onondaga Onondaga. 
 
 South Otselic Chcnan go. 
 
 South Owego Tioga. 
 
 South C)xford Chenango. 
 
 South Plattsburgh Clinton. 
 
 South Plymouth Chenango. 
 
 Southport , Chemung. 
 
 South Pultney Steuben. 
 
 South Richland Oswego. 
 
 South Rutland Jefferson. 
 
 South Salem Westchester. 
 
 South Schodack Rensselaer. 
 
 South Schroon Essex. 
 
 South Scriba Oswego. 
 
 South Sodus Wayne. 
 
 South Somerset Niagara. 
 
 South Spafibrd Onondaga. 
 
 South Stockton Chautauqua. 
 
 South Trenton Oneida. 
 
 South Troupsburgh Steuben. 
 
 South A^alley Otsego. 
 
 Southville St. Lawrence. 
 
 South Wales Erie. 
 
 South Westerlo Albany. 
 
 South West Oswego Oswego. 
 
 South Wilson Niagara. 
 
 South Worcester Otsego. 
 
 Spafford OnoiK laga. 
 
 Sparkill Rockland. 
 
 Sparrow Bush Orange. 
 
 Speedsville Tompkins. 
 
 Spencer Tioga. 
 
 Spencerport Monroe. 
 
 Spcncertown Columbia. 
 
 Speonk Suffolk. 
 
 Spraker's Basin Montgomery. 
 
 Spring Brook Erie, 
 
120 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Springfield Otsego. 
 
 Springfield Centre Otsego. 
 
 Springfield Store Queens. 
 
 Spring Lake ( ayuga. 
 
 Spring Mills Allegan}-. 
 
 Springs Sutfolk. 
 
 Springtown Ulster. 
 
 Spri ng Valley Rockland. 
 
 Springville Erie. 
 
 Springwater Livingston. 
 
 Sprout Brook ]\Iontgomery. 
 
 Spruceton Greene. 
 
 Staatsburgli Dutchess. 
 
 Stafford Genesee. 
 
 Stamford Delaware. 
 
 Stanard's Corners Allegany. 
 
 Stanfordy ille Dutchess. 
 
 Stanley Ontario. 
 
 Stanton Hill Greene. 
 
 Stanwix Oneida. 
 
 Sta])leton Richmond. 
 
 Starkey Yates. 
 
 Starkyille - . .Herkimer. 
 
 State Bridge ( Jneida. 
 
 Stcamburgh ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 Stedman ( 'liautauqua. 
 
 Steinway Queens. 
 
 Stephens' ISIills Steuben. 
 
 Stephentown Rensselaer. 
 
 Stephentown Centre Rensselaer. 
 
 Sterling Cayuga. 
 
 Sterling Bush Lewis. 
 
 Sterling Station Cayuga. 
 
 Sterling ^'alley Cayuga. 
 
 Sterlingyillc Jefferson. 
 
 Steuben Oneida. 
 
 Steyensyille Sulliyan. 
 
 Stiles Station (Onondaga. 
 
 Stillwater Saratoga. 
 
 Stissi ng ] )utchess. 
 
 Stittyille Oneida. 
 
 Stockbridge Madison. 
 
 Stockholm St. Lawrence. 
 
 Stockholm ( 'entre St. Lawrence. 
 
 ^^tockholm Depot St. Lawrence. 
 
 Stockport Columbia. 
 
 Stockport Station Delaware. 
 
 Stockton ( 'liautauqua. 
 
 Stockwell Oneida. 
 
 Stokes Oneida. 
 
 Stone Arabia Montgomery. 
 
 Stone Church Genesee. 
 
 Stone Dam Allegany. 
 
 Stone ]\Iills Jefferson. 
 
 Stone Ridge Lister. 
 
 Stoney Brook Suffolk. 
 
 Stony Point Rockland. 
 
 Stormyille Dutchess. 
 
 Stottyille Columbia. 
 
 Stow Chautauqua. 
 
 Strait's Corners Tioga. 
 
 Stratford Fulton. 
 
 Stratton Tompkins. 
 
 Street Road Essex. 
 
 Strykersyille ^^'yoming. 
 
 Stuyyesant Columbia. 
 
 Stuyyesant Falls Columbia. 
 
 Suffern Rockland. 
 
 Sugar Hill Scliuyler. 
 
 Sugar Loaf. (Grange. 
 
 Sulliyanville Chemung. 
 
 Summer Dale Chautauqua. 
 
 Summer Hill Cayuga. 
 
 Summit Schoharie. 
 
 Summit Station Onondaga. 
 
 Summityille Sulliyan. 
 
 Suspension Bridge Xiagara. 
 
 Swain Allegany. 
 
 Swale Steuben. 
 
 Swamp ^lills Sulliyan. 
 
 Swartwood Chemung. 
 
 Swormyille Erie. 
 
 Sylyan Lake Dutchess. 
 
 Syossct Queens. 
 
 SYRACUSE (c. h.) Onondaga. 
 
 Taberg Oneida. 
 
 Taghkani ck Columbia. 
 
 Tahawus Essex. 
 
 Tallman Rockland. 
 
 Tannersyillc Greene. 
 
 Tappantown Rockland. 
 
 Tarry town AVestchester. 
 
 Tarrytown Heights Westchester. 
 
 Tauohannock Falls Tompkins. 
 
 Taylor Cortland. 
 
 Taylor Cent re Cortland. 
 
 Texas Oswego. 
 
 Texas Valley Cortland. 
 
 Thayer's Corners Franklin. 
 
g^^ 
 
122 
 
 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 The Corner Ulster. 
 
 The Glen Warren. 
 
 Therei^a Jefferson . 
 
 Thiells Rockland. 
 
 Thompson Ilidge Orange. 
 
 Thomj)sonvillc Sullivan. 
 
 Thorn Hill Onondaga. 
 
 Thousand Island Park Jcflerson. 
 
 Three Wile Bay J etierson. 
 
 Throoi^sville Cayuga. 
 
 Thurman AVarren. 
 
 Tiashoke Rensselaer. 
 
 Ticonderoga Essex. 
 
 Tilly Foster Putnam. 
 
 Tioga Centre Tioga. 
 
 P'ivoli Dutchess. 
 
 Toddsville Otsego. 
 
 Tomhamiock Rensselaer. 
 
 Tomkin's Cove Rockland. 
 
 Tomj^ki ns Corners Putnam . 
 
 Tompkinsville Riclimond. 
 
 TonaAvanda Erie. 
 
 Tottenville .' Richmond. 
 
 Towlesville Steuben. 
 
 Towner's Putnam. 
 
 Town Line Eri e. 
 
 Townsend Schuyler. 
 
 Townsend ville Seneca. 
 
 Tracy Creek Broome. 
 
 Transit Bridge Allegany. 
 
 Tremaine's Corners Jefierson. 
 
 Tremont"^' New York . 
 
 Trenton Oneida. 
 
 Trenton Falls Oneida. 
 
 Triangle Broome. 
 
 Tribes Hill Montgomery. 
 
 Troupsburgh Steuben . 
 
 Trout Brook Delaware. 
 
 Trout Creek Delaware. 
 
 Trout River Franklin. 
 
 TROY (c. h.) Rensselaer. 
 
 Trumansburgh Tomj^kins. 
 
 Trumbull Corners Tompkins. 
 
 Truxton Cortland . 
 
 Tuckahoc Westchester. 
 
 Tully Onondaga. 
 
 Tully Valley Onondaga. 
 
 Turin Lewis. 
 
 Turner's ._.... Orange. 
 
 * Brancli of the New York Post Office. 
 
 Turn wood Ulster. 
 
 Tuscarora Livingston. 
 
 Tyner Chenango. 
 
 T3a'e Seneca. 
 
 Tyrone Schuyler. 
 
 Ulster Park Ulster. 
 
 Ulsterville Ulster. 
 
 Unadilla Otsego. 
 
 Unadilla Centre Otsego. 
 
 Unadilla Forks Otsego. 
 
 Underbill AVestchester. 
 
 Union Broome. 
 
 Union Centre Broome. 
 
 Union Church Albany. 
 
 Union Falls Clinton. 
 
 Union Grove Delaware. 
 
 LTnion Hill Monroe. 
 
 Union Mills Fulton. 
 
 Union Society Greene- 
 Union Springs ( 'ay uga. 
 
 Union Square Oswego. 
 
 Union A^alley Cortland. 
 
 Unionville Orange. 
 
 Upper Aciuebogue SuHblk. 
 
 Upper Jay Essex. 
 
 Upper Lisle Broome. 
 
 LTpper Red Hook Dutchess. 
 
 UTICA(c.h.) Oneida. 
 
 Utopia Allegany. 
 
 Vail's Gate Orange. 
 
 Avail's Mills Fulton. 
 
 A^alatie Columbia. 
 
 Yalcour Clinton. 
 
 Valhalla Westchester. 
 
 Valley Falls Rensselaer. 
 
 Valley Mills Madison. 
 
 Valley Stream (Queens. 
 
 A^allonia Springs Broome. 
 
 A'^an Brunt* K i ngs. 
 
 Van Buren Onondaga. 
 
 Vandalia Cattaraugus. 
 
 Van Etten ville ( 'hemung. 
 
 Van Hornesville Herkimer. 
 
 Van AVagner 1 ^utcliess. 
 
 Van AVie's Albany. 
 
 A^'arick Seneca. 
 
 A^arna Tompkins. 
 
 * Branch of the Brooklyn Post Office. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 123 
 
 Varysburgh AVyoming. 
 
 Venice Cayuga. 
 
 Venice Centre Cayuga. 
 
 Verbank Dutchess. 
 
 Verbank Village Dutchess. 
 
 A^ermillion Oswego. 
 
 \"ernon Oneida. 
 
 A'ernon Centre Oneida. 
 
 Verona Oneida. 
 
 Verplanck Westchester. 
 
 Versailles ( 'attaraugus. 
 
 Vesper Onondaga. 
 
 Vestal Broome. 
 
 A^estal Centre Broome. 
 
 Victor Ontario. 
 
 Victory Cayuga. 
 
 Victory Mills .Saratoga. 
 
 A^ienna Oneida. 
 
 Villanova Chautauqua. 
 
 Vine Valley Yates. 
 
 Virgil Cortland. 
 
 Vischer's Ferry Saratoga. 
 
 Vista Westchesrter. 
 
 Voak Yates. 
 
 Volney Oswego. 
 
 A^olusia Chautauqua. 
 
 Voorheesville Albany. 
 
 Waddington St. Lawrence. 
 
 Wadhams jNIills Essex. 
 
 AVading River Sutiblk . 
 
 Walden Orange. 
 
 Wales Erie. 
 
 Wales Centre Erie. 
 
 Walesville Oneida. 
 
 Walker Valley Ulster. 
 
 AVallace Steuben. 
 
 Wallington "Wayne. 
 
 Walton Delaware. 
 
 Walworth Wayne. 
 
 AVampsville Madison. 
 
 Wapi)inger's Falls Dutchess. 
 
 Warner's Onondaga. 
 
 Warnerville Schoharie. 
 
 Warren Herkimer. 
 
 Warrensburgh Warren. 
 
 Warren's Corners Niagara. 
 
 WARSAW (c. h.) Wyoming. 
 
 Warwick Orange. 
 
 Washington Dutchess. 
 
 AVashington Hollow Dutchess. 
 
 Washington Mills Oneida. 
 
 Washington ville Orange. 
 
 AVassaic Dutchess. 
 
 A\'aterburgl i Tompkins. 
 
 AVatcrlbrd Saratoga. 
 
 WATERLOO (c.h. I Seneca. 
 
 AVater ]\Iill Suffolk. 
 
 AVaterport Orleans. 
 
 WATERTOWN (c h.) Jefferson. 
 
 AWitervale ( )nondaga. 
 
 AVater A'alley Erie. 
 
 AVatcrville Oneida. 
 
 A\'atervliet Centre.. . : Albany. 
 
 WATKINS (c. h.) SchuylcT. 
 
 AVatson Lewis. 
 
 AVatts Flats C liautauqua. 
 
 AVaverly Tioga. 
 
 AVawarsing LTlster. 
 
 AVayland Depot Steuben. 
 
 AVayne Steuben. 
 
 A\"ay ne Centre AVayne. 
 
 AVayne Four Corners Steuben. 
 
 AVebb's Mills Cliemung. 
 
 AVebetuck Dutchess. 
 
 AVebster Alonroe. 
 
 AVebster's Corners Erie. 
 
 AVebster 's Crossing Livingston. 
 
 AVebster Station Aladison. 
 
 AVedgwood Schuyler. 
 
 AVeed Mines Columbia. 
 
 AVeedsport Cayuga. 
 
 AVegatchio St. Lawrence. 
 
 AVelcome Otsego. 
 
 AVells Hamilton. 
 
 AVells' Bridge Otsego. 
 
 AVellsbur^h ('hcniung. 
 
 AVellsvillc Allegany. 
 
 AVelton ville Tioga. 
 
 AVendelville Niagara. 
 
 AVest Cattaraugus. 
 
 AVest Albany Albany. 
 
 AVest Alden Erie. 
 
 AVest Allen Allegany. 
 
 AVest Almond Allegany. 
 
 AVest Amboy Oswego. 
 
 AVest Bainbridge Chenango. 
 
 AVest Bangor Franklin. 
 
 AVest Barre Orleans. 
 
 A\'est Batavia Genesee. 
 
TRENTON FALLS. 
 
 CONimCTON RIVKi;. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 125 
 
 West Bergen Genesee. 
 
 West Berne Albany. 
 
 West Betliany Genesee. 
 
 West Bloomtield Ontario. 
 
 West Branch Oneida. 
 
 West Brighton Monroe. 
 
 West Brook Delaware. 
 
 West Brookvillc Sullivan. 
 
 West Ikirlington Otsego. 
 
 Westbury Gayuga. 
 
 West ( 'ambridgc Washington. 
 
 West Gamden Oneida. 
 
 West Gandor Tioga. 
 
 West Gharlton Saratoga. 
 
 West Ghazy Glinton . 
 
 West Ghenango Broome. 
 
 West Ghester Westchester. 
 
 West Glarksville Allegany. 
 
 West Golesville Broome. 
 
 West Gonesville Schoharie. 
 
 West Gonstable Franklin. 
 
 West Gopake (_'olumbia. 
 
 West Danby Tompkins. 
 
 West Davenport Delaware. 
 
 West Da}^ Saratoga. 
 
 West Deer Park Suffolk. 
 
 West Dryden Tompkins. 
 
 West Eaton Madison. 
 
 West Edmesto] 1 Otsego. 
 
 Westerlo Alban}^ 
 
 Westernville Oneida. 
 
 West Exeter Otsego. 
 
 West Falls Erie. 
 
 A\ est Farmingtoii Ontario. 
 
 West Farms''^ New York. 
 
 West Fayette Seneca. 
 
 Westfield ( 'hautauqua. 
 
 Westford Otsego. 
 
 West Fort Ann AA'ashington. 
 
 West Fulton Schoharie. 
 
 West Galway Fulton . 
 
 West Granville ( 'orners.AVashington. 
 
 West Greece Monroe. 
 
 West Groton Tompkins. 
 
 West Hamburg] i Erie. 
 
 A¥est Hampton Suffolk. 
 
 AVest Hebron Washington. 
 
 West Henrietta Monroe. 
 
 West Hoosick Rensselaer. 
 
 * Branch of the Xcw York Post Office. 
 
 AVest Hurley , Ulster. 
 
 AVest Italy Yates. 
 
 AVest Junius Seneca. 
 
 AVest Kendall Orleans. 
 
 AVest Kill Greene. 
 
 AVest Kortright Delaware. 
 
 AVest Laurens Otsego. 
 
 AVest Lebanon Columbia. 
 
 AVest Ley den Lewis. 
 
 AVest Maccdon Wayne. 
 
 AVest Martinsburgh Lewis. 
 
 AVest Meredith Delaware. 
 
 AVest Milton Saratoga. 
 
 AVest Monroe Oswego. 
 
 AVestmoreland Oneida. 
 
 AVest Newark Tioga. 
 
 AVest New Brighton Richmond. 
 
 AVeston Schuyler. 
 
 AVest Oneonta Otsego. 
 
 AVeston's Mills Gattaraugus. 
 
 AVest Parishville St. Lawrence. 
 
 AVest Pierpont St. Lawrence. 
 
 AVest Plattsburgh Ghnton. 
 
 AVest Point Orange. 
 
 AVestport Essex. 
 
 AVest Potsdam St. Lawrence. 
 
 AVest Providence Saratoga. 
 
 AVest Richmond ville Schoharie. 
 
 AVest River Yates. 
 
 AVest Rush Monroe. 
 
 AVest Salamanca Gattaraugus. 
 
 AVest Sand Lake Rensselaer. 
 
 AVest Saugerties Ulster. 
 
 AVest Schuyler Herkimer. 
 
 AVest Seneca Erie. 
 
 AVest Shelby ( )rleans. 
 
 AVest Shokan Ulster. 
 
 AVest Somers Westchester. 
 
 AVest Somerset Niagara. 
 
 AVest Stephentown Rensselaer. 
 
 AVest Stockholm St. Lawrence. 
 
 AVest Stony Greek Warren. 
 
 AVest Taghkanick Columbia. 
 
 West Town , (.)range. 
 
 West Township A Ibany. 
 
 AVest Troy Albany. 
 
 AVest Union Steuben. 
 
 AVest A^alley Gattaraugus. 
 
 West Aaenna Oneida. 
 
 Westville Otsego. 
 
126 
 
 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 Westville Centre Franklin. 
 
 West Walworth Wayne. 
 
 West Webster Monroe. 
 
 West Windsor Broome. 
 
 West Winfield Herkimer. 
 
 West Yorkshire ( attaraugus. 
 
 Wethersfield Wyoming. 
 
 Wetherstield Springs Wyoming. 
 
 Weyertown Warren. 
 
 Whallonsburgli Essex. 
 
 Wlieatville Genesee. 
 
 Wheeler Steuben. 
 
 White Church Tompkins. 
 
 AVhite Creek Washington. 
 
 Whitehall Washington. 
 
 Wliite Lake Sulliyan. 
 
 White Lake Corners Oneida. 
 
 WHITE PLAINS (c. h) Westchester. 
 
 Whiteport Ulster. 
 
 AVhite's Store Chenango. 
 
 Whitestone Queens. 
 
 AYhitestown Oneida. 
 
 AVhitesyille Allegany. 
 
 Whitne3''s Crossings Allegany. 
 
 Whitney's Point Broome. 
 
 Wilbur.". Ulster. 
 
 Wiley's Corners Steuben. 
 
 Wileysyille Steuben. 
 
 Willard Seneca. 
 
 AVillet Cortland. 
 
 Williamsburgh * Kings. 
 
 Williamson Wayne. 
 
 Williamstown Oswego. 
 
 Williamsyille Erie. 
 
 Willink Erie. 
 
 Williston Erie. 
 
 AVillo^v Brook Dutchess. 
 
 Willo\y Creek Tompkins. 
 
 Willowemoe Sulliyan. 
 
 Willsborough Essex. 
 
 Willsborough Point Essex. 
 
 AVillsey yille Tioga. 
 
 Wilmington Essex. 
 
 Wilmurt Herkimer. 
 
 Wilna Jefferson. 
 
 Wilson Niagara. 
 
 Wilson C-reek Tioga. 
 
 * Branch of the Brooklyn Post Office. 
 
 Wilton Saratoga. 
 
 Winchells Dutchess. 
 
 Windham Greene. 
 
 Windsor Broome. 
 
 AVinfield Herkimer. 
 
 AVinfielcl Junction Queens. 
 
 Wing's Station Dutchess. 
 
 Winterton Sulliyan. 
 
 Wirt Centre Allegany. 
 
 Wiscoy Allegany. 
 
 Wolcott Wayne. 
 
 Wolcottsburgh Erie. 
 
 AVolcottsyille Niagara. 
 
 Wolf Hill Albany. 
 
 Woodard (Jnondaga. 
 
 Woodbourne Sulliyan. 
 
 Woodbury Queens. 
 
 Woodbury Falls Orange. 
 
 Woodhayen Queens. 
 
 Woodhull Steuben. 
 
 Woodland Ulster. 
 
 Woodsburgh Queens. 
 
 Wood's Falls Chnton. 
 
 Woodside Queens. 
 
 Woodstock Ulster. 
 
 Woody ille Jefferson. 
 
 Woodward's Hollow Erie. 
 
 Worcester Otsego. 
 
 Worth Centre Jefferson. 
 
 Worth yille Jefferson. 
 
 Wright's Corners Niagara. 
 
 Wurtsborough Sulliyan. 
 
 Wynantskill Rensselaer. 
 
 Wyoming Wyomino;. 
 
 Yaphank Suffolk. 
 
 Yates Orleans. 
 
 Yonkers Westchester. 
 
 York Liyingston. 
 
 Yorkshire ( attaraugus. 
 
 Yorkshire Centre Cattaraugus. 
 
 Yorktown AVesteh ester. 
 
 Young Onondaga. 
 
 Young Hickory .-. Steuben. 
 
 Youngstown Niagara. 
 
 Youngsville Sulliyan. 
 
 Zurich Wayne. 
 
Albany, the Capital City. 
 
 Albany, or Beverwyck, is one of the old(3st of the permanent 
 European settlements made in the United States. As early as 1610 
 the Dutch navigators came up the Hudson, or as the Indians had 
 christened it, the Sha-te-muc, and built trading houses to traffic for furs 
 with the various Indian tribes. In 1614 Albany was founded by a 
 Hollander who erected a stockade fort on an adjacent island and carried 
 on a thriving fur trade for about three years, when a freshet of un- 
 paralleled violence carried off all the buildings. It was in 1614 Fort 
 Willemstadt was built upon a hill, at the head of State street near the 
 site of the old Capitol, and which latter gave place to Fort Frederick. 
 A new fort was built in 1623, on Market street, now Broadway, below 
 State street, and was called Fort Orange, in honor of the Stadtholder of 
 Holland. As an inducement to settle the country, the Dutch West 
 
 VIEW OF THE PALISADES FROM YONKEKS STATION. 
 
 (127) 
 
128 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 India Company offered to grant lands to any who should fairly purchase 
 them of the Indians and form a permanent settlement. The medium 
 of commerce was at that time seawant, better known as wampum, which 
 was simply a number of string shell beads. If black, these beads 
 counted three to a stuvier (2 cents) ; if inside white, six. Kilian Van 
 Rensselaer, the founder of the family, a rich pearl merchant of Amster- 
 dam, availed himself of this offer in 1631, and was granted a tract of 
 land on the w^est bank of the river, including Fort Orange. Some 
 years later he purchased from the Indians, for a mere trifle, an immense 
 tract of land extending 24 miles along the Hudson, and 48 miles from 
 east to west, on the east side of the river. This was called Colonie 
 Rensselaerwyck, of which Van Rensselaer was patroon. For a time 
 the village was called Beverwyck, but in 1664, when New^ Netherlands 
 came into possession of James, Duke of York, Nieuw Amsterdam 
 became New York, and Beverwyck w^as known as Albany. The 
 Indians called Albany Pempotawnthut. In 1683 Albany county com- 
 prised all the territory north of Dutchess and Ulster counties, on 
 both sides of the river, and Albany was looked upon as the fount 
 of authority in church and judicial matters. It was incorporated in 
 1686, under the Dongar charter, its boundaries being 1 mile wide on 
 the river, and 3i miles long, all the rest belonging to the Colonie 
 Rensselaerwyck. The Van Rensselaer mansion, now standing on 
 Broadway, was built in 1765. The Staats House, so called, corner of 
 South Pearl and State streets, is the oldest in the city. Aaron Burr 
 commenced practicing law here in 1782, and boarded in 1824 in a house 
 on the site of the Fort Orange Club. The first steamboat landed here 
 in 1807, and the first Erie Canal boat was locked into the Albany basin 
 October, 1825. The Museum building was opened as a place of amuse- 
 ment in 1831. The first locomotive ran into Greenbush from Boston 
 in 1841. A theatre was erected on the site of the Leland Opera House 
 in 1824, turned into a church in 1839, reopened as the Trimble Opera 
 House in 1863. Thirteen newspapers are printed in the city. The 
 Albany Dutch Church, founded in 1640, was the only one north of 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 129 
 
 VIEW FROM FORT P0TNAM, W. P. 
 
 Esopus until after 1700, that had an established ministry, save the 
 church at Schenectady. The " Shakers," a settlement of about 500 
 persons, is situated about 7h miles north of the City Hall, approached 
 via the Shaker road. On the western line of the city limits are found 
 " sand lots," valuable for moulding purposes, and, it is said, for the 
 manufacture of glass. The cattle market at West Albany ranks third 
 in the country, over 140 loads, on an average, arriving daily. Of the 
 different parks in the city there is but one (Washington) worthy of 
 that name, Washington Park, approached most easily via Hudson 
 avenue, contains over 76 acres, has over 3 miles of drives and 6 of walks, 
 has a lake 1500 feet long, which covers 5 acres. The cost has been 
 over $1,000,000. To attempt to trace the entire history of Albany up 
 to the present time would be impossible in the small space allotted in 
 this sketch. AVhat has been given is merely an outline of some of 
 
130 STATE OF NEW YOEK. 
 
 the principal facts. It has a history of which every Albanian may well 
 be proud, showing so conclusively, as it does, the industry and thrift of 
 their ancestors necessary to change the once wilderness into the flourish- 
 ing, populous city of to-day. 
 
 New Capitol. — Towering far above all other public buildings in its 
 importance, the majesty of its design, and the costliness of its finish, is 
 the new Capitol. Many years ago the old structure, which in the early 
 days was regarded as a masterpiece of art and a model of convenience, 
 had evidently become ill adapted to the enormousness of the business 
 and legislative interests of the State ; and the want of a larger edifice, 
 more in keeping with the necessities of the Empire State, was making 
 itself more strongly felt as each year passed by. Various propositions 
 were made for the erection of a suitable building, and much diversity 
 of opinion obtained throughout the State on the subject of its location 
 in several prominent cities. The matter took definite form, however, in 
 May, 1865, when an act was passed authorizing the erection of a new 
 capitol ; followed by another in April, 186G, confirming its location at 
 Albany, and appropriating $250,000 to the work ; the expense being 
 limited in all to $4,000,000. In December, 1867, the work of excava- 
 tion was begun under a plan of Thomas Fuller, which had been adopted, 
 and in 1868 an additional grant of $250,000 was made for the continu- 
 ation of the work. The plan contemplated the erection of a structure 
 300 feet front by 400 feet deep, with a centre court enclosed, the 
 fa9ade to be located at a frontal about 100 feet in the rear of the old 
 building, the necessary grounds for the purpose having been j)reAdously 
 secured. The first stone in the foundation was laid July 7th, 1869, 
 and the corner-stone on June 24th, 1871, amid impressive ceremonies 
 witnessed by an immense concourse of people. The executive depart- 
 ment and nearly all the State and other offices have been occupied 
 during the present year. The work is now nearly completed to the 
 roof, so far as the exterior walls are concerned, and the northern sec- 
 tion has been in use for legislative purposes since January 7th, 1879. 
 The southern section was opened two years since for the use of the 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 131 
 
 "WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT NEWBURG. 
 
 State Senate, the Assembly using that portion first completed. The 
 cost thus far reaches very nearly |1 3,250,000, and will most probably be 
 115,000,000 or $16,000,000 before the building is finally completed. 
 Viewed from all the approaches of the city, it towers in solitary gran- 
 deur far above the comparative pigmies that surround it. Its exterior 
 walls are of Maine granite, the interior decorations being wholly in 
 stone of various character, but of exquisite beauty. In this space it is 
 impossible to convey a fair idea of the outward grandeur and the inte- 
 rior magnificence of this gorgeous structure, which excels in beauty 
 and massive elegance any building in America. 
 
 Public Schools of Albany. — The public school system of Albany 
 comprises twenty-six schools. 13,976 pupils attended these schools 
 during the past year. 232 teachers were employed. The affairs of 
 these schools are administered by the board of public instruction, 
 consisting of twelve members elected for a term of three years, four 
 being chosen at the charter election each year. The office of the 
 board is in the high school building, as is also that of the superintend- 
 ent of schools, Mr. Charles W. Cole. 
 
132 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 All of these schools are popular and well conducted. The High 
 School, however, is the especial pride of Albanians. Under the skill- 
 ful management of its principal, Professor John E. Bradley, it has 
 become the leading school of its class in the State. It has held the 
 first rank among the schools under the visitation of the regents of the 
 University for the past ten years. It has an attendance of about GOO: 
 a thorough academic course of study ; prepares students for advanced 
 college courses or for business life, and is free to all residents of the 
 city. The building is a handsome structure of pressed brick with 
 stone trimmings, and is admirably arranged and fitted with the most 
 complete appointments. It is centrally located, being on Eagle street. 
 
 Wasiiingtox Park is situated west of the business portion of the 
 city, and may be reached by the Hamilton or State street lines of 
 horse cars. It has an area of 76 acres ; it contains 3 miles 
 of excellent drives, of miles of walks, and swings, croquet lawns. 
 &c. ; the lake being 1500 feet long. During the summer musical 
 concerts are given nearly every week from the cupola of the 
 Lake House. Improvements are being carried on constantly. It 
 is now a great resort for the people, who enjoy tlie Ijoon of wandering 
 among its cool, fresh, and delightful retreats. In design, beauty of 
 embellishment, and in all the essentials and excellencies of park culture, 
 it is surpassed by no other. To be appreciated it must be seen, and 
 whatever anticipations of its beauty and extent have been formed are 
 certain to be more than realized ; it is a point of interest, and well 
 worthy of a visit. 
 
 Young Men's Association. — Librarian, Prof. Jonathan Tenney, Ph.D. 
 Founded December 10th, 1833. Incorporated March 12th, 1835. 
 Purpose : " Establishing and maintaining a Library, Reading Room, 
 Literary and Scientific Lectures, and other means of promoting Moral 
 and Intellectual Improvement." It has a growing circulating and 
 reference library of about 10,000 volumes, a well-selected variety of 
 magazines and newspapers, and valuable portraits and other paintings. 
 Its daily circulation of books averages from 100 to 200 volumes. It is 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 133 
 
 ENTRANCE TO THE NARROWS FROM THE SOUTH. 
 
 daily visited for loans, reference, and periodicals by from 200 to 500 
 persons. It has a life membership of about 180 members, by payment 
 of $50 each, and an annual membership of from 1500 to 3000, by pay- 
 ment of $2 each. Transient persons and non-residents may purchase 
 a six-months' membership for $1. Hooms, central and finely located, 
 corner of North Pearl and Steuben streets. Frederick Harris, presi- 
 dent; James M. Ruso, secretary; 0. E. Wilson, treasurer; J. D. 
 Bradley, J. DeW. Peltz, and B. I. Stanton, curators, and twelve 
 managers. 
 
 State Library. — This valuable institution, adjoining the new Capitol 
 on State street, was founded in 1818, and from its modest beginnings 
 has now reached to the magnitude of 115,000 volumes. Outside of 
 books, quite a large number of curious and interesting things have 
 drifted in by way of gift or deposit. It is a reference library, and only 
 members of the legislature, heads of departments of the State govern- 
 ment, and trustees of the library have the privilege of taking books to 
 their residences. The library is open daily from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M., 
 except on Sundays and holidays, and from the 5th to the 20th of 
 August ; during the session of the legislature until 6 P. M. 
 
 State Normal School. — Located on the corner of Lodge and Howard 
 streets. The building is four stories and basement, 120 feet by 78 ; 
 
134 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 NEWBUKGH BAY. 
 
 has a hall 46 feet by 98 ; cost $25,000. Rev. Joseph Alden is princi- 
 pal, residing in the building. 
 
 Albany Academy. — North of the old Capitol, between Lafayette and 
 Elk streets. Prof. M. E. Gates, principal. 
 
 Albany Female Academy. — Located Nos. 40 and 42 Xorth Pearl 
 street. Lucy A. Plympton, principal. 
 
 State Hall is located on Eagle street, fronting Academy Park, and 
 is considered one of the architectural ornaments of the city. It is built 
 principally of white cut stone, colonnade in front supported by six 
 columns, and is surmounted by a dome; was finished in 1842; cost 
 $350,000. It is used for the accommodation of the State officers. 
 Open for visitors daily during business hours. 
 
 New City Hall. — In course of erection on the site of the old City 
 Hall. Located on Eagle street, fronting Washington avenue ; when 
 finished will be one of the finest structures in the city. The design 
 of the building is to furnish accommodations for the city and county 
 officials. County Courts will be completed May 1st, 1883. Esti- 
 mated cost about $290,000 when finished. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 135 
 
 SOLDIERS' HOME, BATH, ERIE RAILWAY. 
 
 The City Building is situated on the site of the old Centre Market, 
 corner of South Pearl and Howard streets. It is built of brick with 
 stone facings ; the cost was about $200,000. The following city offi- 
 cials have their headquarters in the building : Mayor, Clerk of Common 
 Council, Chamberlain, Deputy Chamberlain and Receiver of Taxes, 
 Police Court, Justices' Court, office of the Overseer of the Poor, Fire 
 and Police Commissioners, Park Commissioners, Street Commissioners, 
 City Surveyor and Engineer, Fire Alarm Telegraph, Chief of Police 
 and Fire Department, Property Clerk and Detective's office. Second 
 Precinct Station House, Excise Commissioners, Assessor's office, and 
 Common Council Chamber meets on the second floor, first and third 
 Monday of each month. 
 
 Albany County Penitentiary.— This model institution is situated on 
 Delaware avenue, one mile west of the Capitol, and may be reached by 
 the Hamilton street and Madison avenue cars. It was erected in 
 1845-6 under the superintendence of the late General Amos Pilsbury. 
 The building covers 3 acres of land, having a beautiful frontage of 
 about 10 acres. 
 
 The first prisoners were received at the Penitentiary on April 17th, 
 1846. November 1st, 1848, the entire structure was completed. The 
 
136 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 SCENE IN THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. 
 
 convicts are employed in the manufacture of shoes, &c. It is open 
 daily for the reception of visitors, a small fee being charged for admit- 
 tance. John McEwen is the superintendent. 
 
 State Geological Hall and Museum of Natural History is 
 located on State street, corner of Lodge. Established in 1840 as State 
 Cabinet of Natural History, for reception of the collections of the State 
 Geological Survey, reorganized in 1870 under its present title. The 
 building is of brick, four stories high, with lecture room on the ground 
 floor ; museum of agricultural implements and products in stories above. 
 The institution is well worthy of a visit. Rooms are open to visitors 
 daily, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m., free. 
 
 Dudley Observatory. — This institution is located on an eminence in 
 the north part of the city, known as Observatory Hill. The building 
 was founded through the munificence of Mrs. Blandina Dudley, who 
 expended $100,000 in its erection, &c. It is built in the form of a 
 cross, and contains some of the largest and finest instruments ever con- 
 structed. Among the remarkable instruments are the Sheutz calcula- 
 ting engine, astronomical clocks and meteorological instruments ; also an 
 astronomical library of 2000 volumes. It is open for visitors from 
 10 a. m. to 5 p. M. 
 
 Hospitals. — Albany Hospital, corner of Howard and Eagle streets. 
 In 1872 a large addition was built, with all the latest improvements and 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 137 
 
 accommodations ; the wards will accommodate 75 and the private rooms 
 50 patients ; the medical and surgical staff is composed of eighteen of 
 the best physicians of the city, besides three resident physicians. 
 
 St. Peter's Hospital, corner of Broadway and North Ferry street, 
 in charge of the .Sisters of Mercy. It was enlarged and opened as a 
 hospital in 1869. 
 
 Albany City Homoeopathic Hospital, 123 North Pearl street. Medi- 
 cal staff includes the leading homoeopathic physicians in the city. 
 
 Medical College. — Located on Eagle street, between Jay and Lan- 
 caster. Founded in 1833 by Drs. Alden March and James H. Armsby. 
 It is a prosperous establishment. Its laboratories are complete and 
 extensive. It has a valuable library, and its museum is one of the 
 finest in all departments of any medical collection in the United States. 
 The museum is open daily for visitors. 
 
New York City 
 
 IVew York — the first city in population, 
 wealth, and commercial importance in America 
 — is built upon Manhattan Island, at the con- 
 tinence of the Hudson and East rivers, — the 
 latter of which is but little more than __. .. 
 
 an inlet of the ocean. The island is ^--=-^-V. 
 13^ miles in length, and about 2 ^-^M?a. 
 miles in width at the widest part. It 
 is all embraced within the corporate 
 limits of the city, and 
 
 before many years will 
 be compactly built up. 
 Improvement of the up- 
 per end of the island had 
 been for many years re- 
 tarded by the difficulty 
 of establishing speedy 
 and certain means of 
 
 TRINITY CHUBCH. 
 
140 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 FIRST SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 
 
 coiiiiimiiication with the lower end, where busmess is now concen- 
 trated ; but this obstacle is now overcome by the construction of 
 elevated and underground railways. The limited territorial area avail- 
 able for building purjDoses on the island has driven thousands who do 
 business in New York to seek residences elsewhere, and has materially 
 contributed to the Ijuilding up of numerous large suburbs, such as 
 Brooklyn, Williamsburg, and Jersey City. These suburbs are essen- 
 tially parts of New York — mainly deriving their population from her 
 surplus, and reflecting her prosperity. 
 
 The general aspect of New York is not only metropolitan but cos- 
 mopolitan. All varieties of architecture are seen in her buildings, and 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 141 
 
 KEW YOKK IN lbd4. 
 
 natives of every land are found among her people. The dm of 
 traffic never ceases, and the hurry and excitement of business rarely 
 abates. A large portion of the commerce of the world is tributary to 
 her. and the wealth of a continent is continually pouring into her 
 coffers. With these resources at her command, it is altogether within 
 the range of probability that she will ultimately become the greatest 
 commercial emporium in the world. 
 
 The city of New York was one of the first European settlements 
 made on the American continent, being colonized in 1614 by an 
 expedition of two ships from Holland, commanded by Captains Adrian 
 Block and Hendrick Christianse. This was about fifty years after 
 the settlement of St. Augustine, in Florida, by the Spaniards ; seven 
 years after the colonization of Jamestown, Virginia, and six years 
 before the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The 
 island upon which this settlement was made was first visited, in 1609, 
 by Henry Hudson, an English mariner in the service of the Dutch 
 East India Company. Hudson had sailed from England in 1607 in 
 search of the north-west passage to India, but after two years of fruit- 
 less endeavor to penetrate the ice-barriers of the North, his patrons 
 abandoned the enterprise, and he tendered his services to what he con- 
 sidered a more adventurous people. He returned to the American shores 
 
142 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 BROADAVAY, NEW YORK. 
 
 in a schooner-yacht, culled the " Half-Moon," and entered the Narrows 
 on the 3d of September, in the year above stated. Heckewehler, the 
 Indian historian, describes the natives as greatly perplexed and terri- 
 fied when they beheld the approach of the strange object — a shiji in 
 the offing. They deemed it a visit from the Manitoii, coming in his big 
 canoe, and began to prepare an entertainment for his reception. " By 
 and by the chief, in red clothes and a glitter of metal, with others, came 
 aboard in a smaller canoe, mutual salutations and signs of friendship 
 were exchanged, and after awhile strong drink was offered, which 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 148 
 
 ^A^ ^^-^ "-v^ ^ ^ 
 
 THE HARBOR OF NEW YORK, AS SEEN FROM THE NARROWS. 
 
 made all gay and happy. In time, as their mutual acquaintance pro- 
 gressed, the white-skins told them they would stay with them if they 
 allowed them as much land for cultivation as the hide of a bullock, 
 spread before them, could cover or encompass. The request was 
 granted, and the pale men thereupon, beginning at a starting-point on 
 the hide, cut it up into one long-extended, narrow strip, or thong, suf- 
 ficient to encompass a large place. Their cunning equally surprised and 
 amused the confiding and simple Indians, who willingly allowed the 
 success of their artifice, and backed it with a cordial welcome.'" Such 
 was the acquisition of the site of New York, on the Island called 
 Manhattan, — an Indian name, signifying " the place where they all got 
 drunk." 
 
 Hudson proceeded to explore the river which now b.ears his name, 
 and after sailing up to the present site of Albany, returned to Man- 
 hattan and immediately sailed for Europe, where his report of the 
 
m:w ^oKk •• TKiia.Ni;", miLDiNr:. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 145 
 
 newly-discovered land led to the formation of the colony already 
 mentioned. 
 
 " New Amsterdam," as the settlement was named by the Dutch, 
 had a clieckered history. The English, without any claim of right, 
 took it in 1664, but the Dutch succeeded in recovering it in 1673. 
 About one year afterward the Duke of York — to whom it had been 
 given by Charles the Second when the English claimed possession of 
 it — seized it, and it was named New York in his honor. Prior to 
 British rule, the city was laid out in streets, some of them as crooked 
 as the paths made by the roaming cattle, and " contained one hundred 
 and twenty houses, with extensive gardens." In 1677 it comprised 368 
 houses, and the assessed value of property was £95,000 sterling. " Dur- 
 ing the military rule of Governor Colve, who held the city for one year 
 
 KEW YORK HOSPITAL. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 147 
 
 TREASURY B0ILDING. 
 
 under the above-mentioned capture for the States of Holland, eA'eiy- 
 thing partook of a military character, and the laws still in preserva- 
 tion at Albany show the energy of a rigorous discipline. Then the 
 Dutch mayor, at the head of the city militia, held his daily parades 
 before the City Hall (Stadt Huys), and every evening at sunset he 
 received from the principal guard of the fort — called the hoofd-ivagt — 
 the keys of the city, and thereupon proceeded with a guard of six 
 to lock the city gates, then to place a hurger-ivagt — a citizen guard — 
 as night-watch, at assigned places. The same mayor also went the 
 rounds at sunrise to open the gates and to restore the keys to the 
 officers of the fort." 
 
 In 1683 the first constitutional assembly, consisting of a council of 
 ten and of eighteen representatives, was elected to assist in the 
 
148 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 THE NEW ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL, 
 
 administration of the government. In 1685 the Duke of York 
 ascended the throne of Great Britain, with the title of James II., 
 and immediately signalized himself by forbidding the establishment 
 of a printing-press in tlie colony which was named in his honor. 
 This system of tyranny was continued by the king, and culminated 
 in a few years in a popular uprising, which proclaimed Jacob Leisler, 
 a Dutch merchant, leader, and invested him with the reins of gov- 
 ernment. Leisler summoned a convention of deputies from those 
 portions of the colony over which his influence extended, levied 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 141) 
 
 FBEE ACADEMY. 
 
 taxes, and adopted other governmental measures. But his rule was 
 of brief duration, for his measures awakened the bitterest prejudices. 
 In less than two years the experiment of free government was 
 abandoned, and the '' king enjoyed his own again." Leisler was ex- 
 ecuted for high treason in May, 1691. 
 
 With the commencement of the eighteenth century New York en- 
 tered upon that course of enterprise and success which has ever 
 since distinguished the city. Education, which had been entirely 
 neglected, was provided for by the establishment of a free grammar 
 school in 1702. In 1725 the first newspaper made its appearance, 
 and four years later the city received the donation of a public library 
 of 1642 volumes from England. In 1732 a public classical academy 
 was founded by law,' and with the advance of general intelligence 
 
150 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 THE OLD POST OFFICE. 
 
 came u higher appreciation of popular rights. A charter for the city 
 was granted by George II. in 1730. 
 
 One of the darkest pages in the history of the city is that which re- 
 cords the events of 1714. On the 17th of March of that year was dis- 
 covered an alleged plot of the negro slaves to burn the city and mur- 
 der the inhabitants. New York then contained a population of about 
 12,000, of which one-sixth were slaves. Many of the supposed con- 
 spirators were arrested, and their trials continued for two years. 
 Thirteen of them w^ere burned at the stake, 18 were hanged, and many 
 were sold in the West India Islands. It was charged at the time 
 that the plot was instigated by Catholic priests, but no evidence was 
 ever adduced to substantiate the allegation, and it is even doubted 
 whether any plot of the negroes existed. A late writer pronounces 
 it " a cruel and bloody delusion, under which judges and lawyers 
 jDrostituted their stations." 
 
 A long system of injuries and usurpations on the part of the crown 
 now began to produce its natural fruit, and New York was not behind 
 
A NEW YORK TENEMENT HOUSE. 
 
152 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 THE FIFTH AVENDE RESERVOIR. 
 
 her sister colonies in denouncing the aggressions of the mother country 
 and preparing for resistance. In 1765 a congress of delegates met in 
 the city, and prepared a declaration of the rights and grievances of the 
 colonies. The events which followed are a part of the nation's history 
 and can not be dwelt upon in a work like this. The war came, and 
 with it a new experience for New York — that of military occupation 
 by an enemy. On the 28th of June, 1776, the British army and fleet 
 which had been driven from the city and harbor of Boston, entered 
 the southern bay of New York. The troops were landed on Staten 
 Island. On the 22d of August the British forces crossed the Narrows 
 and encamped near Brookland, where the American army was stationed. 
 The battle of Long Island ensued, in which the Americans were 
 entirely defeated. Washington, with consummate skill, crossed the 
 East river the succeeding night without observation, but the previous 
 disasters and the subsequent landing of the British troops rendered it 
 impossible to save the city. For eight years New York was the head- 
 quarters of the British troops in America, and the prison-house of 
 American captives. Public buildings were despoiled, and churches con 
 verted into hospitals and prisons. The '•' Old Dutch Church," on 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 158 
 
 NEW YORK " TOMBS 
 
 Nassau street, which at a later period was for many years the post 
 office of the city, was used by the British as a riding-school for their 
 cavalry. But the day of relief came, and the British arm}' evacuated 
 the city on the 25th of November, 1783, after the independence of 
 the United States had been acknowledged. This day has been cele- 
 brated by the local military ever since. 
 
 With the independence of the country began a new career of pros- 
 perity for New York. Her commerce, and with it her population, 
 grew rapidly. New enterprises developed new energy ; and it was 
 not many years before she assumed the first rank in American cities — 
 a position she has ever since maintained. 
 
 The first government of the United States was organized in New 
 York ; and in April, 1789, General Washington was inaugurated the 
 first President, in the gallery of the " Town Hall," on Wall street, on 
 the site of the present United States treasury building. This cere- 
 mony took place in the presence of an immense concourse of citizens. 
 Dr. Duer thus describes the scene of the inauguration : — 
 
 " This auspicious ceremony took place under the portico of Federal 
 Hall, upon the balcony in front of the Senate chamber, in the im- 
 mediate presence of both houses of Congress, and in full view of the 
 crowds that thronged the adjacent streets. The oath was administered 
 
154 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 THE COOPER INSTITUTE. 
 
 by Chancellor Livingston, and when the illustrious chief had kissed 
 the book, the chancellor, with a loud voice, proclaimed, ' Long live 
 George Washington, President of the United States.' Never shall I 
 forget the thrilling effect of the thundering cheers which broke forth, 
 as from one voice, peal after peal, from the assembled multitude. Nor 
 was it the voices alone of the people that responded to the announce, 
 ment ; their hearts beat in unison with the echoes resounding through 
 the distant streets ; and many a tear stole down the rugged cheeks of 
 the hardiest of tlie spectators, as well I noted from my station in an 
 upper window of the neighboring house of Colonel Hamilton." 
 
 Space will not permit an extended notice of the events in the 
 history of New York during the present century. A brief resiimS 
 ciione can be given. In 1807 a steamboat was built liere to navigate 
 the Hudson. It was called the " Clermont," and was constructed and 
 commanded by Robert Fulton, who was assisted in the enterprise by 
 Chancellor Livingston. This was the successful beginning of steam 
 navigation. In 1825 the Erie Canal was opened, and gave a great 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 155 
 
 impetus to the trade and commerce of the port. In 1832 the Asiatic 
 cholera appeared, and 4360 persons fell victims to the disease. In 
 1835 the great fire occurred, which destroyed, in one night, more than 
 600 buildings, and property to the value of $20,000,000. In 1842 the 
 Croton Water-works were completed; and in 1853 the World's Fair 
 was opened in the Crystal Palace erected for the purpose. 
 
 The New York of to-day has but little left to mark it as the city of 
 a few decades ago. Her old buildings have been swept away by the 
 irresistible tide of improvement, and palace-like structures have 
 sprung up to cover and obliterate the pasture-fields of the last century. 
 Her beautiful harbor is filled with vessels of every character and clime, 
 — the mighty steamer, pulsating like a thing of life, as it bears its 
 freight of hopes and happiness ; the stately ship, spreading its wing- 
 like sails to soar away after the treasures of the antipodes ; the 
 bustling little tug, puffing and blowing as it seeks out its prize and 
 hurries it away ; the beautiful yacht, all brightness and grace, dancing 
 
 r. S. NAVY YARD, BROOKLYN. 
 
156 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 WEST POINT. 
 
 over the waves as lightly as fairy feet trip upon its polished deck ; 
 the gigantic ferry-boat, pursuing its irresistible course, carrying thou- 
 sands to experiences of joy and sorrow, — all these go to make up a 
 scene which Henry Hudson, as he lay rocked in the " Half-Moon," 
 never could have imagined in his wildest flight of fancy. 
 
 The reader will not expect to find this a guide-book to the city. In 
 every room of every hotel, and upon every news-stand, such will be 
 found, carefully compiled and reliable. A few only of the most prom- 
 inent features of the metropolis can be noticed here, and first of 
 these is Broadway, the main avenue of the city. 
 
 This magnificent street, which is undoubtedly one of the finest in 
 the world, commences at the Battery — the extreme southern point 
 of the island — and runs north through the heart of the city for a 
 distance of about 4 miles. Like a river, it receives into its channel 
 the traffic and travel of hundreds of thoroughfares, and then pours 
 the hurrying, seething tide through the business part of the metropolis. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 157 
 
 BIBLE HOUSE, ASTOR PLACE, NEW YORK. 
 
 The crowd culminates, probably, at the lower portion of the Park, 
 where the Bowery intersects with Broadway. Here, from morning 
 until night, there is moving by an ever-changing procession of 
 vehicles that have poured into the great artery from a thousand 
 tributaries, and to cross this often-jammed highway requires from 
 the pedestrian no little care and agility. Throughout its entire 
 extent it is lined with magnificent buildings devoted to trade and 
 business, with here and there an exceptional structure, such as Trinity 
 Church, at the head of Wall street ; St. Paul's, at the corner of 
 Vesey street; and Grace Church, at the corner of Tenth street. No 
 street in the world can show such an array of ''signs" as gild the 
 sides of Broadway. From the sidewalks to the roofs of the build- 
 ings they garnish every story and glare in every angle. Most of 
 the principal hotels, and many of the places of amusement, are on 
 Broadway. 
 
 Next to Broadway, the handsomest and most attractive street is 
 the Fifth avenue, which is principally occupied with magnificent resi- 
 dences. The same may be said of Sixth and Seventh avenues and 
 numerous cross streets ''up town," which, though probably less aris- 
 
158 
 
 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 MUSIC IN CENTRAL PARK. 
 
 tocratic than the Fifth, are its rivals in beauty. Union and Madison 
 Squares are great attractions to the city, blooming forth, as they do, 
 in all the loveliness of umbrageous trees, trained shrubbery, fragrant 
 flowers, smooth walks, and graceful statuary, in the midst of a 
 wilderness of buildings. There are several other squares in different 
 parts of the city, but none of them require any particular notice, 
 or will be likely to attract the attention of a stranger. 
 
STA TE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 159 
 
 v-^*p>. 
 
 1::'" yor 
 
 *"■->- ~ 
 
 
 
 VIEW OF NEW YORK FROM JERSEY CITY. 
 
 Central Park is the great attraction of New York in the summer 
 months, and it deserves the praises so lavishly bestowed upon it. It 
 occupies the parallelogram included within Fifty-ninth street on the 
 south, One Hundred and Tenth street on the north. Fifth avenue on 
 the east, and Eighth avenue on the west. It is 2\ miles long, about 
 half a mile wide, and contains 843 acres, of which 141 acres are 
 occupied by the Croton reservoirs, over 43 acres by the waters of 
 the Park, and of the remaining space 103 acres are in drives, bridle- 
 roads, and walks. The cost of the land embraced in the park was 
 $5,028,844, and the total expenditure for construction, from the com- 
 mencement of work in 1857 up to 1872, was $7,419,798, making 
 a total cost of $12,448,642. When the improvement was commenced, 
 it was one of the most forbidding spots that can be conceived, being- 
 little else than a huge marsh, relieved here and there by patches of 
 trap-rock, and utterly destitute of natural beauty; now it is, in at- 
 tractiveness, excelled by few parks in the world. It contains about 
 15 miles of carriage roads, 8 miles of bridle-paths, and 25 miles of 
 
160 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 walks. There are 3 ponds in the park, upon which boats ply in 
 the summer, and which are open to skaters in winter. A spe- 
 cial feature is the archwa3^s and bridges, 
 of which there are over 30, and no 
 two of them are 
 alike. The Mall '. 
 
 -'~^^H%vf?i 
 
 spacious <imim 
 
 terminated bv the Terrace, 
 
 M 
 
 It'*- 
 
 and south, and family picnic, central park 
 
 where music is given in 
 
 ning due north 
 
 promenade run 
 
 summer; the Ramble ; the 
 Reservoirs; the Casino; the 
 Art Gallery; the Menagerie; the Aviary; are attractions that should 
 be seen by every visitor to the metropolis. 
 
 The charitable and benevolent institutions of New York are nu- 
 merous, and well worth attention and examination. They will be found, 
 as a rule, to be admirably arranged, liberally supported, and embrace. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 161 
 
 YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION BUILDING. 
 
 in their range of charity, provision against almost all human ailments. 
 The Hotel for Working-women stands on Fourth avenue, between 
 Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth streets, and is an imposing structure, 
 well adapted for the purpose of its construction — to provide a home 
 for working-women, w^here they may enjoy every comfort at the least 
 possible cost. The New York Lunatic Asylum is at Bloomingdale, 
 between One Hundred and Fifteenth and One Hundred and Twen- 
 tieth streets. In location, arrangement, and in all other re- 
 spects, it furnishes an elegant retreat for its unfortunate inmates. 
 The New York Orphan Asylum is beautifully situated on the bank 
 of the Hudson, between Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth streets. Its 
 grounds occupy about 9 acres, and in its design and appointments it is 
 a noble charity. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb is on 
 
162 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 NEW YOKK " TIMES " BUILDING. 
 
 Washington Heights, and is hberally 
 endowed and well managed. The 
 :^ Institution for the Blind occupies 
 1^ the block between Thirt^^-third and 
 Thirty-fourth streets and Eighth and 
 Xinth avenues, and is a beautiful 
 specimen of architecture. The Cooper 
 Union occupies the block bounded by 
 Seventh and Eighth streets and Third 
 and Fourth avenues. It contains a 
 large and well-supplied reading-room, 
 a library, an art gallery, and a number of instruction and lecture-rooms, 
 free to all who choose to avail themselves of the advantages therein 
 offered. A large hall in this building is a favorite place for holding 
 public meetings, and is rented for that purpose. The Astor Librar}', 
 on the eastern side of Lafayette place, founded by John Jacob 
 Astor, contains over 100,000 volumes, and is free to all persons over 
 sixteen years of age for consultation only. The Five Points House 
 of Industry occupies the site of the "' Old Bowery," once noted in 
 the criminal annals of the city, a little east of Broadway, on Worth 
 street, and is a useful and beneficial reformatory school. There are 
 many other institutions of a similar chnracter to those noted, the 
 names and locations of which will be found in every guide to the 
 city. 
 
 A featm'e of New York is the islands that dot the bay, all of 
 which are utilized by the city or national governments. Those under 
 the jurisdiction cif the United States are Governor's Island, ;it: the 
 entrance to East river, upon which are Castle William, Fort Columbus, 
 and South Battery ; Bedloe's Island, where Fort Wood is built, and 
 Ellis' Island, the site of Fort Gibson. The city owns Black well's, 
 Ward's, and Bandall's Islands. Blackwell's Island is a narrow strip of 
 land 1 :] miles long, embracing 120 acres, in the East river, and extends 
 from opposite East Forty-eighth street to Eighty-third street. On this 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 163 
 
 island are the Charity Hospital, Small-pox Hospital, Fever Hospital, 
 Infants' Hospital, Hospital for Incurables, Hospital for Epileptics, Hos- 
 pital for Paralytics, Penitentiary, Almshouse, Workhouse, and Lunatic 
 Asylum. Ward's Island, containing 220 acres, is at the junction of 
 East and Harlem rivers, opposite One Hundredth and One Ilun- 
 dred-and-Fourteenth streets. It contains a Hospital for Emigrants 
 and a Lunatic Asylum. Randall's Island is a short distance north 
 of Ward's. On it is a nursery, in which children over two years old 
 are placed and kept until their parents or guardians are able to pro- 
 vide for them. A school for idiot children is also located on 
 this island. All these islands are under the charge of the commis- 
 sioners of charities and correction. A good view of the islands 
 can be had by taking one of the steamboats from Peck slip for 
 Harlem. 
 
 Any sketch of New York would be incomplete that did not mention 
 its hotels. These are more numerous, extensiA^e, and magnificent 
 than those of any other city in the world. The business of the city 
 is of such a character as to attract, at all seasons of the year, a large 
 number of strangers from all portions of the Union and from every 
 country in the civilized world. To accommodate this immense and 
 continuous floating population, extensive hotel accommodations are 
 necessary, and the enterprise of the city meets the requirement. The 
 structures erected for the purpose have become the models for every 
 land, and in London, Paris, and other European cities, they have been 
 closely copied. Every variety and style can be found in the n'letropolis, 
 and the traveler must be difficult to please if he can not there find his 
 ease in his inn. 
 
 No city on the American continent possesses so many places of 
 amusement as New York, and their number is only equaled by their 
 variety — ranging from the highest to the humblest grade. The en- 
 dorsement of the metropolis is necessary to the reputation of any artist 
 seeking the favor of the New World, and its verdict may be considered 
 final as to the merit of any wo3"k of art offered to the American public. 
 
164 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 It is likewise the literary and news centre of the continent, and to it 
 are drawn the aspiring or successful author as surely as London attracts 
 him in Great Britain. Its churches are fitting emblems of a great city's 
 morality, and it is no exaggeration to say that the pulpit eloquence of 
 the metropolis reaches every portion of the Union. In art, in litera- 
 ture, and in religion — in business enterprise and financial magnitude — 
 in fertility of origination and energy of execution — New York is a fit- 
 ting representative of the genius of the American people. 
 
 This article on the City of New York is taken from " The Pennsylvania Eailroad Historical and Descriptive," 
 
 published hy the Passenger Deparluient. 
 
DKSCRIPTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. WITH A POPULATION OF OVER 5000. 
 
 ALBION. 
 
 Albion, a j^ost village, the capital of Orleans county, New York, on 
 the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railroad, 30 miles west of 
 Rochester, and 52 miles north-east of Buffalo. It has 2 national banks, 
 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, the Albion Academy, and Phipps 
 Union Seminary ; also a Catholic academy. Here are several flour mills 
 and manufactories of iron, &c. Population of Albion township, 5147. 
 
 AMSTERDAM. 
 
 Amsterdam, a post village of Montgomery county. New York, is in 
 Amsterdam township, on the Mohawk river and the New York Central 
 Railroad, 33 miles north-west of Albany, and G2 miles east-by-south 
 from Utica. It contains 2 national banks, 2 other banks, the Am- 
 sterdam Academy, and several churches. Two weekly newspapers are 
 issued here. It has manufactures of carpets, knit goods, springs, and 
 various other articles. Population about 6000 ; of the township, 9064. 
 
 ARCADIA. 
 
 Arcadia, a post village of Wayne county, New York, in Arcadia 
 township, and on the Erie Canal, about 30 miles east-south-east of 
 Rochester, and 1 mile east of Newark. It has 2 churches. The 
 township is intersected by the New York Central Railroad, and con- 
 tains the village of Newark. Population, 5702. 
 
 (105) 
 
166 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ON CHAUTAUUUA LAKE. 
 
 AUBURN. 
 
 Auburn, a city and the capital of Cayuga county, New York, is on 
 the Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, where it crosses 
 the Southern Central Railroad, 77 miles east-south-east of Rochester, 
 173 miles west-by-north of Albany, and 31 miles south of Oswego. 
 It is built on both sides of the outlet of Owasco lake, which lies 2^ 
 miles south-south-east of the city. The site is undulating, or moder- 
 ately uneven, and the streets present some deviations from a rect- 
 angular plan. Some of the streets are lined with elegant residences 
 and beautiful gardens and shrubberies. The principal public buildings, 
 hotels, and places of business are on Genesee street. They are 
 mostly built of stone or brick. 
 
 Auburn is the site of a State prison, a large stone building 387 
 feet long, enclosed by a high wall, which measures about 500 feet 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 167 
 
 on each side. The convicts (about 1200 in number) are employed 
 in various mechanic arts and manufactures, and are not confined and 
 isolated each in a separate cell. 
 
 Here is a theological seminary, which was founded in 1821. is 
 richly endowed, and is under the direction of the Presbyterians. It 
 has an annual attendance of about 50 students, and a library of 
 8000 volumes. The Auburn. Academic High School, founded in 
 18G6, has an annual attendance of about 100 pupils, male and 
 female. 
 
 Auburn contains a court-house, 5 or 6 national banks, 14 churches, 
 a State armory, academy of music, and printing offices wliich issue 3 
 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. Among the churches of Auburn are 1 
 Baptist, 1 Disciple, 2 Episcopal, 3 Catholic, 2 Methodist, 4 Pres*byterian, 
 and 1 Universalist. The New York State Asylum for Insane Criminals 
 is located here. Here are manufactures of iron, carpets, wool, flour, 
 &c., for which the outlet affords motive power. It has also several 
 manufactories of reapers and mowing-machines, which are said to l)e 
 the most extensive in the Union. The annual value of the agri- 
 cultural implements made in this county (mostly at Auburn) is 
 about $2,500,000. The statesman AVilliam H. Seward resided for 
 many years in this city, and was buried here. Population in 1860, 
 10,980; in 1870, 17,225; in 1875, 18,359; in 1880, 21,924. 
 
 BARTON. 
 
 P>ARTON, a post township of Tioga county, New York, is on the 
 Suscpehanna river, and is partly drained b}' Cayuta creek. It contains 
 the large village of Waverly and the post village of Barton, which is 
 on the Erie and Southern Central Railroads, 23 miles east-south-east 
 of Elmira. Barton village \\iv^ a church, a grist mill, &c. Total 
 population, 5825. 
 
168 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 BATAVIA. 
 
 Batavia, a i^ost village, capital of Genesee county, New York, on 
 the Tonawanda creek, and on the New York Central Railroad, 32 
 miles west-south-west of Rochester^ and 36 miles east-by-north 
 from Buffalo. A branch of that railroad extends from Buffalo west- 
 ward to Tonawanda and eastward to Canandaigua. It is also on the 
 Attica Branch of the Erie Railway. It contains a court-house, 7 or 8 
 churches, a convent, 2 national banks, 2 other banks, the Batavia 
 Union School, an arsenal, a public library, 3 weekly newspapers, and 
 manufactures of steam-engines, threshing-machines, plows, farming 
 implements, and sash and blinds. Batavia is the seat of the New 
 York State Institute for the Blind, which was founded in 1868. 
 Population, 4845 ; of Batavia township, 7516. 
 
 BLl K iMOUNTAl.N l.AKK. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 169 
 
 BATH. 
 
 Bath, a post village, capital of Steuben county, New York, is in 
 Bath township, on the Conhocton creek, and on the Rochester divi- 
 sion of the Erie Railroad, 75 miles south-by-east of Rochester, and 
 37 miles north-west of Elmira. It has a court-house, 5 churches, a 
 national bank, 2 other banks, the Haverling Union School, an orphan 
 asylum, 2 weekly iiewspapers, and manufactures of carriages, &c. 
 The New York State Soldiers' Home is located here. Population 
 of Bath township, 739G ; of the village, 3183. The Bath and 
 Hammondsport Railroad extends hence 9 miles to Lake Keuka. 
 
 BINGHAMTON. 
 
 BiNGHAMTON, a thriving city, the capital of Broome county, 
 New York, is pleasantly situated on the Susquehanna river at the 
 mouth of the Chenango, on the Chenango Canal, and on the Erie 
 Railroad, 215 miles north-west of New York, 59 miles east of Elmira, 
 and 80 miles south-by-east from Syracuse. It is the southern termi- 
 nus of the Syracuse, Binghamton and New York Railroad, and the 
 south-western terminus of the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad, by 
 Avhich it is 142 miles from Albany. Another railroad extends south- 
 ward to Scranton. It contains the Dean College, 12 churches, a high 
 school, a Catholic academy, 3 national banks, 2 other banks, the Bing- 
 hamton Academy, the New York State Asylum for Inebriates, which 
 is about 365 feet long, and built of stone and brick, and manufactures 
 of flour, steam-engines, carriages, leather, and boots and shoes. Three 
 daily and 4 or 5 weekly newspapers are published here. Population 
 in 1870, 12,G92; in 1875, 15,550; in 1880, 17,317. 
 
170 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 BROOKHAVEX. 
 
 Brookhaven, a large township of Suffolk county, New York, is 
 bounded on the north by Long Island sound, and on the south by 
 the Atlantic Ocean, and is intersected by the Long Island Railroad. 
 It contains the villages of Patchogue, Port Jefferson, Brookhaven, 
 Setauket, &c. The soil in some parts is fertile. Population in ISSO, 
 11,544. The village of Brookhaven is about 60 miles east of Brook- 
 lyn, near the Long Island Baikoad. It has 2 churches. Population 
 about 20U. 
 
 BROOKLYN. 
 
 Brooklyn, a city, seaport, and capital of Kings county, New York, 
 at the west end of Long Island, 14G miles south of Albany, and 226 
 miles north-east from Washins^ton. Latitude of the Navv Yard, 40° 
 51' 30" N.; longitude, 73° 59' 30" W. A strait, called the East 
 river, I of a mile wide, and connecting Long Island sound with New 
 York bay, separates Brooklyn from New York city, and the navigable 
 Newtown creek separates it from Long Island City on the north-east. 
 The north-eastern part of Brooklyn consists mainly of the former city 
 of Williamsburg, and still retains that name, but is also called 
 "Brooklyn, E. D." (East Division). North of Williamsburg, and bor- 
 dering on Newtown creek and the East river, lies Greenpoint, now also 
 a part of Brooklyn ; while south-west of Williamsburg lies Wallabout 
 ba}', upon which is situated the United States Navy Yard. Farther 
 south is an irregular bluff called '' the Heights," 70 feet above the 
 level of the sea, giving a magnificent view^ of New York city and 
 harbor, and occupied by fine residences and churches, many of the 
 former being of surpassing elegance and surrounded by yards adorned 
 with beautiful gardens and shrubbery. South of the Heights, on 
 New York bay, is South Brooklyn, or '' Gowanus," much of which is 
 
NIAGARA FALLS KUO.M COAT ISLAND. 
 
172 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 low and marshy. At the south-east extremity of the city, situated 
 upon a high ridge and overlooking New York bay, New York city, 
 and Brooklyn, with views of Jersey City, Staten Island, and the 
 Atlantic Ocean, is the ^veil-known Greenwood Cemetery, containing 
 about 400 acres; while on the same ridge (now termed "the Hill"), 
 which extends in a north-east direction to Long Island sound, parallel 
 to and at a distance of about 2 miles from the East river, is situated 
 Prospect Park, covering 570 acres, the cost of which, including its 
 adornments and the two great boulevards connected with it, one of 
 which extends to the beach at Coney Island and the other to East 
 New York, has been about $12,000,000. Here is Ridgewood Reser- 
 voir, from which the city is largely supplied with water, and here 
 also are some of the finest streets of Brooklyn. 
 
 Eio-ht or more lines of steam ferrv-boats connect the various sections 
 of Brooklyn with New York, and other lines connect it M'ith Jersey 
 City. The East River Suspension Bridge, not yet finished (1882), 
 designed to accommodate railway trafiic, as well as foot-passage and 
 carriages, extends from Brooklyn to New York. This is the longest 
 suspension bridge in the world, having a total length of 5987 feet ; 
 with a river span of 1595 feet and a breadth of 85 feet. 
 
 Brooklyn is the terminus of the branches of the main Long Island 
 Railway system, connecting it with Greenport and Sag Harbor and 
 all the principal points on Long Island, while " Annex " boats transfer 
 passengers to and from the trunk railroad lines at Jersey City and also 
 connect with the Albany and Boston boats. Five or more railways 
 connect it with Cone}' Ishind, thus placing that famous bathing-ground 
 within easy reach of the residents of the city. The system of street 
 and suburban railways is very extensive. Freight-cars are also 
 brought to its docks and warehouses by floats and steam-tugs, great 
 numbers of which are employed in this business. Much of its 
 freight comes in canal-boats down the Hudson river. 
 
 The Atlantic Dock, on Buttermilk Channel, opposite Governor's 
 Island, and one mile south of Fulton Ferry, and the Erie and 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 173 
 
 
 BRIDGE OF THE SYRACUSE, GENEVa aTsD 
 CORNING RAILWAY, AT DRESDEN. 
 
 Brooklyn Basins, all in South 
 Brooklyn, are among the most 
 extensive works of the kind in ^-:^-^" 
 
 the United States, and are lined with immense storehouses for 
 grain and other freight, forming, perhaps, the largest grain-depot 
 in the world. The Atlantic Dock, erected by a company incor- 
 porated in 1840, with a capital of $1,000,000, embraces within 
 the piers 40.86 acres. The Erie and Brooklyn Basins have areas 
 respectively of 60 and 40 acres. The United States Navy Yard oc- 
 cupies about 40 acres of ground, which is inclosed on the land side 
 by a high stone wall, and contains, besides the residences of the 
 officers, extensive shiphouses, workshops, and a large amount of mil- 
 itary stores. Here is an extensive dry-dock, which cost about 
 11,000,000. 
 
 Brooklyn has a water-front of 10 miles, a circumference of 22 miles, 
 and an area of 16,000 acres. Its manufacturing interests are large 
 and varied. The refining of sugar and petroleum, and the manufac- 
 ture of glass, chandlery, clothing, carpets, cordage, chemicals, paints, 
 linseed oil, oil-cloth, metallic wares, tobacco, castings, steam boilers, 
 hats, wire, lace, buttons, paper, and felt goods, are extensively carried 
 
174 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 on. A very important industry is the loading and unloading of ships 
 and the storage of freight, such as grain, provisions, petroleum, and' 
 the like. Greenpoint is extensively engaged in the building and 
 reijairing of ships, and immense manufacturing interests are located 
 in the old city of Williamsburg. 
 
 Brooklyn has 4 national and 8 other banks, 15 savings banks, two 
 of which — "The Brooklyn" and "The Williamsburg" — have each 
 deposits of $10,000,000; 3 daily, 4 weekly, 2 bi-weekly, and 9 
 monthly periodicals. 
 
 Among the public buildings are the court-house, which cost $543,- 
 000, the old city hall, the new municipal building, erected at a cost 
 of $200,000, academy of music with a seating capacity of 2400, 
 academy of design, Brooklyn library, city jail, city hospital, house of cor- 
 rection, almshouse, lunatic asylum, deaf-mute asylum, &c. The chari- 
 table institutions comprise homes for destitute children, for newsboys, 
 for the aged, for the idiotic and deformed, and numerous orphanages, 
 dispensaries, infirmaries, and hospitals. The city has 279 churches, some 
 of them being buildings of great architectural merit; 58 public schools 
 with 90,000 pupils, employing 1150 teachers, and costing $1,100,000 
 yearly ; 2 medical colleges, a Catholic college and priests' seminary, 
 numerous convents, often with schools attached, and many private 
 and incorporated academies and seminaries. Of the churches there 
 are 30 Baptist, 21 Congregational, 16 Dutcli Reformed, 49 Episcopal, 
 G Jewish, 14 Luther.-in, 57 Methodist, 29 Presbyterian, 41 Roman 
 Catholic, &c. It is the seat of the Catholic bishop of Brooklyn, and 
 of the Protestant Episcopal bishop of Long Island. The environs 
 of the city are very fine. 
 
 In 1776 the battle of Long Island, so disastrous to us, was fought 
 u])on ground now partly within the city limits ; and at Wallabout 
 bay, in the ReAolutionary War, were stationed the English prison- 
 ships, in which it is said nearly 12,000 Americans i)erished from close 
 confini>ment and other ill-treatment. The bodies of the sufierers 
 were hastily buried upon the shore, with little care excei>t to conceal 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL. 
 
 them from sight. In 1808, their bones, which were beginning to be 
 washed from their graves, were taken up and placed in thirteen 
 coffins, inscribed with the names of the thirteen original States, and 
 then deposited in a common vault, beneath a building erected for the 
 purpose, on Hudson avenue, near the navy yard. In 1873 the 
 remains were placed in a tomb in Fort Green Park, Myrtle avenue. 
 
 Brooklyn was incorporated in 1646 by the Dutch authorities of 
 New Amsterdam (now New York), and named Breukelen, from a town 
 of the same name in the Netherlands. It was incorporated as a 
 township under its present name in April, 1806, and as a city, hav- 
 ing the same limits as a township, 6 miles long and 4 miles wide 
 at its greatest breadth, in 1834. In 1855, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, 
 and Bushwick were united under one government. The city is now 
 divided into 25 wards, and ranks as the third in the United States 
 in population. Population in 1810, 4402; in 1820, 7175; in 1830, 
 15,396; in 1840, 36,233; in 1850, 96,838; in 1860, 266,661; in 
 1865, 296,112; in 1870, 396,099; in 1875, 484,616; in 1880, 
 566,063. 
 
176 STA TE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 BUFFALO. 
 
 Buffalo, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of Erie county, 
 New York, is situated at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, in latitude 
 42° 53' N., longitude 78° 55' W., being 352 miles west of Albany by 
 the Erie Canal (300 miles by the New York Central Railroad), 460 
 miles north-west of New York by the Buffalo, New York and Erie 
 Railroad, 22 miles south-south-east of Niagara Falls, 182 miles north- 
 east of Cleveland by the Cleveland and Erie and Buffiilo and State 
 Line Railroads (103 miles by water), and 290 miles east-by-north 
 of Detroit. It has railway connections with Goderich on Lake Huron, 
 159 miles distant, via the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad, with 
 Detroit and Sarnia via the Great Western Railway, and with Toronto 
 and Montreal via the Grand Trunk Railway. 
 
 The city has a water-front of about 5 miles, being about 21 miles 
 on the hike and 21 miles on the Niagara river. The site on the 
 lake front gradually rises, and at the distance of about 2 miles becomes 
 an extended undulating j^lain 50 feet above the water-level of the 
 harbor. A portion of the river front is a bold bluff 60 feet above the 
 water-level of the river and of the Erie Canal, which passes near it. 
 A more elevated portion of the site affords fine views of the city, 
 Niagara river, the Canada shore, the lake and bay, and the hilly 
 country to the south-east. Buffalo, in the main, is handsomely built. 
 Its streets are broad and straight, and for the most jjart intersect one 
 another at right angles. Main street, extending about 3 miles, Niagara 
 street, 4 miles, and Delaware street, 3 miles, are particularly worthy 
 of mention. About li miles above the point where the waters of the 
 lake merge in the Niagara river, Buffalo creek enters the lake from 
 the east and the Erie Canal from the north-west, being nearly parallel 
 in their passage through the city and harbor. The streets in the more 
 elevated portions of the city are bordered with a profusion of shade- 
 trees, and the more important avenues have many fine residences. 
 Shade-trees also adorn the public squares — five in all, named Niagara, 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 177 
 
 Lafayette Place, Washington, Franklin, and Delaware Place — and 
 Terrace Park. 
 
 Favorably located for business, and with many advantages as a 
 place of residence, Buffalo shows a ratio of increase in population 
 considerably above the average of that of cities in the eastern and 
 older portions of the United States, taking rank as the eleventh 
 in population in the census of 1870. It is divided into lo wards, and 
 governed by a mayor and 26 aldermen; the other city officers are a 
 ti'easurer, comptroller, city attorney, superintendent of education, city 
 
 PORTAL OK PALACE HOTEL, BUFFALO. 
 
 engineer, overseer of the poor, and 3 assessors. It claims to be the 
 cleanest, best lighted, and healthiest city in the United States, 
 with the best water and the best and most complete sewerage ; it 
 has an ample water-supply, obtained from the Niagara through a 
 tunnel extending nearly to the middle of the river ; an efficient police 
 department ; a paid fire department, which is well equipped and is 
 assisted by 3 volunteer hook-and-ladder companies and a volunteer pro- 
 tection company ; a fire and police alarm telegraph, with 70 miles of 
 
178 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 wire, and signal-stations 
 and alarm-gongs at all 
 necessary points ; gas is 
 supplied by three private 
 companies, telephonic fa- 
 cilities extend to various 
 sections of the city, and 
 there are several lines of 
 -treet railways. The 
 iiblic buildings include 
 the United States cus- 
 tom-house and post office 
 (which also accommo- 
 dates the United States 
 courts), the State arsen- 
 al, the county court- 
 house and prison, the 
 city hall and jail, the 
 general hospital, several 
 hospitals and infirmaries 
 under private or church control, a commodious insane asylum, 
 numerous orphan and other asylums, 4 of which are under general 
 public control, a fine hall and library building of the Young Men's 
 Association, 7G churches, and a large number of educational buildings 
 and other edifices of a more or less public character. The city has 
 3 national banks, 6 State banks, and 5 savings banks. Besides the 
 Young Men's Association, already alluded to, which has a library of 
 about 30,000 volumes and real estate to the value of $250,000, there 
 are many associations of a benevolent or literary character, including 
 a Charity Organization Society, a German Young Men's Association, 
 the Grosvenor Library, Young Men's Christian Union, a Roman 
 Catholic Young Men's Association, a Society of Natural Sciences, an 
 historical society, a law association, medical societies, a mechanics' 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 179 
 
 institute, an academy of fine arts, a firemen's benevolent association , a 
 Lutheran benevolent association, and numerous lodges of Free Masons, 
 Odd Fellows, &c. The distinctively educational institutions belonging 
 to or located in Buffalo are quite numerous, including a State normal 
 school and about 50 public schools, with an average of 353 teachers 
 and 21,808 pupils, a medical college, and a number of collegiate 
 schools, academies, &c., controlled and conducted by various church 
 denominations and by private individuals. The city has a magnificent 
 public park, and there is a tastefully laid-out cemetery of 75 acres, 
 called the Forest Lawn, in the suburbs. There are 19 newspapers 
 published in Buffalo — of which 5 are English and 4 German dailies, 
 and 10 weeklies, 3 of the latter being sectarian. There are also 7 
 monthly periodicals. 
 
 Buffalo is an important and prosperous centre of trade, and has ex- 
 tensive manufactures. Its commerce has steadily increased for many 
 years — a fact due to its location at the foot of the great chain of 
 lakes, and to its being the terminus of the Erie Canal and of several 
 railroad lines, viz., the New York Central and two of its branches, the 
 Erie Railway, the Buffalo and Lake Huron Branch of the Grand Trunk 
 Railway of Canada, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and the 
 Canada Southern. It has easy and more or less direct railroad com- 
 munication with Philadelphia, Chicago, the Canadian markets, and 
 nearly all other desirable points. There is a board of trade, or- 
 ganized in 1844 and incorporated in 1857. Grain is the most im- 
 portant article of commerce, and the facilities for handling and storing 
 it are unexcelled by those of any other city on this continent. The 
 growth of this branch of trade may be estimated by the fact that it 
 was only in 1843 that Joseph Dart built the first grain-elevator here, 
 and but thirty years later, in 1873, there were 32 elevators, with a 
 capacity for storing 7,415,000 bushels, and flicilities for transferring 
 nearly 3,000,000 bushels per day. The growth of this interest within 
 forty years may be calculated from the record of receipts and exports, 
 which shows for the successive decades : receipts, 1836 to 1845, 
 
180 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 TIEW IX BUFFALO PARK. 
 
 41,851,488 bushels; 1846 to 
 1855, 174,717,437 bushels; 
 1856 to 1865; 432,390,318 bushels; 1866 to 1875, 571,255,254 
 bushels ; 1876 to 1879, four years, 276,123,628 bushels. During the 
 same period the exports have kept pace with the receipts. The live- 
 stock trade of Buflalo has thus far stood second to grain, but bids fair to 
 exceed it ere long. In the amount of business done in this branch of 
 trade it ranks third among the cities of the Union. The city has also 
 a large trade in anthracite and bituminous coal, received from Penn- 
 sylvania and distributed both westward and eastward ; and extensive 
 improvements have recently been made in the facilities for handling 
 and shipping this commodity. The fact that the lake shipments of 
 coal westward during the season of 1879 amounted to 612,976 tons, 
 against 325,676 tons in 1878, indicates the rapid growth of this branch 
 of the city's commerce. The lumber-trade is large, the receipts in 
 1879 amounting to 207,531,000 feet, exceeding those of 1878 by 
 30,000,000 feet. 
 
 In iron and steel manufacturing and working, Buffalo ranks next 
 to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The census of 1870 showed in Erie 
 county (and but a very small percentage was outside of Buffalo) 1429 
 establishments engaged in manufactures, having fl 3,04 3,790 capital, 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 181 
 
 employing 13,274 persons, at an annual cost of wages of 84,946,414, 
 using raw materials to the value of $15,374,440, and producing an 
 aggregate of $27,446,683. Of the total products of the manufacturing 
 establishments of the city, $5,471,000 were in iron and steel, besides 
 $1,252,445 in machinery and $499,305 in agricultural implements ; 
 $2,240,330 in malt and distilled liquors; $1,981,932 in flour, &c. ; 
 $1,786,441 in lumber, sawed and planed, besides $225,950 in doors, 
 sash, blinds, &c., and $590,719 in furniture; $1,701,044 in tanned 
 and dressed leather, besides $696,010 in boots and shoes ; $600,821 
 in malt; $502,244 in metallic wares; $427,481 in gas; $400,711 in 
 tobacco, cigars, &c. ; $363,257 in carriages and wagons ; $341,599 in 
 soaps and candles; $311,821 in boats, &c. ; $286,800 in cooperage; 
 $278,800 in bricks, $271,000 in vinegar, &c. 
 
 '^h. 
 
 
 
 HARVEST SCENE IN ONEIDA COUNTY. 
 
182 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The total debt of the city on the 1st of January, 1879, was 
 $7,514,264.72; and the assessed valuation of jDroperty was $88,876,545 
 (real estate, $80,929,165 ; personal property, $7,947,380). 
 
 Buffalo, originally laid out by the Holland Company in 1801, 
 became in 1812 a military post. It was burnt in December, 1813, 
 when of the 200 houses composing the village, all but two were de- 
 stroyed by the British and Indians. By act of Congress $80,000 was 
 voted to compensate the sufferers for the loss sustained. In April, 
 1832, it was incorporated as a city, and in 1852 the charter was 
 amended so as to include Black Kock. The act of the legislature was 
 ratified by the people in 1853, and on the 1st of January, 1854, it 
 went into operation. Population in 1810, 1508; in 1820,2095; in 
 1830, 8653; in 1840, 18,213; in 1850, 42,261; in 1860, 85,500; 
 in 1870, 117,714; in 1880, 155,134. 
 
 CAIVANDAIGUA. 
 
 Canandaigva, a beautiful post village, capital of Ontario county. 
 New York, is situated in a township of its own name, at the northern 
 end and outlet of Canandaigua lake, and on the Auburn Branch 
 of the New York Central Railroad, which connects here with the 
 Northei'n Central Railroad, 28 miles south-east of Rochester, 222 
 miles w^est-by-north from Albany, and 69 miles north-north-west of 
 Elmira. It is also the eastern terminus of the Canandaigua and 
 Niagara Bridge Railroad. The site is elevated and commands a beauti- 
 ful view of the lake, which is navigated by steamboats. Here are 
 many handsome residences, with gardens and ornamental grounds. 
 Canandaigua contains a fine court-house, 6 churches, the Canandaigua 
 Academy, the Ontario Female Seminary, a union school, a national 
 bank, several other banks, a lunatic asylum, a Catholic orphanage, a 
 brewery, a spoke factory, &c. Three weekly newspapers are published 
 here. Population in 1880, 5726; of the township, 8363. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 183 
 
 CANTON. 
 
 Canton, a post township of St. Lawrence county, New York, is 
 intersected by Grass river. It has 12 churches, and manufactures 
 of axes, leather, flour, and lumber, and produces much butter and 
 cheese of superior quality. It contains, besides Canton the county 
 town, the villages of Hermon, Morley, and Rensselaer Falls. Canton, 
 the capital of St. Lawrence county, is a post village on Grass 
 river, on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, 59 miles 
 north-east of Watertown, and 18 miles east-south-east of Ogdensburg. 
 It contains a court-house, 6 churches, a bank, the Canton Academy, 
 and the St. Lawrence University (Universalist), which was founded 
 in 185G and has a library of 7000 volumes. Two weekly newsjDapers 
 are published here. Canton has extensive manufactures of flour and 
 lumber, a foundry, an axe factory, a tannery, &c. Population in 1880, 
 2049 ; of the township, 6275. 
 
 LAKE VIEW HOUSE AT AU SABLE CHASM. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 185 
 
 CASTLETON. 
 
 Castleton, a township of Richmond county, New York, forms part 
 of the north side of Staten Island. It contains the Anllages of Tomp- 
 kinsville, New Brighton, Castleton Corners, &c., has a Sailors' Snug 
 Harbor, extensive dye-works, a home for the children of mariners, and 
 is connected by ferries with New York city. Population, 12,679. 
 
 SYLVAN LAKE, CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. 
 
 CATSKILL. 
 
 Catskill, a post village, capital of Greene county. New York, is 
 pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Hudson river, at the 
 mouth of Catskill creek, 84 miles below Albany. It contains a court- 
 house, G or more churches, 2 national banks, the Catskill Free 
 
186 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Academy, printing offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers, and several 
 large hotels. Here are manufactures of woolen goods and various 
 other products, a paper mill, and several stone yards and icehouses. 
 Population in 1880, 4320; of the township (which contains another 
 village, named Leeds), 8311. 
 
 CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 CHAMriAiN, a post township of Clinton county, New York, is bounded 
 on the east by Lake Champlain, and is the extreme north-eastern part 
 of the State. It contains the villages of Champlain, Rouse's Point, 
 and Perry's Mills. Total population in 1880, 5407. 
 
 LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 187 
 
 LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 COHOES. 
 
 CoHOES, a city of Albany county, New York, is situated on the 
 west bank of the Hudson river, at the mouth of the Mohawk, on 
 the Erie Canal, and on the New York Central and Rensselaer and 
 Saratoga Railroads, 9 miles north of Albany, and 3 miles above Troy. 
 It contains 8 churches, a high school, a large graded school, a 
 Catholic academy, 2 banks, and several hotels. Two daily and 3 
 weekly newspapers (2 in French) are published here. Its prosperity 
 is derived mainly from its manufactures, which are very extensive. 
 Here are 6 large cotton mills, owned and operated by the Harmony 
 Compan}^ ; also about 20 knitting-mills, in which woolen and cotton 
 knit goods of various kinds are made, several axe factories, foundries, 
 machine shops, a paper mill, a bobbin factory, a pin factory, a gas- 
 pipe factory, a thread mill, and other mills. The Mohawk here de- 
 scends about 100 feet, affording abundant water-power. Cohoes is 
 rapidly increasing. Population in 1860, 8799; in 1870, 15,357; in 
 1875, 17,516; in 1880, 19,416. 
 
188 STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 COKNIXG. 
 
 Corning, a post village, one of the capitals of Steuben county, 
 New York, is in Corning township, on the Chemung river, and on 
 the Erie Railroad, 290 miles west-north-west of New York, 132 
 miles east-south-east of Buffalo, and 17 miles west-north-west of 
 Elmira. It is the north terminus of the Corning, Cowanesque and 
 Antrim Railroad, which connects it with the coal mines of Tioga 
 county, Pennsylvania. It contains a court-house, 7 cliurches, the 
 Corning Free Academy, the Corning Institute, 3 banks, several iron 
 foundries, and manufactures of railroad cars, glass and other pioducts. 
 Three ^sveekly newspapers are published here. Corning is a terminus 
 of the Chemung Canal, and has an extensive trade in lumber, coal, &c. 
 A bridge across the river connects Corning with Knoxville. Poi)U- 
 lation, 4802 ; of the township, 7402. 
 
 CORTLANDT. 
 
 CoRTLANDT, a township of Westchester county. New York, bounded 
 west by the Hudson river. Population in 1880 (including Peeks- 
 kill and other villages), 12,064. 
 
 CORTLAND VILLE. 
 
 CoRTLANDViLLE, a townslii|» of Cortland county, New York. Popu- 
 lation in 1880, 7114. It includes Cortland and McGrawville. 
 
 DEER PARK. 
 
 Deer Park, a township of Orange count}^. New York, contiguous 
 to Port Jervis, is bounded on the south-west by the Delaware river, 
 is drained by the Neversink river, and is intersected by tlie l^ie 
 Railroad. Population in 1880, 11,420. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 18^ 
 
 DUNKIRK. 
 
 Dunkirk, a 
 port of entry in 
 Dunkirk town- 
 ship, Chautan- 
 q u a c u n t y , 
 New York, on 
 Lake Erie, and 
 on the Lake 
 Shore & Michi- 
 gan Southern 
 Raih'oad, 40 
 miles south- 
 south-west of 
 
 B U ffa 1 4 8 FIVE-MILE POINT, ON OTSEGO LAKE. 
 
 miles east-north-east of Erie, and 460 miles west-north-west of 
 New York. The western division of the Erie Railroad terminates 
 at this place, which is the northern terminus of the Dunkirk, Alle- 
 gheny Valley and Pittsburgh Railroad, extending to Titusville, Penn- 
 sylvania. It has a safe and commodious harbor, with wharves for 
 the accommodation of the numerous steamboats and sailing-vessels 
 that ply between this town and other lake ports. It contains a 
 large opera-house, 2 banks, 10 churches, an orphan asylum, a 
 monastery, a public hall, several graded schools, and printing offices 
 which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Here are extensive warehouses 
 and workshops of the Erie Railroad, also several iron works, a foun- 
 dry, 1 or more lumber mills, and a manufactory of agricultural 
 implements. The Brooks Locomotive Works of this place employ 
 about 550 men. A horse-railroad connects the Union Depot with 
 Fredonia. Dunkirk is supplied with lake water by the Holly Water- 
 Works, and is lighted with gas. Population in 1870, 5231 ; in 
 1880, 7248. 
 
190 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 EAST CHESTER. 
 
 East Chester, a post village of Westchester county, New York, 
 in East Chester township, and on a creek of the same name, li 
 miles from Mount Vernon station, and about 16 miles north-north- 
 east of New York. It has 3 churches. The township contains 
 a large village, named Mount Vernon, and is intersected by the New 
 York and Harlem Railroad. Population of the township in 1875, 
 8333; in 1880, 8737. 
 
 EDGEWATER. 
 
 Edgewater, a village of Richmond county. New York, on Staten 
 Island, and on New York bay, at Vanderbilt station on the Staten 
 Island Railroad, in the townships of Middletown and Southfield. 
 It has 9 churches, a savings bank, an academy, an educational 
 institute, and manufactures of candles, felt, beer, carriages, hats, 
 machinery, paper, &c. It ad- 
 joins the villag 
 Population in 
 
 CAZKNOVIA LAKE. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 191 
 
 VV -..iA' v:.>i."3>» 
 
 CAMPING OUT IN THE ADIKONUACKS. 
 
 ELLICOTT. 
 
 Ellicott, a township of Chautauqua county, New York, is at the 
 south-east extremity of Chautauqua lake. It contains the large 
 vilhige of Jamestown. Population, 10,842. 
 
 ELMIRA. 
 
 Elmira, a city and the capital of Chemung county, Xew York, and 
 the largest town on the Erie Railroad between Paterson and Buffalo, 
 is situated on both sides of the Chemung river, in a wide and fertile 
 
192 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 valley, at the mouth of Newtown creek. By railroad it is 274 miles 
 west-north-west of New York, 149 miles east-south-east of Buffalo, 
 46 miles south-south-west of Ithaca, and 78 miles north by east of 
 Williamsport. It is on the Erie Railroad where it crosses the Northern 
 Central Railroad, and is a terminus of the Utica, Ithaca and Elniira 
 Railroad. It contains a court-house, 20 churches, a high school, a 
 normal school, the Elmira Free Academy, 4 banks (2 of which 
 are national), a State Reformatory, a Catholic academy, and the 
 Elmira Female College, which has an endowment of $100,000 and 
 a library of 3000 volumes. Two daily and 4 weekly newspapers 
 are published here. Elmira has extensive manufactures of rail- 
 road iron, iron castings, railroad cars, firming implements, boots 
 
 and shoes, carriages, 
 edge-tools, flour, &c. 
 Here are several ma- 
 chine shops and tan- 
 neries, a woolen mill, a 
 manufactory of steam 
 fire-engines, and large 
 workshops of the Erie 
 Railroad and Northern 
 Central Railroad. The 
 town is supplied with 
 water wliich is stored 
 in a large reservoir and 
 distributed in pipes. Its 
 trade is facilitated by the 
 Chemung Canal, which 
 connects with Seneca 
 lake. Elmira was incor- 
 porated in 1805, and is 
 divided into 6 wards. 
 Population, 20,541. 
 
 TRENTON FALLS. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 193 
 
 FISHKILL. 
 
 FiSHKiLL, a post village in Fishkill township, Dutchess county, New 
 York, on a creek of the same name, and on the Dutchess and Columbia 
 Railroad, 7 miles north-east of Newburg, 5 miles east of the Hudson 
 river, and 62 miles north of New York. It contains 4 churches, a 
 national bank, an academy or union school, and a newspaper office. 
 Population, 682. The township contains larger villages, named Fish- 
 kill Landing and Matteawan. Total population, 10,732. 
 
 LAKE MOHONK, ERIK RAILWAY 
 
194 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 FLATBUSH. 
 
 Flatbush, a i^ost A'illage of Kings county, New York, in Flatbush 
 township, 3 or 4 miles south-south-east of Brooklyn. It contains 5 
 churches, the Erasmus Hall Academy, an almshouse, a lunatic asylum, 
 and a newspaper office. The township also contains a A'illage named 
 Parkville. Prospect Park, of Brooklyn, is contiguous to Flatbush. 
 Population of the township, 7634. 
 
 FLUSHING. 
 
 Flushing, a post village in Flushing township, Queens county, New 
 York, on Flushing bay (a part of Long Island sound), on the Flush- 
 ing and North Side Railroad, and on a branch of the Long Island 
 Railroad, about 9 miles east of New York city. Steam ferry-boats 
 ply regularly between Flushing and New York or Hunter's Point. It 
 contains 2 banks, 8 churches, the Flushing Institute, St. Mary's Sem- 
 inary, St. Joseph's Academy, a private asylum for the insane, a con- 
 vent, and printing offices which issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. 
 Here are several large nurseries and gardens. Population, GG83 ; 
 of the township, 15,906. The township contains also College Point, 
 Bay Side, and Whitestone, which have manufactures of silk, india- 
 rubber, tin, &c. 
 
 GALEN. 
 
 Galen, a township of Wayne county, New York. Population, 5461. 
 It contains the village of Clyde. 
 
 GEDDES. 
 
 Geddes, a post village of Onondaga county, New York, in Geddes 
 township, on the Erie Canal and the Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, 2 
 or 3 miles west of Syracuse. It contains 2 churches, a pottery, ex- 
 tensive salt-works, and the works of the Onondaga Iron Company. 
 The township is bounded north-east by Onondaga lake. Population 
 of village in 1880, 4283; of the township, 7088. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 195 
 
 GENEVA. 
 
 Geneva, a beautiful town in 
 Geneva township, Ontario coun- 
 ty, New York, at the northern 
 end of Seneca lake, about 16 
 miles (direct) east of Canandaigua. By railroad it is 26 miles west 
 of Auburn, and 50 miles east-south-east of Rochester. It is on the 
 Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, and is the 
 northern terminus of the Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre Railroad. It is 
 finely situated on high ground on the western shore of the lake, 
 and contains many handsome residences. Geneva contains 10 or 11 
 churches, the Geneva Classical and Union School, the Walnut Hill 
 Seminary for boys, 2 national banks, and a water-cure, and is the seat 
 of Hobart College (Protestant Episcopal), which was organized in 
 1820 and has a library of 13,000 volumes. Two weekly newspapers 
 are published here. Steamboats ply daily in all seasons of the year 
 between this place and Watkins, which is about 36 miles distant. 
 
196 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Here are 2 large nurseries of fruit trees. Geneva has also ojDtical 
 works, bending-works, and manufactures of engines, boilers, and steam 
 heating-apparatus. Population in 1880, 5878; of the township, 7412. 
 
 GERMAN FLATS. 
 
 German Flats, a township of Herkimer county, New York. Popu- 
 lation, 6746. It contains Ilion and Mohawk. 
 
 GLOVERSVILLE. 
 
 Gloversville, a post village of Fulton county. New York, in Johns- 
 town township, on Cayadutta creek, and on the Fonda, Johnstown and 
 Gloversville Railroad, 53 miles north-west of Albany, and 10 miles 
 north of Fonda. It is the most populous place in Fulton county, 
 and is noted for the manufacture of buckskin and other gloves and 
 mittens. It contains 6 churches, 2 national banks, a union school, 
 a machine shop, and numerous manufactories of gloves and mittens. 
 Two weekly newspapers are published here. Population about 7133. 
 
 
 LAKE SCENE IN CENTRAL NEW YOKK. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. \ffj 
 
 GIIEENBUKG. 
 
 Greenburg, formerly Dobbs Ferry, a village in Greenburg town- 
 slii[), Westchester county, New York, on the Hudson river, and on 
 the Hudson River Railroad, at Dobbs Ferry Station, 20 miles north 
 of Xew York. It has 4 churches, a union school, and a brewery. 
 Population about 1915. Here is Dobbs Ferry Post Office. The 
 township contains villages named Irvington and Tarrytown, and a 
 population of 8934. 
 
 GREENBUSH. 
 
 Greenbush, also called East Albany, a village of Rensselaer county. 
 New York, in Greenbush township, on the east bank of the Hudson 
 river, opposite Albany, with which it is connected by a railroad 
 bridge. It is the western terminus of the Boston and Albany Rail- 
 road and the southern terminus of the Troy and Greenbush Railroad, 
 and contains the depot, machine shops, and freight houses of the 
 first-named road. It has also 7 churches, a convent, a newspaper 
 office, a l)ank, 2 saw-mills, a tannery, and a cigar factory. Popula- 
 tion in 1880, 3295 ; of the township, G743. 
 
 HAVERSTRAW. 
 
 Haverstraw, formerly Warren, a post village of Rockland county, 
 New York, in Haverstraw township, on the west bank of the Hudson 
 river (here called Haverstraw or Tappan bay), 35 miles north of New 
 York, and G miles below Peekskill. It contains a bank, 5 churches, 
 an academy, a newspaper office, a paper mill, an iron foundry, &c. It 
 has extensive manufactures of bricks, brick-machines, and baskets. 
 Two steamboats ply between this place and New York city. Popula- 
 tion, 3506. The township is partly occupied by steep and rocky peaks 
 of the Ramapo mountains, and contains villages named Garnerville 
 and Samsondale. Total population, 6973. 
 
198 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 HECTOR. 
 
 Hector, a post township of Schuyler county, New York, about 15 
 miles west of Ithaca, is bounded on the west by Seneca lake. Popu- 
 lation in 1880, 5025. It contains villages named Burdette, North 
 Hector, Mecklenburg, and Peach Orchard. Hector Post Office is at 
 Peach Orchard. 
 
 HEMPSTEAD. 
 
 Hempstead, a post village of Queens county. New York, in Hemp- 
 stead township, on the Long Island Railroad and on the Flushing and 
 North Side Railroad, 20 miles east of Brooklyn. The Hempstead 
 Branch of the South Side Railroad connects it with Valley Stream 
 station of the main line. It has 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a 
 seminary, and many fine residences. Population, 2521. The township 
 is bounded on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, and comprises Rocka- 
 way, a fashionable bathing place. Its surface is level. Population, 
 18,164. 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 199 
 
 HOOSIC. 
 
 Hoosic, or Hoosic Corner, a post village of Rensselaer county, New 
 York, on Hoosic river, in a township of the same name, and on the 
 Troy and Boston Railroad, 36 miles by rail north-east of Albany, 
 and 8 or 9 miles west of Bennington, Vermont. It has 2 churches 
 and about 30 houses. The township contains Hoosic Falls. Total 
 population in 1880, 7914. 
 
 HORNELLSVILLE. 
 
 HoRNELLSViLLE, a post town in Hornellsville township, Steuben 
 county, New York, on the Canisteo river, and on the Erie Railroad, 
 332 miles west-north-west of New York, 91 miles east-south-east of 
 Buffalo, and about 60 miles south of Rochester. It is at the junction 
 of two divisions of the railroad, one of which terminates at Buffalo 
 and the other at Dunkirk. It contains 6 churches, a convent, a na- 
 tional bank, 2 other banks, a pub- 
 lic library of 4200 vol- 
 umes, and repair shops /[/^^ 
 of the railroad. Four 
 weekly newspapers are 
 published here. It has 
 also a free academy and 
 a business college, and 
 manufactures of mowing- 
 machines, leather, shoes, 
 &c. Population in 1880, 
 8195 ; of the township, 
 9852. 
 
 SPRING HOUSE. 
 
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 LROAD' 
 
 [OGDCNSBURC jSliiJ 
 
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 TswfisA 
 
 
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 Otseyoi 
 
 
 
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 Y> 
 
 «\, 
 
 lemstown/ //V^rtS^'''' 
 
 7K^ J?" 
 
 \iVaKt^BARRE 
 
 ven> 
 
 f^TA UCH CHOplJC. 
 
 
 
 
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 M 
 
 <^Cy^Ml 
 
 yorK 
 
 BALTIMOf 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 201 
 
 HUDSON. 
 
 Hudson, a city, the capital of Columbia county, New York, is finely 
 situated on the east bank of the Hudson river, and on the Hudson 
 River Railroad, at the terminus of the Hudson and Chatham Branch 
 of the Boston and Albany Railroad, 115 miles north of New York, 
 and 28 miles south of Albany. The river bank here is a steep bluff, 
 about 60 feet high, from the top of which a ridge extends eastward to 
 Prospect Hill, a rounded eminence, which is nearly 500 feet higher than 
 the river, and is IJ miles from the w^estern part of the city. 
 Warren street, the principal street of Hudson, ex- 
 tends along the crest of this ridge from the ba^e of 
 Prospect Hill to the bluff, on which is a de- 
 lightful promenade over- 
 looking the river. Hudson 
 contains a court-house of 
 marble and limestone, a 
 city hall, 13 churches, the 
 Hudson Academy, a public 
 library, 3 national banks, 
 extensive manufactures of 
 clothing, paper, and steam 
 fire-engines, 3 blast fur- 
 naces, several iron foun- 
 dries, and printing offices 
 which issue 2 daily and 3 
 weekly newspapers. A 
 steam ferry-boat plies be- 
 tween this city and Athens, 
 on the west side of the riv- 
 er. This place was settled 
 about 1784, and was incor- 
 porated as a city in 1785. 
 Population in 1880, 8670. 
 
 CANADAKAl,<j i.AKK. — \V1U.\AT1IA ul;.'?i:i; V AiuRY. 
 
202 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 PART OF HIGH FALLS. 
 
 HUNTINGTON. 
 
 Huntington, a post village of Suffolk county, New York, is in Hun- 
 tington township, and on an inlet of Long Island sound, called Hun- 
 tington bay. It is about 38 miles east of New York, with which it 
 is connected by the Long Island Railroad. It has 7 churches, a public 
 hall, a union school, a pottery, a thimble factory, and a Avindmill. 
 Two or 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Population in 1880, 
 2952. The township, which is bounded on the south by the Atlantic 
 Ocean, contains two other villages, named Cold Springs and North- 
 port, and a total population of 8098. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 203 
 
 ISLIP. 
 
 IsLiP, a post village and summer resort of Suffolk county, New 
 York, in Islip township, on Great South bay, and on the South Side 
 Railroad, 44 miles east of Brooklyn, and 1^ miles east of Bay Shore. 
 It has 3 churches, a union school, and about 70 houses, also a manu- 
 factory of paper boards. Population about 1127. The township 
 contains larger villages, named Bay Shore and Sayville. Islip is 
 opposite Fire Island light-house. Total population, 6453. 
 
 ITHACA. 
 
 Ithaca, a handsome town, the capital of Tompkins county. New 
 York, IS nearly 1 mile from the head or south end of Cayuga lake, 37 
 miles south of Auburn, 
 40 miles east-south-east 
 of Geneva, and about 35 
 miles north -north -east 
 of Elmira. Three streams 
 named Cayuga inlet. Fall 
 creek, and Six Mile 
 creek, here enter the 
 lake. Ithaca is built 
 partly on an alluvial 
 plain, and partly on the 
 slopes of high hills which inclose that plain on all sides except the 
 north, and are nearly 600 feet higher than the lake. Few towns in the 
 State enjoy such beautiful and picturesque scenery. The long, deep, 
 and narrow lake is a link in the chain of the inland navigation of the 
 State, and communicates with the Erie Canal. Steamboats ply daily be- 
 tween the place and the village of Cayuga. Ithaca is the southern ter- 
 minus of the Cayuga Southern Railroad, and is on the Utica, Ithaca and 
 
 CAYUGA LAKE. 
 
204 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 TAUGHANNOCK FALLS, ITHACA. 
 
 Elmira Railroad, which connects here with the Geneva, Ithaca and 
 Sayre Raikoad. Another raih'oad (a part of the Dehiware, Lacka- 
 wanna and Western Railroad) extends from this town to Owego. The 
 town contains 14 churches, 2 or 3 national banks, the Ithaca Academy, 
 a large free library, several good hotels, and printing offices which 
 issue 1 or 2 daily and 5 weekly newspapers. Here are extensive 
 manufactures of flour, paper, carriages, farming implements, iron cast- 
 ings, machinery, &c. Population, 9105. Ithaca is the seat of Cornell 
 University (non-sectarian), which was organized in 1868 and is endowed 
 with funds amounting to about $2,500,000. It is open to both sexes, 
 and occupies several fine stone edifices situated on an eminence. It 
 has a faculty of about 35 instructors, an attendance of about 500 
 students, and a library of 37,000 volumes. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 205 
 
 JAMAICA. 
 
 Jamaica, a post village, one of the capitals of Queens ronnly, New- 
 York, in Jamaica township, on the Long Island Railroad, at the junc- 
 tion of several of its branches, 12 miles east of Brooklyn, and about 
 4 miles south of Flushing. It contains 6 churches, the Union Hall 
 Academy, several seminaries, a bank, and many elegant residences 
 owned or occupied by citizens of Brooklyn and New York. It has 
 several manufactures of carriages ; and 4 weekly newspapers (1 of 
 which is German) are published here. Population in 1880, 3922. 
 The township is bounded on the south-west by Jamaica bay (which 
 opens into the Atlantic Ocean), and is mostly a sandy plain. Here 
 is the Union Race Course. Population, 10,088. 
 
 JAMESTOWN. 
 
 Jamestowx, a handsome town of Chautauqua county. New" York, 
 on the Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad, at its junction with the 
 Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, and on the navigable outlet of 
 Chautauqua lake, 27 miles east-north-east of Corry, 20 miles south- 
 east of Mayville, and 60 miles south-by-west of Buffalo. It is 
 finely situated on the hillsides, 2 miles from the beautiful Chautauqua 
 lake, which is a favorite summer resort. It contains 9 churches, 
 3 national banks, the Jamestown Collegiate Institute, a large 
 union school, 7 hotels, a piano factory, a woolen mill, a large 
 manufactory of alpaca, a manufactory of axes and edge-tools, 
 and several manufactories of cane-seat chairs and other furniture. 
 Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are [lublished here. Three 
 steamboats ply between this place and the head of the lake. The 
 Chautauqua Outlet here furnishes water-power, which is employed in 
 flouring mills and other miUs. Population in 1870, 5336; in 1880, 9357. 
 
206 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 JOHNSTOWN. 
 
 Johnstown, a post village, capital of Fulton county, New York, 
 in Johnstown township, on Cayadutta creek, and on the Fonda, 
 Johnstown and Gloversville Railroad, 4 miles north of Fonda, and 
 48 miles west-north-west of Albany. It has 9 churches, a union 
 
 RAMAPO FALLS, ERIE RAILWAY. 
 
 school, 2 banks, gas-works, 
 3 newspaper offices, 2 grist 
 
 mills, a planing mill, and /' J^^ ^^r^"-^ ^ ^^"^ \ 
 
 manufactures of gloves and mittens. Population, 5013. The town- 
 ship contains the large village of Gloversville. Total population, 
 16,626. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 207 
 
 KINGSTON. 
 
 Kingston, a city, capital of Ulster county. New York, in Kings- 
 ton township, 2 miles west of the Hudson river, 54 miles south 
 of Albany, and 1^ miles north-west of Rondout. It is on or 
 near Esopus creek] and the Rondout river, is on the Ulster and 
 Delaware Railroad, and is also a terminus of the Wallkill Valley 
 Railroad. It contains a city hall, a court-house, 10 or more 
 churches, a convent, an orphanage, a Catholic academy, 3 national 
 banks, 3 savings banks, the Kingston Academy, a high school. 
 
 3 first-class hotels, and printing offices which issue 1 daily and 
 
 4 or 5 weekly news- 
 papers. Kingston has 
 
 5 breweries, 2 tanner- 
 ies, 3 iron foundries, 4 
 brick yards, 3 steam flour 
 mills, and manufactories 
 of cement, lime, steam 
 boilers, sash, blinds, soap, 
 candles, &c. It was made 
 a city in 1872, the vil- /^F^-^ 
 lage of Rondout being 
 a part of the new* cor- 
 poration. Population in 
 1875, 20,474; in 1880, 
 18,344. Kingston town- 
 ship is bounded on the 
 east by the Hudson 
 river. Large quantities of 
 building and flag stones 
 are exported from it. 
 Population of the town- 
 ship, 1093. 
 
208 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 LANSINGBURG. 
 
 Lansingburg, a post town of Rensselaer county, New York, in Lan- 
 singburg township, on the east bank of the Hudson river, opposite 
 Waterford, with which it is connected by a bridge, and on the Troy 
 and Boston Raih'oad, 10 miles above Albany, and 3j miles north of 
 Troy. It contains 6 churches, the Lansingburg Academy, an Augus- 
 tinian priory, 2 national banks, and a newspaper office. Here are 
 extensive manufactures of brushes, oil-cloths, &c. Sloops can ascend 
 the river to this place. Population of the township, 7759. 
 
 LENOX. 
 
 Lenox, a post township of Madison county. New York, about 24 
 miles west of Utica, is bounded on the north by Oneida lake, and on 
 the east by Oneida creek. It is intersected by the Erie Canal and the 
 New York Central Railroad, and contains the large villages of Canas- 
 tota and Oneida. Hops and dairy products are the chief articles of 
 export. Population in 1880, 10,24G. Lenox Post Office is at Quality 
 Hill. 
 
 LITTLE FALLS. 
 
 Little Falls, a post village of Herkimer county, New York, on 
 both sides of the Mohawk river, on the Erie Canal, and on the New 
 York Central Railroad, 73i miles west-north-west of Albany, and 211^ 
 miles east-by-south of Utica. The river here passes through a 
 narrow rocky gorge, and fills about 44 feet in the course of two- 
 thirds of a mile, affording abundant water-})ower. The dwellings 
 are built on steep declivities, commanding a view of picturesque 
 scenery. Little Falls contains 8 churches, a bank, 2 or 3 newspaper 
 offices, an academy a cotton factory, 2 paper mills, a starch factory. 
 2 woolen mills, an axe factory, 2 knitting-mills, a foundry, &c. The 
 village is mostly in Little Falls township, but partly in Manheim. 
 Population, G9 10 ; of the township, 6913. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 209 
 
 LOCKPORT AT NIGHT. 
 
 LOCKPORT. 
 
 LocKPORT, a city, the capital of Niagara county, New York, in Lock- 
 port township, on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester and Niagara 
 division of the New York Central Railroad, 25 miles north-north-east 
 of Buffalo, and 56 1 miles west of Rochester. It is 285 miles by rail- 
 road or about 330 miles by canal west-l)y-north of Albany. It is 
 partly built on the declivities of a terrace or long ridge, called the 
 "Mountain Ridge." The canal here descends about 60 feet fronx 
 the level of Lake Erie to the Genesee level by 10 double combined 
 locks of massive masonry. The abundant hydraulic power thus 
 obtained is one of the main sources of the prosperity of the city, 
 and is utilized in numerous mills and factories. The canal here 
 passes through a deep channel which has been cut in solid lime* 
 stone and is several miles in extent. Lockport contains 15 churches, 
 a large union school-house, 3 national banks, 3 other banks, and print- 
 ing offices which issue 3 daily and four weekly newspa^pers. It has 
 also a Catholic female academy, 6 or more flouring mills (some of 
 
210 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 which are of the first class), numerous saw-mills, a woolen factory, 
 several iron foundries, machine shops, &c. Here are extensive quar- 
 ries of Niagara limestone, an excellent material for building, which 
 give emi:)loyment to several hundred men. At this jDlace the 
 railroad crosses the canal by a viaduct 60 feet above the surface 
 of the water. Lockport was incorporated as a city in 1865. 
 Population in 1880. 13,522; of the township, exclusive of the 
 city, 2847. 
 
 MT. MC GREGGOR. 
 
 LONG ISLAND CITY. 
 
 Long Island City, a city, one of the capitals of Queens county. 
 New York, is on the East river, opposite the city of New York, 
 and is separated from Brooklyn by Newtown creek. It includes 
 Hunter's Pohit, Astoria, Ravenswood, Dutch Kills, Blissville, &c., 
 and is the western terminus of the Long Island Railroad and the 
 Flushing and Northside Railroad. It has 4 churches, a savings 
 bank, oil works, extensive manufactories, and printing offices which 
 issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. Population in 1880, 
 17,129. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 211 
 
 LYONS. 
 
 Lyons, a post village, capital 
 of Wayne county, New York, in 
 
 Lyons township, on the Erie Canal and the Clyde river, at the con- 
 fluence of the Canandaigua Outlet with Mud creek. It is also on the 
 New York Central Railroad, 45 miles west of Syracuse, and 36 miles 
 east-by-south of Rochester. It contains a fine stone court-house, 7 
 churches, a national bank, 2 banking houses, a large union school, 2 
 newspaper offices, a pottery, a machine shop, several flour mills, ex- 
 tensive distilleries of peppermint oil, and manufactories of' barrels 
 and farm implements. Population, 3820 ; of the township, 5762, 
 
 MALONE. 
 
 Malone, a post village, capital of Franklin county. New York, in 
 Malone township, on Salmon river, and on the Ogdensburg and Lake 
 Champlain Railroad, 61 miles east-by-north of Ogdensburg, and 57 
 miles west of Rouse's Point. A bridge here crosses the river, which 
 affords extensive water-power and flows in a deep valley. Malone is 
 pleasantly situated in a rich farming country. It contains 7 churches, 
 
212 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 2 national banks, 2 newspaper offices, an academy, 2 iron foundries, 
 2 woolen factories, a paper mill, 3 flouring mills, a tannery, and 2 
 machine shops. Here is a quarry of Potsdam sandstone. The ma- 
 chine and repair shops of the railroad located here are on a large 
 scale. Population, 4193 ; of the township, 7909. 
 
 MANLIUS. 
 
 Manlius, a post village in Onondaga county, New York, in Manlius 
 township, on Limestone creek, and on the Syracuse and Chenango 
 Railroad, 12 miles east-south-east of Syracuse. It contains 4 churches, 
 an academy or graded school, a paper mill, 2 foundries, 2 flouring 
 mills, a woolen mill, and a manufjictory of cement. Population, 834. 
 The township is traversed by the Erie Canal, and contains villages 
 named Fayetteville and Manlius Station. Population of township, 
 5954. 
 
 MIDDLETOWX (Orange Comity). 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a post town of Orange county, New York, is situated 
 in Wallkill township, in the valley of the Wallkill river, on the Erie 
 Railroad, at its junction with the New York and Oswego Midland 
 Railroad, about 24 miles west-south-west of Ncwburg. By railroad 
 il is 6G miles north-north-west of New York, and 7 miles west-north- 
 west of Goshen. It is also the northern terminus of the West Jersey 
 Midland Railroad. It contains 8 churches, the Wallkill Academy and 
 union school, 2 or 3 national banks, a savings bank, an opera-house. 
 2 public halls, hotels called the Grand Central and Ogden House, and 
 printing offices which issue 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. It has 
 gas works and iron works, and is supplied with water brought from 
 Monhagan lake. It has also manufactories of wool, hats, blankets, 
 carpetrb'rigs, and saws. The State homoeopathic insane asylum is 
 located here. In 1880 the population was 8494. 
 
214 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 MIDDLETOWN (Richmond County). 
 
 MiDDLETOWN, a township of Richmond county, New York. It con- 
 tains New Dorp, Edge water, and other villages. In 1880 the popula- 
 tion was 9029. 
 
 MILO. 
 
 MiLO, a post township of Yates county, New York, is bounded on 
 the east by Seneca lake, and on the west by Keuka lake. It con- 
 tains part of Penn Yan, and is intersected by the Northern Central 
 Railroad. Population, 5755. 
 
 GLEN 1>AI,I,S. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 215 
 
 MILTON. 
 
 Milton, a township of Saratoga county, New York. In 1880 the 
 population was 5565. It contains Ballston Spa, Milton Centre, West 
 Milton, and Rock City FaUs. 
 
 MINDEN. 
 
 MiNDEN, a post township of Montgomery county. New York, about 
 30 miles south-east of Utica, is bounded on the north by the Mohawk 
 river. • It has a fertile soil and a hilly surface. Population, 5100. 
 It contains the village of Fort Plain. Minden Post Office is at 
 Fordsbush. 
 
 VJEW FROM THE BATTERY, WEST POINT. 
 
21 G STATE 01'' SEW YORK. 
 
 3IONROE. 
 
 Monroe, a post village of Orange county, New York, in Monroe 
 township, on the Erie Railroad, oU miles north-north-west of New 
 York city, and 10 miles south-east of Goshen. It has 3 churches 
 and a flour mill. Population nbout 500. The township comprises 
 part of the Highhmds of tlio Hudson, and several lakes. It contains 
 villages named Turners and Greenwood Iron Works, and has a popu- 
 lation of 5096. 
 
 MORIAH. 
 
 MoRiAH, a post village in Moriah township, Essex county. New 
 York, about 37 miles north of AVhitehall, and 4 miles west of Lake 
 Champhdn, which forms the eastern boundary of the township. It 
 has 2 or 3 churches, rich mines of magnetic iron ore, and several 
 furnaces. The township is intersected by the New York and Canada 
 Railroad. It contains lai-ger villages, named Port Henry and Miner- 
 ville. Population of the township, 7379. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, a township of Westchester county. New York, on 
 the Hudson river. Population, 5450. It contains Beekmantown, 
 Pleasantville, Sleepy Hollow, &c. 
 
 NEAV BKIGHTON. 
 
 New Brighton, a post village of Richmond county. New York, is 
 on the north-east shore of Staten Island, G miles south-west of New 
 Y^ork. It is beautifully situated on New York bay, at the eastern 
 end of Kill van Kull. It contains 9 churches, several superior hotels, 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 217 
 
 -v^l 
 
 ite is found near this village. 
 
 and many handsome villas and resi- 
 dences. The site is elevated, and 
 commands beautiful views of the 
 bay. Steamboats run hourly from 
 New York to New Brighton, pass- 
 ing between the fortified islands 
 which defend the metropolis. Gran- 
 It has 2 newspaper offices, works 
 
 for printing and dyeing silk, and manufiictures of paper, &c. Popula- 
 tion, 12,679. 
 
 NEWBURG. 
 
 Newburg, a city and one of the capitals of Orange county. New 
 York, is finely situated on the west bank of the Hudson river, 60 
 miles north of New York, and 83 miles south of Albany. Latitude 
 41° 31' N. ; longitude, 74° 1' W. The ground on which it is built 
 rises as it recedes from the river to the height of about 300 feet, 
 commanding a fine view^ of the Highlands and of the river, which is 
 here li miles wide. The most elegant residences are on a plateau 
 in the highest part of the city. The appearance of the city, as seen 
 
218 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 from the 
 
 Fishkill ; 
 
 Railroad. 
 
 Junction, 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Newburg 
 
 river, is highly attractive. A steam ferry connects it with 
 which is on the opposite bank and is on the Hudson River 
 A ferry-boat also plies between Newburg and Dutchess 
 which is the south-western terminus of the Dutchess and 
 Railroad. This city is the north-eastern terminus of the 
 and New York Railroad, which connects with the Erie Rail- 
 road at Turner's. An- 
 other branch of the 
 Erie Railroad ex- 
 tends from Newburg 
 to Grey court. New- 
 burg contains 3 na- 
 tional banks, a free 
 public library, a theo- 
 logical seminary of 
 the United Presby- 
 terian Church, 21 
 churches, and the 
 Newburg Institute 
 (for boys), which oc- 
 cupies a fine position 
 on Seminary Hill. 
 Two daily and two 
 weekly newspapers 
 are published here. 
 Here are several tan- 
 neries, foundries, 
 plaster mills, ship 
 vards, and lar2;e man- 
 ufactories of cotton 
 goods, woolen goods, 
 machinery, and flour. 
 THE NARROW PASS, wATKiNs GLEN. Thc adjaccut couutry 
 
STATI'J OF NEW YORK. 21D 
 
 is noted for its extensive dairies and the superior quality of the butter 
 produced in them. Large quantities of dairy products, grain, Hour, 
 and coal (which last is brought from Pennsylvania) are shipped 
 here. Newburg was the theatre of important events in the Revolu- 
 tionary AVar. Here, at " Washington's Head-Quarters," a stone man- 
 sion, now owned by the State and visited by thousands of persons 
 annually, the American army was disbanded, June 23d, 1783, after 
 a treaty of peace had been concluded. The city was incorporated in 
 1865. Population, 18,049 ; of Newburg township, excluding the city^ 
 3918. 
 
 NEW LOTS. 
 
 New Lots, a township of Kings county. New York. Population, 
 13,655. It contains East New York. 
 
 NEW KOCHELLE. 
 
 New Rochelle, a post village in New Rochelle township, West- 
 chester county. New York, on Long Island sound, and on the New 
 Y^ork, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, at the junction of the 
 Harlem River Branch, 18 miles north-east of New York. It contains 
 many beautiful villas, 7 churches, a savings bank, and manufactory of 
 druggists' scales. Two weekly newspapers are published here. 
 Population of the township, 5276. 
 
 NEWTOWN. 
 
 Newtown, a post townsliip of Queens county. New York, is 
 bounded on the north-east by Long Island sound, on the west by 
 the city of Brooklyn, and on the north-west by the East river. It 
 contains villages named Corona, Maspeth, ColumbusviUe, Glendale, 
 Melvina, Newtown, and Ravenswood. It is intersected by the Long 
 Island and Flushing and North Side Railroads. Population in 1880, 
 9804. 
 
220 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ' NIAGARA. 
 
 Niagara, a township of Niagara county, New York. In 1880 the 
 population* was 7432. It contains the villages of Suspension Bridge 
 and Niagara Falls. 
 
 NORTHFIELD. 
 
 NoRTHFiELD, a township of Ilichmond county (Staten Island), New 
 York, It has a population of 7014. 
 
 NORTH HEMPSTEAD. 
 
 North Hempstead, a township of Queens county. New York. In 
 1880 the population was 75G0. 
 
 NORWICH. 
 
 Norwich, a post village, capital of Chenango county, New York, in 
 Norwich township, in a valley on the Chenango river and the 
 Chenango Canal, 41 miles north-north-east of T>iiighamton, 55 miles 
 south-by-west of Utica, and 216 miles north-west of New York. It is 
 on the New York and. Oswego Midland Railroad and the Delaware, 
 Lackawanna and Western Railroad. It is also the south-eastern ter- 
 minus of Auburn Branch of the former road. It contains a handsome 
 stone court-house, 8 churches, the Norwich Academy, 2 national 
 banks, a gni^ded school, 2 newspaper offices, a piano factory, 1 or 2 
 blast furnaces, a manufactory of hammers, a brewery, a tannery, a 
 foundry, a machine shop, and several carriage factories. Population, 
 4279 ; of the township, 5756. 
 
S'lAlE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 221 
 
 GLEN MODNTAIN HOUSE, WATKINS GLEN. 
 
 OGDENSBURG. 
 
 Ogdensburg, a city and port of entry in Oswegatchie township, St. 
 Lawrence county, New York, on the river St. Lawrence, at the mouth 
 of the Oswegatchie, and opposite Prescott, Canada. Latitude, 44° 
 41' N.; longitude, 75° 31' W. By railroad it is 61 miles west-by-south 
 of Malone, 142 miles north of Rome, and 250 miles north-north-west 
 of Albany. It is the western terminus of the Ogdensburg and Lake 
 Champlain Railroad, and the northern terminus of the Rome, Water- 
 town and Ogdensburg Railroad. Ogdensburg is situated on a plain, 
 is regularly laid out, lighted with gas, and profusely shaded by trees. 
 The St. Lawrence river is here more than 2 miles wide, and is crossed 
 by steam ferry-boats plying between this city and Prescott. The 
 principal public buildings are the Catholic cathedral and the new 
 edifice erected by the United States for the post office, custom 
 house, and court-house. This cost about $250,000. Ogdensburg 
 contains a bank, a large hotel called the Seymour House, 12 graded 
 schools, each occupying a fine building, the Ogdensburg Educational In- 
 stitute, and 6 churches. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. The prosperity of the place is chiefly derived from trade 
 and extensive manufactures of flour, lumber, machinery, leather, &c. 
 
222 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 It has an immen'^e 
 
 gram ele^ .itoi It i^ 
 
 stated that 10,000,- 
 
 000 bushels of giain 
 
 pass through this 
 
 port in a year from the West 
 
 to New England. Steamboats 
 
 depart daily from this city to 
 
 various ports on the river and 
 
 lakes. It was incorporated as a 
 
 city in 1868. ) Population in 1870, 10,076 ; 
 
 in 1880, 10,341. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 223 
 
 OXONDAUA. 
 
 OxoNDAGA, ov Onondaga Hill, a post village of Onondaga county, 
 New York, in a township of the same name, 4 miles south-west of 
 Syracuse. It has 3 churches. Population, 210. Here is Onondaga 
 Post Office. The township is drained by Onondaga creek, and con- 
 tains a larger village, named Onondaga Valley, also hamlets named 
 Danforth, Navarino, and Howlet Hill. Population of the town- 
 ship, 6358. 
 
 ORANGETOWN. 
 
 Orangetown, a township of Rockland county. New York. Popula- 
 tion in 1880, 8077. It contains Nyack, Piermont, Tappantown, &c. 
 
 OSSINING. 
 
 OssiNiNG, a township of Westchester county, New York, is bordered 
 on the west by the Hudson river. It contains the village of 
 Sing Sing, in which is one of the New York State prisons. The 
 Croton Aqueduct also passes through this township. In 1880 the 
 population of the township was 8769. 
 
 OSWEGO. 
 
 Oswego, a city, j^ort of entry, and semi-capital of Oswego county, 
 New York, is situated on the south-east shore of Lake Ontario, at 
 the mouth of the Oswego river, which divides it into two nearly equal 
 parts. Latitude, 43° 28' N. ; longitude, 76° 35' W. By railroad it 
 is 35 miles north-north-west of Syracuse, 243 miles north-west of 
 
224 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 New York, and 182 miles west-north-west of Albany. It is the most 
 populous city on Lake Ontario, except Toronto, Canada. It has a 
 good harbor, which is formed by the mouth of the river, is sheltered 
 by long and costly piers, on one of which a light-house has been 
 erected, and is defended by Fort Ontario. The water in the harbor 
 is from 10 to 12 feet deep. Oswego is the northern terminus of the 
 Oswego Canal, which connects at Syracuse with the Erie Canal, and 
 is connected with New York city by the New York and Oswego 
 
 Midland Railroad. 
 The other railroads 
 that converge to this 
 place are the Lake 
 Ontario Shore, the 
 Oswego and Syra- 
 cuse, and the Rome, 
 Watertown and Og- 
 densburg. The site 
 of this city is ele- 
 vated and moderately 
 uneven, and is bound- 
 ed on the south by a 
 bluff or escarpment, 
 which is 160 feet 
 higher than the lake 
 and affords good situ- 
 ations for residences. 
 The streets are 100 
 feet wide, and inter- 
 sect one another at 
 right angles. Two 
 bridges across the 
 river connect the 
 eastern and western 
 
 AT sAr.i.K CHASM.— c;i:and riAMK. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 225 
 
 portions of the city. The principal public buildings are the city- 
 hall, of stone, the court-house, the custom house, and the post 
 office. A large and elegant hotel has been erected here over a 
 medicinal spring. Oswego contains 17 churches, the Oswego City 
 Library, a high school, the Oswego State Normal and Training 
 School, a public school library, 4 national banks, several other banks, 
 and printing offices which issue two daily and two weekly news- 
 papers. 
 
 The steamers of the Canadian Navigation Company ply daily be- 
 tween this port and Montreal, and propellers of another line depart 
 every morning for the West. Great quantities of grain, lumber, &c., 
 are received here by the navigation of the lake, and here are about 
 10 elevators for the transhipment of the grain. Within the limits 
 of this city the river has a fall of 34 feet, affording immense hydraulic 
 power, and the fall is distributed by 6 successive dams built by the 
 State for canal navigation. The numerous large lakes of which it is 
 the outlet operate as reservoirs, which prevent extreme variations in 
 the height of the river, so that destructive freshets never occur here. 
 Oswego has 20 or more large flouring mills, several iron foundries, 
 machine shops, ship-yards, and a manufactory of corn starch which 
 employs nearly 500 men and is said to produce 33 tons daily. 
 Oswego is one of the largest flour-manufacturing places in the Union. 
 Population in 1880, 21,116. 
 
 OWEGO. 
 
 OwEGO, a handsome post village, capital of Tioga county, New York, 
 is beautifully situated on the north bank of the Susquehanna river, 
 at the mouth of Owego creek, in a township of the same name. It is 
 37 miles east of Elmira, 22 miles west of Binghamton, and 33 miles 
 south-south-east of Ithaca. It is on the Erie Railroad where it crosses 
 
Ml 
 
 il i 
 
 il ?,«■, 
 
 ■fi^^'.^MSM^ 
 
 
 "\ ^^''i k 
 
 .;''JJ)t;:'*^'^v'. 
 
 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 227 
 
 the Southern Central Raih-oad, and is connected with Ithaca by a 
 branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. It con- 
 tains a handsome court-house, 7 churches, the Owego Free Academy, 
 2 national banks, manufactures of flour, leather, lumber, &c., and 
 printing offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Here is a bridge 
 across the river ; and near the northern border of the village is the 
 Evergreen Cemetery, on a hill about 200 feet high. In 1880 the 
 population was 5525 j of the township, 9884. 
 
 OYSTER BAY. 
 
 Oyster Bay, a post village and watering place in Oyster Bay town- 
 ship, Queens county. New York, on an inlet of Long Island sound, about 
 30 miles east-by-north of New York, and 24 miles north of Syasset. 
 It contains 6 churches. Steamboats ply between this place and New 
 York. Population in 1870, 889 ; in 1880, 1255. The township is 
 bounded north by Long Island sound, and south by the Atlantic 
 Ocean. It contains Grien Cove and other villages. Population of town- 
 ship, 11,923. 
 
 PEEKSKILL, 
 
 Peekskill, a post village in Cortland township, Westchester county, 
 New York, on the eastern bank of the Hudson river, 17 miles below 
 Newburg, and 42 miles north of New York, with which it is con- 
 nected by the Pludson River Railroad. It is near the place where 
 the river emerges from the Highlands, and is surrounded by beautiful 
 scenery. It contains 15 churches, a convent, an academy, several 
 superior schools, a national bank, a savings bank; a blast furnace, 
 several iron foundries and machine shops, gas-works, manufactures 
 of boilers, stoves, hollow-ware, brick-machines, &c., and printing offices 
 which issue 2 weekly newspapers. The long panorama presented to 
 the tourist between Peekskill and Newburg is the most magnificent 
 and picturesque part of the scenery of the Hudson. Peekskill is 
 
228 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 connected with Caldwell's Landing, on the west bank, by a steam 
 
 feny. It is supplied with good water from a reservoir or source 
 
 which is 350 feet higher than the village. Population in 1870, 
 
 6560; in 1880, 0893. - 
 
 PHELPS. 
 
 Phelps, a post village in Phelps township, Ontario county. New 
 York, on the Canandaigua Outlet, at the mouth of Flint creek, 8 
 miles north-west of Geneva. It is also on the Sodus Point and 
 Southern Railroad where it crosses the Auburn Branch of the New 
 York Central Railroad, 33 miles west of Auburn. It has 5 churches, 
 a classical school, a newspaper office, a bank, and manufactures of 
 gloves, mittens, malt, plows, and plaster. Population, 1369 ; of the 
 township, 5189. 
 
 PLATTSBURG. 
 
 Plattsburg, a post town and port of entry, capital of Clinton 
 county. New York, in Plattsburg township, at the mouth of the 
 Saranac river, which here enters Cumberland bay, a part of Lake 
 Champlain, and on the New York and Canada Railroad. It is about 
 155 miles north of Albany, 20 miles north-west of Burlington, Ver- 
 mont, and 63 miles south of Montreal. It has a safe and com- 
 modious harbor and extensive water-power, and contains a handsome 
 custom house, a court-house, a town hall, 2 hotels, 7 churches, the 
 Plattsburg Academy, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, several saw- 
 mills, flouring mills, machine shops, and iron works. Lumber, iron, 
 and grain are the chief articles of export. Three weekly newspapers 
 are published here. Steamboats ply daily between this port and other 
 places on the lake. On the 11th of September, 1814, Commodore Mc- 
 Donough gained a complete victory over the British fleet in Cumberland 
 bay, near Plattsburg. About the same time the American General 
 Macomb repulsed a superior land force which, under General Prevost, 
 had attacked the place. Population, 5245; of the township, 8283. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 229 
 
 PULPIT FALL, ITHACA. 
 
 PORT JERVIS. 
 
 Port Jervis, a post town in Deer Park township, Orange county, 
 New York, on the Delaware river, J mile above the mouth of the 
 Neversink river, 88 miles north-west of New York, and 21 miles west- 
 south-west of Midclletown. It is on the Erie Railroad, at the junction 
 of its Monticello Branch, and on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 
 and is surrounded by attractive scenery. It contains 7 churches, a 
 union school, 2 national banks, a savings bank, extensive workshops 
 and round houses of the railroad, an iron foundry, and several factories. 
 One daily, 1 tri-weekly, and 2 weekly newspapers are published 
 here. Population in 1880, 8678. 
 
230 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 POTSDAM. 
 
 Potsdam, a post village in Potsdam township, St. Lawrence county, 
 New York, on the Racket river, and on the Rome, Watertown and 
 Ogdensburg Railroad, 11 miles east-north-east of Canton, and about 
 30 miles east-by-south of Ogdensburg. It has a bridge across the 
 river, which here affords abundant water-power. It contains 7 
 churches, a State normal and training school, a national bank, a 
 newspaper ofhce, 2 machine shops, a flouring mill, several large saw- 
 mills, and other manufactories. Here are quarries of Potsdam sand- 
 stone, a good material for building. It is of the lower Silurian forma- 
 tion, and derives its name from this place. The township is traversed 
 by the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad, and contains the 
 village of Norwood. Population of the village, 2762 ; of the town- 
 ship, 7610. 
 
 POUGHKEEPSIE. 
 
 PouGHKEEPSiE, somctimcs written Pokeepsie, a handsome city, the 
 capital of Dutchess county. New York, is on the eastern bank of the 
 Hudson river, 71 miles north of New York, and 70 miles south of 
 Albany. Latitude, 41° 40' N. ; longitude, 73° 55' W. The site is a 
 plateau or plain which is nearly 200 feet higher than the water and 
 is inclosed on the eastern side by high hills. Main street extends east- 
 ward from the river, and is 1 h miles long. The plan of the city is 
 regular, and the streets cross one another at right angles. This is 
 the most populous city between New York and Albany. It is 
 connected with these cities by the Hudson River Railroad, and is a 
 terminus of the Poughkeepsie and Eastern Railroad, which extends 
 to Millerton — 43 miles. A steam ferry connects it with New^ Paltz 
 Landing, on the opposite bank of the river, which is here nearly 
 1 mile wide. Two miles north of the city are the large and imposing 
 buildings of the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane, which 
 were erected about 1871 and cost about $750,000. Poughkeepsie 
 

 
 
 
 PCLPIT BOCK, ERIE RAILWAY. 
 
232 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 is distinguished for the number and quality of its educational insti- 
 tutions. It is the seat of Vassar College (for ladies), which was 
 organized in 1865 and was founded and liberally endowed by 
 Matthew Vassar, after whom it was named. It has about 35 pro- 
 fessors and instructors, and a library of 8699 volumes. The main 
 building is 500 feet long and 5 stories high. This city contains, 
 besides many handsome residences, 20 churches, a high school, the 
 Poughkeepsie Collegiate Institute, the Cottage Hill Seminary (for 
 girls), the Brooks Seminary, the Pelham Institute (for boys), the 
 Kiverview Academy, the Poughkeepsie Female Academy, the Mansion 
 Square Institute, an opera-house, a court-house, a public library, an 
 orphan asylum, 6 national banks, the capital of which amounts to 
 $1,585,000, a savings bank, a rolling mill, a blast furnace, and manu- 
 factures of cotton goods, machinery, carriages, mowing-machines and 
 other farming implements, shoes, carpets, iron ware, flour, &c. Three 
 daily and 5 weekly newspapers are published here. Population in 
 1875, 19,859 ; in 1880. 20,207. 
 
 QUEENSBURG. 
 
 QuEENSBURG, a post hamlet in Queensburg township, Warren county, 
 New York, about 18 miles south-south-west of Whitehall, and 4 miles 
 north of Glens Falls. The township is bounded on the north by Lake 
 George, and on the south by the Hudson river. It contains the large 
 village of Glens Falls and a population of 9805. 
 
 RIDGEWAY. 
 
 RiDGEWAY, a post village in Ridgeway township, Orleans county, New 
 York, on the Ridge Road, near the Erie Canal, about 40 miles north- 
 east of Buffalo. It has a church. It is sometimes called Ridgeway Cor- 
 ners. Population, 119. The township is drained by Oak Orchard creek, 
 and contains the greater part of the large village of Medina. Population 
 of township in 1880, 5495. Here are valuable quarries of sandstone. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 233 
 
 KOCHESTER. 
 
 Rochester, a city, the county seat of Monroe county, New York, 
 and a port of entry, is situated on both sides of Genesee river, 7 
 miles above its mouth in Lake Ontario (where is Charlotte, its lake 
 port), 81 miles westrby-north of Syracuse, and 76 miles east of 
 Suspension Bridge. Latitude, 43° 8' 17" JN". ; longitude, 77° 51' W. 
 The city is divided into two almost equal parts by the Genesee, 
 which here falls 226 feet within 3 miles and has 3 perpendicular falls 
 of 96, 26, and 84 feet respectively ; the first of these affords immense 
 water-power, the second adds but little to this, and the third occurs 
 in a deep ravine and can not be utilized. From the middle falls 
 almost to the lake the river flows between precipitous walls of rock 
 from 100 to 210 feet high, presenting some extremely picturesque 
 views, especially in ascending the stream, which is navigable by small 
 craft to the northern border of the city. Rochester covers an area 
 of 17i square miles. The site is quite elevated, the tracks of the 
 New York Central and Hudson River Railroad crossing the city at the 
 height of 280 feet above lake level (or 512 above sea level), and from 
 this the altitude ranges to 440 feet, the highest points being in Mount 
 Hope Cemetery. The city is mostly laid out in squares, with 
 streets generally shaded and from 66 to upwards of 100 feet in width; 
 there are but 2 streets that run obliquely, and not more than 2 or 3 
 others deviate from the direct lines sufficiently to detract from the 
 rectangular plan. The principal business thoroughfare. Main street, 
 is in the centre, and crosses the river at right angles over a hand- 
 some, substantial bridge. The most remarkable structure in the city 
 or county is a grand aqueduct of cut stone (848 feet long, with a 
 channel 45 feet w^ide, supported by 9 arches), by which the Erie 
 Canal crosses the Genesee river. Among the buildings of Rochester 
 the most noteworthy are the city hall, a handsome edifice of blue 
 limestone, with a tower 175 feet high ; the county court-house, of 
 brick, trimmed with limestone, with a tall Ionic portico ; the new 
 
234 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 high school, or Free Academy, of brick, with sandstone trimmings ; 
 ihe Arcade, roofed with glass, and containing a number of retail 
 stores, &c.; the Powers Building, an immense structure, 7 stories 
 high, of stone, glass, and iron, containing retail stores, offices, &c., 
 and on the upper floors a fine collection of paintings, steel-plate 
 
 MINNEHAHA FALLS, WATKINS GLEN. 
 
 prints, &c., and a fine tower at the top (there are nearly 1000 
 tenants) ; the Rochester Savings Bank building ; a number of im- 
 posing — some elegant — church edifices ; numerous libraries, hospitals, 
 asylums, homes for children, old women, &c., an industrial school, a 
 house of refuge for boys (with an excellent farm attached), a re- 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 235 
 
 formatoiy for girls, and a number 
 of commodious, well - appointed 
 school-houses, besides the build- 
 ings of the Rochester University 
 and of the Theological Seminary. 
 Rochester has 59 churches, of 
 which one is French and several 
 are German. It has a liberal 
 public -school system, including 
 the several grades from the Free 
 Academy (or high school) down 
 to primary schools. The Univer- 
 sity of Rochester, founded in 
 1846 and still controlled by the 
 Baptist Church, is well endowed, 
 has spacious grounds and build- 
 ings, a fine library, and the Ward ^^^'^^^ ^^^^«' ^^^^^^ ^^^e- 
 Cabinet, one of the best geological collections in the United States. 
 The Rochester Theological Seminary is also a flourishing Baptist insti- 
 tution, established in 1850 ; its library is exceptionally valuable, in- 
 cluding the entire collection (4600 volumes) of the ecclesiastical his- 
 torian Neander. Rochester is connected by a net-work of railways with 
 every city of importance in this country and Canada ; the New York 
 Central and Hudson River Railroad crosses the city at the Upper Falls, 
 and has branches north to Charlotte (where it connects with the Rome, 
 Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, and with the lake steamers to Tor- 
 '^ onto, &c.), west to Suspension Bridge, and south-east to Canandaigua 
 (where it connects with the Northern Central), and thence to Auburn 
 (where it connects with the Southern Central) ; it is the north- 
 ern terminus of the Rochester and Genesee Valley division of the 
 New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad and of the Rochester and 
 State Line Railroad, and the southern terminus of the Rochester and 
 Lake Ontario Railroad. Rochester also has two important channels 
 
236 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 PULPIT ROCK, AU SABLE CHASM. 
 
 of trade in the Eric and Genesee Valley Canals, the latter here uniting 
 with the former, which crosses the river on the aqueduct above no- 
 ticed. The foreign commerce of Rochester, carried on chiefly by the 
 lakes, though some of it goes and comes by way of New York, is 
 quite large, and its domestic trade is still larger ; but its vast water- 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 237 
 
 power makes it naturally a manufacturing city, and, while it holds rank 
 as one of the greatest flour producers in the world, its manufactures 
 are extensive in all other branches, among which the leading are the 
 manufacture of ready-made clothing (annual product, about $6,000,- 
 000), boots and shoes (about $4,000,000), tobacco, cigars, rubber goods, 
 furniture, steam-engines, carriages (the largest carriage factory in the 
 United States is located here), agricultural machinery and implements, 
 optical instruments, bank locks, glassware, &c., and there are, besides, 
 blast furnaces, breweries, the Leighton Iron Bridge Works (the an- 
 nual product of which exceeds $1,000,000), and 2 immense establish- 
 ments for packing farm and garden seeds. There are 16 large flour 
 mills, with about 75 run of stone, grinding nearly 3,000,000 bushels of 
 wheat per year. The favorable climate and soil of Rochester and its 
 environs have led to the development of an immense trade in garden 
 seeds, fruits, plants, and trees, the annual shipments exceeding $2,000,- 
 000 in value. The business of Rochester sustains 6 banks of deposit 
 and discount, 4 savings banks, and 6 private banking houses; and 
 there are 5 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 2 semi-weekly, and 8 weekly news- 
 papers, and 6 monthly periodicals published here. The city is divided 
 into 16 wards, and its government is intrusted to a mayor and a board 
 of aldermen, with various heads of departments and a board of educa- 
 tion ; it has an efficient police system, a paid fire department, a fire 
 and police telegraph, &c. ; its streets, stores, and houses are lighted 
 with gas, and it is fully supplied with water by two systems, separate, 
 but capable of being consolidated into one upon occasion, one of which 
 (operated under the Holly patent) draws its water from the river, the 
 other from Hemlock lake, 29 miles south of and 400 feet higher than 
 the city. The first settler came to the site of Rochester as early as 
 1788, but the settlement did not actually begin until 1810, and it grew 
 very slowly until after the war of 1812 ; in this year. Colonel Nathaniel 
 Rochester commenced the permanent improvements by the erection of a 
 mill at the Upper Genesee Fall, and partly laid out a village; in 1817 
 Rochesterville was incorporated, and the city of Rochester in 1834, 
 
238 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 since which time it has steadily prospered and grown in population 
 wealth, and importance. Population in 1815, 331 ; in 1820, 1502 
 in 1830, 9207; in 1840, 20,191; in 1850, 36,403; in 1860, 48, 
 204; in 1870, 62,386; in 1875, 81,813; in 1880,89,366. 
 
 ROME. 
 
 Rome, a city of New York, and one of the capitals of Oneida county, 
 is situated on the Mohawk river, and on the Erie Canal, 14 miles 
 north-west of Utica, 109 miles west-north-west of Albany, 38^ miles 
 east-north-east of Syracuse, and 142 miles south of Ogdensburg. It 
 is on the Xew York Central Railroad, at the southern terminus of 
 the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, and is on the Rome 
 Branch of the New York and Oswego Midland Railroad. The Black 
 River Canal 'terminates here and connects with the Erie Canal. Rome 
 contains a handsome court-house, 13 churches, a high school, a large 
 hotel, 3 national banks, 2 savings banks, an academy, a public library, 
 manufactures of locomotives, farming implements, railroad iron, cigars, 
 and machinery, and printing offices ^vhich issue 2 or 3 weekly news- 
 papers. Population in 1880, 12,194. 
 
 RYE. 
 
 Rye, a post village in Rye township, Westchester county, New York, 
 on Long Island sound, and on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 
 24 miles north-east of New York, and 2 miles south-west of Port 
 Chester. It contains 3 churches and the Rye Female Seminary. 
 Rye Beach, a summer resort, is in this township, which has quarries of 
 granite. Population of the township (which comprises Port Chester), 
 6576. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 239 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 Saratoga Springs, a post village and fashionable summer resort of 
 Saratoga county, New York, in a township of its own name, on the 
 Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, at the southern terminus of the 
 Adirondack Railroad, 38 miles north of Albany, and about 180 
 miles north of New York city. Besides being one of the most 
 fashionable resorts in the world, Saratoga is visited by many persons 
 for its medicinal advantages. Here are over 20 mineral springs,, 
 some of which are of great celebrity, the waters of which, in addi- 
 tion to the local con- 
 sumption, are bottled in 
 large quantities for ex- 
 portation. The village 
 contains two national 
 banks, churches belong- 
 ing to the Baptists, Cath- 
 olics, Congregationalists, 
 Episcopalians, Method- 
 ists, and Presbyterians, 
 and printing offices which 
 issue one daily and 3 
 weekly newspapers. It 
 has numerous hotels, 
 some of great elegance 
 and capable of accommo- 
 dating more than 1000 
 guests each. Several of 
 the leading hotels sus- 
 tain excellent orchestras, 
 and the season is further r 
 
 enlivened by regattas up- p^-> 
 on Saratoga lake (4 miles 
 
 artist's DKHAM, WATKINS GLEN. 
 
WINTER ON THE DELA.WAKE KIVEK. 
 
STATE OF NEW. YORK. 241 
 
 distant), races upon the track of the Saratoga Racing Association, and 
 the numberless elegant ^Uurn-outs " of the visitors. Twelve miles east 
 of the village, on the Hudson river, is the battle ground where 
 General Burgoyne surrendered to General Gates during the Revolu- 
 tion in 1777. Population of village in 1880, 8121; of township, 
 10,820. 
 
 SAUGERTIES. 
 
 Saugerties, a post village of Ulster county, New York, in Sauger- 
 ties township, on the west bank of the Hudson river, at the mouth 
 of Esopus creek, 100 miles above New York, 10 miles north of Ron- 
 dout, and about 14 miles below Hudson. It has 7 churches, 2 
 national banks, a newspaper office, the Saugerties Institute, extensive 
 iron works, and manufactures of paper and other articles. A steam 
 ferry connects it with Tivoli, Avhich is on the Hudson River Railroad 
 and is 2 miles from Saugerties. Population in 1880, 3923 ; of the 
 township, 10,375. The township has quarries of limestone and flag- 
 ging stones. 
 
 SCHENECTADY. 
 
 ScHEKECTADY, a city, the capital of Schenectady county. New York, 
 is on the south bank of the Mohawk river, and on the Erie Canal, 
 17 miles north-west of Albany, and 78 miles east-by-south of Utica. 
 Latitude, 42° 48' N.; longitude, 73° 55' W. It is on the New York 
 Central, Albany and Susquehanna, and Rensselaer and Saratoga Rail- 
 roads. It is the seat of Union College, or Union University, which 
 was founded in 1795 and has 9 endowed professorships and a 
 library of 18,000 volumes. A costly stone edifice has recentl}' been 
 erected for this library. Schenectady contains 14 churches, a city 
 hall, 2 high schools, a national bank, 2 other banks, 2 large manu- 
 factories of machinery and engines and boilers, 1 or 2 woolen mills, 
 2 flour mills, manufactories of locomotives, shawls, threshing machines, 
 
242 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 stoves, and brooms, and printing offices which issue 2 daily and 3 
 weekly newsjDapers. There is a school of civil engineering and analyti- 
 cal chemistry connected with the college. The manufacture of brooms 
 is one of the chief industries of this city. Schenectady was 
 chartered as a city, in 1798. Population in 1860, 9579 ; in 1875, 
 12,748; in 1880. 13,655. 
 
 THE BOAT HIDE BELOW TABLE KOCK, AU SABLE CHASM. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 243 
 
 SENECA FALLS. 
 
 Seneca Falls, a post village of Seneca county, New York, in a town- 
 ship of its own name, on the Seneca outlet or river, and on the New 
 York Central Railroad, 16 miles west of Auburn, 10 miles east-by- 
 north of Geneva, and about 3 miles west of Cayuga lake. It contains 6 
 churches, many handsome residences, a high school, 2 national banks, 2 
 newspaper offices, several flouring mills, and a large manufactory of 
 steam fire-engines. It has also manufactures of woolen goods, pumps, 
 sash, blinds, &c. The river here falls 50 feet and affords abundant 
 motive power. This is the most populous village in the county. 
 Population in 1880, 5880 ; of the township, 6853. 
 
 DECKER BROS' PIANO MANUFACTORY. 
 
244 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 BIRDSEYE VIEW FROM THE PINNACLE, TKENTON FALLS. 
 
 SING SING. 
 
 Sing Sing, a post village of Westchester county, New York, in 
 Ossining township, on the east bank of the Hudson river, and on 
 the Hudson River Railroad, 32 miles north of New York. It is beau- 
 tifully situated on a long acclivity, the upper part of which is 
 about 200 feet higher than the river and is occupied by elegant 
 villas. The river, here called Tappan sea or bay, is 3 miles wide 
 opposite Sing Sing, and flows through very picturesque scenery. 
 Sing Sing contains 7 churches, a national bank, a savings bank, 4 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 245 
 
 military boarding schools, the Mount Pleasant Academy, a seminary 
 for young ladies, a school called Trinity College, and printing offices 
 which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Here is also one of the New 
 York State prisons, which is located immediately on the bank of the 
 river. The buildings of this prison are constructed of limestone. 
 The main edifice is 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, and 5 stories high. 
 Some of the convicts are employed in mechanic arts. The number 
 of convicts in 1878, was 1626. The Croton Aqueduct passes through 
 this village, and is carried over a ravine on an arch of masonry of 
 88 feet span. The State prison is inclosed by a wall 25 feet high. 
 Sing Sing has a large stove foundry, a water-pipe foundry, manu- 
 factures of hats, cotton gins, files, lime, and shoes, and a book-bindery. 
 Population, 6578. 
 
 SODUS. 
 
 SoDUS, a post village in Sodus township, Wayne county, New York, 
 on the Lake Ontario Shore Railroad or Rome, Watertown and Ogdens- 
 burg Railroad, 41 miles west-south-west of Oswego, and about 30 
 miles east-by-north of Rochester. It contains 3 churches, an academy, 
 a banking house, a newspaper office, 2 flour mills, 2 saw-mills, and a 
 planing mill. Population in 1880, 842. The township is bounded on 
 the north by Lake Ontario, and contains other villages, named Sodus 
 Point, Sodus Centre, and Alton. Population of the township, 5285. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON. 
 
 Southampton, a post village in Southampton township, Suffolk county, 
 New York, on the Atlantic Ocean, near the Long Island Railroad, 90 
 miles east of Brooklyn, and 10 miles south-west of Sag Harbor. It 
 has 2 churches, an academy, a windmill, and 6 stores. In 1880 the 
 population was 949. The township, which is bounded on the north by 
 Peconic bay, contains other villages^ namely, Bridgehampton, Sag 
 Harbor, West Hampton, Grood Ground, Speonk, and Quogue. Popu- 
 lation, 6352. 
 
'^V 
 
 •^ ffwm 
 
 i )" 
 
 
 igr_; 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 247 
 
 SWEDEN, 
 
 Sweden, a post hamlet in Sweden township, Monroe county, New 
 York, about 18 miles west of Rochester. It has 2 churches. The 
 township is intersected by the Erie Canal and the New York Centrnl 
 Railroad. It contains Brockport, with a State normal school. Pop- 
 ulation of township, 5734. 
 
 SYRACUSE. 
 
 SvRACusE, a flourishing city and the seat of government of Onondaga 
 county, New York, is situated in the Onondaga valley, along Onondaga 
 creek to its mouth in Onondaga lake, and on the New York Central 
 Railroad, nearly equidistant from Albany and Buffalo, being 148 miles 
 west-by-north of the former, and 
 1491 miles east of the latter; it 
 is the southern terminus of the 
 Oswego and Syracuse Branch of 
 the Delaware, Lackawanna and 
 Western Railroad, and the north- 
 ern terminus of the Binghamton 
 Branch of that road. It is 38 
 miles from Oswego, 84 miles 
 from Binghamton, and 91 miles 
 by the New York Central Rail- 
 road from Rochester. Syracuse 
 has rail connection in all direc- 
 tions by the roads named, and 
 by the Syracuse, Chenango and 
 New York, the Rome, Water- 
 town and Ogdensburg, and sev- 
 eral branches of the New York 
 Central Railroad ; the Erie Canal the basin, au sable chasm. 
 
248 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 likewise passes through the city, and it is the southern terminus of the 
 Oswego Canal. It is thus the centre of an extensive trade, including 
 grain, lumber, and other staples ; but the salt manufacture and export 
 have always constituted the controlling interest. The salt springs were 
 first visited by French Jesuit missionaries in 1654. The Indians carried 
 on the salt manufacture to a considerable extent until, about 1787, an 
 interest was awakened among the white people of the surrounding 
 country, and since then the business has steadily grown, until now the 
 product is nearly 10,000,000 bushels annually. This industry was made 
 the subject of special legislation by the State as early as 1797, and it is 
 still regulated by State laws. In addition to the salt works, there are 
 upwards of 90 manufacturing establishments, including Bessemer steel 
 works, a blast furnace, foundries and machine shops, rolling mills, 
 engine and boiler manufactories, planing mills, door, sash, and blind 
 factories, furniture factories, manufactories of mowers and reapers and 
 agricultural implements generally, bolts and nuts, saddlery, saddlery 
 hardware, boots and shoes, clothing, extension tables and other special- 
 ties in furniture and cabinet-ware, picture frames, musical instruments, 
 silverware and jewelry, &c., besides flour mills, breweries, stone works, 
 gas-works, &c. There are 10 national. State, and private banks, 2 
 savings banks, and a trust and deposit company. The city has a high 
 school and upwards of 20 graded public schools, and there are nu- 
 merous private and denominational schools ; the higher education is 
 provided for by Syracuse University, with 3 colleges, having together 
 35 professors and nearly 400 students and a library of about 10,000 
 volumes. Four daily and 9 weekly newspapers and numerous other 
 periodicals are published he.re. There are 50 churches, with Sunday- 
 schools, missions, &c. The Young Men's Christian Association has a 
 free library and reading room ; but the principal library is the Central 
 Library, a public institution under the control of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, which has 15,000 volumes. The city government is vested in a 
 mayor and a board of aldermen. Syracuse has efficient police and fire 
 departments, an adequate supply of good water and gas, and 6 lines 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 249 
 
 of street railways. In 1789, Asa Danforth having established a 
 salt works here, the vicinity began slowly to be settled, and a village 
 grew up, called Bogardus]Corners ; it changed its name several times, 
 until in 1824 it was designated Syracuse, and in 1825 was incorporated 
 under that name. In 1847 the adjoining village of Salina was merged 
 in Syracuse, and the city was incorporated. Population in 1850, 
 22,271 ; in 1860, 28,119 ; in 1870, 43,051 ; in 1880, 51,792. 
 
 HOTEL BRUNSWICK, FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 TROY. 
 
 Troy, a city and the capital of Rensselaer county. New York, is 
 situated on the eastern bank of the Hudson river, at the mouth of 
 Poestenkill creek, at the head of steamboat navigation, 6 miles above 
 Albany, and 151 miles north of New Y^ork city. Latitude, 42° 44' N.; 
 longitude, 73° 41' W. The site of the city is mainly an alluvial plain 
 which extends along the river about 3 miles and is one-half to three- 
 fourths of a mile wide, terminated on the eastern side by a range of 
 
250 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 UNDER THE FALL, WATKIXS GLEN. 
 
 hills, which are being 
 gradually intersected 
 by streets and cov- 
 ered with buildings. 
 Mount Ida, rising at 
 the southern extrem- 
 ity of this range, 
 commands a beauti- 
 ful and extensive 
 view of the city 
 proper, the Hudson 
 river, and the neigh- 
 boring towns. The 
 city is laid out with 
 much regularity, and 
 is handsomely built. 
 Most of the streets 
 are 60 feet wide. The 
 principal business 
 streets are River 
 street, whose gener- 
 al direction is north 
 and south, following 
 the curve of the riv- 
 er, and Congress, 
 Hoosick, Broadway, 
 Fulton, and King 
 streets. A number 
 of those streets which 
 
 extend parallel with the general direction of the river terminate 
 
 at their 
 
 imparts 
 
 course 
 
 northern extremity in River street— a circumstance which 
 variety to the perspective, and increases the facility of inter- 
 between that street and other parts of the city. 
 
 The streets 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 251 
 
 are generally well paved, lighted with gas, and bordered with shade- 
 trees. The finest residences are situated on First, Second, and 
 Fifth streets, and around Seminary and Washington Parks. Among 
 the iDuhlic buildings worthy of notice are the court-house, a fine 
 marble edifice in the Doric style, the Troy savings bank building, 
 including a fine music hall, and erected at a cost of $500,000, 
 the Episcopal churches of the Holy Cross, and St. Paul, both of 
 blue limestone, and St. John's, of brown sandstone. Troy con- 
 tains 50 churches, a fine Masonic Temple, a high school, the Rens- 
 selaer Polytechnic Institute, a female seminary, several academies, 8 
 national banks, a new city hall, a Catholic theological seminary, the 
 Marshall Infirmary, the Troy Hospital, 2 orphan asylums, and a 
 public librar3^ Four daily and 6 weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lished here. Two bridges cross the river here and connect Troy 
 with West Troy, in which a large national arsenal is located. 
 
 This city has important manufactures of iron, Bessemer steel, 
 cotton goods, railroad cars, stoves, machinery, boilers, bells, stoneware, 
 nails, axes, steam-engines, &c. It has blast furnaces, iron and brass 
 foundries, horseshoe and nail factories, rolling mills, paper mills, 
 breweries, distilleries, flour mills, carriage factories, about 40 shirt 
 and collar factories, employing nearly 6000 hands, and a superior 
 establishment for the manufacture of mathematical instruments and 
 globes. Troy is favorably situated for commerce. It is traversed by a 
 horse-railroad, and is connected by horse-railroads with Lansingburg, 
 Waterford, and Cohoes. Steamboats ply daily between Troy and New 
 York, except in winter. Its trade is also facilitated by railroads 
 named the Troy and Boston, the New York Central and Hudson River, 
 the Rensselaer and Saratoga, the Boston and Albany, the Boston, 
 Iloosac Tunnel and Western, the Albany and Vermont, and the Troy 
 and Greenbush. The Fifth Ward of this city is sometimes called 
 Albia, which has a manufactory of hosiery. Troy was incorporated 
 as a city in 1816. Population in 1850, 28,785; in 1860, 39,235; 
 in 1870, 46,421 ; in 1875, 48,253 ; in 1880, 56,747. 
 
252 
 
 SIAJE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 UTICA. 
 
 Utica, a handsome city of Oneida county, New York, on the Mo- 
 hawk river, the Erie Canal, and the Central Railroad, 95 miles west- 
 north-west of Albany, 52 miles east of Syracuse,, and 383 miles from 
 Washington. Latitude, 43° 6' 49" N. ; longitude, 75° 13' W. It is 
 pleasantly situated on the southern bank of the Mohawk, and is regu- 
 larly laid out. The site is nearly level, with a gentle declivity towards 
 the north. The streets are wide, and the houses mostly well built of 
 brick or stone. The greater part of the public buildings and mer- 
 cantile houses are situated on Genesee street. The city extends 
 nearly 4 miles east and west. The Erie Canal, here 70 feet wide, 
 passes through the city, which is also connected with Binghamton by 
 the Chenango Canal. The State lunatic asylum, located 1 mile west 
 
 of the centre of the city, 
 
 i 
 
 consists of several large and 
 expensive buildings of stone 
 and brick. The number of 
 patients in November, 1877, 
 was 582. Utica contains a 
 city hall, 32 churches, a pub- 
 lic library, a court-house, an 
 opera-house, several acade- 
 mies, 3 hospitals, 2 orphan 
 asylums, and 7 banks, the 
 capital of which amounts to 
 12,000,000. Three daily and 
 6 weekly newspapers are 
 published here. It has gas- 
 works, water- works which 
 supply 400,000,000 gallons 
 in a year, a cotton factory, 
 2 woolen mills, 4 extensive 
 
 IN WATKINS GLEN. — A DISPUTED POINT. 
 
254 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 manufactories of boots 
 and shoes, 2 organ fac- 
 tories, a knitting mill, 2 
 stove foundries, and man- 
 ufactures of steam-en- 
 gines, wagons, millstones, 
 machinery, farming im- 
 plements, fire-bricks, var- 
 nish, pumps, &c. The city 
 is the southern terminus 
 of the Utica and Black 
 River Railroad, which 
 here connects with the 
 Delaware, Lackawanna 
 and Western Railroad. 
 The United States com- 
 menced in 1878 the erec- 
 tion of a new and expen- 
 sive building here for a 
 court-house and post of- 
 Utica was incorporated as a city in 1830. Population in 1830, 
 
 8323; in 1850, 17,565; in 1860, 22,529; in 1870, 28,804; in 1875, 
 
 32,070; in 1880, 33,914. 
 
 THE SENTINEL AND TABLE KOCK, AU SABLE CHASM. 
 
 fice. 
 
 vol:ney. 
 
 VoLNEv, or VoLNEY Centre, a post hamlet in Volney township, 
 Oswego county. New York, 3 miles from Fulton station, and about 
 12 miles soulh-east of Oswego. It has a church. The township is 
 bounded south-east by the Oswego river, and intersected by the 
 New York and Oswego Midland Railroad. It contains the village 
 of Fulton, with 2 banks, and manufactures of paper, machinery, 
 woolen goods, &c. In 1880 the population was 6588. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 255 
 
 WALLKILL. 
 
 Wallkill, a township of Orange county, New York. Population, 
 11,48G. It contains Middletown. 
 
 IN THE BOAT RIDE, AU SABLE CHASM. 
 
256 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 WARWICK. 
 
 Warwick, a post idllage in Warwick township, Orange county, New 
 York, on Wawayanda creek, 29 miles south-west of Newburg, and II 
 miles south of Goshen. It is the south-western terminus of the 
 Warwick Valley Branch of the Erie Railroad. It contains tlie War- 
 wick Institute and Union School, a national bank, a savings bank, a 
 newspaper office, and G churches. Population, 1043 ; of the town- 
 ship, 5G99. The township contains other villages, named Florida and 
 Amity. 
 
 WATERTOWX. 
 
 Watertown, a city, the capital of Jefferson county. New York, is 
 situated on the southern bank of Black river, about 10 miles from 
 its entrance into Lake Ontario, 90 miles north-north-west of Utica, 
 and 70 miles south-by-west of Ogdensburg. It is on the Rome, 
 Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad and the Utica and Black River 
 Railroad. It contains a court-house, 10 churches, a high school, 1 
 national banks, 3 other banks, and a good hotel. Two daily and 3 
 weekly new^s25apers are published here. Several bridges here cross the 
 river, which is 60 yards wide. The rapids of the river afford abun- 
 dant hydraulic power at this place. It has manufactures of flour, 
 leather, machinery, Avoolen goods, and farming implements, 1 paper 
 mills, several foundries, a manufactory of sewing-machines, and a large 
 manufactory of spring wagons. In 1880 the population w'as 10,697. 
 
 WATERVLIET. 
 
 Watervliet, a township of Albany county. New York. Population 
 in 1880, 22,220. It contains Green Island, West Troy, and several 
 
 other villages. 
 
STATE OF NEW YOBK. 
 
 257 
 
 WAWAIISING. 
 
 Wawarsing, a post township of Ulster county, New York, is inter- 
 sected by Rondout creek and the Delaware and Hudson Canal. The 
 surface is partly mountainous. It contains post villages named Ellen- 
 ville, Napanoc, Kerhonkson, and Wawarsing. The last is on Rondout 
 creek, 28 miles north-west of Newburg. In 1880 the population of 
 the township was 8547. 
 
 WESTCHESTER. 
 
 Westchesteh, a post 
 Tillage of Westchester 
 county, New York, in a 
 township of the same 
 name, on a navigable 
 creek of its OAvn name, 
 and on the New York 
 and New Haven Rail- 
 road, 12 miles north-east 
 of the city hall of New 
 York. It has 5 churches. 
 The township is bound- 
 ed on the south-east by 
 Long Island sound, and 
 contains many fine resi- 
 dences. Population in 
 1880. 6789. 
 
 CATHEDRAL ROCKS, AU SABLE CHASM. 
 
 WESTFIELD. 
 
 Westfield, a township of Richmond county, New York. In ] 880 
 the population was 5289. It contains the village of Tottenville, a 
 terminus of the Staten Island Railroad, connected with Perth Amboy 
 by a steam ferry. 
 
258 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 WEST TROY. 
 
 West Troy, a post town in Watervliet township, Albany county^ 
 New York, on the Hudson river, opposite Troy, and on the Rensselaer 
 and Saratoga Railroad, 6 miles north of Albany. It contains 9* 
 churches, a national bank, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, and a large 
 national arsenal. It has a woolen mill, several planing mills, and ex- 
 tensive manufactures of bells, carriages, iron castings, stoves, and 
 hinges. Population in 1880, 8820. 
 
 WHITEHALL. 
 
 Whitehall, a post town in Whitehall township, Washington county^ 
 New York, at the head or southern end of Lake Champlain, 7G miles, 
 north-by-east of Albany, 
 24 miles west of Rutland, 
 Vermont, and about 80 
 miles south of Burling- 
 ton. It is the northern 
 terminus of the Cham- 
 plain Canal, and is at 
 the junction of two di- 
 visions of the Rensselaer 
 and Saratoga Railroad. 
 It is picturesquely sit- 
 uated in a ravine at the 
 foot of Skene's mountain 
 and at the mouth of 
 Wood creek. Several 
 elegant steamboats ply 
 daily (in the season) be- 
 tween Whitehall and the 
 other ports on the lake. the flume, au sable chasm. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 259 
 
 Whitehall is the most populous town in the county. It contains 5 
 churches, an academy, 3 national banks, a high school, 2 newspaper 
 offices, a machine shop, and 2 saw-mills. It has an extensive trade in 
 lumber, &c., and has manufactures of brooms, turned wood, sash, 
 blinds, and lumber. Population, 4270; of the -township, 5347. 
 
 YONKERS. 
 
 YoNKERS, a city in Yonkers township, Westchester county, New 
 York, on the Hudson river, opposite the Palisades, and on the Hudson 
 River Railroad, 15 miles north-by-east of the Grand Central Depot of 
 New I'ork. It contains 16 churches, 11 schools, a superior hotel, 2 
 national banks, 2 savings banks, numerous handsome villas, 3 news- 
 paper offices, an academy, 2 machine shops, 3 silk factories, 3 hat 
 factories, and manufactures of carpets, mowing-machines, and elevators. 
 Many merchants of New York city reside here. The site of the city 
 is elevated and hilly. Population in 1875, 17,269 ; in 1880, 18,892. 
 
260 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Albany 
 
 Allegany 
 
 Broome 
 
 Cattaraugus 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 Chautauqua 
 
 Chemung 
 
 Chenango 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Cortland 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Dutchess 
 
 Erie 
 
 Essex 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 Genesee 
 
 Greene 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Kings 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Livingston 
 
 Madison 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 New York 1 
 
 Niagara 
 
 Oneida . 
 
 Pop. 1880. 
 
 155,044 
 41,801 
 49,481 
 55,806 
 05,084 
 65,340 
 43,065 
 39,890 
 50,901 
 47,925 
 25,824 
 42,719 
 79,182 
 
 219,886 
 34,515 
 32,389 
 31,006 
 32,655 
 32,695 
 3,934 
 42,667 
 66,106 
 
 599,549 
 31,416 
 39,573 
 44,115 
 
 144,902 
 38,315 
 
 ,206,577 
 54,174 
 
 115,325 
 
 Pop. 1880. 
 
 Onondaga 117,885 
 
 Ontario 49,377 
 
 Orange 88,217 
 
 Orleans 30,128 
 
 Oswego 77,914 
 
 Otsego 51,397 
 
 Putnam 15,181 
 
 Queens 90,547 
 
 Rensselaer 115,340 
 
 Richmond 38,994 
 
 Rockland 27,690 
 
 St. Lawrence 85,993 
 
 Saratoga 55,155 
 
 Schenectady 23,558 
 
 Schoharie..^ 32,938 
 
 Schuyler 18,842 
 
 Seneca 29,279 
 
 Steuben 77,581 
 
 Suffolk 53,926 
 
 Sulhyan 32,490 
 
 Tioga 32,672 
 
 Tompkins 34,445 
 
 Ulster 85,838 
 
 Warren 25,180 
 
 Washington 47,874 
 
 Wayne 51,704 
 
 Westchester 108,987 
 
 Wyoming 30,907 
 
 Yates 21,085 
 
 Total population 5,083,810 
 
 Au Sable. 
 
 Beayer. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 Canisteo. 
 
 Cedar. 
 
 Chazy. 
 
 Chemung. 
 
 Conhocton. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 Deer. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 East Branch. 
 
 Genesee. 
 
 Grass. 
 
 Hudson. 
 
 Independence. 
 
 Indian. 
 
 Indian. 
 
 Middle Branch. 
 
 Moose. 
 
 Neversink. 
 
 Niagara. 
 
 Oswegatchie. 
 
 Oswego. 
 
 Poultney. 
 
 Racket. 
 
 Saeondaga. 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 Saranac. 
 
 Seneca. 
 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 St. Regis. 
 
 Wallkill. 
 
 West Branch. 
 
SECTION OF MAP OF PHILADELPHIA AND READING BAILKOAD SUMMER EXCURSION ROUTES. 
 
262 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 
 Bathurst. 
 
 Fox. 
 
 Grindstone 
 
 
 Robbin. 
 
 Calf. 
 
 Gallop. 
 
 Hill. 
 
 
 Shelter. 
 
 Coney. 
 
 Gardiner's. 
 
 Long. 
 
 
 Staten. 
 
 Croyles. 
 
 Gooseneck. 
 
 Oak. 
 
 
 Stoney. 
 
 Fire. 
 
 Grand. 
 
 Ogden's. 
 
 
 Wells. 
 
 Fisher's. 
 
 Gren 
 
 adier. 
 
 Plum. 
 
 
 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 
 Albany, 
 
 
 Fonda. 
 
 
 Owasco. 
 
 Amber. 
 
 
 Forked. 
 
 
 Piseco. 
 
 Au Sable. 
 
 
 Fulton. 
 
 
 Placid. 
 
 Beach's. 
 
 
 George. 
 
 
 Pleasant. 
 
 Big Clear. 
 
 
 Greenwood 
 
 
 Plumedor. 
 
 Big Moose. 
 
 
 Gull. 
 
 
 Racket. 
 
 Big Wolf. 
 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 
 Ragged. 
 
 Bisby. 
 
 
 Handsome 
 
 
 Rainbow. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 Horseshoe. 
 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Blue Mountain. 
 
 
 Indian. 
 
 
 Rock. 
 
 Bog. 
 
 
 Indian. 
 
 
 Rollins. 
 
 Boreas. 
 
 
 Ingrahmam. 
 
 Roquette. 
 
 Branch. 
 
 
 Jenkins. 
 
 
 Round. 
 
 Brant. 
 
 
 Jerseyfield 
 
 
 Round. 
 
 Buonaparte. 
 
 
 Jocks. 
 
 
 Round. 
 
 Burnt. 
 
 
 Jourdan, 
 
 
 Round. 
 
 Canada Lakes. 
 
 
 Lead. 
 
 
 Sanford. 
 
 Canandaigua. 
 
 
 Lewey. 
 
 
 Saratoga. 
 
 Catlin. 
 
 
 Little Cranberry. 
 
 Schroon. 
 
 Cayuga. 
 
 
 Livingston 
 
 
 Seneca. 
 
 Cedar. 
 
 
 Long. 
 
 
 Seward. 
 
 Chain. 
 
 
 Long. 
 
 
 Silver. 
 
 Champlain. 
 
 
 Loon. 
 
 
 Skaneateles. 
 
 Chateaugay. 
 
 
 Loon. 
 
 
 Slim. 
 
 Chautauqua. 
 
 
 Lower Chateaugay. 
 
 Slush. 
 
 Chazy. 
 
 
 Lower Saranac. 
 
 Smith's. 
 
 Church. 
 
 
 Macauley. 
 
 
 South. 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 Massawepie. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Clear. 
 
 
 Meacham. 
 
 
 St. Regis. 
 
 Colby. 
 
 
 Moose. 
 
 
 Stonev. 
 
 . Conesus. 
 
 
 Mud. 
 
 
 Trout"! 
 
 Cranberry. 
 
 
 Mud. 
 
 
 Trout. 
 
 Crooked. 
 
 
 Newcomb. 
 
 
 Tupper. 
 
 Cross. 
 
 
 Ochre. 
 
 
 Tuppers. 
 
 Darnneedle. 
 
 
 Oneida. 
 
 
 L'pper Chateaugay. 
 
 Elk. 
 
 
 Onondaga. 
 
 
 Upper Saranac. 
 
 Elm. 
 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Erie. 
 
 
 Otisco. 
 
 
 Windfall. 
 
 Follensby. 
 
 
 Otsego. 
 
 
 Woodbury. 
 
 Follensby. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PRINCIPAL SUMMER RESORTS 
 
 State of New York. 
 
 ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS. 
 
 The Adirondacks, a region in the north-eastern part of the State 
 of New York, consist of a series of mountain groups and ranges, 
 and lakes of clear blue occupying the depressions — a vast wil- 
 derness, covering space equal in area to the entire State of Connecticut. 
 Until within a few years this region was not often visited by summer 
 tourists. A trip to the Adirondacks was viewed as something attended 
 with great danger and incredible hardship. But now every season 
 brings a great throng of nature-loving people from our large towns and 
 cities to rough it in the rude shanty, to sleep under the white tents 
 that dot the wide expanse of living green, and to broil the appetizing 
 venison-steak, with their own hands, over the embers of the evening 
 fire. On the border of this vast wilderness may always be found hunt- 
 ers and trappers, who are ready to march away into the wildest recesses 
 of the woods, and act the part of trusty leaders and guides. 
 
 Here will be found all the novelty of a primeval land, diversified by 
 fine landscapes and unsearched solitudes. The dryness and variety of 
 the atmosphere, together with its remarkable electrical effects, com- 
 bined with the novelties of camp life and the rough sports incidental 
 thereto, excite the nervous system to a high degree of tension. The 
 physical functions are aroused and re-energized, it may be even after 
 years of sluggish, inefficient action ; new vigor and tone is imparted, 
 the appetite is keen, the digestion is capable and strong, and the sleep 
 
 (2G3) 
 
CALAMITY POND I5ROOK. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 265 
 
 DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 
 
 is sound. The vital organs being stimulated and diverted from an estab- 
 lished routine of greater or less inefficiency, it results that all those 
 lurking ailments to which men in the ordinary pursuits of civilized life 
 are too much subject at once disappear, and whatever there is in each 
 individual of capacity to enjoy is summoned into fullest action, and one 
 fairly revels in the intoxication of good health and enjoyment. 
 
 The Monarch of the Glen, Mount Marcy or Tahatvus C*" the cloud- 
 splitter"), is 5467 feet high. The trail to the summit is 12 miles. 
 Mount Mclntyre, near by, has an elevation nearly as great. McMarfin 
 and Seward (surrounded by Coughsa-ra-geh, " Dismal Wilderness ") and 
 White Face are also very lofty. The slopes are covered with magnifi- 
 cent forests, and high above all we detect peaks that were laid bare 
 before Eden bloomed, towers more ancient than Babel, and nature- 
 carved crags that rejoiced in the sun's warm rays before Memnon began 
 to sing, and the magnificent mountain views, unfolding their wealth of 
 beauties, surprise and delight the tourist at every step by some new 
 and exquisite scene. 
 
 Some twenty years ago a tremendous avalanche swept down the 
 western face of White Face Mountain, since which time it has been 
 
266 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 :^;^rt'^ 
 
 
 DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 
 
 crowned and robed with new grandeur. Its cone is so white that it 
 appears to be snow-capped, and this whiteness extends down its side 
 as far as the monster slide sped. It might have been called Avalanche 
 Mountain, but it is known by the simpler name of White Face, which 
 it honestly earned and modestly wears. 
 
 At its base, 6 miles from the summit, nestles the quiet little village 
 of Wilmington, distant 22 miles from Keeseville, New York, and the 
 Au Sable Chasm, and 25 miles from Fort Kent on Lake Champlain. 
 
 The White Face Mountain is called the "Gem of the Adirondacks." 
 It owes its name to a number of peculiarities. It is nearly one mile in 
 height ; its acclivities are abrupt, and yet its proportions are symmet- 
 rical ; it is isolated from the teeming clusters of peaks that form the 
 heart of the Adirondacks, thus commanding an extended and magnifi- 
 cent prospect of the whole group; and its bald summit, or white face, 
 affords the tourist a complete view of the surrounding scenery. To 
 stand on the brow of White Face is to stand on a rock pinnacle 5000 
 feet high, with nothing to obscure your view in any direction. 
 
 Looking eastward is seen the broad bosom of Lake Champlain, heav- 
 ing in the sunlight and flashing back its brilliancy, while beyond lie 
 
268 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK, 
 
 DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 
 
 the emerald slopes of the Green Mountains and the shadowy forms of 
 the Monarch of the White Hills, of which Mount Washington is the 
 father of all. To the sonth, the Adirondack sublimely stretches, vast 
 and wild, while to the north and west are to be seen the far distant 
 Ontario, with its rapid outlet, the St. Lawrence, and even the dazzling 
 spires and turrets of Montreal itself. From the summit of White Face 
 Mountain may be seen the multitude of lakes which gem the prospect 
 in every direction. Sixty-five of them may plainly be seen with the 
 naked eye. Embosomed among the mountains, they are like diamonds 
 set with emeralds. They glitter and flash in the sunlight with a re- 
 splendence all their own. There are Paradox Pond, the Upper and 
 Lower Saranac lakes. Chapel Pond, St. Regis lake. Copperas Pond, 
 and others too numerous to mention ; but as Tahawus is the king of the 
 mountains, so Lake Placid is queen of the waters. It is so lovely in 
 its outlines and so resplendent in its beauty that it gives life to the 
 landscape. It is a liquid poem. It is the eye of the Adirondacks. It 
 is heaven's own mirror. Metaphor can not exaggerate, nor figure add 
 to it. To see it once is to see it forever. 
 
 The Adirondack region combines all the variety of scenery that can 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 269 
 
 DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 
 
 be had by extended journey and visits to several States — mountain, 
 gien, and waterfall. Upwards of 20 of its mountains are 4000 feet or 
 more in height. One of its waterfalls, Roaring Brook, makes one sheer 
 leap of 300 feet. But the most enjoyable and strange part of Adiron- 
 dack journeying is the boating upon its numerous lakes and ponds, of 
 which there are many hundreds. These lakes A^ary in size from a 
 fourth of a mile to 18 miles in length, and are frequently clustered 
 with islands, fringed with pond lilies and surrounded by mountains. 
 They lie in chains as it were, with small streams generally connecting 
 them, some of which allow the passage of boats. When this is not the 
 case carries intervene, varying from a few rods to 4 miles in length, 
 over which, when short, the guide or boatman transports your boat on 
 his head, you footing after. If the carries are long the boat and bag- 
 gage are transported on sleds or wagons, and when the next body of 
 water is reached the boat is again launched. The Saranac boats are 
 very light and crank, and it is a saying that if you get into a Saranac 
 boat you should have your hair parted strictly in the middle. By these 
 chains of lakes you may travel for days, select your guide, and he 
 arranges everything. 
 
270 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The fisherman and the hunter are indeed in their element. For the 
 one the lakes and streams are stocked with fine fish, while for the other 
 the woods abound with every variety of game, from the wild-cat to the 
 deer, the moose, the wolf, the panther, and the bear. And as with 
 beasts, so with birds. You may shoot the partridge or the loon, the 
 eagle or the duck. 
 
 ROGERS' SLIDE, LAKE GEORGE. 
 
 Still and peaceful in the warm sunlight, as if never disturbed on 
 these waters, lie the most charming of little islands, dotting tliem with 
 picturesque verdure. But want of space will forbid a more lengthy 
 sketch. One could spend weeks in this vicinity, and it would require 
 page after page of description to do justice to the surroundings. 
 
•^KTl 
 
 .^.%-.^>. ^^ 
 
 --^iij;^ 
 
272 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA BAY. 
 
 The village of Alexandria Bay, an American port on the St. Law- 
 rence river, is built upon a massive pile of rocks overlooking the river 
 and a small bay, occupying a romantic and highly picturesque situation. 
 It is the natural point of departure to the Thousand Islands, which are 
 scattered within a few miles of the place, hundreds being in close prox- 
 imity to it, dividing the river into a multitude of winding channels 
 small and large, and moulding it into tiny bays and coves affording 
 romantic retreats, which are the delight of boating parties. Many of 
 these islands are situated so closely together that it would be easy to 
 throw a pebble from one to the other, notwithstanding which circum- 
 stance the passage between them is perfectly safe and commodious, 
 and between some of them that are even this close to each other is 
 water sufficient to float the largest-sized vessels. Because of its charm- 
 ing location and easy accessibility to the most bewitching beauties and 
 best fishing grounds of the Thousand Islands, Alexandria Bay is one of 
 the favorite resorts of summer tourists, seekers after health and recrea- 
 tion, and all those fond of gunning and fishing, which are extremely 
 good in this region. 
 
 DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 
 
STATUE OF FKANELIN, PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
274 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 AU SABLE CHASM. 
 
 This remarkable natural wonder is formed by the egress of Au Sable 
 river from the northern end of the Adirondack mountains, in New 
 York, on its way to Lake Champlain. The river has carved a chan- 
 nel in the Potsdam sandstone formation, in some places reaching a 
 depth of about 200 feet, leaving precipices of every shape towering 
 above the dark water. At one place the river is compressed to a 
 breadth of only 10 feet, and again widens to 50. The waters dash 
 madly through their confined channel, and are precipitated over falls, 
 cascades, and rapids — the first fall being 20 and the second 60 feet. 
 The length of the chasm proper is nearly 2 miles, and its sides and 
 tops are fringed with cedars, which cast a sombre shadow over it, 
 and add to its mysterious grandeur. Fredrika Bremer said that " a 
 visit to the chasm would reward a voyage from Europe ;" and it is as- 
 serted by experienced travelers that it rivals the famous Swiss Gorge 
 du Trient. Au Sable Chasm is reached by any of the excursion routes 
 passing over Lake Champlain or the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 
 Champlain Division, by a line of stages from Port Kent, over a plank- 
 road of 3 miles in length, about twenty minutes' drive. 
 
 There are side or lateral gorges which greatly add to its interest, and 
 the boat ride tlirough its marvelous flume is without its equal, and 
 entirely unique in its character. The thousands of tourists have, with- 
 out exception, pronounced their visits to Au Sable Chasm as being the 
 most enjoyable and gratifying of their summer experiences. In addi- 
 tion to the wild and picturesque Chasm, it is situated in the midst of 
 charming scenery. Mountain tops ai)pear in view in every direction, 
 rolling up like ocean billows ; Lake Champlain is spread out in distinct 
 view for the space of 30 miles ; and beyond the Green Mountain 
 range is distinctly visible, with the top of " Mansfield," the king of 
 them all, in the far distance. 
 
 To the westward the summit of White Face, one of the highest of 
 tlie Adirondack range, 25 miles distant, is i)lainly visible. The 
 
UPPER AU SABLE POND. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 277 
 
 nearest of the Adirondack lakes is only 4 miles distant. Fine 
 drives and walks abound, and good fishing-grounds are near, thus ren- 
 dering this one of the most attractive summer resorts in our beautiful 
 northern country. Persons visiting Au Sable Chasm will at all times 
 find conveyance and pleasant company to accompany them, should 
 they desire to visit any of the Adirondacks or other resorts. 
 
 Coaches meet every train and boat and carry guests direct to the 
 Lake View House. 
 
 BABYLON, L. I., 
 
 Is a popular resort on the south side, famous for its fishing and 
 boating, and well known as a favorite resort of wealthy New Yorkers, 
 of whose luxurious country residences it contains a large number. 
 There are several excellent hotels, and in summer it is one of the gay- 
 est and most fashionable places on Long Island. 
 
 BRIDGEHAMPTON, L. I. 
 
 Bridgehampton, Westhampton, and Easthampton, together with the 
 intermediate and adjacent villages, lie in the fairest part of Long 
 Island, and that which from the earliest colonial period appears to have 
 had the most lasting attraction for its inhabitants. Archseologically it 
 is as interesting for Americans as any of the places that have an early 
 history, but the aspect in which it chiefly appeals to the summer tourist 
 is that of its simple, peaceful rusticit}^ and naturalness, and the country 
 home-life that it opens up to strangers and the temporary sojourners of 
 summer. The bathing and fishing are excellent, and the best accom- 
 modations can be had at exceptionally low rates. Easthampton is 
 reached by stage fi'om Bridgehampton Station, from which it is distant 
 G miles. Near it is the interesting village of Amagansett, an old 
 whaling station and pleasant place for summer loitering. To the east- 
 ward is Montauk, whose singularly beautiful scenery, heretofore the 
 private property of sportsmen and artists, is rapidly becoming famous 
 and attractive to tourists. 
 
278 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 CHAUTAUQUA LAKE. 
 
 This beautiful little sheet of water, 22 miles long and from 2 to 
 3 wide, is situated in the county of the same name, in the extreme 
 western corner of the State of New York. It is one of the most 
 elevated bodies of water in the Middle States, being 733 feet higher 
 than Lake Erie, and nearly 1400 feet above ocean level. The 
 lake is- encircled by well- wooded mountains, and abounds in fish 
 of various kinds. Steamers pl}^ between Mayville, at the northern 
 end of the lake, and Jamestown, at its southern extremity, affording 
 not only a pleasant excursion, but enabling visitors to reach or view 
 many points of interest and attraction along its shores. About 5 
 miles south from the lake is a wonderful collection of rocks, rent and 
 torn, by some convulsion of nature, into many strange shapes, and 
 abounding in grottoes, chasms, corridors, and caverns. The entire region 
 is very charming in summer, its elevated position and dense forest sur- 
 roundings making it bracing and healthful, while nature has been lavish 
 enough in its adornment to render it at all times interesting. Chau- 
 tauqua Lake is directly accessible via the Philadelphia and Erie and 
 the Buffalo, Pittsburg and Western Railroads. 
 
 COOPERSTOWIV. 
 
 This popular resort is the county seat of Otsego county, and is situ- 
 ated at the south end of Otsego lake. It is one of the literary Meccns 
 of America, for here was the home of J. Fenimore Cooper, and in these 
 scenes he wrote those wonderful American stories which the English- 
 reading world have placed on a level of popularity with the undying 
 fictions of Walter Scott. In his " Deerslayer " he thus describes the 
 lake and surrounding hills : '' On a level with the point lay a l)road 
 sheet of water, so placid and limpid that it resembled a bed of the pure 
 mountain atmosphere compressed into a setting of hills and woods. 
 
280 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 At its northern end it was bounded by an isolated mountain ; lower 
 land falling off east and west, gracefully relieving the sweep of the , 
 outline ; still the character of the country was mountainous, high hills 
 or low mountains rising abruptly from the water on quite nine-tenths 
 of its circuit. But the most striking peculiarities of the scene were its 
 solemn solitude and sweet repose. On all sides, wherever the eye 
 turned, nothing met it but the mirror-like surface of the lake and the 
 dense setting of woods. So rich and fleecy were the outlines of the 
 forest that the whole visible earth, from the rounded mountain-top to 
 the water's edge, presented one unvaried hue of unbroken verdure." 
 A late guide-book says : " The same points still exist which ' Leather- 
 Stocking' saw. There is the same beauty of verdure along the hills, 
 and the sun still glints as brightly as then the ripples of the clear 
 water." The whole region is full of interest because of the creations 
 of Cooper's genius, and his romances have a new zest and beauty when 
 read amid the scenes that inspired them. The surroundings of the lake 
 are all beautiful, and the entire region is attractive. In close proxim- 
 ity to Cooperstown are several favorite resorts, accessible by a small 
 steamer running on the lake, which is widely famed for its bass and 
 pickerel fishing. 
 
 HAVANA GLEN 
 
 Is one of the remarkable freaks of nature clustered in the vicinity of 
 Seneca lake, and fairly rivals Watkins Glen in attractiveness and mys- 
 terious beauty. Formed by the same powers, and finished by similar 
 elemental action, the features of this glen resemble while they vary in 
 detail widely from those of its better-known neighbor. Every visitor 
 should see them both, so that a clear comprehension can be had of the 
 power that works unseen and leaves monuments that humanity can not 
 rival. Good accommodations are now provided at Havana Glen, and it 
 is open to visitors in all its extent. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 281 
 
 LAKE GEOKGE (CALDWELL'S). 
 
 Few, if any, among the numerous picturesque lakes in America are 
 more beauliliil or more celebrated than this, which lies between the 
 counties of Washington and Warren. It is 36 miles long, varies 
 in breadth from three-quarters of a mile to 4 miles, and in many 
 places is 400 feet in depth. It is in the midst of mountains, and 
 popular belief credits it with ishinds equal in number to the days 
 of the year. History, as well as tradition, lingers around it, marking 
 many spots Avith more than ordinary interest. Not the least among 
 these are the ruins of Fort AVilliam Henry and Fort George. The lake 
 has had many names conferred upon it, both by Indians and white 
 men. The former generally called it Lake Horicon ; the French named 
 it Le lac du St. Sacrament, and were in the habit of carrying its 
 remarkably i)ure water many miles for baptismal purposes. Sir Wil- 
 liam Johnson, prompted by his loyalty, named it Lake George, after 
 one of the Georges of Great Britain, and the title has been permitted 
 to remain as its designation, although it can not justly be considered 
 appropriate or elegant. A writer, describing the many attractions of 
 the lake, says : — " It has something of interest for cA^ery one — the 
 loA'er of history, of romance, of beauty, and lovers generally." 
 
 LAKE MOHONK, 
 
 In Ulster county, is situated 6 miles from New Paltz, a station on the 
 Wallkill Valley Railway, and is on one of the highest ridges of the Sha- 
 wangunk mountains, 1243 feet above the Hudson river. It is three- 
 quarters of a mile long, very deep, and filled with fish, Avhile its shores 
 are formed by great piles of quartz rock, and Paltz Point looms boldly 
 over the quiet waters. This place is rich in rare things of romantic 
 beauty, and wooded, picturesque loveliness, and is becoming a great sum- 
 mer resort. The neighborhood of the lake supplies many objects of 
 interest, among which are Sky Top Peak, 300 feet higher than the lake. 
 
282 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 and commanding a fine view, including the populous^Wallkill and Esopus 
 valleys, the ridges of the Shawangunk, the Hudson highlands, and the 
 Berkshire hills. Eagle Rock, Sunset Rock, Balance Rock, and the 
 Labyrinth are favorite resorts near the lake. Five and a half miles 
 from Lake Mohonk are the High Falls, on the Rondout creek. 
 
 CHARLIEB INSTITUTE, CENTKAL TAKK. NEW VOKK CITY. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 283 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS. 
 
 r 
 
 This is a world's wonder that can not be described. Its dimensions 
 may be given — its height and breadth and volume can be told — but 
 still much is lacking. Words can not convey any satisfactory idea of 
 its stupendousness — its awfulness. To look at the ceaseless rush of 
 waters — to listen to their majestic voice — to feel the earth tremble be- 
 neath their power — makes one wish that the Psalmist had seen it when 
 he wrote that " the heavens declare the glory of God, the firmament 
 showeth his work," for here the earth also evidences his greatness. 
 Charles Dickens, when he first visited America, felt himself unable to 
 describe the scene, and only succeeded in eloquently sketching his 
 emotions. " When we were seated in the little ferry-boat," he says, 
 " and were crossing the swollen river immediately before both cataracts, 
 I began to feel what it was ; but I was in a manner stunned, and un- 
 able to comprehend the vastness of the scene. It was not until I came 
 on Table Rock and looked — great heavens ! on what a fall of bright 
 green water — that it came upon me in its full might and majesty. * * * 
 Niagara was at once stamped upon my heart, an image of beauty, to 
 remain there changeless and indelible until its pulses cease to beat for- 
 ever. * * * I think in every quiet season now, still do those waters 
 roll and leap and roll and tumble all day long ; still are the rainbows 
 spanning them a hundred feet below ; still, when the sun is on them, 
 do they shine and glow like molten gold ; still, when the day is gloomy, 
 do they fall like snow, or seem to crumble away like the front of a great 
 chalk-cliff, or roll down the rock like dense white smoke. But always 
 does the mighty stream appear to die as it comes down, and always 
 from the unfathomable grave arises that tremendous ghost of spray and 
 mist which is never laid, which has haunted this place with the same 
 dread solemnity since darkness brooded on the deep, and that first flood 
 before the deluge — light — came rushing on creation at the Word of 
 God." Every intelligent traveler must see Niagara for himself, and to 
 each it conveys its own description. Useful as guide and hand books 
 
NIAGARA FALLS, 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 285 
 
 may be, they are insignificant in their teachings beside " the voice of the 
 Great Creator that dwells in its mighty tone." 
 
 The Falls of Niagara were first seen by a white man over two hun- 
 dred years ago. Father Hennepin, a French Jesuit missionary, first 
 saw them when on an expedition of discovery in the year 1678. 
 
 The spots of interest to be visited, besides the great Fall itself, are 
 the ground where the memorable battle of Lundy's Lane was fought ; 
 the Whirlpool below the Falls ; the Suspension Bridges ; the Devil's 
 Hole and the Bloody Run ; the Queenstown Heights, General Brock's 
 Monument, Burning Spring, &c. 
 
 Cast-iron Bridge over the Rapids. — This is the finest point of view 
 from which to observe the Rapids above the Falls. The fall of the 
 river from the head of the rapids (a mile above the Falls) to the edge 
 of the precipice is nearly 60 feet. 
 
 At the other end of the bridge is Bath Island, connected with Iris 
 or Goat Island by another bridge ; and beyond Goat Island there are a 
 few scattered rocks, which are connected with it by means of a third 
 bridge. These rocks lie on the very brink of the precipice, between 
 the American Falls and the Horseshoe Falls. 
 
 The American Fall is 164 feet in perpendicular height, and 660 feet 
 wide from the mainland to Luna Island. The smaller fall, between 
 Luna and Goat Island, is 100 feet wide. 
 
 Ferry House. — Near here there is a curious inclined plane, down 
 which cars descend (which are worked by means of a water-wheel and 
 a rope) to the foot of American Falls. 
 
 Crossing in the ferry-boat, the Falls from this point of view are seen 
 to great advantage. Reaching the Canada side, carriages are ready to 
 convey persons to Table Rock, little more than a mile distant. Clifton 
 House, not far from the landing, and several other objects of interest, 
 claim attention. 
 
 Table Rock is no longer the extensive platform that it once was, 
 large portions of it having fallen from time to time. It overhangs the 
 terrible caldron close to the Horseshoe Fall, and the view from it, a?^ 
 
286 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 already described, is most sublime. In 1818 a mass of rock 160 feet 
 long and 40 feet wide broke off and fell into the boiling flood ; and in 
 1828 three immense masses fell with a shock like an earthquake. 
 Again, in 1829, another fragment fell, and in 1850 a j^ortion of about 
 200 feet in lengfh and 100 feet thick. On one of those occasions some 
 forty or fifty persons had been standing on the rock a few minutes 
 before it fell ! The work of demolition still goes on, for another por- 
 tion of Table Rock fell in 1857. In 1867, a large crack or seam 
 having formed around it near the road, it was deemed unsafe, and the 
 Canadian Government caused it to be blasted away; and now all that 
 remains of the once famous Table Rock is a huge mass of rock at the 
 edge of the river below the bank. 
 
 The Horseshoe Fall. — The view^ here is grand in an awful degree. 
 The precipice of the Horseshoe Falls rises perpendicularly to a height 
 of 90 feet, and the cliff descends about 70 feet into a turmoil of burst- 
 ing foam. The width of the Horseshoe Fall is 600 yards, and its height 
 158 feet. In front is the liquid curtain which, though ever passing 
 onward, never unveils this wildest of Nature's caverns. 
 
 RICHFIELD SPRINGS. 
 
 These springs, long and favorably known, are in Otsego county, 
 New York, in the vicinity of . Cooperstown, and 7 miles distant 
 from Otsego lake, which is one of the sources of the Susquehanna. 
 The great river of Pennsylvania here extends his arms and entwines 
 his fingers with the tributaries of the Mohawk, as if to divert that 
 gentle river from its allegiance to the Hudson. The village of 
 Richfield Springs is situated upon a narrow plain, near the head of 
 Schuyler lake, which is 5 miles in length and a mile and a quarter 
 at its gi'eatest breadth. The little lake is surrounded with high hills 
 on every side, except the northward, and being but a mile from the 
 .springs, forms the principal attraction for visitors. According to 
 
STATE OF NEW YOUK. 289 
 
 tradition, the waters of these springs were sought for their medicinal 
 virtues by the Indian long before the advent of the white man. A 
 healing prophet of the Iroquois dwelt on an island in the midst of 
 the lake, and the suffering came to him to be cured by the waters 
 he secured at night and conveyed secretly to his retreat ; but the 
 Great Spirit became angered at his pride, and sank him and his islands 
 beneath the deep waters. 
 
 SARATOGA SPRINGS. 
 
 This world-fjimed resort is in Saratoga county, about 38 miles 
 north of Albany, and is said to have been visited by invalids as 
 early as 1773, but the principal spring was not discovered until 1792. 
 The springs rise in a stratum of Potsdam sandstone, near a great 
 break or fissure in the strata underlying the Saratoga valley, and 
 reach the surface through a bed of blue clay. The waters are found 
 very beneficial in affections of the liver, in some cases of chronic 
 dyspepsia, and in chronic diseases of the bowels. Besides other qual- 
 ities, they appear to possess the virtues of a tonic united with those 
 of a gentle cathartic. Most of the springs are now owned by stock- 
 companies, one of which has a stock capital of $1,000,000. Great 
 quantities of the wafers are bottled and exported, and there is 
 scarcely a town of any size in America in which they are not regu- 
 larly sold. The process of boring artesian wells has been success- 
 fully introduced, and some of the most valuable of the new sources 
 of water supply have recently been discovered in this way. 
 
 Like " Newport by the sea," Saratoga is often called " the Queen 
 of American watering places," and this dual sovereignty is generally 
 acknowledged. The hotel system of Saratoga is unrivaled elsewhere 
 in the world ; and although equal to the accommodation of 18,000 
 guests, it is taxed to its utmost capacity in the month of August 
 (the season opens early in June). Broadway, the main street, 
 extends for several miles, with the chief hotels near its centre and 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 291 
 
 a succession of costly villas beyond. The village is at its brightest 
 in August, when it is thronged with visitors, and thousands of private 
 and public carriages join in the parade of fashion on Broadway and 
 the Boulevard. During the "height of the season" the crowds to 
 be seen in all public places — the brilliant balls at the grand hotels, 
 the music of excellent bands, and the many other excitements 
 always prevailing — make up a scene probably unequaled in the 
 world. The drives and promenades in the vicinity are justly cele- 
 brated for their pleasant beauty. Saratoga lake, 9 miles in length 
 and some 3 wide, is about 4 miles from the village, and is reached by 
 the Boulevard, which passes near the race-course and trout-ponds. 
 
 The battle of Saratoga was fought here between the British, under 
 General Burgoyne, and the Americans, under General Gates, com- 
 mencing on the 7th of October, 1777, and terminating on the 16th, 
 by the surrender of the entire British force, numbering 5791 men, 
 with 42 cannon and all their stores. The prisoners thus taken 
 were held until the close of the war — more than five years. 
 
 SHAROIV SPRINGS. 
 
 This fiivorite resort is in Schoharie county, New York. The 
 village is delightfully located " in a valley on a hill," and is sur- 
 sounded by attractive scenery, through which are lovely drives and 
 promenades. Sulphur, magnesia, and chalybeate springs gush out 
 within a few rods of each other, and their healing virtues have been 
 known for more than half a century — particularly for their effect in 
 cutaneous disorders. From the village, which is 900 feet above 
 the Mohawk valley, a grand and beautiful prospect opens to the north 
 and east, embracing hills, woods, villages, and streams like silver 
 threads, closely resembling a gorgeous piece of tapestr3^ Within 
 €asy distance is Tokeharawa Falls, caused by a small brook precipita- 
 ting itself over a wall of rock, in a secluded hemlock ravine, a dis- 
 tance of 150 feet; and 20 miles away, by railroad, is Howe's Cave. 
 
292 STATE OF XEW YORK. 
 
 SHELTER ISLAND. 
 
 A FAVORITE Long Island watering-place, situated between Great 
 Peconic and Gardiner's hsijs, and a well-known rendezvous of the 
 yachting squadrons in midsummer. It is half a mile from the Green- 
 port terminus of the Long Island Railroad, and is one of the most 
 picturesque and beautiful places on the coast. The fishing and bathing 
 are excellent ; and the sailing, of the kind that is easily accessible 
 to the general public, is not to be surpassed in the variety of its 
 interest. The hotel accommodations are good, and of a kind to suit 
 different dispositions and purses. 
 
 TRENTON FALLS. 
 
 Trenton Falls are situated on West Canada creek, an affluent 
 of the Mohawk. There are five cascades in the series, and the 
 stream flows in the bottom of a romantic ravine, which is bordered 
 by walls of Trenton limestone. The attraction of the place is per- 
 haps as much in the great depths of this ravine and its crown of 
 primeval forest as in its water views. Here is indeed a place where 
 it is a luxury to stay — which one oftenest revisits, which one most 
 commends to strangers to be sure and see. "' In the long corridor of 
 travel between New York and Niagara, Trenton," says Mr. Willis, 
 " is a sort of alcove aside — a side-scene, out of earshot of the crowd 
 — a recess in a window, whither you draw a friend by the button for 
 the sake of chit-chat at ease." 
 
 Trenton Falls is rather a misnomer, for the wonder of nature which 
 bears the name is a tremendous torrent, whose bed, for several miles, 
 is sunk fathoms deep into the earth ; a roaring and dashing stream,, 
 so far below the surface of the forest, in which it is lost, that one 
 would think, as he comes suddenly upon the edge of this long preci- 
 
AMERICAN' TRACT SOCIETY, PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE, NEW YORK CITY'. 
 
HIGHLANDS OF THE HUDSON. 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 295 
 
 pice, that it was a river in some inner world (coiled within ours, as we 
 in the outer circle of the firmament), and laid open by some Titanic 
 throe that has cracked clear asunder the crust of this " shallow earth." 
 The idea is rather assisted, if we happen to see below us, on its abys- 
 mal shore, a party of adventurous travelers ; for, at that vast depth, 
 and in contrast with the gigantic trees and rocks, the same number of 
 well-shaped ants, dressed in the last fashion, and philandering upon 
 our parlor floor, would be of about their apparent size and distinctness. 
 Every facility of path and stairway and guide for the tour of the 
 ravine has been provided, and the passage, though at first of dan- 
 gerous aspect, is made secure by chains well riveted to the rock 
 wall. The scene at Trenton varies much, according as the drought 
 or freshet dries or fills the stream, and passages are easy enough at 
 one time which are utterly impracticable at others. It is difficult 
 to say when the glen is most beautiful, whether with much or with 
 little water. It is delightfully pleasant and romantically grand at 
 all times. 
 
 A writer thus speaks of Trenton Falls : " Many persons who visit 
 Niagara from the East make a point of seeing Trenton Falls on their 
 return. Could the secret thoughts of these be made known, it is not 
 impossible that we might discover a decided preference for the less 
 famous place. Our expectations are so wrought up with regard to 
 Niagara that when we first see it the feeling uppermost is not 
 unfrequently one of disappointment. It is not so with Trenton, 
 where we find far more than was expected. And again, the surround- 
 ings of the latter place are in every way more pleasant. The 
 exchange from the infinite extortions and swindlings of the Niagara 
 cormorants to the polished ease and refined hospitality of the Trenton 
 Falls Hotel, is one that inevitably puts us into good humor with every- 
 thing we see. The immediate advent to the Falls themselves is in 
 the close vicinity of the hotel. Leaving a beautiful and extensive 
 garden on the right, smiling in all the luxuriance of the fresh summer 
 vegetation, we plunge at once into the heart of a forest filled with noble 
 
296 STATE OF NEW YOBK. 
 
 trees. Suddenly we find ourselves upon the brink of a great chasm 
 whose very existence has been hidden from us. Across upon the 
 opposite side is a rock-wall of limestone, hard, and nearly black, that 
 rises almost perpendicularly to a height varying from 200. to 300 feet. 
 This is crowned with great hemlocks ; with fine birch, whose white 
 trunks glimmer through the forest obscurity ; and with cedars, many 
 of which, from the yielding of the roots, are bent down at a most 
 perilous angle, and hang over the abyss, nodding to their own expected 
 and imminent fall, when the wind strikes among their outstretched 
 branches. Down below the eye drops instinctively, as if to see what 
 would become of them, and catches a glimpse of the Kanata river 
 rushing through its rocky bed in a tumultuous torrent. Here the 
 first descent is made b}^ a series of wooden stairs. We look up and 
 see the blue, brilliant sky, across which the cedars hang in dark lines. 
 We look ahead and see the first of the series of falls, known as 
 Sherman Fall. Here the river has formed an immense excaA^ation, 
 and falls some 40 feet into its bed below with a furious roaring. The 
 water is a rich brown, which, touched here and there by slanting 
 sun rays, presents the hues of molten gold. Above this fall the 
 Kanata boils in a succession of most furious rapids, on which the 
 sunlight falls with most delicious effect. Suddenly we find ourselves 
 in the presence of the great fall. This fall is duplex ; the first a 
 descent of 40 feet, broken into a succession of rocky stairway. 
 Passing this we see the second in its full beauty. The water here 
 rushes over a ledge of rocks, which stretches from bank to bank, 
 with a full height of 75 feet. Gazing steadily upon it and letting 
 its beauties infiltrate slowly into the mind, we realize how bold is the 
 leap. Immense clouds of spray rise up from the boiling, seething, 
 twisting, tormented flood below. The great chasm is full of it. 
 Turning ungrateful backs upon the glorious topaz flow, we gaze 
 down the gorge lost in admiration. Two hundred yards from the 
 great fall is another, called the Mill-Dam, from its regularity and 
 sombreness of demeanor. From this the path along the smooth, even 
 
STATE OF NEW YORK. 299 
 
 limestone rock becomes broader until it opens out upon the Alham- 
 bra Fall, a place which has been the despair of artists and 
 descriptive writers." 
 
 TRENTON FALLS. 
 
 By Fanny Kemble. 
 
 Come down ! from where the everlasting hills 
 
 Open their rocky gates to let thee pass, 
 Child of a thousand rapid running rills 
 
 And still lakes, where the skies their beauty glass. 
 
 With thy dark eyes, white feet, and amber hair, 
 
 Of heaven and earth thou fair and fearful daughter, 
 
 Through thy wide halls, and down thy echoing stair. 
 Rejoicing come— thou lovely "Leaping Water!" 
 
 Shout! till the roads beneath their vaults of green 
 Resound, and shake their pillars on the way ; 
 
 Fling wide thy glittering fringe of silver sheen 
 
 And toss toward heaven thy clouds of dazzling spray. 
 
 The sun looks down upon thee with delight. 
 And weaves his prism around thee for a belt ; 
 
 And as the wind waves thy thin robes of light. 
 The jewels of thy girdle glow and melt. 
 
 Ah ! where be they, who first with human eyes 
 Beheld thy glory, thou triumphant flood ; 
 
 And through the forest, heard with glad surprise 
 Thy waters calling, like the voice of God ? 
 
 Far toward the setting sun, wandering they go. 
 Poor remnant! left from exile and from slaughter; 
 
 But still their memory, mingling with thy flow. 
 
 Lives in thy name— thou lovely " Leaping Water 1 " 
 
300 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 AA ATKINS GLEX. 
 
 The countiy in the neighborhood of Watkins, New York, is noted 
 for wonderful freaks of nature in the form of canyons or gorges, the most 
 remarkable of which is known as Watkins Glen. It is situated at the 
 head of Seneca lake, one of the most beautiful sheets of water in the 
 world, excursions upon which, in addition to the attractions of the Glen, 
 have made this one of the most popular resorts in the country. 
 
 The Glen is several miles in length, but consists properly of a num- 
 ber of glens or sections which have been given distinctive names, and 
 which form a series of rocky arcades, galleries, and grottoes. A limpid 
 stream of purest mountain water flows through the Glen, having a 
 fall from first to last of 800 feet, which is a constant succession 
 of beautiful cascades and rapids. Of these, Rainbow Falls is perhaps 
 the most interesting feature. " With the bright sheen of a summer day 
 playing in the rising mists, the scene is frequently clothed in rainbow 
 tints, but nowhere with such brilliant hues or perfect arch as at Rain- 
 bow Falls ; and the hour of four on every afternoon finds a crowd of 
 guests worshiping at its shrine fiir in the depths of Watkins Glen." 
 Of the many remarkable chambers, the Cathedral is perhaps the most 
 imposing. This is an immense amphitheatre, with walls of solid rock 
 rising to the perpendicular height of 300 feet, while the forest trees 
 with which the top is fringed stretch their arms fiir over the yawn- 
 ing gulf. Into this mighty chasm the waters spring with a frightful 
 leap, bathing its sides with feathery spray, then quietly spreading over 
 the rocky floor. Trees of primeval growth, hardy shrubs, and luxuriant 
 vines cling with wild forms of beauty from the interstices of the rock, 
 reflecting their rich foliage in the emerald pools beneath, while far 
 above is seen the bright blue sky ; and at times the rich sunlight, re- 
 flecting from clift' to clift', clothes all with a soft mellow glow. It was 
 the remark of so experienced a traveler as Bayard Taylor, that he had 
 never met with scenery more beautiful and romantic than that em- 
 braced in this wonderful Glen. 
 
FIFTH AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCTT, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF RAILROADS 
 
 State of New York 
 
 Adirondack. 
 
 Albauy, Sand Lake & Stepheutowu. 
 Albany & Susquehanna. 
 Albany & Vermont. 
 Atlantic & Great Western, 
 Avon, Geueseo & Mount Morris. 
 Bath & Hammondsport. 
 Black River & Morristown. 
 Black River & St. Lawrence. 
 Boston & Albany. 
 Boston, Hoosac Tunnel & Western. 
 Brooklyn, Bath & Coney Island. 
 Brooklyn. Flatbush & Coney Island. 
 Brooklyn & Jamaica. 
 Brooklyn & Rockaway Beach. 
 Buffalo, Bradford & Pittsburgh. 
 Buffalo, Chautauqua Lake & Pittsburgh. 
 Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburgh. 
 Buffalo Creek. 
 Buffalo, New York & Erie. 
 Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia. 
 Buffalo & Southwestern. 
 Carthage, Watertown & Sackett's Har- 
 bor. 
 Cayuga Northern. 
 Cayuga Southern. 
 Cayuga & Susquehanna. 
 Cazenovia, Canastota & De Ruyter. 
 Central Valley. 
 Central Vermont. 
 Chateaugay. 
 Chautauqua Lake. 
 Chemung. 
 
 Cherry Valley, Sharon & Albany. 
 Clayton & Theresa. 
 Clove Branch. 
 Connecticut Western. 
 C(Joperstown & Susquehanna Valley. 
 Corning. Cowanesque& Antrim. 
 
 Crown Point. 
 Dannemora. 
 
 Delaware, Lackawanna & Western. 
 Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. 
 Delhi & Middletown. 
 Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pitts- 
 burgh. 
 Dutchess and Columbia. 
 Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua. 
 Elmira State Line. 
 Elmira & Williamsport. 
 Erie. 
 
 Erie & Genesee Valley. 
 Flushing, North Shore & Central. 
 Fonda, Johnstown & Gloversville. 
 Geneva, Ithaca & Athens. 
 Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre. 
 Geneva & Lyons. 
 Glen Falls. 
 
 Gloversville & Northville. 
 Goshen & Deckertown. 
 Greene. 
 
 Greenwich & Johnsonville. 
 Harlem Extension R. R. South. 
 Harlem River & Port Chester. 
 Ithaca, Auburn & Western. 
 Jersey City & Albany. 
 Junction — (Buffalo). 
 King's County Central. 
 Lackawanna & Susquehanna. 
 Lake Champlain & Mori ah. 
 Lake Ontario Shore. 
 Lake Ontario Southern. 
 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern. 
 Lebanon Springs. 
 Lehigh Valley. 
 Lockport & Buffalo. 
 Long Island. 
 Marine. 
 
 (303) 
 
304 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Middleburg & Schoharie, 
 
 Middletown & Crawford. 
 
 Middletown, Uuionville & Water Gap. 
 
 Midland of New Jersey. 
 
 Mont Clair & Greenwood Lake. 
 
 Montgomery & Erie. 
 
 Nanuet & New City. 
 
 Newburgh, Dutchess & Connecticut. 
 
 Newburgh & New York. 
 
 New Jersey Midland. 
 
 New Jersey & New York. 
 
 Newtown & Flushing. 
 
 New York, Bay Ridge & Jamaica. 
 
 New York, Boston & Montreal. 
 
 New York Central, Niagara River. 
 
 New York Central & Hudson River. 
 
 New York City & Northern. 
 
 New York, Kingston & Syracuse. 
 
 New York, Lake Erie & Western. 
 
 New York, New Haven & Hartford. 
 
 New York, Ontario & Western. 
 
 New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio. 
 
 New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway. 
 
 New York & Canada. 
 
 New York & Flushing. 
 
 New York & Greenwood Lake. 
 
 New York & Harlem. 
 
 New York & Mahopac. 
 
 New York & Manhattan Beach. 
 
 New York & Oswego Midland. 
 
 New York & Rockaway. 
 
 Niagara Bridge & Canandaigua. 
 
 Northern Central. 
 
 Northern of New Jersey. 
 
 Nyack & Northern. 
 
 Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain. 
 
 Ogdensburg & Morristowu. 
 
 Olean, Bradford & Warren. 
 
 Ontario Southern. 
 
 Oswego & Rome. 
 
 Oswego & Syracuse. 
 
 Pennsylvania & New York Canal & R. R. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Titusville & Buffalo. 
 
 Port Jervis & Monticello. 
 
 Poughkeepsie, Hartford & Boston. 
 
 Poughkeepsie & Eastern. 
 
 Prospect Park & Coney Island. 
 
 Rensselaer & Saratoga. 
 
 Rhinebeck & Connecticut. 
 
 Rochester and Genesee Valley. 
 
 Rochester & Lake Ontario. 
 
 Rochester & Pine Creek. 
 
 Rochester and Pittsburgh. 
 
 Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg. 
 
 Rome & Clinton. 
 
 Schenectady & Duanesburg. 
 
 Schoharie Valley. 
 
 Silver Lake. 
 
 Skaneateles. 
 
 Sraithtown & Port Jefferson. 
 
 Sodus Point & Southern. 
 
 Southern Central. 
 
 Southern of Long Island. 
 
 Springville & Sardinia. 
 
 Spuyten Duyvil & Port Morris. 
 
 Staten Island. 
 
 Sterling Mountain. 
 
 Stewart. 
 
 Suspension Bridge & Erie Junction. 
 
 Syracuse, Binghamton & New York. 
 
 Syracuse, Chenango & New York. 
 
 Syracuse, Geneva & Corning. 
 
 Syracuse Junction. 
 
 Syracuse Northern. 
 
 Tioga. 
 
 Tioga & Elmira State Line. 
 
 Tonawanda Valley. 
 
 Troy it Bennington. 
 
 Troy & Boston. 
 
 Troy & Greenbush. 
 
 Ulster & Delaware. 
 
 Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Valley. 
 
 Uticu, Clinton &. Binghamton. 
 
 Utica & Black River. 
 
 Utica, Ithaca & Elmira. 
 
 Valley. 
 
 Wallkill Valley. 
 
 Warwick Valley. 
 
 Waver Iv & State Line. 
 
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