v^^" ^^. .^^ .0 o HISTOEY OF ERIE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. Containing A History of the County; its Townships, Towns, Villages, Schools, Churches, Industries, etc.; Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men; Biographies; History OF Pennsylvania, Statistical and Miscellaneous Matter, etc., etc. 4^ II_iI_.TJSTI^.^TEID. CHICAGO: WARNER, BEERS & CO., 1884. F 1 \ /' /py'7C -Hi PEEFACE. IN eotering upon the publication of a historv of Erie County, the difficulty and importance of the task were not underestimated by the publishers. A desire for such a work has long existed, a work that would faithfully present a correct, concise and clean record of events, beginning with the Indian tribes that once inhabited the land, thence tracing its history down to the present period. The burning of the court house, on the 23d of March, 1823, which destroyed the records of the first twenty years after the organization of the county, has ever been a source of annoyance to those tracing the original titles to lands through the names of the first settlers. This work shows where the titles of the lands in Erie County originated, to whom the first sales were made, and the locations of the earliest pioneers, thus supplying many missing links in the fabric of its recorded history. The book may be said to have had its inception in 1879, when Mr, Benja- min Whitman, having sold the Erie Observer, which he had edited since Jan- uary, 1861, made a number of short tours over the county for the joint purpose of reviving old friendships and settling his outstanding accounts. After one or two trips he commenced writing up a series of articles for the Obsei'ver under the heading of " County Jaunts," and finding them received with favor, con- ceived the idea of expanding them into a history of the county. The eftbrt of Mr. Whitman was more to give a plain and correct statement of facts than to indulge in fine writing, for which, it is needless to add, there is little op- portunity in a work of this kind. His manuscript was purchased by the pub- lishers, and is mainly embodied in the book. He was largely aided in the collecting of his matter by Capt. N. W. Russell, whose father, Mr. Hamlin Russell, when on his death bed in 1852, after a res- idence of half a century in Erie County, said to him, ' " I have made, a great mistake in not keeping, for the good of future generations, a historical record of the advent and progress of the early settlers. Your retentive memoiy can yet collect them, and put them in a shape that will be of great use to the inhabitants hereafter. Promise me you will do so." The promise was given, and has been fulfilled to a considerable extent in this work. " In the preparation of the matter," says Mr. Whitman, "Capt. N. W. Russell, of Mill Creek Township, deserves very large credit. His remembrance of early events is remark- able, and to his valuable assistance I owe more than I can express. His fre- quent sketches on historical subjects, printed in the newspapers, were really the foundation of the book, and in many cases I have not done much more than to elaborate his articles. Mr. Russell has, also, revised all the proof, and vouches for the correctness of the historical matter." For the convenience of its readers, the book has been divided into five parts. The outline history of the State, contained in Part I, is from the pen iv PREFACE. of Prof. Samuel P. Bates, of Meadville. The history of Erie County, included in Part II, was compiled by Mr. Whitman, with the aid of Mr. Russell, as above stated. The history of the city of Erie, in Part III, was written by Mr. ^R. C. Brown, of Chicago, 111., excepting Chapter IV, which is from the pen of Mr. F. E. "Weakley, of Lebanon, Ohio. The township histories, in Part IV, embrace a portion of the matter furnished by Messrs. Whitman and Russell, with additions by Messrs. F. E. Weakley and J. B. Mansiield; while the bio- graphical sketches in Part V, were collected by a corps of solicitors, and a proof of each sketch submitted by mail to each subject for correction. It is due to Mr. Whitman to add that the township sketches prepared by him were much more full than they appear in the book, the limits to which the publishers were obliged to confine themselves not allowing space for all of his matter. The publication of such a work, for a patronage limited to a single county, was a hazardous undertaking, and much solicitude was felt by the publishers on this account during the first stages of the enterprise, but whatever their misgivings, they were soon dispelled by the liberal patronage of the people of the county. An earnest effort has been made to render the book reliable and attractive, and to more than fulfill every promise made in the prospectus. Acknowledgments are due to County, Township, City and Borough oificials, old settlers, members of the various professions and to citizens throughout the county, for favors and generous assistance in the preparation of the work. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. PART I. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. PAGE. CHAPTER I. — Introductory. — Cornelis Jacob- son Mey, 1624-2.5. William Van Hulst, 1625- 26. Peter Minuit, 1626-33 David Petersen de Vries, 1632-33. Wouter Van Twiller, 163.3-38 1.5-23 CHAPTER II.— Sir William Keift, 1638-47. Peter Minuit, 1638-41. Peter Hollandaer, 1641-43. John Printz, 1643-53. Peter Stiiyvesant, 1647-64. John Pappagoya, 1653-54. John Claude Rysingh, 1654-55 23-33 CHAPTER III.— John Paul Jacquet, 1655-57. Jacob Alrichs, 1657-59. Goeran Van Dyck, 1657-58. William Beekman, 1658-63. Alex. D'Hinoyossa, 1659-64 33-35 CHAPTER IV.— Richard Nichols, 1664-^7. Rob- ert Needham, 1664-68. Francis Lovelace, 1667-73. John Carr, 1668-73. Anthony Colve, 1673-74. Peter Alrichs, 1673-74. 35-41 CHAPTER v.— Sir Edmund Andros, 1674-81. Edmund Cantwell, 1674-76. John Collier, 1676-77. Christopher Billop, 1677-81 41-50 CHAPTER VI.— William Markham, 1681-82. William Penn, 1682-84 51-61 CHAPTER VII.— Thomas Lloyd, 1684-86. Five Commissioners, 1686-88. John Blackwell, 1688-90. Thomas Lloyd, 1690-91. William Markham, 1691-93. Benjamin Fletcher, 1693-95. William Markham, 1693-99 61-69 CHAPTER VIII.— William Penn, 1699-1701. Andrew Hamilton, 1701-03. Bdward Ship- PAGE. pen, 170.3-04. John Evans, 1704-09. Charles Gooken, 1709-17 69-75 CHAPTER IX.— Sir William Keith, 1717-26. Patrick Gordon, 1726-36. James Logan, 1736-38. George Thomas, 1738-47. An- thony Palmer, 1747-48. James Hamilton, 1748-54 75-89 CHAPTER X.— Robert H. Morris, 1754-56. Will- iam Denny, 1756-59. James Hamilton, 1759-63 89-97 CHAPTER XI.— John Penn, 1763-71. James Hamilton, 1771. Richard Peun, 1771-73. John Penn, 1773-76 98-104 CHAPTER XII.— Thomas Wharton, Jr.,1777-78. George Bryan, 1778. Joseph Reed, 1778-81. William Moore, 1781-82. John Dickinson, 1782-85. Benjamin Franklin, 1785-88 104-114 CHAPTER XIII. — Thomas Mifflin, 1788-99. Thomas McKean, 1799-1808. Simon Snyder, 1708-17. William Findlay, 1817-20. Joseph Heister, 1820-23. John A. Shulze, 1823-29. George Wolfe, 1829-35. Joseph Ritner, 1835-39 114-121 CHAPTER XIV.— David R. Porter, 1839-45. Francis R. Shunk, 1845-48. William F. John- stone, 1848-52. William Bigler, 1852-55. John Pollock, 1855-58. AVilliam F. Packer, 1858-61. Andrew G. Curtiu, 1861-67. John W. Geary, 1867-73. John F. Hartranft, 1873-78. Henry F. Hoyt, 1878-82. Robert E. Pattison, 1882 122-131 Gubernatorial Table 132 PART 11. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. CHAPTER I.— General Description, etc.— 137-144 County and Township Organization 137 Cities, Boroughs and Villages 138^ Distance Table 138 Organization of Cities and Boroughs 139 Election Districts t.. 139 What Township Taken From, etc 140 Post Offices 141 Census 142-144 County and Township Boundaries 143 CHAPTER IL— Physical Geography 145-150 The Land— Its Characteristics and Value 146 Climate, Geology and Timber 149 Minerals, Oil Wells, etc 150 CHAPTER III.— Geology 151-155 CHAPTER IV. — Streams, Lakes, Bays, Bridges and Culverts 155-166 Principal Settlements, Railroads, etc 136 Features of theStreams 1.59 CONTENTS. PAGE. French Creek and Its Principal Tributaries 160 The Lake Shore Streams IGl Lakes and Bays 162 The Interior Lakes 165 Bridges, Culverts, etc 165 CHAPTER v.— Pre-histokic Remains and Natural Curiosities 166-172 Ancient Embankments 169 More Strange Discoveries 170 Natural Curiosities 171 CHAPTER VI.— Indian History 172-185 Extermination of theEriez 173 The Six Nations 174 French and English Intrigues 175 Pontiac's Conspiracy 176 Capture of Le Boeu'f and Presque Isle 176 American Occupation 180 Threats of an Indian War 181 Raids by the Savages 182 Indian Villages and (Graveyards 183 Cornplanter, The Seneca Chief. 184 CHAPTER VII.— The French and English 185-194 The First Soldiers 186 Army of Occupation 186 Coffin's Statement 189 Washington's Visit 189 Progress of the French 191 French Village at Presque Isle.... i 191 Events in 1757 and 1758 192 The English Gaining 192 Evacuation of the French 193 English I>omlnion 193 The French and English Forts 194 The French Road 194 CHAPTER VIII.— The Triangle 194-200 The Western Boundary 195 The New York Line 195 The Triangle 195 Release of the Indian Title 196 Interesting Details 199 Continental Certificates 200 CHAPTER IX.— The American Occupation 201-209 Protecting the Frontier 202 Occupancy of Fort Le Boeuf. 202 Interference of the General Government... 203 Was the Danger Real? 203 A Lengthy Discussion 204 An Important Council 204 Fort Le Boeuf and its CTarrison 205 A Treaty of Peace 206 Beginning of the Town of Erie 206 The Last Indian JNIurder 209 CHAPTER X.— Anthony Wayne 209-212 Massacre of Paoli 210 His Western Campaign 210 Sickness and Death 210 His Appearance and Bearing 211 Disinterment of His Remains 211 Appearance of the Body ".. 212 Second Disinterment 212 His Eastern Tomb 212 CHAPTER XL— Land Matters 213-226 Pennsylvania Population Company 213 A Great Land Speculator 214 Plan of Settlement 214 Holland Land Company 215 Tenth Donation District 215 Harrisburg and Presque Isle Company 216 The Moravian Grant 216 The Reservations 216 Academy Lands .'.... 219 Surveyors and Land Agents 219 More Land Legislation 220 Settled at Last 220 Abstract of Judah Colt's Autobiography 221 Land Sales 223 List of Purchasers 223 State Commissioners 224 PAGE. Land Litigation 224 The Speculation of 1836 226 CHAPTER XII.— The Pioneers 229-233 Where the People Came From 230 Marriages, Births and Deaths 230 Condition of the People, etc 231 Game, etc 232 CHAPTER XIII. — Common Roads, Stage Lines, Mail Routes, Taverns, etc..233-244 Buffalo Road 234 The Ridge Road 235 The Lake Road 235 Waterford Turnpike 235 Edinboro Plank Road 236 Waterford Plank Road 239 The .Shunpike 239 Wattsburg Plank Road 240 Lake Pleasant Road 240 The Colt's Station Road 241 Old Taverns 241 Travel and Transportation 242 The Salt Trade 243 Stage Lines and Mail Routes 243 CHAPTER XIV.— Religious Organizations — Churches— Graveyards, etc 245-262 Presbyterian Missionaries 245 The Erie Presbytery 246 Permanent Preachers 246 Rev. Johnson Eaton 246 The Erie and Other Churches 249 Methodist Episcopal Church 249 United Presbyterians, Lutherans, Episcopa- lians, etc....'. 254 Catholics and other Denominations 255 List of Churches 255 Sunday Schools.... 260 • Bible .Society and Y. M. C. A 261 Graveyards and Cemeteries ; 261 CHAPTER XV.— Mills and Factories 262-270 Outside of Erie City 263 Other Early Mills and Factories 264 List of Manufacturing Establishments 265 CHAPTER XVI.— Lake Navigation 270-283 The Merchant Service 271 The Era of Steamboats 272 Propellers and Ships 273 The Old Times and the New 273 Valuable Statistics 274 Government Vessels 274 Disasters on the Bay and Lake 275 Distances by Lake 276 Opening of" Navigation 279 Collectors at Erie 280 Deputy Collectors 280 Vessels Owned in Erie 280 Business of the Port 281 Light-houses and their Keepers 282 CHAPTER XVII.— County Buildings 283-293 The County Jail...:.. 285 The Almshouse 286 County Statistics 291 Workhouse 292 CHAPTER XVIII.— Perry's Victory asd the War of 1812-14 ...293-320 Erie's Defenseless Condition 293 First Stages of the War 294 Assembling the Militia 295 A Fleet Arranged For 295 Perry Reaches Erie 296 The First Step to Victory 300 Safely Concentrated 300 Menaces of the Enemy 302 Getting over the Bar 302 The First Cruise 303 Challenging to Fight 304 Preparing for Battle... 305 Brief Account of the Victorv 305 After the Battle ."......-. 309 Victories on Land 310 Perry's Return to Erie 310 CONTENTS. PAtiE. The Winter of 1813-14 311 A Fatal Duel 312 The Campaign of 1814 313 Incidents of the War 314 Disposal of the Vessels 314 American Army Ofi&cers 315 -The Story of James Bird 316 Official Report of the British Commander.... 319 CHAPTER XIX.— Bench and Bae 320-332 United States Courts 323 The Bar 324 Deaths, Removals, etc 330 Court Criers, and Other Matters 332 CHAPTER XX.— Notable Events 33:3-340 The King of France 333 Lafayette 333 Horace GIreeley 333 Presidential Visitors 334 An Exciting Campaign 335 The Only Execution 335 Indictments for Murder 339 CHAPTER XXL— Political History— An- nual Record 340-430 1788 to 1800 340 1800 to 1802 341 1803tol8u6 342 1807 to 1810 343 1811 to 181(5 344 1817 to 1820 345 1821 to 1823 34(5 1824 to 1825 349 1826 to 1828 350 1829 to 1830 351 1831 to 1832 352 1833 to 1835 353 1836 354 1837 to 1838 355 1839 to 1840 359 1841 360 1842 3G1 1843 to 1844 362 1845 to 1840 .364 1847 365 1848 366 1849 to 1850 3()9 1851 370 — ■ 1852 .371 1853 372 1854 373 1855 to 1856 374 185'. 376 ieo8 379 1859 to 1860 380 1861 to 1862 382 1863 to 18(i4 383 ISe.^ to 1866 385 1867 to 1868 386 1869 to 1870 390 1871 to 1872 .391 1873 .394 1874 395 1875 to 1876 .396 1877 to 1878 401 1879 to 1880 402 1881 404 1882 405 1883 406 List of Public Officers 406 United States Officers 406 State Officers from Erie County 410 State Senators 411 Members of the House of Representatives.. 412 County Officers 414 CHAPTER XXII.— The Canal and Rail- roads 430-444 The Lake Terminus 431 Completion of the Canal 431 Its Abandonment 432 Railroads 433 Erie to Butlalo 433 Erie to Cleveland 433 Consolidation Effected 434 The Railroad War 4.34 Further Consolidation ; 435 Local Features 435 Distances 436 Philadelphia & Erie Railroad 436-' (ieneral Description 439 Other Matters 439 Erie & Pittsburgh Railroad 440 Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburgh P.ailroad 441 Kew York, Pennsylvania & (Jhio Railroad... 441 Union & Titusville Railroad 442 New York, (Chicago it St. Louis Railroad (The>fickel Plate) 442 Projected Railroads 443 CHAPTER XXIII —Physicians and Den- tlsts Ill 4 51 List of Registered Physicians 445-450 Erie 445 Corry 446 McKean 446 Wattsburg 449 Fairview 449 (iirard 449 Union City 449 North East 449 Albion 449 Waterford 449 •Springfield 449 Edinboro 450 Mill Village 450 Other Localities 450 Other Matters 450 Dentists 451 CHAPTER XXIV. — Schools, Academies, etc. 451-456 The County Schools 453 School Books, etc 453 Spelling Schools 4.54 Academies, etc .^ 4.54 Cieneral Remarks 4-55 Tabulated Statement 456 CHAPTER XXV.— Newspapers 4.59-465 Earlv Newspapers 459 The Erie Gazette 4.59 The Erie Observer 460 The Erie Dispatch 461 Other English Papers 461 (ierman and Portuguese Papers 462 Defunct Papers '. 463 Miscellaneous 463 Personal 464 Papers Outside of Erie 465 CHAPTER XXVI.— AVAR foe the UNI0N....465-489 The First Regiment 466 The Eighty-third Regiment , 466 The One Hundred Eleventh Regiment 469 The One Hundred Forty-fifth Regiment 470 The First Draft 470 Other Matters 471 The Second Draft 472 Lively Recruiting 473 ^' Half a Million More 474 Nearing the End 474 Officers from Erie County 475 (Tounty Finances in Connection with the War 476 Prices Compared 479 The Erie Regiment — three months 479 The Eighty-third Regiment 481 The One Hundred Eleventh Regiment 483 The One Hundred Forty-fifth Regiment 485 CHAPTER XXVII.— Miscellaneous 490-500 Agricultural Societies 490 Militia and Military Oganizations 490 Temperance 492 Slaves and Slavery 492 Seal of the County 493 The Weather 493 Early .Justices 493 The Cholera 495 Telegraph Lines 495 Shows and Circuses 495 Cattle Driving 495 CONTENTS. PAGE. Currency 496 Soldiers' Monuments 496 The Revolution 496 The Mexican War 499 PAGE. Anti-Slavery 499 Oldest Men and Women 499 Thanksgiving Day .500 The Flood of 1883 .500 PART III. HISTORY OF THE CITY OF ERIE. CHAPTER I.— Hl.STORlCAL 503-519 Scraps of History .512 CHAPTER II.— General Description and Progress 519-534 Hotels and Public Halls 524 Pleasure Resorts 524 Railroads and Shipping Facilities 525 Bay, Harbor and Peninsula 525 Life-Saving Service 532 The Head 532 Fisheries 533 CHAPTER III.— Municipal Government 53.5-550 Water Works ,543 Fire Department 546 Markets 546 Police .549 Financial E.\.hibit 549 CHAPTER IV.— Churches ,550-586 First Presbyterian Church 5.50 Park Presbyterian Church 552 Central Presbyterian Church 554 Chestnut Street Presbyterian Church 555 United Presbyterian Congregation 556 St. Paul's Episcopal Church 560 St. John's Episcopal Church.... 563 Church of the Cross and Crown 564 First Methodist Episcopal Church 565 Simpson Meth"di>^t ICi)iscopal Church "69 Tenth Street .Metliodist Episcopal Church... 570 The African Methodist Episcopal Church.... 571 The First Baptist Church 571 First German Baptist Church 573 St. John's Evangelical Lutheran and Re- formed Church 573 St. Paul's German Evangelical Church 574 Salem Church of the Evangelical Association 575 The English Evangelical Lutheran Church.. 576 The German Evangelical Lutheran Trinity Church .579 Anschai Chesed Reform Congregation 579 United Brethren Church 580 The First Universalist Church 58ii St. Patrick's Catholic Pro-Cathedral 581 St. Mary's Catholic Church 583 St. Joseph's Catholic Church 584 St. John's Catholic Church .585 St. Andrew's Catholic Church 585 CHAPTER v.— Education and Societies.. 586-600 Erie Academy .591 Erie Female Seminary 592 Catholic Schools 592 Secret and Other Societies ,594 CHAPTER VI.— PRIV.A.TE Corporations, Cem- • ETERIE5 AND CHARITABLE INSTITU- TIONS 600-613 Erie Gas Company 600 Telegraph, Telephone and Express Compa- nies 601 The Erie City Passenger Railway Company 601 Banks 601 Insurance Companies 603 Cemeteries 604 Charitable Institutions 606 CHAPTER VII.— Leading Manufacturing In- terests 613-649 Board of Trade and Business Statistics.. 649-651 PART ^V. TOWNSHIP HISTORIES. CHAPTER I.— Mill Creek Township 655-666 Lands 655 Reservations 656 Creeks and Bridges 656 Public Highways 659 Schools '. 659 Villages and Post Offices 660 Other Prominent Points 661 Religious .Societies o62 Mills 663 Early Settlers 663 Public Men 664 Miscellaneous , 665 CHAPTER II.— Waterford Township and Borough of Waterford 666-684 Lands of the Township 666 Tax List in 1813 669 Streams and Lakes 670 Roads, Bridges and Mills 670 Religious Societies 671 .School History 671 Waterford Station 672 Borough of Waterford 672 The French Fort 673 Pontiac's Conspiracy 673 Beginning of the Town 673 First Settlers 674 Early Events 675 The Lytles 675 The Boating Trade 676 Societies, etc 676 Incorporation 679 The Academy 680 The Cemetery 680 Religious Societies 681 State and County Officers 682 Postmasters 683 Newspapers 683 Manufactories 683 Miscellaneous 684 CONTENTS. PAGE. CHAPTER III. — Union Township and Borough of L'nion City 684-695 The South Branch and its Tributaries 685 Bridges and Mills 685 Churches and Graveyards 686 Eariy Settlers 686 Political 689 Borough of Union City 690 The Founder 690 (irowth of the Town 690 Societies 691 Manufactories 692 Church Organizations 693 Newspapers 694 Miscellaneous 695 CHAPTER IV.— Le Boeuf Township and Borough of Mill Village 696-703 Early Settlers 696 Streams and Mills 699 Valleys and Ridges 699 Holland Land Company 700 Common Roads 700 Churches 701 Schools "01 Public Men 702 Villages 702 Borough of Mill Village 702 CHAPTER v. — Venango Township and Borough of Wattsbukg 704-715 Early Settlers 704 Taxablesin 1800 705 Political '05 War of 1812 705 Streams, Lake and Bridges 706 Public Roads 706 Mills, Factories and Schools 709 Churches '10 The Middlebrook Church— Graveyards 710 Villages 711 Recollections of a Native of the Township.. 711 Borough of Wattsburg 712 Incorporation 713 Religious •. 713 Societies, etc * 713 Business Features 714 Public Men 714 Schools and Newspapers 714 CHAPTER VI. — Harbor Creek Township 715-723 General Description 715 Creeks and Gullies 716 Mills 719 Roads, etc 719 Wesley ville 720 Harbor Creek and Moorheadville 720 Religious Societies 721 County Officers 722 School History 722 Miscellaneous 723 CHAPTER VII.— North East Township and Borough of North East 723-739 Early Settlers 724 First Things 725 Railroads and Common Roads 725 The Creeks 726 Manufacturing Establishments 726 The Grape Culture 729 Villages 729 Cemeteries 730 Schools 731 Rev. Cyrus Dickson 731 Borough of North East 732 Religious Societies 733 Public Schools and College 7:?4 Hotels, Banks, etc 735 Newspapers 736 State and County Officers 7;36 Miscellaneous 736 CHAPTER VIII.— Faibview Township and Borough of Fairview 739-749 General Description 740 Lands and Streams 741 page. Bridges and Mills 742 Schools 742 Common Roads, Railroads and Canals 743 Political 743 Religious Societies 744 Manchester and Swanville 744 Other Matters 745 Borough of Faikview 746 Early Incidents 746 Other Churches 749 Miscellaneous 749 CHAPTER IX.— Springfield Township...750-760 Lands, etc 750 Early Settlers... 751 Incidents of the Pioneers 752 Streams, Mills and Factories 7.52 Burial Places 753 Public Men 754 Academies and Schools 754 Railroads, Common Roads and Hotels 755 Churches 7.56 Villages 759 CHAPTER X. — Conneaut Township and BoRouiiH OF Albion 760-769 The First Settlers 760 Creeks and Bridges 761 Land, Litigation and Pre-Historic Remains. 762 Rairoads, Canals and Common Roads 763 Schools, Mills and Burial Places 764 Villages 764 Miscellaneous 765 B(?kough of Albion 765 Churches 766 Business, Schools and Societies 766 Factories. Newspapers, etc 769 CHAPTER XL— Elk Creek Township 770-775 General Description 770 Roads and Streams 771 Churches 772 Schools 772 Wellsburg 772 Cranesville 774 Pageville 774 CHAPTER XII. — McKean Township and BoKOfGH OF MiDDLEBOKO 77-5-782 Streams and Lands 775 Mills and .Schools 776 Churches, Cemeteries and Roads 779 Villages 780 Early Settlers , 780 Public Officers 781 Borough of Middleboro 781 CHAPTER XIII.— Greenfield Township..782-786 Beginning the Settlement 783 Other Matters 784 Streams and Mills 784 Village and Churches 785 Schools 786 Roads, etc 786 CHAPTER XIV.— Greene Township 789-793 First Settlers 789 Lauds 790 Streams and Mills 790 JRoads aud Railroad 790 Hamlets and Churches 791 Public Men 792 Schools 792 CHAPTER XV.— Washington Township and Borough of Edinboro 793-802 First Settlers 793 Roads 794 Streams, Lake and Lands 795 Villages and Churches 795 Schools 796 Factories and Mills 799 Borough of Edinboro 800 General Description 800 Churches 800 Secret Societies, Newspapers and Post Offices 801 State and County Officers 802 The Normal School 802 CONTENTS. PAGE. CHAPTER XVI. — CoKCORD To^vnship axd BoROU(iH OF Elgin •. 803-806 County Officers .- 803 Early Settlers 803 General Description 804 Streams 804 Railroads, Common Roads, etc 805 Schools and Churches 805 Miscellaneous 806 BoKOusH OF Elgin 806 CHAPTER XVII.— City of Corky 809-823 How the Citv Started 809 Rapid Growth 810 Borough and City 810 The City in General 811 Oil Works 812 Other Leading Industries 813 General Business Features 814 City Government 814 School Building 815 Newspapers 816 Secret Societies 816 Gas, Gas Wells and Public Halls 820 Religious Societies 820 Miscellaneous 823 CHAPTER XVIII.— Wayne Township 824-832 Lauds and their Value 824 The Streams 825 Village of Beaver Dam 825 Carter Hill and Hare Creek 829 Schools, Mills, etc 829 The State Fish Hatchery '830 The Pioneers 830 Prominent Men 831 The Greeleys 831 CHAPTER XIX.— Amity Township 832-835 Streams and Bridges 832 PAGE. Mills and Roads 833 Public Schools 834 Lands, Villages, etc 8.34 Early Settlers 835 CHAPTER XX.— GiRARD Township and Bor- oughs of Girard and Lockpokt 8.35-851 Earlv Settlers 836 Laniis and Roads 839 Railroads and Canal 839 Streams, etc 840 Mouth of Elk Creek „ 840 Mills and Churches 841 Schools and Mounds 842 Miles Grove 842 West Girard 843 Borough of Girard 844 Churches, Schools etc 844 Hotels and Factories 845 Square, Monuments, etc 846 Public Men : 846 Newspapers and Banks 849 Miscellaneous 850 Borough of Lockport 8.50 CHAPTER XXI.— Franklin Township 851-854 First Settlements 8.52 General Description 852 Mills and Schools 853 Churches and Graveyards 853 Village and Quarry 854 CHAPTER XXII.— Summit Township 855-860 The Pioneers 855 Railroads and Common Roads 8.55 Streams and Valleys 856 Religious Societies .' 856 School History 859 Mills, Quarry, Etc 860 Miscellaneous 860 PART V. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES-ERIE AND CORRY. City of Erie (alphabetically arranged) 863-975 City of Erie (not alphabetically arranged— Hon. S. M. Brainerd) 9"6 Cityof Corry 977-1006 PART VI. TOWNSHIP BIOGRAPHIES. Amity Township 3 Concord Township 11 Conneaut Township 16 Elk (reek Township 29 Fairview Township 37 Franklin Township -15 Girard Township 53 Greene Township 70 Greenfield Township 75 Harbor Creek Township SO Le Bttuf Township 'JS McKean Township 102 Mill Creek Township 116 North Fust Township 134 Springfield Township 152 Summit Township 164 Union Township 168 Venango Township 183 Washington Township 203 Waterford Township 216 AVayne Township 233 CONTENTS. PORTRAITS. PAGE. ' Bennett, J. H., Venango Township 887 ' Bowman, Ralph, Elk Creek Township r.07 ' Bowman, Jane, Elk Creek Township 608 ^ Bowman, Lucretia, Elk Creek Township 518 • Boyd, Charles C, Waterford Township 727 ' Brightman, William, Wayne Township 848 Brown, Samuel M., Mill Creek Township....- 668 ■ Burton, .Tohn, Mill Creek Township 468 ■ Carroll, William, Union Township 238 - Casey, James, Erie 597 '- Chambers, James, Harbor Creek Township...... 187 Chapin, Pliny, Venango Township 708 Cochran, Robert, Erie 388 Colegrove, Isaac, Corry 398 ■ Cook, J. L., Waterford Township 827 . Custard, Robert, North East Township 927 '■ Dobbins, Daniel, Erie 79 ' Downing, J. F., Erie 657 Duncombe, Eli, Amity Township 488 Eagley, John, Sr., Springfield Township 857 ■ Ebersole, Joseph, Harbor ("reek Township 307 '■■ Ebersole, Joseph .T., Harbor Creek Township 697 ■' Ellicott, Andrew, Erie Frontispiece Elliott, Thomas, Harbor Creek Township 318 . Farrar, F. F., Erie 897 Foot, Jabez B., Venango Township 358 Foote, David E., Venango Township 578 ' Galbraith, John, Erie 227 • Hammond, Paul, Concord Township 427 Hamot, P. S. v., Erie 134 Hartleb, Mathias, Erie 768 Hasbrouck, William, Concord Township 637 ■ Haynes, J. H., North East Township 218 ' Hecker, A. W., Corry 628 Henderson, Joseph, Erie 807 Henry, Robert H., Harbor Creek Township 788 Kennedy, D. C, Wayne Township 438 ' Kincaid, John, Wayne Township 777 ■ Koch, Moses, Erie 757 Loop, D. D^ North East Township 347 Lowry, N. I)., Harbor Creek Township 558 Marshall, James C, Erie 497 ^ Marvin, Elihu, Erie 327 McCreary, D. B.,Erie 747 ■ McKee, Thomas, Mill Creek Township 268 Metcalf, Prescott, Erie 507 Moore, M. M., HarborCreek Township 918 Nash, Norman, North East Township 338 Nicholson, Isabel, Mill Creek Township 867 Orton, J. R.,Conneaut Township 688 Ottinger, Douglass, Erie 537 ^Putnam, William, Union Township 878 Rea, Samuel, Springfield Township 277 Rea, Johnston, Girard Township 447 Reed, Seth, Erie 45 Reed, Rufus S., Erie 157 . Reed, Charles M., Erie 297 Reeder, Moses, Washington Township 288 Russell, N. W., Erie 377 Salsbury, A. P., Conneaut Township ,i27 Sanford, G., Erie 167 Sedgwick, John, Waterford Township 367 Selden, George, Erie... 247 /Short, Alfred North, East Township 567 - Sill, Thomas H., Erie 257 ' Sill, James, Erie 818 - Smith, Samuel, Wavne Township 407 Stafford, Henry C, Erie 938 Staples, F. E., Erie 947 Sterrett, A. J., Erie 7.38 Sterrett, .Joseph M., Erie 148 Stinson, William S., Harbor Creek Township 907 Stranahan, P. G., Union Township 648 Strong, Martin, Erie 207 Taylor, Isaac R., Washington Township 547 Thayer, Alvin, Erie 797 Tracy, John A., Erie 417 Tracy, John F., Erie 617 Vincent, John, Erie 198 Vincent, B. B., Erie 457 ^Mncent, Strong, Erie 717 Weed, William B, Greene Township 477 ' Weschler, Jacob, Erie 837 Wheeler, Silas, Corry 178 ' Wilson, David, Union Township 587 Woodruff, S. E., Erie 677 MISCELLANEOUS. Errata 12 Map of Erie County 13-14 Map Showing Various Purchases From the Indians 113 Diagram Showing Proportionate Annual Production of Anthracite Coal Since 1820 118 Table Showing Amountof Anthracite Coal Produced in Each Region Since 1820 119 ERRATA. Page 214 — For " after the last war," read " before the last war." Page 263— McCullough's mills were built in 1S02. Page 272 — The steamboat Walk-in-the- Water was wrecked in 1821. Page 272— The steamboat Missouri was bought, not built, by Gen. Reed in 1840. Page 274— The U. S. revenue cutter Benjamin Rush was built in 1828. Page 293— The block-house referred to as having been built in 179o stood on Garrison Hill. Page 324— William Wallace located in Erie in 1798. Page 332 — The name of the first court crier was Daniel Nangle, instead of David Langley. Page 341 — William Hoge was a resident of Washington County. Page 401— The Democratic vote for Congress in Warren County in 1878 was 821, instead of 1821. Page 425 — For Sylveras E. Webster, County Surveyor, read Cyrenus E. Webster. Page 429— For David Langley, Court Crierj read Daniel Nangle. Page 433 — The iirst passenger train came into Erie January 9, 1852. Page 463 — The Observer office was the first to introduce a power press, not steam power. Page 495 — For Isaac Jliller read Israel Miller. Page 499— For Daniel Stanclitf read Lemuel Stanclitif. Page 500 — For Benjamin Colton read Benjamin Collom. Page 500— John Teel, second, died April 21, 1872. Page 656— For Benjamin Russell read N. W. and G. J. Russell. Page 664— For Tract 47 read Tract 247. Page 664 — For Mr. Martin Stough read Mrs. Martin Stough. Page 67.')— Cieorge W. Reed settled in Waterford in 1810. Page 679, also 139— The park in Waterford Borough is about a mile from Waterford Station on the P. & E. road, making the distance by rail from Erie about twenty miles. Page 680 — For James Judson read Amos Judson. Page 732 — Rev. Cyrus Dickson completed his college course in 1837. Page 744— For John M. Kratz read Joseph M. Kratz. PART I. isTORY"' Pennsylvania. BY SAMUEL P. BATES. "God, that has given it me through many difficulties, will, I believe, bless and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have a tender care to the government that i-t be well laid at first. ----- I do, therefore, desire the Lord's •wisdoni to guide me, and those that may be eoneernecl with me, that we may do the thing that is truly wise and just." WILLIAM PENN. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. OHAPTEE I. Introductory — CoRNELis Jacobson Mey, 1624-25— William Van Hulst, 1625- 26— Peter Minuit, 1626-33— David Petersen de Vries, 1682-33— Wouter Yan Twiller, 1633-38. IN the early colonization upon the American continent, two motives were principally operative. One was the desire of amassing sudden wealth without great labor, which tempted advejiturous spirits to go in search of gold, to trade valueless trinkets to the simple natives for rich furs and skins, and even to seek, amidst the wilds of a tropical forest, for the fountain whose healing waters could restore to man perpetual youth. The other was the cherished purpose of escaping the unjust restrictions of Government, and the hated ban of society against tJie worship of the Supreme Being according to the honest dictates of conscience, which incited the humble devotees of Christianity to forego the comforts of home, in the midst of the best civilization of the age, and make for themselves a habitation on the shores of a new world, where they might erect altars and do homage to their God in such habiliments as they preferred, and utter praises in such note as seemed to them good. This pur- pose was also incited by a certain romantic temper, common to the race, es- pecially noticeable in youth, that invites to some uninhabited j spot, and Ras- selas and Robinson Crusoe- like to begin life anew. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, had felt the heavy hand of persecution for religious opinion's sake. As a gentleman commoner at Ox- ford, he had been fined, and finally expelled from that venerable seat of learn- ing for non-comformity to the established worship. At home, he was whipped and turned out of doors by a father who thought to reclaim the son to the more certain path of advancement at a licentious court. He was sent to prison by the Mayor of Cork. For seven months he languished in the tower of Lon- don, and, finally, to complete his disgrace, he was cast into Newgate with com- mon fblons. Upon the accession of James II, to the throne of England, over fourteen hundred persons of the Quaker faith were immured in prisons for a conscientious adherence to their religious convictions. To escape this harassing persecution, and find peace and quietude from this sore proscription, was the moving cause which led Penn and his followers to emigrate to America. Of all those who have been founders of States in near or distant ages, none have manifested so sincere and disinterested a spirit, nor have been so fair ex- emplars of the golden rule, and of the Redeemer's sermon on the mount, as William Penn. In his preface to the frame of government of his colony, he says: " The end of government is first to terrify evil-doers; secondly, to cher- ish those who do well, which gives government a life beyond corruption, and 16 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. makes it as durable in the world, as good men shall be. So that government seems to be a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution and end. For, if it does not directly remove the cause, it crushes the effects of evil, and is an emanation of the same Divine power, that is both author and object of pure religion, the difference lying here, that the one is more free and mental, the other more corporal and compulsive in its operations; but that is only to evil-doers, government itself being otherwise as capable of kindness, goodness and charity, as a more private society. They weakly ei-r, who think there ia no other use of government than correction, which is the coarsest part of it. Daily experience tells us, that the care and regulation of many other affairs more soft, and daily necessary, make up much the greatest part of government. Governments, like clocks, go from the motion men give them, and as govern- ments are made and moved by men, so by them are they ruined, too. Where- fore, governments rather depend upon men, than men upon governments. Let men be good, and the government cannot be bad. If it be ill, they will cure it. But if men be bad, let the government be never so good, they will endeavor to warp and spoil to their turn. * * * That, therefore, which makes a good constitution, must keep it, men of wisdom and virtue, qualities, that because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a vir- tuous education of youth, for which, after ages will owe more to the care and prudence of founders and the successive magistracy, than to their parents for their private patrimonies. * * * We have, therefore, with reverence to God, and good conscience to men, to the best of our skill, contrived aad composed the Frame and Laws of this government, viz. : To support power in reverence with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of power, that they may be free by their just obedience, and the magistrates honorable for their just administration. For liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedi- ence without liberty is slavery." Though born amidst the seductive arts of the great city, Penn's tastes were rural. He hated the manners of the corrupt court, and delighted in the homely labors and innocent employments of the farm. '* The country," he said, "is the philosopher's garden and library, in which he reads and contemplates the power, wisdom and goodness of God. It is his food as well as study, and gives him life as well as learning." And to his wife he said upon taking leave of her in their parting interview: " Let my children be husbandmen, and house- wives. It is industrious, healthy, honest, and of good report. This leads to consider the works of God, and diverts the mind from being taken up with vain arts and inventions of a luxurious world. Of cities and towns of concourse, beware. The world is apt to stick close to those who have lived and got wealth there. A country life and estate I love best for my children." Having thus given some account at the outset of the spirit and purposes of the founder, and the motive which drew him to these shores, it will be in place, before proceeding with the details of the acquisition of territory, and the coming of emigrants for the actual settlement under the name of Pennsyl- vania, to say something of the aborigines who were found in possession of the soil when first visited by. Europeans, of the condition of the surface of the country, and of the previous attempts at settlements before the coming of Penn. The surface of what is now known as Pennsylvania was, at the time of the coming of the white men, one vast forest of hemlock, and pine, and beech, and oak, unbroken, except by an occasional rocky barren upon the precipitous mountain side, or by a few patches of prairie, which had been reclaimed by annual burnings, and was used by the indolent and simple-minded natives for the culture of a little maize and a few vegetables. The soil, by the annual HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 17 accumulations of leaves and abundant growths of forest vegetation, was luxu- rious, and the trees stood close, and of gigantic size. The streams swarmed with fish, and the forest abounded with game. Where now are cities and hamlets filled with busy populations intent upon the accumulation of wealth, the mastery of knowledge, the pursuits of pleasure, the deer browsed and sipped at the water's edge, and the pheasant drummed his monotonous note. Where now is the glowing furnace from which day and night tongues of fiame are bursting, and the busy water wheel sends the shuttle flashing through the loom, half-naked, dusky warriors fashioned their spears with rude implements of stone, and made themselves hooks out of the bones of animals for alluring the tinny tribe. Where now are fertile fields, upon which the thrifty farmer turns his furrow, which his neighbor takes up and runs on until it reaches from one end of the broad State to the other, and where are flocks and herds, rejoicing in rich meadows, gladdened by abundant fountains, or reposing at the heated noontide beneath ample shade, not a blow had been struck against the giauts of the forest, the soil rested in virgin purity, the streams glided on in majesty, unvexed by wheel and unchoked by device of man. Where now the long train rushes on with the speed of the wind over plain and mead, across streams and under mountains, awakening the echoes of the hills the long day through, and at the midnight hour screaming out its shrill whistle in fiery defiance, the wild uative, with a fox skin wrapped about his loins and a few feathers stuck in his hair, issuing from his rude hut, trot- ted on in his forest path, followed by his squaw with her infant peering forth from the rough sling at her back, pointed his canoe, fashioned fi'om the barks of the trees, across the deep river, knowing the progress of time only by the rising and setting sun, troubled by no meridians for its index, starting on his way when his nap was ended, and stopping for rest when a spot was reached that pleased his fancy. Where now a swarthy population toils ceaselessly deep down in the bowels of the earth, shut out trom the light of day in cutting out the material that feeds the fires upon the forge, and gives genial warmth to the lovers as they chat merrily in the luxurious drawing room, not a mine had been opened, and the vast beds of the black diamond rested unsunned beneath the superincumbent mountains, where they had been fashioned by the Creator's hand. Rivers of oil seethed through the impatient and uneasy gases and vast pools and lakes of this pungent, parti -colored fluid, hidden away from the coveting eye of man, guarded well their own secrets. Not a derrick protruded its well-balanced form in the air. Not a drill, with its eager eating tooth de- scended into the flinty rock. No pipe line diverted the oily tide in a silent, ceaseless current to the ocean's brink. The cities of iron tanks, filled to burst- ing, had no place amidst the forest solitudes. Oil exchanges, with their vex- ing puts and calls, shorts and longs, bulls and bears, had not yet come to dis- turb the equanimity of the red man, as he smoked the pipe of peace at the council fire. Had he once seen the smoke and soot of the new Birmingham of the West, or snuffed the odors of an oil refinery, he would willingly have for- feited his goodly heritage by the forest stream or the deep flowing river, and sought for himself new hunting grounds in less favored regions. It was an unfortunate circumstance that at the coming of Europeans the territory now known as Pennsylvania was occupied by some of the most bloody and revengeful of the savage tribes. They were known as the Lenni Lenapes, and held sway from the Hudson to the Potomac. A tradition was preserved among them, that in a remote age their ancestors had emigrated eastward from beyond the Mississippi, exterminating as they came the more civilized and peaceful peoples, the Mound-Builders of Ohio and adjacent States, and who 18 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. were held among the tribes by whom they were surrounded as the progenitors, the grandfathers or oldest people. They came to be known by Europeans as the Delawares, after the name of the river and its numerous branches along which they principally dwelt. The Monseys or Wolves, another tribe of the Lenapes, dwelt upon the Susquehanna and its tributaries, and, by their war- like disposition, won the credit of being the fiercest of their nation, and the guardians of the door to their council house from the North. Occupying the greater part of the teritory now known as New York, were the five nations — the Senacas, the Mohawks, the Oneidaa, the Cayugas, and the Onondagas, which, from their hearty union, acquired great strength and came to exercise a commanding influence. Obtaining firearms of the Dutch at Albany, they repelled the advances of the French from Canada, and by their superiority in numbers and organization, had overcome the Lenapes, and held them for awhile in vassalage. The Tuscaroras, a tribe which had been expelled from their home in North Carolina, were adopted by the Five Na- tions in 1712, and from this time forward these tribes were known to the English as the Six Nations, called by the Lenapes, Mingoes, and by the French, Iroquois. There was, therefore, properly a United States before the thirteen colonies achieved their independence. The person and character of these tribes were marked. They were above the ordinary stature, erect, bold, and commanding, of great decorum in council, and when aroused showing native eloquence. In warfare, they exhibited all the bloodthirsty, revengeful, cruel instincts of the savage, and for the attainment of their purposes were treacherous and crafty. The Indian character, as developed by intercourse with Europeans, exhibits some traits that are peculiar While coveting what they saw that pleased them, and thievish to the last degree, they were nevertheless generous. This may be accounted for by their habits. " They held that the game of the for- est, the fish of the rivers, and the grass of the field were a common heritage, and free to all who would take the trouble to gather them, and ridiculed the idea of fencing in a meadow." Bancroft says: " The hospitality of the Indian has rarely been questioned. The stranger enters his cabin, by day or by night, without asking leave, and is entertained as freely as a thrush or a blackbird, that regales himself on the luxuries of the fi-uitful grove. He will take his own rest abroad, that he may give up his own skin or mat of sedge to his guest. Nor is the traveler questioned as to the purpose of his visit. He chooses his own time fi'eely to deliver his message." Penn, who, from frequent intercourse came to know them well, in his letter to the society of Free Traders, says of them: "In liberality they excel; nothing is too good for their friend. Give them a fine gun, coat or other thing, it may pass twenty hands before it sticks; light of heart, strong afl'ections, but soon spent. The most merry creatures that live; feast and dance perpetually. They never have much nor want much. Wealth circulateth like the blood. All parts partake; and though none shall want what another hath, yet exact observers of property. Some Kings have sold, others presented me with several parcels of land. The pay or presents I made them, were not hoarded by the particu- lar owners, but the neighboring Kings and clans being present when the goods were brought out. the parties chiefly concerned consulted what and to whom they should give them. To every King, then, by the hands of a per- son for that work appointed is a proportion sent, so sorted and folded, and with that gravity that is admirable. Then that King subdivideth it in like man- ner among his de[)endents, they hardly leaving themselves an equal share with one of their subjects, and be it on such occasions as festivals, or at their common meals, the Kings distribute, and to themselves last. They care for HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 19 little because they Tvant but little, and the reason is a little contents them. In this they are sufficiently revenged on us. They are also free from our pains. They are not disquieted with bills of lading and exchange, nor perplexed with chancery suits and exchequer reckonings. We sweat and toil to live; their pleasure feeds them; I mean their hunting, fishing and fowling, and this table is spread everywhere. They eat twice a day, morning and evening. Their Heats and table are the ground. Since the Europeans came into these parts they are grown great lovers of strong liquors, rum especially, and for it exchange the richest of their skins and furs. If they are heated with liquors, they are restless till they have enough to sleep. That is their cry, ' Some more and I will go to sleep; ' but when drunk one of the most wretched spec- tacles in the world." On the 28th of August, 1609, a little more than a century from the time of the first discovery of the New World by Columbus, Hendrick Hudson, an English navigator, then in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, hav- ing been sent out in search of a northwestern passage to the Indies, discovered the mouth of a great bay, since known as Delaware Bay, which he entered and partially explored. But finding the waters shallow, and being satisfied that this was only an arm of the sea which received the waters of a great river, and not a passage to the western ocean, he retired, and, turning the prow of his little craft northward, on the 2d of September, he discovered the river which bears his name, the Hudson, and gave several days to its examination. Not finding a passage to the West, which was the object of his search, he returned to Holland, bearing the evidences of his adventures, and made a full report of his discoveries in which he says, " Of all lands on which I ever set my foot, this is the best for tillage." A proposition had been made in the States General of Holland to form a West India Company with purposes similar to those of the East India Com- pany; but the conservative element in the Dutch Congress prevailed, and while the Government was unwilling to undertake the risks of an enterprise for which it -would be responsible, it was not unwilling to foster private enter- prise, and on the 27th of March, 1614, an edict was passed, granting the privileges of trade, in any of its possessions in the New World, during four voyages, founding its right to the territory drained by the Delaware and Hudson upon the discoveries by Hudson. Five vessels were accordingly fitted by a company composed of enterprising merchants of the cities of Am- sterdam and Hoorn, which made speedy and prosperous voyages under com- mand of Cornells Jacobson Mey, bringing back with them fine furs and rich woods, which so excited cupidity that the States General was induced on the 14th of October, 1614, to authorize exclusive trade, for four voyages, extend- ing through three years, in the newly acquired possessions, the edict designat- ing them as New Netherlands. One of the party of this first enterprise, Cornells Hendrickson, was left behind with a vessel called the Unrest, which had been built to supply the place of one accidentally burned, in which he proceeded to explore more fully the bay and river Delaware, of which he made report that was read before the States General on the 19th of August, 1616. This report is curious as dis- closing the opinions of the first actual explorer in an official capacity: "He hath discovered for his aforesaid masters and directors certain lands, a bay, and three rivers, situate between thirty-eight and forty degrees, and did their trade with the inhabitants, said trade consisting of sables, furs, robes and other skins. He hath found the said country full of trees, to wit, oaks, hick- ory and pines, which trees were, in some places, covered with vines. He hath 20 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. seen in said country bucks and does, turkeys and partridges. He hath found the climate of said country very temperate, judging it to be as temperate as this country, Holland. He also traded for and bought from the inhabitants, the Minquas, three persons, being people belonging to ihis company, which three persons were employed in the service of the Mohawks and Machicans, giving fur them kettles, beads, and merchandise." This second charter of privileges expired in January, 1618, and during its continuance the knowledge acquired of the country and its resources promised so much of success that the States General was ready to grant broader privi- leges, and on the 3d of June, 1621, the Dutch West India Company was in- corporated, to extend for a period of twenty-four years, with the right of renewal, the capital stock to be open to subscription by all nations, and "privileged to trade and plant colonies in Africa, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, and in America from the Straits of Magellan to the remotest north." The past glories of Holland, though occupying but an in- significant patch of Europe, emboldened its Government to pass edicts for the colonizing and carrying on an exclusive trade with a full half of the entire world, an example of the biting off of more than could be well chewed. But the light of this enterprising people was beginning to pale before the rising glories of the stern race in their sea girt isle across the channel. Dissensions were arising among the able statesmen who had heretofore guided its affairs, and before the periods promised in the original charter of this colonizing com- pany had expired, its supremacy of the sea was successfully resisted, and its exclusive rights and privileges in the New World had to be relinquished. The principal object in establishing this West India Company was to secure a good dividend upon the capital stock, which was subscribed to by the rich old burgomasters. The fine furs and products of the forests, which had been taken back to Holland, had proved profitable. But it was seen that if this trade was to be permanently secured, in face of the active competition of other nations, and these commodities steadily depended upon, permanent set- tlements must bo provided for. Accordingly, in 1623, a colony of about forty families, embracing a party of Walloons, protestant fugitives from Belgium, sailed for the new province, under the leadership of Cornel is Jacobson Mey and Joriz Tienpont. Soon after their arrival, Mey, who had been invested with the power of Director General of all the territory claimed by the Dutch, see- ing, no doubt, the evidences of some permanence on the Hudson, determined to take these honest minded and devoted Walloons to the South River, or Del- aware, that he might also gain for his country a foothold there. The testi- mony of one of the women, Catalina Tricho, who was of the party, is curious, and sheds some light upon this point. "That she came to this prov ince either in the year 1623 or 1624, and that four women came along wUh her in the same ship, in which Gov. Arien Jorissen came also over, which four women were married at sea, and that they and their husbands stayed about three weeks at this place (Manhattan) and then they with eight seamen more, went in a vessel by orders of the Dutch Governor to Delaware River, and there settled." Ascending the Delaware some fifty miles, Mey landed on the eastern shore near where now is the town of Gloucester, and built a fort which he called Nassau. Having duly installed his little colony, he re- turned to Manhattan; but beyond the building of the fort, which served as a trading post, this attempt to plant a colony was futile; for these religious zealots, tiring of the solitude in which they were left, after a few months abandoned it, and returned to their associates whom they had left upon the Hudson. Though not successful in establishing a permanent colony upon the HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 21 Delaware, ships plied regularly between the fort and Manhattan, aud this became the rallying point for the Indians, who brought thither their commodi- ties for trade. At about this time, 1626, the island of Manhattan estimated to contain 22,000 acres, on which now stands the city of New York with its busy population, surrounded by its forests of masts, was bought for the insig- nificant sum of sixty guilders, about $24, what would now pay for scai-cely a square inch of some of that very soil. As au evidence of the thrift which had begun to mark the progress of the colony, it may be stated that the good ship " The Arms of Amsterdam," which bore the intelligence of this fortunate pur- chase to the assembly of the XIX in Holland, bore also in the language of O'Calaghan, the historian of New Netherland, the " information that the col- ony was in a most prosperous state, and that the women and the soil were both fruitful. To prove the latter fact, samples of the recent harvest, consist- ing of wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, canary seed, were sent forward, together with 8,130 beaver skins, valued at over 45,000 guilders, or nearly $19,000." It is accorded by another his! orian that this same ship bore also " 853^ otter skins, eighty-one mink skins, thirty-six wild cat skins and thirty-four rat skins, with a quantity of oak and hickory timber." From this it may be seen what the commodities were which formed the subjects of trade. Doubt- less of wharf rats Holland had enough at home, but the oak and hickory tim- ber came at a time when there was sore need of it. Finding that the charter of privileges, enacted in 1621, did not give suffi- cient encouragement and promise of security to actual settlers, further con- cessions were made in 1629, whereby " all such persons as shall appear and desire the same from the company, shall be acknowledged as Patroons [a sort of feudal lord] of New Netherland, who shall, within the space of four years next after they have given notice to any of the chambers of the company here, or to the Commander or Council there, undertake to plant a colony there of fifty souls, upward of fifteen years old; one- fourth part within one year, and within three years after sending the first, making together four years, the re- mainder, to the full number of fifty persons, to be shipped from hence, on pain, in case of willful neglect, of being deprived of the privileges obtained." * * " The Patroons, by virtue of their power, shall be permitted, at such places as they shall settle their colonies, to extend their limits four miles along the shore, or two miles on each side of a river, and so far into the country as the situation of the occupiers will permit." Stimulated by these flattering promises, Goodyn and Bloemmaert, two wealthy and influential citizens, through their agents — Heyser and Coster — secured by purchase from the Indians a tract of land on the western shore, at the mouth of the Delaware, sixteen miles in length along the bay front, and extending sixteen miles back into the country, giving a square of 256 miles. Goodyn immediately gave notice to the company of their intention to plant a colony on their newly acquired territory as patroons. They were joined by an experienced navigator, De Vries, and on the 12th of December, 1630, a vessel, the Walrus, under command of De Vries,- was dispatched with a company of settlers and a stock of cattle and farm implements, which arrived safely in the Delaware. De Vries landed about three leagues within the capes, "near the entrance of a fine navigable stream, called the Hoarkill," where he pro- ceeded to build a house, well surrounded with cedar palisades, which served the purpose of fort, lodging house, and trading post. The little settlement, which consisted of about thirty persons, was christened by the high sounding title of Zwanendal — Valley of Swans. In the spring they prepared their fields and planted them, and De Vries returned to Holland, to make report of his proceedings. 22 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, But a sad fate awaited the little colony atZwanendal. In accordance with the custiim of European nations, the commandant, on taking possession of the new purchase, erected a post, and affixed thereto a piece of tin on which was traced the arms of Holland and a legend of occupancy. An Indian chieftain, passing that way, attracted by the shining metal, and not understanding the object of the inscription, and not having the fear of their high mightinesses, the States General of Holland before his eyes, tore it down and proceeded to make for himself a tobacco pipe, considering it valuable both by way of orna- ment and use. When this act of trespass was discovered, it was regarded by the doughty Dutchman as a direct insult to the great State of Holland, and so great an ado was raised over it that the simple minded natives became frightened, believing that their chief had committed a mortal offense, and in the strength and sincerity of their friendship immediately proceeded to dis- patch the offending chieftain, and brought the bloody emblems of their deed to the head of the colony. This act excited the anger of the relatives of the mur- dered man, and in accordance with Indian law, they awaited the chance to take revenge. O'Calaghan gives the following account of this bloody massa- cre which ensued: ''The colony at Zwanendal consisted at this time of thirty- four persons. Of these, thirty- two were one day at work in the fields, while Commissary Hosset remained in charge of the house, where another of the set- tlers lay sick abed. A large bull dog was chained out of doors. On pretence of selling some furs, three savages entered the house and murdered Hosset and the sick man. They found it not so easy to dispatch the mastiff. It was not until they had pierced him with at least twenty-five arrows that he was destroyed. The men in the fields were then set on, in an equally treacherous manner, under the guise of friendship, and eveiy man of them slain." Thus was a worthless bit of tin the cause of the cutting off and utter extermination of the infant colony. De Vries was upon the point of returning to Zwanendal when he received intimation of disaster to the settlers. With a large vessel and a yacht, he set sail on the 24th of May, 1632, to carry succor, provided with the means of prosecuting the whale fishery which he had been led to believe might be made very profitable, and of pushing the production of grain and tobacco. On ar- riving in the Delaware, he fired a signal gun to give notice of his approach. The report echoed through the forest, but, alas! the ears which would h;ive been gladened with the sound were heavy, and no answering salute came from the shore. On landing, he found his house destroyed, the palisades burned, and the skulls and bones of his murdered countrymen bestrewing the earth, sad relics of the little settleinent, which had promised so fairly, and warning tokens of the barbarism of the natives. De Yries knew that he was in no position to attempt to punish the guilty parties, and hence determined to piu'sue an entirely pacific policy. At his invitation, the Indians gathered in with their chief for a conference. Sitting down in a circle beneath the shadows of the somber forest, their Sachem in the centre, De Vries, without alluding to their previous acts of savagery, concluded with them a treaty of peace and friendship, and presented them in token of I'atification, "some duffels, bullets, axes and Nuremburg trinkets." In place of finding his colony with plenty of provisions for the immediate needs of his party, he could get nothing, and began to be in want. He accord- ingly sailed up the river in quest of food. The natives were ready with their furs for barter, but they had no supplies of food with which they wished to part. Game, however, was plenty, and wild turkeys were brought in weigh- ing over thirty pounds. One morning after a frosty night, while the little HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 23 craft was up the stream, the party was astonished to find the waters frozen over, and their ship fast in the ice. Judging by the mild climate of their own country, Holland, they did not suppose this possible. For several weeks thev were held fast without the power to move their floating home. Being in need of a better variety of food than he found it possible to obtain, De Vries sailed away with a part of his followers to Virginia, where he was hospitably enter- tained by the Governor, who sent a present of goats as a token of friendship to the Dutch Governor at Manhattan. Upon his return to the Delaware, De Vries found that the party he had left behind to prosecute the whale fishery had only taken a few small ones, and these so poor that the amount of oil ob- tained was insignificant. He had been induced to embark in the enterprise of a settlement here by the glittering prospect of prosecuting the whale fishery along the shore at a great profit. Judging by this experience that the hope of great gains from this source was groundless, and doubtless haunted by a superstitious dread of making their homes amid the relics of the settlers of the previous year, and of plowing fields enriched by their blood who had been so utterly cut off, and a horror of dwelling amongst a people bo revengeful and savage, De Vries gathered all together, and taking his entire party with him sailed away to Manhattan and thence home to Holland, abandoning utterly the settlement. The Dutch still however sought to maintain a foothold upon the Dela- ware, and a fierce contention having sprung up between the powerful patroons and the Director General, and they having agreed to settle differences by the company authorizing the purchase of the claims of the patroons, those upon the Delaware were sold for 1 5, 600 guilders. Fort Nassau was accordingly re -oc- cupied and manned with a small military force, and when a party from Con- necticut Colony came, under one Holmes to make a settlement upon the Dela- ware, the Dutch at Nassau were found too strong to be subdued, and Holmes and his party were compelled to surrender, and were sent as prisoners of war to Manhattan. CHAPTER II. Sm William E[eipt, 1638-47— Peter Minuit, 1638-41— Peter Hollandaer, 1641-43— John Printz, 1648-53— Peter Stuyvesant, 1647-64 — John Pappagoya, 1653-54 — John Claude Rysingh, 1654-55. AT this period, the throne of Sweden was occupied by Gustavus Adolphus, a monarch of the most enlightened views and heroic valor. Seeing the activity of surrounding nations in sending out colonies, he proposed to his people to found a commonwealth in the New World, not for the mere purpose of gain by trade, but to set up a refuge for the oppressed, a place of religious liberty and happy homes that should prove of advantage to " all oppressed Christendom." Accordingly, a company with ample privileges was incorpo- rated by the Swedish Government, to which the King himself pledged $400,000 of the royal treasm-e, and men of every rank and nationality were invited to join in the enterprise. Gustavus desired not that his colony should depend upon serfs or slaves to do the rough work. " Slaves cost a great deal, labor with reluctance, and soon perish from hard usage. The Swedish nation is laborious and intelligent, and surely we shall gain more by a free people with wi ves and children. " 24 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. In the meantime, the fruits of the reformation in Germany were menaced, and the Swedish monarch determined to unsheath his sword and lead his people to the aid of Protestant faith in the land where its standard had been successfully raised. At the battle of Liitzen, where for the cause which he had espoused, a signal victory was gained, the illustrious monarch, in the flower of life, received a mortal wound. Previous to the battle, and while engaged in active preparations for the great struggle, he remeiabered the interests of his contemplated colony in America, and in a most earnest manner commended the enterprise to the people of Germany. Oxenstiern, the minister of Gustavus, upon whom the weight of govern- ment devolved during the minority of the young daughter, Chi'istina, declared that he was but the executor of the will of the fallen King, and exerted him- self to further the interests of a colony which he believed would be favorable to "all Christendom, to Europe, to the whole world." Four years however elapsed before the project was brought to a successful issue. Peter Minuit, who had for a time been Governor of New Netherlands, having been displaced, sought employment in the Swedish company, and was given the command of the first colony. Two vessels, the Key of Oalmar and the Griffin, early in the year 1638, with a company of Swedes and Fins, made their way across the stormy Atlantic and arrived safely in the Delawax'e. They purchased of the Indians the lands from the ocean to the falls of Trenton, and at the mouth of Christina Creek erected a fort which they called Christina, after the name of the youthful Queen of Sweden. The soil was fruitful, the climate mild, and the scenery picturesque. Compared with many parts of Finland and Sweden, it was a Paradise, a name which had been given the point at the entrance of the bay. As tidings of the satisfaction of the first emigrants were borne back to the fatherland, the desire to seek a home in the new country spread rap- idly, and the ships sailing were unable to take the many families seeking pas- sage. The Dutch were in actual possession of Fort Nassau when the Swedes first arrived, and though they continued to hold it and to seek the trade of the Indians, yet the artful Minuit was more than a match for them in Indian bar- ter. William Keift, the Governor of New Netherland, entered a vigorous protest against the encroachments of the Swedes upon Dutch territory, in which he said " this has been om- property for many years, occupied with forts and sealed by our blood, which also was done when thou wast in the service of New Netherland, and is therefore well known to thee. " But Minuit pushed forward the work upon his fort, regardless of protest, trusting to the respect which the flag of Sweden had inspired in the hands of Banner and Torstensen. For more than a year no tidings were had from Sweden, and no supplies from any source were obtained; and while the fruits of their labors were abundant there were many articles of diet, medicines and apparel, the lack of which they began to sorely feel. So pressing had the want become, that application had been made to the authorities at Manhattan for permission to remove thither with all their effects. But on the very day before that on which they were to embark, a ship from Sweden richly laden with provisions, cattle, seeds and merchandise for barter with the natives came joyfully to their relief, and this, the first permanent settlement on soil where now are the States of Delaware and Pennsylvania, was spared. The success and prosperity of the colony during the first few years of its existence was largely due to the skill and policy of Minuit, who preserved the friendship of the natives, avoided an open conflict with the Dutch, and so prosecuted trade that the Dutch Governor reported to his government that trade had fallen off 30,000 beavers. Minuit HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 25 was at the head of the colony for about three years, and died in the midst of the people whom he had led Minuit was succeeded in the government by Peter Hollandaer, who had previously gone in charge of a company of emigrants, and who was now, in 1641, commissioned. The goodly lands upon the Delaware were a constant attraction to the eye of the adventurer; a party from Connecticut, under the lead- ership of Robert Cogswell, came, and squatted without authority upon the site of the present town of Salem, N. J. Another company had proceeded up the river, and, entering the Schuylkill, had planted themselves upon its banks. The settlement of the Swedes, backed as it was by one of the most powerful nations of Europe, the Governor of New Netherland was not disposed to molest; but when these irresponsible wandering adventurers came sailing past their forts and boldly planted themselves upon the most eligible sites and fer- tile lantls in their territory, the Dutch determined to assume a hostile front, and to drive them away. Accordingly, Gen. Jan Jansen Van Ilpendam — his very name was enough to frighten away the emigrants — was sent with two vessels and a military force, who routed the party upon the Schuylkill, destroy- ing their fort and giving them a taste of the punishment that was likely to be meted out to them, if this experiment of trespass was repeated. The Swedes ve of civil society and Christian religion," and out of "re- gard to the memory and merits of his late father, in divers services, and par- ticularly to his conduct, courage and discretion, under our dearest brother, James, Duke of York, in the signal battle and victory, fought and obtained, against the Dutch fleet, commanded by the Herr Van Opdam in 1665." The motive for obtaining it on the part of Penn may be gathered from tho following extract of a letter to a friend: " For my country I eyed the Lord in obtaining it; and more was I drawn inward to look to Him, and to owe it to His hand and power than to any other way. I have so obtained and desire to keep it, that I may be unworthy of His love, but do that which may answer His kind providence and people." The charter of King Charles II was datbd April 2, 1681. Iiest any trouble might arise in the future from claims founded on the grant previously made to the Duke of York, of "Long Island and adjacent territories occupied by the Dutch," the prudent forethought of Penn induced him to obtain a deed, dated August 31, 1682, of the Duke, for Pennsylvania, substantially in the terms of the royal charter. But Penn was still not satisfied. He was cut off from the ocean except by the uncertain navigation of one narrow stream. He therefore obtained from the Duke a grant of New Castle and a district of twelve miles around it, dated on the 24th of August, 1682, and on the same day a further grant from the Duke of a tract extending to Cape Henlopen, embracing the two counties of Kent and Sussex, the two grants comprising what were known as the territories, or the three lower counties, which were for many years a part of Pennsylvania, but subsequently constituted the State of Delaware. Being now satisfied with his province, and that his titles were secure, Penn drew up such a description of the country as from his knowledge he was able to give, which, together with the royal charter and proclamation, terms of settlement, and other papers pertaining thereto, he published and spread broadcast through the kingdom, taking special pains doubtless to have the documents reach the Friends. The terms of sale of lands were 40 shillings for 100 acres, and 1 shilling per acre rental. The question has been raised, why exact the annual payment of one shilling per acre. The terms of the grant by HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 47 the royal charter to Penn were made absolute on the " payment thei-efor to us, our heirs and successors, two beaver skins, to be delivered at our castle in Windsor, on the 1st day of January in every year," and contingent payment of one-fifth part of all gold and silver which shall from time to time happen to be found clear of all charges." Penn, therefore, held his title only upon the payment of quit-rents. He could consequently give a valid title only by the exacting of quit-rents. Having now a great province of his own to manage, Penn was obliged to relinquish his share in West New Jersey. He had given largely of his time and energies to its settlement; he had sent 1,400 emigrants, many of them people of high character; had seen farms reclaimed from the forest, the town of Burlington built, meeting houses erected in place of tents for worship, good Government established, and the savage Indians turned to peaceful ways. With satisfaction, therefore, he could now give himself to reclaiming and set- tling his own province. He had of course in his published account of the country made it appear a desirable place for habitation. But lest any should regret having gone thither when it was too late, he added to his description a caution, " to consider seriously the premises, as well the inconveniency as future ease and plenty; that so none may move rashly or from a fickle, but from a solid mind, having above all things an eye to the providence of God in the disposing of themselves." Nothing more surely points to the goodness of heart of William Penn, the great founder of our State, than this extreme solicitude, lest he might induce any to go to the new country who should af- terward regret having gone. The publication of the royal charter and his description of the country attracted attention, and many purchases of land were made of Penn before leaving England. That these purchasers might have something binding to rely upon, Penn drew up what he termed " conditions or concessions " between himself as proprietor and purchasers in the province. These related to the settling the country, laying out towns, and especially to the treatment of the Indians, who were to have the same rights and privileges, and careful regard as the Europeans. And what is perhaps a remarkable instance of provident forethought, the eighteenth article provides " That, in clearing the ground, care be taken to leave one acre of trees for every five acres cleared, especially to preserve oak and mulberries, for silk and shipping." It could be desired that such a provision might have remained operative in the State for all time. Encouraged by the manner in which his proposals for settlement were received, Penn now drew up a frame of government, consisting of twenty- four articles and forty laws. These were drawn in a spirit of unexampled fairness and liberality, inti'oduced by an elaborate essay on the just rights of government and governed, and with such conditions and concessions that it should never be in the power of an unjust Governor to take advantage of the people and practice injustice. " For the matter of liberty and privilege, I pur- pose that which is extraordinary, and leave myself and successors no power of doing mischief, that the will of one man may not hinder that of a whole coun- try. This frame gave impress to the character of the early government. It im- planted in the breasts of the people a deep sense of duty, of right, and of obli- gation in all public affairs, and the relations of man with man, and formed a framework for the future constitution. Penn himself had felt the heavy hand of government for religious opinions and practice' sake. He determined, for the matter of religion, to leave all free to hold such opinions as they might elect, and hence enacted for his State that all who " hold themselves obliged 3 48 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. in conscience, to live peaceably and justly in civil society, shall, in no ways, be molested, nor prejudiced, for their religious persuasion, or practice, in mat- ters of faith and worship, nor shall they be compelled, at any time, to fre- quent, or maintain, any religious worship, place, or ministry whatever." At this period, such govermental liberality in matters of religion was almost un. known, thoiigh Koger Williams in the colony of Ehode Island had previously, under similar circumstances, and having just escaped a like persecution, pro- claimed it, as had likewise Lord Baltimore in the Catholic colony of Mary- land The mind of Penn was constantly exercised upon the affairs of his settlement. Indeed, to plant a colony in a new country had been a thought of his boyhood, for he says in one of his letters: "I had an opening of joy as to these parts in the year 1651, at Oxford, twenty years since." Not being in readiness to go to his province during the first year, he dispatched three ship loads of set- tlers, and with them sent his cousin, William Markham, to take formal pos- session of the country and act as Deputy Governor Markham sailed for New York, and upon his arrival there exhibited his commission, bearing date March 6, 1681, and the King's charter and proclamation. In the absence of Gov. An- dros, who, on having been called to account for some complaint made against him, had gone to England, Capt. Anthony Brockholls, Acting Governor, re- ceived Markham's papers, and gave him a letter addressed to the civil officers on the Delaware, informing them that Markham's authority as Governor had been examined, and an official record made of it at New York, thanking them for their fidelity, and requesting them to submit themselves to the new author- ity. Armed with this letter, which was dated June 21, 1681, Markham pro- ceeded to the Delaware, where, on exhibiting his papers, he was kindly re- ceived, and allegiance was cheerfully transferred to the new government. In- deed so frequently had the power changed hands that it had become quite a matter of habit to transfer obedience from one authority to another, and they had scarcely laid their heads to rest at night but with the consciousness that the morning light might bring new codes and new officers. Markham was empowered to call a council of nine citizens to assist him in the government, and over whom he was to preside. He brought a letter ad- dressed to Lord Baltimore, touching the boundary between the two grants, and exhibiting the terms of the charter for Pennsylvania. On receipt of this let- ter. Lord Baltimore came to Upland to confer with Markham. An observation fixing the exact latitude of Upland showed that it was twelve miles south of the forty-first degree, to which Baltimore claimed, and that the beginning of the fortieth degree, which the royal charter explicitly fixed for the southern boundary of Pennsylvania, would include nearly the entire State of Maryland, and cut the limits of the present site of the city of Washington. "If this be allowed," was significantly asked by Baltimore, "where is my province?" He returned to his colony, and from this time forward an active contention was begun before the authorities in England for possession of the disputed territory, which required all the arts and diplomatic skill of Penn. Markham was accompanied to the province by four Commissioners sent out by Penn — William Crispin, John Bezer, William Haige and Nathaniel Allen. The first named had been designated as Surveyor General, but he having died on the passage, Thomas Holme was appointed to succeed him. These Commissioners, in conjunction with the Governor, had two chief duties assigned them. The first was to meet and preserve friendly relations with the Indians and acquire lands by actual purchase, and the second was to select the site of a great city and make the necessary surveys. That they might have a HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 49 suitable introduction to the natives from him, Penn addressed to them a dec- laration of his purposes, conceived in a spirit of brotherly love, and expressed in such simple terms that these children of the fox-est, unschooled in book learning, would have no difficulty in apprehending his meaning. The refer- ring the source of alljpower to the Creator was fitted to produce a strong im- pression upon their naturally superstitious habits of thought. "There is a great God and power, that hath made the world, and all things therein, to whom you and I, and all people owe their being, and well being; and to whom you and I must one day give an account for all that we do in the world. This great God hath written His law in our hearts, by which we are taught and com- manded to love, and help, and do good to one another. Now this great God hath been pleased to make me concerned in your part of the world, and the King of the country where I live hath given me a great province therein; but I de- sire to enjoy it with your love and consent, that we may always live together, as neighbors and friends; else what would the great God do to us, who hath made us, not to devour and destroy one another, but to live soberly and kindly together in the world? Now I would have you well observe that I am very sensible of the unkindness and injustice that have been too much exercised toward you by the people of these parts of the world, who have sought them- selves, and to make great advantages by you, rather than to be examples of goodness and patience unto you, which I hear hath been a matter of trouble to you, and caused great grudging and animosities, sometimes to the shedding of blood, which hath made the great God angry. But I am not such a man, as is well known in my own country. I have great love and regard toward you, and desire to gain your love and friendship by a kind, just and peaceable life, and the people I send are of the same mind, and shall in all things be- have themselves accordingly; and if in anything any shall offend you or your people, you shall have a full and speedy satisfaction for the same by an equal number of just mea on both sides that by no means you may have just occasion of being offended against them. I shall shortly come to you myself, at which time we may more largely and freely confer and discourse of these matters. In the meantime, I have sent my Commissioners to treat with you about land, and form a league of peace. Let me desire you to be kind to them and their people, and receive these presents and tokens which I have sent you as a testimony of my good will to you, and my resolution to live justly, peaceably and friendly with you." In this plain but sublime statement is embraced the whole theory of Will • iam Penn's treatment of the Indians. It was the doctrine which the Savior of mankind came upon earth to promulgate — the estimable worth of every human soul. And when Penn came to propose his laws, one was adopted which forbade private trade with the natives in which they might be overreached; but it was required that the valuable skins and furs they had to sell should be hung up in the market place where all could see them and enter into compe- tition for their purchase. Penn was offered £6,000 for a monopoly of trade. But he well knew the injustice to which this would subject the simple-minded natives, and he refused it saying: "As the Lord gave it me over all and great opposition, I would not abuse His love, nor act unworthy of His provi- dence, and so defile what came to me clean " — a sentiment worthy to be treas- ured with the best thoughts of the sages of old. And to his Commissioners he gave a letter of instructions, in which he says: "Be impartially just to all; that is both pleasing to the Lord, and wise in itself. Be tender of offending the Indians, and let them know that you come to sit down lovingly among them. Let my letter and conditions be read in their tongue, that they may see 50 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, we have their good in our eye. Be grave, they love not to be smiled on." Acting upon these wise and just considerations, the Commissioners had no diffi- culty in making large purchases of the Indians of lands on the right bank of the Delaware and above the mouth of the Schuylkill. But they found greater difficulty in settling the piace for the new city. Penn had given very minute instructions about this, and it was not easy to find a tract which answered all the conditions. For seven weeks they kept up their search. Penn had written, " be sure to make your choice where it is most navigable, high, dry and healthy; that is, where most ships may bestride, of deepest draught of water, if possible to load and unload at the bank or "key's side without boating and lightening of it. It would do well if the river coming into that creek be navigable, at least for boats up into the country, and that the situation be high, at least dry and sound and not swampy, which is best known by digging up two or three earths and seeing the bottom." By his instructions, the site of the city was to be between two navigable streams, and embrace 10,000 acres in one block. " Be sure to settle the figure of the town so that the streets hereafter may be uniform down to the water from the country bounds. Let every house be placed, if the person pleases, in the middle of its plat, as to the breadth way of it, that so there may be ground on each side for gardens or orchards or fields, that it may be a green country town, which will never be burnt and always wholesome." The soil was examined, the streams were sounded, deep pits were dug that a location might be found which should gratify the desires of Penn. All the eligible sites were inspected from the ocean far up into the country. Penn himself had anticipated that Chester or Upland would be adopted from all that he could learn of it; but this was rejected, as was also the ground upon Poquessing Creek and that at Pennsbury Manor above Bristol which had been carefully considered, and the present site of Philadelphia was finally adopted as coming nearest to the requirements of the proprietor. It had not 10,000 acres in a solid square, but it was between two navigable streams, and the soil was high and diy, being for the most part a vast bed of gravel, excellent for drainage and likely to prove healthful. The streets were laid out regularly and crossed each other at right angles. As the ground was only gently rolling, the grading was easily accomplished. One broad street. Market, extends from river to river through the midst of it, which is crossed at right angles at its middle point by Broad street of equal width. It is 120 miles from the ocean by the course of the river, and only sixty in a direct line, eighty-seven miles from New York, ninety-five from Baltimore, 136 from Washington, 100 from Harrisburg and 800 from Pittsburgh, and lies in north latitude 39^ 56' 54", and longitude 75^ 8' 45" west from Greenwich The name Philadelphia (brotherly love), was one that Penn had before selected, as this founding a city was a project which he had long dreamed of and contemplated with never-ceasing interest. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 51 CHAPTER Yl. William Markham, 1681-83— William Penn, 1682-84. HAVING now made necessary preparations and settled his affairs in En- gland, Penn embarked on board the ship Welcome, in August, 1682, in company with about a hundred planters, mostly from his native town of Sussex, and set his prow for the New World. Before leaving the Downs, he addressed a farewell letter to his friends whom ho left behind, and another to his wife and children, giving them much excellent advice, and sketching the way of life he wished them to lead. With remarkable care and minuteness, he points out the way in which he would have his children bred, and educated, married, and live. A single passage from this remarkable document will indicate its general tenor. " Be sure to observe," in educating his children, " their genius, and do not cross it as to learning ; let them not dwell too long on one thing ; but let their change be agreeable, and let all their diversions have some little bodily labor in them. When grown big, have most care for them ; for then there are more snares both within and without. When marriageable, see that they have worthy persons in their eye ; of good life and good fame for piety and understanding. I need no wealth but sufficiency ; and be sure their love be dear, fervent and mutual, that it may be happy for them." And to his children he said, " Betake yourselves to some honest, industrious course of life, and that not of sordid covetousness, but for example and to avoid idle- ness, ***** Love not money nor the world ; use them only, and they will serve you ; but if you love them you serve them, which will debase your spirits as well as offend the Lord. ***** Watch against anger, neither speak nor act in it ; for, like drunkenness, it makes a man a beast, and throws people into desperate inconveniences." The entire letters are so full of excellent counsel that they might with great profit be committed to memory, and treasured in the heart. The voyage of nearly six weeks was prosperous ; but they had not been long on the ocean before that loathed disease — the virulent small-pox — broke out, of which thirty died, nearly a third of the whole company. This, added to the usual discomforts and terrors of the ocean, to most of whom this was probably their first experience, made the voyage a dismal one. And here was seen the nobility of Penn. "For his good conversation" says one of them, " was very advantageous to all tlie company. His singular care was manifested in contributing to the necessities of many who were sick with the small-pox then on board." His arrival upon the coast and passage up the river was hailed with dem- onstrations of joy by all classes, English, Dutch, Swedes, and especially by his own devoted followers. He landed at New Castle on the 24th of October, 1682, and on the following day summoned the people to the court house, where pos- session of the country was formally made over jO him, and he renewed the commissions of the magistrates, to whom and to the assembled people he an- nounced the design of his coming, explained the nature and end of truly good government, assuring them that their religious and civil rights should be re- spected, and recommended them to live in sobriety and peace. He then pro- 52 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. ceeded to Upland, hencefoward known as Chester, where, on the 4th of Novem- ber, he called an assembly of the people, in which an equal number of votes was allowed to the province and the territories. Nicholas Moore, President of the Free Society of Traders, was chosen speaker. As at New Castle, Penn addressed the assembly, giving them assurances of his beneficent intentions, for which they returned their grateful acknowledgments, the Swedes beiag especially demonstrative, deputing one of their number. Lacy Cock, to say " That they would love, serve and obey him with all they had, and that this was the best day they ever saw." We can well understand with what satisfac- tion the settlers upon the Delaware hailed the prospect of a stable government established in their own midst, after having been so long at the mercy of the government in New York, with allegience trembling between the courts of Sweden, Holland and Britain. The proceedings of this first assembly were conducted with great decorum, and after the usages of the English Parliament. On the 7th of December, 1682, the three lower counties, what is now Delaware, which had previously been under the government of the Duke of York, were formerly annexed to the province, and became an integral part of Pennsylvania. The frame of govern- ment, which had been drawn with much deliberation, was submitted to the assembly, and, after some alterations and amendments, was adopted, and be- came the fundamental law of the State. The assembly was in session only three days, but the work they accomplished, how vast and far-reaching in its influence ! The Dutch, Swedes and other foreigners were then naturalized, and the government was launched in fair running order: That some idea may be had of its character, the subjects treated are here given: 1, Liberty of conscience; 2, Qualification of officers; 3, Swearing by God, Christ or Jesus; 4, Swearing by any other thing or name; 5, Profanity; 6, Cursing; 7, Fornication; 8, In- cest; 9, Sodomy; 10, Rape; 11, Bigamy; 12, Drunkenness; 13, Suffering drunkenness; 14, Healths drinking; 15, Selling liquor to Indians; 16, Arson; 17, Burglary; 18, Stolen goods; lO, Forcible entry; 20, Riots; 21, Assaulting parents; 22, Assaulting Magistrates; 23, Assaulting masters; 24, Assault and battery; 25, Duels; 26, Riotous sports, as plays; 27, Gambling and lotteries; 28, Sedition; 29, Contempt; 30, Libel; 31, Common scolds; 32, Charities; 33, Prices of beer and ale; 34, Weights and measures; 35, Names of days and months; 36, Perjury; 37, Court proceedings in English; 88, Civil and crim- inal trials; 39, Fees, salaries, bribery and extortion; 40, Moderation of fines; 41, Suits avoidable; 42, Foreign arrest; 43, Contracts; 44, Charters, gifts, grants, conveyances, bills, bonds and deeds, when recorded; 45, Wills; 46, Wills of non compos mentis; 47, Registry of Wills; 48, Registry for servants; 49, Factors; 50, Defacers, corruptors and embezzlers of charters, conveyances and records; 51, Lands and goods to pay debts; 52, Bailable offenses; 53, Jails and jailers; 54, Prisons to be workhouses; 55, False imprisonment; 56, Magistrates may elect between fine or imprisonment; 57, Freemen; 58, Elec- tions; 59, No money levied but in pursuance of law; 60, Laws shall be printed and taught in schools; 61, All other things, not provided for nerein, are re- ferred to the Governor and freemen from time to time. Very soon after his arrival in the colony, after the precept had been issued, but before the conveninj^ of the Assembly, Penn, that he might not be wanting in respect to the Duke of York, made a visit to New Y'^ork. where he was kind- ly received, and also after the adjournment of the Assembly, journeyed to Mary- land, where he was entertained by Lord Baltimore with great ceremony. The settlement of the disputed boundaries was made the subject of formal confer- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 53 ©nee. But after two days spent in fruitless discussion, the weather becoming severely cold, and thus 'preluding the possibility of taking observations or making the necessary surveys, it was agreed to adjourn further consideration of the subject until the milder weather of the spring. We may imagine that the two Governors were taking the measure of each other, and of gaining all possible knowledge of each other's claims and rights, preparatory to that struggle for possession of this disputed fortieth degree of latitude, which was destined to come before the home government. With all his cares iu founding a State and providing a government over a new people, Penn did not forget to preach the "blessed Gospel," and wherever he went he was intent upon his " Master's business." On his return from Maryland, Lord Baltimore accompanied him several miles to the house of William Richardson, and thence to Thomas Hooker's, where was a religious meeting, as was also one held at Choptauk. Penn himself says: " I have been also at New York, Long Island, East Jersey and Maryland, in which I have had good and eminent service for the Lord." And again he says: "As to outward things, we are satisfied— the land good, the air clear and sweet, the springs plentiful, and provisions good and easy to come at, an innumerable qu'antity of wild fowl and fish; in fine, here is what an Abraham, Isaac and Jacob would be well contented with, and service enough for God; for the fields are here white for the harvest. O, how sweet is the quiet of these parts, freed from the anxious and troublesome solicitations, hurries and perplexities of woeful Europe! * * * Blessed be the Lord, that of twenty-three ships, none miscarried; only two or three had the small-pox; else healthy and swift passages, generally such as have not been known; some but twenty-eight days, and few longer than six weeks. Blessed be God for it; my soul fervently breathes that in His heavenly guiding wisdom, we may be kept, that we may serve Him in our day, and lay down our heads in peace." And then, as if re- proached for not having mentioned another subject of thankfulness, he adds in a postscript, "Many women, in divers of the ships, brought to bed; they and their children do well." Penn made it his first care to take formal possession of his province, and adopt a frame of government. When this was done, his chief concern was to look to the establishment of his proposed new city, the site of which had already been determined on by his Commissioners. Accordingly, early in November, at a season when, in this section, the days are golden, Penn em- barked in an open barge with a number of his friends, and was wafted leisurely up the Delaware to the present site of the city of Philadel- phia, which the natives called Coaquannock. Along the river was a bold shore, fringed with lofty pines, which grew close dovra to the water's edge, so much so that when the first ship passing up with settlers for West Jersey had brushed against the branches, the passengei-s remarked that this would be a good place for a city. It was then in a wild state, the deer browsing along the shore and sipping the stream, and the coneys burrowing in the banks. The scattered settlers had gathered in to see and welcome the new Governor, and when he stepped upon the shore, they extended a helping hand in assisting him up the rugged bluff. Three Swedes had already taken up tracts within the limits of the block of land chosen for the city. But they were given lands in exchange, and readily relinquished their claims. The location was pleasing to Penn, and was adopted without further search, though little could be seen of this then forest-encumbered country, where now is the home of countless industries, the busy mart, the river bearing upon its bosom the commerce of many climes, and the abiding place of nearly a million of people. But Penn did not con- 54 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. sider that he had as yet any just title to the soil, holding that the Indians were its only rightful possessors, and until it was fairly acquired by purchase from them, his own title was entirely void. Hence, he sought an early opportunity to meet the chiefs of the tribes and cultivate friendly relations with them. Tradition fixes the first great treaty or conference at about this time, probably in November, and the place under the elm tree, known as the " Treaty Tree," at Kensington. It was at a sea- son when the leaves would still be upon the trees, and the assembly was called beneath the ample shade of the wide-sweeping branches, which was pleasing to the Indians, as it was their cutjtom to hold all their great deliberations and smoke the pipe of peace in the open air. The letter which Penn had sent had prepared the minds of these simple-hearted inhabitants of the forest to regard him with awe and reverence, little less than that inspired by a descended god. His coming had for a long time been awaited, and it is probable that it had been heralded and talked over by the wigwam fire throughout the remotest bounds of the tribes. And when at length the day came, the whole popula- tion far around had assembled. It is known that three tribes at least were represented — the Lenni Lenape, living along the Delaware; the Shawnees, a tribe that had come up from the South, and were seated along the Lower Susquehanna; and the Mingoes, sprung from the Six Nations, and inhabiting along the Conestoga. Penn was probably accompanied by the several officers of his Government and his most trusted friends. There were no implements of warfare, for peace was a cardi- nal feature of the Quaker creed. No veritable account of this, the great treaty, is known to have been made; but from the fact that Penn not long after, in an elaborate treatise upon the country, the inhabitants and the natives, has given the account of the manner in which the lodians demean themselves in conference, we may infer that he had this one in mind, and hence we may adopt it as his own description of the scene. '* Their order is thus: The King sits in the middle of a half moon, and hath his council, the old and wise, on each hand; behind them, or at a little distance, sit the younger fry in the same figure. Having consulted and re- solved their business, the King ordered one of them to speak to me. He stood up, came to me, and, in the name of the King, saluted me; then took me by th^s hand and told me he was ordered by the King to speak to me; and now it was not he, but the King that spoke, because what he would say was the King's mind. * * * * During the time that this person spoke, not a man of them was observed to whisper or smile; the old grave, the young reverant, in their deportment. They speak little, but fervently, and with ele- gance." In response to the salutation from the Indians, Penn makes a reply in suitable terms: "The Great Spirit, who made me and you, who rules the heavens and the earth, and who knows the innermost thoughts of men, knows that I and my friends have a hearty desire to live in peace and friendship with you, and to serve you to the uttermost of our power. It is not our custom to use hostile weapons against our fellow- creatures, for which reason we have come unarmed. Our object is not to do injury, and thus provoke the Great Spirit, but to do good. We are met on the broad pathway of good faith and good will, so that no advantage is to be taken on either side; but all to be open- ness, brotherhood and love." Having unrolled his parchment, he explains to them through an interpreter, article by article, the nature of the business, and laying it upon the ground, observes that the ground shall be for the use of HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 55 both people. " I will not do as the Marylanders did, call you children, or brothers only; for parents are apt to whip their children too severely, and brothers sometimes will differ : neither will I compare the friendship between ns to a chain, for the rain may rust it, or a tree may fall and break it; but I will consider you as the same flesh and blood with the Christians, and the same as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts." Having ended his business, the speaker for the King comes forward and makes great promises "of kindness and good neighborhood, and that the Indians and English must live in love as long as the sun gave light." This ended, another Indian makes a speech to his own people, first to explain to them what had been agreed on, and then to exhort them "to love the Christians, and particularly live in peace with me and the people under my government, that many Governors had been in the river, but that no Governor had come himself to live and stay here be- fore, and having now such an one, that had treated them well, they should never do him nor his any wrong." At every sentence they shouted, as much as to say, amen. The Indians had no system of writing by which they could record their dealings, but their memory of events and agreements was almost miraculous. Heckewelder records that in after years, they were accustomed, by means of strings, or belts of wampum, to preserve the recollection of their pleasant in- terviews with Penn, after he had departed for England. He says, " They fre- quently assembled together in the woods, in some shady spot, as nearly as pos- sible similar to those where they used to meet their brother Miquon (Penn), and there lay all his words and speeches, with those of his descendants, on a blanket, or clean piece of bark, and with great satisfaction go successively over the whole. This practice, which I have repeatedly witnessed, continued until the year 1780, when disturbances which took place put an end to it, probably forever." The memory of this, the "Great Treaty," was long preserved by the na- tives, and the novel spectacle was reproduced upon canvas by the genius of Benjamin West. In this picture, Penn is represented as a corpulent old man, whereas he was at this time but thirty-eight years of age, and in the very height of manly activity. The Treaty Tree was preserved and guarded from injury with an almost superstitious care. During the Revolution, when Phila- delphia was occupied by the British, and their parties were scouring the coun- try for firewood, Gen. Simcoe had a sentinel placed at this tree to protect it from mutilation. It stood until 1810, when it was blown down, and it was ascertained by its annual concentric accretions to be 283 years old, and was, consequently, 155 at the time of making the treaty. The Penn Society erected a substantial monument on the spot where it stood. Penn drew up his deeds for lands in legal form, and had them duly exe- cuted and made of record, that, in the dispute possible to arise in after times, there might be proof definite and positive of the purchase. Of these purchases there are two deeds on record executed in 1683. One is for land near Nesha- miny Creek, and thence to Penypack, and the other for lands lying between Schuylkill and Chester Rivers, the first bearing the signature of the great chieftain, Taminend. In one of these purchases it is provided that the tract "shall extend back as far as a man could walk in three days. " Tradition runs that Penn himself, with a number of his friends, walked out the half this purchase with the Indians, that no advantage should be taken of them by mak- ing a great walk, and to show his consideration for them, and that he was not above the toils and fatigues of such a duty." They began to walk out this land at the mouth of the Neshaminy, and walked up the Delaware; in one day 56 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. and a half they got to a spruce tree near the mouth of Baker's Creek, when Penn, concluding that this would include as much land as he would want at present, a line was run and marked from the spruce tree to Neshaminy, and the remainder left to be walked when it should be wanted. They proceed- ed after the Indian manner, walking leisurely, sitting down sometimes to smoke their pipes, eat biscuit and cheese, and drink a bottle of wine. In the day and a half they walked a little less than thirty miles. The balance of the purchase was not walked until September 20, 17b3, when the then Governor of Pennsylvania oflfered a prize of 500 acres of land and £6 for the man who would walk the farthest. A distance of eighty-six miles was covered, in marked contrast with the kind consideration of Penn. During the first year, the country upon the Delaware, from the falls of Trenton as far as Chester, a distance of nearly sixty miles, was rapidly taken up and peopled. The large proportion of these were Quakers, and devotedly attached to their religion and its proper observances. They were, hence, morally, of the best classes, and though they were not generally of the aristocracy, yet many of them were in comfortable circumstances, had valuable properties, were of respectable families, educated, and had the resources within themselves to live contented and happy. They were provident, industrious, and had come hither with no fickle purpose. Many brought servants with them, and well supplied wardrobes, and all necessary articles which they wisely judged would be got in a new country with difficulty. Their religious principles were so peaceful and generous, and the govern- ment rested so lightly, that the fame of the colony and the desirableness of settlement therein spread rapidly, and the numbers coming hither were unpar- , alleled in the history of colonization, especially when we consider tliat a broad ocean was to be crossed and a voyage of several weeks was to be endured. In a brief period, ships with passengers came from London, Bristol, Ireland, Wales, Cheshire, Lancashire, Holland, Germany, to the number of about fifty. Among others came a company of German Quakers, from Krisheim, near Worms, in the Palatinate. These people regarded their lot as particularly fortunate, in which they recognized the direct interposition and hand of Provi- dence. For, not long afterward, the Palatinate was laid waste by the Preach army, and many of their kindred whom they had left behind were despoiled of their possessions and reduced to penury. There came also from Wales a com- pany of the stock of ancient Britons. So large an influx of population, coming in many cases without due pro- vision for variety of diet, caused a scarcity in many kinds of food, especially of meats. Time was required to bring forward flocks and herds, more than for producing grains. But Providence seemed to have graciously considered their necessities, and have miraculously provided for them, as of old was pro vision made for the chosen people. For it is recoi'ded that the "wild pigeons came in such great numbers that the sky was sometimes darkened by their flight, and, flying low, they were frequently knocked down as they flew, in great quantities, by those who had no other means to take them, whereby the} supplied themselves, and, having salted those which they could not immedi- ately use, they preserved them, both for bread and meat." The Indians were kind, and often furnished them with game, for which they would receive no compensation. Their first care on landing was to bring their household goods to a place of safety, often to the simple protection of a tree. For some, this was their only shelter, lumber being scarce, and in many places impossible to obtain. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 57 Some made for themselves caves in the earth until better habitations could be secured. John Key, who was said to have been the first child born of English par- ents in Philadelphia, and that in recognition of which William Penn gave him a lot of ground, died at Kennet, in Chester County, on July 5, 1768, in the eighty-fifth year of his age. He was born in one of these caves upon the river bank, long afterward known by the name of Penny- pot, near Sassa- fras street. About six years before his death, he walked from Kennet to the city, about thirty miles, in one day. In the latter part of his life he went under the name of first Born. The contrasts between the comforts and conveniences of an old settled country and this, where the heavy forests must be cleared away and severe la- bors must be endured before the sun could be let in sufficiently to produce anything, must have been very marked, and caused repining. But they had generally come with meek and humble hearts, and they willingly endured hardship and privation, and labored on earnestly for the spiritual comfort which they enjoyed. Thomas Makin, in some Latin verses upon the early set- tlement, says (we quote the metrical translation): "Its fame to distant countries far has spread, And some for peace, and some for profit led; Born in remotest climes, to settle here They leave their native soil and all that's dear, And still will flock from far, here to be free. Such powerful charms has lovely liberty." But for their many privations and sufferings there were some compensat- ing conditions. The soil was fertile, the air mostly clear and healthy, the streams of water were good and plentiful, wood for fire and building unlimit- ed, and at certain seasons of the year game in the forest was abundant. Rich- ard Townsend, a settler at Germantown, who came over in the ship with Penn, in writing to his friends in England of his first year in America, says: "I, with Joshua Tittery, made a net, and caught great quantities of fish, so that, notwithstanding it was thought near three thousand persons came in the first year, we were so providentially provided for that we could buy a deer for about two shillings, and a large turkey for about one shilling, and Indian corn for about two shillings sixpence a bushel." In the same letter, the writer mentions that a young deer came out of the forest into the meadow where he was mowing, and looked at him, and when he went toward it would retreat; and, as he resumed his mowing, would come back to gaze upon him, and finally ran forcibly against a tree, which so stunned it that he was able to overmaster it and bear it away to his home, and as this was at a time when he was suffering for the lack of meat, he believed it a direct interposition of Providence. In the spring of 1688, there was great activity throughout the colony, and especially in the new city, in selecting lands and erecting dwellings, the Sur- veyor General, Thomas Holme, laying out and marking the streets. In the center of the city was a public square of ten acres, and in each of the four quarters one of eight acres. A large mansion, which had been undertaken be- fore his arrival, was built for Penn, at a point twenty-six miles up the river, called Pennsbury Manor, where ho sometimes resided, and where he often met the Indian sachems. At this time, Penn divided the colony into counties, three for the province (Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester) and three for the Territories (New Castle, Kent and Sussex). Having appointed Sheriffs and other proper officers, he issued writs for the election of members of a General 58 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Assembly, three from each county for the Council or Upper House, and nine from each county for the Assembly or Lower House.* This Assembly convened and organized for business on the 10th of Jan- uary, 1683, at Philadelphia. One of the lii'st subjects considered was the revising some provisions of the frame of government which was effected, re- ducing the number of members of both Houses, the Council to 18 the As- sembly to 30, and otherwise amending in unimportant particulars. In an assembly thus convened, and where few, if any, had had any experience in serving in a deliberative body, we may reasonably suppose that many crude and impracticable propositions would be presented. As an example of these the following may be cited as specimens: That young men should be obliged to marry at, or before, a certain age; that two sorts of clothes only shall be worn, one for winter and the other for summer. The session lasted twenty two days. The first grand jury in Pennsylvania was summoned for the 2d of Feb- ruary, 1683, to inquire into the cases of some persons accused of issuing counterfeit money. The Governor and Council sat as a court. One Picker- ing was convicted, and the sentence was significant of the kind and pa,triarchal nature of the government, "that he should make full satisfaction, in good and current pay, to every person who should, within the space of one month, bring in any of this false, base and counterfeit coin, and that the money brought in should be melted down before it was returned to him, and that he should pay a fine of forty pounds toward the building a court house, stand committed till the same was paid, and afterward find security for his good behavior." The Assembly and courts having now adjourned, Penn gave his attention to the grading and improving the streets of the new city, and the managing the affairs of his land ofiice, suddenly grown to great importance. For every section of land taken up in the wilderness, the purchaser was entitled to a certain plot in the new city. The Kiver Delaware at this time was nearly a mile broad opposite the city, and navigable for ships of the largest tonnage. The tide rises about six feet at this point, and flows back' to the falls of Trenton, a distance of thirty miles. The tide in the Schuylkill flows only about five miles above its confluence with the Delaware. The river bank along the Delaware was intended by Penn as a common or public resort. But in his time the owners of lots above Front street pressed him to allow them to construct warehouses upon it, opposite their properties, which importunity in- duced him to make the following declaration concerning it; "The bank is a top common, from end to end; the rest next the water belongs to front-lot men no more than back-lot men. The way bounds them; they may build stairs, and the top of the bank a common exchange, or wall, and against the street, common wharfs may be built freely; but into the water, and the shore is no purchaser's." But in future time, "this liberal desire of the founder was dis- regarded, and the bank has been covered with immense warehouses. *It may be a matter of curiosity to know the names of the members of this first regularly elected Legis- lature in Pennsylvania, and they are accordingly appended as given in otficial records: Council: William Markham, Christopher Tavlor, Thomas Holme. Lacy Cock, William Haige, John Moll, Ralph Withers, John Simcock, Fxlward Cantweli, William Clayton, William Biles, James Harrison, William Clark, Francis Whitewell, John Richardson, John Hillvard. Assembly: From Bucks, William Yardly, Samuel Darke, Robert Lucas, Nicholas Walnc, John Wood, John Clowes, Thomas Fitzwater, Robert Hall, James Boyden ; from Philadelphia, John Longhurst, John Hart, Wal- ter King, Andros Binkson, John Moon, Thomas Wynne (Speaker), Gritfith Jones, William Warner, Swan Swan- son; from Chester, John Hoskins, Robert Wade, George Wood, John Blunston, Dennis Rochford, Thomas Brinkloe, Daniel Brown, Benony Bishop; from Sussex, Luke Watson, Alexander Draper, AVilliam Futcher, Henry Bowman, Alexander Moleston, John Hill, Robert Bracy, John Kipshaven, Cornelius Verhoof. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 59 Seeing now his plans of government and settlement fairly in operation, as autumn approached, Penn wrote a letter to the Free Society of Traders in London, which had been formed to promote settlement in his colony, in which he touched upon a great variety of topics regarding his enterprise, extending to quite a complete treatise. The great interest attaching to the subjects dis- cussed, and the ability with which it was drawn, makes it desirable to insert the document entire; but its great length makes its use incompatible with the plan of this work. A few extracts and a general plan of the letter is all that can be given. He first notices the injurious reports put in circulation in En- gland during his absence: " Some persons have had so little wit and so much malice as to report my death, and, to mend the matter, dead a Jesuit, too. One might have reasonably hoped that this distance, like death, would have been a protection against spite and envy. * * * However, to the great sorrow and shame of the inventors, I am still alive and no Jesuit, and, I thank God, very well." Of the air and waters hn says: " The air is sweet and clear, the heavens serene, like the south parts of France, rarely overcast. The waters are generally good, for the rivers and brooks have mostly gravel and stony bot- toms, and in number hardly credible. We also have mineral waters that operate in the same manner with Barnet and North Hall, not two miles from Philadelphia." He then treats at length of the four seasons, of trees, fruits, grapes, peaches, grains, garden produce; of animals, beasts, birds, fish, whale fish- ery, horses and cattle, medicinal plants, flowers of the woods; of the Indians and their persons. Of their language he says: "It is lofty, yet narrow; but, like the Hebrew, in signification, full, imperfect in their tenses, wanting in their moods, participles, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections. I have made it my busi- ness to understand it, and I must say that I know not a language spoken in Europe that hath words of more sweetness or greatness in accent and emphasis than theirs." Of their customs and their children : " The children will go very young, at nine months, commonly; if boys, they go a fishing, till ripe for the woods, which is about fifteen; then they hunt, and, after having given some proofs of their manhood by a good return of skins, they may marry, else it is a shame to think of a wife. The girls stay with their mother and help to hoe the ground, plant corn and carry burdens. When the young women are fit for marriage, they wear something upon their heads as an adverlisment; but so, as their faces hardly to be seen, but when they please. The age they marry at, if women, is about thirteen and fourteen; if men, seventeen and eighteen; they ai'e rarely elder." In a romantic vein he speaks of their houses, diet, hospitality, revengefulness and concealment of resentment, great liberality, free manner of life and customs, late love of strong liquor, behavior in sickness and death, their re- ligion, their feastings, their government, their mode of doing business, their manner of administering justice, of agreement for settling difficulties entered into with the pen, their susceptibility to improvement, of the origin of the Indian race their resemblance to the Jews. Of the Dutch and Swedes whom he found set- tled here when he came, he says: " The Dutch applied themselves to traffick, the Swedes and Finns to husbandry. The Dutch mostly inhabit those parts that lie upon the bay, and the Swedes the freshes of the Delaware. They are a plain, strong, industrious people; yet have made no great progress in culture or propagation of fruit trees. They are a people proper, and strong of body, so they have fine children, and almost every house full; rare to find one of them without three or four boys and as many girls — some, six, seven and eight sons, and I must do themthat right, I see few young men more sober and laborious." After speaking at length of the organization of the colony and its manner of government, he concludes with his own opinion of the country: "I say little 60 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. of the town itself; but this I will say, for the good providence of God, that of all the many places I have seen in the world, I remember not one better seated, so that it seems to me to have been appointed for a town, whether we regard the rivers or the conveniency of the coves, docks, springs, the loftiness and soundness of the land and the air, held by the people of these parts to be very good. It is advanced within less than a year to about fourscore bouses and cottages, where merchants and handicrafts are following their vocations as fast as they can, while the countrymen are close at their farms. * * * I bless God I am fully satisfied with the country and entertainment I got in it; for I find that particular content, which hath always attended me, where God in His providence hath made it my place and service to reside." As we have seen, the visit of Penn to Lord Baltimore soon after his arrival in America, for the purpose of settling the boundaries of the two provinces, after a two days' conference, proved fruitless, and an adjournment was had for the winter, when the efforts for settlement were to be resumed. Early in the spring, an attempt was made on the part of Peun, but was prevented till May, when a meeting was held at New Castle. Penn proposed to confer by the aid of counselors and in writing. But to this Baltimore objected, and, complain- ing of the sultryness of the weather, the conference was broken up. In the meantime, it had come to the knowledge of Penn that Lord Baltimore had issued a proclamation offering settlers more land, and at cheaper rates than Penn had done, in portions of the lower counties which Penn had secured from the Duke of York, but which Baltimore now claimed. Besides, it was ascertained that an agent of his had taken an observation, and determined the latitude without the knowledge of Penn, and had secretly made an ex "parte statement of the case before the Lords of the Committee of Plantations in En- gland, and was pressing for arbitrament. This state of the case created much uneasiness in the mind of Penn, especially as the proclamation of Lord Balti- more was likely to bring the two governments into conflict on territory mutu- ally claimed. But Lord Baltimore was not disposed to be content with diplo- macy. He determined to pursue an aggressive policy. He accordingly com- missioned his agent, Col. George Talbot, under date of September 17, 1683, to go to Schuylkill, at Delaware, and demand of William Penn " all that part of the land on the west side of the said river that lyeth to the southward of the fortieth degree." This bold demand would have embraced the entire colony, both the lower counties, and the three counties in the province, as the fortieth degree reaches a considerable distance above Philadelphia. Penn was absent at the time in New Yoi'k, and Talbot made his demand upon Nicholas Moore, the deputy of Penn. Upon his retiurn, the proprietor made a dignified but earnest rejoinder. While he felt that the demand could not be justly sus- tained, yet the fact that a controversy for the settlement of the boundary was likely to arise, gave him disquietude, and though he was gratified with the success of his plans for acquiring lands of the Indians and establishing friendly relations with them, the laying-out of his new city and settling it, the adop- tion of a stable government and putting it in successful operation, and, more than all, the drawing thither the large number of settlers, chiefly of his own religious faith, and seeing them contented and happy in the new State, he plainly foresaw that his skill and tact would be taxed to the utmost to defend and hold his claim before the English court. If the demand of Lord Balti- more were to prevail, all that he had done would be lost, as his entire colony would be swallowed up by Maryland. The anxiety of Penn to hold from the beginning of the 40° of latitude was not to increase thereby his territory by so much, for two degrees which he HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 61 securely had, so far as amount of land was concerned, would have entirely satiritied him; but he wanted this degree chiefly that he might have the free navigation of Delaware Bay and River, and thus open communication with the ocean. He desired also to hold the lower counties, which were now well settled, as well as his own counties rapidly being peopled, and his new city of Philadelphia, which he regarded as the apple of his eye. So anxious was he to hold the land on the right bank of the Delaware to the open ocean, that at. his second meeting, he asked Lord Baltimore to set a price per square mile on this disputed ground, and though he had purchased it once of the crown and held the King's charter for it, and the Duke of York's deed, yet rather than have any further wrangle over it, he was willing to pay for it again. But this Lord Baltimore refused to do. Bent upon bringing matters to a crisis, and to force possession of his claim, early in the year 1684 a party from Maryland made forcible entry upon the plantations in the lower counties and drove off the owners. The Governor and Council at Philadelphia sent thither a copy of the answer of Penn to Baltimore's demand for the land south of the Delaware, with orders to William Welch, Sheriff at New Castle, to use his influence to reinstate the lawful owners, and issued a declaration succinctly stating the claim of Penn, for the purpose of preventing such unlawful incursions in future. The season opened favorably for the continued prosperity of the young colony. Agriculture was being prosecuted as never before. Goodly flocks and herds gladdened the eyes of the settlers. An intelligent, moral and in- dustrious yeomanry was springing into existence. Emigrants were pouring into the Delaware from many lands. The Government was becoming settled in its operations and popular with the people. The proprietor had leisure to attend to the interests of his religious society, not only in his own dominions, but in the Jerseys and in New York. CHAPTER VII. Thomas Lloyd, 1684-86— Five Commissioners, 1686-88— John Black-well, 1688 -90— Thomas Lloyd, 1690-91— William Markham, 1691-93— Benjamin Fletcher, 1693-95— William MarkhaiM, 1693-99. BUT the indications, constantly thickening, that a struggle was likely soon to be precipitated before the crown for possession of the disputed terri- tory, decided Penn early in the summer to quit the colony and return to En- gland to defend his imperiled interests. There is no doubt that he took this step with unfeigned regret, as he was contented and happy in his new country, and was most usefully employed. There were, however, other inducements which were leading him back to England. The hand of persecution was at this time laid heavily upon the Quakers. Over 1,400 of these pious and in- offensive people were now, and some of them had been for years, languishing in the prisons of England, for no other offense than their manner of worship. By his friendship with James, and his acquaintance with the King, he might do something to soften the lot of these unfortunate victims of bigotry. He accordingly empowered the Provincial Council, of which Thomas Lloyd was President, to act in his stead, commissioned Nicholas Moore, Will- iam Welch, William Wood, Robert Turner and John Eckley, Provincial 62 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Judges for two years; appointed Thomas Lloyd, James Claypole and Robert Turner to sign land patents and warrants, and William Clark as Justice of the Peace for all the counties; and on the 6th of June, 1684, sailed for Europe. His feelings on leaving his colony are exnibited by a farewell address which he issued from on board the vessel to his people, of which the following are brief extracts: "My love and my life is to you, and with you, and no water can quench it, nor distance wear it out, nor bring it to an end. I have been with you, cared over you and served over you with unfeigned love, and you are beloved of me, and near to me, beyond utterance. I bless you in the name and power of the Lord, and may God bless you with His righteousness, peace and plenty all the land over. * * * Q]x\ now are you come to a quiet land; provoke not the Lord to trouble it. And now liberty and author- ity are with you, and in your hands. Let the government be upon His shouldei's, in all your spirits, that you may rule for Him, under whom the princes of this world will, one day, esteem their honor to govern and serve in their places * * * And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this province, named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what serv- ice and what travail has there been, to bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would abuse and defile thee! * * * go, dear friends, my love again salutes you all, wishing that grace, mercy and peace, with all temporal blessings, may abound richly among you — so says, so prays, your friend and lover in the truth. William Penn." On the 6th of December of this same year, 1684, Charles II died, and was succeeded by his brother James, Duke of York, under the title of James II. James was a professed Catholic, and the people were greatly excited all over the kingdom lest the reign of Bloody Mary should be repeated, and that the Catholic should become the established religion. He had less ability than his brother, the deceased King, but great discipline and industry. Penn en- joyed the friendship and intimacy of the new King, and he determined to use his advantage for the relief of his suffering countiymen, not only of his sect, the Quakers, but of all, and especially for the furtherance of universal liberty. But there is no doubt that he at this time meditated a speedy return to his province, for he writes: "Keep up the peoples' hearts and loves; I hope to be with them next fall, if the Lord prevent not. I long to be with you. No temptations prevail to fix me here. The Lord send us a good meeting." By authority of Penn, dated 18th of January, 1685, William Markham, Penn's cousin, was commissioned Secretary of the province, and the proprietor's Sec- retary. That he might be fixed near to court for the furtherance of his private as well as public business, he secured lodgings for himself and family, in 1685, at Kensington, near London, and cultivated a daily intimacy with the King, who, no doubt, found in the strong native sense of his Quaker friend, a valued ad- viser upon many questions of difficulty. His first and chief care was the set- tlement of his disagreement with Lord Baltimore touching the boundaries of their provinces. This was settled in November, 1685, by a compromise, by which the land lying between the Delaware and Chesepeake Bays was divided into two equal parts — that upon the Delaware was adjudged to Penn, and that upon the Chesapeake to Lord Baltimore. This settled' the matter in theory; but when the attempt was made to run the lines according to the language of the Royal Act, it was found that the royal secretaries did not understand the geography of the country, and that the line which their language described was an impossible one. Consequently the boundary remained undetermined till 1732. The account of its location will be given in its proper place. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 63 Having secured this important decision to his satisfaction, Penn applied himself with renewed zeal, rot only to secure the release of his people, who were languishing in prisons, but to procure for all Englishmen, everywhere, enlarged liberty and freedom of conscience. His relations with the King fa- vored his designs. The King had said to Penn before he ascended the throne that he was opposed to persecution for religion. On the first day of his reign, he made an address, in which he proclaimed himself opposed to all arbitrary principles in government, 'and promised protection to the Church of England. Early in the year 1686, in consequence of the King's proclamation for a gen- eral pardon, over thirteen hundred Quakers were set at liberty, and in April, 1687, the King issued a declaration for entire liberty of conscience, and sus- pending the penal laws in matters ecclesiastical. This was a great step in ad- vance, and one that must ever throw a luster over the brief reign of this un- fortunate monarch. Penn, though holding no official position, doubtless did as much toward securing the issue of this liberal measure as any Englishman. Upon the issue of these edicts, the Quakers, at their next annual meeting, presented an address of acknowledgment to the Ring, which opened in these words: "We cannot but bless and praise the name of Almighty God, who hath the hearts of princes in His hands, that He hath inclined the King to hear the cries of his suffering subjects for conscience' sake, and we rejoice that he hath given us so eminent an occasion to present him our thanks." This ad- dress was presented by Penn in a few well -chosen words, and the King re- plied in the following, though brief, yet most expressive, language: "Gentle- men — I thank you heartily for your address. Some of you know (I am sure you do Mr. Penn), that it was always my principle, that conscience ought not to be forced, and that all men ought to have the liberty of their consciences. And what I have promised in my declaration, I will continue to perform so long as I live. And I hope, before I die, to settle it so that after ages shall have no reason to alter it." It would have been supposed that such noble sentiments as these from a sovereign would have been hailed with delight by the English people. But they were not. The aristocracy of Britain at this time did not want liberty of conscience. They wanted comformity to the established church, and bitter persecution against all others, as in the reign of Charles, which filled the prisons with Quakers. The warm congratulations to James, and fervent prayers for his welfare, were regarded by them with an evil eye. Bitter reproaches were heaped upon Penn, who was looked upon as the power behind the throne that was moving the King to the enforcing of these principles. He was ac- cused of having been educated at St. Omer's, a Catholic college, a place which he never saw in his life, of having taken orders as a priest in the Catholic Church, of having obtained dispensation to marry, and of being not only a Catholic, but a Jesuit in disguise, all of which were pure fabrications. But in the excited state of the public mind they were believed, and caused him to be regarded with bitter hatred. The King, too, fell rapidly into disfavor, and so completely had the minds of his people become alienated from him, that upon the coming of the Prince of Orange and his wife Mary, in 1688, James was obliged to flee to France for safety, and they were received as the rulers of Britain. But while the interests of the colony were thus prospering at court, they were not so cloudless in the new country. There was needed the strong hand of Penn to check abuses and guide the course of legislation in proper chan- nels. He had labored to place the government entirely in the hands of the people — an idea, in the abstract, most attractive, and one which, were the entire 4 64 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. population wise and just, would result fortunately: yet, in practice, he found to his sorrow the results most vexatious. The proprietor had not long been gone before troubles arose between the two Houses of the Legislatiu-e relative to promulgating the laws as not being in accordance with the requirements of the charter Nicholas Moore, the Chief Justice, was impeached for iri'egular- ities in imposing fines and in other ways abusing his high trust. But though formally arraigned and directed to desist from exercising his functions, he suc- cessfully resisted the proceedings, and a final judgment was never obtained. Patrick Robinson, Clerk of the court, for refusing to produce the records in the trial of Moore, was voted a public enemy. These troubles in the government were the occasion of much grief to Penn, who wrote, naming a number of the most influential men in the colony, and beseeching them to unite in an endeavor to check further irregularities, declaring that they disgraced the province, " that their conduct had struck back hundreds, and was £10,000 out of his way, and £100,000 out of the country." In the latter part of the year 1686, seeing that the whole Council was too unwieldy a body to exercise executive power, Penn determined to contract the number, and accordingly appointed Thomas Lloyd, Nicholas Moore, James Clay pole, Robert Tiu-ner and John Eckley, any three of whom should consti- tute a quorum, to be Commissioners of State to act for the proprietor. In place of Moore and Claypole, Ai'thur Cook and John Simcock were appointed. They were to compel the attendance of the Council; see that the two Houses admit of no parley, to abrogate till laws except the fundamentals; to dismiss the Assembly and call a new one, and finally he solemnly admonishes them, " Be most just, as in the sight of the all-seeing, all-searching God." In a letter to these Commissiouers, he says: " Three things occur to me eminently: First, that you be watchful that none abuse the King, etc. ; secondly, that you get the custom act revived as being the equalest and least oifensive way to support the government; thirdly, that you retrieve the dignity of courts and sessions." In a letter to James Harrison, his confidential agent at Pennsbury Manor, he unbosoms himself more freely respecting his employment in London than in any of his State papers or more public communications, and from it can be seen how important were his labors with the head of the English nation. " I am engaged in the public business of the nation and Friends, and those in au- thority would have me see the establishment of the liberty, that I was a small instrument to begin in the land. The Lord has given me great entrance and interest with the King, though not so much as is said; and I confess I should rejoice to see poor old England fixed, the penal laws repealed, that are now suspended, and if it goes well with England, it cannot go ill with Pennsyl- vania, as unkindly used as I am; and no poor slave in Turkey desires more earnestly, I believe, for deliverance, than I do to be with you." In the sum- mer of 1687, Penn was in company with the King in a progress through the counties of Berkshire, Glocestershire, Worcestershire, Shropshire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire and Hampshire, during which he held several religious meetings with his people, in some of which the King ap- pears to have been present, particularly in Chester. Since the departure of Penn, Thomas Lloyd had acted as President of the Council, and later of the Commissioners of State. He had been in effect Governor, and held responsible for the success of the government, while pos- sessing only one voice in the disposing of affairs. Tiring of this anomalous position, Lloyd applied to be relieved. It was difficult to find a person of sufficient ability to fill the place: but Penn decided to relieve him, though HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 65 showing his entire confidence by notifying him that he intended soon to ap- point him absolute Governor. In his place, he indicated Samuel Carpenter, or if he was unwilling to serve, then Thomas Ellis, but not to be President, hia will being that each should preside a month in turn, or that the oldest mem- ber should be chosen. Penn foresaw that the executive power, to be efficient, must be lodged in the hands of one man of ability, such as to command the respect of his people. Those whom he most trusted in the colony had been so mixed up in the wran- gles of the executive and legislative departments of the government that he deemed it advisable to appoint a person who had not before been in the col- ony and not a Quaker. He accordingly commissioned John Blackwell, July 27, 1688, to be Lieutenant Governor, who was at this time in New England, and who had the esteem and confidence of Penn. With the commission, the proprietor sent full instructions, chiefly by way of caution, the last one being: " Rule the meek meekly; and those that will not be ruled, rule with authority." Though Lloyd had been relieved of power, he still remained in the Council, probably because neither of the persens designated were willing to serve. Having seen the evils of a many-headed executive, he had recommended the appointment of one person to exercise executive authority. It was in con formity with this advice that Blackwell was appointed. He met the Assembly in March, 1689; but either his conceptions of business were arbitrary and im- perious, or the Assembly had become accustomed to great latitude and lax discipline; for the business had not proceeded far before the several branches of the government were at variance. Lloyd refused to give up the great seal, alleging that it had been given him for life. The Governor, arbitra- rily and without warrant of law, imprisoned officers of high rank, denied the validity of all laws passed by the Assembly previous to his administration, and set on foot a project for organizing and equipping the militia, under the plea of threatened hostility of France. The Assembly attempted to arrest his proceedings, but he shrewdly evaded their intents by organizing a party among the members, who persistently absented themselves. His reign was short, for in January, 1690, he left the colony and sailed away for En- gland, whereupon the government again devolved upon the Council, Thomas Lloyd, President. Penn had a high estimation of the talents and integrity of Blackwell, and adds, " He is in England and Ireland of great repute for ability, integrity and virtue. " Three forms of administering the executive department of the government had now been tried, by a Council consisting of eighteen members, a commission of five members, and a Lieutenant Governor. Desirous of leaving the government as far as possible in the hands of the people who were the sources of all power, Penn left it to the Council to decide which form should be adopted. The majority decided for a Deputy Governor. This was opposed by the mem- bers from the provinces, who preferred a Council, and who, finding themselves outvoted, decided to withdraw, and determined for themselves to govern the lower counties until Penn should come. This obstinacy and falling out be- tween the councilors from the lower counties and those from the province was the beginning of a controversy which eventuated in a separation, and finally in the formation of Delaware as a separate commonwealth. A deputa- tion from the Council was sent to New Castle to induce the seceding members to return, but without success. They had never regarded with favor the re- moval of the sittings of the Council from New Castle, the first seat of gov- ernment, to Philadelphia, and they were now determined to set up a govern- ment for themselves. 66 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. In 1689, the Friends Public School in Philadelphia was first incorporated, confirmed by a patent from Pean in 1701, and another in 1708, and finally, with greatly enlarged powers, from Penn personally, November 29, 1711. The preamble to the charter recites that as "the prosperity and welfare of any people depend, in great measure, upon the good education of youth, and their early inti-oduction in the principles of true religion and virtue, and qualifying them to serve their country and themselves, by breeding them in reading, writing, and learning of languages and useful arts and sciences suitable to their sex, age and degree, which cannot be effected in any manner so well as by erecting public schools," etc. George Keith was employed as the first mas- ter of this school. He was a native of Aberdeen, Scotland, a man of learning, and had emigrated to East Jersey some years previous, whore he was Surveyor General, and had surveyed and marked the line between East and West New Jersey. He only remained at the head of the school one year, when he was succeeded by his usher, Thomas Makin. This was a school of considerable merit and pretension, where the higher mathematics and the ancient lan- guages were taught, and was the first of this high grade. A school of a pri- mary grade had been established as early as 1683, in Philadelphia, when Enoch Flower taught on the following terms: "To learn to read English, four shillings by the quarter; to write, six shillings by ditto; to read, write and cast accounts, eight shillings by the quarter; boarding a scholar, that is to say, diet, lodging, washing and schooling, £10 for one whole year," from which it will be seen that although learning might be highly prized, its cost in hard cash was not exorbitant. Penn's favor at court during the reign of James II caused him to be sus- pected of disloyalty to the government svhen William and Mary had come to the throne. Accordingly on the 10th of December, 1688, while walking in White Hall, he was summoned before the Lords of the Council, and though nothing was found against him, was compelled to give security for his appear- ance at the next term, to answer any charge that might be made. At the sec- ond sitting of the Council nothing having been found against him, he was cleared in open court. In 1690, he was again brought before the Lords on the charge of having been in cox'respoudence with the late King. He ap pealed to King William, who, after a hearing of two hours, was disposed to release him, but the Lords decided to hold him until the Trinity term, when he was again discharged. A third time he was arraigned, and this time with eighteen others, charged with adhering to the kingdom's enemies, but was cleared by order of the King's Bench. Being now at liberty, and these vexa- tious suits a[)parently at an end, he set about leading a large party of settlers to his cherished Pennsylvania. Proposals were published, and the Govern- ment, regarding the enterprise oE so much importance, had ordered an armed convoy, when he was again met by another accusation, and now, backed by the false oath of one William Fuller, whom the Parliament subsequently de- clared a " cheat and an imposter." Seeing that he must prepare again for his defense, he abandoned his voyage to America, after having made expensive preparations, and convinced that his enemies were determined to prevent his attention to public or private afifairs, whether in England or America, he with- drew himself during the ensuing two or three years from the public eye. But though not participating in business, which was calling loudly for his attention, his mind was busy, and several important treatises upon religious and civil matters were produced that had great influence upon the turn of public affairs, which would never have been written but for this forced retire- ment. In his address to the yearly meeting of Friends in London, he says: HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. gj " My enemies are yours. My privacy is not because men have sworn truly, but falsely against me. " His personal grievances in England were the least which he suffered. For Jack of guiding influence, bitter dissensions had sprung up in his colony, which threatened the loss of all. Desiring to secure peace, he had commis- sioned Thomas Lloyd Deputy Governor of the province, and William Mark- ham Deputy Governor of the lower counties. Penn's grief on account of this division is disclosed in a letter to a friend in the province: "I left it to them, to choose either the government of the Council, five Commissioners or a deputy. What could be tenderer? Now I perceive Thomas Lloyd is chosen by the three upper, but not the three lower counties, and sits down with this broken choice. This has grieved and wounded me and mine, I fear to the hazard of all I * * * for else the Governor of New York is like to have all, if he has it not already." But the troubles of Penn in America were not confined to civil affairs. His religious society was torn with dissension. George Keith, a man of con- siderable power in argumentation, but of over weaning self -conceit, attacked the Friends for the laxity of their discipline, and drew off some followers. So venomous did he become that on the 20th of April, 1692, a testimony of de- nial was drawn up against him at a meeting of ministers, wherein he and his conduct were publicly disowned. This was confirmed at the next yearly meet- ing. He drew off large numbers and set up an independent society, who termed themselves Christian Quakers. Keith appealed from this action of the American Church to the yearly meeting in London, but was so intemperate in speech that the action of the American Church was confirmed. Whereupon he became the bitter enemy of the Quakers, and, uniting with the Church of England, was ordained a Vicar by the Bishop of London. He afterward re- turned to America where he wrote against his former associates, but was final- ly fixed in a benefice in Sussex, England. On his death bed, he said, " I wish I had died when I was a Quaker, for then I am sure it would have been well with my soul." But Keith had not been satisfied with attacking the principles and prac- tices of his church. He mercilessly lampooned the Lieutenant Governor, say- ing that 'He was not fit to be a Governor, and his name would stink," and of the Council, that "He hoped to God he should shortly see their power taken from them." On another occasion, he said of Thomas Lloyd, who was reputed a mild-tempered man, and had befriended Keith, that he was " an impu- dent man and a pitiful Governor,' ' and asked him "why he did not send him to jail," saying that "his back (Keith's) had long itched for a whipping, and that he would print and expose them all over America, if not over Europe. " So abusive had he finally become that the Council was obliged to take notice of his conduct and to warn him to desist. Penn, as has been shown, was silenced and thrown into retirement in En- gland. It can be readily seen what an excellent opportunity these troubles in America, the separation in the government, and the schism in the church, gave his enemies to attack him. They represented that he had neglected his colony by remaining in England and meddling with matters in which he had no business; that the colony in consequence had fallen into great disorder, and that he should be deprived of his proprietary rights. These complaints had so much weight with William and Mary, that, on the 21st of October, 1692, they commissioned Benjamin Fletcher, Governor of New York, to take the province and territories under his government. There was another motive operating at this time, more potent than those mentioned above, to induce the 68 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. King and Queen to put the government of Pennsylvania under the Governor of New York. The French and Indians from the north were threatening the English. Already the expense for defense had become burdensome to New York. It was believed that to ask aid for the common defense from Penn, with his peace principles, would be fniitless, but that through the influence of Gov. Fletcher, as executive, an appropriation might be secured. Upon receiving his commission, Gov. Fletcher sent a note, dated April 19, 1693, to Deputy Gov. Lloyd, informing him of the grant of the royal commis- sion and of his intention to visit the colony and assume authority on the 29th inst. He accordingly came with great pomp and splendor, attended by a numerous retinue, and soon after his arrival, submission to him having been accorded without question, summoned the Assembly. Some differences having arisen between the Governor and the Assembly about the manner of calling and electing the Representatives, certain members united in an address to the Gov- ernor, claiming that the constitution and laws were still in full force and must be administei'ed until altered or repealed; that Pennsylvania had just as good a right to be governed according lo the usages of Pennsylvania as New York had to be governed according to the usages of that province. The Leg- islature being finally organized, Gov. Fletcher presented a letter from the Queen, setting forth that the expense for the preservation and defense of Albany against the French was intolerable to the inhabitants there, and that as this was a frontier to other colonies, it was thought but just that they should help bear the burden. The Legislature, in firm but respectful terms, maintained that the constitution and laws enacted under them were in full force, and when he, having flatly denied this, attempted to intimidate them by the threat of annexing Pennsylvania to New York, they mildly but firmly requested that if the Governor had objections to the bill which they had passed and would communicate them, they would try to remove them. The business was now amicably adjusted, and he in compliance with their wish dissolved the Assembly, and after appointing William Markham Lieutenant Governor, departed to his government in New York, doubtless well satisfied that a Quaker, though usu- ally mild mannered, is not easily frightened or coerced. Gov. Fletcher met the Assembly again in March, 1694, and during this session, having apparently failed in his previous endeavors to induce the Assem- bly to vote money for the common defense, sent a communication setting forth the dangers to be apprehended from the French and Indians, aud concluding in these words : "That he considered their principles ; that they could not carry arms nor levy money to make war, though for their own defense, yet he hoped that they would not refuse to feed the hungry and clothe the naked; that was to supply the Indian nations with such necessaries as may influence their contin- ued friendship to their provinces." But notwithstanding the adroit sugar- coating of the pill, it was not acceptable and no money was voted. This and a brief session in September closed the Governorship of Pennsylvania by Fletcher. It would appear from a letter written by Penn, after hearing of the neglect of the Legislature to vote money for the purpose indicated, that he took an entirely different view of the subject from that which was antici- pated; for he blamed the colony for refusing to send money to New York for what he calls the common defense. Through the kind offices of Lords Rochestei , Raaelagh, Sidney and Somers, the Duke of Buckingham and Sir John Trenchard, the king was asked to hear the case of William Penn, against whom no charge was proven, and who would two years before have gone to his colony had he not supposed that he would have been thought to go in defiance of the government. King William HISTORY OF PENNSVLVANIA. 69 answered that William Penn was his old acquaintance as well as theirs, that he might follow his business as freely as ever, and that he had nothing to say to him. Penn was accordingly reinstated in his government by letters patent dated on the 20th of August, 1694, whereupon he commissioned William Mark- ham Lieutenant Governor. When Markham called the Assembly, he disregarded the provisions of the charter, assuming that the removal of Penn had annulled the grant. The Assembly made no objection to this action, as there were provisions in the old charter that they desired to have changed. Accordingly, when the appropria- tion bill was considered, a new constitution was attached to it and passed. This was approved by Markham and became the organic law, the third consti- tution adopted under the charter of King Charles. By the provisions of this instrument, the Council was composed of twelve members, and the Assembly of twenty-four. During the war between France and England, the ocean swarmed with the privateers of the former. When peace was declared, many of these crafts, which had richly profited by privateering, were disposed to con- tinue their irregular practices, which was now piracy. Judging that the peace principles of the Quakers would shield them from forcible seizure, they were accustomed to run into the Delaware for safe harbor. Complaints coming of the depredations of these parties, a proclamation was issued calling on magistrates and citizens to unite in breaking up practices so damaging to the good name of the colony. It was charged in England that evil-disposed per- sons in the province were privy to these practices, if not parties to it, and that the failure of the Government to break it up was a proof of its inefficiency, and of a radical defect of the principles on which it was based. Penn was much exercised by these charges, and in his letters to the Lieutenant Governor and to his friends in the Assembly, urged ceaseless vigilance to effect reform. CHAPTER YIIL William Penn, 1699-1701— Andrew Hamilton. 1701-3— Edward Shippen 1703-4— John Evans, 1704-9— Charles Gookin, 1709-17. BEING free from harassing persecutions, and in favor at court, Penn de- termined to remove with his family to Pennsylvania, and now with the ex- pectation of living and dying here. Accordingly, in July, 1699, he set sail, and, on account of adverse winds, was three months tossed about upon the ocean. Just before his arrival in his colony, the yellow fever raged there with great virulence, having been brought thither from the West Indies, but had been checked by the biting frosts of autumn, and had now disappeared. An observant traveler, who witnessed the effects of this scourge, writes thus of it in his journal: " Great was the majesty and hand of the Lord. Great was the fear that fell upon all flesh. I saw no lofty nor airy countenance, nor heard any vain jesting to move men to laughter, nor witty repartee to raise mirth, nor extravagant feasting to excite the lusts and desires of the flesh above measure; but every face gathered paleness, and many hearts were hum- bled, and countenances fallen and sunk, as such that waited every moment to be summoned to the bar and numbered to the grave. " Great joy was everywhere manifested throughout the province at the arnv- 70 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. al of the proprietor and his family, fondly believing that he had now come to stay. He met the Assembly soon after landing, but, it being an inclement season, he only detained them loQg enough to pass two measures aimed against piracy and illicit trade, exaggerated reports of which, having been spread broadcast through the kingdom, had caused him great uneasiness and vexation. At the first monthly meeting of Friends in 1700, he laid before them his concern, which was for the welfare of Indians and Negroes, and steps were taken to instruct them and provide stated meetings for them where they could hear the Word. It is more than probable that he had fears from the first that his enemies in England would interfere in his affairs to such a degree as to re- quire his early return, though he had declared to his friends there that he never expected to meet them again. His greatest solicitude, consequently, was to give a charter to his colony, and also one to his city, the very best that human ingenuity could devise. An experience of now nearly twenty years would be likely to develop the weaknesses and impracticable provisions of the first constitutions, so that a frame now drawn with all the light of the past, and by the aid and suggestion of the men who had been employed in admin- istering it, would be likely to be enduring, and though he might be called hence, or be removed by death, their work would live on from generation to generation and age to age, and exert a benign and preserving influence while the State should exist. In February, 1701, Penn met the most renowned and powerful of the In- dian chieftains, reaching out to the Potomac, the Susquehanna and to the Ononda- goes of the Five Nations, some forty in number, at Philadelphia, where he renewed with them pledges of peace and entered into a formal treaty of active friendship, binding them to disclose any hostile intent, confirm sale of lands, be governed by colonial law, all of which was confirmed on the part of the In- dians "by five parcels of skins;" and on the part of Penn by " several English goods and merchandises," Several sessions of the Legislature were held in which great harmony pre- vailed, and much attention was giving to revising and recomposing the consti- tution. BiTt in the midst of their labors for the improvement of the organic law, intelligence was brought to Penn that a bill had been introduced in the House of Lords for reducing all the proprietary governments in America to regal ones, under pretence of advancing the prerogative of the crown, and the national advantage. Such of the owners of land in Pennsylvania as hap- pened to be in England, remonstrated against action upon the bill until Penn could return and be heard, and wrote to him urging his immediate coming hither. Though much to his disappointment and sorrow, he determined to go immediately thither. He promptly called a session of the Assembly, and in his message to the two Houses said, "I cannot think of such a voyage without great reluctancy of mind, having promised myself the quietness of a wilderness. For my heart is among you, and no disappointment shall ever be able to alter my love to the country, and resolution to return, and settle my family and posterity in it. * * Think therefore (since all men are mortal), of some suitable expedient and provision for youi' safety as well in your privi- leges as property. Review again your laws, propose new ones, and you will find me ready to comply with whatsoever may render us happy, by a nearer union of our interests." The Assembly returned a suitable response, and then proceeded to draw up twenty-one articles. The first related to the appoint- ment of a Lieutenant Governor. Penn proposed that the Assembly should choose one. But this they declined, preferring that he should appoint one. Little trouble was experienced in settling everything broached, except the HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 71 union of the province and lower counties. Penn used his best endeavors to reconcile them to the union, but without avail. The new constitation was adopted on the 28th of October, 1701. The instrument provided for the union, but in a supplementary article, evidently granted with great reluctance, it was provided that the province and the territories might be separated at any time within three years. As his last act before leaving, he presented the city of Philadelphia, now grown to be a considerable place, and always an object of his a£fectionate regard, with a charter of privileges. As his Deputy, he ap- pointed Andrew Hamilton, one of the proprietors of East New Jersey, and sometime Governor of both East and West Jersey, and for Secretary of the province and^ Clerk of the Council, he selected James Logan, a man of sin- gular urbanity and strength of mind, and withal a scholar. Penn set sail for Europe on the 1st of November, 1701. Soon after his arrival, on the 18th of January, 1702, King William died, and Anne of Den- mark succeeded him. He now found himself in favor at court, and that he might be convenient to the royal residence, he again took lodgings at Kensing- ton. The bill which had been pending before Parliament, that had given him so much uneasiness, was at the succeeding session dropped entirely, and was never again called up. During his leisure hours, he now busied himself in writiDg ' ' several useful and excellent treatises on divers subjects." Gov. Hamilton's administration continued only till December, 1702, when he died. He was earnest in his endeavors to induce the territories to unite with the province, they having as yet not accepted the new charter, alleging that they had three years in which to make their decision, but without success. He also organized a military force, of which George Lowther was commander, for the safety of the colony. The executive authorit}> now devolved upon the Council, of which Edward Shippen was President. Conflict of authority, and contention over the due in- terpretation of some provisions of the new charter, prevented the accomplish- ment of much, by way of legislation, in the Assembly which convened in 1703: though in this body it was finally determined that the lower counties should thereafter act separately in a legislative capacity. This separation proved final, the two bodies never again meeting in common. Though the bill to govern the American Colonies by regal authority failed, yet the clamor of those opposed to the proprietary Governors was so strong that an act was finally passed requiring the selection of deputies to have the royal assent. Hence, in choosing a successor to Hamilton, he was obliged to consider the Queen's wishes. John Evans, a man of parts, of Welsh extrac- tion, only twenty-six years old, a member of the Queen's household, and not a Quaker, nor even of exemplary morals, was appointed, who arrived in the col- ony in December, 1703. He was accompanied by William Penn, Jr., who was elected a member of the Council, the number having been increased by author- ity of the Governor, probably with a view to his election. The first care of Evans was to unite the province and lower counties, though the final separation had been agreed to. He presented the matter so well that the lower counties, from which the difficulty had always come, were willing to return to a firm union. But now the provincial Assembly, having become impatient of the obstacles thrown in the way of legislation by the dele- gates from these counties, was unwilling to receive them. They henceforward remained separate in a legislative capacity, though still a part of Pennsylvania, under the claim of Penn, and ruled by the same Governor, and thus they con- tinued until the 20th of September, 1776, when a constitution was adopted, and they were proclaimed a separate State under the name of Delaware. 72 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. During two years of the government of Evans, there was ceaseless discord be- tween the Council, headed by the Governor and Secretary Logan on the one side, and the Assembly led by David Lloyd, its Speaker, on the other, and little legislation was effected. Realizing the defenseless condition of the colony, Evans determined to organize the militia, and accordingly issued his proclamation. "In obedience to her Majesty's royal command, and to the end that the inhabitants of this government may be in a posture of defense and readiness to withstand and repel all acts of hostility, I do hereby strictly command and require all per- sons residing in this government, whose persuasions will, on any account, per- mit them to take up arms in their own defense, that forthwith they do pro- vide themselves with a good firelock and ammunition, in order to enlist them- selves in the militia, which I am now settling in this government. " The Gov- ernor evidently issued this proclamation ia good faith, and with a pure pur- pose. The French and Indiana had assumed a threatening aspect upon the north, and while the other colonies had assisted New York liberally, Pennsylvania had done little or nothing for the common defense. But his call fell stillborn. The " fire-locks" were not brought out, and none enlisted. Disappointed at this lack of spirit, and embittered by the factious temper of the Assembly, Evans, who seems not to have had faith in the religious prin- ciples of the Quakers, and to have entirely mistook the natm-e of their Christian zeal, formed a wild scheme to test their steadfastness under the pressure of threatened danger. In conjunction with his gay associates in revel, he agreed to have a false alarm spread of the approach of a hostile force in the river, whereupon he was to raise the alarm in the city. Accordingly, on the day of the fair in Philadelphia, 16th of March, 1706, a messenger came, post haste from New Castle, bringing the startling intelligence that an armed fleet of the enemy was already in the river, and making their way rapidly toward the city. Whereupon Evans acted his part to a nicety. He sent emissaries through the town proclaiming the dread tale, while he mounted his horse, and in an ex- cited manner, and with a drawn sword, rode through the streets, calling upon all good men and true to rush to arms for the defense of their homes, their wives and children, and all they held dear. The ruse was so well played that it had an immense effect. " The suddenness of the surprise,'' says Proud, " with the noise of precipitation consequent thereon, threw many of the people into very great fright and consternation, insomuch that it is said some threw their plate and most valuable effects down their wells and little houses; that others hid themselves, in the best manner they could, while many retired further up the river, with what they could most readily carry off; so that some of the creeks seemed full of boats and small craft; those of a larger size running as far as Burlington, and some higher up the river; several women are said to have miscarried by the fright and terror into which they were thrown, and much mischief ensued." The more thoughtful of the people are said to have understood the deceit from the first, and labored to allay the excitement; but the seeming earnestness of the Governor and the zeal of his emissaries so worked upon the more inconsiderate of the population that the consternation and commotion was almost past belief. In an almanac published at Philadelphia for the next year opposite this date was this distich: "Wise men wonder, good men grieve. Knaves invent and fools believe." Though this ruse was played iipon all classes alike, yet it was generally believed to have been aimed chiefly at the Quakers, to try the force of thoir HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 73 principles, and see if they would not rush to arms when danger should really appear. But in this the Governor was disappointed. For it is said that only- four out of the entire population of this religious creed showed any disposition to falsify their faith. It was the day of their weekly meeting, and regardless of the dismay and consternation which were everywhere manifest about them, they assembled in their accustomed places of worship, and engaged in their devotions as though nothing unusual was transpiring without, manifesting such unshaken faith, as Whittier has exemplified in verse by his Abraham Davenport, on the occasion of the Dark Day : ', Meanwhile in the old State House, dim as ghosts, ' Sat the law-givers of Connecticut, Trembling beneath their legislative robes. 'It is the Lord's areat day! Let us adjourn,' Some said; and then, as with one accord, All eyes were turned on Abraham Davenport. He rose, slow, cleaving with his steady voice The intolerable hush. ' This well may be The Day of Judgment which the world awaits; But be It so or not, I only know My present duty, and my Lord's command To occupy till He come. So at the post. Where He hath set me in His Providence, I choose, for one, to meet Him face to face. No faithless servant frightened from ray task. But ready when the Lord of the harvest calls; And therefore, with all reverence, I would say, Let God do His work, we will see to ours. ^^ Bring in the candles.' And they brought them in. In conjunction with the Legislature of the lower counties, Evans was in- strumental in having a law passed for the imposition of a tax on the tonnage of the river, and the erection of a fort near the town of New Castle for com- pelling obedience. This was in direct violation of the fundamental compact, and vexatious to commerce. It was at length forcibly resisted, and its impo- sition abandoned. His administration was anything but efficient or peaceful, a series of contentions, of charges and counter -charges having been kept up between the leaders of the two factions, Lloyd and Logan, which he was pow- erless to properly direct or control. " He was relieved in 1709. Possessed of a good degree of learning and refinement, and accustomed to the gay society of the British metropolis, he found in the grave and serious habits of the Friends a type of life and character which he failed to comprehend, and with which he could, consequently, have little sympathy. How widely he mistook the Quaker character is seen in the result of his wild and hair-brained experi- ment to test their faith. His general tenor of life seems to have been of a piece with this. Watson says: 'The Indians of Connestoga complained of him when there as misbehaving to their women, and that, in 1709, Solomon Cresson, going his rounds at night, entered a tavern to suppress a riotous as- sembly,' and found there John Evans, Esq., the Governor, who fell to beat- ing Cresson.' " The youth and levity of Gov. Evans induced the proprietor to seek for a successor of a more sober and sedate character. He had thought of proposing his son, but finally settled upon Col. Charles Gookin, who was reputed to be a man of wisdom and prudence, though as was afterward learned, to the sorrow of the colony, he was subject to fits of derangement, which toward the close of his term were exhibited in the most extravagant acts. He had scarcely ar- rived in the colony before charges were preferred against the late Governor, and he was asked to institute criminal proceedings, which he declined. This 74 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. was the occasion of a renewal of contentions between the Governor and his Council and the Assembly, which continued during the greater part of his ad- ministration. In the midst of them. Logan, who was at the head of the Coun- cil, having demanded a trial of the charges against him, and failed to secure one, sailed for Europe, where he presented the difficulties experienced in ad- ministering the government so strongly, that Penn was seriously inclined to sell his interest in the colony. He had already greatly crippled his estate by expenses he had incurred in making costly presents to the natives, and in set- tling his colony, for which he had received small return. In the year 1707, he had become involved in a suit in chancery with the executors of his former steward, in the course of which he was confined in the Old Baily during this and a part of the following year, when he was obliged to mortgage his colony in the sum of £6,600 to relieve himself. Foreseeing the great consequence it would be to the crown to buy the rights of the proprietors of the several English colonies in America before they would grow too powerful, negotia- tions had been entered into early in the reign of William and Mary for their purchase, especially the *'tine province of Mr. Penn." Borne down by these troubles, and bv debts and litigations at home, Penn seriously entertained the proposition to sell in 1712, and offered it for £20,000. The sum of £12,000 was offered on the part of the crown, which was agreed upon, but before the necessary papers were executed, he was stricken down with apoplexy, by which he was incapacitated for transacting any business, and a stay was put to fur- ther proceedings until the Queen should order an act of Parliament for con- summating the purchase. It is a mournful spectacle to behold the great mind and the great heart of Penn reduced now in his declining years, by the troubles of government and by debts incurred in the bettering of his colony, to this enfeebled condition. He was at the moment writing to Logan on public affairs, when his hand was suddenly seized by lethargy in the beginning of a sentence, which he never finished. His mind was touched by the disease, which he never recovered, and after lingering for six years, he died on the 30th of May, 1718, in the seventy- foui'th year of his age. With great power of intellect, and a religious devotion scarcely matched in all Christendom, he gave himself to the welfare of mankind, by securing civil and religious liberty through the operations of organic law. Though not a lawyer by profession, he drew frames of govern- ment and bodies of laws which have been the admiration of succeeding gener- ations, and are destined to exert a benign influence in all future time, and by his discussions with Loi'd Baltimore and before the Lords in Council, he showed himself familiar with the abstruse principles of law. Though but a private person and of a despised sect, he was received as the friend and confi- dential advisee of the ruling sovereigns of England, and some of the princi- ples which give luster to British law were engrafted there through the influ- ence of the powerful intellect and benignant heart of Penn. He sought to know no philosophy but that promulgated by Christ and His disciples, and this he had sounded to its depths, and in it were anchored his ideas of public law and private and social living. The untamed savage of the forest bowed in meek and loving simplicity to his mild and resistless sway, and the members of the Society of Friends all over Europe flocked to his City of Brotherly Love. His prayers for the welfare of his people are the beginning and ending of all his public and private correspondence, and who will say that they have not been answered in the blessings which have attended the commonwealth of his founding? And will not the day of its greatness be when the inhabitants, throughout all its borders shall return to the peaceful and loving spirit of HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 75 Penn ? In the midst of a licentious court, and with every prospect of advance- ment in its sunshine and favor, inheriting a great name and an independent patrimony, he turned aside from this brilliant track to make common lot with a pctor sect under the ban of Government; endured stripes and imprisonment and loss of property; banished himself to the wilds of the American continent that he might secure to his people those devotions which seemed to them re- quired by their Maker, and has won for himself a name by the simple deeds of love and humble obedience to Christian mandates which shall never perish. Many have won renown by deeds of blood, but fadeless glory has come to William Penn by charity. CHAPTER IX. Sir William Keith, 1717-33— Patrick Gordon, 1726-36— James Logan, 1736-38 —George Thomas, 1738^7— Anthony Palmer, 1747-48— James Hamilton, 1748-54. IN 1712, Penn had made a will, by which he devised to his only surviving son, William, by his first marriage, all his estates in England, amounting to some twenty thousand pounds. By his first wife, Gulielma Maria Springett, he had issue of three sons — William, Springett and William, and four daugh- ters — Gulielma, Margaret, Gulielma and Letitia; and by his second wife, Hannah Callowhill, of four sons — John, Thomas, Richard and Dennis. To his wife Hannah, who survived him, and whom he made the sole executrix of his will, he gave, for the equal benefit of herself and her children, all his personal estate in Pennsylvania and elsewhere, after paying all debts, and alloting ten thousand acres of land in the Province to his daughter Letitia, by his first marriage, and each of the three children of his son William. Doubts having arisen as to the force of the provisions of this will, it was finally determined to institute a suit in chancery for its determination. Before a decision was reached, in March, 1720, William Penn, Jr., died, and while still pending, his son Springett died also. During the long pendency of this litigation for nine years, Hannah Penn, as executrix of the will, assumed the proprietary powers, issued instructions to her Lieutenant Governors, heard complaints and settled difficulties with the skill and the assurance of a veteran diplomatist. In 1727, a decision was reached that, upon the death of William Penn, Jr., and his son Springett, the proprietary rights in Pennsylvania de- scended to the three surviving sons — John, Thomas and Richard — issue by the second marriage; and that the proprietors bargain to sell his province to the crown for twelve thousand pounds, made in 1712, and on which one thousand pounds had been paid at the confirmation of the sale, was void. Whereupon the three sons became the joint proprietors. A year before the death of Penn, the lunacy of Gov. Gookin having be- come troublesome, he was succeeded in the Government by Sir William Keith. a Scotchman who had served as Surveyor of Customs to the English Govern ment, in which capacity he had visited Pennsylvania previously, and knew something of its condition. He was a man of dignified and commanding bearing, endowed with cunning, of an accommdating policy, full of faithful promises, and usually found upon the stronger side. Hence, upon his arrival in the colony, he did not summon the Assembly immediately. 76 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. assigning as a reason in his first message that he did not wish to inconvenience the country members by calling them in harvest time. The disposition thus manifested to favor the people, and his advocacy of popular rights on several occasions in opposition to the claims of the proprietor, gave great satisfaction to the popular branch of the Legislature which manifested its appreciation of his conduct by votiug him liberal salaries, which had often been withheld from his less accommodating predecessors. By his artful and insinuating policy, he induced the Assembly to pass two acts which had previously met with un- compromising opposition — one to establish a Court of Equity, with himself as Chancellor, the want of which had been seriously felt; and another, for organ- izing the militia. Though the soil was fruitful and produce was plentiful, yet, for lack of good markets, and on account of the meagerness of the cir- culating medium, prices were very low, the toil and sweat of the husbandman being little rewarded, and the taxes and payments on land were met with great difficulty. Accordingly, arrangements were made for the appointment of in- spectors of provisions, who, from a conscientious discharge of duty, soon caused the Pennsylvania brands of best products to be much sought for, and to command ready sale at highest prices in the West Indies, whither most of the surplus produce was expi)rted. A provision was also made for the issue (jf a limited amount of paper money, on the establishment of ample securities, which tended to raise the value of the products of the soil and of manufact- ures, and encourage industry. By the repeated notices of the Governors in their messages to the Legis- lature previous to this time, it is evident that Indian hostilities had for some- time been threatened. The Potomac was the dividing line between the Northern and Southern Indians. But the young men on either side, when out in pursuit of game, often crossed the line of the river into the territory of the other, when fierce altercations ensued. This troiible had become so violent in 1719 as to threaten a great Indian war, in which the pow- erful confederation, known as the Five Nations, would take a hand. To avert this danger, which it was foreseen would inevitably involve the defenseless familes upon the frontier, and perhaps the entire colony, Gov. Keith determined to use his best exertions. He accordingly made a toilsome journey in the spring of 1721 to confer with the Governor of Virginia and endeavor to employ by concert of action such means as would allay further cause of contention. His policy was well devised, and enlisted the favor of the Governor. Soon after his return, he summoned a council of Indian Chieftains to meet him at Conestoga, a point about seventy miles west of Philadelphia. He went in considerable pomp, attended by some seventy or eighty hor.seraen, gaily caparisoned, and many of them armed, arriving about noon, on the 4th of July, not then a day of more note than other days. He went immediately to Capt. Civility's cabin, where were assembled four deputies of the Five Nations and representatives of other tribes. The Gov- ernor said that he had come a long distance from home to see and speak to representatives of the Five Nations, who had never met the Governor of Penn- sylvania. They said in reply that they had heard much of the Governor, and would have come sooner to pay him their respects, but that the wild conduct of some of their young men had made them ashamed to show their faces. In the formal meeting in the morning, Ghesaont, chief of the Senecas, spoke for all the Five Nations. He said that they now felt that they were speaking to the same effect that they would were William Penn before them, that they had not forgotten Penn, nor the treaties made with him, and the good advice he gave them; that though they could not write as do the English, yet they could keep HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 77 all these transactions fresh in their memories. After laying down a belt of wampum upon the table as if by way of emphasis, he began again, declaring that "all their disorders arose from the ase of rum and strong spirits, which took away their sense and memory, that they had no such liquors," and desired that no more be sent among them. Here he produced a bundle of dressed skins, by which he would say, "you see how much in earnest we are upon this matter of furnishing fiery liquors to us." Then he proceeds, declaring that the Five Nations remember all their ancient treaties, and they now desire that the chain of friendship may be made so strong that none of the links may ever be broken. This may have been a hint that they wanted high-piled and valuable presents; for the Quakers had made a reputation of brightening and strengthening the chain of friendship by valuable presents which had reached so far away as the J'ive Nations. He then produces a bundle of raw skins, and observes ' ' that a chain may contract rust with laying and become weaker; wherefore, he desires it may now be so well cleaned as to remain brighter and stronger than ever it was before." Here he presents another par- cel of skins, and continues, "that as in the firmament, all clouds and dark- ness are removed from the face of the sun, so they desire that all misunder- standings may be fully done away, so that when they, who are now here, shall be dead and gone, their whole people, with their children and posterity, may en- joy the clear sunshine with us forever." Presenting another bundle of skins, he says, "that, looking upon the Governor as if William Penn were present, they desire, that, in case any disorders should hereafter happen between their young people and ours, we would not be too hasty in resenting any such acci- dent, until their Council and ours can have some opportunity to treat amicably upon it, and so to adjust all matters, as that the friendship between us may still be inviolably preserved." Here he produces a small parcel of dressed skins, and concludes by saying "that we may uow be together as one people, treating one another's children kindly and affectionately, that they are fully empowered to speak for the Five Nations, and they look upon the Governor as the representative of the Great King of England, and therefore they expect that everything now stipulated will be made absolutely firm and good on both sides." And now he presents a different style of present and pulls out a bundle of bear skins, and proceeds to put in an item of complaint, that " they get too little for their skins and furs, so that they cannot live by hunting ; they desire us, therefore, to take compassion on them, and contrive some way to help them in that particular. Then producing a few furs, he speaks only for himself, " to acquaint the Governor, that the Five Nations having heard that the Governor of Virginia wanted to speak with them, he himself, with some of his company intended to proceed to Virginia, but do not know the way how to get safe thither." To this formal and adroitly conceived speech of the Seneca chief, Gov. Keith, after having brought in the present of stroud match coats, gunpowder, lead, biscuit, pipes and tobacco, adjourned the council till the following day, when, being assembled at Conestoga, he answered at length the items of the chieftain's speech. His most earnest appeal, however, was made in favor of peace. " I have persuaded all my [Indian] brethren, in these parts, to con- sider what is for their good, and not to go ouc any more to war ; but your young men [Five Nations] as they come this way, endeavor to force them ; and, because they incline to the counsels of peace, and ihe good advice of their true friends, your people use them ill, and often prevail with them to go out to their own destruction. Thus it was that their town of Conestoga lost their good king not long ago. Their young children are left without parents j 78 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. their wives without husbands ; the old men, contrary to the course of nature, mourn the death of their young ; the people decay and grow weak ; we lose our dear friends and are afflicted. Surely you cannot propose to get either riches, or possessions, by going thus out to war ; for when you kill a deer, you have the flesh to eat, and the skin to sell ; but when you return from war, you bring nothing liome, but the scalp of a dead man, who perhaps was husband to a kind wife, and father to tender children, who never wronged you, though, by losing him, you have robbed them of their help and protection, and at the same time got nothing by it. If I were not your friend, I would not take the trouble to say all these things to you." When the Governor had concluded his address, he called the Senaca chieftain (Ghesaont) to him, and presented a gold coronation medal of King George I, which he requested should be taken to the monarch of the Five Nations, " Kannygooah," to be laid up and kept as a token to our children's children, that an entire and lasting friendship is now established forever betweon the English in this country and the great Five Nations." Upon the return of the Governor, he was met at the upper ferry of the Schuylkill, by the Mayor and Aldermen of the city, with about two hun- dred horse, and conducted through the streets after the manner of a conqueror of old returning from the scenes of his triumphs. Gov. Keith gave diligent study to the subject of finance, regulating the currency in such a way that the planter should have it in his power to dis- charge promptly his indebtedness to the merchant, that their mutual interests might thus be subserved. He even proposed to establish a considerable settle- ment on his own account in the colony, in order to carry on manufactures, and thus consume the grain, of which there was at this time abundance, and no profitable market abroad. In the spring of 1722, an Indian was barbarously murdered within the limits of the colony, which gave the Governor great concern. After having cautioned red men so strongly about keeping the peace, he felt that the honor of himself and all his people was compromised by this vile act. He immedi- ately commissioned James Logan and John French to go to the scene of the murder above Conestoga, and inquire into the facts of the case, quickly appre- hended the supposed murderers, sent a fast Indian runner (Satcheecho), to acquaint the Five Nations with his sorrow for the act, and of his determination to bring the guilty parties to justice, and himself set out with three of his Council (Hill, Norris and Hamilton), for Albany, where he had been invited by the Indians for a conference with the Governors of all the colonies, and where he met the chiefs of the Five Nations, and treated with them upon the subject of the murder, besides making presents to the Indians. It was on this occasion that the grand sachem of this great confederacy made that noble, and generous, and touching response, so different from the spirit of revenge generally attributed to the Indian character. It is a notable example of love that begets love, and of the mild answer that turneth away wrath. He said : " The great king of the Five Nations is sorry for the death of the Indian that was killed, for he was of his own flesh and blood. He believes that the Governor is also sorry ; but, now that it is done, there is no help for it, and he desires that Cartlidge [the mui'derer] may not be put to death, nor that he should be spared for a tima, and afterward executed ; one life is enough to be lost ; there should not two die. The King's heart is good to the Governor and all the English." Though Gov. Keith, during the early part of his term, pursued a pacific policy, yet the interminable quarrels which had been kept up between the As- sembly and Council during previous administrations, at length broke out with /^^nx^^c/y^;^^-//r?^^i^ HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 81 more virulence than ever, and he who in the first flush of power had declared "That he should pass no laws, nor transact anything of moment relating to the public afifairs without the advice and approbation of the Council," took it upon himself finally to act independently of the Council, and even went so far as to dismiss the able and trusted representative of the proprietary inter- ests, James Logan, President of the Council and Secretary of the Province, from the duties of his high office, and even refused the request of Hannah Penn, the real Governor of the province, to re-instate him. This unwarranta- ble conduct cost him his dismissal from office in July, 1726. Why he should have assumed so headstrong and unwarrantable a course, who had promised at the first so mild and considerate a policy, it is difficult to understand, unless it be the fact that he found that the Council was blocking, by its obstinacy, wholesome legislation, which he considered of vital importance to the pros- perity of the colony, and if, as he alleges, he found that the new constitution only gave the Council advisory and not a voice in executive power. The administration of Gov. Keith was eminently successful, as he did not hesitate to grapple with important questions of judicature, finance, trade, commerce, and the many vexing relations with the native tribes, and right manfully, and judiciously did he efifect their solution. It was at a time when the colony was tilling up rapidly, and the laws and regulations which had been found ample for the management of a few hundred families struggling for a foothold in the forest, and when the only traffic was a few skins, were entirely inadequate for securing protection and prosperity to a seething and jostling population intent on trade and commerce, and the conflicting interests which required wise legislation and prudent management. No colony on the Ameri- can coast made such progress in numbers and improvement as did Pennsylvania during the nine years in which William Keith exercised the Gubernatorial office. Though hot himself a Quaker, he had secured the passage of an act of Assembly, and its royal affirmation for allowing the members of the Quaker sect to wear their hats in court, and give testimony under affirmation instead of oath, which in the beginning of the reign of Queen Anne had been with- held from them. After the expiration of his term of office, he was immedi- ately elected a member of the Assembly, and was intent on being elected Speaker, " and had his support out- doors in a cavalcade of eighty mounted horsemen and the resounding of many guns fired;" yet David Lloyd was elected with only three dissenting voices, the out- door business having perhaps been overdone. Upon the recommendation of Springett Penn, who was now the prospective heir to Pennsylvania, Patrick Gordon wag appointed and confirmed Lieutenant Governor in place of Keith, and arrived in the colony and assumed authority in July, 1726. He had served in the army, and in his first address to the Assembly, which he met in August, he said that as he had been a soldier, he knew nothing of the crooked ways of professed politicians, and must rely on a straightforward manner of transacting the duties devolving upon him. George I died in June, 1727, and the Assembly at its meeting in October prepared and forwarded a congratulatory address to his successor, George II. By the decision of the Court of Chancery in 1727, Hannah Penn's authority over the colony was at an end, the proprietary interests having descended to John, Richard and Thomas Penn, the only surviving sons of William Penn, Sr. This period, from the death of Penn in 1718 to 1727, one of the most pros- perous in the history of the colony, was familiarly known as the " Reign of Hannah and the Boys." Gov. Gordon found the Indian troubles claiming a considerable part of his 5 82 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. attention. In 1728, worthless bands, who had strayed away from their proper tribes, incited by strong drink, had become implicated in disgraceful broils, in which several were killed and wounded. The guilty parties were apprehended, but it was found difficult to punish Indian offenders without incurring the wrath of their relatives. Treaties were frequently renewed, on which occa- sions the chiefs expected that the chain of friendship would be polished " with English blankets, broadcloths and metals." The Indians found that this "brightening the chain" was a profitable business, which some have been un- charitable enough to believe was the moving cause of many of the Indian diffi- culties. As early as 1732, the French, who were claiming all the ten*itory drained by the IMississippi and its tributaries, on the ground of priority of discovery of its mouth and exploration of its channel, commenced erecting trading posts in Pennsylvania, along the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, and invited the Indians living on these streams to a council for concluding treaties with them at Mon- treal, Canada. To neutralize the influence of the French, these Indians were summoned to meet in council at Philadelphia, to renew treaties of friendship, and they were invited to remove farther east. But this they were unwill- ing to do. A treaty was also concluded with the Six Nations, in which they pledged lasting friendship for the English. Hannah Penn died in 1733, when the Assembly, supposing that the pro- prietary power was still in her hands, refused to recognize the power of Gov. Gor- don. But the three sons, to whom the proprietary possessions had descended, in 1727, upon the decision of the Chancery case, joined in issuing a new com- mission to Gordon. In approving this commission the King directed a clause to be inserted, expressly reserving to himself the government of the lower counties. This act of the King was the beginning of those series of encroach- ments which finally culminated in the independence of the States of America. The Judiciary act of 1727 was annulled, and this Avas followed by an attempt to pass an act requiring the laws of all the colonies to be submitted to the Crown for approval before they should become valid, and that a copy of all laws previously enacted should be submitted for approval or veto. The agent of the Assembly, Mr. Paris, with the agents of other colonies, made so vigor- ous a defense, that action was for the time stayed. In 1732, Thomas Penn, the youngest son, and two years later, John Penn, the eldest, and the only American born, arrived in the Province, and were re- ceived with every mark of respect and satisfaction. Soon after the arrival of the latter, news was brought that Lord Baltimore had made application to have the Provinces transferred to his colony. A vigorous protest was made against this by Quakers in England, headed by Richard Penn; but lest this protest might prove ineffectual, John Penn very soon went to England to defend the proprietary rights at court, and never again returned, he having died a bach- elor in 1746. In August, 1736, Gov. Gordon died, deeply lamented, as an honest, upright and straightforward executive, a character which he expressed the hope he would be able to maintain when he assumed authority. His term had been one of prosperity, and the colony had grown rapidly in numbers, trade, commerce and manufactures, ship-building especially having assumed ex- tensive proportions. James Logan was President of the Council and in effect Governor, during the two years which elapsed between the death of Gordon and the arrival of his successor. The Legislature met regularly, but no laws were passed for lack of an executive. It was during this period that serious trouble broke out near the Maryland border, west of the Susquehanna, then Lancaster, now HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 83 "Sork County. A number of settlers, in order to evade the payment of taxes, had secured titles to their lands from Maryland, and afterward sought to be reinstated in their riglits under Pennsylvania authority, and plead protection from the latter. The Sheriff of the adjoining Maryland County, with 300 followers, advanced to drive these settlers from their homes. On hearing of this movement, Samuel Smith, Sheriff of Lancaster County, with a hastily sum- moned posse, advanced to protect the citizens in their rights. Without a con- flict., an agreement was entered into by both parties to retire. Soon afterward, however, a band of fifty Mary landers again entered the State with the design of driving out the settlers and each securing for himself 200 acres of land. They were led by one Cressap. The settlei's made resistance, and in an en- counter, one of them by the name of Knowles was killed. The Sheriff of Lancaster again advanced with a posse, and in a skirmish which ensued one of the invaders was fiilled, and the leader Cressap was wounded and taken prisoner. The Governor of Maryland sent a commission to Philadelphia to demand the release of the prisoner. Not succeeding in this, he seized four of the settlers and incarcerated them in the jail at Baltimore. Still determined to effect their purpose, a party of Marylanders, under the leadership of one Higginbotham, advanced into Pennsylvania and began a warfare upon the settlers. Again the Sheriff of Lancaster appeared upon the scene, and drove out the invaders. So stubbornly were these invasions pushed and resented that the season passed without planting or securing the usual crops. Finally a party of sixteen Marylanders, led by Richard Lowden, broke into the Lan- caster jail and liberated the Maryland prisoners. Learning of these disturb- ances, the King in Council issued an order restraining both parties from fur- ther acts of violence, and afterward adopted a plan of settlement of the vexed boundary question. Though not legally Governor, Logan managed the affairs of the colony with great prudence and judgment, as he had done and continued to do for a period of nearly a half century. He was a scholar well versed in the ancient languages and the sciences, and published several learned works in the Latin tongue. His Experiment a Meletemata de plantarum generatione, written in Latin, was published at Leyden in 1739, and afterward, in 1747, republished in London, with an English version on the opposite page by Dr. J. Fothergill. Another work of his in Latin was also published at Leyden, entitled, Canonum pro inveniendis refractionum, turn simplicium turn in lentibus duplicimi focis, demonstrationis geonietricae. After retiring from public business, he lived at his country-seat at Stenton, near Germantown, where he spent his time among his books and in correspondence with the literati of Europe. In his old age he made an English translation of Cicero's De Senectute, which was printed at Philadelphia in 1744 with a preface by Benjamin Franklin, then rising into notice. Logan was a Quaker, of Scotch descent, though born in Ireland, and came to America in the ship with William Penn, in his second visit in 1699, when about twenty-five years old, and died at seventy- seven. He had held the ofBces of Chief Commissioner of property. Agent for the purchase and sale of lands, Receiver General, Member of Council, President of Council and Chief Justice. He was the Confidential Agent of Penn, having charge of all his vast estates, making sales of lands, executing conveyances, and making collections. Amidst all the great cares of business so pressing as to make him exclaim, " I know not what any of the comforts of life are," he found time to devote to the delights of learning, and collected a large library of standard works, which he bequeathed, at his death, to the people of Pennsylvania, and is known as the Loganian Library. 84 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. George Thomas, a planter from the West Indies, was appointed Governor in 1737, but did not arrive in the colony till the following year. His first care was to settle the disorders in the Cumberland Valley, and it was finally agreed that settlers from either colony should owe allegiance to the Governor of that colony wherever settled, until the division line which had been provided for was surveyed and marked. War was declared on the 23d of October, 1739, between Great Britain and Spain. Seeing that his colony was liable to be encroached upon by the enemies of his government, he endeavored to organ- ize the militia, but the majority of the Assembly was of the peace element, and it Could not be induced to vote money. Finally he was ordered by the home government to call for volunteers, and eight companies were quickly formed, and sent down for the coast defense. Many of these proved to be servants for whom pay was demanded and finally obtained. In 1740, the great evangelist, Whitetield, visited the colony, and created a deep religious interest among all denominations. In his first intercoiu'se with the Assembly, Gov. Thomas en- deavored to coerce it to his views. But a more stubborn set of men never met in a deliberative body than were gathered in this Assembly at this time. Finding that he could not compel action to his mind, he yielded and con- sulted their views and decisions. The Assembly, not to be outdone in mag- nanimity, voted him £1,500 arrearages of salary, which had been withheld be- cause he would not approve their legislation, asserting that public acts should take precedence of appi'opriations for their own pay. In March, 1744, war was declared between Great Britain and France. Volunteers were called for, and 10,000 men were rapidly enlisted and armed at their own expense. Franklin, recognizing the defenseless condition of the colony, issued a pamph- let entitled Plain Truth, in which he cogently urged the necessity of organ- ized preparation for defense. Franklin was elected Colonel of one of the regiments, but resigned in favor of Alderman Lawrence. On the 5th of May, 1747, the Governor communicated intelligence of the death of John Penn, the eldest of the proprietors, to the Assembly, and his own intention to retire from the duties of his office on account of declining health. Anthony Palmer was President of the Council at the time of the with- drawal of Gordon, and became the Acting Governor. The peace party in the As- sembly held that it was the duty of the crown of England to protect the colony, and that for the colony to call out volunteers and become responsible for their payment was burdening the people with an expense which did not belong to them, and which the crown was willing to assume. The Frenther deposit of bones was dug up and summarily disposed of as before. Among the skeletons was one of a giant, side by side with a smaller SigE^iV J C.BiJttr^'' -EBIE.EA. April'. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 169 one, probably that of his wife. The arm and le^ bones of this native Amer- ican Goliath were about one-half longer than those of the tallest man among the laborers; the skull was immensely large; the lower jawbone easily slipped over the face and whiskers of a full-faced man, and the teeth were in a per- fect state of preservation. Another skeleton was dug up in Conneaut Town- ship some years ago which was quite as remarkable in its dimensions. As in the other instance, a comparison was made with the largest man in the neigh- borhood, and the jawbone readily covered his face, while the lower bone of the leg was nearly a foot longer than the one with which it was measured, indi- cating that the man must have been eight to ten feet in height. The bones of a flat head were turned up in the same township some two years ago with a skull of unusual size. Relics of a former time have been gathered in that section by the pailful, and among other curiosities a brass watch was found that was as big as a common saucer. An ancient graveyard was discovered in 1820, on the land now known as the Drs. Carter and Dickinson places in Erie, which created quite a sensation at the time. Dr. Albert Thayer dug up some of the bones, and all indicated a race of beings of immense size. ANCIENT EMBANKMENTS. Equally curious are the pre-historic mounds and circles found in Wayne, Harbor Creek, Conneaut, Girard, Springfield, LeBoeuf, Venango and Fair- view Townships. The principal one in Wayne Township, which is still in a fair state of preservation, is in the valley of the South Branch of French Creek, near the road from Corry to Elgin, and but a short dis- tance east of the large springs which furnish water for the State fish-hatch- ing establishment. It consists of a vast circle of raised earth, surrounded by a trench, from which the earth was unquestionably dug, the whole enclosing about three acres of unbroken ground. The embankment has been much flattened and reduced by the elements, but is still from one to two feet high and from three to four feet wide at the base. "When the first settlers discov- ered it, the intei'ior of the circle was covered with forest trees, and stumps are still to be seen on the embankment, the rings of which represent an age of several hundred years. Half a mile west, a little to the north of the road, on a slight eminence, was another and smaller circle, which has been plowed down, leaving no vestige behind. The circles in other portions of the county are or were similar in their general features, with one exception, to the above. Those in Harbor Creek Township were situated on each side of Four Mile Creek, slightly southeast of the big curve of the Philadelphia & Erie road, on points overlooking and commanding the deep gulf of that stream. The one on the west side of the creek is still in a good state of preservation, but the other has been obliter- ated. The two Conneaut circles were near together, while those in Girard and Springfield, four in number, extended in a direct line from the western part of the former township to the southwestern part of the latter. One of the circles partially occupied the site of the cemetery at East Springfield. In Fairview Township, there was both a circle and a mound, the first at the mouth of Fort Run and the second at Manchester. The latter, at the close of the last century, was about six feet high and fifteen feet in diameter. Somebody had the curiosity to open it, in the hope of finding treasure, but was rewarded with nothing more than a small quantity of decomposed bones. A tree was cut on one of the embankments in Conneaut that had attained the age of 500 years. The circles in LeBceuf and Venango were very much like those above described. 10 170 . HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The position of some of these embankments would seera to favor the idea that they were- provided for warlike purposes, while no speculation of that character is warranted by the location of others. That they were not the work of the Indians, as our fathers knew them, is the only thing of which we can be positively cei'tain. The knowledge we possess of the red men assures us that they had neither the will nor the skill to provide such inclosures, either for defense or as places of worship. Every instinct of the mind impels us to the belief that they are the remains of a superior race to the Indians, who dis- appeared so completely and mysteriously that no trace of their numbers, their habits, their character, their origin, or their destiny exists in history or in tradition. MOKE STRANGE DISCOVERIES. Other evidences of a different population from the red men, as well as of an utterly distinct animal kingdom, have been found in the county. In the year 1825, while one Francis Carnahan was plowing along the lake shore in Harbor Creek Township, he turned up a strange looking bead, which he cleaned and carefully preserved. It fell into the hands of L. G. Olmstead, LL. D., a traveler and archaeologist of some reputation, formerly a resident of Erie City, but later of Fort Edward, N. Y. , who unhesitatingly pronounced it to be one of the celebrated " Chorean beads" of ancient Egypt, and kept it until his death as a relic of rare interest and value. Similar beads taken from tombs near the Nile are in the Egyptian collection in New York City, one other is in a like collection in Boston, and altogether, there are some thirty in the great museums of antiquity in Europe. They were employed in worship and worn as amulets, and were among the most cherished possessions of the ancient people of Pharaoh. Presuming the Harbor Creek bead to be genuine, of which Mr. Olmstead was thoroughly convinced, how came it there and what is its history? To say the least, it adds additional testimony to the proof fur- nished us by the mounds and circles that a race of people inhabited this section anterior to the red men, who were far in advance of them in progress and in- telligence. Who they were, where they came from, and what became of them remains an unsolved problem. The skeletons of extinct species of animals have frequently been found in the county, but perhaps the most extraordinary discovery of that nature was made near Girard Borough in the early part of May, 1880. A man in the employ of Mr. W. H. Palmer, while plowing, turned up some bones of a mammoth, which, upon investigation by scientific persons, were thought to indicate an animal fifteen feet long and from twelve to thirteen feet high. One of the teeth weighed three and a half pounds, having a grinding surface of three and a half by four inches, and pieces of the tusks led to the opinion that they must have Ijeen eight or ten feet long. The most curious feature of the case is that animals of this class at the present day are natives of the tropics and require the equatorial heat and vegetation of the same region to enable them to reach maturity. An equally puzzling revelation occurred some twenty-five years ago in digging a ditch on the Strong place, in Girard Township, near the Springfield line. During the work, a basswood stump was removed, and the men employed at the task were surprised to find beneath it a black ash pole nearly fourteen feet long, sharpened and burned at one end, and smoothed and rounded at the other. The pole lay in a [horizontal position, four feet below the surface of the ground, where it could not have been possibly placed at a recent d ay with out some mark remaininsr of its method of burial. Nothing of the sort was HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. . 171 visible, the earth being clay, as iirmly compacted as if it had been deposited on the spot at the creation of the world. NATURAL CURIOSITIES. "While the county is bare of objects of striking natural interest, such as are usually to be met with in districts of a mountainous character, it still con- tains some curiosities that are worthy of notice. Among these are the immense " gulf s " or gullies through which the lake shore streams descend from the dividing ridges in the south to the level oi the lake. The gulf of Four-Mile Creek, which is partially seen from the cars of the Philadelphia & Erie road at the sharp curve a little east of Erie City, extends from nearthe crossing of the Station road, about half a mile south of Wesleyville, to Ripley's mill, in Greene Township, a distance in a direct line of about four miles, a#d by the course of the stream of about one-half more. Its depth varies friim fifty to a hundred and fifty feet, with sides that are almost perpendicular at some points, and its width is from one to two hundred feet. It is very crooked and irreg- ular, and so dark and gloomy at certain points that the rays of the sun seldom penetrate it, and the grass and leaves are covered with almost perpetual dew. The deepest part is at a spot locally known as Wintergreen Gulf, some four and a half miles southeast of Erie, which has become a popular resort, and richly repays a visit from those who delight in the sublime and curious freaks of nature's handiwork. A.s the creek makes its" way down the "gulf" it is varied by numberless pools and waterfalls, some of which are as pi-etty as the imao-ina- tion can conceive. The "gulf," however, is very dilScnlt to explore, and it will only be when some enterprising person or firm establishes more (jonvenient means of ingress and exit that its interesting features will become generally known. The " gulf '" of Six-Mile Creek, which is wholly in Harbor Creek Township, is very similar to the other, and equally deserving of a visit. It commences about half a mile south of the Buffalo road and terminates a little north of the Station road, being about the same length as the gully of Four Mile Creek. Its deepest and most picturesque point is at the Clark settlement, where the banks are not far from a hundred and fifty feet high. Gulfs of a like nature attend every one of the lake shore streams, but are less picturesque, generally speaking, than the two above named. The most interesting are those of Twelve Mile Creek, near the lake; of Sixteen Mile Creek, on the southern part of North Easi Township; of Twenty-Mile Creek, near the New York line; of Walnut Creek, where it was crossed by the old aqueduct; of Crooked Creek, in Spring- field Township, and of Elk Creek, in the southern part of Fairview Township. In the vicinity of Girard Borough, the gulf of Elk Creek broadens out into a very respectable little valley, which, with its abrupt banks, sparkling streams, richly cultivated farms, and numerous buildings, forms one of the neatest bits of scenery in the county. On Falls Run, a small stream that flows into Elk Creek fi-om Franklin Township, is a cascade, some fifty feet in height, which is said to be quite at- tractive at certain seasons. In Girard Township, south of the borough, is the "DeviTs Backbone," which owes its novelty, as in the other cases mentioned, mainly to the long continued action of water. The West Branch of Elk Creek winds around the base of a ridge for about one fourth of a mile until it reaches its point. This it suddenly turns, and then runs in the opposite direction along the same ridge. The constant washing of the base has reduced the ridge to very slender limits, so that it has a width on top, in some parts, of barely two feet. The summit being about a hundred feet above the bed of the 172 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. creek, and the aides of the ridge nearly perpendicular, few persons have the courage to risk life and limb by venturing along the narrow footway. A. beautiful waterfall formerly existed on the bank of the bay at the mouth of Cascade Run, but was destroyed in the building of the Erie & Pittsburgh Railroad and dock, to the inexpressible regret of many admiring citizens. The mineral spring in Elk Creek Township should not be forgotten in a re- cital of the natural objects of interest in the county. It is situated a mile or more up Frazier's Run, a tiny stream that empties into the East Branch of Con- neaut Creek at Wellsburg, and is reached through a deep, wide and peculiar gorge, which is a favorite spot in that section for picnics and camp meetings. The water is strongly impregnated with iron, and beneficial in several kinds of disease. Neither should the glorious sunsets along the lake shore be omitted in this connection. A gentleman who has traveled over the most attractive sections of Europe informed the writer that he never saw, not even at the most renowned places along the Mediterranean, more charming and inspiring sunsets than he witnessed from the ridges back of Erie during the summer and autumn. The best elevation from which to view the setting of the sun, as well as the lake shore country in general, is from the top of Gospel Hill, south of Wesieyville. but tine views may also be had from Russell Hill, between Erie and Belle Valley, from Nicholson's Hill on the road to Edinboro, and from a point on the Ridge road between Fairview and Girard. CHAPTER YI. Indian History. IN the State Library of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg, are two old French maps, one printed in 1763 and the other in 1768, in which rude at- tempts are made to show the leading geographical features of portions of the United States and Canada. Both represent the south shore of Lake Erie as havino- been peopled by a tribe or nation of Indians known as the " Eriez. " A note on the margin of each reads as follows: " The ancient Eriez were exterminated by the Iroquois upwards of 100 years ago, ever since which time they have been in possession of Lake Erie." On the earliest of the maps the following is printed at a point along the lake between Cleveland and San- dusky. " The seat of war, the mart of trade, and chief hunting grounds of the Sis Nations on the lakes and the Ohio." The information above given in regard to the Eriez is corroborated in a French book printed in 1703, describing the voyages of Le Baron de Lahonton, an adventurous Frenchman, who spent ten years among the Indians, com- mencing in 1683. " The shores of Lake Erie," he says, " are frequented by the Iroquois, the Illinois, the Oumanies, etc., who are so savage that it is a risk to stop with them. The Errieronens and the Andestiguerons, who formerly inhabited the borders of the lake, were exterminated by the Iroquois." Inci- dentally it may be added, he refers to the Massassaugues as a tribe living somewhere near the western end of the lake. The latter are also alluded to in a memoir on the Western Indians, prepared by M. DuChisneau, at Quebec, in 1681. Their principal village, according to this author, was upon a beauti- ful island twelve leagues above Detroit, where they numbered sixty to eighty HISTORY OF ERIE COUI^TY. 173 men. Freqiient reference is also made in the letters and memoirs of French- men who visited this section, to the Flatheads, who would seem to have been settled somewhere south or west of the lake. All of the authorities agree that the date of the extermination of the Eriez was somewhere about 1650. It is claimed by most historians, that the word Eriez was the Indian expression for wild cat, iDut a recent writer contends that " this is a mistake, that it does not mean wild cat, but raccoon. The latter were abundant upon the lake shore, while the former were rarely seen." A French memoir, written in 1718, re- lates that one island in the upper part of the lake was infested to so great an extent by wild cats, that "the Indians killed as many as 900 of them in a very short time." It is possible that the French explorers, from whom the sup- posed meaning of the word has descended to us, mistook raccoons for wild cats. Kecords are in existence which show that the Eriez were visited by French missionaries as early as 1626. They were found to be living on terms of amity with the surrounding warlike tribes, and hence they were designated by the French, "The Neutral Nation." They were governed by a queen, called in their own language, Yagowania, and in the Seneca tongue, Gegosasa, who was regarded as "the mother of nations," and whose office was that of "keeper of the symbolic house of peace." The chief warrior of the tribe was Ragnotha, who had his principal location at Tu-shu-way, now Buffalo. EXTEEMINATION OF THE ERIEZ. The Eriez were able to preserve their neutral character until 1634, when a bloody dissension brc>ke out between the several branches of the Iroquois family. During its progress two Seneca warriors appeared at Gegosasa's lodge and were hospitably received. They were preparing to smoke the pipe of peace when a deputation of Massassaugues was announced, who demanded vengeance for the murder of their chief's son at the hands of the Seneca tribe. This the queen, in her mediatorial capacity, was prompt to grant. She even set out with a large body of warriors to enforce her decree, and dispatched messengers to Ragnotha to command his assistance. The visiting Senecas flew to their friends to notify them of the queen's course, and a body of fight- ing men was hastily gathered in ambush on the road which her army was obliged to travel. The Eriez had no anticipation of trouble at that point, and the first they knew of the presence of the Senecas was when they heard their dreadful war-whoop. The contest that ensued was one of desperation. At first the queen's forces gained the advantage, but the Senecas rallied and com- pelled the Eriez to flee, leaving 600 dead upon the field of battle. No accounts have been preserved of any further hostilities at that time, and it is probable that peace was effected upon the Queen's agreement not to enforce her plan of revenging the grievance of the Massassaugues. The war of extermination between the Eriez and the Iroquois occurred about 1650, and was one of the most cruel in aboriginal history. From the opening it was understood by both sides to mean the utter ruin of one tribe or the other. The Eriez organized a powerful body of warriors and sought to surprise their enemies in their own country. Their plans were thwarted by a faithless woman who secretly gave the Iroquois warning. The latter raised a force and marched out to meet the invaders. The engagement resulted in a complete victory for the Iroquois. Seven times the Eriez crossed the stream dividing the hostile lines and they were as often driven back with terrible loss. On another occasion several hundred Iroquois attacked nearly three times their number of Eriez, encamped near the mouth of French Creek, dispersed them, took many prisoners, and compelled the balance to fly to remote regions. 174 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. In a battle near the site of the Cattauraugas Indian mission house, on the Al- legheny River, the loss of the Eriez was enormoas. Finally a pestilence broke out among the Eriez, which "swept away greater numbers even than the club and arrow." The Iroquois took advantage of their opportunity to end all fear of future trouble from the ill fated Eriez. Those who had been taken captive were, with rare exceptions, remorselessly butchered, and their wives and children were distributed among the Iroquois villages, never again to be restored to their husbands and brothers. The few survivors "fled to dis- tant regions in the West and South, and were followed by the undying hatred of the Iroquois. * * * Their council hre was put out, and their name and language as a tribe lost." Sculptures and embankments on Kelly's Island, in the upper end of the lake, lead to the impression that it may have been the last stronghold of the Eriez. Traces of the tribe were occasionally found by the French Jesuits in their wanderings through the western wilderness. A number were living as helots among the Onondagas of New York. They appealed to the missionaries to aid them in securing their freedom, but abandoned all hope when the request was refused. An early French writer, describing the Chi'istian village of La Prairie, says a portion of the settlement was made up of fugitive Eriez. Students of Indian history are generally of the belief that the tribe was at one time considerably ahead of the other aborigines of North America in pro- gress and intelligence. THE SIX NATIONS. After the extermination of the Eriez, the country on the south side of the lake was possessed by the Iroquois, as they were called by the French, or the Six Nations, as they were known to the Eni^lish. The Six Nations were originally a confederacy of five tribes — the Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, Oneidas and Mohawks — and were then styled the Five Nations. In 1712, the Tuscaroras, being expelled from the interior of North Carolina and Virginia, were adopted as a sixth tribe. Their territory stretched from Vermont nearly to the upper end of Lake Erie, embracing the head-waters of the Allegheny, Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers, and the seat of their " great council tire " was in the Onondaga Valley. The Senecas, who were the most powerful tribe, occupied the western part of the domain, having their headquarters on the Allegheny River, near the line between New York and Pennsylvania. The Indians in the northwestern part of this State were Senecas, intermixed with stray members from each of the other tribes. " The Historical Collections of Penn- sylvania," a very reliable and valuable work, published in 1843, contains the following: " The peculiar location of the Iroquois gave them an immense advantage. On the great channels of water commuaication to which their territories were contig- uous, they were enabled in all directions to carry war and devastation to the neigh- boring or to the more distant nations. Nature had endowed them with height, strength and symmetry of person which distinguished them at a glance among the individuals of other tribes. They were brave as they were strong; but ferocious and cruel when excited in savage warfare; crafty, treacherous and overreaching, when these qualities best suited their purposes. The proceed- ings of their grand council were marked with great decorum and solemnity. In eloquence, in dignity and profound policy, their speakers might well bear comparison with the statesmen of civilized assemblies. By an early alliance with the Dutch on the Hudson they secured the use of firearms, and were thus enabled, not only to repel the encroachments of the French, but also to extermi- nate, or reduce to a state of vassalage, many Indian nations. From these HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 175 they exacted an annual tribute, or acknowledgment of fealty, permitting them however, in that condition, to occupy their former hunting grounds. The humiliation of tributary nations was, Lowever, tempered with a paternal regard for their interests in all negotiations with the whites, and care was taken that no trespass should be committed on their rights, and that they should be justly dealt with." Jean de Lambertville, a French officer in the Indian territory, writing under date of January 10, 1684, said: " Presents, conjoined with kindness, are arms which the Iroquois scarcely ever resist; on the other hand, threats, or even war, would have been equally fatal to the colony. * * The Iroquois is daring, well armed, and makes war like a thief." M. Denonville, writing a year later, said of the various Indian tribes: " The Iroquois are the most for- midable; they daily make prisoners among their neighbors, whose children they carry off at an early age and adopt. " FRENCH AND ENGLISH INTRIGUES. When the French and English began to extend their settlements westward, the lake region was under the full dominion of the Iroquois, with the Senecas as the immediate possessors of the soil. Both nations appreciated the im- portance of having the good will of the Indians, but the adroit French were more successful in winning their friendship than their blunt and less politic competitors. As far back as 1730, the French Indian agent, Joncaire, pene- trated this section, adopted the habits of the natives, became one of their num- ber, and " won them over to the French interest." The French built up a con- siderable trade with the Indians, which yielded an immense profit. It con- sisted largely of beads, knives, trinkets and other articles of small value which were exchanged for skins, and the latter sent to Europe. The English viewed the projects of the French with mingled jealousy and alarm, sent out numer- ous agents, and succeeded in some quarters in estranging the Indians from their rivals, but not to any extended degree. Some of their traders were lo- cated at LeBoeuf (Waterford) when the advance troops of the French reached that point in 1753. Friendly as the Six Nations were toward the French in a commercial sense, they did not take kindly at first to the occupation of their country by armed bodies of the latter. The expedition of Sieur Marin (or Morang), in 1753, and the erection of forts at Presqae Isle and LeBoeuf, worked them up to a spirit of bitter resentment. A delegation of Senecas waited upon that officer at LeBoeuf to inquire of him " by a belt" whether he " was marching with a banner uplifted or to establish tranquillity." He answered that his pur- pose was to support and assist them in their necessities, and to drive away the evil spirits that encompassed them and disturbed the earth, meaning the En- glish. His manner and conduct appeased them, so that the Allegheny River Senecas zealously assisted the French with horses and provisions. Dur- ing the fall of the year, the chiefs of the several tribes bordering on the lake and the Allegheny River were called together at LeBoeuf, told by the French commander that he could advance no further on account of the winter, but would be on hand in the spring with a strong force, and threatened with vengeance if they took sides with the English. On Washington's visit to LeBoeuf, in 1753, he learned that in addition to the Senecas, the Chippeways, Delawares, Chaounans, Ottaways and Orandeeks, tribes in the interior, were all in league with the i'rench; 600 Indians took part with the latter at Brad- dock's defeat. The Indians of Western Pennsylvania were generally favorable to the French throughout the war. 176 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. M, de Vaudreil, in a letter from Montreal, dated August 8, 1756, wrote that " the domiciliated Massassaugues of Presque Isle have been out to the number of ten against the English. They have taken one prisoner and two scalps, and gave them to cover the death of M. de St. Pierre." This was the officer who commanded at LeBoeuf when Washington was there, and who was killed in battle near Lake George in 1754. A large body of Indians was gathered at Presque Isle in the same year. The small-pox breaking out among them caused so much alarm that they made haste to return to their homes. In 1757, the English seem to have won some of the tribes over to their side, for we learn from the Pennsylvania Archives that the French kept " 100 men in garrison at Presque Isle, being apprehensive that the English and the Indians might attack them there," and by 1759 the nation had reached the conclusion that they could very well dispense with the presence of both. M. de Vaudreil, writing from Montreal, on March ^31 of that year, stated that "There is reason to presume that the Indians would wish there were neither French nor English at the beautiful river (the Allegheny), and that they are heartily tired of the war" — a wish that is not surprising, as they were the greatest sufferers. PONTIAC'S CONSPIKACY, The war closed in 1760, leaving the whole Western country under the do- mination of the English. Presquf Isle was the last of the French forts south of Lake Erie to be abandoned. The parting between the French and the Indians was extremely affecting. The Indians called them their " brethren," and invoked the aid of the Great Spirit to give them a speedy returu. Mat- ters went along in comparative harmony between the English and the Indians for some time, but the latter were never hearty in their friendship. They liked the French better than the English, had been told that they would soon come back, and awaited the event with unconcealed anxiety. This feeling was encouraged by the French agents, and at last led to one of the most wide- spread, successful, and diabolical conspiracies on record. The most powerful and influential of the Western chiefs was the renowned Pontiac, head of the Ottawa tribe. When the English assumed domination of the country he was at first distant and sullen toward them, but in time his prejudices seemed to be conquered, and he even rendered some service that led them to believe that they could rely upon his co-operation. His friendship proved, however, to be assumed, and he was quietly at work fomenting a spirit of hostility among the several tribes, and organizing them for concerted action. His plan in- cluded a union of all the tribes west of the Alleghanies, including the Six Nations. The conspiracy was conducted with siTch secrecy and planned with so much skill, that almost before the English knew that hostile measures were on foot nine of the thirteen western forts had been captured, among the num- ber being Presque Isle. LeBceuf and Venango. Niagara, Pittsburgh and the two other forts were invested, "but withstood the attacks until relief ar- rived from the Eastern settlements." CAPTURE OF LE BCEUF AND PBESQUE ISLE. Fort Le Boeuf was assaulted on the 17th of June, 1763. It was com- manded by Ensign Price, who had a force of thirteen men. Finding it im- possible to hold the post, they crept out at night, managed to elude the savage enemy, and escaped to Pittsburgh, From Le Bceuf the Indians, consisting of about 200 Senecas and Ottawas, marched immediately to Presque Isle, which surrendered on the 22d of the same month. This fort stood upon the bank \ <*^,-, t ry -f£yC^n> HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, 179 of the bay, on a point of land just west of the mouth of Mill Creek, that has been mainly dug away for railroad purposes. The following account of its capture is from Parkman's History of the " Conspiracy of Pontiac: " " There had been hot fighting before Presqu'ile was taken. Could courage have saved it, it never would have fallen. * * At one of its angles was a large block -house, a species of structure much used in the petty forest warfare of the day. It was two stories in height, and solidly built of massive timber; the diameter of the upper story exceeding that of the lower by several feet, so that through the openings in the projecting floor of the former the defend- ers could shoot down upon the heads of an enemy assailing the outer wall below. The roof being covered with shingles mighi easily be set on fire, but to guard against this there was an opening through which the garrison, par- tially protected by a covering of plank, might pour down the water upon the flames. * * And now the defenders could see the Indians throwing up earth and stones behind one of the breastworks; their implacable foes were laboring to undermine the block-house, a sure and insidious expedient, against which there was no defense. There was little leisure to reflect on this new peril, for another, more imminent and horrible, soon threatened them. The barrels of water always kept in the block-house were nearly emptied in extin- guishing the frequent fires, and though there was a well in the parade ground, yet to approach it would be cei'tain death. The only recourse was to dig one in the block-house itself. The floor was torn up, and while some of the men fired their heated muskets from the loopholes to keep the enemy in check, the rest labored with desperate energy at this toilsome and cheerless task. Before it was half completed, the cry of fire was again raised, and, at the imminent risk of life, they tore off the blazing shingles and arrested the danger. By this time, it was evening. The little garrison had fought from earliest day- light without a minute's rest. Nor did darkness bring relief, for the Indians' guns flashed all night long from the intrenchments. They seemed determined to wear out the obstinate defenders by fatigue. While some slept, others in their turn continued the assault, and morning brought fresh dangers. The block-house was fired several times during the day, but they kept up their for- lorn and desperate resistance. The house of the commanding officer sank into glowing embers. The fire on both sides did not cease till midnight, at which hour a voice was heard in French, calling out that further defense was useless, since preparations were made to burn above and below at once. Ensign Christie, the officer in command, demanded if any one spoke English, upon which a man in Indian dress came forward. He had been made a prisoner in the French war, and was now fighting against his own coiintrymen. He said if they yielded they would be saved alive, if not, they would be burned. Christie resolved to hold out as long as a shadow of hope remained, and while some of the garrison slept, the rest watched. They told them to wait until morning. They assented, and suspended their fire. When morning came, they sent out two persons, on pretense of treating, but in reality to learn the truth of the preparations to burn the block-house, whose sides were pierced with bullets and scorched with fire. In spite of the capitulation, they were suiTounded and seized, and, having been detained for some time in the neigh- borhood, were sent as prisoners to Detroit, where Ensign Christie soon made his escape and gained the fort in safety." ANOTHER ACCOUNT OF THE CAPTUBE OF PRESQUE ISLE, A more vivid, shocking, and altogether different account of the affair was written upward of forty years ago by Mr. H. L. Harvey, and has appeared in 180 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. several historical sketches of the county, but, after comparison with the official reports of the day, as published in the Pennsylvania Archives, the present writer is led to believe that Par km an has stated the facts correctly. The account of Mr. Harvey is to the tenor that three Indians appeared at the gate of the fort claiming to be on the way to Niagara with furs — that, upon the pretence that their canoes were bad, and that they wished to sell him their stuff, they in- duced the Ensign in command to visit their camp, a mile east, with his clerk — that, after a due season of absence about a hundred and lifty Indians reached the fort, bearing what appeared to be packs of furs — that, upon being admitted, they drew their tomahawks and rifles, butchered those who resisted, and tor- tured to death those who were taken prisoner — and that only two persons of all the irmates of the fort escaped, the one a soldier who had gone into the woods, and the other a woman who hid in the wash house at the mouth of the creek, was discovered the next day, taken prisoner, and ultimately ransomed. This story, though blood-curdling enough to please the most distempered mind, is hardly consistent with itself, and is not borne out by the official docu- ments. It is said that an occurrence somewhat similar to the account of Mr. Harvey actually transpired at Venango, and his informant, in some way, prob- ably, got the two affairs mised. The history of the event, as given by Park- man, agrees with that of Mr. Thatcher in his "Life of Pontiac." For some time after the capture of the forts, the sparsely settled western country was a "dark and bloody ground" indeed. Hundreds of traders and settlers were shot, tomahawked and scalped, and no mercy was shown even to the women and children. Many babes had tlieir brains knocked out before the eyes of their terror-stricken mothers; many shrieking wives were ravished and murdered in the presence of their tortured and helpless husbands. It was one of the most terrible episodes in border history, and seemed for the time to have ci'ushed out all hope of the advance of civilization into the interior of the country. A covenant with the Indians of New York and Western Pennsylvania was made in the fall of 1763, but hostilities, though not upon an extended scale, were soon renewed. Early in 1764, a British Army of 3,000, under com- mand of Gen. Bradstreet, passed up the lake in canoes. They stopped at Presque Isle and dragged their canoes across the neck of the peninsula to avoid paddling several miles around. After relieving Detroit, Bradstreet returned to Presque Isle, where on the 12th of August, 1764, he made a treaty of peace with the Delawares and Shawnees, which was scarcely signed till it was broken. No authentic record of events in this section can be found from that date until 1794. The fort appears to have been abandoned, and it is probable that the English made no attempt to exercise more than nominal control over the country. A few traders wandered back and forth, but there is no knowledge of any permanent settlement. The whole region along the south shore of Lake Erie, and for many miles south and west, was known as the Indian country. Pittsburgh was the nearest white settlement on the south, and Cherry Valley, New York, on the east. AMERICAN OCCUPATION. The treaty of Peace with Great Britain, which secured the independence of the United States, was made in 1783. By its provisions the British Gov- ernment abandoned all claim to the western country, and agreed to withdraw its troops and yield up possession of the forts, block-houses and other mili- tary structures. In October, 1784, a treaty was made with the Six Nations by which they x'elinquished to the State of Pennsylvania all of the Northwest to a line parallel with the southern boundary of New York. By another treaty, HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 181 made on the 9th of January, 1789, with a part only of the Six Nations, they acknowledged "the right of soil and jurisdiction to and over" the Triangle "to be vested in the State of Pennsylvania." Some dissatisfaction having arisen among the Seneca tribe in consequence of this act, the Legislature em- powered the Governor to dj-aw a warrant for $800 in favor of Cornplanter, Half Town and Big Tree, in trust for the use of the tribe and in full satisfaction of all demands, in consideration of which the said chiefs, on the 8d of February, 1791, signed a release of all claims against the State for themselves and their people forever. On the 3d of March, 1792, the Triangle was purchased from the United States by the Commonwealth, and a month later an act of Assembly was passed to encourage its settlement by white people. State troops, to fa- cilitate this purpose, were first stationed at LeBoeuf early in May, 1794. It was the intention to establish a post at Presque Isle forthwith, but events that will be related hereafter delayed the enterprise. The treaties and deed referred to above were distasteful to a large element of the Six Nations, and even some of the Senecas refused to acquiesce in them, charging that Cornplanter and the other chiefs had been bribed to give the documents their signatures. The Indians regarded the presence of the State troops with great disfavor, and determined, if possible, to prevent the settlement of the territory. They were incited to this course by English emis- saries, who hoped that by a rising of the Indian tribes they might cripple the infant government of the Union, and perhaps restore the western territory to the British crown. Among the most hostile to the progress of the Americans was the notorious Brandt, head of the Mohawk tribe, who still cherished the idea, originated by Pontiac, of building up a great Indian confederacy and re- stricting the control of the Union to the countrv east of the Allegheny. The following letter, written by him on the 19th of July, 1794, to Gov. Simcoe, of Upper Canada, shows in a clearer light the aid extended to the hostile Indians by the British authorities : "In regard to the Presque Isle business, should we not get an answer at the time limited, it is our business to push those fellows hard. * * Should those fellows (the Americans) not go oft", and O'Bail (Cornplanter) continue in the same opinion, an expedition against those Yankees must of consequence take place. His excellency has been so good as to furnish us with a cwt. of powder, and ball in proportion, which is now at Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo; but, in the event of an attack upon LeBoeuf people, I could wish, if consist- ent, that his excellency would order a like quantity in addition to be at Fort Erie in order to be in readiness; likewise, I would hope for a little assistance in provisions." It may be stated here that the Six Nations were dissuaded from joining the confederacy of Western Indians to oppose the Americans chiefly by the in- fluence of Cornplanter. His course cost him the confidence of his people, but he was rewarded by the thanks of the United States Government, and received liberal donations of land at its hands. THREATS or AN INDIAN WAR. The above letter from Brandt anticipates our story somewhat, and requires an account of some preliminary events in order to be correctly understood. Early in 1794, an Indian council was held at Buffalo, where there was a con- siderable Seneca village, to protest against the settlement at Presque Isle, on the result of which, it was given out, would depend the issue of peace or war. To this council Cornplanter, whom Brandt was seeking to win to his side, was invited. Meanwhile, an Indian had been killed in a drunken fray by a State 182 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. soldier at or near Pittsburgh, which gave the hostiles an excuse for their in- cendiary conduct. The State oiiticials " settled" the troiible by paying $100 to " replace " the dead Indian, and it is quaintly stated in the chronicles of the day that " many of his tribe were sorry that it was not their relative, that they might have got a share of the money. " Soon after this, two canoes were fired into by the Indians as they were floating down the Allegheny, and four men were killed and three wounded. The officials of the General Government were fearful of an extended war, and urged Gov. Mifflin to suspend operations at Presque Isle, while the State authorities, on the contrary, were confident that the best way to avert the strife was to garrison the place with a respect- able force. After considerable correspondence, including a personal letter from President Washington, operations were sulkily suspended by order of Gov. Mifflin, who was harshly criticised for it by the leaders of public opinion in the West. The council at Bu£falo was attended by Gen. Israel Chapin, U. S. Super- intendent of the Six Nations, who wrote to the Secretary of War: " I am afraid of the consequences of the attempt to settle Presque Isle at present. The In- dians do not acknowledge the validity of the Cornplanter sale to Pennsyl- vania." By request of the council, he went to LeBoeuf on or about the 26th of June, 1794, accompanied by Mr. Johnson, British Indian Agent, and twen- ty-five chiefs and warriors, to remonstrate with the State officers at that post against the placing of garrisons in the Northwest. The representatives of the Six Nations claimed to be anxious to live at peace with the United States, but pretended to be much disturbed by the presence of the troops, fearing that it would involve them in strife with the hostile Indians, They were assured by Ellicott and Denny, the State officei's at LeBceuf, that the soldiers could not move from there till ordered, and that they would await the commands of their superiors in authority. The council adjourned without accomplishing anything of a definite character. During its continuance, it was reported that two armed British vessels were lyiug off Presque Isle, evidently for the pur- pose of intimidating the State officials. Another Indian council was held at LeBoeuf on the 4th of July, 1794, at which the chiefs I'eiterated their purpose of preventing a garrison being stationed at Presque Isle. RAIDS BY THE SAVAGES, The savageH continued to be sullen and threatening for some months, and many persons looked upon war as imminent. Several raids were made upon the southern settlements, among others on Cussewago, near the Crawford County line. A Mr. Dickson, living near there, was fired upon by a party of Indians on the 10th of September. Twelve soldiers, sent from LeBoeuf for the protection of the settlement, were fired upon, and the Indians drove off several horses. Matters remained in this alarming condition till October, when news reached LeBoeuf of Wayne's victory on the Maumee. This had a wonderful effect upon the Indians of our vicinity. A number of warriors of the Six Nations had taken part in the fight, and the reports they brought back of Wayne's daring had a disheartening effect upon their comrades. The Sen- ecas, who had been strongly urged to go into the war, gave the messengers a peremptory refusal. Notwithstanding this decision, disturbances broke out on several occasions, which continued to delay the establishment at Presque Isle. On Saturday, the 29th of May, 1795, four men who were journeying from LeBceuf to the latter point, were attacked ' near the present Union depot in Erie, by a party of Indians, in retaliation, it is supposed, because some HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 183 of their friends had been tired upon by whites along the Allegheny. Ralph Kutledge, one of the number, was killed and scalped, and his body, be- ing afterward found, was interred on a piece of rising ground on the west side of State street, near its junction with Turnpike. His son was also shot and scalped, but lived to be taken to the fort at LeBoeuf, where he died. This is the last Indian difficulty known to have taken place in the county. A treaty of peace was effected with the Western tribes by Gen. Wayne at Greenville, Ohio, on the 3d of August, 1795, and another was made with the Six Nations at Canandaigua, N. Y., on the 9th of November ensuing. At this latter, which was described in the annals of the day as " the Great Coun- cil," 1,600 Indians were present, including Cornplanter, who was at the head of 400 of the Allegheny portion of the Senecas. INDIAN VILLAGES AND GRAVEYARDS. Singular as it may appear, considering the fertility of Erie County, and the splendid facilities it must have furnished for hunting and fishing, there is no evidence that any large number of Indians ever made their abode within its limits after it became known to the whites. In 1795, there were Indian vil- lages on Mill Creek, and at the head of the bay, each numbering from twenty to thirty families. Their corn fields were on the flat lands above, about half a mile southwest, partially covering the farms of James C. Marshall and A. J. Kelso. Other villages were located at Waterford and Cranes ville. The latter was there when Mr. (Jolton, the earliest settler of Elk Creek Town- ship, made his location in 1797. From all that we can learn through the an- cient records, the village at Waterford was and had long been the most im- portant in the county. Traces of the settlement existed until about forty years ago. The villagers had a burial place, orchard, extensive corn fields and vast herds of cattle. On the Scouller farm, directly south from the Martin Warfel place, and in the southeast corner of the city limits, was an Indian graveyard, where the boys of forty years, ago used to irreverently dig into the mounds and gather bones as relics. The first field east of the burial ground was cleared in 1821, and for some years after it was a frequent thing to find stone hatchets and other rude implements of the aborigines. It was the custom for many years after the incoming of the whites, for parties of Indians to camp near by and indulge in peculiar rites in commemoration of their ancestors. The last Indian encampment was in June, 1841, when about a dozen Indians spent a couple of days on the site. The mounds have all been plowed down, and no traces exist of this once sacred spot to the red men. Numerous Indian graves, arrow heads, pieces of pottery, and other curios- ities have been found in a grave on the Hunter place, bordering French Creek, in LeBoeuf Township. A graveyard' was opened on the Ebersole farm, east of Erie City, which contained numerous bones, beads and other Indian remains. All of the bodies were in a sitting position. Graves have been found in spots all along the Ridge road from Ebersole's woods to State street in Erie. As to the number of Indians in this section, the only authority we have is a letter from Andrew Ellicott to Gov. Mifflin, written from LeBoeuf, in 1794. In this epistle he said: "When I was at Niagara, in 1789, Mr. Street, who stored the presents from the British Government for the Six Nations, handed me a census of their numbers, which liad just been taken, and on which the decision was to be made, and it amounted only to between 3,200 and 3,300 men, women and children." What became of the Indians, it is dilfi- cult to state. Many undoubtedly went westward, while others took up their 184 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. homes on the reservations along the Allegheny. Early in the century, bodies of Indians passed through the county occasionally on friendly visits between New York and Western tribes. Maj. G. J. Ball informs us that when a boy he saw parties of 100 to 150 red men, women and children, encamped on the parks in the city of Erie. In an appendix to his published oration at the dedication of the monument to Cornplanter, in 1867, Hon. J. R. Snowden gives the following, as the location and number of the Seneca Indians at that date: "On the Allegheny River, in Pennsylvania, fifteen miles above Warren, at Corn planter's town (Jennesadaga), 80; acres of land owned, 300 ; on the Allegheny Reservation, in New York, a few miles above the Pennsylvania line, 900; acres of land owned, 26,600; on Cattaraugus Reservation, in Erie and Cattaraugus Counties, N. Y. , about 1,700; acres of land under cultivation, 5,000; at Tonawanda, in New York, about 700; acres of land owned, 7,000. " The Oneidas at the same time numbered 1,050. Some 250 were located in Oneida and Madison Counties, N. Y., and the balance of the tribe were in Brown County, Wis. The Onondagas and Tuscaroras were each 350 in number, the former living about six miles south of Syracuse, N. Y. , and the latter about seven miles northeast of Niagara Falls." Mr. Snowden adds: " The present condition of these remnants of the Six Nations is quite respectable. In most of the reservations they have schools and places of public worship. Many of them belong to the Methodist and Baptist Churches. The chief of the Six Nations, Stephen S. Smith, who made a speech at the inauguration of the Cornplanter Monument, is a minister in the Baptist Chiu'ch." The reservations occupied by the Senecas include about 40,000 acres. " They own the land in common, and are governed by a President and a Board of Counselors. Very few white people live among them. They are all civil- ized, and all have embraced the Christian religion, except a few who cling to the old Indian religion, and are called ' pagans.' " CORNPLANTER, THE SENECA CHIEF. This chapter would not be complete without a short sketch of Cornplanter, the distinguished chief of the Seneca tribe, to whom reference is so frequently made above. He was a half-breed, the son of John O'Bail (or A'Beel), a trader in the Mohawk Valley, by an Indian mother. His English name was the same as his father's, and his Indian name was Gyant-wachia or Cornplanter. At the age of twenty, he was with the French at Braddock's defeat, and he partici- pated in the various Indian campaigns that occurred during aud after the Revolution, always against the Americans. As Cornplanter advanced in years, he grew to realize the strength of the Union, and from being its relentless foe, became its admirer and fast friend. His influence largely brought about the treaties of peace at Forts Stanwix and Harmar, in consequence of which he partly lost the confidence of the Senecas, and was supplanted by the more art- ful and eloquent Red Jacket, who had long been his rival. In return for his services upon these and other occasions, the State of Pennsylvania granted him a fine reservation on the Allegheny River above Warren, where he spent the balance of his years. Although he participated in the councils at Bufi'alo, to take measures for preventing the establishment at Presque Isle, it is claimed by his biographer that he was at heart friendly to the Americans and had pledged himself that the Senecas should not " take up the hatchet." His death occurred on the 18th of February, 1836, after he had passed the one- hundredth year of his age. He was a man of more than ordinary eloquence, HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 185 although not equal to his rival, Red Jacket. The following is a brief sample of his style: ' ' I thank the Almighty that I am speaking this good day. I have been through all nations in xlmerica, and am sorry to see the folly of many of the people. What makes me sony is, they all tell lies, and I never found truth amongst them. All the Western nations of Indians, as well as the white people, have told mo lies. Even in council I have been deceived, and been told things which I have told to my chiefs and young men, which I have found not to be so, which makes me tell lies by not being able to make good my word; but I hope they will all bee their folly and repent. The Almighty has not made us to lie, but to tell the truth, one to another; yet, when two people meet together, if they lie, one to the other, these people cannot be at peace; and so it is with nations, and that is the cause of so much war.'' In 1866, the Legislature of Pennsylvania appropriated $500 to build a monument to Cornplanter at Jennesedaga, Cornplanter Town, Warren County, the place of his last residence. The monument was erected in 1867, and dedi- cated on the 18th of October of the same year. OHAPTEE VII. The French and English, THE French were the first white men who made explorations in tfie lake region. As early as 1611-12, Sieur de Champlain ascended the chain of lakes as far as Lake Huron. At a period extending from 1620 to 1640, the Indians were visited by numerous French Catholic priests, among whom were the celebrated Joliet and Marquette, on the double mission of spreading the Gospel and promoting the interests of their king and nation. In 1679, La Salle launched the schooner Griffin in Niagara River, and sailed with a picked body of men to Green Bay, in Lake Michigan, as will be found more fully detailed in the chapter on lake navigation. A French post was established at Mackinaw in 1684, and a fort and navy on Lake Erie were proposed by M. de Denonville in 1685, but the idea was not carried into effect. The dominion of the country was not wholly given over to the French until 1753. They did a large trade with the Indians by exchanging beads, goods, provisions, guns and ammunition for furs, which were shipped across the ocean and sold at an immense profit. Although their possession was undisturbed, it must not be inferred that it was quietly acquiesced in by the English. The French claimed that their dis- covery of the St, Lawrence and the Mississippi entitled them to the ownership of the territory bordering upon those streams and their tributaries. The English claim was based upon a grant by King James I, in 1606, to " divers of his subjects, of all the countries between north latitude 48° and 34°, and westward from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea," and also upon purchases of Western lands made from the Six Nations by Commissioners from Pennsyl- vania, Maryland and Virginia, representing the mother country. A long and sometimes acrimonious controversy was waged between the foreign departments of the two nations over the question, and the leading officers in America, on both sides, looked upon it as certain to eventually result in war. 186 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. THE FIRST SOLDIERS. Previous to 1749, the FreDch had done nothing of an official nature look- ing to the occupation of the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. Their discoverers had taken possession of it long before in the name of the King, and from that time it had been a sort of common tramping ground for advent- urous traders of both nations, without being directly subject to the control of either. In the year named, Capt. Celeron, with a detachment of 300 men, was sent b}' the Captain General of Canada to " renew the French possession " of the Ohio and its tributaries. He came up Lake Erie to the mouth of Chau- tauqua Creek, from which point he crossed over to the Allegheny, by way of Chautauqua Lake and the Conewango. Descending the Allegheny and the Ohio as far as the mouth of the Muskingum, he deposited leaden plates at the mouths of some of the most important streams, as a " monument of renewal of possession," and as a mark for the guidance of those who might follow him. One of these plates, buried at the confluence of French Creek with the Alle- gheny, was found afterward. The expedition caused much alarm among the Indians, who regarded it as the beginning of a scheme to " steal their country," and also created much commotion throughout the English colonies, whose officials saw in it a pm*pose to maintain by force what the French had before contented themselves with claiming in argument. An extensive corre- spondence ensued between the Governors of the several colonies, stirring letters were forwarded to the home Government, and the movement was universally regarded as the precursor of a long and sanguinary war. Among other plans proposed on the English side, Gov. Shirley of Massachusetts suggested the building of one or two war vessels each on Lakes Erie and Ontario, for the purpose of keeping the French in check. In 1751, an expedition of French and Indians was organized in Canada to proceed to the " Beautiful " or Ohio River, and in May of that year a part of the force was reported to have passed Oswego in thirty canoes. For some rea- son the venture was abandoned, but warlike threats and preparations continued for two years. ARMY OF OCCUPATION. Finally, in the spring of 1753, the long threatened occupation began. Quite a full account of the expedition is given in a letter preserved among the Pennsylvania Archives, from M. DuQuesne, General- in-chief at Montreal, to the Fi'ench minister at Paris. It was in charge of three young officers — Sieur Marin, commander, and Maj. Pean and the Chevalier Mercier, assistants — and consisted of 250 men. The little army marched up Lake Erie by land and ice to Presque Isle, where it was decided to build a fort and establish a base of supplies. The reasons which prompted the selection of Presque Isle were the short portage to Lake Le Boeuf and the facility with which canoes could be floated down French Creek from the latter to the Allegheny. M. Du- Quesne's letter describes the bay of Presque Isle as "a harbor which the larg- est vessels can enter loaded, and be in perfect safety. It is," says he, "' the finest spot in nature, a bark could safely enter — it would be as it were in a box." On the 3d of August the fort at Presque Isle was finished, the portage road, six leagues loLg, was "ready for carriages,'' the storehouse, half way across, was in a condition to receive stock, and the fort at LeBoeuf was nearly com- pleted. No serious trouble was apprehended from the Indians, who were will- ingly assisting in the transportation of the stores. From the same and other authorities we learn that it was the original pur- pose to establish the base of supplies at the mouth of Chautampia Creek, but ';^^^p>vu^ ^^a4n/^<^'u(^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 189 that when Marin reached there he did not like the position. He accordingly ordered Mercier, who was the engineer of the expedition, to proceed to Presque Isle and report upon its merits. The latter was gone three days, and gave such a glowing account of the advantages of the location that the army was immediately ordered forward. Among the members of the expedition was one Stephen Coffin, an Englishman, who had been taken prisoner by the French and Indians in 1747, and carried to Canada. When the expedition left Que- bec he enlisted in it, and accompanied his command to Presque Isle. After a military experience of less than a year he deserted to the English, and on the lOth of January, 1754, made a deposition in which he alleges that the army reached Presque Isle over 800 strong, a statement that doew not corre- spond with the report of DuQuesne. The following is an abstract of his story : coffin's statement. When they arrived at Presque Isle, work was almost immediately com- menced on the fort. It was of chestnut logs, squared, and lapped over each other to the height of fifteen feet, about 120 feet on the sides, with a log house in each corner, and had gates in the north and south sides. When the fort was finished, they began cutting a wagon road to LeBoeuf, where they commenced getting out boards and timber for another fort. Presque Isle was left in command of Capt. Deponteney, while Marin, with the rest of the troops, encamped at LeBoeuf. From the latter point a detachment of fifty men was sent to the mouth of French Creek, but finding the Indians hostile to the erection of a fort, it returned, capturing two English traders on the way, who were sent to Canada in irons. A few days later, 100 Indians " called by the French Loos," visited LeBoeuf and arranged to carry some stores to the Alle- gheny, which they never delivered, greatly to the disappointment of the French. This and other causes, including the failure to build the thii'd fort at the mouth of French Creek, disheartened Marin, who feared that he might for- feit the favor of the Governor General in consequence. He had been sick for some time, and had to be moved about in a carriage. Rather than return to Canada in disgrace, he begged his officers to seat him in the center of the fort, set it on. fire, and let him perish in the flames, which they of course, refused to do. Marin, according to the deponent, was of a peevish and disagreeable disposition, and extremely unpopular among his brother officers. Late in the fall, Chevalier Le Crake arrived at Presque Isle in a birch canoe worked by ten men, bearing, among other things, a cross of St. Louis for Marin, which the other officers would not allow him to take until the Governor General had been acquainted with his conduct. Near the close of October, all but 300 men to garrison the forts, were ordered back to Canada. The first detachment went down the lake in twenty-two batteaux, each containing twenty men, and were followed in a few days hj the balance — 760 in number. A halt was made at the month of Chautauqua Creek, where, with 200 men, a road was cut in four days to Lake Chautauqua, in the expectation that it might be a more feasible route to the Allegheny than the one by LeBoeuf. Reaching Niagara, fifty men were left there to build batteaux for the army in the spring, and to erect a building for storing provisions. Coffin places the total number of men who reached Presque Isle during the year at 1,500, Washington's visit. Marin died at Le Boeuf soon after the main body of the troops departed, leaving the forts at Presque Isle and Le Boeuf respectively in charge of Capt. Riparti and Commander St. Pierre. The latter was visited during the winter 1 1 190 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. by a gentleman who afterward rose to the first place in American love and history. This was no less a personage thaa George Washington, then in his twenty-first year, who was accompanied by Christopher Gist, an experienced white frontiersman, and one Indian interpreter. They reached Le Boeuf on the 11th of December and remained till the 16th, during which time Capt. Riparti was called over from Presque Isle to confer with Washington and St. Pierre. Washington's treatment, though formal, was courteous and kind, and he has left on record in his journal a warm compliment to the gentlemanly character of the French officers. The object and result of Washington's mis- sion are given in the following letters, the first being the one he was charged with delivering to the Commander-in-chief of the French forces by Gov. Din- widdle, of Virginia, and the second the reply of St. Pierre: October 31, 1753. Sir: The lands upon the River Ohio, in the western part of the colony of Virginia, are so notoriously known to be the property of the crown of Great Britain that it is a matter of equal concern and surprise to me to hear that a body of French forces are erect- ing fortresses and making settlements upon that river within His Majesty's dominions. The many and repeated complaints I have received of these acts of hostility lay me under the necessity of sending in the name of the King, my master, the bearer hereof, George Washington, Esq.. one of the Adjutants General of the forces of this dominion, to com- plain to you of the encroachments thus made, and of the injuries done to the subjects of Great Britain, in violation of the law of nations and the treaties subsisting between the two crowns. If these facts are true and you think fit to justify your proceedings, I must desire you to acquaint me by whose authority and instructions you have lately marched from Canada with an armed force and invaded the King of Great Britain's territory, in the manner complained of; that, according to the purport and resolution of your answer, I may act agreeably to the commission I am honored with from the King, my master. However, sir, in obedience to my mstructions, it becomes my duty to require your peace- able departure; and that you would forbear prosecuting a purpose so interruptive of the harmony and good understanding which His Majesty is desirous to continue and cultivate with the most Christian King, etc. Robert Dinwiddie. From the Fort on the River au Bceuf, ) December 15, 1753. f Sir: As I have the honor of commanding here as chief, Mr. Washington delivered to me the letter which you wrote to the commander of the French troops. I should have been glad that you had given him orders, or that he had been inclined to proceed to Canada to see our General, to whom it better belongs than to me to set forth the evidence and the reality of the rights of the King, my master, to the lands situate along the River Ohio, and to contest the pretensions of the King of Great Britain thereto. I shall transmit your letter to the Marquis Du Quesne. His answer will be a law to me. And if he shall order me to communicate it to you, sir, you may be assured I shall not fail to dispatch it forth- with to you. As to the summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it. Whatever may be your intentions, I am here by virtue of the orders of my Gen- eral, and I entreat you, sir, not to doubt one moment but that I am determined to conform myself to them with all the exactness and resolution which can be expected from the best officer. I do not know that in the progress of this campaign anything has passed which can be reputed an act of hostility, or that is contrary to the treaties which subsist between the two crowns; the continuance whereof interests and pleases us as much as it does the English. Had you been pleased, sir, to descend to particularize the facts which occa- sioned your complaint, I should have had the honor of answering you in the fullest, and, I am persuaded, the most satisfactory manner, etc. Legardeur de St. Pierre. Washington did not extend his journey to Presque Isle, feeling, perhaps, that duty compelled him to report the French answer as speedily as could be done. Both sides were busily engaged during the winter in preparing for the war which was now inevitable. The French plan was to establish a chain of fortifications from Quebec along Lakes Ontario and Erie and the waters of French Creek and the Allegheny to the junction of the last-named stream with the Monongahela, where Pittsburgh now stands, and from there along the Ohio and Mississippi, to the Gulf of Mexico. Of these, we have already described the progress at Presque Isle and Le Boeuf. The forts at Niagara, the mouth of French Creek and the head of the Ohio were constructed early in 1754. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 191 The one at the jtiiiction of French Creek and the Allegheny was known as Fort Machanlt or Venango, and the one at Pittsburgh as Fort DaQuesne. Pro- visions and ammunition were sent from Quebec to Presque Isle, and from there distributed to the lower forts. " PROGRESS OF THE FRENCH. As soon as ihe weather would permit in the spring of 1754, troops Were moved by both sides in the direction of the Ohio. The first French detach- ment to reach Pittsburgh, then known as the "Forks of the Ohio," was on the 17th of April. It was commanded by Contreceur, and consisted of hOOO French and Indians, with eighteen cannon. Their voyage from Le Bceuf down French Creek and the Allegheny was made in sixty batteaux and 300 canoes. The English had put up a stockade at the Forks, during the winter which was unfinished and guarded only by an ensign and forty-one men. This small body, seeing the hopelessness of defense, immediately surrendered. On the 3d or 4th of July, 500 English capitulated to the French at Fort Necessity, in Fayette County, after an engagement of about ten hours. The French seem to have been uniformly successful in the campaign of 1754. Deserters from their ranks reported that the number of French and Indians in the country during the year was about 2,000, of whom five or six hundred had become unfit for duty. The records of the campaign show that Presque Isle was regarded by both the French and English as a post of much importance. DuQuesne in "a letter from Quebec of July 6, 1755, says: "The fort at Presque Isle serves as a depot for all others on the Ohio. * * The effects arii put on board pirogues at Fort Le Boeuf. * * At the latter fort the prairies, which are extensive furnish only bad hay, but it is easy to get rid of it. * * At Presque Isle the hay is very abundant and good. The quantity of pirogues constructed on the Kiver AuBoeuf has exhausted all the large trees in the neighborhood." It was on the 9th of July, 1755, that BraddocFs defeat took place near Pittsburgh, an event which raised the French hopes to a pitch of the utmost exultation, and seemed for the time to destroy all prospect of Eno-lish ascen- dency in the West. From 2,000 to 3,000 French and Indians are supposed to have passed through Presque Isle during the season. FRENCH VILLAGE AT PRESQUE ISLE. An ofiicial letter dated at Montreal, August 8, 1756, sa^s: "The domi- ciliated Mississaugues of Presque Isle have been out to the number of ten against the English. They have taken one prisoDer and two scalps, and gave them to cover the loss of M. de St. Pierre." This ofiScer had been ordered East in the winter of 1753, and was killed in battle near Lake George the ensuing summer. The same letter reports the small-pox as having prevailed at Presque Isle. A prisoner who escaped from the Indians during this year described Fort Le Boeuf as " garrisoned with 150 men, and a few straggling Indians. Presque Isle is built of square logs filled up with earth; the barracks are within the fort, and garrisoned with 1 50 men, supported chiefly from a French settlement begun near it. The settlement consists of about one hun- dred families. The Indian families about the settlement are pretty numerous; they have a priest and schoolmaster, and some grist mills and stills in the settlement." The village here referred to was on the east bank of Mill Creek, a little back from the lake, almost on a line with Parade street. 192 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. EVENTS IN 1757 AND 1758. No events of importance occurred in this section in 1757. The only chron- icle we find relates that some of the Indian warriors aiding the French sent their families to the neighborhood of Presque Isle for the purpose of planting corn. A captured French ensign reported in his examination on the 20th of June that 100 men were in garrison at Presque Isle, and that apprehensions were felt by them of an attack by the English and Indians. The transportation from Canada for the troops was mainly by canoes, which were obliged to keep close to the south shore of the lake. Fort LeBoeuf was in charge of an ensign of foot. There were from 800 to 900, and sometimes 1,000 men between the forts, 150 of whom were regulars and the rest Canadian Indians, who worked at the forts and built boats. There were no settlements nor improve- ments near the forts, which would indicate that the village at Presque Isle had been abandoned. The Fi'ench planted coi'n about them for the Indians, whose wives and children came to the forts for it, and were also furnished with clothing at the King's expense. Traders resided in the forts who bought peltries of them. Several houses were outside the forts, but people did not care to occupy them for fear of being scalped. One of the, French batteaux usually carried sixty bags of flour and three or four men; when unloaded they would carry twelve men. A journal written in November, 1758, gives this description of the two forts, on the authority of an Indian who had just come in: " Presque Isle has been a strong stockaded fort, but is so much out of repair that a strong man might pull up any log out of the earth. There are two officers and thirty-five men in crarrison there, and not above ten Indians, which they keep constantly hunting for the support of the garrison. The fort on LeBoeuf River is in much the same condition, with an officer and thirty men, and a few hunting Indians, who said they would leave there in a few days. " THE ENGLISH GAINING. During the year 1758, the English made sufficient progress in the direction of the Ohio to compel the French to evacuate Fort DuQuesne on the 22d of November, their artillery being sent down the river, and the larger part of the garrison retiring up the Allegheny. A letter dated Montreal, March 30, 1759, announces that the French troops at Detroit had been ordered to rendezvous at Presque Isle, in order to be ready to aid Fort Machault if necessary, the commander at the latter being required, if too hard pressed, to fall back on Le Boeuf. The Indians, by this time, had lost confidence in the triumph of the French, and many were either siding with the English or pretending to be neutral. One of them, employed by the English as a spy at the lakes, reached Pittsburgh during March, and gave some additional particulars of the fort at Pi-esque Isle. "It is," he said, "square, with four bastions. * * The wall is only of single logs, with no bank within — a ditch without. * * * The magazine is a stone house covered with shingles, and not sunk in the ground, standing in the right bastion, next the lake. * * The other houses are of square logs." Fort Le Boeuf he described as of "the same plan, but very small — the logs mostly rotten. Platforms are erected in the bastions, and loopholes properly cut; one gun is mounted in a bastion, and looks down the river. It has only one gate, and that faces the side opposite the creek. The magazine is on the right of the gate, going in, partly sunk in the ground, and above are some casks of powder to serve the Indians. Here are two officers, a storekeeper, clerk, priest, and 150 soldiers, who have no employment. * * * HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 193 The road from Venango to LeBceuf is well trodden; from there to Presque Isle is very low and swampy, and bridged most of the way." EVACUATION OF THE FRENCH. The tide of battle continued to favor the English, and they finally besieged Fort Niagara below Buffalo, compelling the French to withdraw 1,200 men from Detroit, Presque Isle and Venango for its defense. Its capture by the English astonished and terrified the French in this section. A messenger reached Presque Isle from Sir AVilliam Johnson, the victorious English com- mander, notifying the officer in charge that the other posts must surrender in a few days. The French knew that their force was too small to cope with the enemy, and began making hasty preparations for departure. Their principal stores at Presque Isle were sent up the lake August 13, 1759, and the garri- son waited a brief time for their comrades at Le Boeuf and Venango, when the entire army left in batteaux for Detroit. An Indian, who arrived at DuQuesne soon after, reported that they had burned all of the forts, but this is questioned by some of the authorities. Upon taking their departure, they told the abo- rigines that they had been driven away by superior numbers, but would return in sufficient force to hold the country permanently. ENGLISH DOMINION. The English did not take formal possession of Forts Presque Isle and Le Bceuf until 1760, when Maj. Rogers was sent out for that purpose. Hostilities between the two nations continued, but the bloody wave of war did not reach Western Pennsylvania. A treaty of peace was signed at Paris in 1763, by which the French ceded Canada and confirmed the Western country to the British Crown. The Indians did not take kindly to the British. They were hopeful of the return of the French, and meditated the driving of their victorious rivals out of the country. In June, 1763, the great Indian uprising known as " Pontiac's Conspiracy " occurred, which resulted in the destruction of all but four of the frontier posts. Fort Le Boeuf fell on the 18th and Fort Presque Isle on the 22d of that month, as will be found more fully described in the chapter devoted to the Indians. Col. Bradstreet, with a small army, arrived at Presque Isle on the r2th of August, 1764, and met a band of Shaw nees and Delawares, who agreed to articles of peace and friendship. From there he marched to Detroit, where another treaty was made \fith. the North- western Indians. These proceedings seem to have been entered into by the savages merely as a deception, for in a short time they renewed hostilities. Another expedition, under Col. Boqnet, was fitted out, and punished the troublesome tribes so severely that thev were glad to accept the conditions offered them. The independence of the United States was acknowledged by Great Brit- ain in 1783. By the treaty of peace the mother country abandoned all pre- tensions to the western region. Her officers in Canada, however, still retained a hope of the ultimate return of the colonies to the protection of the British Crown. The English had, by this date, won the confidence of the Indians, who were kept hostile to the Americans by representations that Great Britain would yet resume possession of the country. As late as 1785, Mr. Adams, our minister at London, complained to the English Secretary of State, that though two years had elapsed since the definitive treaty, the forts of Presque Isle, Niagara, and elsewhere on the Northern frontier were still held by British garrisons. The actual American occupation dates from 1795. 19i HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH FORTS. Little remains to be added to the various statements above, descriptive of the French forts. Fort Presque Isle stood oa the bluff overlooking the mouth of Mill Creek, on the western side, about 350 feet back from the shore of the bay. The British put it in repair and occupied it till after our inde- pendence was acknowledged, by which time it had almost gone to ruin. Its site was easily traceable as late as 1803, by mDunls and depressions on the bank of che lake near the mouth of the creek. The fort at LeBcEuf stood within the present limits of Waterford Bor- ough, on the brow of the hill above LeBoeuf Creek, nearly in line with the iron bridge across that stream. A. ravine, which has since been partially filled up, extended along its north side, down, which flowed a rivulet, leading Washington to describe the fort as standing on "a kind of an island." Practically the same site was successively occupied by the English and Americans. THE FRENCH ROAD. The French road commenced at the mouth of Mill Creek, where a ware- house stood, extended up that stream a short distance, and then struck off to the higher land, nearly following the line of Parade street, on its west side, through the city limits of Ei-ie. A branch road led from the south gate of the fort, and connected with the main road in the hollow of Mill Creek. From the southern end of Parade street the latter ran across Mill Creek Township to the present Waterford plank road. The road that begins in Marvintown, opposite the old Seib stand, and terminates at the farm of Judge Souther, is almost identical with the French thoroughfare. Leaving the Waterford plank, the French road took across the hills into Summit Township, which it crossed entirely, entering Waterford Township on the Charles Skinner place, and terminating at the gate of Fort LeBoeuf, about where Judson's Hotel stands. The route known as the French road in Summit is understood to be exactly on the line of its historical original. The road was laid out thirty feet wide, and was "corduroyed" throughout most of its length. It was easily traced when the first American settlers came in, was partially adopted by them, 3'tid portions of it, as above stated, are in use to this day. CHAPTER Till. The Triangle. IN the charter granted by King Charles II to William Penn, dated the 4:th of March, 1681, the limits of Pennsylvania are described as " three degrees of latitude in breadth, and five degrees of longitude in length, the eastern bound- ary being the Delaware River, the northern the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of northern latitude; on the south a circle drawn at twelve miles distance from Ni^w Castle ("Delaware) northward and westward unto the beginning of the fortieth degree of northern latitude, and then by a straight line westward to the limits of longitude above mentioned." Distinctly as these lines are stated, the boundaries of the State were long a subject of earnest and sometimes bitter controversy. Fifty years before the grant to Penn, King James I granted to the Plymouth Company " all the land HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 195 lying in the same latitude with Connecticut and Massachusetts, as far west as the Pacific Ocean, not previously settled by other Christian powers." Under the construction placed upon this clause by Connecticut, more than one-third of Pennsylvania, including the whole northern part, belonged to that province. The dispute was finally settled by the action of Congress, which appointed Commissioners in 1782 to investigate the subject, who reported that " Connec- ticut has no right to the land in controversy," and that " the jurisdiction and pre-emption of all lands within the charter limits of Pennsylvania do of right belong to that State." THE WESTERN BOUNDARY. A contentiou of almost like character took place with Virginia in regard to the western boundary of Pennsylvania. The former claimed the entire territory embraced in Penn's charter west of a line drawn a little to the east of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers. This controversy was settled in 1786, by agreeing that the western boundary of Pennsylvania should commence at a point on Mason and Dixon's line, five degrees west from the Delaware River, and extend from there directly northward to Lake Erie. The land in the northern and northwestern parts of the State was purouased from the Six Nations by Commissioners appointed by the Legislature, who met in conference with the Indians at Fort Stanwix (now Rome), N. Y., and con- cluded a treaty in October, 1784. The action of the Six Nations was confirmed by a treaty made with the Delawares and Wyandots at Fort Mcintosh in Jan- uary, 1785. Neither of these purchases covered the territory known as "The Triangle." THE NEW YORK LINE. By mutual agreement between New York and Pennsylvania, Commissioners were appointed in J 785 to determine and establish the east and west boundary line between the two States, being the Forty-second degree of latitude. David Rittenhouse was the Commissioner on the part of Pennsylvania, and Samuel Holland on that of New York. These gentlemen merely took measurements to locate the point in the Delaware River where the line should begin, when cold weather came on and compelled the work to cease. Rittenhouse and Hol- land were succeeded in 1787 by Andrew Ellicott on the part of Pennsylvania, and James Clinton and Simeon DeWitt on that of New York. They surveyed the entire line from the Delaware to Lake Erie, planting a stone every mile, with the distance from the river marked upon it, and marking mile trees in the same manner. The distance from the point of departure to where the north line of Pennsylvania terminated on the shore of Lake Erie in Springfield Town- ship, this county, was found to be 259 miles and 88 perches. The report of the above Commissioners was confirmed by the Legislatures of both States, and has ever since been accepted as the true northern boundary of Pennsylvania. THE TRIANGLE. The charter of New York defined its western boundary as extending from the south shore of Lake Erie to the forty second degree of latitude, on a line drawn fi'om the western extremity of Lake Ontario. In determining this line it became necessary to agree whether the " western extremity of Lake Onta- rio " included Burlington Bay, or was at the peninsula dividing the latter from the lake. Andrew Ellicott and Frederick Saxton, the surveyors sent out to establish the boundary, decided upon the peninsula as the proper point from which to draw the line, and the western boundary of New York was therefore fixed at twenty miles east of Presque Isle. This left a triangular tract, which 196 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. was not included in the charter of either State, and which was variously claimed by New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. During or some time after the Revolution, Gen. William Irvine was sent to the Northwest by the authorities of Pennsylvania, to examine into the qual- ity of its lands and report upon the best manner of putting them into the market. While upon this tour be was struck with the fact that the State had no harbor upon the lake, and the great desirability of securing the one at Presque Isle. On his return to the East he interested a number of intelligent and progressive citizens in the project of purchasing the Triangle. After a protracted negotiation. New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut released their claims to the United States Government, and the latter, in turn, conveyed the tract to Pennsylvania. The deed of cession by New York, was made on the 1st of March, 1781, and that of Massachusetts on the 19th of April, 1785. In the release by Connecticut she reserved 120 miles lying west of Pennsylva- nia's western boundary, within the present limits of Ohio, which became known as, and retains the title to this day of "The Western Reserve." The contract for the sale of the Triangle, made between the Representatives of the United States and Pennsylvania was ratified by Congress on the 4th of Sep- tember, 1788. On the 18th of April, 1791, the Governor was authorized by the Legislature to comj)lete the purchase. March 3, 1792, a patent was issued to the State, signed by George Washington as President, and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. The consideration was $151,640.25. Below is a copy of the bill of sale from the General Government to the commonwealth: The commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for the pm'chase of the Lake Erie tract in account with the United States, Dr. July 19, 1792. To general account of sales of the Western lands, the property of the United States: For the purchase or consideration money of the lemtory and tract of land on Lake Erie, of which tract a survey and return hath been made and lodged in the office of the Secretary of the Treasurj^ of the United States by An- drew Ellicott, pursuant to a resolution of Congress passed in August, 1789, by which return the said tract is found to contain 202,187 acres, at three- fourths of a dollar per acre, payable in gold or silver, or in certificates of the debt of the United States, bearing interest, according to the terms pro- posed by William Bingham and James R. Reid, delegates in Congress, to the late Board of Treasury, on behalf of the said commonwealth, and accepted by the said board on behalf of the United States $151,640 25 Cr. By one certiticate of registered debt, No. 558, dated 28th February, 1792, with interest from 16th August, 1779 85,032 08 By ditto, on interest from '21st August, 1783 4,285 20 Principal amounting to f 89,317 28 By interest arising thereon, calculated to 10th June, 1791, being the time Sec- retary of the Treasury informed he was ready to settle the account for said purchase 62,322 97 $151,640 25 Treasury Department, Register's Office, / Gth September, 1796. f Joseph Nourse, Register. release of the INDIAN TITLE. Pending the negotiations with the General Government, the State authorities proceeded to secure a release of the Triangle tract from the Six Nations, which was only effected after a protracted effort. The conference for this purpose with the chiefs and warriors of the several tribes was held on the 9th of Jan- uary, 1789, and the deed from the Indians appears to have been signed some- time during the same month. The following is a copy of the document: HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 199 Know all men by these presents, that we, the undersigned, chiefs, warriors and others, representing the following named tribes of the Six Nations, to wit : The Ondawagas or Senecas, Cayugas, Tuscan >rHS, Onondagas and Oneidas, for and m con- sideration of the sum of 12,000, to us in hand paid, by Richard Butler and John Gib- son, Esquires, Commissioners for and in Ijehalf of the State of Pennsylvania, the receipt whereof we df» hereby acknowledge, and we for ourselves, our tribes, our and their heirs and successors, are therewith fully paid and satisfied, have granted, bar- gained, sold and assigned ovei', and by tliese presents do grant, bargain, sell, remise, release, quit claim and assign over unto the said Slate of Pennsylvania, all our right, title, claim and interest of, in and to all that tract of country situate, lying and being within the territory of the United States, bounded on the south by the north line or boundary of Pennsvlvania; on the east by the western boundary of" the State of New York, agreeably to "an act of cession of the said State of New York and the State of Massachusetts to the United States; and on the north by the southern shore or margin of Lake Erie, including Presque Isle and all the btiys and harbors along the shore or margin of the said Lake Erie from the west boundary of the said State of Pennsylvania to where the west line or boundary of the State of New York may cross or intersect the southern shore or margin of the said Lake Erie; to have and to hold, etc. -In testimony whereof, we, the said chiefs, have hereunto set our hands and seals this — day of January, in the year of our Lord 1789 : Senecas— fiyantwachia, or the Corn planter; Gyashota, or the Big Cross; Kanas- see, or the New Arrow; Achiont, or the Half Town; Anachkont, or the Wasp; Chishekoa. or the Wood Bug; Sessewa, or Big Bale of a Kettle; Sciawhowa, or the Council Keeper; Tewanias, or the Broken Twig; Souachshowa, or the Full Moon; Cachunevasse, or Twenty Canoes Tuscarora Chief — Hiclionqiiash, or Tearing Asunder. Senecas— Cageahgea, or Dogs about the Fire; Sawedowa, or the Blast; Kionda- shovva, or Swimming Fish. Onondaga Chief— Oncheye, or the Dancing Feather. Cayuga Chiefs— Soahaes, or Falling Mountain; Otachsaka, or Broken Toma- hawk. Oneida Chief — Tekchiefs, or the I-,ong Tree. Seneca Chief— Onesechter, or the Leaded Man. Munsey Chiefs — Kiatnlahoh, or the Snake; Aqueia, or Bandy Legs. Senecas— Kiandock-Gowa, or Big Tree; Ovvenewah, or Throw into the Water. N. B.— The two Munseys signed as being residents of the land, but not owners. R. Butler. In the presence of A. St. Clair, Joseph Harmar and others. Twelve hundred dollars were also paid by the United States Government for the extinguishment of the Indian titles. The cession of the Triangle gave great offense to a portion of the Indians, who claimed that they had not been fairly represented in the council. There was a good deal of talk among them of resisting its occupancy by the State, and at cme time matters looked really serious, but by wise efforts what might have been a long and murderous border war was avoided. On the 3d of Feb- ruary, 1791, XJornplanter, Half Town, and Big Tree executed a second instru- ment, in which, after reciting the dissatisfaction that existed among the Seneca nation, they acknowledged the receipt of $800 as full satisfaction of all claims and demands by their nation against the commonwealth, and " fully, clearly, and finally remised and forever quit-claimed " their interest in the Triangle to Gov. McKean, " from the beginning of the world to the date of these presents." It was several years after the signing of this deed, how- ever, before the Indians became sufficiently quieted to enable settlements to be made with safety, as will be more fully related in another part of these annals. INTERESTING DETAILS. The territory above purchased extends some forty miles in a straight line along the lake, and is about eighteen miles in breadth along the New York boundary, tapering from there to a point in Springfield Township, between four and five miles east of the Ohio line. It embraces 202,187 acres, and the United 200 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. States received pay for it at the rate of three-fourths of a dollar per acre. The townships embraced in the Triangle are North East, Greenfield, Venango, Har- bor Creek, Greene, Summit, Mill Creek, a small portion of Springfield, about two-fifths of Girard and McKean, and four-fifths of Fairview. The terminus of the Triangle on the shore of Lake Erie was marked by a stone on the Jo- seph Hewitt farm in Springfield, which has disappeared. The old State line forms the southern boundary of Venango, Greene and Summit Townships, and the northern of Waterford and Amity. It passes through the boroughs of Girard and Middleboro nearly in the center. The portion of the county within the original limits of the State is some forty- five miles long from east to west, by ten miles in width from north to south, being about two-thirds of the whole. The townphips wholly in it are Wayne, Concord, Amity, Union, Waterford, LeBoeuf, Washington, Franklin, Elk Creek and Conneaut. A corps of engineers have recently been at work renewing the mon- uments marking the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania, many of which had been destroyed or lost sight of. In the execution of their task they make use of blocks of Quincy granite, about four feet long and six inches square at the top. The stones " are dressed one foot down, that distance be- ing left above ground. Heavy creases are cut at right angles across each. The letters 'Pa.,' and ' N. Y.,' about two inches long, face Pennsylvania and New York respectively. At highways, street and railway crossings, the tops of the stones are one foot by six inches in size, and in other particulars like the rest. Those of the ordinary size are set just one mile apart." CONTINENTAL OERTIFICATES. In explanation of the " certificate " mentioned in the bill of sale, it should be stated that in the contract for the purchase of the Triangle, it was stipulated that the Commonwealth might make payment "in gold or silver or in public securities of the United States, bearing interest." "When the time came for closing the transaction, the State, with Quaker shrewdness, offered one of the funded bonds of the General Government, commonly known as "Continental certifi- cates," which were then in decidedly bad credit, and demanded that interest should be allowed, according to the terms of, its face. This was rather a sur- prise to the Federal authorities, and a long correspondence ensued, in which the Commonwealth seems to have had the better of the argument. After con- siderable delay, her legal right to pay in the manner proposed was conceded, and she turned over the bond and received credit for the accumulated interest, as is shown in the bill of sale above printed. It is apparent that the State drove a very sharp bargain, but whether the transaction was much to her honor, may admit of some debate. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 201 CHAPTEE IX. The American Occupation. TT^HE first stop in the actual settlement of Erie County by white people was 1 taken in 1785, when David Watts and William Miles were sent under the auspices of the State to survey the Tenth Donation District, embracing portions of Waterford, Wayne and Amity Townships. On the completion of their labors, they returned to the East, and gave such a flattering account of the country that much interest in it was excited among the adventurous people of that region. March 24, 1789, it was resolved by the General Assembly that not exceeding 3,000 acres should be surveyed at Presqne Isle, LeBoeuf, and two other places for the use of the commonwealth. In 1790, Gov. Mifflin, by authority of the Legislature, appointed Timothy Matlack, Samuel McClay and John Adlum to examine the western streams of the State for the purpose of ascertaining whether " any nearer and more feasible communication could be had between the Allegheny River and Lake Erie." They examined French and LeBoeuf Creeks up to Waterford, traversed the portage to Presqne Isle, and on going back made a report which resulted in £100 being appropriated for the improvement of the streams named. This was followed by the settlement law of the 3d of April, 1792, which provided for the survey of all the lands north and west of the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers and Conewango Creek, and their sale upon terms that will be stated in another chapter. The Pennsylvania Population Company, formed at Philadelphia March 8, 1792, purchased a large tract of land in the Triangle with the object of selling it at a profit, and inducing settlement. On the 8th of April, of the same year, the Legislature passed and Gov. Mifflin approved a bill for laying out a town at Presque Isle, which was a part of the general plan for the occupation of the Northwest. This act was as follows: Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., That the Governor be and is hereby empowered to cause to be surveyed the tract reserved at or near Presque Isle by the act entitled, " An act for the sale of the vacant lands within this commonwealth," passed the 3d day of April, 1792; and at the most eligible place within the said tract he shall cause to be laid out and surveyed sixteen hundred acres of land in town lots of not more than one-third of an acre each; and also three thousand four hundred acres adjoining the same, in outlets, not less than five acres nor more than ten acres each. Provided always, That the Governor shall reserve out of the lots of the said town so much land as he shall deem necessary for public uses; also, so much land wnthin or out of the said town as may, in his opinion, be wanted by the United States for the purpose of erecting forts, magazines, arsenals and dock-yards. Sec. 2. That the first two hundred persons that shall actually inhabit and reside, on or before the 1st day of January next, within the said town, shall each and every of them be entitled to one unappropriated town lot, to be ascertained by lottery, for which they shall respectively receive a deed, clear of all charges; Provided, That such persons respect- ively, or their respective representatives, or assignees, shall inhabit and reside in the said town for the term of three years, and also, within the said town build or cause to be built, a house at least sixteen feet square, and containing at least one brick or stone chimney, on the town lots to be granted in pursuance of this act. Sec 3. That the Governor is hereby authorized to sell two hundred of the town lots exclusively of those granted by the next preceding section, and the whole of the other out- lots, in such manner as he shall think most to the advantage of the State, and make con- veyance of the same; excepting, always, such as shall be made upon this condition; that the respective purchasers shalland do, within the term of three years, erect and build one house, at least sixteen feet square, and containing at least one brick or stone chimney, on each and every town lot by them purchased: and no deed of conveyance shall be granted 202 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. by the Governor to any purchaser, nor, after the expiration of the said term of three years, shall the said sale be deemed or construed to vest any title, claim or demand in any pur- chaser, unless satisfactory proof be first given that a house has been erected or built on the town lots sold as aforesaid; that the streets, lanes and alleys of the said town shall be common highways forever; and that, previous to the sale or sales of the said town lots and outlots, notice shall be given of the same in at least three of the newspapers of the State at least ten weeks previous to such sale or sales. PROTECTING THE FRONTIER. On the 25th of February, 1794, another act was passed which authorized the Governor " to detach from the several companies of artillery and infantry raised by the State " for the security of the port of Philadelphia and the defense of the Western frontier, ' ' as many men as can be conveniently spared from the specific objects of protection and defense for which the companies were particularly destined, and to station the detachment so made at such place or places at or near Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, as shall in his judgment be best calculated to carry into effect the act" just quoted. This measure was called forth by the menaces of the Indians, who had learned of the proposed settlement at Presque Isle, and knowing that it would cause a break in their communications between the East and West, were determined to prevent it if possible. In accordance with its provisions, Gov. MiiHin, on the 1st of March, 1794, issued a circular to the Brigade Inspectors of Washington, Westmore- land and Allegheny Counties, requiring them to raise men to serve eight months, unless sooner discharged, with a stipulation that, if necessary, they should continue in service till the next meeting of the Legislature. Each man who took his own rifle was to be allowed |2 for its use, and to have a reasona- ble equivalent if it was lost or destroyed in the public service. Four compa- nies were to be organized within the district stated, of whom one Captain, one Lieutenant, two Ensigns, sis Corporals and six Sergeants and ninety-five privates were to be detached for the Prescjue Isle expedition. The command was given to Capt. Ebenezer Denny, of Allegheny County, who is presumed to have seen service in border warfare. Gen. William Irvine and Andrew Ellicott had been appointed Commission- ers some time before to lay out a road from Beading to Presque Isle. On the same day the above-mentioned cii'cttlar was issued they were notified that Albert Gallatin had been associated in their appointment, and that they three were to lay out the town contemplated by the act of 1793. The Governor's instructions desired them to " promote peace, order and friendship with the peaceable Indians or British garrison, should any intercourse * * be pro- duced by accident or necessity." Capt. Denny was required " to comply with every lawful request of the Commissioners," and was further reminded that the objects of his appointment were "strictly those of protection and defense. " OCCUPANCY OF FORT LE BCEUF. Boats and canoes left Pittsburgh on the 16th of April, by way of the Alle- gheny River, the stores and provisions having been sent in advance. By the 25th of Aprd, three officers and seventy-seven men had reached Franklin, at the mouth of French Creek. On the same date, a I'eport reached headquarters at Pittsburgh that the Indians, incited by British agents, were " meditating an opposition to the designs of the Government respecting Presque Isle," and n week later Denny wrote to the Governor his apprehensions that "a council holding at the mouth of Buffalo Creek between the chiefs of the Six Nations and the British may terminate unfavorably to our establishment." On the Ist of May, a Munsee Indian was killed at Franklin in a drunken row by a white ' HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 203 man named Kobertson. This added greatly to the feeling among the aborig- ines. The affair was settled by the party at Franklin raising a purse of $100 and paying it to the relatives of the dead man, in satisfaction of their wi'ong, according to an old custom among the Indians. The troops took possession of "the forks of French Creek, about two miles below the old post of LeBoeuf/' on or near the 11th of May, where they built a small block-house, pending the cutting out of the logs which obstructed the navigation of the stream. From this point. Gen. John Wilkins, of Pittsburgh, who accompanied the expedition, wrote on the day of their arrival that "the British are determined to oppose the progress of the State troops from LeBoeuf to Presque Isle by sending a number of Indians and English to cut them otF. " In a few days more the detachment reached LeBoeuf, where they immediately erected two small picketed block-houses, which, Wilkins reported, " will make them sufficiently strong until the re-enforcement arrives under Capt. Denny." The latter event did not occur until the 24th of June. A draft of 1,000 mili- tia from the brigades of Westmoreland, Washington, Allegheny and Fayette Counties was ordered by the Governor in the latter part of May, to co-operate with Denny's detachment under command of Gen. Wilkins. On the day the order was issued, the Governor wrote to Wilkins warning him of "the critical state of our Presque Isle settlements,'' which, he added, "calls for an exercise of judgment, prudence and spirit." INTERFERENCE OF THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. While the events here mentioned were in progress, a letter reached Gen. Knox, Secretary of War under President Washington, from Gen. Israel Chapin, the United States Commissioner to the Six Nations, to the effect that the British " feel very much alarmed at the garrisoning of Presque Isle. * * If the garrison destined for that place," wrote Chapin, " is not very strong, it is doubtful whether it will not be attacked." On the 9th of May, Gen. Knox wrote to Wilkins and Denny, cautioning them to "proceed with the utmost vigilance and precaution." The next day, he addressed a communica- tion to Gen. Mifflin, stating that " affairs are critically circumstanced between the United States and the Six Nations," and giving it as the opinion of the President, "on mature reflection, that it is advisable to suspend for the pres- ent the establishment of Presque Isle." On the very day this epistle was re- ceived, the Governor notified the Brigade Inspectors of the four western coun- ties that he had been induced to suspend the execution of the act for laying out a town at Presque Isle. He therefore rescinded all orders for drafting men. directed the Commissioners, who had not yet left Pittsburgh, to postpone further proceedings, and commanded Denny's detachment to remain at LeBoeuf, "un- less it should be found necessary to retire from the station in order to prevent an actual contest with the friendly Indians." The Commissioners were asked to remain "in such a situation as will enable them on short notice to resume the execution of their mission." WAS THE DANGER REAL? The correspondence that has been preserved on the subject indicates that the fears of an Indian war were well founded and quite universal among those who had the best means of information. Gen. Wilkins wrote fi'om LeBoeuf: "The Indians contrive to make opposition to the establishment at Presque Isle. The Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada and an Indian agent were visiting all the Indian towns westward, exciting the Indians to oppose the Americans and assuring them of support from the King. * * * Advices from the Gene- 204 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. see country state that every industry is being made by the British to put the Indians on us." The chief men of the Six Nations, he concluded, held a couDcil at Buffalo Creek about the middle of INIay. In a letter of June 5, from David Reweck to Gov. Mifflin, he says of Presque Isle: "I have not, doubted but that the British wish seriously to possess it. * * * j^ jg pretty certainly known that for a considerable time past no vessel (British) has gone up or down the lake without instructions to put in at Presque Isle and see whether we were there or no." About the same time, John Polhemus, com- manding at Fort Franklin, reported: " From the best information that I have received this day, I have reason to believe the Indians will attempt to make themselves mastei's of this post." A week later, he forwarded the tidings that three men on their way to Pittsburgh from Franklin were attacked by the savages, two of whom were killed. D. Hansom, a trader with the Indians, deposed on the nth of June that he "had been told by the Broken Twig that the British and Indians were to land at Presque Isle and form a junction with Cornplanter on French Creek and were then to clear it by killing all the white people and taking all the posts on it." It is but fair to the Senecas and their chief to state that in a letter from Capt. Denny, dated at Franklin on the lOth of June, he says: "The Corn- planter has gone to another council at Buffalo. * * * jJe is extremely concerned at the account given of their going to take up the hatchet; says they are bad men that report it; that it's a lie." In a communication of the 12th of June from Gen. Chapin' to the War Department, he declares: "I am afraid of the consequences of the attempt to settle Presque Isle at present. The Indians do not acknowledge the validity of the Cornplanter's sale to Pennsylvania." We have gathered the testimony on this point at more length than may seem necessary, because of its relation to other events that will be detailed in a sub- sequent chapter. A LENGTHY DISCUSSION. The people of the western counties were highly indignant at the suspen- sion of the proceedings for settlement, and. without knowing the reason that prompted Gov. Mifflin, hotly condemned what they called his timidity. The Governor, however, soon righted himself by spreading the intelligence abroad that he had acted in pursuance of a special request from President Washing- ton. He was of the belief, in common with most of the citizens of the State, that there was more bluster than sincerity in the threats of the Indians, and tliat the best way was to go right on, and, if necessary, whip them into acqui- escence. Gen. Irvine wrote from Pittsburgh: "People here are astonished at the course of the General Government. I could have taken 500 — some mounted, some riflemen, of such as would have efifectually awed the savages and British.'' A long correspondence took place between Mifflin and the Federal authorities, in which the Governor argued earnestly in favor of the right of the State to protect its own territory and endeavored to convince the Cabinet of the folly of suspending the operations. AN IMPORTANT COUNCIL. The council referred to by Denny was held at the mouth of Bufialo Creek on the 18th of June. It was attended by Gen. Chapin, as representative of the United States, who found the Indians "much agitated with regard to the movements made by the State of Pennsylvania." He left Buffalo on the 19th, in company with sixteen chiefs and warriors and a British Indian agent, who HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ' 20 5 acted as interpreter, for Presqiie Isle, which they reached on the 24:th. Find- ing no person there, they proceeded to LeBoeuf that evening, where they met Capt. Denny and Mr. Ellicott, one of the State Commissioners, who had re- cently come up from Pittsburgh. In the consultation which ensued, the Indians objected to the establishment of garrisons in this quarter in the professed be- lief that it would involve them in a war with the Western Indians. They also claimed that the lands were not legally purchased from them by Pennsyl- vania. Ellicott and Denny replied that the purchase was as openly and fairly made as any that had ever taken place. The Indians returned to Buffalo, where another council was held on the 4th of July, at which it was determined to maintain their rights by force. In a communication of July 17, from the Secretary of War to the Governor, he reported that Chapiu had sent word that, had he not proceeded to LeBoeuf and the surveyors not suspended operations, blood would certainly have been shed. FORT LE BCEUF AND ITS GARRISON. Denny begged of Gren. Gibson on the 27th of June for "a few militia," on the ground that a number of his men at Le Boeuf were ill with the flux and others had to be detached. To the Governor he reported on the 4th of July: " Have been busy erecting a stockade post. Moved the detachment in yester- day. Am now beyond the power of any body of hostile Indians. None have been around since the party on the 24th. Hear firing almost daily, but whether friends or foes is uncertain." Ellicott wrote on the 1st of August: " The In- dians consider themselves as our enemies and that we are theirs, From this consideration they never come near the garrison except as spies and then es- cape as soon as discovered." Denny notified the Governor on the same date that they had four block -houses at LeBceuf, on two of which a six-pounder was mounted, the others not being calculated for cannon. Over each gate was a swivel. The officers occupied their tents in the absence of more agreeable quarters. The situation he regarded as excellent, except that there was a hol- low way parallel with the rear of the works and within gunshot that would ' ' cover any number of Indians." This was examined every morning before the gates were thrown open. A few days previous, two or three Indians were seen "reviewing the plan," who seemed disappointed when a white flag was hoisted. The troops at the post numbered one hundred and ten, inclusive of officers. Ellicott regarded the garrison as being "in excellent order," and that it could, "if supplied with provisions, safely bid defiance to all the In- dians between the Genesee and Mississippi Rivers." On the 10th of September, a man named Dickson was fired at by a party of Indians and wounded in two places, while working in a field within a hundred and fifty yards of the settlement at Cussewago, below LeBoeuf. The news of the atrocious act spread like wildfire, and excited a universal desire among the whites for retaliation. Denny complained to the Governor, on the 1st of October, that " the men are very naked; few of them have anything but their summer dress, and that in rags, and the most of them are barefooted." Again, on the 1st of November, he sent word: " For want of clothing, particularly shoes, there are numbers of the men who are almost useless. * * The fellows who are barefooted suffer with the snow." A letter from Wilkins, of the 10th of October, gave more favorable accounts from LeBoeuf and Franklin. The British influence over the Six Nations, he stated, had been greatly affected by the defeat which the Western Indians sustained from Gen. XVayne's army in August. A number of Six Nation Indians were in the battle at Maumee, and on getting back to their 206 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. homes told the most terrifying stories of Wayne's skill and bravery. Mr. Ellicott set out for the older sections of the State on the 23d of October, and was in Philadelphia on the 30th of December. An order was issued by the Governor to Gen. Wilkins on the 26th of October to raise one hundred and thirty men for six months, after the expiration of the service of the detachment at LeBceuf, for the maintenance of that post and the completion of the Presque Isle enterprise. Each private was to receive 50 shillings a month, besides the customary rations. The old detachment was relieved by the new recruits in the closing part of December. A TREATY OF PEACE. By the efforts of Timothy Pickering, representing the United States, a treaty of peace was concluded with the Six Nations at Canandaigua, N. Y., on the 11th of November, in which they unreservedly acknowledged the title of Pennsylvania to the Triangle, and for themselves and their successors released all claims upon the lands within its limits. This happy conclusion was much hastened by the terror of Anthony Wayne's name and victories. As soon as tidings of the treaty reached Washington, word was sent by the President tc Gov. Mifflin that the temporary obstacles to the establishment were removed. It being too late in the season when the good news arrived at Le Boeuf to do any effective work at Presque Isle, the detachment remained at the former post until early spring. The force there on the 27th of March, 1795, consisted of ninety-nine in all. While Ellicott was at Le Boeuf, in the summer of 1791, he laid out the town of Waterford, the plan of which was afterward sanctioned by the Legis- lature. An act for laying out towns at Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, Venango and Conewango (Erie, Waterford, Franklin and Warren) passed that body in April, 1795, being the second in regard to the first-named place. This law also repealed the one of April 8, 1793, quoted in the beginning of this chapter. Maj. Craig, of the United States Army, stationed at Pittsburgh, reported tu the Secretary of War on the 24th of May, 1795, that ' ' the State troops at Le Boeuf are nearly all disbanded. Capt. Buchanan," he says, "who commanded at that post (Denny having left), arrived here yesterday with the greater part of the men under his command, who are all discharged." In Buchanan's communication to the Governor, of June 19, he states, however, that Lieut. Mehaffey, with twenty-six men, marched from Pittsburgh with Commissioners Irvine and Ellicott toward Le Bceuf. He, Buchanan, expected to start that day with the balance of the escort. This would imply that a new set of men had been enlisted for the purpose. In Denny's report of his operations, he thus describes the location at Presque Isle: "A mile and a half in some directions from the old French fort the land appears to have been under culti- vation, or at least cleared, but is now grown up thick with young chestnut and linn. The fort has been a regular pentagon, but the work was very light. The parapet don't exceed five feet, and the ditch not more. The walls of the mag- azine, of stone, are standing, and may be repaired. The well may also be easily made fit for use." He mentions that "' among the stores sent up by the State " was " a complete set of irons for a saw mill." BEGINNING OF THE TOWN OF ERIE. Some two hundred men from Wayne's army landed at Presque Isle early in the spring of 1795, under command of Capt. Russell Bissell. They set to work at once, cutting timber for block-houses, of which two were erected on the bluff t^y^-x^dL^^-^^ c~^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 209 overlooking the entrance to the harbor, just east of the mouth of Mill Creek.* They also cleared a good deal of land to raise corn for the use of the garrison. In June, EUicott and Irvine. Commissioners, arrived, accompanied by a corps of surveyors, and escorted by State troops under command of Capt. John Grubb, to lay out the town of Erie as required by the act of Assembly. How long they remained it is impossible to ascertain. The troops under Bissell built a saw mill the next season at the mouth of Mill Creek, which was the first in Erie County, and gave name to the stream. The command would seem to have been kept up until about 1806, being successively in charge, after Bissell, who con- tinued until 1799, of Capts. Hamtramck, Lyman and McCall, and Gen. Callen- der Irvine, a son of Commissioner Irvine. THE LAST INDIAN MURDER. A bloody incident occurred on the 22d of May, 1795, which was afterward the cause of much discussion and litigation, on account of which we will give the cotemporary statements in regard to it found in the Pennsylvania Archives. Denny wrote to the Governor from Pittsburgh on the 29th of May: ' ' Four men were attacked on Saturday last by a pai'ty of Indians lying in wait on the road two miles from Presque Isle. One was found scalped; the fate of the other three is not known." A letter from the Secretary of War to Gov. Mifflin, dated the 5th of June, referring to the occurrence, says: "It is not improbable that the attack was in retaliation, because a family of fx'iendly Indians on the Allegheny, returning from their winter hunt, had been fired upon in May by a party of white men, and two of the Indians badly wounded.'' The man who was killed was named Ralph Rutledge, and one of the other three was his son, who was found scalped but living, and was carried to the fort at Waterford for medical treatment, where he died shortly after. These were the first known deaths in the county. The body of the elder Rutledge was found near the site of the Union depot in Erie, and was buried on the spot where he died. CHAPTER X. Anthony Wayne. ""VTO work upon Erie County would be complete without a sketch of the -LN career of Gen. Anthony Wayne, who^e last sickness, death and buiial are inseparably associated with its history. He was born in the township of Eastown, Chester County, Penn. , on the 1st of January, 1745, being the son of Isaac Wayne, who served several terms as a member of the Provincial Leg- islature and took part in one or more Indian expeditions. After receiving a good education, Anthony embraced the profession of a surveyor, at which he was engaged for a brief period in his native county. In 1765-66, he visited Nova Scotia as the agent of a Philadelphia land association, and on returning home was elected to several county offices. He formed an early friendship with Dr. Franklin, and, like him, was one of the first to espouse the cause of American independence. A member of the Assembly in 1774, and of the Pro- vincial Convention in the same year^ to consider the troubles with Great Brit- * The troops merely erected quarters-that year ; the warehouse and stockades were not completed until the next year, after the saw mill was placed in operation. The supplies for the command were brought by vessel from Detroit. 12 210 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ain, he became one of the Committee of Safety in 1775. Believing war to be inevitable, he resigned his civil office in September, and, after some time spent in military study and practice, raised a regiment, of which he was commis- sioned Colonel. His first service was with Gen. Sullivan in the spring of 1776, and he bore a brilliant part in the battle of Three Rivers, Canada. When the expedition returned, he was placed in charge of the posts of Ticonderoga and Mt. Independence. In February, 1777, he was commissioned a Brigadier General, and served with Washington in the New Jersey and Delaware Valley campaign. On the 20th of September, 1777, while stationed at Paoli, near his Chester County home, with a detachment of 1,500 men, his position was be- trayed by some tories to the enemy, who fell upon him during the night and killed and wounded one-tenth of his command. By Wayne's coolness and bravery, his little army was rallied, and retreated to a place of safety. This was the affair generally known as the " MASSACRE OF PAOLI. " " A court-martial convened by Gen. W^ashington, at Wayne's urgent re- quest, decided, after minute investigation, that he did everything that could be expected from an active, brave and gallant officer under the orders which he then had." He led the attack of the American right wing at Germantown, and received the special applause of Washington for his conduct at Monmouth. His surprise and capture of Stony Point, one of the strongest British positions on the Hudson, was among the most gallant events of the war, and elicited res- olutions of thanks from Congress and the Legislature of Pennsylvania. After other valuable services in the North, Wayne was transferred to the South, where he co-operated with marked skill iu the operations which led to the sur- render of Cornwallis. His last sphere of duty during the Revolution was in Georgia, from which he succeeded in driving the enemy. He was distinguished in all councils of war for supporting the most energetic measures, from which, and from his wonderful dash and courage, he won the popular appellation of " Mad Anthony." At the close of the war, he retired to bis farm in Chester County. He was called in 1789 to serve in the Pennsylvania convention, and in that body advocated the adoption of the United States Constitution with all of his old-time earnestness and patriotism. HIS WESTERN CAMPAIGN. In the year 1792, Wayne was commissioned a Major General, and assigned to the Northwestern frontier, for the purpose of forcing the Indians into subjec- tion. After various minor engagements, he gained a signal victory over the savages on the Maumee, in August, 1 794. His skill, promptness and bravery made a strong impression among the hostile tribes, and they hastened to sue for forgiveness. He was then appointed sole Commissioner to deal with them on the part of the United States, and effected a treaty of peace at Greenville, Ohio, in 1795, which paved the way for the settlement of Northwestern Penn- sylvania and Northern Ohio. SICKNESS AND DEATH. Gen. Wayne's mission being fulfilled, in the fall of 1796 he embarked in a small vessel at Detroit for Presque Isle, now Erie, on his way homeward. During the passage down the lake, he was attacked with the gout, which had afflicted him for some years, and been much aggravated by his exposure in the Western wilds. The vessel being without suitable remedips, he could obtain no relief, and on landing at Presque Isle was in a dangerous condition. By his HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 211 own request, he was taken to one of the block houses on the Garrison tract, the attic of which bad been fitted up as a sleeping apartment. Dr. J. C. Wallace, who had served with him as a surgeon during his Indian campaign, and who was familiar with his disease, was then stationed at Fort Fayette, Pittsburgh. The General sent a messenger for the doctor, and the latter started instantly for Erie, but on reaching Franklin was astonished to learn the news of his death, which occurred on the 15th of December, 1790. During his illness every attention was paid to the distinguished invalid that circumstances would permit. Two days after his death the body was buried, as he had directed, in a plain coffin, with his uniform and boots on, at the foot of the flagstaff of the block-house. Among those who helped to lay out and inter the remains was Capt. Daniel Dobbins, long one of the best known citizens of Erie. The top of the coffin was marked with the initials of his name, "A. W.," his age and the year of his decease in round-headed brass tacks, driven into the wood. HIS APPEARANCE AND BEARING. An account of Gen. Wayne at the age of thirty two describes him as "about middle size, with a firm, manly countenance, commanding port and eagle eye. His looks corresponded well with his character, indicating a soul noble, ardent and daring. In his intercourse with his officers and men. he was affable and agreeable, and had the art of communicating to their bosoms the gallant and chivalrous spirit which glowed in his own. * * * jjjg (Jress was scrupulously neat and elegant, his movements were quick, his manners easy and graceful." DISINTERMENT OF THE REMAINS. In the fall of 1808, Gen. Wayne's daughter, Mrs. Altee, was taken serious- ly ill. While upon her sick bed, she was seized with a strong desire to have her father's remains moved to the family burying ground. Realizing that it was her last sickness and anxious to console her dying moments, Col. Isaac Wayne, the General's son, consented to come on to Erie for the purpose of complying with her wishes. The journey was made in the sprmg of 1809, through what was then a wilderness for much of the distance, with a horse and sulky. On arriving in Erie, Col. Wayne put up at Buehler's Hotel, and sent for Dr. Wallace, the same one who had been called to minister to the General. The Doctor agreed to attend to the disinterment and preparation of the re- mains, and Col. Wayne gave him entire charge of the operation, declining to witness it on the ground that he preferred to remember his father as he knew him when living. Thirteen years having elapsed, it was supposed that the corpse would be decomposed, but, on opening the grave, all present were amazed to find the body petrified wiih the exception of one foot and leg, which were partially gone. The boot on the unsound leg had decayed and most of the clothing was missing, Dr. Wallace separated the body into convenient parts and placed them in a kettle of boiling w-ater until the flesh could be re- moved from the bones. He then carefully scraped the bones, packed them in a small box and returned the flesh, with the implements used in the operation, to tne coffin, which had been left undisturbed, and it was again covered over with earth. The box was secured to Col. Wayne's sulky and carried to East- ern Pennsylvania, where the contents were deposited in a second grave among those of the General's deceased relatives. In the labor of dissection, which took place on the garrison grounds. Dr. Wallace was assisted by Robert Murray, Rob- ert Irwin, Richard Clement and perhaps others. Gen. Wayne's sound boot was given to James Duncan, who found that it fitted him, had a mate made for it and wore the pair until they could no longer be used. 212 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. APPEARANCE OF THE BODY. At the time of the disintermeat, Capt. Dobbins and family were living on the Garrison grouads in a large building erected for the use of the command- ing officer. Mrs. Dobbins was allowed to look at the body, with some of her lady acquaintances, and obtained a lock of the dead hero's hair. She had a vivid recollection of the incident when nearly in her one hundredth year. The body, she said, was not hard like stone, but was more of the consistency of soft chalk. The hairs of the head pulled out readily, and the general appearance of the corpse was much like that of a plaster of Paris cast. In explanation of Dr. Wallace's course, it is argued that he acted in accord- ance with what the circumstances of the case seemed to require. It was necessary that the remains should be placed in as small a space a^ possible, to accommodate the means of conveyance. Col. Wayne is reported to have said, in regard to the affair: "I always regretted it; had I known the state the remains were in before separated I think I should certainly have had them again deposited there and let them rest, and had a monument erected to his memory." William H. Holstein, a grandson of Gen. Wayne, in a letter printed in the Erie Observer of February 13, 1880, states that "Col. Wayne was not aware of the condition of his father's remains until all was completed or he would not have consented to the removal.'' A SECOND DISINTERMENT. Some years ago. Dr. Germer, of Erie, who has a profound veneration for vVayne's memory, read a sketch of the burial and removal, and was prompted to look up the place of the grave. He first ascertained the site of the block- house, which had long before disappeared with the other structures, and dig- ging down at the probable foot of the flagstaff readily found the grave and coffin. The lid of the coffin, with the initials, etc., before described, upon it, was fairly preserved, but the balance had mostly rotted away. Largely through the efforts of Dr. Germer and Capt. Welsh, an appropriation was obtained from the Legislature, with which a substaatial log block-house in imitation of the original was built to mark the site, and the grounds were surrounded by a railing with cannon at each of the four corners. The grave has been neatly and substantially built up with stone, and the coffin lid, with other relics of the early days, is carefully sheltered within the block-house — the whole forming as appropriate a monument to the hero as could well be devised. HIS EASTERN TOMB. The Wayne family burial ground, where the bones of the gallant General repose, is in the cemetery attached to St. David's Episcopal Church, at Rad- nor, Delaware County, not far from the Chester County line, less than an hour's walk from Wayne Station, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, and fourteen miles west from Philadelphia. Not far distant is Paoli, the scene of the mas- sacre which was so brilliantly avenged at Stony Point. The Pennsylvania State Society of the Cincinnati erected a monument over the grave on the 4th of July, 1809, which is still in position. In close proximity are the last resting places of Gen. Wayne's wife, son and daughter, and of numerous re- lations. The house where Wayne was born, near Paoli, is still standing, or was in 1876, and his descendants, who occupy it, have collected and j^reserved many articles of interest as having been associated with his long and illustri- ous career. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 213 CHAPTER XI. Land Matters. ON the 3cl of April, 1792, one month after the cession of the Triangle, the General Assembly passed an act for the encouragement of emigration to the newly acquired territory. This measure, generally known as the "actual set- tlement law," was in substance as follows: The lands north and west of the Kivers Ohio, Allegheny and Conewango are to be* sold to any person who will cultivate, improve and settle the same, or cause them to be improved and settled, at £7 10 shillings for every hundred acres, with an allowance of six per cent for roads, etc. On application to the Secretary of the Land Office, giving a description of the lauds applied for, a warrant is to be issued to the applicant for any quan- tity not exceeding 400 acres. The lands are to be divided into proper districts and one Deputy Surveyor is to be appointed for each district. No title shall vest in the lands unless the grantee has, prior to the issuance of his warrant, made or caused to be made, or shall, within two years next after the same, make or cause to be made an actual settlement thereon, by clearing, fencing and cultivating at least two acres for every hundred in one survey, and erected a house, and resided or caused a family to reside on the same for the five years immediately following; and in default thereof new war- rants shall be issued to actual settlers; provided, that if any such actual settler or grantee "shall, by force of arms of the enemies of the United States, be pre- vented from making stich settlement, or be driven therefrom, and shall persist in his endeavors to make such actual settlement, then, in either case, he and his heirs shall be entitled to have and to hold such lands in the same manner as if the actual settlement had been made..'''' The lands actually settled and improved are to remain chargeable with the purchase money and interest, and if the grantee shall neglect to apply for a warrant for ten years after the passage of this act, unless hindered by death or the enemies of the United States, the lands may be granted to others by war- rants reciting the defaults. The lands settled under this legislation are to be free from taxation for ten years. PENNSYLVANIA POPULATION COMPANY. Soon after Ihe " actual settlement law " was enacted, the Pennsylvania Population Company was formed at Philadelphia, the avowed purpose of which was to settle the lands of the Triangle. John Nicholson, the famous land speculator, was elected President, and Messrs. Cazenove, Lvine, Mead, Leet, Hoge and Stewart, managers. The stock of the corporation consisted of 2,500 shares, each of which represented or was intended to represent 200 acres. The title to the lands purchased was to be vested in trustees, to be held in common, and the proceeds were to be divided, pro rata, among the stockhold- ers. Previous to the organization of the company, Mr. Nicholson had applied for 390 warrants in the Triangle, and 250 on the watei-a of Beaver River, to be located in his own name. These he transferred to the corporation, which 214 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. . • paid for them and perfected the title. The company also took up about 500 additional warrants in Erie and Crawford Counties. The lands located by the PopulatioQ Company embraced the whole Triangle except the Erie and Garri- son State Reserves and Irvine's Reservation. The corporation was dissolved in 1811, after the last war with Great Britain, and the remaining lands and unsettled contracts for the sale of lands passed into the hands of the individual members. A GREAT LAND SPECULATOR. "John Nicholson," says the author of the Historical Annals of Pennsyl- vania, "was Comptroller of the State from 1782 to 1794, during which time $27,000,000 of public money passed through his hands under circumstances of peculiar complication and ditfieulty, arising from the then state of paper money and the Government credit. He became the object of political pe;se- cution, and resigned his office. His private transactions were very extensive. At this period he was the owner of about 3,700,000 acres of land in Pennsyl- vania, besides large possessions, real and personal, elsewhere. To meet his various pecuniary engagements for these lands, he formed joint-stock compa- nies, to which he conveyed a large portion of them. His affairs became em- barrassed; he was committed to prison, and died in confinement and insane dvflfing the year 1800. So early as the 17th and 18th of March, 1797, deeds had been made to the Pennsylvania Land Company, and individual creditors had obtained judgments against him. The commonwealth had an immense claim against him for unsettled land warrants, stock accounts, and other items, in liquidation of which the vast amount of lands held in his name, throughout thirty-nine counties, reverted to the commonwealth, and were taken or pur- chased by others. Conflicting claims, besides that of the State, were previ- ously existing, and tended greatly to complicate the title of these lands. The matter was several times closed and as often re-opened by legislative enact- ments, special writs and new lawsuits, and, later, a sweeping claim was made by the individual heirs of Nicholson to an immense amount of land through- out the State- — attempting to unsettle claims supposed to have been quieted many years since." A fuller account of a j^art of the agitation here referred to will be found in another place. PLAN OF SETTLEMENT. The Population Company, on the Sth of March, 1793, issued instructions to their agents, offering the following inducements to settlers in Erie County: A gift of 150 acres each to the tirst twenty families that shall settle on French Creek. A similar gift to the first twenty families that shall settle in the Lake Erie territory. A gift of 100 acres each to the next fifty families (after the first twenty) who shall settle on French Creek. A similar gift to the next fifty families (after the first ten) who Rhall settle in the Lake Erie territory. The settlers were privileged to locate on any lands of the company they chose, and if they cleared at least ten acres, and erected a comfortable house thereon, in which they resided, were to have a deed after two years. In case they were driven off by the Indians, no part of the two years was to run against them, and no title was to vest in any })erson or his heirs who aban- doned the lands before receiving his deed. Thirty thousand acres were offered for sale to actual settlers, in tracts not HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 215 exceeding 300 acres, at $1 per acre, payable at the option of the purchaser, in three years, with interest the last two years. The surveys were to be made under the direction of the company, at the expense of the grantee or purchaser. HOLLAND LAND COMPANY. The Holland Land Company was an organization of twelve wealthy gentle- men living in Holland, who advanced several millions of dollars to the Gov. ernment during the Revolution, through the influence of Robert Morris. This debt was liquidated after the establishment of independence, by the Government, transferring to the company vast tracts of land in Western New York and Northwestern Pennsylvania. The company also took up by warrant numerous tracts of land in Erie and Crawford Counties. These were issued to them at various times in 1793, 1794 and 1795, and numerous sales were made. Incon- sequence of the Indian troubles, the settlers upon some of the tracts were pre- vented from making the improvements required by law within the two years prescribed, and the titles became involved in litigation, the same as in the case of the Population Company. The lands of the Holland Company lay south of the triangle line, across the entire width of the county. Maj. Alden, the first agent of the company, had his headquarters in Crawford County. He was succeeded by William Miles, of Union Mills. In 1815, H. J. Huidekoper, a member of the corporation, came on from Holland, took charge of the com- pany's affairs, and established his office in Meadville. The lands remaining unsold were bought by Mr. Huidekoper in 1833, and helped to create the large fortune which he left at his decease. TENTH DONATION DISTRICT. By an-act of March 12, 1783, the Legislature directed the laying-out of a district in the Northwest, to be bounded " by the Allegheny River on the south- east as far up as the mouth of the Conewango; thence by a line due north to the New York line; thence by the northern and western boundaries of the States, and south " by what was known as the Depreciation District, which ex- tended up the Beaver to the mouth of the Mahoning. These lands were ap propriated to fulfill the prumise of the commonwealth, made on the 7th of March, 1780, "to the officers and privates belonging to this State in the Fed- eral army, of certain donations and quantities of land, according to their sev- eral ranks, to be surveyed and divided off to them, severally, at the end of the war. They were surveyed in lots of from 200 to 500 acres each, enough of each kind to supply the different ranks. A Major General was entitled to draw four tickets, by lottery, for 500 acres each; a Brigadier General, three of the same; and so on down to the drummers, lifers, corporals, and ' private sentinels,' who drew one ticket of 200 acres each." The Donation District was divided into sub districts, each of which was known by its number. The Tenth District commenced about a mile east of the borough of Waterford and extended eastward across the present townships of Amity and Wayne to the Warren County line. It was surveyed on the part of the State in 1785 by David Watts and William Miles, who came on from the East for that purpose, and returned home on the completion of their labors. In laying out the dis- trict they made several provoking errors, among others running their lines into Greene and Venango Townships, which did not belong to the State. This blunder was corrected, however, upon the purchase of the Triangle, but some of the other faults of the survey led to much litigation and hard feeling. Few of the soldiers for whose benefit the lands were set aside, moved on to them, the patents having generally been disposed of at' a small price to speculators. 216 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The object of the law was fulfilled without using the entire district specified for donation purposes, and the balance of the lands, including all that part of Erie County not named above and in the several grants and reservations, re- verted to the State. HAEEISBDKG AND PEESQUE ISLE COMPANY. On the 13th of August, 1796, an association was formed at Harrisburg, under the title of the Harrisburg and Presque Isle Company, for the purpose of " settling, improving and populating the country near and adjoining to Lake Erie." It was limited to ten persons, whose naiiies were Richard Swan, Thomas Forster, John Kean, Alexander Berryhill, Samuel Laird, John A. Hanna, Robert Harris, Richard Dermond, William Kelso and Samuel Ains- worth. The capital of the company consisted of 110,000, of which no member was entitled to more than five shares of $200 each. The money paid in was to be " common stock," and was to be invested in the purchase of " inlots and outlots in the town of Erie and others," and of lands north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers. The company purchased thirty seven Erie in- lots and eight outlots at the public sale at Carlisle in August, 1796. They also obtained possession of 430 acres at the mouth of Walnut Creek, and of some land at Waterford. ]\Tr. Forster came on as agent, in company with Mr. Swan, in the spring of 1797, and located on the Walnut Creek property. By the fall of that year, they had a saw mill erected, and the next year a grist mill was commenced, which was not completed, however, till the fall of 1799. They laid out a town at tlie mouth of the creek and called it Fairview. Both Forster and Swan took up large tracts in the vicinity on their own account. The title to a portion of the company's property was disputed by the Popula- tion Company, and, after long litigation, the Walnut Creek site was sold at Sheriff's sale. THE MOEAVIAN GEANT. The "Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen" — commonly known as the Moravians — had long maintained mission- aries at its own expense among the Indians, who contributed largely by their Christian example and teachings to the peace of the frontier. In recognition of their services, the State, on the 17th of April, 1791, voted the association two grants of land of 2,500 acres each, with allowance, to be located respect- ively on " the River Connought, near the northwestern part of the State," and on " the heads of French Creek." The society located 2,875 acres in LeBoeuf Township, which they named the "Good Luck" tract, and 2,797 in Springfield and Conneaut Townships, to which they gave the title of " Hospitality." These lands were leased until 1850, when they were purchased by N. Blickens- derf er and James Miles. The first agent for the Moravians was William Miles, of Union, who was succeeded by his son James as manager of the " Hospitality," and by John W^ood, of Waterford, as manager of the "Good Luck" tract. THE EESEEVATIONS. The Reservations in the county were four in 'number, viz. : Irvine's Reservation, the Erie State Reserve, the W^aterford State Reserve, and the Garrison Reserve. Irvine's Reservation consisted of 2,000 acres in Harbor Creek Township, donated by the commonwealth to Gen. "\Villiam Irvine as a special reward for his services during the Revolution. He located the tract while here to lay out the town of Erie. It was reserved in the grants to the Population Company. ■'■^-S"<^'^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 219 In the grants to that company, the State also reserved a tract around the harbor of Erie, which became known as the Erie State Reserve. It commenced at the head of the bay and ran south three miles, then eastward, parallel with the lake, eight miles, then back to the lake shore three miles, making altogeth- er some twenty-four square miles. An act passed the Legislature in April, 1797, providing for the sale of these lands. They were first surveyed by George Moore in 1795, again by John Cochran in 1796-97, and finally by Thomas Rees in 1799. The latter laid them out in three tiers — the one furthest from the lake consisting of 150-acre ti'acts, the second mainly of 130- acre tracts, and the last, or nearest to the lake, of tracts ranging from 100 to 50 acres. This, of course, did not include the inlots and outlots of the town of Erie. None of the lands were sold until 1801, and but few before 1804. Those who bought earliest paid from $3 to $4 per acre, one-fifth in hand, the balance in four equal annual payments. One party who owned 411 acres deeded the whole of it, in 1804, for a male slave. The final sale of the Reserve lands took place on the first Monday of August, 1833, when fifty- acre tracts on the bank of the lake west of the city were purchased at from $9 to $22 per acre. The Reserve at Waterford, like that at Erie, was set apart by the State with a view to getting increased pvices from the expected rapid growth of that town. It consisted of 1,800 acres in Waterford Townshij^, and 400 in LeBoeuf. Pi'ovision for its sale was made in the act of 1799, and most of the tract had passed into private hands by 1804. The Garrison tract was provided for in the act of 1794, for laying out a town at Presque Isle, which directed the Governor to reserve "out of the lots of the said town so much land as he shall deem necessary for public uses; also, so much land, within or out of the said town, as may, in his opinion, be wanted by the United States for the purpose of erecting forts, magazines, arsenals and dock-yards." It lies on the bank of the bay on the east side of Erie City, and is now in the possession of the United States Government. ACADEMY LANDS. The act of 1799 provided that in the sales of land 500 acres should be held back from each of the Reserve tracts at Erie and Waterford "for the use of such schools and academies as may hereafter be established by law " in those towns. The lands that fell to the share of Waterford Academy lie in LeBcBuf Township, at the mouth of LeBoeuf Creek. They were sold ofP about 1840. The Erie Academy grant was in Mill Creek Township, and extend.-d some dis- tance along the Waterford Turnpike, commencing near the present southern boundary of the city. The land has passed into the hands of private owners. SURVEYORS AND, LAND AGENTS. As already stated, the first survey in the county was that of the Tenth Do- nation District, made by Watts and Miles in 1785. Under the act of 1792, the territory north and west of the Ohio. Allegheny and Conewango Rivers, was divided into five districts, each of which was assigned to a Deputy Surveyor. District No. 1 was thus described: "Beginning on the bank of Lake Erie at the northeast corner of the tract purchased by the State of Pennsylvania of the United States; from thence extending due south to the northern boundary of the State of Pennsylvania, and along the same upon the same due south course ten miles; from thence to run a due west course to the western boundary of the State; thence by the same north to Lake Erie; thence along the margin of said lake to the place of beginning." Thomas Rees was appointed Deputy 220 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Surveyor on the 16th of May, 1792, with " full power to execute all warrants and surveys" to him directed by the Land Department of the State. He set out for his mission immediately, but learning that the Indians on Lake Erie were hostile, came no further than Northumberland County, where he opened an office. During his stay there warrants were filed by the Pennsyl- vania Population Company for the whole of the Triangle. He left forPresque Isle in the spring of 1793. On reaching Buffalo Creek (now the city of Buf- falo), he was met by a delegation of Indians, who refused to let him proceed further, threatening that he would be killed if he did. After long delay, a number of warrants were surveyed for the Population Company in 1794, but the attitude of the Indians was so hostile, and reports of Indian murders so frequent, that Mr. Bees abandoned the field and returned to the East. MORE LAND LEGISLATION. The Legislature passed an act on the 22d of April, 1794, which pro- vided that uo further applications should be received by the land office for any unimproved land within the Triangle. This was after it had been ascertained that the tei-ritory was not suflicient to supply the warrants issued to the Popu- lation Company. The same act directed that no warrant should issue after the 15th of June of that year, for any land within the Triangle except in favor of persons claiming by virtue of some settlement and improvement having been made thereon, and that all applications remaining in the land office after that date for which the purchase money had not been paid, should be void. It was stipulated, however, that applications might be "received and warrants issued until the 1st of January, 1795, in favor of any persons to whom a balance might be due in the land office on unsatisfied warrants issued before the 29th of March, 1792, for such quantities of land as might be sufficient to discharge such balances;" provided, that the act should not be "so construed as that any warrants, except those wherein the land is particularly described, should in any manner affect the title of the claim of any person having made an act- ual improvement before such warrant was entered and surveyed in the Deputy Surveyor's books." Another act, passed in September of the same year, made it unlawful for any application for lands to be received at the land office, after its passage, "except for such lands where a settlement has been or hereafter shall be made, grain raised and a person or persons residing thereon." SETTLED AT LAST. The difficulty with the Indians, related in a previous chapter, delayed fur- ther operations until the spring of 1795, when Mr. Bees came on again, put up a tent at the mouth of Mill Creek, and resumed his duties as a surveyor. About this time he was also appointed agent for the Population Company, which renewed the instructions of 1793. The Butledge murders happening soon after the arrival of Bees, kept emigration from the Triangle for awhile, but by fall quite a number of people had come into the county. Mr. Bees employed several Surveyors during the season, among whom were George Moore and David McNair, and by fall reported the sale for the company of 74,790 acres to some 200 different persons. Few or these, however, made an immediate settlement upon the land, through fear of Indian depredations. Mr. Bees re- signed both as Deputy Surveyor and agent for the Population Company at the beginning of 1796, and from that date until the spring of 1802 served the State as Commissioner for the sale of lots, etc. He was succeeded in the first position by John Cochran, and in the second by Judah Colt. Mr. Bees took up a large tract in Harbor Creek Township, about one mile south of the pres- HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 221 ent Buffalo road, to which he cut a highway in 1797. After leaving the agency, he cleared up several large farms, on one of which he resided until his death in May, 1818. He was the first Justice of the Peace in this county, his appointment bearing date March 31, 1796. Judah Colt, who had been appointed to succeed Mr. Rees as agent of the Population Company, came on in that capacity on the Ist of July, 1796. His duties and experience are best told in the memoir he left for the use of his family, an abstract of which is here given: ABSTRACT OF JUDAH COLT's AUTOBIOGRAPHY. I was born at Lyme, Conn., July 1, 1761. In August, 1795, in company with Augustus Porter, came to Erie to purchase land. At Presque Isle found a number of men encamped, United States troops erecting a fort, and Com- missioners for the State, Gen. William Irvine and Andrew Ellicott, laying out the town of Erie. They had about 100 militia troops in their employ. Thom- as Rees was acting as agent for the Pennsylvania Population Company in the survey and sale of lands. Porter and I took two certificates of 400 acres each at $1 per acre, payable in five annual installments. We made but a brief stay. On the 3d of March, 1796, went to Philadelphia for the purpose of getting the lands purchased of Mr. Rees at Erie confirmed. The principal proprietors of the Population Company resided there. Offered to buy 30,000 acres at $1 per acre, iDut they declined to sell in so large a body. Col. Aaron Burr, who was one of the proprietors, informed me that they were in need of a more act- ive agent, and offered me the position. A contract was entered into by which they agreed to pay me $1,500 a year, besides board, traveling expenses, etc. This was raised to 12,500 in 1798. Money was advanced with which to pro- cui-e supplies and hire laborers, and in the month of April I started to return to my home in the Genesee country, New York. At New York City, I laid in provisions, sundry kinds of goods and farming utensils, such as were needed in a new country. They were shipped under the care of Enoch Marvin, up the river to Albany, across the portage by wag- ons to the Mohawk, up the latter by batteaux, then by wagons again to Oswego, and from there by lake and wagon to Presque Isle. Mr. Marvin ar- rived at the latter place on the 22d of June, 1796, but the boats did not reach Presque Isle till the 1st of July. He found a Captain's command stationed there in a garrison laid out and built in 1795. His tent or marquee was erected near the old French garrison. During the season, he met with consid- erable opposition from advance settlers, " a company known as Dunning Mc- Nair&Co., from the neighborhood of Pittsburgh." Leaving the agency in charge of Elisha and Enoch Marvin, I set out on the 4th of November for Philadelphia, returning to the mouth of Sixteen Mile Creek May 31, 1797. June 1, rode out to where Elisha Marvin was stationed, who had charge of the men employed by the agency, nine miles south of Lake Erie, known after- ward as Colt's Station. Made this my headquarters until the 10th of November. The season was one of much business. The opposition of advance settlers caused me much trouble. I had to keep from fox'ty to one hundred men in service to defend settlei^s aod property. More than once mobs of twenty to thirty assembled for the purpose of doing mischief. Went to Pittsburgh with witnesses and had a number ipdicted by the grand jury of Allegheny County. On my return, loaded a boat with stores to lake to the Sixteen Mile Creek, and put it in charge of four men. On their w\ay up the lake, a storm upset the boat and tliree of the men were drowned. During the season, the building of 222 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. a vessel of about thirty-five tons was commenced at the mouth of Four Mile creek. The Lowrys and others were the indicted parties. Their disturbances took place in the months of June and July. Went East in the fall, and set out to return to Erie in April, 1798. At New York, purchased supplies, which were sent forward in charge of B. Saxton and Eliphalet Beebe. Arrived at Presque Isle the 31st of May, and at Greenfield on the 3d of June. Brought my wife along for the first time. Resided at Colt's Station with my family until the 7th of November. The vessel, begun the year before at the mouth of Four Mile Creek, was completed in time to make a trip to Fort Erie. It was named the Sloop Washington. t)n the 10th of October, I accompanied about sixty-five of the settlers to Erie to attend an elec- tion, all of whom voted in favor of a Federal Representative. On the 7th of November, with Mrs. Colt, set out for Pittsburgh, on horseback. Our baggage was taken down French Creek in boats. Arrived at Pittsburgh the 9th of Jan- uary, 1799. Shortly after our arrival, the weather became very warm, the frost came out of the gi'ound, and the farmers began their plowing. Did not return to Erie County until May, 1801. Daring a part of 1800 and 1801, the peace of the county was much disturbed by the adversaries of the company. In the summer and fall of 1800, the settlement was visited by a number of clergy- men who were sent out by the Ohio and Redstone Presbyteries, who preached in a number of places and took much pains to establish churches. Among them was Rev. Mr. McCurdy. During the year 1801, some progress was made in organizing the militia of Greenfield. Elisha Marvin was chosen Captain. He had about eighty men in his company. During 1802, considerable progress was made in the county, military, civil and religious. In the month of June, 1803, aided by a Deputy Marshal of the United States Court, removed sundry intruders against whom ejectment had been brought, some of whom were obstinate and gave much trouble. During the same month, Mary Marvin arrived in company with her brother Elisha. September 24, purchased of James Wilson four lots, on which was a small house, in the town of Erie, for the sum of $490. On the 26th, set out for Pittsburgh by way of the new State road. Returned to Green- field February 24, 1804. During the month of April, 1804, was again in Phil- adelphia as a witness in the United States Court relating to the lands of the Population Company, and in which the company was siiccessful. On the 6th of August, 1804, began to improve my Erie property, to which I removed my family on the 21st of November. The country in 1805 was still far from tranquil. People continiied to take unlawful possession of lands claimed under wan-ants, and were encouraged by others for political purposes. The company brought sundry ejectments. Dur- ing the summer we were called upon by a number of clergymen. In the month of December, James and Ezekiel Graham, who had unlawfully settled on the tract of the Population Company, purchased 100 acres each at $3 per acre, pay- able in installments. November 20, 1806. — News came of a decision in the land case in United States Court at Philadelphia. Robert Penn, plaintifi"; Adam Arbuckle, de- fendant. July 1, 1807. — The obstinacy of adverse settlers renders my employment in some respects unpleasant. The Erie & Waterfoi'd Turnpike is in process of building. Mr. Colt made frequent trips to Philadelphia, New York and Pittsburgh on the business of the company, being absent from his family much of the time. On one occasion he was sone fifteen months. He died in 1832, and left a large HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 223 estate. His successor for most of the members of the company was Judah C. Spencer. A few of the members placed their interests in charge of Thomas H. Sill. Dunning McNair established an agency for the company on Conneaut Creek in 1797, and made contracts with most of the early settlers of rhat region. LAND SALES, Among those who took up large bodies of land at an early date were David Watts and William Miles, the first surveyors, who located 1,400 acres at Watts- burg, and 1,200 acres at Lake Pleasant, in 1796. Mr. Miles also purchased four tracts on the lake shore from the Population Company, on which he agreed to place settlers. Maiiin Strong, who came to the county in 1795, as a surveyor for the Holland Land Company, took up a large tract on the Ridge, in Water- ford and Summit Townships. David McNair chose 800 acres of the Walnut Creek flats, at Kearsarge, besides other extensive tracts. He at one time owned some of the most valuable property in the county, including half of what is now South Erie. George Fisher, of Dauphin County, secured a vast body of land in Waterford and AVashington Townships, and William Wallace, who was the first lawyer in the county, became possessor of numerous tracts in various townships. The inducement that caused the late Dr. W. A. Wallace to locate in Erie was to take charge of his father's estate. Many sales were made by the different companies between 1796 and 1799, and by 1800 a good share of the county had passed into the hands of actual settlers, or persons who in- tended to become such. LIST OF PURCHASERS. The following is a list of parties who entered into agreements with the Population Company for the purchase of lands in 1796-97 and 1798, all be- ing for full tracts except the one in the name of George Hurst, which was for 200 acres: James Baird, George Balfour, Russell Bissell, Negro " Boe,'' Richard Cle- ment, Isaac Craig, Joshua Fairbanks, Thomas Forster, Thomas Gallagher, Thomas Greer, John Grubb, Samuel Holliday, Thomas P. Miller. Francis Brawley, Thomas Rees, Jr., Abraham Custard, Beriah Davis, Miles Crane, Elihu Crane, Abiathar Crane, Patrick Kennedy, John Sanderson, Morrow Lowry, William Lee, Rowland Re^s, Robert Lowry, William M. Grundy, John Mill, James O'Harra, Judah Colt, Laton Dick, Charles John Reed, Ben- jamin Richardson, Benjamin Russell, David Hays, Anthony Saltsman, Francis Scott, James Herman, Joseph McCord, Azariah Davis, George Hurst, Ai-nold Custard, William Paul, William Barker, Israel Bodine, Samuel Barker, John Kennedy, Israel Miller, George Nicholson, George Lowry, Thomas Dunn, James Dunn, Henry Hurst, Ezekiel Dunning, Wiliam Dunn, William Parcell, Martin Strong, Hugh Spears, Richard Swan, Elihu Talmadge, J. F. Vollaine, Alex. Vance, John McKee, Hugh McLaughlin, John Oliver, Rufus S. Reed, Mary Reed, Stephen Oliver, Milhall Condon, Alex. McKee, David Long, Stephen Forster, Peter Grasoss, James Greer, Joseph L. Rowley, James Foulke, William G. Tysner, John Hay, Freeman Tuttle, Bernard Tracy, Hamilton Stone, Zelmar Barker, John Anderson, Daniel Dobbins, John Shaffer, John Cummings, Thomas Hughes, John Daggett, David Seely, Samuel Holliday, John Morris, Patrick McKee, David McCullough, Henry Strowman, William Sturgeon, Jeremiah Sturgeon, Hugh Trimble, James Leland, Robert Brown, Peter Prime, John Nichols, John Gordon, Robert Mclntire, George W. Reed, Samuel Barker, John Cochran, George Tracy, William Weed, Oliver Dunn, William Baird, Oliver Thornton, Thomas Greer, Timothy Tuttle. 224 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. STATE COMMISSIONERS. Below are transcripts from the papers on file in the State department at Harrisburg, relative to the land sales in Erie County: April 18, 1800— Under consideration of the act of April 11, 1799, Thomas Rees, Jr., was appointed Commissioner for the town of Erie to sell the reserved lands and the in aad outlots of Erie, David McNair for the town of Waterford, and John Kelso for the town of Warren. Api-il 25, 1800 — Wilson Smith appointed Deputy Surveyor for the town of Erie. July 1, 1800 — John Kelso and David McNair resigned as Commissioners for the sale of lots, etc. April 30, 1802 — Thomas Rees' commission for sale of inlots superseded and annulled. May 31, 1802 — John Kelso appointed Commissioner, etc., to sell lands in room of said Thomas Rees, removed. July 20, 1802 — Thomas Rees, Jr., failed to pay over moneys received for sale of lands, and refused to deliver books, papers, etc., to his successor, his bond was ordered to be prosecuted by the Governor. December 23, 1805 — Thomas Forster appointed to sell in and outlots in the town of Erie, to supply vacancy occasioned by the removal of John Kelso by supersedeas. March 29, 1809 — Charles Martin for Waterford, and Conrad Brown for Erie, were appointed Commissioners of sales of lands in room of Thomas Forster, superseded. February 3, 1810 — John Kelso appointed Commissioner of sales in place of Conrad Brown, who declined to act. April 13, 1811 — Robert Knox and James Boyd, Commissioners of sales. « LAND LITIGATION. Reference is made in Mr. Colt's autobiography to the serious disturbances and costly litigation which attended his career as agent of the Population Company. These difficulties assumed so threatening a character, that, as stated by him, he was obliged at times to keep a force of forty to sixty men in his employ to maintain the rights of the corporation. The causes of the troub- les, in brief, were as follows: It will be remembered that the law of 1792 provided that any actual set- tler, or grantee in any original or succeeding warrant, who should be driven from the country by the enemies of the United States, and who should persist in the endeavor to make a settlement, should be entitled to hold his lands in the same manner as if an actual settlement had been made. The Population Company and the Holland Company claimed that by their several efforts to occupy the lands in 1793, '94 and '95, they had fulfilled all the conditions of the law. In the spring of 1795, ii proclamation was issued by the Governor declaring that the Indians had been conquered, and stating that the north- western section of the State was open to settlement. The effect of this was to induce a number of people to emigrate to the county, some of whom purchased from the agents, while others set up adverse claims, asserting that the com- panies had forfeited the lands. The clause of the law on which the latter de- pended was that one which provided that settlements must be made prior to the date of the warrants, and requiring two acres to be cultivated, a house to be built and a family to be living on the claim five years after the issuing of the same. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 225 The companies alleged that peace was not really secured until 1796, citing the Kutledge murder as proof. To this the adverse claimants replied that the murder was not really committed by the Indians, but was the deed of white men in the pay of the company, to relieve them from their embarrassment. This view found a good many supporters, even long after the occurrence. The question, "Who killed Kutledge?" was once as much used as the more modern phrase "Who struck Billy Pattersoti'?" The adverse claimants were wrought up to a high state of feeling and determined to hold their settlements by force of arms. The principal seat of the troubles was in Greenfield and North East Townships, but they extended in some degree to Conneaut, Harbor Creek and other sections. As usual, in American affairs, the difficulty finally entered the political field. Those who sustained the compauies were classed as Federalists; their antagonists as Democrats. It will be understood that the disputes here referred to mainly related to the Population Company, whose interest in the lands of the county was ten times as extensive as that of the Holland Company. The latter, however, had difficulties with various parties who claimed to be actual settlers. Among those who became involved in litigation with them was AVilliam Miles, who had located and placed settlers upon lands which the company complained had been allotted to them. The Miles suits were ultimately settled by ami- cable arrangement, and he became the agent of the company. As a rule, the Population Company were more lenient in their treatment of the adverse claimants than the Holland Company. The opponents of the companies appealed to the State authorities for pro- tection in their claims, alleging that they had been induced to settle upon the lands by the proclamation of the Governor. Their case was frequently con- sidered by the State Government, but nothing decisive was done until 1799, when Samuel Cochran, brother of John Cochran, the surveyor, was called into Gov. McKean's cabinet as chief of the land department. The question was then promptly taken up, and the cabinet decided that " the company warrants were null and void, and the land open to actual settlers." This decision was spread broadcast over the commonwealth, and led to another extensive emigration of persons who made settlements adverse to the company. Disputes in regard to titles being quite general throughout the country west of the Ohio, the Leg- islature, on April 2, 1802, passed an act directing the Supreme Court to de- cide the questions involved, which all grew out of the act of 1792. The law provided further that the Secretary of the Land Office should not grant any new warrants for land which he had reason to believe had been taken up un- der former warrants, but whenever applications of that character were pre- sented, the original should be filed in the office, and a duplicate furnished the applicant. Every such application was to state under oath that the person applying was in actual possession of the land applied for, and the time when possession was taken, and was to be " entitled to the same force and effect and the same priority in granting warrants to actual settlers as though the warrants had been granted when the applications were filed. " Under this act hundreds of emigants poured into the Northwest, who located lands, had them surveyed, and made actual settlements upon them, trusting to the decision of the Su- preme Court to establish them in their possessions. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania decided against the adverse claimants, creating such a feeling of indignation and disappointment throughout the Northwest as has never been known since. This settled the business, so far as the Population Company were concerned, it being a State corporation, wholly composed of citizens of Pennsylvania. The Holland Land Company, being a 226 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. foreign concern, brought their action in the United States Circuit Court, where the decision was precisely like that of the State Supreme Court. It was ap- pealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, where the other courts were fully sustained in an opinion rendered by Chief Justice Marshall in 1805. In each instance, the clause of the act of 1792, providing that warrantees should not lose their rights if driven away by the enemies of the United States, was cited as the basis of the decision. This result settled the dispute for good. There being no further questions of title, the county began to fill up rapidly. Some of the adverse settlers left in disgust and despair, but the majority entered into arrangements with the companies to purchase the land which they had improved. The Population Company generally treated its grantees with commendable liberality, and in- stances occurred where parties were allowed forty years in which to pay up their articles. THE SPECULATIO'n OF 1836. The most extensive land speculation known in Erie County took place in 1836, being confined mainly to the borough of Erie and vicinity. It grew out of the important internal improvements conceived and set in operation about that time, added to a tremendous over-issue of paper money. The canal to Beaver had been surveyed, a charter had been granted for the railroad to Sun- bury, and considerable work had been done by the United States Government in building piers and deepening the harbor. A widespread impression sprung up that Erie was speedily destined to become a great city. The charter of the United States Bank at Philadelphia expired in 1836. In the spring of that year, the State Legislature chartered the United States Bank of Pennsylvania with a capital of 135,000,000. This institution established a branch at Erie, erecting the present custom house and the Woodruff residence adjoining, for a banking office and cashier's residence. The stock of the Erie branch, amount- ing to $200,000, was announced as having been taken on the 27th of February, 1836. All of these matters combined gave an extraordinary impulse to real estate in the borough of Erie. On the receipt of tidings that the canal and bank bills had passed, the price of town lots jumped up 100 per cent. In a single week the sales of real estate amounted to over half a million dollars. Prices were still rising on the 1st of March, and the total sales during the week were re- ported as a million and a half in amount. One lot, purchased in February for $10,000, was resold in Buffalo within a month for $50,000. Every sort of wild enterprise was devised and found eager promoters. The speculation lasted until 1837, when the banks failed throughout the Union, causing a ter- rible revolution. As late as June 11 of that year, twelve water lots, of thirty- two feet front each, changed hands at $40,000. "The mania for speculation attacked all classes, and men bought and sold with almost wanton recklessness, finally bringing woe upon those in whose hands the property remained when the bubble burst. Some of these unfortunate persons never recovered from that catastrophe. Of course many profited by the speculation and got rich. On the whole, however, the general prosperity of the country, and of this county in particular, was severely retarded." ■^V -^fyAM.RUcUe ■-.^^^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 229 OHAPTEE XII. The Pioneers. ^r^HE first known American citizens who located permanently within the bounds X of Erie County were Thomas Rees and John Grubb, who reached Erie in the spring of 1795, the one as Deputy Surveyor for the State, and the other as a Captain of militia, and remained until their deaths. In June of the same year, William Miles and William Cook, with their wives, made a settlement in Concord Township, near the Crawford County line, where they were the sole residents for some years. A month or so later, Col. Seth Reed, accompanied by his wife and sons. Manning and Charles John, came to Erie in a sail boat from Buffalo, which was piloted by James Talmadge, who took up lauds during the season in McKean Township. These three ladies were the first white persons of their sex who were known to liave resided in the county. The other set- tlers during 1795 were Rufus S. and George W. Reed, James Baird and children, Mrs. Thomas Rees, and Mrs. J. Fairbanks, at Erie; Amos Judson, James Naylor, Lieut. Martin, and Martin Strong, at Waterford; John W. Russell, George Moore and David McNair, in Mill Creek; Capt Robert King and family, William and Thomas Black, and Thomas Ford and wife, in Le- Boeuf ; Jonathan Spaulding in Conneaut; Michael Hare and two men named Ridue and Call, in Wayne; James and Bailey Donaldson in North East, and James Blair in Girard. So far as the records show, these were the only white people living in the county that year, though a good many persons were tem- porarily here during the season, prospecting for lands. Among the settlers dm'ing the interval between 1795 and 1800 were the following: 1796 — Washington Township, Alexander Hamilton and William Culbert- son; Erie, Capt. Daniel Dobbins; Mill Creek, Benjamin Russell, Thomas P. JMil- ler, David Dewey, Anthony Saltsman and John McFarland; Greenfield, Judah Colt, Elishaand Enoch Marvin, Cyrus Robinson, Charles Allen, Joseph Berry, John Wilson, James Moore, Joseph Webster, Philo Barker, Timothy Tuttle, Silas and William Smith, Joseph Shattuck, John Daggett, John Andrews and _Leverett Bissell; McKean. Thomas and Oliver Dunn; Fairview, Francis Scott, Summit; George W. Reed; North East, William Wilson, George and Henry Hurst, and Henry and Dyer Loomis; Springfield, Samuel Holliday, John Devore, John Mershom, William Mclntyre and Patrick Ager; Venango, Adam and James Reed, Bmrill and Zalmon Tracy; Waterford, John Lytle, Robert Brotherton, John Lennox and Thomas Skinner. 1797 — Waterford. John Vincent aud Wilson Smith; Wayne, Joseph Hall and Prcsser; Union, Hugh Wilson, Andrew Thompson, Matthew Gray, B'rancis B. and Robert Smith; Elk Creek, Eli Colton; Venango, Thomas, John and David Phillips; Springfield, Oliver Cross; Fairview, Thomas Forster, Jacob Weiss, George Nicholson, John Kelso, Richard Swan, Patrick Vance, Patrick and John McKee, Jeremiah and William Sturgeon and William Hag- gerty; LeBoeuf, Francis Isherwood, James, Robert and Adam Pollock; Con- neaut, Col. Dunning McNair; Mill Creek, John Nicholson, the McKees and Boe Bladen; Washington, Job Reeder, Samuel Galloway, Simeon Dunn, John and James Campbell, Matthias Sipps, Phineas McLene'than, Matthew Hamil- ton, John McWilliams, James, John, Andrew and Samuel Culbertson, and 230 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Mrs. Jane Campbell (widow) ; North East, Thomas Robinson, Joseph McCord, James McMahon, Margaret Lowry (widow), James Duncan, Francis Brawley and Abram and Arnold Castard; Harbor Creek, William Saltsman, Amasa Prindle and Andrew Elliott. 1798 — Erie, William Wallace; Wayne, William Smith and David Find- ley; Union, Jacob Shephard, John Welsh, John Fagan and John Wilson; Elk Creek, George Haybarger and John Dietz; Venango, William Allison and wife; Springfield, Nicholas LeBarger; Fairview, John Dempsey; Conneaut, Abiathar and Elihu Crane; Washington, Peter Kline; Girard, Abraham and William Silverthorn; North East, Thomas Crawford, Lemuel Brown, Henry and Matthew Taylor, William Allison, Henry Burgett, John, James and Matthew Greer; Waterford, Aaron Himrod. 1799— Waterford, John, James and David Boyd, Capt. John Tracy, M. Himebaugh, John Clemens, the Simpsons, and Lattimores; Erie, John Teel; McKean, Lemuel and Russell Stancliff; Summit, Eliakim Cook. It is not claimed that the above is a complete list of the settlers up to 1800, but it is as nearly full as can now be obtained. Emigration was slow the first five years in consequence of the land troubles. After 1800, the coun- ty commenced to fill up more rapidly, and to attempt to give a roll of the set- tlers would exceed the limits of a work like this. WHEEE THE PEOPLE CAME FROM. The early settlers were mainly New Englanders and New Yorkers, inter- spersed with some Irish from the southern counties of Pennsylvania, and a few persons of Pennsylvania Dutch descent. The New Yorkers were in gen- feral from the interior of the State, and the Pennsylvanians from Dauphin, Cumberland, Lancaster and Northumberland Counties. The Irish emigration fell off almost entirely in a few years, and the Pennsylvania Dutch took its place. The Riblets, Ebersoles, Loops, Zucks, Browns, Stoughs, Zimmermans, Kreiders, and others of that class, came in at a period ranging from 1801 to 1805. From that time, the people who settled in the county were almost uni- versally of New England and New York origin until about 1825, when another emigration of Pennsylvania Dutch set in, which continued until 1835 or thereabouts. Among those who located in the county during this period were the Wei gels, Warfels, Mohrs, Metzlers, Bergers, Brennemans, Charleses and others whose names are familiar. The later foreign element began to come in at a comparatively recent date^the Irish about 1825, and the Germans about ten years after. The first settlers were a hardy, adventurous race of men, and their wives were brave, loving and dutiful women. It was to their superior intelligence and determined energy that we owe the fact that the county is so far ahead of many others in the State in schools, churches and all that goes to make up the comforts and afford the consolations of life. MARRIAGES, BIRTHS AND DEATHS. The earliest marriage was that of Charles J. Reed, of Walnut Creek (Kearsage), to Miss Rachel Miller, which occurred on December 27, 1797. The second was that of William Smith to Miss Elizabeth Wilson, in Union Township, in 1799; the third, that of Job Reeder to Miss Nancy Campbell, in Washington Township, in 1800; and the fourth, that of Thomas King to Sarah Wilson, in Union, the same year. The earliest recorded births were as follows: John R., son of William Black, in Fort LeBceuf, August 29, 1795. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 231 Mr. Boardman, of Washington Township (recently deceased), claimed to have been born in the Conneauttee Valley the same year. Jane, daughter of William Culbertson, Edinboro, fall of 1797. David M. Dewey, Walnut Creek, December 15, 1797. Matilda Reed, Walnut Creek, 1798. Elizabeth Holliday, Springfield, May 14, 1798. Hannah Talraadge, McKean, 1798. William Dunn, Summit, March U, 1798. Henry Wood, Conneaut, 1798. Elizabeth and Ruth, daughters of the brothers Abiathar and Elihu Crane, Conneaut (both in the same house and on the same day), April 20, 1799. William E. McNair, Mill Creek, 1799. , Robert, son of William Allison, Venango 1799. William Bladen, Mill Creek, 1800. Edwin J. Kelso, Mill Creek, 1800. Sarah, daughter of Amasa Prindle, Harbor Creek, 1799. Katharine, daughter of Aaron Himrod, Waterford, 1799. Joseph Brindle, Springfield, March 1, 1800. Mrs. George A. Elliot, Girard, 1800. William Nicholson, Fairview, 1800. Martha, daughter of Hugh Wilson, Union, August 18, 1800. John W., son of William Smith, Wayne, 1800. John A. Culbertson, Washington, 1800. The earliest known deaths occurred in the years below: Ralph Rutledge, killed by the Indians at Erie, May 29, 1795. His son was fatally shot at the same time, and died shortly after, in the fort at LeBoeuf. Gen. Anthony Wayne, in the block house at Erie, December 15, 1796. Col. Seth Reed, Walnut Creek, March 19, 1797. John Wilson, Union, June, 1799. Mrs. Thomas Alexander, Conneaut, 1801. Mrs. William Culbertson, Washington, 1804. Adam Reed, Venango, 1805. John Gordon, Fairview, 1806. CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE, ETC. Most of the people were in moderate cii'cumstances, and were content to live in a very cheap way. A majority had to depend mainly on the produce of their little clearings, which consisted to a large extent of potatoes and corn. Mush, corn bread and potatoes were the principal food. There was no meat except game, and often this had to be eaten without salt. Pork, flour, sugar and other groceries sold at high prices, and were looked upon as luxuries. In 1798-99, wheat brought $2.50 per bushel; flour, $18 a barrel; corn, |2; per bushel; oats, $1.50; and potatoes, $1.50. Prices were still higher in 18 13-] 4, corn being $4 per bushel and oats, $3. The mills were far apart, the roads scarcely more than pathways through the woods, and the grists had to be carried in small quantities on the backs of men or horses. Few families had stoves, and the cooking was done almost entirely over open fires. The beds were without springs and were made up in general by laying coarse blankets upon boxes or rude frames. All clothing was home made. Every house had a spinning wheel, and many were provided with looms. Liquor was in common use, and there was seldom a family without its bottle for the comfort of the husband and the entertainment of his guests. The first buildincrs were low cabins constructed of unhewn locjs laid one 232 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. upon another with the crevices filled up with mud. These gave way, as the condition of the people improved, to more artistic structures of hewn timber in which mortar was substituted for mud. Hardly any were plastered. Many were without window glass, and wall paper was unknown. As saw mills in- creased, frame buildings of a better character were substituted for the log cab- ins, and occasionally a brick or stone structure was erected, which was talked about in all the country round as a marvel of architecture. The people were separated by long distances; for years there were few clearings that joined. In every house there was an immense fire-place, in which tremendous amounts of wood were consumed. When a new residence or barn was to be erected, the neighbors were invariably invited to the raising. On such occasions, liquor or cider was expected to be freely dispensed, and it was rarely the case that the invitations were declined. These raisings were the merry-making events of the day, and generally brought together twenty- five to fifty of the settlers, who worked hard, drank freely, and flattered themselves when they were through that they bad experienced a jolly good time. A writer in one of the local papers says: " Eighty years ago not a pound of coal or a cubic foot of illuminating gas had been burned in the country. All the cooking and warming, in town as well as in the country were done by the aid of a fire kindled on the brick hearth or in the brick ovens. Pine knots or tallow candles furnished the light for the long winter nights, and sanded floors supplied the place of rugs and carpets. The water used for household purposes was drawn from deep wells by the creaking sweep. No form of pump was used in this country, so far as we can learn, until after the commencement of the present century. There were no friction matches in those early days, by the aid of which a fire could be easily kindled, and if the fire went out upon the hearth over night, and the tinder was damp, so that the spark would not catch, the alternative remained of wading through the snow a mile or so to borrow a brand from a neighbor. Only one room in any house was warm, unless some member of the family was ill; in all the rest the temperature was at zero during many nights in winter. The men and women undressed and went to their beds in a temperature colder than our barns and woodsheds, and they never complained." Churches and schoolhouses were sparsely located, and of the most primi- tive character. One pastor served a number of congregations; and salaries were so low that the preachers had to take part in working their farms to pro- cure support for their families. The people went to religious seiwice on foot or horseback, and the children often walked two or three miles through the woods to school. There were no fires in the churches for a number of years. When they were finally introduced they were at first built in holes cut in the floors, and the smoke found its way out through openings in the ^roofs. The seats were of unsmoothed slabs, the ends and centers of whif^h were laid upon blocks, and the pulpits were little better. Worship was held once or twice a month, consisting usually of two services, one in the forenoon and one immediately after noon, the people remaining during the interval and spending the time in social intercourse. It is much to be feared that if religious worship were at- tended with the same discomforts now as it was eighty to ninety years ago, the excuses for keeping away from the house of God would be many times mul- tiplied. GAME, ETC. When the county was opened to settlement, it was covered with a dense for- est, which abounded with deer, bears, wolves, rabbits, foxes, raccoons, squir- HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 233 rels, opossums, minks and martens. * This was a fortunate circumstance for the people, as the flesh of the wild beasts afforded them the only fresh meat many could obtain. Every man kept a gun and went into the woods in pur- suit of game whenever the supply of food in his household ran short. Deer were abundant for \ears. There were numerous deer-licks, where the animals resorted to find salt water, at which the hunters lay in wait and shot them down without mercy. Bears were quite numerous, and did serious mischief to the corn fields. Wolves were also plenty, and committed much havoc. Packs of these animals often suiTOunded the cabins and kdpt their inmates awake with their howling. A bounty was long paid for their scalps, varying in amount from |10 to $12 per head. Accounts are given of sheep being killed by wolves as late as 1813. Occasionally a panther or wild cat terrified whole neighborhoods by its screaming. The last panther was shot at Lake Pleasant by Abram Knapp in 1857. Besides the animals, the country was full of pigeons, ducks, geese, part- ridges and turkeys, in their season, all of which were more tame than now. and fell easy victims to the guns or trap 3 of the pioneers. The lake, of course, contained plenty of fish, and most of the small streams abounded in trout. The rivulets emptying into French Creek were particularly famous for this favorite fish, and the stories told of their size and readiness to leap into the sportsman's hands are enough to drive an angler wild with enthusiasm. It does not appear that the county was ever much troubled with poisonous snakes. There were some massassaugies and copperheads on the peninsula, but the interior seems to have been remarkably free fi'om dangerous reptiles. Taken altogether, while they had to endure many privations and hardships, it is doubtful whether the pioneers of any part of America were more fortu- nate in their selection than those of Erie County. Every one of the settlers agrees in saying that they had no trouble in accommodating themselves to the situation, and were, as a rule, both men and women, healthy, contented and happy. CHAPTER XIII. Common Roads, Stage Lines, Mail Routes, Taverns, Etc. THOSE who have familiarized themselves with the preceding chapters will re- member that the French cut a road from Presque Isle to LeBoeuf in 1753, the first year of their occupation, and kept it up as long as they maintained posts in Western Pennsylvania. This was the first, and for more than forty years the only road in Erie County. The French road began at the mouth of Mill Creek, ran south on a line parallel with Parade street, in Erie, to the corners in Marvintown, and then across Mill Creek Township, by the farms of George Rilling, Judge Vincent, Judge Souther, and others, to the Waterford Plank Road near the George Woods pump factory. From the plank road it extended across the hills to the Turnpike, and continued partly on the same route as the latter to LeBoeuf Creek in Waterford Borough. Although rough and hilly, it was perhaps the most practicable line that could have been adopt- ed at the time. Wherever necessity required, the road was "corduroyed" — * A Fiench memoir, written in 1714, says : " Buffalo are fomd en the south shore of Lake Erie, but not on the north shore." 234 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. that is, trunks of small trees were cut to the proper length and laid crosswise, close together— making a dry and solid, but very imeven surface. When the first settlers came in, the traveled road was pretty much in the same location as the old French route. The latter was still easily traceable, but was much grown up with trees. An act passed the Legislature of Pennsylvania in 1791 to open a road from Presque Isle to French Creek, and another in 1795 for the survey of a route from LeBoeuf to the Juniata River in Miflflia County. The Susquehanna & Waterford Turnpike was located by Andrew Ellicott in 1796, from Lake Le Boeuf to Curwensville,in Clearfield County, by way of Meadville and Franklin. Its purpose was to give a continuous road from Erie to Philadelphia. The earliest road opened after the American occupation was by Judah Colt, as agent of the Population Company, in 1797, from Freeport, on the l^ke near North East, to Colt's Station, and from the latter place to the Forks of French Creek, or Wattsburg, late in the season of 1798. The Eastern road through Greenfield, from North East to Wattsburg. was laid out about 1800; the ones from Waterford to Cranesville through Washington Township, and from Waterford to Edinboro, about 1802, and the road from North East to Waterford, by way of Phillipsville, in 1804. The State opened a road through the northern tier of counties, from the head-waters of the Delaware River, in almost a direct line, to Ohio, in 1802 or 1808, which is still known as the State road. So far as can be ascertained by the writer, these were the first roads in the county, though others may have been opened at a date not much later. The burning of the court house in 1823 destroyed all of the original surveys and records. An act of Assembly was obtained, legalizing a re- survey of the roads in the county. Three parties of surveyors were set to work, headed respect- ively by William Miles, Thomas Forster and Elisha Marvin. The first took charge of the eastern part of the county, the second of the central, and the last of the western. Every one of the roads oi'iginally pi'ovided for in the county now follows, in the main, the route marked out by these gentlemen. Below is a historical sketch of the principal roads leading into the county from the city of Erie: BUFFALO EOAD. The route from Erie to the New York State line, through East Mill Creek, Harbor Creek, and North East, became known from the very start as the Buffalo road. It begins at the intersection of Peach and Eighteenth streets in Erie, and extends, at an almost uniform distance of about two miles from the lake, to the Niagara River at Buffalo. The road was surveyed by James McMahon in 1805, and appears to have been ready for travel in the same year. For some cause, the road was only opened westward in a direct line to Wesley ville, •at which place travel diverged by a cross-road to th^ Lake road, and reached Erie, which consisted of a small collection of houses at the mouth of Mill Creek, by the latter thoroughfare. On petition of the farmers between Wesleyville and Erie, the court, in 1812, ordered the completion of the road to the latter place, and it was thrown open to travel some time in that year. The Buffalo road generally follows a nearly straight line, but there is an abrupt jog at the Saltsman place, on the east side of the city, the reason for which has been a puzzle to many. It is said to be due to two causes, first, there was an ugly swamp on the straight line, south of the present road; and, second, it was con- sidered desirable to enter the city on the line of Eighteenth street. John Ryan kept a public house in the old building which still stands on the east side of the jog, and it is possible that his influence had something to do with HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 235 the location. The Buffalo road forms the principal street of the borough of North East, and of the villages of Wesleyville, Harbor Creek, IMooreheadville, and Northville. The distances from the park in Erie by this route are as fol- lows: Buffalo, 90 miles; Northville, 19; North East, 15; Mooreheadville, 10^; Harbor Creek, 7^; Wesleyville, 4^. THE EIDGE ROAD. The Ridge road is practically a continuation of the Buffalo road, and is connected with it by the southern part of Peach street in the city of Erie. It follows the line of the First Eidge and traverses the western part of Mill Creek, and the entire width of Fairview, Girard and Springfield Townships to the Ohio line. It was opened in 1805, the same year as the Buffalo road. The purpose of making the jog at Peach street is not exactly known, but it is sup- posed to have been done to avoid the swamps, which approached the foot of the ridge more closely than in the eastern part of the county. These have since been effectually drained, but in those days of poverty they seemed an insurmountable obstacle to a good road. Whatever the cause, the projectors of the route deserve the everlasting gratitude of the people of the county, as the hard, gravelly bed over which the road passes makes it the best in the county, seldom becoming muddy in winter or dusty in summer. The Ridge road passes through and constitutes the principal streets of Girard and Fair- view Boroughs and the villages of Weigleville, Swanville, West Girard, East Springfield, and West Springfield. It is 100 miles by this route to Cleveland, 25 to West Springfield, 21 to East Springfield, 16^ to West Girard, 16 to Girard, 12 to Fairview, 9 to Swanville, and 2^ to Weigleville, measuring from the parks in Erie City. THE LAKE ROAD. The Lake road crosses the entire county from east to west, at a distance from Lake Erie varying from a few rods to half a mile. It enters Erie on the east by Sixth street, and leaves on the west by Eighth street. It becomes merged into the Ridge road at or near Conneaut, Ohio. It was laid out in 1806, and opened partly in that year and at intervals of several years after, as the county became settled. The only place directly reached by the road is the village of Manchester, at the mouth of Walnut Creek, ten miles west of Erie. Although passing through a good country, the Lake road is less traveled than either the Buffalo or Ridge roads. WATERFORD TURNPIKE. The Erie & Waterford Turnpike was originated by Col. Thomas Forster who seems to have been the foremost man in most of the early improvements., Previous to its completion, the travel between Erie and Waterford was wholly over the old French road, which had been but slightly repaired and was in a horrible condition. The turnpike company was formed in 1805, its avowed object being the building of a link in the great contemplated thoroughfare from Erie to Philadelphia by way of the French Creek, Juniata and Susque- hanna Valleys. The first election for officers was held at Waterford, and resulted in the choice of the following: President, Col. Thomas Forster; Treasurer, Judah Colt; Managers, Henry Baldwin, John Vincent, Ralph Mar- lin, James E. Herron, John C. Wallace, William Miles, James Brotherton and Joseph Hackney. Work was commenced in 1806, and the road was completed in 1809. It was a herculean undertaking for the time. In laying out the road, a circuitous course was taken to accommodate the settlers, many of 236 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. whom were stockholders in the company. The turnpike was a paying propex-ty until ]845, when it ceased to be remunerative to the stockholders. It was soon after abandoned by them and accepted as a township road. Judge Cochran opposed the building of the " pike " on the ground that it was unconstitutional to make the public pay toll. The right of way was taken through his farm against his protest, and when the road was finished his hos- tility was aroused to such a degree that he felled trees across it. The toll question was tested before the County Court, and Judge Moore gave an opin- ion sustaining the constitutionality of the act of incorporation. None of the other spttlers opposed the right of way, and most of them looked upon the enterprise as one that would open up the country and add to their worldly wealth. The turnpike originally ended at Waterford, but twenty years later the Waterford & Susquehanna Turnpike Company was organized, which extend- ed the route by Meadville and Franklin to Cnrwensville, Clearfield County, where it connected with another turnpike rnnning across the State, making a good wagon road from Erie to Harrisburg and Philadelphia. In laying out the "pike," fifty feet of land from the center were taken on each side of the road. The first toll gate out of Erie was kept by Robert Brown, near Dins- more's mill, and the second by Martin Strong, on the summit of the Main Ridge. The pike commences on the southern border of the city, at the Cochran farm, and from there extends past the coffin factory and over Nicholson's hill to Walnut Creek. A little south of the crossing of that stream it ascends the Main Ridge, and from there to Strong's there is a continual up grade. Leav- ing Strong's, there is a regular descent to Waterford, in the LeBceuf Valley. The elevation of the road at Strong's is upward of eight hundred feet above Lake Erie. The only village on the route is Keai'sage. The distance from Erie to Waterford by the turnpike is fourteen miles. EDINBORO PLANK ROAD. The Erie & Edinboro Plank Road Company was organized in 1850, with Hon. John Galbraith as President. The road was completed in 1852. It fol- lowed the course of the Waterford Turnpike to a point a little south of Wal- nut Creek, where it branched off" and adopted a route partly new and partly the old Edinboro road. The road bed was covered, as the name indicates, with heavy planks, and the grade being iu general quite modei!'ate, furnished an easy and pleasant thoroughfare. The Edinboro & Meadville Plank Road, completed simultaneously, with Hon. Gaylord Church as President of the com- pany, formed a smooth, continuous route from the lake to the county seat of Crawford County. Though the travel was large, neither roud proved a profit- able investment, and both were abandoned as plank roads and became township roads in 1868 or 1869. The Edinboro Plank Road passes through Middleboro, Branchville and McLane. The distances are eighteen miles to Edinboro, fourteen to McLane, twelve to Branchville, ten to Middleboro and four to Kearsage. The following amusing story in connection with this road was related in the Erie Observer of October 20, 1880: '' Mr. Reeder, the stage driver between this city and Edinboro, tells a funny story about an Irishman who traveled with him last summer, and who, never having gone over the road before, did not understand the 'lay of the land.' A little south of Kearsage, where the plank road diverges from the pike, the sign board reads: '9 miles to Waterford.' \\1 cy&Ua-^^^ foAhcH^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. - 239 •' Going a few miles farther, they came to the sign board in the valley of Elk Creek, which also reads, ' 9 miles to Waterford.' " This seemed to strike the son of Erin as something curious, but he gave no audible utterance to his sentiments. Reaching Branchville, another sign board was seen bearing the familiar legend: ' 9 miles to Waterford.' " By this time the passenger's curiosity was strained to the highest pitch. He jumped out of the stage while the mail was being changed, and walking close to the inscription read over to himself several times, ' 9 miles to Water- ford,' as if to make sure that his eyes did not deceive him. The conveyance started toward Edinboro and when McLean was reached, once more rose up the strange words: ' 9 miles to Waterford.' " The Irishman could contain himself no longei\ He rose up in his seat in a state of great excitement, and stretching his neck outside of the stage as far as it would safely reach, yelled to the driver: " 'Be Gorra, what sort of a place is that Waterford, anyhow ? It seems to be nine miles from everywhere?' " WATERFORD PLANK ROAD. The Erie & Waterford Plank Road was commenced in 1850 and completed in 1851, one year in advance of the similar improvement to Edinboro. Col. Irwin Camp was President of the company, John Marvin had the contract for building the road; Wilson King was the chief engineer, and David Wil- son was the first assistant. In laying out the road an entirely new route was adopted, following the valleys of Mill Creek, Walnut Creek and LeBoeuf Creek, and obviating the heavy grades of the old turnpike. The road, for a good part of its length, is nearly or seemingly level, and the only grades of conse- quence are at the summit hills between the streams, which are overcome by comparatively easy approaches. So skillfully was the engineering and grading performed, that a horse can trot most of the length of the road. The stranger traveling over this easy route would scarcely believe that at the Walnut Creek summit he was about 500 and at Graham's summit between 650 and 700 feet above the level of Lake Erie. There were three toll gates on the line— one a short distance north of Waterford, another at Capt. J. C. Graham's, in Sum- mit, and the third near Eliot's mill, a mile or more outside of the then city limits. The road never paid a profit, and was abandoned to the townships in 1868 or 1869. No towns or villages are located along the line of the road, un- less the little settlement at the Erie County Mills might be classed as such. The distance between Erie and Waterford is slightly more than by the turn- pike. About the same time that the above plank roads were built, another was pushed through from Waterford to Drake's Mills, Crawford County, to prevent the diversion of travel that was feared from the opening of the Erie & Edin boro and Edinboro & Meadville roads. This enterprise was no more of a financial success than the others, and, like them, was given up to the townships. THE SHUNPIKE. The stage company owning the line between Erie and Waterford had a quarrel over tolls with the turnpike company in the winter of 1827-28, which resulted in the construction by the former, at considerable expense, through Summit, Greene and Waterford Townships, of a new road, to which was given the suggestive name of the Shunpike. The route adopted commenced at Waterford, where the plank road and turnpike separate, followed the line of the former to a run on the Jesse Lindsley place, up that one-half or three- 240 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. quarters of a mile to the Summit Township boundary, across Summit to the L. A. Hull place, and from there by the old French road to Erie. That por- tion of the road from Graham's Corners to near Waterford, being the Shun- pike proper, is still in use as a township road. Through Summit Township the Shunpike is nearly midway between the turnpike and plank road. WATTSBtJRG PLANK KOAD. A road was opened in 1809 from Erie to Wattsburg, through Phillipsville. It was poorly located in spots, and in 1828 a re-survey was made under the authority of the State, which appropriated a small sum for the purpose. This resulted in some changes in the location. In 1832, the road being in a bad condition, the citizens of Erie, Wattsburg and along the line made a subscrip- tion for its improvement. The road continued unsatisfactory until 1851, when the Erie & Wattsburg Plank Road Company was formed, with J. H. Williams as President. The plank road was completed in 1853, a year after the one to Edinboro, and two years after the one to Waterford. In the adoption of a route the old road was pretty closely pursued to the Diefenthaler place in Greene Township, where a diversion was made to the Bailey farm. There it struck the original line and afterward either followed or ran parallel with the old road to the farm of C. Siegel. From Siegel's an entirely new route was adopted through Lowville, leaving the balance of the old road undisturbed. The course of the plank road is southeasterly, across Mill Creek, Greene and Venango Townships. The highest points are at the H. L. Pinney and Bailey places, in Greene Township, the elevation being some five hundred feet at the former and six hundred at the latter. Conrad Brown and George W. Barr were the constructors of the road and owned most of the stock, which they sold in a few years to John H. Walker. There were thi'ee regular toll gates — at Lowville, kept by William Black; at Diefenthaler's, kept by Mr. Clute, and at Marvintown, kept by F. E. Ger- lach. The rates of toll charged were 31 cents for a double team from Erie to Wattsburg, and 25 cents for a single team. The farmers having found a way of avoiding the toll gate at Lowville, by driving over the Blore road; in the winter of 1852-53 a fourth toll gate was put up at Oscar Sears', in Venango Township, but the next spring it M'as abandoned. From the start the road was a non-paying enterprise, and it was allowed to run down though toll was still exacted. In the spring of 1865, public feeling became so much excited that a party of farmers was formed who started at Erie and tore down every gate on the road. Though they were severely threatened, none of the party were tried or punished, and no toll has lieen charged on the road since. It is now kept up by the townships through which it extends. Besides the village of Lowville, the road passes through Belle Valley and St. Boniface. The distances from Erie are: To W^attsburg, twenty miles; to Lowville, eight- een miles; to St. Boniface, seven and a half miles; and to Belle Valley four miles. It is said to be a mile further by this route to Wattsburg than by- the old road. Phillipsville, on the remaining portion of the latter, after it branches ofif at Siegel's, is fourteen miles from Erie. LAKE PLEASANT ROAD. The first road in the direction of Lake Pleasant was opened in 1821-22 from Erie to a point near the Martin Hayes farm, in Greene Township, about a mile beyond the line of Mill Creek Township. In 1826-27, at a heavy ex- pense for the period, the county continued the road past Lake Pleasant to French Creek, where it meets the thoroughfare between Union and Wattsburg. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 241 At the era last spoken of, the country south of the Hayes place was almost an unbroken forest clear through to Lake Pleasant. The distance from Erie to Lake Pleasant is twelve miles, and to French Creek two and a half miles further. It is said to be two miles shorter from Erie and Wattsburg by this road than by the plank road. The road branches off from the Wattsburg plank at the Davidson place, about two miles outside of Erie, and running in a gen- eral southwestern course passes through the corner of Mill Creek Township, enters Greene, which it cuts through the center from northwest to southeast, traverses the southwestern corner of Venango and terminates in the north- western corner of Amity. THE colt's station ROAD. The road from Wesleyville to Colt's Station, through parts of Harbor Creek and Greenfield Townships, was once of more consequence, comparatively, than now, but is still considerably traveled. It was laid out about 1818, to give a route between Erie and Mayville, N. Y. At Colt's Station, an intersection is made with the North East & Wattsburg road. OLD TAVERNS. The first public house on the south shore of Lake Erie, west of Buffalo, and the first building erected within the limits of Erie City, was the Presque Isle Tavern, built by Col. Seth Reed in July, 1795. It stood near the mouth of Mill Creek, and was a one- story log and stone structure. The next year. Col. Reed built a two-story log building on the southwest corner of Second and Parade streets, which he turned over to his son, Rufus S. Reed, who kept a store and tavern in it for many years. The third tavern was built in Erie by George Buehler in 1800. Needing larger accommodations, he erected another at the northeast corner of Third and French streets, which afterward became known as the McConkey House. This building was occupied as Perry's headquarters in 1813. It was standing till a few years ago. Mr. Buehler moved to Harrisburg in 1811, and estab- lished the well-known Buehler House in that city,- the name of which was afterward changed to the Bolton House. Outside of Erie, the earliest public house was opened in Waterford by Lieut. Martin in 1795. Public houses were established by Richard Swan at Manchester in 1805; by Henry Burgett at North East in 1806; by Lemuel Brown on the site of the Haynes House, in the same place, in 1808 ; by John Ryan on the Buffalo road, near East avenue, Erie, in 1809; by George W. Reed in Waterford in 1810; and by John and David Phillips at Phillipsville in the same year. After Mr. Ryan's death, his widow kept the house till 1820, when she married Wareham Taggart, who assumed charge of the property, and gave it the name of the Taggart House In 1835, Anthony Saltsman, son in-law of Mr. Taggart, became the landlord, and served in that capacity a number of years. It was once a noted stand, being the site of the militia trainings for Mill Creek Township, and a sort of political center. Before the introduction of railroads, the Buffalo and Ridge roads were among the busiest thoroughfares in the country, being the great avenues for emigration and trade between the Northeastern States and the West. Num- erous public houses sprung up and did a good business. The tavern keepers of those days were usually men of much force of character, and wielded wide political influence. It is said that at one time there was not a mile along the roads named without a public house. Many of the buildings are standing, but have been converted to other purposes. The completion of the Lake Shore 242 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Railway caused a diminution of travel almost instantly, and it was not long before the emigrant, cattle, and freight business fell off entirely. One by one the public houses closed, and by 1860 there were none left in operation except in the towns and villages. Among the most noted of the old lake shore taverns were the Doty and Keith Houses at East Springfield; the Martin House at Girard; the Fairview House at Fairview; Swan's Hotel atSwanville; the Half - way House, a little west of the county almshouse; the Weigleville House; the Taggart House above referred to; Fuller's Tavern at Wesley ville; and the Brawley House at North East. A number of these are yet in operation, and will be mentioned in connection with the places where they are located. Back from the lake shore the best known of the older hotels were Martin Strong's, at the summit of the Waterford Turnpike; the Eagle Hotel at Wa- terford; the Robinson House at Edmboro; the Sherman House at Albion; the Wattsburg House at Wattsburg; and the Lockport House at Lockport. The Erie City hotels, and the more recent ones outside, will be described in their proper connections. ^ TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. Up to 1800, a good share of the travel and transportation was by means of small boats on the lake from Buffalo, and by way of French Creek from Pitts- burgh. Judah Colt's colony at Greenfield was supplied in this way for sev- eral years. The goods that came by lake for the Greenfield colony were landed at Freeport, and <'rom there were transported on horseback or by ox teams. The boats on French Creek generally went no farther up than Waterford, but in times of good water they wei'e poled to Greenfield Village. They were either canoes or flat-bottomed vessels, the latter being something like the mud scows now seen on Presque Isle Bay, but small and shallow, drawing but a trifling amount of water. Those on the lake were originally propelled by oars, but it was not long till sails were introduced. The passengers generally acted as a crew, and were glad of the privilege. In winter many persons came into the country, either on foot or in sledges, by traveling on the ice of the lake. There was more of a beach along the whole length of the lake than now; and, until roads were opened, this was much used during the summer. By 1810, there were I'oads to all points south, east and west, and the op- portunities for travel and transportation became greatly improved. The roads however, were still rough and muddy, and horseback riding was the favorite mode of travel. Many instances are related where emigrants came in with their few hotisehold goods loaded on horses' backs, the wife riding one, the husband another, and the children, if any, a third animal. Sometimes they were too poor to own more than one horse, in which case the wife and small children rode, and the husband walked by their side with his gun or ax over his shoulder. As the roads became better, the once familiar two-horse wagons were introduced. These were covered with cotton cloth stretched over hickory ribs, and furnished shelter for the whole family, besides carrying their goods. There being few public houses up to 1820, each party brought their provis- ions along, stopping at meal times by the springs, and doing their cooking over open fires. From the direction of Pittsburgh the French Creek route con- tinued to be the one used till some time after the second war with Great Brit- ain. The supplies for Perry's fleet, including the cannon, were largely trans- ported in flat boats to \\ aterford, and from there by the turnpike to Erie. Most of the roads in the county were in poor coudition as late as 1830. The introduction of stage coaches was a great step ahead. After that came the steamboats, which carried hundreds of passengers on each trip. For a HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 243 number of years succeeding the opening of the canal, thousands of emigrants, bound for the West, reachesd Erie by steamboat, and from there went by canal- boats down to the Ohio. The packet boats on the canal, the steamboats and the stage coaches all did a good passenger business until the completion of the railroads, which speedily put an end to their business. THE SALT TEADE. One of the leading industries of the early days was the transportation of salt for the Southern markets. This trade was commenced by Gen. James O'Hara, of Allegheny County, about 1800, and continued until 1819, being at its height probably about 1808 to 1812. The salt was purchased atSalina, N. Y., hauled from there to Buffalo in wagons, brought in vessels to Erie, un- loaded in warehouses at the mouth of Mill Creek, and from there carried by ox teams to Waterford, where it was placed in flat-boats and floated down French Creek and the Allegheny to Pittsburgh and the country beyond. The growth of the trade, as shown by the custom house records, was from 714 bar- rels in 1800, to 12,000 in 1809, which amount was increased at a later period. The hauling of the salt over the portage between Erie and Waterford and the floating of it down French Creek gave employment to many citizens of the county. To some farmers the trade was really a Godsend, as their land barely furnished food for their families, and, no markets being near for the little they had to sell, they were obliged by necessity to spend a part of their time at some other employment to raise money for taxes, groceries and clothing. This was especially the case just before and immediately after the war. when the times were very hard. It is estimated that when the trade was at its best, one hundred teams and as many persons were constantly on the road between Erie and Waterford. The time for making each trip was calculated at two days and the average load for a four ox team was fourteen barrels. The price paid at first was $1,50, and then $1 per barrel, which was reduced by the close of the business to 50 cents. As may be imagined, the road was always bad, and it was not unusual for a wagon load of freight to get stuck in the mud, and be four days in crossing the portage. On many occasions, a part of the burden had to be abandoned on the way, and a second trip made to get it to its destination. A number of warehouses were erected on the bank of LeBoeuf Creek at Waterford for storing the salt until the water was at a suitable stage for floating it down French Creek. The salt was bought at Salina for 60 cents per bushel, and the price at Erie and Waterford ranged from $5 to $12 a barrel. It required from two to three months to convey it from the place of manufacture to market at Pittsburgh. There was a period when salt was almost the only circulating medium in the county. Oxen, horses, negro slaves and land were sold to be paid for in so much salt. As a sample, Hamlin Russell, father of N. W. Russell, of Belle Valley, exchanged a yoke of oxen for eight barrels, and Rufus S. Reed pur- chased of Gen. Kelso a colored boy, who was to be held to service under the State law until he was twenty-eight years old, for one hundred barrels. The price that season was $5 per barrel, making the value of the slave $500. The discovery of salt wells on the Kiskiminitas and Kanawha, about 1813, cheap- ened the price of the article at Pittsburgh, so that Salina could not compete, and the trade by way of Erie steadi ly diminished until it ceased altosether in 1819. STAGE LINES AND MAIL ROUTES. In 1801, a route between Erie and Pittsburgh, via Waterford and Meadville, was opened, to carry the mail once a week. By 1803, it had been reduced to 244 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ODce in t.wo weeks, but was soou changed back to the original plan. The mode of transportation was on horseback for some years, and later by a horse and common wagon. At what time a regular stage line commenced running is not known to the writer, but it was probably about the date of the comple- tion of the turnpike. In 1826, stages began running each way three times a week, carrying a mail every trip. This was increased to a daily mail, each direction, which continued until the day of railroads. A route was established between Erie and Buffalo in 1806 to carry the mail once a week. Mr. Knox, Postmaster at Erie, stated to a friend that the mail was often taken in the driver's breeches pockets. During a good share of the time before coaches were introduced, the pouch was carried on the back of a single horse; then it was increased in size so that two horses were required, one carrying the driver and the other the mail. The first line of stages between Erie and Buifalo was established by Messrs. Bird & Deming. of Westtield, N. Y., and commenced making weekly trips in December, 1820. At the beginning, a stage left Buffalo every Satur- day at noon and reached Erie the next Monday at 6 P. M. ; returning, it started from Erie at 6 A. M. every Tuesday and arrived at Buffalo on Thursday at noon. By January 8, 1824, a stage with mail was making semi-weekly trips between Erie and Cleveland. On the 10th of February, 1825, a mail coach commenced running daily between Erie and Buffalo. The stage line to Cleve- land consisted for a time of a single horse and wagon. It was considered a great stride forward when a line of four-horse coaches was placed on the road between Buffalo and Cleveland by a company of which Rufvis S. Reed and Ira R. Bird were the chief men. This event, which took place in 1827, was as much talked about, and, if anything more, as the open- ing of a new railroad would be to-day. The new line carried a daily mail each direction and was a source of large profit to its owners. Eighteen hours were allowed as the time between Buffalo and Erie, but bad roads and acci- dents often delayed the coaches much longer. The mail route to Jamestown, N. Y., via Wattsburg, was established in 1828. At the start a man or boy on foot carried the pouch once a week. The route to Edinboro was established in the winter of 1835-36, and the pouch was carried weekly on a horse's back. A weekly mail was carried over the Station road more than forty years ago. Stages still carry the mails to Wattsburg, Edinboro, Greenfield, Lake Pleasant, Franklin Corners and intervening post offices. The arrival of the stages in old times was a much more important event than that of the railroad trains to-day. Crowds invariably gathered at the public houses where the coaches stopped, to obtain the latest news, and the passengers were persons of decided account for the time being. Money was so scarce that few persons could afford to patronize the stages, and those who did were looked upon a fortunate beings. The trip to Buffalo and Cleveland was as formidable an affair as one to Chicago or Washington is now by railroad. The stage drivers were men of considerable consequence, especially in the villages through which they passed. They were intrusted with many delicate missives and vahiable packages, and seldom betrayed the confidence reposed in them. They had great skill in handling their horses, and were the admiration and envy of the boys. Talk about the modern railroad conductor — he is nothing compared with the importance of the stage coach driver of forty years ago. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 245 CHAPTER XIY. Religious Organizations, Churches, Graveyards, Etc. WHEN the French army penetrated this section in 1 753, they were accompan- ied by several Catholic priests, who served in the double capacity of chap- lains and missionaries. They erected a small log chapel at Erie, on the right side of Mill Creek, near its mouth, and another within the walls of I'ort Le- Boeuf, at Waterford, in which the solemn rites of the mother church were regularly administered until the departure of the invading forces in 1759. So far as any record exists, these were the only religious services held within the bounds of Erie County previous to the year 1797. It is not known whether the chapels were torn down when the French left the country, were destroyed by the Indians, or fell into decay, but no trace of either is mentioned by the early American settlers. The first Protestant exercises we have any account of took place at Colt's Station, in Greenfield 1 ownship, where Judah Colt had established the most important settlement then in the county, on Sunday, the 2d oi July, 1797. About thirty persons assembled in response to a general invitation. No minis- ter was located within the bounds of the county, and the services were led by Mr. Colt, who read a sermon from Dr. Blair's collection. PRESBYTERIAN MISSIONARIES. Most of the colonists were Presbyterians from New England and the valley of the Susquehanna, and it was no more than natural that that denomination should have been the first to look after the spiritual welfare of the promising settlement. In 1799, a tour that is somewhat celebrated in the annals of the church was made through this section by Revs. McCurdy and Stockton, two missionaries who were sent out by the Ohio and Redstone Presbyteries. They visited Erie, Waterford and North East, and preached at each place to the de- light of the pious people of the community, many of whom had not been afforded 'an opportunity to attend public worship for a number of years. A period of two years ensued before the colonists were favored with another min- isterial visitation, when Mr. McCurdy was again sent forth, assisted by Revs. Satterfield, Tate and Boyd, all of the Presbyteries above named. The first two reached Middlebrook, in Venango Township, in August, 1801, and preached with great acceptance in a chopping that had been prepared for the purpose on the bank of French Creek. They were accompanied by their wives, and trav- eled on horseback. No roads had been opened in that part of the county and the party had to find their way by marked trees and trails through the woods. The efforts of the two. ministers met with such marked favor that it was re- solved upon the spot that a meetinghouse should be put up within the ensuing week. On the next Thursday, the population for miles around gathered at the site that had been chosen, on a knoll near the first place of worship, cut down the forest, trees, hewed them into shape, and at night had a rough log building under roof, the first house for Protestant worship erected in Erie County. This structure was succeeded by another and better one in 1802, known to every old settler as the Middlebrook Church, which stood until decay 246 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. compelled it to be taken down some twenty years ago. From Middlebrook, after organizing a congregation of eighteen members, Messrs. McCurdy and Satterfield continued their journey to Colt's Station and North East, where they were joined by Messrs. Tate and Boyd. At the latter place, these four participated in the first sacrament of the Lord's Supper ever administered in Erie County, according to Protestant forms. The scene of this eventful cere- mony was at the bouse of William Dundas, within the present limits of North East Borough, and the date was the 27th of September, 1801. An audience of about 300 had assembled, of whom some forty sa^t down to the tables. A con- gregation with the title of " The Churches of Upper and Lower Greenfield " was organized at the same time. I THE ERIE PRESBYTERY. The whole of Western Pennsylvania this side of the Allegheny River was at that time within the jurisdiction of the synod of Virginia. On the 2d of October, 1801, in response to the petitions of those who foresaw the coming importance of the field, that synod set off the territory between the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers and Lake Erie, extending some distance also west of the Ohio line, into a Presbytery, to which the name of Erie was given. The new Pres- bytery met at Mt. Pleasant, Beaver County, on the 13th of April, 1802, seven ministers only being in attendance. Supplications were tiled from Upper and Lower Greenfield, Middlebrook and Presque Isle. Revs. McCurdy, Satterfield and McPherrin were chosen missionaries, and, it is presumed, visited Erie County during the year, but no evidence of the fact is to be found. PERMANENT PREACHERS. Rev. Robert Patterson, who had accepted a call from " The Churches of Upper and Lower Greenfield," was received by the Presbytery on the 30th of September, 1802. He returned to North East, and entered upon his pastoral work on the 31st of December, bat was not ordained until September 1, 1803. The congregation were still without a building, and the ordination exercises were held in John McCord's bark house. Mr. Patterson's contract was to preach two-thirds of his time for the congregation, and the balance was spent by him in riding the county from place to place, holding services in the woods, barns, sheds and private houses. During these trips, he had numerous startling adventures, and suffered many privations. An effort was made to have him devote one-third of his time to Erie, but failed for want of an ade- quate subscriptioQ. A log church was built at North East in 1804, on the knoll now occupied by the cemetery of that borough. Mr. Patterson preached at Springfield during that year, and organized a preaching point there. The first church in the latter township was built in 1804 on the site of the ceme- tery at East Springfield. Mr. Patterson was unable to stand the fatigues of frontier duty, and in April, 1807, applied to the Presbytery for a release from his charge, which was granted. t REV. JOHNSON EATON. During the year 1805, Rev. Johnson Eaton came on from the southern part of the State, and preached for some time at the mouth of Walnut Creek and in Springfield. In the fall of that year, he went back to his home, re- turning in 1806 with a bride, and settling permanently in Fairview Township. The devotion of the young wife, and the earnestness of the minister can only be appreciated when it is remembered that they rode on horseback through '^^^O'^a^t^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 249 tiie woods the whole way from the Ohio River to Lake Erie, with nothing but a trail to guide their course, and with scarcely a house on the route at which to obtain shelter and refreshments, to take up their abode in what was almost an unbroken wilderness. Mr. Eaton immediately entered upon his pastoral duties, having the whole county for his field, but giving special atten- tion to the people at Fairview and Springfield. In 1807, he succeeded Mr. Patterson at North East, and he also held occasional services for several years at Colt's Station. Middlebvook, Waterford and Erie. He was not ordained, however, till June 30, 1808, the ceremony, for lack of a church building, taking place in Williatn Sturgeon's barn, in or near the limits of Fairview Borough. A church was built at the mouth of Walnut Creek in 1810. During the war with Great Britain, Mr. Eaton gave his serv- ices to the Government as a Chaplain, besides ministering to his congregation with as much regularity as the unsettled condition of the time would allow. By 1816, the population of Erie had increased sufficiently to enable an arrange- ment to be made by which he gave one-third of his time to the congregation there, which had been organized by him September 15, 1815. He continued as pastor of the Erie congregation until 1828, and of the Fairview Church un- til his death, on the 17th of June, 1847. The first year of Mr. Eaton's resi- dence in the county, his salary was $360 a year, one-half of which was to be taken in produce. In 1808, supplies were granted b}' the Presbytery to " Upper Greenfield, Middlebrook, Waterford and Erietown," and in 1809 it was reported to that body that none of these places could, support a pastor. It must have been due to the poverty of the people, though, rather than to their want of religious principle, for we find that in 1808 one Jared Goodrich, of Greenfield, was fined $4 by Justice Marvin, of the same township, for driving his ox team to Erie on Sunday. If every offense of a similar nature were punished now, the offices of Justice and Constable would be more profitable than that of Sheriff. THE EEIE AND OTHER CHURCHES. No regular preaching of any kind was had at Erie until Mr. Eaton was called to give one-third of his time, as before stated, the people who were piously inclined being compelled to attend worship at North East and Fairview. A faithful few rode their horses to these places every Sabbath when service was held, regardless of the weather, and for a number of years the churches were not even warmed in winter. Men, women and children in those prim- itive days thought nothing of riding ten to twenty miles over rough forest roads in the middle of winter to attend Divine worship, which meant a good deal more to them than an opportunity to show off their fine clothes, or a mere compliance with the mandates of fashionable society. The Presbyterian congregation of Waterford was organized in 1809, and that at Union in 1811, being the first in those places. Rev. John Matthews was settled as pastor of the Waterford and Gravel Run (Crawford County) congregations October 17, 1810. The Union congregation did not put up a building till 1831, and that of Waterford till 1834. In 1817, Rev. Mr. Camp was employed as a missionary to supply the churches unable to support a pas- tor, and served in that capacity for two years. The minutes of the Presbytery in 1820 show congregations at Springfield, North East, Waterford, Middle- brook, Union, Fairview and Erie. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The Methodists held occasional worship at an early date in various por- 250 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. tions of the county, but principally in the western and southwestern town- ships. The first service of which there is any positive knowledge was led by Rev, Joseph Bowen, a local preacher, at the house of Mrs. Mershon, near West Springfield, in September, 1800. A class was organized near Lexington, in Conneaut Township, in 1801, and the same year a great revival was held at Ash's Corners, Washington Township. The first church building was erected in 1804, about a mile south of West Springfield, and soon after its dedication was the scene of a famous revival, during which Rev. Andrew Hemphill was the instrument of converting about 100 souls. The first quarterly meeting was held in that church in July, 1810. Meetings of the denomination in Erie were held by circuit preachers, at long intervals, commencing in ]801. Wor- ship took place in the winter of 1810-11, in a tavern on the west side of French street, between Sixth and Seventh. A congregation would seem to have been partially established soon after the beginning of the century, but was probably unable to support a pastor until 1826, at which period the First Church of Erie City dates its organization. The earliest of the other congre- gations in the county were those at Mill Village, organized in 1810; North East, in 1812; Fair Haven, Girard Township, 1815; Girard Borough, 1815; Waterford Borough. 1816; Union City and Fairview, 1817; Middleboro, 1819; Northville, 1820; Wattsburg, 1827; Wesleyville, 1828. The following interesting incidents relative to the history of the Methodist Church in Erie County were contributed by Mr. Frank Henry to the Erie Ga- zette : At the annual session of the Pittsburgh Conference of the Methodist Epis- copal Chm"ch,held at Uniontown, Fayette County, Fenn. , in the month of Au- gust, 1830, the following resolution was passed, viz. : Resolved, that a new circuit be formed, and called Erie Circuit. That It shall com- prise that part of North East Circuit lying west of North East, Greenfield and Venango Townships, and that part of Meadvllle Circuit lying north of Waterford and east of Spring- field Townships, in Erie County. I have the original minutes of the new circuit up to the time when it was again subdivided and Wesleyville Circuit was formed. Also, the complete minutes of Wesleyville Circuit to the present time. Nearly all the preachers who met in conference in Uniontown in 1830 went there on horseback over mountains and through the wildnerness, fording or swimming over creeks and rivers, and often camping out at night. Some were too poor to own a horse, and went to conference on foot. They were indeed heroes and those were "'the heroic days of Methodism." What a wonderful change has been wrought in the half century that has passed away. There are only a few — perhaps half a dozen members of the conference in 1830 — \yho are now living. Nearly all the persons whose names are recorded in the minutes have passed "from labor to reward," but their names are written in the Book of Life. Many readers of the Gazette well remember these old pioneers, and will be interested to have the work of the fathers recalled to memory, and will doubtlesss be pleased to read a few extracts from the old "logbook:" First quarterly Conference for Erie Circuit held at Harbor Creek, September 13, 1830. Present, William B. Mack, Presiding Elder, Joseph A. Barrass and A. Young, circuit preachers. Roll call, present: Local preachers, N.W. Curtis, Barney Bort, William Staf- ford ; exhorters, Luther Stone, D. D. Daniels, Y. Wllklns, Joseph S. Buck, Justus Os- burn ; class leaders, David Burton. A. Bowers, William Allen, William Campbell, Edmund Brace ; circuit stewards, James Flowers, Sturkely Stafford, John Wheaton. James Mc- Conkey, Recording Steward. Voted unanimously, that the members of this Quarterly Conference will do all they can to establish weekly class collections on this circuit. Signed : " W. B. Mack, P. E. A. Young, Sec' y." HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 251 During this conference year, Rev. Mr. Barrass, preacher in charge, received his salary in full, viz., $167. The salary now paid the pastor of one of the charges — in the city of Erie — would have endowed a college professorship in those primitive times. This meeting was held in warm weather and the doors and windows were open. An enterprising and devout cat persisted in annoy- ing those having charge of the communion basket, causing merriment among some of the young people present, and disturbing the meeting. Finally, ]>rother Barrass took the cat outside and beat its brains out against the corner of the house. It is said that that cat was none of the nine-lived species. This act filled the hearts of some of the "beam in their own eye" ones with holy indignation and horror. The storm eventually subsided and the good brother was not ''cast out of the synagogue." On the 26th of December, 1830, at the close of a meeting in the court house, where the Methodists then worshiped, a subscription paper was circu- lated to raise money to pay the preacher. We notice the names of George Moore, Captain Wright. Albert Kelso, J. Lantz, Pressly Arbuckle, William Himrod and Thomas Moorhead, Jr., on the paper. At the next meeting $4 were raised to pay for wood and candles. The second quarterly meeting was held in West Mill Creek in December 1830. Josiah Flower was one of the exhorters present. John Brace, of Beaver Dam; Timothy Clark, of North East, and Thomas Stephens, of Erie, were added to the Board of Stewards. The third quarterly meeting was held in Harbor Creek, February 19, 1831. Stephen Stuutz, A. C. Barnes, Watts B. Lloyd and Josiah Flower were among the exhorters present at this meeting, and James McConkey was Secretary. The fourth quarterly meeting was held in connection with a camp meeting in a grove on the farm of Judge Sterrett, in Harbor Creek, near Wesleyville, June 25, 1831. James Flower, a Steward, resigned, and John Shadduck was appointed. The following local preachers were present: Barney Bort, William Stafford, John Keese Hallock, N. AV. Curtis, Philip Osborn, William Burton, Titus Cook. Josiah Flower joined the Annual Conference. Exhorters present: Justus Osburn, Luther Stone, D. D. Daniels, Nehemiah Beers, Stephen Stuntz, David Burton, John McClune, Joseph S. Buck, Watts B. Lloj^d, Freeman Palmer and Franklin Vandoozer. The first annual meeting of the Erie District Bible, Tract and Sunday School Society was held at the brick meeting house, Harbor Creek, July 4, 1836, Kev. W. B. Mack, Chairman; James McConkey, Secretary; and John Shad- duck, Treasurer. Managers, Stephens Stuntz, John Wheaton, Stukely Staf- ford, J. S. Buck, Thomas Adams, Timothy Clark, David D. Daniels, George Walker, James Flower, E. N. Hulburt, John Bichards and David Sterrett. The meeting adjourned to meet at Wheaton's meeting house in MillCi^eek July 4, 1832. Almond Fuller and Stewart Chambers were among the subscribers to the funds of the society. All the members of this society are now dead except Stewart Chambers, of Wesleyville, Penn., and George W. Walker, of Marquette County, Wis. The first quarterly conference of Erie Circuit ever held in the borough of Erie, met November 19, 1831, W. B. Mack, Presiding Elder; John P. Kent and A. Plimpton were circuit preachers. Peter Haldeman acted as Secretary, pro tempore. James i'lower, Peter Haldeman, John Magee, A. Bowers, James Boyle, and — Sweetland were the class leaders present. Watts B. Lloyd was by verbal consent allowed to preach for the time being. Stephen H. Wilcox was licensed to preach. The next meeting was held in Wesleyville, and Ezekiel Chambers was 252 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. licensed to preach. The fourth quarterly conference was held at Peter Hime- buugh's, in Beaver Dam, July 28, 1832. David Voi'se, Asa White and Ed- mund Brace were among the eshorters, and William Chambers, James Bail, William B. Weed, Luther Lewis and B. Deighton, class leaders. A com- mittee to build a meeting house in McKean was appointed, viz. : John K. Hallock, Ezra White and James Bail. The following local preachers' licenses were renewed: Barney Bort, William Stafford, Philip Osborn, Josiah Flower, Nehemiah Beers, David Vorse and Peter Haldeman. At this meeting Watts B. Lloyd was licensed to preach, and Capt. Thomas W^ilkins was licensed to exhort. At their own request, the papers of Stephen Stuntz and Justus Osborn were not renewed. Second quarterly conference was held in Wesleyville, February 9, 1833, J. S. Barrass, Presiding Elder; John Chandler and E. P. Stidman, circuit preach- ers. Luther Stone was silenced and expelled from the church. Edmund Brace and- F. Vandoozer returned their licenses to exhort. A committee was ap- pointed to estimate the expense of building a meeting house in Erie, viz. : J. McConkey, T. Stephens and E. N. Hulburt; Trustees for same, E. N. Hulburt, J. McConkey. T. Stephens, David Burton and John Richards. The third quarterly meeting was held in Erie April 18, 1833. W. Kogers, J. Hay and J. McCoy were made an estimating committee to build a meeting house in Fairview. The fourth quarterly meeting was held on the camp ground in Fairview June 22, 1833. F. Vandoozer was expelled from the church, after trial by a committee, viz. : W. S. Chambers, N. Beers, William May, Solomon Riblet, George W. Walker, P. Cauffmaa, Robert Ferguson and Alva Phelps. An appeal of Barney Deighton was laid over. "At a regular meeting of the Stewards of Erie Circuit, held in Erie Sep- tember 21, 1833, to take into consideration the proper amount of money to be collected from each class for the support of the preachers, the following ap- portionment was made, viz. : "Wesleyville, $10; Erie, $55; Haybarger's,$8; Burton's, $10; Brown's, $10; McKean, $12; Bean's (3), $12; Lake' Pleasant, $10; Adam's, $10; Wheaton's $30; Fairview, $30; Bradish, $6; H. Clark's, $6; Backus's$l2; T. Clark's, $8; Haldeman's, $8; Rees Hill, $18; Gospel Hill, $18." Rev. J. Chandler and Samuel Gregg were the "circuit riders," and the amount estimated for the support of the two men and their families for an en- tire year was $343. During the conference year, beginning September, 1879, and ending September, 1880, the combined salaries of the Methodist Episcopal preachers within the limits of this same territory, including house rent, was $8,054. The second quarterly conference for the year 1833 met at the Wheaton Meeting House (now Asbuiy) in West Mill Creek. Rev. Hiram Kinsley was Presiding Elder. The minutes are in the peculiarly illegible handwriting of Rev. Samuel Gregg, author of " History of Methodism Within the Bounds of Erie Conference." James McConkey tendered his resignation as Steward, and George W. Walker was elected Recording Steward. The following trustees were "appointed to secui'e a proper location and build a meeting house in Fairview Township," viz. : James McClelland, or Miller, Henr}' Rogers, John McKee (?), Stephen Stuntz, James Morton. The fourth quarterly meeting met in W^esleyville July 7. 1834, Rev. Hiram Kinsley, Presiding Elder, in the chair. The name of Audley McGill appears on the minutes as class leader. Also the name of Christian Bort. I^ocal preach- ers, Capt. Thomas Wilkins and Philip Osborn, were also present. E. N. Hul- HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 253 bert was appointed a Steward for Erie, and Henry Kodgers Steward for Fair- view. Tlie decision of the committee in the chbg of John Dillon was sustained. A committee was aj^pointed to bnild a parsonage for the use of the circuit, viz. : George W. Walker, Thomas Rees and "William Chambers. This committee was authorized to apportion to each class the amount expected from them to pay for the same. The parsonage was built in Wesleyville, and has been used for that purpose ever since. Eev. Noble W. Jones and family are its present occupants. The preachers were paid in full. The account reads as follows: "Preach- ers— John Chandler, $100; wife, $100; child, $16; total, $216. Paid. Sam- uel Gregg, $100. Paid." The Recording Steward veiy properly classed Mrs. Chandler and child as preachers, and paid them accordingly. There is no class of women on earth more earnestly devoted and self-sacrificing than the wives of Methodist preachers. Many successful men owe more to their wives than to their own unaided exertions, but are not magnanimoiis enough to ad mit the fact. The next qiiarterly meeting was held in Fairview, Rev. Alfred Brunson, Presiding Elder; P. D. Horton, circuit preacher; Harry Rogers, Christian Bort, F. Dixon, M. Haybarger, E. Weeks and J. Bradish were the class lead- ers present. The second quarterly meeting was held in Wesleyville December 6, 1834. George W. AValker was released from the Parsonage Building Committee, and Rev. P. D. Horton appointed to fill the vacancy. The third quarterly conference met at Wheaton's meeting house February 28, 1835. David Chambers appealed from the decision of the committee at Wesleyville, and the committee were not sustained G. Hawly was chosen Recording Steward, in place of George W. Walker, resigned. The fourth quarterly meeting was held in M-cKean May 23, 1835. U. Gittings. D. Ray. George Deighton, S. Brace, William Kinnear, Philip Osborn and William Staflford were the local preachers present. At the session of Pittsburgh Conference, held in the summer of 1834, anew circuit called Wesleyville Circuit was set off, and the rest of the old Erie Cir- cuit left to take care of themselves. The minute book was left for use of the Wesleyville Circuit, and the last record is in the hand writing of William P. Trimble, Recording Stewai'd, and bearing the date of January 25, 1862. I believe, however, that Wesleyville Circuit contained for a long time ail the ter- ritory of the old Erie Circuit outside the borough of Erie. A quarterly conference for Wesleyville Circuit was held at Backus School- house, in. South Harbor Creek, March 12, 1836; Isaac Winans, Presiding Elder; Thomas Graham and P. D. Horton. circuit preachers. A new committee, Stutely Staffoi'd, Ezra White and James Bayle, was ap- pointed to build a new meeting house at or near McKean Corners. The next quarterly conference was held in Wesleyville June 25, 1836. Philip Osborn and Barney Bort were recommended to the annual conference for admission to the "traveling conexion." The preachers were paid in full — $124 each for a year's hard work. Some of the membership charged the preacher's family with extravagance in using up so large a salary' ! It was not considered advisable to pay the preachers much mone}^ in those days. It had a tendency to make them "stuck up and worldly-minded.' Any unmarketa- ble produce, such as rancid butter or lard, moldy hay, or wilted potatoes, etc., was often taken to the parsonage as "quarterage." and the preacher and his wife were expected to receive these tokens of brotherly thoughtfulness with becoming humility and thankfulness. I called at the parsonage in Wesley- 254 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. vill9 many years ago, and while there a good brother brought in a cheese. He did not inquire whether the preacher wanted it or not but laid it on the table, with a sanctimonious grin on his weazened face. At that time good cheese could be bought for 8 cents per pound. "'Brother, how much shall I credit you for this?" inquired the preacher. '"I took it on a debt, and will not be hard with you. Call it 10 cents per pound," was the prompt reply. The preacher's son, a promising lad of twelve summers, inspected the cheese very closely. In a few minutes he came in with a piece of his mother's new clothes' line in his hand. "Why, my son! what in the world are you going to do?" his mother inquired. " Going to tie up pa's cheese to keep it from crawling away," was the laconic reply. The cheese was a living, loathsome mass of maggots, and the old rascal knew it before going to the parsonage. The good layman sneaked oflf, and was that preacher's enemy ever after. If such fellows succeed in dodging into heaven, then the doctrine of universal salvation will be "the correct thing. " In 1886, J. Chandler, L. D. Mix and Albina Hall were the circuit preachers. At the meeting held in Wesleyville January 21, 1837, David W. Vorse, of McKean, was licensed to preach. At a meeting held in McKean July 4, 1837, he was recommended to the annual conference for admission to the itineracy. David Chambers was made an agent of the circuit to build the pai'souage. This enterprise seemed to move along slowly. A resolution to sustain him unanimously passed. The next meeting was held at Hoag's Schoolhouse, in South Harbor Creek, September 30, 1837. A committee on temporal interests was appointed, viz. : William Campbell, Greorge W. AValker and David Chambers. This committee was directed to notify subscribers to the parsonage fund that they must pay up or be dealt with according to discipline. D. Preston and D. Pritchard were the preachers. March 3, 1838, at a meeting held in Fairview, Peter Haldeman was licensed to preach. At the meeting held in McKean Jun^ 2, 1838. Philip Osborn was recom- mended to the annual conference for deacon's orders. All that part of Wes- leyville circuit west of the AVaterford Turnpike, was formed into a new circuit, to be called McKean Circuit. The following is the first official board of Mc- Kean Circuit: Joel Stafford. Recording Steward; Joseph S. Buck, Lewis Calder, John L. B. , Philip Osborn, George Dei gh to a and John Palmiter, At a meeting held in Wesleyville June 15, 1839, Mathias Himebaugh was licensed to preach. David Preston and Theodore D. Blinn were the circuit preachers. The former received a salary of $169.58, and Mr. Blinn received $93.65. UNITED PRESBYTERIANS. LUTHERANS, EPISCOPALIANS, ETC. Rev. Robert Reid, a minister of the' Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, gathered a congregation in Erie in 1811. which was the first regularly organized religious body in the city. Services were held in a schoolhouse until 1816, when a church building was erected, eight years in advance of that of the First Presbyterian congregation. These two were the sole religious organizations in the city in 1820. A second society was organized by Mr. Reid at Waterford in 1812, three years after the Pi-esbyterian body oP the same place. The denomination became known as the United Presbyterian Church in 1858, as will be explained below. In the year 1815, Rev. Charles Colson, a Lutheran minister from Germany, came to the Northwest and organized four congregations of that church, one each at Meadville, French Creek, Conneaut and Erie. The Erie society died HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ■ 255 out very soon, and does not appear to have been revived until many years later. The earliest Lutheran Church in Erie City was built in 1835. The first knowledge we have of the Episcopalians is through a paper, a copy of which has been preserved, drawn up in 1803, and signed by fourteen citizens, agreeing to contribute the sum of $88 annually "to pay one third of Eev. Mr. Patterson's time in Erie, until a Church of England clergyman can be pla^'ed." Mr. Patterson, it will be recollected, was the Presbyterian minis- ter in charge at North East. Among the signatures are the familiar names of Eeed, Rees and Wallace. No organization of the denomination was effected till March 17, 1827, when a number of persons withdrew from the Presbyterian Church and became united as St. Paul's Episcopal congregation. About the same time, Rev. Charles Smith came on from Philadelphia and assumed charge as rector. Services were held in the court house till a building was completed in November, 1832. The Waterford society, the second in the county, was organized the same year as the one at Erie. The first building of the Christian denomination was erected at East Springfield in 1826, and the second in Fairview Township in 1835. CATHOLICS AND OTHER DENOMINATIONS. The Roman Catholics had no organization in the county until 1833, when a church was erected in the northern part of McKean Township, and occupied until the new one was put up in Middleboro. St. Mary's and St. Patrick's congregations in Erie date from 1833 and 1837 respectively. The Catholics now number more communicants than any single denomination in the county. The Lake Erie Universalist Association was organized in Wellsburg in 1839, where a church had been established the preceding year. The Erie church was not organized until 1844. The earliest Baptist congregation was in Harbor Creek Township in 1822. This was followed bv societies at Erie in 1831, and in North East and Water- ford Townships in 1832. The United Brethren, the Adventists and the other denominations are com- paratively new to this section. Some of the churches are large, handsome and expensive structures, while about one-third are plain wooden buildings that cost less and are less impos- ing than many of the barns in the county. The most elaborate churches are in Erie, Corry, North East, Union, Girard, Faix'view, Miles Grove, Harbor Creek, Waterford and Mill Village. The Cathedral church of the Roman Catholics, at the corner of Tenth and Sassafras streets, in Erie, which has been building for several years, will, when completed, be the most extensive, costly and handsome religious edifice in this part of Pennsylvania. LIST or CHUKCHES. Below is a list of the various congregations in the county in 1880, with the year each one is supposed to have been organized. Any additions that have been made since that year will be mentioned in the township sketches: Presbyterian (19). — Belle Valley, 1841; Beaver Dam. Wayne Township, about 1820; Central Church, Erie, 1871; Chestnut street, Erie, 1870; Corry, 1864; East Springfield, 1804; Edinboro, 1829; Fairview Borough, 1845; First Church, Erie, 1815; Girard Borough, 1835; Harbor Creek, 1832: Mill Village, 1870; North East Borough, 1801; Park Church. Erie, 1855; Union City. 1811, Waterford Borough, 1809; Wattsburg, 1826; Westminster, Mill Creek Town- ship, 1806-1851; Whales, Greene Township, 1849. The Presbyterian Churches of Erie County are within the bounds of the 256 • HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Synod of Pennsylvania and of the Presbytery of Erie. The Synod was con- stituted in 1881, and embraces the four old Synods oE Philadelphia, Harris- burg, Erie and Pittsburgh. The Presbytery embraces Erie, Crawfoi-d, War- reQ, Venango and Mercer Counties, and contains sixty-two churches and about fifty ministers. United Presbyterian (6).- — Beaver Dam, AVayne Township, 1859: First Church, Erie, 1811; Five Points, Summit Township, 1842; Mission CLui'ch, Erie, 1874; "Waterford Borough, 1812; Whiteford's Corners, Summit Town- ship, 1876. The name of this denomination in Erie County was originally the Asso- ciate Reformed Presbyterian Church. On the 26th of May, 1858, the Associ- ated Presbyterian and the Associated Reformed Presbyterian societies of the Northern States consolidated under the name of the United Presbyterian Church. The churches of this county are attached to the First Synod of the West and to the Lake Presbytery. The Synod embraces all of the chur^jhes in Pennsylvania west of the Allegheny and portions of Ohio and Michigan. The Presbytery covers Erie and Crawford Counties, a portion of Mercer and a small part of Trumbull County, Ohio. EjnscojKil (8). — Emanuel. Corry, 1864; Cross and Crown, Erie, 1867; Miles Grove, 1862; Mission of the Holy Cross, North East, 1872; St. Paul's, Erie, 1827: St. John's, Erie, 1867; Union City, 1875; St. Peter's, Waterford Borough, 1827. The churches of Erie County are embraced in the Diocese of Pittsburgh and in the Erie Deanery. The Diocese includes ail of Pennsylvania west of the Eastern lines of Somerset, Cambria, Clearfield, Elk, Cameron and McKean Counties; the Deanery comprises Erie, Crawford, Venango, Lawrence and Mercer Counties. The Pittsburgh Diocese was organized November 15, 1865, on which date Rev. John B. Kerfoot was elected Bishop. His consecration took place on the ensuing 26th of January. He was succeeded by Rev. Dr. Cortland Whitehead, who was consecrated on January 25, 1882. The Erie Deanery was erected on the 12th of June, 1874. The Deans have been as fol- lows: ist, Rev. J. F. Spaulding, Erie; 2d, Rev. W. H. Mills, Erie; 3d, Rev. Henry Purdon, Titusville. United Brethren (13). — Branchville, McKean Township, about 1866; Corry, 1864 ; Clark settlement. Harbor Creek. Township, 1856 ; Erie, 1878; Elk Creek and Girard line, 1870; Elk Creek Township, 1853; Fairview Township, about 1857; Greene and Venango line, 1871; Macedonia, Venango Township, ; New Ireland, LeBoeuf Township, 1876; Shattuck's Corners, Greenfield Township, about 1874; Union City, 1872; Wayne Valley, Wayne Township, 1870. Roman Catholic (16).— Albion, prior to 1850; St. Marv's, Erie, 1833; St, Patrick's. Erie, 1837; St. Joseph's, Erie, about 1853; St. "John's, Erie, 1869; St. Andrew's, Erie, 1871: St. Thomas, Corrv, I860; St. Elizabeth, Corry, 1875; St. John's, Girard, 1853; St. Boniface, Greene Township, 1857; St. Peter's, Greene Township, 1870; St. Matthew's, Summit Township, 1867; St, Francis Xavier, Middleboro, 1833; St, Gregory's. North East, 1854; St. Tere- sa's, Union City, 1857: St. Cyprian's, W^aterford Station, 1878. The Erie Diocese comprises the counties of Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Venango. Forest, Clarion, Jefferson, Clearfield, Cameron, Elk, McKean, Potter and Warren. It was established in 1853, Rt. Rev. Michael O'Conner being the first Bishop. He was transferred from Pittsburgh in 1853, and re-trans- ferred in 1854. His successor, Rt. Rev. J. M. Young, was consecrated April 23, 1854, and died September 18, 1866. Rt. Rev. T. Mullen, present Bishop, was consecrated Aumist 2, 1868. />^^^^^ ^.^^.JK^ ^^/^'/^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 259 Methodist Episcopal (55). — Albion, prioi- to 1850; Ash's Corners, Wash- ington Township, 1867; Asbury, Mill Creek Township, 1846; Asburv, Union Township, 1840; Beaver Dajn', 1838; Carter Hill, about 1835; Coriy, 1862; Cherry Hill, 1858; Concord Township, 1879; Cranosville, about 1830; Crane road, " Franklin Township, 1867; East Springfield, 1825; Edinboro, 1829; Edenville, LeBceuf Township, 1839; Elgin, 1854; Eureka, 1867; First Church, Erie, 1826; Fair Haven, Girard Township, 1815; Fairplain, Girard Township, 1840; Fairview Borough, 1817; Franklin Corners, 1866; Gospel Hill, Harbor Creek Township, 1816; Greenfield, 1836; Girard Borough, 1815; Harbor Creek, 1834: Hatch Hollow, Amity Township, prior to 1835; Hamlin, Summit Township, 1837; Keepville, about 1867; Lowville, 1875; Lockport, 1843; Miles Grove, 1867; McLane, Washington Township, 1863; Mill Vil- lage, prior to 1810: ISEiddleboro, 1819; Macedonia, Venango Township, ; North Corry, 1870; North East Borough, 1812; Northville, about 1820; Phil- lipsville, prior to 1848; South Harbor Creek, Harbor Creek Township, prior to 1830; Simpson Church, Erie, 1858; Sterrettania, 1842; South Hill, McKean Township, about 1860; Sharp's Corners, Waterford Township, 1838; Sherrod Hill, ; Tower Schoolhouse, Venango Township, ; Tenth Street, Erie, 1867; Union City, 1817; Waterford Borough, 1814; Wellsburg, 1833; Watts- burg, 182/; West Springfield, 1801; Wales, Greene Township, about 1850; West Greene, 1827: Wesley ville, 1828. The Methodist Episcopal Churches in Erie County are attached to the Erie Conference, organized in 1836, the bounds of which extend on the west to the Ohio State line, on the east to a line running slightly beyond Jamestown, N. Y., and Ridgway, Penn. , and on the south to a line running east and west be- low New Castle, Penn. The Conference is subdivided into six Presiding Elders' districts, viz. : Erie, Clarion, Franklin, Jamestown, Meadville and New Castle. The Erie District includes the churches of Erie, Mill Creek, Fairview, Girard, Greene, Greenfield, Harbor Creek, McKean, North East, Summit, Springfield, Wesleyville and Waterford; the Meadville District those of Albion. Edinboro, Lockport, Mill Village, Union and Wattsburg; the Jamestown District those of Corry. The Presiding Elders of these districts have been as follows: Erie District— G. Fillmore, 1821-24; W. Swayze. 1825-27; W. B. Mack, 1828-31: J. S. Barris, 1832; H. Kinsley, 1833: J. Chandler, 1836-38; J. C. Ayers, 1839-42; T. Goodwin, 1843-44; J. Robinson, 1845-48; B. O. Plimp- ton, 1849; E. J. L. Baker, 1850-53 and 1865-68; J. Leslie, 1854-57; J. Flower, 1858-61; J. H. Whallon, 1862-64; D. M. Stever, 1869-72; R. M. Warren. 1873-75; W. F. Wilson, 1876-78; R. W. Scott. 1879-80. Meadville District— Z. H. Coston, 1832; A, Brunson, 1833-34; I.Winans, 1835; J. S. Ban-is, 1836-37: H. Kinsley, 1838-39, 1843-45 and 1855-58; J. Bain, 1840-42; B. O. Plimpton, 1846-48; W. Patterson, 1849-52; E. J. Kenney. 1853-54; N. Norton, 1859-62; J. W.Lowe. 1863-66; G. W. Maltby, 1867-70; W. P. Bignell, 1871-74; J. Peate, 1875-78; F. H. Beck, 1879-80. Jamestown District — H. Kinsley, 1834-36; R. A. Aylworth, 1837-38; D. Preston, 1839-41; J. J. Steadman, 1842-43; D. Smith, 1844-47; ^^\ H. Hunter, 1848-51; J. H Whallon, 1852-55: B. S. Hill, 1856-58; J. W. Lowe, 1859-62; G. W. Maltby, 1863-66: J. Leslie, 1867-70; A. Burgess, 1871-72; N. Norton, 1873-75; O' G. McEntire, 1876-79. Universalist (5). — Corry, 1877; Erie, 1844; Girard, about 1850; Wellsburg, 1838; West Springfield, 1848. Evangelical Association (6). — Emanuel, Summit Township, about 1838; Salem, Fairview and Mill Creek line, 1833; Salem, Erie, 1833; Mt. Nabo, Fairview Borough, 1833; North East Borough, 1870; congregation at Sterrettania. 260 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Lutheran (11). — St. John's Evangelical Lutheran and Reformed, Erie, 1835; St. Paul's German Evangelical, Erie, 1850; German Evangelical Lutheran Trinity, Erie, 1881; First English Evangelical Lutheran, Erie, 1861; Evan- gelical Lutheran, GirardBoroiigh, 1866; Evangelical Lutheran, Fairview, 1856; St. Paul's German Lutheran, Mill Creek Township, about 1836; St. Paul's German Evangelical, North East, 1864; St. Jacob's Evangelical United, Fair- view Township, 1852; Franklin Township Church, 1871; German (Lutheran), Corry, about 1874. Baiitist (16).— Corry, 1863; Edinboro, 1838; Franklin and Elk Creek line, 1866; First Church, Erie, 1831; German Church, Erie, 1861; Lowrey settlement, Harbor Creek Township, 1822; McLane, Washington Township, 1838; North East, 1832; Newman's Bridge, Waterford Township, 1832 or 1833; Pageville, 1839; Second Greenfield Union Free-Will Baptist, Greenfield, Township, 1881; Union City, 1859; Waterford and Amity line, about 1835; W^est Springfield, 1826; Wattsburg, 1850; Wellsburg, 1839. Christian {^).—Govxy, 1864; Draketown, 1877; East Springfield, 1826; Fairview Township, 1835; Girard and Franklin line, 1872; Hare Creek, Wayne Township, 1877; McLallen's Corners, 1828: Oak Hill, Waterford Township, 1854. " Disciple (2).— Albion, 1880; Lockport, 1877. Congregational. — Corry, 1874. Hebrew.— 'Erie, 1858; Corry, about 1873. Advent. — Edinboro, 1863. Wesleyan Methodist (3). — Concord Township, 1840; Erie. 1847; Keep- ville, 1854. African Methodist Eiyiscopal. — Erie, re-organized, 1877. Union. — Manross Church, LeBoeuf Township, erected 1869. Recapitulation. — Presbyterian, 19; United Presbyterian, 6; Episcopalian, 8; United Brethren, 13; Roman Catholic, 16; Methodist Episcopal, 55; Con- gregational, 1; Advent, 1; African Methodist Episcopal, 1; Universalist 5; Lutheran, 11; Evangelical Association, 6; Baptist, 16; Christian, 8; Disciple, 2; Hebrew, 2; Wesleyan Methodist, 3; Union, 1; total, 174. SUNDAY SCHOOLS, The first Sunday school in the county was founded by Rev. Mr. Morton and Col. James Moorhead at Moorheadville, in 1817. In 1818, Mrs. Judah Colt returned to Erie after a visit to New England, where schools for the religious instruction of children on the Sabbath had recently been introduced, and by the aid of Mrs. R. S Reed and Mrs. Carr established a class for girls, which met alternately at the houses of the two ladies last named. After a time the brothers of the girls asked to be admitted, but fears were entertained that they woald be hard to control, and it was only after much debate and hesitation that they were allowed to enjoy the benefits of the class. Col. Thomas Forster became interested in the enterprise, and in 1820 tendered the ladies a room, which was gladly accepted. A public meeting was held in the courthouse on the 25th of March, 1821, to consider the project of regularly organizing " a Sunday School and Moral Society. " Resolutions in favor of the same were drafted and introduced by R. S. Reed, Thomas H. Sill and George A. Eliot^ — one capitalist and two lawyers — and solemnly adopted by the audience. A paper for contributions was passed around, and the munificent sum of $28.50 subscribed to procure suitable books. This subscription paper is now hanging up in the basement of the First Presbyterian Church of Erie. The school commenced in Mav with an attendance of sixtv-four, big and little, HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 261 who had increased to eighty-one at the end of six months, of whom twenty-one, or nearly one-fourth, were colored. Horace Greeley, then an employe in the office of the Erie Gazette, was one of the scholars in the winter of 1830-31. A second school was started in September, 1830, by the ladies of St. Paul's Episcopal congregation, and held its sessions in the court house until their church building was completed. The first schools had to encounter some opposition, even from zealous Christian citizens. A Sabbath school is now connected with almost every church in the county. BIBLE SOCIETY AND Y, M. C. ASSOCIATION. The Erie County Bible Society was established in 1824, and has been in continuous operation ever since. Its mission is to distribute the Holy Book free of cost to those who aie too poor to buy, and at a moderate price to persons in better circumstances. The first officers wero Rev. Johnston Eaton, Presi- dent; Rev. Robert Reid, Vice President; George Selden, Secretary; and E. D. Gunnison, Treasurer. Its annual meetings are held on the first Wednesday after the second Tuesday in May. The only Young Men's Christian Association in the county is in Erie, and was organized in September, 1860. The society owns a fine build- ing at the corner of Tenth and Peach streets, which is conveniently fitted up for its purpose. Its library of nearly six thousand volumes is free to all who visit the reading rooms, and, for a moderate sum per annum, the holders of tickets are allowed to take books to their homes. Aside from its religious influence, the association has done a good work among the young men and women of the city by increasing their literary taste, and giving them the op- portunity to read good books instead of the trashy stuff that floods the land. It also maintains a Railway Employes' Reading Room in the building on Peach street, opposite the northern entrance to the Union depot. GRAVEYARDS AND CEMETERIES. As death and religion are always associated to a certain extent, this seems to be the proper place to give a brief sketch of some of the old graveyards in the county, which, thanks to an improved taste, are fast giving way to neat and ornamental cemeteries. The first burial place of which thei-e is a record, was established at Colt's Station in Greenfield Township on the 6th of July, 1801. A party of fifteen met and cleared off an acre for the interment of the dead, which has remained as a graveyard to this day, though in a sadly neg- lected condition. Their example led the people at Middlebrook to follow suit, and a burial place was begun there in the following month. Most of the bodies in the latter have been removed within the last thirty years, and the spot is now used for farming purposes. A graveyard was established at Erie nearly at the same time, on the bank of the lake, east of Parade street, but was aban- doned about 1805. Others were located at an early day at Waterford, North East, Fairview, Springfield and elsewhere. In 1805, three lots were set aside for a graveyard at the southeast corner of French and Eighth streets, Erie, which was used by all denorbinations until 1827, when it became the property of the United Presbyterian Church, whose building adjoined the premises on the east. The property was sold in 1862, the bodies were removed to the cemetery, and the site is now covered with dwellings. The Presbyterians purchased four lots at the southeast corner of Seventh and Myrtle streets, in Erie, in 1826, and used them fcr burial purposes for upward of twenty yeax*s, when the bodies were carefully removed to the cemetery and the land was sold to pri- vate purchasers. 262 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The Episcopal Graveyard was also on Seventh street, nearly opposite the gas house. Besides the above, there was a graveyard on Third street, east of the Catholic school, on the north side, which was used for burial purposes as late as 1837. The Catholic burial grounds on Twenty-fourth, between Sassa- fras and Chestnut streets, still contain numerous bodies, which will probably be removed some day to the cemetery west of the city. An unused graveyard is also attached to St. John's Church in South Erie. The various cemeteries in present use will be described in connection with the city. As the county increased in population, graveyards were located in every section, some of which continue, while the sites of others have almost or en- tirely been forgotten. Many families chose burial places on their fai"ms, and some of these still exist. The old-style graveyards were, and those that remain are, generally speaking, dismal and forbidding places, the tomb- stones dingy and often tottering, the fence sides grown up to brambles, the gi-aves and walks in a horrible state of neglect, and the whole aspect well cal- culated to encoufage the belief in ghosts, goblins and demons, which was quite universal forty years ago. The establishment of the cemetery at Erie, which was dedicated in May, 1851, and speedily became one of the tastiest in the Union, has had a gratify- ing effect upon the whole county. People of retinement from the neighboring towns, comparing it with the neglected graveyards at their homes, became ashamed of the contrast, and efforts, some successful and others futile, have been made to secure creditable places of burial in almost all sections. Corry, Union City, North East, Waterford, Girard, Fairview, Springfield, Sterret- tania and Lowville have cemeteries that speak well for the taste of their citi- zens, and at Erie the new Catholic cemetery near the Head is fast assuming a first rank. The writer hopes to be spared long enough to see every vestige of the old-style graveyard removed from the face of the earth, and each town and township in possession of a cemetery that will be an honor to the living and afford a proper resting-place for the dead. OHAPTEE XV. Mills and Factories. THE first mill in Erie County of which there is any record was btiilt at the mouth of Mill Creek in 1795-96, under the direction of Capt. Russell Bissell, of the United States Army, to supply timber for barracks, dwellings, etc., for the use of the troops who had been sent forward as a protection to the settlers. It gave name to the stream, and stood until 1820, when it burned down. An- other saw mill was buil upon its site in 1831. by George W. Reed and Will- iam Himrod, the frame of which stood till some time after 1861. The second saw mill within the city limits was erected on the same stream, at or near where the Hopedale Mill stands, by Robert Brotherton, in 1806, and the third at the Eighth street crossing in 1807 or 1808, by William Wallace and Thomas Forster. About 1810, the Wallace & Forster mill privilege was bought by R. S. Reed, who added a grist mill. The property fell into the hands of George Moore in ] 822, and a carding machine and fulling mill were added. They were purchased by P. & O. E. Crouch in 1859, who improved HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 263 the grist mill from time to time and continued to operate it. In 1815, two more grist mills rose iipon Mill Creek, the one built by K. S. Reed at the Parade street crossing, and the other by Mr. Large near the corner of French and Elev- enth streets. Mr. Eeed put up adistillery near his mill, and both concerns were run by him until his death. The mill building, an unusually large one, stood until about ten years ago. The mill erected by Mr. Large was allowed to go down, and its site was adopted by Vincent, Himrod & Co., for the establishment since known as the Erie City Iron Works. The fourth grist mill in the city was put up by the McNairs in 1827, on State street, south of the Lake Shore Railroad track, using the water of Ichabod Run for power. It went down, and in 1849 the Erie City Mill was bviilt by McSparren & Dumars, to use the water of the same stream. The building was sold, moved further south, and is still standing. The liopedale Mill was built by Henry Gingrich, on the site of the Brotherton Saw Mill, about 1850, and was operated for a time by Oliver & Bacon. These gentlemen in 1865 secured the Canal Mill, built by William Kelly, under the supervision of Jehiel Towner, on Myrtle street, near Sixth, to use the surplus water of the canal, and have managed it ever since. At one period there were no less than half a dozen distilleries within the city limits, and perhaps as many saw mills, the latter all driven by the water of Mill Creek, which was quite a strong, steady stream. Mr. Russell, in one of his valuable contributions to the Gazette, says: "When there was not one-tifth of the population, a distillery was to be found in almost every neighborhood. Most families were as particular in laying in their barrel of whisky as their barrel of pork, and would rather be without the latter than the former." Of mills in the vicinity of the city, the earliest were erected by John Coch- ran, who put up a saw mill in 1800, and a grist mill in 1801 on the site of the present Densraore Mill. Three miles south of the city, on what is now the W^aterford Plank Road, Robert McCullough, in 1802 or 1804, put up a saw and grist mill, which are still in operation under the title of the Erie County Mills. All of these used the water of Mill Creek. In 1814, a small grist mill was built by Thomas Miller, on the little stream which empties into the bay at the Head, to which he soon after added a mill for making linseed oil. The ruius remained until quite recently. OUTSIDE OF ERIE CITY. The second and third saw mills in the county were put up in 1797 — one by Thomas Forster at the mouth of Walnut Creek, and the other by Robert Broth- erton, on LeBoeuf Creek, near the Waterford Station of the P. & E. road. The latter added a grist mill in 1802. In 1798, a fourth saw mill was built near the mouth of Four Mile Creek by Thomas Rees, for the Population Com- pany. The fifth was built by Leverett Bissell, on French Creek, in Greenfield Township, in 1799. During the year 1798 the first grist mill in the county was built at the mouth of Walnut Creek under the superintendence of Thomas Forster. The other mills established outside of Erie City before the last war with Great Britain were as follows: One on Spring Run, Girard Township, by Mr. Silverthorn, in 1799. A grist and saw mill by William Miles, at Union, in 1800, now known as Church's mill. In the same year, a small grist mill, by James Foulk, at the mouth of Sis Mile Creek. A saw mill by William Culbertson, in 1801, and a grist mill in 1802, at Edinboro, now known as Taylor &.Reeder's mills. 264 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. A saw mill bv Capt. Holliday, in 1801, and a grist mill in 1803, at the mouth of Crooked Creek, in Springfield TowDship, both of which have gone down. A saw mill in 1802 or 1803. by John Riblet, Sr., on Four Mile Creek, half a mile south of Wesley ville. No vestige of this remains. Lattimore's and Boyd's saw mills, in Waterford Township, about 1802. Grist mills were added to each at a later date, and allowed to go down some forty years ago. A grist and saw mill, in 1803, by Capt. Daniel Dobbins and James Foulk, near the mouth of Twelve Mile Creek, since known as Neely's mill. A grist mill on Sixteen Mile Creek, in North East Township, by Col. Tut- tle, in 1807, now known as Scouller's. The following shows when the m\lls mentioned were erected, and will be found convenient for comparison: 1814- -The West Girard Grist and Saw Mill, on Elk Creek, by Peter Wool- verton. A saw mill where Lines' mills stand, on Crooked Creek, in Spring- field, by Amos Remington and Oliver Cross. 1815 — A saw mill by William Saltsman, at the foot of the gulley of Four Mile Creek, in Harbor Creek Township. 1816 — A saw mill by James Love, on Walnut Creek, in Mill Creek Town- ship. A saw mill on Mill Creek, by Foote & Parker. About 1820 — The Strong Grist Mill, on Crooked Creek, in Springfield, by Andrew Cochran. 1822— The Lowville Mills, by Samuel Low. The Wattsbiu-g Mills, by Will- iam Miles. 1823 — The Nason Mill, on Bear Eun, in Fairview, by Daniel Bear. The Porter Mill, on Conneaut Creek, in Springfield, by Comfort Hay. Two mills in Amity Township, near Milltown, one by Capt. James Donaldson. The grist mill at Wesleyville, by John Shattuck. 1824 — A saw mill in the south part of Greenfield, by John Whiteside. 1825 — Shattuck's saw mill at Wesleyville. The mills at Wellsburg, by Samuel Wells. 1826 — The old Cooper Mill, on Four Mile Creek, by William Saltsman. The Burger Grist Mill, on French Creek, in Le Boeuf Township, was built by George Burger about 1830; the Line Grist Mill, in Springfield, by Mr. Case, about 1832; the Sterrettania Mills, on Elk Creek, by David S. Sterrett, in 1839; the Moore Saw Mill, in Le Boeuf, about 1840; and the Branchville Mill, about 1850. OTHER EARLY MILLS AND FACTORIES. Among the earliest mills were Weigle's, at the crossing of Walnut Creek by the Ridge road, in Fairview Township, built by S. F. Gudtner; the Elgin Mills, on Beaver Dam Run, by Joseph Hall; the grist mill on LeBoeuf Creek, in Greene, by Jacob Brown; and the Backus Mill, on Six Mile Creek, in Harbor Creek. All of these were established in the beginning of the century, but the writer has been unable to obtain the exact dates. A saw mill was built at an early period by Michael Jackson, and a grist mill by Amos King, at Al- bion. In 1810, there was a carding and woolen mill on the site of the Cass factory in Harbor Creek. Soon after the war of 1812-14, a perfect mania arose for building saw mills, and every stream that could be turned to use was employed to drive from one to a dozen vv heels. The county was still largely covered with forest trees, and all of the streams contained more water than now. The cutting of the timber was followed by the drying up of the streams. Most of the mills have gone HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 265 down, and those that remain generally use steam. With few exceptions, the grist mills remain on the sites originally adopted. Hubbard B. Burrows was a noted millwright and constructed a good share of the early mills. The first concern in the county for the manufacture of iron goods was a foundry at Freeport, North East Township, built in 1824, by Philetus Glass. The next of any consequence was the establishment of Vincent, Himrod & Co., in Erie, who engaged in the manufacture of stoves, using the site of Large's grist mill, and the water-power of Mill Creek, The concern began operations in the winter of 1840-41, and has continued ever since under several changes of name and management. The Erie City Iron Works cover a portion of the site of the old mill, and the Chicago & Erie Stove Company and Erie City Boiler Works are o£fshoots from the original establishment, LIST OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. Below is as nearly as could be ascertained in 1880 a list of the mills and factories in the county outside of Erie and Corry. Any omissions or changes that are discovered before this book is published will be noted in the township and borough sketches: Creameries— Am.it J Creamery, near Wattsburg. Cheese Factories — West Springfield, Springfield Township; Phillipsville, Venango Township; Wellsburg, Elk Creek Township; Steadman's, Franklin Township; West Union, Union Township; Waterford; Concord, Concord Town- ship; Beaver Dam, Wayne Township; Carter Hill, Wayne Township; Kennedy, Wayne Township; Calbertson's, Union City; Jones', Union City; Bean's, Summit Township; Excelsior, Summit Township; Grahamville, North East Township; Keed's, McKean Township; Bean's, near Middleboro; Little Hope, Greenfield Township; Lockport, Lockport Borough; Wellman's Washington Township; McLallen's Corners, Washington Township; Phelp's, Edinboro; West Greene, Greene Township; Newman's Bridge, Waterford Township; Brown's, Conneaut Township; Keepville, Conneaut Township; Wheeler's, LeBceuf Township; Mill Village; Excelsior, Cherry Hill. Grist Mills — Richard's, Amity Township; Nason's, Fairview Township; Weigle's, Fairview Township; Oriental, Fairview Township; Lohrer's, Fair- view Township; Porter, Springfield Township; Lines', Springfield Town- ship; Strong's, Springfield Township; Lowville, Venango Township; Watts- burg; Long, Wells & Co.'s, Wellsburg; The Old Spires, Wellsburg; Steen- rod's. Union Township; Anchor, Union City; Church's, Union City; Judson & Hippie's, Waterford Township; Williams & Dewey's, W^aterford Borough; Elgin; Densmore's, Mill Creek Township; Erie County, Mill Creek Township; Kocher's, Mill Creek Township; William H. Cooper's, Wesleyville; the Old Cooper, Harbor Creek; Neely, Harbor Creek; Sterrett & Barron's, Sterrettania; -Hilliker's, Branchville; Guy & Beatty's, North East Township; Jones', North East Township; Scouller's, North East Township; Little Hope, Greenfield Township; Strickland & Nason's, Girard Township: WestGirard, Gii-ard Town- ship; Reeder & Taylor's, Edinboro; Thornton's, Albion; Burger Mill, LeBceuf Township; Irving's, Union City, Tanneries — Vetner's, Fairview Township; Wells & Sons', Wellsburg; Smith & Shoppart's, Waterford Borough; Bolard & Hayes', Waterford Bor- ough; Sterrettania; Chisholm's, McKean Township; Rappold's, near Ster- rettania; Roher's, McKean Township; Scouller & Tyler's, North East Town- ship; Nason's, North East; St. John's, Washington Township; Rossiter's, Girard Township; Aldrich's, Lockport; McWilliam's, Edinboro; Terrill's, Union City. 266 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Saw, Shingle, Lath and Heading Mills — Shove's, Amity Township; Wheel- er's, Amity Township; Doolittle & Chaftee's, Amity Township; Donaldson's (saw and shingle), Amity Township; Richard's. Amity Township; Cox's, Am- ity Township; Ester & Kelsey's (shingle), Amity Township; Ruhl's, Fairview Township; Kreider's, Fairview Borough; Comer's, McKean Township; Pro- peek's, McKean Township; Porter's, Springfield Township; Lines', Springfield Township; Strong's, Springfield Township; Reed's, Springfield Township; Lowville (saw, shingle and heading); Phillipsville (saw and shingle mill); Wattsburg (saw mill); Bowman's, Wellsburg; Pageville, Elk Creek Township; Mohawk, Franklin Township; Sweet & Alden's, Franklin Township; Mish- ler's, Franklin Township; Gimber's, Franklin Township; Fenno's, Union Township; Bentley's (saw and shingle). Union Township; Karnerer's, Union Tov/nship; Vermilyea's, Union Township; Miller's, Union Township; Har- rison's, Union Township; one on the South Branch, Union Township; Brunsteter's, Union City; Carroll's (saw and shingle), Union City; Clough's (shingle), Union City; Kimball & Harrison's (shingle) Union City; Church's, Union City; Clark & Son's, Union City, Pratt & Son's, Union City; Davis', Waterford Township; Benson's, Waterford Township; Lattimore's, Waterford Township; Brotherton's, Waterford Township; Judson & Hippie's, W^aterford Township; Himrod's, Waterford Township; Boyd's, Waterford Township; Hull's, Waterford Township; Marsh's, Waterford Township; Dew- ey's (saw and lath), Waterford Borough; Young's, Concord Township; Crowell's, Concord Township; Ormsby's, Concord Township; Lovell's Station, Concord Township; Elgin (saw-mill); saw-mill on the Brokenstraw, Wayne Township; two shingle-mills on the Brokenstraw, Wayne Township; two saw- mills on Hare Creek, Wayne Township; shingle-mill on Slaughter Run, Wayne Township; saw-mill near the New York line, Wayne Township; Erie County Mill, Mill Creek Township; Russell's, Mill Creek Township; Nece's. Mill Creek Township; Geist's, Mill Creek Township; Stroller's, Mill Creek Town- ship; Thomas's (saw, shingle and feed), Mill Creek Township; Balkey's, (shingle and feed). Mill Creek Township; William H. Cooper's, Wesleyville; the old Cooper, Harbor Creek Township; Dodge's (saw and shingle), Harbor Creek Township; Neeiy, Harbor Creek Township; another mill. Harbor Creek Township; Jackson's, Summit Township; Sterrett & Barron's, Sterrettania; Wood's, McKean Township; Osborn's, McKean Township: Decker's, McKean Township; Leland's, McKean Township; Lampson's (saw and shingle), Mid- dleboro; Guy & Beatty's (saw and shingle), North East Township; Freeport, North East Township; Applebee& Butts's, North East Township; mill near New Y'^ork line (saw and heading), North East Township; three portable mills, Green- field Township; Raymond's, Greenfield Township; Little Hope, Greenfield Township; West Girard, Girard Township; Gudgeonville, Girard Township; Pettis', Girard Township; Herriek's, Girard Township; Shipman's, Girard Township; Godfrey's, Girard Township; one saw-mill at Lockport; Wait & Ensign's (saw and lath), Washington Township; Wellman's (saw, shingle and lath), Washington Township; Reeder's, Washington Township; Davis & Rider's, Washington Township; Black's, Washington Township; Gardner's, Washington Township; Wade's (saw, shingle and lath), Washington Town- ship; Sherwood's, Edinboro; Reeder's, Edinboro; Brown's (saw and lath), Greene Township; Kane's, Greene Township; Rijdey's, Greene Town- ship; two mills on Six Mile Creek, Greene Township; Spalding's, Conneaut Township; one portable mill, Conneaut Township; Albion Saw Mill; Moore's, Le Boeuf Township; Manross', Le B(3euf Township; AVheeler's, Le Boeuf Township; Fogle's, Le Boeuf Township; Dunlap's. Le Boeuf Township; ' ' '■"^Z^., io^l.4^LCcS /l^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 269 Waterhouse's, Le Bceuf Township; Robinson's Corners. Yenango Township; Henderson's (shingle), Venango Township; Bennett's, Venango Township; the Gillett Mill, Mill Village; George Burger's (saw and shingle), Mill Village. Cider, Jell and Vinegar Factories — Glazier's, Fairview Borough ; Galyard's, Fairview Borough; Lowville Cider Mill; Bennett's, Venango Town- ship; Wager's, "Union Township; Carroll's, Union City; Rice's, Waterford TownshipT Hare's, Waterford Township; Belle Valley; Tompkins', Mill Creek Township; Balkey's, Mill Creek Township; Thomas', Mill Creek Town- ship; Cooper's, Wesleyville; Troop's, Harbor Creek Township; Hauck's, Ster- rettania; Leland's, McKean Township; Smith's, McKean Township; Wiswell's, McKean Township; Wagner's, McKean Township; Rhode's, cider and vinegar. North East Township; Green & Chase's, cider and vinegar, North East Town- ship; Brown's, Girard Township; Moseman's, Greenfield; West Girard, cider and plaster, Girard Township; Lockport; Waterhouse's, LeBoeuf Town- ship; McLellan's Corners, Washington Township; Anderson's, Washington Township; Mitchell's, Mill Village. Planing Mills, Sash, Door and Blind Factories — Kreider's, Fairview Borough; one at Lowville; two planing mills at Wattsburg; one sash factory at Wattsburg; Mills', Franklin Township; Cooper's, Union City; Clark & Son's, Union City; Jenkin's, Union City; Hunter's, Union City; Dewey's, Waterford Borough; one at Middleboro; Green's, North East Township; West Girard, Girard Township; one at Lockport; one at Girard Borough; Wade's, Washington Township; Taylor & Reeder's, Edinboro; Mickel's Planing and Spoke Mill, Mill Village; Beardsley's Stave Mill, Mill Village. Woolen, Carding and Fulling MZZs- -Thornton's, Albion; Lewis', Wash- ington Township; Thornton's, Girard Township; Grimshaw's, North East Township; Irving's, Union Towmship; Cass', Harbor Creek; one in Wayne Township. Paper il/z'ZZs— Franklin, North East Township; Watson & Morgan's, Fair- view Township. Brick and Tile Works— Seigel's, Fairview Township; Thomas', West Springfield; Kilpatrick's, North East Township; Kane's, North East Township; Dyer Loomis', North East Township; West Girard, Girard Township; Barton & Kelly's, W^aterford Borough; Kennedy's, Conneaat Township. Wooden Articles —Tease's Tub and Firkin Factory, North East Borough; Jones' Barrel Factory, North East Township; New Era Organ Factory, North East Township; Grape Basket, Fruit and Cigar Box Factory, North East Township; Stetson's Handle Factory, North East Township; Freeport Table Factory, North East Township; Freeport Turning Works, North East Township; Coffman's Pump Factory, North East Township; Brown's Hand Rake Factory, Girard Township;' Lockport Oar Factory; Girard Furniture Factory; White's Factory, W'ashington Township; Taylor & Reed- er's Pump Factory, Edinboro; Wells & Andrews' Oar Factory, Albion; VanRi- er's Horse Rake, Wheelbarrow and Shovel Factory, Albion; Dodge's Handle Factory. Harbor Creek; Troop's Basket Factory, Harbor Creek; Elgin Barrel Factory; Coffin Factory, Mill Creek Township; Gunnison's Pump Factory, Mill Creek Township; Blanchard & Hanson's Furniture Factory, Union City; Wescott's Dowel Pin Factory, Union City; Clark & Son's Stave and Handle Mill, Union City; Hunter's Pump Factory, Union City; Hatch's Broom Fac- tory, Union City; Jones' Cheese Box Factory, Union City; Manross' Stave Works, Union City; Thompson's Water Wheel Works, Union City; Woods & Johnson's barrel factories, Union City; Chair and Furniture Factory, Union City; Westcott's Broom Handle Factory, Union City; Wheeler's Chair 270 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Factory, Union City; Woods' Stave Factory, Union City; Sulky Hay Rake Factory, Waterford Township; Hasting's Tub and Firkin Factory, Waterford Township; Wattsburg Handle Factory; Wattsburg Furniture Factory; Wells- burg Furniture and Coffin Factory; Zeigler's Broom Factory, Wellsburg; Keeler's Furniture Factory, Wellsburg. Beer Breweries — Wager's, Union City; Mill Creek Brewery: Bannister's, North East Township. Carriage and Wagon Works — Griffith's, North East Borough; Fromeyer's, North East Borough; Mattison's, LeBceuf Township; Sterrettania Wagon Shop; two wagon shops at Middleboro; Lamphier & Brower's, Union City; Morton's, Union City; two wagon shops at Beaver Dam; Howe & Son's. Water- ford Borough; Taylor's, Waterford Borough; Emanuel Ziegler's, Wellsburg; Fai'go's, Fairview Borough; Wurntz's, Fairview Borough; Williams', Amity Township. Miscellaneous — Glass's Foundry. North East Borough; North East Canning Factory; Girard Wrench Factory; Miles Grove Iron Foundry; Denio's Agri- cultural Tool Works, Miles Grove; Pettibone's Limekiln, Girard Township; Mount Hickory Iron Works, Mill Creek Township; Dunmyer's Iron Works, Union City; Union City Iron Works; Johnson's Boot and Shoe Factory, Waterford Borough; Wattsburg Feed Mill; Purcell's Spring Bed Factory, Wellsburg. Becapitulation — Creamery, 1; cheese factories, 28; grist mills, 36; tan- neries, 14; saw, shingle, lath and heading mills, 117; cidei*, jell and vinegar factories, 27; planing mills and sash, door and blind factories, 17; woolen, carding and fulling mills, 6; paper mills, 2; brick and tile works, 8; manu- factories of wooden articles, 39; beer bi'eweries, 3; carriage and wagon shops, 11; miscellaneous, 12; total, 316. As the list stands above, with Erie and Corry added, there are fully 450 concerns in the county that can properly be classed as mills and factories. Their number, extent and variety will be as much of a surprise to the reader as they were to the writer in making uj) this chapter. CHAPTER XVI. Lake Navigation. THE first vessel to sail the waters of Lake Erie was built by Robert Cava- lier de la Salle, an adventurous Frenchman, on the Niagara River, six miles above the Falls, in the year 1677. She was named the Griffin, and was of sixty tons burthen. La Salle navigated Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan, to Green Bay, in the present State of Wisconsin, where, with a picked num- ber of men, he left the vessel and marched overland to the Mississippi. The remainder of the crew attempted to return to the Niagara, and are supposed to have been lost in a storm, as neither vessel nor men were heard from after- ward. Nearly a hundred years later the French built another sailing vessel with which they undertook to navigate the lake. This second venture was as unsuccessful as the first, the vessel having foundered and forty-nine of her crew having been drowned. No record is to be found of any other sailing vessel on the lake until 1766, when the British, who had secured possession of both shores, built and HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 271 launched four. They were of light burthen, and were chiefly used for carry - ino- trooi:)s and army supplies. All transportation of a commercial character, and all of the very limited passenger business was carried on by batteaux until after the close of the Bevolutionary war. They kept close to the shore, were mainly propelled by paddles or oars, and if a sail was used it was simply a blanket fastened to a pole, to take advantage of favorable winds. The earliest American sailing vessel on the lake was a small boat, owned and run by Capt. William Lee, in which he carried passengers and light ai^ticles of freight be tween Buffalo and Erie. She was constructed to use oars in going against the wind, and had no crew, the passengers being obliged to work for their passage. The first sailing vessel built on the south shore of Lake Erie was the sloop "Washin ton, of thirty tons, under the superintendence of Eliphalet Beebe. at the mouth of Four Mile Creek, for the Pennsylvania Population Company, owners of the bulk of the land in the Triangle. She was launched in Sep- tember, 1798, was employed for some twelve years in the service of the com- pany, and was removed on rollers across the Niagai'a Peninsula, to Lake Ontario in 1810, where she was lost. The first vessel launched at Erie was built at the mouth of Mill Creek, in 1799, Capt. Lee and Bufus S. Beed being her principal owners. She was named the Good Intent and sunk at Point Abino in 1806, with all on board. The Harlequin, built at Erie in 1800. by Mr. Beebe, was also lost the first season, with her entire crew. About 1801, the Wilkinson, of sixty-five tons, was owned at Erie. She was commanded by Capt. Daniel Dobbins, in 1805. Another early Erie vessel was the schooner Mary, of 100 tons, built by Thomas Wilson, in 1805. The British kept a fleet of armed vessels on the lakes from 1792 until Perry's victory in 1813, and in 1810 had as many as seven of this class in commission. They were called the "provincial marine service," and wei'e manned mostly by Canadians. To counteract their movements, the United States Government, at various times up to 1809, had placed four vessels of war upon the lake, the most formidable of which was the Detroit, the one that brought Gen. Wayne to Erie on returning from his Western expedition. She was wrecked off Presque Isle the next fall. Of this class of vessels the only one that was in service on Lake Erie at the outbreak of the last war with Great Britain was the Adams, of 150 tons, which was captured by the British in 1812. The brigs Lawrence and Niagara, and the schooner Ariel, of Perry's fleet, were constructed at the mouth of Cascade Creek (the site of the Erie and Pittsburgh docks), and three gunboats at the mouth of the old canal, in 1813. In 1794, two British armed vessels lay outside the harbor of Erie for some time, as a menace against the occupation of the lake shore region by the Americans. THE MERCHANT SERVICE. Previous to the war of 1812-14, a dozen or more vessels comprised the whole merchant fleet of the lake, averaging about sixty tons each.* The chief article of freight w^as salt from Salina, N. Y., which was brought to Erie, landed on the beach below the mouth of Mill Creek, hauled in wagons to Waterford, and from there floated down French Creek and the Allegheny Biver to Pittsburgh. As the trade progressed, three large buildings were erected on the beach for storing the salt. In 1800, 6.000 barrels were regis- tered at the Erie custom house, and the amount increased to 18,000 barrels at a later period. Commerce was suspended on the lake during the war, but it revived immediately after, and has steadily grown year by year.f The dis- *Tlie Buffalo Express of October 10, 1811, contained the following: " The schooner Salina, Daniel Dobbins, master, arrived at this port on the 31st ult., having on board a cargo of fur, estimated at 8150,000." tCol. Foster, collector of Presque Isle, writing under date of July 28, 1815, said: "Lake Erie is crowded with small craft, generally of five to twenty tons." 272 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. covery of salt in the vicinity of Pittsburgh put an end to that branch of the lake traffic about 1819. ' Among the pioneer lake captains were Daniel Dobbins, William Lee, Thomas Wilkius, Seth Barney. C. Blake, James Rough, John F. Wight. Levi Allen, John Richards, George Miles and Charles Hayt. Capt. Richards quit sailing and went to ship-building with considerable success. Capt. Wilkins commenced with the Reeds in 1822, and was long one of their most popular commanders. Rufus S. Reed owned vessels at an early day, and continued in the business during the balance of his life. In 1809, he and Capt. Dobbins purchased the schooner Charlotte, of ninety tons, from a Canadian. She was long sailed by Capt. Dobbins. The Charlotte was at Mackinaw when that place surrendered to the British in 1812, and Capt. Dobbins, Rufus S. Reed, W. W. Reed and the crew became prisoners of war. She was sent by the enemy to Detroit, where Gen. Hull included her in the general surrender, THE ERA OP STEAMBOATS. The first steamboat to navigate Lake Erie was the Walk in-the-Water, of 342 tons, built on the Niagara River, between Black Rock and Tonawanda, and launched on the 28th of May, 1818. On her first trip it took from 7.30 P. M. , on Monday, to 11 A. M. on Tuesday, to reach Cleveland fi'om Erie, and the entire voyage from Buffalo to Detroit required forty-one hours and ten minutes, the wind being ahead all the way up. She carried quite a number of passengers, and having pleasant accommodations, they enjoyed the trip mio-litily. As the boat neared the head of the lake, the Indians ran down to the water's edge, and gave utterance to their amazement by repeated signs and shouts. The Walk-in-the- Water made regular trips each season between Buffalo and Detroit, on each of which she stopped at Erie. She was stranded in Buffalo Bay in 1822, and her engines \s'ere removed and put into the Supe- rior, which was her immediate successor. The first steamboat launched at Erie was the William Penn, of 200 tons, in May or June, of 1826. She was the sixth on the lake, and was built by the Erie & Chautauqua Steamboat Company, the original managers of which were Walter Smith, E. L. Tinker and Charles Townsend, of New York, and R. S. Reed. P. S. V. Hamot, Josiah Kellogg, John F. Wight, Daniel Dobbins and Peter Christie, of Erie. The association was organized in 1825 and contin- ued until some time after 1832. The William Penn Avas commanded b}' Capt. Thomas Wilkins in 1827. Gen. C. M. Reed's first steamboat was the Pennsylvania, Capt. John Flee- harty, master. She was launched near the foot of Sassafras street, in July, 1832, and towed to Black Rock, where her engines were put in. The General built the Thomas Jefferson in 1834 and the James Madison in 1837, both at Erie, in about the same locality as the Pennsylvania, Capt. Wilkins being placed in command of the former and Capt. R. C. Bristol of the latter. A writer in the Erie Gazette makes this statement: "On the 25th of May, 1837, Gen. Reed's steamboat James Madison came into this port from Buffalo with upward of one thousand passengers and a heavy cargo of freight. The Madi- son cleared $20,000 on this single trip. She was 700 tons burthen. Those early steamboat days, before the time of railroads and palace cars, were the most prosperous times ever known on the lakes. Very often a steamboat would more than pay for herself in one season. " In 1837, the ill-fated Erie was built at the foot of French street, by the Erie Steamboat Company — Thomas G. Colt and Smith I. Jackson being the chief men — and the Missouri followed, built by Gen. Reed in 1840. The HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 273 Erie was subsequently purchased by Gen. Reed, who owned the vessel until her destruction by tire. All of these were large, elegant, rapid and popular boats. In 1826, three steamboats entered and cleared from Erie Harbor every week, and from two to ten schooners. The opening of the canal between Erie and the Ohio River, in the spring of 1845, gave an immense impetus to the lake trade at this port. Tens of thousands of emigrants were brought from Buffalo each year, taking the canal route to the Ohio Valley, and the harbor of Erie was one of the liveliest on the lake. The tide of travel by way of the lake continued until the completion of the Lake Shore Railroad to Toledo in 1853, when the emigrant business dropped off and the steamboats were compelled to depend mainly upon the freight business, to and from the upper lakes. In one of Mr. Frank Henry's valuable series of reminiscences, printed in the Erie Ga- zette, he says: " As late as the year 1850, there were no railroads in this region of country. The only public means of conveyance between the East and West was by stage coaches on land, and steamboats on the lakes during the months of navigation. There were many competing lines of steamers, strongly built and fitted up and furnished in princely style, regardless of expense, and commanded by the most capable and experienced men that could be found. The arrival of one of these 'floating palaces' in port was an event of more importance and interest than a circus would be in these days. Scores of sight-seers would crowd the decks and cabins, closely inspecting every nook and coi'ner. * * These steamboats all used wood for fuel, and were propelled by steam, the exhaust of which could be heard far over the hills on the mainland, striking terror to the hearts of timid people who never heard such sounds before. The highest am- bition of many a country boy was to find employment in any capacity on one of these boats. Many of these lake captains were very popular with the trav- eling public, and were better known, either personally or by reputation, than many a United States Senator of the present day. The boats of these favorites were generally crowded to their utmost capacity." PROPELLERS AND SHIPS. The first propeller on Lake Erie was the Vandalia, of 150 tons, built at Oswego and brought through the Welland Canal in 1842. Two others appeared the same season. The propellers have entirely taken the places of the old style steamboats, being found more safe, economical and reliable. The first full-rigged ship on the lake was the Julia Palmer, of 300 tons, launched at Buff'alo in 183G. The ship Milwaukee was built in the same year at Grand Island, in the Niagara River. THE OLD TIMES AND THE NEW. In an address delivered by Mr. Martin, of Buffalo, at Niagara Falls on the llth of August, 1881, he made these striking statements: " In 1855, the average wheat-carrving capacity of a sail vessel was from 16,000to 18,000 bushels; in 1865, 25,000 to 30,000 bushels; in 1875, 40,000 to 50.000 bushels; and now 50,000 to 70,000 bushels. The largest sail vessel now on the lakes carries 2,300 tons of freight; in 1855, the average wheat carrying capacity of a propeller was 18,000 bushels; in 1865, 25,000 to 30,000 bushels; in 1875. 40,000 to 50,000 bushels, and now, from 70,000 to 80,000 bushels. " Iron ship building was commenced in 1862. * * The propeller and consort system was first established in 1870, and has become a great factor in solving the question of cheap transportation." 274 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. In connection with the above, the following from the Erie Gazette of May 22, 1881, will be of interest: " The five-masted schooner David Dows, Capt. Skeldon, master, was in port, takin": in a cargro of coal, during the week. She is the largest sailing vessel ever built on the lakes. She is 28 < feet over all in length. The Dows car- ries 7,484 yards of canvas. Her tallest spar is 170 feet high from the deck, Her largest anchor weighs 4,320 pounds. One chain is one and a half inch links and 450 feet in length. The Dows was built in Toledo, and this is her first trip. She will carry 3,000 tons or 180 car loads. She can carry three kinds of grain at once. The Dows can carry 180,000 bushels of wheat." VALUABLE STATISTICS. The following statistics of the vessels on Lake Erie at various periods show the progress that was made in sixty years: In 1810, eight or nine sailing vessels, averaging 60 tons. In 1820, one small steamboat and thirty sailing vessels, averaging 50 tons. In 1831, eleven steamboats aggregating 2,260 tons, and one hundred sail- ing vessels, averaging 70 tons. In 1845, forty-five steamboats, aggregating 30,000 tons, and two hundred and seventeen other vessels aggregating 20,000 tons. In 1847, sixty-seven steamers, twenty-six propellers, three barks, sixty -four brigs and three hundred and forty schooners. In 1860 (including Lake Ontario), one hundred and thirty- eight steamers, one hundred and ninety-seven propellers, fifty- eight barks, ninety brisks and nine hundred and seventv-four sloops and schooners. Total tonnage, 536,000; valuation, $30,000,000. " i The Government statistics of 1870 showed that the marine commerce of the lakes in 1869 exceeded the whole American coasting trade on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. GOVERNMENT VESSELS. The United States Steamer Michigan, the only vessel of war now on the chain of lakes, was launched at Erie on the 9th of November, 1843, and accepted and commissioned by the Government on the 15th of August, 1844. She is of 538 tons burthen, is wholly built of iron excepting the spar deck, and is pierced for twelve guns, but only carries eight. The Michigan is a side-wheeler, with a length over all of 107 feet, an extreme beam of 47 feet, a depth of hold of 14 feet, a registered tonnage of 450 tons and a disjDlacement of 685 tons. She was built at Pittsburgh, transported in pieces to Cleveland, brought from that city to Erie in a steamer, and put together at this harbor, being the first iron hull ever set afloat on the lakes. The crew of the Michigan averages ninety-eight persons, including eleven officers. Her tonnage, armament and crew are regu lated by treaty with Great Britain, which is also authorized to place a vessel of the same character on the lakes. Erie has always been the headquarters for the Michigan. The successive commanders of the vessel have been as follows: William Inman, Stephen Champlin, Oscar BuUus, Biglow, McBlair, Nicholas, Joseph Lanman, John C. Carter, Francis A. Roe, A. Breyson, James E. Jouett, Brown, ■ Gillis, ■ Wright, Cushman, G. W. Hay ward and Albert Kautz. Several of these officers have risen to the rank of Commodore, and one of them, Joseph Lanman, to that of Rear Admiral. Erie has been the station for the United States Revenue Cutters ever since that branch of the Government service was established on Lake Erie. The first cutter was the Benjamin Rush, of thirty tons, built at this port by Capt. John Richards, about 1827, and first commanded by Capt. Gilbert Knapp, who was HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 275 succeeded by Capt. Daniel Dobbins. The second was the Erie, of sixty-two tons, launched at Reed's dock, in March, 1833, and placed in chai-ge of Capt. Dobbins, with the present Capt. Ottinger as his Second Lieutenant. The lat- ter made his first cruise upon the lake in the Benjamin Rush, with Capt. Dob- bins as his chief officer, in 1832. The Erie was succeeded in 1846 by the iron steamer Dallas, of which Michael Conner was Captain, and Douglas Ottinger First Lieutenant, This vessel was removed to the Atlantic coast, by way of the Canadian canals and the St. Lawrence River, in 1848. The Jeremiah S. Black was one of six steam cutters built by the Government, being one for each lake, in 1857, and was placed under the command of Capt. Ottinger, who had been promoted. At the outbreak of the civil war, these vessels were moved to the Atlantic coast under the direction of Capt. Ottinger, by way of the St. Law- rence River. In 1864, Capt. Ottinger superintended the construction of the steam cutter Perry, which is still in service and of which he was the command- er, with the exception of two years, until 1881, when he was placed on the re- tired list. This vessel, which was built on the Niagara River, on her trial trip, for more than two hours moved at a speed of upward of nineteen miles an hour, and has made headway, in a winter gale, on the open lake against wind blowing tifty-tive miles per hour. The Perry carries two rifled Parrott twenty-pounders, and two brass howitzers, twenty-pounders, and is manned by one Captain, three Lieutenants, three Engineers and thirty shipped men. She is 170 feet long, 24 wide, 10|^ deep, and draws H feet. Her capacity is 404 tons, old measurement. The revenue service is a branch of the United States Treasury Department, and has no connection with the navy. The duty of the cutters is to enforce the laws for the collection of the revenue, and to afford relief to vessels in distress during the storms of autumn. They have rendered valuable service in this way, saving many lives and a vast amount of property. DISASTEES ON THE BAY AND LAKE. Some of the most appalling marine disasters on record have taken place on Lake Erie, causing sorrow to hundreds of homes and involving the loss or ruin of many brave and enterprising citizens. The early disasters have already been recited, and it is unnecessary to repeat them. The following are some of the most terrible incidents that have happened in later years on the bay and lake: The schooner Franklin, owned by P. S. V. Hamot, loaded at Buffalo for an upper port, left Erie on the 16th of October, 1820, and was never seen after- ward. Capt. Hayt and three men, all residents of Erie or vicinity, were lost. In April, 1823, four men — Hutchinson, Zuck, Fox and Granger — started to cross the bay in a boat. The water was rough, the boat capsized, and all but Granger were drowned. The steamboat Washington burned off Silver Creek in 1838, and sixty per- sons lost their lives. Eleven men left the wharf at Erie in a small boat on the 14th of May. 1834, to go to the steamboat New York, lying at the outer pier. A blinding snow storm prevailed and the boat was upset. Nine of the party were drowned, among them Thomas rilcConkey. Deputy Collector of the port. One of the most dreadful calamities in the history of lake navigation oc- curred on the 9th of August, 1841, and is still remembered with horror by our older citizens. The steamboat Erie, of Erie, owned by Gen. Reed, com- manded by Capt. Titus, and bearing a large party of emigrants, was coming up the lake from Buffalo, and when off Silver Creek was discovered to be ablaze. The fire is supposed to have been caused by the bm-sting of some demijohns of 276 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. turpentine on board, which ignited by coming in contact with the coals of the furnace. The Erie having been newly painted and the wind being high, the flames spread with amazing velocity, and in an inconceivably brief period of time the boat was burned to the water's edge. Two hundred and forty-nine persons were lost, of whom twenty-six were residents of Erie. Between 120 and 130 bodies rose to the surface and were recovered. An act of heroism oc- curred in connection with the disaster which deserves to be handed down to the farthest generation. The wheelsman, Augustus Fuller, of Harbor Creek, on the discovery of the tire, immediately headed the boat for the shore, and stood at his post till surrounded by flames, when he fell dead from suffocation. The Erie was valued at $75,000.. Her cargo was worth about $20,000, and the emigrants, it is calculated, had with them $180,000 in gold and silver. Another calamity of an equally horrible nature took place in 1850. The steamboat G. P. Griffith burned near Chagrin, Ohio, and 250 souls were lost. The propeller Henry Clay foundered in 1851, and nothing was ever heard of any one on board. Nineteen lives were lost by the foundering of the propeller Oneida in 1852, In the summer of 1852 the steamboat Atlantic collided with another vessel, and sunk off Long Point, opposite Erie. One hundred and fifty lives were lost. The propeller Charter Oak foundered in 1855. Eleven persons were missing. Fifty sis persons met with an untimely end in 1856 by the burning of the Northern Indiana. The sloop Washington Irving, of Erie, Capt. Vannatta, left this port for Buffalo on the 7th of July, I860, and was never heard from again. She is supposed to have foundered. All on board — seven persons — were drowned. The steamer Morning Star was sunk by a collision with the bark Cortland in 1868, and thirty-two persons were lost. The loss of life on all of the lakes in 1860 was 578, and of property over $1,000,000. Coming down to the season of 1882, the notable disasters were the found- ei'ing of the Canadian steamer Asia, in Georgian Bay. on the 10th of Septem- ber; the wreck of the schooner Henry Folger, on Salmon Point, on the night of December 3; the burning of the steamer Manitoulin, in Georgian Bay, on May 18; and the burning of the steam barge Peters, on Lake Michigan, in December. The loss of life was as follows: In connection with the Peters, 13; the Manitoulin, between 30 and 40; the Asia, upward of 100, and the Folger, 9. One of the severest gales ever known occurred in November, 1883, lasting from the 11th for several days, and extending over the whole chain of lakes. Nothing like it had been seen for many years. From fifty to sixty vessels were lost, and the damage was scarcely less than a million dollars. DISTANCES BY LAKE. The following are the distances by water in miles from the harbor of Erie: Alpena, Lake Huron 5"!^ Bay City, Lake Hvnon 4074 Bavfieki, Lake Superior 376 Buffalo, Lake Erie 79 rhicatiX). Lake Micliigan 827 Cleveiand, Lake Erie 100 Coburs- via Welland Canal 172 Copper Harl)or, Lake Superior 727 Detroit, Detroit River 188 DuhUli, Lake Superior 933 East Saginaw, Lake Huron 421 X^'-' .». ^^5^^ (deceased.) HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 279 Hamilton, Lake Ontario 130 Marquette, Lake Superior 694 Milwaukee, Lake Michigan 762 Port 8arnia, Lake Huron 253i Sanduskv, Lake Erie 150 Sault ste . Marie, Lake Superior 5H4i Superior Citv, Lake Superior 938 Toledo, Lake Erie 197 Toronto, via Welland Canal 126 OPENING or NAVIGATION. The season of 1834 was unusually backward. Navigation opened the 24th of March, but was much retarded by ice and storms. On the 14th of May, snow fell along the south shore of the lake to the depth of six inches. The lake was open and navigation was in full operation between Erie and Detroit in April, 1S35, but Buffalo Creek was closed till the 8th of May. The Revenue Cutter Erie sailed from the port of Erie to Bufifalo about the last of December, 1837, without interruption. In February, 1838, the steamer Dewitt Clinton came into Erie from Buffalo and went from Erie to Detroit without obstruction. In the winter of 1844-45, the steamer United States made a trip every month between Buffalo and Detroit. On the 13th of December, 1852, a steamboat passed up the lake and another on the 10th of January, 1853. Generally speaking, the port of Erie is open about two weeks before that of Buffalo, as is shown by the following table: OPENING OF THE HARBORS OF ERIE AND BUFFALO. Tear. Month. Day. 1826 April 1827 April 1828 March 1829 .January 18:^0 April 1881 April 1832 April 183; April 1884 March 1885 April 1836 April 1837 April 1838 March 1839 April 1840 March 1841 April 1842 March 1848 April 18-14 April 1845 March 1846 March 1847 April 1848 March 1849 March 18'iO j .\lftvch 18r5l April 1852. 1858. 1854. April May April 2d 24th 5th 29th 18th 14th 21st 12th 24th 11th 25th 17th 29th 9th 27th lOih 12th lHh 1st 29th 23d 7th 20th 25th 11th 1st 1st ^th 8th May May April May April May April April April May April May March April April April March May March April April April April April March April April April April Day. 2d nth 1st 21. St 6th 8th 27th 28(h 8th 8th 27th 16th 3 1st 11th 27th 14th 7th 6t^ 14th 8d 11th 23d 9th 11th 29th 2d 20th 14th 29th |180D. Il8-J6. !l8o7. '1858. il8o9. il8G0. 18G1. 1862. Il863. 11864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. May May April April April April April March F'ebruary April April April April April April April 1871 March 1872 April 1878 April 1874 March 1875 April 1876 April 1877 April 1878 i March 1879 1 April 1880 March 1881 1 April 1882 j March 1883 1 April Day. Ulth 6th 27th 3d 8ih 21st 15th Slst 27th 1st lOih 14th 5th 9th 3d 15th 25th 12th 17th 28th iSth 7th 23d 16th 26th 16th 27th 6th 13th BUFFALO. Month. Day. April ^lay April April April April April April April April April April April April May April April °May 'April April May May April March Api-il Mflrch May M arch 21st 2d 27th 15th 7th 17th 13th t.th 7th 14th 27th 22d 19tli nth 1st 16th "It^t 6th 28th 18th 12th 6th 17th 16th 25th 17th 3d lOth Navigation on Lake Erie usually closes about the 1st of December, but is sometimes extended to the middle of the month. Ice, as a rule, forms first in 280 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. the shoal water of the western part of the lake. Vessel insurance begins generally on the Ist of May and always closes on the 30th of November. COLLECTORS AT ERIE. The collection district of Presque Isle embraces the whole coast line of Pennsylvania on Lake Erie. Below is a list of the collectors, with the dates of their commissions: Thomas Forster, March 26, 3799; Edwin J. Kelso, July 1, 1836; Charles W. Kelso, July 10, 1841; Murray Whallon, June 19, 1845; William M. Gal- lagher, April 29, 1849; James Lytle, April 22, 1853; John Brawley, October 15, 1857; Murray Whallon, March IJ, 1859; Charles M. Tibbals, November 1, 1859; Thomas Wilkins, June 22, 1861: Eichard F. Gaggin, May 7, 1869; James R. Willard, February 19. 1874; Hiram L. Brown, March 22, 1878; Matthew R. Barr, December 1, 1880; H. C. Stafford, July 17, 1883. DEPUTY COLLECTORS. Under Col. Forster, Thomas McConkey, James Maurice; under E. J. Kelso, Murray Whallon; under C. W. Kelso, A. C. Hilton: under M. W^hallon, lirst term, A. P. Dui'lin; under W. M. Gallagher, William S. Brown; under Messrs. Lytle, Brawley, Whallon (second term) and Tibbals, W. W. Loomis; under Thomas Wilkins, R. F. Gaggin; under R. F. Gaggin, Thomas Wilkins; under J. R. Willard, William F. Luetje; under Messrs. Brown and Barr, R. F. Gaggin; under Mr. Barr, from March, 1883, Andrew H. Caughey; under Mr. Stafford, E. H. Wilcox and Alfred King. The Collectors are appointed by the President for a term of foar years, unless sooner removed. Messrs. Forster, Edwin J. Kelso, Whallon, Lytle, Brawley and Tibbals wf>re appointed as Democrats; the others as Whigs or Republicans. The emoluments of the office are as follows: Collector, $1,000 salary, and fees not to exceed $1,500 (averaging $1,800 in alJ); Deputy Col- lector, $1,600; Inspectors, $3 a day during the season of navigation. Collector Forster's salary for the year 1817 was as follows: Regular pay, $250; fees, $267.95; emoluments, $8.01. VESSELS OWNED IN ERIE. The following lists of vessels owned in Erie at the opening of navigation in 1860 and 1880 are given for the purpose of comparison: 1860. Brigs. — ^Paragon, 212 tons, Andrew Scott and William Christian. Barques. — American Republic, 459 tons, Charles M. Reed. Schooners. — W. M. Arbuckle, 170 tons, C. M. Tibbals and John M. Gray; West Chester, 208 tons, E. L. Nason; Armada, 235 tons, John Dunlap and G, J. Morton; W. A. Adair, 82 tons, E. Longley; Post Boy, 95 tons, Andrew Scott and Mary Day; Huntress, 351 tons, W. A. Brown & Co. ; E. C. Williams, 157 tons, J. Hearn and W. L. Scott; Pacific, 186 tons, George J. Morton; Washington Irving, 111 tons, A. Scott and James Marshall; St. James, 286 tons, Charles M. Reed; Columbia, 166 tons, J. Hearn and W. L. Scott; St. Paul, 304 tons, Charles M. Reed; Mary Morton, 246 tons, George J. Morton; Arrow, 281 tons, J. Hearn and W. L. Scott; N. G., 61 tons, A. R. Reynolds & Brother; Mary M. Scott, 361 tons, J. Hearn and W. L Scott; Susquehanna, 271 tons, Charles M. Reed; Milton Courtright, 389 tons, J. Hearn and W. L. Scott; L. D. Coman, 178 tons, J. Hearn and W. L. Scott; Citizen, 150 tons, Charles M. Reed; St. Andrew, 444 tons, Charles M. Reed ; Illinois, 110 tons, E. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 281 L. Nason and T. W. Roberts; Storm Spirit, 214 tons, A. Scott and J. H. Ran- kin; Geneva, 197 tons, J. Hearn and W. L. Scott. Total, 5,924 tons; valua- tion about $300,000. 1880. Propp.llers. — Alaska, 1,288 tons, Anchor Line; Annie Young, 1,007 tons Anchor Line; Arizona, 924 tons. Anchor Line; China, 1.239 tons, Anchor Line; Coneinaugh, 1,610 tons, Anchor Line; Conestoga, 1,726 tons. Anchor Line; Delaware, 1,732 tons, Anchor Line; Gordon Campbell, 996 tons. Anchor Line; India, 1,239 tons, Anchor Line; Japan, 1,239 tons, Anchor Line; Juni- ata, 1,709 tons, Anchor Line; Lehigh, 1,705 tons, Anchor Line; Lycoming, 1,610 tons, Anchor Line; Philadelphia, 1,464 tons. Anchor Line; R. Prinda- ville, 246 tons. Anchor Line; Winslow, 1,049 tons, Anchor Line; Wissa- hickon, 1,620 tons, Anchor Line; City of New York, 417 tons, A. E. Shepard. The China, India, Japan and Winslow are elegant passenger boats. Tug Propeller. — Erie, 58 tons. Anchor Line. Tugs. — Hercules, 8 tons, R. O'Brien; Thomas Thompson, 19 tons, J. & T. Mahoney. Steamer. — Mary Jarecki, 646 tons, A. E. Shepard. Sloop. — Rambler, 11 tons, A. Steinmetz. Schooners. — Allegheny, 664 tons, Anchor Line; Annie Sherwood, 622 tons. Anchor Line; Charles H. Weeks, 325 tons, Anchor Line; Keepsake, 287 tons, Anchor Line; Schuykill, 472 tons, Anchor Line; Thomas A. Scott, 741 tons. Anchor Line; Charles H. Burton, 515 tons, Thomas White; John Sherman, 822 tons, James McBrier; Frank W. Gifford, 452 tons, J. C. Van Scoter and Levi Davis; J. S. Richards, 311 tons, J. C. Van Scoter and George Berriman; Harvest Queen, 299 tons, Margaret Christie; Julia Willard, 214 tons, H. "W. Spooner and Samuel Rea, Jr.; ^V^anderer, 11 tons, E. D. Ziegler; James F. Joy, 583 tons, R. O'Brien and M. Christie. Steam Pleasure Yachts. — Emma V. Sutton, 23 tons, J. D. Paasch; J. H. Welsh, 14 tons, John and William Stanton; Mystic, 75 tons, "W. L. Scott; S. H. Hunter, 27 tons, James Hunter. Total — Propellers, 18; tug propellers, 1; tugs, 2; steamer, 1; sloop, 1; schooners, 14; steam yachts, 4; in all 41; enrolled tonnage, 28,690; cash valuation, $1,675,000. BUSINESS OF THE PORT. The entrances at the port of Erie during I860 were 655, and the clearances 678, with a total tonnage of about 300,000. The following persons and firms were in the lake business in that year: Coal and shipping, Walker & Gilson, John Hearn & Co., Charles M. Reed, Josiah Kellogg, Starr & Payne, George J. Morton, Scott & Rankin; coal and iron, Curtis & Boyce; grocery and ship chandlery, Andrew Hofsies. Besides these there were about half a dozen saloons in operation on the docks, and a grocery at the mouth of the canal. During the season of 1880, the entrances were 1,025, and the clearances 999, with a total tonnage of 1,565,183. The revenue collected for three years was, from July 1, 1878, to June 30, 1879, $9,163; from July 1, 1879, to June 30, 1880, $4,910; from July 1, 1880, to December 31, 1880, $19,448. The largely increased receipts of the last year were owing to heavy importations of barley from Canada. With the exception of the lumber business, the whole trade of the port is now done by the Anchor Line and William L. Scott & Co. The former do all the grain and miscellaneous business, and the latter iirm control the entire coal and iron ore trade. 282 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. LIGHT-HOUSES AND THEIR KEEPERS The first light-boxise npou the chain of lakes was erected at Erie in 1818, CD the bhiflf overlooking the entrance to the harbor, a tract of land for the pur- pose having been ceded to the United States Government by Gen. John Kelso. A new structure was built of Milwaukee brick in 1858, but proved to be defect- ive, and it was replaced by a third building of stone in 1866, at a cost of $20,- 000. For some unexplained reason, and against the protests of all the lake men at Erie, the officer in charge of light-houses upon the lakes concluded to abandon it; the buildings and grounds were sold at j^ublic auction on the Ist of March, 1881, and the light-house was demolished. About the year 1830, the Government added a beacon light on the north pier at the entrance to the harbor of Erie. It consisted of a tall wooden tower, resting upon a heavy bed of masonry. This structure was carried awav by a sailing vessel in the summer or fall of 1857, and was replaced by the pres- ent wrought iron tower in the summer of 1858. The light-house was modeled and forged into form in France, reaching Erie with nothing to be done except to bolt the pieces into their proper positions. A neat frame dwelling for the keeper, the same that still exists, was erected while the tower was being put together, John Constable and Ed. Bell being: the contractors. Five different lights are maintained at this station, all fixed, white, sixth order lenses, and used as ranges. In addition to these and for the further protection of navi- gators, there is a 1,200-pound Meneely fog bell, which is operated by clock work, and tolls three times each minute in snowy and foggy weather. A third light-house station was established on the north shore of the penin- sula, and a handsome brick tower erected for the purpose, from which the first light was exhibited on the night of July 12, 1873. It is known as the Flash Light, and cost the Government $15,000. The keeper's family are provided with a snug residence, but the isolated situation renders their life anything but a cheerful one. No regular journal seems to have been kept by any of the keepers until 1872, when Mr. Frank Henry comraenced a daily record, which, it is to be hoped, will always be continued as a part of the duties of the position. By the kindness of various gentlemen, we have been able to make up the following partial list of keepers. LAND LIGHT. 1818-1833— Capt. Jolin Bone, of Erie. 1833 — Robert Kincaide, of Erie. 1841— Griffith Hinton, of Harbor Creek. 1845— Eli Webster, of McKean. 1849 — James W. Miles, of West Mill Creek. He died in the summer of 1853, and the duties were performed by his wife, Isabel Miles, till the ensuing spring. April 1, 1854 — John Graham, of Erie. April 1, 1858 — Gen. James Fleming, of Erie. October 27, 1858— A. C. Landon, of Erie. July 15, 1861 — John Goalding, of Erie. April 1, 1864 — George Demond, of Erie. August 1, 1871 — A. J. Fargo, of Fairview. Mr. Fargo retained the position, with his wife as assistant, until the light- house was abandoned. The pay was $560 per year to the principal and to the assistant. BEACON LIGHT. . W^illiam T. Downs, Erie, years unknown. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ' 283 Benjamin Fleming, Erie, years unknown. John Hess, Erie, years unknown. Leonard Vaughn, Summit, years unknown. George AV. Bone, Erie, appointed July 19, 1861. Eichard P. Burke, Erie, March 1, 1863. Frank Henry, Harbor Creek, May 1, 1869. In June, 1873, upon the addition of another light, James Johnson, of Erie, was appointed assistant keeper. He was succeeded in September of the same year by C. E. McDannell, of East Mill Creek, who still holds the position. The pay is $520 per year to the keeper and $400 to the assistant. FLASH LIGHT. July 12, 1873— Charles T. Waldo, of Fairview. Spring of 1880 — George E. Irvin; A. J. Harrison. Fall of 1880— O. J. McAllister, of Wattsburg. Fall of 1880— George E. Town, of North East. Spring of 1883— Clark Cole, of Erie. Messrs. Waldo, McAllister and Town all resigned, finding the lonely life incident to the position more than they could stand. The pay of the keeper is $520 per year. CHAPTER XYII. County Buildings. • THE first court in the county was held in the " big room " of Buehler's Hotel, at the corner of French and Third streets, Erie, which was then and for many years afterward the centi al portion of the town. From there the place of holding the court was changed to the log jail on Second street, and the quarters in that modest structure being found too small, another removal was made to apartments in Conrad Brown's building, on the opposite corner of Third and French streets from Buehler's. These premises were occupied until the completion of the first court house in 1808. The latter was a small brick building that stood in the West Park, at Erie, a little north of the soldiers' and sailors' montiment. The county was too poor to afford the total expense, and the State generously granted $2,000 toward the erection of the building. On Sunday morning, March 23, 1823, between the hours of 12 and 3 o'clock, this court house was destroyed by fire, with all the books, papers and records, inflicting a loss to the county which cannot be measured in dollars and cents, and the eflfects of which were felt for fully a generation after the event. The. fire was caused by taking ashes out of a stove on Saturday, throwing them into a nail keg and neglecting to move them out of doox's. When the flames were discovered, they had advanced too far to permit the saving of any of the contents of the building. The ensuing May term of coiu-t was held in the Erie Academy, and that edifice was rented for county purposes and occupied by the various county officials for two vears. On the 2d of April, 1823, P. S. V.'Hamot, Rufus S. Reed, Thomas Laird, Robert Brown, James M. Sterrett, John Morris and Thomas H. Sill entered into an agreement to advance $2,000 for one year, without interest, to the county for the purp se of rebuilding the court house. This proposition was accepted by the Commissioners, who advertised at once for proposals. The 284 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. job of tilling the cellar of the old building, and packing it with clay, was let to Abiather Crane on the 21st of April ensuing. On the 24th of May, a con- tract for rebuilding the walls on the old foundation was let to Thomas Me - haffey and Joseph Henderson for $1,950. The carpenter work and furnishing was awarded on the 14th of January, 1824, to William Benson and William Himrod, of Waterford, for $2,000. September 7, 1824. the Commissioners contracted With Thomas Mehaffey to lath and plaster the building, and on the same day with John Dunlap to finish the carpenter work, the consideration being $434 in the first instance, and 1100 in the second. The new building was completed and occupied in the spring of 1825. It stood nearly on the site of its predecessor, and was a two- story brick structure, surmountecl by a wooden cupola. The entrance fronted the south, and opened into a vestibule, from which three other doors gave access respectively to the court room proper and to the galleries. The interior consisted of one room, with galleries around three sides. For nearly thirty years, this was the principal hall of the town, being used miscellaneously for religious worship, political meetings, entertainments, and in fact for almost every public purpose. The building was long the most elegant court house in Northwestern Pennsyl- vania, and its erection was a heavy burden upon the county. The County Commissioners'hesitated for some time about levying a tax to meet the expendi- ture, the credit of the county fell to a low figure, and no improvement took place until a member of the board was elected who was not afraid to do his duty. In the cupola of the court house hung a bell which bad quite an in- teresting history. It belonged originally to the British ship Detroit, captured by Perry in the battle of Lake Erie. From that vessel, it was transferred to the United States brig Niagara, one of the lake fleet, where it was in use till 1823, when it was placed in the navy yard at Erie. On the abandonment of the navy yard in 1825, when most of the material was sold at auction, the old bell was bought by R. S. Eeed, who disposed of it to the County Commission- ers, by whom it was hung in the cupola of the court house. In 1854, after the arrival of the bell for the present court house, the old bell was stolen, but was recovered in the course of a few months, and finally purchased by the city of Erie for the sum of $105. A little to the west of the coiirt house was a two-story building containing the county offices. The corner- stone of the third and present court house was laid on Tuesday, August 17, 1852, at 2 P. M., an address being delivered on the occasion by Hon. John Galbraith, President Judge. The building required nearly three years to complete, the first court held therein being on the 7th of May, 1855. It was modeled upon the court house at Carlisle, Penn., after plans by Thomas H. Walter, an architect of considerable celebrity. The Commissioners under- took to do the work without contract, and to that end employed John Hill to superintend the carpenter work and William Hoskinson the mason work, both at $3 per day. Daniel Young, of Erie, furnished the brick; William Judson & Co., of Waterford, the timber and lumber; Levi Howard, of Franklin Town- ship, the stone; and Cadwell & Bennett, of Erie, did the rooting. On May 1, 1854, after about $30,000 had been expended, a contract was made with Hos- kinson & Hill to tinish the building, put up the fence, grade the grounds, and do all work pertaining to the completion of the editice, for $61,000, deducting what had already been expended. Afterward, there was an allowance of $2,392 to these parties for extras, making the cost of the building when ac- cepted by the Commissioners over $63,000. Subsequent repairs, additions and improvements have increased this sum to about $100,000. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 285 The court house is 61 feet by 132 in size, and contains all the county offi- ces, each in a separate tire- proof room. The first story, apart from the en- trance hall, is equally divided by a vestibule running the full length, which is crossed by another in the center. At each end of the two vestibules is a door, making four in all, opening into the building. On the right hand, entering from the front, are the Prothonotary's and Recorder's offices, and on the left, those of the Sheriff, Treasurer, County Commissioners and Clerk of the Courts. The court room, a large apartment capable of holding nearly a thousand per- sons, with high, plainly frescoed walls and ceilings, is in the second story, be- ing reached by two flights of stairs beginning in the hall on the first floor and terminating in another on the upper. The part of the room assigned to the bench and bar, which is at the north end, opposite the entrance, is railed off from the balance and neatly carpeted. The seats for spectators rise gradually from the bar to the door, and are more comfortable and convenient than usual in buildings of this sort. Portraits of some of the former Judges and older members of the bar adorn the walls. The room is an excellent one for the purpose, aside from a defect in its acoustic properties, to remedy which several attempts have been made without avail. In the rear of the court room are the grand jury room — which is also the receptacle of the law library — two other jary rooms, a ladies' room, wash room, etc. A narrow stairway back of the court room is used by the officers and attorneys and for bringing in prisoners. The building is heat- ed by steam, lighted with gas, and supplied with water by thecity water system. Taken altogether, with several serious defects, it is one of the handsomest and most convenient court houses in the State, a credit to the county and an orna- ment to the city of Erie. A tasty brick building for the janitor was erected during the year 1880, between the court house and jail" at a cost of about $800. The lot on which the court house stands was purchased for the County Commissioners in 1804 by Judge John Vincent, who was present at the dedication of the building in 1852. It was upon this lot within the old jail ground that Henry Francisco, the only person ever executed in the county, was hung by Sheriff Andrew Scott, in 1838. THE COUNTY JAIL. The first jail was a small log building, erected soon after the organization of the county, on the southwest corner of Holland and Second streets. It was in this modest structure that court was once held, as before stated. A sec- ond jail, of brick, was put up on the sit»^ of the present court house in 1830. The third and existing jail was erected in 1850, and remodeled in 1869 at an expense of $39,071, under the superintendence of R. C. Chapman. It con- sists of a Sherifi's residence and jail combined, both three stories high, front- ing on Fifth street, in the rear of the court house. In a wing on the west side is the office of the warden, through which all persons have to pass on en- tering or leaving the jail. A high stone wall completely incloses the jail proper, leaving a small yard, where the prisoners are allowed to exercise. The interior of the jail is divided into six rows of cells, two rows to each story, and each cell is closed with a heavily grated door. In front of i the cells, on the first and second floors, at a distance of about three feet from the lino of doors, runs an iron grating, which answers the double purpose of keeping the prisoners more secure and giving them a narrow pathway in which to stretch their limbs. The cells on the third story do not have this extra grating, and are used for women and the milder class of criminals. Every cell is alike in its contents, being provided with two iron frames attached to the walls for 286 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. bedsteads, a mattress and blankets, a water closet, and a supply of city water. The floors and stairways are of iron, the walls are of stone, and no wood is seen in the building aside from the tables and seats. On the third floor of the Sheriff's house is the hospital, in which is a bath tub and other conveniences for the sick. The regular bill of fare for the prisoners is as follows: Breakfast — a loaf of bread and cup of coffee; dinner — meat, potatoes, and sometimes other vege- tables; supper — a cup of tea and the balance of the bread left from breakfast and dinner. The meals are handed in to the prisoners through a narrow open- ing in the wall between the jail and the Sherifi''s kitchen. To the above is frequently added some palatable dish, through the kindness of the Sheriff's family, and on holidays the prisoners are usually treated to roast turkey. The average of inmates is about twenty. This number is generally doubled two or three weeks before the Court of Quarter Sessions, and correspondingly re- duced after they adjourn. Prisoners of the worst class are sentenced to the Western Penitentiary at Allegheny City; young men who are convicted of the first offense, to the Allegheny County Work House; and boys and girls to the State Reform School at Morganza. Washington County. The tirst jailer was Robert Irvin, who was succeeded by John Gray, James Gray, William Judd, Robert Kincaid and Cornelius Foy. John Gray held the position, off and on, for many years. The tirst Sheriff who acted in the capacity of jailer was Albert Thayei', who was elected in 1825. For some years past the Sheriff's duties have been too onerous to allow of his taking im- mediate charge of the jail, and the institution has been in care of a warden, acting under and responsible to that officer. No employment is given to the prisoners, and they spend the day time in reading, chatting, mending their clothing and concocting mischief. THE ALMSHOUSE. In the year 1832, while John H. Walker was a member of the Assembly, he procured an act ceding the third section of two thousand acres of State land in Mill Creek Township, west of Erie, to the borough, the proceeds to be used in constructing a canal basin in the harbor. It was stipulated in the act that one hundred acres should be reserved to Erie County on which to erect an alms- house, the land to be selected by three commissioners appointed by the County Commissioners. The latter officers, on May 7, 1833, named William Miles, George Moore and David McNair, who chose the piece of ground on the Ridge road, three miles west of Erie, which has ever since been known as the " poor house farm." The original tract was increased to about one hundred and thir- teen acres including the allowance by the purchase of a small piece from Mr. War fel in 1878. Soon after the selection of the farm, an agitation began for the erection of a county almshouse on the property. A proposition to that effect was submitted to the people in 1839, and, after a hard light, was voted down by a majority of 154. The friends of the measure claimed that the question had not been fairly treated, and it was again brought befoi'e the people at the spring elec- tion of 1840, when it was carried by the close vote of 1,599 in favor to 1,594 in opposition. Three Directors of the Poor were elected the same year. Con tracts were soon after let for the construction of a building, and by the fall of 1841 it was ready for the reception of the paupers. Before that, each borough and township took care of its own poor, under the supervision of two overseers elected by their citizens. The original building was of brick, and for the time, was one of considerable magnitude. "♦l ^^ ^/t 't^JJ.J yhuj:/^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 289 The present large and imposing edifice was commenced in 1870 and sub- stantially completed in 1871, though the finishing and furnishing continued until 1873. Its cost, as shown by the I'equisitions upon the County Commis- sioners from 1869 to 1873, was $118,000. A further sum of §10,000 was voted in 1874, of which, perhaps one half was applied to the improvement of the building and grounds. About f 3,000 of the balance are understood to have been used in building the barn, and nearly $2,000 in putting down gas wells upon the farm. The building for insane male persons was added in 1875, at a cost of about $2,000. The almshouse stands on a rise of ground between the Ridge road and Lake Shore Railroad, facing the former, with which it communicates by a wide avenue lined on both sides with young trees. The main building is of brick, four stories high, 188 feet long by 44 to 46 wide, with a cupola in the center and another at each end. Extending from the center on the north side is a three-story brick wing, 86x30 feet, and a short distance to the w^est is the small two-story brick building above referred to, for the care and safe-keeping of insane males. On the first floor of the main building are the Steward's office and family apartments, the men's sitting room, store room, bath room, etc. The three other floors are divided into sleeping rooms, except that a large space at the west end of the second story is used as the female hospital. The north wing contains the paupers' dining room and kitchen on the first, the women's insane department on the second, and the men's hospital on the third floor. The capacity of the building is for about four hundred inmates. All the cook- ing for the paupers is done by steam. The heating is effected mainly by steam generators, in part by natural gas from wells on the farm, which also supply the light. The water is pumped from a spring to a tank on the fourth story, from which it is distributed over the entire building. Attached to the building is a medical depository and a small library, the latter the contribution of Hon. Henry Souther. The food supplied to the inmates is clean and abundant, though plain. Breakfast is made up of beef soup, meat, potatoes, bread and tea or cofifee, as the parties choose. For dinner, they are furnished coflE'ee with sugar and milk, one kind of meat, potatoes or beans, wheat bread, and frequently soup, turnips, beets and other vegetables. To this bill of fare is added on Sundays ginger cake and some kind of pie. Supper usually consists of bread, coffee and cold meat, with occasionally a bowl of rice. Each pauper is given a pint of cofifee and helps him or herself to the other articles on the table unless incapable by weakness or deformity. The hours for meals are: Breakfast at 7:15, dinner at 12:30, and supper at 5:30 or 6. Every inmate is obliged to be in bed by 9 o'clock P. M., and to rise by half past six in the morning. Those who are over thirty-five years of age are allowed a certain quantity of tobacco each week. Few of the paupers are able to work and those who are have to make themselves useful, the men by helping in the garden or on the farm, and the women by sewing or doing household service. The sleeping apartments are plain, but comfortable. Each inmate is pro- vided with a cheap bedstead, straw tick, two sheets, either a feather or straw pil- low, and in winter with tw-o comforters. They generally sleep a dozen or two in one large room. Great care is taken to keep the bedding clean, in order to prevent the spread of disease. The poor house farm is one of the best iu the county, and has generally been kept under tine cultivation. A few rods north of the buildings is a large spring, which will furnish an ample supply of water for all the needs of the institution to the end of time. The barn is of the modern style, with base- 16 1 290 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ment stable. A little to the east, inclosed by a neat fence, is the new pauper burial ground, which akeady contains the bodies of about 100 unfortunates. Each grave is marked by a stone and a number corresponding with the one in the death book. The charity system of the county is in charge of three Directors of the Poor, one of whom is elected annually. They employ a Steward of the alms- house, a Secretary and Treasurer, an Attorney, a Physician for the almshouse (who also attends to the Erie poor), and one physician each at Corry, North East, Union. Waterford, Albion, Harbor Creek, Edinboro, Mill Village, Gi- rard, Wattsburg, Middleboro, Springfield and Fairview. The subordinate em- ployes at the almshouse are one engineer, two farmers, one keeper and one nurse for the insane men, one keeper of the hospital, one janitor at the ofi&ce, two keepers for the insane women, and four female servants. Only those who are thought to be incurably insane are kept at the institution. Those for whom there is still hope are sent to the State hospital at Warren. The number of paupers in the almshouse on the 1st of January, 1881, were— white male adults, 136; colored male adults, 1; white female adults, 77; colored female adults, 1; white children, 5; colored children, 1; total, 221; of whom 81 were natives and 140 foreigners. Of the above there were — insane males, 20; insane females, 21; total, 41; natives, 26; foreigners, 15; 2 males and 3 females were blind, and 2 males were idiotic. During the quarter ending on the 31st of December, 1880, the Directors gave outdoor relief to 214 familips, located as follows: Erie, 157; Corry, 20; Union, 10: North East, 3; Wattsburg, 5; Edinboro, 1; Lockport, 2; Girard, 5; Conneaut, 4; Elk Creek, 4; Le Boeuf, 1; Washington, 1; and Waterford, 1. From the 1st of January to April 1, 1881, the number of tramps kept over night was 149. They were given supper, lodging and breakfast, and then obliged to "move on." Their lodging room is in the basement. The Directors of the Poor furnish the coal for the tramp rooms in the police sta- tions at Erie and Corry, as well as the crackers and cheese which are given' the tramps to eat. The keeper of the City Hospital at Erie is paid by the Directors of the Poor, who also furnish the coal for the building. The regular pay of the keeper is $22.50 a month. In case he has a small-pox patient this is increased to $3 a day. Bv way of showing how pauperism has increased since the war for the Union, some figures for 1860 and 1880 are taken from the official reports: ^860 — Population of Erie County, 49,432. Inmates of the almshouse at the beginning of the year, 107. Total expense for the support of the poor of the entire county, including some old debts on building, $7,629. 1880 — Population, 74,573. Paupers in the almshouse, 221. Total expense for the whole county, $28,659. Increase of indoor paupers, double; of ex- pense, nearly four times. AN EXTRAORDINARY CASE. The following statement from the Erie Dispatch of October 20, 1882, de- serves a place in this connection : " Yesterday there died at the almshouse one of the most notable cases on record, a case which has caused a vast amount of discussion among the differ- ent physicians under whose observation it has fallen from time to time. The deceased's name is Clara McArthur, who was born in Tionesta, Venango County, fifty-six years ago. When a girl, she was very bright and active until twelve years of age, when she lifted her sick mother from the bed, then imme diately picked up a large kettle (.f hot water which she placed by the bedside. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 291 While in the act of raising the latter weight some chord, in her own words? appeared to give way, and in consequence of the strain, which affected the heart, she was unable to take a dozen steps or sit up more than a few minutes at a time until her twenty- seventh year. During these fifteen years the heart almost ceased to throb, and any effort to walk or take a sitting posture brought on an attack of fainting. '"While in her twenty-eighth year, she recovered sufificiently to be taken to church, and while sitting in the pew met a friend she had not seen for many years, who carried a child in her arms. Miss McArthur, forgetting her con dition of weakness, lifted the child into her own lap and fell to the floor un- conscious, the exertion having proved too much for her strength. Since that unfortunate moment, the poor woman was unable to sit up longer than an hour at a time for more than six years, after which time, the malady growing worse this change of position had to be discontinued. Lying helpless from that time on she was admitted to the almshouse sixteen years ago, and has not occupied any position other than reclining on the back to the hour of her death. The pulse could scarcely be detected by the most delicate touch, and in consequence of the heart's feeble action she was so keenly sensitive to the slightest breath of chilliness that artificial means for keeping any degree of warmth in the body were continually employed. For months at a time she was unable to speak. Dr. Lovett, the county physician, believed she would have died in a very short time if compelled to assume a sitting or standing attitude. "Miss McArthur was very intelligent and passed the hours in perusing relig- ious tracts, periodicals and the Bible. A Christian more devout never lived, and an unwavering trust in the Creator enabled her to bear her affliction with resigned patience, an expression of cheerfulness never being absent from her face. Amiable in disposition, she never had a complaint to make, and was a favorite Avith every inmate of the building, while those to whom she was in- trusted took pleasure in administering to the wants of the helpless woman." REQUISITIONS OF THE DIRECTORS OF THE POOR, FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE POOR, EXCLUSIVE OF BUILDING FUND, ETC. Year. Year. 1845 i$ 5,000 1870 $20,000 1850 1,.TO0 1873 88,000 1855 4,500 1875 45,i>00 1860 8.000 1878 35,000 1863 8.500 1880 20,000 1865 11.000 1883 85,000 1867 30,000 The following are extracts from the report of the Board of Public Charities of Pennsylvania, of January 1, 1883: CRIMINAL BUSINESS OF THE COURTS OF ERIE COUNTY FOR THE YEAR 1882. Persons charged with crime 295 Bills laid before the grand jurv 144 True bills T 102 Ignored 22 Presentments made 98 Bills tried 56 Acquitted 30 Convictions 49 Nolle proseques 62 Plead guilty 19 In prison, September 30, 1882 12 Recognizances forfeited 11 Amount of recognizances 292 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Nature of offenses for which convictions were had: Aggravated assault, 2; arson, 2; assault, 1; assault and battery, 3; assault to kill, 2; burglary, etc., 4; disorderly breach of the peace, 2; false pretense, 2; fornication, etc., 2; larceny, 13; misdemeanors, 2; robbery, 2; vagrancy, 6; violation of the liquor law, 6. STATISTICS OP THE ERIE COUNTY PRISON FOR THE YEAR 1882. Maintenance §^3,318 00 Salaries, wages, etc 400 00 Fuel and light 432 00 Clothing, etc 160 00 Repairs 98 00 Transportation 1.000 00 Other expenses 169 00 Total expenses 5,578 00 Average number of inmates 38 Annual cost of provisions and clothing per capita 125 00 Weekly cost per capita 3 41 ERIE COUNTY CONVICTS IN WESTERN PENITENTIARY DURING 1881. Whole number 40 Average number 34 Received during the year (all white) 7 Could read and write 6 Days supported 8,751 Value of convict labor 32,177 Charged to county, being deficiency of support by labor .$788 COMMITMENTS FROM ERIE COUNTY TO THE REFORM SCHOOL AT MORGANZA. Boys, 8, girls, 8 H Illiterate 4 Read imperfectly 3 Read and write imperfectly 2 Read and write well 1 Read, write and cipher 1 Number of inmates from county at the end of the vear (bovs, 16, girls, 4) 30 WORK HOUSE. The number f i-om Erie County in the Allegheny County Work House, for the last quarter of 1880, was thirteen. This is not a State institution, and the pris- oners from Erie are kept under a special contract between the Commissioners of the two counties. MISCELLANEOUS. Indigent iusane from Erie County at Dixmont, Sept 30, 1882.. 2 Indigent insane in the State Hospital at Warren (males, 39, females, 30) 69 Inmates of the Training School for Feeble Minded Cliildren from Erie County (boys, 3, girls, 2) 5 STATISTICS OF EXPENSES FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE POOR OF ERIE COUNTY FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1881. Whole number in almshouse 182 Sane (men, 81, women, 57, children ,2) 140 Insane and idiotic (men, 21, women, 19, children, 2) 42 Blind (men, 2, women, 1) 3 Natives '^O Foreiarners 113 Hospital cases (men, 17, women, 8) 25 Expenses for 1882 (total in-door) $29,925 Expenses for 1882 (total out-door) 7,1.59 Expenses for 1882, provisions 8,092 HISTORV OF ERIE COUNTY. 293 Expenses for 1882, salaries, wages and fees fi,973 Expenses for 1882. fuel and light 2.200 Expenses for 1882, clothing and bedding 727 Expenses for 1882, insane m hospitals 4,471 Expenses for 1882, repairs 1,453 Expenses for 1882, extraordinarv 4,568 Expenses for 1882, all other .... 1 1.618 Receipts 2,744 Net cost of almshonse and out-door relief 34,140 CHAPTER XVIII. Perry's Victory and the War of 1812-14. AFTER submitting to a galling train of annoyances and indignities for a period of twenty-nine years, war was declared for the second time by the United States against Great Britain on the ISth of June, 1812. At that time the Canadian territory bordering the lakes and the St. Law- rence was far in advance of the opposite side of the United States in popula- tion, commerce and agriculture. The British were also much better prepared for war, having kept up a series of military posts from Niagara to Sault Ste. Marie, which were well supplied with men, arms and provisions, and being provided with a "Provincial Navy," which gave them the mastery of the lakes. They were on the best of terms with the Indians on both sides of the water, whose co- operation they artfully managed to retain du.r- ing the progress of the war, and whose reputation for cruelty kept the Amer- ican frontier in a constant state of terror whenever their warlike bands were known or supposed to be in the vicinity. On the Amei'ican side, the popula- tion was sparse, the settlements were small and widely scattered, and the mili- tary posts were few, weak, and either insufficiently defended or left without prott>ction of any kind. There was no navy or regular army. The military of the several States were poorly organized and without suitable equipments, and, to make a bad condition worse, the Indians were everywhere hostile, treacher- ous, and ready at the expected signal to combine for the purpose of driving the white men out of the country. Erie's defenseless condition. Erie, then a mere handful of rude buildings, from its position near the center of the lake and the excellence of its harbor, was regarded as one of the most important of the Western military posts. On the east, there was no village of any size nearer than Buffalo, and the country between scarcely contained ten families to the square mile. Westward the greater portion of the region remained an unbroken forest, the only settlements along the lakes worthy of a name being those which surrounded the military posts at Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo and Detroit. The latter Avas then the chief town of the " far West," the center of barter, (Commerce and political influence, and was naturally looked upon as the principal strategic point of the frontier. So utterly defenseless was Erie at the outbreak of the war, that it could and probably would have been easily captured by the British had they known its actual situation. The only semblance to a fortification was an old, almost ruined block-house on the eastern part of the peninsula, built in 1795, which was without a soldier, a 294 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. gun, or a pound of ammunition. Ttie most formidable instrument of war in the town was a small iron boat howitzer, owned by Gen. Kelso, which was used in firing salutes on the Fourth of July, and other patriotic and momentous occasions. FIRST STAGES OF THE WAR. Although war had been dreaded for several years, when hostilities did act- ually commence, they were so little expected on the frontier that Capt. Daniel Dobbins, Rufus Seth Reed and W. W. Reed sailed in a trading vessel for Mackinaw soon after the openiny of navigation, confident that they could make the venture in safety. The first knowledge they and the people of Mackinaw had that peace was at an end, was the landing of a body of British and Indians upon the island, who demanded the surrender of the post and of the vessels in the harbor. The Erie party thus found themselves, much against their will, pris- oners of war. Their vessel, the Salina, with the others captured by the ene- my, was made a cartel to convey the prisoners and non-combatants to Cleve- land, but on reaching Detroit was taken possession of by Gen. Hull, and fell again into the hands of the British, upon the disgraceful surrender of that officer. Through the influence of a British military man with whom Capt. Dobbins was acquainted, they were allowed to depart, and reached Cleveland in open boats by crossing from island to island. At Cleveland, they fell in with a small sloop bound dowQ the lakes, which Capt. Dobbins navigated to Erie. Previous to the war, a small military company had been organized at Erie, under the command of Capt. Thomas Forster. The members immediately ten- dered their services to the President and were accepted for the time being. In anticipation of the conflict. Gov. Snyder, who was a warm friend of the ad- ministration, had organized the militia of the State into two grand divisions — one for the east and one for the west. The western division was under the command of Maj. Gen. Adamson Tannehill, of Pittsburgh; the brigade of which the Erie County militia formed a part, was commanded by Brig. Gen. John Kelso, and the Erie County regiment was under the command of Dr. John C. Wallace. Among the officers of the regiment were Capts. Andrew Cochran, Ze- lotus Lee, James Barr, William Dickson, Robert Davison, Warren Foote, John Morris, — Smith and — Donaldson. Capt. Barr and his men volunteered for the campaign, were ordered to Sandusky, spent the winter of 1812-18 there, and returned in the spring. Robert Moorhead was a Sergeant in the company and accompained them through the campaign. The estimation in which these and the other Pennsylvania troops, in what was then the "far West," were held by their commanders, is shown by an extract from a letter sent by Gen. Harrison to Gov. Snyder: "I can assure you," he writes, "there is no corps on which I rely with more confidence, not oaly for the fidelity of undaunted valor in the field, but for those virtues which are more rarely found amongst the militia — patience and fortitude under great hardships and deprivations — and cheerful obedience to all commands of their officers." Capt. Cochran's Springfield company kept guard along the lake for some months, and was fre- quently called out at later stages of the war. The company commanded by Capt. Foote, was assigned, in the beginning, to " keep sentry at the head of the peninsula, three by rotation to stand a tour of twenty-four hours." In giving special mention to these parties and others that may be named hereafter, no discrimination is intended against others who rendered as much or greater service. The writer can only relate such matters as he knows to be authentic, and the records are very meager and uncertain. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 295 ASSEMBLING THE MILITIA. Before the close of June, Gen. Kelso ordered out his brigade for the de- fense of Erie. This was quickly followed by a general call for the Sixteenth Division, the State having by this time been apportioned into more numerous military districts. The brigade rendezvous was on the farm of John Lytle, upon the flats near Waterford. Great excitement was caused by a rumor after Hull's surrender that the enemy were coming down the lake to take all the important places, as also by the news that a large British and Indian force was being organized on the opposite side of Lake Erie, whose special object was a de- scent upon Presque Isle. The whole Northwest was aroused, and very soon upward of two thousand men were collected from Erie, Crawford, Mercer and the adjoining counties. On the 23d of July, notice was sent to William Clark, of Meadville, Bri- gade Inspector, that 505 muskets had that day been forwarded from Harris- burg, with a supply of flints, lead and powder. August 13, a detachment of 2,500 of the Northwestern militia — increased in September by 2,000 more — were ordered to march to Buffalo, which was menaced by the enemy. Their places of rendezvous were fixed at Meadville and Pittsburgh, and they were re- quired to be at the scene of hostilities by the 25th of September. The division elected Gen. Tannehill Commander-in-chief, who I'emained in charge during the campaign. They continued at Buffalo the winter through, and it is re- lated to the credit of Erie County, that while many others deserted not one man of Col. AVallace's command shirked his duty. When 4,000 New York militia refused to cross into Canada to attack the foe, the gallant Pennsylva- nians under Tannehill promptly obeyed the order, although not obliged to by the terms of their enlistment. Among those who were called out for the emergency, were Capt. Thomas Foster's company of the " detached volunteer corps." The following in relation to intermediate events is from official sources : " August 25 — Expresses were sent over the country saying a number of the enemy's vessels had been seen, and that a descent would be made on Erie. " September 4 — The Governor directed that the State field pieces be sent to Erie. " September 15 — The Secretary of War was notified by the Governor that Gen. John Kelso had transmitted him a communication, signed by gentlemen of the first respectability at Erie, requesting that some efficient measures for the protection of the frontier may be speedily taken. " September 16 — Gen. Kelso was notified that one brass field-piece, and four four-pounders were on the way to Erie. " September 18 — Wilson Smith, of Waterford, was appointed Quarter- master General of the State. " October 21 — Gen. Snyder ordered Gen. Kelso to employ volunteers, if practicable, for the defense of Erie, not exceeding a Major's command." The summer's campaign along the lake was a series of disasters to the Americans. The sui-render of Detroit by Hull, the defeat of Van Rensselaer at Niagara in October, and the capture of the Adams, the only armed vessel that had been left to us, gave the British full control upon the lake, and it be came apparent to those who looked at the situation intelligently that without a fleet to cooperate with our Western and New York armies, the cause of oiu- country in this direction was hopeless. A FLEET ARRANGED FOR. When Capt. Dobbins reached Erie from his unfortunate trip to Mackinaw, 296 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. he found Gen. David Mead, of Meadville, in immediate command of the post. After spending a few days with his family, he was sent by that officer to Washington City as a bearer of dispatches, and was the first person who gave the Government reliable information of the loss of Mackinaw and Detroit. At a meeting of the Cabinet called immediately after his arrival, the Captain was asked to give his view of the requirements on Lake Erie. He earnestly advocated the establishment of a naval station and the building of a fleet pow- erful enough to cope with the British upon the lake. These suggestions were adopted. A Sailing Master's commission in the navy was tendered to him and accepted, and he was ordered to proceed to Erie, begin the construction of gunboats, and report to Commodore Chauncey, at Sackett's Harbor, for further instructions. He retiu'ned home, and late in October commenced work on two giinboats.* Soon after Dobbins' arrival at Erie, he received a communication from Lieut. J. D. Elliott, through whom his correspondence with Commodore Chauncey had to pass, dated at Black Rock, deprecating the adoption of Erie as the place for building the fleet, alleging that there was not a sufficient depth of water on the bar to get the vessels out of the harbor into the lake, and claiming that should there be water the town was "at all times open to the attacks of the enemy." To this Dobbins replied that there was "a sufficiency of water on the bar to let the vessels in the lake, but not a sufficiency to let heavy armed vessels of the enemy into the bay to destroy them," a conclusion in which he was signally sustained by later occurrences. Nothing further be- ing heard from Elliott, Dobbins went to Black Rock, intending to employ skillful ship carpenters, but only succeeded in finding one, with whom he came back to Erie, determined to do the best he could with house carpenters and laborers. The winter was severe and retarded his operations to a provok- ing extent. Commodore Chauncey visited Erie officially about the 1st of January, 1813, accompaaied by a United States naval constructor, and, after approving what Dobbins had done, ordered him to prepare for the building of two sloops of war in addition to the gunboats. The keels of these vessels were ready to lay and much of the timber on hand about the 10th of March, when a gang of twenty-live carpenters, in charge of Noah Brown, a master ship builder from New York, reached Erie. In a letter to the Navy Department, under date of March 14, Dobbins stated that " the gunboats are ready for calking, and every- thing looks encouraging in that respect," but the absence of a sufficient guard led him to fear that his labor might be destroyed by " the secret incendiary." To obviate this danger as nearly as he could, a temporary guard was impi'o- vised, consisting of Capt. Forster's voluntary military company, who had got back from Buffalo, and the workmen at the station. This small force was, for some weeks, the sole protection for the fleet and the town. PEKRY REACHES ERIE. The Government had in the meantime assigned the command on Lake Erie to Lieut. Oliver Hazard Perry, who arrived at Erie on the 27th of March, ac- companied by his brother, a lad of thirteen, making the trip from Buffalo in a sledge on the ice.y Perry had served as a midshipman in the war with Trip- *Capt. Daniel DoWiins was born in ^lifflin County, Penn., .Tuly 5, 1776. He came to Erie with a party of sur- veyors in 1796. After Perry's victory, he rendered efficient service in the expedition against Mackinaw. He re- signed from the navy in ISliG. In 1.S29, he was appointed by President .Tacksou to thecommand of the United States revenue cutter Rush, on Lake Erie. He left active service in 1S49, and died in Erie February 29, 1856. His marriage took place at Canonsburg, Penn., in ISOO. Mrs. Dobbins was the mother of ten children. She died in her one hundredth year, on the 24th of January, 1879. t Perry's headquarters were established at Duncan's Rotel, 7^^, HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 309 AFTER THE BATTLE. About 4 P, M., Perry returned to the Lawrence in order that the remnant of her crew might witness the formal surrender. He was met at the gangway by those who were able to be about, but there were no cheers, no outbursts of delight — "not a word could find utterance." The young commander cow threw off the round jacket he had worn during the fight and resumed his un- dress uniform in order to meet the officers of the captured vessels, who came on board and presented their swords, but were allowed to retain their side arms. When Lieut. O'Keefe handed him the sword of Capt. Barclay, the British commander, who was too severely wounded to appear in person. Perry inquired kindly about him and the rest of the enemy's wounded, tendering in a manly spirit every assistance within his reach. During the evening, he visited Capt. Barclay on board the Detroit, and re iterated his sympathy. Re- ferring to his own escape, he said to Purser Hamilton, " The prayers of my wife have prevailed in saving me." The captured squadron consisted of the Detroit, Qu.een Charlotte, Lady Provost, Chippewa, Hunter and Little Belt, the tirst two being badly cut up in their hulls, the third having her rudder shot away, and the others being but slightly damaged. The killed were forty-one and the wounded ninety-four, being more than one in four of the men engaged. Among the killed were Capt. Finnis and Lieut. Gordon, of the Queen Charlotte, and among the se- verely wounded, besides Capt. Barclay, were First Lieut. Garland and Purser Hoffmeister on the Detroit. A number of Indians were on board the Detroit as sharp-shooters, and upon inquiry being made for "them by an American officer, a search was started and they were found in hiding below. Being brought on deck, they were asked how they liked the sport, and one replied: " No more come with one armed Captain (Barclay) in big canoe — shoot big gun too much. American much big tight.'' The casualties on the American side were as follows: Lawrence, killed, 21; wounded, 61; Niagara, killed, 2; wounded, 25; Caledonia, wounded, 8; Somers, wounded, 2; Ariel, killed, 1, wounded, 3; Trippe, wounded, 2; Scorpion, killed, 1, wounded, 1 — a total of 27 killed and 9(5 wounded. On board the Porcupine and Tigress not a soul was injured. The most prominent Americans killed were: Lieat. Brooks, commanding the marines of the Lawrence; and of the wounded, First Lieut. Yarnall, Second Lieut. Forest, Sailing Master Taylor and Purser Hamilton on the Lawrence, and First Lieut. Edward and Acting Master Webster of the Niagara. After the battle. Perry inquired with some anxiety about his little brother Alexander. He was found sound asleep in his berth, exhausted with the fatigues and excitement of the day. At nightfall, the dead marines and seamen of Perry's squadron were lashed up in their hammocks, with a thirty-two pound shot attached in each case to anchor them, and consigned to the bottom of the lake, all the surviving officers and men who were able to be on deck acting as witnesses to the burial, which was conducted by the chaplain according to the impressive form of the Episco- pal Church. On the larger British vessels, the killed in action had been thrown overboard as soon as life was extinct, but those on the smaller ones were deposited in the water in the same manner as the Americans. The Law- rence being a complete wreck, Perry adopted the Ariel as his flagship, and on the morning of the 11th the two squadrons sailed for Put-in-Bay, where they arrived about noon, and anchored. On the morning of the 12th, the dead officers of both crews were interred on shore, the funeral procession marching in twos, alternately British and American, to the music of the bands of both squadrons. The Ohio, Dobbins' vessel, reached Put-in-Bay on the 13th, with 310 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. a welcome supply of provisions, and soon after a boat each from Cleveland and Sandusky came with fresh meat and vegetables, which added much to the com- fort of the wounded. Those of the prisoners who were able to travel were turned over to Gen. Harrison, who forwarded them to Chillicothe, Ohio, while the badly wounded were put on board the Lawrence, which had been sufB- ciently repaired for the purpose, and brought to Erie, reaching here on the 23d, thirteen days after the battle. The citizens of Erie vied with each other in showing them every attention, no discrimination being made between friend and foe. The court house was used as a hospital, Dr. Usher Parsons, Surgeon of the Lawrence, and Dr. JohQ C. Wallace being the physicians in charge. A few who coiald not be suitably cared for were sent to Waterford, then almost as large a place as Erie. Only three of the wounded died after the action. VICTORIES ON LAND. The Americans being now in absolute control of the lake, Perry and Harri- son commenced instant preparations to retrieve the disasters to our cause on the frontier. Harrison's army, which had received large accessions of volun- teers, was mainly transported on the serviceable vessels of the two fleets to the Canadian shore near the head of the lake. The British abandoned Maiden, retreating up the Detroit River, followed by our army and squadron. At Sand- wich, finding he could be of no direct service on the water, Perry volunteered as an Aide to Harrison. The battle of the Thames, the defeat of Proctor and the death of Tecumseh followed, wiping out all armed resistance in that quarter and leaving the .western part of Canada in the quiet possession of the Americans. The Indian allies o! the British were humbled, and unbroken peace prevailed in all the country west of Pennsylvania. Some of the vessels of the squadron were used to transport such portions of the army as had not been disbanded, to the Niagara frontier, while others remained in charge of Gen. Cass, Governor of Michigan, to be used in carrying supplies for the western posts. perry's return to ERIE. At Detroit, Perry received a letter from the Secretary of the Navy promot- ing him to the rank of Post Captain, dating from the 10th of September, gi-anting him leave of absence to visit his family, and assigning him to com- mand at Newport until a suitable ship should be provided for him. Taking Harrison and his staff, who had been ordered to Fort George, on board the Ariel, he sailed for Erie, where the Niagara was ordered to meet him. At Put- in-Bay, he stopped to meet Barclay, whom he found much improved, and to whom he communicated the good news that he had secured a parole for him to go home to England. The British commander and his attending Surgeon were invited to join the party, and willingly accepted. The Ariel, with her distinguished passengers, arrived at Erie on the morning of the 22d of October, where Perry was destined to be disappointed in his expressed hope that he might be able to land without any demonstration. As the vessel appeared off the point of the peninsula, two field pieces greeted her with a national salute. A large delegation of citizens met Perry at the foot of French street, escorted him and his party to Duncan's Hotel at the corner of Third and French streets, and almost smothered him with congratulations. In the evening, the town was illuminated and a torch -light procession paraded the streets. Ever thoughtful and magnanimous. Perry had requested that no noise or display should be made near the hotel to annoy the wounded Commodore, a desire that was courteously complied with.* The Niagara arrived at Erie the *The Norwich (Conn.) Courier of March 4, 1814, states that "a public dinner and ball were given to Capt. Barclay at Terrebonne, Canada, on the 20th of February. Among the voluntary toasts, this gallant but un- fortunate officer gave the following : ' Commodore Perry, the gallant and generous enemy.' " HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 311 afternoon of the same day as the Ariel. The forenoon of the 23d Perry em- ployed in a visit to the Lawrence, which lay at Anchor in Misery Bay, and in the afternoon he sailed for Buffalo, accompanied by Harrison and Barclay. Reaching that place on the 24th, he turned over the command on the Upper Lakes to Elliott, and journeyed eastward by land " amid a blaze of rejoicing" to his Rhode Island home. The battle of Lake Erie raised Perry from obscurity to world-wide renown. Congress passed a vote of thanks to him and his oflScers and men, and be- stowed gold medals upon both Perry and Elliott. President Madison, in his message some time after, referred 'to the victory as one "never surpassed in luster." The thanks of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania were voted to Periy and Elliott, gold medals were ordered for both, and silver medals for those citizens of the State who served on board the squadron. In addition to these honors, the General Government granted silver medals and swords to the other living officers, a medal and sword to the nearest male relative of each of the dead commissioned officers, and three months' pay to all the petty offi- cers, seamen, marines and infantry w^ho fought on board the fleet. The British vessels were prized at $255,000, of which $12,750 went to Commodore Chaun- cey, $7,140 apiece to both Perry and Elliott, $2,295 to each Commander of a gunboat, Lieutenant, Sailing Master, and Captain of Marines, $811 to each midshipman, $447 to each petty officer, and $209 to each marine and sailor. Congress made a special grant of $5,000 to Perry to make up for a defect in the law which excluded him from a portion of the prize money for his special command, making a total of $12,000, which was quite a fortune for those days. Perry never returned to the scenes of his youthful trials and triumphs. After a suitable period of rest, " he was placed in command of the Java, a first-class frigate, and sailed to the Mediterranean. Returning, he was sent with a small squadron to the West Indies. While there, he was attacked by yellow fever, and died on the anniversary of his birthday (August 23), at the early age of thirty-four. His remains were buried at Port Spain, Trinidad, where they rested until 1820, when they were moved in a sloop-of-war to Newport, R, I., and re-interred with great cei-emony. The State of Rhode Island erected a granite iTionument to his memory." THE WINTER OF 1813-14. The season being well advanced, Elliott ordered the vessels into winter quarters— the Ariel and Chippewa going to Buffalo, where they were driven ashore and went to pieces; the Trippe and Little Belt to Black Rock, where they were burned by the British when they crossed over to Buffalo, and the balance of the squadron to Erie. Those in our harbor were moored in Mis- ery Bay, where preparations were made for their defense, a rumor being cur- rent that the British, in revenge for their defeats, were planning an expedition to cross the ice and destroy the shipping and village. Among the fortifications provided at this time were two block-houses — one on Garrison Hill, and the other on the tongue of land between Misery Bay and the bay proper. The first of these was burned in 1832, and the second in October, 1853, the fires in both cases being charged to incendiaries. To return to the la^d forces: We find in the State Archives, under date of September 20, 3813, mention made by the Governor's Secretary of the men who had been called out by Col. Wallace, stating that the call was not author^ ized by law, and the expenses incurred could only be paid by special act of the Legislature. This has reference, probably, to the militia who came for the protection of the fleet just before it sailed up the lake. On the 30th of Decern- 312 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ber, word reached Erie that an army of British and Indians had landed at Black Rock, forced our army to retreat, burned the villages of Black Rock and Buffalo, captured and destroyed the Government vessels, and, flushed with triumph were advancing up the lake for the purpose of capturing Erie. The most terrifying rumors were put in circulation, and the excitement ran so high that many citizens removed their families and effects to the interior. The troops at Erie only numbered 2,000 men, while the hostile force was reported at 3,000. The first brigade of Gen. Mead's command was ordered into serv- ice, and came together hurriedly, increasing the defensive force to about 4,000. Happily, the alarm proved to be false, but one delusive report came after another so fast that a considerable body of troops was kept at Erie dur- ing most of the wintei*. Many of these men were substitutes, and all were poorly furnished with arms and equipments. The principal camp was just north of the First Presbyterian Church, where the ground was covered with low log barracks, most of which burned down soon after they were abandoned. The records show that the Erie County militia were ordered out on the 3d of January, 1814, and discharged on the ensuing 7th of February- On the 10th of January, the Governor notified the Secretary of War that a portion of Mead's command had been ordered out, and suggested that as they had ren- dered almost unremitting service during the past eighteen months, it would be nothing more than just to relieve them by " militia drawn from sections that had hitherto been excused by reason of their remoteness from the seat of war. " A letter was received by the Governor on the 18th of January from Gen. Mead, reciting that when Perry was ready to sail he was deficient in men; that he requested him to induce some of his troops to volunteer for service on the vessels, which one hundred did. and that he promised they should receive pay as militiamen upon their return. To fulfill his pledge, the General borrowed $500, which he asked to have refunded. On the 18th of January, 1,000 militia from Cumberland and adjoining counties were ordered to rendezvous at Erie by the 8th of March, N. B. Boileau being appointed their Colonel command- ant. February 1, Gen. Mead was directed to retain his detachment in service until the arrival of the above troops. A letter from the Governor's Secretary, of the date of February 17, refers to Gen. Mead's complaints that the troops of his command had not been paid on the 3d of March. Gov. Snyder wrote to Gen. Mead in reference to a requisition upon him by Maj, Martin, of the regular array, for 2,000 men to defend Erie and the fleet, ar- guing that it was unnecessary, and refusing to give his assent. A FATAL DUEL. The winter was one of intense excitement in consequence of the frequent false alarms and the presence of so large a number of idle men. The prize money distributed among the fleet led to much dissipation. The main topic of discussion, when matters were sufficiently quiet to allow of controver.sy, re- lated to the respective merits of Perry and Elliott, many freely charging the latter with poltroonery during the battle of September 10, while others, and especially the officers and crew of the Niagara, defended him as a brave man, who had been the victim of adverse circumstances. A duel growing out of one of these disputes took place near the cor- ner of Third and Sassafras streets, between Midshipman Senat, who command- ed the Porcupin« during the fight, and Acting Master McDonald, resultino- in the death of the former. Of this encounter, Capt. N. W. Russell wrote as fol- lows to the Erie Dispatch: " William Hoskinson, then a good sized boy, witnessed it. It occurred on HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 313 or near the situation of a dwelling belonging to Gideon J. Ball, in which he formerly lived, corner of Third and Sassafras streets. Encircled by trees, without human habitation in the immediate vicinity, it was a fitting spot for such a meeting and such a scene. The principals were navy officers, named Senat and McDonald, who had quarreled while engaged in card-playing, and who agreed to settle the difficulty in the manner indicated. Pistols wore the chosen weapons, and Lieutenant Montgomery and Dr. John C. Wallace the seconds, the former representing Senat, and the latter McDonald. Quietly conducted, only a small number of invited friends assembled on the occasion, William Hoskinson having accidentally seen the gathering and gone to the place under the influence of a spirit of juvenile curiosity. Senat fell mortal- ly wounded by the first fire. McDonald at once fled, thereby escaping arrest and punishment. It was said of him that he had fought several duels, with a result each time similar to that realized in this case. Senat' s engagement to an Erie lady added to the interest and painfulness of the tragedy." The following correspondence passed between Elliott and Perry in conse- quence of the damaging reports against the former officer: United States Bkig Niagara, Put in Bay, September 17, 1813. Sir— I am informed a report has been circulated by some malicious person, prejudicial to my vessel when engaged with the enemy's fleet. I will thank you if you will with candor state to me the conduct of myself, ofhcers and crew. Kespectfullv your obedient servant, Capt. Perry. ' Jesse D. Elliott. United States Schooner Ariel, Put in Bay, September 18, 1813. My Dear Sir— I received your note last evening after I had turned in, or I should have answered it immediately. I am indignant that any report should be circulated as preju- dicial to your character as respects the action of the lUth. It affords me great pleasure to assure you that the conduct of yourself, officers and crew was such as to meet my warm- est approbation; and I consider the circumstances of your volunteering and bringing the small vessels into close action, as contributing largely to the victory. I shall ever believe it a premeditated plan to destrov our commanding vessel. I have no doubt had not the Queen Charlotte have run from the Niagara, from the superior order I observed her in, you would have taken her in twenty minutes. With sentiments of esteem, I am. dear sir, your friend and obedient servant, Capt. Elliott. O. H. Perry. the campaign of 1814. As soon as the ice was out of the lake, Elliott sent Dobbins on a cruise between Erie and Long Point, to obtain information of the enemy's move- ments and intercept any supplies that might be going by water.* In April, the Lake Erie scpiadron was made a separate command, Elliott, at his own request, being ordered to Lake Ontario, and being succeeded by Capt. Arthur Sinclair. An expedition against Mackinaw was planned. The Law- rence and Niagara were rendered seaworthy, the Detroit and Queen Charlotte were brought from Pnt-in-Bay to Erie, and the squadron sailed for the upper lakes on the 25th of June, taking on 600 troops at Detroit and 500 at Fort *Below are extracts from the Norwich (Conu.) Courier, of June S, 15 and 22, 1814: [Junes.] ^, ,T o, ^ Canandaigua, May 24. We are informed bv a Mr. Broushtou. who has just reached here from Erie, that the force which lately sailed from that place on a secret expedition, landed at Long Point, t'anada, where they set hre to the nouses, in what is called Long Point settlement, bv which about one hundred dwelling houses and all the other build- ings for a distance of eight miles into the interior were destroyed, besides a number of grist mills on 1 atter- Bon's Creek. [June 15.] Of the attack on Long Point no official account has been published. The Pittsburgh Mercury a ministe- rial paper, states that our troops paid no respect to either public or private property, but burnt and plundered all they came across, and then returned to Erie in safetv. The Mercury speaks ot these e.vcesses in terms of the highest indignation, and we hope none of our frontier towns may be laid in ruins on account of them. [June 22 ] An article from Erie mentions that the British and Indians are numerous about Long Point, and that they had set fire to all the houses that were standing in the neighborhood when our troops left, as it appears they belonged to persons friendly to the United States. 314 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Gratiot. Reaching Mackinaw, and finding it well defended by the British, a force was landed on the east side of the island. Their attack was repulsed, one general officer on the American side being killed, and the expedition x-eturned to Erie with the exception of the Scorpion and Tigress. These vessels were surprised and captured at the lower end of Lake Huron, by a body of British and Indians, who boarded them in boats at night. Sinclair left the Lawrence, which was in bad condition, at Erie, and with the balance of the squadron conveyed a portion of the troops to Buffalo. Remaining there a few days, he suddenly came back to Erie, leaving the Somers and Ohio, from which Dobbins had been detached, at the lower end of the lake. Shortly afterward, these vessels, while lying at anchor at Fort Erie, were boarded at night, and captured by a British party, making six that were destroyed by the enemy after the battle. Here close the features of the war that are of special interest to the people of Erie County. The militia seem to have been dismissed in the spring, though there must have been an attempt to keep them ready for service, as we learn that two or three hundred men attended a battalion drill, May 18, at Martin Strong's. The fears for the safety of Erie do not appear to have sub- sided, for reference is made to the subject in a letter from the Governor, of Augusfj 3, to Com. Kennedy, who succeeded Sinclair in command of the squadron. There is nothing to show that the fleet rendered any service of consequence afterward. A treaty of peace was concluded at Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814, ratified by the Senate on the 17th of February succeeding, and joyfully welcomed by the people of both nations. INCIDENTS OF THE WAK. There were few able-bodied male residents of the county who were not obliged to serve in the militia at some time during the war. The alarms were sent over the country by runners, who went from house to house stirring up the inhabitants. It happened more than once that whole townships were nearly depopulated by their male citizens. One Sunday the news that Erie was in danger of attack reached Mercer while Rev. Mr. Tait was pi-eaching in the court house. The sermon was stopped, the thrilling tidings announced from the pulpit, the congregation dismissed, and preparations begun for marching to the lake. Many jokes were perpetrated at the expense of the timid. On a certain night while the fleet was building, some wags removed the swivel be- longing to Gen. Kelso to the foot of French street, loaded it with powder, affixed a trail to the touch -hole, and set it off when they had got away to a safe distance. The explosion aroused every person in the town, the word was quickly passed that the dreaded foe had come at last, the women, children and valuables were sent into the back country, and for awhile there was the wildest state of agitation. On another occasion, three bombs were fired off as a joke near the same place, with almost similar results. At a later period, a party re- tui-ned from the peninsula, reporting that they had seen thi'ee British spies. A detachment of militia was sent to reconnoiter and found three red oxen browsing away in utter innocence of the trouble they had provoked. DISPOSAL OF THE VESSELS. The naval station* at Erie was kept up until 1825, passing successively * The navy yard is thus described by Capt. Russell, iu the commuuicatiou before referred to : " The location of the new gas works was occupied for the purpose. Surrounding it were pickets about fifteen feet high. In a neighboring ravine were two fish ponds, somewhat elevated, water pouring over one next to the bay, forming a beautiful landscape. Shaded by forest trees, it was quite an attractive summer resort. On the bank above, HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 315 under the command of Capt. Daniel S. Dexter, Lieut. George Pierce, Capt. David Deacon and Capt. George Budd. In 1815, orders were issued to dis- pose of the vessels to the best advantage. The Lawrence, Detroit and Queen Charlotte were sunk for preservation in Misery Bay; the Caledonia and Lady Prevost were sold and converted into merchant vessels; the Porcupine was transferred to the revenue service, and the Niagara was kept afloat as a receiv- ing ship for some years, when she was beached on the northeast side of Misery Bay. At the auction of Government property, upon the breaking up of the naval station in 1825, the Lawrence, Detroit, Niagara and Queen Charlotte were purchased by a Mr. Brown, of Rochester, who re- sold them in 1836 to Capt. George Miles and others. They raised some of the vessels, intending to lit them up for the merchant service. The Detroit and Queen Charlotte were found in tolerable condition, but the Lawrence, being so badly riddled that she was not worth repairing, was again allowed to sink in the waters of the bay. After some years of duty, the Detroit was dismantled and sent adrift to go over Niagara Falls as a spectacle, certainly an inglorious end for such a famous ship. Capt. Miles transferred his interest in the Lawrence and Niagara to Leander Dobbins in 1857, who in turn disposed of the Lawrence in 1875 to John Dunlap and Thomas J. Viers. In the spring of 1876, the latter had her raised, cut in two and transported on cars to Philadelphia for exhibition at the Centennial, anticipating a small fortune by the enterprise. The people, how- ever, would not believe that a vessel no larger than a modern canal boat was the famous Lawrence. The show proved a disastrous financial failure, and the old hulk was finally purchased by a firm who expected to realize something by converting her into relics. The Niagara was never removed from the place where she was beached, and some of her timbers are still to be seen. Associa- tions fur the erection of a monument to Perry were formed both in 1835 and in 1850, but were allowed to die out. A petition was sent to Congress in 1850 asking an appropriation of $20,000, provided the State would give as much more. AMERICAN ARMY OFFICERS. The following is a partial list of army officers from this and other counties of the Northwest, who participated in the war, most of whom made Erie their headquarters : Quartermaster General, Wilson bmith, 1812-14. Commissary General, Callendar Irvine. Major Generals, Sixteenth Division — David Mead, 1812-14; John Phillips, 1814. Brigadier Generals, First Brigade, Sixteenth Division — Jolin Kelso, 1812-14; Henry Hurst, 1814. Second Brigade — Thomas Gra- ham, 1812, Brigade Inspector, First Brigade, Sixteenth Division — William Clark; Second Brigade, Samuel Powers. Paymaster, John Phillips, 1812-13. Major and Lieutenant Colonel, Dr. John C. Wallace. Commissaries, Rufus S. Reed, Stephen Wolverton. Sergeant Major, Henry Colt. The members of Capt. Thomas Forster's company of " Erie Light Infantry," who spent the winter of 1812 at Buffalo, were as follows: First Lieutenant, Thomas Rees; Ensign, Thomas Stewart; First Sergeant, Thomas Wilkins; Second Sergeant, John Hay; Drummer, Ira Glazier; Fifer, Rufus Clough; Privates — Archibald McSparren, George Kelley, John Sloan, William Mui'ray, Jonab Duncan, John Clough, John Woodside, William Duncan, John Eakens, directly south of the present blast furnace, was a clearing of several acres cultivated for garden uses and kept in excellent condition by the navy yard sailors and marines. " The great guns used by I'erry and those captured by him from the British reniained in the Erie Xavy Yard until the fall of 1S25, when they were transferred to the one at Brooklyn, N. Y. On the completion of the Erie Canal, they were placed at intervals of ten miles along that improvement. When the first fleet of boats left Buffalo, they were fired in rapid succession. By this means the people of New York City were notified of the departure of the boats in one hour and twenty minutes." 316 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. George S. Russell, John E. Lapsley, Peter Grawosz, Jacob Carmack, William Henderson, Robert Irwin, Ebenezer Dwinnell, Samuel Hays, Thomas Laird, John W. Bell, Robert McDonald, Tliomas Huo-hes, Robert Brown, John Mor- ris, George Buehler, William Lattimore, James E. Herron, Simeon Dunn, Adam Arbuckle, Stephen Wolverton, Francis Scott, Thomas Vance. Rufus S. Reed and Stephen Wolverton had large contracts during the war, the latter for boarding the ship-builders, the former Lo supply the upper lake forts with flour, beef, pork and whisky. Among those who came to Erie as ship-builders and became permanent residents of the town were John Justice, John Richards and Jeremiah Osborne. The close of the war found the people of Erie County, with rare exceptions, very poor. Of money there was scarcely any, and ihe constant alarms, com- pelling them to neglect their crops, left them with nothing to sell. To add to their misfortunes, the crops of 1815-16 were nearly a failure, making their con- dition actually deplorable. Three of the men who fought with Perry were living in the county in 1861, viz.: Benjamin Fleming* and Daniel Metzenburgh, of Erie, and J. Murray, of Girard. The last survivor of the battle was John Rice, whose death occurred in Shelby County, Ohio, on the 8th of February, 1880, in the nineti- eth year of his age. THE STORY OF JAMES BIRD. It has been stated that among the militia who came on for the defense of Erie was a company from Luzerne County. They were known as the " Kings- ton Volunteers." One of their number was James Bird, a young man from Centre County. While the fleet was building. Bird was the Sergeant in charge of a guard who were placed over the storehouse. The party, led by Bird, became disorderly, appropriated goods to their own use, refused admission to the proper officers, and were only brought into submission after a six-pounder had been loaded and placed into position so as to blow them to pieces. Diffi- culty being found in procuring marines, the offense of these men was con- doned, on condition that they should volunteer to serve on board the fleet. This they did, and Bird fought gallantly on the Lawrence, receiving a severe wound. In the spring of 1814, another warehouse having been fitted up at the mouth of Mill Creek, Bird was one of the guard assigned for its protec- tion. He and Joha Rankin, another marine, took advantage of the opportu nity to desert. They were recognized shortly after at a country tavern in Mer- cer County by Charles M. Reed, then a boy, traveling on horseback to school in Washington County. A few miles further on, young Reed met the party who were in pursuit of the deserters, whom he notified of their whereabouts. They were taken back to Erie, tried by court martial, and condemned to death. A sailor named John Davis, who had deserted several times, was tried and sentenced with them. Much discussion ensued on the part of the citizens and militia, who sympathized to a large extent with Bird and his comrades. Strong efforts were made to have the sentence of Bird commuted to imprisonment, on account of his braverj^ on the 10th of September, but President Madison de- clined to interfere, on the ground that he "must suffer as an example toothers." Their execution took place in October, 1814, on board the Niagara, lying at anchor in Misery Bay, Bird and Rankin being shot, and Davis hung at the yard arm. The bodies were interred on the sand beach, east of the mouth of Mill Creek. The most absurd stories were circulated in connection with the *BeD.jaiiiin Fleming was born in Lewiston Del., July 20, 1782. He came to Erie with a detachment for Perry's fleet, and lived in Erie until his death. He died in Erie, in May, 1870, and was buried in the cemetery with naval and military honors. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 319 affair, and a string of rhyme, written by some local " poet," elevating Bird into a hero, and surrounding him with a halo of romance, was sung and quoted by the populace for many years after the event. OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE BRITISH COMMANDER: The following is the report of the battle on Lake Erie, forwarded by Capt. Barclay to the British Naval Department: His Majesty's late ship Detroit, ) Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie, September 12. ) Sir — The last letter I had the honor of writini^ to you, dated the 6th inst., informed you that unless certain intimation was received of more seamen being on their way to Amherstburg, I should be obliged to sail with the squadron deplorably manned as it was, to tight the enemy (who blockaded the port) to enable us to get supplies of provisions and stores of every description; so perfectly destitute of provisions was tlie port that there was not a day's flour in store, and the crews of the squadron under my command were on half allowance of many things, and when that was done there was no more. Such were the mo- tives which induced Maj. Gen. Proctor (whom by your instructions I was directed to con- sult, and whose wishes I was enjoined to execute, so far as related to the good of the coun- try) to concur in the necessity of a battle being risked, under the many disadvantages which I labored; and it now remains for me, tlie most melancholy task, to relate to you the unfortunate issue of tliat battle, as well as the many untoward circumstances that led to that event. No intelligence of seamen having arrived, I sailed on the 9th inst., fully expecting to meet the enemy next morning, as they had been seen among tlie islands; nor was I mis- taken; soon after daylight they were seen in motion in Put-in-Bay, the wind then at southwest and light, giving us the weather gauge; I bore up with them in hopes of bring- ing them to action among the islands, but that intention was soon frustrated by the wind suddenly shifting to the southeast, which brought the enemy directly to windward. The line was formed according to a given plan, so that each ship might be supported against the superior force of the two brigs opposed to them. About 10 the enemy had cleared the islands and immediately bore up, under easy sail in a line abreast, each brig being also sup- ported by the small vessels. At a quarter before 13 I commenced the action by a few long guns; about a quarter past the American Commodore, also supported by two schooners, one carrying four long twelve-pounders, the other a long thirty-two and twenty-four pounder, came to close action with the Detroit; the other brig of the enemy apparently destined to engage the Queen Charlotte, supported in like manner by two schooners, kept so far to windward as to render the Queen Charlotte's twenty-pound carronades useless, while she was with the Lady Prevost, exposed to the heavy and destructive fire of the Cal- edonia and four other schooners, armed with long and heavy guns, like those I have al- ready described. Too soon, alas, was I deprived of the services of the noble and intrepid Capt. Finnis, who soon after the commencement of the action fell, and with him fell my greatest support; soon after Lieut. Stokes of the Queen Charlotte was struck senseless by a splinter, which deprived the country of his services at this critical period. The action continued with great fury until half past two, when I perceived my oppo- nent drop astern, and a boat i^assing from him to the Niagara (which vessel was at this time perfectly fresh); the American Commodore seeing that as yet the day was against him (his vessel having struck as soon as he left her), and also the very defenseless state of the Detroit, which ship was now a perfect wreck, principally from the raking fire of the gun- boats, and also that the Queen Charlotte was in such a situation that I could receive very little assistance from her, and the Lady Prevost being at this time too far to leeward from her rudder being injured, made a noble and, alas! too successful an effort to regain it, for he bore up, and supported by his small vessels, passed within pistol shot, and took a rak- ing position on our bow; nor could I prevent it, as the unfortunate situation of tlie Queen Charlotte prevented us from wearing; in attempting it we fell on board her; my gallant First Lieutenant, Garland, was now mortally wountled, and myself so severely that I was obliged to quit the deck. Manned as the squadron was, with not more than fifty British seamen, the rest, a mixed crew of Canadians and soldiers, and who were totally unac- quainted with such service, rendered the loss of officers more severely felt, and never in any action was the loss more severe; every officer commanding vessels and their seconds was either killed or wounded so severely as to be unable to keep the deck. (Here follows a eulogistic account of the services of various officers, and of the men in general. No men- tion of the surrender is made in the report, but a letter from Lieut. Inglis, who took com- mand of the Detroit after Barclay was wounded, which accompanies the document, states that he " was under the painful necessity of answering the enemy to say we had struck, the Queen Charlotte having previously done so)." The weather-gauge gave the enemy a 320 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. prodigious advantage, as it enabled them not only to choose their position, but their dis- tance also, which they did in such a manner as to prevent the carronades of the Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost from having much effect; while their long guns did great exe cution, particularly against the Queen Charlotte. (Japt. Perry has behaved in a most humane and attentive manner, not only to myself and officers, but to all the wounded. I trust that although unsuccessful, you will approve of the motives that induced me to sail under so many disadvantages, and that it may be hereafter proved that under such circum- stances the honor of His Majesty's flag has not been tarnished. I inclose the list of killed and wounded. I have the honor to be, etc., R. H. Barclay, Commander and late senior officer. CHAPTEE XIX. Bench and Bar. UP to the year 1800, Erie County constituted a part of Allegheny, and all judicial proceedings took place at Pittsburgh, the county seat. The act creating Erie a separate county is dated the 12th of March, 1800. The county was too sparsely settled to maintain a distinct organization, and by the act of April 9, 1801, Erie, Crawford, Mercer Venango and Warren were thrown tem- porarily together for election and governmental purposes. Meadville was designated as the place where the coiinty business should be transacted. This arrangement continued for two years. The lirst court in Erie was held by Hon. Jesse Moore, in April, 1803. The hours for convening were announced by the Crier by the blowing of a horn. This horn continued to be used for the purpose until 1828. The Su- preme Judges at that time were obliged to hold Circuit Courts in the several counties of the State, and in the course of their duties Judge Yates visited Erie on the 15th of October, 1800, and Judge Brackenridge in 1807 and 1811. Judge Brackenridge was one of the ablest and most eminent men of his period, but extremely eccentric in his manners. He was the author of "Modern Chivalry," a work of rare wit and finely written. He sat in court when here in 1807, with his dressing gown on, kicked off his shoes and coolly elevated his bare feet upon a table. When the news was received that he was approaching Erie, he was met in the English style, by the Sheriff, attended by quite a party of gentlemen on horseback. A session of the Supreme Court was held in the city in 1854, at which Judges Lewis, Woodward, Lowrie and Knox were present. The County Courts were held by the President Ju.dge, aided by two Asso- ciate Judges — usually farmers of good standing — until May, 1839, when a District Court was created to dispose of the accumulated business in Erie, Crawford, Yenango and Mercer Counties. Hon. James Thompson, of Venango, was appointed to the District Judgeship, and filled the position until May, 1845. The term originally was for five years, but was extended one year by request of the bar. Previous to 1851, both the President Judges and Associate Judges were appointed by the Governor. The tirsh election by the people was in October, 1851, when Hon. John Galbraith was chosen President Judge, and Hon. Joseph M. Sterrett and Hon. James Miles, Associates. The office of Additional Law Judge was created in 1856, Hon. David Derrickson, of Craw- ford County, being its first incumbent, and expired by the operation of the constitution on the 17th of April, 1874. The Associate Judges were abolished on November 17. 1876, and since that date the entii-e duties of the court have HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 321 been performed by the Presidenh Judge. All Law Judges in the State are elected for ten years. The constitution of 1873, or the "new constitution," as it is usually called, allowed the President Judge of each district, where there was an Additional Law Judge, to elect to which of the districts into which his original jurisdic- tion had been divided he inight be assigned. Under this provision, Judge Wetmore selected the Thirty-seventh District, consisting of Warren and Elk Counties, and Judge Vincent, Additional Law Judge for the district, became President Judge of Erie County, which had been created a district by itself. The following is a list of the President, Special and Additional Law Judges, with the dates of their commissions: President Judges. — Alexander Addison, Pittsburgh, Au.gust 17, 1791. David Clark, Allegheny County, March 3, 1800. Jesse Moore, Crawford County, April 5, 1803. Henry Shippen, Huntingdon County, January 24, 1825. Nathaniel B. Eldred, Wayne County, March 23, 1839. Gaylord Church, Crawford County, April 3, 1843. John Galbraith, Erie County, November 6, 1851. Rasselas Brown, Warren County, June 29, 1860. Samuel P. Johnson, Warren County, December 3, 1860. Lansing D. Wetmore, Warren County, first Monday in Januai'v, 1870. John P.Vincent, Erie County, April 17, 1874. William A. Galbraith, Erie County, first Monday in January, 1877. Additional Law Judges — David Derrickson, Crawford County, first Monday in December, 1856. John P. Vincent, Erie County, first Monday in December, 1866. District Judge^^Javaes Thompson, Venango County, May 18, 1839. Three President Judges have died in office, viz.: Hon. Jesse Moore, at Meadville, on the 21st of December, 1824, Hon, Henry Shippen at Meadville in 1839, and Hon. John Galbraith at Erie, on the 15th of June, 1860. The law at the time of Judge Galbraith' s decease provided that the Governor should supply the vacancy till the ensuing election, and Hon. Rasselas Brown, of Warren, was accordingly appointed to succeed him, and served till December of the same year. One Judge for the district — Hon. Alexander Addison — was impeached and removed from his office. One President Judge — Nathaniel B. Eldred — resigned in 1843 to take Ibe place of Naval Appraiser at Philadelphia. He was afterward appointed Judge of the Dauphin District. Two of the Judges wore promoted to seats on the Supreme Bench of the State. James Thompson was elected one of the Justices of the Supreme Court in 1856, and held the position until 1872, the full term cf fifteen years, the last five of which he presided as Chief Justice. Gaylord Church was ap- pointed a Supreme Judge in 1858, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of one of the members of the court. He retained the place for a brief period only. The residences of the Judges have been as follows: Judges Addison and CJark at Pittsburgh; Judges Moore, Shippen, Church and Derrickson at Mead- ville; Judges Eldred, Brown, Johnson and Wetmore at Warren: Judges John Galbraith, William A. Galbraith and Vincent at Erie. Judge Thompson came from Franklin in 1842, and made Erie his home until a short time after his election as Supreme Judge, when he removed to Philadelphia. The following are living: Judges Brown, Derrickson, Johnson, Wetmore, Vincent and William A. Galbraith. 322 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Judges Addison. Clark, Moore, Shippen, Eldred, Thompson, Church and John Galbraith were Democrats, as are also Judges Rasselas Brown and William A. Galbraith. Judges Derrickson, Johnson, Wetmore and Vincent are Republicans. Hon. William A. Galbraith, our present Judge, is the only son of Hon. John Galbraith, the first President Judge elected by the people. Judge Gaylord Church was the father of Hon. Pearson Church, now President Judge of Crawford County, who was elected at the same time as Judge Will- iam A. Galbraith. The following shows the competing candidates for Presi- dent and Additional Law Judges since the offices have been elective: 1851 — President Judge, John Galbraith, Democrat; Elijah Babbitt, Whig. 1856 — Additional Law Judge. David Derrickson, Republican; Rasselas Brown, Democrat. 1860 — President Judge, Samuel P. Johnson, Republican; Rasselas Brown, Democrat. 1866 — Additional Law Judge, John P. Vincent, Republican; Benjamin Grant, Democrat. 1870 — President Judge, Lansing D. Wetmore, Republican; Samuel E. Woodruff, Independent Republican; Rasselas Brown, Democrat. 1876 — President Judge — William A. Galbraith, Independent Democrat; William Benson, Republican. The judicial districts since the organization of the county have been as follows: 1800- All of the State west of the Allegheny River. 1803 — Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Venango, Warren and Beaver, 1825 — Erie, Crawford, Mercer and Venango. 1851 — Erie, Crawford and Warren. 1860 — Erie, Crawford, Warren and Elk. 1870— Erie, Warren and Elk. 1874 — Erie alone. It is worthy of note that the district has been designated the Sixth almost or entirely from the day the county was organized. The regular terms of the courts wei'e fixed May 31, 1882, as follows: Quarter Sessions — First Monday in Febi'uary, first Monday in May, first Monday in September, second Monday in November. Civil List — Second and third Mondays in January, third Monday in Feb- ruary, second and third Mondays in March, second and third Mondays in April, third Monday in May, first and second Mondays in October, third Mon- day in January. Argument List — Last Mondays in June and September, third Monday in November, second Monday'in February and fourth Monday in April. % ; To the above are added each year special civil lists of from sis to eight weeks, extending usually through the months of March, April, May and June. Judge Galbraith's salary is !|;4,000 a year, which is a little more than one-half of what the Judges are paid in Philadelphia, who do scarcely two-thirds as much work. Erie County is attached to the Eastern District of the Supreme Court, which holds its sessions at Philadelphia. The hearing of cases from Erie County commences on the first Monday of February in each year. The most celebrated trials that have been held in the county were the suits of John Grubb vs. Hamlin Russell, in 1827, occupying some six days; the Girard suit for 10,000 acres of land, which took up about a week in June, 1854: the Hunter will case, fromLeBoeuf Township, which lasted nearly eight HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 323 days on the first trial in January 1880, and was compromised on the third day of the second trial in April, 1880; and the case of McFarland vs. Lovett for malpractice, which commenced Monday, March 21, 1881, and ended Saturday April 2, being the longest ever tried in the county. Although a number of persons have been tried for murder in the county the death penalty has only been enforced against a single individual Henry Francisco was sentenced by Judge Shippen on November 11 1837 and hunJ by Sheriff Andrew Scott on March 9, 1838, within the vard of the 'jail which then occupied the site of the present court house. ' ^ UNITED STATES COURTS. By an act of Congress passed in 1866, Erie was named as one of the places for the sittings of the United States District and Circuit Courts for the Western District of Penusylvania. Previous to 1870, the Circuit Courts were held by a Judge of the United States Supreme Court or by the District Judtre or by both sitting together The duties of holding the Circuit Courts having become too onerous for the Supreme Judges, an act was passed in 1869 to re lieve them by providing Circuit Judges. Cases are appealed from the District to the Circuit Court, and from the latter to the Supreme Court of the United btates The District Judge can hold a Circuit Court, but a Circuit Jud^e cannot hold the District Court. The Supreme Judges may, if they choose, sit with the Circuit Judge or hold court alone. The only time one of the Supreme Judges of the United States has been present in Erie was when Jud^e Strong was here in July, 1875. ^ iQA^^^^.^'l^f'^''^' the District Court was held in this city in January, 1867, and of the Circuit Court in July, 1868, Judge Wilson McCandless pre- siding. Both courts were regularly held by him until Hon. William McKen- f ^^' °^ )^^ashington County, was sworn in as Circuit Judge at the January term ot lb /U. Judge McCandless continued to serve until July 24 1876 when he was honorably retired on account of advanced years, and was succeeded as District Judge by Hon. Winthrop W. Ketchum, Luzerne County. Judo-es McKennan and Ketchum were both sworn in and began their official duties'' at Erie.^ The latter died early in 1880, and Hon. M. W. Acheson, of Washing- ton County, was appointed his successor. Judge Acheson was present for the bur hTn 1880'''^ ""^ ^^^ '^''^^ ^""''"^ ""^ ^^^^' '^'''^^^ McCandless died at Pitts- The regular terms of both courts at Erie commence on the second Monday of January, and the third Monday of July. The January term was held at ±.rie every year until 1875, since when, for some reason, it has been omitted Ihe county receives $150 from the United States for the use of the court house at the July term. The other officers of the court since their sessions began in Erie have been as follows. The terms show when they first appeared in their official capaci- ties m this city: ^ Marshals.~Jn\y term, 1867— Samuel McKelvey, Allegheny County January term, 1868— Thomas A. Rowley, Allegheny County. July term, 1869— Alexander Murdoch, Washington County. January term, 1873— John Hall, Washington County. July term, 1882— J. S. Rutan, Beaver County. Col. Hall had been Deputy Marshal for several years before his appointment as Marshal. District Attorneys.— July ievm, 1867— R. B. Carnah an. Allegheny County July term, 1870— H. Bucher Swoope, Clearfield County. 324 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. July term, 1874 — David Reed, Allegheny County. July term, 1875 — H. H. McCormick, Allegheny County. July term, 1880 — William A. Stone, Allegheny County. Clerks — District Coit?-^.— Whole term — S. C. McCandless, Allegheny County. Circuit Court. — July term, 1868 — Hemy Sproul, Allegheny County. July term, 1870 — H. D. Gamble, Allegheny County. Deputy Clerks at Erie — District Court. — July term, 1867 — George W. Gun- nison, Erie. July term, 1869 — George A. Allen, Erie. July term, 1873— F. W. Grant, Erie. Circuit Court. — July term, 1868 — George W. Gunnison, Erie. July term, 1869 — George A. Allen, Erie. July term, 1871 — A. B. Force, Erie. July term, 1876— F. W. Grant, Erie. Of the above officials. Judge McCandless. Clerk McCandless, and Deputy Clerks Gunnison, xAllen and Grant, Democrats; all the rest are Republicans. The Judges, Marshals and District Attorneys are appointed by the President; the Clerks by their respective courts. Under the old system, the selection of jurors for the United States Courts was wholly in the hands of the Marshal, who summoned any person he pleased. In 1879, Congress passed an act taking the naming of the jurors away from the iMarshal, making the Clerk of each court a Jury Commissioner for his ovm court, and requiring him to appoint another Jury Commissioner of opposite politics, thus securing representation on the juries from both of the leading parties. Hon. William McClelland is the Democratic Commissioner appointed by Clerk Gamble. The Commissioners make up lists of names from all parts of the district, which are deposited iu a wheel and drawn out the same as by the State system. THE BAR. The first lawyer to locate in Erie was William Wallace, who came on from Eastern Pennsylvania in 1800, as attorney for the Pennsylvania Population Company. He remained until 1811, when he retiu-ned to Harrisburg. The second was William N. Irvine, who settled here in 1804, but also returned to Harrisburg in a few years, eventually becoming President Judge of the Adams District. Among the law^^ers who located in Erie at an early day, and who became permanent residents were Anselen Potter, George A. Eliot, Thomas H. Sill, Philo E. Judd and William Kellv. Mr. Potter was admitted in 1808, Mr. Sill in 1813, Mr. Eliot in 1816, Mr. Judd in 1821 and Mr. Kelly in 1822. Dudley Marvin, who afterward rose to great distinc- tion at the New York bar, came to Erie in 1811 with the intention of making it his home, was admitted to the bar and stayed some time, but concluded to return to Canandaigua, where he spent many of the active years of his life. In those days, the practice of the law was a very dififerent business from what it is to-day. The country was thinly settled, the people were miserably poor, litigation was upon a limited scale, and fees were correspondingly small. The lawyers were obliged to practice in a dozen counties in order to make a livelihood, and some of them were away from their homes and offices more than half of the time. They traveled from one county seat to the other on horseback, with their legal papers and a few books in a sack across the saddle. Among the most prominent of those from abroad who attended the Erie County Courts were Henry Baldwin, Patrick Farrelly, J. Stewart Riddell, Ralph Marlin and John B. Wallace, of Meadville, and Samuel B. Foster and HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 325 John Banks, of Mercer. Mr. Farrelly, in particular, was present at almost every term of court, and it is said that his practice at the Erie bar was larger than that of any or all of the lawyers residing here. Several of the gentle- men named rose to high official distinction. Mr. Baldwin, who moved from Meadville to Pittsburgh, after serving three terms in Congress, was made a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1830. Mr. Farrelly was three times elected to Congress; and Mr. Banks was appointed .Judge of the Berks County Court, and was the Whig nominee for Governor in 1841. The following is a list of those who have been admitted to the bar since the destruction of the court house in 1823, with the dates of their admission : Allen, George A., June 16, 1868; James W. Allison, June 1, 1875; F. H. Abell, June 16, 1877. Babbitt, Elijah, February 1, 1826; Don Carlos Barrett, July 1, 1826; Peter A. E. Brace, May 3, 1843; William Benson, August 7, 1846; J. W. Brigden, October 23, 1849; Rush S. Battles, December 11, 1855; Charles Burnham, November 30, 1865; Gurdon S. Berry, Decejnber 21, 3865; Charles O. Bow- man, November 30, 1865; W. M. Biddle, April 30, 1866; R. B. Brawley, August 9, 1866; Henry Butterfield, April 2, 1867; S. J. Butterfield, April 2, 1867; Hiram A. Baker, October 1, 1867; Julius Byles, August 15, 1868; Sam- uel B. Brooks, September 29, 1868; Charles P. Biddle, October 15, 1868; G. D. Buckley, November 27, 1868; W. W. Brown, August 31, 1869; Samuel M. Brainerd, December 22, 1869; Cassius L. Baker, Mav 8, 1872; H. W. Blakeslee, November 22, 1872; Ulric Blickensderfer, December 12, 1873; A. F. Bole, February 27, 1874; Isaac B. Brown, May 6, 1875; Judge William Benson, December 4, 1876; M. H. Byles, February 12, 1879; John C. Brady, September 30, 1879; Charles H. Burton, May 31, 1881. (\irtis. C. B., 1834; George H. Cutler, November 7, 1840; Justin B. Cha- pin, May 4, 1848; Andrew H. Caughey, November 26, 1851; Marcus N. Cutler, January 31, 1857; Junius B. Clark, May 10, 1860; Edward Camphausen, March 15. 1865; Edward Clark, March 14, 1867; IManly Crosby, September 30, 1868; A. W. Covell, May 25, 1870; C. L. Covell, May 27, 1873; W. B. Chapman, March 28, 1873; George A. Cutler, October 7, 1873; C. C. Con- verse, March 11, 1874; D. R. Cushman, June 23, 1874; Herman J. Curtze, January 4, 1875; Allen A. Craig, December 18, 1875; A. G. Covell, Septem- ber 7, 1880. Douglass, John W., May 8,1850; Samuel A. Davenport, May 7, 1854; John F. Duncombe, August 8, 1854; George ^Y. DeCamp, August 7, 1857; J. F. Downing, 1859; Myron E. Dunlap, December 12, 1873; James D. Dunlap, October, 1837. Edwards, T. D., June 29, 1853; Clark Ewing, December, 24, 1863; Joseph D. Ebersole, May 7, 1851. Fisk, James B., June 10, 1845; A. J. Foster, March 15, 1865; A. B. Force, August 22, 1871; J. M. Force, November 28, 1879. Graham, Carson, December 19, 1837; John Galbraith, 1837; C. S. Gzowski, August 5, 1839; St. John Goodrich, August 2, 1841; Michael Gallagher (Dis- trict Cuurt),.May 1, 1843; William A. Galbraith, May 9, 1844, Benjamin Grant, October 27, 1845; John L. Gallatew, December 3, 1846; Jonas Gunnison, No- vember 9, 1849; George P. Griffith, August 4, 1864; George W. Gunnison, March 15, 1865; Frank Gunnison, February 5, 1870; Frank W. Grant, March 12, 1874; Paul H. Gaither, November 19, 1874; William Griffith, January 27, 1875; Edward P. Gould, May 31, 1875; Edward Graser, May 6, 1876; Samuel L. GUlson, September 4, 1878. Hawes, Horace M., November 7, 1840; William M. Heister, May 3, 1841; 326 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. D. W. Hutchinson, May 11, 1855; Calvin J. Hinds, May 11, I860; Charles Horton, January 29, 1866; John K. Hallock, March 21, 1868; John L. Hyner, April 4, 1870; David S. Herron, September 8, 1875; Thomas C. Himebaugh, May 20, 1880. Johnson, Quincy A., August 6, 1839; John B. Johnson, April 5, 1842; George N. Johnson, May 9, 1855; M. W. Jacobs, October 29, 1872; A. M. Judson, May 9, 1851. Kelso, Charles W.,1835; William C. Kelso (District Court), May 10, 1839; Louis F. Keller, November 8. 1869; D. H. Kline, November 14, 1874; Joseph K. Kelso. June 27, 1876. Law, Samuel A. (District Court). April 5, 1841; William S. Lane, July 22, 1844; Wilson Laird, February 8, 1849; A. McDonald Lyon, March 20, 1857; George A. Lyon, Jr., March 12,^1861; Charles M. Lynch, February 6, 1866; H. B. Loomis, August 6, 1866; Samuel P. Longstreet, January 25, 1869; James H. Lewis, January 28, 1869; William E. Lathy, March 7, 1871; Theo. A. Lamb, August 22, 1871; Francis P. Longstreet. August 22, 1871; George W. Lathy, December 18, 1871; Charles E. Lovett, October 10, 1874. McLane, Moses, November 2, 1825; Oilman Merrill, November 9, 1826; George Morton, June 7, 1827; James C. Marshall, August 4, 1829; George H. Myers, May 10, 1849; David B. McCreary, August 8, 1851; Francis F. Marshall, October 28, 1857; Selden Marvin, December 14, 1859; William E. Marsh, Mav 7, 1879; Frank M. McClintock, May 11, 1878. Norton, L. S., October 12, 1868. Olmstead, C. G., September 7, 1875; Clark Olds, April 26. 1876; Edward J. O'Conner, December 5, 1878. Phelps, Mortimer, September 12, 1850; James G. Payne, February 1, 1861; T. S. Parker, December 19, 1865; James O. Parmelee, October 7, 1871; John Proudfit, April 26, 1876; C. L. Pierce, October 23, 1877; William R. Per- kins, June 25, 1878; Rodman F. Pugh. September 4, 18/8; Frank L. Perley, September 30, 1879. Riddle, John S., August 9, 1826; Albert C. Ramsey, May 7, 1833; John J.Randall, May 8, 1839; S. W. Randall, May 10, 1839; James C. Reid, August 10, 1848; John W. Riddell, December '26, 1854; David W. Rambo, November 2, 1864; Henry M. Riblet, October 3, 1867; B. J. Reid, January 22, 1872: Louis Rosenzweig, April 6, 1872; Craig J. Reid, September 11, 1876. Smith, Silas T., June 4, 1827; George W. Smith, November 7, 1831; Stephen Strong (District Court), April 8. 1841; Reid T. Stewart. August 5, 1845; S. Merwin Smith, May 5, 1846; James Sill, October 29, 1852; Samuel S. Spencer, February 12, 1853; William R. Scott, February 2, 1858; B. J. Sterrett, May 7, 1861; C. B. Sleeper, August 9, 1365; J. C. Sturgeon, Feb- ruary 28, 1867; C. R. Saunders, May 24, 1869; Henry Souther, October 30, 1872; James W. Sproul, April 13, 1874; Earl N. Sackett, December 28, 1875; Henry A. Strong, September 17, 1881; A. E. Sisson, November 19, 1881; David A. Sawdey, December 1, 1881. Virgil, Almon, May 8, 1839; John P. Viocent, February 2, 1841; E. B. Van Tassel, December 16, 1858; Strong Vincent, December, 12, 1860. Walker, John H., July 27, 1824; John H. Waugh. May 25, 1825; David Walker, February 7, 1827; W. M. Watts, July 17, 1839; Murray Whallon, October 19, 1839; Irvin M. Wallace, May 28, 1843; Edwin C. Wilson, August 3, 1846; S. E. Woodruff, October, 28, 1846; George Williamson, January 24, 1850; Hy. J. Walters, April 27, 1857, A. D. Woods, September 3, 1863; George W. Walker, August 1, 1864; D. M. R. Wilson, December 19, 1865; HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 329 Calvin D. Whitney, M_ay 10, 186G; C. S. Wilson, October 6, 1870; Thomas S. Woodruff, May 25, 18/1; Jerome W. Wetmore, November 9, 1849; John W. Walker, November — , 1854; Thomas J. Wells, August 4, 1864; E. L. Whit- telsey. May 15, 1877; Emory A. Walling, September 4, 1878. Yard, H. C, November 28, 1879. The public careers of some of the above-named gentlemen include almost the whole political history of the county. We have room for only a few brief references. John H. Walker reached Erie when quite a young man, walkino- from Pittsburgh to Meadville, where he was obliged to borrow money to enable him to reach his destination. Elijah Babbitt built his office and house in 1828, and has stuck to the same spot ever since. Messrs. Walker, Babbitt and Thomas H. Sill have filled numerous public positions, among them some of the most conspicious in the gift of the people. James C. Marshall moved to Girard in 1830, engaged in business, and did not return to the practice of law in Erie until 1844. Don Carlos Barrett's name was stricken from the roll of the bar in 1834, and he soon after left the county, never to return. John Galbraith came to Erie from Franklin in 1837. He represented the district in Congress three terms. Carson Gi-aham and John F. Duncombe went West and became prominent in public life, the one as a Judge and the other as a legislator and popular orator. James D. Dunlap was the author of Dunlap's Book of Forms, and Benjamin Grant of several volumes of the State Reports. Horace M. , Hawes emigrated to California and became worth several millions. William M. Heister returned to Reading, served a term or two in the State Senate, and was Secretary of State during Gov. Packer's administration. George H. Cutler came to Erie County in 1835 from Cortland County, N. Y., where he had i-ead law. After a time spent in other pursuits, he took a second course of reading with Hon. John Galbraith, to comply with the rule. Selden Marvin came here from Chautauqua County, N. Y. , where he served a term as County Judge with credit and general acceptability. Henry Souther, before moving to Erie, had been a State Senator by election, and Survej^or General and Judge of Schuylkill County by appointment of the Governor. Edwin C. Wilson and D. B. McCreary served three years each as Adjutant General of the State, the first under Gov. Packer and the second iinder Gov. Geary. Gen. Curtis went to Warren immediately after his admission, and lived there until 1866, when he came back to Erie. He represented the district in Congress two terms, and served as an officer in the war for the Union. S. E. W^oodruff lived in Girard until 1872, when he moved to Erie. He was Register in Bankruptcy for twelve years. Strung Vincent served gallantly in the war for the Union, rose to be a Brigadier General, won an enviable reputation as a brave soldiei', and was killed at Gettysburg. Murray Whallon moved to California, where he has been elected several times to the Legislature. Samuel A. Law went to New York, and was promoted to prominent legislative positions. John W. Douglass is now a resident of Washington City, after long service as Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner of Internal Revenue. S. M. Brainerd and W. W. Brown were both elected to Congress in 1882, the first from the Erie and the second from the McKean district. In looking over the list of attorneys, it is curious to see how few have ac- quired fortunes by their practice. A number have become possessed of large means, but in every instance the writer recalls to mind, their financial pros- perity has been due to real estate investments or to some other piece of good luck outside of the regular course of their profession. The law — in Erie County, at least — may be the pathway to reputation, but it is very far from being the easy road to affluence. 18 330 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. DEATHS, REMOVALS, ETC. The following attorneys are known to be dead: Charles Burnham, Peter A. R. Brace, Gurdon S. Berry, AY. M. Biddle, Justin B. Chapin, C. B. Curtis, James D. Dunlap, Clark Ewing, George A. Eliot, Carson Graham, John Gal- braith, Benjamin Grant, Jonas Gunnison, William Griffith, George W. Gun- nison, Horace M. Hawes, William M. Heister, Charles HortoD, John L. Hyner, John B. Johnson, George N. Johnston, Charles W. Kelso, William Kelley, A. M. Donald Lyon, Samuel A. Law, F. P. Longstreet, S. P. Longstreet, Moses McLane, C. L. Pierce, John S. Riddell, James C. Reid, Silas T. Smith, S. Mer- win Smith, Thomas H. Sill, Reid T. Stewart, Matthew Taylor, William Taylor, James Thompson, Oliver E. Taylor, Strong Vincent, John H. Walker, Edwin C. Wilson, W. M. Watts, S. E. Woodruff and George W. Walker. Mr. Brace died at Prairie du Chien, Iowa, Mr. Berry in Titusville, Mr. Chapin in Ridg- way, Mr. Graham in Iowa, Mr. G. W. Gunnison in Massachusetts, Mr. Hawes in California, Mr. Heister in Reading, Mr. Kelly in the West, Mr. S. M. Smith in Vermont, Judge Thompson in Philadelphia, Gen. Vincent at Gettysburg, and Gen. AVilson m Baltimore. Mr. Stewart married an Erie lady and died on his wedding trip. Judge Thompson dropped doad in February, 1877, while arguing a case before the Supreme Court in Philadelphia. The following attorneys are in practice elsewhere: Julius Byles, Titus- ville; G. D. Buckley, California; W. W. Brown, Bradford; H. W. Blakeslee, Oil Region; M. H. Byles, Titusville; W. B. Chapman, Bradford; John W. Douglass, Washington, D. C. ; John F. Duncombe, Iowa; George W. De- Camp, Kansas; A. B. Force, Pit sburgh; Paul H. Gaither, Eastern Pennsyl- vania; D. S. Herron, Oil Region; M. W. Jacobs, Harrisburg; William S. Lane, Philadelphia; William E. Lathy, Kansas; Charles E. Lovett, Dakota: James G. Payne, Washington, D. C; T. S. Parker, Pittsburgh; James O. Parmlee, Warren; John W. Riddell. Pittsburgh; B. J. Reid, Clarion; William R. Scott, Meadville; C. B. Sleeper, West; C. R. Saunders, Cleveland; Samuel J. Thompson, Philadelphia; E. B. VanTassel, Conneautville; Murray Whal Ion, California; George Williamson, West; A. D. Woods, Warren; Thomas J. Wells, Chicago. The following left the county, but their locations, business, etc., are not known to the writer: R. B. Brawley, Charles P. Biddle, Marcus N. Cutler, Junius B. Clark, Edward Clark, C. S. Gzowski, St. John Goodrich, Michael Gallagher, John L. Gallatew, Thomas C. Himebaugh, Louis F. Keller, D. H. Kline, James H. Lewis, George H. Myers, R. F. Pugh, F. L. Perley, John J. and S. W. Randall, D. W. Rambo, George W. Smith, Stephen Sti'ong, B. J. Sterrett, Almon Virgil. The following have abandoned the profession, and are engaged in other pursuits : F. H. Abell, J. W. Brigden, Rush S. Battles, A. H. Caughey, C. C, Con- verse, E. Graser, John K. Hallock, A. M. Judson, George A. Lyon, E. J. O'Conner, M. Phelps, William R. Perkins, Irvin M. Wallace, J. F. Downing, John W. Walker. Associate Judges. — Two Associate Judges assisted the President Judge from the organization of the county until the 17th of November, 1876, when the office was abolished by the new constitution, the terms of Judges Benson and Craig having expired. The Associate Judges were appointed by the Governor until 1851, at which time the office was made elective. The incumbents of the position were not required to be learned in the law, and in every instance were either substantial farmers or intelligent business men. One Associate Judge, William Bell, died in office, and Samuel Smith resigned to take a seat HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 331 in Congress. Before the constitution of 1S38, all Judges were commissioned for life or good behavior, but that instrument limited the terms of President Judges to ten years, and of Associate Judges to five years. The foUowino- is a list of the Associate Judges from the time the county was separated from Allegheny, with the dates of their commissions: Appointed. — David Mead, Crawford County, March 13, 1800. District All of the State west of the Allegheny River, excepting Allegheny County. John Kelso, Erie County, March 14, 1800. Same district. William Bell, Erie County, December 20, 1800; in place of David Mead, resigned. Same district. All below were for Erie County alone, the terms of Judges Kelso and Bell having expired by limitation. John Kelso, Erie, July 4, 1803; resigned December 21, 1804. Samuel Smith, Mill Creek, July G, 1803; resigned in 1805. William Bell, Erie, May 9, 1805. In place of John Kelso, resigned. John Vincent, Waterford, December 23, 1805. In place of Samuel Smith, elected to Congress. Wilson Smith, Waterford, March 15, 1814. In place of William Bell, who died in office. John Grubb, Mill Creek, January 8, 1820. In place of Wilson Smith, elected to the Legislature. John Brawley, North East, March 26, 1840. Id place of John Vincent, whose term expired according to the constitution of 1838. Re commissioned March 8, 1845. Myron Hutchinson, Girard, March 13, 1841. In place of John Grubb, whose term expired, as above stated. Re- commissioned March 13, 1846. Joseph M. Sterrett, Erie, June 4, 1850. In place of John Bravvley. Re commissioned January 23, 1851. James Miles, Girard, April 1, 1851. In place of M. Hutchinson. Elected — Joseph M. Sterrett, Erie, November 10, 1851. James Miles, Girard, November 10, 1851. Samuel Hutchins, Waterford, November 12, 1856. John Greer, North East, November 12, 1856. Re elected in 1861. William Cross, Springfield, November 23, 1861, in place of Samuel Hutchins. William Benson, Waterford, November 8, 1866. Re-elected in 1871. Hollis King, Corry, November 8, 1866. Allen A. Craig, Erie, November 17, 1871, in place of Hollis King. Commencing with Judge Sterrett, the Associate Judges were either Whigs or Republicans. All previous to that time were appointed as Anti- Federalists or Democrats. District Attorneys. — From 1804 to 1850, the present office of District At- torney was known by the title of Deputy Attorney General, and its incumbents were appointed by and retained in office during the pleasure of the Attorney General of the State. The name was changed to District Attorney in 1850, the office was made elective, and the term fixed at three years. Below is a list of the persons who have filled the position: 1804— William N. Irvine, Erie. William AVallace, Erie. 1809— Patrick Farrelly, Crawford County. Ralph Marlin, Crawford County. 1819— George A. Eliot, Erie. 1824— William Kelly, Erie. 1833 -Don Carlos Barrett, Erie. 332 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 1835— Galen Foster, Erie. 1836 -Elijah Babbitt, Erie. 1837— William M. Watts, Erie. 1839 — Carson Graham, Erie. 1845 — Horace M. Hawes, Erie. 1846— AVilliam A. Galbraith, Erie. . Of the above, all but Messrs. Kelly, Foster, Babbitt and Watts were ap- pointed as anti-Federalists or Democrats. The District Attorneys elected by the people have invariably been Whigs or Republicans. They are as follows: 1850— Matthew Taylor, Erie. 1853— Samuel E. Woodruff, Girard. 1856 — G. Nelson Johnson, Erie. Died shortly after the election and Charles W. Kelso appointed by the Governor to serve until the October elec- tion in 1857. 1857— James Sill, Erie. 1860 — Samuel A. Davenport, Erie. 1863— J. F. Downing, Erie. 1866~Charles M. Lynch, Erie. 1869 — John C. Sturgeon. Erie. 1872— Samuel M. Brainerd, North East. 1875— A. B. Force, Erie. 1878- Charles E. Lovett, Erie. 1881— E. A. Walling, North East. COURT CRIERS AND OTHER MATTERS. The following have been the Court Criers: David Langley, Basil Hoskin- son, Robert Kincaide, Joshua Randall, Remras Baldwin, P. D. Bryant, Ed- ward B. Lytle, A. E. White (since 1851). The law library of the county consists of 800 to 1,000 volumes, which are kept upon shelves in the grand jury room. It was purchased largely from the proceeds of tines in certain criminal cases. This law has been repealed, and the only revenue for library purposes now is a tine of $1 in certain cases. The selection of books is made by a library committee consisting of tive members of the bar. A society under the name of the Erie Bar Association has been in opera- tion about eight years, the object being to advance the general interest of the profession. The requisites for admission to the bar are as follows: Before any person can be registered as a law student, he must be examined by a committee, who must certify that he has a good English education, is versed in the rudiments of Latin, and is otherwise well qualified to commence the study of law. He must then read two years in the otfice of an attorney. He must finally appear before au examining committee, and receive a certificate signed by all the members present, that he is compe-ent to enter upon the practice of the law. After this, he is admitted, on motion of one of the members of the Ex- amining Committee. The rule applies as well to attorneys from other States and couDties as to those desiring to enter the profession originally, but is generally suspended in the case of lawyers of long pi-actice and established reputation. J. P. Vincent, J. Ross Thompson, C. B. Curtis, George A. Allen and Theo. A. Lamb have been the examining committee since 1878. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 333 CHAPTER XX. Notable Events. AS will bo seen by the preceding chapters, few sections of Pennsylvania are as rich in historical episodes as Erie County. In addition to those already mentioned, the county has been the scene of numerous events of more than common interest. THE KING OF FRANCE. One of these was the visit of Louis Phillippe, future King of France, accom- panied by his brother and a servant. They spent a day or two at Erie, in 1795, with Thomas Kees, sleeping and eating in his tent on the bank of the lake, near the mouth of Mill Creek. LAFAYETTE. In 1825, the county was honored by a visit from Lafayette, who was mak- ing a tour of the country whose independence he had periled his life and for- tune to establish. He was accompanied by his son, a companion and a servant, on their way from New Orleans to New Yoi^k. They reached Waterford, where they were hospitably received, on the evening of the 2d of June, and stayed there over night. A committee from Erie met them at Waterford, and the party left the latter place early on the morning of the 3d. by way of the turn- pike. At Federal Hill, they were met by a body of military, who escorted the distinguished guest to the foot of State street, where they were greeted with a national salute and formally presented to the United States naval officers and other prominent citizens. From there a procession marched to the house of Capt. Daniel Dobbins, where Burgess Wallace welcomed Lafayette in the name of the borough. He was then taken to the residence of Judah Colt, who was chairman of the reception committee, and introduced to the ladies. Meanwhile, a public dinner had been in course of preparation, under the supervision of John Dickson, which was the grandest affair of the kind known up to that day in the incipient city. The tables, which had been erected on a bridge over the ravine on Second street, between State and French, were 170 feet long, elegantly adorned and covered with an awning made of the sails of the British vessels captured by Perry. After the dinner, toasts were offered, among them the following by the hero of the occasion: "Erie— A name which has a great share in American glory; may this town ever enjoy a proportionate share in American prosperity and happiness." Lafayette and his party left at 3 o'clock in the afternoon of the 3d, and were accompanied by numerous citizens to Portland, at the mouth of Chautau- qua Creek, N. Y., where he took the steamer Superior for Buffalo. Benj. Wallace was Chief Marshal of the procession which escorted the great Frenchman from Waterford, and Joseph M. Sterrett commanded the Erie Guards, who met him at Federal Hill. HORACE GREELEY. Another incident of special interest was tbe brief residence of Horace Greeley in Erie, as an employe in the office of the Gazette. His parents set- tled in Wayne Township in 1826, and in the spring of 1830 Horace, who had 334 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. remained in New England to finish his apprenticeship, came on foot to visit them, secured employment as above, and stopped in Erie until the summer of 1831. During most or all of the period of his stay, he boarded at the house of Judge Sterrett, then proprietor of the Gazette. He was tall, ungainly and unprepossessing, poorly and outlandishly dressed, careless of his appearance, and tlie boys and girls with whom he associated were disposed to make a good deal of a butt of him. In society matters, they undoubtedly had the advan- tage of the homely young printer; but when it came to literary and political discussions, he was superior to the best of them. He was very fond of talk- ing politics, and was regarded as an oracle on subjects of that nature. He left Erie for New York in August, 1831, reaching there with only $10 in his purse. His father and mother died in Wayne Township, and some of his family are still residents of the county. PRESIDENTIAL VISITORS. Erie has been visited by no less than nine of the I'residents of the United States, viz.: Harrison, in 1813: Buchanan, in 1840; John Quincy Adams, in 1843; Taylor and Fillmore, in 1849; Lincoln, in 1861; Johnson and Grant, in 1866; and Garfield at various periods between 1860 and 1880; besides, two Presidential nominees, viz., Douglas, in 1860, and Greeley, in 1872. Har- rison visited the place as General of the AVestern army, iu company with Perry, after the battle of Lake Erie. They proceeded together to Buffalo. The purpose of Buchanan's visit will be explained further on. Ex-President John Quincy Adams reached Erie by steamer, and remained from 7 to 9 u'clock in the evening. He was welcomed by Hon. Thomas H. Sill, on behalf of the citizens, and the Wayne Grays and the three fire companies paraded in his honor. President Taylor was on a journey up the lakes for recreation from the cares of office. He came by way of Waterford, where he was taken sick. On reaching Erie, he was too ill to proceed any further. He remained in the city some ten days, stopping with Dr. W. M. Woods, of the United States Navy, in a dwelling on the site of the rear portion of the German bank. Vice Pres- ident Fillmore came up from Buffalo and met the President, remaining with him until the next day. On departing, the United States steamer Michigan undertook to fire a Vice President's salute, when the gun exploded, killiog two men. Finding that his condition unfitted him for proceeding further, the President returned to Washington, where he died in less than a year. He was accompanied on the trip by Gov. Johnston, of Pennsylvania, Surgeon AVard and Col. Bliss of the United States Army. Gen. Reed tendered the President the use of the steamer Niagara, the finest ou the lake, to convey him to Bufialo, but he declined, and was carried on the Diamond, an ordinary small steamer. During his stay in Erie, all of the President's telegrams and messages passed through the hands of William S. Brown. Esq., who was Deputy Collector of the port. President Taylor is described as a plain, modest man, «who avoided all ceremony and show. Stephen A. Douglas stopped in Erie to speak in behalf of his own elec- tion. He delivered a speech in the West Park. Lincoln passed through Erie on his way to Washington to be inaugurated. He made a few remarks from the balcony of the old depot. His remains were taken over the Lake Shore road in 1865. Erie was one of the points favored with a speech by President Johnson in his famous " swing around the circle. " He was attended by Gen. Grant and William H. Seward, the latter of whom also spoke. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 335 Greeley made quite a lengthy address to his former townsmen, from an east window of the Union Depot, during the campaign of 1872. Garlield, being a near neighbor, made frequent trips to Erie, both political and social. He spoke in the court house during the canvass of 3878, and spent a few minutes at the depot on his way to New York in 1880. Of less famous visitors, the number is without limit. Every candidate for Governor since 1830 has thought it necessary to make a trip to the city, and many of the eminent jDolitical speakers of the country have favored its people with addresses. The most famous lecturers, actors and musicians in America since 1850 have nearly all appeared before Erie audiences. AN EXCITING CAMPAIGN. Of the twenty-five Presidential campaigns in this country since the adop- tion of the constitution, that of 1840, when Harrison and Van Buren were the opposing candidates, was probably the most bitter and exciting. The feeling be- tween the two parties was intense, and the meetings everywhere were character- ized by a retaliatory spirit that has seldom if ever been exhibited in politics. At a conclave of the magnates of one pax'ty,it was agi-eed to hold a mass meeting in Erie on the lOth of September, the anniversary of Perry's victory. The other party, determined not to be excelled, and fearful that the prestige of the day raiglit give their enemies an advantage, resolved to hold a convention of their side at the same time. This decision created the wildest indignation among their antagonists. The excitement ran up to fever heat. Both elements made the utmost exertion to get out their adherents. Runners and bills were sent all over the western counties of the State, as far down as Mercer County, as well as through Eastern Ohio and Western New York. For several days be- fore the lOth, the roads leading to Erie were crowded with men, women and children, on foot, in wagons and on horseback, many carrying banners and all shouting themselves hoarse for their favorite candidates. On the eventful day, the town was crowxled as it never had been before and probably never has been since. It was feared that collisions might occur between the embittered par- tisans, but the danger was fortunately averted by holding the conventions in diiferent sections of the town. The AVhig gathering assembled on a vacant lot on Second street between Holland and Mill Creek, and the Democratic in the West Park, about facing the Austin Block. James Buchanan, afterward Presi- dent of the United States, was the chief speaker for the Democrats, and Fran- cis Granger, of New York, subsequently appointed Postmaster General, presid- ed over and was the leading figure of the Whig convention. Old citizens who were present — and few people in the county remained away — recall this assemblage as the most wonderful within their kno^^^ledge. THE ONLY EXECUTION. Although numerous persons have been tried for murder, it is worthy of note that but one execution for that offense has ever taken place in the county. The history of the crime and the manner in which it was punished were de- scribed in the Erie Dispatch of June 15, 1882, extracts from which are given below: " The transcript of Justice E. D. Gunnison revealed the fact that on the 23d of December, 183(3, Henry Francisco was arrested for poisoning his wife Maria, to whom he had been married but three weeks, and the indictment, a peculiar instrument, sets forth that the grand jurors, upon their oath, say that on the night of the 22d of December, in the year of om- Lord 1836, Henry Francisco, not having the fear of God before his eyes, and being moved and 336 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. seduced by the devil, did advise and cause Maria Fi-ancisco to take driuk and swallow down her body four ounces of laudanum, etc. The indictment was returned at the February sessions, 1837, and on November the 7th, of the same year, Francisco was put upon his trial for willful murder. " The jury which tried him was composed of the following well-known citizens of this county: Richard Stillwell, David Matthews, Cyrus Sherwood, John S. Barnes, George W. Walker, Benjamin Avery, Jr., John B. Jones, Dr. G. Webber, Matthew Lytle, James Stewart, James Dickson. " The evidence was in the main circumstantial, but after a patient trial the jury agreed upon a verdict at 1 o'clock during the night, and on the 11th of November, 1837, Judge Shippen sent for Francisco and pronounced the dread sentence of the law, viz., that he be taken from that court room to the jail, and from thence to the place of execution and there be hanged by the neck until he be dead, and God, in His infinite goodness, have mercy on his soul, etc. " The closing scene in the criminal's life was an awful one compared with modern executions when the victim is jerked into eternity with the utmost dis- patch immediately after his arrival upon the scafifold. Sheriff Andrew Scott pinioned Francisco's arms in his cell, and a procession made up as follows started with solem:i tread for the fatal spot in the jail yard. First came the Deputy Attorney General from Harrisburg, with Dr. Johns, the jail physician, then Sheriff Scott and three deputies, followed by the jury that convicted the culprit. Next came the prisoner, supported by the Kev. Mr. Lyon, of the First Presbyterian Church, and Rev. Mr. Glover, of the Episcopal Church. Three guards brought up the rear. The above were the only witnesses to the execution, but a large crowd was ou.t on the street waiting for a chance to see the corpse after being cut down. "Upon reaching the gallows, Francisco was placed beneath the beam and over the drop, and Mr. Scott proceeded to strap his legs. The condemned con- ducted himself with great firmness, betraying no sign of fear for his fate, and when the preliminaries were adjusted a final leave-taking scene occurred. The prisoner shook hands with his jailers and spiritual advisers, and with the jury. To his waiting executioner, he was profuse in expressions of gratitude for kind and humane treatment, and it is stated that while pouring out his thanks he said he should never forget the Sheriff's kindness as long as he lived. The fare- wells being over, he closed his lips forever to mortal man, and henceforth ad- dressed his Maker only. The Sheriff slipped the noose over his head and pulled down the cap that was to spare the witnesses the horrible sight of his distorted features while undergoing strangulation. All was silent as the grave as the neighboring clock chimed quarter after two. The drop was to fall at 2:30. Rev. Mr. Lyon knelt down and offered a most impressive prayer, and when he arose Sheriff Scott, according to the usage of those days, told the poor wretch how many minutes he had to live, and adjured him to make good use of them in petitioning for mercy at the Throne of Grace. Francisco bowed his bag- covered head and from beneath che cap came muffled words of prayer. He stopped occasionally as though to think of what else to ask of God, and at each halt in his prayers the Sheriff's voice solemnly informed him of the number of minutes left. To the witnesses, the suspense was awful, and a shud- der ran through them when Francisco's time had dwindled into seconds. Then it was that the wretched man's tongue was loosened. With the diminution of his lease of life came an increased flow of passionate words to the Giver of mercy. He seemed to be terribly anxious to say all he had to say in the given time and as the seconds flew on his volubility was such that he could not be understood. In the middle of his passionate prayer the bolt was drawn, the Q-p-'^^y-y-i <^5>^?-7 ^^^<5 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 339 drop fell and Francisco's body plunged down the trap, and after three minutes of violent contortions it hung motionless at the end of the rope. So ended the only execution in this county. It occurred on the 9th of March, 1838. "In tiiirtyfive minutes, the body was cut down and inclosed in a neat coffin, which was screwed down in jail, but such was the great curiosity to see the body that those charged with the burial had to unscrew the coffin twice. The body was interred at the corner of Seventh and Myrtle streets, on the property now owned b} Superintendent H. S. Jones. " INDICTMENTS FOR MURDER. The Erie Dispatch of July 21, 1883, gave the following list of persons who have been indicted in the county for the crime of murder during the period between 1820 and 1883: 1821 — The first trial for murder that was ever held in Erie County took place in the year 1821. On that occasion, James McKee was put upon trial for the murder of John Sivers, in what is now Summit Township. The trial took placH in the old court house, and the prisoner being convicted, was sen- tenced to seven years in the penitentiary, where he died. 1824 — The second trial for a capital offense was that of Benjamin Laws for the murder of Fuller, at North East, in 1824. The trial took place in the academy, the court being held there until the new court house was rebuilt. Laws was convicted and sentenced to a long term of imprisonment in the penitentiary. 1828 — Polly Keuby, charged with the murder of her illegitimate child, was brought to trial in the court house that stood on the park, and was acquitted after a protracted trial. A man named Griffin was tried at the same court, charged with the murder of William Crosby. He was also acquitted. 1835 — At the November sessions of this year, an indictment for murder was found against Hugh Young for the cruel and bloody murder at Waterford of John DeCamp. The murdered man was beaten to death with a bludgeon. His assassins fled, and were never heard of afterward. In this year, also, Ransom Eastwood, of Venango, was shot dead, and John Eastwood, of the same township, was charged with his murder. The accused had a long trial, and was acquitted. 1836— For the savage murder of Griffin Johnson, in Mill Creek Township, Ebenezer Eldridge was arraigned on the capital charge, and was convicted as indicted. He escaped the gallows, and was sentenced to ten years in the penitentiary. 1837 — The Francisco murder trial was held this year. 1850 — Thirteen years elapsed before another Erie citizen was put upon trial for his life. John B. Large and Erastus Johnson were charged with the murder of a young boy. They were convicted and sentenced to five years in the penitentiary. In the same year, Thomas Porter was acquitted of the mur- der of Asphad Porter, killed with a stone. 1852 — Two years afterward, Samuel Stone, of Fairview, was indicted for the murder of Rachael Hamm.ond. Stone was sentenced to two years and eight days in the penitentiary. 1854 — William W. Warner was arraigned for killing an illegitimate child. He was acquitted on the grounds of insanity, and was sent to an asylum. 1855 — Ezra Starr and Charles B. Cooper were arraigned for murder, but the case was nol prossed and they were discharged. 1856— The Hayt murder, well remembered, was the judicial sensatioQ of this year. Walter Hayt was convicted of murdering his niece, and was sen- tenced to ten years in the penitentiary. 340 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 1857 — John Masters and Joe McBride were indicted for the murder of Dennis Sullivan. Masters was acquitted and McBride was never found. 1858 — In Mill Creek Township, Joseph Botonelli, keeper of a little hotel above the almshouse, was shot dead by George H. Rerdell, who, being con- victed, was sentenced to six years in the penitentiary. In this same year, Jacob Faust was tried for the murder of Capt. Matthew Densmore down at the dock. Faust was convicted and sentenced to eleven years and nine months in the penitentiary. 1859 — Charles Fisk, of Waterford, was arraigned for shooting John Fen- no through the heart. He got two years and five days in the penitentiary. 1860 — Mallisa Sprague was indicted for the murder of her child, but the jury found her not guilty. 1862 — Daniel Cummings was tried for the murder of Johanna Cummings, and was sent to the penitentiary for eleven yeai's and three months. 1863- -There were three murder trials in this year. Nathaniel Cotterell, of Waterford, was charged with the killing of William Burt, and was ac- quitted. Mary Quinn was tried and acquitted of the murder of Patrick Cut- ler, killed with a brick, and Peter Carrier, for the murder of William Thomp- son, was sent to the penitentiary for ten years. 1865 — Erastus Stafford was stabbed to death, and Jacob A. Tanner was tried for the murder. He got four years. In the same year, W^illiam Greer was shot dead in front of a North East drug store. An indictment for murder was found against one Dr. Lucius Motfc, but he was never found. 1866 — Mary Mulholland was charged with the murder of her illegitimate child, and Michael Corcoran with the murder of Dennis Twohy. The grand jury threw out both bills. 1872 — The murder of Hugh Donnelly by James Nevills, resulted in a ver- dict of not guilty on the grounds of insanity. 1874 — Fred Cooper and Jane R. Cooper were tried for the murder of Car- oline Cook. Both were honorably acquitted. In the following Quarter Ses- sions, Charles J. Cowden was tried for the murder of Jane Cowden, and was acquitted. 1876 — George C. Adams was indicted for the killing of William H. Clem- ens. The case was woZprossed. 1880 — Philip Schwingle was charged with the murder of his brother Charles, and was sentenced to two years in the penitentiary. 1883— Mary Jane and Samuel Young were accused of the murder of their brother. They were held for trial, but the grand jury ignored the bill. CHAPTEE XXI. PoLiTiuAL History— Annual Record. 1788 TO 1800. N 1788 and 1792, Allegheny County, which embraced Erie County, gave a unanimous vote for George Washington for President, who was elected without opposition. John Adams was chosen Vice President. In 1796, the Jefferson Electors received 392 votes, and the Adams Elect- ors 77 in Allegheny County. The State cast 1 electoral vote for Adams, 14 I HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ' 341 for Jefferson, 2 for Thomas Pickering and 13 for Aaron Burr. Adams was elected President and Jefferson Vice President. The vote of the commonwealth within the above period was for Governor: 1790— Thomas Mifflin, Democrat, 27.725; Arthur St. Clair, Federal, 2,802. 1793 — Thomas Mifflin, Democrat, 18,590; F. A. Muhlenberg, Federal,' 10,- 706. 1796— Thomas Mifflin, Democrat, 80,020; F. A. Muhlenberg, Federal; 1,011. 1799— Thomas McKean, Democrat, 38,036; James Ross, Federal 32,641. Allegheny County voted each time for the successful candidate. The tirst election of which there is a record in Erie County occurred in 1798. Judah Colt, agent for the Population Company, says in his journal that he accompanied about sixty-five of his people from Colt's Station to Erie to take part in an election. This was in October. "All," says Mr. Colt, " voted in favor of a Federal Representative. " April 8, 1799, six election districts were created in the township of Erie — one to hold elections in the town of Erie; one at the house of Timothy Tuttle, in North East; one at the house of John McGonigle, at or near Edinboro; one at the house of Thomas Hamilton, in Lexington, Conneaut Township; one at the house of Daniel Henderson, in Waterford; one at the house of William Miles, in Concord Township. 1800. The State cast 8 electoral votes for Jefferson, 8 for Burr, 7 for Adams, and 7 for C. C. Pinckney. Jefferson was chosen President, and Burr Vice Pres- ident. This section of the State gave a majority for Jefferson and Burr. Albert Gallatin was elected to Congress from the Western District of the State, embracing Erie County. He received 1,937 votes to 944 for Perry Neville. Erie and Crawford gave Gallatin 214 votes. Gallatin was appointed Secretary of the Ti-easury by President Jefferson in 1801, and resigned bis seat in Congress. The candidates for other positions received the following votes: State Senator — John Hamilton, W^ashington County, 2,002; John Hoge, Washington, 847. The district comprised the whole of Western Pennsylvania north of Virginia and west of the Allegheny. Assembly — Samuel Ewalt, 2,137; Thomas Morton, 2,002; James Sample, 1,049; Dunning McNair, Erie County, 1,027. The district comprised Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Venango and Warren Counties, electing one member. This arrangement continued until 1807. 1801. William Hoge, Washington Township, was elected to fill the vacancy in Congress caused by the resignation of Albert Gallatin. William McArthur, of Meadville, was elected to represent Erie, Mercer, Crawford, Venango and Warren Counties in the Senate. This Senatorial District continued until 1836. The vote of the district for Assembly was as follows: Alexander Buchanan, Crawford County, 416; John Lytle, 75; John Lytle, Jr., Erie County, 353; John Findley, Mercer County, 208. Three of the Judges signed a return de- claring John Lytle, Jr. and Sr., to be father and son, and three othei's refused to sign the return in the belief that the same person was intended. Alexan- der Buchanan got the certificate. 1802. For Governor, Erie, Crawford, Mercer. Venango and Warren Counties still voting together, cast 1,835 votes for Thomas McKean, the Democratic, and 187 342 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. for James Ross, the Federal candidate. The vote of the State was as follows: Thomas McKean, Democrat, 38,036; James Ross, Federal, 32,641. William Hogl, Washington County, was elected to Congress by about 750 majority. For Assembly, the following was the vote: Alexander Buchanan, 520; John Finley, 197; John Lytle, Jr., 570; James Harrington, Mercer County, 238; John Lytle, 13. John Lytle, Jr., was declared elected. 1803. This year, Erie County voted separately for county officers for the first time. The following was the result: Sheriff — Wilson Smith, Waterford, 267; Martin Strong, Waterford, 201. Coroner— Abraham Smith, Erie, 288; John C. Wallace, Erie, 184. The Commissioners elected were John Vincent, of Waterford; James Weston, of LeBoeuf ; and Abiather Crane, of Mill Creok. John Lytle, Jr., was elected to the Assembly. John Hoge, of Washington County, was elected to Congress. 1804. The county cast 112 ballots for President, all for the Jefferson electors. The State gave its electoral votes to Jefferson and Burr, who were elected. John B. C. Lucas was elected to Congress. Wilson Smith, of Waterford, was elected to the Assembly. William Clark, of Erie. James Lowry, of North East, and John Phillips, of Venango, were elected County Commissioners. 1805. The candidates for Governor were Thomas McKean and Simon Snyder, both Democrats. Erie County gave McKean 254, and Snyder 377 votes. The vote of the State was as follows: Thomas McKean, 43,644; Simon Snyder, 38,433; Samuel Snyder, 395. For Sheriff, John Milroy, of Erie, received 296, and Jacob Carmack, of Erie, 295 votes. By law the two highest candidates were returned to the Gov- . ernor, who made a choice between them. Carmack received the appointment. William McArthur was re-elected to the Senate and Wilson Smith to the Assembly. John Hay, of Erie, was chosen County Commissioner. John B. C. Lucas having resigned from Congress November 7, Samuel Smith, of Mill Creek, Erie County, was chosen in his place. Copies of papers printed in Meadville from 1805 to 1820, and of the Erie Gazette in 1820 and afterward, show that the opposing parties were distin- guished as Democratic-Republican and Federal Republican. This continued to be the case until 1829, when the anti-Masonic excitement came up. Erie County was strongly Democratic-Republican, and all of the candidates elected up to 1830 were nominated by that party, except an occasional independent. The Democratic Republicans held a convention in the county every year from 1805 to 1830. The name Democratic — without the annex — is first found in the Erie Observer in 1831. 1806. Samuel Smith was re-elected to Congress by a majority of 715. Wilson Smith was elected Assemblyman, and John McCreary, of Mill Creek, County Commissioner. The vote for Coroner was — John Milroy, 187; George Hurst, of North East, 142 -.Martin Strong. 142. No. 1. No. 1. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 8. No. 9. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 343 1807. Wilson Smith was re-elected to the Assembly, April 11, 1807, the following election districts were constituted, and their voting places designated : Erie and Mill Creek, at the court house. "Coniaute" and McKean, at house of James McGuines. Fairview, at house of William Sturgeon. Springfield, at house of William Portei'. "Conniat" and Elk Creek, at town of Lexington. "LeBoeuflf" and Waterford, at house of Jonas Clark. Beaver Dam and Harbor Creek, at house of Thomas Morton. North East, at house of Andrew Lowry. Greenfield and Venango, at house of Philo Parker. No. 10. Brokenstraw and Union, at house of John Taylor. In 1808, Venango was made District No. 11. The election place was fixed at the house of John Yost. For Coroner, John Gray, of Erie, received 230 votes, and George Lowry, of North East, 220. John Boyd, of Waterford, was elected County Commissioner. 1808. Erie County cast 200 votes for the Madison electors, and 86 against them. The State gave her vote for James Madison for President and George Clinton for Vice President, who were elected. The vote for Governor was 345 for Simon Snyder, Democrat, and 244 for James Ross, Federal. That of the State was as follows: Simon Snyder, Dem- ocrat, 67,975; James Ross, Federal, 39,575; John Spayd, Independent Demo- crat, 4,006. Samuel Smith was re-elected to Congress. John Phillips, of Erie County, and James Harrington, of Mercer, were elected to the Assembly. The vote on other ofiicers was as follows : Sheriff — Jacob Spang, of Erie, 318; Robert Irvin, of Erie, 287; John Salsbury, of Conneaut, 307. Coroner — Thomas Rees, of Harbor Creek, 274; Thomas Wilson, of Erie, 41. Francis Brawley, of North East, was elected County Commissioner. The Democratic-Republicans had a meeting at Cochran's mill this year, at which every prominent member of the party was present. Gen. John Phillips presided and Judge Cochran was the moving spirit. The following was among the toasts on the occasion: "Though Erie lies far in the wood, Yet it contains some Democrats good." 1809. Wilson Smith was elected to the State Senate. John Phillips, of Erie County, and James Hai-rington, of Mercer County, were chosen to the Assembly. For Coroner, John C. Wallace, received 245, and John Salsbury 226 votes. Thomas Forster, of Erie, was elected County Commissioner. 1810. John Phillips, of Erie County, and Roger Alden, of Crawford County, were elected to the Assembly. Abner Lacock, of Beaver County, was elected to Congress. 344 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. For Sheriff, James E. Herron, of Erie, received 278, and James Weston, of LeBceuf, 278 votes. Weston obtained the appointment from the Governor. John Salsbury, of Conneaut, was elected County Commissioner. 1811. The county gave Simon Snyder, Democratic candidate for Governor, 343 votes, he having no regular opposition. The vote of the State was as follows: Simon Snyder, Democrat, 52,319; William Tilghman, Independent, 3,609. Phillips and Alden were re-elected to the Assembly. Thomas Wilson, of Erie, was elected County Commissioner. 1812. The vote of Erie County was 152 for the Madison, and 129 for the oppo- sition electors. The State cast its electoral vote for James Madison for Presi- dent, and Elbridge Gerry for Vice President, who were elected. John Phillips, Erie County, and Patrick Farrelly, Crawford County, wei-e el ected to the Assembly. Abner Lacock, Beaver County, was re-elected to Congress. For Coroner, John Milroy received 107, and Abiather Crane 72 votes. Henry Taylor, North East, was elected County Commissioner. 1813. The Legislature having chosen Abner Lacock United States Senator, he re- signed, and Thomas Wilson, of Erie, was elected to Congress in his stead. Joseph Shannon, of Beaver County, was elected to the Senate, and James Weston, of Erie County, and James Burchlield, of Crawford County, to the Assembly. For Sheriff, David Wallace, of Erie, received 187, and John Tracy, of Waterford, 127 votes. Thomas Forsterwas re-elected County Commissioner; John Grubb, of Mill Creek, was elected to the same office to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Thomas Wilson. 1814. The vote of the county was 308 for Simon Snyder, Democrat; 55 for Isaac Wayne, Federal, and 77 for George Lattimore, Independent Democrat. The State voted as follows: Simon Snyder, 51,099; Isaac Wayne, 29,566; George Lattimore, 910. Thomas Wilson was re-elected to Congress, and Weston and Burchtield to the Assembly. Henry Taylor, of North East, was re-elected County Commissioner. 1815. Jacob Harrington, of Mercer, James Weston, of LeBceuf, and Ealph Mar- lin, of Meadville, were elected to the Assembly. The district had been changed to Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Warren and Venango, electing three members. John Morris, of Erie, received 182, and James Boyd, of Waterford, 180 votes for Coroner. Robert McClelland, of Mill Creek, was elected County Commissioner. 1816. James Moni'oe was elected President, and Elbridge Gerry, Vice President. The county gave the Monroe ticket 130, and the opposition 84 votes In the State, Monroe had 25,609 votes, and the opposition ticket 17,537. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 345 Henry Hurst, of Crawford County, formerly of North East, was elected State Senator in place of Joseph Shannon, resigned. Robert Moore, of Beaver, was elected to Congress; James Hai'rington, Ralph Marlin and Samuel Hays, of Venango County, to the Assembly, and Thomas Forster, of Erie, County Commissioner. The vote for Sheriff was as follows: Stephen Wolverton, of Erie, 290; James Hall, of Springfield, 242. 1817. The candidates for Governor were William Findley, Democrat, and Joseph Hiester, Federal. Erie County gave Findley 385 votes, and Hiester 261. The vote of the State was: William Findley, 66,331; Joseph Hiester, 59,292. Henry Hurst was re-elected to the Senate, the district comprising Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Venango and Warren Counties. Samuel Hays, of Venango County, Thomas Wilson, of Erie County, and Ralph Marlin, of Crawford County, were elected to the Assembly, and Robert Brown, of Erie, was elected County Commissioner. 1818. Robert Moore, of Beaver County, was re-elected to Congress over Thomas Wilson, of Erie. Jacob Harrington, Mercer, James Cochran, Crawford, and Joseph Hack- ney, Venango, were elected Assemblymen, and George Moore, of Erie, County Commissioner. For Coroner, the vote stood: Samuel Hays, Erie, 262. Thomas Laird, Erie. 255. 1819. Wilson Smith, of Erie County, James Cochran, of Crawford, and William Connelly, of Venango, were elected to the Assembly. The vote for county officers was as follows: Sheriff— Thomas Laird, Erie, 349; David Wallace, Erie, 330; Amos P. Woodford, Waterford, 157. Commissioner — Stephen VTolverton, Erie, 427; James Hall, Springfield, 255; Abiather Crane, Mill Creek, 49; Jonah Cowgill, Erie, 3. 1820. The Presidential election was held in the fall of this year, James Monroe being unanimously supported for re-election. Patrick Farrelly was the elector for this district. For Governor, the Democrats supported William Findley, of Franklin, and the Federalists Gen. Joseph Hiester, of Berks. Hiester was elected. The following was the vote of the county: Findley. Hiester. Brie and Mill Creek 95 130 McKean 20 21 Fairview 41 37 Springfield 62 16 Conneaut and Elk Creek 32 37 Waterford, LeBceuf and Beaver Dam 60 65 Harbor Creek 44 22 North East 78 42 Greenfield 1*^ 8 Union nnd Brokenstraw 15 16 Venango 32 4 Conneauttee 27 20 Total 519 415 346 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The candidates for Congress were Robert Moore, Beaver; Patrick Farrelly, Crawford, and Beavan Pearson, Mercer, all Democrats. Patrick Farrelly re- ceived a majority of 407 votes in the county, and was elected by a plurality of 1,104 in the district. The candidates for Assembly were Wilson Smith, Erie Count}*; George Moore, Erie; Jacob Heri'ington, Mercer; William Connelly, Venango; James Cochran, Crawford; William Moore, Venango, and Walter Oliver, Mercer. All of the above candidates claimed to be Democrats. Messrs. Smith, Connelly and Harrington were elected. George Nicholson, Fairview, was chosen Commissioner by 75 majority over Henry Colt, of Waterford. Thomas H. Sill, Erie; Thomas Dunn, McKean; E. D. Gunnison, Erie; Abi- ather Crane, Mill Creek, and Clark Putnam, North East, were candidates for Auditor. Sill and Dunn were elected. Alexander McNair, formerly of Mill Creek, was this year elected first Gov ernor of Missouri. 1821. The following were the candidates: State Senate — Samuel Lord, Meadville; Gen. Henry Hurst, Meadville; Jacob Harrington, Mercer. Harrington was elected. Assembly — George Moore, Erie; Wilson Smith, Waterford; Rev. Robert C. Hatton, Erie; Thomas King, Waterford; James Cochran, Robert L. Potter, Crawford; A.rthur Chenowith. John Leech, C. S. Sample, W^alter Oliver, Mercer; Andrew Bowman, Robert Mitchell, William Moore, Venango, and David Brown, Warren. Brown. Cochran and George Moore were elected. Thomas Forster, Erie, was elected Commissioner by 23 majority over Henry Colt. Thomas Rees, Harbor Creek, was elected Auditor by 211 majority over P. S. V. Hamot. Benjamin Russell, Mill Creek, was chosen Coroner. 1822. The candidates for Congress were Patrick Farrelly, Crawford, and Samuel Williamson. Mercer, both Democrats. Farrelly received 992 votes and Will- iamson 136 in the county. Farrelly was elected by a majority of about 2,000 in the district. The Assembly District was changed this year, Erie and Warren being placed together, and allowed one member. George Moore, Erie Borough, and James Weston, LeBoeuf, were the candidates for that office, the latter being elected by a majority of only 17 votes. Stephen Wolverton, Erie, David Wallace, Mill Creek, and Simeon Dunn, Erie, were candidates for Sheriff. Wolverton's majority was 306 over both of his competitors. Henry Colt, Waterford; Alexander McClosky, North East, and Thomas Rees, Harbor Creek, were candidates for Commissioner. Colt was elected by a majority of 62 votes over both the others. Thomas Dunn, McKean, was chosen Auditor over Conrad Brown, Mill Creek, and James Love, of the same township. 1823. This being the year to select a Governor, each party had candidates in the Held. The Democrats supported John Andrew Shulze, Lebanon; the Feder- alists, Andrew Gregg, Centre. The vote of the county was: Shulze, 754; Gregg, 604 — Democratic majority, 150. The vote of the State was: John Andrew Schulze, Democrat, 89,928; Andrew Gregg, Federal, 64,211. For Assembly, George Moore, Erie, and Thomas H. Sill, Erie, were the candidates. Sill was beaten 199 votes in Erie County, but received so strong a support in Warren as to overbalance these figures and elect him by a majority of 149 in the district. Alexander McClosky was chosen Commissioner over John Coch- HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 349 ran, Mill Creek, and E. D. Gunnison, Erie. Daniel Sayre, Fairview, was elected Auditor over Hamlin Russell and Abiather Crane, both of Mill Creek, Owing to a misunderstanding, no election was held in Union and Concord, which is claimed to have operated to the disadvantage of Messrs. Gregg and Sill. 1824. A convention met March 4, of this year, at Harrisburg, and nominated Andrew Jackson for President, and John C. Calhoun for Vice President. Henry Clay, who at that time acted with the Democratic party, received 10 votes for the latter position. Another convention was held in HaxTisburg, August 9, which nominated William H. Crawford, of Georgia, for President, and Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania, for Vice President Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams were also candidates before the people for President, but we have no record giving the manner of their nomination. The candidates for elector were as follows: For Jackson, John Boyd, Waterford; for Adams, Jesse Moore, Meadville; for Crawford, James Montgomery; for Clay, Charles H. Israel. The vote of the county was: For Jackson, 302; Adams, 55; Crawford, 10; Clay, 3 — not half the ballots being cast. The vote in the State was: Jackson, 35,894; Adams, 3,405; Crawford, 4,386; Clay, 1,701; Jackson's majority over all, 24,601. None of the candidates received a majority of the electoral votes in the Union, and the election was thrown into the House, where Adams was chosen President. For Congress, Patrick Farrelly and Samuel Williamson were again oppos- ing candidates, the former receiving in Erie County 1,030 votes to 68 for the latter. Farrelly's majority in the district was 3,138, in a total vote of 5,100. The district consisted of Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Venango and Warren. John Phillips, of Venango Township, was elected to the Assembly over George Moore. John Morris, Erie, was chosen Commissioner over John Sals- bury, Conneaut, and E. D. Gunnison, Erie. Rufus Seth Reed, Erie, defeated John Dickson, Erie, for Coroner. Thomas Rees, Harbor Creek, was elected Auditor over Amos Wilmot, Waterford. 1825. For State Senate, Wilson Smith, Waterford; George Moore, Erie; Thomas Atkinson, Crawford; James Herriott, Mercer; and John JLeech, Mercer, were opposing candidates. Moore had one majority over all in this county, but Leech received a majority in the district. Stephen Wolverton was chosen to the Assembly over John JPhillips and Abiather Crane, Erie County, and Archi- bald Tanner and J. W. Irvine, Warren. The candidates for Sheriff were: Henry Colt, Waterford; Thomas Forster, Erie; Thomas Laird, Erie; A. W. Brewster, Erie; Albert Thayer, Mill Creek, and David McCreary, Mill Creek. Mr. Thayer was elected. The candidates for Commissioner were: John Sals- bury, Conneaut; William Benson, Waterford; John Gray, Erie; Thomas Dunn, Mckean, and Giles Hulbert, AVaterford. Mr. Salsbury was elected. The can- didates for Auditor were Amos Wilmot, Waterford; Hamlin Russell, Mill Creek; John J. Swan, Erie, and Col. James McKay, Waterford, the latter being successful. William E. McNair, Mill Creek, was chosen Auditor for one year, over William Hurley, Erie, in place of Daniel Sayre, who moved out of the county. In this year, a proposition to form a new State Constitution was brought 19 350 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. before the people and voted down, the majority against it in Erie County being 1,062. 1826. Patrick Farrelly, Congressman from this district, died at Pittsburgh, on his way to Washington. February 12, 1826, and a special election was held March 14 following for his successor. The candidates were Thomas H. Sill, Erie; Samuel Hays, Venango; Jacob Herrington, Mercer; and Stephen Barlow, Crawford. Sill was elected. At the regular October election, Sill, Barlow and John Findley, Mei'cer, were candidates for Congress. Barlow was elected. At the October election of this year, Gov. Shulze had no opposition in Erie County. The vote of the State was: John Andrew Shulze, Democrat, 64,211; John Sergeant, Philadelphia, Federal, 1,474. The candidates for Assembly were Stephen Wolverton, Ales. McCIoskey, George Moore and George Stuntz, Erie County; and John Andrews, Warren. Wolverton was re-elected. William Benson, Waterford; Thomas Forster, Erie, and James M. Moorehead, Harbor Creek, were candidates for Commis- sioner. Benson was elected. Martin Strong, McKean, was chosen Auditor over David H. Chapman, Fairview. 1827. Stephen Wolverton was re-elected to the Assembly over Alex. McCIoskey, North East, his only opponent. The candidates for Coroner were William Flemming, Erie; Samuel Brown, Erie; Jesse Tarbell, Mill Creek; Benjamin Russell, Mill Creek; and James Graham, Beaver Dam. Flemming was elected. James M. Moorhead was chosen Commissioner over Thomas Forster. David H. Chapman, Fairview; Thomas Dunn, McKean; Robert Cochran, Mill Creek, and Charles Lay, Erie, were candidates for AMitor. Chapman was elected. 1828. The Jackson State Convention was held in Harrisburg January 8. An- drew Jackson was nominated for President, and John C. Calhoun for Vice President. James Duncan, Mercer County, was the electoral candidate for this Congressional District. The Adams Convention met about the 4th of March, and nominated John Quincy Adams for President, and Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, for Vice Pres- ident. John Leech, Mercer County, was the electoral candidate for this Con- gressional district. The State election was held October 14. The candidates in this district and county were as follows: Congress — Thomas H. Sill, Erie County; and Stephen Barlow, Crawford. The vote in the county was 1,406 for Sill and 366 for Barlow. Sill received a majority of about 600 in the district. Assembly — George Moore, Stephen Wolverton and Wilson Smith, all of Erie County; Moore was elected. Sheriff — Alex. W. Brewster, Erie; Thomas Mellen, North East; Daniel Saw- tell. Springfield; Smith Jackson, Erie; Richard Arbuckle and John G. Cald- well, Mill Creek. Brewster was elected. Commissioner (three years) — Albert Thayer, Erie; George Nicholson, Fairview. Thayer was elected by a nearly unanimous vote. Commissioner (one year) — in place of William Benson, Waterford, resigned — Myron Hutchinson, Springfield; James Pollock, LeBoeuf; and John Boyd, Waterford. Hutchinson was elected. Robert Cochran, Mill Creek, was elected Auditor over Thomas Dunn, McKean, and Jamey Benson, Waterford. No political issue seems to have been made in this election. The Presidential election was held on Friday, October 31, and resulted as follows: HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 361 Adams. Jackson. Erie and Mill Creek 133 188 McKeau 52 27 Fairview 95 56 Springfield 118 31 Conneaiit 76 19 Waterford and LeBoeuf 115 120 Harbor Creek 56 54 North East 85 116 Greenfield 24 13 Union 25 9 Venango 23 46 Conneauttoe (now Washington). 58 27 Elk Creek 27 28 Beaver Dam (now Greene) 8 20 Concord 16 10 Amity 22 7 Wayne 12 2 Total 945 7T3 The vote of the State was: Jackson, 101,652; Adams, 50,848; Jackson's majority, 50,804. Jackson and Calhoun had a large majority of the electoral votes of the Union. 1829. The Anti-Masonic excitement had by this year risen into a political issue, and a separate party organization was formed, embracing a large portion of the supporters of Mr. Adams. The Democratic State Convention met at Har- risburg on the 4th of March and nominated George Wolf, Northampton County, for Governor. The Anti-Masonic State Convention met at the same place on the same day, and nominated Joseph Ritner, Washington County. The vote of Erie County was: Ritner. 1,545; Wolf, 497. . The vote of the State was: George Wolf, Democrat, 77,988; Joseph Ritner, Anti Mason, 51,724; Wolf's majority, 26,264. The Anti-Masonic issue does not appear to have entered into the election of district and county officers, and the candidates ran upon their merits, as heretofore, most of them having boen previously identified with the Demo- cratic organization. For State Senate, Thomas S. Cunningham, Mercer County, defeated Wilson Smith, Erie County, by over 2,700 majority in the district. George Moore was elected to the Assembly over Stephen Wolverton. Joseph M. Sterrett, Erie, Myron Hutchinson, Springfield, and William Gray, . Wayne, were candidates for Commissioner. Sterrett was elected by a major- ity of 26 over Hutchinson, the next highest candidate. Eli Webster, McKeau, was elected Auditor over Thomas E. Reed, Venango, by a nearly unanimous vote. 1830. This was the first year in which Anti-Masonry entered directly into the choice of district and county officers. The Anti -Masonic candidate for Con- gress was John Banks, of Mercer County. The Democratic candidate was Thomas S. Cunningham, Mercer County. Banks had a majority of 316 in Erie County, and 1,135 in the district. The candidates for county officers were as follows: Anti-Masonic — Assembly, John Riddle, Erie; Commissioner, James Pol- lock, LeBoeuf; Coroner, David Wallace, Erie; Auditor, John J. Swan, Fair- view Democratic -Republican — Assembly, P. S. V. Hamot, Erie; Commissioner, John Saulsbury, Fairview; Coroner, Charles Lay, Erie; Auditor, Thomas Laird, of Erie. 352 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The Anti-Masonic ticket was successful by an average majority of 250. 1831. The candidates were as follows: Anti-Masonic — Assembly, John Riddle; Sheriff, William Fleming, Erie; Commissioner. Thomas K. Miller, Springfield; Auditor, James Smedley, North East. *Democratic — Assembly, George Moore, Erie; Shei-iff, Albert Thayer, Erie; Commissioner, Thomas Mellen, North East; Auditor, John G. Caldwell, Mill Creek. Independent Candidates — Assembly, William Dickson, North East; Sher- iff, David Zimmerman and James McConkey. Erie. The Anti-Masonic candidates were successful by average majorities of about 400. None of the independent candidates had much of a support. 1832. The candidates for Governor were George Wolf, Democrat, ' and Joseph Ritner,. Anti-Masonic. The Democrats of Pennsylvania supported Andrew Jackson for President, and William Wilkins, this State, for Vice President. Martin Van Buren, New York, was also a Democratic candidate for Vice President, ani^ was elected, though Pennsylvania cast her vote for Wilkins. Henry Clay ran as an Anti- Jackson Democratic candidate for President, with John Seargeant, Pennsylvania, for Vice President. The Anti-Masons supported William Wirt, Maryland, for President, and Amos Ellmaker. Pennsylvania, for Vice President. Wilson Smith was the Jackson candidate for Elector in this district; David Dick, Crawford, the Clay candidate; and Robert Falconer, Warren, the Anti-Masonic. The Jackson and Clay men went by the designation of Democratic Republic- ans; the supporters of Wirt by that of Republican Anti-Masons. The vote of the county was as follows: Wirt. .Tackson. Erie aud Mill Creek 284 163 McKean 94 16 Fail-view 89 12 Springfield 82 69 Conneaut 118 74 Waterford 92 65 Harbor Creek 80 76 North East 110 42 Greenfield 37 52 Union 138 1 Venango 72 42 Conneauttee 36 26 Concord 16 33 Beaver Dam 64 31 Elk Creek 33 32 Amity 30 39 Wayne 23 17 LeBoeuf 37 61 Girard 109 88 Total 1,494 1,049 Only three ballots were cast for Clay, all in North East Township. The vote for Governor was larger than that for President, Ritner receiving 1,792, and Wolf 1.170. In the State the result was as follows: George Wolf, Democrat, 91,235; Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason, 88,186; Wolf's majority, 3,049. *1831. — This year the uame Democratic-Republican was dropped in Erie County, and the supporters of Jackson called themselves Democrats. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 353 The vote of the State for President was: Jackson, 90,983; "Wirt, 66,716; ma- jority for Jackson, 24,267. Mr. Clay's vote was too light to be considered worthy of record by the papers of the day. The candidates for district and county offices were as follows: Anti -Masonic— Congress. Thomas H. Sill, of Erie; Assembly, John H. Walker, Erie; Commissioner, John McCord, North East; Auditor, Samuel Low, Venango Township. Democratic — Congress, John Galbraith, Veuango County; Assembly, Rufus Seth Reed, Erie; Commissioner, Thomas Mellen, North East; Auditor, John Phillips, Venango. All of the Anti-Masonic candidates were elected except Sill. John Gal- braith was defeated by 833 votes in Erie County, but received a majority of 778 in the district. 1833. Anti-Masonic Candidates — State Senate, Charles M. Reed, Erie County; Assembly, John H. Walker, Erie; Commissioner, James Love, Mill Creek; Coroner, David McNair, of Mill Creek; Auditor, Mark Baldwin, Greenfield. Democratic Candidates— State Senate, Thomas S. Cunningham, Mercer County; Assembly, Dr. Tabor Beebe, Erie; Commissioner, John Gingrich, Mill Creek; Coroner, Wareham Taggart, Springfield; Auditor, John Sauls- bury, Conneaut. All of the Anti-Masonic candidates were elected except Reed, who received a majority in the county, but was defeated in the district. 1834. Anti-Masonic Candidates — Congress, Thomas H. Sill, Erie County: As- sembly, John H. Walker, Erie; Sheriff, Thomas Mehaflfey, Erie; Commis- sioner, Stephen Skinner, McKean; Auditor, Russell Stancliff, Washington. Democratic — Congress, John Galbraith, Venango Covinty; Assembly, James M. Moorhead, Harbor Creek; Sheriff, Albert Thayer, Erie; Commis- sioner, Daniel Gillespie, Erie; Auditor, John R. Rouse, Venango. Independent Candidate for Sheriff- Chaiincey Rogers, Girard. The Anti-Masonic candidates were elected with the exception of Sill, who received 353 majority in the county, but was defeated by 1,622 in the district. 1835. The Democratic party of Pennsylvania was divided this year over a can- didate for Governor, one portion supporting George Wolf, and another Henry A. Muhlenbui'g. Berks. The Anti -Masons again chose Joseph Ritner as a candidate, showing a pertinacity in their devotion to him which has few par- allels in political annals. The vote of Erie County was: For Ritner, 1,743; Wolf, 164; Muhlenburg, 1,281. In the State the vote was as follows: Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason, 94,023; George Wolf, Democrat, 65,804; Henrv A. Muhlenburg, Democrat, 40,586. Anti-Masonic County Ticket — Assembly, John H. Walker, Erie; Commis- sioner, James Miles, Girard; Auditor, William Benson, Waterford. Democratic County Ticket — Assembly, P. S. V. Hamot, Erie; Commission- er, John Gingrich. Mill Creek; Auditor, David Webber, Concord. All of the Anti-Masonic candidates were elected by an average majority of 400. 354 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY, A proposition to bold a convention for revising the State Constitution was carried by 10,404 majority. Erie County cast 3,023 votes for the convention and 21 against it. The following bit of political historv appeared in the Erie Dispatch in 1882 : "When the Democratic party was rent in twain in 1835, by one of the most serious of discordant elements, two State Conventions were held. One pre- sided over by the late Chief Justice Thompson nominated George Wolf for Governor for a third term. The anti-Wolf delegates, being a minority of the convention, protested against the nomination and at once met and, under the presidency of the same gentleman, nominated Henry A. Muhlenberg. The Democratic party with their two candidaLes in the field battled bravely, not so much with hopes of success as to test the relative strength of the hostile fac- tions. Gov. Wolf's vote was 65,804. Mr. Muhlenberg's 40,586. The result proved disastrous to the Democratic party and resulted in the election of Joseph Kitner by a plurality vote of 8,196. At once commenced plans of reconstruction and conciliation, though the elements of discord were deep- seated and the contest was of the most embittered character. Both wings of the party had to be recognized as Democratic, and no ostracism by the national administration against either wing of the party was to be tolerated. Van Buren, as President, was appealed to by leading men of both parties. He at once determined to xise the best means in his power to suppress antagonism, and if possible unite the party. He appointed Muhlenberg as Minister to Vienna and Wolf Collector of the Port of Philadelphia. This recognition went far to restore confidence, allay bad feeling and unite the party. The union was so far perfected that at the time of the next Gubernatorial election in 1838, the Democratic party was united and elected by a large majority David R. Porter over Joseph Eitner, and ever after has continued a united party. ' ' 1836. The Democratic candidate for Congress was Arnold Plumer, Venango County; the Anti-Masonic was David Dick, Crawford County. The vote of the county was: For Dick, 1,773; for Plumer, 1,214. In the district, Dick had 3,628, Plumer, 4,323, the latter being elected. The county tickets, with the vote for each candidate, were as follows : The apportionment bill of 1835 gave Erie County two Assemblymen. Anti-Masonic — Assembly, Thomas R. Miller, Springfield, 1,948; Elijah Babbitt, Erie, 1,716; Commissioner. Samuel Low, Harbor Creek, 1,719; Cor- oner, Samuel W. Keefer, Erie, 1,696; Auditor, William H. Crawford, North East, 1,689— all being elected. Democratic — Assembly, James C. Marshall. Girard, 1,281; Frederick W. Miller, Waterford, 1,032; Commissioner, William Doty, Springfield, 1,244; Coroner, Anthony Saltsman, Mill Creek, 1,158; Auditor, James Wilson. Greenfield, 1,176. The Presidential election was held October 31. The Anti-Masonic candi- dates were: For President, Gen. William H. Harrison, Ohio; for Vice Presi- dent, Francis Granger, New York. The elector for this district was James Cochran, Crawford County. The Democratic candidates were: For President, Martin Van Buren, New York; for Vice President, Richard M. Johnson, Ken- tucky. The (4ector was John P. Davis, Crawford County. Below is the vote: HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 355 HairisoD. Van BureD. Erie 217 113 McKean 147 20 Fairview 125 18 Spriuglield 182 67 Conneaut 86 91 Waterford 122 92 Harbor Creek 154 75 North East 137 197 Greenfield 48 • 37 Union 59 25 Venango 86 44 Washington 133 58 Beaver Dam 81 37 Elk Creek 79 82 Concord 15 47 Amity 26 43 Wayne 42 22 LeBoeuf 35 55 Girard 155 94 Mill Creek 205 95 Total 2,134 1,312 The vote of the State was as follows: Van Buren, 91,475; Harrison, 87,111; Van Buren's majority, 4,364. Van Buren and Johnson were elected by a large majority of the electoral votes of the Union. An election for delegates to the convention for framing a new Constitu- tion was held on the same day. The candidates, with their votes, were as follows : Senatorial delegate — Anti-Masonic, Daniel Sager, Crawford County, 2,064 in Erie County, and 3,249 in the district. Democratic, Henry Colt, Water- ford, 1,330 in Erie County, 3,016 in the district — Sager being elected. Representative delegates — Anti -Masonic, Thomas H. Sill, Erie, 2,079; James Pollock, Le Boeuf, 2,063. Democratic,. Wilson Smith, Waterford, 1,314; Henry L. Harvey, Erie, 1,315 — Sill and Pollard being elected. 1837. The candidates for State Senator (Erie and Crawford constituting the dis- trict) were: Anti-Masonic, Joseph M. Sterrett, Erie; Democratic, Edward A. Reynolds, Crawford. The vote for Sterrett in Erie County was 1,840; for Reynolds, 1,065. Sterrett was elected by about 400 majority in the district, Crawford being at that time Democratic. The county tickets, with the vote, were as follows: Anti Masonic — Assembly, Charles M. Reed, Erie, 2,087; David Sawdy, Conneaut. 1,773; Sheriff, Andrew Scott, Erie, 1,715; Commissioner, Thomas Sterrett, McKean, 1,757; Auditor, Thomas Nicholson, Mill Creek, 1,876 Democratic--Assembly, Martin Strong, Sr., Beaver Dam, 962; David H. Chapman, Fairview, 630; Sheriff, Albert Thayer, Mill Creek, 1,204; Com- missioner, Eli Webster, Beaver Dam, 944. 1838. The Anti-Masons again nominated Joseph Ritner for Governor; the Demo- crats placed in nomination David R. Porter, of Huntingdon County. The vote of the county was: For Ritner, 2,747; for Porter, 1,565 — Ritner's major- ity, 1,182. In the State the result was as follows: David R. Porter, Demo- crat, 127,821; Joseph Ritner, Anti -Mason, 122,325— majority for Porter, 5,496. 356 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The organization of the Legislature, in December following this election, caused those troubles which have been named in derision the " Buckshot war." Their historj' may be briefly given as follows: When the Return Judges of Philadelphia County met in convention, a motion was made to throw out the votes of the Northern Liberties, on account of alleged frauds. By accepting the votes, the Anti-Masooic candidates for Congress, State Senator and Assem- bly were elected; their rejection gave the seats to the Democratic candidates. The Democrats had a majority of the Judges, and the returns were not ac- cepted. The Anti-Masonic Judges bolted and made out other returns, includ- ing the vote of the Northern Liberties, which were sent to Thomas H. Bur- rowes, Anti-Masonic Secretary of State, at Harrisburg. When the Legislature assembled, each set"of candidates appeared for admission, and in the House the two parties were so nearly balanced that the acceptance or rejection of the Philadelphians involved the control of the body. Meantime, much excitement prevailed throvighout the State, and serious disturbances were threatened. On the day of meeting, Harrisburg was full of angry men, but if we can rely on the Anti-Masonic papers of the time, the Democrats were largely in the ascend- ent. The vote for Speaker was taken, when the Democrats supported William Hopkins, and the Anti-Masons Thomas S. Cunningham, each party having separate tellers. Both claimed to be elected, and for some time occupied seats on the platform, side by side. Of course, under such circumstances, no busi- ness could be transacted, and affairs were brought to a dead- lock. The Senate, which contained a majority of Anti-Masons, recognized the Cunningham House. Excitement increased throughout the State, and the Democrats, resolved not to be defeated in their programme, threatened to maintain Mr. Hopkins' right to the Speakership by force. The Governor, in his fright, called out the militia of the adjoining counties, but when they reached Harrisburg it was found that the Democrats were in the majority among the troops, so that the Anti-Masons could not depend upon their support. He then wrote to President Van Buren for aid, who plumply refused.* After an agitation of several weeks, four Anti-Masonic Senators receded from their original position, voted to recognize the Hopkins House, and terminated all trouble in the Legislature. The Anti- Masons throughout the State were fierce in their denunciations of the recreant Senators, but soon subsided into acquiescence, and thus ended one of the mcjst memorable, as it was also one of the most disgraceful, incidents in Pennsylvania history. Amid all the excitement, no blood was spilled. From this date, the Anti -Masonry party of Pennsylvania rapidly declined, and in a few years sunk out of existence. The Anti- Masons again nominated David Dick for Congress. John Gal- braith, of Venango, was the Democratic candidate. In the county, Dick re- ceived 2,614 votes, and Galbraith, 1,610. Dick's vote in the district was 5,918; Galbraith's, 6,198, the latter's majority being 280. The district com- prised Erie, Crawford, Venango and Warren Counties, the three latter giving Democratic majorities. The county tickets, with the vote for each candidate, were as follows. Anti-Masonic — Assembly, Samuel Hutching, Water ford, 2,581; William M. Watts, Erie, 2,368; Commissioner, William E. McNair, Mill Creek, 2,591; Auditor, Alexander W. Brewster, Erie, 2,601. Democratic — Assembly, Ebenezer D. Gunnison, Erie, 1.646; Myron Hutch- inson, Girard, 1,580; Commissioner, J. P. Grant, Wayne, 1,522; Auditor, Samuel T. Axtell, Union, 1,524. *The United States Storekeeper at Frankfort turned over a liberal supply of ammunition to the State au- thorities, much of which consisted of buckshot cartridges. Hence the name of " Buckshot war." j/a/^ (yjj^^r^ 6/ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 359 A vote was taken on the adoption of the new Constitution, with the follow- ing result in th« State: For the Constitution, 113,981; against, 112,759. Erie County went against the instrument by a majority of 1,721. Previous to this, negroes had voted in the State. The new Constitution excluded them from suffrage. In the Convention, our delegates were divided, Mr. Sill voting for negi'o suffrage, and Mr. Pol lock against. The Anti -Masons had a slight majority in the body. The new Constitution provided for the election of Prothonotary and Regis- ter and Recorder, instead of their appointment by the Governor as before. The same instrument also changed the manner of selecting Justices of the Peace from appointment to election by the people. The choice of the latter officers was not made until the spring election in 1840, the old incumbents re- taining their position until the first Monday of May in that year. 1839. The county tickets, with the vote for each candidate, were as follows: Anti -Masonic — Assembly, Samuel Hutchins, Water ford, 1,927; William M. Watts, Erie, 3,713; Prothonotary, William Kelly, Erie, 1,791; Reg- ister and Recorder, Thomas Moorhead, Erie, 1,997; Commissioner for three years, Lyman Robinsor^, Wattsburg, 1,845; Commissioner for one year (to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of Thomas Sterrett), Samuel Low, Harbor Creek, 1,886; Coroner, John K. Caldwell, Mill Creek. 1,817; Auditor, Gideon J. Ball, Erie, 1,791. Democratic — Assembly, William Townsend, Springfield, 1,522; Prothono- tary, James C. Marshall, Girard, 1,155; Register and Recorder, E. D. Gunni- son, 1,396; Commissioner, three years, James Duncan, North East, 1,420; Commissioner, one year, Horace Powers, Washington, 1,374; Coroner, P. P. Glazier, Erie, 1,391; Auditor, Martin Strong. Beaver Dam, 1,403. Rev. J. H. Whallon, Erie, was nominated by the Democrats for Assembly, but declined. Dr. W^illiam Johns, Erie, who had previovsly sought the Anti- Masonic nomination for the office, announced himself as an independent can- didate, and was supported by a portion of the Democrats. He received 1,137 votes in the county. A proposition to build a county poor house was submitted to the people, and defeated by a majority of 154 votes. 1840. Before this year, each township took care of its own poor. A proposition to build a county poor house met with much opposition, but on being sub- mitted to a vote of the people at the spring elections, was carried by a vote of 1,599 in favor to 1,515 against. At this election, Justices of the Peace were chosen by popular vote for the first time, their selection having been previous- ly vested in the Governor. The Anti-Masonic party had by this time given up the ghost, and the Whig party was organized upon its remains. The Whig candidate for Con- gress was William A. Irvine, of Warren County; the Democratic, Arnold Plumer, of Venango, the latter being elected. The following is the vote in the district: Irvine. Plumer. Erie 3,301 2,005 Crawford 2,175 2,640 Venango 679 1,007 Warren 835 925 Clarion 610 1,329 Total 7,600 7,906 360 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The county tickets, with the vote for each candidate, were as follows: Whig — Assembly, Stephen Skinner, McKean, 3,289; James D. Dunlap, Erie, 3,281; Sheriff, E. W. M. Blaine, North East, 3,296; Commissioner, Eussell Stancliff, Washington, 3,284; Auditor, James Miles, Girard Town- ship, 3,247. Democratic — Assembly, William Townsend, Springfield, 2,033; Anthony Saltsman, Mill Creek, 2,030; Sheriff, Benjamin F. Norris, Greene, 2,012; Commissioner, James Duncan, North East, 2,004; Auditor, G. J. Stranahan, Concord, 2,002. At this election. Directors of the Poor were chosen for the first time, each tuwnship having before elected its own Overseers. The candidates on the Whig ticket were Thomas R. Miller, Springfield; James Benson, Waterford Township; and George W. Walker, Harbor Creek, all of whom were elected. The Democi-atic candidates were William W. Warner, Fairview; Sherburn Smith. Erie; and William Wyatt, Harbor Creek. At the general election following, the Whig candidates were: For Presi- dent, Gen. William H. Harrison, of Ohio; for Vice President, John Tyler, of Virginia. John Dick, of Crawford County, was the Whig elector for this dis- trict. The Democrats again supported Van Buron and Johnson. Stephen Barlow, of Crawford County, was the electoral candidate. The following is the vote of the county: Harrison. Van Bureu. Erie, West Ward 175 96 Erie, Eastward 203 83 McKean 208 71 Fairview 247 53 Springfield 285 87 Conneaut 197 125 Waterford Township 172 67 Harbor Creek 227 106 North East Township 158 174 Greenfield 91 55 Union 81 36" Venango and Wattsburg 122 69 Washington and Edinboro 244 71 Greene 112 66 Elk Creek 163 137 Concord 38 81 Amity 46 61 Wayne 85 51 LeBoeuf 71 93 Girard 301 229 Mill Creek 319 182 North East Borough 43 38 Waterford Borough 46 30 Total 3,636 2,061 In the State — Harrison, 144,021; Van Buren, 143,672. Harrison's ma- jority, 349. Harrison & Tyler were elected. The former served only one month, when he died in office, and was succeeded by John Tyler, who soon became unpopular with the party that elected him. The Whigs and Democrats both held conventions in Erie this year, on the 10th of September. The assemblage was the largest ever known in the Northwest up to that time.— [>See Notable Events,^ 1841. The Whig candidate for Governor was John Banks, of Berks County; the HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 361 Democrats again supported David K. Porter, of Huntingdon. The county gave Banks 2,956 votes, and Porter 1,855. In the State the vote was as follows: David R. Porter, Democrat, 136,504; John Banks, AVhig, 118,473. Ma- jority for the Democrats, 23,031. The Abolitionists held their tirst convention in Pennsylvania this year, and nominated Dr. Francis J. LeMoyne, of Washington County, for Governor, who received 736 votes in all. Of these, forty were cast in Erie County, as fol- lows: Elk Creek 2 East Ward of Erie .' o West Ward of Erie 4 ■ Fairview 1 Harbor Creek 12 LeBojuf 1 NorthEast Township 9 North East Borough 5 Venango 4 Wattsburg 6 Waterford Borough 1 The Democrats made no nomination for the State Senate and supported John W. Farrelly, of Crawford, who ran as an independent Whig candidate. John Dick, of Crawford, was the regular Whig candidate. The vote of the district was as follows: Dick. Farrellv. Erie 2,663 1,955' Crawford 1,887 2,774 Total ' 4,550 4,729 The county tickets, with the votes, were as follows: Whig— Assembly, James D. Dunlap, Erie, 2,683; Stephen C. Lee, Greene, 2,640; Commissioner, David Sawdy, Conneaut, 2,489; Treasurer, James Will- iams, Erie, 2,589; Auditor, Moses Barnett, Fairview, 2,571; Director of the Poor, Conrad Brown, of Mill Creek (no opposition). The Democrats made no nominations, but supported Independent candidates, as follows: • Assembly, Robert S. Hunter, Erie, 1,696; William Miner, Harbor Creek, 1,667; Commissioner, Ira Parker, Mill Creek, 1,465; Treasm-er, John Hughes, Erie, 1,366; Auditor, Joseph Y. Moorhead, Harbor Creek, 1,327. Mr. Williams was the first County Treasurer chosen by popular vote. 1842. The Whig county ticket, with the vote for each candidate, was as follows: Assembly, Stephen Skinner, McKean, 1,880; Lyman Robinson, Wattsburg, 1,864; Prothonotary, Wilson King. Erie, 1,928; Register, Thomas Moor- head, Jr., Erie, 2,430; Commissioner, Joseph Henderson, Mill Creek, 2,075; Coroner, Hezekiah Bates, Erie, 1,971; Auditor, Benjamin Gunnison. Greene, 2,027; Director of the Poor, John Evans, Sr., Mill Creek, 1,982. The Democrats made no regular nominations, but supported Independent candidates for the various offices. The Abolitionists had a regular ticket in the field for every office except Director of the Poor. Below is a list of all the candidates, with their votes. Assembly, Dr. William Johns, Erie (Independent Whig), 989; Sylvester W. Randall (Democrat), Erie, 1,358; Joseph Neely (Working Men's), Har- bor Creek, 117; David H. Chapman (Abolitionist), Fairview, 216; James M. Moorhead (Abolitionist), Harbor Creek, 238; Prothonotary, James C. Mar- shall (Democrat), Girard, 1,627; George Kellogg (Abolitionist), Erie, 179; 362 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Register, William Gray (Abolitionist), Wavne, 134; Commissioner, Matthew Greer (Democrat), North East, 781; William Himrod (Abolitionist), Erie, 166; Coroner, Alex Mehaifey (Abolitionist), Erie, 301; Auditor, William Vincent (Abolitionist), Waterford, 162; Director of the Poor, John Gingrich (Democrat), Mill Greet, 717. 1843. The first Canal Commissioners elected by popular vote were chosen this year. The Whig candidates were William Tweed, Benjamin Weaver and Simeon Gullifoi'd; the Democratic, James Clark, Jesse Miller and William B. Foster, Jr. The average Whig majority in the county was about 1,150. The Democrats carried the State by an average majority of 14,500. Hugh Mehaf- fey, Hugh D. King and James Moorhead ran as Independent Anti-Masons, and received about 270 votes in the State. The Whig candidate for Congress was Charles M. Reed, of Erie; the Democratic, Dr. Galbraith A. Irvine, of Warren. The vote of the district was as follows: Reed. Irvine. Erie 2,867 1, 560 Warren 630 860 McKean 259 343 Potter 135 405 Jefferson 449 536 Clarion 743 1,330 Total 5,073 5,033 The apportionment bill of 1842 made a Senatorial district of Erie County alone. Elijah Babbitt was the Whig candidate, and James C. Marshall the Democratic. The vote was for Babbitt 2,646, for Marshall, 1,554— Babbitt's majority, 1,092. Galen Forster, Abolition candidate, received 73 votes. The following was the vote for other candidates: Whig — Assembly, James D. Dunlap, Erie, 2,536; David A. Gould, Spring- field, 1,573; Sheriff!! William E. McNair, Mill Creek, 2,465; Commissioner, Robert Gray, Union, 2,648; Treasurer, Gideon J. Ball. Erie, 2,595; Auditor, William M. Arbuckle, Erie, 2,574; Director of the Poor, James Anderson, Waterford Township, 2,544. Democratic — Assembly, Martin Strong, Greene, 1,657; George H. Cutler, Elk Creek, 1,639; Sheriff, James Lytle, Erie, 1,729; Commissioner, G. J. Stranahan, Concord, 1,504; Treasurer, Stephen C. Walker, Erie, 1,481; Au- ditor, Eli Webster, Greene, 1,561; Director of the Poor, Joseph E. Lee, North East, 1,512. Abolition — Assembly, William Gray, Wayne, 79; James M. Moorhead, Harbor Creek, 87; Sheriff, Alex McClellan, Slill Creek, 86: Commissioner, John B. Flake, Erie, 73; Treasurer, Clinton George, Erie, 85; Auditor, Am- brose Shelly, Harbor Creek, 90; Director of the Poor, Samuel Brecht, Fair- view, 96. 1844. For Governor, the Democrats nominated Francis 11. Shunk, Allegheny County; the Whigs, Gen. Joseph Markle, Westmoreland; the Abolitionists, F. J. LeMoyne, Washington. Erie County gave Markle 3,501 votes, Shunk, 2,207, and LeMoyne, 69. The vote of the State was as follows: Shunk, 160,403; Markle, 156,120; LeMoyne, 2,675. Shunk" s majority over Markle, 4,283. The candidates for Canal Commmissioner were Simon Guilford, Whig; Joshua Hartshorn, Democrat; William Larimer, Jr., Abolition. The vote was about the same as that for Governor. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 363 Gen. Reed was re-nominated by the Whigs for Congress. James Thomp- son Erie, was the Democratic, and John Mann, Potter, the Abolition candidate, ihe vote ot the district was as follows: Erie 1%%^: '^'T/cf^""- Warren ^'ick. Cutler. Gould. ErieCounty 3,253 3,152 321 Crawford County 2.741 1.905 619 Total 5,994 4,057 940 The Senatorial district was also changed, and consisted of the same coun- ties as the Congressional. For the ten years preceding, it will be remembered, Erie was a Senatorial district by herself. The Whigs nominated James Skin- ner, of Erie, and the Abolitionists, Charles A. Hammond, of Crawford. The Democrats made no nomination, and supported David Derrickson, of Craw- ford, who ran as an Independent Whig candidate. Below is the vote: Skinner. Derrickson. Hammond. ErieCountv 3,271 2,073 271 Crawford County 2.056 3,687 523 Total 5,327 4,759 794 The Democrats had no nominees for county officers, and supported Inde- pendent Whig candidates. Below is a list of the candidates with their vote: Regular Whig— Assembly, Charles W. Kelso, Erie, 3,140; Humphrey A. Hills, Conneaut, 2,932; Sheriff, Thomas B. Vincent, Waterford, 3,054; Com- 372 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. missioner, Richard R. Robinson, Springfield, 3.137; Treasurer, James Cham- bers, Harbor Creek, 3,164; Auditor, Orin Reed, McKean, 3,079; Director of Poor, Joseph B. Moorhead, Harbor Creek, 3,117. Independent Whig — Assembly, James Hoskinson. Erie, 2,254; John McKee, Springfield, 2,393; Sheriff, James H. Campbell, Edinboro, 2,489; Joseph R. Ferguson, Erie. 63; Commissioner, Gilbert Hurd, Springfield. 1,806; Treas- urer, James IM. Reed, Mill Creek, 1,931; Auditor, D. W. Vorce, McKean, 2,002; Director of Poor, John Parmeter. McKean, 1,952. Abolition — Assembly, Job Stafford and Nathaniel Wilson; Commissioner, Samuel Kingsbury; Treasurer, Alex Mehaffey; Sheriff, J. A. French; Auditor, Aaron Kellogg; Director of Poor, Benjamin Grant, McKean. These candi- dates received an average of about 150 votes. The Whig candidate for President was Gen. Winfield Scott, of New Jer- sey; for Vice President, William A. Graham, of North Carolina. The elector for this district was Christian Myers, of Clarion. The Democratic candidate for President was Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire; for Vice President, William R. King, of Alabama. J. S. McCalmont, of Venango, was the can- didate for Elector. The Free-Soil party ran John P. Hale, of New Hampshire, for President, and G. W. Julian, of Indiana, for Vice President. Below is the vote of the county: Scott. Pierce. Hale. Amity 67 69 5 Concord 43 65 61 Conneaut 190 109 56 Edinboro 33 18 6 Elk Creek 131 145 55 Erie, East Ward 208 240 5 Erie, West AVard 262 206 9 Fairview 276 70 14 Fr:uiklin 50 26 84 Greenfield 84 35 32 Greene 135 141 — Harbor Creek 236 122 45' Girard Borougli 60 41 1 Girard Towusliip 306 166 41 McKean 223 91 28 Mill Creek 307 234 13 LeBu^uf 108 111 — Nortli East Borousch 57 43 4 North East Township 191 171 21 Springfield 267 79 41 Union 114 82 27 Venango 131 71 10 Wattsburg 25 27 3 Washington • 181 95 53 Waterford Borough 71 62 4 Watert'ord Township 204 102 — Wayne 55 96 53 Total 4,015 2,748 611 The State gave Scott 179,743 votes, Pierce 198,534, and Hale 8,860. Pierce and King were elected by a large majority of the electoral votes of the Union. Jacob Broom, the Native American candidate for President, received 11,048 votes in the State, but none in Erie County. 1853. The Democratic ticket for State officers was as follows: Supreme Judge, John C. Knox, Tioga; Canal Commissioner, Thomas H. Forsyth, Philadelphia; Auditor General, Ephraim Banks, Mifflin; Surveyor General, J. Porter Braw- HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 373 ley, of Crawford. The Whig candidates were: Supreme Judge, Thomas A. Budd, Philadelphia; Canal Commissioner, Moses Pownal, Lancaster; Auditor General, Alexander K. McClure, Franklin; Surveyor General, Christian Myers, Clarion. The Democrats were successful by average majorities of 35,000, ex- cept in the case of Mr. Brawley, who ran some 10,000 votes behind his ticket. In Erie County, the vote for Supreme Judge was 1,434 for the Democrats, and 2,017 for the Whigs, this being about the average for all the candidates ex- cept Brawley. The county tickets and their votes were as follows: Whig — Assembly, Gideon J. Ball, Erie, 2,073; H. A. Hills, Conneaut, 2,341; Commissioner, William Parker, Greentield, 1,978; Surveyor, William Benson, Waterford, 1,899; District Attorney, S. E. Woodruff, Girard, 1,831; Auditor, Eobert Gray, Union, 1,931; Director of Poor, John Hay, Girard, 1,901 — all being elected. Democratic — Assembly, Wilson Laird, Erie, 1,164; E. W. Gerrish, Edin- boro, 1,353; Commissioner, Myron Hutchinson, Girard, 1,281; District Attor- ney, Carson Graham, Erie, 1,560; Director of Poor, J. P. Grant, Wayne, 1,257. Free-Soil — Assembly, N. Wilson and N. Gould; Commissioner, J. J. Comp- ton; Surveyor, P. C. Compton; District Attorney, Andrew H. Caughey; Au- ditor, William Gray; Director of Poor, John B. Fluke. This ticket received an average vote of about 250. 1854. The Know-Nothing party had risen into sudden importance, and swallowed up a large portion of the Whig organization, together with some Democrats. The Whigs and Know-Nothings nominated James Pollock, of Northumber- land, for Governor. The Democrats le-nominated William Bigler for Gov- ernor, and Henry S. Mott, of Pike, -for Canal Commissioner. The Whig can- didate for the latter office was George Darsie, of Allegheny, the Know-Noth- ings making no nomination. The Democratic candidate for Supreme Judge was Jeremiah S. Black; the Whig, Daniel M. Smyser, of Montgomery ; the Know-Nothing, Thomas H. Baird, of Washington. Erie Countv gave Pollock 3,637 votes; Bigler, 2,526; Darsie, 1,885; Mott, 3,364; Black, 2,389; Smyser, 1,494; Baird, 1,694. The vote of the State was as follows: Pollock, 204,008; Bigler, 167,001; Darsie, 83.331; Mott, 274,074; Black, 167,010; Smvser, 83,571; Baird, 120,- 516. Mr. Darsie, the Whig candidate for Canal Commissioner, was of foreign birth, and the Know-Nothings threw their votes for Mr. Mott, who is supposed by some to have been a member of the order, but he always denied the charge. He received the largest majority ever given in the State. The original Native Americans had separate candidates in the field for Governor and Canal Com- missioner, but they received only a trifling support. A ballot was taken at this election to decide whether or not the Maine Liquor Law should be adopted in this State, and resulted in 158,342 votes for to 163,510 against. Erie County cast 2,767 for the law, and 1,501 against it. Gen. John Dick was re-elected to Congress without opposition. The memorable " railroad war " in our county was in full vigor this year, and weakened party obligations to a considerable extent. The following are the tickets with their votes: Whig— Assembly. G. J. Ball, Erie, 2,889; AVareham Warner, Venango, 2,766; Prothonotary, Alfred King, Erie, 3,391; Register, David McAllister, Erie, 2,525;, Treasurer, M. Phelps, Edinboro, 3,043; Commissioner, Flavel Boyd, Waterford, 1,619; Coroner, David Burton, Erie, 1,583: Auditor, George 374 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. W. Brecht, Mill Greek, 1,643; Dii-ecLor of Poor. Thomas McKee, Mill Creek, 1,432. Democratic^Assembly, James Thompson, Erie, 2,881; Prothonotary, Rob- ert S. Huater, Erie, 2,169; Commissioner, John S. Barnes, Girard, 1,329. Know-Nothing —Register, Thomas Moorheud, Erie, 2,386; Commissioner, Samuel L. Foster, Erie, 1,301. Free-Soil — Assembly, N. Wilson, Union, 1,612; Audley Magill, Harbor Creek, 353: Prothonotary, S. Mervin Smith, Erie, 151; Register, Azro Goff, Erie, 551; Treasurer, Ira Sherwin, Harbor Creek, 1,246; Commissioner, John Pickney, Erie, 1,024. This was one of the most curious elections ever held in the county, the returns being " mixed " in a puzzling manner. All of the Whig candidates were elected except Warner, who was defeated by Judge Thompson. 1855. This year was remarkable for the number of State tickets in the field, there being no less than six. A re-aciion had set in against the Know- Nothings, but desperate efforts were made on their part to retain the ascendency. A portion of the Whigs and Know-Nothings nominated Thomas Nicholson, of Beaver, for Canal Commissioner. The Democratic candidate for the same office was Arnold Plumer, of Franklin. The Republicans, by which name the old Abolitionists and Free-Soilers had christened themselves, nominated Passmore Williamson, of Philadelphia, whose resistance to the Fugitive Slave Law had got him into prison, and caused him to be looked upon as a martyr. The original Natives supported Kimber Cleaver. The dissatisfied Know-Nothings nominated Peter Martin, of Lancaster, and the old-fashioned Whigs supported Joseph Hender- son, of Washington. Erie County gave Plumer 1,698 votes; Nicholson, 2,113; Williamson, 471; and Cleaver, 15. The vote of the State was as follows: Plumer, 161,280; Nicholson, 150,359; Williamson, 7,063; Cleaver, 4,041; Mar- tin, 571; Henderson, 2,270 — Plumer, the Democratic candidate, being elected. The "railroad war" continued to excite the people of this county and dis- trict, and party lines were not drawn in the choice of local officers. The can- didates were voted for with reference to that issue entirely. For State Senate, Darwin A. Finney and Charles B. Power, both Crawford County Whigs, were the candidates. The vote was as follows: Finney. Power. Erie County 1,886 3,034 Cravvturd County 4,112 871 Total 5,998 3,905 The candidates for other offices were as follows: Assembly, G. J. Ball, Erie, 2,716; Murray Whallon, Erie, 2,575; Theodore Ryman, Girard, 2,114; Rob- ert Dunn, Summit, 2,136; Sheriff, John Evans, Girard, 1,151; Allen A. Craig, Erie, 1,834; John Killpatrick, Harbor Creek, 2,083; Commissioner, W. W. Eaton, Fairvicw, 1,571; Myron Hutchinson, Girard, 1,051; J. J. Compton, Washington, 2,005; Director of the Poor, S. W. Keefer, Erie, 2,319; Samuel Kingsbury, North East, 458; Isaac R. Taylor, Washington, 1,259; Auditor, N. W. Russell, Mill Creek, 1,250; Jehiel Towner, Erie, 383; S. B. Benson, Waterford, 1,219; Z. E. Peck, Harbor Creek, 1,160. The successful parties were Messrs. Ball (Whig), Whallon (Democrat), Killpatrick (Democrat), Comp- ton (Free-Soil), Keefer (Whig), and Russell (Whig). 1856. The opposition to the Democracy nominated a Fusion State ticket, which was defeated, as shown below: HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 375 Canal Commissioner, George Scott, Columbia County (Democrat), 212,921; Thomas E. Cochran, Lancaster County (Fusion), 210,172; Auditor General, Jacob Fry, Montgomery County (Democrat), 212,468; Darwin Phelps, Arm- strong County (Fusion), 209,261. Surveyor General, John Rowe, Franklin County (Democrat), 212,623; Bartholomew Laporte, Bradford County (Fusion), 208,888. The vote of Erie County was: Scott, 1,980; Cochran, 4,083; Fry, 1,985; Phelps, 4,021; Rowe, 1,967; Laporte, 4,008. For Congress, in the district composed of Erie and Crawford, the Dem- ocratic candidate was James A. McFadden, of Crawford, and the Fusion candidate, John Dick, of the same county. The latter was elected be the fol- lowing vote: Dick. McFadden Erie County 4.235 1,582 Crawford County 4,709 2,633 Total 8,944 4,215 The Fusion candidate for Additional Law Judge (being the first election held for that office) was David Derrickson, of Crawford; the Democratic, Ras- selas Brown, of Warren. Below is the vote: Derrickson. Brown. Erie County 3,970 2114 Crawford County 4,354 2,974 Warren County 1,472 1,440 Total 9,796 6,538 The county tickets, with the vote for each candidate, were as follows: Fusion — Assembly, G. J. Ball, 4,003; Wareham Warner, Venango, 3,922. Associate Judges — Samuel Hutchins, Waterford, 3,538; John Greer, North East, 3,790. Commissioner— William W. Eaton, Fairview, 4,273. Treas- urer, Jeremiah Davis, Lockport, 3,833. District Attorney — G. Nelson John- son, Erie, 3,923. Surveyor — William Benson, Waterford, 3,377. Auditor — John W\ Campbell, Washington, 3,589. Director of the Poor — John Spauld- ing, Springfield, 3,786. Mr. Johnson died immediately after election, and Charles W. Kelso was appointed by the Governor. Mr. Spaulding refused to serve, and John Hay, of Girard, was appointed by the court. Democratic — Assembly, Murray Whallon, Erie, 1,971; Wilson Laird, Erie, 1,246; Associate Judges, Anthony Saltsman, Mill Creek, 1,885; Henry Gin- grich, Mill Creek, 1,809; Commissioner, Joseph Neeley, Harbor Creek, 1,818; District Attorney, John W. Douglas, Erie, 2,141; Director of the Poor, Eli Duncombe, Amity, 1,869; Auditor, C. C. Boyd, Waterford, 1,471. Independent — Associate Judge, James Miles, Girard, 1,178; Treasurer, Joseph S. M. Young, Erie, 1,366; Surveyor, Samuel Low, Harbor Creek, 1,142; Auditor, Samuel Drown, Greene, 588. The Democratic National candidates were James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, for President, and John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, for Vice President. Vin- cent Phelps, Crawford, was the elector of this district. The Republican party, which by this time had swallowed up a majority of the opposition to the Democracy, ran John C. Fremont, of California, for President, and William L. Dayton, of New Jersey, for Vice President. The American party suj^ported Mil- lard Fillmore, of New York, for President, and A. J. Donelson,of Tennessee, for Vice President. A fusion of the two latter elements was formed, and an elec- toral ticket nominated, with the understanding that the votes for each candi- date for President and Vice President should be counted separately. James Skinner, of Erie, was the district nominee for elector. A portion of Mr. Fill- more's friends would not unite, and ran a separate electoral ticket, with James Webster, of Fairview, as the candidate for this district. 376 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The vote of the State was as follows: Buchanan, 230,500; Fusion (Fre- mont), 147,447; Fusion (Fillmore), 55,891; Straight Fillmore, 26,338. Below is the vote of the county: Fusion. Buchanan. Str. Fillmore. Erie, East Ward 245 256 20 Erie, AVest Ward 333 245 29' Mill Creek 321 268 1 Lockport 180 6 3 Conneaut 283 70 4 Elk Creek 170 92 1 Girard Borough 36 45 35 Giiard Township 176 65 37 Waterford Borough 79 42 13 AVaterford Township 243 95 2 Greene 126 83 3 (Jreentield 128 41 1 Harbor Creek 242 111 10 Concord 160 74 2 Wavne 185 62 — Washington 315 89 — McKean 241 46 3 Summit 78 80 1 Franklin 127 32 2 Fairview 197 93 52 Union 202 85 7 LeBoeuf 136 133 4 Amity 94 65 1 North East Borough 75 40 1 North East Township 195 141 2 Ediiiboro 62 23 4 Springfield 342 38 12 Venango 190 55 2 Wattsburg 30 19 — Total .5,156 2,584 252 Of the Fusion votes, only 37 were for Fillmore, all the rest being in favor of Fremont. Buchanan and Breckenridge were elected. 1857. Three tickets were in the field for State officers — Democratic, Fusion and American. The vote of the State, for Governor, was as follows: William F. Packer, Lycoming (Dem.), 188,890; David Wilmot, Bradford (Fusion), 146,147; Isaac Hazlehui'st, Philadelphia (American), 28,160. Supreme Judge, James Thompson, Erie (Democrat), 187,023; William Strong, Berks (Democrat), 186,823; Joseph J. Lewis, Chester (Fusion), 141,- 377; James Veech, Fayette (Fusion), 141,467; Jacob Broom, Philadelphia (American), 27,244; Jasper E. Brady, Cumberland (American), 26,954; Canal Commissioner, Nimrod Strickland, Chester (Democrat), 186,578; Will- iam Millward, Philadelphia (Fusion), 142,479; John F. Linderman, Berks (American), 25,730. The vote of Erie Countv was, for Packer, 2,105; Wilmot, 3,306; Hazlehurst, 143; Thompson, 2,598; Strong, 2,027; Lewis, 2,767; Veech, 2,673; Broom, 101; Brady, 94. The Democrats made no nominations for county officers, and supported Independent candidates. Below is a list of those who ran, with their votes: Fusion — Assembly, Wareham Warner, Venango, 3,299; John K. Cochran, Erie, 2,235; Prothonotary, James Skinner, Erie, 3,778; Kegister, William P. Trimbell, Harbor Creek, 3,075; Commissioner, Amos Gould, North East, 2,995; District Attorney, James Sill, Erie, 3,163; Auditor, Elias Brecht, Mc- Ih 7^/^2v6^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 379 Kean, 2,869; Coroner, Thomas Dillon, Erie, 2,948; Director of the Poor (three years), Alex Nicholson, Fairview, 2,938; William Bracken (two years), Le- Boeuf, 2,919. Independent — Assembly, David Himrod, Waterford, 2,724; Register, John Rice, Harbor Creek, 1,321; District Attorney, * William J. Herring, Erie, 102; Coroner, Samuel L. Forster, Erie, 435. American — Assembly, James McClelland, Girard, 245; Prothonotary, Isaac Webster, Fairview, 654; Register, Silas E. Teel, Erie, 88; Commission- er, Andrew Oliver, Waterford, 115; Auditor, Charles Sterrett, McKean, 100; Director of the Poor (three years), James P. Paul, Conneaut, 134. Mr. Himrod, Independent, was elected to the Assembly, over John R. Coch- ran, Fusion. All the rest of the Fusion candidates were successful. A series of amendments to the State constitution were submitted to the people, and carried by a large majority — in the county as well as in the State. 1858. All elements of opposition to the Democrats rallied under the Republican banner, and won a sweeping victory. The State candidates with their votes, were as follows: Supreme Judge, John M. Reed, Philadelphia (Rep.), 398,116; William A. Porter, Philadelphia (Dem.), 171,130. Canal Commissioner, William E. Frazier, Fayette (Rep.), 196,626; Wesley Frost, Fayette (Dem.), 170,336. From this date the Republicans have carried the State regularly, with the exception of the years 1862, 1867, 1874 and 1877. The vote of Erie County was, for Reed, 3,233; Porter, 1,921; Frazier, 3,187; Frost, 1,519. For Congress, Elijah Babbitt, of Erie, ran as the Republican candidate, and James C. Marshall, of Erie, as the Democratic. The vote of the district was as follows: Babbitt. Marshall. Erie Countv 3,220 2,080 Crawford County 3,140 2,033 Total 6,:^60 4,113 The Republican candidate for State Senate was Darwin A. Finney, of Craw- ford; the Democratic, Benjamin Grant, of Erie— Finney being successful, al- though Mr. Grant had a majority in the county. The vote of the district was as follows: Finney. Grant. Erie Countv 2,419 2,443 Crawford County 3,230 1,932 Total 5,649 4,375 The vote for County officers was greatly mixed, and hinged wholly upon the railroad issue, the Democrats making no regular nominations, and sup- porting Independent candidates of both parties. Below is the vote. Assem- bly, (Reg. Rep.) John W. Campbell, Washington, 2,937; Henry Teller, Girard, 2,401; (Ind. Rep.) David Himrod, 1,966; (Ind, Dem.) Wilson Laird, Erie, 2,656; Sheriff, (Reg. Rep.) John W. McLane, Harbor Creek, 3,029; (Ind. Rep.) Elias Brecht, McKean, 156; (Ind. Dem.) D. D. Walker, Erie, 2,279; (Ind. Dem.) James Lytle, Erie, 117; Treasurer, (Reg. Rep.) Thomas J. Devore, Springfield, 2,794; (Ind. Rep.) Mortimer Phelps, Edinboro, 2,220; Commissioner, (Reg. Rep.) William" Putnam, Union, 3,043; Director of the Poor, (Reg. Rep.) Thomas Stewart. Erie, 2,523; Auditors (three'years), David Nash, Concord, 2,473; (two years) H. H. Bassler, Fairview, 2,431. Wilson Laird (Dem.) was elected to the Assembly over Henry Teller. 380 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 1859. The State candidates, with the votes for each, were as follows: Auditor General, Thomas E. Cochran, York (Rep.,) 181,835; Richardson L. Wright, Philadelphia (Dem.), 164,544. Surveyor General, William H. Kain, Berks (Rep)., 182,282; John Rowe, Franklin (Dem.), 163,970. The public works of the State having been sold, the office of Canal Com- missioner was abolished. Erie County's vote was, for Cochran, 2,325; Wright, 1,119; Kain, 2,299; Eowe, 1,144. The Democrats made no county nominations, and the only Democratic candi- date in the field was Wilson Laird, for Assembly, who received 1,632 votes, and was defeated. The following were the Republican candidates: Assem- bly, Jonas Gunnison, Erie, and Henry Teller, Girard; Commissioner, Hiram Brockway, Springfield; Director of the Poor, William Bracken, Le Boeuf ; Sur- veyor, William Benson, Waterford; Auditor (three years), John L. Way, Sum- mit; (two years), H. H. Bassler, Fairview. Joseph Henderson, Mill Creek, was an Independent candidate for Commissioner, and was elected by 265 ma- jority over Mr. Brockwav. 1860. The Republican candidate for Governor was Andrew G. Curtin, of Centre County; the Democratic, Henry D. i'oster, of Westmoreland. The vote of the State was 262,349 for Curtin, and 230,257 for Foster — Curtin's majority, 32,092. Erie County gave Curtin 5,613 votes, and Foster 2,469. Elijah Babbitt was the Republican candidate for re-election to Congress. The Democratic candidate was Edwin C. Wilson, of Erie County. Below is the vote: Babbitt. Wilson. Erie County 5,440 2,432 Crawford County S.SfiS 3,119 Total 10,705 5,551 John Galbraith, Presiding Judge, died in the spring of this year, and Rasselas Brown, of Warren, was appointed to serve until the election. The Democrats nominated the latter gentleman; the Republican candidate was Samuel P. Johnson, of the same county. The vote of the district was as follows : Johnson. Brown. Erie County 5,545 2,602 Cniwfurd Cbuntv 5,172 3,200 Warren County 1,594 1,590 Total 12,111 7,392 The county tickets, with their vote, were as follows: Republican — Assembly, Henry Teller, 5,546; G. J. Ball, 5,509; Prothono- tary, James Skinner, 5,652; Register, Samuel Rea, Jr., Springfield, 5,294; Treasurer, William O. Black, Union, 5,384; Commissioner, Jacob Fritts, Ve- nango, 5,446; Coroner, Richard Gaggin, Erie, 5,336; District Attorney, S. A. Davenport, Erie, 5,596; Auditors, William H. Belknap, Concord, 5,298; Philip Osborn, Girard, 5,280; Director of the Poor, Thomas Willis, Mill Creek, 5,486. Democratic — Assembly, James Stranahan, Le Boeuf, 2,307; E. Camp- hausen, Erie, 2,260; Prothonotary, Henry Ball, Girard, 1,810; Register, S. E.^Teel, Erie, 2,370; Treasurer, G. D. Wagner, Mill Creek, 2,311; Commis- sioner, I. M. White, Waterford, 2,679; Coroner, Daniel Wood, Elk Creek, 1,895; Auditor, D. M. Merrill, North East, 1,673; J. J. Lintz, Erie, 223. No nominations were made for District Attorney and Director of the Poor. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 381 The Democratic party was divided upon national candidates, one branch supporting Stephen A. Douglas for President, and Herscliell V. Johnson for Vice President; the other branch, John C. Breckenridge for President, and Joseph Lane for Vice President. A Fusion of the two elements was formed in Pennsylvania, which nominated an electoral ticket, comprising seventeen Douglas men and ten Breckenridge men, which was suj^ported by the mass of the party. A small portion of Mr. Douglas' friends, under Col. Forney's lead, refused to harmonize, and ran an electoral ticket embracing the Doug- las men on the Fusion ticket, with others substituted for the Breckenridge electors. The Republican candidates were Abraham Lincoln for President, and Hannibal Hamlin for Vice President. The American party supported John Bell for President, and Edward Everett for Vice President. The candidates for elector were: Republican, John Greer, North East; Democratic (on all the tickets), Gaylord Church, .Crawford County; American, Isaac Webster, Fair- view. The vote of the State was as follows: Lincoln Democratic Fusion. . Straight-out Douglas. Bell Lincoln over all. . .268,030 .178,871 . 16,677 . 12,809 . 59,673 The vote of the county was as follows : Lincoln. Fusion. Erie, First District 177 103 Erie, Second District 203 144 Erie, Third District 316 92 Erie, Fourth District 223 122 Mill Creek 419 388 Harbor Creek 261 96 Fairview 265 88 Girard Township 358 63 Girard Borough 48 55 North East Township 335 134 North East Borough 117 31 Greenfield 138 30 Venango 196 61 Watcsburg 51 31 Amity 107 74 Wayne 191 77 Concord 189 78 Union 254 128 Le Bo3uf 166 100 Waterford Borough 166 41 Waterford Township 293 76 Greene 133 100 Summit 66 78 McKean 280 26 Washington 336 75 Edinboro 75 38 Franklin 145 31 Elk Creek 183 96 Conneaut 231 55 Albion 69 32 Springfield 265 31 Lockport 177 87 l\;tal 6,160 2,531 Str. D. Bell. 6 7 1 9 10 9 1 4 30 9 11 7 1 90 Lincoln and Hamlin were elected by a large majority of the electoral votes, carrying every Northern State. 382 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 1861. No Stato ticket was elected this year. The outbreak of the rebellion weakened party ties, and there was a strong disposition to cast aside old polit- ical prejudices. The Republican party nominated a ticket headed by Morrow B. Lowry for State Senate. Soon after, a call was issued for a Union Con- vention, irrespective of party, which met on the 19th of September in Farrar Hall, Erie, every district being represented. The delegates were about evenly divided between Democrats and Kepublicans. William A. Galbraith and Judge Miles were named as candidates for the Senate. The nomination fell upon the former. In Crawford County, the two parties voted for Galbraith and Lowry, respectively, with little deviation. Below is the vote of the district: Lowry. Galbraith. Erie Countv 3,621 3,521 Crawford County 3,753 2,238 Total 7,374 5,759 The Eighty- third Regiment, under command of Col. John W. McLane, held an election at Hall's Hill, Va., the result of which is included in the above and following returns. The Erie County soldiers gave Galbraith thirty majority; the Crawford County soldiers gave a majority of eighty -five for Lowry. The following were the county tickets, with their vote: Republican — Assembly, John P. Vincent, Erie, 3,995; E. W. Twichell, Edinboro, 3,450; Sheriff, Allen A. Craig, Erie, 4,079; Associate Judges, John Greer, North East, 3,794; William Cross, Springfield (on both tickets), 4,897; Commissioner, Seymour Washburne, McKean, 3,643; Director of the Poor, Thomas Stewart, Erie, 3,241; Auditor, Joseph W. Swalley, Eairview, 3,426. Union — Assembly, George H. Cutler (Dem. ), Girard, 2,928; Matthew R. Barr(Rep.), Erie, 2,548; Sheriff, Joseph L. Cook (Rep.), Waterford, 1,962; Associate Judge, James Chambers (Rep.), Hai'bor Creek, 2,708; Commissioner, Isaac Webster (Dem.), Fairview, 2,597; Director of the Poor, Henry Gin- grich (Dem.), Mill Creek, 2,266; Auditor, Stutelv Stafford (Rep.), McKean, 2,201. Robert S. Hunter, of Erie, ran as an Independent Democratic candidate for Sheriff, and received 663 votes. David Kennedy, Independent Republican candidate for Director of the Poor, received 220 votes. 1862. The Republican State ticket consisted of Thomas E. Cochran, of York, for Auditor General, and William S. Ross, of Luzerne, for Surveyor General. The Democratic candidates were Isaac Slenker, of Columbia, for Auditor General, and James P. Barr, of Allegheny, for Surveyor General. The State gave a Dem- ocratic majurity of about 3,450. Erie County cast 4,255 votes for Cochran and 2,713 for Slenker. The Republican Conference at Ridgway nominated Glenni W. Scotield, of Warren, for Congress. A large portion of the party in this county were dis- satisfied with the nomination, and some of its leading members united with a number of Democrats in a letter to Milton Courtright, of Erie, asking him to be a Union candidate. He accepted the honor, and was indorsed by the Dem- ocratic Conference at Ridgway. Below is the vote of the district: HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 383 Scofleld. Courtright. Erie 4,112 3,143 Warren : 1,890 1,245 McKeaii 671 564 Cameron 195 143 Forest 82 59 Jefferson 1,424 1,503 Elk 276 007 Clearfield 1,304 2,198 Total 9,954 9,462 The following were the county tickets, with the vote for each candidate: Eepublican— Assembly, John P. Vincent, 4,218; E. W. Twichell, 4,239; Commissioner, Garner Palmer, Albion, 4,238; Treasurer, Lieut. Egbert D. Halbert, Erie, 6,975; Director of the Poor, Archibald Duncan, North East, 6,819; Auditor, Henry Gingrich, Mill Creek, 6,714. Democratic — Assembly, Selden Marvin, Erie, 2,812; Isaac M. White, Water ford, 2,801; Commissioner, Ralph Bowman, Conneaut, 2,623. Messrs. Hulbert, Duncan and Gingrich were upon both tickets. 1863. Andrew G. Curtin was re-nominated by the Republicans for Governor. George W. Woodward, Luzerne, was the Democratic candidate. For Supreme Judge, the Democratic candidate was Walter H. Lowrie, Allegheny; the Ke- publican, Daniel Agnew, Beaver. Curtin and Agnew were elected by majori- ties respectively of 15,325 and 12,308. Erie County cast 6,259 votes for Cur- tin, and 3,260 for Woodward. The county tickets, with the vote for each candidate, were as follows: Republican — Assembly, John R. Cochran, Erie, 6,167; Byron S. Hill, Wattsburg, 6,161; Prothonotary, George W. Colton, Erie, 6,107; District Attorney, J. F. Downing, Erie, 6,088; Register, Samuel Rea, Erie, 6,129; Clerk of Courts, Capt. John C. Hilton, Erie, 6,156; Commissioner, C. C. Boyd, Waterford, 6,129; Director of the Poor, Thomas Willis, Mill Creek, 6,025; Surveyor, R. P. Holliday, Springfield, 6,002; Coroner, Thomas Dillon, Erie, 505; Auditor, Grin Reed, McKean, 6,373! Democratic — Assembly, Watts B. Lloyd, Waterford, 3,233; Irvin Camp, Erie, 3,234; Prothonotary, Col. William O. Colt, Waterford, 3,197; Register, Calvin L. Randall (declined), 538; Commissioner, R. J. Osborne, Wayne, 3,137; Clerk of the Courts, no nomination; Director of the Poor, John TJhr, Mill Creek, 3,112; Surveyor, Isaac R. Taylor, Washington, 3,110. 1864. A special elecf ion was held August 2, to decide upon the proposed three amendments to the State Constitution, allowing soldiers to vote away from their places of residence, providing that the Legislature 'should pass no bill containing more than one subject, and prohibiting the same body fi'om pass- ing any bill allowing counties, cities or boroughs to loan their credit to cor- porations. They were all adopted by large majorities. The following was the vote of the district for Congress, Glenni W. Scofield, Warren, being the Republican, and ex-Governor William Bigler, Clearfield, the Democratic nominee: Scofield. Bigler. Erie 5,575 3,054 Warren 2,009 1,281 Cameron 277 193 Clearfield 1,302 2,476 384 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Elk 261 656 Forest 71 53 McKean 643 580 Jeft'eison 1,514 1,631 Total 11,652 9,914 For State Senate, the Republicans re -nominated Morrow B. Lowry, and the Democrats took up Dan Rice, of Girard. Below is the vote of the district: Lowry. Rice. Erie 5,311 3,031 Crawford 4,768 3,638 Total 10,079 6,669 The county tickets, with their votes, were as follows: Republican — John R. Cochran, 5,390; Byron S. Hill, 5,390; Sheriff, Col. H. L. Brown, Erie, 5,407,; Clerk of the Courts (in place of Mr. Hilton, resigned), Henry Butterfield, Erie, 5,358; Treasurer, Lieut. E. D. Hulbert, Erie, 5,348; Commissioner, James Chambers, Harbor Creek, 5,373; Auditor, Philip Osborn, Girard, 5,2(31; Director of the Poor, Thomas Stewart, 5,303. Democratic — Assembly, H. D. Francis, Corry, 3,039; L. W. Savage, Springfield, 3,039; Sheriff, Col. William O. Colt, Waterford, 3,013; Clerk of the Courts, F. W. Koehler, South Erie, 2,979; Commissioner, Monroe Hutch- inson. Girard, 2,979; Treasurer, P. A. Becker, Erie, 3,018; Director of the Poor, Ralph Bowman. Conneaut, 2,973; Auditor, Uras Schhu'aff, JNtill Creek, 3,000. The Republican National Convention nominated Abraham Lincoln for President, and Andrew Johnson for Vice President. John Patton, Clearfield, was the elector for this district. The Democrats nominated George B. Mc- Clellan for President, and George H. Pendleton for Vice President. Rasselas Brown, Warren, was the candidate for elector. The vote of the county was as follows: Lincoln. McCIellan. Erie, First District 183 131 Erie, Second District .- 124 248 Erie, Third District 271 122 Eri<^. Fourth District * . . 290 183 West Mill Treek 198 137 East Mill Creek 220 333 Harbor Creek 237 149 Greentield 131 38 North East Township 242 180 North East Borousjh 119 31 Waterford Borou2:h 135 31 Waterford Township 263 88 Wattsburg 43 19 Venango 193 86 Edinboro 81 50 Wasliington 812 110 Franklin 142 39 Concord 174 102 Corry 199 70 Amity 94 94 McKean 230 42 Middleboro 32 — Greene 116 156 Snmmit 73 107 Elk Creek 153 127 Conneaut 212 65 Springfield 392 41 Fairview 249 156 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 385 Girard Township 236 70 Ginu-d Borougli. 72 68 Albion 61 27 LeBa?uf 179 140 Union Township 194 103 Union Borougli 95 92 Wayne 188 87 Lockport 164 97 Total 6,387 8,619 The soldiers from Erie County gave Lincoln 524 votes, and McClellan 103, which are not included in the above. The vote of the State was as follows: Lincoln, 296,389; McClellan, 276,308. 1865. Auditor General. — Gen. John F. Hartranft. Montgomery County, Repub- lican, 238,400; Gen. W. W. H. Davis, Bucks County, Democrat, 215,714. Surveyor General. — J. M. Campbell, Cambria County, Rep., 237,969; Col. John P. Linton, Cambria County, Dem., 215,981. The vote of the county was as follows: Hartranft, 3,845; Davis, 2,051; Campbell, 3,842; Linton, 2,041. County Candidates. — Republican — Assembly, Col.O. S. Woodward, AVater- ford, 3,875; Gen. D. B. McCreary, Erie, 3,845; County Commissioner, L. M. Childs, Wayne, 3,808; Director of the Poor, Andrew Thompson, Union, 3,781; Surveyor, G. W. F. Sherwin, Harbor Creek, 3,720; Auditor, O. H. P. Fergu- son, Fairview, 3,744. Democratic— Assembly, Maj. T. J. Hoskinson. Erie, 2,016; Col. W. O. Colt, Waterford, 2,027; County Commissioner, Edwin Hall, Girard, 2,061; Director of the Poor, William C. Keeler, Erie, 2,040; Surveyor, Capt. John H. Miller, Mill Creek, 2,053; Auditor, George W. Arbuckle, Girard, 2,029. 1866. This was the year of President Johnson's " swing 'round the circle," and intense party spirit prevailed. Governor. — Gen. John W. Geary. Westmoreland County, Rep., 307,274; Hiester Clymer, Berks County, Dem., 290,096. The vote of the county was as follows: Geary, 7,237; Clymer, 3,957. John P. Vincent, of Erie, was nominated as the Republican, and Lieut. Col. Benjamin Grant, of Erie, as the Democratic candidate for Additional Law Judge. The vote of the district was as follows: Vincent. Grant. Erie 7,193 3.956 Crawford 6,707 4,969 Warren 2,656 1,579 Total 16,556 11,504 For Congress, Glenni W. Scofield was re- nominated by the Republicans, and William L. Scott, of Erie, was the candidate of the Democrats. The vote of the district was as follows: • Scofield. Scott. Cameron 372 305 Clearfield 1.646 2.791 Elk 359 636 Erie 7,128 4,094 Forest 99 77 Jefferson 1.986 1,944 McKean 854 739 Warren 2,663 1,595 Total 15,107 12,481 386 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. County Candidates. — Eepublican — Assembly, Gen. D. B. McCreary, Erie, 7,147; Col. O. S. Woodward, Waterford, 7,149; Associate Judges, Hollis King, Corry, 7,190; William Benson, Waterford, 7,156; Prothonotary, Col. Chauncey P. Rogers, Edinboro. 7,197; District Attorney, Col. Charles M. Lynch, Erie, 7,158; Register and Recorder, Capt. H. Gr. Harvey, Springfield, 7,209; Treasurer, Lieut. C. W. Keller, Union, 7,205; Commissioner, Stephen J. Godfrey, Elk Creek, 7,158; Auditor, M. Hartleb, Erie, 7,192; Director of the Poor, ^Thomas Willis, Mill Creek, 7,207; Coroner, William J. Sterrett, Erie, 6,721. Democratic— Assembly, William Henry, South Erie, 4,036; F. F. Marshall, Erie, 4,007; Associate Judges, Henry r! Porter, North East, 3;940; P. P. Judson, Waterford, 3,955; Prothonotary, Col. W. O. Colt, Waterford, 3,971; District Attorney, Charles B. Sleeper, Corry, 3,996; Register and Recorder, Frank Schlaudecker, Erie, 3,971; Treasurer, P. A. Becker, Erie, 3,997; Commissioner, Charles Right, Franklin, 3.989; Auditor, Amos Stone, Fair- view, 3,991: Director of the Poor. Uras, Schluraff, Mill Creek, 4,070; Coroner, James A. Shearer, LeBoeuf, 3,775. 1867. Supreme Judge. — Henry W. Williams, Allegheny County, Rep., 266,- 824; George Sharswood, Philadelphia, Dem., 267,746. The vote of Erie County was as follows: Williams, 5,504; Sharswood, 3,428. The candidates for State Senate were Morrow B. Lowry, Erie County, Republican, and George W. Hecker, Crawford County, Democrat. Below is the vote of the district: Lowry. Hecker. Erie 4,615 3,56^ Crawford 5,248 4,071 Total 9.863 7,633 County Candidates. — This was the first year Jury Commissioners were elected. Republican — Assembly, George P. Rea, Girard, 5,182; John D. Stranahan, LeBoeuf, 5,588; Sheriff, Maj. Andrew F. Swan, Fairview, 5,451; Clerk of the Courts, (^apt. Charles L. Pierce, Venango, 5,511; Jury Commissioner, D. W. Patterson, Wattsburg, 5,490; Commissioner, William B. Reed, Greene, 5.502; Director of the Poor, Jacob Hanson, Erie, 5,499; Auditor, Francis F. Stow, Amity, 5,479. Democratic — Assembly, Isaac R. Taylor, Washington, 3,339; F. P. Liebel, Erie, 3,434; Sheriff, Wilson Moore, Waterford, 3,409; Clerk of the Courts, R. H. Arbuckle, Mill Creek, 3,365; Jury Commissioner, P. G. Stranahan, Union, 3,364; County Commissioner, J. C. Cauffman, Lockport, 3,368; Di- rector of the Poor, James Lytle, Erie, 3,371; Auditor, Alden Pomeroy, Con- neaut, 3,345. 1868. Auditor General. — Gen. John F. Hartranft, Montgomery County, Repub- lican, 331,408; Charles E. Boyle, Fayette County, Democrat, 321,731. Surveyor General. — James M. Campbell, Cambria County, Republican, 331,126; Col. Wellington H. Ent, Columbia County, Democrat, 321,947. The vote of Erie County was 7,702 for Hartranft, 4,531 for Bovle, 7,699 for Campbell, and 4,532 for Ent. The candidates for Congress were Glenni W. Scofield, Republican, and Rasselas Brown, of Warren, Dem. Below is the vote of the district: "•^^ „^v»«^^4 ^?^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 389 Scofield. Brown. Erie 7,675 4.572 Warren 2,935 1,934 McKeau 964 825 Elk 501 1,061 Cameron 537 440 Jefferson 2,067 2,107 Clearfield, 1,890 3,066 Forest 334 350 Total 16,903 14,355 County Ca?icZ«daies.- -Republican. — Assembly, •John D. Stranahan, LeBoeuf, 7,679; George P. Rea, Girard, 7,632; Treasurer, Lieut. C. W. Keller, Union, 7,736; Commissioner, L. M. Childs, Wayne, 7,649; Director of the Poor, An- drew Thomps Union, 7,671; Auditor, Thomas Evans, Erie, 7,717; Surveyor, R. P. Holliday, Fairview, 7,717. Democratic — Assembly, P. A. Becker, Erie, 4,602; James Lewis, Corry, 4,556; Treasurer, Henfy Ball, Girard, 4,548; Commissioner, Wilson Moore, 'Waterford, 4,567; Director of the Poor, James D. Phillips, Amity, 4,554; Au- ditor. W. W. Dobbins, Erie, 4,559; Surveyor H. L. Pinney, Greene, 4,557. Presidential Vote. — The State vote for President at the November election was as follows: Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, Republican, 342,280; Horatio Sey- mour, of New York, Democratic, 313,382. Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was the Republican, and Gen. Frank P. Blair, of Missouri, the Democratic nominee for Vice President. Grant and Colfax were elected. The county vote was as follows: Grant. Seymour. Amitv 115 104 Albion 80 35 Concord 184 126 Conneaut 244 136 Corry, N. W 223 178 Corry, S. W 836 204 Edinboro 110 48 Elk Creek 180 136 Erie, First Ward 294 145 Eiie, Second Ward 297 319 Erie, Third Ward 386 198 Erie, Fourth Ward 584 235 Fairview Township 221 132 Fairview Borough 74 44 Franklin ". 194 54 Girard Township 275 89 Girard Borough 85 76 Greene 150 160 Greenfield 163 44 Harbor Creek 246 125 LeBoeuf 230 146 Lockport 161 105 McKean 259 38 Middleboro 31 2 Mill Creek (East) 198 285 Mill Creek (East) 239 151 Nortli East Township 262 216 North East Borough 182 44 Springfield 397 33 Summit 89 138 South Erie 114 155 Union Township 226 120 Union Borough 117 121 Venango 210 93 21 390 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Wattsburij 49 21 Washirmton 350 140 Waterford Township 297 93 Waterford Borough 135 48 Wayne 221 81 Total 8,007 4,555 James Sill, of Erie, was the Republican, and William A. Galbraith, of Erie, the Democratic candidate for elector. 1869. Governor. — Gen. John W. Geary, Cumberland County, Republican, 290,552; Asa Packer, Carbon County, Democrat, 285,956. Supreme Judge. — H. W. Williams, Allegheny County, Republican, 291,- 278; Cyrus L. Pershing, Cambria County, Democrat, 282,575. Erie County gave 6,990 votes for Geary, 4,338 for Packer, 6,426 for Williams, and 4,250 for Pershing. County Candidates. — Republican — Assembly, Charles O. Bowman, Corry, 6,490; Gen. D. B. McCreary, Erie, 6,411. Prothonotary, Capt. E. L. Whit- tlesey, Waterford, 6,520; Register and Recorder, Capt. H. G. Harvey, Spring- field, 6,614; District Attorney, J. C. Sturgeon, Erie, 6,540; Commissioner, Garner Panner, Albion, 5,974; Director of the Poor, S. A. Beavis, Corry, 6, - 429; Auditors, Thomas Woods, Union (three years), 6,610; George W. Griffin, North East (one year), 6,534; Coroner, Thomas Dillon, Erie, no opposition. Democratic^Assembly, Frank Schlaudecker, Erie, 4,226: Isaac R. Taylor, Edinboro, 4,001; Prothonotary, Col. W. O. Colt, W^aterford, 4,234; Register and Recorder, Charles Horton, North East, 4,191; District Attorney, George A. Allen, Erie, 4,260; Commissioner, George C, Gallowhur, Girard, 4,737; Director of the Poor, John Burton, East Mill Creek, 4,353; Auditors, James M. Finn, Greenfield (three years), 4,205; Ephraim Boyer, Fairview (one year), 4,202. 1870. The Republican candidate for President Judge was Lansing D. Wetmore, W^arren, and the Democratic, Rasselas Brown, same county. S. E. Woodruff, Erie, was an Independent Republican candidate. The vote of the district was as follows: Woodruff'. Wetmore. Brown. Erie 1,591 4,102 3,926 Warren 167 3,121 1,548 Elk 7 324 798 Total 1,765 6,548 6,252 The candidates for Congress were Glenai W, Scofield, Republican, Warren, and Selden Marvin, Democrat, Erie. Below was the vote of the district: Scofield. Marvin. Erie 5,595 4,089 Warren 2.250 1,657 Clearfleld 1,371 2,608 Elk 342 787 Forest 366 276 Cameron 437 390 McKean 882 700 Jefferson 1,812 1,914 Total 13,055 12,451 For the State Senate, George B. Delamater, of Crawford County, was the Republican, and J. Ross Thompson, of Erie County, the Democratic candidate. The vote of the district was as follows: HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 391 Delamater. Thonipsou. Erie 5,691 3,921 Cniwford 5,109 4,602 Total 10.800 8.523 County Candidates. — Republican — Assembly, George W. Starr, Erie, 5, - 940; I. Newton Miller, Sprino-field, 5.887; Sheriff, Gen. Thomas M. Walker, Erie, 5,600; Treasurer, Logan J. Dyke, Erie, 5,929; Clerk of the Courts, Capt. C. L. Pierce, Venango, 6,019; Commissioner, Myron H. Silverthorn, Fairview Township, 5,869; Jury Commissioner, William W\ Love, West Mill Creek, 5.954; Directors of the Poor, Stephen A. Beavis, Corry, 5,891, W. W. Eaton, Fairview Borough, 5,894, L. W. Olds, Erie, 5,886; Auditor, Jesse Ebersole, Harbor Creek, 5,921. Democratic — Assembly, Eli Duncombe, Amity, 3,750. Spencer H. Ellis, Washington, 3,797; Sheriff, Wilson Moore, Water ford Township, 3,462; Treas- urer, Amos Heath, Corry, 3,765; Clerk of the Courts, A. J. Proudfit, Edin- boro, 3,765; Commissioner, John Burton, East Mill Creek, 3,770; Jury Com- missioner, H. L. Pinney, Greene, 3,742; Directors of the Poor, Henry Wolf, North East Township, 3,722. Jacob Bootz, Erie, 3,709, Josiah Shreve, Union Township, 3.722; Auditor, S. C. Sturgeon, Fairview Borough, 3,747. Independent Democrat — Sheriff, Levi Jackson, Girard Borough, 362. The election of three Directors of the Poor was due to the following cir- cumstances: For some time, he back townships had urged the sale of the poor house farm and the purchase of a cheaper property. A bill to that effect passed the Legislature, and a sale was made, which the court refused to con- tirm. The question was taken to the Supreme Court, which decided the act unconstitutional. The Legislature thereupon repealed the act, and another one was adopted, requiring the election of a new board, who should serve one. two and three years respectively. 1871. Auditor' General. — David B. Stanton, Beaver County, Republican, 284,097; Gen. William McCandless, Philadelphia, Democrat, 269,522; Barr Spangler, Lancaster County, Prohibition, 3,132. Surveyor General. — Col. Robert B. Beath, Schuylkill County, Republican, 287,045; Maj. James H. Cooper, Lawrence County, Democrat, 266,335; Ed- ward A. Wheeler, Mercer County, Prohibition, 2,969. Erie County cast 4,282 votes for Stanton, 2,966 for McCandless, 62 for Spangler, 4,285 for Beath, 2.964 for CooiJer, and 62 for Wheeler. County Candidates. — Republican — Associate Judges, William Benson, Waterford Borough, 4,495, Allen A. Craig, Erie, 3,820; Assembly, George W. Starr, Erie, 3,957; Col. Chauncey P. Rogers, Edinboro, 4,343; Commissioner, Clark Bliss, North East Township, 4,371: Director of the Poor, Michael Henry, Erie, 4,018; Auditor, Col. C. W. Lytle, Erie, 4,285. Democratic — Associate Judge, Isaac R. Taylor, Edinboro, 3,467; Assem- bly, Charles Horton, North East Borough, 3,406; Commissioner, R. H. Palmer, Corry, 2,982; Director of the Poor, Amos Heath, Corry, 3,039; Auditor, W. J. Brock\yay, Conneaut, 3,007. A vote was taken this year to decide whether a Constitutional Convention should be held. Erie Coiinty cast 6,490 for a Convention, and 204 against. The vote of the State was 352,439 in favor of and 72,081 in opposition to the Convention. 1872. Governor. — Gen. John F. Hartranft, of Montgomery County, Republican, 392 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 353,387; Charles R. Buokalew, Columbia County, Democrat, 317,760; Simeon B. Chase, Susquehanna County, Prohibition, 1,252. Auditor General. — Gen. Harrison Allen, Warren County, Republican, 352,- 767; William Hartley, Bedford County, Democrat. 315,851; Barr Spangler, Lancaster County, Prohibition, 1,260. Congressmen at La^^f/e.— Lemuel Todd, Cumberland County, Republican, 357,743; a W. Scofield, Warren County, Republican, 359.043; Charles Al- bright, Carbon County, Republican, 360,546; Richard Vaux, Philadelphia, Democrat, 311,036; Hendrick B. Wright, Luzerne County, Democrat, 314,014; James H. Hopkins, Allegheny County, Democi'at, 313,334. George F. McFarland, Dauphin County, Andrew J. Clark, Luzerne, and B. Rush Bi-adford, Beaver, the Prohibition candidates, received an average of 1,250 votes. Supreme Judges. — Ulysses Mercer, Bradford County, Republican, 354,319; James Thompson, Philadelphia, Democrat, 313,876; Joseph Henderson, Wash- ington, Prohibition, 977. Erie County gave an average vote of 7,500 for the Republican, and 5,200 for the Democratic State ticket. By the act of the Assembly providing for a Constitutional Convention, fourteen delegates at large were allotted to each of the two leading parties, and three delegates to each Senatorial district, in the latter case no voter being entitled to vote for more than two, so as to secure minority representation. John H. Walker, of Erie, was one of the Republican delegates at large. The Senatorial delegates elected were C. O. Bowman, of Corry, and Thomas Struth- ers, of AVarren, Republicans, and Rasselas Brown, of Warren, Democrat, John Miller, Sr. , of Erie, was one of the Prohibition nominees for district delegates. An amendment to the Constitution was adopted this year, making the office of State Treasurer elective. Erie County gave 11,509 votes for the amendment and only 2 against it. The Rapublican candidate for Congress was Gen. Carlton B. Curtis, of Erie County. Gen. Thomas L. Kane, of McKean County, was supported by the Liberal Republicans and Democrats. The vote of the district was as fol- lows: Curtis. Kane. Erie 7,506 5,111 Warren 3,221 2,332 McKeaii 956 1,000 Jefferson • 2,375 2,318 Clearfield 2,052 3,506 Elk 626 1.181 Cameron 590 531 Forest 416 356 Total 17,742 16,235 David Wilson, of Union, Prohibition candidate, received 14 votes in Erie County and none outside. The candidates for the State Senate were George H. Cutler, of Girard, Republican, and J. F. Downing, of Erie, Liberal. The following was the vote of the district: Cutler. Downing. Erie 7.507 5,139 Warren 3,256 2,298 Total 10,363 7,427 Jehiel Towner, of Erie City, Prohibition candidate for State Senate, re- ceived 10 votes in this county and none in Warren, HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 393 County Candidates. — Republican — Assembly, W. W. Brown, Corry, 7,446; Emmett H. Wilcox, Washington, 7,413; District Attorney, S. M. Brainerd, North East, 7,435; Prothonotary, Capt. E. L. Whittlesey, Waterford, 7,564 (no opposition); Register and Recorder, Daniel Long, Fairview, 7,558; Treas- urer, Jacob Yeagla, Fairview, 7,300; Commissioner, William T. Brown, Corry, 7,539; Auditor, D. W. Titus, Yenango, 7,555; Surveyor, George Piatt, Girard, 7,555 (no opposition); Coroner, M. S. Vincent, Erie, 7,237. Democratic and Liberal— Assembly, Thomas McClure, Girard Borough, Liberal, 5,124; S. B. Brooks, Corry, Liberal, 5,113; District Attorney, George P. Griffith, Erie, Democrat, 5,217; Register and Recorder, Harry Ellen, Dem- ocrat, North East Borough, 5,116, Treasurer, Eugene Metz, Democrat, Erie, 5,192; Commissioner, Isaac R. Taylor, Democrat, Edinboro, 5,141; Auditor, W. J. Brockway, Democrat, 5,127. Prohibition. — Assembly, James Lytle, Erie, 17; David Carroll, Union, 21; Prothonotary, John Miller, Erie, 16; Treasurer, Dr. C. N. Moore, Springfield, 16; Commissioner, Myron H. Cole, Elk Creek, 16. Independent Rejmblican. — Coroner, Thomas Dillon, Erie, 5,350. The authorities at Harrisburg decided that this was not the proper year to elect a Surveyor, and refused Mr. Piatt a commission. He was then appointed by the court until the next election. Presidential Vote. — The Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant, of Illi- nois, for President, and Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, for Vice President. The dissatisfied element of the party called another convention, adopted the title of Liberal Republicans, and nominated Horace Greeley, of New York, for Presi- dent, and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, for Vice President. This ticket was subse- quently adopted by the Democrats. The Prohibition ticket was James Black, of Pennsylvania, for President, and Rev. John Russell, of Michigan, for Vice- President. Selden Marvin, of Erie, was one of the Democratic nominees for Elector at Large, and George W. Arbuckle, of Girard, one of the Prohibition nominees. The district candidates for Elector were: Charles C. Boyd, Waterford, Repub- lican; William A. Galbraith, Erie, Democrat; John J. Taylor, Clearfield, Pro- hibition. The vote of the State was as follows: Grant, 349,689; Greeley, 211,961; Black, 4,630. Grant and Wilson were elected. Below is the vote of the county: (Jrant. Greeley. Black. Erie, First Ward 291 288 8 Erie, Second Ward 368 296 2 Erie, Third Ward 421 124 1 Erie. Fourth Ward 440 216 2 Erie, Fifth Ward 105 99 Erie, Sixtli Ward 120 70 13 Total 1,745 1,093 25 East Mill Creek 93 63 West Mill Creek 160 61 Harbor Creek 208 53 ' North East Township 215 116 North East Boronsh 183 51 Greenfield 1-^3 16 Venango 196 58 1 Wattsburg 44 27 1 Amity 74 70 Wavne 211 80 Concord 182 83 Corrv. First Ward 313 198 394 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Corry, Second Ward 281 211 Union Towiisliip 1^'' '^^ 12 Union Boroutih 239 195 4 Leitouf ^. 159 99 2 Mill Village 50 26 1 Waterford Township 291 98 Waterfoid Boroimli 147 54 2 Greene '. HI 120 Summit 86 94 1 Mc-Kean 218 20 Middleboro 29 5 Wasiiini^lon 285 116 Edinboro 74 53 .. - Franklin 152 4B Elk Creek 180 133 1 ConneHUt 232 57 2 Albion 50 29 13 Sprin.ofleld 352 60 5 (lirard Township 288 182 Giranl Borouo-h 79 59 Uockport . . . r. 46 48 Fairview Township 171 89 Fairview Borough 61 34 Total 7.504 3,587 58 A large portion of the Democrats were dissatisfied with Mr. Greeley's nomi- nation, he having always been a bitter enemy of their party, and refused to vote at the November election. To show the falling off in the Anti-Repub- lican vote, the following recapitulation is given: October. November. Opposition vote in State 317,760 211,961 Opjjosition vote in county 5,200 3,587 1873. A law known as the Local Option Act was passed by the Legislature which submitted the question to a vote of the people on the 16th of March whether licenses for the sale of liquor should or should not be granted for the three years ensuing. Each city and county decided the matter for itself, apart from what the result might be in either. The vote of Erie was 2,017 for license and 696 against; of Corry, 556 for license and 319 against; and of the county, outside of those cities, 1,760 for license and 2,620 against. In accordance with this result, no licenses wore granted in the county, with the exception of Erie and Corry, for about a year, when the Legislature repealed the act. The complete vote of the -State, apart from the cities, was 165,427 for license and 164,505 against; of the cities alone, 79.908 for license and 50,929 against. The following was the vote for State officers at the October election: Su- preme Judge, Isaac G. Gordon, Jefferson County, Republican, 240,335; James R. Ludlow, Philadelphia, Democrat, 225,941. State Treasurer. — (First election by the people) Robert W. Mackey, Alle- gheny County, Republican, 243,823; Frank M. Hutchison, Allegheny County, Democratic, 219,471. The vote of the county was 3,887 for Gordon, 2,709 for Ludlow, 3,652 for Mackey, and 2,899 for Hutchison. County Candidates. — Republican— Assembly, Henry Butterfield, Erie, 4,568; Emmett H. Wilcox, Edinboro, 4,077; Sheriff, John L. Hyner, Waterford Bor- ough, 3,457; Clerk of the Courts, Capt. C. L. Pierce, 7,249 (on the Democratic ticket also); Commissioner, M. H. Silverthorn, Fairview, 5,484 (Democrats made no nomination); Director of the Poor, James Dann, McKean, 4,423; HISTORV OF ERIE COUNTY. 395 Auditor, W. W. Thomas, Erie, 4,374; Jury Commissioner, William Grant, McKean, 4,474. Democratic and Liberal — Assembly, Wilson Laird, Erie, 3,096; Isaac R. Taylor, Edinboro, 2,756; Sheriff, Wilson Moore, Waterford Township, 3,450; Director of the Poor, Mortimer Phelps, Edinboro, Liberal, 2,687; Auditor, Thomas McCIure, Girard, Liberty, 2,682; Jury Commissioner, Robert Leslie, Wattsburg, 2,797. Prohibition — Assembly, David Wilson, Union Township, 138; Sheriff, A. L. Haskell, Amity, 134; Clerk of the Courts, John Miller, Jr., Erie, 144; Commissioner, Clark Rice, Union, 179; Director of the Poor, Hugh Cushing, 131; Auditor, Lyman G. Hall, North East, 168; Jury Commissioner, James Lytle, Erie, 155. Independent Democrat — Sheriff, Robert S. Hunter, Erie, 203; Levi Jack- son, Girard, 80. Independent Republican — County Commissioner, M. Hartleb, Erie, 1,767. The first returns for Sheriff gave Wilson Moore 4 majority, and he was declared elected. Just as the convention of Return Judges was about to ad- journ, an error was reported in Middleboro which gave J. L. Hyner a majority of 7. He was given the commission, and served out the term. Special Election. — A special election was held on the 16th of December, to decide upon the adoption or rejection of the new constitution. The vote of Erie County was 6,624 for the constitution, and 742 against; the vote of the State, 252,744 for, and 108,594 against. 1874. Supreme Judge. — Edward M. Paxson, Philadelphia, Republican, 270,230; W. J. Woodward, Berks County, Democrat. 277,454; James Black, Lancaster, Prohibition, 5,069. Lieutenant Governor. — A. H. Olmstead, Potter County, Republican,' 272,- 516; John Latta, Westmoreland County, Democrat, 277,195; B. R. Bradford, Beaver, Prohibition, 4,647. Auditor (?e?ieraZ.— Gen. Harrison Allen, Warren County, Republican, 272,- 571; J. F. Temple, Greene County, Democrat, 276,605; Calvin Parsons, Lu- zerne County, Prohibition, 4,767. Secretary of Internal Affairs. — Col. R. B. Beath, Schuylkill County, Re- publican, 272,310; Gen. William McCandless, Philadelphia, Democrat, 276,- 935; W. P. Culbertson, Montgomery County, Prohibition, 4,604. The average vote in the county was 5,000 for the Republican, 4,600 for the Democratic, and 30 for the Prohibition State ticket. For Congress, the Republican candidate was Carlton B. Curtis, of Erie, and the Democratic, Albert G. Egbert, of Venango. The latter was elected by a majority of 11, as follows: Curtis. Egbert. Erie 4,999 4,873 Venango 3,097 3,480 Warren 2,278 ^,032 Total 10,374 10,385 City Candidates. — Assembly, Henry Butterfield, Republican, 1,125; Will- iam Henry, Democrat, 1,585; John H. Welsh, Independent Republican, 153. County Candidates — Republican — Assemby, W. W. Brown, Coi-ry, 3,637; Orlando Logan, Albion, 3,775, Dr. S. F. Chapin, Wattsburg, 3,851; Treas- urer, Carl H. Walbridge, Erie, 4,692; Commissioner, Clark 131iss, North East Township, 5.221; Director of the Poor, Michael Henry, Erie, 5,254; Auditor, William E. Hayes, Greene, 5,324. 396 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Democratic — Assembly, F. Stanford, Corry, 3,371 ; Treasurer, N. T. Hume, Wattsburg, 5,161; Commissioner, John M. Knhn, Erie, 4,693; Director of the Poor, Charles Sherman, Elk Creek, 4,643; Auditor, D. W. Howard, Wayne, 4,666. Independent candidate for Assembly, Asa Battles, Girard, 1,943. Prohibition— Assembly, A. L. Haskell, Amity, 29; Treasurer, P. E. Nor- cross, Yenango, 36; Director of the Poor, W. R. Wade, Union, 21; xiuditor, James Chambers, Harbor Creek, 19. This is known as the "Tidal Wave" year, the Democi'ats sweeping almost every State and gaining the House of Representatives at Washington by a large majority, the first time they had control of that body in many years. Besides electing State officers, they carried a majority of the Lower House at Harrisburg, which enabled them to send W^illiam A. Wallace to the United States Senate for six years from the 4th of March, 1875. 1875. The Democratic State Convention met in Erie this year, being the only State assemblage of either party ever held in our city. The vote on State candidates was as follows: Governor. — Gen. John F. Hartranft, Montgomery County, Republican, 304,175; Cyrus L. Pershing, Cambria County, Democrat, 292,145; Rev. R. A. Brown, Lawrence County, Prohibition, 13,249. State Treasurer. — Henry Rawle, Erie County, Republican, 302,875; Victor E. Piollet, Bradford County, Democrat, 293,150; E. L. Pennypacker, Chester Count}-, Prohibition, 12,468. The county gave 6,699 votes for Hartranft, 4,744 for Pershing, 120 for Brown, 6,809 for Rawle, 4,641 for Piollet, and 94 for Pennypacker. County Candidates. — Republican — State Senate, Henry Butterfield, Erie, 6,360; Prothonotary, Giles D. Price, Venango, 6,937; Register and Recorder, Capt. D. Long, Fairview, 6,820; District Attorney, A. B. Force, Erie, 6,315; Coroner, Dr. J. E. Silliman, Erie, 6,581; Director of the Poor, John G. Kin- caide, Wayne, 6,694. Democratic — State Senate, David Olin, Girard, 5,083; Prothonotary, S. B. Gail, Corry, 4,559; Register and Recorder, A. L. Tilden, LeBceuf, 4,682; District Attorney, A. F. Bole, Union City, 5,119; Coroner, Dr. J. T. Clarke, Erie, 4,588; Director of the Poor, Josiah Shreve, Union Township, 4,794. Independent candidate for Coroner, A. M. Tarbell, Erie, 289. This year, entire Boards of County Commissioners and County Auditors were elected for the first time, under the operation of the new constitution. Three of both classes of officers were chosen for tliree years in each case, no voter having a right to cast a ballot for more than two, thus securing minority representation. The nominees of the Republican and Democratic parties were as follows, all being elected: County Commissioners — A. B. Gunnison, Erie, D. W. Titus, Venango, Re- publicans, and R. H. Arbuckle, East Mill Creek, Democrat. County Auditors— E. L. Range, LeBceuf, William B. Hayes, Greene, Re- publicans, and W. J. Brockway, Conneaut, Democrat, G. H. Lyon, of North East, was elected County Surveyor, receiving a few hundred votes, but the court decided that there was no vacancy, and he did not receive a commission. 1876. The October Election was dispensed with, and district and county officers were chosen in November, on the same day as the Presidential electors. Qy(Dc^-L^\ j^.d^cA.-t^t.-^^vj cnji^t^^^'i-^^^^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 399 This year was the first in which the Greenback party appeared in national politics. It proposed to abolish the National Banks, and substitute United States Treasury Notes, usually known as Greenbacks, for their notes of issue. The nominees for President and Vice Presi— Adelbert L. Tilden, LeBoeuf. 1882 to 1885— B. B. Whitley, East Mill Creek. 1882 to 1885— Richard Powell, Elk Creek. Clerks to the County Commissioners. — Appointed by the Commissioners — Thomas Wilkins was appointed when the county was organized in 1803, and became unfitted by sickness to perform the duties of the office in 1829. He died in May, 1830. - ^Robert Cochran became Clerk pro tern. November 2, 1829, filling the place during Mr. Wilkins' sickness, almost to the day of the latter's death. Jacob Snavely, appointed February 1, 1830. Died of consumption in 1834. Archibald Miller, appointed January 1, 1835. James Skinner, January 9, 1837. David McAllister, January 1, 1849. George W. Colton, January 1, 1852. A. J. Sterrett, January 1, 1863. Died in office, February 15, 1881. Ora P. Gunnison, March 1, 1881. Giles D. Price, January 1, 1883. Directors of the Poor. — Elected — Previous to 1840, each township took charge of its own poor, under the supervison of two Overseers elected by the people. 1840 to 1841 — James Benson, Waterford Township. 1840 to 1842— Thomas R. Miller, Springfield. 1840 to 1843— George W. Walker, Harbor Creek. 1841 to 1844— Conrad Brown, Mill Creek. 1842 to 1845 -John Evans, Mill Creek. 1843 to 1846 — James Anderson, W^aterford Township. 1844 to 1847— David Kennedy, Erie. 1845 to 1848— Curtis Heidler, Fairview. 1846 to 1849— William Bracken, LeBoeuf. 1847 to 1850— David Sterrett, McKean. 1848 to 1851— David Kennedy, Erie. 1849 to 1852— George Fritts, Waterford Township. 1850 to 1853— Melville M. Kelso, Fairview Township. 1851 to 1854— William E. McNair, Mill Creek. 1852 to 1855— John Parmeter, McKean. 1853 to 1856 — John Hay, Girard. 1854 to 1857 -George W. Brecht, Mill Creek. 1855 to 1858— Samuel W. Keefer, Erie. 1856 to 1859 — John Spalding, Springfield. Refused to serve. Appointed — 1856 to 1857 — John Hay, Girard. Appointed by the court to fill vacancy as above until the ensuing election. Elected — 1857 to 1860 — Alexander Nicholson, Fairview. ' ' 1857 to 1859 — William Bracken, LeBoeuf. Elected to serve out the term for which Mr. Spalding was chosen. 424 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 1858 to 1861— Thomas Stewart, Erie. 1859 to 1862— William Bracken, LeBceuf. 1860 to 1863— Thomas Willis, Mill Creek. 1861 to 1861— Thomas Stewart, Erie. 1862 to iSQb—Archibald Duncan, North East. 1863 to 1866— Thomas Willis, Mill Creek. 1864 to 1867— Thomas Stewart, Erie. 1865 to 1868 — Andrew Thompson, Union Township. 1866 to 1869— Thomas Willis, Mill Creek. 1867 to 1870— Jacob Hanson, Erie. 1868 to 1870 — Andrew Thompson, Union Township. 1869 to 1870— Stephen A. Beavis, Corry. Under an act of Assembly, all of the old Directors went out in 1870, and a full board was elected in the fall of that vear. 1870 to 1871— Louis W. Olds, Erie. 1870 to 1872— Stephen A. Beavis, Corry. 1870 to 1873 — William W. Eaton, Fairview Borough. 1872 to 1875— Michael Henry, Erie. 1873 to 1876— Merrick B. Chamberlain, Union Borough. 1874 to 1S77— James Dunn, McKean. 1875 to 1878— Michael Henry, Erie. 1876 to 1879- John G. Kincaid, Wayne. 1877 to 1880 — Seymour Washburne, McKean. 1878 to 1881— George W. Riblet, Erie. 1879 to 1882— Jefferson Triscuit, Union Township. 1880 to 1883— John C. Zuck. West Mill Creek. 1881 to 1884 — Joseph Henderson, Erie. 1882 to 1885— Jefferson Triscuit, Union City. 1883 to 1886—0. S. McAllister, Wattsburg. Steivards of the Almshouse — (Appointed by the Directors of the Poor) — 1840 — Freeman Patterson, Mill Creek. 1847— Samuel Fickinger, Mill Creek. 1852— S. P. B. Zuck, Mill Creek. 1857— Thomas Love, Mill Creek. 1858 — Thomas Dunn, McKean. 1863— Calvin Pool, North East. 1872— George W. Griffin, North East. 1880— William W. Brown, West Mill Creek. Clerks and Treasurers to the Directors of the Poor.— (Appointed by the board) — 1840 — Thomas Evans, Erie. 1849 — Thomas Moorhead, Erie. Died in office, August 7, 1859. 1859— Pressley Arbuckle, Erie. 18Q1— William M. Arbuckle, Erie. Died in office December 27, 1874. 1875— Robert H. Henry, Erie. Died in office in May, 1879. 1879 — Daniel W. Nason, Fairview. County Superintendents of Public Schools. — (Elected by the School Directors in County Convention) — William H. Armstrong, Wattsburg, 1854 to 1860. L. W. Savage, Springfield, 1860 to 1863. D. P. Ensign, Erie, served six months in 1863 and resigned. Julius Degmier, Erie. Served six months by appointment, and then elected for two years, to 1866. L. T. Fisk, Girard, 1866 to 1869. C. C. Taylor, Elk Creek, 1869 to 1878. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 425 Charles Twining, Union, 1878 to 1884 (salary §1,500 per anaum). County Detectives. — Appointed by the Court — Daniel Mitchell, Erie, Jan- uary 1, 1876. Charles Justice, Erie, January 1, 1879. John P. Sullivan, September 16, 1883. County Surveyors. — The title of this office was Deputy Surveyor, and the incumbents were appointed by the Govei'nor until 1851, when the office was made elective and the name changed to County Surveyor. Appointed — W^ilson Smith, Waterford, April 25, 1800, John Cochran, Mill Creek, July 9, 1801. Thomas Smith, Erie, March 28, 1806. Thomas Wikon, Erie, May 11, 1812. Jonah Coicgill, Erie, Mav 11, 1815. Wilson King, Waterf ord," May 21, 1827. Hiram Bumj)hrey, McKean, March 4, 1833. Sylveras E. Webster, Erie, July 30. 1833. Stephen Skinner, McKean, July 18, 1836. James Graham, Erie, July 9, 1839. Sylveras E. Webster, Erie, May 30, 1842. John H. Millar, Erie, May 2, 'l844. Electied — David "Wilson, Union, bond filed January 15, 1852. William Benson, Waterford, January 17, 1854. Eobert P. Holliday. Springfield. November 5, 1863. G. W. F. Sherwin, Harbor Creek, November 12, 1866. Piobert P. Holliday, Fairview, February 22, 1869. George Piatt, Girard. [The officers at Harrisburg decided that he was not elected in the right year, and refused to send him a commission. Holli- day continued till the court appointed Piatt November 11, 1872, who con- tinued till October, 1878 j. v George M. Kobinson, Springfield, October 22, 1878. Resigned May, 1879, and George Piatt appointed May 24 of the same year. County Auditors. — Three elected annually until 1813, after which time and until 1875 one was elected each year to serve for three years. There is no record of the Auditors previous to 1809, nor for 1811, 1812 or 1815. 1809 — Thomas Robinson, North East; George Nicholson, Fairview; Will- iam Wallace, Mill Crerek. 1810 — Charles Martin, Waterford; John Grubb, Mill Creek; John McCreary, Erie. 1811 — Robert Knox, Erie; Rufus Seth Reed, Erie; Charles Martin, Water- ford. 1812 — EHsha Marvin, Greenfield; Johji Lytic, LeBoeuf; Charles Martin^ Waterford. 1813 — John Lytic, Waterford; Robert McClelland, Mill Creek; Robert Toivnley, Erie. 1814 — Amos Judson, Waterford. 1816 — George Nicholson, Fairview. 1817 — John Morris, Erie. 1818 — Thomas Dunn, McKean. 1819- -T/iomas H. Sill. Erie 1820— T/tomas H. Sill, Erie. 1821 — Thomas Rees, Harbor Creek. 1822 — Thomas Dunn, McKean. 1823 — Daniel Sayre, Fairview. 426 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 1824 — Thomas Rees, Harbor Creek. 1825— James M. McKay, Waterford Borough; William E. McNair, Mill Creek (one vear). 1826— Martin Strong, Waterford. 1827 — David H. Chapman, Fairview. 182S— Robert Cochran, Mill Creek. 1829— Eli Webster, McKean. 1830 — John J. Swan, Fairview. 1831 — James Smedley, North East. 1832 — Samuel Low, Venango. 1833 — Mark Baldwin, Greenfield. 1834 — Russell Staucliff, Washington. 1835 — William Benson, Waterford. 1836— William H. Crawford, North East. 1837— Thomas Nicholson, Mill Creek. 1838— Alex W. Brewster, Erie. 1839- Gideon J. Ball, Erie. 1840 — James Miles, Girard. 1841 — Moses Barnett, Fairview. 1842 — Benjamin Gunnison, Greene. 1843— W^illiam M. Arbuckle, Erie. 1844 — Thomas Pierce, Le Boeuf. 1845 — James H. Campbell, Edinboro. 1845 — Simeon Hunt, Waterford (one year, to serve out the term of Mr. Ar- buckle, who had moved from the county). 1846 — James Chambers, Harbor Creek. 1847— John Wood, Le Boeuf. 1848 — John Eagly, Springfield. 1849 — John L. Way, Greene (afterward Summit). 1850— Flavel Boyd, Waterford Township. 1851 — Samuel Reeder, Washington. 1852— Oren Reed, McKean. 1853 — Robert Gray, Union Township. 1854— George W. Brecht, Mill Creek. 1855— N. W. Russell, Mill Creek. 1856 — John W. Campbell, Washington. 1857 — Elias Brecht, McKean. 1858 — David Nash, Concord. 1858 — H. H. Bassler, Fairview. To serve out the term of Mr. Campbell, elected to the Legislature. 1859 — John L. Way, Summit; H. H, Bassler, Fairview (three years.) 1860 — William H. Belknap, Concord. 1861 — Joseph W. Swalley, Fairview. 1862— Henry Gingrich, Mill Creek. 1863— Oren Reed, McKean. 1864 — Philip Osborn, Girard Township. 1865 — Oliver H. P. Ferguson, Fairview. 1866— Mathias Hartleb, Erie. 1867 — Francis F. Stowe, Amity. 1868 — Thomas Evans, Erie. 1869 — Thomas Wools, Union Borough; George W. Griffin, North East (one year, in place of Mr. Stowe, resigned). l870^Jesse Ebersole, Harbor Creek ,<^^^^. '.-•<•, v^^i '^L^'L^ ^C<^'>^r^^^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 429 1871— Clayton W. Lytle, Erie. 1872— Daniel W. Titus, Venango. 1873— William W. Thomas, Erie. The new Constitution provided for the election of three Auditors every third year, each voter to have the right of voting for two only, in order to insure minority representation. 1874 —Elijah K. Eange, LeBoeuf ; William E. Hayes, Greene; William F. Brockway, Conneaut. 1877— William E. Hayes, Greene; William W. Love, West Mill Creek; C. R. Gray, Venango. 1880— William L. Arbuckle, Erie; William P. Edwards, Harbor Creek; George Manton, Elk Creek. Jury Commissioners. — Office created in 1867, and made elective, two persons being chosen every three years. Each voter is entitled to cast a ballot for one candidate only, thus insuring representation to both of the leading parties. 1867 — -David N. Patterson, Wattsburg; Perry G. Stranahaii, Union Borough. 1870 — William W. Love, West Mill Creek; Horace L. Pinney, Greene. 1873 — William Grant, McKean; Robert Leslie, Wattsburg. 1876 — George A Evans, West Mill Creek; Joseph I. Tanner, Erie, 1879 — D. L. Bracken, Corry; William Biggers, Girard Township. 1882 — George J. Russell,EaBt Mill Creek; James D. Phillips, TJnion City. Court Criers. — Appointed by the Court — David Langley, Erie; Basil Hoskinson, Erie; Robert Kincaide, Erie; Joshua Randall, Erie; Remras Baldwin, Erie; P. D. Bryant, Erie; Edward B. Lytle, Erie; A. E. White (since 1851), Erie. Mercantile Appraisers. — Appointed by the County Commissioners: 1852 — Simon B. Benson, Waterford Borough. 1853— Samuel W. Keefer, Erie. 1854— E. C. Hedden, Springfield. 1855— N. W. Russell, Mill Creek. 1856 — James T. Ensworth, Wattsburg. 1857 — James P. Vincent, Waterford. 1858 — Samuel Rea, Jr., Springfield. 1859 — Johnston Eaton, Fairview. 1860— John B. Mills, North East. 1861 — Simon B. Benson, Waterford Borough. 1862 — Perry Devore, Springfield. 1863 — C. W. S. Anderson, Waterford Borough. 1864— James W. Crawford, North East. 1865 — Liberty Salisbury, Conneaut. 1866— H. R. Whittelsey, Waterford. 1867— James C. Russell, Mill Creek. 1868— D. N. Patterson, Wattsburg. 1869— James R. Taylor, Waterford. 1870— Myron E. Dunlap, Erie. 1871— Stephen J. Godfrey, Elk Creek. 1872 — Liberty Salisbury, Conneaut. 1873— Myron E. Dunlap, Erie. 1874— R. L. Pierce, North East. 1875— L. E. Guignon, Corry. 1876 — James McCreary, Fairview. 23 430 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 1877 — D. W. Hutchinson, Girard Borough. 1878— D. N. Patterson, Wattsburg. 1879— Ora P. Gunnison, Mill Creek. 1880— William T. Brown, Corry. 1881— i^. H. Arbuckle, East Mill Creek. 1882—0. S. McAllister, Wattsburg. 1883— /f. L. Minium, Mill Village. Sealer of Weights and Measures. — 1877 to 1880 — Joseph Keischscheidt> Erie. 1880 to 1883— W. J. Robinson, Mill Village. 1883— W. P. Butterlield, Edinboro. [Office abolished April, 1883]. CHAPTER XXII. The Canal and Railroads. A SUGGESTION was made as early as 1762 to unite the waters of Lake Erie with the Delaware River at Philadelphia, by way of the Schuyl- kill, Swatara, Susquehanna, Juniata and Allegheny. The country was too poor to undertake the enterprise then, but it was not lost sight of by the far- seeing citizens of the State. A company was formed in 1791 to construct a canal from the Schuylkill to the Susquehanna, and another in 1792 to build one down the Schuylkill to Philadelphia. These corporations were consoli- dated in 1811, under the name of the Union Canal Company, and author- ized to extend their improvement to Lake Erie should it be deemed expedi- ent. The canal and slackwater along the Schuylkill were not opened until 1818. The Union Canal, connecting with the latter at Reading, was com- pleted to Middletown, on the Susquehanna, in 1827. It does not appear that the corporation made an effort to extend their work any further west- ward. The Legislature of 1823 passed an act for the appointment of Commis- sioners to explore a route for connecting Lake Erie with B'rench Creek by canal and slackwater, a project that seems decidedly absurd in the light of our present information. The Commissioners were duly appointed. Col. Thomas Forster of this city being one of the number, and a survey was made in 1825, by Maj. Douglass, of the United States Army. A convention of delegates from forty-six counties, Giles Sanford representing Erie, met at Harrisburg in August, 1825, and passed resolutions in favor of a canal from the Susquehanna to the Allegheny, and from the Allegheny to Lake Erie. The State embarked in the enterprise soon after, going heavily in debt for the pur- pose, and by 'October, 1834, the first boat from the East arrived at Pittsburgh. This was almost nine years later than the opening of the Erie Canal in New York, which was completed in November, 1825. The main line of the Pennsyl- vania Canal extended from Columbia, Lancaster County, a few miles below the intersection of the Union Canal, and extended up the Susquehanna and Juniata to the Alleghany Mountains. These were crossed by a railway, con- sisting of a series of inclined planes, over which boats, built in sections, were moved by stationary engines. After overcoming the mountains the route was down the Conemaugh, the Kiskeminetas and the Allegheny Rivers to Pittsburgh. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 431 THE LAKE TEKMINUS. In the meantime, a furious agitation sprung up in the Northwest over the question whether the extension of the canal from Pittsburgh to Lake Erie should be by way of the Allegheny River and French Creek, or down the Ohio and up the Beaver and Shenango Rivers. The first was known as the "East- ern " and the latter as the "Western'' route. Stephen Wolverton was elected to the Legislature from Erie County in 1827 as a French Creek or "Eastern route" man. The next year the friends of the "Western route" rallied, and elected George Moore as the Representative of the county. The Western route having been adopted by the advice of the engineers in charge, another contro- versy arose in the county over the lake terminus of the canal, some wanting it to be at Erie, and others at the mouth of Elk Creek. William and James Miles, who owned a large body of land in that vicinity, were the chief pro- moters of the Elk Creek scheme, and at one time nearly succeeded. It is a part of the tradition of the day that Erie owes its selection largely to the la- bors of Elijah Babbitt in the Legislature, who rose from a sick bed to speak and work in its favor. In 1832, through the efforts of Hon. John H. Walker, the State ceded the third section of 2,000 acres of laud west of Erie to the borough, for the purpose of building a canal basin at the harbor, reserving 100 acres for a county almshouse. The principal difficulty encountered in the construction of the canal was in overcoming the dividing ridge in Crawford County, and obtaining water from there to Erie, a distance of thirty-eight miles, with a continuous descent to the lake. To meet this difficulty, Conneaut Lake, nearly on the summit of the ridge, and about 500 feet above Lake Erie, was raised to a sufficient level to turn the water in a northerly direction, and converted into a reservoir. A. feeder was built from Bemus' Mills, three miles above Meadville, which carried a portion of French Creek into Conneaut Lake, keeping up a regular supply of water. All of the water used in ihe canal from the summit to Erie was drawu from the reservoir of Conneaut Lake. Work on the enterprise progressed at irregular spots and intervals until 1842, when the State refused to appropriate any more money. At Erie, ground was broken for the canal on the 4th of July, 1838, amid great festivities, Capt. D. Dobbins leading the procession, Capt. M. Strong lifting the first spadeful of earth, and Hon. John H. Walker delivering the oration. The Governor's message in 1843 showed that ninety- seven and three-quarter miles were finished from Rochester, on the Ohio, the southern terminus, to the mouth of the French Creek feeder, and forty-nine and one-quarter miles more, including the feeder and an extension to Franklin, leaVing in pi'ogress and nearly completed the thirty-eight and one-half miles from the point where the other work ended in Erie. Up to that date the State had expended more than $4,000,000, and it was calculated that but $211,000 more were needed to make the canal ready for the boats. COMPLETION OF THE CANAL. ^ At the session of 1842-43, the Legislature passed an act incorporating the Erie Canal Company, and ceding to it all the work that had been done at such immense cost, on condition that the corporation would finish and operate the improvement. This company was organized with Rafus S. Reed as President; C. M. Reed, Treasm-er; William Kelly, Secretary, and the two Reeds, Kelly, T. G. Colt, William M. Watts, B. B. Vincent and John A. Tracy, of Erie, M. B. Lowry, of Crawford County, and James M. Power, of Mercer County, as 432 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Managers. Contracts for the incompleted work were let in September, 1843, payment to be made in the bonds of the company. The first boats to reach Erie were the Queen of the West, a packet boat, crowded with passengers, and the R. S. Reed, loaded with Mercer County coal, both coming in on the same day, the 5th of December. 1844. They were received with huzzas by the thousands gathered on the banks of the canal at Erie to witness the great event, and greeted with a cannon salute when they reached the bay. The Wayne Grays paraded during the day, and a ball was given at the Reed House in the evening. A few other boats came in the same winter, but navigation did not regularly open until the spring of 1845. The principal engineers of the work were W. Milnor Roberts and Milton Courtright. The canal entered the city limits of Erie near the present car works, and followed the ravine of Lee's Run to the bay, which it joined at the foot of Sassafras street. A commodious basin for the protection of the boats was built in the bay, at the outlet, which still remains, being the inclosed part of the harbor on both sides of the public dock. Between the almshouse and the bay there is a descent of over a hundred feet, rendering necessary fifteen locks, with an average lift of seven feet. At Lockport, in the western part of the county, where the canal descended to the level of the lake shore, there were twenty-eight locks within a distance of two miles, having an average lift of six and a half feet. The canal was of moderate capacity, compared with the great Erie Canal of New York, and as a consequence the boats were of small size, averaging sixty-five tons. ITS ABANDONMENT. A good business was done for thirty years after its completion, mainly in coal, iron ore and merchandise. Up to 1853, when the Lake Shore Railroad was opened to Toledo, the canal also carried large numbers of emigrants, who came to Erie by steamer from Buffalo, and took this route to the Ohio Valley. A number of packet boats for conveying passengers ran on the canal, and it was the grand avenue of trade and travel for the western counties. In 1860, the receipts were $105,311, and the expenses $70,379, of which $17,034 were for a new aqueduct over Walnut Creek. In those days, the canal and basin at Erie presented a busy sight; scores of boats were loaded and unloaded daily at the docks; the locks were in almost constant use; thousands of people derived their maintenance from boating, and large sums of money were invested in various ways along the line of the improvement. W. W. Reed was Superin- tendent in 1860, and continued in that capacity until the canal was abandoned. The canal continued to flourish until the completion of the Erie & Pitts- burgh Railroad, which soon proved to be a formidable competitor. Had its capacity been for large-sized boats, this rivalry might not have been serious. An enlargement was proposed but never undertaken. The water of Lake Erie ■could not be made to flow up hill, and opinions differed whether French Creek and Conneaut Lake would furnish enough water to float the increased size of boats necessary to compete with the railroad. A company was formed, how ever, who had faith in the experiment. They offered Gen. Reed, who con- trolled most of the stock, a handsome sum for the canal, but, in the midst of their negotiations, were notified that he had disposed of it to the railroad management. The latter operated it in an unsatisfactory manner to the boat- men until 1871, when the fall of the Elk Creek Aqueduct gave them an excuse for abandoning the work, which was undoubtedly their original purpose. Since then the locks and bridges have been taken to pieces, the boats sold or broken up, the channel filled almost everywhere in the county, and few traces HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 433 of this once important avenue remain. The abandonment of the canal ruined many boatmen and small storekeepers, and caused much injury to the towns along its route which were so unfortunate as to be off of the line of the rail- road. RAILROADS. The Lake Shore Railroad. — The earliest public movement in regard to the construction of a railroad along the lake shore was through a convention held in Fredonia, N. Y. , in 1831. Its object was to arrange for building a road from Buffalo to the State line, with the understanding that it was to connect with one in Pennsylvania. The delegates from Erie were C. M. Eeed, P. S. V. Hamot and Thomas H. Sill. The Erie & North East Railroad Company, the first railroad organization in the county, was incorporated April 12, 1842, with a capital of $5,000,000. This was reduced in 1846 to $600,000, and books for subscriptions were opened on the 19th of October in the same year, most of the stock being taken in Erie. The active men in forwarding the project were Charles M. Reed, John A. Tracy and John H. Walker. The first election of ofiicers was held on the 22d of January, 1847, resulting in the election of C. M. Reed as President, Giles Sanford as Treasurer, and William Kelly, Henry Cadwell, Smith Jack- son, A. W. Brewster, M. Courtright and James Williams as Directors. The surveys of the road were completed in the spring of 1849, under the direction of Mr. Courtright. Contracts for the construction of the road were let on the 26th of July of the same year, and the grading was commenced soon after. • ERIE TO BUFFALO. Previous to this, a company had been formed to build a railroad from Dun- kirk to the State line, under the auspices of the New York & Erie Railway Company. A second road was prc^jected by the New York Central Company from Buffalo, by way of Fredonia, to the State line. Both routes were sur- veyed, the right of way obtained, and some work done. A contract was en- tered into by the Erie & North East Company for a connection with the Dunkirk & State Line road, which would have given a uniform six feet gauge, and made Erie the practical terminus of the New York & Erie road upon the lake. Shortly afterward, another arrangement was made with the Buffalo, Fredonia & State line road for the laying of an additional track of the New York guage of four feet eight and one-half inches. In course of time, a compromise was effected between the two New York corporations, by which they violated their contract with the Erie & North East Company, and agreed to build but one road between Buffalo and the State line of the Ohio guage of four feet ten inches. The object of this was to force the Erie & North East Company to adopt the same guage, and compel the break, which had to occur at some point, to be made within the limits of New York. This did not have the effect they anticipated, and the Erie & North East road was completed with a six feet track. Work on the road went on slowly, and the first passenger train did not come into Erie until the 19th of January, 1852, John Moore being con- ductor, and Nathan Norton, engineer. ERIE TO CLEVELAND. The Franklin Canal Company was incorporated on the 27th of April, 1844, to repair the Franklin division of the canal. On the 9th of April, 1849, a* supplement to the charter was secured authorizing the company to build a rail- road on the route of the canal between Meadville and Franklin, and to extend 434 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. it northward to Lake Erie, and southward to Pittsburgh. This charter was so construed as to permit the building of a railroad from Erie to the Ohio State line, and one was accordingly constructed, largely through the efforts of Judge John Galbraith and Alfred Kelley. At the State line it connected with a road that had been completed to Cleveland, under the laws of the State of Ohio. The first train ran from Erie to Ashtabula on the morning of the 23d of No- Tembei-, 1852. ten months later than the opening of the Erie & North East road. It returned in the afternoon, when the event was celebrated by a sup- per at Brown's Hotel, of which 300 people partook, and at which speeches were made by Judge Galbraith, Alfred Kelley, A. B. Lowry and William S. Lane. As the Pennsylvania law stood at that time, all roads entering Erie from the east were to be six feet or four feet eight and one half gauge, and all from the west four feet ten. The gauge of the Franklin Canal Company's road was therefore different from that of the Erie & North East road, nece.ssitating a break at Erie. CONSOLIDATION EFFKCTED. The change of gauge at Erie and at the State line proved to be a serious inconvenience to the railroad companies, and on the 17th of November, 1853, a contract was entered into between the Buffalo & State Line and the Erie & North East Companies, by which the latter were to alter their track to four feet ten inches, making a uniform gauge from Buffalo to Cleveland. By this time, two-thirds of the stock of the E. & N. E. road had passed into the hands of Buffalo & State Line parties, who had entered into a contract to run the improvement as one road. The change of gauge was commenced on the 7th of December, 1853, but was not completed till February 1, 1854, when the first train under the new arrangement arrived at Erie from the East. THE RAILROAD WAR. The announcement of the contemplated change of gauge created the ut- most indignation among the people of tbis county, who saw in it the defeat of their hope of having Erie made the lake terminus of the New York & Erie Railway, and a pui'pose to make the city nothing more than a way station. At 10 o'clock in the forenoon of the 7th day of December, 1853, an immense assem- blage of the citizens of Erie gathered at the depot and tore down the bridges over State and French streets, and took up the track across every street east of Sassafras. Near Harbor Creek Station, on the same day, the track was torn up in three places. In the latter township, on the 28th of December, while the railroad men were re-laying the track a fracas took place, in which a pistol was tired by a train conductor, and two citizens of the township slightly wound- ed. The excitement that ensued was the most intense ever known in the county. Only a few citizens of Erie sided with the railroad companies, and they were treated by the rest as common enemies. The railroad question obliterated party lines to a great extent, and in each of the years 1854, 1855, 1858. for the hrst time in a long period, one of the two legislative Representatives elected from the countv was a Democrat. The asritation amonof the peojile was followed by an appeal to the courts, and the interposition of both the State and United States officials was required on several occasions. The occurrences here detailed spread over a period of about two years. During the two months in which the populace prevented the track from being changed, passengers and freight were transf en-ed between Harbor Creek and Erie by stages and wagons, causing a delay that subjected our city, county and people to innumerable curses from the eastern and western patrons of the railroad. A second series of HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 435 outbreaks occurred in Erie and Harbor Creek in 1855, when the bridges were again destroyed and the track torn up, but it was quieted by the intervention of the Supreme Court. FURTHER CONSOLIDATION. The Supreme Court decided that the road built by the Franklin Canal Com- pany was not a legal building under the charter, and the charter itself was re- pealed in 1854. Meanwhile, the stock had been mostly purchased by the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabu.'a Company, owners of the connecting road from the Ohio State line westward. A new charter was granted by the Legis- lature in 1855 or 1856, on condition that the company should subscribe $500,- 000 to the Philadelphia & Erie road, extend its track to the harbor of Erie, and retain three citizens of Pennsylvania perpetually in its Board of Directors. The first of these provisions was complied with; the other two remain in force to this day. The new company took control of the entire line from Erie to Cleveland. The charter of the Erie and North East Company was repealed in 1855, but restored in April, 1856, conditioned upon the expenditure of $400,000 toward the building of a road from Pittsburgh to Erie. This was subsequently done. A few years afterward, the Erie & North East and the Buffalo & State Line roads were consolidated under the title of the Buffalo & Erie. About fifteen years ago, the consolidation of the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula road was effected with the Cleveland & Toledo, and at a still later date this organization was consolidated with the Michigan Southern, making one management from Erie to Chicago, which became known as the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Company. Into this organization the Buffalo & Erie was merged in 1869. William H. Vanderbilt is President of the organization, and controls a naajority of the stock. LOCAL FEATURES. The track of the road is ostensibly four feet ten inches, but has been grad- ually narrowed to four feet nine inches, which is the universal gauge of the United States, with few exceptions. The road is almost level through Erie County, the heaviest grade being at Mooreheadville, where, for about a mile a id a half, it is fifteen feet to the mile. In building the road, the greatest difl&- culties experienced were at the gullies of the lake shore streams. These were originally crossed by wooden viaducts, which have been replaced by arches or iron bridges. The viaduct across the gully of Twenty Mile Creek was 102 feet high and 400 long; of Sixteen Mile Creek, 40 feet high and 800 long; of Wal- nut Creek, 106 feet high and 800 long; of Elk Creek, 115 feet high and 1,400 long; and of Crooked Creek, 45 feet high and 500 long. In all of these cases arches and embankments have been substituted for the slender and dangerous looking viaducts. The work of filling the gullies and preparing for the arches was commenced shortly after the road was completed, but went along slowly, it not being practicable to push it rapidly. The iron bridges in Erie County are over Four and Six Mile Creeks, in Habor Creek Township, and French and State streets in Erie City. The first depot at Erie was a clumsy looking brick structure, built in 1851. It was replaced by the Union depot in 1864, the expense of constructing which was born equally* by the two Lake Shore organizations then existing. The Philadelphia & Erie Company pays interest for its use on one-third of its cost and one-third of the current expense of keeping it up, less a small rental from the Erie & Pittsburgh Company. Ira W. Hart was the first ticket agent, ■136 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. commencing with the opening of the Erie & North East road in 1852, and continuing until November 1, 1872, when he was succeeded by John T. Fors- ter, who had been his assistant. The first regular freight agent at Erie was William S. Bx'own, who was ap- pointed in 1853. He continued until 1865, when he was elected Treasurer and Director, being succeeded as agent by a Mr. Northrup, who remained but a few months. His place was taken by James C. Hart, who continues in the service. The western round-house was built in 1862, and the eastern in 1863, the first having a capacity for fifteen, and the second for twenty-one engines. DISTANCES. The following are the distances by this route from Erie to the places named: Eastward — Miles. Westward— Miles. Wesley ville 4 Swanville 9 Harbor Creek 8 Fairview 11 Moorehead's 11 Miles Grove 16 North East 15 Springfield 20 State Line 20 Ohio Line 26 RipleV 23 Conneaut 28 Westfield 30 Ashtabula 41 Brocton 39 Painesville 67 Dunkirk 48 Cleveland 95 Buffalo 88 Sandusliy 153 Rochester 156 Toledo 208 Svracuse 237 Chicago 452 Albanv 386 New York 511 PHILADELPHIA & ERIE RAILROAD. As long ago as 1830, a railroad was projected from Erie eastward through the counties of Warren, Elk and Lycoming, upon nearly the same route sub- sequently adopted, but nothing was done in the direction of actual work. A railroad was commenced at Sunbury in 1833 by Stephen Girard and others, intended to connect Erie with Philadelphia by way of Pottsville. A few miles of it were built eastward, and then the work stopped on account of the financial depression. When the Pennsylvania Railroad Company was incorporated in 1846, it was given authority to build a branch to Erie, but never availed itself of the provision. In 1837, a bill passed the Legislature incorporating the Sunbury & Erie Railroad Company. An organization was regularly effected, the stock to secure the charter being taken by the United States Bank, and engineers were employed to survey a route in 1838 and 1839. Nothing further was done for some years. In 1854, the project was simultaneously revived in Phila- delphia, in Erie and in the Legislature. The city of Philadelphia sub- scribed $1,000,000 toward the construction of the road, the county of Erie $200,000, and the city of Erie $300,000, in addition to 150 water lots for dock accommodations. This was an extremely liberal subscription for Erie City and County, as the former only contained about 6,000 people and the latter but 40,000. The same year, the Cleveland & Erie Company were required to subscribe $500,000 to the road, as a condition of securing a new charter. About this time the State exchanged a portion of her canals for $3,500,000 of Sunbury & Erie bonds, thus placing the company upon a substantial footing. By December, 1854, the road was in running order from Sunbury to Williams- port, where a connection was made with the Northern Central road to Elmira. The occasion was celebrated by an excursion of 500 citizens of Philadelphia to .^^HyTt^l/fy HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 439 Erie, who returned to the East full of zeal for the completion of the enterprise. The division of the road from Erie to Warren was begun in August, 1856, and completed in December, 1859. In the spring of 1861, the name of the corporation was changed to the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad Company. The war coming on in that year alarmed the stockholders, and fearful that they would be unable to complete the enterprise, the road was leased, in 1862, to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for a term of 999 years. Work was vigor- ously prosecuted by the lessees, and in October, 1864, the first passenger train came through from Philadelphia with a large party of excursionists. A mag- niticient entertainment was given them by the city of Erie, which cost $3,000. The bill for wines alone was $1,500, and for spiced oysters $300. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The road is 287 6-10 miles in length, operated in three divisions, as fol- lows: Eastern — Sunbury to Renovo, 92 4-10 miles; Middle — Renovo to Kane, 100 7-10 miles; Western — Kane to Erie, 94 5-10. At Sunbury, connection is made with the southern division of the Northern Central road, under the same management, which gives a direct route to Harrisburg, Baltimore, Washing- ton, Philadelphia and New York. The distance from Erie to Harrisburg is 347 miles; to Baltimore, 425; to Washington, 468; to Philadelphia, 453, and to New York, 543. Below are the distances along the road itself, measuring from the foot of State street in Erie: Outer Depot 2 Tiona 76 Wagner's 5 Sheffield 79 Belle Valley 7 Rovstone 82 Langdon's 9 Ludlow 86 Jackson's 13 Wetmore 90 Waterford 19 Kane 95 Le Bceuf 23 Wilcox 104 Union City 27 Ridgway 119 Elgin 32 St. Mary's 129 Lovell's 34 Emporium 149 Corry 37 Cameron 155 Columbus 39 Driftwood 168 Spring Creek 44 Renovo 196 Garland 50 Lock Haven 224 Pittsfield 54 Jersey Shore 236 Youngsville 58 Williamsport 248 Irvineton 60 Muncy 260 Warren 66 Milton 275 Stoneham 71 Northumberland 285.6 Clarendon 73 Sunbury 287.6 OTHER MATTERS. In surveying the road, considerable difficulty was experienced in finding a suitable route to reach the level of the lake from the high lands on the south. The course finally adopted was by way of Four Mile Creek, necessitating a long curve to round the second ridge, which compels over seven miles of rail- road to make the distance of four and a half miles by common road from Erie to Belle Valley. At Jackson's Station, thirteen miles south of Erie, the sum- mit of the road between the lake region and the Le Bceuf Valley is attained at a height of 656 feet above the lake. The grade between Jackson's and Erie is at one place eighty-three feet to the mile. The following figures give the height of the road above tide- water at the various points named: 440 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. STATIONS. FEET. STATIONS. FEET. Erie, foot of State street 573 Sheffield 1,337 Summit, at Jackson's 1,229 Kane 2, 130 Union City 1,270 Wilcox 1,527 Corry 1,431 Ridgway 1,393 Garland 1,309 St. Mary's Summit 1,696 Warren 1,200 Emporium 1,021 The first General Superintendent of the road was Joseph i). Potts, who took charge at its opening in 1864. His successors are as follows: Albert L. Tyler, October 1, 1865; William A. Baldwin, May 1, 1870; Robert Neilson, August 1, 1881. The Superintendents of the Western , Division have been: Samuel A. Black, appointed in July, 1859; William A. Baldwin, February 7, 1862; John W. Reynolds, May 1, 1868. The general offices were at Erie until 1874, when they were removed to Williamsport. The company occupied the frame building at the foot of State street, in Erie, as a passenger and freight depot, until the completion of the Union depot, to which the passenger traffic was at once transferred. The freight business continued at that point until the erection of the new freight building on Parade street in 1880. The shops of the road are at Erie, Kane, Renovo and Sunbury. ERIE & PITTSBURGH RAIDROAD. A railroad company, under the name of the Pittsburgh & Erie, was chartered many years ago, and got some right of way, but did nothing further. A. new charter, incorporating the Erie & Pittsburgh Company, was obtained in the year 1856, by parties interested in the Erie & North East Company. It did not specify the exact route to be taken, and a sharp rivalry for the road sprung up between Meadville and Conneautville. Subscriptions were secured along both routes, but the Conneautville one was approved by the engineers, and adopted. The new charter of the Erie & North East Company provided that it should invest 400,000 in the construction of a road in the direction of Pitts- burgh. With this sum and the money of the stockholders, the Erie & Pitts- burgh road was graded from near Miles G-rove to Jamestown, Mercer County, and the track laid to Albion. The Buffalo & Erie Company advanced the means to lay the rails to Jamestown in 1859. In 1864, with the proceeds of a mortgage and bonds, added to a few subscriptions, the road was continued to New Castle, where the Erie & Pittsburgh road proper terminates. At that place connection is made with tbe New Castle & Beaver Valley Road, which connects in turn with the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago at Home wood, giving a direct route to the Smoky City. The company own extensive docks at Erie for the handling of coal and iron ore, built in 1863. The I'ound house in Erie was erected in 1865, and the shops bought of McCarter & Scoville in 1866. The distances by this route are as follows: ' MILES. MILES. Erie to a little west of Miles Grove Greenville 63 (Lake Shore road) 16.5 Sharpsville 75 Cross' 21 Sharon 78 Albion 27 Middlesex 84 Spring 32 , New Castle 99 Conneautville 35 Homewood 113.9 Jamestown 57 Pittsburgh 148.9 The Superintendents of the road have been R. N. Brown, J. L. Grant, W. S. Brown, J. J. Lawi-ence, F. N. Finney and John M. Kimball. W. L. Scott, of Erie, has been President of the corporation some fifteen years. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 441 The road was operated as a feeder to the Lake Shore until the 24th of March, 1870, when it was leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad CompHny for a term of 999 years. The terms of the lease are that the lessees shall maintain the road, keep up the interest on its debt, and pay 7 per cent annually on the capital stock of $2,000,000. On the first of March, 1871, the management was transferred to the Pennsylvania Company, a separate corporation from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, organized to operate the Western lines leased by the latter. It has a capital of $12,000,000. From Erie to a short distance west of Miles Grove, the E. & P. uses the Lake^Shore track, with the exception of two and one-half miles between the city and the dock junction. The company own the connecting road along the bay front of Erie, from the Pittsburgh docks to the Philadelphia & Erie road, at the foot of State street. It was built about 1870. The headquarters of the road were in Erie until 1881, when they were removed to Youngstown, Ohio. The following figures show the elevation in feet above tide-water of various points on the road: Summit, near Conneautville, 1,141, Greenville, 984; Sharon, 853; New Castle, 802. In crossing the dividing ridge south of Con- neautville, the summit is approached from the north for two or three miles by a gi'ade of fifty- two feet to the mile. BUFFALO, CORRY & PITTSBURGH RAILROAD. The Oil Creek Railroad was completed between Corry and Miller Farm in 1862, principally through the efforts of Thomas Struthers and William S. Streator. In 1865, a majority of its capital stock was purchased in the city of Erie by Dean Richmond, representing the Lake Shore and New York Central Companies, and by Thomas A. Scott, representing the Pennsylvania Company, and placed in the hands of Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, as Trustee for the three corporations. It was extended to Petroleum Centre in 1866, where it con- nected with the Farmers' road to Oil City. Not long afterward, the Allegheny Valley road was completed to Oil City, making a continuous line to Pittsburgh. The failure of the wells on Oil Creek robbed the road of prosperity, and it was sold out upon a mortgage, and purchased by the Allegheny Valley man- agement. The Cross-Cut road was built from Corry to Brocton in 1867, by Thomas Struthers, William S. Streator, and the American Express Company, to secure a lake outlet for the Oil Creek road, and a connection with the Lake Shore road, independent of the Philadelphia & Erie. All of the above roads have been consolidated as the Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburgh, and are under one management. The distance by this route from Brocton to Corry is 42.2 miles; Corry to Oil City, 45.6; Oil City to Pittsburgh, 132; total, 219 miles. . NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA & OHIO RAILROAD. The Atlantic & Great Western road was completed to Corry in June, 1861, and extended westward through the southern portion of the county in 1862. It was intended and is still operated as the western extension of the Erie Rail- way (now the New York, Lake Erie & Western), with which it connects at Salamanca, N. Y. The track was originally six feet wide, but a third rail has recently been laid, with the purpose of altering the gauge to the general standard of the country. The name was changed as above about two yeai's ago. In March, 1883, the road was leased to the New York, Lake Erie & Western Company for ninety- nine years. 442 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. UNION & TITUSVILLE RAILROAD. This road extends from Titusville to Union City, where it connects with the Philadelphia & Erie road. It was oriprinated in 1865 by James Sill and P. G. Stranahan. The road was completed in February, 1871. It is operated by the Pennsylvania Kailroad Company. Its length is 25.2 miles. NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD (tHE NICKEL PLATe). The New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company was organized in 1880 to build a railroad from Buffalo to Chicago by way of Dunkirk. Erie, Cleveland, Fostoria and Fort Wayne. The first survey was begun in the last week of February, 1881, and the grading of the road commenced in the early ]>art of June in the same year. The first through passenger train reached Erie from the West in the afternoon of August 31, 1882, having left Chicago at 7 o'clock on the morning of the 30th. It consisted of an engine and two coaches, containing some of the leading officials of the company and a number of rep- resentatives of the press. The train returned from Buffalo on the 1st of Sep- tember. Regular passenger trains commenced running on Mondav, October 23, 1882. The road was built by a syndicate, comprising George I. Seney, C. R. Cummings, Watson H. Brown, John T. Martin, A. A. Low & Brother, Gen. Samuel Thomas, C. S. Brice, the Standard Oil Company, Brown, Howard & Co. and A. M. White. T^ese parties originally subscribed $15,000,000, which was increased, before the completion of the work, to $22,000,000. This amount of money was raised and expended before the company issued any securities or created any bonded indebtedness. The company ultimately issued $28,000,000 of common and $22,000,000 of preferred stock and $15,000,000 of first moi'tgage bonds. The actual cost of the road, including equipment — the greater portion of which was built by the Pullman Car Company of Chicaga —is stated to have been between $25,000,000 and $28,000,000. The con- tract for constructing and equipping the road was left to Brown, Howard & Co., of Chicago. In the winter of 1882-83, a majority of the stock of the road was purchased in Erie by William H. Vanderbilt and others in the interest of the Lake Shore road, and it has since been run in harmony with that line, although a sepa- rate organization is kept up. The principal stations, aside from Chicago and Buffalo, are Valparaiso, Fort Wayne, Fostoria, Bellevue, Cleveland, Ashtabula, Erie and Dunkirk. Leaving Chicago, or rather Grand Crossing, near that city, the line runs from one ta eight miles south of and generally parallel with the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago road through Valparaiso to Fort Wayne, and thence to New Haven, Ind., six miles, parallel with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific. Between New Haven and Arcadia, Ohio, is the longest tangent on the road — 85 miles. From Arcadia, the line runs to the northeast through Fostoria, Green Spi'ings and Bellevue to Cleveland. Between Cleveland and Buffalo, the road is south of and parallel with the Lake Shore road, the tracks being in places almost side by side. Passenger trains run into the depot of the Lake Shore road in Chicago, and into the one in Buffalo occupied by the New York, Buffalo & Western and the Lehigh Valley. The principal office of the company is at Cleveland. The main shops are at Chicago. Division shops are located at Fort Wayne, Ind., and Bellevue and Conneaut, Ohio. The divisions for engine service are: Buffalo to Conneaut; Conneaut lo Bellevue; Bellevue ta Fort Wayne; Fort Wayne to Chicago. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 443 Instead of the culverts used by the L. S. & M. S. road, this route crosses the gullies of the lake shore streams by iron viaducts, some of which are of unusual height and length. The one at Cleveland is double track, 3,000 feet long, and 60 to 70 feet high, including a draw span of 225 feet. Below is a list of the other most important viaducts, with their height and length in feet, and cost: Lenght. Height. Cost. Eighteen Mile Creek, N. Y 690 98 |17 000 Westfield, N. Y 502 62 13,000 State Line of New York & Pennsylvania 712 98.6 27,236 Swanville, Penn 870 79 30 067 Girard, Penn ; 1,470 84.8 53,341 Springfield, Penn 690 68.4 21,021 Conneaut, Ohio 1,320 53 40,492 Ashtabula, Ohio 822 92.8 36,163 Painesville, Ohio 1,310 87.5 60,637 Rocky River, Ohio 670 80 16,500 The distances by this road are as follows: Bufifalo to Erie, 87.48 miles; to Conneaut, 115.5i miles; to Cleveland, 183.79 miles; to Bellevue, 247.86 miles; to Fort Wayne, 370.63 miles; to Chicago, 524.74 miles. The railroad crosses the entire county from east to west, and has stations at all the principal points on the lake shore. From the western border of Erie City to French street the road occupies the center of Nineteenth street; east of that it diverges slightly to the south. The right to use Nineteenth street was granted by the city authorities upon condition that the road should be limited to a single track; that it should be laid at grade with the street; that the company should, within two years, expend $100,000 in improvements within the city, other than tracks; that the city should be indemnified from damages; and that the track might be removed at the cost of the company if the conditions are not complied with. The P. & E. R. R. officials would not allow the new road to cross their tracks at grade, and a costly trestlework had to be constructed for that purpose near the east line of the city. PROJECTED EAILEOADS. Books were opened in 1836 for subscriptions to build a railroad, twenty- three miles long, from Erie to the State line, three miles east of Wattsburg, where it was designed to connect with a branch of the Erie Railway. The scheme was to make Erie the terminus of the latter thoroughfare, and it seems to have had some encouragement from the management of that corporation. "When the Erie & North East road was built, the project was abandoned. The Erie City Railroad Company was chartered, in 1853, to build a road from Erie to some point on the State line in North East, Greenfield or Venan- go Townships, as a connection of the Erie Railway. Its organization was maintained until the Atlantic & Great Western road was completed, when the projectors concluded that further effort to induce the Erie Railway to come to the harbor of Erie would be useless. The Erie Southern was designed to give Erie a connection with the N. Y., P. & O. road at Cambridge, and the Oil Creek road at Titusville, opening up a new route, by way of McKean and Edinboro, for the coal and oil traffic. The project was much talked of about 1873, considerable subscriptions were obtained, and the city voted the corporation a block of water-lots, besides the right of way on Liberty street. A small amount of digging and grading was done in the southwestern part of the city, when the enterprise was given up. The cost of building the road (exclusive of equipment) was estimated at $444,404. It is twenty- six and four- tenths miles by this route from Erie to Cambridge. 444 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The latest railroad projected is one from Erie to Mill Village via Waterf ord, the purpose being also to secure a connection with the New York, Pennsylva- nia & Ohio. Surveys made by Col. Irvin Camp, in 1882-83, developed the fact that the length of the proposed road would be but nineteen miles from the depot at Erie to the one at Mill Village. The route surveyed is as follows: Commencing at the mouth of Little Cascade Creek in Erie; thence by the line of Liberty street to near the base of Nicholson's Hill; thence curving east- wardly along the west bluflf of Mill Creek to the Shunpike; thence by the Wal- nut Creek, LeBceuf Creek and French Creek Valleys to the terminus. It is claimed for this route that the grades are lighter than by that proposed by the Erie Southern. The cost for grading the road bed and laying rails is estimated at $330,825. •OHAPTEK XXIII. Physicians and Dentists. DR. JOHN C. WALLACE, the first and for a num>)er of years the only resident physician in the county, settled at Erie about 1802, after a serv- ice of some nine years as a Surgeon in the United States Army. He was Colonel of the Erie regiment of militia during the war with Great Britain, and assisted in caring for the wounded in the hospital at Erie, after Perry's victory. He continued in the practice of medicine nearly to the day of his death, which occurred on the 8th of December, 1827. Dr. W. A. Wallace succeeded to a large share of his practice. Dr. Plara Thayer located in Erie about 1811, and was joined in a short time by his brother, Dr. Albert Thayer. They resided on Federal Hill and their practice extended over a good part of the county. The latter was the father and preceptor of the present Dr. Thayer, of South Erie. Dr. Asa Coltrin settled in Erie about 1815, and continued in practice there until his death in November, 1824. The next physician in Erie was Dr. Peter Christie, who was a Surgeon in the United States Navy. He had an extensive general practice when not engaged in his official duties. The list of Erie physicians was increased by the arrival of Dr. William Johns in 1822, and by Drs. Taber and Elijah Beebe in 1825. All of these re- mained until their decease. Dr. Peter Faulkner located in South Erie in 1825, and soon entered upon an extensive practice. After a time he changed to Crawford County, but returned to Erie in 1848. His sons, Drs. William and Robert Faulkner, are both in practice in the city. Dr. Jacob Vosburg reached Erie the same year as Dr. Faulkner, and Dr. Sanford Dickinson, who had practiced in Wattsburg a short time, removed to Erie in 1840. Outside of Erie, the earliest physician of whom we can learn was Dr. James Smedley, who located in North East at an early day. Dr. Ira Sherwin made his home in Harbor Creek in 1825, and Dr. W. T. Bradley in Westley- ville about 1840. Dr. Rufus Hills practiced in Girard from an early date un- til 1830, when he changed to Erie. He was obliged to abandon the practice, and removed to Pittsburgh, where he died. Dr. M. C. Kellogg practiced in connection with Dr. Vosburg at Erie until 1831, when he changed to Girard. He died in Albion, to which place he had removed in 1855. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 445 LIST OF REGISTERED PHYSICIANS. The law of Pennsylvania provides that every person engaged in the regular practice of medicine or surgery shall be a graduate of a legally chartered medical college or university, and have his diploma registered in the Prb- thonotary's office of the county where he resides. In case the diploma has been lost, a certified copy of the same may be presented, or, if not obtainable, the party may make affidavit to the fact, with the names of the professors whose lectures he attended. Exception is made in the case of physicians who have been in continuous practice within this commonwealth since 1871. These are allowed to continue in practice, but must appear before the Prothonotary and make affidavit to that effect. The punishment for failure to register, or for presenting a fraudulent diploma, or making a false statenoent, of practicing in violation of the act, is $100 for each offense, or imprisonment in the county jail for a term not exceeding one year, at the option of the court. Below is a list of the physicians who registered in the Prothonotary's office of this county between June, 1881, and September 17, 1883, with the years when they graduated: ERIE. Charles Aichner, University of Basil, Switzerland, 1857. P. Barkey, University of Medicine and Surgery, Philadelphia, Penn., 1871. J. Q. H. Bassett, practiced a number of years. Diploma destroyed in Chicago fire. Charles Brandes, practice since 1845. Mrs. E. S. Burnham, practice for twenty years. Linnie Burnham, Electropathic Institute of Binghampton, N. Y., 1879. E. P. Banning, Sr., College of Medicine at Evansville, Ind. Jeannette Caldwell, Homoeopathic College, New York City, 1876. J. S. Carter, practice since 1840. J. T. Clark, National Medical College, Washington, D. C, 1870. W. K. Cleveland, University of the City of New York, 1860; New York Ophthalmic Hospital, 1860; Bellevue Hospital, 1862, and Homoeopathic Med- ical Board of Canada, 1869. Edward Cranch, University of Georgetown, D. C, 1873. J. C. M. Drake, Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, 1880. Michael C. Dunnigan, Bellevue Medical College, New York City, 1875. Martin Ernst, attended lectures upon surgery by Prof. Buntz, at Delbruge, Germany; diploma lost W. C. Evans, Western Reserve College, Cleveland, Ohio, 1854. Robert Faulkner, Homoeopathic Medical College, New York City, 1867. William Faulkner, Geneva Medical College, Geneva, N. Y,, 1842. • Eugene B. Fletcher, Cleveland Medical College, 1879. John F. Flint, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1881. A. A. Freeman, University of Buffalo, 1876. Charles A. French, Western Reserve College, Cleveland, 1876. Henry F. Garey, Washington University, Baltimore, 1876. George A. Garries, Western Reserve Medical College, Cleveland, 1881. E. D. Gates, University Victoria College, Medical Department, 1859. E. W. Germer, Medical College of Vienna, also certificate from Freiburg University. Thomas H. Gray, University of Michigan, 1871. Amos S. Gregory, Union College of Medicine and Surgery, Philadelphia, Penn., 1872. 446 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Peter Hall, practice since 1844. John M. Lewis, Bellevue Medical College, New York City, 1880. A. S. Lovett, Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan. ^usanna Meyer, practice for fifteen years. William Nick, practice since 1859. H. C. Nick, practice since 1867. A. Z. Randall, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1864. David P. Bobbins, University of Michigan. Nelson Seymoui", practice for thirty- five years. James E. Silliman, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1874. Byron A. Smith, practice since 1866. Mrs. Jane A. Smith, practice since 1865. H. A. Spencer, Western Reserve College, Cleveland, Ohio, 1851. J. L. Stewart, University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Penn. , 1848. Chester W. Stranahan, Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, 1867. , D. H. Strickland, University of Pennsylvania, 1863. Jones J. Seward, Medical College of Ohio at Cincinnati, 1883. Alvin Thayer, practice since 1845. Robert D. Tipple, Homoeopathic College of Cleveland, 1878. G. S. Tubbs, practice since 1870. George Ulrich, German Medical College, Germany, 1860. Richard H. Walker, Medical Department of Wooster University of Cleve- land, Ohio, 1879. Mrs. A. B. Woods, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1876. Arthur A. Woods, Miami Medical College, Cincinnati, 1876. Mary A. B. Woods, Western Homoeopathic College, Cleveland, Ohio, 1864. Anna Presley, Eioctropathic Institute of Binghamton, N. Y,, Aug. 7, 1882. COERY. Almon S. Bonsteel, Bellevue Hospial College, New Yoi'k City, 1872. S. R. Breed, continuous practice since 1856. Reuben Brinker, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1851. Charles Adams Bush, practice since 1871. John B. Chace, American Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio. D. E. DeRoss, Eclectic College of Cincinnati, 1875. G. A. Elston, Medical Department of University of New York, 1880. H. G. Fay, Medical Society of Steuben Co., N. Y., certificate dated 1875. Daniel D. Franklin, Eclectic Institute of Cincinnati, 1850. Flora Hay ward Stanford, Boston University. Emma L. Jordan,Eclectic Medical College, Philadelphia, 1879. 0. B. Kibler, University of Buffalo, 1870. H. O. Mackres, University of Buffalo, 1867. B. H. Phelps, Cleveland Medical College, 1871. Manhattan Pickett, Medical College of Buffalo, 1869. Joseph R. Phillips, Homoeopathic Hospital College at Cleveland. ^ D. C. Storer, practiced medicine and surgery since 1862. Henry S. Tanner. Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati, 1859. J. E. Weeks, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. P. P. Fisher, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, 1881. D. R. Waggoner, Medical College of Ohio, 1872. John W. Jarvis, Middleboro, University at Ann Arbor, Mich., 1869. 'KW'-i'SKil-^ •" ^53r:f>;,«i' ^jf^c^^^^n^ t^^t^ i^l^<::c^ HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 449 WATT8BUEG. D. T. Bennett, Eclectic Medical Association of Pennsylvaaia, at Franklin, 1876. Samuel F. Chapin, Yale Medical College, 1859. G. Thickstun, Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York City, 1864. William C. Tracy, Harvard Medical College, Boston, Mass., March 7, 1866. FAIRVrEW. M. D. Satterlee, University of New York City, 1879. M. A. Millard, University of Buffalo, 1873. A. a Ely, Geneva Medical College, Geneva, N. Y., 1840. T. J. Kellogg, practice since 1836 A. R. Smith, Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, 1853. I. N. Taylor, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1866. Helen M. Weeks, Homoeopathic College, Cleveland, Ohio. UNION CITY. O. L. Abbey, University of Buffalo, 1863. Stephen R. Davis, practice since 1872. Mrs. S. R. Davis, practice since 1872. Curtis N. Goucher, Medical Department of the Western Reserve College of Hudson, Ohio, 1870: James F. Read, practice since 1838. L. D. Rockwell, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1874. Alfred C. Sherwood, University of Pennsylvania, 1873. Ernest B. Smith, Cleveland Homoeopathic Hospital College, 1882. NORTH EAST. John K. Grififin, University of Buffalo, 1865. L. G. Hall, Medical University of Buffalo, 1850. A. B. Heard, Detroit Medical College, 1872. D. D. Loop, University of Buffalo, 1865. Burton H. Putnam, University of Buffalo. A. J. Sears, University of Wooster, Cleveland, 1878. George B. Stillman, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, 1880. Mullin A. Wilson, New York Homoeopathic Medical College, New York City. ALBION. P. D, Flower, Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery, 1869. O. Loo-an, practice for twenty-five years. Medical University of Buffalo, 1882. James S. Skeels, Western Reserve Medical College, at Hudson, Ohio, 1848. WATEKFORD. T. W. Barton, Buffalo Medical College, 1862. John W. Bowman, Cleveland Medical College, 1859. Frank L. Clemens, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1881. SPRINGFIELD. George Ellis, East Springj&eld, Hudson Medical College of Cleveland, Ohio, 1869. 24 450 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Charles N. Moore, East Springfield, Hygia Therapeutic College, N. Y., 1864. Lamarr V. Knapp, West Springfield, Buffalo Medical College, 1873. Joseph R. Hewett, Springfield Township, practice since 1865. John Ross, West Springfield, practice since 1860. O. O. Blakeslee, West Springfield, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, 1882. Ranson C. Sloan, East Springfield, Buffalo Medical College, 1869. EDINBORO. George M. Cole, Eclectic College of Cincinnati, 1881. Willard Greenfield, practice for twenty-eight years. Truman Hawkins, Medical Department of Western Reserve University, 1850. S. B. Hotchkiss, Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York City, 1871. Henry R. Terry. Jefferson Medical College Philadelphia, 1863. Joseph C. Wilson, Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, 1851. Frank G. Greenfield, Miami Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1882 MILL VILLAGE. William P. Biles, Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, 1879. John H. Kirk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1875. G. W. Wilson, practice since 1860. John J. Sharp, University of the City of New York, March 3, 1883. OTHER LOCALITIES. H. R. Hayes, Amity Township, practice since 1861. J. L. Bennett, East Greene, practice for twenty one years. Johnson Wright, Franklin Township, Homoeopathic Hospital College, Cleveland, 1873. Barker A. Skinner, Elgin, University of Wooster, 1878. George Wright, Lockport, Homoeopathic Hospital College, Cleveland, 1871. W. V. Blakeslee, Concord Township, practice since 1846. M. B. Cook, Harbor Creek, Cleveland Medical College, 1877. James G. Leffingwell, Miles Grove, Michigan University, Ann Arbor, 1873. M. M. Moore, Wesleyville, practice since 1852. Martin V. B. Johnson, Wellsburg, Medical College of Ohio, Cincinnati, 1865. W. L. Shawk, Harbor Creek, Western Reserve University of Ohio, Febru- ary, 1883. Mary Steward, Wellsburg, University of Medicine and Surgery, Philadel- phia, 1878. Charles G. Miller, Harbor Creek, practice "since before 1871." OTHER^ MATTERS. The first Erie County Medical Society was organized in 1829, with the following officers: President, William Johns; Vice President, A. Thayer; Secretary. F. W. Miller; Treasurer, A. Beebe; Censors, J. Smedley, Jacob Vosburg, A. N. Molton. The present Medical Society of Erie County was established in 1841, and has the same organization as the old society. Its regular meetings are held on the third Tuesdays of January, April, July and October. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 451 The earliest dentist of whom we can learn was a traveling man who stopped in Erie for a short time in 1826. He made a set of false teeth for the wife of Rev. Dr. Whallon, who was the first woman in the county to enjoy that sort of a luxury. A dentist by the name of O. N. Sage practiced in Erie several years. The first permanent dentist was Dr. O. N. Elliott, who settled in Erie about 1840. The next was Dr. W. E. Magill. Both of these gentleman are still in practice in the city. The dentists of the county who have registered under the Act of the Gen- eral Assembly, passed April 17, 1876, and amended May 17, 1883, are given in the following list: F. H. Abell, practiced in Erie (except for eight months in 1878) for the past sixteen years. Henry B. Blair, Corry, practiced twenty- six years. F. H. Lawrence, Union City, practiced nine years. W. E. Magill, Erie, practiced twenty years. J. H. Devore, diploma of the Philadelphia Dental College. Andrew McPherson, Erie, practiced eight years. T. J. Elliott, Erie, practiced eight years. L. Essick, Erie, practiced twenty years. George B. McDonald, diploma from the Philadelphia Dental College. G. F. McDonald, Girai'd, practiced nine years. O. L. Elliott, Erie, practiced thirty-six years. Perry A. Gibson, diploma from the State University of Iowa. V. D. Gibson, Edinboro, practiced twelve years. J. H. Gifi'ord, East Springfield, practiced ten years. Lamer Battles, diploma from the University of Pennsylvania. G. J. Mead, Erie, practiced fifteen years. E. R. Allen, Girard, practiced nineteen years. J. H. Nelson. North East, practiced fourteen years. M. C. Burgess, Erie, practiced eleven years. C. H. Harvey, Erie, practiced fifteen years. S. R. Bryant, Waterford, practiced fifteen years. Frank C. Callaghan, diploma from the Indiana Dental College. T. D. Ingersoll, Erie, practiced ten years. Edward E. Gifford, Corry, practiced nineteen years. CHAPTER XX I Y. Schools, Academies, Etc. IN founding the colony of Pennsylvania, William Penn declared that wis- dom and virtue "must be carefully propagated by a virtuous education of youth." To make this precept more emphatic, he provided in his frame of Government for the infant commonwealth that the Governor and Council should " erect and order public schools." The wise examj^le of the founder was followed by the heroes of the Revolution, in framing the Constitution of 1776, with a requirement that " a school or schools shall be established in each county." The Constitution of 1790 went still further by declaring that the Legislature might provide for the establishment of schools throughout the ■ 452 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. State "in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis." Notwithstand- ing these noble declarations, little progress toward the schooling of the masses was effected until a comparatively recent period. Generous endowments were made by the State to colleges and academies, but the idea of "common schools," open alike to rich and poor, and supported at the public expense by a system of equal taxation, was slow in winning the approval of property owners. " Pay schools." in which the children were trained for a moderate compensation, were common, however, almost every district having one or more, according to its population. The primary schools in Erie County, up to 1834, were all of this character. As early as 1821, Gov. Heister, in his message to the Legislature, declared it to be " an imperative duty to introduce and support a liberal system of edu- cation, connected with some general religious instruction." Gov. Shultze's message to the Legislature of 1827 contained this passage: "Among the injunctions of the Constitution, there is none more interesting than that which enjoins it as a duty on the Legislature to provide for the education of the poor throughout the commonwealth. " In 1828, the same executive stated in his annual message that he could not forbear from " again calling attention to the subject of public education. To devise means for the establishment of a fund and the adoption of a plan by which the blessings of the more necessary branches of education should be conferred on every family within our borders would be every way worthy the Legislature of Pennsylvania." The first practical step in the direction of a common school system for Pennsylvania was taken when George Wolf, of Northampton County, was elected Governor in 1829. The question of public schools entered largely into the canvass preceding his election, and the Democratic leaders were generally pledged to some sort of a measure for the purpose. In a speech delivered during the campaign, James Buchanan said: "If ever the passion of envy could be excused in a man ambitious of true glory, he might almost be justified in envying the fame of that favored individual, whoever he may be, whom Providence intends to make the instrument in establishing common schools throughout the commonwealth." Gov. Wolf's inaugural address took strong ground in favor of the education of the masses, and. the Legislature of 1830, in accordance with his recommendation, set apart a sum of money to be placed at interest and used at some future period in establishing a common school system. This did not satisfy the Governor, who was one of the most progi'es- sive men of his day, and he continued to urge the free school idea until the passage of the act of 1834-35. The original law made it optional with each township, ward and borough to adopt the system. Strange as it may seem, there was violent opposition to the measure in some parts of the State. The persons interested in colleges, academies and pay schools objected to it through fear of a loss to their revenues; the wealthy and the snobbish disliked it because they did not want their children to mix with the "vulgar herd;" the penurious dreaded an increase of taxation; and a hundred objections were urged chat seem too absurd now for any reasonable person ever to have believed. At the ensuing session, a motion for the repeal of the law was offered by John Strohm, of Lancaster County, and eloquently opposed by Thaddeus Stevens, then a Representative from Adams. Mr. Stevens closed his remarks with this thrilling sentence: " If the opponent of education were my most intimate personal and political friend, and the free school candidate my most obnoxious enemy, I should deem it my duty as a patriot, at this moment of our intellectual crisis, to forget all other considerations, and I should place myself unhesitatingly and cordially in the ranks of him whose HIST0R7 OF ERIE COUNTY. 453 banner streams in light. '' Col. Forney used to relate that after this speech, Mr. Stevens visited the Executive Chamber by invitation of Gov. Wolf, when the latter " threw his arms about his neck, and, with tearful eyes and broken voice, thanked him for the great service he had rendered to our common humanity." The bill was saved, but was improved and made more acceptable during the administration of Gov. Eitner, who succeeded Gov. Wolf. Proba- bly no one man did more effective service in building up the system than Thomas H. Burrowes, who was Gov. Ritner's Secretary of State, and, as such, official head of the School Department. During Ritner's administration the annual State appropriation was increased from 175,000 to $400,000, and the number of schools to 5,000. The act passed in 1849 made the adoption of the system obligatory through- out the State. The law of 1854, providing for County Superintendents, teachers' examinations, and other important measures, was prepared by Hon. H. L. Dieffenbach, of Clinton County, acting head of the School Department, with the assistance of Gov. Bigler and Secretary of State Charles A. Black, After that came the normal school act of 1857, making a complete system, and giving to Pennsylvania the proud and conceded pre-eminence of having the best school laws in the Union. THE COUNTY SCHOOLS. For several years after the county was established, the population was too small and sparse to sustain more than a few schools. These were wholly pri- vate, parents paying the teachers a stated sum for each of their children who attended. The first school of which a I'ecord can be found was established in Waterford about 1800; at Manchester in Fairview Township in 1804; at Erie in 1806; at Union m 1820, and at Phillipsville in 1828. Others were opened at an early date, on Federal Hill, within the present limits of Erie; on the Joseph Eagley place in Springfield; and, through the agency of Charles J. Reed, in Mill Creek Township. The earliest school buildings in Waterford and Erie were erected in 1800 and 1806 respectively, being built by the free con- tributions of the citizens. By 1812, almost every village and township had one or more " pay " schools. These were increased by degrees so that when the law of 1834 went into force it found every district fairly well supplied with educational facilities. The school buildings were generally put up by calling together the citizens interested, on a certain day, with their teams and wagons, to raise and cover the structure. They were built of logs in almost every instance, and were usually very poorly arranged and ventilated. The " schoolmasters, " as they were called, were plain men, who made no preten- sion to a knowledge of more than the rudimentary branches. They believed in the use of the rod, and applied it with vigor for every small offense. A ready knowledge of "the three R's" — Readin', 'Ritin and 'Rithmetic— was all that was supposed to be necessary for the average boy and girl. SCHOOL BOOKS, ETC. The school books most universally used in the beginning were Webster's and Byerly's Spelling Books, the English Reader and Daboll's Arithmetic. The teacher was expected to be a good penman and to be able to " set the copy " himself. There were no rules for writing, and the pupil was obliged to follow, as nearly as he could, the handwriting of the master. A better class of books came in at a later date, including Cobb's Spelling Book, Goodrich's, Parley's and Mitchell's Geographies; Parley's and Mitchell's Histories; the First, Second and Third Readers; Smith's Grammar, and Davies' Arithmetics. 454 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. If the children of this generation wish to know something of the hardships through which their parents struggled to get a little book knowledge, let them hunt up some of the old works here named, if they can be found, and com- pare them with the ones now in use. Cobb's Spelling Book was introduced into this section in 1827. The copyright for one-half of the State of Pennsylva- nia was purchased by Joseph M. Sterrett and Oliver Spafford, who published the work in Erie for many years, realizing a snug pi'ofit from the enterprise. Mr. Spafford at one time also published the " English Reader." Erie County was one of the foremost in taking advantage of the common school law. The act required that the directors of each county should meet annually in convention with the County Commissioners and determine the amount of school tax to be raised. The first convention for this purpose was held in the court house soon after the passage of the law, and was attended by representatives from every district in the county. A levy of $2,000 was voted unanimously, and the people were requested to decide by vote whether an addi- tional sum should be raised in the several districts. The directors in each dis- trict were authorized to levy a tax in addition to the county appropriation, but it would seem from the above action that they had a delicacy about exercising their power without consulting the tax-payei's — an example that is commended to the imitation of some officials of the present day. An extra tax of $1,000 was voted in Erie, the active spirits in having it done being E. Babbitt, George Kellogg, Dr. William Johns and William Kelly. In a few years, the law was changed so as to leave the amount of tax to be designated by the directors of the several districts, in which shape it still remains. The first convention for the choice of a County Superintendent was held in Erie in 1854. W^illiam H. Armstrong was elected at a salary of $800 per year. SPELLING SCHOOLS. The spelling school was a once popular institution, in both town and country. As usually conducted, the pupils of the district school would assem- ble on some winter evening and choose two of the best spellers for leaders, who, in turn, would select from six to a dozen others on each side. These would range themselves in standing rows on opposite sides of the building, and the teacher or some other competent person would give out the words to be spelled from a book that had been agreed upon. The pu.pil who missed a word had to take his sent immediately, and the exercise continued until but one of the contestants remained upon the floor, who became the hero of the occasion. Sometimes half a dozen spelling matches would occur in an evening. Two neighboring schools would often me^t in rivalry, and the event would be the talk of the neighberhood for a month or so. In many districts, the spelling school was the regular winter amusement, old and young attending, and all looking forward to the evening with an interest that cannot be described. The spelling match was not the only kind of a match that grew out of this custom, as many worthy fathers and mothers will testify. ACADEMIES, ETC. While the State was slow in adopting the common school system, the liber- ality she displayed in founding colleges and academies proves that it was wholly through doubts of its policy, and not because good educational facilities were not appreciated. Provision was made at an early day for an academy in each county, and generous appropriations were made to colleges and universities. The Waterford and Erie Academies were incorporated in 1811 and 1817 re- spectively, the buildings for both being completed in 1822. A bountiful HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 455 donation of lands was g^iven by the State for the support of each institution and both are still in operation. The Erie Female Seminary was incorporated in 1838 and went into opera- tion soon after, receiving an annual appropriation of $300 from the Legisla- ture for several years. It kept up till about 1866, but never had any buildings of its own. The last location of the seminary was in the Hamot House, on the bank of the bay, at the foot of State street. Academies were established at West Springfield in 1853, at East Spring- field in 1856, at Girard in 1859, and at North Springfield in 1866, which were conducted for some years with a certain degree of success. All except the one at North Springfield have become merged into the common school system. The Normal School at Edinboro is the only State educational institution in the county. It was founded as an Academy in 1857, and re-organized as a State Normal School in 1861. This school has been quite prosperous for the past ten years, and has the promise of a long and useful career. The Lake Shore Seminary was established at North East in 1870. Liberal contributions were secured and a fine building was erected. The institution became involved, and the property was bought in at Sheriff's sale by the prin- cipal creditor. The latter, in 1880, sold the building to the Redemptionist Fathers, of Annapolis, Md., who re-dedicated it as St. Mary's College. It is conducted as a preparatory school for young men intending to enter the Cath- olic priesthood. Fuller particulars of the above institutions will be found in the sketches of their respective localities. GENERAL BEMARKS. To return to the common schools, they are under the control of directors, who are elected by the people of the several districts at the spring elections, a certain number going out each year. Each city, borough and township is a district by itself. There are three independent districts in the county, viz: Belle Valley, Elk Creek and Franklin, and Lake Pleasant. The State grants every district an annual appropriation, which is apportioned according to the number of pupils. Teachers are employed by the directors of the district in which they are to serve, but must have passed an examination and received a certificate of competency from the County Superintendent. The latter holds an annual examination in each district, and is expected to visit every school in the county once in each year. The following is a list of the County Superin- tendents since the adoption of the law creating the office: William H. Armstrong, Wattsburg, 1854 to 1860. L. W. Savage, Spring- field, 1860 to 1863. D. P. Ensign, Erie, served six months in 1863, and re- signed. Julius Degmier, Erie, appointed for six months, and then elected to serve until 1866. L. T. Fisk, Girard, 1866 to 1869. C. C. Taylor, Elk Creek, 1869 to 1878. Charles Twining, Union, 1878 to 1884 Salary, $1,500. The ofiice of City Superintendent of the Schools of Erie has been filled since 1867 by H. S. Jones, whose salary in 1883 was $2,200. V. G. Cui-tis, City Superintendent of Cori'y, receives a salary of $1,600. O Q >^ O O t-H 03 o en U H •-9 C3 03 1— 1 !25 a W 03 JT! N ^ H o t-q ffl O OQ o H a 'j^ u r-ri arj Q & H .-.a>ooom • •:*» c^ o c- ift -^ Fuel, contingen- cies, fees of col- lectors, and all other expenses. Teachers' wages. t' c^ I- -r .— c D.~i«iO-^?5o^6ir cs co^r*-*c leOCQOJ^COr-tC s irt CO '-' in ^ ^ II :ootf>c*oococ SQ-1-OQO^C'nQ)nQ0iC;«500=)inOC00QOO«O^in-1'OOOMO"min ooc?oo^rc:-cc^irt-f50iftT5XOr^xQoo^?^i-irso*-si-mQc^r?o-*'3>'.0'r*ai!ojsiD -' ^in(r?coin-^o?^Gecocjc^co^OQO*.oci--'C^c/2ccooi03it::jn^-;i-oaiooc^ Cost of schoolhous- es, purchasing building, ing, etc. rent- ^Hmaicoc*?ccVT3<-rinaDcoo cooo-a-c^ - Oi T-t r- »n CO in Ci ■ -t in 5^ '-• ca c^ l^ < c^ i-H^irt <» eo t- ' Ti r-T Total receipts. tr5'^ico5t>'»r:5GO^c»o«DQOa'-'-iinffiC2r-<-j'rM'75oO'-' ' ~ " ~ C* S^Mt-^ in-^ CO CO W5C CO « r-J^ CO --Hcvr From taxes and all other source8,ex- cept State appro- priation. State appropria- tion. coiSi-rt-Oooc-MQ-Tr :Oino^ooirDCO'-aiOO«aiojm-ri--coQOco Total amount of tax levied for school and build- ing purposes. Number of mills levied for build- ing purposes. Xumber of mills levied for school purposes. c^t-ooc^-^coino-^ococoTOic^t-r-cococ in^ouo-— 'i—cor-QcofScoco'-csi-fOc— CO-*'; c^o — i— icO'^'^c^'-*'^*^»n'=^'7^(0^»nc?-rcoc CO x> CO »n o^ai m— 'Coc^-ri ^iccr: tc!>comco': ^ ^^Ot-T -v -^ c^ -"-Tco'w^'c^ i 7-. 25 ?S o in o GO t-c '-icor-t-'<#"^ooocoi^ 00 i—'.-icct— coeo-f^Oin »n OQO o QO mo o om c^ ocinin in 35m c^m m mr- cocic^c^'-HOo-^-HCO'-Hmm«co-rT^rJcoc^i-i'-io*THs^c*»Wc^i--c-*oco»n«soecocoo?Oicor— cooa-i-jnco-^o Av. salary of males per month. ggggggo »n in o c- -* oc r- SSS8S^gSSSt5ggS5SSSSS CO c^ i- -* ^ '-' I- ci c^? -Tj TJ CM r< iM i-H rv* -rj« rN* t-- c^ oSSo-fS-Togo Number of femalesi ^ -'-^ T-moD^cc^'^r-— 'tooir-oeoc ft'COOlWO^- Numberof males. T-H CO T- (7* "T? (TJ i-« - CO — > 00 i-i X m i-" in 1— • -^ * CO .-I m i-« m 00(' Whole number. -iNOi-H-HT-t-COi-HO — -JCOCOO-^'^'Z) 3L-i-icccseo^como ^ a : • • ■ q O O. : ?*c*"^m*ot*ocaiO'— c ^ ci C^ Ti ci (>t C^ T^ c 3 CO CO 00 00 CO <:>f '^./f.f4-. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 459 CHAPTER XXY. Newspapers THE newspapei's of the county are twenty-seven in number, of which eight- een are published in Erie, as follows: Dailies — Dispatch, Observer, Her- ald, Leuchtthurm. Weeklies — Dispatch, Observer, Herald, Sunday Gazette, Weekly Gazette, Leuchtthurm, Sunday Graphic, Weekly Graphic, Advertiser, Sonntagsgast, Lake Shore Visitor, Zuschauer, and Jornal de Noticias. Monthly — Star of Liberty. Of these, the Leuchtthurm, Zuschauer and Sonn- tagsgast are printed in German, and the Jornal de Noticias in Portuguese. EARLY NEWSPAPERS. The earliest newspaper printed in the county was the Mirror, started in Erie by George AVyeth in I8O8, to advocate " Federal Constitutional-Repub- lican " principles, whatever that may have meant. It was ten by sixteen inches in size, and the subscription price was $2 per year. The editor was not firm enough to refuse contributions from irresponsible writers, and in conse- quence of the publication of one of an offensive character found it convenient to abandon the enterprise and leave the town between two days. In 1812, the Norther7i Sentinel appeared, with R. J. Curtis as editoi*. It was discontinued at the end of a year, but revived in 1816 under the name of the Genius of the Lakes. John Morris was the publisher and Mr. Curtis the editor. The title was again changed to the Phcenix, and finally to the Reflector, and the paper was printed in Erie till 1819 or 1820, when it was removed to Mayville, N. Y., where it lived but a short time. Meanwhile, another journal had sprung into existence. This was the Patriot, founded in 1818 by Zeba Willis. It ran a course of one year in Erie, when the office was moved to Cleveland, and be- came the basis of the Herald of that city. THE ERIE " GAZETTE." The first paper in Erie that came to stay was the Erie Weekly Gazette, established on the 15th of January, 1820, by Joseph M. Sterrett. It was is- sued from a log building on the west side of French street, two doors north of Fifth, and was in size 17x21 inches, which was large for a back-country paper of that time. Mr. Sterrett was assisted in the editorial conduct of his paper at various times by James Buchanan (not the President), J. Hoge Waugh, John Riddell, and others. The Gazette supported Andrew Jackson in IS 24, but when John Quincy Adams was elected by the House it beeaine one of his heartiest suppox-ters, and from that time fought the Democratic party under all the names assumed by the opposition — Anti-Masonic, Whig, Free-Soil, Repub- lican, etc. John Shaner was associated in its publication from 1835 to 1842, when J. P. Cochran and George W. Riblet took control. In 1845, Mr. Sterrett resumed charge, and on the 10th of September, 1846, he associated I. B. Gara with him, who edited the paper till May 3, 1865, when it was sold to S. A. Davenport. The latter not being a practical newspaper man was obliged to turn over the management to others, and it had numerous editors during the period between 1865 and 1873. Among them were E. L. Clark, John R. Gra- 460 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ham, R. Lyle White, James Hendricks, B. F. McCarty, and perhaps others. On the 5th of June, 1873, the Gazette was purchased from Mr. Davenport by F. A. Crandall, who retained possession until February 1, 1882, when he dis- posed of his interest to W. G. McKean, the present editor and proprietor. Mr. Crandall started the Saturday Evening Gazette March 20, 1875, and changed it to the Sunday Morning Gazette on the 17th of June in the same year. During its middle age, Hon. Gideon J. Ball and William Kelley were frequent contributors to the Gazette. Altogether, Judge Sterrett's connection with the paper extended over a period of forty-five years. The Gazette was located some twenty years on the third floor of Kindernecht's block, at the corner of State and Fifth streets. From there it moved to Eichenlaub's block, on State street, between the Park and Seventh street, and finally to its present location in the Welsh Block, on French street, opposite the Reed House. Horace Greeley worked as a journeyman in the office of the Gazette during the winter of 1830-31. THE EEIE " OBSERVER." The course of the Gazette during the anti Masonic excitement which sprang up about 1829, led to the establishment of the Erie Weekly Observer as an organ of the opposite side in politics. The means for starting it were contributed by P. S. Y. Hamot, Joshua Beers, Daniel Dobbins, Edwin J. Kelso, Robert Cochran, Smith Jackson and several others, all members of the Masonic order, and warm political friends of President Jackson. It was issued en the 29th of May, 1830, from the second story of a building on the northwest corner of French and Fifth streets, only two doors from the birth- place of its political rival. The first editor was T. B. Barnum, who was suc- ceeded in 1832 by H. L. Harvey. The latter printed a specimen copy of a daily in 1836, but the encouragement received was not sufficient to warrant its continuance. The paper passed into the charge of Thomas Laird in the spring of 1837, into that of Hiram A. Beebe in the spring of 1839, and final- ly, in 1840, J. M. Kuester and W. McKinstry became proprietors. It may be inferred from these frequent changes that the paper was not in a healthy con- dition financially, and this appears to have been the case; for Mr. Kuester failed, and the office passed into the hands of E. D. Gunnison as receiver. During a few weeks of the time it was in Mr. Gunnison's charge, William A. Galbraith tried his hand as editor, but he was glad to quit the work for the more congenial profession of the law. In May, 1843, the office was purchased by A. P. Durlin and B. F. Sloan, uuder whose management it acquired more prosperity than ever before in its career. These gentlemen tried the exper- iment of a semi-weekly for a few months in 1849. Mr. Durlin withdrew from the concern on the 26th of January, 1856, and was immediately succeeded by M. M. Moore. This partnership continued until January 1, 1859, when Mr. Moore retired. On the 1st of January, 1861, Mr. Sloan sold the office to Andrew Hopkins, brother of Hon. James H. Hopkins, of Pittsburgh. This gentleman disposed of it to Benjamin Whitman and James I. Brecht on the 17th of January, 1862. Their partnership continued until April 1, 1865. Mr. Whitman then became sole proprietor and remained such until December 1, 1878, when the office was purchased by Robert B. Brown, formerly of the Clarion Democrat The latter started the Daily Evening Observer on the 15th of October, 1881. From the day of its first issue, and under all the changes in its management, the Observer has been Democratic in politics. During the last twenty years, the office has had three different locations — first, in the frame building on State street, opposite the Custom House; second, on the HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 461 third floor of Rosenzweig's block; third, the present one, in the Noble Block. A Daily Bulletin was printed at the Observer office for W. H. Harris, during the first month or two of the war for the Union. THE EKIE " DISPATCH." In 1851, a small paper, named the Dispatch, was started at Waterford by Joseph S. M. Young. When the railroad war broke out, it took such a lively part on the side of the "rippers," or " anti railroad men," that their leaders induced Mr. Young to remove his office to Erie, where he might have a wider field. This he did in 1856. In a short time after the removal, the office was completely destroyed by fire. Its friends clubbed together and bought Mr. Young new material, which gave him a great advantage over his competitors, whose presses and types were inferior by comparison, and the office quickly se- cured a large patronage. During 1861, a daily was started, which was only continued a few months. The office was purchased on the 1st of February, 1864, by B. F. H. Lynn, who had long been Mr. Young's foreman and associate editor, and who immediately added largely to its material. The daily was re- vived on May 22, 1861, and has been printed regularly ever since. Mr. Lynn became embarrassed, in a few years, and the establishment was sold at Sheri£f's sale. After that it was conducted by various parties, among whom were S. Todd Perley, Azro Gofif, and W. P. Atkinson. It was purchased by Willard, Redway & Cook, in 1869. In 1872, the firm name was changed to Willard, Redway & Seaman; on January 1, 1874, to Willard & Brewer; and in April, 1877, to Willard, Brewer & Hooker. Mr. Willard became sole pro- prietor on the 3d of September, 1878. In May, 1883, he disposed of a portion of his interest to Messrs. Camp, Belknap & Johnson, of North East. The Dispatch started as an independent paper, but changed to Republican about 1860, and has ever since advocated the candidates and principles of that party. The office has been located at various times on the third floor of Wright's block, in a building on Fifth street opposite the engine house, and in the block fronting the East Park between the Reed and Ellsworth Houses. Its present location is in the building once occupied by the old Erie Bank, on the south side of the East Park. From 1864 to 1878, the Dispatch may be said to have been practically the only English daily in Erie. Others were .^started at various periods, but the most successful of them only lasted a year or two. OTHER ENGLISH PAPERS. The Lake Shore Visitor was commenced in 1874, as the organ of the Cath- olics of the Erie Diocese. The writing was mainly done by Bishop Mullen un- til 1875, when Rev. Thomas A. Casey became editor, and has continued in that capacity ever since. The first publisher was B. F. McCarty, who was succeeded by Thomas F. O'Brien. Since the fall of 1881, the paper has been published by the Herald Printing Company. The original office was on the third floor of the Welsh Building, on French street, opposite the Reed House. From there it was removed to the Lafayette Hotel building, then to the basement of Scott's block, and lastly to the Herald building. The Erie Advertiser, the next paper in the order of age, was started on the 1st of April, 1876, by John M. Glazier, who is still its editor and publisher. The publication office has always been on Peach street, south of the railroad depot. In politics, the Advertiser is independent, with a Republican leaning. The first number of the Evening Herald, a Democratic daily paper, ap- peared on the 20th of July, 1878. Its editors were James Burns and H. C. Missimer, teachers in the Erie High School. After it had been printed two or 462 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. three months the paper was purchased by William L. Scott, and a weekly edi- tion was added. Thomas F. O'Brien was placed in charge and continued as manager until after the election in 1881. D. S. Crawford has been local edi- tor most of the time since Mr. Scott became the proprietor. The present man- aging editor is Nelson Baldwin, and William P. Atkinson is business manager. The Herald began in the building formerly known as the Lafayette House, on French street. From there the office was moved to the basement of Scott's block. It is now located in the building on the southeast corner of State and Tenth streets. The Erie Sunday Graphic was established by Boyle & McCauley on the 20th of May, 1880. In the spring of 1882, John T. Boyle purchased the in- terest of his partner, and on the 27th of August, 1882, he sold the office to Jacob Bender. Before that the Graphic was more of a society than a political paper, but Mr. Bender immediately hoisted the Independent Republican tick- et. He also started the Weekly Graphic for country circulation. Mr. Bender's interest was purchased by Charles M. Lynch in February, 1884. The former, howevei", remains as editor. The Star of Liberty is a monthly publication, established April 1, 1882, by H. R. Storrs, as an advocate of liberal views on the liquor question. It is the successor of the Family Magazine, started in Canada by the same gentleman on the 1st of January, 1877, and removed to Erie in October, 1879. GERMAN AND PORTUGUESE PAPERS. The first German paper in Erie was the Unsere World (Our World) founded by Carl Benson in 1851. The name was changed to the Frie Presse (Free Press) in 1860. The paper went down in 1868 Its politics were Whig and Republican. A Mr. Schuefflen started the Zuschauer (Spectator) in 1852. It was pur- chased by C. Moeser in 1855, and by E. E. Stuerznickel in 1861. The paper was originally Democratic, but became Republican during the war. On the Ist of January, 1877, Mr. Stuerznickel sold the Zuschauer to F. G. Gorenflo, who had been his partner for a year or two. The paper was enlarged in May, 1883, and Mr. F. W. Dahlman became associated with Mr. Gorenflo, which partnership was soon dissolved. The office is in the Perry Block, on the east side of State street, between Sixth and Seventh. The Weekly Leuchtthurm (Light-House) was established in 1860 by Baetzel & Atkinson. After numerous ups and downs, the paper became a part of the Dispatch establishment, where it was printed for some time. It was purchased about 1873 by Merhoff & Wallenhorst. Wallenhorst soon retired, and H. Merhoff assumed sole control. In April, 1875, Otto Luedicke became a part- ner with Merhoff, and assumed editorial charge. The Daily Leuchtthurin was started in June, 1875. Mr. Luedicke withdrew in 1879, and was succeeded by Merhoff, Boyer & Rastatter. Merhoff and Rastatter sold out, and John F. Boyer became sole proprietor in 1880. October 1, 1882, Mr. Luedicke resumed control under a lease from Mr. Boyer. The office is in Boyer'e block, State street, near the Lake Shore Railroad bridge. The Jornal de Noticias (General News) enjoyed the distinction for several years of being the only paper in the Portuguese language in the United States. It was established on the 27th of October, 1877, by A. M. & John M. Vincent, who still remain in charge. It is independent in politics. The office is at 1022 West Sixth street. The Sonntagsgast (Sunday Guest) is the latest German paper. It was founded May 15, 1881, by Frank Weiss & Co., and is independent in politics. The office is in the Humboldt Bank building. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 463 DEFUNCT PAPERS. The papers in existence in Erie are few in number compared with those that have been started, and given up the ghost, after brief careers. Of these the most prominent were as follows: The Erie Chronicle was started by Samuel Perley in 1840, as a rival Whig organ to the Gazette. Mr. Perley moved the office to Girard, where the material was used in the publication of the Reiniblican. In 1846, a second rival of the Gazette made its appearance under the title of the Commercial Advertiser, with J. P. Cochran as editor. Mr. C. died in 1850, when the paper passed into the hands of A. H. Caughey, who at the end of a year and a half sold it to J. B. Johnson. The latter changed the name to the Constitution, which became the advocate of the "railroad men" as against the " rippers " during the eventful era of the railroad war. A party of "rip- pers " entered the office in 1855, " pied " the type and threw the press into the street. The paper was resuscitated by R. Lyle White, who kept it up for a short time. He issued a daily bulletin for some months in 1858. The first outspoken abolition paper in the city was the True American, started by Compton & Moore in 1853. It was published for a time by James Perley and Henry Catlin. The latter finally became sole editor and proprietor. Radical as the county was on the slavery question, it never gave the True American a respectable support, and the editor was glad of an excuse for abandoning it and going into other business, which he did in 1861. The Express, started in 1857 by E. C. Goodrich as a rival Democratic paper to the Observer, was merged into the True American in a few months. It was printed with the material of the Constitution. The daily Rex)ublican was printed some two or three years, commencing about 1867. During its brief life it had several editors and publishers, all of whom were disappointed in their hopes of making it a prosperous enterprise. One of the latest newspaper failures was the Argus, which was brought into existence mainly through the labors of S. Todd Perley. As a basis for the enterprise, he effected a consolidation of the offices of the Union City Times and the Corry Republican, the material of which was moved to Erie on the 1st of May, 1875. A daily and a weekly paper were issued for some months. H. D. Persons and Horace G. Pratt were associated with Mr. Perley in the enterprise. R. Lyle White, published the Daily Bulletin for a few months about 1874. The Lake City Daily, a penny paper, was printed by Woods, Constable & Co., three young graduates of the high school in 1878, and lasted about a year. It was ultimately merged in the Herald. MISCELLANEOUS. It will be seen by the above that the first daily paper in Erie City was the Observer; the second, the Bulletin', the third, Harris' War Bulletin, issued the first two or three months of the rebellion, from the Observer and Dispatch offices, and the fourth the Dispatch. Since then the following dailies have appeared in the order named: Republican, Argus, White^ s Bulletin, Leucht- thurm, Lake City Daily, Herald and Observer. The Erie papers used hand presses exclusively up to 1853. The first to introduce steam power was the Observer, while under the management of Dur- lin & Sloan. The machine purchased was of the Northrup make. A steam engine was added on the 4th of February, 1858, when the paper was under the control of Sloan & Moore. The next to follow with a power press was the 464 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Dispatch, which employed a caloric engine for several years. The Gazette stuck to its old hand press until 1866. The Northwestern Editorial Association, organized in Erie about 1865, was composed of newspaper men in Warren, Erie, Crawford, Mercer, Venango, Butler and several other counties. It had two or three pleasant annual meet- ings, and then quietly expired It is but fair to say of the press of our city and county, that, in proportion to the patronage extended to it, it is and always has been the equal of any in the State, both in ability and enterprise. The Gazette and Observer, for more than thirty years, have had a reputation the State over, and the leading papers of more recent date have wtjll svistained the credit of the county for progressive journalism. PERSONAL. Joseph M. Sterrett, the Nestor of the Erie press, is still living in the en- joyment of the honors of a well-spent life. He was County Commissioner from 1829 to 1831, State Senator from 1837 to 1841, Associate Judge from 1850 to 1856, and Postmaster of Erie from 1861 to 1869. George W. Riblet was Director of the Poor from 1878 to 1881, and has held numerous positions of trust in the city. Gideon J. Ball was State Treasurer in 1869, Chief Clerk tt) the Sixth Au- ditor of the Treasury from 1851 to 1853, member of the Assembly six terms, beginning in 1847 and closing in 1860, and Paymaster in the army during the last war. Isaac B. Gara was Enrolling Commissioner for the draft in 1863, Deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth from 1867 to 1870, and Postmaster of Erie from 1869 to 1876. B. F. Sloan was Postmaster of Erie from 1853 to 1861, Clerk to the Pen- sion Committee of Congress in 1875 and 1876, and is now Secretary of the Erie Water Department. Benjamin Whitman is a resident of Erie, engaged in literary and business pursuits. Although active in politics for twenty years, he has always refused to be a candidate for office. M. M. Moore still resides in Eine, where he has been elected to several city offices, including Alderman and School Director. Andrew Hopkins died recently in Washington, Penn. , where he was pub- lishing a Democratic Weekly. Robert B. Brown served as a member of the Assembly from Clarion County in 1869 and 1870. J. R. Graham is a prosperous citizen of Kansas, where he has held several official positions. F. A. Crandall is the principal writing editor of the Buffalo Express. W. McKinstry is or was until recently one of the publishers of the Fre- donia Censor. A. P. Durlin, after publishing a paper for many years in Iowa, returned to Erie and established a job printing office. Joseph S. M. Young went from Erie to Pittsburgh and became a specialist in medicine. B. F. H. Lynn, after a varied career, was found dead in the house of a relative at Mauch Chunk. E. E. Stuerznickel was Sheriff from 1877 to 1880. He is at present en- gaged in the confectionery trade in Erie. Samuel Perley was Prothonotary from 1851 to 1854. A. H. Caughej was one of the professors in Lafayette College, at Eastony for several years, and is now in business at Erie. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 465 J. B. Johnson was a member of the Assembly in 1845, and State Senator from 1846 to 1849. R. Lyle White died in Erie a few years ago. Henry Catlin is still a i-esident of Erie. Eben Brewer, after leaving Erie, held a position for a while on the edito- rial force of the Philadelphia Times. He is now practicing law in that city. H. Mei'hoff is working at his trade as a printer somewhere in the East. All of the above are living except Messrs. Lynn, Perley, Johnson, White and Hopkins. PAPERS OUTSIDE OF ERIE. The papers of the county printed outside of Erie Cit^^ are tea in number, as follows: Corry — The Weekly Telegraph and the Daily and Weekly Herald. Union City — The Weekly Times. Girard — The Weekly Cosmopolite. North East— r/ie Weekly Sun. Edinboro — The Weekly Independent. W^attsburg— T/te Weekly Occasional. Albion — The Weekly Blizzard. Mill Village— r/ie Weekly Herald. The history of each of these papers is given in the sketch of the town or city where it is published. CHAPTEE XXYI. The War for the Union. "YTT'HEN the thrilling tidings came that the slaveholding States had inaugu- VV rated civil war, the people of Erie County were practically unanimous in the sentiment that the Union must be preserved at all hazards. Party differ- ences were forgotten, for the time being, and men of all shades of politics vied with each other in acts of patriotism. The national flag was displayed from hundreds of buildings, and in all the towns and villages vast and enthusiastic meetings were held to declare in favor of sustaining the Government. Amid the general patriotism, none were more earnest and active than the ministers of the Gospel, who, as a class, allowed no opportunity to pass by which they might advance the cause of the Union. The church, as a body, was warmly enlisted on the side of the Government, and did quite as much in its way, as any other instrumentality, in firing the public heart, inducing volunteering and building up a solemn faith in the ultimate triumph of the national army. The first war meeting in the county was held in Wayne Hall, Erie, on the 26th of April, 1861. It was very largely attended, and was presided over by William A. Galbraith, one of the leading Democrats of the Northwest. Speeches were made, in addition to Mr. Galbraith's, by George H. Cutler, John H. Walker and George W. DeCamp. A movement had already been started by Capt. John W. McLane to organize a regiment to serve for three months. Volunteers were flocking to McLane's standard with surprising rapidity, and it was necessary to raise a fund for the support of the families of many of those who had enlisted. The sum of $7,000 for the purpose was subscribed at the meeting, which was increased in a few days to $17,000. The amount al- lowed to the needy out of this fund was $3.50 per week to the wife of each 466 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. volunteer, and 50 cents per week for each of his children. Similar meetings were held in almost every town in the county, and volunteer relief funds were subscribed everywhere. The speakers in most general demand were Messrs. Galbraith and DeCamp. THE FIRST REGIMENT. The camp of the three months' regiment was established on a piece of vacant ground in Erie at the southeast corner of Parade and Sixth streets, where vol- unteers poured in from all parts of the northwest. More offered in a few days than could be accepted, and many were reluctantly compelled to return home. As a sample of the spirit of the time, the borough and township of Water- ford sent forward nearly 100 men. Five companies were recruited in Erie alone, but of these fully one-half were from other places. It was considered a priv- ilege to be accepted, and those who failed to pass muster or arrived too late were grievously disappointed. The regiment left Erie for Pittsburgh at 2 P. M. on Wednesday, the 1st of May, being accompanied by Mehl's Brass Band. A vast crowd was at the railroad depot to witness its departure, and many affecting farewell scenes were witnessed. The regiment reached Pittsburgh at 9 A. M. the next day, and took up its quarters in Camp Wilkins. A number of its mem- bers were discharged because the companies to which they were attached ex- ceeded their quota. On the 5th of May, the regiment was presented with a camp flag by the ladies of Pittsburgh, in the presence of 10,000 spectators. It received arms and uniforms on the 29th of May, and was carefully drilled every day that it remained in camp. For some reason, the regiment was never called into active service, and it returned to Erie on Saturday evening, July 20. An immense concourse welcomed the soldiers at^the railroad depot, and escorted them to the West Park, where a public supper had been prepared by the ladies of the city. But one member died during the absence of the regiment. THE EIGHTY-THIRD REGIMENT. In the meantime, the President had issued a call for 300,000 men for the war, and Col. McLane had made a tender of a regiment for that service. Many of the members of the three months' regiment had volunteered to go with the Colonel, and they were accordingly dismissed until the 1st of August to await an answer to his proffer. On the 24th of July, Col. McLane received an order authorizing him to recruit a new regiment. Those of the First Regiment who had re-enlisted were recalled, and recruiting began actively throughout the northwestern counties. A camp was established on the old fair grounds, about two miles east of the city, where the men were mustered in as they enlisted by Capt. J. B. Bell, of the regular army. While these measm'es were in progress, Capts. Gregg and Bell, of the United States Army, opened a recruiting office in the city for the regular cav- alry, and enlisted a considerable number of young men. The Perry Artillery Company, an Erie military organization, offered its services to the Govern- ment, and were accepted, with C. F. Mueller as Captain, and William F. Luetje as First Lieutenant. An immense meeting was held in Farrar Hall, on the 24th of August, to assist in raising men for McLane's regiment. It was addressed by William A. Galbraith, James C. Marshall, George W. DeCamp, Col. McLane, Miles W. Caughey and Capt. John Graham. Meetings of a like character followed throughout the county. The principal speakers besides those named were Alfred King, Strong Vincent, William S. Lane, Morrow B. Lowry and Dan Rice. The harmonious feeling of the time is best illustrated by the state- HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 469 ment that the Democrats and Republicans united in a Union pole-raising in Greenfield. Simultaneously with the efforts in behalf of the new regiment, recruiting was going on with great vigor for the navy. Some sixty persons from Erie went to New York to serve under the command of Lieut. T. H. Stevens. Up to September 7, Capt. Carter, of the United States steamer Michigan, had en- listed 700 seamen, who were forwarded in squads to the seaboard. By September, the Ladies' Aid Society had been organized in Erie to fur- nish relief to the sick and wounded soldiers in the field, with branches in most of the towns in the county. It was maintained during the entire war, and did invaluable service. Through its labors, boxes of delicacies, hospital supplies, medicines and other comforts for the sick were forwarded to the front almost daily. The regiment of Col. McLane, on being reported full, was ordered to the front, and left for Harrisburg on the 16th of September. Its departure was attended by the same vast outpouring and marked by the same pathetic inci- dents as before, and none who were eye witnesses will ever forget the scenes of the day. A flag was presented to it on the part of the State December 21, and it became officially known as the Eighty-third Regiment. THE ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH REGIMENT. Before the departure of the Eighty-third Regiment, Maj. M. Schlaudecker, of Erie, commenced recruiting for another, adopting the same place for his camp that had been occupied by Col. McLane's command. Enlistments went on with such alacrity that the regiment left for the front on Tuesday, the 25th of February, 1862, at 2:30 P. M., with every company full. At Harrisburg, it was presented by Gov. Curtin with a stand of colors, and took rank as the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment. It is not necessary to say that the scenes at its departure from Erie were fully as affecting as those before stated. The regiment was accompanied by Zimmerman's Brass Band. Among the important events in the early part of the year 1862 were the rumors of a war with Great Britain, and the projected naval depot on the lake, in anticipation of the same. A committee of citizens was sent on to Washing- ton by the City Council, to urge the adoption of Erie as the site for the pro- posed establishment. On the 8th of January, the entire crew of the United States steamer Michigan was ordered to other points, with the exception of eight officers and men. March 8, the newspapers were notified by the Secre- tary of War that the publicalion of army movements would not be permitted. A meeting was held in Erie on the 12th of April to provide for the relief of those who might be wounded in the battles that were daily expected in Vir- ginia. Considerable money was raised, and committees were appointed to furnish attendants for those who might need their services. By this date, the country was having war in earnest. Bodies of rebel prisoners were taken through on the Lake Shore Railroad every few days. It might be supposed that war matters absorbed the whole of public attention, but this was only the case in a general sense. All lines of trade and manufacture were carried on with unabated energy during the entire conflict, and a course of public lectures was maintained in the city each winter, comprising some of the most noted orators of the day. The news of the battles around Richmond, in which the Eighty-third suf- fered terribly and Col. MoLane was killed, reached Erie in the latter part of June, and caused great mourning. Emblems of sorrow for the dead were 25 470 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. placed on many buildings, and hospital stores were hastily sent forward for the wounded. THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIFTH REGIMENT. Early in July the President called for 300,000 more troops, and of this number it was announced that Erie County's proportion was five companies of 100 men each. A meeting to encourage enlistments was held in Wayne Hall, at which the County Commissioners were asked to appropriate $100,000 to- ward equipping a new regiment. This was succeeded by others, both in Erie and in the country districts. The martial spirit had been much cooled by the disasters in Virginia, and it began to be necessary to offer extra inducements to volunteers. Erie City offered a bounty of $50 to each recruit and the vari- ous townships hastened to imitate its example. Another call for 300,000 men decided the County Commissioners to appropriate $25,000 to pay an additional bounty of the same amount. In August, for the third time, the fair grounds were turned into a military camp, and the organization of the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment began. Recruits came forward rapidly, and the regiment left for the seat of war on the 11th of September. At the same time that enlistments were in progress for the last-named regi- ment, volunteers were being gathered for other organizations. The navy was receiving numerous accessions, mainly from Erie. Capts. Lennon, Miles and Roberts were each raising a cavalry company. It was ofiicially reported that two hundred men had entered the navy from Erie City alone, up to ihe 16th of August. THE FIRST DRAFT. Notwithstanding the large number of volunteers, the quota of Erie County, under the various calls of the President, was still short, and a draft seemed inevitable. The papers were full of articles urging the people, for the credit of the county, to avoid the draft, and meetings were constantly being held to induce volunteering. Many persons were badly scared over the probability of being forced into the service, and a few quietly took up their abode in Canada. As the chance of a di'aft became more certain, insurance companies were formed for the protection of the members. Those who joined these organiza- tions paid a sum varying from $20 to $50, which was placed in a common fund, to procure substitutes for such of their number as might be drawn from the wheel of fate. While preparations for the draft were in progress, recruiting for both the army and the navy went on with great energy. On September 25, Capt. Lennon's cavalry company left with full ranks, and by the 4th of October, Roberts' and Miles' companies were both in camp at Pittsburgh. Toward the latter part of September, the State authorities became alarmed for the safety of Harrisburg, and a hasty call was issued for minutemen to assist in the defense of the capital. Six companies, including some of the leading business men, left Erie for Harrisburg, in response to the Governor's appeal, but, happily, were not needed to take part in any fighting. They re- turned in the beginning of October, far from pleased with their brief lesson in military duty. Meanwhile, an enrollment of the militia had been made, preliminary to the draft, under the direction of I. B. Gara, who had been appointed a Com- missioner for the purpose. These proceedings, as well as the subsequent meas- ures in connection with the subject, were carried on under the State militia law, the Federal Government not having yet taken the matter into its hands. W. P. Gilson was appointed a Deputy Marshal to prevent the escape of persons liable to conscription into Canada. The officers to manage the draft were B. B. HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 471 Vincent, Commissioner, and Charles Brandes, Surgeon. Gov. Curtin gave notice that volunteers for nine months would be accepted up to the day of drafting. The draft was held in the grand jury room of the court house on the 16th of October, 1,055 names being drawn for the whole county, the owners of which were to serve for nine months. A blindfolded man drew the slips from the wheel, which were read as they came out to the crowd in attendance in and around the court house. There were many funny incidents, and some that were very sad indeed. North East and Springfield were the only districts in the county that escaped the draft, their quotas being full. In tilling the wheel, all persons were exempted above the age of forty-five years: also, all ministers, school teachers and school directors. After the draft, the main business for some weeks was hunting up substi- tutes. The price of these ranged from $50 to $250, though the average was in the neighborhood of S150. The act released parties from military service on payment of $300, and those who were able to raise the money generally availed themselves of the privilege. A good many persons who had con- cluded that the war was to be a long and bloody one, shrewdly put substitutes into the service for a term of three years. Swindlers were plenty, who hired out as substitutes, got their money in advance and then left for parts unknown. Some 300 persons were exempted for physical disability, about 250 failed to report, and, altogether, it is doubtful whether 500 of the drafted men ever went into the army. The first lot of conscripts, fifty-one in number, left for camp at Pittsburgh in the latter part of October, some 300 were forwarded on the 10th of November, and the balance went on at intervals between that and the end of the year. Andrew Scott was appointed a Provost Marshal to hunt up the delinquents, but hardly found enough to pay for the trouble. The Councils of Erie voted $45,000 for the relief of the families of conscripts from the city, and the Ladies' Aid Society supplied each family with a Thanksgiv- ing dinner at its place of residence. A majority of the conscripts reached home by the ensuing August. Few saw any fighting and the number of deaths was quite meager. OTHER MATTERS. By fall prices had gone up 25 to 40 per cent, with a steady tendency to advance. The National tax law was in full operation, and county, city and toAvnship levies were largely increased to provide money for bounties. Gold and silver had disappeared from circulation, and national treasury notes, or greenbacks, as they came to be known, were slowly finding their way into use, but the principal medium of exchange still consisted of the notes of uncertain State banks, county and city scrip and Government fractional currency or " shin plasters. " Even of the latter there were not enough for public con- venience, and business men resorted to checks and due bills for fractional parts of a dollar. To meet the demand for small change, the city issued scrip in sums of 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 cents, which proved of much convenience for the time being. While this was the state of affairs financially, political feeling grew daily more intense. The term " Copperhead," as applied to the Democrats, came into use about the beginning of 1863, and the latter, to retort upon the Eepub- licans, styled them Blacksnakes, Revolutionists, Radicals and other names more forcible than polite. The Republicans taunted the Democrats with being oi)posed to the war, and the latter answered by saying that the Republicans aimed at the destruction of the people's liberty. Looking at the subject now, the embittered partisanship of the day seems supremely foolish and incompre- 472 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. hensible. There were true patriots on both sides, and both parties doubtless contained men who were more anxious for the triumph of selfish ends than for the good of the country. The mass of the people were patriotic, no matter by what party name they called themselves. THE SECOND DRAFT. Early in the year 1863, Congress passed an act taking the matter of con- scription out of the hands of the States, rendering all persons liable between the ages of twenty and forty-five, except such as were exempt from physical causes, or for other special reasons, and making each Congressional district a military district, under the supervision of a Provost Marshal, an Enrolling Commissioner and an Examining Surgeon, to be appointed by the President. To escape military duty, when called upon, it was made necessary to prove exemption, furnish a substitute or pay |30(). Lieut. Col. H. S. Campbell, late of the Eighty-third Regiment, was named as Marshal; Jerome Powell, of Elk County, as (Commissioner; and Dr. John Macklin, of Jefferson County, as Sur- geon, to act for this Congressional district. Headquarters were established at Waterford, and a new enrollment was made during the months of May and June. In the prosecution of their duties, the enrolling officers met with some hostility among the laborers and mechanics of the city, but nothing occurred of a serious nature. The Government was now enlistino; neg:roes into the army, and bodies of those troops passed through Erie frequently. The news of the rebel invasion of Pennsylvania, and of the battles at Get- tysburg caused a, wonderful commotion throughout the county. The Governor made an urgent appeal for militia to defend the State, and instant measures were taken in response. A vast meeting was held in Erie on the evening of June 15, at which earnest speeches were made by Messrs. Lowry, Sill, Galbraith, Walker, Marvin, McCreary and others, pointing out the duty of the people to drive the enemy from the soil of Pennsylvania. About 400 citizens enlisted for the State defense, but, on reaching Pittsburgh, they were ordered home, the victory of Meade having rendered their immediate service unnecessary. Gen- erous contributions of hospital stores were sent to the wounded Erie County soldiers at Gettysburg by the efforts of the Ladies' Aid Society. The fall of Vicksburg and Meade's triumph were celebrated in Erie with great rejoicing. By reference to the newspapers of the day, we find that in June Capt. Mueller was in Erie recruiting another battery. Large numbers of young men were shipping^in the navy. The citizens were making extraordinary exertions to avert another draft. Insurance companies against the draft were formed by the score, and hundreds of perscms were putting in claims for exemption to the enrolling officers. Eastern regiments were passing through the city as often as two or three a week, on their way home to fill up their ranks. Not a few liable to military service were slipping off to Canada, and an occasional instance was reported of young men cunningly maiming themselves to secure exemption. The only portion of the male population who felt really comfort- able were the deformed, the crippled and the over-aged. The second draft in numerical order, aad the first under the United States law, occurred at Waterford, under the supervision of the officers above named, on Monday and Tuesday, the 24th and 25th of August. The wheel stood on a platform in front of the Provost Marshal's office, and the names were drawn by a blind man. An audience of a thousand or more surrounded thejofficers, one of whom took each slip as it came out of the wheel and read it aloud, so that all present could hear. The crowd was good natured through- out the proceedings, but many a man who assumed indifference when his name HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 473 was drawn was at heart sick and sore. The saddest features of the case did not appear to the public; they were only known to the parents, the wives and the children of the conscripts. It is impossible to state the number who were drafted, but as the county was announced to be nearly 1,400 short of its quota a week or so before, it is probable that it did not fall much below that figure. The pi'ice of substitutes ran up to $300, with the supply quite up to the demand. On the 26th of September, it was stated in the newspapers that eighty-three of the conscripts had furnished substitutes, 245 had paid commutation, 706 had been exempted and 127 had been forwarded to camp at Pittsburgh. The fall election for Governor was one of the most exciting in the history of State politics. Meetings were held in all parts of the county by both parties, and much bad feeling prevailz^ f-l/yA.H. nUc'me ^^- CITY OF ERIE. 539 Dunlap, Wilson King, M. Mayer, John Ferrier, J. H. Riblet. Common Council, James Skinner, President; James G. Payne, Clerk; H. Pelton, James O'Hanlon, W. B.Hays, W. C. Warren, John Hearn, J. S. M. Young, P. A. Becker, Jacob Bootz, H. B. Haverstick, M. Hartleb, M. Henry. 1863 — Prescott Metcalf, Mayor; Select Council, William A. Brown. Presi- dent; J. F. Downing, Clerk; James Dunlap, John Ferrier, M. Mayer, J. H. Riblet, George W. Starr, James Skinner, Charles M. Tibbals. Common Council, Mathew R. Barr, President; George P. Griffith, Clerk; M. Hartleb, H. B. Haverstick, M. Henry, Jacob Bootz, J. R. Thompson, John W. Shannon, John Carse, C. Siegel, J. M. Kuhn, J. J. Rindernocht, John Clemens. 1864 — Prescott Metcalf, Mayor; Select Council, James Skinner, President; J. F. Downing, Clerk; John Ferrier, J. H. Riblet, Charles M. Tibbals, George W. Starr, Thomas B. Vincent, H. B. Haverstick, John Moore. Common Coun- cil, Mathew R. Barr, President; T. J. Wells, Clerk; John Clemens, J. M. Kuhn, J. J. Rindernecht, C Siegel, John W. Shannon, F. Englehart, R. J. Pelton, J. F. Walther, M. Hartleb, M. Henry, William S. Brown. 1865— F. F. Farrar, Mayor; Select Council, James Skinner, President; R. W. Russell, Clerk; John Moore, H. B. Haverstick. George W. Starr, Thomas B. Vincent, Charles M. Tibbals, John M. Kuhn, N. Murphy. Common Coun- cil, M. W. Caughey, President; George P. Griffith, Clerk; E. P. Bennett, J. S. Jordan, F. Gingenbach, J. Reichtscheit, P. B. Honecker, William Bell, Jr., W. A. Crawford, M. Hartleb, J. F. Walther, M. Henry, R. J. Pelton. 1866 — William L. Scott, Mayor. Select Council, George W. Starr, Presi- dent; A. J. Foster, Clerk; H. B. Haverstick, John M. Kuhn, John, Moore, N. Murphy, Thomas B. Vincent, Joseph McCarter, Charles H. Loverien. Common Council, J. C. Spencer, President; George P. Griffith, Clerk; William Bell, Jr., E. P. Bennett, W. A. Crawford, F. Gingenbach, P. B. Honecker, J. Reichtscheit, D. G. Ormsby, F. Schlaudecker, A. W. Van Tassell, F. P. Liebel, M. Henry. 1867 — Orange Noble, Mayor; Select Council, John M. Kuhn, President; A. J. Foster, Clerk; Joseph McCarter, N. Murphy, Charles H. Loverien, P. Crouch, P. A. Becker, M. Hartleb, S. E. Bacon. Common Council, M. Henry, President; P. B. Honecker, Clerk; F. P. Liebel, D. G. Ormsby, J. C. Spencje'r^ F. Schlaudecker, A. W. Van Tassell, G. F. Brevillier, John Shenfield, Joseph Eichenlaub. P. B. Honecker, Andrew Burton, John O. Baker. 1868 — Orange Noi)le, Mayor; Select Council, Phineas Crouch, President; John C. Hilton, Clerk; S. E. Bacon, P. A. Becker, M. Hartleb, Charles H. Loverien, George M. Smith, Conrad Shenfield, A. W. Van Tassell. Common Council, F. Schlaudecker, President; P. B. Honecker, Clerk; G. F. Brev- illier, John O. Baker, John Shenfield, Joseph Eichenlaub, P. B. Honecker, Robert Kennedy, Joseph Blenner, J. W. Swalley, John Kearn, John Dunlap, J. M. Bryant. 1869 — Orange Noble, Mayor; Select Council, Phineas Crouch, President; Daniel Sullivan, Clerk; S. E. Bacon, P. A. Becker, M. Hartleb, A. W. Van Tassell, Jonas Gunnison, Joseph Eichenlaub, W. F. Rindernecht. Common Council, F. Schlaudecker, President; William Donald, Clerk; J. M. Bryant, Robert Kennedy, J. W, Swalley, John Hearn, Myron E. Dunlap, John O. Baker, Michael Hogan, H. J. Conrath, W. S. Brown, Joseph Blenner, H. A. Conrad. 1870 — Orange Noble, Mayor; Select Council, Phineas Crouch, President; Daniel Sullivan, Clerk; Jonas Gunnison, P. A. Becker, Joseph Eichenlaub, Jr., M. Hartleb, Joseph McCarter, Samuel E. Bacon, William F. Rindernecht, George Seiter, Joseph Seelinger, E. Camphausen, William Henry. Common 540 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Council, F. Schlaudecker, President; William Donald, Clei'k; J. M. Bryant, Robert Kennedy, J. W. Swalley, John Hearn, Myron E. Dunlap, John O. Baker, Michael Hogan, H. J. Conrath, W. S. Brown, Joseph Blenner, Orville Johnson, J. Cronenberger, John Strahl, H. Kalvelage, F. Franz, J. F. Decker, George Stritzinger. 1871 — William L. Scott, Mayor; Select Council, E. Camphausen, Presi- dent; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; John Boyle, John Carse, P. A. Becker, Joseph Eichenlaub, Jr.,JacobBootz, M. Hartleb, William G. Arbuckle, William F. Rind- ernecht, George Seiter, Joseph Seelinger, E. Camphausen, William Henry. Common Council, Myron E. Dunlap, President; William Donald, Clerk; C. M. Conrad, Charles D. Sweeney, Myron E. Dunlap, H. J. Conrath, Ulrich Schlaudecker, John Metzner, George Loyer, W. R. Gray, William S. Brown, C. W. Lytle, John O. Baker, M. W. Hogan, Henry Kalvelage, George Stritzin- ger, William Loesch, Michael Liebel, Michael Kress, Fred Franz. 1872— Charles M. Reed, Mayor; Select Council, P. A. Becker, President; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; John Boyle, John Carse, P. A. Becker, William H. Deming, John R. Cochran, M. Hartleb, William G. Arbuckle, William F. Rindernecht, George Seiter, W. W. Thomas, William Henry, John Berst. Common Council, W. R. Gray, President; William Donald, Clerk; C. M. (/on- rad, Charles D. Sweeney, Charles F. Dunbar, Ulrich Schlaudecker, John Sut- ter, John Metzner, W. R. Gray, George Loyer, Charles C. Shirk, A. P, Burton, Addison Leech, C. W. Lytle, William Loesch, Henry Kalvelage, Jacob Warfel, Fred Franz, A. Thayer, M. Liebel. 1873 — Charles M. Reed, Mayor; Select Council, P. A. Becker, President; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; John Boyle, John Carse, P. A. Becker, William H. Deming, John R. Cochran, M. Hartleb, Thomas H. Carroll, William G. Ar- buckle, W. W. Thomas, A. B. Gunnison, John Berst, William Henry. Com- mon Council, Michael Liebel, President; William Donald, Clerk; Christian Kessler, John Walsh, C. F. Dunbar, John Metzner, Ulrich Schlaudecker, John Sutter, C. C. Shirk, C. Swalley, George Loyer, A. P. Burton, Addison Leech, Thomas Brown, J. Warfel, H. L. Gloth, Henry Kalvelage, A. Thayer, Fred Franz, Michael Liebel. 1874 — Henry Rawle, Mayor; Select Council, William Henry, President; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; John Boyle, William P. Atkinson, William H. San- dusky, William H. Deming, David T. Jones, John R. Cochran, Thomas H. Carroll, William Christie, W. W. Thomas, A. B. Gunnison, John B^rst, Will- iam Henry. Common Council, Michael Liebel, President; William Donald, Clerk; Christian Kessler, B. F. McCarty, John Walsh, John Sutter, J. A. Moser, Ulrich Schlaudecker, C. Swalley, Geoi-ge Loyer, Adam Brabender, Thomas Brown, Charles Justice, Frederick Schutte, M. Froelich, H. G. Gloth, W. D. Feidler, A. Thayer, C. J. Brown, Michael Liebel. 1875— Henry Rawle, Mayor; Select Council, David T. Jones, President; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; John Boyle, William P. Atkinson, William Lerch, William H. Sandusky, George Loyer, D. T. Jones, G. T. Churchill, William Christie, John Yovmgs, A. B. Gunnison, Michael Liebel, Jacob Bootz. Com- mon Council, John Sutter, President; William Donald, Clerk; P. T. Don- nelly, Ed McCall, B. F. McCarty, F. Bauschard, Jr., J. A. Moser, John Sut- ter, F. P. Dippo, J. M. Zuck, Adam Brabender, John Constable, Sr., Charles Justice, Fred Schutte, Martin Froelich, W. D. Feidler, William Loesch, Val- entine Schultz, C. J. Brown, A. Thayer. 1876 — John W. Hammond, Mayor; Select Council, Michael Liebel, Pres- ident; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; Christian Kessler, William P. Atkinson, Will- iam H. Sandusky, William Lerch, George Loyer, D. T. Jones, William Chris- CITY OF ERIE. 541 tie, George T. Churchill, John Youngs, William T. Smith, M. Liebel, A. Thayer. Common Council, John Sutter, President; William Donald, Clerk; L. L. Lamb, John A. Beebe, William Stanton, John Sutter, James McCarty, Heni-y Ackerman, J. M. Zuck, Joseph A. Sterrett, H. J. Howe, John Constable, Sr., Henry Mayo, T. F. Noble, Martin Froelich, William Loesch, Chris Klang, C J. Brown, Valentine Schultz, Hemy Shenk. 1877 — Selden Marvin, Mayor; Select Council, Alvanus Thayer, President; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; Christian Kessler, Thomas Flynn, John Sutter, Henry Ackerman, D. T. Jones, J. M. Zuck, J. J. Hogan, George T. Churchill, Will- iam T. Smith, John Youngs, A. Thayer, Henry Shenk. Common Council, John A. Beebe, President; William Donald, Clerk; John A. Beebe, William Stanton, John A. Reynolds, William Nick, Sr. , James McCarty, Peter Knip- per, W. W. Pierce, H. J. Howe, J. B. Gunnison, John Constable, Sr., C. Kolb, E. Donnelly, Adam Obringer, Chris Klang, William Loesch, J. F. Decker, F. R. Simmons, Valentine Schultz. 1878 — David T. Jones, Mayor; Select Council, Henry Shenk, President; Thomas Hanlon, Clei'k; Thomas Flynn, George W. Starr, John Sutter, Henry Ackerman, J. M. Zuck, Joseph Johnson, Jr., J. J. Hogan, William T. Smith, John Youngs, F. R. Simmons, Henry Shenk. Common Council, W. W. Pierce, President; William Donald, Clerk; John A. Beebe, J. F. Siegel, William Stanton, William Nick, Sr. , F. A. Clemens, Irvin H. Howard, Jr., J. B. Gunnison, W. W\ Pierce, E. McK. Whitley, C. Kolb, William Hard- wick, Frederick Salow, Dean Hawk, John Eberly, Adam Obringer, A. H. Faulkner, Chris Kerner, J. F. Decker. 1879 — David T. Jones, Mayor; Select Council, Geoi'ge W. Starr, Pres- ident; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; George W. Starr, William H. Sandusky, J. F. Downing. Joseph Johnston, Jr., William T. Smith, F. R. Simmons. Common Council, B. F. McCarty, President; William Donald, Clerk; B. F. McCarty, John H. Carey, James Hunter, Charles Kellev, P. C. Heydrick, J. J. Sepple, Charles Roesch, L. W. Daly, D. R. Beck, E. "McK. Whitley, J. R. Sherwood, J. C. Weaver, William Hardwiek, Henry G. Warren, Thomas Paskett, Will- iam Baas, John Eberly, Dean Hawk, John Zurn, Frederick E. Gloth, Freder- ick Franz, William O'Lone, Jacob Stritzinger. 1880 — David T. Jones, Mayor; Select Council, William H. Sandusky, President; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; Christian Kessler, William H. Sandusky, J. F. Downing, William Hardwiek, William T. Smith, C. J. Brown. Common Council, D. R. Beck, President; William Donald, Clerk; John H. Carey, Jacob Geib, James Hunter, Jacob Ostheimer, C. G. Clark, P, C. Heydrick, Dominic Mayer, David Walmsley, D. R. Beck, L. Koster, J. R. Sherwood, J. C. Weaver, William Baas, Charles M. Briggs, Robert Dill, Edward Dun- nelly, John Eberly, William Loesch, J. R. Saltsman, John T. Burns, Freder- ick Franz, Reinhard Liebel, Joseph Sloan. 1881 — Joseph McCarter, Mayor; Select Council, William T. Smith, Presi- dent; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; Christian Kessler, George Schlaudecker, J. R. Sherwood, AVilliam Hardwiek, AVilliam T. Smith, C. J. Brown. Common Council, Thomas Paskett, President; William Donald, Clerk; William A. Bes- ley, Timothy Mahouey, Charles Schuart, William Stanton, C. G. Clark, J. C. Fagan, J. Felgemaker, John Shehan, Conrad Diehl, J. P. Metcalf, Adam Minnig, W. Zuck, Robert Dill, D. P. Ensign, Thomas Paskett, Walter Scott, Charles H. Barth, V. D. Eichenlaub, C. P. Haskius, R. Liebel, A. S. Lovett, J. M. Skinner, Xavier Wolf. 1882— Joseph McCarter, Mayor; Select Council, William T. Smith, Presi- dent; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; Frank Gunnison, George Schlaudecker, J. R, 542 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Sherwood, Thomas Paskett, William T. Smith, R. Liebel. Common Council, Walter Scott, President; William Donald. Clerk; Frank W. Grant, James Hunter, John IMulcahey, William Stanton, M. Bellentine, S. Kirschner, Jacob Sandusky, P. J. Schotten, Conrad Diehl, J. P. Metcalf, A. Minnig, J. W. Zuck, Frederick Diehl, H. F. Kerber. E. L. Pelton, Walter Scott, H. AV. Dewitt, Peter Peterson, John Zurn, M. Baumeister, A. S. Lovett, R. T. Walker, Xavier Wolf. 1883 — Philip A. Becker, Mayor; Select Council, J. R. Sherwood, Presi- dent; Thomas Hanlon, Clerk; Frank Gunnison, E. C. Sie^el, J. R. Sherwood^ Walter Scott, W. T. Smith, R. Liebel. Common Council, H. W. Dewitt, Pres- ident; William Donald, Clerk; Frank W. Grant, Timothy Mahoney, John Mul- cahey, John A. Reynolds, C S. Marks, John J. ]\TcKinley, P. J. Schotten, William J. Watkins, Conrad Diehl, Frank V. Kepler, J. P. Metcalf, J. W. Zuck, R. E. Clemens, Frederick Diehl, William Roward, J. D. Tuohy, H. W. Dewitt, Jacob Kaltenbach, Rudolph Phister, William Strieker, Nick Blass, Chris F. Conrad, Jacob Schultz, Jacob Stritzinger. Cihj TreasJtrers.— 1851, R. Huston; 1852-58, G. A. Bennett; 1859-61, John Law; 1862-66, H. Pelton; 1867-75. L. Dobbins; 1876-79, M. Hartleb; 1880-83, John Boyle. City Controllers.— 18Q1 -82, Pressley Arbuckle; 1883, Eugene Metz. City Solicitors.— 18bl-b9, Elisha Babbitt; 1860, C. W. Kelso; 1861-65, John P. Vincent; 1866, D. B. J. Sterrett; 1867-70, Elisha Babbitt; 1871, James Sill; 1872, G. A. Allen; 1873-75, G. W. Lathy & Son; 1876, Cam- phausen & Lamb; 1877-83, Theodore A. Lamb. City E7jgineers.—I8bl b9, Samael Low; 1860, R. F. Gaggin; 1861-63, Samuel Low: 1864, John H. Miller; 1865, Wilson King; 1866-70, G. W. F. Sherwin; 1871-74, A. A. Gray; 1875-77, Irvin Camp; 1878-81, W. W. Brig- den; ]882, George L. Moody; 1883, Irvin Camp. High Constables. — 1851-52, Amos C Landen; 1853-58, Joseph Deamer; 1859-60, Thomas Dillon; 1861, Joseph Deamer. The office was then abolished and the duties thereof devolved upon the Sergeant-at Arms. Sergeants-at-Arms. — 1862-65, W. L. Lapsley; 1866, Thomas Wilkins: 1867-68, John Wilkins; 1869-82, G. D. Tinkcom; 1883, John Eberle. Chiefs of Police.— 18ho, S. L. Foster; 1856-58, Willard Braley; 1859, R. M. Butterfield: 1860-62, H. L. Brown; 1863-69, Thomas Crowley; 1870. W. H. Harris; 1871 Walter H. Smith; 1872-76, Joseph Blenner; 1877-83, Thomas Crowley. Chiefs of Fire Dejmrtment.—lSbl, S. T. Nelson; 1852, A. P. Durlin; 1853, G. A. Bennett; 1854, James Kennedy; 1855, J. B. Gunnison; 1856, Thomas Magill; 1857-58, G. A Bennett; 1859-61, William Murray; 1862-64, G. A. Bennett; 1865-66, J. 8. Stafford; 1867, BVed Gingenbach; 1868, William Murray; 1869-70, G. A. Bennett; 1871-76, James L. Irwin; 1877-83, J. A. Moser. Harbor Masters. — 1851, Andrew Scott; 1852, George Miles; 1853, Daniel Dobbins; 1854, George Miles; 1855, E. J. Ames; 1856, Joseph Deamer; 1857, Michael Henry; 1858-62, James Dunlap; first part of 1863, John Carse, and latter part Michael Henry; 1864-70, James Dunlap; 1871, Harrison Foster; 1872-77, James Dunlap; 1878, M. W. Hogan; 1879," James Atkinson; 1880-83, James Dunlap. Clerks of Meat and Vegetable Market. — 1851-52, Amos C. Landen; 1853, Joseph Deamer; 1854, George Miles; 1855, E. J. Ames; 1856-58, Joseph Deamer; 1859, John Loyer; 1860-61, Thomas Dillon; 1862-65, William L. Lapsley; 1866-68, John Wilkins; 1869-80, G. D. Tinkcom; 1881, Adam Hersch; 1882-83, Y. D. Eichenlaub. CITY OF ERIE. 543 Health Officer. — Dr. E. W. Germer has filled this position from 1872 up to the present time. Superintendents of Streets and Sidewalks. — 1879-80, Matthias Detzel; 1881-82, John Warren; 1883, James Leask. WATER WORKS. The first water works in Erie were a small affair consisting merely of a line of wooden pipes, or "pump logs," laid to convey the water into town by gravitation, and distribute it to several small public reservoirs provided for fire purposes, and to a very small number of private patrons, the water being obtained from a large spring on the Reed farm or " Berst place," just south of the Buffalo road and west of Parade street. These works, constructed in 1841, though insignificant in comparison with those of to-day, were useful in their time, but were discontinued upon the construction of the present ones. By the leg- islative act, approved March 16, 1865. John W. Shannon with certain other citizens of Erie were incorporated under the title of the "Erie Water and Gas Company," and soon afterward organized for business. The authorized capital was $100,000, but the company was privileged to increase its capital to any amount necessary to build and maintain water and gas works at Erie. On the 16th of July, 1866, the City Councils appointed a committee to procure the services of a competent engineer " to examine and report to the Councils plans for both sewerage and water." H. P. M. Birkinbine, of Phil- adelphia, Penn., was secured, and made a report February 23, 1867, which put the cost of erecting water works at 1350,000, the water to be taken from the bay of Presque Isle. On the 11th of March, 1867, the Councils directed the Mayor to make a contract with the " Erie Water and Gas Company," to supply the city with water for twenty years, beginning July 1, 1868, or as soon thereafter as the works could be completed, but obliging said company to finish the same within two years from the date of contract. The city agreed to pay an annual rent of $9,000 for fifty fire plugs, but said Water and Gas Company was not to commence the erection of the works for one year from the date of contract, while the city reserved the right of erecting its own water works provided it began their construction within the year, said contract to be void in such case. It also reserved the right of purchasing any works that might be erected by this company, at any time within five years from date of contract. Nothing came of this arrangement, as the city subsequently concluded to erect its own water works. Much opposition was aroused against the proposed improvement, and the assertion freely made that besides the works being too expensive the water from the bay was unfit for domestic uses, because the bay was the natural reservoir for the filth and sewerage of the city. Many advocated bringing the water from Lake Pleasant, or from the springs and head- waters of the streams south of Erie. The majority, however, were in favor of erecting the works on the bay, and an act was procured and approved April 4, 1867, pro- viding for the appointment of three " Water Commissioners " to control the erection, maintenance and management of water works in Erie, the city to furnish money for said Commissioners to carry out the proposed improvement. Under this act, W^illiam L. Scott, Henry Rawle and William W. Reed were appointed by the court, and organized June 14, 1867. Mr. Birkinbine was selected as the engineer to plan and superintend the construction of the works. After examining the plans used in several cities, the Commissioners adopted in July that in operation in Detroit, Mich, but in September it was dis- 544 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. carded in favor of the present plan devised and recommended by Mr. Birk- inbine. The location of the stand-pipe at the foot of Chestnut street was agi-eed upon in November, 1867, and a contract was made for the engines the same month, with the West Engine Company, of Norristown, Penn. In Decem- ber, 1867, the contract for the stand-pipe was given to the Erie City Iron Works; early in 1868, John M. Kuhn was awarded the erection of the build- ings and stand pipe tower, while at the same time Capt. James Danlap was given the crib work. The work began April 7, 1868, and progressed steadily and rapidly. In May, 1868, William L. Scott was succeeded as Water Commis- sioner by John C. Selden. At the close of 1868, one engine began pumping, and by the end of 1869 the works were completed, consisting of an engine house, a boiler house, stand pipe tower, smoke-stack, crib-work, and machinery, at a total cost of about $675,000. The engine house is a solid brick structure, with stone foundation, 30x35 feet square and sixty-live feet in height, surmounted by an octagonal turret fourteen feet high. The boiler house is 50x60 feet square and twelve feet high; smoke-stack fourteen feet square at the bottom and 100 feet in height, with a draft of twenty-five feet. The stand-pipe tower, built to inclose the stand- pipe, is octagonal in shape. Forty-five feet above its foundation, throughout which distance the tower is brick, a belt of stone five feet high is placed; thence upward it is a circular brick tower. Its total height is 217 feet, and its total elevation 237 feet above the surface of the bay, while an additional six- teen feet has been added to the stand pipe since its erection, making it 253 feet above the water level — the highest stand-pipe in the world. A spiral stairway in the interior ascends to the top of the tower, which is suitably decked and inclosed by an iron railing. The visitor may bere obtain the finest view im- aginable of the city, harbor and lake. The works are operated by two "Cornish Bull" engines of the finest make, driven by eight double-flue boilers. The pumping capacity of these works is about 5,000,000 gallons daily, but at present one engine is usually found sufii- cient for pu^mping purposes, the Commissioners wisely saving the other to guard against accidents which might cut otf the water supply. The most marked feature of the Erie Water Works are their completeness, solidity, and durability, combined with cheapness of construction and efiiciency, which is unquestionably due to the genius of the accomplished engineer who planned and supervised the building of them, as well as to the Water Commissioners in charge at the time, more especially William W. Eeed, whose whole time and attention was devoted to the enterprise from the beginning of the works until their completion. The reservoir located on Twenty-sixth street, between Chestnut and Cherry, has a capacity of 33,000,000 gallons. In the fall of 1872, the Water Commis- sioners purchased seven acres of land at that point, whereon they constructed the reservoir, the bottom of which is 210 feet above the surface of the bay, while the water is kept at an average depth of twenty-five feet. At the present time the city has forty-three miles of water mains, and 213 fire hydrants, which affords a first-class water supply for all purposes. The water is taken from be- tween two piers, at about midway between the surface and the bottom of the bay, in a depth of twelve feet; and December 31, 1882, there were 4,687 pa- trons on the books of the department. Since the works were finished, many improvements have been made, one of the most important being the putting in of new boilers in 1880, their removal further south in the building and the construction of a switch railroad track CITY OF ERIE. 545 running through the center of the building between the engine room and the boiler.s, whereby car loads of coal are brought right to the furnace doors, and all laborious handling and hauling done away with. Up to 1883, no spe- cial effort was made to improve the grounds around the water works, but the Commissioners in office this year began the work of improvement, and have progressed so far as to complete the road down the hill, also grade and sod the bank to a point half way between Chestnut and Myrtle streets, the limit of their jurisdiction, and sod the lower portion of the grounds. Trees have been planted all over the grounds, under control of the department, while the whole has been laid out under a general plan, in contemplation of a drive way being built along the bay front of the city. The Water Commissioners since the establishment of the works have been as follows: William L. Scott, 1867-68; Henry Rawle, 1867-72; William W. Reed, 1867-79; John C. Selden, 1868-72; Mathew R. Barr, 1872-77; John Gensheimer, 1872-78, J. M. Bryant, 1878-81; M. Liebel, 1877-83; G. W. F. Sherwin, 1879-85; Benjamin Whitman, 1881-84. The following exhibit shows the amount of coal consumed, cost of coal, water pumped, etc., from the construction of the works to the close of 1882: YEARS. Tons Coal Con- sumed. Cost of Coal. Gallons of Water Pumped. Gallons Raised to the Reservoir by one pound of Coal. 1868 59.1 544.4 1,064.5 1,422.7 1.308.5 1 672.5 1,759.0 1,836.4 1,856.0 2,456 6 2,463.3 2,628.1 3,076.1 3.430.3 2.968 2 $ 309 61 4,818 48 5,1.59 10 7,117 00 6,528 50 8.412 65 7,709 54 8,657 61 8,925 22 8,509 33 7,945 37 7,428 92 6,978 41 6,517 58 5,355 93 1869 1870 246,648,960 279.368,495 395,076,000 384,062,415 444,817,395 531,005,475 670,726,650 660,981,810 682,392,315 807,800,400 775,805,250 975,640,934 829,759,260 1871 168 45 1872 150 96 1873 114^81 196 44 1874 1875 145 57 IHO 68 1876 1877 135 74 1878 136 49 1879 153 68 1880 1 '^Q 01 1881 • 142 *^0 1882 139.77 This exhibit shows the amount of water rents collected each year since the commencement of the works to the close of 1882: Amount Received. From .January 1, 1869, to December 31, 1869 $4,264 47 From January 1, 1870, to December 31. 1870 9,237 30 From January 1, 1871, to December 31, 1871 ^ 18,138 08 From January 1, 1872, to December 31,1872 21,652 68 From January 1, 1873, to December 31, 1873 25,560 40 From January 1, 1874, to December 31, 1874 27,938 90 From January 1, 1875, to December 31, 1875 29,639 38 From January 1, 1876, to December 31, 1876 31,048 76 From January 1, 1877, to December 31,1877 32.276 57 From January 1, 1878, to December 31, 1878 29,636 01 From January 1, 1879, to December 31, 1879 33,343 20 From January 1, 1880, to December 31, 1880 37,385 00 From January 1, 1881. to December 31, 1881 40,385 87 From January 1, 1882, to December 31, 1882 43,818 73 Total water rents leceived $384,380 35 546 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. FIRE DEPARTMENT. The Active Fire Company, organized February 22, 1826, was the first effort made in Erie toward protecting the property of the town against the fiery ele- ment. The roll of membership included nearly all the grown male residents of the borough, with R. S. Reed, President and Chief Engineer; Daniel Dob- bins, Second Engineer; E. D. Gunnison, Secretary; John Riddell, Treasurer. The company was first furnished with buckets, but subsequently the town pur- chased a small fire engine, which did service for some years. Other com- panies of later date were as follows: Red Jacket Fire Company No. 1, organ- ized in 1837; Perry and Eagle Fire Companies, formed in 1839; Mechanics No. 3, formed in 1844; Vulcan, formed in 1848; Phcenix Hook and Ladder Company, formed in 1852; Parade Street Cr.mpany, formed in 1861. The city has had a tire organization with general ofiicers since 1851, but for the first ten years was not very effective. The present fire protection of Erie consists of the following apparatus; Steamer " Keystone," on Parade street, between Eleventh and Twelfth, which has been in use for about twenty years, but has now no company; Steamer No. 1, " D. T. Jones," First Ward Engine House on Fifth street, between State and French, was purchased in March, 1878, from the Silsby Manufacturing Com- pany of Seneca Falls, N. Y. ; Steamer No. 3, " William L. Scott," Third Ward, Peach street between Thirteenth and Fourteenth, is also a Silsby engine, and was purchased in June, 1882, each of these engines costing nearly $4,000. There is a hose company located in each of the six wards, and the Hook acd Ladder Company No. 1, at the Peach Street Engine House, where there is a beautiful Hayes truck which cost $3,000. The department has about 5,500 feet of hose, and employs forty-eight men aod thirteen horses; has fifteen miles of telegraph wire in use, and thirty fire alarm stations. There is one hose cart which has been in use about four years, and five new hose carriages that arrived at Erie in September, 1883, an(l which cost $525 each. Six brick engine houses are used by the department, the largest being the one on Peach street, the headquarters of the chief. The Erie Fire Department is governed by the following officers: Chief Engineer, J. Adam Moser; First Assistant, William Schade; Second Assistant, A. H. Conkey. The Board of Engineers is composed of the chief and his as- sistants, the foreman of each hose company and hook and ladder company, also the engineers of the steam fire engines. It meets at the headquarters of the fire department. Third Ward Engine House, on the first Sunday of each month. The furnishings are all first class, and the efficiency of the depart- ment is recognized as second to none in Northwestern Pennsylvania. MARKETS. Wednesday and Saturday mornings are the regular vegetable and meat market days in Erie. The farmers and hucksters line the east side of State street from Twelfth to North Park Row, their wagons filled with all kinds of market produce. Here they stand from 4 o'clock in the morning until 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the sidewalk crowded with buyers going from wagon to wagon, selecting and dickering for what they want. During market hours, the side- walk is scarcely passable, so crowded is it with sellers and purchasers. The market clerk goes the rounds collecting a small fee from each stand, which is paid for the privilege of being allowed to sell their produce inside the city limits, while a penalty is imposed for an evasion of the law. The hay market is on Twelfth between State and Peach streets, and the wood market immediately east between State and French streets. There is also u Kj^cAMi^^-xy CITY OF ERIE. 649 a clerk of these markets, and a fee is charged each wagon for standing room. The city possesses no market houses at the present time, but the vegetable and meat market has become so objectionable to the State street merchants that the day is not far distant when some other market-place away from the business center will have to be selected by the city authorities. This department is well organized and under the charge of an efficient head. It consists of seventeen officers and the chief, Thomas Crowley, the whole force being equipped in suitable uniforms. The police headquarters is a two-story frame building on the northeast corner of Seventh and Peach streets, which is centrally located and kept in the neatest order. The city is patrolled day and night, and so vigilant is the force that few breaches of the peace escape detection; and its efficiency is a wholesome check on evil-doers, as well as a vigorous antidote for crime. FINANCIAL EXHIBIT. Statement of receipts and disbursments of the City Treasurer for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1882: 1882, January 1, John Boyle, Treasurer, balance last settle- ment $ 27,005 08 Collection of taxes for 1882 176,446 79 Collection county licenses 4,136 16 Collection judgments 9,415 77 License,fines,etc.— Doff tax, $295.52; butchers, .$378; teams, $539; peddlers, $298.50; building permits, $15; auction, $25; Opera House, $75; fireworks, $11; shows, $23.50; oity markets— Eicheulaub, $900 ; Hersh & Doll, $247.50 ; hay and wood markets— M. Nicholes, $383.34; D. Weeks, $112.50 ; circus, $100 3,403 86 Penalty tax, 1882, $539.82 ; State tax, $2,151.20; temporarv loans, $20,000 '. 22,691 02 Property assessed for paving Ninth street, $16,816.05 ; as- sessed Twelfth street, $1,368.35 18,184 41 Property assessed tor sewers, Twelfth street, $436; State street, $515.54; Poplar street, $553,22; Tenth street, $777.35 ; Ninth street, 1833.56; Sassafras street, $892.68 Parade and Wallace Streets, $81.90 4,090 95 Taxes of 1879-80-81 19,170 53 Miscellaneous,$l,744.56 ; tax liens, $44 1.788 56 $286,333 13 CREDIT. "Warrants redeemed and canceled $164,162 09 Interest paid on indorsed warrants 765 07 Interest paid on bonds 81,872 00 Interest paid on State tax 2,771 16 Rebate for early payment tax 3,619 57 Refunded for overpaid tax 57 43 253 247 42 Balance cash in treasury $33,085 71 treasurer's statement of water commissioners' account. 1882, January 1, John Boyle, Treasurer, last statement $ 2,080 62 John Boyle, Treasurer, received during the year 44,492 53 $46,578 15 Credit— Paid orders of Water Commissioners 44,112 69 Balance in treasury 2,460 46 29 550 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE CITY, .JANUARY 1, 1883. Liabilities— Bond account $1,221,100 00 Less sinlcing fund 55,000 00 1,166,100 00 "Warrants in circulation 1,717 17 Accrued and accruing interest 30,000 00 •SI, 197,817 17 Assets— Uncollected tax $41,651 24 l^ess estimates for executor and fees 4,000 00 $37,651 24 Judgment account 15,995 89 Estate, doubtful 3,500 00 12,495 89 Cash in treasury 33,085 71 83,232 84 City debt .$1,114,584 33 The following is a statement of the taxes levied for municipal purposes in the city of Erie for 1883, together with the alterations made therein: WARDS. Valuation. p a .3 o g| Gross tax at W/i mills. Farm land abatement. Paved street abatement. Net tax. First Second . . . Third .... Fourth.... Fifth Sixth $2,164,980 2,592,183 3,518,936 2,798,220 963,024 1,061,954 % 98,380 83,260 146,990 39,235 335,606 167,855 $ 35,182 83 42,123 93 57,185 34 45,471 08 15,648 61 17,256 70 $ 917 24 1,288 00 1,676 08 1,080 04 388 55 1,010 28 $114 1108 $ 799 33 676 44 1,194 29 818 76 2,726 51 1,363 80 $ 893 89 1,547 09 1,593 88 539 85 144 63 110 47 $ 84,520 61 41,185 55 56,068 32 45,800 14 13,166 60 16,796 22 Totals.... $13,099,297 $871,326 $212,867 99 $6,860 19 $222 $7,079 13i$4,829 81 $207,537 44 The changes made in duplicates as per statement thereof, make the net amount of the duplicates to be charged to the receiver of taxes as follows: First Ward, $34, 422, 35; Second Ward, $41,174.19; Third Ward, $56,098.39; Fourth Ward, $45,800.14: Fifth Ward, $13,158.70; Sixth Ward, $16,796.22. Total, $207,449.99. CHAPTER IV. First Presbyterian Church. AS early as 1802, at Presque Isle, or Erietown, as it was variously called, a Pres- byterian congregation not then organized into a church sought ministerial services from the Presbytery of Erie, which had been organized the year be- fore. In 1803, in connection with Upper and Lower Greenfield, it extended a call to Rev. Robert Patterson, although for some reason the call seems not to have been prosecuted, or at least his services not secured for the congregation CITY OF ERIE. 551 at Erietown. Rev. Johnston Eaton, who had been licensed to preach August 22, 1805, came in 1806 into Erie County, and preached his first sermon " in a small log tavern at the mouth of Walnut Creek, kept by Capt. Swan." The fragment of an old journal recites something of his early experience: "Preached three months to the congregations of Erietown, Springfield and Mill Creek, beginning July, 1806, at $()0 per quarter." After this we have no account of regularly sustained services at Erietown for several years. In 1815, an engagement was made with Rev. J. Eaton to give one-third of his time to the congregation at Erie. The remainder of his time was divided between Fairview and North East. In September, 1815, the church was regularly organized, services were then held and for awhile subsequently in the old court house. This was the general rendezvous for public services of all kinds. Judah Colt, who was a prominent member of the church, and one of its Elders, had erected on Sassafras street^ where is now the residence of William Bell, Esq., a frame building, which was used in part for school purposes. This became the first regular place of wor- ship for the new church, and was familiarly known for many years as " the yellow meeting-house." Among the most prominent of the early members of the church and con- gregation were Judah Colt, Giles Sanford, Robert McClelland, Thomas Laird, John Evans, John Grubb, William Arbuckle, George Selden, Robert and George Davison, Samuel Hays, George A. Eliot, Thomas H. Sill, Joseph M. Sterrett. Other leading citizens, such as P. S. V. Hamot, had sittings in the church, and contributed to the support of worship. In 1818, Rev. J. Eaton gave one-half of his time to the church at Erie, the other half being devoted to the church at Fairview. This arrangement con- tinued for five years. April 13, 1825, Rev. David McKinney, a graduate of Jefferson College, and a licentiate of the Presbytery of Philadelphia, was ordained and installed pastor of the First Church of Erie. Rev. Timothy Alden preached the sermon and Rev. Samuel Tait delivered the charges. This relation continued until April 22, 1829, when at his own request it was dissolved. In 1824, a brick edifice, large and commodious for the existing wants of the society, was built upon the site of the present edifice. Judah Colt, whose interest in the church was unflagging, gave the society the use of a room in a block owned by himself on French street for evening prayer meetings. After his death, a building known as the session room, was built adjoining the church, and used for social worship. Rev. George A. Lyon, of Dickinson College and Princeton Theological Seminary, was ordained by the Presbytery of Erie, and installed pastor of the First Church on the 9th of September, 1829. Rev. Giles Doolittle, of North East, preached the sermon, and Rev. Wells Bushnell and Rev. Thomas Ander- son delivered the charges. Large accessions were made to the church during 1831-32, years which were marked by great religiou.s interest throughout the country. In 1857, more than a hundred were received at one time as the fruits of a revival, and in 1865 ninety were added in the same manner. At the great division in the Presbyterian Church in 1838, the First Church attached itself to the New School Assembly. On June 14, 1859, the corner-stone of the present elaborate and beautiful church edifice was laid. The building committee consisted of D. S. Clark, Josiah Follansbee, P. G. Finn and Samuel A. Davenport. The building was not wholly finished until February 26, 1862. The basement lecture room 552 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. was completed and occupied for religions services March 25, 1860. The Sabbath congregations continued to worship there until the upper audience room was dedicated February 26, 1862. The first Elders of the church were Judah Colt and George Selden. In 1882, there were elected John Dunlap, Alexander McClelland, Samuel Love and William Arbuckle. In 1857, William Himrod, J. D. Clark, Robert Davidson. David S. Clark. In 1865, David Shirk, Samuel Selden, Joseph A. French. In 1871, James Lvtle, Pressly Arbuckle, J. F. Downing. January 2, 1875, E. Woodruff, D. B. Cal- lender and R. S. Moffett. July 18, 1883, James M. Gordon and Edward P. Selden, the latter two being chosen to fill the vacancy made by the death of Samuel Selden and David B. Callender, March 24, 1871, Rev. Dr. Lyon, who had completed nearly forty-three years of ministry to the same congregation, and whose labors had been marked by signal ability and success, died, greatly beloved and deeply lamented. Rev. A. H. Carrier, who had been called to the associate pastorate just pre- vious to this event, began his services April 30, 1871, commemorative of his esteemed predecessor. He was installed pastor December 7 of the same year. In the fall of 1879, Mr. Carrier resigned, and in the following May, a call was extended to Rev. William S. Fulton, who was installed in the fall of 1880, and is the present pastor of the charch. The church membership is now 383. At the semi-Centennial Celebration of the church held in 1875, the pas- tor, Rev, A. H. Carrier, thus spoke: "This church — we say it in no self -glorying spirit — has been by force of its position, at the foundation of the present religious life of this city. The Associate Reformed, now the United Presbyterian, shares with it this pre- eminence. This church however, has been fruitful in colonies. In the organ- ization of the Episcopal Church, you meet with many of the same names which you had before met with upon the subscription roll and charch records of this congregation. In the organization of the Baptist Church the same fact is in some measure true. * * * " The church in East Mill Creek or Belle Valley was a child of this. "Upon the rolls of Park Church, organized in 1854, recorded there as its founders, are the cherished and honored names of many who had been for years in the front rank of supporters and workers hei'e, or who had been bap- tized at its font, been taught in its Sabbath school and had grown up under its influences. "The Central Church organized February, 1871, was a transplantation at once of officers from its session, an associate pastor from its pulpit, workers from its Sabbath school, and members from its community." * * * PAKE PKESBYTEBIAN CHURCH. Several attempts had been made previous to the spring of l855 to establish an Old- School Presbyterian Church in Erie, but had proved unsuccessful. Park Church may date its commencement in April of this year. The first service was held in a room in the fourth story of Cadwell's Block, on State street, April 29, 1855, conducted by Rev. William Wilson and Rev. S. J. M. Eaton. About thirty persons were present. The next meeting place was in Gensheimer's Hall, where, on the 28th of Jane, 1855, the church was organized by a com- mittee, appointed by the Presbytery of Erie, consisting of Rev. James W. Dickey and Rev. S. J. McEaton, with Elders William Campbell, of Wash- ington and James L. Reed, of Mill Creek. The names enrolled at that time as members of the church were William Arbuckle, S. S. Spencer, D. B. Mc- Creary, Dyer W. Fitch and Mrs. Julia A. Fitch, his wife, Mrs. Mary Shattuck, Miss Sarah Ward, Mrs. Mary W. Fleury and Miss Catharine Mason. CITY OF ERIE. 553 On the third Sabbath of July, 1855, a Sabbath school was organized with twenty-five or thirty scholars. Rev. William Wilson and others supplied the church till May, 1856, when, by permission of the Presbytery, Rev. William M. Blackburn, then of the Presbytery of Lake, was invited to become "stated supply " of the church for one year. Mr. Blackburn accepted the invitation, and began his labors May 25, 1856. At that time the church numbered twenty-four members. During the following year, vinder Mr. Blackburn's efficient care, the church and Sabbath school grew rapidly; a large Bible class was organized; the congregation increased; the benevolent operations of the church were carried on with regularity and energy. May 27, 1857, Mr. Blackburn was installed pastor of the church. At that time there were thirty- five communicants. During the summer and autumn of 1857, the present house of worship was erected. It was dedicated December 22, with thanks- giving and gladness; sei'mon by Rev. Frederick T. Brown, then of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1858, forty-six persons were added to the church upon a profession of their faith— the largest, with one exception, which Park Church has yet enjoyed. After seven years of faithful and fruitful labor, Mr. Blackburn ac- cepted a call, on account of his health, to the pastoral care of the Fourth Presbyterian Church of Trenton, N. J., to the gi-eat regret of his loving flock in Erie. On the 22d of February, 1864, Rev. George F. Cain, then of Stroudsburg, Penn., was unanimously chosen to be pastor of Park Church. The call was accepted, and Mr. Cain was installed shortly afterward. At that time there were 127 communicants. There had been many added to the church, but there had also been frequent removals, and some had "fallen asleep" in Jesus. In April, of same year, the parsonage on the corner of Sassafras and Seventh streets, was purchased, the congregation joining with great zeal and unanimity in thus providing a beautiful and comfortable home for their pastor. During year ending April, 1866, was marked by a gracious effusion of the Holy Spirit. Ninety-two communicants were added to the church, of whom sixty-eight professed for the first time their faith in Christ. In April, 1870, the pastoral relation between Mr. Cain and the church was dissolved, in order that Mr. Cain might accept a call to the Alexander Church in Philadelphia. The resolutions in which this congregation assented to Mr. Cain's request for a dissolution of his pastorate, expressed deep and heartfelt regret. When Mr. Cain left the church, it was composed of 242 communicants. December 7, 1870, Rev. James Otis Denniston, of Matawan, N. J., was called to the pastoral charge, which office he fulfilled with earnestness and fidelity till April, 1872. September 9, 1872, Rev. Thomas Fullerton was elected pastor, and entered upon his work in October. There were in December of that year 196 members in Park Church. The Ruling Elders of the church have been S. S. Spencer, elected June 28, 1855; David Agnew, elected June 28, 1856; D. W. Fitch, elected June 4, 1859; Thomas Taber, elected June 4, 1859; Edward J. Cowell, elected Decem- ber 9, 1865; Andrew H. Cahey, elected December 9, 1865; William Himrod, elected January 4, 1868; N. J. Clark, elected January 4, 1868; Charles C. Converse, Riley Burdett, William Spencer and William T. Birch, all ordained October 31, 1875. In 1877, the beautiful chapel and Sabbath school rooms fronting on Seventh street and connected with the main church edifice by a corridor, was erected at a cost of $6, 500. 554 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The interior of the main building was tastefully frescoed in 1882, and a fine organ put in, the entire cost being !?9,000. The present membership is 265. A Sabbath school has been maintained continually from the beginning. Pres- ent enrollment, 200. THE CENTRAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This church was formally organized by a committee appointed by the Pres- bytery of Erie, consisting of Rev. William Grassie and Rev. S. G. Hopkins, February 23, 1871; the services were held in VValther's Hall. The original membership consisted of fifty-four pei'sons. At the time of the organization, David Shirk and Joseph A. French were chosen Elders. Shortly afterward, the church extended a unanimous call to Rev. Charles C Kimball, which he accepted, and May 11, 1871, was installed by a committee from the Presbyteiy, Rev. George W. Cleveland, presiding, Rev. A. Sinclair preaching the sermon, Rev. John E. Wright charging the pastor, and Rev. J. T. Oxtoby the church. After the installation, the Sabbath services of the church were held for two years in Temperance Hall (Dreisigaker's Block, east side of State, between Seventh and Eighth streets), and there continued to be held for about two years. During the first year of the church's existence, the valuable and desira- ble lot on the northeast corner of Tenth and Sassafras streets was purchased, and on the 2d of August, 1872, ground was broken for the erection of the stone church edifice which now graces that site, and serves the congregation as a place for worship. This edifice was completed and opened for worship Sabbath morning, June 8, 1873, with impressive ceremonies. Brief addresses were made to the Sabbath school by the pastor. Rev. C. C. Kimball, the Su- perintendent and others, and at 11 o'clock a sermon was delivered by the pastor. On the following evening, the church was dedicated to the service of God. The ceremonies commenced with an anthem, followed by prayer and the reading of the 24th Psalm by Rev. Dr. Stever. The pastor then gave a brief sketch of the history and cost of the building, after which brief remarks were made by Rev. Mr. Stone, Rev. Dr. Wheeler. Rev. M. Grassie, Rev. Capt. Kitwood, Rev. Dr. John H. Vincent and Rev. Dr. Fullerton. The building, as then completed and now stands, was designed for Sabbath school purposes, the membership intending to build thereto the main church structure. The edifice is constructed of Ogdensburg blue limestone trimmed with Amherst, Ohio, sandstone, and is, in size, 67x45 feet; below is the audience room seated with chairs, and four parlors and other rooms above tastefully finished and furnished throughout. It is of Gothic style of architecture and cost, in the neighborhood of $25,000, it and the lot upon which it stands costing about $33,000. Within the tii'st eleven months, the number of communicants was doubled, and in December, 1872, the number of communicants was 157. The Sabbath school had a similar rapid growth; it was organized in Walther's Hall February 11, 1871, with a total attendance of thirty-five scholars. On May 14 of the same year, they removed to Temperance Hall, which quarters they occupied until the completion of their chapel June 8, 1873. In less than one year, it reached an average attendance of 227, and contributed for its own purposes and benevolence the handsome sum of $1,069.47. Early in the year 1874, W. R. Davenport, G. W. F. Sherwin and George Reed were elected Elders, and Joseph A. French was re- appointed to active service in the eldership (David Shirk died while serving as Elder, November 21, 1873). In January, 1877, Elders Joseph A. French and George Reed were re-elected to active service for the term of six years, and Charles Metcalf, George E. Barger, C. C. Shirk and William Smith were added to the elder- CITY OF ERIE. 556 ship, and at the expiration of that time all were re-elected and are now serving the church as Elders. October 12, 1878, Rev. Mr. Kimball was dismissed from the pastorate at his own request, to accept a call to a church in Kansas City, Mo. He preached for the congregation at Erie until the first Sabbath in November of that year. His successor to the pastorate of this church was Rev. Solon Cobb, of New Bedford, Mass., who was installed by the Presbytery of Erie on the evening of December 26, 1878, and now occupies that relation with the Central Church. The twelve years of the church's existence have all been years of growth and fruitfulness. Unity, harmony and cordial fellowship, have marked all of their meetings and activities. For twelve years, constant increase of member- ship at each and every communion season has been as unvarying as the seed time and harvest of the natural world. During the past year of the church's history, forty- four persons have entered into fellowship with the church, thirty- five on confession of faith and nine by letter; fourteen have been dismissed to form a connection with other churches, and five have passed on to the heavenly land. Since the organization of the church to the original member- ship of fifty-four, 446 have been added on confession of faith, and 191 by let- ter — in all 637 — an average of about fifty-thi'ee a year. The roll has included 691 names. Of these, thirty- four have died, 124 have been dismissed, twenty- eight retired, and twelve dropped, leaving the present membership in April, 1883, 493. The church has received and paid out for building, current expenses, general benevolence, etc., during the twelve years, about $95,000. The Sabbath school has been under the care of the same Superintendent, Mr. C. C. Shirk, ever since its organization. Commencing with a member- ship of forty-five, it has increased until there are now enrolled 565 names; and 295 of the scholars have joined the church, an average of about twenty- four a year. CHESTNUT STREET PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Early in July, 1870, a Sabbath school was opened in the house of Mr. C. W. Brown on Eighteenth, between Chestnut and Walnut streets, through the efforts of three lay members of the First Presbyterian and Park Presbyterian Churches. The first Sabbath but one scholar accepted the invitation previously extended, and was present. Two Sabbaths later, the attendance in- creased to seventy-five, and as a result a school was organized in a room fitted up for the occasion near the present house of worship. From this time to the Ist of December following, the school was nominally under the care of the Y. M. C. A., when it was taken under the charge of Park Presbyterian Church. At the end of the first year, the school numbered over 200 members. In order to put in some practical and useful form their quota of the $5,000,000 memo- rial fund, which the Presbyterian Church in the United States had resolved to raise as a thank-offering to God for the cordial re-union of its dissevered branches, the people of Park Chui'ch resolved to build a house for this new Sunday school. This was accomplished. The chvirch as it now stands, on the corner of Seventeenth and Chestnut streets, was completed in July, 1871, and dedicated on the 2d of August following — members of the Presbytery of Erie, then in session in this city, bearing a part in the services of the occasion. Rev. J. R. Wilson began to preach in the church in the spring of 1872, a man of great fidelity, sincerity and earnestness. A church was organized in January 1873, and Mr. Wilson was installed over it as pastor, in the next September. He was very successful in his ministry — the church increasing within the first three years from nine to fifty six members, and the Sabbath school to 556 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 225. Mr. Wilson remained with the church till the summer of 1879, when he resigned his place to accept the chair of Greek Professor in Parson College, Iowa. He was succeeded in the pastorate of the church by the Rev. A. C. AVilson, who was installed as pastor December 30, of that year, and remained until July, 1880, when he resigned on account of ill-health. Prom February, 1881, until June, 1883, the pulpit was filled by the Rev. J. D. Kerr, as stated supply. Since July, 1883, the Rev. W. J. Hazlett has sustained the same relation with this charge. The present membership is seventy-six. UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CONGREGATION. Previous to 1811, about thrity families, members and adherents of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, had settled in Erie and the immediate neighborhood. They were chiefly Scotch-Irish and the descendants of Scotch- Irish, and had removed here from the counties in Pennsylvania bordering on the Juniata and Susquehanna Rivers. In 1811, the Monongahela Presbytery of the Associate Reformed Church embraced in its bounds the entire territory now included in three Synods, viz., Pittsburgh, Ohio and First Synod of the West. At a meeting of the Presbytery held at Steubenville, Ohio, June 19, 1811, " Rev. George Buchanan (pastor of a congregation at Steubenville) was appointed to preach two Sabbaths in the borough of Erie before the next meeting of Presbytery." Mr. Buchanan filled his appointment probably in July or Au- gust, 1811, and at the next meeting of Presbytery, held September 4, 1811, at Puckety Church, a petition "for a supply of sermons" was received from persons residing in and near Erie and Waterford. He arrived here and preached in these places in the fall of 1811. He was accompanied to Erie by the Rev. Samuel Weir, a licentiate of the same Presbytery. His labors were BO acceptable here that proper steps were taken to secure his services as pastor. At the next meeting of the Presbytery, held at " St. Clair Church, a petition for the moderation of a call in the borough of Erie and at Waterford was presented. Mr. Galloway was appointed to preach in Erie on the third Sab- bath of January, 1812, and preside on the following Monday on that business." Mr. Galloway filled this appointment and a unanimous call was made out for Mr. Robert Reid, which was carried up by Mr. Robinson as unanimous, and presented at the next meeting of Presbytery, held in Robinson Run Church March 11, 1812. It was declared regular, presented to the candidate, by him accepted, and "the Presbytery proceeded to assign him trials for ordination. Jeremiah, xxxi, 19, was assigned as the subject of a sermon and Romans, iii, 24- 31 inclusive, as the subject of a lecture, which he was directed to deliver at the next meeting of Presbytery." Mr. Reid having delivered his trials for ordination at the meeting at St. Clair Church June 24, 1812, they were ap- proved, and Messrs. McConnell, Kerr and Galloway, ministers, with Messrs. John Findley, Robert Porter and James McWilliams, Elders, wei'e appointed a committee of Presbytery to ordain and install Mr. Reid over these congrega- tions at Erie, on the second Tuesday of September next, Mr. McConnell to preach the ordination sermon, Mr. Kerr to deliver the charge to the minister, and Mr. Galloway to the people. Mr. Archibald McSparren was directed to serve the edict. "This committee failed to meet at the time appointed; Mr. Galloway was prevented from meeting with them at all, and the members of the committee selected Mr. Dick to accompany them to Erie. Mr. Dick con- sented. The committee met October 21, 1812, and the preparatory steps hav- ing been taken, Mr. Reid was set apart to the oflfice of the holy ministry and installed as pastor of the united congregations of Erie and Waterford." The number of members in connection with the congregation when it was first i??'^ ,^i^- CITY OF ERIE. 559 organized cannot be given with certainty; it is believed to be about seventy. Mrs. Polly E. Barr is the only one nov7 living of the members-at the time of the first organization. Mr. Reid continued to preach three -fourths of his time in Erie and one-fourth in Waterford, until June 30, 1841, when he resigned the pastoral charge of Waterford, and all his time was given to Erie. April 12, 1813, Archibald McSparren, Thomas Hughes and David Robinson were ordained, and Alexander Robinson installed Ruling Elders, and James Du- mars was ordained a Deacon of the congregation, the Rev. Mr. Galloway, of Mercer, and Mr. Junkin, a Ruling Elder, assisting. The first communion was held October 29, 1813, and forty-nine members communed. At first the congregation met for worship wherever it could find accommoda- tions, sometimes in the old court house, sometimes in a log house on the north side of Fifth street, between French and Holland, and oftener in a log school house on the corner of Seventh and Holland streets, upon the ground now oc- cupied by School No. 2. The first church building was erected in 1816, on Eighth street, a little west of the present building. It was a frame structure 33x45 feet and was removed in 1837 to State street, between Eleventh and Twelfth streets The present church building is a substantial brick, 50x80 feet. The audience room was completed and ready for occupancy in 1837. An incident which occurred at the distribution of pews in the new church, in 1837, is worthy of record. Rufiis S. Reed, whose wife was a member of the church and himself a liberal contributor to its funds and an attendant pretty regularly upon itb services, came in after considerable progress had been made in the selection of pews. He inquired if there was a pew for him, and he was informed that they supposed that one of the two square pews on each side of the pulpit would be his choice, and that one had been assigned to the pastor and the other reserved for him. He inquired the price, which, when named, was satisfactory, and he took the pew. The building committee then said: " Mr. Reed, we owe you about $300 more than your pew amounts to, and we would like to turn the old house over to you for as much of the debt as you can afford to allow for it." He replied: " I will take the house and give you a re- ceipt in full." He sold it, to be removed, for $100, and gave the money he received for it to the Rev. Robert Reid, the pastor, as a present. The basement of the new building, containing lecture room, session room, infant class room, etc., was finished in 1862. The pastors of the church have been as follows: Rev. Robert Reid, installed October 21, 1812— died May 15, 1844; Rev. Joseph H. Pressly, installed Au- gust 20, 1845 — died November 3, 1874; Rev. J. C. Wilson, the present in- cumbent, installed May 1, 1876. September 12, 1814, 74 members communed, and June 9, 1822, 107 mem- bers communed, the greatest number stated up to that time of any one year. The greatest number of new members given in any one year, up to 1876, was thirty -sevea, which occurred in 1874. In 1866 and in 1872, thirty-one new names were added to the membership. These years of unusual accessions to the church resulted, in 1866, from general interest in religious matters awakened by the efforts of some revival preachers who visited Erie that year; in 1872 and 1874, they resulted from earnest work by the pastor and members in prayer- meeting held every evening for two weeks before the communion, in July, 1872, and in January, 1874. The membership is at present 220, Shortly after Mr. Reid's installation in Erie, a Union Sabbath school was opened. It was held sometimes in the old court house, and sometimes in a house on French street, near the corner of Fifth street. Mr. Reid was the Superintendent at first, but some of those interested in the school, from other 560 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. churches, insisted upon introducing into the school, hymns and other things which Mr. Reid could not approve, and he withdrew and subsequently organ- ized a school in his own church, which was discontinued after a few years, and there was no successful attempt to revive it until after the installation of Rev. Joseph H. Pressly. The school opened on the first Sabbath of January, 1846, and the teachers were John Hughes, James E. McNair, James L. Gray, Miss Mary Warren, Miss Mary A.Lamberton and Miss Elizabeth Reid. Fifty -one scholars were present. During the month, George W. Barr, Edward A. Me- haffey, James C. Reid, George Hughes, Miss Margaret McSparren, Miss Maria Kennedy, Miss Margaret A. Pollock, Miss Celia Miles, Miss Mary Jane Mehaffey and Miss Eliza McSparren were added to the list of teachers. Dr. Pressly acted as Superintendent until 1872. In May, 1874, a mission school on Eighteenth street was established, of which T. J. McKalip was appointed Superintendent. ST. Paul's episcopal church. The first services of the Protestant Episcopal Chui'ch in Erie were held in the old court house, A. D. 1826, by Rev. J. H. Hopkins, afterward Bishop of Vermont and at that time rector of Trinity Church, Pittsburgh. The records show that seven persons were baptized by him before the year 1827, but the dates are not given. The organization of the parish was efi'ected at a meet- ing held at the house of P. S. V. Hamot March 17, 1827. The charter rec- ommended by the convention of the diocese was adopted, the name of St. Paul's Church was chosen, the Rev. Charles Smith was appointed rector, and Messrs. Thomas Forster, P. S. V. Hamot, George Miles, George A. Eliot, Tabar Beebe, Charles M. Reed, Thomas Forster, Jr., D. C. Barrett, William Kelley, Gilbert Knopp and John A. Tracy were elected vestrymen for the ensuing year. Col. Thomas Forster was chosen Church Warden, and Tabor Beebe, Rector's Warden. P. S. V. Hamot was appointed Secretary of the Vestry. At a meeting held at the house of Col. Forster, July 22, George A. Eliot, Thomas Forster and John A. Tracy were appointed a committee to make ar- rangements for public worship. William Kelley was chosen to " attend to the subscription paper," and it was resolved that the hours of divine worship be 11 A. M. and 2 P. M., service to be expected every other Sunday. George A. Eliot was appointed Treasurer, and the following resolution was passed: Resolved, That the church committee be Mr. Dobbins, to make arrangements for the accommodation of the reverend gentlemen when they come to officiate, and to make the arrangement for paying for it, and if that cannot be made, each head of families of the congregation to receive them alternately. The male members of the original vestry and congregation who were Epis- copalians, were Col. Forster and Capt. George Miles, Mrs. Hamot, and perhaps two or three other ladies were members of the church. Several of the men were previously Presbyterians. Others came in from family relationships and associations, or the respectability of the families, and some, probably, with the idea that the church was a dignified and respectable body, with a fine ritual and an educated ministry. At the aforesaid meeting, the Rev. C. Smith's resignation was tendered, and was accepted at a subsequent meeting, December 8, 1827. Rev. Benjamin Hutch ins ministered to the congregation for a few months, for we find that on the 18th of December. 1827, a resolution of thanks was passed for the " faith- ful discharge of his duties while among us." It appears from the records of a meeting, December 24, 1827, that Mr. Hutchins had been acting as assistant for Mr. Smith at Erie and Waterford, and that he desired an independent charge of St. Paul's, but without success. At the meeting, April 21, 1828, Charles CITY OF ERIE. 561 M. Reed was chosen delegate to the Diocesan Convention at Philadelphia, and subsequently J. B. Wallace, Esq., was chosen as another delegate. About 1828, an effort was made, on the recommendation of the Rev. Mr. Hopkins and Mr. Wallace (lay delegate), to secure Rev. John W. James for this church and St. Peter's, Waterford, and it was determined to raise $300 for his support, and requiring Waterford to raise $100. This effort failed. An application was made to the society for the promotion of Christianity in Pennsylvania for help, which was granted. Messrs. Reed and Wallace must have found or heard of the Rev. Bennett Glover, at Philadelphia, for we find that a correspondence was opened with Rev. Bennett Glover, of Philadelphia, July 17, 1828, with a view to his coming as pastor, and the wardens were instructed " to ascertain from Mr. McConkey his terms for boarding, and, if Mr. Glover will still re- main here sometime, to make the lowest and and best boarding terms, and that Messrs. Kelly and Knopp make a bargain with some person to keep the house clean and ring the bell for our church." The old court house was still used for the services. A letter of the vestry, July 30, to the Rev. Mr. James indi- cates that he was disposed to come, but that the arrangement with the Rev. Mr. Glover whs now deemed more satisfactory, as he was to derive part of his sup- port from the missionary society. A new election of wardens and vestrymen was held at the rooms of the Rev. Mr. Glover November 22, 1830, resulted as follows: Thomas Foi-ster, George Nicholson, Tabor Beebe, John A. Tracy, William Kelly, George A. Eliot, Thomas Forster, Jr., Elijah Babbitt, George Miles and Alexander McKee, Vestrymen; Thomas Forster and George Nicholson, Wardens; George A. Eliot, Treasurer; P. S. V. Hamot. Secretary. Thomas Forster, Tabor Beebe, P. S. V. Hamot and Elijah Babbitt were appointed a committee to procure a plan for a church, and at the next meeting (December 1, 1830), it was " Resolved, That we accept of the purchase made by John B. Wallace, Esq. , of James Moore, for Lot No. 1729, at $250, the said Moore subscribing $25, and that the Treasurer be directed to pay $50 and receive the deed and give the bond and mortgage, " etc. " Resolved, That the Rev. B. Glover may take the title to 100 acres of land given to the church by John B. Wallace, Esq., for the price of $100." The deed for the church was made to George A.- Eliot, Charles INI. Reed and John A. Tracy in trust. January 13, 1831, it was ''^Resolved, That the vestry be a building committee, 'etc., etc.,' and that five constitute a quorum, and that the said vestry, or a majority of them, en- gage one person, whose business shall be to receive and measure boards, to receive brick, lime, and all other materials for building, and to keep an accu- rate account of the same and superintend the building." It was resolved subsequently to advertise for proposals for the whole work in the Erie Gazette and Erie Observer for two weeks. The plans adopted were prepared by Maj. T. W. Maurice. A joint note was executed to James Moore for the sum of $175, the balance due on the church lot; the proceeds of the land given by Mr. Wallace and sold to Mr. Glover to be appropriated in payment of said note, and the remainder to be raised by the sale of " slips." Among those making proposals were C. G. Howell, for the whole building, $3,759; Mehaffey & Hoskinson, $3,399. B. Tomlinson, John Teel and John Dunlap also made bids for parts of the work. The contract for the building was finally made with Mehaffey & Hoskinson (tender $3,399), they being re- quired " to use brick from Dunn or Sawtel's yard," and also to " take an ac- count of subscriptions in brick, stone, masonry and lime. " The church was 562 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. duly completed and the slips sold " free of tax," and the debts were gradually- paid off. An organ was bought and paid for, and a bell weighing four or five hundred pounds. No aid was received from abroad except from Mr. Wal- lace, and a subscription of $1 50 from the Eev. Mr. Hopkins. The church was dedicated by Bishop Onderdonck in 1834. A burial ground west of Myrtle street, between Seventh and Eighth streets, had been previously purchased for $400 of William Arbuckle, and paid for by subscription. A small lecture room was built in the rear of the church (Smith Jackson and P. R. Rockwell being the building committee) in 1836, for use chiefly of the Sun- day school. A Sunday school had been organized in the court house before the church was built by Mrs. William A. Brown, Mrs. Hamot and others. The Rev. B. Glover continued to serve the parish on a small salary, with the aid of the society for the advancement of Christianity, till his death in 1838, when Rev. P. Teller Babbitt became rector, serving until 1840. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry Tullidge, who continued in the office until 1846. The next rector was William Flint, under whose ministry the church build- ing was enlarged at a cost of $2, 245.16 in 1847. The pulpit placed in the church at this time was a curiosity. It was very high, and the preacher en- tered it from a flight of stairs opening from the vestry room in the rear, and when in it his head was in an arch in the wall, in shape like a brick oven, the altar and reading desk on the top of it remained till the Rev. Mr. Abercrom- bie had a new desk and altar made. The present rector induced the vestry to abolish the " three decker " arrangement on his first taking charge of the parish. A lecturer then took the place of the pulpit, and the altar was put in its proper place. Rev. Charles Arey succeeded Dr. Flint in January, 1853, and served the parish two years, when the vestry not agreeing upon a successor, Bishop Pot- ter sent them the Rev. John A. Bowman as missionary, who remained as a temporary supply for a year or more. The Rev. D. C. Page, D. D., was rec- tor of the parish for a short time after Mr. Bowman's removal. The Rev. James Abercrombie became rector in the summer of 1857, and was succeeded by the Rev. John F. Spauldiug April 1, 1862. The present beautiful and imposing stone church edifice, located on the south side of West Sixth, between Peach and Sassafras streets, was completed in 1866, and dedicated in 1869 clear of debt. The cost of the building was something over 160,000. It is of Gothic style of architecture, and adds grace and beauty to the city. While the Sunday services were held in Farrar Hall, and week-day services impossible, except in private houses, in the winter of 1865, a system of cottage lectures and mothers' meetings was projected and vigorously carried on, espe- cially in South Erie, and St. John's Parish was organized in the fall or winter following. The missionary work of the parish in the city was very successful from that time. St. John's and the Church of the Cross and Crown soon became self-supporting. Trinity Mission was building, in 1872-73, a hand some church, and Grace Mission was planning slowly and surely for the future. The Rev. J. F. Spaulding was elected Missionary Bishop of Colorado and Wyoming in October, 1873, and was consecrated in St. Paul's Church Decem- ber 31 of that year. The succeeding rector of the church was the Rev. W. H. Mills, who remained in that position until March, 1880, when he resigned to accept a call to St. Paul's Church, Yonkers, N. Y. The Rev. Mr. Milla was succeeded by Rev. T. P. Franklin in April, 1880, who died two years later, and the next rector of this church is the present incumbent. Rev. G. A. Carstensen, who assumed the rectorship July, 1, 1882. The number of CITY OF ERIE. 563 commtinicants in the city in 1861-02 was nominally 140. There are now (1883) about 500. At St. Paul's there are now about 365 communicants. Re- verting to the missions, Trinity and Grace, it is only necessary to add that they are still under the care and control of St. Paul's Church, and that the work continues to be prosecuted in both fields. A Sunday school is maintained at each, and at Trinity Chapel a Sunday afternoon service as well as one on Friday evenings are also regularly maintained. The Sabbath school at Trinity Chapel is under the super intendency of David Burger, and that at Grace Mis- sion is in charge of G. P. Colt. The number of scholars in attendance is about 100 and 75 respectively. An industrial school and the mothers' meet- ings have always proved a prominent feature of the work at Trinity meetings. August 11, 1881, St. Paul's Church narrowly escaped being destroyed by fire, the south end being damaged to the extent of $10,000. It has since been restored and greatly improved. A very fine organ was presented to the church by Hon. William L. Scott, of this city. ST. John's episcopal church. In the winter of 1866, Rev. J. F. Spaulding, rector of St. Paul's Church, Erie, held services once in two weeks on week day evenings at the houses of some of his parishioners and of friends of the church in the neighborhood of, and a little south of the depot. These services were churchly, but informal in character. He called them "cottage lectures." A gratifying result was to suggest the thought of efforts looking toward a new parish. And when in the providence of God another minister of this church (the Rev. J. N. Black) came to reside in Erie, his interest was sought and obtained in the new church movement, and services were resumed under his ministiy in the following October. The use of the German Baptist Church, on Seventeenth street, was secured for Thursday evening, as no suitable place for Sunday services could be held. These services were continued during the winter, and so much interest was awakened that in March following a meeting was held, and a regular parish organization was formed, with William Nicholson. Samuel B. Barnum, R. A. Fancher, David T. Jones, William Bush and A. W. Van Tassel, as Ves- trymen. The vestry then organized and elected the Rev. J. H. Black, Rector; George Burton and D. T. Jones, Wardens; S. H. Metcalf, Secretary; and W. G. Gard- ner, Treasurer. On the 1st of April, 1867, Urban's Hall on Peach street was secured, and regular church services and a Sunday school commenced, which were both con- tinued with increasing interest and attendance during the year. On the Ist of April, 1868, the parish lost the valued services of their rector, he having re- moved from the city. Sunday services were, however, continued by the reading of morning service and a sermon by the wardens. Evening service was con- ducted by the Rev. Mr. Spaulding, of St. Paul's. In May following, the Rev. Calvin C. Parker was elected rector, who ac- cepted the call and entered upon his duties the first Sunday in July. The parish was duly incorporated in June by a charter granted by the ccurt, and was admitted into union with the convention of the diocese June 2. In July, plans and specifications were prepared for a church edifice, which was erected on a lot on Sixteenth street, between Peach and Sassafras streets. The corner stone was laid on Tuesday afternoon, July 28, 1868, at 6 o'clock, by J. B. Kerf oot, Bishop of the Diocese of Pittsburgh, with the usual religious ceremonies^peculiar to the Episcopal Chui-ch. 664 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The building was consecrated to the service of Almighty God June 20, 1871, by Bishop Kerfoot, and Bishop Cox of Western New York, the latter preaching the sermon. Rev. Mr. Parker remained as rector of the church until September, 1872, and in the following November was succeeded by Rev. S. D. McConnell, whose rectorship terminated in April, 1874. The next rector of St. John's was Rev. S. H. Hilliard, whose term of service began in September, 1874, and terminated in June, 1876. The followingAugusthe was succeeded by his brother, the Rev. F. W Hilliard, who served the congregation until August, 1878. Rev. J. M. Benedict became the next rector, entering upon his duties in February, 1879, and severing his connection with the charge in November, 1881. Mr. Benedict was succeeded in April, 1882, by Rev. L. C Rogers, whose rectorship extended until July, 1883. The present rector of the church is Rev. William M. Cook. Number of communicants is fifty. The whole number of communicants since the organization of the church has been 196. The Sabbath school is under the superintendence of D. T. Jones, and is composed of some fifty scholars. THE CHURCH OF THE CROSS AND CROWN. The origin of this church is mainly due to the wise foresight and unwearied energy of the Rev. J. F. Spaulding, former rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church of this city, who did so much to carry religious privileges to the out- lying portions of it. Under his direction, in May, 1868, a small Sunday school of six teachers and eight scholars was organized at the public school- house on East Tenth street, near Beech lane, and placed vmder the superin tendence of Mr. Boyd Vincent. The neighborhood was thoroughly canvassed for scholars by visiting from house to house, and a men's Bible class soon started. In October following, lay services on alternate Sundays, with the reading of a se)'mon, were begun, and attended hj a dozen or fifteen persons. These services and the Sunday school were soon found to be mutually productive of benefit. At Christmas, there was an average attendance in the school of sixty scholars and eleven teachers. Soon after a Woman's Bible class was added, and mainly from the members of this and the men's Bible class the attendance at the weekly church services was increased to thirty or forty persons. About this time the whole work was given fresh character by assuming the unusual but beautiful name of "The Cross and Crown Mission." By May 24, the first anniversary of the school's organization, the average attendance of scholars was eighty. In June, the lay services were superseded by an afternoon cler- ical service by the Rev. Mr Spaulding. This of course was a great im- provement, again giving greater reality and promise of permanence to the work. The confidence of success which this new feature inspired, and the value of thus at once associating mission schools in people's minds with church authority, and that as integral parts of church life and work, was shown very soon. From the beginning, the expenses of the mission had been partly met by the contributions of the members themselves, though they were mainly de- frayed by donations from St. Paul's Sunday School and from a few interested friends, as also by subscriptions in the mother parish. But in October of that year (1869), only eighteen months after the mission was started, the number of adult members in the congregation and Bible class was such that they spon- taneously proposed and proceeded to make the work actually self-supporting, although still formally connected with St. Paul's parish. In November, the original superintendent being called away from the city, CITY OF ERIE. 565 Mr. William T. Smith was unanimously elected to fill the place. The average attendance of the school reported at Christmas was ninety, and in April follow- ing four persons from the men's Bible class were confirmed at St. Paul's Church, thus realizing the first fruits of the work of love in this mission. In January, $217 had been raised by subscription for the purchase of a cabinet organ and a small library, and soon after steps were taken for the erection of a chapel. Out of five lots generously offered for the purpose, that of ]\[r. Will- iam M. Watts, of Carlisle, and situated at the corner of Twelfth and Ash streets, was accepted. The corner-stone was laid in July, and in February, 1871, the whole edifice, ready for use and free from debt, was consecrated to the worship and service of Almighty God. The building as it stood in 1872 cost 14,000, of which $800 were contrib- uted by the members of the mission, and the balance by members of St. Paul's parish. It is 60x20 feet, interior measure; has a chancel 16x14 feet, and a class room on either side, sixteen feet square. In April following,thirteen persons more, mainly from the classes of the Sunday school, were confirmed, the latter thus realizing its true character as a training school for the church. In July of that year, the Rev. Boyd Vincent, as assistant minister of St. Paul's Church, was placed in charge of the work here. In July, 1872, " The Church of the Cross and Crown," was admitted into union with the convention of the diocese as an entirely independent and self-supporting parish, Mr. Vincent becoming at the same time its full rector. Mr. Vincent's rectorship of the charge was dis- solved in the spring of 1874. His successor was the Rev. Bernard Schulte, who remained with the church until June, 1876, when he was succeeded by Rev. S. A. McNulty, whose stay with the church was less than one year, he having left June 1, 1877. In July of that year, the Rev. John Graham be- came rector of the church and served for a period of two years. The pulpit was then vacant for some months, and, in January, 1880, the next rector of the church, Rev. W. H. Rogers, entered upon his duties. The term of his rectorship lasted until August, 1881, from which time until April, 1882, the church was without a rector. At the date last named, the Rev. L. W. Rogers became the rector of the Church of the Cross and Crown and remained in such relation with it until July 1, 1883. On Sabbath, July 29, 1883, a call was ex- tended to the Rev. E. M. McGuffey, of Urbana, Ohio, to succeed Rev. Mr. Rogers. The number of communicants of the church is now about 150. The Sabbath school is superintended by Mr. James Bassett and numbers about 300 scholars. Under the rectorship of Rev. Mr. Schulte, the infant room was en- larged, and in July, 1883, a bell was added. The Parochial Society and Young Peoples' Guild, working societies, were organized under the rectorship of Rev. Mr. Rogers. THE FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Meetings of the Methodist Episcopal denomination were held in Erie by circuit preachers at long intervals, commencing in 1801. Worship took place in the winter of 1810 and 1811 in a tavern on the west side of French street, be- tween Sixth and Seventh. A congregation seems to have been partially estab- lished soon after the beginning of the century, but no regular permanent or- ganization was effected until the year 1826. Rev. Samuel Gregg, in his " His- tory of Methodism Within the Bounds of Erie Conference," thus alludes to the church at Erie in 1826: " Erie, Penn. , was a flourishing village in which, though Methodist preaching had frequently been enjoyed by the people, no permanent organization had been made until this year. Mr. James McConkey and wife, members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore, moved to Erie to reside: and Mr. David Burton and wife attended the meeting at Harbor Creek^ 566 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. and were there converted, and invited Mr. Knapp to establish au appointment in Erie, and the same winter a class was formed composed of the above-named persons and a few others. Mr. McConkey was appointed leader, and soon after secured to the church the lot on Seventh street, on which their first church was subsequently built; the cost was S300. " The Mr. Knapp referred to was Rev. Henry Knapp, who at this time was in charge of North East Circuit. He died in Wesleyville, this county. May 20, 1827, and his final resting place may be found in the rear of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church in that village. Thus was the embryo of the First Methodist Church of Erie. The min- isters who traveled the circuit, of which the First Church constituted an appoint- ment from 1826 until 1830, were Revs. Nathaniel Reeder and E. Stevenson, in 1826; Revs. Job Wilson and J. W. Davis, in 1827; Revs. J. W. Davis and J. Jones, in 1828; Revs. S. Ayers and W. C. Richey, in 1829. In 1830, the appointment was on Erie Circuit, which was formed that year. The preacher in charge was Rev. J. S. Barris, with Rev. A. C. Young as his colleague. Mr. Barris' salary this year was $167. December 26, 1830, at the close of a meet- ing in the court house, where the Methodists then worshiped, a subscription paper was circulated to raise money to pay the preacher. On the paper occur the names of George Moore, Capt. Wright, Albert Kelso, J. Lantz, Pressly Arbuckle, William Himrod and Thomas Moorhead, Jr. For the support of the preachers on Erie Circuit in 1833, First Church subscribed $55. From 1830 until 1834, the circuit riders to this appointment were, in the year 1831, Revs. J. P. Kent and A. Plimpton; 1832, Revs. J. Chandler and E. P. Stead- man; 1833, Revs. J. Chandler and S. Gregg. In 1834, Erie charge was made a station, and the appointment given to Rev. E. P. Steadman, which he did not fill, and the church was supplied. During the following year, at which time the First Methodist Episcopal Church of this city may, perhaps, more properly speaking, date its establishment, the church officers were as follows: Trustees, James McConkey, E. N. Hulburt, John Richards, Daniel Burton; Stewards, James McConkey, E. N. Hulburt, Daniel B. Lorge, James Thompson; Class Leaders, James McConkey, David Burton and James Thompson. Efforts were made in the years 1836 and 1887 to erect a house of worship, which failed, but the third effort proved a success, and in 1838-39 a frame church building was built on Seventh street, and at the close of the conference year, 1839, the first official meeting was held in " Wesley Chapel." In 1844, the annual conference was held in this house, and the church had so increased that it was found necessary to enlarge the building, which was done at an ex- pense of $1,300. In 1851, a parsonage was built, and, in the year following, a committee was appointed to select a place in the city for a second church. The committee reported a place, and organized a Sabbath school in South Erie, out of which grew Simpson Methodist Episcopal Church. The second and present house of worship of the First Church is located on the southeast corner of Seventh and Sassafras streets, and is among the im- posing church edifices of the city. It is constructed of brick, and was erected in 1859-60, at a cost of $14,000. The architect was H. M. Wilcox, and the building committee, William Sanborn, James S. Sterrett, J. Hanson, John Burton, J. B. Johnson, William C. Keeler and A. A. Craig. The building was completed and dedicated November 14, 1860; sermon by Bishop Simpson. The present membership of the church is 450. The pastors of the church since 1835 have been as follows: A. G. Sturges, 1835: R. A. Aylworth, 1836; J. W. Lowe, 1837; J. W. Lowe, 1838; B. K. Maltby, 1839; J. J. Steadman, Oi., CITY OF ERIE. 569 1840; A. Hall, 1841; A. M. Brown, 1842; D. Smith, 1843; C. Kingsley, 1844; C. Kingsley, 1845; Lester James, 1846; T. Stubbs, 1847; T. Stubbs, 1848; E. Jones, 1849; S. Gregg, 1850; S. Gregg, 1851; J.W.Lowe, 1852; H. Kins- ley, 1853; J. E. Chapin, 1854; J. E. Chapin, 1855; W. F. Wilson, 1856; W. F. Wilson, 1857; D. 0. Wright, 1858; G. W. Clarke, 1859; J. D. Norton 1859; J. Peate, 1860; J Peate, 1861; D. C. Osborne, 1862; D. C. Osborne, 1863; D. C. Osborne, 1864; E. A. Johnson, 1865; E. A. Johnson, 1866: E.' A. Johnson, 1867; A. S. Dobbs, 1868; A. S. Dobbs, 1869; E. J. L. Baker 1869; W. VV. Wythe, 1870; W. W. Wythe, 1871: A. Wheeler, 1872; A. Wheeler, 1873; W. W. Ramsay, 1874; W. W. Ramsay, 1875; W. W. Ramsay, 1876; J. D. Adams, 1877; J. D. Adams, 1878; D. H. Muller, 1879; D. H. MuUer, 1880; D. H. Muller, 1881; A. N. Craft, 1882; A. N. Craft, 1883. The Sabbath school was organized in the conference year 1829-30, with E. N. Hulburt as Superintendent. The first corps of teachers was: Miss Mary Converse, Miss Mary Coover, Thomas Richards, Peter Burton, Thomas Stevens, Miss Amanda Bowers, Rebecca Watkinson, Francis Dighton and John Dillon. The place of holding it was in a small one story frame building, on East Fourth between French and Holland streets. The school is now superin- tended by H. A. Strong and the enrollment is 350. SIMPSON METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. " In the early part of the winter of 1858, a meeting of eight weeks was held by the pastor of the Seventh street Methodist Episcopal Church, W. F. Wil- son. It was wonderfully blessed of the Lord, many souls being converted and reclaimed. Nearly a hundred were added to the church and quite a number of them were in what is now South Erie. The brethern of the last named locali- ty, feeling that the class and prayer meetings could be held with profit there, in that part of the city, as many of the young converts were in that section, besought the pastor to organize a class, which he did, and appointed Heman Janes the leader. He remarked at the time, " I do it with a measure of sad- ness, for this is the germ of a new and distinct society." As if by special providence. Brother Heman Janes had secured a lot and erected a building for a select school on Sassafras street, near at hand, where the class could meet for prayer meetings or social worship. These gatherings were well attended and were seasons o great spiritual refreshings. The number of membei's thus as- sociated was twenty-five. Soon after this, a Sunday school was organized, which commenced with sixty-three in number, and never has been less to this day. Capt. Thomas Wilkins, of precious memory, was its first Superintendent. The schoolhouse continued to be the main rallying place till the new church was built, when it was moved on to the church lot, and became part of the present parsonage. Before this, and during the pendency of a question of build- ing on Seventh street — when fear was predominating over hope — about the 1st of May the brethren and friends of the church began to consider the propriety of building a chapel in this part of the city. Brother Wilson being applied to, organized a Board of Trustees composed of Thomas Wilkins, Heman Janes, Emanuel Goodrich, Alvin Thayer, A. K. Miller, E. J. Ames and Adam Ache- son. Though these steps were taken and subscriptions were made, yet the subscribers proposed to tarn their contributions into the fands for building down town if that enterprise was renewed and moved forward, but it was not re- newed. In the meantime the lot where the present church building and parsonage now stands was purchased by Capt. Thomas Wilkins and Heman Janes on their personal responsibility, for the sum of $500, and they held it in reserve to await the demands of the church. The church at Seventh street having given up build- so 570 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ing at that time, the pastor announced that he was in favor of building on the lot purchased by Wilkins and Janes. A subscription was circulated and sums were pledged, some of the largest, as follows: Thomas Wilkins, |300; E. Goodrich, $200; Dr. Dickinson, $100; A. Acheson, $100; A. Yale, $100; Jacob Hanson, $100; H. Janes, $500; in all about $1,600. This was the con- dition of things when the Annual Conference came in 1858. W. F. Wilson having filled the two years' pastorate, was succeeded by Rev. D. C. Wright. Soon after Bishop Simpson, whose health was impaired, visited Erie, spent some days in its healthful atmosphere, and learning the facts of church exten- sion history and conditions in the city, bade these brethren and friends in South Erie, God speed. Having secured a subscription to justify, on August 3, they let the contract, and the work began in earnest. At times, however, the circumstances were very unpropitious, and discouragements severe. Brother Wright stood aloof and had never a word of cheer, and some of the good brethren in the city looked upon the new church as the tomb of Method- ism, but it has proved to be the temple of God. To bring the enterprise to a successful termination required sturdy financial lifting on the part of a few. Nobly, generously, and bravely did they bend their backs to the sacrifice and toil. Earnestly was prayer offered for the suc- cess of the enterprise, and under the guidance and blessing of Divine Prov- idence was it gi'andly achieved. When all was ready, that prince in Israel, Bishop Simpson, was called to minister on the joyful occasion of opening for the worship of Almighty God this place of rest. This crowning event took place June 19, 1859. The regular pastors of the church from its organization to the present time, with their term of service, is given in the following list: 1860-61, W. P. Bignell; 1861-62, R. M. Warren; 1862-63, R. M. War- ren; 1863-64, A. C. Tibbitts; 1864-65, J. H. Tagg; 1865-66, J. H. Tagg; 1866-67, J. H. Tagg; 1867-68, D. Prossor; 1868-69, F. H. Beck; 1869-70, A. N. Craft; 1870-71, A. N. Craft; 1871-72, R. N. Stubbs; 1872-73, R. N. Stubbs; 1873-74, E. H. Tingling; 1874-75, E. H. Tingling; 1875-76, P. P. Pinney; 1876-77, P. P. Pinney; 1877-78, E. A. Squier; 1878-79, J. A. Kummer; 1879-80, J. A. Kummer; 1880-81, J. A. Kummer; 1881-82, J. C. Scofield; 1882-83, J. C. Scofield. Simpson Church has accomplished great good in South Erie, and is destined to future years of usefulness. The present membership is 230, with a pros- perous Sabbath school numbering 268 scholars, superintended by Rev. Henry Sims. The church edifice is a substantial one, constructed of wood, though of an ancient pattern. TENTH STREET METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Some active measures looking toward the organization of a Third Methoeiist Episcopal Church in Erie were taken during the year 1866. A subscription of $3,000 was raised and two lots donated, provided the church was built within five years. It was not, however, until August 30, 1871, that the movement passed into the actual stage. Rev. R. F. Keeler was appointed by the Erie Conference of that year pastor of the Erie City Mission, with an assisting appropriation of $350. The Toung Men's Christian Association in the September following, gave him permission to preach in their rooms on Eleventh street, east of Parade, and soon after resigned their Sunday school into his hands. On the 8th of October of the same year a class was formed of nine persons, consisting of Seymour Torrey, Leader; John S. Grove, Sarah A., Grove M. F. Hope, R. Hare, A. Speckman, Mary Thompson, Charles N. and CITY OF ERIE. 571 Eose "W. "Wheeler. September 25, 1871, a Building Committee, consisting of Eevs. W. W Wythe, R. N. Stubbe, E. F. Keeler. and Messrs. T. H. Thurbur, E. F. Gaggin, J. S. Grove, W. H. Deming and H. Davis was formed. They selected a lot on East Tenth street, between Ash and Wallace, having a front- age of 103 feet, with a good house on the east half, suitable for a parsonage. At the first Quarterly Meeting, November 9, 1871, D. M. Stever, Presiding Elder, E. Hare, M. F. Hope, J. S. Grove and S. Torrey were appointed Stew- ards, and forty-five members were reported at the following conference. The corner stone of the new church was laid May 15, 1873, dedicated Jan- uary 15, 1874, and the last indtbtedness canceled in 1882, having now about eighty members enrolled. The following pastors have served the church in the order nrmed: E. F. Keeler, E. A. Caruthers, D. M. Stever, W. W. Wythe, E. M. Gwynn, W. G. Williams, W. Martin, W. M. Martin, P. A. Eeno and J. H. Herron. THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The African Methodist Episcopal Church of Erie, was re-organized in the spring of 1877, by Eev. J. M. Morrison, of Oil City, Penn., with a member- ship of about fifteen persons, the proceedings taking place in the Wesleyan Methodist Episcopal Church on Third street, betsveen Chestnut and Walnut streets. Their place of worship for a time immediately following organiza- tion was on French street near the park, where they worshiped but a short time and then came into possession of their present church building which then stood on Sixth street, just east of Holland, and was owned by the Young Men's Christian Association, from whom it was a partial gift to the colored society. The building was repaired, painted, etc., and dedicated May 19, 1878, by Bishop Wayman. On this occasion the Trustees of the society, Messrs E. A. Johnson, John Lightfoot, John Powers, James Davis and James W^illiams presented the church building to the Eev. Bishop, who began the services by reading from the ritual. The pastors of the church have been as follows: Eev. Benjamin Wheeler, Eev. W. A. J. Phillips, Eev. W. P. Eoss, Eev. J. A. Eussell and Eev. John M. Palmer. The Sabbath school was organized xiihile the church was holding services on French street. It numbers from sixty to seventy-five scholars. The pres- ent church membership is forty -two. In 1881, the society purchased a lot on Seventh between Holland and Ger- man streets for $500, and moved thereto the church building. THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. Among the early settlers of Erie were found some having sympathy with Baptist views of faith, doctrine and practice. No organization was attempted by them until the spring of 1831. In the month of March in that year, the first revival interest of any^ particular prominence in the city took place in the First Presbyterian Church. Among the converts were some who were children of Baptist parents, and others having sympathy with them. The Lord seemed by these things to bid them organize a church wherein they could work in harmony with their own conceptions of Bible truth. Accord- ingly this was done, and the First Baptist Church of Erie, Penn., was organ- ized and recognized by a council called for the purpose on the 10th of April, 1831, having the following fifteen constituent members: By letter, Eev. E. Tucker, D. D., pastor; Mr. and Mrs. Ox-in N. Sage, E. D. Gunnison, Mrs. Soule, Mrs. Phillips, Mrs. Fross, Miss Williams; by Baptism, Otis G. Carter, 572 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Rowe B. Rood, Charles T. Sage, Miss Julia Beny, Miss Penelope Mann, Miss Lillie A. Soule, Miss Sophia E. Gunnison and Miss Zilphia B. Cilley. The meetings of this religious body were held in the Erie Academy building, and sometimes in the court house, until their lirst church edifice was erected in the year 1833, on the northwest corner of Fifth and Peach streets. It was a sub- stantial brick structure, having galleries. The following is a complete list of the pastors of the church, with date of settlement and resignation: Rev. E. Tucker, D. D., settled April 10, 1831; resigned, 1832. Rev. Will- iam H. Newman, settled March 24, 1832; resigned November 2, 1833. Rev. Charles Morton, November 2, 1833; July 2, 1836. Rev. Ried S. Witherall,* December 3, 1836. Rev. James A. Keyes,*April 1, 1837. Rev. A. W. Baker, January 3, 1837; December 17, 1837. Rev. LaFayette Baker, June 1, 1838 died April 2, 1839. Rev. Ira Corwin, January 1, 1840; January 1, 1843 Rev. Haskell, *January 1, 1843. Rev. Joel Johnson, April 1, 1843 Auo-ust 31, 1841. Rev. Zebina Smith, October 1, 1844; April 1, 1846. Rev J. K. Barry, May 1, 1846; May 1, 1848. Rev. H. Silliman, August 1, 1848 February 1, 1851. Rev. Charles Sherman, March 23, 1851; September 26 1852. Rev. Gilbert L. Stevens, January 1, 1853; April 1, 1855. Rev. J W. Hammond, September 18, 1856; August 8, 1858. Rev. William Haw December 18, 1858; May 26, 1861. Rev. Glanville, October 20, 1861 Octobor 20, 1862. Rev. J. L. Hays, January 13, 1863; February iD, 1864 Rev. William F. Bainbridge, June 1, 1865; September 1, 1868. Rev. A. W Tousey, December 1, 1868; December 1, 1869. Rev. C. H. Harvey, Decem- ber 1, 1869; November 1, 1871. Rev. E. A. Stone, August 1, 1872. A. J. Bousal, June 22, 1875; 1878. William Gilkes, June 18, 1879; present pastor. J The following have been ordained by the church at Erie: LaFayette Baker, June — ,1838; David J. Lloyd, September 12, 1838; William F. Bainbridge, December 15, 1865. The following brethren have been licensed by the church: ^O. N. Sage, July 7, 1833; D. J. Lloyd, April 16, 1835; LaFayette Baker, June 3, 1837; Thomas Mozley, January 3, 1846; George W. Gunnison, March 3, 1848; George Whitman. Under the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Newman, in 1832-33, steps were taken to build the church, which was used for thirty years, and in 1865 it was rebuilt, or rather it was repaired and improved, the rear of the house was extended, the tower built, the galleries removed, etc., and otherwise improved at a cost of about $10,000 or 111,000. The re-dedication services took place on the 14th of December, 1865, Rev. Dr. Strong, of Cleveland, Ohio, preaching in the morning, and the Rev. Dr. Robinson, of Rochester, N. Y. , in the evening. A noticeable fact in the history of the church is, that three of its pastoi's were ordained to their work in this building, and many licensed to preach, and of these is the Rev. George Whitman, now a successful pastor in Buffalo. At different seasons, the church has enjoyed consideral revival and blessing. Among its pastors especial mention may be made of Zebina Smith, who served the church very faithfully for two years, and is still a living member. Under the pastorate of Mr. Bainbridge, the church was visited by a gra- cious revival, when some 200 members were identified with it. On June 22, 1875, Mr. Bousal was installed, and did faithful and effective service, and became endeared to the church and people, but from little una- voidable difficulties he left, when after a brief period the present pastor be- *Supplied. CITY OF ERIE. 573 came associated with this people, under whose pastorate the church has ad- vanced nicely, and during the past year quite a revival has taken place, and resulted in some fifty accessions to the church, which is now in a prosperous condition. The membership is now 269. A Sabbath school has long been maintained by this church. FIRST GERMAN BAPTIST CHURCH. The commencement of the First German Baptist Church in Erie was in the month of February, in the year I860. Eev. A. Van Puttkammer preaching here two weeks, and baptizing sixteen members, who then belonged to the En- glish Baptist Church, until October, 1861. At that time, there being twenty, two members with the pastor, a German Baptist Church whs officially organ- ized. The first services were held on Peach street, above the depot, in a small hall, then called Judson Hall, and also the Sunday school, numbering from thirty to thirty-five scholars. In July, 1863, Kev. Anthony Haensler was unanimously chosen pastor of the church, and accepted the call. In the spring of 1864, the present church was erected, and was dedicated on the first Sunday in July of the same year. Rev. Mr. Shulte, of the Second Baptist Church of Buffalo, preached a German dedicatory sermon in the morning, and Elder Hages, of the English Baptist Church of Erie, preached ia the afternoon. In the spring of 1866, the congregation built the present parsonage back of the church, furnishing a neat and comfortable home for their pastor. In May, 1865, Rev. Anthony Haensler accepted a call from Attica, N. Y. In June, 1865, Rev. John Eisenmenger, of the Theological Seminary at Rochester, N. Y., was chosen pastor, accepted the call, and was ordained in the fall of the same year. During his stay, there were about thirty- five persons added to the church upon profession of faith. In August, 1868, Rev. Mr. Eisenmenger ac- cepted a call to Canada. In the same month, the church accepted Rev. Adolf Ginins, also from the Theological Seminary at Rochester, N. Y. , who was or- dained a few months after. During his stay here, fifteen persons were added to the church. In October, 1871, he accepted a call to Scranton, Penn. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry Kose, in December, 1871. Membership of the church in January, 1873, sixty. Rev. Mr. Kose remained four years, and was succeeded by Rev. C. Martin, who served the church as pastor until 1879, and was then succeeded by Rev. G. Koopman, who remained until in April, 1883, since which period the church has been without a pastor. The church building is a very modest, plain wooden structure, located on the south side of Seventeenth street, between Peach and Sassafras. It has re- cently been repaired and painted. Since the organization of the church, a Sabbath school has been maintained, which now has an average attendance of seventy- five scholars, under the superintendency of Mr. Zurn, Sr. ST. John's evangelical Lutheran and reformed church. Concerning the early preachers and followers of this church in Erie, little can be obtained that is tangible. The records of the society reveal the fact that as early as September 24, 1815, communion services were held in the then village of Erie by Rev. Charles W. Colson, of Meadville, Penn. In October following, these services were repeated, and twelve persons partook of com- munion. It would seem that no other services, if held, were placed on rec- ord, for only such periods are referred to, yet they continue to be recorded from year to year, and the presumption is that preaching of this denomination must have been held in Erie or vicinity, at intervals fi-om the first mentioned date until the formal organization of the church, which occurred in Janu- ary, 1835, with 100 members. 674 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The next recorded minister is Rev. Michael Kuchler, and the first recorded communion services held by him are under date of November 14, 1839, and the last, September 15, 1844 Mr. Kuchler was succeeded by Rev. Philip Flysel, who came from Eiubeck, Hanover, Germany, and administered com- munion rites to this people for the first time March 21, 1845, and the last services August 13, 1848, when the communicants numbered 157. This congregation, until the year 1836, held their meetings in the neigh- borhood schoolhouses, and in other suitable buildings. In this year, they built upon the lot where the present church edifice stands, a frame or wooden structure, which was occupied as a house of worship until their present build- ing was completed. The building erected in 1861 cost $10,000; it is a large, plain, but sub- stantial brick building, with a tall spire, and has a seating capacity of nearly 1,000 persons, and is siipplied with a pipe organ, which cost $3,500. The dedicatory services took place September 14, 1862, there being present on the occasion the Rev. Bochert, from ISew York State; Rev. Runck, of Buffalo; and Rev. Sempel, of Cleveland, Ohio, the first preaching the dedicatory sermon. The list of pastors of the church since 1848, with the period of each one's service, as given from the time of their first oflicial act, with that of the last as recorded, is given below: Rev. C. G. Stuebgen, August 19, 1848, to July 17, 1853; Rev. F. W. Weiskotten, August 21, 1853, to August 6, 1854; Rev. C A. Brockman, January 7, 1855, to June 29, 1859; Rev. Jacob Blass, July 10, 1859, to November, 1863; Rev. W. Schaefer, November 29, 1863, to November 25, 1865; Rev. G. Beck, November, 1865, to January 20, 1867 (died); Rev. C. F. Boahner, May 26, 1867, to March, 1872; Rev. A. L. Benze, April 7, 1872, to present. In 1853, there were from 200 to 225 communicants. There are now con- nected with the church about 600 grown persons. In 1868, the present neat parsonage was built, costing in the neighborhood of $2,000. The congregation is in possession of five acres of ground where their buildings now are located, and, pecuniarily speaking, is rich. They are to build a large and commodious, as well as beautiful, church edifice within the pres- ent year. During the eleven years' pastorate of Mr. Benze, he has baptized about 1,300 people, buried over 500, and married 360 couples. At the Sabbath school of the church, there are now in attendance, scholars and teachers, 360. ST. Paul's German evangelical church. The original membership of this church was composed of from twenty to twenty-four persons, some of whom had, prior to its organization, been con- nected with St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran and Reformed Church of South Erie. St. Paul's organization may be said to date from the year 1850, as, during that year, preaching of this denomination was held in the Court House, and subsequently in the Sabbath school room of the old First Presbyterian Church, those officiating being Revs. Sulton and Burger, of Buffalo. The records fail to clearly show at what particular date the organization was ef- fected, yet the first regular pastor began his ministry with this people Decem- ber 1, 1850. The society was incorporated, and perhaps formally organized, in May, 1851. The church building was erected during the year 1850-51, at a cost of about $4,000, upon ground purchased of Gen. Charles M. Reed, for $800. The building seems to have been designated the " brick church," and was dedicated, in 1851, by Rev. Z. Haas, of Rochester, N. Y. The first church officers were: Elders Henry Hechtman, Sr., and Fred Sneider; Board of Trustees, Z. Cobb, Fred Curtze, J. J. Feussler and Jack Rinderknecht. CITY OF ERIE. 575 In 1879, the old church building was partially torn down and enlarged by the addition of the entire front, composed in part of two towers on either side, one of which culminates in a tall and graceful spire; the entire front is ornamented with stone trimmings, and the structure in general is an imposing one. This remodeling and rebuilding was done at an expense of nearly $7,000. It was re-dedicated on the 13th of June, 1880, with a sermon by Rev. J. Bank, of Buffalo, N. Y. Other clergymen present were the pastor of the church and Rev. E. Young. In 1882, a neat and tasty brick parsonage, adjoining the church, was built, which cost $3,600. The bell in the church tower was a gift from August Jarecki and wife. The names of the pastors of the church from its organization to the present time, with the date of each man'stermof service, are given in the following list: Rev. I. Hartman, December 1, 1850, to April 15, 1852; Rev. C. Gaoehling, December 5, 1852, to February 22, 1856; Rev. W. Hasskarl, April 14, 1856, to April 14, 1857; Rev. Z. Faber, June 10, 1857, to February 21, 1858 (died); Rev. F. R. Ludwig, March 21, 1858, to June 1, 1859; Rev. J. W. Semler, March 15, 1859, to June, 1869 (diedj; Rev. J. Keller, September 1, 1869, to November, 1871; Rev. E. Young, December 1, 1871, to May 6, 1876; Rev. Val Kern, May 30, 1876, until the present. The church membership comprises about 250 families. A Sabbath school is carried on in connection with the church, and num- bers some 380 scholars and 37 teachers. The present Superintendent is August Mertens. SALEM CHURCH OF THE EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. In the year 1833, the Rev. J, Seibert, who subsequently became a Bishop in the church, came to Erie County as a missionary of the Evangelical Asso- ciation to preach the Gospel to the Germans of this locality, and visited the vicinity of Erie, and his labors were abundantly blessed in the winning of many souls to Christ. In after years. Revs. E. Stoevers, D. Brickley, and J. Noecker, ministers of the association, labored here with more or less success. A number of Germans residing in Erie and vicinity were moved by these visits, and the families of J. Steele, S. Zinn, P. Fendenheim and A. Scheurer united with the Evangelical Association. In 1836, the Rev. J. Boos, as preacher in charge of Erie Circuit, visited this little flock, which, under his administration, was increased by the addition of Conrad Doll and wife. The following year Rev. H. Bucks was appointed to the Erie Circuit charge, under whose superintendence the several families were organized into a class, with Philip Fendenheim as their leader. In 1838, Rev. H. Bucks was succeeded by Rev. J. H. Jambert (the then exist- ing rules of the church changed the ministers in one, or, at greatest, two years). Further accessions to the class this year were the families of M. Doll, J. Goeppert, F. Stoll and others. The following year. Rev. P. Wagner was appointed to the circuit, who was succeeded in 1840 by Revs. P. Goetz and C. Augenstein, the circuit then embracing the counties of Erie, Crawford and Mercer. The former remained two years, and the latter but one, when Rev. J. Schaefer became the colleague of Mr. Goetz. In 1842, these gentlemen were succeeded by Revs. A. Niebel and C. Lindner, and they in 1843 by Rev. Samuel Heiss. Up to this date, the services were held alternately in the dwellings of C. Doll. P. Fendenheim, and latterly almost exclusively in that of Mr. Doll. Dur- ing the year 1843, the congregation erected a small frame church on Fourteenth street, between Peach and Sassafras. Six years later, a parsonage was built ad- joining the house of worship. Subsequently a lot was purchased on the corner 576 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. of Peach and Twelfth streets, and in 1854 the church building and parsonage were removed to it. This building gradually became too small for the increas- incr congregation, and it became necessary to provide a more commodious place for worship, and hence the little frame structure gave wa) in the year 1868 to the present neat and substantial brick edifice which stands on the same lot, and was erected at a cost of $7,000. This, in the year 1881-82, was improved and commendably adorned. In 1844, Rev. Mr. Heiss was recalled by the conference from this field of labor, and there was appointed in his stead the Rev. P. Haho. Following Mr. Halm to Erie Circuit came, one year lat^r, Rev. P. Wist, who labored with this people two years. His successor was Rev. J. Bockert, who likewise served two years and was succeeded by Rev. J. Nicolai. Up to the year 1849, the society at Erie was connected with Erie Circuit, savino- a short period, but in the year following (1850), by action of the con- ference, the city was separated therefrom and taken up as a mission, and was served one year by Rev. Mr. Nicolai. The charge at Erie remained a mission for a number of years, but was again attached to the adjoining circuit, with which it remained until 1861. Under the ministry of Mr. Nicolai and that of his successor, Rev. C. (j. Koch, who was sent to Erie in 1851 as missionary, there was a goodly number of accessions to the church. Mr. Koch was a laborer here until 1854, at which time he was succeeded by Rev. I. G. Pfeiffer. The next missionary in this field was Rev. A. Niebel, who came two years later and remained the same number of years. Then came Revs. G. W. Fischer and P. Schnilly, who served one year each in the order given. In regular order, and for the time stated below, Erie was served by Rev. J. Riehm, two years; Rev. W. Schmitt, one year; Rev. J. Bernhart, two years: Rev. A. Staehly, two years; Rev. C. F. Harting, one year. In 1861, Erie charge was again made a mission, and so remained until 1867, when it became strong enough to support its minister, and was then made a self-supporting station. This occurred under the pastorate of Rev. M. Zirkel. Since the expiration of the pastorate of Mr. Zirkel. in 1869, the church has been served by the following persons: Rev. H. W. Hampe, two years; Rev. J. Dick, three years (it having at this time become a law that the term of service at each place could be three years); Rev. D. J. Honecker, two years; Rev. Thomas Luhr, two years; Rev. J. Lany, two years; Rev. G. F. Spreng, three years. In 1883, the charge came under the pastorate of the present efficient incumbent, Rhv. G. Berstecher. Almost every year of the church's existence, accessions have been made to it. which, however, were at times considerably checked by removals, deaths and other causes. The present membership is 150, with a Sabbath school which averages 135. The female members of this church maintain two societies, one for the sup- port of orphans, and the other for general benevolent purposes. The society evinces a commendable degree of liberality in the support of the missionary cause and other church enterprises. A new brick parsonage is to be erected this year. THE ENGLISH EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH. This church was organized on the 15th of August, 1861, by the Rev. J. H. W. Stuckenberg, now a D. D., in Germany. The church officers first chosen were Samuel M. Brown and Henry Gingrich, Elders; John T. Brown and Henry Werther, Deacons. The original membership numbered forty-one. Their first place of wor- ■M ' « - :3^'«>y ^m»* i '4 a ^^^^ ^($W^ CITY OF ERIE. 579 ship was in a schoolhouse in South Erie, on Peach street, near Twenty-sixth, Here the congregation continued to worship until the completion of the pres- ent frame church building, located on the southwest corner of Peach and Eleventh streets, which was dedicated to the service of God on the day before Good Friday, 1864. The ground upon which the building stands was deeded to the council of the church, namely: J. H. "W. Stuckenberg, Samuel M. Brown, Henry Gingrich, John T. Brown, and H. C. F. Werther, by John S. Richards, Adelaide P. Richards, Ann Richards and John H. and Ann P. Vin- cent, on the 18th of June, 1862, for the "consideration of $1,200. The pastort? of the church have been as follows: 1861-65, Rev. J, H. W. Stuckenberg, who, however, served a portion of that period as Chaplain of the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, during which time the pulpit was supplied; 1866-71, Rev. J, L. Smith; 1872-74, Rev. J. R. Groff; 1874-80, Rev. H. H, Bruning; 1881 until the present, Rev. Isaac O. Baker, Mr. Baker preached for the congregation during the summer of 1880, but did not assume the pastorate until June 12, 1881, since which time there have been seventy-two accessions to the church, and the latter is in a prosperous condition. The membership is now 200. In connection with the church a flovirishiug Sabbath school is conducted, numbering 200. THE GERMAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN TRINITY CHURCH. In the fall of 1881, Erie was visited by the ministers of a conference of the Eastern District of the Missouri Synod, at the request of several resident Lutherans of this city, for the purpose of establishing a mission. They con- tinued their visits here for a period, preaching on each occasion of their com- ing, until in December of that year, a congregation composed of five members was formed, and a call sent to the Rev. H. Sieck, of South Bend, Ind. This call was made for the pastorate of the little flock here, and also embraced the missionary field of Northwestern Pennsylvania and Western New York. This call was accepted and Mr. Sieck was installed April 23, 1882, and at once commenced his labors in this field. On his coming a house was rented on the corner of Sixth and Myrtle streets, and fitted up both for residence and house of worship. This was used as such until the fall of the same year, when a lot on Seventh street, between Myrtle and Sassafras streets was purchased and the modest little frame building now standing there was erected at a cost of about 11,000. It was dedicated December 3, 1882, with a sermon in the German language in the morning, by Rev. John Sieck, then of Eaton Valley, N. Y. (now of Buffalo), and in the afternoon the pastor preached a sermon in the English language. The consecration ceremonies were performed in the morning (Sabbath), by the Rev. E. Leemhuis, of North East. The congrega- tion comprises forty families, of which there are twenty voting members. The Sabbath school was organized in May, 1882, by the pastor with four scholars. It now comprises 100 scholars and 7 teachers. The pastor is the superintend- ent. ANSCHAI CHESED REFORM CONGREGATION. About the year 1858, some eight or ten persons of the Jewish faith of the city formed themselves into a Hebrew congregation, of what might be styled the Orthodox order, and met for religious services in what was known as the old Lyons property, on the corner of Fifth and French streets, occupying a room up-stairs. Their first Rabbi was Mr. Weil, who remained with the con- gregation about one year, and was succeeded by Rabbi M. Wurzel, whose terra of service in all, (he having twice ministered to the congregation,) extended over a period of about foui-teen years. The succeeding Rabbis in the order named have been Revs. Fuld, Dr, Flengel, Levi and Stemple, 580 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Some twelve or fourteen years ago the congregation assumed the present title; and their several places of worship have been (other than the one above named), on French street, on Holland, between Eighth and Ninth streets, in Metcalf block on State street, and in Bocker's block on French street, thence to the neat and attractive synagogue of the congregation located on the north side of Eighth sti'eet, between Myrtle and Sassafras. It is a brick structure trimmed with stone and is an ornament to the city. It was erected in 18S2, at a cost of $13,000, including the ground upon which it stands. The foundation stone was laid by Mr. B. Baker, the tirst President of the congregation and one of its oldest members. Isaac Baker is the present President of the congregation, S. Loeb, Vice President, and Isaac N. Straus, Secretary. The membership is thirty-five. THE UNITED BRETHREN CHURCH. This church was organized April 2, 1878, at the house of John Reed, with a membership of twenty-two persons, by the Rev. John Hill, who was then preaching in the city, in the house of worship now owned by this denomina- tion, then in possession of one of the Presbyterian societies of the city. In August, 1879, the property was purchased by the newly organized church of the United Brethren in Christ. Since the organization, the church has had the following pastors in the order given: Revs. John Hill, W. W. Pringle, and John A. Thomas, the pres- ent incumbent; the present membership is twenty. A Sabbath school has been in progress since the church was organized, which had for its tirst Superintendent W. P. Kingsley; the school is now superintended by the pastor of the church, and numbers forty scholars. Their house of worship is a small frame building, located on the corner of Tenth and Cherry streets. THE FIRST UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. The tirst meetings of this society in Erie were held at the old court house in the year 1842, conducted by the Re/. John Gifford;the regular organization was effected about two years later, and the present church structure, situated on the north side of Ninth street, between Peach and Sassafras streets, was erected in 1844, upon ground given to the society by Judge John Galbraith, father of Judge William A. Galbraith, of this city. Among the early members of the church were Henry Cadwell, William Beatty, John Dodge, Clark and Wenlock McSparren, Porter Warren and Judge John Galbraith. Mr. Gifford, as pastor of this church, was followed by the Rev. A. G. Laurie, of Edinbui-gh, Scotland, who entered upon his duties in November, 1846, and tilled the pulpit until April, 1849. In the absence of rec- ords, we are prevented giving the exact period of each minister's pastorate who has served the congregation. Following the Rev. Mr. Laurie came Rev. John Campbell, who was succeeded by the Rev. G. B. Maxham. He was succeeded by Rev. J. E. Forrester, whose pastorate extended over a period of about one decade. In the year 1865, the Rev. Mr. Laurie again became pastor of this charge, and remained with it ten years (1875). In 1876, Rev. A. A. Thayer became pastor, and remained for about tive years; his successor was the Rev. H. A. We8tall,of Cambridge, Mass., whose pastorate began in April, 1882, and is yet continued. The present membership consists of some eighty-five families. The church officers are: F. P. Bailey, Henry Young and A. B. McGuire, Board of Trustees; John Dumars, John Gunnison, Deacons. A Sabbath school, numbering about one hundred teachers and scholars', is conducted under the superintend- ence of Miss Rosana Hayt. CITY OF ERIE. 581 ST. Patrick's (catholic) pro-cathedral. Years before the building of St. Patrick's Ghiurcb on Fourth street, services •of the Catholic Church were performed by missionaries, who occasionally visited Erie in order to give the few Catholic families then residing here an opportunity to practice their religion. As far back as 1837, the Rev. Father McCabe officiated here as pastor, the house on German street now occupied as a dwelling by Mr. Sullivan being then owned and used as a church by the English speaking Catholics. As there are no authentic records to show the progress of this church, a space of time, at least of some years, will have to be passed over until 1844, at which time we find Rev. Father R. Brown undertaking a work which at that time, considering the circumstances and poverty of his then small congregation, was looked upon as no small task, viz., the building of St. Patrick's Cathedral. Many of our old citizens will remember the dif- ficulties against which Father Brown had to contend. His congregation being unable to support him, we occasionally find him ministering to the wants of the Catholics scattered throughout the counties of Crawford, Venango and Warren. None of the Catholics who then labored to help the cause of the rising church expected to see within the sanctuary rails an Episcopal throne, or to receive from the altar at which a priest only occasionally officiated the Episcopal benediction. Father Brown remained in charge five years — long «noucrh to see the building of which he laid the foundation inclosed. Father Reynolds succeeded Father Brown, and completed the building, plaster- ing it and putting in pews sufficient to accommodate the congregation. Father Reynolds remained about one year, and was succeeded by Rev. Joseph F. Deane, who remained in charge of the congregation until Erie became an Episcoj)al See. In 1853, the thirteen counties now belonging to the Diocese of Erie were taken from the Diocese of Pittsburgh, and Rt. Rev. M. O'Connor, then Bishop of Pittsburgh, was transferred to the newly erected See of Erie, and became its first Bishop. He governed the. Diocese of Erie about one year, and was again transferred to Pittsburgh, when the late Rt. Rev. J. M. Young was appointed to succeed him, and in May, 1854, took charge of the diocese, llev. Father Deane was pastor of the church until Bishop Young's coming to Erie. Immediately after the new Bishop took charge of the diocese, Rev. William Pollard was appointed pastor, and after his time we find on the list of the cathedral Rev. Thomas Malone, Rev. Charles McCallion, Rev. William Lam- bert, Rev. John Berbequi (now pastor of Leconti's Mills, Clearfield Co., Penn.), Rev. J. O'Connor and Rev. Father Kenny. In 1858, Rev. Thomas Tracy (now pastor of St. Michael's Church, Green- ville, Mercer County, Penn.), was appointed pastor, and succeeded Rev. Father Kenny. Father Tracy continued in charge of the congregation some five or six years, when he was appointed to take charge of the Clearfield congregation, and the Very Rev. John D. Coady, Vicar General of the Diocese, was called to Erie and placed in charge of the congregation. Father Coady remained in charge of the congregation about four years, until the oil regions of Venango County arose into importance, and calling there hundreds of all classes and de- nominations, who, in their eagerness to hoard up riches, would undoubtedly have forgotten the chief end for which all should labor, did not Father Coady, so well and favorably known to all our citizens, both by word and example, teach his flock in the oil region that money, like every other material substance, would pass away wit i time. The beautiful church now crowning the summit of Cottage Hill, Oil City, stands as a witness, bearing silent testimony to the self-sacrificing spirit and zeal of Father Coady. 582 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Father Carroll succeeded Father Coady as pastor of Sfc. Patrick's, and ma ay of his people have reason to thank him for his great and successful efforts in the cause of temperance. He was founder of the Father Matthew Temperance Society; he taught that in order to be successful in life a man should be tem- perate in all things. The Father Matthew Temperance Society is still in existence, and successful beyond expectations, thus proving the oft-repeated assertion of Rev. Father Carroll, that moral suasion is more powerful in the cause of temperance than all the restrictions that can possibly be made by law. It was during Father Carroll's time (1866) that the Catholics suffered a severe loss in the death of Bishop Young. Very Rev. John D. Coady, V. G., was then appointed administrator, and for nearly two years governed the dio- cese in a very successful and satisfactory manner. An event of unusual importance, and worthy of commemoration in the history of Catholicity in Erie, wa« the death of Rt Rev. J. M. Young, Bishop of the Erie Diocese, which occurred at the Episcopal residence in this city, Septem- ber 18, 1866, of heart disease. His demise and subsequent funeral obse- quies brought a great concourse of people to Erie, among whom were many well-known Catholic prelates. The last rites over the distinguished dead took place at St. Patrick's Church, on the Friday morning succeeding his de- cease. Rev. Father Weinhardt was master of ceremonies, with Father Coady assistant, while the sermon was delivered by Bishop Domenec, of Pittsburgh. The church was beautifully draped with the insignia of mourning, and a feel- ing of deep sorrow pervaded throughout the large assemblage. The funeral cortege contained nearly 10,000 people, who sadly followed the remains of their beloved Bishop to the grave. Bishop Young was born at Sanford, Me., in August, 1808, ordained a priest in 1837, and consecrated Bishop of the Diocese of Erie in 1854. On the 2d of August, 1868, the present bishop, Rt» Rev. Tobias Mullen, was consecrated and took charge of the diocese, and the rapidity with which churches have been built and paid for is a sufficient proof of the growth of the Catholic faith. Five churches are now in the city, and some ten or fifteen years ago the whole Catholic population might have been collected in any one of them. Institutions of learning and charity, too, have sprung up of late, and during the past decade the magnificent buildings known as St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum and St. Vmcent's Hospital have been erected. The congrega- tion of St. Patrick's Pro-Cathedral now numbers some 8,000 souls. The old building on Fourth street has become too small, and there is now in process of erection and near completion St. Peter's Cathedral, which when finished will be one of the grandest— if not the grandest — and most imposing church edifices in the whole lake country. It is located on the northwest cor- ner of Tenth and Sassafras streets, fronting on the latter, and is constructed of Medina, N. Y. , red sandstone, trimmed and ornamented with white sandstone, in part from Amherst, Ohio, and in part fi'om Mercer County, Penn. In size, the cathedral is 220 feet in length, and its greatest width (across the transe})t, which is 66 feet in length) is 130 feet; while the nave of the build- ing is 98x83 feet; the chancel is 40x38^ feet, and that much of the nave and transept for pews is 144x83 feet; the side walls to the clear story are 42 fewt in height, and the clear story walls 18 feet, while the height from floor to ceiling is 66 feet. The building is of Gothic style of the thirteenth century, and was designed by C. C. Keeley, of Brooklyn, N. Y. The plan is cruciform,^ the front being formed by three massive towers, of which the main one is 34 feet square at the base, and in height is 'i 29 feet, and the side towers are each CITY OF ERIE. 583 20 feet square at the base, and in height 89 feet. These are all surmounted by spires, the one on the main tower being 122 feet, while that on either of the side lowers is 37 feet (measax'ement of towers from pavement). The transept forms the arms of the cross and the chancel the top. On the Tenth street side of the building is the altar of St. Mary, and on the other side correspondingly is that of St. Joseph. In either side of the transept is an immense Gothic window 39x24 feet. There are many windows in the side walls and towers, and within the towers is the vestibule into which from the exterior open the three main entrances to the building. There being but two other entrances, one to the transept from the south side, and the other to the vestry from the north side of the building. The interior of the cathedral will be finished in that elegance and grace corresponding to its exterior grandeur and beauty. The corner stone of the building was laid on St. Peter's day (August 1, 1875) — the work having then been in progress for two seasons — amid the largest demonstration of a religious character the city of Erie ever witnessed. Mass was first celebrated at St. Patrick's Pro-Cathedral, after which the pro- cession, composed of numerous societies of this city, Meadville, Corry, Union City and other places, and a large concourse of people, then proceeded to the site of the building where the corner stone was laid, the ceremonies being con- ducted by Rt. Rev. Tobias Mullen. An address was delivered in English by Bishop Mullen, and one in German by Rev. Father George Meyer, of Meadville. The cathedral, when completed, will cost over a quarter of a million of dollars. The Protestants, alike with the Catholics of Erie, will look upon it with pride and admiration, and it will stand a living monument to the zeal and devotion of him who now sits at the head of the diocese of Erie, through whose untiring efforts the structure has been reared. Father Thomas A. Casey became pastor of St. Patrick's congregation in 1869, and has since remained in that relation with the church. ±'rom 1869 to 1875, he was assisted by Rev. Father McCabe; from 1875 to 1877, by Rev. Father E. J. Murphy; from 1879 to 1880, by Rev. Father J. J. Calligan, and from 1880 to the present by Rev. William Dwyer, who is still with the con- gregation. Father Casey is Vicar General of the Erie Diocese, and together with the other priests of Erie Cou.nty has ever faithfvilly seconded the bishop in the grand work of building up the church in this portion of God's vine- yard. Connected with St. Patrick's is a Sunday school, Avith an average at- tendance of 200 children, who meet in the parish schoolhouse, every Sunday at 2 o'clock P. M., and there receive careful instruction in the faith and pre- cepts of the church. ST. MARY'S CATHOLIC CHURCH. The first German Catholic family to settle in Erie was that of Mr. Wolf- gang Erhart in 1830. Others of this nationality and faith soon followed, and perhaps the first time that these families conceived the idea of uniting in the form of a congregation was in 1833, when mass was said by Father Mosque- lette, in a log house which stood on the northeast corner of State and Tenth streets, belonging to Mr. Erhart. The following year the same missionary father, accompanied by Rt. Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, Bishop of Philadel- phia (to which diocese Erie then belonged), again visited this people. Services this year were held in a frame house which was also the property of Mr. Erhart, located on the northeast corner of French and Fourth streets. The Bishop confirmed a number to whom this sacrament had not yet been adminis- tered. Neither the Irish nor the German Catholics were able yet to support a stationary pastor. Both flocks, however, steadily increased and became strong enough to form separate communities. 584 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. In 1837, the Germans bought a lot on East Ninth street, and bnilt a frame church 36x40 feet on the same site where now the imposing St. Mary's Church stands. At the next visit of the Bishop of Philadelphia an agreement was made between him and the Trustees of the German congregation. Papers, etc., were handed over to the Bishop, who in return sent the first pastor for the German Catholics of Erie, Rev. Ivo Levitz, of the order of St. Francis. On his voyage to America, Father Levitz had, during a severe and threatening storm, promised that the tir.st church he would have the happiness of blessing in America should be dedicated to the "Blessed Marj^ conceived without sin," and as his first field for missionary labor was Erie, and a church there already built but not yet blessed. Father Levitz on the 2d day of August, 1840, blessed and with the cheerful consent of the members of the young congrega- tion dedicated the church, naming it St. Mary's Church. He also blessed the adjoining cemetery. "^^/'^ Father Ivo Levitz was succeeded in 1841 by Rev. ^. Steinbacher, who after a short term was followed by Rev. R. Kleineidam. Rev. P. Frederick Broenner, of the Carmelite Order, was the fourth pastor, succeeded in 1847 by Rev. John Evang Mosetizh. The latter in 1848 was succeeded by Rev. Nicolas Haeres, who in the same year handed over the pastorate to Rev. N. Steinbacher, S. J. , who built an addition to the church and bought grounds for a cemetery on West Twenty -fourth street. His successor and the pastor whose name will ever remain in grateful re- membrance in the congregation, was Rev. F. J. Hartmann, now of St Joseph's congregation of this city. The frame church, though enlarged, was insuffi- cient for the growing congregation. It was however difficult to decide what action to take, as the members of the congregation were very poor. On the other hand, the clear-sighted pastor perceived that to build on a small scale would only be providing for a few years. In consequence, he undertook and succeGsfu.lly accomplished a task which at the beginning seemed too burden- some for the then small congregation; it was the building of the grand St. Mary's Church as it now stands on Ninth street, which is built of brick, in the cruciform Roman style; it has two massive towers, each 150 feet high; in size, the building is 146x78 feet. It was put under roof in 1854, and dedicated in 1855, and was then the finest church edifice in Erie. In 1873, some $7,000 was expended in improving both the interior and exterior of St. Afary's Church, the former being nicely frescoed in blue and gold, the columns marbled and their caps heavily gilded, elegant gas fixtures introduced, and a new altar, handsome in design, placed therein. One of the exterior attractions was the addition of an expensive piece of statuary over the main entrance. Father Hartmann, with the consent of the Bishop, transferred the charge in 1858 to the Benedictine Fathers of St. Vincent Abbey, Westmoreland Co. , Penn. , who have since retained it. So numerous have been the fathers of this order who have since administered to the spiritual wants of the congregation, that it is thought impracticable to here name them. Those in charge at the present writing are Father Amandus Kramer. O. S. B. ; Revs. Boniface and Emerine, assistants. The congregation numbers some 3,000 souls. The Catholic citi- zens of Erie who are of German nationality, or German descent, to-day proudly look upon three German Catholic edifices in the city with the fourth about to be built. ST. Joseph's (catholic) church. The congregation at St. Joseph's may properly date its commencement to a period extending back about thirty years, when several Catholic families re- CITY OF ERIE. 585 siding in South Erie met for religious worship in a little frame sehoolhouse on Eighteenth street, between Peach and Sassafras, where they were visited by priests sent by the Bishop. The present church building, located on Twenty- fourth, between Peach and Sassafras streets, a neat frame, was erected in 1866 or 1867, and the congregation fully established the former year, with Rev. Father Joseph Stumpe in charge. His successor was the Rev. Father John B. Kiihn, who officiated for about one year, then relieved by the Bishop. The nest pastor of the charge was the Rev. Father E. J. Reiter, S. J., whose pas- torate terminated with his death. May 5, 1873. Rev. Father Mink, who was an assistant under Father Reiter, assumed the pastorate at his death, and in July of the same year the present pastor, the Rev. Father J. A. Oberhofer, was placed in charge of the church, and has since worthily guided the flock. He has been assisted at diffei-ent periods by Fathers Deckinbrook, Frank, Hasse, and since 1879 by the venerable Father F. J. Hartmann, whose active service and arduous labors since the year 1852 in this vicinity has not been without gratifying results. He built St. Mary's Church on Ninth street. The priests of St. Joseph's have a neat and pretty parsonage home adjoin- ing the chm-ch. The congregation is at present composed of 500 families, and has so increased as to make a more commodious house of worship necessary, which they have already commenced, the corner-stone having been laid with appropriate ceremonies July 2, 1882. It adjoins the present building, frontino- on Sassafras street, and is to be constructed of brick, in size 133x60 feet, and will cost in the neighborhood of $40,000. The architect is C. C, Keeley, of Brooklyn, N. Y. The style will be Gothic. A new congregation will soon be formed from St. Joseph's, to be known as St. Michael's. ST. John's (catholic) church. St. John's congregation was formed late in the year 1869. The first bap- tism recorded bears date of January 1, 1870. The first pastor of the church was Rev. Bernard Mauser, O. S. B. The church building is a neat frame, lo- cated on Twenty-sixth street, between Wallace and Ash, and was built in 1869- 70, and dedicated to the worship of God on the 2Sth of August, 1870, by Rt. Rev. Bishop Mvillea. A nice parsonage adjoins the church; also a brick sehoolhouse belonging to the congregation, all built at the same time; the former, however, was enlarged in 1877. The congregation is composed of about 100 families. Father Mauser was succeeded March 19, 1873, by Rev, E. A. Reiter, S. J., whose pastorate terminated May 4, 1873. From March 19 to May 4, 1873, this charge and St. Joseph's were together. St. John's became independent after this and has since so remained. The present pastor, Rev. Father M. J. Decker, assumed the pastorate May 4, 1873, and has ever since sustained such relation to the church. On his coming, the congregation numbered some sev- enty families and were greatly in debt, which has since been canceled and a neat sum in the church's favor accumulated. A new sehoolhouse will soon' built. ST. ANDREW'S CATHOLIC CHURCH. The English-speaking Catholic people residing in the western part of the city, were formed into a parish under the name given above, by Rev. Father J. A. McCabe, in the summer of 1871. A neat and beautiful frame church edifice, 40x75 feet, was erected at this time under the management of the pas- tor, which was dedicated July 30, 1871, by Rt. Rev. Tobias Mullen, assisted by Rev. Father Phelan, of Pittsburgh, Rev. M. Broidy, of Forestville, N. Y., and Rev. J. A, McCabe. 686 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. In 1874, the pastor's neat residence adjoining the church was erected. It is beautifully situated on the brow of a hill overlooking a grand tract of country. The location is on Raspberry near Sixth street. The church edifice within is as attractive as on the exterior. It is supplied with a nice altar, and has suspended from the walls the usual Scriptural paint- ings or stations of the cross, always found in Catholic Churches. The church has a seating capacity of 350 people. There has been no change in the pas- torate. The coQgregation numbers 100 families, and like all the Catholic Churches of Erie, is in a flourishing condition. OHAPTEE T. Education and Societies ERIE is emphatically a city of good schools, and stands to-day the peer of any in the country in respect to school buildings and general facilities. On a percentage of population, it is not excelled by any city in the number of youth availing themselves of its schools, nor are the courses of instruction better laid out anywhere. We are indebted to Prof. H. S. Jones for much of the following information concerning the public schools of the city. In the year 1806, the first schoolhouse was built in Erie, on the southwest comer of Seventh and Holland streets, where the present school building (No. 2) stands. It was a hewed- log house, about 18x20 feet, built by John Green- wood, for the sum of 130, which was paid by contributions of the citizens. This first temple of learning was surrounded by the native forest, a foot-path leading to the school from the village of 100 inhabitants, collected in the vicinity of German street, below Fourth street. Mr. Anderson was the first teacher, and his immediate su,ccessor8 were Mr. Blossom and Dr. Nathaniel Eastman. Dr. Eastman taught the school during the }ear 1812; the roll, the oldest handed down, with a portrait of the Doctor, form a part of the decora- tions of building No. 2. This roll contains the names of forty boys and thirty girls, and as a matter of historical interest to many of our readers, we here append the list: Boys — Alexander Brewster, Dunning McNair, John McSparren, Zedekiah Curtis, Daniel Gillespie, Edward Hildebrand, Charles Reed, William Brovvn, Harry Rees, Edwin Kelso, George Dunn, Cyrus Reed, John Dunn, William Bell, John Teel, Albert Kelso, James Gray, Samuel Irwin, James Wilson, Robert Erwin, Henry Schantz, William Dobbins, William Hoskinson, Laird Forster, John Hughes, Charles Wilkins, Alexander Irwin, Jacob Snavely, George Gal- lagher, Barney Gillespie, Johnson Laird, Samuel Brown, William McDonald, James Hughes, Thomas Growotz, Benjamin Wallace, John McFarland, Charles Growotz, Archibald Stuart and Richard McCreary. Girls — Hannah Rees, Sarah Brown, Betsy Dobbins, Julia Bell, Eleanor Stuart, Ann Laird, Mary Wilkins, Sarah Bell, Eliza Wilson, Mary Wallace, Mary Curtis, Jane Hughes, Ann Teel, Mary Wilson, Eliza Hoskinson, Rebecca Rees, Kate Oiler, Harriet Rees, Sarah Forster, Mary Brewster, Mary McSparren, Mary McNair, Dorcas McDonald, Caroline Kelso, Eliza Cummings, Adeline Kelso, Eleanor Lapsley, Zebinia Schantz, Mary Ann Lapsley and Catharine McFarland. The lot. No. 1378, upon which the schoolhouse was erected was bought CITY OF ERIE. 689 from the State August 4, 1804, by James Baird, for the sum of |25. It was afterward purchased by means of contributions collected by Capt. Daniel Dob- bins, and was patented in the name of the "Presque Isle Academy. " This name appears to have been informally given by the contributors, as no record can be found of a corporation having been formed with that title. For the next quarter of a century, nothing occurred of special importance connected with the schools of Erie, excepting the establishing of the Erie Academy, which was opened in October, 1819, but as that institution will be tnUy spoken of hereafter we refer the reader there for farther information on the subject. Under the school law of 1831, a public meeting of the citizens of Erie was held at the court house November 22, 1834; it was presided over by Dr. Will- iam Johns, William Kelley acting as Secretary. On motion of Elisha Babbitt and George Kellogg, it was voted to raise $1,000 as additional local tax to that raised by the united action of the School Directors and Commissioners of the county. On the 7th of September, 1836, through the recommendation of a special committee, the borough of Erie was divided into four sabdistricts, and during the next year four frame houses were erected on leased ground, at a Cost of $310 each, the directors not thinking itadvisible to purchase real estate. A t this time, 340 pupils were enrolled. The text books were " The English Keader," "Cobb's Spelling Book," "Goodrich a-id Parley's Geographies," "Kirkham's Grammar" and " DaboU's Arithmetic." These books, the school com panions of former generations, had to give way to improved books by later authors. In 1839, the school accommodations were insufficient, and two rooms were rented. In 1844, the small frame buildings were inadequate to the wants of the schools, and as a desire sprang up to attempt something in the way of gra- dation, lots were purchased, a new plan of buildings adopted, and in the year 1848 two brick houses, each capable of accommodating five teachers with their pupils, were erected, and the subdistricts abolished. These two schools were called the "East Ward" and the "West Ward," each school having the same number of teachers, and the same advantages for scholars. The "East Wai'd" building was on the corner of Seventh and Holland, now occupied by building No. 2, while the "Westward" Schoolhouse stood on the corner of Seventh and Myrtle, on a lot now included in the grounds of Hon. William A. Gal- braith. A portion of the building is yet standing in the form of a ruin, grace- fully covered with a heavy growth of ivy. The first public examination was held May 8, 1849, and the Rev. D. Will- iam Flint delivered an address suited to the occasion; and in 1853 a school was organized in which the German language was the medium of instruction. On the 8th of June, 1854, the directors organized under the new law, which went into operation the first Monday in June of that year. This increased the number of boards from one to three, ''East Ward," " West Ward" and "Board of Controllers," the special duties of the ward boards being the raisino- and expending of a fund for building purposes. The Board of Controllers was confined in their operations to the raising and expending of a fund for school or teaching purposes. This system existed until June, 1870, at which time the city was enlarged and made into one district, for all purposes pertaining to schools. The East Ward Board, in 1855, resolved to erect a large building on the corner of Seventh and Holland streets equal to the best in the country. Con- siderable opposition to the project was manifested by influential citizens, and the board was petitioned by them in strong terms, praying that the resolution levying a tax for a new building be rescinded. As the board moved on in the 690 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. line of action begun, efforts were made to have tbem legally enjoined from pro- ceeding further. The opposition weakened, but existed for some time. The new building was finally completed, and occupied October, 1860. The West Ward Board held to a different policy — that a number of small houses were better than a large one, and, in 1863, they caused to be erected building num- ber 3, a small four-teacher house, on the corner of Sixteenth and Sassafras streets, and in 1865 No. 4. after the same plan, on West Fifth street, near Chestnut. In 1865, the East Ward Board built No. 5 on East Twelfth street, near German, a house similar to Nos. 3 and 4, but somewhat larger. In 1869, the West Ward Board erected No. 6, a six-teacher house, on the cor- ner of Tenth and Sassafras streets, which was enlarged in 1873-74. The enlargement of the district in 1870 called for additional school accom- modations, and since the above date the following buildings have been erected, viz. : No. 10 (four-teacher), in October, 1871, on the public park. West Fifth street; No. 11 (eight-teacher), in 1873, on the corner of Eleventh and French streets; No. 15 (eight-teacher), in 1873-74, on the corner of Twenty- fifth and Ash streets; No. 8 (eight-teacher), in 1874-75, on the corner of Seventeenth and Plum streets; No. 12 (four-teacher), in 1875, on the corner of Sixth and East avenue; No. 7 (eight-teacher), in 1875-76, on Twenty -first street, be- tween Peach and Sassafras; No. 1 (four-teacher), in 1877, on the corner of Third and French streets; No. 4 (seven-teacher), re-built in 1879, on West Fifth street, near Chestnut; No. 13 (eight-teacher), in 1880-81, on the corner of Tenth and Ash streets; No. 16 (eight-teacher), in 1883, on the corner of Eighth and Walnut streets; also four small relief buildings. Upon the en- largement of tlie corporate limits in 1870, No. 14, now unoccupied, was taken into the city. Concerning the advantages of the schools, the grade of study from 1806 to 1848 was mainly primary, except in the winter, but the organization of the Erie Academy, in 1819, had the effect to keep the " subdistrict " schools in primary studies. The two new buildings erected in 1848, and the consolida- tion of the small schools into two larger, caused the schools to take a much higher rank in grade and influence. Professional teachers soon found their places in the schools, and the course of study gradually extended through the higher English branches and Latin, thus enabling the average pupil to finish his education in the common schools. There was at the best, up to 1865, only a general plan of gradation, quite often ignored or misunderstood. In July, 1865, the Board of Control, conscious of the fact that closer supervision was necessary to the better success of the schools, elected the present City Superin- tendent, Prof. H. S. Jones, principal teacher, to perform the usual duties of a School Superintendent. In June, 1867, he was duly elected City Superintend- ent, under the act of that year. On the 29th of June,1866,the Board of Control consolidated the higher classes of the schools, from which grew the present high school. In four short years the school had won an honorable position beside the best high schools of the country. The course of study wa? elective and extensive, enabling the student to prepare for the highest institutions of our country. The influence of the high school on the lower grades has been' most beneficial, especially in two ways, arousing and encouragicg the ambitious pupils, and sending down a class of teachers who have had the benefit of a thorough and liberal course of study. The intelligent and progressive peopie nave earnestly supported the school, and there is no good reason for thinking that the institution will not continue in its present line of growth and influence. Although music was on the programme of the schools prior to 1868, in CITY OF ERIE. 591 many departments little or nothing was done, owing to the feeling among the teachers that they were hardly competent to teach it. In November, ]868, a special teacher was engaged, and soon the singing in the schools assumed a creditable shape, and became a source of power in the discipline of the schools. Drawing was in a similar condition, except map- drawing, until 1873, when, under the care of a special teacher, it began to build up a record highly satis- factory. The drill lessons in drawing and music have been from the first under the care of the regular teachers, the special teacher illustrating methods and supervising. Evening schools were organized in 1867. Mechanical drawing was intro- duced into the evening schools October, 1873. A school for deaf mutes Avas opened January, 1875, in which the articula- tion or speaking method was adopted. The schools, since their organization under one system, have been graded to a plan of many steps, making it easy for a pupil to rise, and difiicult for him to fall a long way at once, the door of promotion standing wide open at all times. The following summary illustrates the present condition of the public schools of Erie: Niimber of buildings, 19; number of departments, 81; num- ber of teachers (males), 8; number of teachex's (females), 101; total number of teachers, 109; number of pupils, 4,720. The course of study below the high school embraces the common English branches, music, drawing, general information, elements of natural history, and German (German being an optional study)i. The curriculum of the high school enables students to pass into our most exacting colleges and universities. Be- tween 90 and 100 per cent of the pupils choose to pursue the study of German, thus placing Erie at the head of the cities of the country in respect to per cent studying that language. The Teachers' Institute has been a source of progressive power in the im- provement of the schools since 1858. The sessions are well attended and the interest highly professional. About twenty-five of these are held yearly, and the outline of work is to improve teachers as individuals and as instructors. During 1882-83, the course of study was revised, studies arranged for a Normal training class in the high school, and Miss Abbie Low, appointed Su- pervisor of primary instruction, to act under the direction of the Superintend- ent. A manual of directions concerning the new course, was prepared by the Superintendent, in which emphatic attention was given to primary teaching. At this time the primary work in the Erie Public Schools ranks in many things among the very best in the State. For the past thirteen years there has not been a school bond issued, though the following table of expenses demonstrates that the city has been liberal in her expenditures for the support of education. In 1871, the school expenses were $55,764; 1872, $64,232; 1873, $61,132; 1874, $76,320; 1875, $78,368; 1876, $80,501; 1877, $70,177; 1878, $69,700; 1879, $59,980: 1880, $68,425; 1881, $68,202; 1882, $69,268; 1883, $86,851. ERIE ACADEMY. This institution was incorporated March 25, 1817, Eev. Kobert Reid, R. S. Reed, Robert Brown, Thomas Forster, Thomas Wilson, John C. Wallace, Judah Colt, Thomas H. Sill and Giles Sanford being its first Triistees. It was endowed by the State with 500 acres of land set apart at the sale of the " Reserved Tracts," adjoining Erie, in 1799, for the use of schools and acad- emies. To this was subsequently added fifteen town lots and $2,000 in 592 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. money, to be collected of debts due the State on lands in the vicinity of Erie. The school was incorporated as " an academy or public school for the educa- tion of youth in the English and other languages, in the useful arts, sciences and literature," and from 1819 to 1827 was conducted as a high school, af- fording primary as well as secondary instruction. On the 11th of December, 1822, a stone school building, commenced the previous year, was finished and accepted. It stood on the southeast corner of Ninth and Peach streets, cost $2,500, and was opened in April, 1823. Upon the burning of the court house in March, 1823, this building was used by the courts until the erection of a new court hovise; and in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852 the fair was held on the academy grounds. The Principals of the academy from 1819 to 1827 were as follows: Rev. Robert Reid, John Kelley, A. W. Brewster, George Stone, E. D. Gunnison, A. S. Pattei'son and John Wood. In November, 1827, it was changed to a classical school, and has since had an uninterrupted run of pros- perity. Its graduates and students are scattered all over the country, many of them filling places of trust and honor, and the number is not small that have reason to thank its founders for superior educational advantages during the early days of the commonwealth. In 1878, the present commodious building was erected on the old site, which, together with the large grounds, extending from Ninth to Tenth on Peach street, renders it one of the most desirable locations in Erie. The course of study is academic, college preparatory and business, while a younger class of scholars are also admitted for primary instruction. The corps of in- structors are able and competent, and the Board of Ti'ustees is composed of nine representative citizens, three of whom are elected annually by the voters of the county. The attendance averages about 150, and the academy has been eminently successful as an educational institution. ERIE FEMALE SEMINARY. In 1838, the above institution was incorporated, and went into operation soon afterward,' having an annual appropriation from the Legislature for sev- eral years of $300. It never possessed any buildings of its own, its last loca- tion being the building now occupied by the Hamot Hospital. The seminary did not have a continual existence, but at one time ceased operations, was again revived, and finally went down about 1866. CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. The first Catholic school in Erie was connected with St. Mary's Church, and opened in a small frame building immediately east of the present church on Ninth street, in 1850, under the pastorate of Rev. N. Steinbacher. In 1851, the attendance numbered some forty children, and when the new church was completed, in 1855, the old one was fitted up by Father Hartmann for a schoolhouse. In the course of time this, too, became insufficient to accom- modate the growing congregation, and in 1866 the Rev. Father Benno had the present large brick school building, on Tenth street, between German and Parade, erected for the children of St. Mary's Parish. It has a capacity for 600 scholars, and also contains a neatly furnished hall adapted to miscellane- ous purposes. The school is conducted by a male teacher for the senior boys' class, and all the other departments are under the care of the Sisters of St. Benedict's Academy. The average attendance at present is 525, and the branches taught are the same as those of the public schools of the city, while at the same time the children are carefully instructed in the precepts of the Christian faith. CITY OF ERIE. 593 Adjoining St. Mary's Church, on east Ninth street, is St. Bene- dict's Academy and the convent of Benedictine Nuns, who came to Erie in 1856, from St. Mary's, Elk County, Penn., the cradle or nursery of the Benedictine Nuns in America. At the earnest solicitation of some friends, they established their order in this city, numbering then but five. They occupied at that time a small uncomfortable frame house west of the church, took charge of the schools of the parish, cheerfully perform- ing their duties, bearing patiently many inconveniences for four years, at the expiration of which time they were domiciled in a commodious brick building on the east side of St. Mary's Church. In 1870, they erected next to the convent a spacious academy and boarding-school for the education of young ladies and children, and four years after, a large handsome chapel for the use of the religieuse and pupils. This structure, in the rear of the acade- my, is tastefully frescoed and richly embellished by objects of art, answering the twofold purpose of adorning the oratory and inspiring the wurshipers with devotion. The convent at present numbers sixty members, who join the active with the contemplative life, of whom some are engaged at fine needle- work, hair work, embossing, drawing, painting, music, etc., but the greater number in the iaiidable cause of education, while those unqualified for the above functions attend to the domestic duties of the establishments. Nowhere do we find more marked progress than among the Benedictines. But a few decades have elapsed since their coming to Erie, and in lieu of the small frame house, we find an edifice acknowledged to be one of the finest in the city. An academy that sends forth annually young ladies whose culture and morality portray more eloquently than can the pen of the historian the benefit to the city of such an establishment. The present year (1883), there are enrolled eighty papils, exclusive of a music class of thirty-five, and as many more who receive private instruction in the various branches taught in the school. Pupils of all denominations are received,^and there is no interference with those differing in religion. St. Patrick's School was established in 1863, in a small building at the rear of the church on Fourth street. The school was taught by one lay teacher, and opened with about fifty scholars. In 1867, the present two-story brick schoolhouse on Fourth, between Holland and German, was opened for the reception of Catholic children. Four teachers were then employed and the at- tendance was about 200. The Sisters of St. Joseph are in charge of the school, six of whom are engaged in this laudable work, while the average attendance at present is 450, and besides religious instruction the branches are the same as those taught in the public schools of the city. St. Joseph's School was established by St. Joseph's association in 1867, in a small building on Eighteenth street. During that year, the congregation of St. Joseph's parish erected a two-story frame schoolhouse on Twenty- fourth street, between Peach and Sassafras, and adjoining the church on the east, which was occupied in 1868. Up to 1871, the school was taught by laymen, but in that year the Sisters of St Joseph were obtained by the pastor to as- sist one male teacher who has charge of the larger boys, and who is also or- ganist of the church. Besides the male teacher, there are three Sisters employed in this school, the average attendance being 350, while the usual common school branches are taught and religious instruction imparted to the children. St. John's School was opened for the reception of scholars in 1870, the erection of the small brick building on Twenty-sixth street, between Wallace and Ash, being identical with that of St. John's Church. This school was 594 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. taught by one male teacher until September 1, 1883, when on account of the increased number of scholars a small frame building was obtained in the im- mediate neighborhood, and the school divided. One of the Sisters of St. Jo- seph has charge of this latter school, wherein are taught the smaller children. Both have a combined attendance of 140, and the same branches are taught and methods followed as in the other Catholic schools of Erie. The following summary of the number of children now being educated in the Catholic schools of Erie will be of interest in this connection: We find that St. Mary's school has an attendance of 525; St. Patrick's. 450; St. Joseph's, 350, and St. John's, 140; total, 1,465. Besides this, St. Benedict's Academy has an enrolled scholarship of 80, and a music class of 35, with about the latter number receiving private instruction in the various branches taught by that in- stitution. This estimate does not include the children cared for at St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, who there receive instruction in the elementary branches of an Euglish education, thus fitting them for the stern duties of life. SECRET AND OTHER SOCIETIES. Wayne Lodge, No. 112, F. & A. M., was instituted in 1813, with Giles San- ford. W. M. ; Thomas Bees and J. C. Wallace, Wardens; B. S. Beed, Treas- urer. Perry Lodge, F. & A. M., was instituted in 1852, H. Pelton, W. M. Both of these lodges have gone out of existence many years, though there is still a lodge bearing the latter title. Tyrian Lodge, No. 362, A. F. & A. M. , was organized May 4,1866, with O. A. Dolph, W. M.; Jay S. Childs, S. W.; W. F. Price, J. W. ; S. Todd Perley, Secretary ; J. H. Lord, Ti'easurer. This lodge now meets at Masonic Hall in the Noble Block, corner of State and Eighth streets. Temple Chapter, No. 215, H. B. A. M. , was organized July 29, 1867, with the following officers: C. L. Wheeler, H. P.; J. B. Barber, King; H. B. Bates, Scribe; F. F. Farrar, Treasurer; George V. Maus, Secretary. The lodge meets at Masonic Hall. Perry Lodge, No. 392, A. F. & A. M.,was oi'ganized in 1867, the following officers being then chosen: Jay S. Childs, W. M. ; A. A. Adams, S. W. ; J. W. Swalley, J. W. ; Silas Clark, Treasurer; H. C. Bogers, Secretary. This lodge also meets at Masonic Hall. Jerusalem Council, No. 33, B. S. E. & S. M., was organized October 30, 1867, with George V. Maus, T. I. G-. M. ; John E. Payne, T. I. D. G. M.; George P.^Griffith, P. C. of W.; George C. Bennett, M. of Ex.; William Him- rod, Jr., Becorder. Meets at Masonic Hall. Mt. Olivet Commandery, No. 36, K. T. ,was organized October 30, 1867, and its first officers were as follows: George V. Maus, E. C. ; John E. Payne, G. ; George P. Griffith, C. G. ; George L. Baker, Treasurer; E. B. Chapman, Becorder. Keystone Lodge, No. 455, F. & A. M. , was organized in January, 1870, with the following gentlemen as its first officers: J. J. Wadsworth, W. M. ; George F. Cain, S. W. : George V. Maus, J. W. ; M. Taylor, Secretary; J. L. Stewart, Treasurer. This lodge meets in Zuck's block, corner of Peach and Sixteenth streets. The Lake Shore Masonic Belief Association was organized April 16, 1872, for the purpose of more effectually assisting the widows and orphans of worthy brethren. Its officers for 1883 and 1884 are as follows: J. M. Ormsbee, Pres- ident; J. B. Sherwood, A'^ice President; W. W. Beed, Treasui'er; A. A. Adams, Secretary; George P. Griffith.Legal Adviser; C. W. Stranahan, M. D., Medical Director. CITY OF ERIE. 595 The following lodges of I. O. O. F. are now in existence, viz.: Presque Isle Lodge, No. 107, organized in 1845, meets at Odd Fellows Hall on the corner of Seventh and State streets; Heneosis Adelphon Encampment, No. 42, organized in 1846 and re-organized in 1866, which also meets at Odd Fellows Hall; Philallelia Lodge, No. 299, organized in 1848, meets at the same place as the previous ones mentioned; Lake Erie Degree Lodge, No. 19, organized in 1868, same place of meeting; Lake Shore Lodge, No. 718, organized July 5, 1870, meets at same place; Erie City Lodge, No. 871 (German), organ- ized March 31, 1874, place of meeting same as above lodges. Luella Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 90, organized April 30, 1874, also meets at Odd Fellows Hall. The Odd Fellows Mutual Benefit Association of Northwestern Penn- sylvania was organized in 1873, and possesses a large membership. Of the Knights of Pythias, two lodges have organizations in Erie, viz. : Erie Lodge, No. 327, organized December 20, 1871, and Endowment Rank Section, No. 103, instituted February 20, 1878, both of which meet at Pythian Temple, in Metcalf 's block on State street, between Seventh and Eighth. Of the Knights of Honor, there were formerly three lodges in the city, two of which have been consolidated. Mystic Lodge, No. 99, was organized in April, 1875, and Lake City Lodge, No. 806, was instituted November 21, 1877, but in January, 1883, they were consolidated under the former name, and now com- prise one of the finest, if not the finest, body of men of any secret society in Erie. Barbarossa Lodge, No. 686, was organized July 7, 1877, and both of these lodges meet at Jarecki's Hall on State street. The Ancient Order of United Workmen has the following lodges in Erie: Rising Sun Lodge, No. 4, which meets in Eliot's block on Seventh street, be- tween State and French: Erie Lodge, No. 44, which meets at Zuck's Hall, on the corner of Sixteenth and Peach streets; Alexander Lodge, No. 56 (German), meets in the Mission Block, corner of Fourteenth and Peach street; Active Lodge, No. 61, meets at Metcalf 's Hall on State street; Garfield Lodge, No. 397, meets at G. A. R. Hall on State street. Keystone Council, No. 108, Royal Arcanum, meets at Jarecki's Hall on State street. Gee-nun-de-wah Tribe, No. 167, Improved Order of Red Men, was in- stituted in January, 1879, and meets at Metcalf 's hall on State, between Seventh and Eighth streets. Harugaries — Erie Mannie, No. 24, was organized August 1, 1869; Mozart Lodge, No. 139, was organized in 1867; Bismarck Lodge, No. 151, was or- ganized m 1867; Erie Lodge, No. 290, was organized in 1872. All of these lodges meet at a hall in the Liebel Block. Connected with the Harugaries is the Life Insurance of D. O. H., Sixth District of Pennsylvania, which was organized January 1, 1876. The Erie Caledonian Club was organized in June, 1881, and meets in their hall on the corner of Eleventh and State streets. George Stephenson Lodge, No. 68, Sons of St. George, meets at Metcalf's Hall. Strong Vincent Post, No. 67, G. A. R., meets at their hall on State, between Ninth and Tenth streets. Of Hebrew societies, Erie City Lodge, No. 107, K. S. B., was organized in May, 1873, and meets at Metcalf's Hall. The Standard Club was established in October, 1879, and meets in Baker's block, corner of Fifth and State streets. Ladies' Rebecca Society was organized in 1879. The Turners are also represented here. The Erie Turnverein was organized in 1868, and its headquarters are at Turn Hall on State street, between Sixth 596 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. aud Seventh. EastlErie Turnverein was organized January 12, 1880, and meets at the East Erie Turn Hall, cornpr of Ninth and Parade streets. South Erie Turnverein was organized August 11, 1878, and meets at South Erie Turn Hall, corner of Twentieth and Peach streets, and here also is the meeting place of the Benevolent Section of the South Erie Turnverein, which was organized January 1, 1881. The following embrace the musical societies of the city: The Erie Lie- dertafel was organized September 2, 1862, and meets at Liedertafel Hall in Berst's block, on State street, between Eighth and Ninth. The Erie Sanger- bund was organized in 1871, and meets at Zuck's Hall, corner of Sixteenth and Peach streets. The Erie Mannerchor was organized in 1872, and meets at Boy- er's Hall. The Orphans' Society was organized in 1878, and meets in the Gr. A. R. Hall on State street. Tbe Amphion Musical Association meets at the corner of Eleventh and Peach, while another society called the Teutonia comes to- gether every Sunday for musical recreation. Protective Societies: Erie Typographical Union, No. 77, meets at Aus- tin's Hall, Nortl) Park Row. Iron Moulders' Union, No. 38, meets at Good Templar's Hall, corner of Eleventh and State streets. The Cigar-Makers' Union meets at Schumacher's Hall, corner of Tenth and Parade streets. The Trades Assembly meets at Austin's Hall on North Park Row. Building and Loan Associations: Erie City Building and Loan Association was incorporated March 10, 1873, and meets at Austin's Hall on North Park Row. Ben Franklin Building and Loan Association No. 2, meets in the Dime Bank Block. Erie Saving Fund and Building Association was chartered in 1873. Presque Isle Saving Fund, Loan and Building Association meets at the corner of Thirteenth and Peach Streets. The Workingmen's Bviilding and Loan Asso ciation of Erie was incorporated July 10, 1876, under a perpetual charter granted by the Governor of Pennsylvania, and by letters patent granted October 10, 1879. This association meets at Good Templars Hall, corner of Eleventh and State Streets. There are several benevolent societies : The German Independent Benevo- lant Association was organized July 4, 1842, and meets at Boyer's Hall, No. 1305 State street. The German Friendship Benevolent Association was organ- ized in 1862, and meets at Liebel'a Hall. The Erie and Pittsburgh Shops Mutual Benefit Association was organized in 1868. Erie Lodge, No. 39, of the National Marine Beneficial Association, meets at G. A. R. Hall on State stx-eet. Erie Star Union No. 50, of the Eqiiitable Aid Union, meets in Metcalf's block; and South Erie Union No. 62, of the same association, meets at Zuck's Hall. Catholic Benevolent Societies: St. Joseph's Branch, No. 9, C. M. B. A., was organize! February 17, 1879, and meets in a hall on the corner of twenty- sixth and Peach streets. St. Patrick's Branch, No. 12, C. M. B. A., was insti- tuted March 8, 1879, and meets in Gensheimer's block, corner Seventh and State streets; and St. Mary's Branch, No. 15, C. M. B. A., was instituted December 5, 1879 and meets at the same hall. St. John's Branch, No. 18, C. M. B. A., was organized in January, 1881, and meets at a hall corner of Twenty-fifth and Ash streets; and St. Peters Branch, No. 20, subsequently organized, meets in Gen- sheimer's block. Branch No. 98, Catholic Knights ol' America, was organized in 1876, and meets at the hall in Austin's block. Irish American Benevolent Society, No. 295, I. C. B. U. , meets at Austin's Hall on North Park Row. The Hibernian C. B. Society, No. 1, was organized in 1872, and re-organized in 1877. St. Patrick's Temperance Cadets were organized in 1872. St. Alphonsus Relief Society was organized in 1868, and St. Joseph's Mutual Relief Society in 1865. St. John's Benevolent Society was organized in 1872, and St. An- >i.j' :^ir/AJI.Ritchie - dnrYx.^^^ CITY OF ERIE. 599 drew's the same year; while Trinity Benevolent Association, a Portuguese so- ciety, was organized in 1874. Connected with the Catholic Churches of the city are other societies of a benevolent character, such as the Father Matthew T. A. B. Society of St. Patrick's Church, which was organized in 1866; also St. Vin- cent De Paul Society established the same year; while in St. Mary's congre- gation are St. George's Society, organized in 1852, St. Benedict's in 1867, and St. Bonifacius' in 1868. The German Free School Society was established for the purpose of intro- ducing the German language into the public schools, and to foster the idea of compulsory school attendance. This society has doubtless accomplished much good. It is composed of representative German citizens, and the principal ob- ject of the society has been so far successful that to-day from 90 to 100 per cent of the pupils in the high school are studying the German language. The First Society of Spiritiialists of Erie City and county was organized in February, 1882, in Treisaker's Hall on State street, with about a dozen mem- bers. The charter was granted by the court late in the winter of 1881-82 as a "Medical and Scientific Society." Speakers were transient until April, 1882, when Mr. Hull was engaged as speaker of the society, which numbers about 300, and meets Sunday afternoon and evening at Old's Hall on State street. The officers consist of a President, two Vice Presidents, Treasurer and two Secretaries. Erie City Bible Society was organized in 1824, and has been kept up ever since. The first officers were as follows: Rev. Johnston Eaton, President, Rev. Robert Reid, Vice President; E. D. Gunnison, Treasurer; George Sel- den, Secretary; Giles Sanford, William Gould, Robert Porter, John McCord, Joseph Selden, Judah Colt, Robert McClelland, John Phillips, Oliver Alford, R. C. Hatton, James Flowers and Philip Bristol, Managers. Erie Temple of Honor, organized in 1854, was one of the pioneer temper- ance societies, and William A. Galbraith, one of its first officers. It was re- organized in 1859, at which time a lodge of Good Templars that had been in operation two or three years, was merged into it. The history of the difierent temperance movements during the past fifty years, belongs to the State or na- tion, and can only be properly treated from that basis. They were not local movements, but spread throughout the Union, and created much excitement during the period of their existence. The following is a brief account of the library and literary societies of Erie. In 1806, thirty of Erie's citizens organized a " Library Company," with the following officers: Judah Colt, President; Thomas Forster, Librarian; Thomas Forster, James Baird, John C. Wallace and William Wallace, Direc- tors. The society purchased $200 worth of books, and was kept up for several years. Other societies of the same character were the Franklin Literary Asso- ciation, organized in 1826; Apprentices Literary Society formed about 1839, and Irving Literary Institute organized in 1843, all of which had small libra- ries. Literary and lyceum societies sprang into existence at different peri- ods in the city's history, many of which had courses of lectures, and did much good by encouraging and cultivating the literary tastes of the people. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized in May, 1860, and has now a membership of 600 in Erie City alone. The association owns a fine three story brick building on the southeast corner of Tenth and Peach streets. In May, 1861, they optened a free reading room, which has been kept open up to the present. The library now contains about 6,000 volumes, and about 75 newspapers and periodicals are always kept on file. Though the reading room is free to all, the library is for the use of members, those outside of the 600 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. association being required to pay a fee for the use of books therefrom. The Erie association is among the leading ones of Pennsylvania, and within a few years contemplate the erection of a much finer building on the same corner, at a cost of about $40,000, the present one being too small for their growing numbers. The association sustained a course of lectures for several years, many from distinguished persons. Their present quarters are comfortably furnished, and the officers in charge are kind and gentlemanly to all who visit their rooms, while an air of neatness pervades the whole establishment. The Erie Natural History Society was organized February 18, 1879, its object being the study of the natural history of Erie County, and the proba- ble establishment of a scientific institute, library and museum. It meets at its rooms in the Metcalf Block, 724 State street. The Northwestern Pennsylvania Game and Fish Association was incorpor- ated November 19, 1875, and meets at No. 30 North Park Row. The objects of this society are the protection and propagation of game and fish by the en- forcement of the laws relating thereto. Every good citizen will commend the society in this laudable work, and should assist it in its efi'orts to protect the fish in the bay and the game on the peninsula from the ruthless angler and huntsman. CHAPTER VI. Private Corporations, Cemeteries and Charitable Institutions. THE Erie Gas Company was chartered March 5, 1852, with a capital stock of $60,000, the Board of Directors being pi-ivileged to increase the capital to $100,000 whenever they might deem such a course necessary. Ground was bought on Seventh street, between Myrtle and Chestnut, upon which the works were erected, the total cost being $(30,000. The tank or gas receiver had a capacity of 30,000 cubic feet; 3^ miles of pipe were laid, and all necessary buildings erected. The works were completed by the 22d of August, 1853, and on that date the city of Erie first enjoyed gaslight. The patronage at that time comprised thirty-two consumers, but by the close of the year the number had increased to 150. The construction of the gas works was superintended by a Mr. Meredith, while Mr. P. Metcalf rendered material aid in the successful consummation of the enterprise. In the fall of 1883, the company erected a new gas tank, with a capacity of 100,000 cubic feet, on Front, between Sassafras and Peach streets, and in the spring of 1884 intend removing the tank at the old works to the new loca- tion. This latter tank has a capacity of 60,000 cubic feet, which will give the works a combined capacity of 160,000 cubic feet of gas. The new works will cost, when completed, about $60,000, and the old site will be abandoned in the spring, and the works removed to the new one on Front street. At the present time, the gas company has an authorized capital of $300,000, and a paid up capital of $167,750. It owns 20 miles of gas mains, lights 425 street lamps and has a patronage of 800 consumers. The quality of the gas equals uhe best furnished any community in the State, while its cost is moderate. The President of the company is Charles M. Reed; and the Secre- tary and Treasurer for many years was Miles "\V. Caughey, upon whose death, in the fail of 1883, Walter Scott became his successor. The office is in the "Wetmore House, on the northwest corner of Seventh and Peach streets. CITY OF ERIE. 601 TELEGRAPH, TELEPHONE AND EXPRESS COMPANIES. The first telegraph office was opened at Erie in 1847. Little is known of its history, only that since that year the people have enjoyed the benefit of this necessary adjunct of civilization. For more than twenty years Erie pos- sessed but one telegraph line, but, about 1868, the Atlantic & Pacific Tele- graph Company opened an office in opposition to the Western Union, and for several years the city enjoyed the services of two offices or distinct telegraph lines. Finally, the Western Union bought out the Atlantic & Pacific, and consolidated the lines under the former name. The Mutual Union Telegraph Company began business at Erie in 1881, but it, too, has been absorbed by the Western Union, which alone exists outside of the private line of the Phila- delphia & Erie Railroad. The office of the Western Union is No. 514 State street, and it transacts all the telegraph business of Erie. The American District Telegraph Company was organized in 1876, in which year it began business, and has since been in successful operation. The com- pany has now about 200 telephones in Erie, and the number is gradually in- creasing under the energetic management of G. W. Baxter, the efficient Su- perintendent of the company in this city. The Nev/ York & Pennsylvania Telegraph and Telephone Company purchased the controlling interest in 1883, and ere the publication of this work some changes may occur not here spoken of. Telephone lines are now being constructed to the neighboring towns, and in the near future Ei'ie will have telephonic connection with many of them. The central office in Erie, is Room 24, Noble Block. The American Express Company opened an office at Erie in 1846, with O. D. Spaiford as agent. He was succeeded by J. J. Lints, and in 1858 the present agent, J. Harper, was appointed to fill the position, which he has held continuously up to the present time. The office is at No. 822 State street. The American and Adams Express Companies ran a " union office" until June 1, 1883, when the latter company opened a separate office on North Park Row, behveen State and Peach streets, with W. C. Stinson as agent. THE ERIE CITY PASSENGER RAILWAY COMPANY. This company was incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000, by a legis- lative act approved March 1, 1867, and organized for business in the same spring. Anthony J. Drexel, of Philadelphia, Penn., through his attorney, E. J. Cowell, was the leading stockholder in the enterprise, while the labor of obtaining the act of incorporation and necessary subscription, and pushing the road to completion, was also the work of Mr. Cowell. In 1868, the main line was built from Second street south on State to Turnpike; thence across to Peach; thence south on Peach to Twenty-sixth street, and in December of that year opened for travel. Up to May, 1878, the fare charged was 7 cents, since which time it has been 5. Since its completion, the line has been ex- tended to the public dock on State street, and in the fall of 1883 the company was engaged in building two branch lines, viz. : One out Eighth street to Raspbeny, and one out Eleventh street to Parade; thence south to Fourteenth street. In 1880, the large two-story brick stables on the corner of Second and State streets were erected, while the furnishings of the line are kept in har- mony with the times. The officei's are W. W. Reed, President; J. C. Spencer, Treasurer; A. L. Latell, Secretary; Jacob Berst, Superintendent. The Erie Bank was incorporated by an act passed in the winter of 1828- 29, and began business in January, 1829, on a capital of $50,000, though the 602 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. bank was privileged to increase its capital stock to $200,000. Its first officers were: R. S. Reed, President; P. S. V. Hamot, Cashier; J. A. Tracy, C. M. Reed, Samuel Brown, William Fleming, Thomas Moorehead, Jr., E. D. Gun- nison and D. Gillispie, Directors. The bank suspended in May, 1848, but very little loss was sustained by the holders of its issue, as the notes were sub- sequently redeemed a( a small discount, Gen. C M. Reed holding himself personally responsible for their redemption. The United States Bank of Philadelf)hia established a branch at Erie in 1837, with Thomas H. Sill, President; Peter Benson, Cashier; Josiah Kellogg, C. M. Reed, Willinm Kelley, G. A. Eliot, Samuel Hays, William Fleming, J. G. Williams and H. J. Huidekoper, Directors. The fine building on State street, now occupied for the custom house, was erected by this bank at a large outlay, also the building adjoining it on the south for the cashier's residence. With the failure of the parent institution at Philadelphia in 1840, the Erie branch also went down, and W. C. Curry was appointed to settle up its affairs. In 1849, the bank building was sold to the United States Government for $29,000, who converted it into a custom house; while the cashier's residence subsequently sold for $4,000, about one-half its original cost. The Erie City Bank was incorporated in 1853, with a capital stock of $200,000, but it lasted only four years, suspending business in 1857. Its first officers were: Smith Jackson, President; J. P. Sherwin, Cashier; S. E. Neiler, Teller; Brua Cameron, Book-keeper; C. M. Tibbals, W. A. Brown, D. S. Clark, C. Seigel, John Brawley, James Webster, J. H. Fullerton, Ira Sherwin, J. D. Clark, Charles Brandes and J. C. Beebe, Directors. The Bank of Commerce succeeded the Erie City Bank in April, 1858, but it, too, soon succumbed, closing its doors in December, 1860. Its first officers were as follows: B. Grant, President; C. B. Wright, Vice Pesident; G. J. Ball, Cashier; A. W. Guild, Teller; W. F. Rindernecht, James Hoskinson, B. F. Sloan, Charles Metcalf, A. W. Blaine, G. F. King and J. W. Douglas, Directors. In 1861, the following firms were doing a general brokerage or banking business at Erie: W. C. Curry, capital $100,000; M. Sanford & Co.. capital $50,000; Vincent, Bailey & Co., capital $25,000; Clark & Metcalf, capital $12,000; Neiler & Warren, capital $5,000; total banking capital, $192,000. The First National Bank was organized in February, 1863, with a capital of $150,000, J. C. Spencer. Pi'esident; J. L. Sternberg, Cashier; William Spencer, Assistant Cashier. In February, 1883, the bank was re-organized for twenty years. It is located in the Reed House block on the northwest corner of French street and North Park Row. The Keystone National Bank, located in the handsome block on the north- east corner of State and Eighth streets, was organized in the fall of 1864, with an authorized capital of $500,000, and a paid up capital of $250,000. Orange Noble has been President of the bank since its organization. John J. Town was Cashier until 1871, when he was succeeded by J. I. Town, who yet fills the position. The Second National Bank was organized December 12, 1864, with a capi- tal of $300,000. William L. Scott, President; Joseph McCarter, Vice Presi- dent; W. C. Curry, Cashier. This bank is on the southwest corner of State and Eighth streets, and its present officers are: Joseph McCarter, President; W. W. Reed, Vice President; C. F. Allis, Cashier. The Marine National Bank was orgaaized March 9, 1865, with a capital of $150,000. B. B. Vincent, President; F. P. Bailey, Cashier. In January, 1867, J, C. Marshall became President of the bank, and Charles E. Gunnison. CITY OF ERIE. 603 Assistant Cashier. The officers thus remained until March 29, 1875, when William Bell, Jr., was chosen Vice President, and no change has since oc- curred. It is located on the northwest corner of State and North Park Row. The German Savings Institution o£ Erie was organized February 8, 1867, with a capital of $200,000. John Gensheimer, President; Mathew Schlau- decker, Treasurer; Frederick Schneider, Secretary. These officers continued to hold their several positions until October, 1875, at which time Lloyd G. Reed became President, and John Eliot, Manager and Treasurer. The bank is on the northwest corner of Eighth and State streets. The private bank of Ball & Colt was organized in July, 1867, and has since continued to do a general banking business. This bank is at No. 720 State street. The Erie Dime Savings and Loan Company was organized June 8, 1867, under a special law of the State, with Selden Marvin, President, and John H. Bliss, Secretary. These officers resigned April 25, 1868, and the following gentlemen were chosen: L. L. Lamb, President; George W. Colton, Secretary and Treasurer; Selden Marvin, Attorney. On the 19th of May, 1868, M. Hartleb became Vice President, and the bank began business on a paid-in cap- ital of $25,000. I. A. Foreman soon succeeded Mr. Hartleb as Vice President of the bank. In January, 1876, the bank moved into its present elegant quar- ters on the corner of State street and South Park Row, which is doubtless the finest bank building in Erie, and reflects much credit on the gentleman at the head of this institution. This bank has an authorized capital of $500,000, and a paid-in capital of $68,360. Its present officers are William A. Galbraith, President; J. F. Downing, Vice President; G. E. Barger, Seci'etary and Treasurer. The Humboldt Safe Deposit and Trust Company began business July 4, 1869, on a capital of $100,000. Uras Schluraff, President; Charles Metcalf, Secretary and Treasurer. In May, 1872, the capital was increased to $200,- 000. The bank is on the southwest coi'ner of Ninth and State streets, in a fine building erected by the institution, and its present officers are Gustav Jarecki, President; J. J. Sturgeon, Secretary and Treasurer. The Erie County Savings Bank, on the northwest corner of Fourteenth and Peach streets, was organized in the fall of 1871, with a capital of $150,000. N. J. Clark, President; J. L. Stewart, Vice President; M. H. Burgess, Cashier. Mr. Clark was succeeded in the Presidency by J. L. Stewart, Adam Brabender becoming Vice President. The next President of the bank was William W. Reed, succeeded in 1879 by Adam Brabender, who has since filled that position. He was succeeded as Vice President by R. Pettit, who was the last occupant of that office. In 1879, F. G. Schlaudecker became Cashier of the bank, and in May, 1882, was succeeded by R. Pettit. Nothing shows more clearly the rapid progress in the wealth and enterprise of Erie than the present amount of capital invested in banking. With the beginning of 1863 there was not a single incorporated bank in the city, the whole of the banking business being done by a few private firms on a combined capital of about $200,000. The capital and deposits of the banks of 1883 run into the millions, and all are in a flourishing condition. They have large capital, are well conducted and have a high reputation in financial circles. INSURANCE COMPANIES. The Erie County Mutual Fire Insurance Company was incorporated March 26, 1839, by the following persons: John A. Tracy, William Kelley, Peter Pierce, Julius W. Hitchcock, James Williams, Smith Jackson, Samuel Low, 604 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Conrad Brown, Jx*., B. B. Vincent, Bester Town, Jabez Wright, David G. Webber and Stephen Skinner. It has ever since conducted a safe and success- ful business, and January 1, 1883, had insurance in force amounting to $756,- 513.94, and premium notes in force amounting to 185,852.45. It is doubtless the oldest native corporation doing business in Erie County, which speaks well for its stability of character. The office of this company is No. 26, North Park Row. The Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of Harbor Creek, office No. 701 State street, Erie, Penn. , was chartered May 6, 1857, by John Dodge, G. W. Wagner, John W. McLane, J. Y. Moorehead and G. A. Eliot. The law then required the company to get $100,000 of insurance before issuing any policies, which was complied with in August, 1858, and the lirst policy issued. The business of this company grew rapidly, and its exemption from extensive fires is assured, as it insures only the property of farmers, taking no risks in' towns or cities. The amount of its insurance in force January 1, 1883, was $4,495,037.66, while its premium notes in force on the same date was $224,- 751.88. This is an exhibit that requires no commendation at our hands, for it stamps this company as a strong financial institution and a credit to Erie County. There were two other native insurance companies, with headquarters at Erie, that existed for a few years, viz., the German and Alps. The former was organized in 1867-68, and lasted until 1874, when it failed. The Alps In- surance Company began business in 1868-69, and was under the management of some of the leading men of Erie. It had placed considerable insurance on property in Chicago, III., and when the great fire almost swept that city out of existence, the Alps incurred such heavy losses that it went down, though it paid up the greatest part of its indebtedness, and closed up business in such a manner as to reflect credit uj^on its management. CEMETERIES. Prior to 1805, all interments were on the bank of the lake, immediately east of the town, but in that year a lot for a burial ground was set apart on Eighth street, a little west of the United Presbyterian Church. This ground was used by the several denominations until 1827, when it was absorbed by the United Presbyterian congregation, who had erected their house of worship on the adjoining lot east in 1816. The Presbyterians purchased four lots on the corner of Seventh and Myrtle streets, about 1826-27, and many bodies were removed to this cemetery from the old ground soon after it was opened. The Episcopalians started a cemetery about 1827, on Myrtle street between Seventh and Eighth. St. Paul's German Evangelical Church opened a burial ground in 1859, and St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church established a graveyard many years ago on Sassafras, between Twenty second and Twenty-third. Nearly all of these cemeteries have long since been abandoned and the dead removed, while those which still remain here have been closed for interments. The Jewish Cemetery on Twenty-sixth street, east of Cherry, was opened in 1858, and is still used by the adherents of this faith. The earliest Catholic cemetery in Erie of which we have any knowledge was located on the site of St. Benedict's Academy East Ninth street. It was purchased in 1837, and consecrated by the Rev. Ivo Levitz August 2, 1840. This graveyard was used until 1848. in which year Father Steinbacher, the pastor of St. Mary's congregation, bought a piece of ground on Chestnut street, between Twenty- fourth and Twenty-fifth streets, to which the bodies of those interred on Ninth street were removed. This cemetery was used by the Ger- CITY OF ERIE. 605 man Catliolics until the consecration of Trinity in 1869, when it was closed for interments. As early as 1837-38, St. Patrick's congregation bought a small lot, 40x160 feet in size, on Third street, between German and Parade, which was the first graveyard owned by this parish. In 1852, Father Deane purchased five acres on the corner of Twenty-fourth and Sassafras streets, and the old ground was abandoned and the bodies removed to the new location. Upon the consecration of Trinity Cemetery in 1869, this second graveyard was closed and many of the dead removed to Trinity, though quite a number still remain on account of the foolish obstinancy of their friends in refusing consent to their removel. St. Vin- cent's Hospital now occupies a portion of this ground, audit is to be hoped that erelong every body^here interred will find a last resting place in the beautiful cemetery west of the city, now used by the Catholics of Erie and vicinity. The ceremony of consecrating Trinity Cemetery, the present Catholic burial grounds, located on the lake road about four miles west of Erie, took place on Sunday afternoon, May 23, 1869, and was witnessed by thousands of specta- tors from the city and adjoining townships. The proce-sion, including the several Catholic societies, headed by four bands, formed on Eighth street and marched to the cemetery, escorting Bishop Mullen and the clergymen present on the occasion. A large wooden cross, the emblem of Christ crucified, had been placed in the middle of the ceoaetery, around which the societies formed a hollow square, with the Bishop, clergy and choir in the center. Bishop Mullea then delivered a brief address, fol- lowed by a sermon in the German language from Father Wenderlein, of St, Mary's Church. At its conclusion, the usual beautiful ceremonies ordained by the Catholic Church on such occasions were performed, and the proceed- ings were brought to a close with a prayer for the repose of the soul of Bishop Young, whose remains had been removed to the cemetery. Tliis graveyard contains thirty acres nicely laid out in walks and driveways, and planted throughout with ornamental and shade trees, which in a few years will add much to the natural beauty of the location. Many handsome monuments mark the last resting place of those who are " asleep in the Lord," and the time is not far distant when it may justly be ranked among the beautiful cities of the dead. The Erie Cemetery had its inception in October, 1846, when a paper was drawn up, and a few citizens subscribed 11,500, with ihe view of purchasing the same piece of land on which the cemetery was subsequently laid out. The persons who subscribed to the object at that time were Charles M. Reed, George A. Eliot, John H. Walker, John A. Tracy, William Kelley, Smith Jackson, John Galbraith, B. B, Vincent, Thomas G. Colt, M. Courtright, C. M. Tibbals and J. C. Spencer. The subject, however, was postponed, and no decisive measures were taken to secure the desired site, on account of the increased price constantly demanded; yet the object was never abandoned, and in December, 1849, the first efficient movement was made to accomplish the long cherished design. In that month, a subscription paper was again circu- lated, by which the subscribers agreed to unite in purchasing seventy-five acres of land at |100 per acre, bounded on the north by Nineteenth street, on the east by Chestnut, on the south by Twenty-sixth, and on the west by Cherry. Thirty-one signatures were obtained, and the following amounts subscribed toward purchasing the ground: C. M. Reed, $100; George A. Eliot, $100; William Himrod, $100; H. Caldwell, $100; George A. Lyon, $100; Elisha Babbitt, $100; A. W.Brewster, $100; J. A. Tracy, $100; J. C. Spencer, $100; Joseph M. Sterrett, $100; J. H. Williams, $100; M. Courtright, $100; Irvin 606 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Camp, $100: C. M. Tibbals, $100; William Nicholson, $100; William A. Brown, $100; J. C. Marshall, $100; B. B. Vincent^ $100; T. G. Colt, $100; P. Arbuckle, $100; James Skinner, $100; S. Jackson, $100; P. Metcalf, $100; John Hughes, $100; John Galbraith. $50; P. E. Burton, $50; William Kelley, $50; F. Schneider, $50; William W. Reed, $50; M. W. Caughey, $50; Walter Chester, $50. The individuals who assisted by advancing money were Mrs. R. S. Reed, $50; John Evans, $50; M. B. Lowrv, $50; J. C. Beebe, $25; Thomas H. Sill, $25; John P. Vincent, $25; John Moore, $25; Andrew Scott, $10. On the 29th of January, 1850, the Legislature passed an act incoi'porating " The Erie Cemetery, in the county of Erie," and JNlay 24 a majority of the in- corporators met and elected seven managers, viz., Charles M. Reed, George A. Eliot, William Kelley, John Galbraith, Elisha Babbitt, William Himrod and A. W. Brewster, who on the same day organized by electing George A. Eliot President, and appointing William A. Brown Secretary and J. C. Spencer Treasurer. A deed of conveyance was made to the corporation March 28, 1850, and the sum of $1,500 paid down as required by the contract, while a majority of the incorporators signed a judgment bond to secure the remaining $6,000, which chey agreed to pay in four equal annual payments, together with inter- est thereon, relying with confidence that the sale of lots would fully indemnify them, and that they would suffer no loss. In December, 1850, the services of H. Daniels were secured to lay out the grounds; but very little was accomplished until April, 1851. From that time forward the work progressed rapidly; walks and driveways were constructed, cutting the grounds into harmonious sections, while trees and shrubbery were planted wherever they would add most beauty to the natural landscape. ¥f. At the annual meeting in January, 1852, Rev. Joseph H. Presley, John Evans and Wilson King were chosen to fill the vacancies caused by the deaths of William W. Reed, A. W. Brewster and John Hughes, three of the origi- nal incorporators. The by-laws, rules and regulations for the government of the corporation were adopted at this meeting, and the following Board of Managers elected for the ensuing year: George A. Eliot, Charles M. Reed, William Kelley, William Himrod, John Galbraith, Elisha Babbitt and Will- iam A. Brown, who thereupon elected George A. Eliot President and appoint- ed J. C. Spencer Secretary and Treasurer. The formal opening of the cemetery took place May 20, 1851. An address was delivered by the President of the board, George A. Eliot, and the dedi- catory address by Rev. George A. Lyon, while other appropriate ceremonies usual on such occasions went to make the day an enjoyable one. Since the cemetery was laid out, many improvements have been made. New sections have been opened up, the walks and driveways extended, much additional shrubbery planted, and a substantial iron fence erected, both on the east and west side of the grounds, besides a " Porter's Lodge " near the main entrance, together with many other improvements that go to beautify the cemetery. Great care has been exercised for the protection of the grounds and the many beautiful monuments that have been erected by the hand of affection, while every effort has been put forth to make Erie Cemetery an honored and sacred resting place for the dead, and a beautiful and attractive spot in the eyes of the living. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum had its inception about 1865, when the Sisters of St, Joseph occupied a small frame building on Fourth street, close to St. Patrick's Schoolhouse. In April, 1866, they regularly opened the asylum in (Um^iy (y^)cr)2/v^ oc4^2^ <. Davis, E. Oldfield, Capt. A. Walker, J. Y. W^alker, P. Porter and O. Gray — 38. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. Waterford has four church edifices, viz. : Presbyterian, Episcopal, United Presbyterian and Methodist Episcopal. The first Presbyterian congregation was organized in 1809, with Rev. John Mathews as first pastor, and W^illiam Blacken, John Lytle and Archibald Watson as the first Trustees. One of the xnnst active men in the organization was Ebenezer Graham. Mr. Mathews was settled regularly as pastor of the Waterford and Gravel Run (Crawford County) congregations on October 17, 1810, and remained pastor until April 2, 1817. In 1818-19, Rev. Phineas Camp, a Presbyterian missionary, employed to visit the various settlements of the county, preached with such acceptance that a number of converts were made, and established the real foundation of the con- gregation. It was without a building until 1834, when the one still occupied was erected at a cost of $5,000. From 1817 until 1828, it had only transient and occasional supplies, among whom were Rev. Judah Ely in 1823; Rev. Johnston Eaton came next, preaching monthly for about one year; and Revs. Bradford. Marcy and Samuel Tait at various times until 1828. As stated supply, in February, 1828, came Rev. Peter Hassinger, who remained until March, 1832. From February, 1833, to November of the same year, the con- gregation was served by Rev. B. J. Wallace, and from that time to May, 1834, Rev. J. Watson preached. Since this period, the pastors of the church have been as follows: Pierce Chamberlain, G. W. Cleveland (S, S. ), Charles F. Diver, T. J. Bradford, J. K. Black, T. H. Delamater (S. S.), M. D. A. Steen (S. S.), S. Bryan (S. S.), and M. Wishart, present pastor. The United Presbyterian Church at Waterfoi'd dates back to October, 1812, on the 21st of which month Rev. Robert Reid was installed pastor of the United Presbyterian congregations at Erie and Waterford. At this period, the W^ater- ford membership consisted of fourteen persons. The first communion services were held in the year 1816, in the storehouse of Thomas King, which stood near the bank of LeBoeuf Creek. Mr. Reid remained pastor of the two con- gi-egations until June 30, 1841. The early services of this church, as well as other religious societies of Waterford, were held in the warehouses along the banks of the creek, in old Fort LeBoeuf, in the old schoolhouse that stood in what is now the park, and later in the Academy building erected in 1822. The church edifice was erected in 1835, but not completed until 1838. It was enlarged in 1859 and greatly improved at a cost of $1,200, and again in 1868 repairs were made and a spire and belfry added at a cost of $2, 100. Mr. Reid's successor to the pastorate was Rev. John J. Findley, and following him at intervals were Revs. Thomas Love, H. P. Jackson, and P. W. Free, present pastor. The founders of the congi-e- gation were William Smith, Robert Kincaid and William Carson. St. Peter's Episcopal Church may date its origin to February, 1827, when the first service of this denomination was held at Waterford, in the Academy, 682 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. on a week-day evening, by Rev. Charles Smith and Rev. B. Hutchins. The next summer occasional services were held by the same clergymen, and by the Rev. B. Glover, of Erie, who gave this people one-fourth of his time in 1828. In 1831, the congregation resolved to build a church, and the corner-stone was laid that fall. The building was consecrated to the worship of God November 13, 1832, by Bishop Onderdonk. In 1871-72, the building was renovated, and now constitutes the house of worship. The following were the first Vestry- men: Dr. M. B. Bradley, Timothy Judson, Amos Judson, Martin Strong, John Vincent, James Pollock and John Tracy. The rectors of the parish have been Revs. B. Glover, Samuel T. Lord, Tobias Harper Mitchell, M. D,, Richard Smith, John Ireland, S. B. Moore, John A. Davis, S. D. McConnell, Samuel J. French, T. O. Tongue, E. D. Irvine, Thomas White, W. H. Robertn, and again the present incumbent Rev. E. D. Irvine. The Methodist Episcopal congregation was not regularly organized until 1835, though occasional services had been held from as long back as 1814. The meeting place for some years was in an old building removed from near the Eagle Hotel to the corner of High and Sixth streets. The present structure was built In 1854. The pastors of the congregation were, in 1849, H. JuU and E. T. "Wheeler, and the present pastor is J. F. Stocker. STATE AND COUNTY OFFICERS. Up to thirty years ago, Waterford shared equally with Erie in political influence, and* there is hardly a position within the gift of the people of the county that has not been filled by one or more of its citizens, as the following list shows: Quartermaster General, Wilson Smith, 1812; Presidential Electors, John Boyd, 1824; Wilson Smith. 1832; Charles C. Boyd, 1872. State Senate, Wilson Smith, 1809 to 1812. Assemblv, John Lytle, 1802 to 1805; Wilson Smith, 1806 to 1808 and 1819-20; Samuel Hutchins, 1838 and 1839; David Himrod, 1857; O. S. Woodward, 1865 and 1866. Associate Judges, John Vincent, December 23, 1805, to March 26, 1840; Samuel Hutchins, November 12, 1856, to November 23, 1861; William Benson, November 8, 1866, to No- vember 8, 1872. Sheriffs, Wilson Smith, 1803 to 1805; Thomas B. Vincent, November 2, 1852, to October 28, 1855; John L. Hyner, October 24, 1873, to January 1, 1877; H. C. Stafford, January 1, 1880, to January 1, 1883. Pro- thonotary, E. L. Whittelsey, November 22, 1869, to December 28, 1875. Register and Recorder, Reuben J. Sibley, November 25, 1848, to November 22, 1851. Coroner, M. S. Vincent, 1872 to 1875. County Commissioners, John Vincent, 1803 to 1804; John Boyd, 1807 to 1810; Henry Colt, 1822 to 1825; William Benson, Sr., 1826 to 1828; Flavel Boyd, 1854 'to 1857; Charles C. Boyd, 1863 to 1866. Directors of the Poor, James Benson, 1840 to 1841; James Anderson, 1843 to 1846; George Fritts, 1849 to 1852. Countv Sur- veyors, Wilson Smith, 1800 to 1801; Wilson King, 1827 to 1833; W^illiam Benson, Jr., 1854 to 1863. County Auditors, Charles Martin, 1810; John Lytle, 1813 to 1816; Amos Judson, 1814 to 1817; James M. McKay, 1825 to 1828; Martin Strong, 1826 to 1829; William Benson, 1835 to 1838; Simeon Hunt, 1845 to 1846; Flavel Boyd, 1850 to 1853. Mercantile Appraisers, S. B. Benson, 1852 and 1861; J. P. Vincent, 1857; C. W. S. Anderson, 1863; H. R. Whittelsey, 1866; James R. Taylor, 1869. Thomas Wilson, Congress- man from 1813 to 1816, had been a resident of Waterford, where he married Miss Nay lor, but removed to Erie in 1805, and was living there when elected. Other citizens of Erie chosen to public positions, who were natives of Water- ford Borough or Township, are: John P. Vincent, Additional Law Judge from December, 1866, to April 17, 1874, and President Judge from the latter date WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 683 to January, 1877; James Skinner, State Senator from 1852 to 1855, and Pro- thonotarj from November, 1857, to November, 1863; Alfred King, Prothono- tary from November, 1854, to the same month in 1857; and John A. Tracy, County Treasurer from 1835 to 1838. Among professional and business men, her contribution to Erie includes William Benson, John Clemens, A. H. Gray, F. F. Adams, F. F. Farrar, Dr. P. Hall, Irvin Camp, B. B. Vincent, William Himrod, T. B. Vincent, Dr. L. Strong, O. S. Woodward, and others whose names cannot now be recalled. She has given to the city two Mayors — F. F. Farrar and Alfred King. Sheriff Vincent became a resident of Erie on the ex- piration of his term of office. George W. Reed came over from Erie and built the United States Hotel, at the corner of French and Second streets, which was once the most famous in the cit3\ Mr. Tracy's career in Erie began as a clerk for Reed & Sanford in 1816. He was' the father of John F. Tracy, deceased, and father-in-law of William L. Scott, two of the most conspicuous railroad men in the country. POSTMASTERS. The following is a complete list of the Postmasters of the borough, with the year of their commission: Charles Martin, 1801; Samuel Hutchins, 1819; Joseph Derrickson, 1820; John Marvin, 1831; Henry Colt, 1840; Joseph L. Cook, 1841; Timothy Judson, 1844; John Curtis. 1847; Thomas B. Vincent, 1849; HughH. Whitney, 1852; Henry Colt, 1853; John Lytle, 1861; Will- iam Vincent, 1861; Andrew W. Tracy, 1865; W^illiam O. Colt, 1868; James P. Vincent, 1869; Sarah H. Vincent. *1875. NEWSPAPERS. In 1851, Joseph S. M. Young started the Waterford i)/s;jafc/i, which attained to a wide circulation by its sympathy with the "Rippers" in the railroad war. He removed it to Erie in 1856, and it became the basis of the present exten- sive Erie Dispatch establishment. B. F. H. Lynn, who rose to distinction as an Erie publisher, was employed by Mr. Young in Waterford, and came over with the office. Not long after the change, Mr. Lewis, who was printing the Edinboro Museum, went to Waterford with his office, and printed a paper for a short time. In 1857, it fell into the hands of Amos Judson, who changed the name to the Enquirer. That paper suspended for a few months in 1858, but was recommenced by Judson & Lynn, who were succeeded by C. R. H. Lynn, under whose administration it went out of existence. The borough was without a papei* till May 7, 1874, when L. B. Thompson established the Waterford Enterprise. Not proving as successful as he anticipated, the office was moved to Union City in February, 1875. Dr. D. P. Robbins started the Waterford Astonisher on the 26th of January, 1878, and continued his con nection with the same until December 16 of that year, when A. F. Moses took charge, changed the astonishing name to the Waterford Leader, and continued its publication until April 1, 1883, when it was purchased by W. G. Lefevre. In his hands it is meeting with a fair share of business, and has become a permanent institution. MANUFACTORIES. The manufacturing establishments of the borough consist of D. P. Fritts' cheese factory (opened May 10, 1870), now operated by E. M. Thurber; Bo- lard's tannery; A. D. Johnson's boot and shoe factory; Wheeler & Dewey's grist, saw and lath mill and planing factory; Howe & Son's and George G. Taylor's carriage and wagon factories; O. H. Woodward's marble works; James A. Boyd's carpenter and joiner shop; William C. Lowell's cooper shop;Halsey 684 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. & McKay's and Bradish & Smith's, H. Hovis', Ira Skiff's, Taylor's and Howe's blacksmith shops. Of secret societies, there are the Masons, United Workmen, State Police, Patrons of Husbandry and Mutual Protective Association. The borough boasts five halls — McKay's, Phelp's, Keystone, Masonic and Work- men's. Most of the buildings in the borough are frame, but there are several good brick structures. MISCELLANEOUS. The largest fire with which Waterford has been afflicted occurred on the 5th of March, 1865, sweeping away the whole of the west side of High street from Second alley to Judson's store, and running north from Secoad alley about one-half the block. The next largest happened on the last day of De- cember, 1873, destroying the Union hotel, a large three-story building, and two other structures. The Miles Barnett Tannery has been burned down twice. Quite extensive fires took place on the nights of February 4, 1881, and Febru- ary 22, 1883. The first destroyed the buildings belonging to A. M. Carson, the heirs of David Boyd, T. W. Whitney, J. W. Willard and the heirs of A. Oliver; the second, A. M. Carson's stoi-e, P. C. Sedgwick's meat market, and Hiram How land's grocery. A fire in the winter of 1883-84 burned down Wheeler & Dewey's grist, saw and lath mill, and planing factory. Isaac M. W^hite, Treasurer and Clerk of the borough, has held those posi- tions for thirty-nine consecutive years. The town hall of the borough is in a two-story frame building, the lower story being used for an engine house and lock-up, and the upper story for Council meetings. The township and borough both hold elections in the building. In 1834, the official valuation of prop- erty in the borough was $29,464, and the assessment of taxes summed up $147.52. In 1883, the assessments gave the following result: Value of real es- tate, $246,508; number of cows, sixty-six; of horses and mules, ninety-two; value of same, $8,030; value of trades and occupations, $37,625; money at interest, $55,825. Waterford has always been noted for the number of its aged lady residents. Mrs. Phelps was ninety-five }'ears old when she died in August, 1879; Mrs. Henry Colt died on the 30th of March, 1881, aged eighty-seven years eleven xnonths and twenty-two days. David Himrod was at one period among the prominent iron men of the United States. He removed to Erie in 1826, and was an active business man in that city for many years. CHAPTER III. UNION TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF UNION CITY. IN the organization of Erie County, all that portion of its territory lying east of LeBceuf and Waterford, to the western line of Wayne and Concord, was given the name of Union Township. From 1800 to 1821, Union and Brokenstraw, which included Wayne and Concord, formed one election dis- trict, a fact that has given rise to the erroneous conclusion with some that the fii'st-named township covered that entire section. In 1825, Amity was taken from Union, leaving the township lines as they are found at present. Union Township is almost square, having a length of about six and a quarter by a breadth of about five and three-quarter miles. It is bounded on the north by Amity, on the east by Wayne and Concord, on the south by Crawford County, UNION TOWNSHIP. 685 and on the west by LeBoeuf. The population was 200 in 18'20, 235 in 1830 543 in 1840, 1,080 in 1850, 1,954 in 1860, 1.334 in 1870, and 1,337 in 1880.' The assessment for 1883 showed the following results: Number of acres '21,331; value of real estate, $513,193; cows, 771, value $15,420; oxen, 26, value, $1,005; horses and mules, 273; value, $16,812; personal property, $33,- 237; trades and occupations, $1,350; money at interest, $6,351. Union contains very little flat land, and such as there is, embracing a few farms only, lies wholly along the South Branch of French Creek. The balance of the township is rolling, with few steep hills or abrupt ravines, almost every foot of ground being susceptible of cultivation. The country is mostly a grazing section, but wheat, corn, oats, etc., are raised in considerable quantities. Land is valued at $20 to $50 an acre according to the location. " The soil is generally a heavy clay, with an underlying strata of hard pan, excepting about 1,200 acres, which were originally covered with pine timber, and are a gravelly loam, underlaid with sand. The timber, aside from the pine above mentioned, was principally beech, maple, hemlock, cucumber and whitewood, with a ridge of oak and chestnut through the southwest corner." A sink-hole, similar to the one near Waterford, but of less extent, was encountered in building the Philadelphia & Erie Kailroad, a short distance outside of the borough. THE SOUTH BRANCH AND ITS TRIBUTARIES. The chief stream is the South Branch of French Creek, or Little French Creek as it is sometimes called, which rises in Concord, south of Corry, flows through the main part of the latter township, past Lovell's Station and Elgin, across Union from east to west, and joins the main stream in Le Bceuf, a few rods below the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad bridge, after a course of not far from twenty miles. From Corry to Le BoeuE, it furnishes the route of the A. & G. W. and Philadelphia & Erie Railroads. In proportion to the amount of water, this stream furnishes the most power of any in the county. Its tribu- taries in Union Township are, on the south side, Scotchman's, Wilson's, Mulvin's and Carroll's Runs, and on the north side Pine, Tolbert's and Benson's Runs, all small streams. Scotchman's Run rises in Bloomfield Township, Crawford County, and falls into the South Branch on or near the W. Wade farm, having a length of about four miles. It has two branches, known as Stewart s and Cochran's Runs. Wilson's Run also heads in Bloomfield, and, after a length of five to six miles, ends at Steenrod's mill. The head of Mulvin's Run is on the farm of S. Shreve, its mouth is on the Mulvin farm, and its length is some two miles. Carroll's Run starts on the M. Shreve place and ends in Le Bceuf Township, just across the line, after a course of about seven miles. Pine Run begins near the Wayne line. Its length is perhaps three and a half miles, and it joins the South Branch on the John Caflish place. Tolbert's Run has its head on the R. S. Church place, and its mouth in the borough, near P. H. Thompson's mill. Its length is estimated at three miles. Benson's Run commences on land of James Roark, and, after a course of about two miles, terminates in the borough, near its western boundary. The main in- let of Oil Creek Lake, in Crawford County, rises in the southwest near the Le Bceuf line. BRIDGES AND MILLS. The Philadelphia & Erie Railroad has five bridges over the South Branch, two in the township and three in the borough, while the A. & G. W. road, by following a higher grade, avoided the necessity of even crossing the stream once. The township bridires are good, but not expensive. The main thorough- fares are the old road to Wattsburg, the Smiley road to the same place, the 686 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Flats road to Waterford, and the roads to Corry, Concord, Titusville and Mill Village. The Philadelphia & Erie and A. & G. W. Kailroads both cross the township from Le Boeuf to Concord, following practically the same route, by way of the South Branch, though at different elevations. A third railroad, the Union & Titusville, comes in from Crawford County, and connects with the Philadelphia & Erie at Union City. The manufacturing concerns of the township are E. & J. Steenrod's saw and grist mill on the South Branch, east of the borough; Fenno's sawmill and Seymour's saw and shingle mill, both on Church's Run; J. F. Kamerer's saw mill, north of the borough; the West Union or Carroll's cheese factory, two and a half miles south of the borough on the Mill Village road; Wager's cider mill, one mile south of the borough; John Vermilyea's saw mill on the Town Line road; H. G. Bentley's saw mill, three and a half miles northeast of the borough; Miller's saw mill, in the south part; Harrison's, in the W^ilson neigh- borhood; Lyon's mill, about two miles east of the borough; one on the South Branch, between the N. Y., P. & O. and P. & E. roads, about three miles east of the borough; Peter Thompson's, two miles southeast of the borough. The Car- roll Cheese Factory was started May 6, 1872, and has been generally successful. The township has had at dififerent periods as many as fifteen saw mills run by water and four by steam, the bare mention of which indicates the immense amount of timber that has been cut off and marketed. CHURCHES AND GEAVEYARDS. The only church in the township is the Asbury Methodist Episcopal ChajDel, which stands near the Mill Village road, almost on the line of Le Boeuf, three miles southwest of the borough. The congregation was organized with nine- teen members, by Rev. John Scott, in 1840, and besides the gentleman named, had Rev. D. Rowland as one of the first pastors. The building was erected at a cost of S850, in 1862, and has been recently repaired. It was attached to AVattsburg Circuit until the formation of Union City Circuit, when it was joined to the Riceville Circuit. About 1875, it was made a part of Union City Circuit, to which it now belongs. The membership is about sixty-five. Quite a neat graveyard, the only one outside of the borough cemeteries, is attached to the chapel. Most of the burials from the township are made at Union City. One of the earliest if not the first school of the township was taught during the war of 1812, by William Craig, in a house vacated by Thomas McElhany. /Probably the next school was taught by Mrs. Susanna Pain, during the summer of 1815, in a log cabin built by Hugh Wilson. She also taught the following summer in her own house. The first house built for a school which was suc- cessful was erected about 1818, near the mills, now Union City. William Kelley, an Irishman, taught here two winters. Mr. Young followed. Daniel Sacket, who hailed from the East, taught here in 1825, and from that date schools were frequent. In the fall of 1835, a second house was built, two and one-half miles distant, where David Wilson taught for four winters. Following is a list of the township schools: Howard, Wilson, Norton, Thompson, Sherwood, Miilvin, Smith, Fenao, Bentley, Kimball, Beach, Shreve, Mitchell. Smith's quarry, a mile north of the borough, on the Wattsburg road, and Wellman's, in the Carroll settlement, near the Le Boeuf line, are the only ones in thetownship. EARLY SETTLERS. The first settler in Union Township was Hugh Wilson, from the North of Ireland, who came early in !1797 and was joined the following year by Andrew UNION TOWNSHIP. 689 Thompson, wife and four children, Matthew Gray, wife and son Francis B. , and Robert Smith. Jacob Sheppard, from the Susquehanna Valley, went in during the year 1798, but left and did not return until 1820. About the same time that Sheppard first came, John Wilson, father of Hugh, arrived direct from Ireland, with two grown daughters. John Fagan, from Franklin County, settled on the Kussell Church farm about 1798, but changed to Mill Creek Township in 1803 or 1801. William Miles and his family moved over from what is now Concord in 1800, and were followed by Miles' brother-in-law, William Cook, with his family, in 1801. During the latter year, the settle- ment was increased by the arrival of Abel K. Thompson, with five sons and two daughters, and of Ferdinand Carroll and family from Ireland. From that date to 1816, it does not appear that any permanent acquisitions took place, but in the latter year James Smiley with his wife and six children were added to the colony. Of later settlers, Richard Shreve made his location in 1820; Levi Barnes and Abram Emerson in 1821, and Daniel Dunham in 1836. Mr. Shreve had been a resident of Crawford County, and Messrs. Barnes, Emerson and Dunham were from the interior of New York. Matthew Gray founded the first tanneiy. William Carroll was five years old before his father reached the township. Mr. Smiley had charge of Miles' mill for many years. The colonists were few until about 1830. Most of the families, now in the town- ship, came after that year. The first death was that of John Wilson, father of Hugh, who departed this life in June, 1799, and was buried in a natural mound in the forest. The first child was Martha, daughter of Hugh Wilson and wife, born August 18, 1800. The first marriage, and the first in the south part of the county, was that of William Smith and Elizabeth Wilson, in 1799, and the second that of Thomas King and Sarah Wilson in 1800, both ladies being daughters of John Wilson. Mrs. Smith, nee Elizabeth Wilson, died August 6, 1875, in Wayne Township at the extraordinary age of ninety-nine years, being the fourth oldest woman who has lived in the county. Hugh Wilson was the first Justice of the Peace in Erie County south of the Triangle. He was commis- sioned by Gov. McKean in 1803, and held the office till 1816 or 1817, when he resigned. While he held the position, he officiated at most of the marriages in that part of the county, POLITICAL. Union City and Union Township have furnished the following county offi(!ers: Sherifl', F. E. Staple, January 1, 1880, to January 1, 1883. County Treasurer, W. O. Black, December 20, 1860, to December 23, 1862; C. ^Y. Keller, December 26, 1866, to March 10, 1870, when he resigned. County Commissioner, Robert Gray, 1843 to 1846; William Putnam, 1858 to 1861. Jury Commissioner, P. G. Stranahan, 1867 to 1870; James D. Phillips, 1882 to 1884. County Superintendent of Public Schools, Charles Twining, 1878 to 1884. Director of the Poor, Andrew Thompson, 1865 to 1870; M. B. Chamberlain, 1873 to 1876; Jefferson Triscuit, 1878 to 1885. County Surveyor, David Wilson, 1852 to 1854. County Auditors, Robert Gray, lS52to 1856; Thomas W^oods, 1869 to 1872. County Detective, Daniel Mitchell, January, 1876, to January, 1879. James Miles, who left Union to make his home at the mouth of Elk Creek in 1832, was a County Commissioner from 1835 to 1838, and an Associate Judge from 1851 to 1856. Newton T. Hume, County Treasurer from Januai-y l,jl875, to January 1, 1878, though elected from Wattsburg, was long a resident of Union City. Joseph Sill was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue under the United States Gov- ernment for several years. 36 690 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. BOROUGH OF UNION CITY. The borough of Union City stands upon both sides of the South Branch of French Creek, very nearly in the center of Union Township, at a distance of twenty-seven miles by railroad southeast from the water's edge at Erie. The settlement was first given the name of Miles' Mills, which was changed to Union Mills in 1863, when it was created a borough, and finally to Union City July 4, 1871. The earliest buildings were erected on the flat land, in the narrow valley of the creek, immediately around what is now known as Church's mill, from which point the town has spread to the ridges north and south for probably half a mile in each direction. As a railroad point. Union City has few superiors in this part of the country, the Philadelphia & Erie and Atlan- tic & Great Western both passing through, and the Union & Titusville having its northern terminus in the town. There are four dams on the South Branch in the space of half a mile within the borough limits. The population was 1,500 in 1870, and 2,171 in 1880. THE FOUNDER. The founder of Union City was William Miles, a native of Ireland, who was brought to this country when eight years of age, his parents settling in the easte'rn part of Pennsylvania. While quite young, he volunteered as a soldier in the Revolution, was stationed at Freeland's fort in Northumberland County, which was attacked and captured in 1778 by the Indian allies of the British, was sent to Quebec as a prisoner of war, and was kept there in dreary confinement for the long term of five years, or until our National Independ- ence was acknowledged. The father of Mr. Miles was killed in the tight. On his release, W^illiam Miles returned to the Susquehanna Valley, and in 1785 surveyed the Tenth Donation District, extending from near Waterford Borough to the Warren County line, and then returned East. In 1795, he again came West and located in what is now Concord Township. In 1796, Mr, Miles made a clearing and built a storehouse at Wattsburg, where for some years an ex- tensive trade was carried on in furs and supplies. In 1800, he moved his family to Union, where he commenced the erection of a grist and saw mill combined on or near the site of the present Church mill, completing it in 1801. The mill was destroyed by fu-e in 1802 and rebuilt in 1803. Added to his other business, Mr. Miles cleared a great deal of land, opened roads, secured a mail route, and had a post offic© established, with himself as Postmaster. In 1822, he established a grist mill and saw mill at Wattsburg, and in 1828 laid out that town, naming it after his wife's father, David Watts, Sr., of Carlisle. Mr. Miles died in Girard Township, in 1846, at the age of eighty-seven. Will- iam Cook followed Mr. Miles to Union with his family in 1801, where he died in 1830, He had been a Surgeon in the Revolutionary army. GROWTH OF THE TOWN. Up to the year 1855, the settlement consisted of but a few buildings sur- rounding the mills, and gave no promise of the bright future that proved to be in store for it. In that year, H. L. Church, A. L. Summerton and D. M. Mc- Leod moved over from Warren, rebuilt the mills, started a store and sold some lots. A town was laid out by David Wilson, under the patronage of James Miles — who still owned much of the property — which included only a trifling part of the present borough. About 1856, Mr. Summerton surveyed the plat since known as Summerton Hill. Previous to that, in 1852, James Miles had UNION TOWNSHIP. 691 been made a Director of the Philadelphia & Erie road, and by his influence the route was carried to Union instead of Wattsburg. In 1858, the road was opened to Union. In 1859, P. G. Stranahan, who had been a farmer and hotel -keeper on the Moravian flats in Le Boeuf, purchased the Miles homestead, which he has occupied ever since, laid out an addition to the town on the south side, and sold off a large number of lots, continuing to make additions and sales for ten years. The Atlantic & Great Western road being built through Union in 1862, gave increased value to property on that side of the town, and in 1865 James Sill, P. G. Stranahan and Joseph Sill bought and laid out the Black farm into lots, which sold rapidly. In 1866, James Sill purchased the Tour- tellott farm, on the north side, and in 1873, E. VV. Hatch the Smiley farm, adjoining, both of Which were surveyed and a large number of the lots sold. Another addition was made by T. B. Shreve, south of the Atlantic & Great Western road, about the latter year. The first strong impulse was given to Union by the opening of the Phila delphia & Erie road, and this happy circumstance was followed by another in the summer of 1859, which may be said to have been the making of the town. This was no less an event than the development of natural oil as an article of commerce at Titusville. In 1862, three oil refineries and several large cooper shops were running to their fullest capacity. The completion of the Oil Greek road during the latter year gave a sudden check to this thrifty condition of affairs, by doing away with the hauling by wagons and diverting the oil traffic to Corry. The town had a live population, however, and gradually picked up again In the fall of 1870, Woods & Johnson started the largest barrel factory that had then been built upon the continent. In enterprise, population and impor- tance, Union City is the third place in the county. In 1865, James Sill and P. G. Stranahan originated the Union & Titusville road. It was not completed, how- ever, till February, 1871, after the oil center had changed from Titusville, and has never realized the hopes of the citizens. While upon the subject of oil, it may be stated that for many years — commencing long before Drake's discov- ery at Titusville — the fluid was gathered on the banks of the creek at Union. The most prolific yield was at the foot of the hill on which Mr. Strana- han's residence stands. A well was suuk there about 1859, to a depth of 100 feet, and deepened to 900 feet in 1864, and other wells were put down along the stream. Union has an unusual number of good residences, and the character of the ground affords many attractive sites for the purpose. Its churches and hotels are among the finest in the county. Its business houses embrace every variety usually found in places of the size, and being almost entirely upon one street, within moderate limits, an air of life and thrift is given to the town which makes a pleasant impression upon strangers. The hotels of Union City are the Johnson House, Cooper House, Cole- man House, Farmers' Hotel, Burns House and St. Charles Hotel. It pos- sesses three public halls — Deamer, Keystone and the Good Templars. SOCIETIES. The secret societies consist of the Masons, Odd Fellows, Grange, Knights of Honor, Grand Army of the Republic, Good Templars, Equitable Aid Union, Royal Arcanum, and Royal Templars of Temperance. Eureka Lodge, F. & A. M. , No. 366, was organized in 1865: it now has about sixty members. Clement Lodge, No. 220, I. O. O. F. , was chartered August 26, 1871; it con- tains 118 members, and meets every Tuesday evening. Nineveh Encamp- ment, No. 248, I. O. O. F., was chartered May 18, 1874, and has a present 692 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. membership of fifty-three; its evenings for regular meetings are the second and fourth Fridays of each month. Union City Grange, No. 89, Patrons of Husbandry, was chartered June 29, 1874. Israel Lodge, No. 50, Knights of Honor, was organized December 11, 1874, with about twenty members, now increased to fifty-four. John W. Mcl.iane, Post No. 102, Gr. A. R., was char- tered June 24, 1876, with sixteen members. Its present membership is fifty- nine. Union City Lodge, No. 1015. Independent Order of Good Templars, was organized with eighteen members; its charter bears date February 27, 1878. Banner Union, No. 12, Equitable Aid Union, was organized August 22, 1879; it now numbers fifty -three members. Union Council, No. 198, Royal Arcanum, was chartered with ten members May 3, 1880. Star Council, No' 58, Eoyal Templars of Temperance, was instituted August 5, 1880, and now has a membership of about forty. Besides these, there is Union City Branch, No. 12, of the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association, with a member- ship of seventeen. The public schools of Union City are nine in number, including a high school, and by the last report gave tuition to 423 pupils. The high school and four of the graded schools are in one large building; the remainder are in another on the opposite side of the town. The Principal of the high school acts as Superintendent of all, visiting each at least once a week. There are two banks at Union City. Coope)''s, of which Ezra Cooper is President and W. B. Foster, Cashier, has been in operation for many years. The Farmers' Co operative Trust Company commenced a banking business in the summer of 1883. Jonathan Canfield is President; W. W. Deem, Cashier. The borough has suffered severely through the recent failure of two banks. MANUFACTORIES. Brisk as Union is in other respects, it is as a manufacturing town that it specially excels. The variety and importance of its interests in this direction will be appreciated by an examination of the following list of establishments: Anchor Grist Mill, Cafflish Brothers' steam saw mill, Blanchard & Hanson's furniture factory, Clough's shingle mill. Cooper's planing mill. Church's grist and saw mills, Clark & Son's saw. stave and handle mill, Dunmeyer's Indus- trial Iron Works, Hunter's pump factory and planing mill. Hatch's broom factory, Irwin's carding and grist mill, Jones' cheese factory, Jones' cheese box factory, Jenkins' sash, door and blind factory, Lamphier & Brower's car- riage and wagon factory, Morton's wagon factory, Pratt & Son's saw mill, Terrill's tannery, Thompson's water wheel works, Union City Iron Works, Union City Chair Company (moved from Jamestown, N. Y., about March 1, 1881), Woods & Johnson's barrel factories, Westcott's broom handle factory, W^oods' stave factory. Wager's beer brewery, Westcott's dowel pin factory. The largest manufacturing establishment in the borough is the Union City Chair Company, which makes daily about 400 chairs, sold mainly in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware and West Vii'ginia. The business was commenced on an extensive scale in the spring of 1881, but the shops were totally destroyed by tire in the following July. Messrs. Heineman & Che- ney, the present proprietors, immediately rebuilt them. The main building is 120x40 feet, two and a half stories high, with an addition 60x30 and other adjoining buildings; all kinds of wood seat chai,rs are made and constant em- ployment is given in the shops to thirty-five men. The Anchor Mills, Camp, Geiger & Beebe, proprietors, is one of the best and most extensive in the country, doing a business of half a million annually. The mills are fitted out with all the improvements and have a capacity of seventy-five barrels of UNION TOWNSHIP. 693 flour per day. The Union City Iron Works, where portable and stationary, upright and horizontal engines are njanufactiired, also deserves special men- tion as a business industry of the place, as does likewise the pump factory of J. W. Hunter. This list does not take in the many small shops that are in- cident to a town like Union. Five of the above-named works — Church's grist and saw mills, Cooper's planing mill, Clark's factory and Blanchard & Han- son's factoi'y — are run by the water of French Creek; two others — Thompson's and Irwin's — by that of Church Run, and the balance by steam. (Since the above was placed in type, Church's Mill has burned down.) CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS. Union City contains Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Baptist and United Brethren Churches, all of which are creditable edifices, though the first-mentioned is the costliest and finest. The Presbyterian congregation was organized with nine members, by Rev. John Matthews in ISII. The first church building was erected in 1831, on a lot donated by William Miles, who also contributed 150; and the present one, which cost $12,000, was dedicated Febrnai-y 24, 1874. The sheds were built in 1875, and a fine chapel, the gift of Mrs. Jane Gray, widow of Robert Gray, was added in 1879. Mr. and Mrs. Gray were the only original members who lived to worship in the new church. When the congregation was organized, it consisted of but eight members, besides Matthew Gray, the Elder. Rev, Mr. Matthews supplied the pulpit until 1820, when Rev. Amos Chase took his place, giving to the church one-foiu"th of his time. The following is a par- tial list of the pastors since: Revs. Absalom McCready, Pierce Chamber- lain, Thomas Andei-son, and J. F. Reed; Rev. J. M. Gillette becoming pastor and remaining till 1873. He was followed by Rev. R. B. Dilworth, the pi'esent pastor. The present membership of the church is about two hundred. The Methodist Episcopal congregation was organized by Rev. Ira Eddy in 1817, six years after the Presbyterian, and had Rev. John P. Bent as its first pastor. The first church was built in 1847, and the second and present one in 1862, costing $10,000. Since the formation of Cony Circuit, the pastors of the congregation have been S. L. Wilkinson, R. F. Keeler, G. W. Staples, W. Hollister, G. W. Staples, W. Hollister, O. L. Mead, J. Whitely, A. J. Mer- chant, A. Van Camp. W. H. Mossman, F. H. Beek, J. C. Scofield, N. H. Holmes. The membership is about two hundred. In its early history, this charge was a part of Wattsburg Circuit. About a quarter of a century ago. Union City Circuit was formed, which nov, besides the church in the borough, includes Asbury Church of Union Township. St. Teresa Catholic Church was organized about 1857. Catholic families had settled here about 1854, and were attended for several years from Pitts- burgh. Father Emerand, O. S. B., then held services for several years. At the opening of the rebellion, he enlisted as Chaplain of a regiment under Gen. Rosecrans and was killed in service. Rev. T. Lonnergan, of Corry, took charge of the congregation in 1800, and under efforts put forth by him, a church was immediately built. He attended the charge until 1867 and his assistants until a year later. Father P. J. Morrell was then pastor for a year, succeeded by Father John L. Madigan, who remained until 1871. Father Joseph M. Dunn, the present pastor, then commenced his labors here. The school was built in 1866 and enlarged in 1875, and the parochial residence was erected in 1874. The congregation numbers about ninety families. The school is attended by about one hundred and thirty pupils, and is in charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph. 694 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The Baptist Church at Union City was formed with eleven members in Au- gust, 1859, in the Methodist Episcopal Church, by the withdrawal of members residing in Union City and vicinity from the Wattsburg Bapt^ist Church. They were recognized by churches in the Harmony (N. Y.) Association in June, 1860. Elder L. Rathbone preached occasionally to the congregation in the Presbyterian and Methodist Churches, and in 1862 Rev. A. D. Bush a(!cepted a call to the pastorate. Under his persistent labors a meeting-house was erected. In 1865, Rev. A. Tennant commenced a long and successful pastor- ate. In 1871, Rev. B. C. Willoughby became pastor, succeeded at the expira- tion of a year by Rev. W. L. Anthony. Rev. William Gilkes followed, re- mainiug nearly three years. Then Revs. T. J. Knapp, T. A. Edwards and A, D. Bush successively assumed charge, the latter, who is present pas- tor, taking charge in November, 1882. The membership is now about one hundred. The United Brethren society was organized about 1872, succeeding an old class which formerly met at Kimball's Hill, two miles northwest from the borough. In that year, Rev. W. R. Allen preached on this circiiit. The early services were held in the Presbyterian Church until 1876, when a large frame church was erected at a cost of over $2,000, and the work of its completion is still in progress. Meetings have since been held in the basement of this church. The membership is about fifty. The appointments in this circuit are three — Union City, New Ireland, three miles west, and Valley in Crawford County. The pastors since 1872 have been Revs. H. H. Barber, J. Hill, J. W. Gage, W. Rittenhouse, A. K. Root, W. H. Chiles, D. C. Starkey, W. H. Chiles and W. Rittenhouse. An Episcopal congregation was organized in 1875, but had no church, and is now defunct. Evergreen Cemetery, the principal burying place of town and township, is a beautiful piece of high, dry, gravelly ground, on the Concord road, near the southeast edge of the borough. It was originated by David Wilson, v.'ho laid out the plat and was the first President of the company. The cemetery was dedicated in September, 1865. The Catholic Cemetery, near the other, was consecrated about 1860, and embraces about an acre and a half. The soldiers' monument in Evergreen Cemetery was dedicated on May 30, 1884. NEWSPAPERS. The earliest newspaper in the towr. was the Union Mills Bulletin, started by William C. Jackson in 1865, and continued by him for one year, when the office was purchased by H. G. Pratt and Fi. Burrington, who changed the name to the Star. These gentlemen held out for about a year and then moved to Corry, where the establishment was merged with the Republican. The town was without a journal until November, 1870, when the Union City Times appeared, with Robert Troup as editor. The Times was printed in the Dis patch office at Erie for about two years, when Mr. Troup associated J. E. Locke with him, secured material and issued it at home. In August, 1873, H. D. Persons and L. B. Thompson bought the office, taking possession Sep- tember 1; six months afterward, Mr. Thompson retired from the firm, and in March, 1874, W. F. Richards formed a partnership with Mr, Persons, which arrangement terminated in about four months, and Mr. Persons continued the management until the spring of 1875. By an arrangement with the owners of the Corry Republican, brought about through the agency of S. Todd Perley, the two offices were moved to Erie May 1, 1875, and their material was used in the publication of the Argus, which had a brief but brilliant career. After the failure of the Argus, Mr. Persons took his office back to Union and re-es - UNION TOWNSHIP. tt95 tablished the Times on the 12th of August, 1875. The establishment was pur- chased by Dr. D. P. Bobbins in November, 1877, who sold to F. E. McLean in August, 1878, and in November, 1879, Mr. McLean associated with him in partnership W. A. Moore. This latter gentleman, in May, 1880, sold his interest to A. F. Moses, who in turn conveyed it a year later to J. C. Mc- Lean and W. G. Lefevre. It was then published under the name of the Times Publishing Company, until May, 1882, when F. E. & J. C. McLean became sole proprietors, and are now its publishers. In February, 1875, Mr. L. B. Thompson moved the Enterprise from Waterford to Union City, and issued it until June of the same year, when it was bought by Pratt Bros. & Hub- bard. Mr. Hubbard soon retired from the firm, and Pratt Bros, continued the paper at Union until November, 1877, when the office was moved to Corry and the Corry Herald established. The Union City Advertiser was be- gun in the summer of 1874, by Hildreth, Young & Co., to give publicity to their Photocrome business. The work was done in the Waterford Enterprise office, and shortly after the removal of that paper to Union City, as above stated, the Advertiser was discontinued. Early in 1879, M. H. Fenno started an edition of the Corry Herald for Union circulation, calling it by the name of the Record. Its list was purchased by F. E. McLean in November, 1879, and combined with that of the Times. MISCELLANEOUS. The assessment for 1883 gave the following results: Value of real estate, $388,870; cows, 123; value, $2,460; oxen, 6; value, $250; horses and mules, 148; value, $6,887; personal property, $9,607; trades and occupations, $49,- 310; money at interest, $41,921. The tix'st successful school was established about 1820, in a building which stood on High street where Leander Miller lives. The first tavern was opened by David Jones in 1829. The first store was started in 1831 by Fleming & Brewster, of Erie, and was run for them by Julius Hitchcock. The old portion of P. G. Stranahan's residence, which probably antedates any other building now standing in the town, was built by William Miles in 1828. A tavern was built in 1832, near the old mill, by Asa Walton and Wash- ington Webber. The propei'ty was purchased in 1838 by Capt. A. Tourtellot, who rebuilt the house. D. Dunham & Sons started a tannery in 1836, and continued until 1871. The South Branch is crossed within the borough by two iron bridges and one wooden bridge, of eighty feet span each. The iron bridges were put up about 1871, and cost $3,000 apiece. A substantial wood- en bridge enables the Union & Titusville railroad to connect with the Phila- delphia & Erie a short distance east of the depot building of the latter i-oad. The most extensive fire that Union has known broke out in the Stranahan Block about half -past 3 o'clock on the morning of April 24, 1879, and swept down both sides of Main street to the creek, destroying buildings and goods estimated at the time to be worth $75,000, not more than half of which was covered with insurance. A large share of the burnt district has been rebuilt with a better class of structures than before. The next great fire occurred on Monday night, the 24th of July, 1882, and destroyed property to the value of $50,000. It originated in the boiler house of Hineman & Cheney's chair and furniture factory, and burned down eight buildings, besides damaging two others. The insurance was not much more than one-fourth of the loss. Another fire on the evening of Wednesday, May 28, 1884, burned down a row of frame buildings adjoining the Johnson House, occupied by seven business firms. The loss was about $12,000. The most destructive flood known in the history of Union City occurred on the 4th of February, 1882. 696 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. CHAPTER IV. LE BGEUF TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF MILL VILLAGE. THIS township received its name from Le Boeuf Creek, which joins French Creek within its limits. It is one of the original townships of the county, and belongs to what is known as "the Southern Tier." It is bounded on the north by Waterford, on the east by Union, on the south by Crawford County, and on the west by Washington. The township lines are all straight except two slight variations in the northern boundary, and a jog or handle about half a mile square at the northeast corner, extending into Waterford. Le Boeuf is six and one-half miles long from east to west, by four and one-half wide from north to south. The population was 505 in 1820, 554 in 1830, 876 in 1840, 990 in 1850, 1,483 in i860, 1,748 in 1870, and 1,420 in 1880. The only post office is Le Boeuf, on the P. & E. R. R. The assessment for 1883 gave the following results: Number of acres, 20,48]; value of real pstate, $524,185; average per acre, $26.06; cows, 907; value, $21,740; average, $24; oxen, 32; value, $2,315; average, $72.31; horses and mules, 352; value, $24,358; average, $69.20; personal property, $48,413; total assessment for county purposes, $572,598; money at interest, $26,027. EARLY SETTLERS. The first lands were selected in Le Bceuf Township in 1794, by Capt. Rob- ert King, who took up 400 acres at the present Ford bridge. Returning to his home in Lycoming County, he brought his family along in the spring of 1795. When he reached Le Bceuf, he found William and Thomas Black located on the next tract east, embracing what is now the Hunter place. John R. Black, son of William, was the first white child born in Erie County. This event took place on the 29th of Augitst, 1795. In 1797, the little colony was in- creased by the arrival of Francis Isherwood, with a son and daughter, and of James, Rx)bert and Adam Pollock. William Mallory caine in 1801, and John Clemens, James Biggers and Philip Gregory in 1802. Mr. Biggers came from Fayette and Mr. Gregory from Berks County, Penn. Among other early arrivals were James Weston, who became prominent as a politician, David Boyd and Mathias Himebaugh. Of the emigrants who entered the township about the beginning of the century many left, and a new set came in between 1815 and 1820, the descendants of whom generally remain. The bulk of these were from New England and New York. Between 1825 and 1830, a number of Pennsylvania Germans from Lehigh Cotmty settled on the banks of French Creek, including the Burgers and others. Capt. King, the pioneer of the township, had been an officer in the Revolutionary war, and rendered the State important service in securing treaties with the Indians. Mr. Isherwood, like Capt. King, came first to locate a tract, accompanied by a son and daughter, and went back the next winter to his old home in Lycoming Cotmty for the purpose of bringing his wife, leaving his children to keep the claim good. William Miles, the founder of Union City, built a log storehouse at an early day at the mouth of the South Branch, where he landed provisions and other supplies brought up from Pittsbtirgh by flat-boats and canoes. LE BGEUF TOWNSHIP. 699 STREAMS AND MILLS. The chief streams of the township are French Creek proper, the South Branch and LeBoeuf Creek. The South Branch comes in from Union at the south line of the Wilson Moore farm, having a course of but little more than a mile within the township. French Creek proper enters from Waterford on the Moravian grant, in the northeast corner of the township. The two unite on the farm of James Stranahan, a few rods below the Philadelphia & Erie railroad bridge. From there the united stream meanders to the west, across the northern portion of the township, until the junction with LeBceuf Creek, when it makes an abrupt turn and flows in a general southerly course to Craw- foi'd County. Le Boeuf Creek comes in from Waterford on the Monroe Moore farm, and joins French Creek at the David Boyd place. The Indian name of French Creek was Toranadakon or Innungah, the latter of which was cor- rupted by the French into Venango or Weenango. The tributaries of the main stream are Trout Brook, Colt Run and Mill Run, on the south side, and Moravian Run, Gill Brook and Mallory's Run on the north. Mill Run is the one +hat passes through the borough of Mill Village. The water mills are the Wilson Moore Saw Mill, on the South Branch, the old Burger Grist Mill on the mam stream, and Waterhouse's Saw and Cider Mill on a small run putting into French Creek. The Moore Mill has been operated over forty years. The Burger Mill, now owned by John May, was built by a Mr. McLenehan, fully seventy years ago, and rebuilt in 187V). It was long owned and operated by that honest old Pennsylvania German, George Burger, who made it one of the most successful in the county. A number of mills once propelled by water have gone down. The steam saw mills are the one at Willey's Corners, operated by D. Troup; C. M. Whiseler's, near the junction of Moravian Run with French Creek; Fogle's, on the turnpike, at the foot of McLean hill, and Danlap's, near the stone quarry, about a mile from Le Boeuf Station. Large quantities of timber land are connected with these mills, but Mr. Wheeler has all the pine in the township that is worthy of mention. Great tracts of this timber once covered the hills. The bridges over French Creek are the Stranahan, on the Waterford & Union road; the Philadelpha & Erie Railroad bridge, near the latter; the Quarry bridge at the stone quarry; the Ford bridge, on the Waterford and Mill Village road, and Pollock's, lead- ing from the turnpike to Mill Village. The Town Line bridge crosses Little French Creek at the Union boundary, and the Moore bridge, Le Boeuf Creek, near the residence of the late C. J. Moore. All of these are substantial wooden structures. VALLEYS AND RIDGES. The flats along Fi'ench Creek are from half a mile to more than a mile in width, and the soil is not exceeded for fertility in any part of the county. That it is mostly made land is apparent from the fact that stumps of large trees are frequently met with at a depth of two or three feet below the surface. The balan(!e of the township is hilly, but theye is very little if any portion but what is tillable. Two ridges are encountered at the Arter place, and west of the Le Boeuf flats, which attain a height of almost two hundred feet above the valley, the loftiest elevation in the township. Wheat can be raised in every part of the township, and its cultivation is increasing. The valley land pro- duces big crops of oats, which grow so rank that they are harvested with diffi- culty. The great business of the township, however, is dairying, and large amounts of butter are made and thousands of cattle raised. Land ranges in value from |45 to $70 on the flats, and from $20 to $50 on the hills. YOO HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. HOLLAND LAND COMPANY. On the 17th of April, 1791, the State of Pennsylvania granted to " The Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen," com- monly known as the Moravians, two tracts of land of 2,500 acres each, with allow- ance, to be located respectively on " the Kiver Connought, near the northwestern corner of the State, " and " on the head of French Creek. " This association had long maintained missionaries at its own expense among the Indians, and the above generous gift was intended by the State as a remuneration in part for the service it had rendered in behalf of peace and good will. In locating its lands, the society chose 2,875 acres within the limits of LeBoeuf Township, and 2,797 in Springfield and Conneaut, paying for the excess in money. The French Creek tract was given the name of " Good Luck," and that on Conneaut Creek the title of " Hospitality." The agent of the society for many years was William Miles, who was succeeded on the failure of his health by his son, James Miles, as Manager of the "Hospitality," and by John Wood, of the " Good Luck " tract. The land was occupied on lease till about 1850, when it was bought by James Miles and N. Blickensderfer, cut up into farms, and sold in the main to the pi-esent owners or their predecessors. The Moravian grant extended from the Wilson Moore farm to within about a mile of LeBoeuf Creek, and lay principally upon the north side of French Creek. P. G. and John D. Stranahan made the first purchase of Moravian lands in 1849, the latter moving from Concord the same year, and his brother in 1854. both locating at what is now LeBoeuf Station. The Academy grant, at the mouth of LeBceuf Creek, embraced 500 acres of the richest soil in the county, donated by the State for the support of Waterford Academy. The lauds were sold off about 18-10, having been previously occupied on lease. North of this grant was a large body of land known as the Reserve tract, from the fact that the State reserved or withheld it from settlement under the general law to encourage emigration. Of the Reserve tract, 400 acres extended into LeBoeuf, the bulk being in Waterford. An act was passed in 1799, throwing the land into mar- ket, and most of it was bid off at low prices about the commencement of the century. The Holland Land Company held some 400 acres west of Mill Vil- lage, which were sold off between 1802 and 1810. It was their purpose to have taken up an extensive tract within the township, and they sent surveyors out to that end in 1796. George Fisher, of Dauphin County, took up twenty- seven 400-acre tracts at an early period, lying within the limits of LeBoeuf, Waterford and Washington Townships. This property he divided with Col. McNair in 1824, and the same year the portion belonging to the latter was disposed of at Sheriff's sale. The remainder fell to Mr. Fisher's children in 1845, who sold it off at intervals ending in 1873. The beautiful grove on the Flats road between AVater ford and Mill Village, opposite the residence of William Hunter, deceased, was a favorite place for religious meetings for many years. Tradition says this was a choice camping place for the Indians, and it is certain that numerou.s Indian graves and relics have been found. On the Hunter place was once a circular mound, six- teen to twenty feet in diameter, with banks four to six feet high, on which trees were growing of a size indicatino- an age of 150 or 200 years. The remains of one of these pre-historic circles are also to be seen near the home of C. M, Wheeler. COMMON ROADS. The principal thoroughfares of LeBoeuf Township are the old Waterford & Susquehanna Tui-npike, once the great highway between Lake Erie and Eastern Pennsylvania, which follows the valley of LeBceuf and French Creeks, LE BCEUF TOWNSHIP. 701 to Pollock's bridge, -where it cuts across the hills to Cambridge; the Erie & Warren road, which passes through the township by two routes that unite near the Strauahan bridge; the Flats road, from Mill Village to AVaterford; the road from Mill Village to Union; and the road from Mill Village to Pollock's bridge, connecting with the turnpike. Most of these are in a fair condition. The township has the benefit of two railroads — the Philadelphia & Erie, ex- tending across the northeastern part, for about three miles, and the Atlantic & Great Western, following French Creek nearly to the center, where it deviates to hit Mill Village, and then returning to the valley further south. LeBceuf Station, on the Philadelphia & Erie, consists of some tenement houses for the railroad men, a number of farm houses, and a long platform for hand- ling himber and stone, of which great quantities are shipped from the quar- ries near by. LeBceuf possesses the largest and best quarries of building stone in Erie County. The blufi" from which the stone is taken extends along French Creek from near Dunlap's mill to opposite the residence of A. L. Tilden, a distance of about a mile, and averaging about thirty feet in height. The material is a blue sandstone of fine quality, more durable than the far- famed Berea stone, but saturated with oil, which spoils it for the highest class of work. Three quarries have been opened, known respectively as Senger's, Henderson & Canty's, and the Atlantic & Great Western. CHURCHES. The churches of the township are the Union or Manross, on French Creek, near Pollock's bridge, a Methodist Episcopal at Edenville, and a United Brethren near New Ireland. The Methodist Episcopal society at Edenville was organized about 1839, and was placed on the Cambridge Circuit. In J 844, it was changed to Rock- ville, in 1849 to Waterford, in 1855 to Cambridge, in 1857 to Rockville, in 1861 to Union, in 1863 to Waterford, and in 1865 to Mill Village, to which circuit it has ever since belonged. The congregation began by worshiping in the schoolhouse, and continued to do so until 1855, when the Edenville Church was built at a cost of $800. The Manross Church edifice was built at a cost of $3,000 in 1869 by John W. Manross, who intended it to be used by religious bodies generally. The first minister officiating there was Rev. Mr. Barnhart, a Methodist. It has since been used principally as a Methodist preaching place, the appointment having been on the Mill Villagfe Circuit since the erection of the edifice. The United Brethren Church, located near New Ireland, is the outgrowth of a revival held in that neighborhood in 1876. Preaching of this denomina- tion had years before been held in the neighborhood, but the society had ceased to exist until revived and re-established as above stated. The church building was erected in 1877, and was dedicated on the 6th of January, 1878, by Rev. John Hill. In 1876, it was styled Mill Village Mission. It has since, for periods, been a missionary church, and at other times connected with Union Circuit. It now forms a part of Union Mission. Revs. R. Mclntire, Root, W. H. Childs and Starkey have preached for this church. The present pastor is Rev. W. H Childs. SCHOOLS. In the Ford neighborhood, some two and a half miles north of Mill Village, a schoolhouse was standing in 1820, in which at that time a summer school was taught by Miss Elizabeth Strickland; a later summer teacher was Hannah Hall. The winter school was taught by James Skinner. Other teachers in the building at about this time, and perhaps a little subsequent, were Stephen 702 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. SkinDer, Paddy McGill, Cyrus Nutt and Thomas Graham. This schoolhouse was known as the Smith Schoolhouse, and it served that portion of Le Boeuf Township for many years. A log schoolhouse was built in the north- eastern corner of the township west of French Creek about the year 1822, which was burned after several terms of school had been taught in it, and another schoolhoiise was erected on a branch west of French Creek on laud nc>w owned by James Stranahan. Among the teachers in this portion of the township, at about the period spoken of above, were Sophia Sackett, a Mrs. Ward and a Mr. Crownstar. In 1825, a log schoolhouse was built by the people living in the vicinity of the United Brethren Church near New Ireland. Early instruc - tors in this house were Nathan Mallory, Mr. Reynolds and Miss Emeline Sloan Le Boeuf has at this writing twelve school buildings, all of which are frame. PUBLIC MEN. The citizens of LeBoeuf and Mill Village, who have held State and county positions, are as follows: Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1837-38, James Pollock. Assembly, James Weston, 1813, 1814, 1815 and 1822; John D. Stranahan, 1868-69. Sheriff, James Weston, 1810-13. County Commis- sioners, James Weston, 1803-04; James Pollock, 1830-33; A. L. Tilden, 1878-84. Director of the Poor, William Bracken, 1846-49 and 1859-62. Auditors, Thomas Pierce, 1844; John Wood, 1847; E. K. Range, 1875-78. Mercantile Appraiser, H. L. Minium, 1883. Perry G. Stranahan, Jury Com- missioner from 1867-70, was lono* a resident of LeBoeuf, moving from there to Union about 1859. Alfred King, ex- Mayor of Erie, and Prothonotary from 1854-57, and his brother, Wilson King, County Surveyor from 1827-33, are grandchildren of Capt. Robert King, the first man who took up lands in the township. John Clemens, a prominent business man of Erie, is a son of one of the first settlers in the township. VILLAGES. Edenville consists of the church mentioned above and perhaps a dozen dwellings. Formerly the site boasted a store, post office, saw mill, oil refinery and blacksmith shop. The village went down after the construction of the A. & G. W. Railroad, which diverted the trade and travel to Mill Village. The settlement is on the road fi'om t^^e latter place to Union, in the south part of the township. The locality known as New Ireland is on the road from Ford's bridge to Lincolnville, about a mile and three-quarters east of Mill Village. A church, a school and a few dwellings make up the village, if such it can be called. Quite a settlement has grown up around C. M. Wheelei's mill, in the northeast part of the township, which gives the site very much the appearance of a small village. Mr. Wheeler alone has five dwellings and eight barns, be- sides which there are a cheese factory and some farm buildings. The late William Hunter was one of the wealthiest farmers in the south part of the county, leaving an estate supposed to be worth about $50,000. He came to LeBoeuf from Forest County about the close of the last war, and hav- ing plenty of ready money, realized from the sale of oil territory, was enabled to buy some of the finest land in the township. Mr. Hunter died in the spring of 1869, leaving thirteen children. BOROUGH OF MILL VILLAGE. The borough of Mill Village occupies a pleasant site nearly in the center of LeBoeuf Township, from which it was taken, and about a mile from French LE BCEUF TOWNSHIP. 703 Creek. The town owes its origin to Mill Run, which flows through its limits, and unites with the chief creek of the township a short distance beyond. Three saw mills with their attendant buildings, sprung up along Mill Run, which gave the settlement the name of Milltown. When the A. & G. W. road was built, the station was called Mill Village, and in 1860 was incorporated as a borough by that title. Before the opening of the railroad, there was nothing on the site, in addition to the mills, but a cooper shop), blacksmith shop and a few houses. Now it has become a brisk town, with a population, ac- cording to the census of 1880, of 888. The idea of laying out a town was con- ceived by William Kingen, and the survey was made by Judge Benson, of Waterford. The plat includes portions of the farms of Mr. Kingen, P. H. Colt, John Gregorv, H. M. Range, E. K. Range, David McKinlev, James Hun- ter, F. N. Reynolds, W. C. Ford, M. S. Edmunds and G. W. Gillett. The manufacturing establishments of Mill Village are one cheese factory, built-in 1870 by H. B. Ames; one planing mill, one stave mill, one cider and jelly mill, one steam saw mill, three blacksmith shops, one wagon shop and a shoe shop. The business houses in 1883 were one drug store, two groceries, three general stores, one hardware store, one millinery store, one furniture store, one meat market, one jewelry store, one paint shop, and a portable pho- tograph car. A good hotel is kept on the temperance plan. Among the most creditable buildings is the Union Schoolhouse, which furnishes accom- modations for two schools on the first floor, and the second story of which is used as the town hall of the borough and LeBoeuf Township. The Knights of Honor have their hall in Kingen's building, the Grangers in the hotel, and there is a public hall in Beardsle^^'s building. The churches of Mill Village are a Methodist Episcopal and a Presby- terian. The Methodist Episcopal Church dates its beginning prior to 1810, when Erie Circuit was a four weeks circuit of about 200 miles, and composed of twenty-three appointments. In 1810, Rev. Joshua Monroe was in charge. The most prominent of the appointments were Brush's meeting-house in West Springfield, Erie County; Leech's, on Little Shenango; Mumford's, near Meadville; Pit Hole; Mrs. Mitchell's, in Venango, and Ford's on French Creek Flats, in Erie County. This latter class formed the nucleus from which sprang the church in question. The preaching was held in the dwelling of Capt. Robert King, and subsequently in that of one of the Fords. The first church building was erected in 1850, about one-half mile south of the village. In five or six years this building was destroyed by tire, when the church edifice in the village was erected, which was enlarged in 1878. The appointment for a long time was on the Waterford Circuit, and from that circuit it was placed on the Mill Village Circuit at its formation in 1865. H. M. Chamberlain is present pastor. The Presbyterian congregation was organized by Rev. J. M. Gillett, then pastor of the church at Union Mills, in 1870, with fifteen members. The building was erected in 1872, costing $2,800. The present incumbent is Rev. M. Wishart, who has the charge at W^aterford also. The assessed valuation of the borough in 1883 was as follows: Real estate, $75,469; cows, 44; value, $1,039; oxen, 3; value $150; horses and mules, 44; value, $3,256; personal property, $4,445; value of trades and occupations, $5,020; total assessment for county purposes, $84,934; money at interest, 013,716. The Mill Village Herald, the only newspaper of the borough, was started by C. C. Wright in January, 1876. It was purchased in October, 1882, by J. S. Ross, who is still its proprietor and editor. 704 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. CHAPTER V. VENANGO TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF WATTSBUKG. VENANGO RIVER was the name o-iven by the French to the stream after- ward called by the English and still known as French Creek. It is a corruption of the Indian v/ord Innungah, which is said by Mr. Day, in the His- torical Annals of Pennsylvania, to have had reference to a rude and indecent figure carved upon a tree near the mouth of the creek, which the Senecas found when they drove out the Eriez and took possession of this region by the right of conquest. The township of Venango received its title at the organization of the county. It is bounded on the north by Greenfield, on the east by French Creek Township, Chautauqua County, N. Y., on the south by Amity, and on the west by Greene. The township has regular lines, and is nearly square, hav- ing a width of about six and a quarter miles by a breadth of seven. The population was 490 in 1820, 683 in 1830, 812 in"l840, 1.019 in 1850, 1,301 in 1860, 1,650 in 1870, and 1,445 in 1880. The east line of Venango, Greenfield and North East Townships forms the boundary between Pennsylvania and New York, which is exactly on a parallel with the western extremity of Lake On- tario. It was established in the year 1788 by a joint commission of Pennsyl- vania and the United States, leaving a Triangle which was subsequently pur- chased by the State. Venango Township is within the Triangle, and its south line is a part of the original northern boundary of the commonwealth. The vil- lages are Lowville and Phillipsvillo, both of which have post offices. The highest point in Erie County is said to be in Venango Township, near the Greenfield and New York lines. By the assessment for 1883, the township contained 25,595 acres, and was valued as follows: Real estate. $553,458; cows, 994, worth, $17,892; oxen, 48, worth $1,925; horses and mules, 381, worth $15,680; personal property, $35,497; trades and occupations, $3,975; money at interest, $28,141. EARLY SETTLERS. The first white man who is known to have visited Venango Township was William Miles, who came out as a surveyor with David Watts in 1785, fell in love with the beautiful flats at the junction of the East and West Branches, and after going East to make his report returned in 1795 and took up 1,400 acres, including the site of Wattsburg. He was followed in 1796 by Adam Reed and his son James, who located 400 acres on the East Branch, and at a later period built the first grist mill in the township. Thomas Smith set- tled at Lowville in the same year, and was soon followed by Burrell and Zal- mon Tracy. In 1797, John and David Phillips became possessed of 1,100 acres on which Phillipsville now stands. In 1798, William Allison and wife, from Northumberland County, with their son James, a boy of three years, settled near Lake Pleasant. From that year to 1800 a number of colonists went in whose names will be found in the list of taxables further on. In 1822, Low- ville was settled by Samuel Low and his brother- in law, Dr. W^right, both from Genesee County, N. Y. Timothy Butler and father, from Onondaga County, N. Y., made tlaeir settlements in 1816; John R. Smith about 1826, David VENANGO TOWNSHIP. 705 Bailey in 1828, and Dr. D. T. Bennett, from Delaware County, N. Y., in 1829. William Bioi^e, the Chapins, the Tituses, and others took up their residence in the township in 1830. The Norcrosses and the Davisons. who had located on the'high lands west of Lake Pleasant, changed to Mill Creek. John Warren, another of the early settlers, moved to Erie in 1810. During the interval be- tween 1810 and 1820 there was little increase, but about the latter year a new population, mainly from New York, commenced going in, whose descendants generally remain. For many years the nearest stores were at Erie and Water- ford, and the nearest grist mills at North East and Union Most of the early set- tlers were Scotch Presbyterians from the Susquehanna Valley. The first child was Robert, son of William Allison and wife, who was born in 1799, soon after his parents moved into the township. The first death was that of Adam Reed, in 1805. Samuel Henderson came with William Miles from Carlisle, Penn., in 1795. That winter he spent in driving pack horses to and from the jnouth of French Creek. He and his brother, Stuart, located 400 acres of land in the spring of 1798, and then went to Fayette County and married. TAXABLES IN 1800. The taxable citizens of the township in 1800 were as follows: William Allison, Hezekiah Barker, Philo Barker, Henry Bontz, John Boyd, John Car- nahan. William Carnahao, Thomas Carnahan, John Clark, Thomas Davison, Sr., Francis, Robert, George, Arthur and Thomas Davison, Jr., John and William Dickson, Bailey, John and James Donaldson, John Dickson, Jr., Samuel and Stuart Henderson, Stephen Hazleton, James and John Hunter, Thomag Hinton, Jr., Robert and Wilson Johnston, John B. Jones, Caleb Lyon, David McNair, Joseph McGahen, William Miles, Barnabus McCue, Andi-ew Norcross, John, James M. and David Phillips, Thomas Prentice, James Perry, James M., Thomas E. and Robert R. Reed, Ralph Spafford, Thomas, Samuel and John Smith, Benjamin Saxton, Zalmon and Burrill Tracy, Na- thaniel Wilson, John Warren and John Yost. In 1817, William Miles was assessed for 2,400 acres in Venango Township, most of which. were at Watts- burg and Lowville. They were valued at $3,400. POLITICAL. The following is a list of the citizens of Venango who have held State and county positions: Canal Commissioner, John Phillips, 1826 to 1829. As- sembly, John Phillips, 1809. 1810, 1811, 1812 and 1824; Wareham Warner, 1856 and 1857. Prothonotary, Giles D. Price, December 28, 1875, to Janu- ary 1, 1882. Clerk of the Courts, Charles L. Pierce, November 20, 1867, to November 14, 1873. County Treasurer, John Warren, 1817; elected from Erie, where he had moved. County Commissioners, John Phillips, 1804 to 1807; Samuel Low, 1836 to 1840, elected from Harbor Creek, where he moved in 1834; Jacob Fritts, 1860 to 1863; Daniel W. Titus, 1875 to 1881. Clerk to County Commissioners, Giles D. Price, chosen in January, 1883. County Auditors, Samuel Low, 1832; Daniel W. Titus, 1872; C. R. Gray, 1878 to 1881. Col. J. S., M. Rush and Joseph Warner, well known business men of Erie, were born at Lowville. The first named was a Colonel in the Union army during the late war. D. B. Foote was a Captain in the same serv- ice, and Dr. S. F. Chapin a Surgeon. WAR OF 1812. Following is the muster roll of Company E of the One Hundred and Thirty - sixth Regiment Pennsylvania Militia, at the breaking-out of the war of 1812:. 706 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Captain, William Dickson; Iiieutenant, Robert Davison; Ensio;n, Thomas Da- vison; Sergeants, Arthur Davidson, John Dickson, David Phillips; privates, James Donaldson, David McNair, Bailey Donaldson, Thomas Johnson, John Hunter, Samuel Smith, George Davidson, John B. Jones, John Smith, James Smith, James White, Thomas Prentice, Samuel Henderson, Thomas Henton, Griffith Henton, William Henton, Zalmon Tracy, Burrill Tracy, Thomas E. Reed. Capt. Dickson moved from the county in April, 1813, and Lieut. Da- vidson assumed command, continuing during the wai*. The company was called out in June, 1813, and for some time guarded the shipyards at the mouth of Cascade Creek, where Perry's fleet was building. They remained until the fleet sailed and were then sent home, but were ordered into service again when the news came in January, 1814, that the British had taken Buffalo. STEEAMS, LAKE AND BRIDGES. Venango is one of the best watered townships in the county. The West Branch, which rises in Findley's Lake, N. Y., enters the township from Green- field, and crosses its entire width from north to south, past Lowville and Watts- burg. The East Branch takes its rise near Sherman, N. Y. , and coming in not far from the southeast corner, flows in a southwestern course into Amity, where the two unite near the township line, just outside the boroiTgh limits of Wattsburg. The West Branch, which is very crooked, has a length of about twelve miles in Venango, and the East Branch of about four miles. The tributaries of these streams are as follows: Of the West Branch, Middlebrook, Alder and Fritts Runs; of the East Branch, Stafford Run. Several streams start in the southwest corner of Venango and unite with French Creek proper in Amity. Lake Pleasant, in the extreme southwestern part, near the corners of Ve- nango, Greene, Amity and Waterford, is a beautiful body of water, about three-fourths of a mile long and a third of a mile wide, with a depth of twenty-live to fifty feet. Its outlet is a stream about the size of Le Breuf Creek at Waterford, that never diminishes except in the dryest seasons. After fur- nishing power to several mills, it falls into French Creek about three miles south, in Amity Township. The North East, Colt Station, Phillipsville & Waterford road, one of the first in the county, runs just above the head of the lake, and the Lake Pleasant road from Erie follows its east bank and outlet to French Creek. The township owns one iron bridge over the East Branch at the Tanner place, and a covered wooden bridge over the West Branch at Lowville. All of the other bridges are ordinary open wooden structures. The one over the West Branch at Wattsburg was the first bridge in the county. It was built origi- nally by the County Commissioners, thrijugh the influence of William Miles in 1822. PUBLIC ROADS. The chief avenues of Venango Township are the Erie & Wattsburg Plank Road; the old Erie & Wattsburg road by way of Phillipsville, which branches off from the former at the Siegel farm in Greene Township; the Wattsburg & North East, up the West Branch and thi'ough Greenfield; the Waterford & North East through Phillipsville and Colt's Station; the Erie & Lake Pleasant, by way of French Creek and the lake; the Wattsburg & New York, up the East Branch to Clymer and Sherman; the Union & Wattsburg; the Wattsburg & Corry; and the cross road from A. N.Woods to M. S. Rouse's. The old Erie road was opened in 1809, partially changed in 1828 and improved in 1832; the Waterford & North East in 1804; and the Wattsburg and North "i. m /-■J5r»': ^-t^i^^ <:^^^^jW' VENANGO TOWNSHIP. 709 East in 1798. The latter was the great route for conveying goods betweeD Lake Erie and the Allegheny until the road was opened between Presque Isle and Waterford. The Erie & Wattsburg Plank Road was commenced in 1852, completed in 1853 and abandoned as a toll road in 1865, after all the gates had been torn down by a party of indignant farmers. The road from Erie to Lake Pleasant was opened as far south as the Martin Hayes place in Greene, in 1821-22, and completed to French Creek in 1826-27. From Erie to Wattsburg by the Lake Pleasant i-oad is eighteen and thi-ee- quarters miles; by way of Phillipsville eighteen miles, and by way of Lowville twenty miles, the latter route, however, having the advantage of better grades. Venango is without a I'ailroad, the nearest station being at Union. In 1853, the Erie City Railroad Company was chartered to build a road, from the bay of Presque Isle to the State Line, three miles from Wattsburg, where it was to connect with an extension of the New York & Erie from Jamestown, N. Y., making a continuous route between the lake and the Atlantic Ocean. The valleys of both branches are quite wide, running from a mile to a mile and a half, and spreading out to about three miles at Wattsburg, where they come together. Along Alder Run, Middle Brook and Stafford Run, the flats are fi'om a quarter of a mile to a half mile in width, and. upon the outlet of Lake Pleasant they are very similar to those along the branches. The value of farm property is from $30 to $60 an acre in the valleys, and from $20 to $50 in the hill region. Most of the marketing is done at Wattsburg and Low- ville. A good stone quarry has been opened on the farm of David E. Foote, and another on that of J. H. Sears. MILLS, FACTORIES AND SCHOOLS. The manufacturing interests of Venango Township are as follows, not includ- ing those of Wattsburg Borough: At Lowville — A grist mill run by water; a saw mill by steam and water, and a steam shingle and heading mill. The grist mill was built in 1822, has been remodeled since, and has frequently changed owners. At Phillipsville. a cheese factory. In other sections— A steam saw mill on the plank road near Robinson's Cornex's; a steam shingle mill on the farm of Will- iam S. Henderson; and a steam saw and cider mill on the farm of John H. Bennett, upon the East Branch. There is also a steam saw and shingle mill owned by Henry Jenkins, and Jones' steam shingle mill. Besides the above, there is a creamery in Amity, just outside of Wattsburg, whei'e much of the milk in the south end of the township is disposed of. The schools require two joint and eleven full buildings as follows: Joint schools — Wales, in the northwest corner, maintained by Venango and Greene; and the Venango and Amity, on the south line, near the center. Full schools — Milltown. in the northeast; Phillipsville; Titus, on the road from Phillipsville to Milltown; McNair, in the north part, near the center; Lowville (a graded school); Sears, a little northwest of the latter village; Henderson, in the north; Maple Grove, on the old Erie road; Moore, on the Wattsburg & New York road; Wicks, on the cross road from Wood's Corners to the State line; and Tower, on the same road. Not far from the year 1818, a school was held in the dwelling of B. Tracy, situated about one and a half miles east of the present borough of Wattsburg, taught by a Mr. Lewis. In the Phillipsville settlement, about the year 1833, a frame schoolhouse was erected not far from the present site of the school building now at that village. A log schoolhouse had previously been used by the settlement, in which taught at one time Amanda Tracy. Among the teach- ers in the frame house were Norman Chapin, a Mr. Pelton, and Benjamin 37 710 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Grant. Later teachers in this neighborhood were William Wood and Miss Sj'^lvia Brown. In the summer of 1819. Ann Riddle taught a school in the neighborhood of the old Middlebrook Meeting-house. Near the line between Venango and Greenfield Townships, but in the former, stood what was known as the Campfield Schoolhouse, in which school was taught during the decade beginning with 1822 (at periods) by Warren Loomis, Milan Atkins and Lo- renzo Rogers. CHURCHES. The religious edifices of Venango are a Methodist Episcopal Church each at Lowville and Phillipsville. The Lowville congregation was organized in 1875, and built its house in 1876, at a cost of $2,500, Rev. J. A. Kummer being the first pastor. This appointment is on the Wattsburg Circuit, with which it has been ever since its organization. The congregation at Phillipsville was organized some years prior to 1848. The church building was erected in 1862, on land deeded to the society by Norman Chapia. In 1849, this charge was on the Wesleyville Circuit, with which it continued until the formation of Greene Circuit in 1864. It is now on Greene, the pastors of which since that period have been as follows: S. L. Wilkinson, J. K. MendenhalJ, T. D. Blinn, C. L. Barnhart, R. D. Waltz, W. Hoover, J. Akers, Z. W. Shadduck, I. N. Clover, A. Bashline, J. C. Ridont and J. O. Osborne. In addition to the above congregations, the United Breth- ren hold services in the Macedonia and Wick's Schoolhouses,and the Methodists in the Tower Schoolhouse. THE MIDDLEBEOOK CHURCH — GRAVEYARDS. The Middlebrook Church, the first house for religious worship in the coun- ty, stood about a mile and a half north of Lowville, along the Wattsburg & North East road, upon a tract of two acres deeded by John Warren to the con- gregation, to be held as long as used for church and cemetery purposes. The first services, held in August, 1801, in the woods on the east bank of the West Branch, near a spring now owned by Euos Mann, were attended by every man and woman in the township, the young men having previously cleared the ground and provided a pulpit and seats by chopping down and squaring the timber. At their conclusion, a motion by John Hunter that a church building be erected, was eagerly adopted. On the next Thursday, all the able- bodied men and boys met, concluded upon a site, and put up a structure — all within the same day — which though more modest than modern f'hurches, doubtless afi"orded the people as much satisfaction. The first church was re- placed in 1802, by another of more pretentious style, built of hewed and split logs. Services were regularly held in this building, until the Presbyterian Church at AVattsburg was erected about 1828, when most of the congregation dropped off. Rev. Absolom McCready was the pastor in charge for a time. He was succeeded, in 1802, by Rev. Robert Patterson, who continued until April 22, 1807, having charge at the same time of the congregation of Upper and Lower Greenfield. The congregation at Middlebrook continued to decline un- til April 30, 1829, when it was dissolved and attached to the one atWattsburg. In the Middlebrook Graveyard were interred the bodies of many of the fore- most Presbyterian pioneers in the county. Most of the remains have been taken up, and the old burying place is no longer interesting except from its associations. The other cemeteries and graveyards of the township are the Lowville, Wattsburg and Phillipsville, the old Butler Burial Ground on the James W. Davis place and some family inclosures. VENANGO TOWNSHIP. 711 The pleasant village of Lowville is on the West Branch of French Creek, eighteen miles southeast from Erie, and two north of Wattsburg. The Watts- burg Plank Road runs through the place and constitutes its main street. Be- sides the mills, church and school above noted, Lowville contains the town house of Venango — a frame building 24x40 in size and 16 in height, built in 1872, at a cost of $675— one dry goods store, one general store, one grocery, one wagon shop, one blacksmith shop, one shoe shop, and about thirty houses It has a lodge of the Knights of Honor, organized in 1877, with twenty-nine members. The Lowville Cetoetery, a tract of four acres, on the bank of the creek, contains some costly monuments, is neatly laid out and carefully kept, and a credit to the place. Several soldiers of the last war with Great Britain are buried in the cemetery. Lowville owes its origin to the en- terprise of Samuel Low, who moved there in 1822 from Genesee County, N. Y.,and established the grist and saw mill. Mr. Low's business proving unsuc- cessful, in 1834 he changed to Harbor Creek. Col. W^areham Warner carried on a tannery at Lowville with success for some years, but collapsed about 1860 or 1861. The village contained ninety-nine inhabitants bv the census of 1880. Phillipsville was founded by Gen. John Phillips, of political fame, who took up a large quantity of land in 1797 in company with his brother David, and opened a tavern about 1810 on the Waterford & North East I'oad, a few rods west of the corners, which has been torn down. The village is fourteen miles from Erie and five from Wattsburg, in the midst of a beautiful rolling country, at the crossing of the Waterford & North East road by the old Erie & Wattsburg road. The village contains, in addition to the church, school and mills before referred to, a dry goods and grocery store, a shoe shop, and a blacksmith shop. It has about a dozen residences, and numbers probably sixty people. There is an organization of the State Police and a Grange, the latter possessing a hall of their own. The cemetery covers two a\;res, and is fairly kept up. RECOLLECTIONS OF A NATIVE OF THE TOWNSHIP. The following interesting reminiscences were contributed to the Erie Ob- server of May, 1880, by James D. Phillips, of Union City, a son of one of the pioneers of Venango Township: " Thomas Phillips, with his sons John, David and Thomas, Jr., and his daughters Elenor, Hannah and Polly, moved fi'om Northumberland County, Penn. , in the year 1797. His daughter Elenor married John Hunter, Polly married Burrill Tracy, and Hannah married Nathaniel Wilson. John Phil- lips took up 1,400 acres of land, Thomas, Sr., 200, and David 200 acres. j yTftssra , _ Yr)gj;.j_ Don a 1 d snn and others followed about the same period. James Phillips, son of Thomas, Sr. , and brother to John, David and Thomas, Jr., moved from Lancaster County, Penn., in 1827. He left "Waterford on the morning of the 1st day of June at sunrise, and cut the road most of the way to Phillipsville, a distance of eight and a half miles, arriving at sunset. James Phillips died in 1846 at the age of seventy-five years and eight months. James D. Phillips, son of James Phillips, and grandson of Thomas, Sr. , is now the only living representative of the Phillips family in this coun- ty. John Phillips was Paymaster General in the war of 1812, under Gen. Harrison. He received his money, to pay off the army, in silver at Pittsburgh, and carried it through the wilderness to Fort Meigs on pack-horses. He served for years as the first Representative of this county in the State Legisla- 712 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. ture at Lancaster; afterward, he was appointed Canal Commissioner of the State> and subsequently was appointed and served as Justice of the Peace for several years. He died in the fall of 1846. The first post office at Phillipsville was established in 1829. James Phillips, father of James D., was appointed Postmaster. A post route was established at that time from Jamestown, N. Y., via Phillipsville, to Erie. The mail was carried by Mr. Polly on foot from Jamestown to Erie, with nothing from Phillipsville to Mill Creek Township to mark the way through the wilderness except blazed trees. The county at that time was a home for the bear, the wolves and the deer. Levi Butler and sons Jackson and Timothy, from Onondaga. N. Y. , made their settlement in 1828-29. The first schoolhouse was built in the year 1828, of logs. * * * The grist and saw mills were at Lowville, Colt's Station, Lattimore's, at Wa- terford, and Miles, at Union Mills. The mode of getting to Erie from Phil- lipsville was via Colt's Station, North East and then up the Buffalo road to Erie, a distance of twenty-eight miles to get the distance of fourteen miles across. Had no roads for wagons, and consequently used oxen and sleds in the summer or winter to carry our produce and get household supplies, salt, etc. The products of Venango TownshijD at that time were maple sugar and black salts — the salts taken to Colt's Station and sold for $2.50 per hundred, half cash and half store pay; the cash part to pay taxes and to buy leather for shoes. We paid our school teacher $12 a munth in maple sugar at six cents a pound. " BOROUGH OF WATTSBURG. The first clearing at Wattsburg was made in 1796 by William Miles, who built a storehouse as a depot of supplies for the surrounding country and for the purchase of furs. At that time the headquarters of the Population Com- pany were at Colt's Station, and all the trade between the lake and the Alle- gheny was carried on in canoes up and down French Creek. The first road was opened to North East, by way of Greenfield, in 1800. In 1809, through the persuasion of Mr. Miles, joined to that of the Russells. of Belle Valley, and others, the county opened a road from Erie to the Forks of French Creek, as the site was then called, which, in general, followed the route of the old Wattsburg road, though it was afterward changed in some places. Previous to 1822, the AVest Branch had to be forded, but in that year Mr. Miles got the county to build a bridge on the same site used for the purpose to-day. This was the first permanent bridge erected in Erie County. During the same sea- son he erected a grist mill and saw mill, and in 1822 he induced Ijyman Rob- inson, a surveyor at North East, to move over and build a tavern. He located in 1795 on the head-waters of Oil Creek, near the Crawford County line, in Concord Township, where he remained until 1800, when he changed to Union. In 1828, Mr. Miles laid out Wattsburg, naming it after his father-in-law, David Watts, of Carlisle. In February ot the same year, he had a post office estab- lished at Wattsburg, and at the same time a weekly mail route was opened between Erie and Jamestown, by way of the infant village. The mail was carried for years on the back of a man, who walked the whole distance. Mr. Robinson acted as agent at Wattsburg for William Miles for many years, and after his death served in a similar capacity for his son James Miles. The large tract of 1,400 acres taken up by Mr. Miles was not originally in his own name, but in that of Watts, Scott & Co. VENANGO TOWNSHIP. 713 INCORPORATION. Wattsburg was incorporated as a borough in 1833, its limits being thus described: "Beginning at French Creek where the old State line crossed the same, being the south boundary of Venango Township; thence east along said line 100 perches; thence north 180 perches; thence west 180 perches, moi'e or less, to the creek; thence southward by its windings, to the place of beginning." The town stands on the wide and fertile plain just above the junction of the two branches, twenty miles by the plank road, eighteen by the old road, and eighteen and three- fourths by the Lake Pleasant road from Erie, and eight miles from Union. It contains three church buildings, Methodist Episcopal, Pres- byterian and Baptist. The Methodist Episcopal congregation was organized in 1827, by Elder Knapp, who went there as a missionary in 1820. The first edifice was erected in 1831, and the present one, which cost $3^400, in 1861. H. H. Moore was pastor for 1881, 1882 and 1883. The circuit embraces Watts- burg, Lowville and Hatch Hollow. RELIGIOUS. The Presbyterian congregation, organized in 1826, is the legitimate sue cessor of the old Middlebrook society, the history of which is given in the sketch of Venango Township. The first church was built in Wattsburg about 1828, and the second in 1855, costing $1,350. The pastor when the first building was put up was Rev. Absalom McCready, who began preaching for this congregation in February, 1826, and the following April his time was divided between the two congregations. His installation took place on the second Tuesday of September, and he severed his pastoral relation with the church October 1, 1833. In November of that year the Wattsburg Church was recog- nized by the Presbytery as a separate congregation. Rev. Alexander McCand- less became the successor of Mr. McCready and served until April 1, 1834. Revs. O. Fitch McKean, and J. B. Wilson preached for the congregation at Wattsburg, in the order given, from 1834 to 1837. The Baptist Church at Wattsburg was organized April 6, 1850, with twenty-two charter members. On the 25th of that month the church was duly recognized. The meetihg-house was erected in 1851. The pastors of the church have been Revs. F. Kidder, J. W. C. Covey, James A. Newton, S. Ak- erly, W. J. Hughes, and C. W. Drake (closed labor in 1872 on account of sick- ness). In 1875, he renewed his pastorate and i-emained with the church until 1877. For several years following, the church had no regular pastor. Rev. Charles Bowman became pastor in 1881 and remained about one year. The charge is now without a pastor. SOCIETIES, ETC. Wattsburg is the headquarters of no less than three secret societies — a Ma- sonic Blue Lodge, instituted in 1875; a lodge of the Knights of Honor, in 1877, and a Grange, in 1874 — all of which are in a flourshing condition. The Masonic Lodge commenced with seven members, C. R. Gray being first Mas- ter, and has increased to twenty- eight. This society and the Grange have creditable halls of their own. There is also a branch of the State Police, es- tablished in 1877, a co-operative insurance society, and a section of the Sunday School Scientific Circle of Chautauqua Lake, which latter holds frequent meet- ings for the discussion of Biblical history. The manufacturing establishments are a grist mill, saw mill, sash factory and two planing mills run by water, a handle factory and a sash and blind factory owned by Wood & Page, run by steam. There is also an extensive broom and fork handle and shingle factory 714 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. carried on by Patterson, Gross & Baldwin. The water-power afforded by the two branches of French Creek is considerable, and, with railroad facilities, the town could not fail to become a point of importance. BUSINESS FEATURES. Among the business interests of the borough, other than those mentioned above, were (in 1883) one tailor shop, one dry goods store, three groceries, four general stores, two furniture stores, one wagon shop, one hardware store, one clothing store, one meat market, one hotel, two shoe shops, four blacksmith shops, one jewelry store, one drug store, one bakery, one photograph gallery; one dental office, one harness shop, several millinery stores, one barber shop. A roller skating rink was built and opened in the summer of 1883. The town gives support to four physicians, two attorneys, two Justices, one dentist, and one draughtsman. It is the headquarters of three stage lines — one running to Union and back each day; one to and from Erie daily, by way of Phillipsville and Lowville; and one to North East twice a week by way of Lowville and Greenfield. Wattsburg has been a famous batter market for thirty years. "Wattsburg butter," which includes the produce mainly of Amity, Venango and Greenfield, ranks as " Chautauqua butter " in the New York market and brings the same price. The schools are held in one large and substantial frame building. The population of the borough was 286 in 1870, and 389 in 1880. The assessment for 1883 gave the following results: Ileal estate, $65,675; cows, 29; value, $850; horses and mules, 63; value, $4,085; personal prop- erty, $4,935; trades and occupations, $8,025; money at interest, $9,915. Before the era of railroads, Wattsburg was a place of more consequence, comparatively, than now. It had a tract society in 1828, and an agricultural society in 1856. The first temperance society in Erie County was organized in Wattsburg in 1828. In 1832, a project was agitated for a new county, to be called Miles, with Wattsburg as the county seat. PUBLIC MEN. The following State and county officers have been residents of Wattsburg: Assembly, Lyman Robinson, 1842 and 1845; Byron S. Hill, 1863 and 1864; Samuel F. Chapin, 1875 to 1878; A. W. Hayes, 1881 to 1884. County Super- intendent of Common Schools, William H. Armstrong, 1854 to 1860, the first incumbent of the office. County Commissioner, Lyman Robinson, 1839 to 1842. County Treasurer, Newton T. Hume, December 14, 1874, to January 7, 1878. Director of the Poor, O. J. McAllister, 1883 to' 1886. Jury Commis- sioners, D. N. Patterson, 1868 to 1871; Robert Leslie, 1874 to 1877. Mer- cantile Appraisers, James T. Ensworth, 1856; D. N. Patterson, 1868 and 1878; O. J. McAllister, 1882. SCHOOLS AND NEWSPAPERS. In the immediate vicinity of the present large and commodious school building in the borough in 1821 stood a schoolhouse, in which school was held by John Brown. The schoolhouses of the borough have all been situated on almost the same site. Among the teachers have been a Miss Roberts, Wm. H. Armstrong, Lucius Chapin, David Shafer, Phineas Piatt. The present schools consist of three departments, which were graded by R. P. HoUiday in 1878. Mr. Holliday is still Principal of the schools, and has two assistant teachers. The average enrollment is about 100 pupils. The first newspaper published in Wattsburg was an eight-page weekly HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 715 styled the Chronicle, begun in 1878 by W. A. Moore, and discontinued in about one year. In 1881, the Wattsburg Occasional was started by R. P. Holliday. Mr. Holliday was then Principal of the Wattsburg Schools, and the paper was started as a kind of a school paper, devoting its columns principally to school matters. As its name indicated, it was only published occasionally. In 1882, it was made a semi weekly, and subsequently a weekh^ paper. It is still the village paper, and has not changed hands. The mechanical work is executed at Union Citv. CHAPTER VL HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. ^"'HE earliest location within the limits of Harbor Creek Township was . made by Thomas Rees, who took up a large tract of land, long known as the Rees Reserve in 1796. He was the first surveyor in the county, having been appointed by the Population Company in 1792, but was prevented from entering regularly upon his duties until the spring of 1795, by the threats of the Indians. He did not become a resident of the township, however, until some years after. The first actual settlers were William Saltsman, Amasa Prindle and Andrew Elliott, who went in in 1797. These were followed by Hugh McCann and Alex. Brewster in 1800; by Thomas Moorhead, John Biblfet and sons, John, Christian and Jacob Ebersole and the Backus family about 1801, and by Ezekiel and Benjamin Chambers in 1802. Mr. Moor- head's father, and brothers John, Robert and George, came in at intervals run- ning from 1802 to 1806. Robert Scott, Thomas Greenwood, Robert Jack, John Shattuck, Aaron Hoag, Henry Clark, Andrew Culbertson, Thomas Bun- nell and the Caldwell bi'others were among the first settlers. Several of these persons were from the eastern portion of the State; the others were mainly from New England and New York. Mr. Saltsman was from Northumberland County; the Riblets and Ebersoles from Lancaster County; Mr. Clark from New England and Mr. Elliott from Ireland. The Riblets and Ebersoles were the first of the " Pennsylvania Dutch " stock that settled in the county. A man by the name of Jack was on the Jesse Ebersole place in 1802. Dr. Ira Sherwin made his location in the township in 1825. William Henry and brother settled in Mill Creek in 1803, and changed from there to Harbor Creek. The descendants of these pioneers generally occupy the land to-day. Mr. Brewster cleared thirty acres, which he abandoned and moved to Erie. Sarah Prindle was the first female child born in the township, in 1799, and William Clark the first male child, in 1801. Thomas Rees was the first justice, and Thomas Greenwood and Myx'on Backus held the same ofiice at an early day. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The township was one of the original sixteen established, and has retained the same limits to this day. It has an area of 20,481 acres, and is noted as having more colored population than any other in the county. The negroes are mostly descendants of three slaves who were taken in by Thomas Rees To two of these, Robert McConnell and James Titus, upon reaching the twenty-eighth year of their age, when they became free by the emancipa- tion act, Mr. Rees gave fifty acres of land near Gospel Hill. The Moorhead 716 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. family also brought in a slave, known as Caesar, who was emancipated as above, but continued to live with his former master until his death. Harbor Creek is bounded on the north by the lake, on the east by North East and Greenfield, on the south by Greene and on the west by Mill Creek. It has a frontage on the lake of about seven miles, its east line is a trifle longer, its south line is about four and a half miles, and its west line very nearly five miles. The township is one of the wealthiest and most populous in the county, and its citizens are not surpassed as a moral, intelligent and church- going people. It maintains unusually good schools, has many neat houses and barns, and its farms, as a rule, are under a fine state of improvement. Of late years, the farmers of this section have given much attention to the culture of fruits, berries , grapes and melons, meeting with a degree of success that far exceeds their original anticipations. The First and Second Ridges extend across the entire southern portion of the township from east to west. On the First Ridge and back of it, on the second plain, the land continues quite good. From the Second Ridge south, it is broken, cold and clayey, being better suited for grazing than grain. The township contains three villages — Wesleyville, Harbor Creek and Moorheadville — each of which is a station on the Lake Shore and Nickel Plate Railroads. These are also the post offices of the town- ship; through them most of the inhabitants receive their mail matter. Another post office, known as Southville, was kept up for some years, near the Cass Woolen Factory, but was abandoned about 1840. Since that period, the southern portion of the township has been without mail facilities, though a post office somewhere on the Station road would seem to be a necessity. The population of the township has been as follows: 555, in 1820; 1,104, in 1880; 1,843, in 1840; 2,084, in 1S50; 2,033, in i860; 1,974, in 1870, and 1,781 in 1880. The assessment of 1883 gave the following results: value of real estate, $1,114,000. Number of cows, 584; of oxen, 12; of horses and mules, 605; value of the same, $58,058. Value of trades and occupations, $12,280. Money at interest, $35,744. CREEKS AND GULLIES. The streams of Harbor Creek are Four, Sis and Twelve Mile Creeks, Elli- ott's Run and Scott's Run, all emptying into the lake, and McConnell Run, a branch of Four Mile Creek. Four and Six Mile Creeks head in Greene, and Twelve Mile Creek on the edge of North East and Greenfield. All the rest are wholly within the township. Elliott's Run and Scott's Run are both small, short streams; the fi)st flows through or near Harbor Creek Village, and the second is the next stream east. They were named after two of the earliest set- tlers. McConnell's Run crosses the Station road a little south of Gospel Hill, and joins Four Mile Creek near the foot of the great gully. It received its name from a mulatto, who built a cabin at an early day on the bank of the stream. The great gully or gorge of Four Mile Creek, which has attracted the attention of nearly every person who has ever traveled over the Philadel- phia & Erie Railroad, commences in Greene Township, and extends to very near the bridge of the Station road, about half a mile south of Wesleyville, gradually becoming shallower as it reaches its northern terminus. Its length is about six miles, and it varies in depth from fifty to a hundred and fifty feet. There are a number of mills along Four Mile Creek, in both Harbor Creek and Greene Townships. The Old Cooper Mill, near the foot of the great gulf, was once a famous landmark of the lake shore region. William Saltsman first built a saw mill at this point in 1815, and added a grist mill in 1826. These afterward became the property of William Cooper, Sr., under whose manage- pp.: a GEN.'u HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 719 ment they obtained wide reputation. Mr. Cooper bought the mill property in 1839, and rebuilt the noills in 1850. The third saw mill in the county was erected by Thomas Rees. near the mouth of the creek, on the Crowley place, in 1798, for the Population Company. In the same year, Eliphalet Beebe con- structed the sloop Washington, of thirty-five tons, on the shore of the lake, near the mill, for the use of the same company, being the first sailing vessel built on the south shore of Lake Erie. The gorge of Six Mile Creek extends to within a mile or a mile and a half of the Buffalo roadj and its windings must be nearly five xniles long. The deepest part of the gorge is at the Clark settlement, where it is but little short of 150 feet deep, with an average width of not more than 100 feet. MILLS. There ai'e a number of mills in the township, but the most important are the Cooper Grist, Saw and Cider Mill at Wesley vi He, the Neeley Grist and Saw Mill at the mouth of Twelve Mile Creek, Dodge's handle, shingle and saw mill, Troop's basket factory and cider mill at Harbor Creek Station, and Cass' woolen mill on the head- waters of Six Mile Creek, in the southeastern section. A small grist mill was erected in 1800 by James Foulk, at the fall of Six Mile Creek, near its mouth, but was only kept up a year or two. Neeley's mill was established in 1802 by Capt. Daniel Dobbins and James Foulk. Capt. Dob- bins lived there with his family seven years, until their removal to Erie. The mill fell into the hands of Joseph Neeley in 1816, who did a very prosperous business until 1841. From that time the mill was run by his son- in law, the eminent Gen. John W. McLane, until the outbreak of the war, when it was sold by Mr. Neeley. Since then it has changed proprietors several times. The mill of the Messrs. Dodge was built in the spring of 1870, and has always done a good trade. It is run by steam, which is partially created by the gas from a well on the premises. A carding and woolen mill was erected on the site of the Cass factory as long ago as 1810, and was kept up till 1841 or 1842, when Thornton, Cass & Co. purchased the property, which had run down, and built the present extensive works. The factory was carried on very success- fully for some years, and is still running on a small scale. In this connection, it may be noted that there were fully twenty -five woolen factories in the county forty or fifty years ago, of which five were in Erie city or its vicinity. Joseph Baclais had a grist mill, saw mill and distillery near the Cass Mill in the early years of the county. The grist mill and distillery were abandoned fifty years ago; the saw mill continued to be run till a comparatively recent period, when it, too, was left to decay. Cooper's mill at Wesleyville will be referred to in con- nection with that village. Troop's basket factory was started about 1878. In addition to the above, there is a large cider mill at Moorheadville. The build- ing used as a barn, on the north side of the road, on the Joseph McCarter farm, was once a grist mill, the power of which was furnished by Elliott's Run. Joseph Backus built mills at an early date in the Backus neighborhood in the southeast. The first cargo of flour and pork shipped to New York from Erie County was taken through the Erie Canal by Joseph Neeley in 1826. The flour was made at the mill near the mouth of Twelve Mile Creek. ROADS, ETC. The main public roads are the Buffalo and the Lake, in the north portion, crossing the township from Mill Creek to North East, and the Station road, commencing at Wesleyville and running in a general southeastern course into Greenfield. The Lake road extends through the township at a distance of from 720 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. a quarter to a half mile from the water, having one tier of farms between. The Buflfalo road runs at an average distance of a mile and a half south of the lake. The Station road was laid out through Colt's Station to Mayville, N. Y., about 1813. The Lake Shore and Nickel Plate railroads pass through the whole width of Harbor Creek Township from east to west, and the Phila- delphia & Erie road runs through about a mile of its western portion in a semi-circular direction at the gully of Four Mile Creek. The first two have stations at WesleyVille, Harbor Creek and Moorheadville. The last has no station in the township. Near the close of the last century, the State of Pennsylvania made a dona- tion of 2,000 acres of land in the newly purchased Triangle to Gen. William Irvine for his services in the Revolutionary war. giving him the privilege of making his own selection. In 1795, while in the county to lay out the towns of Erie and Waterford, he took up a mile along the lake from Brawley's old tavern to the (Treenwood Schoolhouse, embracing the mouth of Six Mile Creek, and running back a proportionate distance. In 1830, Gen. Callender Irvine, son of William, had 800 acres surveyed on both sides of the Buflfalo road, and sold it oflf, reserving the water power, which was still regarded as of great value. About 1848, the balance of the reserve was disposed of by Dr.Will- iam A. Irvine, son of Callender. WESLEYVILLE. Four and a half miles from the Parks in Erie is the village of Wesleyville, containing three stores, three blacksmith shops, one shoe shop, one large grist mill (using both steam and water), two cider mills, a saw mill, a wind mill factory, a brick church and schoolhouse, some thirty or forty buildings, and between 150 and 200 people. Four Mile Creek runs through the village, and the Buflfalo road is its main street. The schoolhouse is built upon the diamond, near the center of the village, which was donated by Gen. Kilpatrick to the public for the purpose. Wesleyville enjoys a good trade with the farm- ers of western Harbor Creek, Greenfield and eastern Mill Creek. The Lake Shore and Nickel Plate Railroads run just north of the place, and it is the point of intersection of the Station road with the Buflfalo road. The alley on the west side of W. R. Kelley's store is the line between Harbor Creek and Mill Creek Townships. Wesleyville was laid out in 1828 by John Shadduck, who owned the farm and mill now widely known as Cooper's mill. He built a grist mill in 1823, and a saw mill two years later, both on the west bank of Four Mile Creek. It was named Wesleyville after John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. The Methodist Episcopal Chiu'ch, the only one in the village, was built by Mr. Shadduck in 1828, and rebuilt by the congregation in 1866. Mr. Shadduck's death in 1834 was a heavy blow to the place. The Methodist Episcopal Church at Wesleyville above referred to was a moderate sized one, and at a quarterly meeting held in it late in the fall thirteen were converted. Two young men, while at work in the brickyard making the brick for the above church, were awakened and converted, one of whom subsequently became an able preacher of the Gospel. From 1830 to 1834, this appointment was on the Erie Circuit. The latter year Wesleyville Circuit was formed. The apportionment of the church at Wesleyville for the support of the preacher in 1833 was $40. P. D. Horton and T. Benn were pastors in 1834; J. C. Ridout in 1881-82-83. HARBOR CREEK AND MOORHEADVILLE. The village of Harbor Creek is one of the pleasantest in the county. A HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 721 station was established here by the raih'oad company because it was half-way between Erie and North East. The village contains two stores, one hotel, a blacksmith sbop, wagon shop. Dodge's shingle, handle and saw mill, Jonathan Troop's basket factory and cider mill, and 75 or 100 people. The post office at Harbor Creek was established about 1832, and was originally located some distance east of the village. It is fifteen miles from Erie to North East, and Harbor Creek is exactly midway by the Bnflfalo road. Moorheadville, on the Buffalo road, half a mile north of the railroad sta- tion of the same name, is not properly a village, but a cluster of neighborly farm residences. The locality received its name from the large number of Moorheads living there. It was first settled by Thomas Moorhead, in 1800, who was soon followed by others of the family from the eastern part of the State. The first Sabbath school held in Erie County was established in 1817, at this place, by Col. James M. Moorhead and Rev.Mr. Morton,ina log schoolhouse which was removed in 1857. Moorheadville is ten and one-half miles from Erie, and four and one half from North East, b}'^ railroad. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The township contains six churches, viz. : Methodist Episcopal, at \¥es- leyville; Presbyterian and Methodist Episcopal, at Harbor Creek Station; United Brethren, on the road up Six Mile Creek, in the Clark settlement; Bap- tist, at Lowry's Corners, and another Methodist Episcopal, on the Ridge road, south of the Walker settlement. The Presbyterian congregation at Harbor Creek was organized* May 26, 1832, with fifty-eight members set off from the church at North East. The first building was erected half a mile east of the present site, on a piece of ground donated by Judah Colt, who owned a large farm there. It was of brick, costing $2,089, and was dedicated November 7, 1834. The present beautiful edifice was built and dedicated in 1871, at a cost of $10,000. The first Elders of the congregation were Myron Backus, Samu- el Kingsbury and J. M. Moorhead. Rev. Giles Doolittle, of the North East Church, supplied the congregation during the first year of its organization. Rev. George W. Cleveland was installed as pastor of the new school branch August 26, 1849; continued after the re-union, and is still in charge of the congregation. There was quite a struggle between Harbor Creek and Moor- headville over the site of the new building, and when the former place was decided upon some of the congregation withdrew and attached themselves to the church at North East. The Methodist Episcopal Church in the same village was erected in 1873, on ground donated by Rev. Noah Sullivan, at a cost of about $4,000; it was dedicated December 11 of that year by Rev. B. J. Ives, of Auburn, N. Y. For many years, Methodist preaching has been enjoyed in the village of Har- bor Creek and vicinity. This appointment has been on the Wesleyville Circuit. The South Harbor Creek Methodist Episcopal Church in the Walker and McGill neighborhood is the outgrowth of a class organized in that vicinity at an early day. An early preaching point was at Lowry's Corners, in a school- house, which was the main place of worship until the building of the church in 1841 or 1842, which was dedicated by Rev. John Robinson. Erie Circuit was formed in 1830, and the first quarterly conference for the new circuit was held at Harbor Creek September 13, 1830. There were present Wildeo B. Mack, Presiding Elder, Joseph A. Barrass and A. Young, circuit preachers. In 1834, Wesleyville Circuit was formed, and since that time the appointment at South Harbor Creek has been on Wesleyville Circuit; however, the word south does not appear in the minutes u.ntil 1836, yet the name Harbor Creek un- 722 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. doubtedly referred to the class at Lowry's Comers, as the class at Harbor Creek Station was not organized until a later day, and then for convenience' sake, many previously having been converted with that class. Among the members in 1833 maybe mentioned Silas Walker and wife,Audley McGill and wife, William Allen, James Clark, David Nellis and wife, and Jesse R. Prin- dle and wife. The Harbor Creek Baptist Church located at Lowry's Corners, dates back as far as 1822. It was organized in a schoolhouse near Hoag's Corners. The congregation subsequently moved to a schoolhouse at Lowry's Corners, and later erected the church there. The charge is weak, and the congregation is now without a pastor. The United Brethren congregation in the Clark neighborhood, was organ- ized in 1856, with a membership of about ten, by Rev. J. W. Clark; the building was erected the same year. This field of labor was then Erie mission, but one year later it became a part of Harbor Creek Circuit. J. W. Clark was pastor in 1857, in 1874-75, and in 1882-83. Besides the above places, religious services are frequently held in the schoolhouse at Gospel Hill, on the Station road. This place received its name because most of the early citizens were Methodists who were very de- voted to their religion. The graveyard on Gospel Hill has been in use for fifty-six years. The first bodies interred were those of two girls who were drowned in Six Mile Creek in 1823. COUNTY OFFICERS. The county officers from Harbor Creek Township have been as follows; Sheriff— John Kilpatrick, October 28, 1855, to October 21, 1858; John W. McLane, October 21, 1858, to November 16, 1861. Register and Recorder and Clerk of the Courts — William P. Trimble, November 10, 1857, to November 19, 1860. County Treasurer— James Chambers, January 4, 1853, to January 6, 1855. Clerks of the Courts— Robert S. Moorhead, January 1, 1883, to January 1, 1886 (resident of Erie when elected). County Commissioners — James M. Moorhead, 1827 to 1830; Samuel Low, 1836 to 1840; James Chambers, 1864 to 1867. Director of the Poor— George W. Walker, 1840 to 1843. County Surveyor — G. AV. F. Sherwin, November 12, 1866, to February 22, 1869. County Auditors — Thomas Rees, 1821 and 1824; James Chambers, 1846; Jesse Ebersole, 1870; William P. Edwards, 18«0 to 1883. SCHOOL HISTORY. Early in this century, a school was taught in the barn of Robert Hurst, which for some reason had been vacated; this was in the vicinity of the pres- ent site of Moorheadville, on the Buffalo road, and was attended by Walter Greenwood, from whom we get this information, when a small lad, as his first school. He was born in the spring of 1798. The master was Walter Patter- son. School was kept here but a short time. On the Col. Moorhead farm, probably a half mile east of the Hurst barn, a log schoolhouse was built, where the next school in that settlement was taught. This house was too far for the Harbor Creek settlement, which led to the building of another house on the farm of William Wilson, on the Buffalo road, just north of the Lake Shore Railroad. In this house, among the early teachers were a Mr. Fisk and Miss Clara Cain. In 1825, at Harbor Creek settlement, Miss Elenor Burgett taught a school. AVhere Wesleyville now is, at a point opposite Kelley's store, there stood a schoolhouse as early at least as 1811 or 1812, the first schoolhouse erected in that neighborhood, in which school was ^taught by a Mrs. Burrass. NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 723 Here the venerable James Chambers, who was born in 1805, learned his let- ters. Later teachers in this building were Nathaniel Lowry, Freeman Wing, W. Taggart and George Hampson. The schoolhouses of the township are now thirteen in number, of which all but two are brick, the material of the Shaw School being stone, and of the Owen, frame. They are as follows: On the Lake road — Shaw, near A. Shaw's, and Crowley neighborhood. On the Buf- falo road — Wesley ville, in the village; Chambers, near Henry Chamber's; Elliott, near Harbor Creek Village; Ebersole, near Joseph Ebersole's, and Moorbead, near William Moorhead's. In other parts of the township — Gos- pel Hill, near John Bunnell's; Tattle, near John Tuttle's; Owen, near Will- iam Cass'; Williams, near Hugh Campbell's; Lowry, near the N. D. Lowry place; Backus, near Edwin Cass'. The Elliott House was built for a graded school, and is two stories in height. MISCELLANEOUS. The venerable James Chambers, whose home is a little east of Wesleyville, is the oldest continuous Justice of the Peace in the county, and probably in the State. He was first commissioned by Gov. Ritner in 1837, and has held the office from then to the present time, with the exception of an interval of six years, during which he served a term each as County Treasurer and County Commissioner. Aaron Hoag, one of the pioneers, who died in 1857, was always in litigation, and it is stated as a fact, that after his demise, the law business of the court suddenly dropped off twenty-five per cent. Elias Camp- bell died at the house of his son-in-law, Thomas E. Kendrick, October 8, 1882, aged ninety years; he emigrated to Washington Township with his mother in 1797. The value of land in Harbor Creek ranges from $200 an acre on the lake shore plain to $30 on the high ground south. Several valuable gas wells have been drilled in the township, but most of them are now yielding little or noth- ing. CHAPTER VII. NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF NORTH EAST. THE section of country now included in North East Township was known for several years as Lower Greenfield. It received its present title when the county was organized, and derived the name from its position as the northeast township of the original sixteen. Its limits were extended in 1841, by adding a wedge-shaped strip from Greenfield. The township has an area of 25,419 acres, with a frontage upon the lake of more than eight miles, a breadth of over seven miles in the widest part, along the New York line, and of a little less than five miles on the Harbor Creek line. North East Township is bounded on the north by Lake Erie, on the east by Chautauqua County, N. Y. , on the south by Greenfield and on the west by Harbor Creek. Its lands average as well as any section of the coxmty, and the township includes numerous intelligent and succesful farmers. The lake shore plain is about three miles in width, rising gradually from a height of about seventy-five feet near the water's edge to a hundred and fifty feet or more in the vicinity of the borough. An abrupt rise takes place in Harbor Creek Township, at Twelve Mile Creek, and this eleva- 724 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. tion continues across North East nearly to Twenty Mile Creek, where the land again falls to the general level of the lake shore. The greatest height is on the Bothwell farm, a mile east of North East Station, where the summit of the railroad is attained between Buffalo and Erie. The lake shore lands readily produce every kind of grain, fruit, flower and vegetable that can be raised in this latitude, and are equal to the most noted in the world. East of Sixteen Mile Creek, on the Lake road, they are usually a sandy loam; west of that on the same road and on the Buffalo road they are of a gravelly nature. The hills in the south part rise gradually to the summit at Colt's Station, and there is scarcely any waste country in the township. The hill land is clay loam and gravel, and yields tine wheat, barley, etc. Land ranges in value from $50 to $125 an acre. The population of the township has been as follows at the periods stated: 1,068, in 1820; 1,706, in 1830; 1,793, in 1840; 2,379, in 1850; l,900,in I860; 2,313, in 1870; and 2,152 in 1880. The assessment of 1883, gave the fol- lowing results: Valueof real estate, $1,382,699; number of cows, 754; of oxen, 10; of horses and mules, 572: value of the same $64,835, value of trades and occupations, $25,900; money at interest, $19,087. EARLY SETTLERS. North East was the first of the lake shore towDships to be settled, and by 1810 was pi'etty well covered with a hardy arid worthy class of emigrants. The first settler to reach the township was Joseph Shadduck, who came in from Vermont, and took up a tract in 1794, near the center. He was joined in a few months by George and Henry Hurst from New Jersey. Although these parties located and made application for their lands in that year, they did not make an actual settlement until 1795. Henry Hurst, after a brief residence, moved to Meadville, and was elected to represent the five northwestern coun- ties in the State Senate. Shadduck also changed, going to Gi*eenfield, where he remained until his death. The same year that Shadduck and the Hursts made their settlement, George Lowry went in and took up a tract of 400 acres, in or near the borough. He was followed in 1796 by his mother, Margaret Lowry, and her family, who located 2,800 acres more in the vicinity of George's land, of which they paid the State for 2,000 acres. Mrs. Lowry was of Scottish and Irish birth, but emigrated to Cumberland County, in this State, and came from there to this county. She was the mother of ten sons, of whom four — Robert, Andrew, George and Morrow — married four daughters of James Barr, of Cxim- berland County. From this stock descended Hon. Morrow B. Lowry, so famous as a politician. James and Bailey Do aaldson arrived in 1795; Henry and Dyer Loomis in 1796; Thomas Kobinson, Joseph McCord, James McMahan (all of Perry County), William Wilson, James Duncan, Francis Brawley and Abram and Arnold Custard in 1797; Thomas Crawford, with his sons, William, James and Robert, Lemuel Brown, Mathew Taylor, William Allison, Henry Burgett, and John, James and Mathew Greer in 1797-98. In the sum- mer of 1800, Robert Hampson, with his wife and one child, coming from Juniata County, settled in the township, where he lived until his death in 1851. Among those who reached the township about 1800 were Alexander T. Blaine, John and Andrew McCord, Samuel Graham, Robert Burrows, William Dundas, Mr. Campbell, Joel Loomis, James Barr, Timothy, Amos and Jerry Tuttle Timothy Newton, James Silliman, Thomas Mellen, Cornyn Shadduck, Heze- kiah and Tristram Brown, Robert McNeill, Stephen Sparrow, Perrin Ross, Charles Allen, John Russell, M. Brown and Hezekiah Brown. Of the later set- tlers, Henry Taylor located in the township in 1802; Wendell Butt, in 1810; NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 725 Jesse Belknap, in 1812; Cyrus Robinson, in 1813; Justin Nash, Gilbert Belknap and W. E. Mason, in 1814; Harmon Ensign, Buell Phillips, Edmund Orton, Joseph^srce, Joseph Law and Levi and Shubal Atkins, in 1815; Alex- ander Davidson, William Hall, Dr. Smedley, Clark Putnam and John Butt, in 1816; Arnold Warner, of Oneida County N. Y., in 1817; O. Selkrigg, in 1818; Hugh Beatty, in 1819; Clark Bliss, in 1821; Bester Town, in 1824; James Cole, in 1825; John Scouller, William Graham, D. D. Loop and N. C. Rem- ington, in 1830; Amos Gould about 1831; E. N. Fuller, in 1835; Calvin Spafford, inl836; J. S. Haynes, in 1837; William Griffith and R. A. White, in 1840; Stephen Griffith, in 1846; Henry Wolf about 1857; William E. Marvin and Isaac Wolf, in 1859. James Barr moved to Harbor Creek in 1813, and from there to Mill Creek. Levi Atkins died in the township a few years ago in his one hundredth year. Reference ip made in the general history to the litigation between the Pennsylvania Population Company and the citizens, who claimed title by vir- tue of mere settlement. The burden of these troubles largely fell upon the settlers of North East. The Lowrys, Wilsons and Barr fought the claims of the company until the matter was settled by the decision of the United States Supreme Court. FIRST THINGS. The first church was oi'ganized under the auspices of the Presbytery of Ohio in 1801. The first brick house in the county outside of Erie was erected by James Silliman in 1809, about a mile east of the borough, and is still standing. The first Justices of the Peace were Timothy Tuttle and Thomas Robinson, the first being commissioned jiEarch 3, and the second March 23, 1799. Mr. Robinson was the Justice who married the parents of Gen. C. M. Reed in 1801. The sacrament of the Lord's supper was administered for the first time in the county according to the Protestant form, at the house of the William Dundas in 1801. The first grist mill in the township was built by Col. Tuttle on Sixteen Mile Creek in 1807. The first building used for a schoolhouse was built in 1798, on "the north side of the main road near the house belonging to the Brookins farm. " The first road was cut through from Freeport to Greenfield in 1797. The first mail route between Buffalo and Erie was established in 1806. The first regular line of coaches was in 1820-21. The first telegraph line was put up in 1847 or 1848. The first regular passenger train passed through from the State line to Erie on the 8th of January, 1852. RAILROADS AND COMMON ROADS. The Lake Shore Railroad runs across the township from east to west, at an average of two miles from the lake, in nearly a straight line and with a very light grade. The road is almost straight between Erie and North East, and it is said that the signal lights can be seen at the Union depot a distance of fifteen miles. The New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad crosses the town- ship in the same direction as the Lake Shore road, and, generally speaking, at a distance of only a rod or so south of it. Both roads have stations at North East and Northville. The common roads which are most extensively traveled are the Buffalo road, running across the township at an average distance of about a mile and a half south of the lake, and the Lake road, which approaches the water's edge in the eastern part of Harbor Creek, and follows the bank of the lake through North East Township, almost to the mouth of Sixteen Mile Creek. From there to Twenty Mile Creek the direct road has been abandoned, but another road further back from the lake carries the route to the mouth of the latter stream, where it again follows the water eastward through New York. 726 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. THE CREEKS. North East is one of the best watered towoships in the county, a great number of rivulets springing out of the high land in the south and uniting their waters before reaching the lake. The main streams are Twelve Mile Creek in the west, Sixteen Mile Creek in the center, and Twenty Mile Creek in the east, with Spring Creek, Spafford Run and Averill Run between. Twelve Mile Creek rises on the northern edge of Greentield, flows in a general north- eastern direction and falls into the lake in Harbor Creek, after a course of about thirteen miles. Sixteen Mile Creek takes its rise in Greenfield Town- ship, within a mile of French Creek, passes the borough on its west side, and enters the lake at Freeport. Its length is about ten miles, and its general course due north. About two and a half miles south of the borough, Sixteen Mile Creek is joined by Graham Creek, which rises in New York, and is per- haps four miles long. At the point of junction, there is a " hog's back," which is nearly perpendicular on the east side. The gully at the " hog's back " is not far from 200 feet deep. The heads of Twenty Mile Creek are in Westfield and Sherman Townships, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. , and its mouth is near the northeast corner of North East Township. It enters the State about a mile above the crossing of the Lake Shore Railroad, and must have a length of ten to twelve miles. The deep gulf of this stream, which attracts so much atten- tion from travelers, begins three or four miles south of the Lake Shore Rail- road culvei't, and continues nearly to the lake, some three miles further by the windings of the creek. Its depth where the railroad crosses is about 100 feet. The culvert at this point is a mammoth work, and one of the finest pieces of masonry in the country. The Nickel Plate road has an iron bridge some distance above, which Js a skillful piece of work. The gully on the head- waters of Sixteen Mile Creek, in the south part of the township, runs out in the vicinity of the borough, but begins again just below, and continues to the lake. It is nowhere as abrupt as that of Twenty Mile Creek, except at the junction above referred to. Twelve Mile Creek has steep banks from Moor- headville to its mouth, but above that the gully is less deep and striking than those of the other streams. MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. Although North East may be said to be quite a manufacturing centei*, it is a curious fact that nearly all of the most important establishments are outside of the borough limits. Among the past and present mills and factories of the township are Gay &Beatty's grist, saw and shingle mill, in the gulf of Twenty Mile Creek, at the crossing of the Buffalo road; Rhodes' cider and vinegar mill, a large four-story building, near the same; Jones' grist mill, built by James Haynes, to which a distillery was added by B. C. Town. In the spring of 1883, this mill passed into the hands of A. K. & W. D. Wing, who have enlarged it. Grimshaw's woolen factory — built by Archibald Duncan in 1845 and burned in the spring of 1883 — and Coffman's pump factory, all on Spring Run; a turning works, table factory, saw mill, the Franklin Paper Mill, Ezra Scouller's grist mill — the largest in the township — Bannister's brewery, Greene & Chase's cider and vinegar mill, now owned by Alfred Short; E. K. Nason's tanneiy, Green's door, blind and sash factory, Stetson's handle factory, a grape basket and fruit and cigar box factory, all on Sixteen Mile Creek; New Era Organ Factory — started in the spring of 1873 by a joint-stock company — Jones' barrel factory— established in 1864 by Bothell & Clark, and burned in 1881 — Applebee & Butt's steam saw mill and Johu Scouller & Tyler's large tannery — built in 1875. All of these concerns, some of which are quite extensive, are ^ i^Cj NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 729 within a radius of perhaps a mile from the public park, with the exception of those on Twenty Mile Creek. M'>st of the mills use steam and water. Be- sides the establishments named above, E. Scouller and Dr. Porter have ware- houses on the railroad, just across the borough line, for handling grain, coal, lime, etc. There is also a cheese factory at Grahamvilln (started in 1881) and a saw and heading mill at the State line. The township contains three brick yards, two of which are managed respectively by Gen. Kilpatrick and Juhn Kane, on the Francis Brawley farm, now owned by Sampson Short, two miles and a half west of the borough; and the third, near the borough, is owned by Dyer Loomis. The paper mill was established by Steele, Judd & Easton in 1833, and, after passing into the hands of William L. Hall, was burned in 1838. It was immediately re-built by John Scouller and Chauncy Easton, the former of whom soon purchased his partner's interest. Mr. Scouller sold the mill in 1853 to James S. Johnson, who was the victim of another fire on the 16th of August, 1881, which almost totally destroyed the property. By July 2, 1872, Mr. Johnson had the mill running agaiu on a more extensive scale than ever, but in re-building he became involved, and the low prices set- ting in at the same time, was obliged to succumb to the financial pre.ssure. The mill was sold to Cochran & Young, of Erie, who ran it until January 1, 1883, when it passed into the hands of West, Swaney & Jackson, of Pitts- burgh. These gentlemen failed, and the mill now belongs to the estate of Cochran & Young. THE GRAPE CULTURE. The culture of grapes was commenced in North East Township about 1850, by Messrs. Hammond & Griffith, who planted their first vineyard in the vicinity of Jones' grist mill. It was soon discovered that the soil and climate were pecu- liarly favorable to the growth of this luscious fruit, and the small beginning of thirty years ago has developed until there are thousands of acres under cultivation in the township. The South Shore Wine Company was formed in 1869. They built a large cellar on the road between the borough and lake, and have done an extensive business in shipping grapes and making wine. J. & C. Mnttier have a smaller winery near by, and Alonzo Biitt has another, about a mile and a half northeast of the borough. Most of the vineyards are north of the borougb. on the fertile land between Sixteen and Twenty Mile Creeks. The grapes are shipped to all parts of the North, but the bulk of them are sold in Erie and the oil region. Besides the grape culture, the township has become an important berry, fruit, melon and vegetable growing region. A good deal of trucking is done for the Erie and oil country markets. The principal truckers are the Mottiers, Butts, McCords and McGaugheys. In the vicinity of the vineyards, and near the bank of the lake, is the Lake View House, which was at one period a promising summer resort. It is a large four-story building, surrounded by beautiful grounds and in a charming location. The enterprise was started by H. S. Southard in 1875. The villages of the town- ship are Northville, Freeport and Grahamville. Northville is the only post office. VILLAGES. Freeport, at the mouth of Sixteen Mile Creek, a mile and a half north of the borough, though now nothing more than a straggling collection of houses, was once expected to become a lake port of considerable magnitude. When the Population Company established their headquarters at Colt's Station, their supplies were first received mainly by boat from Buffalo and landed at Free- poi-t. To transport these goods, the first road in the county — with the excep- tion of the old French road — was opened from Freeport to Greenfield in I (97, 730 - HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. which a year afterward was extended to Wattsburg. The road followed generally the same route as the one which now runs from the depot at North East, southward to French Creek. Quite a trade was done at Freeport till 1802, when the removal of the company's headquarters to Erie suspended the lake traffic. Afterward it did some business as a lumber port, but this did not last long. Capt. Freeman Judd built a small vessel at Freeport, with which he touched at the harbor as necessity required till 1834 or 1835. when the commerce of the port ceased, and has never been renewed. The village con- sists at present of a wagon shop, saw mill, turning and table factory and fifteen or twenty buildings. It is something of a fishing place and several families are supported by the fisheries. The first foundry in Erie County was established at Freeport in 1824, by Philetus Glass and others, for the manu- facture of cast iron plows. The village of Northville is mainly in New York, but the post office and church are in Pennsylvania. The place embraces a store, hotel, cooper shop, wagon shop, blacksmith shop, schoolhouse and twenty or thirty dwellings. The Buffalo road passes through, and the town is a station on the Lake Shore and Nickel Plate Railroads. The Methodist Episcopal Church at Northville is the only one in the township outside of North East Borough. It is at least sixty years old, and in its early existence was an appointment on North East Circuit and of the other circuits of which North East, Wattsburg and Ripley were parts. Since Ripley Circuit was formed, this appointment has been on that circuit. Among the early members of Northville Church were, Jacob Pier and wife, Mrs. Crocker, Phoebe Myers (now Mrs. Taylor) and Benjamin Lawrence and wife; the latter was Class Leader in 1833. The first church building was erected in 1841, and the present one in 1880. Prior to 1841, the society wor- shiped in a school house on the York State side. The graveyard attached to the church has been in existence many years. The little settlement of Grahamville, at the cross roads, about three and a half miles southeast of the borough, was founded by Samuel Graham, who came from Centre County in 1800, his brothers James and Ebenezer locating at the same time in Summit Township. A tannery was established there in 1835 by Robert Graham, a saw mill by James Graham in the same year, an ashery by E. N. Fuller in 1842, and a distillery, wagon shop and blacksmith shop some time between 1830 and the latter year. The place was at the height of its prosperity from 1842 to 1846, when, for some reason, it began to run down, the store being closed in 1847, and the ashery and distillery soon after. It consists at present of a schoolhouse (in which religious services are some- times held), a cheese factory, blacksmith shop, wagon shop, about fifteen houses, and fifty or seventy-five inhabitants. CEMETERIES. North East Township contains three regularly incorporated cemeteries, be- sides the graveyard at Northville and one near the woolen mill. The one known as the North East Cemetery, which is used by the borough and township in common, occupies high ground on the west bank of Sixteen Mile Creek, along the Buffalo road, a short distance west of the boi'ough limits. The cemetery company was incorporated April 15, 1882. Twelve and one-half acres were purchased from the heirs of P. S. V. Hamot, to which five acres were added that had been used as a burial ground for fifty years. The cemetery of the Phillipsville Burial Ground Association is on the Benry Wolf farm, about two and a half miles east of the borough, along the Buffalo road. Although there has been a graveyard on the site for forty years, the management was never NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 731 regularly .incorporated until 1863. Mrs. Buel Phillips, wife of the donor, was the first person buried there. Her death took place in 1822. TheGrahamville Burying Groiind Association was incorporated in the spring of 1879. The society's grounds are on the road from North East to Grahamville, near H. D. Taber's. The site has been used as a graveyard for forty-three yeai's. SCHOOLS. In the western part of the township, located about a half mile north of the present track of the Lake Shore Railroad, was what was known as the Hilde- brand house, in which school was taught about the year 1811 by Betsy McCray. In the same building Joseph Townsley taught. Not long after this (about 1814), a log schoolhouse was built eighty or one hundred rods south of the above-named site, in which the first school was taught by Joseph Neelev. Other early teachers in this building were Miss Eleanor Lawhead (who subsequently married a Moorhead), Charles Brown, a Mr. Stearns, Henry Neeley and George Hampson. This was up to about 1820. In the early history of the township, the children residing east of the " gulf," in the northeastern portion of the town- ship, attended school in New York State. An early school was taught not far from the State line in a building vacated by James Taylor. A schoolhouse w^as built probably one mile from the line in York State as early as 1816. Ebenezer Poorman taught in these houses. About one mile southwest of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Northville, iu what was known as the Orton District, a schoolhouse was erected, in which school was opened in the winter of 1832-33 by James Taylor, now of North East Borough, which was most likely the first school established in the northeastern part of the township, west of the New York State line. Mr. Taylor taught a school in the Belknap Dis- trict, about one and one-half miles south of the Ortcm School, in the winter of 1833-34. The township maintains at present seventeen schools, and the school term consists of four months in the summer and four in the winter. Below is a list of the buildings, with their locations: Gay, near the mouth of Twenty IVIile Creek; Dewey, on the Butt road; Jones, near the woolen, factory; Free- port, near Scouller's mill; McCord, on Lake road; Brawley, on the Buffalo road, west;. Maple Grove, on S. C. Remington's farm; Orton, on the William E. Marvin farm; Law, near the borough, in the south; Gifford, on J. E. Will- iams' farm; Spooner, on B. P. Spooner's farm; Putnam, in Putnam settlement; Union, on Greenfield line; Adkins, in Adkins settlement; Bird, near the south- east corner of the township; Grahamville, at Grahamville; and Bingham, near B. Bingham's. The Freeport, Brawley, Maple Grove, Law, Gifford, Putnam and Bingham Schools are of brick; the rest are of frame. The Union school is maintained jointly by North East and Greenfield. REV. CYRUS DICKSON. Probably the best known name associated with North East Township is that of Rev. Cyrus Dickson, for many years the famous Secretary of the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church of the United States. He was one of the most eloquent pulpit orators in the country, and his I'eputation was as extended as the Union. His grandfather, James Dickson, was a Captain in the Revolutionary war. Removing after the close of the war from the Mohawk Valley, where his father had first settled, he made his home for a time in Westmoreland County, Peun. Not satisfied there, he came with his family, in 1801, to Erie County, locating near the head- waters of French Creek. A few years afterward,his son William bought a farm in North East Township. near the lake, and there took nn his residence. He married, after the death of his first 732 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. wife, Christina, daughter of James and Catherine Moorhead; and in the log cabin of this uncleared farm was born, in 1816, Cyrus Dickson — destined to become one of the most distinguished sons of the Presbyterian Church. He completed his college course at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1857; taught for a year or two, fh'st in Girard, Erie County, and then near Prince- ton, N. J. — at the same time studying theology and attending lectures at the seminary at the latter place. After the usual examinations, he was licensed in 1839 by the Presbytery of Erie to preach the Gospel. Within a few months he became settled in his first pastorate at Franklin, Penn. BOROUGH OF NORTH EAST. The borough of North East is very nearly in the center of the township, be- tween its eastern and western lines, about a mile and a half south from the lake. It stands upon the highest ground of the lake shore plain, and is sur- rounded by one of the most beautiful and fertile sections of Erie County. It is an important station on the Lake Shore and Nickel Plate Railroads, fifteen miles east of Erie and seventy-three west of Buifalo. The Lake Shore road forms the southern boimdary line of the borough and the Buffalo road is its main street. A branch of Sixteen Mile Creek runs entirely through the place, and the main stream touches its southwestern edge, affording water-power to a number of mills and factories. North East is justly regarded as one of the most pleasant and enterprising towns in the county. It has good church build- ings and supports excellent schools. It has a number of elegant private resi- dences, and some of its stores are upon a scale that would do credit to a larger place. It is the center of a large manufacturing interest, and its mercantile establishments embrace almost every line of trade. The land covered by the borough was purchased from the State by a man named Brown, who sold it in 1804 to an Eastern speculator by the name of Gibson. The earliest dwelling within the borough limits was a log cabin, built by William Dundas, a little to the east of the Presbyterian parson- age. In this modest abode the sacrament of ihe Lord's Supper was admin- istered for the first time in Erie County according to the Protestant form, on Sunday, the 27th of September, 1801. The Dundas property was sold in 1806 to Henry Burgett. who converted it into a tavern, and occupied it as such for many years. A more pretentious tavern was erected in 1808, by Lemuel Brown, grandfather of Gen. H. L. Brown, of Erie city, on the site of the present Haynes House. Previous to the ventures of Burgett and Brown, a tavern had been kept by George Lowrey, near the park. The first store was opened in 1816, by Alexander McCloskey, in a building on Main street, at the foot of Vine, which was long since destroyed. By degrees a village sprung up around the taverns, which I'eceived the title of Burgettstown, after Henry Burgett, the landlord. In 1819 the name was changed to Gibsonville, in honor of the man who owned most of the property, and donated the park. It was known by that title until the 27th of February, 1834, when the village was incorporated as the borough of North East. The oi'iginal limits were extended in 1852, so that they are now about a mile in length by a little more than half a mile in breadth. The population by the United States census was 339 in 1840, 387 in 1850, 952 in 1860, 902 in 1870, and 1,396 in 1880. The Bur- gettstown Post Office was established May 10, 1812, and the name has been changed twice to suit the varying appellations of the town. NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 733 By the assessment of 1888, the real estate in the borouj^h was valued at $520,025; the number of cows was 51, and of horses and oxen 141 ; their value was 113,075; the valuation of trades and occupations was $118,450, and $78,961 were reported as drawing interest. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The churches of North East are seven in number, as follows: Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, St. Paul's Lutheran, St. Gregory's Catholic, German Evangelical, and Mission of the Holy Cross (Episcopal). The Pres- byterian society, the oldest religious organization in Erie County, was founded in 1801, as " The Church of Lower Greenfield," in the house of William Dun- das (which was afterward converted into Burgett's tavern), by Revs. McCurdy, Satterfield, Tait and Boyd, who were sent out as missionaries from the Ohio and Redstone Presbyteries. Thomas Robinson and John McCord were ordained as the first Elders. Services were held in the woods and in the barn or tan bark house of Joseph McCord till 1804, when a log church building was erected upon a tract of five acres, given for the purpose by Henry Hurst, which is now occupied as a part of the North East Cemetery. A Sabbath school was established, and a day school was also maintained in connection with the church. In' 1818, the congregation commenced the erection of a new frame building nearly in the center of the present park, which had been donated by Mr. Gibson, for public and religious use, and finished it in 1822. In 1832, fifty-eight members separated from the congregation and were constituted a church at Harbor Creek, leaving the original society 105 strong. The present building — a large, handsome brick — was completed in 1860, at a cost of about $9,000, and the old edifice in the park was torn down in 1862. The first regular minister was Rev. Robert Patterson, who was ordained as pastor of the churches of Upper and Lower Greenfield. His ordination took place September 1, 1802. His pastoral relation was dissolved by his own request April 22, 1807. From the date of his departure a long interval ensued, in which the church was without a regular pastor, with the exception of Rev. Mr. McPherson, who was employed for six months in 1812. In 1815-16, Rev. Mr. Eaton was engaged for one-fourth of his time, the rest being spent at Erie and Fail-view. Rev. Mr. Ely ofiiciated half of his time for six months in 1823. Rev. Cyrus J. Hunter, present incumbent, took charge of the congrega- tion July 16, 1880. The Methodist Episcopal congregation was organized in 1812, with ten members, by Rev. Thomas Branch, a missionary from Connecticut. The orig- inal members were Tristam Brown, George Culver, John Russell and two others, with their wives. For ten years this small congregation was with- out a house of worship. In 1822, a brick building was erected on the eastern side of the park, facing the south. The present edifice was built in 1852 at a cost of $3,000, and the old one was torn down the same year. Rev. James Watts was the first pastor, and Rev. W. W. Woodworth, 1881-82-83. The first Baptist society occupied a small log structure in the eastern part of the township. In 1832, a new congregation was organized, and erected a building on the Buffalo road, about two miles east of the borough in 1833. This society ceased to exist about 1850. A third congregation was established, through the efforts of Rev. Zebina Smith, in 1858. The present chm-ch build- ing was put up in 1859, and a Sabbath schoolroom was added in 1870. The Rev. Mr. Smith served the church as pastor about two years. The pastors have since been L. Rathburn, Mr. Weatherby, Mr. Husted, William Dunbar, M. Tennant, Theodore Leonard, J. C. Ward, H. N. Cornish and Charles Par- son, the present incumbent. The church membership is now about 125. 734 HISTORY OF ERIE COUHTY. St. Paul's German Evangelical Church was organized in 1864, by Rev. P. Brandt, who served as pastor of this mission in connection with the charge at Farnham, N. Y., until April, 1868. He was succeeded by Rev. H. Kanold, who served the two appointments until November, 1867. Then for one year the congregation had supplies onl}^ St. Paiil's became a separate charge in 1868, and the first pastor was Rev. E. J. Flickenstein, who entered upon his duties in October, 1868, and left the pastorate in September, 1872. Rev. E. Leemhuis, the present pastor, was his successor, entering upon the duties of his position in November, 1872. The church building was erected in 1867. Present voting membership, about eighty, principally the heads of families. St. Gregory's Catholic Church was erected about the year 1866. For years prior to this, the Catholic families had been visited by priests from Dunkirk and occasionally from Erie. In July, 1870, Father F. Riordy, the present pastor, entered upon his duties as pastor of this parish in connection with the one at Girard. The church as first erected was a mere shell of a building, which has under Father Riordy's efficient pastorate been greatly remodeled and improved until the buildding is now a very neat, substantial and pretty one. A parsonage adjoins the church and is the property of the congrega- tion Father Riordy's predecessor was Father Madigan. The membership is composed of about fifty families. The German Churcli of the Evangelical Association of North America was organized in 1870, yet preaching had been held occasionally for several years prior to this time, the Rev. Louis Wilt, of Westfield, N. Y., officiating. The corner-stone of the present neat frame building on Division street was laid October 2, 1870, and the church completed and dedicated January 15, 1871; sermon by Rev. Louis* Wilt. Mr. Wilt remained with the charge about two years after the building was dedicated, when he was succeeded by Rev. Jacob Long. He was succeeded by Rev. P. Klantz. Mr. Klantz's successor was Rev. Nathan Yoder, who was succeeded by Rev. John Honecker, the present pastor, in March, 1880. Present membership, eighty. The Episcopal Mission of the Holy Cross was organized in 1872. The society placed a neat building under roof during the season of 1879, which in due time was completed and is an imposing structure. The mission was supplied by Revs. McConnell, McKay, Tongue and Newman, during the years ending with 1876. Rev. J. Melville Benedict was installed on Advent, 1877. He left early in 1881, and was succeeded by Rev. J. H. Burton April 1 of the same year, who is still rector of the parish. PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND COLLEGE. A day school was taught in the old log meeting house, above referred to, soon after the year 1804, which was maintained until about 1817, when a log schoolhouse was built and stood not far from the center of the park. This was the regular school for the vicinity, and among the teachers who taught in it were John Brown, Miss Leech and Miss Riddle. In 1824, the present Academy grounds were jmrchased and a small brick building erected, in which Rev. Miles Doolittle taught as early as 1826. In 1818, a summer school was taught in the office of Dr. Dunlap, the site being just in front of the pre.sent house of E. Seoul ler, Esq. The next village schoolhouse was a larger frame building, erected in 1844, on the site of the brick house, at a cost of $8,000, raised by subscription. This was replaced by the present school building of four apartments, erected in 1878 at a cost of $10,000. We should have mentioaed above that among the teachers in the brick house, built in 1824, were Dver Loomis, Mr. Chambers NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 735 and A. S. Moss. The public schools of North East are excellent. In 1878, F. N. Thorpe, Ph. D., was chosen as Principal and Superintendent, and at that time they became graded. Scholars are here prepared for college. The tirst commencement exercises were held in 1881, when a class of seven were gradu- ated. There are now enrolled 348 scholars, under the care of the Principal and five lady assistants. In the old frame building, such educators as Profs. Post, Armstrong and Stewart taught. Mr. Armstrong was the first County Superintendent. Mr. Thorpe is still Principal of the schools, and the present Board of Education is B. C, Town, S. S. Hammond, Norman Clark, Ezra Scouller, D. D. Dewey and E. K. Nason. B. C. Town is President and S. S. Hammond, Secretary. The Lalie Shore Seminary was established at North East in 1870, occupy- ing a stately four-story brick building on the highest knoll in the vicinity. While not denominational in its teachings, it was, to a certain extent, under the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Among its professors were J. P. Mills in 1872, L. T. Kirke in 1875-76, and H. U. Johnson in 1879-80. The seminary did not prosper and the buildings and grounds were sold at Sheriffs sale to the People's Savings Institution of North East. The bank in tui'n sold the property about Februaiy 1, 1881, for $10,000, to the Kedemption- ist Fathers of Annapolis, Md. It was dedicated as St. Mary's College August 2, 1881, and is used as a preparatory school for young men intending to enter the Catholic priesthood. HOTELS, BANKS, ETC. The hotels of North East are the Brawley House, built in 1833; the Haynes House, in 1852-53, and the Palace Hotel, by Sampson Short, in 1877. They are all well kept, and have a liberal patronage. The Palace Hotel is probably the finest public house in the county outside of Erie. The first hotel — or more properly, tavern — in the borough, as before stated, was opened by George Lowry, the second by Henry Burgett, the third by Lemuel Brown, and the fourth by the letter's son, Hiram L., who erected the house lately owned by Miss Davi- son for that purpose. In course of time, the two Browns almost monopolized the tavern business of the town. Hiram L. eventually purchased the Eagle Hotel at the corner of State street and the northeast side of the Park in Erie. It burnt down and he erected another house on its site, which was known as Brown's Hotel until its purchase by Col. Ellsworth, when the name was changed to the Ellsworth House. The father of B. F. Sloan, of Erie, at one time kept a hotel in North East opposite the Brawley House. North East until recently has supported three banks, namely, The First Na- tional, the private firm of Short, Blaine & Co., and the People's Savings Insti- tution. The first banking institution of the borough was established on a small scale by A. W. Blaine about the year 1860, and was carried on at the corner of Lake and INEain streets. This was merged into the First National Bank when it was organized in 1865. The First National Bank was opened in the building now occupied by that institution under the following officers and directors: William Griffith, President; A. W. Blaine, Cashier; Directors, Will- iam Grifiith, John Greer, Amos Gould, George P. Griffith, A. F. Jones, J. S. Haynes and John McCord. The President of this bank is now W. A. Ensign and the Cashier is Charles A. Ensign. The capital stock has been $50,000 from the beginning. The People's Savings Institution was incorporated in April, 1870, and opened for business May 1 of that year in Duncan Block on Main street. The first President was J. L. Brookius; Treasurer, John Greer, and Secretary, G. C. Cleveland. The present President is Alfred Short; Treasurer, B. C. 730 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Spooner. The firm of Blaine, Gould & Short, which subsequently became Short. Blaine & Co., opened in 1871 in the Graham Building on Main street. This institution stopped business May 14. 1883, to which the People's Savings Bank became successor, and moved into the building on Main street occupied by that firm as an office. The combined capital of these two banks is upward of $500,000. The manufactories within the corporate limits are John W. Griffith's wagon and blacksmith shop; Fromyer's carriage and trimming factory, estab- lished by George French in 1865, and carried on by the Fromyer Bros, since May, 1873; Pease's tub and firkin factory, established in 1876 by David Pease and J. M. Cook; the latter going out in one year, the factory has since been carried on by Mr. Pease; Philetus Glass's foundry, established in the borough in 1851, by P. Glass and O. Chase, and the North East Fruit Canning establish- ment, which was started in the spring of 1880 by a number of enterprising men. NEWSPAPERS. The newspapers until recently were the Sun and Advertiser, both pub- lished weekly, and both well edited. The first attempt to establish a paper was by J. J. Barker, who commenced the North East Guard in 1855, but only printed it a few months. In August, 1867, the North East Herald was put forth by S. O. Hayward, who abandoned its publication at the end of a year. The North East Star was commenced September 26, 1868, by Brainerd & Cushman, both of whom are now practicing lawyers in Erie. Mr. Brainerd sold his interest in 1869 to L. B. Cushman. The name of the paper was changed to the Sun in March, 1873. The North East Advertiser was started in March, 1877, by W. E. Belknap & Co. , and so published until May 2, 1883, when the two papers were consolidated, Mr. Cushman, of the Sun, purchasing. Since that period the two have been issued under the title of the Sun from the fi)rmer building of the Advertiser, now the Sun building, on Lake street. In politics, the Sun is Republican, and has a circulation of over 1,500. It is the largest paper in the county, being a quarto, with tifty-six columns. STATE AND COUNTY OFFICERS. The State and county officials furnished by North East Borough and Town- ship are as follows: Presidential Elector, John Greer, I860. Congress. S. M. Brainerd, 1883-85 (resident of Erie when elected). State Senators, Henry Hurst, 1816-21 (resident of Meadville when elected); James D. Dunlap. 1845 (resident of Erie when elected). Assemblymen, James D. Dunlap, 1840-41 (resident of Erie when elected); Mark Baldwin, 1844; A. W. Blaine, 1850-51: Charles A. Hitchcock, 1876-77; Alfred Short, 1878-79. District Attorneys, S. M. Brainerd, 1872-75; A. B. Force, 1875-81; E A. Walling, 1881-84. Sher- iff. E. W. M. Blaine, 1840-43. Coroner, John McCord, 1812-15. County Commissioners, James Lowry, 1804-06; Francis Brawley, 1808-11; Henry Taylor, 1811-17; Alex. McCloskey, 1823-26; John McCord, 1832-35; Amos Gould, 1857-60; Clark Bliss, 1871-/5. County Treasurer, James P. Crawford, 1881-84 (resident of Erie when elected). Associate Judges. John Brawley, 1840-51; John Greer, 1856-66. Director of the Poor, Archibald Duncan, 1862-65. Steward of the Almshouse, Calvin Pool, 1863-72; George W. Griffin, 1872-80. Mercantile Appraisers, John D. Mills, 1860; James W. Crawford, 1864; R. L. Pierce, 1874. County Auditors, James Smedley, 1831-84; William H. Crawford, 1836-39; George W. Griffin, 1869 (one year). MISCELLANEOUS. The contribution of North East and vicinity to the Union army in the rebellion was fully as large as any section of the county; She furnished one FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 739 Captain to each of the Erie County regiments^ viz.: N. L Terrell, Captain Company K, Eighty- third; John Braden, Company F, One Hundred and Eleventh; Dyer Loomis, Company C, One Hundred and Forty-fifth. The borough has been visited by three destructive fires. One on Sunday night, the 19th of December, 1858. consumed a row of buildings extending from the Presbyterian Church to the Union Block. Another on May 23, 1872, destroyed a number of wooden structures on Main street. The last one, in the summer of 1874, demolished some buildings that occupied the present site of the opera house. Rev. Thomas H. Robinson, son of Thomas Robinson, one of the pioneers, has been pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Harrisburg many years. Dyer Loomis was elected Justice of the Peace in the spring of 1845, and held the office until the spring of 1880, a period of thirty -five years. North East A. Y. M., Lodge v^^as organized in 1867. North East Lodge, I. O. O. F., was established in 1850. CHAPTER VIII. FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF FAIRVIEW. THE first known settlement in Fairview Township was made in 1797, by Francis Scott, who had been in the employ of Thomas Rees,the surveyor, for a year previous. Nearly a year before — on the 25th of July, 1796— a com- pany of ten men was formed at Harrisburg, for the purpose of improving and populating the country near and adjoining Lake Erie. Their names were Richard Swan, Thomas Forster, John Kean, Alexander Berryhill, Samuel Laird, John A. Hanna, Robert Harris, Richard Dermond, William Kelso and Samuel Ainsworth. Each contributed £200 ($1,000), as a common stock for the use of the company, a'nd the money was agreed to be used in the purchase of in- lets and outlets in the town of'^Erie and elsewhere, and for improving and set- tling such lands as might be bought. The company was styled the Harrisburg and Presque Isle Company. Thomas I orster was a native of Paxtang, born in 1762, brought up as a surveyor, served as Colonel during the Whisky Insur- ruction of 1794, an Associate Judge of Dauphin County, member o': the Leg- islature in 1798; subsequently removed to Erie in the interest of the Harris- burg & Pres(pie Isle Land Company, where he became thoroughly identified with its interests, and filled important positions, dying in 1836. Richard Swan was a native of Paxtang. born in 1757; served in the war of the Revolu- tion, and was a gentleman of influence in his locality. He removed to Erie County, and here many of his descendants reside. He died in April, 1808. ' William Kelso, the son of Joseph and Margaret Kelso, who located on the Susquehanna in Paxtang. prior to lS30,was a native of that township. He lived many years on the Cumberland Valley side, in the old Kelso ferry house, where he died May 22, 1807. He was the father of John Kelso, who went to Erie in 1802, there located, and the ancestor of the family in this county. Immediately after the first compact, Messrs. Harris and Kean were delegated to go to Carlisle, where public sale of the lots in the towns of Franklin, Erie, Waterford. Warren and Beaver were being made, and purchase such as they deemed proper in the interests of the company. This sale was on the 3d and 740 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. 4th of August, 1796, and resulted in the company becoming the owners of nu- merous town lots in Erie and Waterford. Capt. Swan moved his family to Erie County in 1802, and settled on Wal- nut Creek. He rented the company's mill for one year from April 11, pay- ing $250 rental, and agi-eeing to clear a piece of land. He managed the mill until his death in 1808. His widow bought a farm about one and a half miles from the mills. In 1817 her son Richard built the iirst frame house in Fairview Township. This house stood until a few years ago. When Col. Forster and Capt. Swan first arrived at the point where the mills were built, they were standing on a high bluff overlooking the lake, and the former ex- claimed, " This is the fairest view I have seen yet." The expression pleased them, and they named the future town Fairview. A log tavern was built in 1797, of peeled hemlock logs, and contained four rooms in the first story, be- sides a back kitchen and three rooms above. Capt. Swan, who rented the mills in 1802, also rented this tavern, paying $100 a year. Among other early settlers who reached the township in 1797 were John and George Nicholson, John Kelso, Patrick Vance, Alexander, Patrick and John McKee, William Sturgeon and William Haggerty. The Nicholsons were born in Ireland, but emigrated to Lancaster County, where they remained a short time before coming to the lake shore. Mr. McKee remained in Fairview a few years, and then changed to Mill Creek. Gen. ,Kelso moved to Mill Creek in 1800, and from there in 1804 to Erie, where he died in 1819. In 1798, the colony was enlarged by the arrival of John Dempsey, of Dauphin County; and in 1800, by that of Thomas Kennedy, James Moorhead and Thomas McCreary. The latter was from Lancaster County, his brothers hav- ing come north at the same time and settled in Mill Creek. The settlers dur- ing 1802 were S. F. Gudtner, of Franklin County, William and James Ar- buckle, of Maryland, and Joseph M. Kratz, a Frenchman, who afterward re- moved to Erie. About 1801, Jacob Ebersole, of Lancaster County, moved in, followed in 1805 by James Ryan, of Dauphin County. Rev. John- ston Eaton arrived the same year as Mr. Ryan, remained but a few months and returned for a permanent residence in 1806. Among other early settlers were John Caaghey and Samuel McCreary, of Lancaster County. Mr, Caugbey moved to Washington County in 1812, and came back in 1822. Moses Bar- nett, fi'om Dauphin County, went in about 1816 ; Arthur Oney, from Otsego County, N. Y., in 1820; John Silverthorn, probably in the same year; David Russell about 1822; Samuel P. Allen, from New England, and Daniel Bear, from Lancaster County, in 1823. The first colonists, with the exception of Messrs. Ebersole and Gudtner, were of Protestant Irish stock, but at a sub- sequent date many Pennsylvania Dutch moved in, followed still later by nu- merous foreign Germans. Of the Pennsylvania Dutch, Daniel Waidler, from Lancaster County, made his settlement in 1834. Mr. Oney took up a 400- acre tract, at the rate of twenty shillings an acre. In 1805 occurred the first death of a grown white person in the township, being that of John Gordon. The body was buried on the bank of the lake, near Manchester, and has never been removed. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Fairview is one of the original townships of the county, but its size was largely reduced by the formation of Girard Township, which took place in 1832. It only embraces 16,198 acres now, making it one of the smallest townships. The old west line ran through Girard to a point near Afiles Grove, parallel with the boundary between Elk Creek and Conneaut. The FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 741 south line ran parallel with the one between Elk Creek and Girard, from Springfield ou the west to McKean on the east, embracing wiiat is now the northern portion of Franklin. Fairview is bounded on the north by Lake Erie, on the east by Mill Creek and McKean, on the south by Franklin, and on the west by Girard. Its shape is somewhat like that of a cross, and its greatest length is eight miles, with a breadth in the widest part of about six and a half miles. The population was 536 in 1S20, 1,529 in 1830, 1,480 in 1840, 1,760 in 1850, 2,157 in 1870, and 1,482 in 1880. The post offices are Swanville and Avonia, and most of the trading is done in Fairview Borough. By, the assessment of 1880, the valuation of the township was as follows: Real estate, $908,750; horses, 403; cows, 516; oxen, 24; total personal property, $34,570; trades and occupations, $6,400; money at interest, $15,363. LANDS AND STREAMS. With the exception of the gullies along Walnut and Elk Creeks, the sides of which are too abrupt to be tillable, there is hardly an acre of worthless land in the township. The lake shore plain attains a width of about two miles and a half. Its soil is of a sandy nature along the lake, merging into a gravelly formation further back, and producing every kind of grain, fruit and vegetable that can be cultivated in this section. The back lands are usually clay and loam, varied by patches of gravel. Wheat prospers in every part of the township. Potatoes are cultivated in large quantities, and many car loads are shipped every fall from Fairview Station to the large cities. Apple and peach trees bear yearly. Lands range in value from $50 to $125 on the lake shore plain, to $40 to $50 in the back districts. The chief streams of Fairview are WalniTt Creek and Elk Creek, both of which have been described in the general sketch. Walnut Creek enters the township from Mill Creek, and, tak ing a northwesterly course, empties into the lake at Manchester. Elk Creek comes in from McKean, flows across the southern portion into Girard, and unites with the lake a little northwest of Miles Grove. The deepest part of the Walnut Creek gorge is in the vicinity of the Lake Shore Railroad culvert, where the banks are over a hundred feet high. A short distance above, and almost on the site of the Nickel Plate bridge, was the Walnut Creek aqueduct, once the wonder of this region, built to carry the water of the canal across the gully. It was constructed of timber, and was 104 feet high by about 800 feet long. The railroad culvert and embankment cover a space of about 600 feet, with width enough for three tracks. Bear Run is the principal tributary of Walnut Creek within the township. It heads on the J. Rusterholtz place, in the extreme eastern corner of Fairview, near the edge of Mill Creek, and falls into the main stream a short distance south of Weigle's grist mill, after a course of about four miles. Brandy Run rises near the center, on the farm of J. A. Kline, and after flowing seven or eight miles, joins Elk Creek, a little south of Girai-d Borough. Falls Run, another branch of Elk Creek, comes in from Franklin, on the south edge of the township, having a length of some three miles. It received its name from a beautiful cascade, near the Frank- lin stone quarry, where the water of the creek passes over a ledge fifty feet high. From there to Elk Creek its banks are 100 feet in height and almost perpendicular. Little Elk Creek rises in Franklin Township, runs through a corner of McKean, and falls into Elk Cre^k proper on the John Sterrett place. Trout Run is an independent stream which rises on the east line near Mc- Kean, runs in a northwesterly course through Fairview Borough, and empties into the lake two miles beyond, at Lock Haven. Its length is between six and eight miles, and it is subject to sudden and damaging overflows. Beaver Dam 742 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Run, a rivulet which tumbles into Walnut Creek about eighty rods below Bear's mill, received its name from an extensive embankment built by the beavers which formerly existed on what used to be termed the Barnett farm. Traces of their work were to be seen about forty years ago. BRIDGES AND MILLS. The principal bridges in Fairview Township are as follows: On Elk Creek — The Swalley, Ryan and Brooks (the latter of iron). On Walnut Creek — Manchester, Lake road (iron), N. Y. C. & St. L R. R. (iron). Ridge road, Cross roads and Town line (built jointly by Mill Creek and Fairview Town- ships); also the Lake Shore Railroad culvert. On Bear Run — One across the breast of the dam tit Bear's mill. On Trout Run — ^Culverts, at the grist mill and at the paper mill. On Little Elk Creek — Silverthorn, Galusha and Town line (built jointly by McKean and Fairview Townships). The manufacturing industries of Fairview Township are as follows: On Bear Run — Nason's grist mill. On Walnut Creek — Weigle's grist mill, Lohrer's grist mill and Morgan & Co.'s paper mill, just below Avonia or Fair- view Station (the paper mill was destroyed by fire August 30, 1883), and Feidler's grist mill at the Lake road (now owned by McKee & Kermick). These are all run by water except Feidler's mill and the paper mi-ll, which have used steam in connection, but more recently water only. George Siegel has tile and brick works on the Andrews place, a mile south of the borough, and L. Vettner a tannery on the Lake road. The Walnut Creek Mills of Mr. Weigle were established at a very early day by S. F. Gudtner. In 1856, the flouricg mill was rebuilt b} Alexander Nicholson. Nason's mill was built by Daniel Bear in 1823, and fell into the hands of Mr. Nason in 1864. The second saw mill in Erie County was built at the mouth of Walnut Creek in 1797, under the supervision of Col. Thomas Forster, who added a grist mill in 1799, which was the first in the county. Both of these have gone down. In 1815, Samuel McCreary erected the first woolen mill in the county at the in- tersection of the Depot and Lake roads. He continued to operate it till 1841, when two of his sons succeeded him. In 1848, the firm became McCreary, Thornton & Co., and after that the mill had several changes of ownership. until it was abandoned. The building was used as Morgan & Co.'s paper mill. The Lock Haven Woolen Mills, on the bank of the lake, were established by the Messrs. Caughey in 1842, who had built a saw mill the year previous. They disposed of the woolen factory in 1850 and of the saw mill in 1864, after which time they had various owners. The property wa« destroyed by fire in October, 1878. A number of saw mills once successfully operated have gone to ruin. SCHOOLS. From the venerable Richard Swan, Esq., who was born in 1796, we learn that the first schoolhouse in what is now Fairview Township, was erected in 1804, and stood probably a mile from the mouth of Walnut Creek (south and east). School was held in this building the first winter by John Linn, a Rev- olutionary soldier. The next teacher was William Gordon. The next school- house, or rather cabin, in which school was taught, was located on the land of Jeremiah Sturgeon, which was within the present limits of the borough of Fairview. School was kept at this place two winters, taught first by John Hays, then by Squire McCreary. This was probably as early as 1810. Will- iam Sturgeon erected a schoolhouse on the present site of the dwelling of William R. Sturgeon, about 1811 or 1812, in which Jacob Eckison and John Hays taught respectively. The next schoolhouse in this neighborhood FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 743 stood about one mile west of bhe residence of Thomas Sturgeon. It was erected about the year 181(3 or 1817, and was a frame structure. It was built by the neighborhood, and among the teachers who held sway there were a Mr. Brown, Charles Landon and Alonzo Strong. Later than the above house, another, built of logs, stood near the present dwelling of Johnston Eaton, in which school was taught by Abner Jackson and Francis Plum. There was a regularly built schoolhouse in the southeastern part of the township, near the line divid- ing the townships of Mill Creek and Fairview, at a very early day. The second school attended b}' Mr. Swan was in a cabin house which had previously been vacated by Alexander McKee, and stood about one mile eaat of the pres- ent residence of Richard Swan on the Lake road. Eobert Maxwell taught here about the close of the war of 1812. Following is a list of the present schools: Swan, on Lake road, at Richaid Swan's; Willis, on the same road, near Frank Willis'; Lake road, north of Avonia (a graded school — two rooms); Swan- ville; Vance, on Bear Run; Heidler, on Heidler road; Ruhl, on McKeanroad; Sturgeon, near the cemeteiy; Rick, on the Girard road; Van Camp, near Elk Creek; Beckman, on the southwest, and Stuntz, south of the borough. COMMON ROADS, RAILROADS AND CANAL. The leading thoroughfares are the Lake and Ridge roads, extending across the whole Tvidth of the township from east to west — the former at an average distance of three-fourths of a mile, and the latter from one and a half to two and a half miles back from the lake; the Depot road from the borough to the lake; the Fairview and Waterford, running southeast into McKean; and the Girard and Waterford, which intersects the latter at Sterrettania. A route along the beach of the lake was opened between Erie and the mouth of Wal- nut Creek as early as 1797. The Ridge road crosses the Walnut Creek gully at Weigle's mill by two quite steep inclines, which are a source of considera- ble anxiety to teamsters and pleasure seekers. The side hill at VX^alnut Creek was first cut down for a roadway by Arthur Oney, who received $100 for the job. He also built the first bridge across Walnut Creek on the line of the Ridge road. The Lake Shore Railroad passes through the township from Mill Creek to Girard at a short distance from the lake. The railroad stations are Fairview (or Avonia) and Swanville, both of which lie north of the towns they are intended to accommodate. The New York, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road also crosses the township a little south of the Lake Shore road, and the Erie & Pittsburgh Company use the Lake Shore track for their trains between Miles Grove and Erie. The old canal followed nearly the same line as the Nickel Plate road across the township. POLITICAL. The following is a list of the citizens of the township who have held State and county positions: Assembly, Myron H. Silverthorn, 1879-83. Sheriff, Miles W.,Caughey, November 12, 1846, to November 5, 1849; Andrew F. Swan, November 29, 1867, to November 4, 1870; Joseph W. Swalley (by ap- pointment), March 31, 1864, to December 6, 1864. Deputy Sheriff, Joseph W. Swalley, 1861-64. Register and Recorder, Daniel Long, November 12, 1872, to January 1, 1879. County Treasuror, Joseph W. Swalley (by appoint- ment), March 10, 1870, to December 23, 1870; Jacob Yeagla, December 27, 1872, to December 17, 1874; W^illiam C. Hay, January 7, 1878, to January, 1881. County Commissioners, George Nicholson, 1820-23, also by appoint- ment from August 6, 1828, until the ensuing October election; Isaac Webster, 1844-47; William W. Eaton, 1856-59; Myron H. Silverthorn, 1870-75. 744 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Directors of the Poor, Curtis Heidler, 1845-48; M. M. Kelso, 1850-53; Alex. Nicholson, 1857-60; William W. Eaton, 1870-73. Clerk and Treasurer to the Directors of the Poor, D. W. Nason, 1879 to date. County Surveyor, Robert P. Holliday, November 5, 1863, to November 12, 1866, and February 22, 1869, to November 11, 1872. County Auditor, George Nicholson, 1809, and 1816- 19; Daniel Sayre. 1823-26; David H. Chapman, 1827-30; John J. Swan, 1830-33; Moses Barnett, 1841-44; H. H. Bassler, 1858-1862; Jos. W. Swal- lev, 1861-64; Oliver P. Ferguson, 1865-68. Mercantile Appraisers, Johnston Eaton, 1859; John McCreary, 1876. KELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The following-named churches are located in the township: Salem Church of the Evangelical Association, Christian Church, United Brethren and St. Jacob's Evangelical United. Salem Church is the outgrowth of the Mission- ary labors of Piev. J. Siebert, whose labors began in this field in 1833. Other early missionaries in the county who also served this people were Revs.E. Stoe- vers, D. Brickley and J. Noecker. The house of worship, located in the eastern part of the township, was erected about thirty ye^rs ago. Rev. P. J. Fowl is the present incumbent. The circuit, since 1 77, has been designated Fair- view Circuit. St. Jacob's Evangelical United Church is located on the Ridge road about a mile and a half east of the business part of Fairview Borough. The congre- gation was organized in the winter of 1852, and the church was built about the same time at a cost of $1,000. The first pastor was the Rev. Michael Kuchler. The present pastor is Rev. C. Gavehling, who has been in charge of the congregation in connection with the one at Girard for the past four years. The United Brethren Church is upon the road from Franklin Center to Sterrettania,. five miles south of Fairview Borough. The congregation was organized about 1857, and held meetings until some five years ago in the Van Camp Schoolhouse. Rev. Z. C. Dilley is the present incumbent. The church building was dedicated February 22, 1880, by Rev. J. Hill. The Christian Church is three miles south of the borough, on the direct road from Girard to McKean Corners. The congregation was organized by Rev. Asal Fish, first pastor, in 1835. The building was erected in 1845, at a cost of $1,000. Among other pastors of the chiu-ch have been Elders Ziegler^ Morse, Sherman, Langdon, Washburn and Kendell. MANCHESTER AND SWANVILLF. As before stated, the first settlement at the mouth of Walnut Creek was made by Col. Forster and Mr. Swan, who gave the place the name of Fairview. John M. Kratz started a store in 1802, and a log tavern was kept by Richard Swan, who was followed by James Dunn. The latter was Postmaster in 1822. This was the great point of the township, till 1824, containing, besides the tav- ern and mill, a distillery, a blacksmith shop, etc. The elections and military trainings were held there, and as long as the stages and travel ran down to the mouth of the creek, it was rather a lively little village. The mills fell into the hands of Daniel Lord in 1829, who changed the name of the place to Manchester and erected a paper mill. It burned down while in charge of the Messrs. Reed, and no attempt has been made to rebuild it. A Presbyterian congregation was organized at Manchester in 1806, and a building erected there in 1810. Rev. Johnston Eaton was the pastor. The place of worship was re- moved to Swanville in 1832. FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 745 Swanville, on the Ridge road, nine miles west of Erie, and about a third of a mile south of the Lake Shore Railroad, received its name through John J. Swan, who built the first house and established the first tavern on the site. It consists of a blacksmith shop, store, schoolhouse, aboul, twenty residences, and had a population of about 98 in 1880., Mr. Swan opened his tavern about 1832, and soon after another was started by the Nicholsons. These con- tinued in operation until 1853-54, when the waut of business compelled their closure. The Westminster Presbyterian Church in Mill Creek Township was built at Swanville in 1832, and removed to its jDresent site in 1851. This church is interesting from the fact that Rev. Johnston Eaton, the first perma- nent minister of that denomination in the county, began and closed his career as its pastor. He came on in 1805, remained for a short time, went back to bis former home and returned in 1806 to stay permanently. The first service held by Mr. Eaton was in Swan's tavern at the mouth of Walnut Creek. He was ordained on the 30th of June,' 1808, in the barn of William Sturgeon, which stood within the present limits of Fairview Borough, and was installed as pastor of the congregations at Fairview and Springfield. His relations wiih the Springfield Church continued till November 8, 1814, and those with the Fairview Church till his death, on the 17th of June, 1847, in the seventy- second year of his age and the forty-second of his ministry. After his release from the Springfield Church, Mr. Eaton occupied his time till 1818, between Erie, Fairview and North East, and between Fairview and Erie till 1823, when the lat- ter church felt strong enough to sustain a separate pastor. Mr. Eaton served as an army Chaplain during the campaign of 1812 and 1813. His venerable and estimable lady died iu 1872 in the ninety- third year of her age, leaving a family*of eight children, all of whom but one are living. The first church building was erected at Manchester, then known as Fairview. This was aban- doned and a new building put up in 1832, at Swanville, which still retained the name of the Fairview Church. About 1837, the New School element of the congregation seceded and established a church in Fairview Borough, and in 1845 they were followed by a number who belonged to the Old- School side. This left the main body of worshipers in the church at Swanville liv- ing in the western part of Mill Creek. In order to have their place of worship more convenient, they removed the building in 1851 to a point on the Ridge road, several miles east of Swanville, where it is still in use, under the name of the Westminster Church. The building at Swanville stood where the school- house is now. OTHER MATTERS. Fairview Depot, or Avonia, is the railroad station of Fairview Borough, from which it is about half a mile north. The buildings of the place, besides the railroad offices, are Geoi'ge S. Stone's store and warehouse, some half a dozen residences and an eating house. Lock Haven, at the moutii of Troiit Run, is nothing more than a name. It once had a woolen factory and saw mill, but the latter fell into ruin and the former burned down, as stated above. Two quarries have been opened in Fairview, one at Manchester and the other on Trout Run, just below the depot. From the Manchester quarry, some of the stone were taken for the locks of the canal. The material is not very good, however, and neither of the quarries has proved of much value. Most of the stone used in the township and borough comes from Howard's quarry in Franklin. 746 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. BOROUGH OF FAIR VIEW. The borough of Fairview was incorporated in 1868, covering an area of one mile square, and including a population at that time of some 400. It stands on the first rise of the lake shore plain, twelve miles west of Erie, a mile and a half south of the lake, and a half a mile from the railroad station. The Ridge road forms its main street, and Trout Rvin winds through its limits. The churches of Fairview are Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, Lutheran and German Evangelical, the first being of brick and the two others of frame. Its schools are all held in one large two-story building erected in 1866. It has three apartments, and the schools are graded. Two teachers are employed. The first schoolhouse in the village was erected by the people some time prior to 1838. The manufacturing concerns of the place are Henry Kreider's steam planing and saw mill, James H. Glazier's steam cider mill, J. Galyard's steam cider, sorghum and jelly mill, S. J. Fargo & Gardner's wagon shop, and three or four blacksmith shops. The mercantile interests embrace one diy goods store, one grocery, one clothing store, two hardware stores, one millinery store and one drug store. The hotel is known as the Monitor House. The borough once boasted of two military companies — the Fairview Guards, organized in 1858, with J. Beckman as Captain, and another with O. H. P. Ferguson as Captain. By the United States census, Fairview Borough had a population of 480 in 1870 and 425 in 1880. The assessment of the latter year gave the following results: Real estate, $165,081; horses, 64; cows, 35; personal property, $4,- 011; trades and occupations, $9,155; money at interoBt, $35,435. EAKLY INCIDENTS. The first settlers upon the site were the Messrs. Sturgeon, in honor of whom the place was long known at Sturgeonville. The first tavern, a small log building on the bank of Trout Run, along the Ridge road, was built and kept by "William Sturgeon. This was closed some years, when Mr. Sturgeon erected another tavern near by, of which W. W. Warner was long the landlord. The present Monitor House was erected by S. C. Sturgeon, and has been kept at periods by John Clemens, of Erie, S. N. McCreary, and others. Following the tavern came a stox-e, a blacksmith shop, etc. On the death of William Sturgeon in 1837, he directed that after the demise of his wife some fifty acres of land and twenty town lots should go to the Presbyterian Church of Fairview. A church was to be organized and a building erected within one year from the time specified in the will, otherwise the property was to be donated to the Presbyterian Board of Publication. In the year of Mr. Stur- geon's death, the general assembly of the church separated into New School and Old School, and both branches found ardent friends and advocates in the Fairview congregation. Each side made haste to get up edifices in time to avail itself of Mr. Sturgeon's legacy, and as a matter of course the question as to which it belonged had to be settlied by the courts. After a short legal tussle, the court below decided in favor of the Old School branch, and, on appeal to the Supreme Court, that body affirmed the decision. The union of the de- nomination in November, 1869, did away with the need of two buildings, and both of the contending branches now worship together in harmony. The building at present occupied was built in 1874, and cost $11,000. It occupies the same lot on which both the Old and New School edifices stood during the days of contention. Rev. Mr. De Witt, installed in 1879, is present incum- bent. The first Old School church in Fairview was replaced by another, m^. p. 1 . FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 749 which burned down. The New School building was removed and is now occupied by another denomination. OTHER CHURCHES. The Methodist Episcopal Church is the outgrowth of a class formed in the house of Justice Osborne b}* Rev. John P. Kent in 1817. It consisted of Justice Osborne (leader), wife and daughter, Giles Badger and wife, Alexander Nicholas and wife, and Mrs. Odell. As early as 184:1, the appointment was on McKean Circuit, to which it belonged until 1860, when Fairview Circuit was foi^med. A. Bashline was pastor in 1881, 1882 and 1883. The first church edifice was built in 1836 and stood outside of the village. The second building was erected in 1854, costing $600. Mt. Nabo Church of the Evangelical Association owes its orgin to the early missionary labors of Rev. J. Siebert, who began preaching in Erie County in 1833. Following him in this field were Revs. Stoevers, D. Brickley and J. Noecker. Preaching was held at private residences and later in school- houses. The congregation was on Erie Circuit until 1877, since which time it has been on Fairview Circuit. The church building of the society was formerly occupied by the Presbyterians, of whom it was purchased in April, 1872. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the village was organized in 1856, with less than a dozen members. This congregation and the one at St. Jacob's on the Ridge road were originally one and the same church society, but at the date given above became separate bodies, owing to some difficulties which arose between the membership and pastor. The Rev. Michael Kuchler became the first pastor of this society. The first house of worship was built in 1857, on the outskirts of the borough, and used until the present one was erected in 1878. At present the congregation is without a pastor. MISCELLANEOUS. The Fairview Cemetery, on the northwest edge of the borough, covers a tract of fifteen acres, and has been in use about sixteen years. The first body interred was that of Mrs. Milton Sturgeon, and the second that of a five-year old daughter of George Waidler. Mrs. Sarah Green, who was living at Fairview in February, 1883, was claimed to be one hundred and two years old, and able to go about and do all kinds of housework. The wife of Casper Doll died in February, 1883, aged ninety -seven years and ten days. 750 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. CHAPTER IX. SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. OPRINGFIELD is the northwestern township of the county, and has iO an area of 21,788 acres. It was one of the original sixteen. The township is bounded on the north by Lake Erie, on the east by Girard and Conneaut, on the south by Conneaut, and on the west by Ash- tabula County, Ohio. Up to the year 1835, the south line was a mile or so further north than now, but by an arrangement with Conneaut the latter ceded that portion of her territory lying beyond the creek, on condition that Springfield should pay one-half the expense of maintaining bridges along the boundary. The east line of Springfield extended to Miles Grove, parallel with that of Conneaut and Elk Creek, until 1832. when the township was re- duced by the formation of Girard. The first officers of the township were elected in 1811. Springfield contained 896 inhabitants in 1820, 1,520 in 1830, 2,344 in 1840, 1,916 in 1850, 1,742 in 1870, and 1,792 in 1880. Its greatest length is about seven and a half and its greatest width about six and a quarter miles. The villages are East Springfield, West Springfield and North Spring- field, all of which have post offices of the same name. The old State line of Pennsylvania, before the purchase of the Triangle, terminated on the farm of Joseph Hewitt, in Springfield, between four and five miles east of the Ohio boundary. LANDS, ETC. The lake shore plain is about three miles wide in Springfield, and while there is a good deal of high broken land in the south part, the township is less marred bv gullies than is the case further east in the county. The best portion of the township is conceded to lie along the Ridge road, in the vicinity of East Springfield. A mile or less west of that place, on the same line, the quality of the land deteriorates, though some excellent farms are found at and around the village of West Springfield. In the eastern part of the township, the lake shore lands are generally good, but in the neighborhood of Raccoon Creek they become sour, and from there on to Ohio are below the average of the county. Numerous stretches of sand are met with that hardly pay for cultivation, and other parts are cold, swampy and difficult of drainage. Back of the Ridge road, and from there to Conneaut Creek, the soil is usually clay, with here and there a sand hill, which forms a curious feature of the topography. As there are exceptions to all rules, so there is to this statement. A valley com- mences just south of West Springfield and extends clear into Ohio, with a width ranging from a half a mile to a mile, which is one of the best portions of the township. Wheat and other grains are raised everywhere, but the back country is best adapted for grazing. Great quantities of potatoes are pro- duced, and many carloads are shipped annually from Cross's Station and North Springfield. The lake shore farms are valued at $30 to $100 per acre, the Ridge road at $40 to $100, and the back country from $30 to $70. The bank of the lake is bold and abrupt along the front of Springfield Township, ranging in height from 'fifty to sixty feet. The Moravian grant embraced 2,797 acres in Springfield and Conneaut, extending from the lake to SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. 751 a short distance south of Conneaiit Creek, and taking in a strip about a mile wide, except at the Ridge road, where it narrowed to fifty or sixty rods. The reason for this diversion was that the surveyors encountered a formidable beaver swamp at that point, which has since been mostly reclaimed bv drain- age. William and James Miles were long the agents of the Moravians. The tract was bought in a body by N. Blickensderfer and James Miles in 1849, who sold it out in pieces from 1850 on. The Eidge road is closely settled be- tween East and West Springfield, and many of the farmhouses are large, neat and pleasant, giving an impression of wealth and comfort. Several of the buildings are brick, and nearly all are surrounded by pretty grounds. Some deligfhtful homes are also to be seen oh the road from the lake to East Spring- field^: The assessment for 1888 gave the following results: Value of real estate, $941,410; cows, 558; value, $13,947; oxen. G; value, $340; horses and mules, 448; value, $28,660; value of trades and occupations, $9,750; money at interest, $34,860. EAELY SETTLERS. The first settler in the township was Capt. Samuel Holliday, of Franklin County, who came on in 1796, located 700 acres at the mouth of Crooked Creek, built a cabin, and returned to his former home in the fall of the year. Soon after his arrival, he was joined by John Devore, of Bedford County, John Mershon, of New Jersey, and William Mclntyre and Patrick Ager, natives of Ireland, but residents for a time in Eastern Pennsylvania, all of whom became permanent settlers. Capt. Holliday married in Franklin County in April, 1797, and the young couple started immediately on a wedding tour to their new home, Mrs. H. riding on horseback and her husband walking ]\y her side with his gun over his shoulder. Their route was by a trail through the woods from Pittsburgh to Erie, and from there along the beach of the lake to the mouth of Crooked Creek. Their goods came some time after, in boats up the Allegheny and French Creek to Waterford. During the year 1 797, the little colony was increased by the arrival of Oliver Cross, from Vermont, and of Thomas and Oliver Dunn, from Ii-eland. The Dunns remained but a few months, when they changed to McKeau, where they settled permanently. Other pioneers reached the township as follows: In 1798, Nicholas Lebarger, of Bed- ford County; in 1800, Matthias Brindle, of Franklin County, and a Mr. Bruce; in 1801, Robert McKee, of Cumberland County, and Oliver Smith, from Massa- chusetts; in 1802, Isaac, Jesse, John D. and Thomas R. Miller, John Eaton and John Law, all of Franklin County, Henry Adams, of Massachusetts, John Hewitt, of Connecticut, and John Rudd, Jr.; in 1803, Andrew Cochran and Abraham Eagley. of Dauphin County, George Ferguson, of Cumberland County, and William Ferguson, of Ohio; in 1804, Samuel Rea, of I'ranklin County, and John Rudd, Sr. . and family; in 1806, John Hall, of Mifflin County; in 1808, Erastus DeWolf, of New York; in 1810, Joseph Ware, of Vermont; in 1813, Zachariah Thomas, of Vermont; in 1815, William Gould, of Chautauqua County, N. Y., Anderson Hubbard, of Ohio, and Luke Thayer, of Massachusetts; in 1816, Benjamin Carr, of Essex County, N. Y. : in 1817, John Albert, of Cattaraugus County, N. Y. ; in 1818, David Ellis, of Massa- chusetts, and Derby Walter and Ezekiel Currier, both of Lyme, N. H.; in 1819, Andrew and Henry Mai lory and Thomas Ivory, all of New York; in 1820, James. Benjamin and Lucius Bond, of Massachusetts, John S. Sherman, of New York, and James Anderson, of Virginia; in 1824, A. Whiton, of Ashta- bula County, Ohio; in 1826, John Monell, of Otsego County, N. Y., and Peter Simmons; in 1829, Geo. Simmons, of Saratoga Countv, N. Y, ; in 1830. Lo- 752 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. renzo Harvey, of New York, William H. Townsend, of Washington County, N. Y., and Selah Walbridge, of Vermont; in 1831, I. Pond, of New York, and Seymour Devereaux, of North East; in 1832, Scott Keith, of Girard, Penn., Stephen Warner, of Genesee County, N Y., and Matthew Gray, of Loekport,N. Y. ; in 1833, R. R. Robinson, of Sparta, N. Y. ; in 1834, William Marsh and E Smith, both of Wyoming County, N. Y. ; in 1835, Clark Bald- win, of Vermont, Thomas Potter, of New York, and E. R. Hedden and Will- iam Church, both of New Jersey; in 1836, Thomas Webster, of Washington County, N. Y.; in 1839, T. S. Gowles, of Connecticut; in 1840, C. Lindsey, of New York; in 1841, Joseph Strong, of Massachusetts; in 1842, Gilbert Hurd, from Rock Stream, N. Y. ; in 1846, L. W. Savage, of Genesee County, N. Y.; in 1854, Joel Day, of Wyoming County, N. Y''. ; in 1863, Humphrey A. Hills, of Conneaut Township. Mr. Brindle, like Capt. Holliday, first came on in 1803, lo3ated lands, went back aad brought his family the nest spring. He was a soldier of 1812, and the father of thirteen children. Jesse Miller removed to Mercer Couaty in a few years, and remained there the balance of his life. Mr. Smith reached the county by an open boat from Canada, where it was his original purpose to locate. INCIDENTS OF THE PIONEERS, Mr. Mclntyre died in 1867, at the ripe age of ninety-live. He brought the drst potatoes planted in the township, carrying them in a sack thrown over his back the entii'e distance from Pittsburgh. In 1802, a barrel of salt cost Robert McKee fifty Spanish dollars; it had to be brought from Buffalo to Erie in a small boat, and from the latter place to Springfield on pack horses. In 1800, the only route to Erie was along the beach of the lake or by a bridle path through the woods. At that period, there was a wide beach along the whole lake front of the county. Andrew Cochran was Captain of a company of soldiers during the last war with Great Britain, who volunteered for the pro- tection of our coast, and remained in service till the declaration of peace. It was attached to the command of Col. Wallace, at Erie; was frequently called out, but was never actually in an engagement. Some time during the campaign, a rumor reached the township that the enemy had landed at the mouth of Con- neaut Creek, which created the utmost consternation in the infant settlement. Several families fled, and others had preparations made for a hasty departure. Luckily, the report proved to be false. The first female white child was Eliz- abeth Holliday, born May 14, 1798; the first male white child was Joseph Brindle, born March 1, 1800; and the first funeral is said to have been that of the wife of Isaac Miller, whose grave, some assert, was the first in the old Presbyterian Graveyard. This is disputed, however, by one of the old resi- dents, who is positive the interment of a Mr. Davis took place earlier. Mr. Simmons is the oldest man who has ever resided in the township, and one of the oldest in the county. He was still living in 1881 in his ninety-eighth year. STREAMS, MILLS AND FACTORIES. The chief stream of Springfield is Conneaut Creek, which forms its entire southern boundary. The stream does not receive a single tributary in the township; on the contrary the high but tillable hills which border its channel, are the head-waters of two or three creeks which flow northward to the lake. Next in importance to Gonmeaut Creek is Crooked Creek, which rises within the borough limits of Lojkport, runs in a general northwesterly course, through the southern portion of Girard and the northeastern of Springfield, and falls into the lake about a half a mile beyond North Spring- • SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. 753 field, having a length of some ten miles. Raccoon Creek heads on the farm of J. Cross, near Conneaut Creek, and flowing north, after a course of about ten miles, reaches the lake at Eagley's Grove. Turkey Run takes its rise on the Gleason farm, a little south of West Springfield, and flows about four and a half miles within the township and a mile or more in Ohio. It falls into the lake east of Conneaut harbor. Two or three small streams run into the lake, which are not of sufficient importance to have a name. The channel of Crooked Creek, from the Girard line to the lake, is wide and deep, but the banks are less precipitous through the lake shore plain than those uf Elk and Walnut Creeks. Five substantial covered bridges span Conneaut Creek, built, owned and maintained by the two townships. The Lake Shore Railroad culvert and embankment over Crooked Creek at North Springfield is one of the most solid and costly pieces of work in the county. The embankment is ninety feet above the water, and from 700 to 800 feet long. It was through this culvert that a house was washed in the fall of 1878, during the greatest flood ever known on the stream. The manufacturing concerns of Springfield Township are Porter's grist and saw mill, on Conneaut Creek, half a mile north of Cherry Hill; H. V. Lines' grist and saw mill, on the Ridge road, a mile east of East Spring- field; J. M. Strong's grist and saw mill, a mile north of East Springfield; Reed's saw mill, on the Ridge road, half a mile west of W^est Springfield: a cheese factory at the latter place and an extensive tile works. Lines' and Strong's mills are both in the valley of Crooked Creek, and propelled by the water of that stream, in connection with steam. The Porter Mill was built by Comfort Hay about 1823, and the West Springfield Tile Works were started in 1869. The cheese factory at the latter place was established in 1874, has run successfvilly from the first, and is still well patronized. The Strong Mills were built by Andrew Cochran about 1820, and rebuilt by Thomas Webster, about 1841 or 1842, who ran them till his death, in 1860, when they fell into the hands of Joseph M. Strong. He has recently overhauled them, and they are in as good condition as any similar property in the county. The first saw mill where Lines' mills are was built by Amos Remington and Oliver Cross about 1814, and rebuilt by Nathan Cass about 1824 or 1825, who managed it jointly with Willard Pope. The firm sold the property to Mr. Case, who built the grist mill about 1832. After Case, the mills changed owners fre- quently, being sold in succession to Tucker & Woodruff, Justin Nash. Will- iam Cross, Scott Keith and Walter and Henry Keith, who rebuilt them in 1857 or 1858. Two or three years after they were put up at Sherifi's sale, and bid in by Judge Cross, who gave the title to Jonathan Keith: from him they passed into the hands of Oliver & Brecht, of Mr. Finkinger, and finally, about 1870, of Mr. Line. They were burned in 1871 and rebuilt in 1872. The very first mill owner in the township was Capt. Holliday, who built a saw mill about 1801 or 1802, and a grist mill in 1803, near the mouth of Crooked Creek, both of which have gone down. This grist mill was erected a little later than the Silverthorn Mill in Girard, contrary to the usual belief. BUEIAL PLACES. The cemetery at East Springfield is the principal burying place of the township, though small graveyards are attached to the Christian Church in the same village, at West Springfield, at the Town House, and in other localities. The inclosure takes in eighteen acres of high and dry gravel and loam on the north side of the village, is tastefully laid out, contains some fine monuments, is carefully kept, and is deservedly the pride of the people. It was originally the burial ground of the Presbyterian Church, to which other land was added 754 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. by purchase. The cemeteiy was surveyed and graded in 1864, John H. Millar being the engineer and Robert P. Holliday the contractor. The tirst sale of lots was in October of that year, and the first body interred was that of Henry Keith, w'aich was placed in the inclosure in August, 1864, before the work was completed. The original officers were: William Holliday, President; I. New- ton Miller, Secretary; T. Webster, Treasurer; William Cross, Samuel Holli- day, Henry Teller, J. M. Strong and Samuel H. Brindle, Managers. Judge Cross was elected President in January, 1878, and still retains the position. Messrs. Miller and Webster have been officers from the day the cemetery orig- inated to the present hour. Funerals come from Girard, Elk Creek and Con- neaut. In the northeast part of the cemetery are still to be seen traces of one of the series of ancient earthworks, four in number, which extended from the wesfcorn part of Girard to the southern portion of Springfield. The other mounds in Springfield are on the M. Oney farm, about a mile southwest of East Springfield, and on the Thomas McKee place, half a mile further west. They are ail in a direct line from northeast to southwest, and are similar in char- acter, each one covering over half an acre, being circular in form, and having earthen embankments two to three feet high by sis feet thick at the base. During the war for the Union, Springfield sent about 150 men into the army. Every one of the departed patriots has a headstone at the township expense. PUBLIC MEN. The following is a list of citizens of Springfield who have held State and county offices; Assembly, Thomas R. Miller, 1836; David A. Gould, 1843 and 1846; I. Newton Miller. 1870. Associate Judge, William Cross, Novem- ber 22, 1861, to November 8, 1866; elected without opposition, his name be- ing on the Union and Republican tickets. Prothonotary, Mai. S. V. Holli- day, January 2, 1882-85. County Superintendent of Public Schools, L. W. Savage, 1860-63. Register and Recorder, Samuel Rea, Jr., November 17, 1863, to November 16, 1866; Henry G. Harvey, November 16, 1866, to No- vember 19, 1872. County Treasurer, Thomas J. Devore, December 23, 1858, to December 20, 1860. County Commissioner, Thomas R. Miller, 1831-34; Richard Robinson, 1852-55. Directors of the Poor, Thomas R. Miller, 1840- 42. John Spaulding was elected in 1856, but refused to serve. County Aud- itor, John Eagley, 1848-51. Mercantile Appraisers. Samuel Rea, Jr., 1858; Perry Devore. 1862. County Surveyor, Robert P. Holliday, November 5, 1863, to November 12, 1866, and February, 1869, to November 11, 1872; George M. Robison, January, 1879, to May, 1879. Hon. Humphrey A. Hills, County Commissioner from 1847-50, Deputy Marshal for taking the census in 1850, Commissioner to fix the boundary between Erie and Crawford Counties in the same year, and Assemblyman in 1852-53, has been a resident of East Springfield since 1863, moving there from Conneaut, his foi'mer home. E. B. Ward, the Detroit millionaire, was a native of the township, where he be- gan life as a fisherman and sailor. The citizens of Springfield who have be- come residents of Erie City are Samuel Rea, Jr., Col. E. P. Gould, Carl Wal- bridge, Joseph Patterson and A. E. Sisson. ACADEMIES AND SCHOOLS. The township possesses no less than three Academies, one each at the vil- lages of East, West and North Springfield. The first of these, at West Spring- field, was founded in 1853, and had a hundred and sixty-five pupils in 1855, with four teachers. Among its Principals were John A. Austin, W. H. Heller, Joseph H. Colt and C. C. Sheffield. It was burned down in December, 1859, SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. 755 tind rebuilt of brick two or three years subsequently. The East Springfield Academy, once an institution of high repute, opening with 150 scholars, grew out of the rivalry between the two villages, and was built in 1856. The first Principal was B. J. Hawkins, and L. W. Savage held the position in 1858. Neither school has been maintained distinctly as an academy for some years. The one at East Springfield is now used wholly as a public school, and the West Springfield one as a select and public school, the former having two and the latter three teachers. The North Springfield academy was established in 1866, after the two others had run down, and is still maintained as a select school. The other schools of the township are the Depot, at North Spring- field; Anderson, on the Lake road, three quarters of a mile north of Strong's mill; Weed, two miles south of East Springfield, on the Albion road; Bald- win, on the Ridge road, a mile west of East Springfield; Moon, on the road from West Springfield to Albion; Center, near the Town House; Brockway, one mile north of the Town House; Brindle, on the Lake road, a mile and a half west of North Springfield; Deveraux, near Deveraux Corners; Hubbard, on the Ridge road, beyond West Springfield; Blickensderfer, on the Lake road, one mile west of Raccoon Creek, and Hewett, in the southwest. One of the first schoolhouses was built at an early day on the Joseph Eagley place, near the lake. The material was logs, with chimney of stones and sticks. In 1818, a log schoolhouse was standing in what is now the village of East Springfield, fn which James Porter was teaching school. William Clark, a Mr. West and a Mr. Smith were other early teachers in the East Spring- field settlement. About the year 1822, Louisa De Wolf kept a school in a vacated log cabin located in the Ferguson neighborhood, about three miles southwest of East Springfield. Not long after this, another school was held in a similar building, probably a mile east of East Springfield, in the summer by Jane Fer- guson and in the winter by W^illiam Bi'anch. About the year 1827, a frame schoolhouse stood in the Vandeventer neighborhood, some two and a half miles southwest of East Springfield. Hiram Dixon was one of the early teachers in this house. KAILROADS, COMMON KOADS AND HOTELS. Springfield has the advantage of two through lines of railroad — the Lake Shore and the Nickel Plate — which cross the township from Girard into Ohio, the first at a disance of half a mile to a mile from the lake, and the second farther south. The Lake Shore has a station at North Springfield, and the Nickel Plate one each for East and West Springfield. The Erie & Pittsburg Railroad branches off from the Lake Shore in Grirard Township, half a mile from the Springfield line, which it follows southward into Conneaut, at about the same average dis- tance. Crosses' Station, in Girard Township, a mile and a half from East Springfield, was established for the accommodation of the township. The principal common thoroughfares are the Ridge road, which runs nearly through the center of the township, forming the main streets of East and West Springfield; the Lake road, which is half a mile from the water at North Springfield, and follows the lake front to the Ohio line; the Middle Ridge, which leaves the Lake road not far from North Springfield, runs southwest and strikes the Ridge road a mile beyond West Springfield; the Kingsville, which branches off from the Ridge road two-thirds of a mile west of East Springfield and continues to Kingsville, Ohio; and the roads from East and West Springfield to Albion, which come together at Sherman's Cor- ners, near Conneaut Creek, in the southeast. From the close of the last war with 'Great Britain to the opening of the railroad, the travel on the Ridge road was very extensive, requiring numerous 75t) HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. public houses on the route. Scott Keith opened a house at East Springfield for the accommodation of the public in 1832, which became one of the most famous and popular between Erie and Cleveland. It is still open. In 1822, William Doty removed to East Springfield from North East, and took charge of the old Remington stand, which he kept till his death in 1864. The Keith House is still kept open. The East Springfield Post Office, the first, in the town- ship, was established many years ago. The post office at West Springfield was established in 1838 or 1839,\vith Samuel Castle as the first Postmaster, and the one at North Springfield some time after 1 860. That at West Springfield was long kept by Riley Potter. On the night of the 6tb of December, 1874, this office was broken into and robbed, set on fire by the burglars and destroyed with the store to which it was attached. Two of the guilty parties were caught, convicted and sent to the penitentiary. CHURCHES. The churches of the township are Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal and Christian at East Springfield, and Methodist Episcopal, Baptist and Univer- salist at West Springfield. The Universalist and the two Methodist Episcopal buildings are brick: all the rest are frame. The Methodist congregations are one charge, having their parsonage at West Springfield. John Mershon was married to Miss Bathsheba Brush, of Greene County, in January, 1799, three years after his settlement in this county. When the bride came to her new home she brought with her a church letter from the Methodist minister at the place of her former residence. By her inducement. Rev. Joseph Bowen, a local preacher of the denomination at Franklin, Penn., held services in the Mershon house in September, 1800, and later in the same year he came again. These were the first Methodist services in the county. In the spring of 1801, a class was organized by James Quinn, near Lexington, and in 1804 a church building was erected about a mile south of West Springfield, which was long known as the Brush Meeting-house. During the latter year, nearly a hundred persons were converted under the ministry of Rev. Andi-ew Hemphill. In July, 1810, nearly forty persons were awakened through the instrumentality of a powerful sermon preached by Rev. John Gruber, Presiding Elder. A second society, with fourteen members, was formed on the 7th of January, 1815, at the house of Mr. AVebber, in what is now Girard. but was then a part of Springfield, which has since been known as the Fair Haven Church. This congregation divided in 1821, in consequence of a personal difficulty between two of the leaders, and twenty-one of the members formed what they styled a "Reformed Methodist Church." In 1825, a fourth society was organized in the east part of the town, which was the beginning oP the church at East Springfield. The Cottage Chiirch. which stood on the Ridge road, about half a mile west of West Springfield, was commenced iti 1830, but was not finished till 1836. The present church at West Springfield was built in 1854, and the one at East Springfield about 1866. The second parsonage in Erie Conference was built at Springfield. S. Ayers and J. C. Avers were the first pastors in 1830, and latterly E. M. Kernick, 1882-88. The first Presbyterian edifice was a small log structure which stood on the old portion of the cemetery grounds. A preaching point was established at Springfield in 1804, by Rev. Robert Patterson, of North East, who was then the only regularly settled minister in the county, and the building referred to was put up the same year. The congregation was organized in 1806, by Rev. J. Eaton, pastor of the church at Fairview. who assumed the same relation to the Springfield Church Jane 30, 1808. His relation with the Springfield Church Cl//^^^^^^0^^ c>^ SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. 759 continued until November 8, 1814. The original congregation consisted of about thirty members. Isaac Miller, James Blair and James Bruce were the first Elders. The pi-esent church edifice was built in 1844, at a cost of 14.000. The Christian Church at East Springfield was organized with twelve mem- bers in 1826 by Rev. Asa C. Morrison, and had Rev. Joseph Marsh for its first pastor. The church was built in 1839, and cost $700. A graveyard is attached to it, from which the bodies are gradually being removed to the cem- etery. Elder H. Crampton is the present incumbent. The Baptist congregation was organized in 1826, and erected a church in 1833, which cost $1,600. This building, which stood on the Ridge road, about two and a half miles west of East Springfield, was sold to the township, and a new one was erected at West Springfield in 1858, at a cost of $1,600. Rev. Asa Jacobs was the first pastor of the congregation. The old edifice is used as a Town House. The present pastor is Elder Telford, who has served the con- gregation for three years. The Universalist congregation at West Springfield was organized January 10, 1848, and built a house of worship in 1850. The pastors of the congrega- tion have been as follows: Revs. P. P. Fowler, J. S. Flagler, B. F. Hitch- cock, A. J. Patterson, C. E. Shipman, I. George, H. S. Whitney, and the pres- ent incumbent, C. L. Shipman. VILLAGES. The village of East Springfield occupies a high and beautiful site along the Ridge road, three miles south from the lake, two and a half from North Springfield, on the Lake Shore Railroad, one and a half west of Cross's Station, on the Erie & Pittsburgh Railroad, four and a half southwest of Miles Grove, five west of Girard, and twenty- one by common road from Erie. The country around is the best portion of the township, and the village is the largest set- tlement. East Springfield comprises three churches, one academy, one hotel, one general store, two groceries, one hardware store, one millinery store, one drug store, one harness shop, one tailor shop, one meat market, one wagon shop, one furniture store and undertaking establishment, one cider mill, three blacksmith shops, and about forty buildings. The population in 1880 was 102. West Springfield has grown up at the junction of the Albion with the Ridge road, three miles east of the Ohio line, four west of East Springfield, and twenty- five by common road from Erie. It is not as large aS its sister village, but contains some neat residences and other buildings. The insti- tutions of the place are three churches, an academy, a cheese factory, hotel, general store, tile works and two blacksmith shops. The village sustains one physician and one minister. The old cemetery has fallen pretty much into disuse and the bodies are being removed to the more attractive burial ground at East Springfield. North Springfield has sprung up within the last thirty years on the Lake Shore Railroad, just west of the Crooked Creek embankment, about half a mile south of Lake Erie, and twenty by railroad from Erie. The railroad company have at this place a station house, two water tanks and an engine house to pump the water up from Crooked Creek. Besides these there are an academy, an old hotel building, now used as a boarding house, a general store, a grocery and a public school. The village consists of perhaps twenty buildings and sixty inhabitants. It stands mostly on a portion of the John Holliday farm. The station was established in 1852, the year the railroad was opened, groiind for the purpose being given by Samuel and John Holliday. 760 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. On the M. H. Gould farm, neai* the residence of Seymour Ware, in the valley of a branch of Turkey Run, is a famous salt spring, the water of which is so strongly impregnated with the mineral that the cattle on the place need no salting. Some sixty years ago Judge Gould drilled a well at this spot to the depth of 200 feet, but in putting the well down a fresh water spring was struck which diluted the salt water to an txtent that rendered it valueless. CHAPTER X. CONNEAUT TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF ALBION. CONNEAUT TOWNSHIP is one of the original subdivisions of Erie County. It is the extreme southwestern township of the county, and contains 25,- 540 acres. The population was 631 in 1810; 1,324, in 1830; 1,746, in 1840; 1,942, in 1850; 2,118, in I860; 1,538, in 1870, and 1,545, in 1880. The de- crease between 1860 and 1870 was due to the incorporation of Albion as a borough in 1861. The township is bounded on the north by Springfield and Girard, on the east by Elk Creek, on the west by Astabula County, Ohio, and on the south by Beaver and Spring Townships, Crawford County. Its great- est length is about eight and three- fourths miles from east to west, and its greatest width six and one-fourth from north to south. Conneaut contains the villages of Cherry Hill, Keep ville, Tracy and Albion Depot, all of which have post offices except the last. The township received its title from Conneaut Creek, its principal stream. The word Conneaut is of Indian origin, signifying " snow place," from the fact that the snow used to lie longer upon the ice of Conneaut Lake, Crawford County, than anywhere else the country round. The appraisement for 1883 gave the following results: Value of real es- tate, $686,536; number of cows, 574; valae, $14,250; number of oxen, 16; value, $995; horses and mules, 423, value, $23,240; total value of personal property assessed, $38,485; value of trades and occupations, $8,820; amount of money at interest. $6,378. The census returns for 1880 show that there were 433 houses occupied by 453 families. THE FIRST SETTLERS. The first settler within the bounds of the township was Jonathan Spauld- ing, who reached there from New York in the year 1795. Two years after the Population Company sent Col. Dunning McNair on as agent, who established his headquarters at what became known as Lexington, and with a corps of assistants surveyed the country, laid out roads, and made preparations for dis- posing of the property. In 1798, Abiather Crane and his brother Elihu, from Connecticut, located near Col. McNair, but neither remained long, the former moving to Mill Creek in 1809, and the latter to Elk Creek in the spring of 1800. Abiather first went into Conneaut as a surveyor in 1797, but did not ^ , locate there until the ensuing year. The arrival of other pioneers was as ^- follows: In 1800, Matthew Harrington, from Vermont; George Griffey and Andrew Cole, from Onondaga County, N Y. , and Stephen Randall and his son Sheffield, from Rensselaer C/ounty, N. Y.; in 1801, Robert McKee, from Cum- berland County, Penu. : in 1802, Henry Ball from Fredericksburg, Va. , Pat- rick Kennedy, his son Royal, and William Payne, from Connecticut; in 1803, CONNEAUT TOWNSHIP. 761 Marsena Keep and son Marsena, from Montgomery County, N. Y. ; in 1804, Joel Bradish and brothers, from New York; in 1800, Lyman Jackson, from Otsego County, N. Y. ; in 1810, Michael Jackson, son of Lyman, who remained bat a few months, returned to New York and came back five years later. The following persons settled iu the township at a later date: In 1815, George Stuntz, from Barclay County, Va., and his son E. W. Stuntz; in 1816, Medad Pomeroy, from Massachusetts, with his sons, Nathaniel, Uriah, John, Lyman, James, George and Horace, and three daughters, together with James W. and G. Spicer, from New York; in I8l7, Benjamin Sawdy and Isaac Pomeroy, from Massachusetts; in iSlS, David Sawdy, from Massachusetts, Abijah Barnes, from Cayuga Count), N. Y., and Samuel Bradish; in 1819, Noah Kidder and son Francis, Edward DeWolf and Daniel Rossiter, from New York, and Samuel Sawdy (father of David and Benjamin), with his sons John, Job and Daniel, from New Bedford, Mass. ; in 1820, Kodolphus Loomis, from Chautauqua County, N. Y.; about 1824 or 1825, Harrison Parks; in 1829, Jonas Lewis; in 1831, Thomas Bowman, wife and family (including Ralph), from Oneida County, N. Y. ; in 1832, William Cornell and John Curtis; in 1833, Chester Morley and Andrew and Silas Morrison; in 1834, Christopher Cross, Edward Dorrence and Hiram Griffis; in 1837, Andrew Swap, Daniel Waters and Joseph Tubbs; in 1838. Isaiah and Johnson Pelton; in 1839, Marcus A. Bumpus. Among those who went in about the commencement of the century, are Bartholomew Forbes, Howard, John, Nathan, David and Charles Salsbury. Thomas Sprague, James Paul. James Whittington, Thomas Alexander, John Stuntz, Giles Bad- ger, Ichabod Baker and Jacob Walker. A large portion of the settlers whose former homes are not given were from New York, principally from the cen- tral counties. Henry Bali was a Captain in the war of 1812, and several of the others seiwed against the British as privates. Jonathan Spaulding's sons, David, John and George, were born in the township, the first in 1802, the second in 1806, and the last in 1816. William Harrington, the oldest son of Matthew, was born in 1805. William Paul went into Elk Creek with Mr. Culton in 1797; returned to Connecticut, and came back about 1816. George Stuntz was a local preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Noah Kidder and son went to Springfield in 1817, but moved to Conneaut two years after. Medad Pomeroy settled on Conneaut Creek, about a mile north of Albion, where he owned several hundred acres, extending into Elk Creek Township. The first male child was Henry Wood, born about 1798. The first female children were Ruth, daughter of Elihu Crane and wife, and Eli/a, daughter of Abiather Crane and wife, who were born in the same house near Lexington, on the same day, April 20, 1799. Ruth Crane married Isaac Pomeroy, and became the mother of two sons — Alden aud Jerome — and seven daughters. Her cousin, Eliza, became the wife of James Love, Jr., and moved to Mill Creek. The first recorded death was that of Mrs. Thomas Alexander, who ex- pired in 1801, and was buried " at a point between two runs, about half a mile north of Albion." The oldest lady who has ever lived in the township was Mrs. Thomas Bowman, who died in the fall of 1862 aged nearly ninety-two years. CREEKS AND BEIDGES. The chief stream of the township is Conneaut Creek, which rises below Conneautville, in Crawford County, flows in a general northerly course to the S]>ringtield line, then turns abruptly we.stward, and continues into Ohio. After changing its course, it forms the boundary line between Conneaut and Spring- field, the former lying on the south and the latter on the north. In Ohio, it continues westward nine miles to Kingsville, then makes another sudden bend 762 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. to the east, and comes back eight miles to Conneaut, where it turns again to the north, and after a further course of about a mile empties into the lake a mile and a half from the boundary of Pennsylvania, forming Conneaut Har- bor. It is the most crooked of the lake shore streams, the length from head to mouth by its windings being from seventy to seventy five miles, while the distance by an air line is not more than twenty- five miles. The valley of the creek forms the route of the Erie & Pittsburgh Railroad through Conneaut Township, and was utilized for the same purpose in la^'ing out the old canal from Albion southward. Its length across the township is fully twelve miles. The "West Branch of Conneaut Creek rises in Crawford County, near the Ohio line, runs in a general northeasterly direction through the south part of the township, and unites near Keepville, after a course of between nine and ten miles. The East Branch heads in Crawford County, below the Elk Creek line, runs past Wellsburg and Cranesville, and enters Conneaut Township a mile or so northeast of Albion. It has a length of not far from ten miles. At Wells- burg, it is joined by Frazier's Run, and at Albion by Jackson's Run. The lat- ter takes its rise on the Conneaut and Elk Creek line, near Crawford County, flows north, then northeast, and is from four to six miles long. After receiv- ing Jackson's Run, the East Branch continues about half a mile further, before merging with the main stream. Marsh Run heads in the west, flows eastward, and empties into the Conneaut about a mile from Albion Depot, having a length of four or five miles. The dividing ridge between the waters of the lake and the Allegheny turns to the south in Fairview Township, and follows nearly the line of Conneaut Creek into Crawford County. The frequent streams and their unusual ci'ookedness are a source of heavy expense to the tax-payers, the number of bridges and the cost of keeping them up being undoiibtedly greater than in any other township of the county. Not to name those on the branches, there are, on Conneaut Creek alone, the Law, Griffith, Porter, Perry and Salsbury bridges, along the Springfield line, and the Pomei'oy, Kennedy, Silverthorn, Keepville and Spaulding within the township proper. These include the public bridges only, besides which the Erie & Pittsburgh Railroad Company have two more, known as the Sawdy and Kennedy second. All of the township bridges are built of timber with stone abutments. The valley of Conneaut Creek from Crawford County to Springfield varies in width from a quarter of a mile to a mile, and consists of a sandy loam, which is very fertile, producing everything that can be raised along the lake shore. West of Lexington, along the Conneaut and Springfield line, there are occasional small spots of bottom land, but generally speaking the hills run almost to the water's edge. A large tract of country, in the southwest, near the Ohio and Crawford County line, still remains in forest, being owned by the Pennsylvania Lumber Company. Fruits of nearly all kinds are grown readily. The price of land varies greatly, being as low as |15 an acre in some localities and as high as $65 in others. LAND, LITIGATION AND PRE-HISTOKIC REMAINS. John B. Wallace, of Philadelphia, made his home in Meadville at an early day, to act as attorney for the Holland Land Company. In that capacity he located tracts in various places, among them being one of 10,000 acres in the western part of Conneaut Township. This property was sold by Sherift' Wol- verton, on an execution against Mr. Wallace, in 1825, and purchased by or in behalf of Stephen Girard, of Philadelphia. It was Mr. Girard's design to make extensive improvements by erecting mills, opening roads, etc., but while his agent was arranging to carry out his plans, news came in January, 1832, CONNEAUT TOWNSHIP. 763 of the great millionaire's death. By Mr. Girard's will, the Conneaut lands, with a large quantity of others, were left in trust to the city of Philadelphia as a perpetual fund for the maintenance of a college for orphans. After the death of Mr. Wallace, in 1838, his heirs claimed that the Conneaut lands had been wrongfully sold, because the title was in Mrs. Wallace, instead of her husband. Suit was brought by Judge Thompson and Benjamin Grant in the name of the W^allace heirs to recover the property, when a verdict was ren- dered for the plaintiffs. The Moravian grant embraced between 400 and 500 acres in the northwestern corner of Conneaut, extending over from Sprino-. Held, where the most of the " Hospitality tract " lay. On the John Pomeroy place, upon the second flat of Conneaut Creek, are the traces of an ancient mound, such as exist in Girard, Springfield, Harbor Creek, Fairview, Wayne, and other townships of the county. It is circular in form, inclosing about three-fourths of an acre. The embankment, whea the country was cleared up, was about three feet high by six feet thick at the base, with large +rees growing upon it. One of these trees, a mammoth oak, when cut down, indicated by its rings an age of five hundred years. Beneath the tree the skeleton of a human being was taken up which showed to a verity that giants lived in those remote ages. The bones measured eleven feet from head to foot, the jawbone easily covered that of a man who weighed over 200 pounds, and the lower bone of the leg, being compared with that of a person who was six feet four inches in height, was found to be nearly a foot longer. Another circle of a similar character existed on the Taylor farm— now owned by J. L. Strong. On the John Pomeroy place is also a peculiar mound, about 100 feet long, 50 wide and 25 high. It stands on the south side of a small stream, upon flat land, and is wholly detached from the adjacent bluff. RAILROAD, CANAL AND COMMON ROADS. The Erie & Pittsbui'gh Railroad, the only one in the township, runs through its whole width from Girard Township on the north to Crawford County on the south. The ridge between Crooked and Conneaut Creeks is overcome by a deep excavation that is usually known as Sawdy's Cut. After that the road follows the valley of the latter stream through the town- ship to its head in Crawford County. The road crosses the creek twice with- in Conneaut Township, first by the Sawdy bridge, and second by the Kennedy bridge near Albion. The Sawdy bridge has a span of about 100 feet and a till of about fifty or sixty rods; the one near Albion, a span of equal length, and a trestle work of some twenty rods. Albion depot is the main station of the township. The Pennsylvania Erie Canal — now one of the things of the past — entered Conneaut from Elk Creek at a point between Cranesville and Albion, and continued south by nearly the same route as the railroad, but at a higher elevation. The once noted Eleven Mile Level, the longest on its line, reached from near Lockport, through Albion, to Spring Corners, Crawford County. North of Albion, the canal crossed the East Branch by a culvert forty-one feet high, with a span of between thirty and forty feet, which still stands and is used as a roadway. The main avenues of the township are the Lexington road, from the latter place to Girard, opened about 1797; the State road across the north pai-t of the township, from Elk Creek to Ohio; the Meadville road, from Lexington into Crawford County; the Albion and Cranesville road; the Albion and Wellsburg I'oad; the road from Albion due west to Conneaut Center; the Albion & Keepville; " Porky street," from Cherry Hill south; and the Creek I'oad from Pomeroy's bridge to Crawford County. 764 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. SCHOOLS, MILLS AND BURIAL PLACES. No record remains of the earliest schools in the township. A winter school was held in a cabin on the farm of Nathaniel Pomeroy, about one and a half miles northwest from Albion about ]822. by Rodolphus Loorais. Anna Ran- dall taught a summer term at the same place. About 1 823, a log schoolhouse was built in that neighborhood, at which Mary Randall and John Spaulding were early teachers. A school near the site of Thornton's grist mill in Albion Borough was taught by Sophia Kennedy. Others taught here, and the school- house burned down about 1824. Among other early teachers at Albion, was David Powell, whose parents were residents of Crawford County. Following is a list of the schools of Conneaut Township: Bowman, on the old State road, in the L; Valley, on the Creek road, near Albion; Bumpus, on the Conneautville road, to the southeast; Keepville; Kidder's Corners; Har- rington, on the AVest Branch; Cherry Hill, a little east of the village; Center, a little south of the Town House; Brown, on the State road, west of Cherry Hill; Brock, on the southwest; and Kimball, on the Ohio line. The manufacturing establishments of the township are Spalding's saw mill, on the West Branch; Brown's cheese factory, on the State road, east of Cherry Hill (^opened May 11, 1874); Kennedy's brickyard and tile factory, near Ken- nedy's bridge; Robinson's blacksmith shop, and Brewster's and Case's wagon shops, near Kidder's Corners; a blacksmith shop near Albion; and a number of poi-table saw mills which have no permanent location. The Penn Lumber Company, about two years ago, erected a large saw mill in the extreme south- west corner of the township. The company owns 2,800 acres of land, has built a four-mile railroad track to the E. & P. Railroad, and is extensively engaged in sawing lumber, handles, etc., and shipping them to the market. Tracy is the post office name of the settlement. There is an old graveyard at Saulsbury's bridge, where a number of the early settlers are buried, and others at Keepville and on the Creek road, near Kennedy's bridge. The oldest man known to have lived in the township was the father of ex-County Commissioner Garner Palmer, who died several years ago, lacking but little of a hundred. VILLAGES. The village of Aibiun Depot is on the Erie & Pittsburgh Railroad, twenty- six miles from Erie City, and about a mile west from Albion Borough. It embraces, besides the depot building, a grocery and twelve or fifteen houses, most of which are occupied by employes of the railroad. Keepville consists of a post office, store, Methodist Episcopal Church, schoolhouse, cheese factory, shingle mill, and several residences, at the intersection of two roads, near Conneaut Creek, two and a half miles southwest of Albion Borough. It was named after Marsena Keep, Sr., who settled there in 1803. Keepville AVes- leyan congregation was organized, with about fourteen members, in 1854, Rev. John L. Moore being the first pastor. The church building was erected the same year, at a cost of $1,500. In 1866 or 1867, a Methodist Episcopal society was organized from the Wesleyan society, and now has for its pastor Rev. Fiddler. The charge belongs to Spring Circuit, most of the appointments of which are in Crawford County. The Wesleyan society still survives, but is quite small. The cheese factory was built in 1873 by Amos K. Keep. H. Stoddard and Josiah J. Pelton, costing §1. 500. A Methodist Episcopal Church, schoolhouse, two'general stores, a blacksmith shop and twenty to thirty houses constitute the village of Cherry Hill, on the State road, about half a mile south of the Springfield line, and five miles west of Albion. Porter's grist and saw CONNEAUT TOWNSHIP. 765 mill, on Conneaut Creek, in Springfield Township, are a little north of the village. Cherry Hill stands on high ground, and the country about the village is cold, hard to work, and not very productive. The church was organized with about fifteen members, by Rev. J. W. Wilson, in 1858, and the buildiuc was erected the same year at a cost of $1,250. The society was attached to Albion Circuit till Lockport Cii-cuit was formed, to which it now belono-s. When Col. McNair established his agency for the Population Company, in 1797, he laid out a town plat of 1,600 acres, at the big bend of Conneaut Creek, near the present Springfield line, which he expected to become a place of a good deal of importance. At the suggestion of one of his surveyors, who was a Kentuckian, he gave it the title of Lexington. Koads were laid out, and, being the center of the company's operations in the west, Lexington in time became a village of no little pretension. At one period it had a store, schoolhouse, hotel, distillery, and several residences. A post office was estab- lished in 1823, with David Sawdy as Postmaster. Not a vestige of Lexington is now left. Its site is covered by the David Sawdy and L. R. Strong farms. MISCELLANEOUS. The original line of Conneaut extended westward parallel with the south- ern line of Girard Township to Ohio, taking in Conneaut Creek and more than a mile of country north of that stream. This threw the whole burden of build- ing and maintaining bridges upon Conneaut, and about 1835 she ceded the territory north of the creek to Springfield, in consideration of the latter town- ship paying one-half of that item of expense. Springfield made a considerable gain of land, and Conneaut relieved herself from burdensome taxation. Following is a complete list of the citizens of Albion and Conneaut who have been elected to Legislative and county offices: Assembly — David Sawdy, 1838; Humphrey A. Hills, 1853-54 (now residing at East Springfield); Orlan- do Logan, 1875-76. Commissioner — Abiather Crane, 1803 to 1805; John Sals- burv,1825 to 1828; David Sawdy. 1841 to 1844; Humphrev A. HillB.1847 to 1850; Garner Palmer, 1862 to 1865, and 1869 to 1872. County Auditor— W. J. Brock- way, 1875 to 1878. Mercantile Appraiser, Liberty Salsbury, 1872. Hon. George H. Cutler lived in Conneaut Township for a time, and taught school in Albion. He moved from there to Girard, and served the county as State Senator from 1873 to 1876. BOROUGH OF ALBION. The borough of Albion occupies an elevated site at the junction of Jack- son's Run with the East Branch, near the Elk Creek line, a mile east of Albion depot, and twenty-seven miles southwest of Erie by the E. & P. Railroad. The first settlers at Albion were Thomas Alexander, Patrick Kennedy, William Paine, Ichabod Baker and Lyman Jackson. Michael Jackson, son of Lyman, who built the first saw mill, did not become a permanent resident until 1815, although he spent a few months there five years earlier. William Sherman settled at Albion in 1827, coming fi'om Herkimer County, N. Y. He died on the 1st of February, 1883, aged seventy-eight years. Thomas Thornton came from England at an early age, and settled in Abion about 1857. Amos King built the first grist mill and Lyman Jackson taught the first school. The town was long known as Jackson's Cross Roads, and the post office name has been successively Jacksonville, Juliet and Albion. It is one mile from Albion to Cranesville and Wellsburg (the three places forming the points of an equilat- 766 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. eral triangle), sis to East Springfield, eight to Girard, six to Spring and nice to Conneautville. The canal passed through the place, and to the business that grew out of it Albion owed most of its growth. The Denio Fork and Handle Factory was located at Albion until its destruction by fire in 1873, which resulted in the removal of the business to Miles Grove. Of the promi- nect residents of the place, E. W. Stuntz settled there in 1815, coming from Kingsville, Ohio; Dr. J. S. Skeels, in 1848, from Spring, Crawford County; Dr. P. D. Flower, in 1855, from Harbor Creek; Dr. L. D. Davenport, in 1850, from Ellington Center, N Y., and Jeduthan Wells, in 1857, from Wellsburg. Albion was incorporated as a borough in 1861, taking in a section of Con- neaut Township exactly a mile square. It then contained 443 inhabitants. The population in 1870 was 452, and 433 in 1880. The first borough officers were elected in March, 1861, Perry Kidder being chosen Burgess. The re- ligious denominations are Methodist Episcopal, Disciple and Catholic. CHURCHES. The first Methodist Episcopal Church in this vicinity stood about three- fourths of a mile west of Albion, and was built more .than fif[y years ago. It was occupied until about 1855, when the society was disbanded and the build- ing removed. At Albion, a society had been formed previous to the dismem- berment of the above class. It held services in the academy until about 1855, when the present church was built. It cost $2,000 and was dedicated by Rev. Calvin Kiugsley. The society was a part of Springfield Circuit until 1854, when Albion Circuit was formed. It embraces the societies at Albion, Wells- burg, Cranesville and Pageville. The first pastor was I. O. Fisher in 1854-55, and latterly C. W. Foulke, 1881-82. The society now numbers about eighty members. Catholic services have been held at Albion for many years in McGuire's hall and the Disciple meeting-house. Thirty years ago, the society was an old one. The membership includes about twenty-five families. This charge was supplied at first by priests from Crossingville, but more recently they come from Conneautville, Crawford County. A Disciple congregation was organized in the spring of 1880 by Rev. Clar- ence J. Cushman. He remained in charge two years. The class is small but has a frame church edifice in process of coQstruction. BUSINESS, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES. The business establishments of the borough consist of a hotel — the Sherman House — three dry goods and grocery stores, two confectionery, one drug store, two hardware stores, two shoe shoj^s, two millinery stores, two barber shops, feed store, clothing store and tailor shop, paint shop and two blacksmith shops. The Sherman House was built in 1828 by Benjamin Nois. It passed into the hands of William Sherman some time after, who continued as its proprietor some fifty years. The house is now managed by his son, Mott Sherman. The borough contains a good two-story school building and a Masonic Hall. Albion Lodge, No. 376, I. O. O. F.,'was instituted September 14. 1849, with the following eight charter members: Calvin Chaddock, William Sher- man, Orsan O. Potter, John Clark, James McKendry, Ira S. Barber, Alonzo Sherman and E. E. Stone. The lodge now has a memlaership of fifty-two. A fire in 1851 destroyed its hall, charter and books. A second hall was erected, which also burned down on the night of February 10, 1884, together with one store. Meetings are regularly held every Saturday evening. Western Star Lodge, No. 304, F. & A. M, was chartered December 1, 1856. Its charter members were C. W. Cross, Stephen Munger, William W. ': ^ /''^f^'^ *^flp« ^^Ui^^t :^^.^^ CONNEAUT TOWNSHIP. 769 Skeels, B. H. Galpin, John Turner, James Cross, Joseph Towner, A. B. Crumb and E. Jackson. It owns the second floor of the building, built in 1874, in which the meetings are held. The lodge now numbers fifty-six members and meets the tii'st and third Tuesdays of each month. Albion Lodge, No. 88, Ancient Order of United Workmen, was instituted March 10, 1875, with about twenty members. Its charter officers were Georo-e Nash, P. M. W.; W. J. Brockway, M. W. ; George Runyan, G. E. ; S. D. Sawdy, E. ; E. W. Randall, Recorder; C. C. Carter, Financier; C. S. Younc, Receiver; J. M. Sherman, G. ; A. H. Wells, I. W.; G. N. Sawdy, O. W. The membership is forty-nine, and regular meetings are held the second and fourth Saturdays of each month. Albion Union, No. 101, Equitable Aid Union, was chartered with thirty-one members May 27, 1880. Its first officers were Dr. O. Logan, Chancellor; Mrs. Mary A. Sherwood, Advocate; S. A. Sanders, President; Moses Williams, Vice President; H. H. Adams, Auxiliary; B. E. Keep, Secretary; L. H. Salis- bury, Treasurer; E. B. Hathaway, Accountant; Mrs. S. S. Keep, Chaplain; J. H. Carpenter, Warden; Edward Froby, Sentinel; C. V. Lick, Watchman; O. P. Mosier, Conductor, The Union now contains ninety members, and meets the first and third Fridays of each month. The two last named orders are beneficiary in their object. The school building was erected in 1868, at a cost, inclusive of furniture and apparatus, of $7,000. Previous to that the borough schools were held in the academy, built in 1838. FACTORIES, NEWSPAPERS, ETC. The manufacturing establishments are Thornton's grist and woolen mills. Wells' oar factory, and Van Riper's horse rake and wooden ware factory. All of these use steam. The water-power, once quite good, has become unreliable since the clearing up of the country. The flouring mill was built in 1828, by Amos King, and is now owned by Joshua Thornton. The woolen mill was erected by W. H. Gray, in 1840, burned in 1876, and rebuilt in 1880 by Thomas Thornton. Its present owner is William Thornton. Michael Jackson built the rake factory in 1846. It has been completely over- hauled and much extended by George Van Riper & Co. The oar factory was built by Henry Salisbury and Reuben McLallen in 1859. It burned down on the 1st of March, 1868, and was rebuilt by Frank Wells the same year. Jeduthan Wells is the present owner. A newspaper, the Erie County Enterprise, was started June 15, 1877, but failed in 1880 for want of support. Its publishers were J. W. Britton and F. J. Dumars. The Albion Blizzard, a weekly newspaper, was established by two of the young business men of Albion Borough — E. C. Palmer and E. F. Davenport — May 25, 1882. The first four numbers were published as a two- column folio, at which time the Post Office Department refused to allow it to pass as second-class matter. After a week or two of suspension, the Blizzard was enlarged to a quarto, June 29, 1882, and was entered properly in the mails as other newspapers. Near the close of Volume I, the outlook was that the paper must cease to exist, but the publishers made a canvass and re- ceived such encouragement that they bought a new cylinder press and enlarged their paper to a seven-column folio, issuing the first number July 12, 1883. The borough has a general cemetery, which might be made a handsome place of burial. The appraisement for 1883 showed the following results: Value of real estate, $88,205; cows, fifty-two; value, $1,040; horses and mules, sixty-four; value, $3,825; value of ti'ades and occupations, $6,705; money at interest, $4,997. 40 770 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. CHAPTER XL ELK CREEK TOWNSHIP. THE first settler in Elk Creek Township was Eli Colton, fathnr of George W. Colton, the well-known politician. He was a native of Granby, Conn., and went into the township early in 1797. In the spring of 1798 or 1799 the settlers were George Haybarger and his brother-in-law, John Deitz, from Mary- land, who were followed by their families in the succeeding fall, in charge of Arnestes Deitz, father of John. Mr. Colton married a daughter of the elder Deitz in 1800 or 1801. Mr. Haybarger changed to Mill Creek in 1810, where his descendants remain. In 1800, Elihu Crane took up the tract on which Craneville stands, where he remained until his death. He was from Connec- ticut, and settled in Conneaut Township in the spring of 1798, from which place he changed to Elk Creek. During 1800, or a little before, numerous parties located in the township, among whom were David Randall, Daniel Akers, Mr. Odell and Mr. Harrington. In 1802, David Sherrod arrived from Susquehanna County. James McCammon, with his sons, James and Robert, came from Ireland early in the century, locating first at Philadelphia, then at Meadville, and finally in Elk Creek. A man by the name of Wallace became a resident of the township nearly at the same time. Other early settlers were Jabez Clark, Charles Scott, Maxon Randall and the Shieldses and Spragues. Among the later settlers were the following: In 1815, Daniel Winchester, from Stafford County, Conn., and Samuel Wells, with his sons, Otis, Obed, Frank- lin, Samuel and Julius, from St. Albans, Vt. ; in 1818, Josiah Steward; in 1824, the Stewarts, Rodgerses and Brookses from New York; in 1831, Thomas Bowman; in 1832, Levi and William Joslin, from Oneida County, N. Y. ; Edmund Goodenow, from the same county ; Sylvester Hubbard, from Tompkins County, N. Y. ; Samuel Sherman and family, from Herkim.er County, N. Y. ; John Warner, from Massachusetts; and Wilson Cole, from Chautauqua County, N. Y. ; in 1833, John Stafford, from Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., and William Vorce, from Chautauqua County, in the same State; in 1834, Orange and Perley Miller; in 1835, Jeremiah Crowley, a native of Ireland, and Noah Almey; in 1836, David Smith, from Vermont; in 1838, Hiram Irish, from Vermont, and Burr L. Pulling, from Saratoga County, N. Y. The growth of the township was slow until 1830, but it filled up rapidly from that date to 1840. Samuel Sherman took up a large body of land, which he divided among his boys. In 1840, Harley Sherman, son of Samuel Sher- man, opened a grocery store at Wellsburg, where he lived until his death. The forefathers of the Shermans came to America from England, in 1634. set- tling in New England, from which section their descendunts have spread into every State of the Union. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The township is one of the original sixteen, and received its title from the stream of Elk Creek, several branches of which rise in its northern portion. It originally extended north to a point parallel with the south line of Fairview, and was then nearly square. In 1832, the north part was sliced off in the formation of Girard, leaving a short handle which now constiutes a part ELK CREEK TOWNSHIP. 771 of Franklin. When the latter township was created in 1844, another piece was taken from Elk Creek, reversing the shape of the township, and causing it to stand in its present form, which is exactly that of a gothic L. The origi- nal area was 35,840 acres, which has been reduced to 20,696 acres. Ey the assessmeiit of 1S80, the valuation was as follows: Eeal estate, $464,915; horses $371; cows, $623; oxen, $40; value of personal property, $34,044; value of trades and occupations, $10,175; money at interest, $25,582. Elk Creek is bounded on the north by Girard and Franklin, on the east by Franklin and Washington, on the south by Cussewago Township. Crawford County, and on the west by Conneaut. The population was 288 in 1820 562 in 1830, 1,645 in 1840, 1,535 in 1850, 1,462 in 1870, and 1,564 in 1880, in- clusive of Wellsburg. The villages are Wellsburg, Cranesville and Pageville and the post offices are Lundy's Lane (Wellsburg) and Elk Creek (Cranesville). Elk Creek Township has had but four county officials, viz.: Stephen J. God- frey, County Commissioner from 1866 to 1869, and Mercantile Appraiser in 1871; C. C. Taylor, County Superintendent of Public Schools from 1869 to 1878; Richard Powell, County Commissioner from 1881 to 1884; and Gforge Manton, County Auditor from 1881 to 1884. George W. Colton, Clerk to the Commissioners from 1852 to November, 1863, and Prothonotary from his res- ignation of the latter office to 1867, is a native of the township, but removed to Erie before he Avas chosen to the first position. O. H. Irish, Superintendent of Government Printing at Washington, was also a native of Elk Creek. The latter died in January, 1883, after having been proi^inent as a public man for many years. The Elk Creek lands are generally rolling, with a clay soil, except a narrow belt of gravel along the East Branch of Conneaut Creek and its tributaries. The hill lands, which include about two-thirds of the township, are quite flat when the summit is reached, and. are well watered, being the sources of nu- merous small streams. Land ranges in value from $20 to $40, according to its proximity to the villages. The township contains two cheese factories— the one at W^ellsburg, and Kingsley's, in the southeast. Much timber remains, but it is fast disappearing. There is no railroad in the township, and the nearest station is that of the Erie & Pittsburgh road at Albion. A mile east of Wellsbiirg was a deposit of bog iron ore, from w^hich a large share of the stock used in Vincent, Himrod & Co.'s old furnace in Erie was drawn. The ore has been used of late years in making mineral paint, being first applied to that purpose by Winton & Williams. In Glen Frazier is a mineral spring which has become famous over the western part of the county for its medical virtues. KOADS AND STREAMS. The main thoroughfares are the road from Albion, through W^ellsburg, to Edinboro; the old road from Girard, through Cranesville and W^ellsburg. to Meadville; and the Crane road, from Albion, through Cranesville and Franklin Township, to the Edinboro Plank Road. A hack runs several times a day, each direction, between Wellsburg, Cranesville and Albion Station, carrying pas- sengers and the mails. Elk Creek has no large streams, the most important one being the East Branch of Conneaut Creek, which falls into the latter about half a mile west of Albion. The East Branch rises in Crawford Coiinty, just across the line. It is joined by Frazier's Run at Wellsburg, by Crane Run near Cranesville, by Mormon Run at Thornton's dam, near Albion, and by Jackson Run within the latter borough. Mormon Run received its name because used as a place of baptism by that sect, who were once quite numeroiis in the vicinity. The West Branch of Elk Creek has its source near the center, and runs north 772 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. into Girard, where it connects with the main stream a little below " The Devil's Backbone." In the southeast are the head-waters of the Cussewago, which pursues a southerly course, and, joining French Creek near Meadville, helps to make the Ohio and Mississippi. Forty years or so ago, there were twelve or fifteen saw mills on the East Branch, as well as several on other streams. The water-power was very fine in the early days, on account of the steady flow of water and the heavy fall in the streams. CHURCHES. The charches of Elk Creek are a Free-Will Baptist, Methodist Episcopal and Universalist at Wellsburg, Methodist Episcopal at Cranesville, Free-Will Baptist and Methodist at Pageville, United Brethren on the Meadville road between Cranesville and Lockport, and Union United Brethren. The Little Brick, or Randall United Brethren Church, holds services about a mile north of Cranesville, in a neat brick structure which was formerly a schoolhouso. The society was organized about 1853 by Rev. Michael Oswald. Rev. C. Z. Dilley is at present pastor in charge. The society contains about thirty members. It is embraced in the Erie Circuit, which besides the Randall appointment includes Branchville in McKean Towuship; Bethel, Fairview Township; Foy Schoolhouse, Franklin Township; Miller, Giraa-d Township; and Union, in the south part of Elk Creek Township. The last named ap- pointment is quite and old class, has about twenty members, and meets in a schoolhouse. There is a considerable Catholic population in the south part of the town- ship, who worship mainly at the chui'ch in Cussewago, Crawford County. They are mainly of Irish nativity or descent. SCHOOLS. Probably the first school in the township was taught by Maxon Randall, in his log cabin about a mile north of Cranesville. about 1815. About one and a half miles south of Wellsbarg, stood a log schoolhouse, wherein Miss Becky Reese, who was afterward Mrs. William Monroe, taught about 1817. Samuel Clark, the son of an early settler of this township, held a school in the same cabin about 1818, and, following him, David Mathews conducted a term. Immediately south of Wellsburg a Mr. Higgins, an old bachelor, taught about 1820. The Sawdy Schoolhouse, in the northwest corner of the town- ship, was built about 1823, and for many years subserved its educational pur- poses. Henry Miller, one of the first settlers, taught here. Betsy Colton, who became Mrs. Hiram Bradley, and Zachariah Tolbit were oiher early instructors at Sawdy. At Cranesville, on the corner now occupied by the post office, was a diminutive log structure in early days, where Matilda Eldridge and John Braddish were among the first teachers. The following is a list of the present schools: Sawdy, two miles north of Cranesville, on the Lockport road; Wellsburg (graded), Cranesville, Bowens, one mile from Cranesville, on the Crane road; Kingsley, a mile and a half south of Wellsburg, on the Meadville road; Union at Cold Spring, three miles south of Wellsburg, on the Meadville I'oad; Pleasant Valley, two miles east of Wellsburg; Pageville, Miller, six miles east of Wellsburg. and an independent school of Elk Creek and Franklin Townships. WELLSBURG. The village of Wellsburg, in the narrow valley of the East Branch of Con- ueaut Creek, is situated at the crossing of the Girard & Meadville by the ELK CREEK TOWNSHIP. 773 Albion & Edinboro road. Samuel Wells, after whom it was named, settled at this point with his live sons in 1815, and at an early day his son Frank- lin built a grist mill and several saw mills. Samuel drilled a salt well about a mile south of Wellsburg, on the Clark farm, and for a considerable period the neighborhood was supplied by him with a home made article. This con- tinued until the opening of the canal, when cheaper salt was furnished from Onondaga, N. Y. , by way of Erie, which caused the abandonment of the well. The village, which was laid out by Otis Wells, did not make much progress until some six or ten years ago, when a brisk competition among the mer- chants led to low prices, a heavy trade from the adjacent country, new manu- factories, and a general and most marked spirit of enterprise. Wellsburg is twenty-five miles from Erie, nine miles south of Girard, one each from Cranes- ville and Albion, and two miles from Albion Station. The mercantile estab- lishments consist of three dry goods stores, one grocery and hardware store and one millinery store. A new schoolhouse was erected about two years ago, at a cost of over $5,000. The McLellan House is a large new hotel. The man- ufacturing interests of the village are unusually extensive, as will be seen by the following list: Long, Wells & Go's., new steam and flouring mill, the old Spires Grist Mill, Wells & Sons' tannery, Ralph Bowman's steam saw mill, J. R. Snyder's steam furniture and cofiiu factory, Frank Ziegler's broom factory, the Elk Creek Co-operative Cheese Factory (in operation about eleven years), Emanuel Ziegler's carriage, wagon and blacksmith shop, Purcell Bros', spring bed factory, one cooper shop and two other blacksmith shops. Its population by the census of 1880 was 256, about half of whom have been added within a few years. Wellsburg has become the principal trading point for most of Elk Creek, a portion of Conneaut, the western portion of Franklin, the south- ern portion of Girard and even a section of Crawford County. Its post office name is Lundy's Lane. The office was established in 1852, when Gen. Scott was running for President, and named in honor of one of his battles during the last war with Great Britain. A telephone line connecting Wellsburg with Albion Station was put up in 1879. In addition to the salt well of Samuel Wells, another was drilled further up on the East Branch, on the farm now owned by S. A. Deriar. It was known as the White Well, but was never put in operation. On the same tract there had long been a strong show of pe- troleum. Boring was done to secure the oil, bat only a small quantity was obtained. In 1861, during the height of the oil excitement, two wells were drilled on the farm of Harley Sherman, east of Wellburg. A large yield of gas was secured but not enough oil tu pay. The Free- Will Baptist congregation, the largest in the town, was organized on the 5th of May, 1839, Rev. Willard Stickney, of Washington Township, being the first pastor, and Asa Lichfield, clerk. Its later pastors have been Revs. Frank Wells, David Winton, Chauncey Joslin, E. R. Anderson, Rufus Clark, J. B. Page and Rev. Boynton, the present incumbent. Julius Wells and John W. Prescott were the first and only Deacons. The congrega- tion has a commodious building, surmounted by a steeple and bell tower with a fine bell. A Sabbath school was established over thirty years ago, and has been in continuous operation. The membprship of the church is about forty. The Universalist Church at Wellsburg was organized in June, 1838, with twenty-five members by Rev. Edson Beals, who was the first pastor. The first meetings were held in the academy, which stood in the park on the site of the Universalist Church. The latter was erected in 1855 at a cost of $1,500, and was thoroughly repaired in 1871. Rev. A. J. Patterson, now of Boston, Mass., was pastor at the time of the church erection. After the pastorate of 774 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Rev. Beals, the following served as ministers: Revs. Joseph Sargent, Ami Bond, Fowler, A. J. Patterson. Luce and Charles L. Shipman, of Girard. No regular services have been held for two years past. The numerical streno-th of the church is about sixty. A Methodist Episcopal society was organized at Wellsburg in very early times. About 1835, it erected a frame meeting house on the summit of the hill between Wellsburg and Cranesville, the lot being the donation of Lyman Jackson. Formerly services had been held in an old blacksmith shop, con- verted into a schoolhouse and church. The church building became old and unlit for services. In 1875, or shortly before the society divided, a portion going to Cranesville and a portion to Wellsburg, the latter held services for a short time in the schoolhouse; then the Pleasant Valley Church building, several miles south of Wellsburg, was removed to the latter village, and is now used as the house of worship. Pleasant Valley was an old society organ- ized in 1833, by Rev. William Todd. Its church edifice was erected in 1854, at an expense of $1,300. Wellsburg Church is small, containing about twenty members. It formerly was a part of Springfield Circuit, but when Albion Circuit was formed, became and has since remained a part of it. The Wellsburg Cemetery, an inclosure of about ten acres, on a knoll in the north part of the village, is the principal burying ground of the township. The Shermans have a family burial place of about two acres. CRANESVILLE. Cranesville was founded by Fowler Crane, son of Elihu Crane, the first settler on the site, who laid out the village, and put up a hotel, store and ash- ery. In lies in the valley of the East Branch of Conneaut Creek, a mile north of Wellsburg. and a mile northeast of Albion, at the crossing of the Crane I'oad by the Girard & Meadville road, and almost on the Conneaut line. The valley at Cranesville widens out more than at Wellsburg, and the village stands chietiy on the upland overlooking the stream, in rather a pleasant loca- tion. The old Erie Canal passed through the village, and is watered by Crane Run. It entered Elk Creek Township a little south of Lockport, and about half a mile east of the Conneaut Township line, and continued to Cranesville, where it diverged into Conneaut, having had a course of about two and one-half miles in the township. The culvert between Albion and Cranesville, by which the canal crossed the East Branch — an excellent pile of masonry — is now used for a township roadway. After Wellsburg got its start and the canal had been abandoned, Cranesville rather de~clined, but of late it has commenced to improve. The village embraces a Methodist Episcopal Church, one general store, one grocery, Robert Wait's planing mill, two blacksmith shops, paint shop, schoolhouse, about thirty-five dwellings and perhaps 150 people. The church building was erected at a cost of $2,000, in 1874, Rev. Mr. Williams being the first pastor. About the same time the old church that stood on the hill between Cranesville and Wellsburg was removed to Springfield. Cranes- ville society was detached from Wellsburg about 1874, and belongs to Albion Circuit. The old hotel was torn down in the summer of 1878, more attractive houses at Wellsburg and Albion having robbed it of its custom. A sandstone quarry was formerly worked between Cranesville and Lockport, near the Pop- ulation road, from which material was taken for the locks of the canal. The post office name of Cranesville is Elk Creek. Its nearest railroad station is Albion. PAGEVILLE. Four miles southeast of Wellsburg, at the forks of the Crossingville road, McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 775 ie*the village of Pageville, consisting of a Free-Yv^ill Baptist Church, a school- house, a saw mill, and a few scattered dwellings. This remote place was once the scene of extensive manufacturing operations. Being on the edge of a vast forest of ash and oak, E. Page selected it as the site of his oar factory, one of the most extensive in the country. The factory gave employment to some twenty-hve men and its wares were sent to all parts of America and Europe. On its suspension the workmen found other homes, and the place declined to an ordinary cross roads collection of houses., The Baptist congregation was organized by Rev. Willard Stickney, the first pastor, in 1839, the same year as the one at Wellsburg. Rev. Carey Rogers preached here for many years, and Rev. Boynton is the present pastor. Services were held in the schoolhouse until 1875, when a church was erected at a cost of about $1,200. Rogers' steam saw mill occupies the site of the old oar factory. A Methodist Episcopal society worships in the Baptist Church. It is small, but quite old, and is at- tached to Albion Circuit. CHAPTER XIT. McKEAN TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF MIDDLEBORO. McKEAN was organized as one of the original townships. Its limits were much larger when the township was established, but were reduced by the taking off of a slice for Franklin in 1844, and another for Summit in 1854. These curtailments of its territory account for the odd and irregular shape of the township. McKean is bounded on the north by Fairview, Mill Creek and Summit, on the east by Summit and Waterford, on the south by Waterford, Washington and Franklin, and on the west by the latter township and Fair- view. It has a breadth in the widest part of about eight miles from east to west, and about seven from north to south. The old State line, before the purchase of the Triangle, ran a little north of the center, and cuts the borough limits of Middleboro into two almost exact halves. It also forms the north and south lines of many of the farms, and its location is as familiar to many of the residents as their own homes or the course of the public roads. The township was named in honor of Gen. Thomas McKean, one of Pennsyl- vania's most distinguished soldiers in the Revolution, and second Governor of the State, after Independence, serving three terms, from 1796 to 1808. The township has given Erie a number of its best known citizens, among whom may be mentioned Hon. Joseph M. Sterrett, the four Crouch brothers, the four Minnig brothers, and the Stancliff brothers. By the United States census, McKean had a population of 440 in 1820, of 984 in 1830, of 1,714 in 1840, of 1,921 in 1850, of 1.600 in 1860, of 1,426 in 1870 and of 1,394 in 1880. The assessment of 1883 gave the following results: Number of acres, 21,517; value of real state, $632,065; number of cows, 932; of oxen, 10; of horses and mules, 526; value of the same, $52,788; value of trades and occupa- tions, $9,480; money at interest, $78,696. STEEAMS AND LANDS. McKean is wholly watered by Elk Creek and its branches, with the excep- tion of a small district in the south containing the head-waters of Big and Lit- tle Conneauttee Creek, which empty into French Ci'eek below Edinboro. Elk 776 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Creek rises in Tamarack Swamp, in the western portion of Waterford Town- ship, and flowing nearly though the center of MeKean, across the southern portion of Fairview and the northeastern portion of Girard, falls into the lake a short distance north of Miles Grove, having a length of between thirty and thirty-five miles. Its general course is westerly till it reaches the Girard Township line, where it turns to the northwest. A branch of Le Boeuf Creek has its origin in Waterford Township, near the head of Elk Creek, the two streams running in opposite directions, the one to the Gulf of Mexico, the other to the Atlantic Ocean. The South Branch of Elk Creek rises in Wash- ington Township, near the line of McKean, and flowing directly north, unites with the main stream at Middleboro. At one time there were within the town- ship eight sawmills and two grist mills on the chief stream, and two saw mills and one grist mill on the South Branch: now, all that are left are four saw mills and one grist mill on the former and a single grist mill on the latter. Its valley is generally narrow, but it begins to spread out just above Middleboro, near the crossing of the Edinboro road, reaching a breadth of about two miles. Below that it is from a quarter of a mile to half a mile in width. McKeau is one of the elevated townshijjs of the county, and its surface is hilly, with numerous deep" gulfs along the streams. The valley lands are first-class, and grain is easily raised. Off of the streams the country is natur- ally cold and clayey, but cultivation makes it fairly productive. In the south- east portion is a ridge known as South Hill, which is said to attain an altitude of 800 feet above the lake. The township contains two quarries of good stone, one on the place of David Dunn, in the north east section, the other on that of Albert Lampson, in the south part. Land ranges in value from $25 to $75 per acre. MILLS AND SCHOOLS. ^ The grist mills of McKean Township are Sterrett & Barron's, on Elk Creek, at Sterrettania, and Wiswell & Hilliker's, at Branchville, on the South Branch. The first named, which is one of the largest in the county, was built by David S. Sterrett, in 1839. and has always done a flourishing business. A mill was built on the site of Hilliker's some thirty-five years ago. It burned down, was twice re-built and each time was destroyed by fire. The last fire occurred early in the morning of October 19, 1882, causing a loss of about $5,000, on which there was no insurance. The miller's house burned down at the same time. The first saw mill in the township was built in the summer of 1812 on Elk Creek, by Oliver Dunn, near where his son, James Dunn, now resides. The mill was operated about twenty years before it was aban- doned. The second mill was built by Eber and Lemuel Stancliff on the South Branch of Elk Creek, about a mile south of Middleboro, about 1827; it was operated about twenty-five years, during which time it changed name and ownership repeatedly. The saw mills propelled by water are owned by Edmund Wood, Charles Osborn, August Decker and Sterrett & Barron. There is a steam saw and cider mill near the Plank road, a mile or so north of Mid- dleboro, owned by A. T. Leland's heirs. W. W. Reed, of Erie, owns a cheese factory in the western portion, established about nine years ago, and another owned by William A. Bean, just outside of Middleboro, was started in 1872. There are three tanneries in the township — the Sterrettania, erected by Will- iam Potter about 1843: Chisholm's, a mile east of Sterrettania, established in 1864 in a building formerly used as a woolen factory, and Charles Rappold's, at Sterrettania, built in 1858. The township contains five cider mills, owned respectively by A. T. Leland's heirs, Henry Hauck, Henry Smith, William Wiswell and John P. Wagner. Several of these make apple jelly in large quantities. f^'ig^ 'C'Pv McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 779 The first school in McKean Township was taught during the winter of 1811-12 by Seth Spencer, who hailed from Fredonia, N. Y. , and returned thither soon after completing this primal school. Among his pupils were Seth Stancliff, still living at Erie at the age of ninety years, Joseph Weldon, who lives at West Springfield, this county, and who was the first male white child born in McKean Township; Anna Standi ft, living in California, at the age of eighty-eight years; Levi Grant, Eunice Joiner and others. Betsy and Sally Aldrich, sisters, from near Boston, Mass., were two of the earliest teach- ers. For several years, from about 1820 to 1825, they taught schools in the vicinity of Middleboro. They afterward married and settled in Spring- field Township. Hiram Bumphrey taught for five terms at Sterrettania. com- mencing about 1828. He afterward became editor and proprietor of the Roch- ester {N. Y.) Democrat and was a prominent man. Ansel and Liidim Crouch, who hailed from Peru, N. Y., were early noted pedagogues in the region about Middleboro. Polly Chambers taught at Sterrettania about 1830. Other com- paratively early instructors of the township's youth were Frank Lampson, Orrin Reed and David Stanclifi". The township schools are thirteen in number, as follows: The Union, in the Marsh neighborhood (used jointly by McKean and Waterford); the Aubrey, in the Grant settlement; the Dunn, in the Dunn neighboi'hood ; the Glazier, on the plank road; the South Hill, on South Hill; the Marsh, in the Stancliff settlement; the Branchville, at the hamlet of the same name; the Harrison, in the Harrison district; the Barron, in the Barron neighborhood; the Sterrettania, in the village of that name; the Roher, in the north part of the township, and the Wagner, on the farm of Alex Wagnei'. CHURCHES, CEMETERIES AND ROADS. There are three church buildings in the township, viz. : United Breth- ren at Branchville, and Methodist Episcopal at Sterrettania and on South Hill. The South Hill Church was dedicated on December 9, 1880, and cost $1,400. The land on which it stands was donated by O. Reed. Previous to the erec- tion of the church building, the congregation held services in the schoolhouse. It forms a part of the McKean Circuit. The Sterrettania Methodist Episcopal Church was built in 1842. The society was organized years before, and worshiped in the schoolhouse. Among its earliest ministers were Revs. Aurora and Nathaniel Callender, and Rev. J. Chandler. This charge was attached to the McKean Circuit, until 1880, when it was made a part of Fairview Circuit, which embraces be- sides this appointment Fairview and Fair Plain. The church building was erected in ])art by a Presbyterian congregation, which had met previously in the schoolhouse. Soon after the church was built, it became a Congregational society, and a few years later passed out of existence. The United Brethren Church at Branchville is a neat and modest fi-ame structure, which was built about 1865. The society existed for a number of years previous and met for worship in the schoolhouse. It is now greatly reduced in membership, scarcely a half dozen remaining, but regular services are still maintained. Rev. Lewis is the present pastor, 1882-83. A cemetery, used by the township in common, has long been established on the Waterford & Girard road, a short distance east of Middleboro; another on the plank road, about a mile south of the same village; one at Sterrettania; ooe attached to the old Catholic Church north of Middleboro, and a small one on South Hill. The Wiswells, Dunns and others have private burying grounds. The main roads of McKean are the Erie & Edinboro plank, running through nearly the whole width of the township from north to south, and the 780 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Waterford & Girard road, which crosses the township from east to west, fol- lowing the valley of Elk Creek. The township has a post office at Sterrettania and forriaerly had one at Branchville. A mail route was established between Erie and Edinboi-o in the winter of 1835-36, Ansel Crouch being the con- tractor. VILLAGES. The villages of McKean are Sterrettania and Branchville. Sterrettania is on Elk Creek, near the Fairview line, in the extreme western portion of the township, twelve miles from Erie. It received its name from the numerous Sterrett family living in the village and vicinity. Robert Sterrett, the pioneer of the flock, came from Cumberland County and located there in 1804, remain- ing three years, when he sold out to his brother James. Of the seven sons and two daughters of James, all are dead except Hon. Joseph M. Sterrett, of Erie. The village contains a Methodist Episcopal Church, a schoolhouse, a large grist mill, a saw mill, two tanneries, one cider and jelly factory, one wagon shop, one store, one blacksmith shop, one shoe shop and one tailor shop. The private residences number fifteen or twenty, and the population is about eighty. Thomas Sterrett, a resident of Sterrettania, is one of the wealthiest and most influential men in the county. The Sterrettania School was taught at various times by Hon. George H. Cutler and William Benson, afterward two of the leading members of the Erie County bar. Branchville is a small collection of houses along the plank road, in the south part of the township. It embraces a United Brethren Church, a school - house, a grist mill, a blacksmith shop and about a dozen residences. The South Branch of Elk Creek runs througfh the hamlet, orivinsr it its name and lurnishmg water-power to the mill. EAKLY SETTLERS. The flrst settler within the present limits of McKean was James Talmadge, who came from Genesee County, N. Y. , in 1795, and located in the Dunn neighborhood, near the east line, in the valley of Elk Creek. During the season of 1795, Mr. Talmadge ran a sail boat between Buflalo and Erie, which carried passengers and freight; among others, he brought in Col. Seth Reed and family, and Amos Judson, of Waterford. On settling in McKean, his wife and father accompanied him. Mr. Talmadge brought in the first bushel of wheat sown in Erie County. Thomas and Oliver Dunn, who had gone first to Springfield, moved into McKean in the fall of 1797, having been preceded by Stephen Oliver; Lemuel Stancliflf, a New Englander, settled a mile south of Middleboro in 1799; Benjamin Grubb, a Lancaster County man, on the John Pefi"er farm, in 1800; Benjamin Grant, from Connecticut, in what is still known as the Grant neighborhood, in March of the same year; Robert Sterrett, at Sterrettania, in 1804, and James Aubrey about 1806. Eliachim Cook, who accompanied Mr. Grant, located in what is now Summit Township, but re- moved to Waterford in 1809. In 1807, after Mr. Sterrett sold his McKean property to his brother James, he removed to the bank of the lake, five miles west of Erie. John Evans, father of Robert and Thomas, came from Mary- land in 1802, and first took up land on the present Mill Ci-eek and Summit line, but removed to Mill Creek in 1811, to the farm now owned by his son Robert. Among other early settlers were Russell Stancliff, Rufus Trask, Ben- jamin Collum, David Weldon, Joseph S. Bush and theDunlaps. The Staffords, a New England family, settled around Middleboro about 1815, and with the Stanclifl's laid the foundations of the Methodist society in that village. Ansel Crouch went in from New York, in 1817. He was a soldier in the war of McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 781 1812. Hannah, daughter of James Talmadge, was the first white child born in the township. The event occurred in 1798. David Sterrett, son of Robert, settled on the homestead farm He was the father of Robert W., Thomas, James and Andrew J., and of Mrs. Wright, Norton, Brockway and Hall. James Aubrey's father was a Surgeon in Wolfe's army at the storming of Quebec. Stephen Oliver enlisted in the American Army at the outbreak of the Revolution and served until its close. He died January 14, 1857, ao-ed ninety- seven years. Lemuel Stancliff, one of the first settlers referred to, was a soldier in Washington's army at the time of Arnold's treason. Among the other earlv set- tlers were the following:In 1809, Ira Glazier, from Oneida County, N. Y. , and Ezra White; in 1825. the Washburns, from Massachusetts; about 1826, Benja- min P. Morey, of Berkshire, Vt. ; in 1831, John Drown, of Lyons, N. Y. ; about 1835, the Marshes, from Nova Scotia, and Peter J Barron, from France ; in 1837, Oren Reed, from Otsego County, N. Y.; in 1810, Lorenz, Antony and Daniel Hauck, all from Germany. PUBLIC OFFICERS. The State and county officers fromMcKean Township hive been as follows: State Senate, Joseph M. Sterrett, 1837 to 1811 Associate Judge, Joseph M. Sterrett, 1850 to 1856. Assembly, Stephen Skinner, 1840 and 1842. County Commissioners, Joseph M. Sterrett, 1829 to 1831; Stephen Skinner, 1834 to 1837; Thomas Sterrett, 1837 to 1839 (died in office); Thomas Dunn, 1850 to 1853. Clerk to Commissioners, A. J. Sterrett, 1863 to 1881. Directors of the Poor, David Sterrett, 1847 to 1850; John Parmeter, 1852 to 1855; James Dunn, 1874 to 1877; Seymour Washburn, 1877 to 1880. Steward of the Alms- house, Thomas Dunn, 1858 to 1863. Jury Commissioner, William Grant, 1873 to 1876. County Surveyors, Hiram Bumphrey, 1833; Stephen Skinner, 1836 to 1839. County Auditors, Thomas Dunn, 1810 to 1821, 1822 to 1825; Eli Webster, 1829 to 1832; Oren Reed, 1852 to 1855, 1863 to 1865; Elias Brecht, 1857 to 1860. Joseph M. Sterrett left his father's house in McKean when a boy, to learn the printing trade. He founded the Erie Gazette, and ever after resided in Erie. A. J. Sterrett wat born in McKean, but left home at an early age. BOROLGH OF MIDDLEBORO. Middleboro was incorporated as a borough in 1861, embodying about two- thirds of a mile square. It had a population of 126 in 1870, and 210 in 1880, being the smallest election district in the county in point of numbers. The village is situated on the plank road, nearly in the center of the township (which gave it its name), at the junction of the South Branch with the main stream of Elk Creek, ten miles south of Erie and eight north of Edinboro. Benjamin Cullom built the first house in Middleboro in 1810, on the site of Hartley Lampson's. He died in McKean Township in May, 1883, at the age of ninety-six years. Middleboro contains a Catholic and a Methodist Episco- pal Church, a schoolhouse, one hotel, two dry goods stores, one grocery, one drug store, four blacksmith shops, one harness shop, one wagon, carriage and sleigh factory, two wagon shops, one saw mill, one saw, planing and shingle mill, two millinery stores and one shoe-maker shop. The public hall of the vil- lage is in the upper story of Peck's Block. W. A. Bean's cheese factory is situated just outside the borough. The post office name of the borough is 782 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. McKean Corners. A shovel-handle factory was erected at Middleboro by- Francis Lampson in 1861, burned in 1868, rebuilt the same year by A. H. Lamp- son, and moved to Leipsic, Ohio, about 1873. The McKean Methodist Episcopal Church was organized by Rev. Russell Stancliflf in 1819, at the hewedlog house of Lemuel Stancliff, about a half mile south of Middleboro, with the following members: Job Stafford and wife, Lucy Stafford, Polly, May and Deborah Irish. The next fall a revival was held, which added a number of others to the class. The meetings were held in various schoolhouses until 1837, when a substantial frame meeting- house was erected. It was extensively repaired and enlarged in 1869, and still serves the congi'egation. Among the earliest ministers were Revs. Eddy, Alfred Bronson and Mack. Latterly, Rev. G. W. Staples, 1881-82. The cir- cuit is composed of Middleboro, Lawrence Schoolhouse (Summit Township), South Hill and McLane. Preaching takes place at each point once in two weeks. St. Francis Catholic Church at Middleboro was built in 1876, at a cost, in- cluding bell and furniture, of $3,400. It superseded an old frame building, which stood two miles north of Middleboro, and was dedicated in 1833. The congregation was organized a few years prior to the building of this first church. The earliest Fathers of this congregation were Revs. Steinbaugh, Hartman and Joseph Oberhofer. Edward Hasse is the present priest. The soci- ety includes about fifty-four families. Services are conducted in both the English and the German languages. Bates Post, No 83, G. A. R., was organized at Middleboro, August 21, 1880, with thirty-three members. Its first officers were: N. N. Newell, Com.;. J. G. Grimier, S. V. C; E. W. Davis, J. V. C. ; L. W. Eastman, O. D. ; Will- iam A. Herrick, Chaplain; John Weigel, Q. M. ; J. W. Jarvis, Sergt. ; P. A. Myers, Adjt. The post now numbers about seventy members and meets each alternate Saturday evening. Diligent Lodge, No. 183, A. O. U. W., was instituted November 5, 1880, with eleven charter members, as follows: D. R. Waggoner, P. M. W. ; G. W. Ney- land, M. W.; David Rohrer, F.; F. G. Weigel, O.; John Weigel, Guide; C. F. Schuetz, Fin.; C. M. Morey, Receiver; F. M. Gould, Recorder; Henry Soety, I. W. ; George Schuetz, O. W., and George Stancliff. The present membership is forty-two, and the lodge meets every Thursday evening at Weigel's Hall. CHAPTER XIII. GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. THE township of Greenfield, one of the sixteen establislied when the county was organized, is bounded on the north by North East, on the east by Chautauqua County, N. Y., on the south by yenango, and on the west by Har- bor Creek and Greene. Its boundary lines are all straight, with the exception of a jog of about an eighth of a mile, commencing at the J. C. Prindle place, on the west side, and extending to the T. C. Plumb farm on the south. As originally established, Greenfield was considerably larger than now, a long, wedge-shaped strip having been taken off of its northern part in 1841 and added to North East. The township as thus reduced is about seven miles in GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP, 783 length from east to west, about four and three-quarters in breadth from north to south, and embraces 19,723 acres of elevated ridge and table land. The loftiest elevation is at the farm of F. B. Brown, in the southwest, and about half a mile southeast from that, in Venango, is said to be the highest point in the county. By the United States census report, Greenfield had a population of 281 in 1820, 664 in 1830, 862 in 1840, 731 in 1850, 880 in 1860, 1,039 in 1870, and 1,020 in 1880. The assessment of 1880 gave the following results Value of real estate, $358,977; number of horses, 253; cows, 684; oxen, 6 value of personal property, $24,711; value of trades and occupations, $1,400 money at interest, $200. The surface of Greenfield Township is mainly hilly, but there are some fine flats along French Creek and upon a tributary of that stream which comes in from New York at the southeast corner. The valley lands range in width from a half mile to a mile and a half. They are mostly of a gravelly loam, and produce corn, oats, some wheat and all kinds of fruit, except peaches, but are much troubled with frosts. The hill lands, which are less affected by the frosts than the valleys, are a clay loam, and yield good crops of corn, oats and potatoes, but are best adapted for grass and grazing. A great many cattle are raised in the township, and many tons of butter are made and sold annually. Land ranges in price from $20 to $40 an acre, according to its location. BEGINNING THE SETTLEMENT. Remote as it is at present on account of its distance from a railroad, Geeenfield was one of the first townships to be settled. After the restoration of quiet along the border, the Triangle became a favorite field for settlement. Among those who were impressed with its advantages was Judah Colt, a native of Lyme, Conn., who came on in 1795. Believing the country would fill up rapidly, he made the Population Company, which claimed most of the lands in the county, an offer of $1 an acre for thirty thousand acres off of the east end of the Triangle, which they declined. They were so much pleased with his energy and shrewdness, however, that they appointed him their agent for Erie County. Mr. Colt took up a permanent residence in 1797, having been pre- ceded by Elisha and Enoch Marvin (his brothers-in-law), Cyrus Robinson, Henry and Dyer Loomis, Charles Allen, Joseph Berry, John and William Wil- son. James Moore, Joseph Webster, Philo Barker, Timothy Tuttle, Silas and W^illiam Smith, Joseph Shadduck and John Daggett (each accompanied by his sons), and John Andrews. All of these were hardy and intelligent New En- gland people. Mr. Colt established his headquarters at what came to be known as Colt's Station, around or near which most of the emigrants settled. The same year, Mr. Colt cut a road through fi'om the lake at Fi*eeport to the Station, the first in the county after the old French road, as an avenue for supplies, which were brought by lake from Buffalo. This road was extended in 1798 t» French Creek, near what is now " Little Hope, " or Greenfield Post Office, where Mr. Bissell had established a landing, and later in the season Mr. Colt and William Miles continued it to the forks of French Creek. The eastern road from North East to Wattsburg was opened about 1800; the one from Colt's Station to W^aterford, by way of Phillipsville, in 1804 or 1806; and the Station road, from Wesleyville, by way of Colt's Station to Mayville, in 1813. Mr. Colt brought his wife on in May, 1798, who remained with him till his removal to Erie. In 1803, James Taylor, with wife and one child, coming from Rockbridge County, Va., settled in the township, locating about two miles northeast of Colt's Station. Here they remained until 1812, when they re- moved to the State of New York, near the boundary line between that State 784 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. and Pennsylvania. Henry Taylor, a relative of the above named, settled in the township at the same time. He was a man of family, and several years later purchased land in North East Township, adjoining the borough, upon which he resided for some years. He figured conspicuously in the war of 1812. He was made Captain of the first military company at North East; subsequently removed to Michigan, and there died. The inducement that took Mr. Colt and his colony to Greenfield was the belief then generally disseminated that the hill lands were preferable to those of the lake shore, which were densely wood- ed, swampy and well-nigh impenetrable. In a short time, Mr. Colt saw his error, and in 1804 he removed to Erie, where he remained the balance of his life. He died suddenly October 11, 1832, aged seventy-one years and three months. Mrs. Colt survived till March 13, 1834, dying at the age of sixty-six. They left no children, and the large estate Mr. Colt had acquired passed into the hands of relatives. On Mr. Colt's departure, the greater portion of the colony left also, scattering in various directions, and most of them making amends for their blunder by taking up some of the choicest lands in the county. Enoch Marvin became the company's agent in the Beaver Valley, where he died and was buried. His brother Elisha was one of the few who remained, and he and his wife both died at Colt's Station, the first in 1829 and the second in 1858. Their son, William E., continued to reside at Colt's Station till ttie decease of his mother, when he made his home in North East. OTHEE MATTEES. The first Protestant religious service in Erie County was held at Colt's Station on the 2d of July, 1797, shortly after the arrival of the colony from New England. About thirty persons assembled, from Greenfield, North East and Venango, to whom a sermon was read by Mr. Colt. The old graveyard, on the Erie & Mayville road, a little east of the Station, was the earliest (1801) of which any recoixl has been preserved in the county. Elisha Marvin, was buried there, but his remains were taken up and removed to North East after the death of his wife. The first celebration in Erie County of the Na- tion's Independence was near Colt's Station, on the 4th of July, 1797. The first military company in Erie County was organized in Greenfield, in 1801, It had eighty members. Elisha Marvin was Captain. While Mr. Colt remained at the Station, it was a busy place, being the depot of supplies for all the country round. For a year or two, the line of travel from the lake was ihrough Colt's Station to French Creek, and then on to Pittsburgh, which lasted until a good road was opened between Erie and Waterford. After Mr. C.'s departure, the glory of the Station faded. Col. Joseph Selden opened a store there in 1820, which was continued by other parties until a few years ago. Morrow B. Lowry clerked in this store when a boy of sixteen, and B. F. Sloan spent a portion of his youthful years in the locality. A tavern was established about fifty years ago, and kept up till 1860 or 1805. The old tavern has been converted into a farmhouse, and there is nothing there besides but a schoolhouse, a liberty pole and two small dwellings. STEEAMS AND MILLS. The chief stream of Greenfield is the West Branch of French Creek, which receives many small tributaries in the township. It heads in Findley's Lake or " pond," about two miles from the State line, in Chautauqua County, and running across Greenfield from the northeast to the middle, and through the entire width of Venango from north to south, joins the East Branch in Amity, just below Wattsburg, after a course of eighteen or twenty miles. The head- GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. 785 waters of Six Mile, Twelve Mile, Sixteen Mile and of a branch of Twenty Mile Creek, are all in Greenfield, the first two flowing into the lake in Harbor Creek, and the second two in North East. They have their rise on the ringe north of the West Branch of French Creek, and not more than a mile or two from that stream. Some of the tributaries of the West Branch head within a few rods of the sources of the lake shore creeks. The first saw mill was built by Leverett Bissell, at or near Little Hope, in 1799, being among the earliest in that county. Another was put up in 1824, by John Whiteside, in the sonth part of the township. The present manufact- uring concerns are two portable saw mills near Shadduck's Corners, in the west portion; another near H. Kaymond's, close to the New York line; T. Ray- mond's saw mill on French Creek, about a mile below Little Hope; a grist mill, saw mill and cheese factory at Little Hope (the mills were established by Whiteside and Messer over a half century ago, and the cheese factory was built by a company about ten years ago); and A. Mosemau's cider mill, on the Wellman road, near the Greene line. Formerly there were two grist mills and two saw mills near Raymond's, but all have been abandoned. VILLAGE AND CHURCHES. The only settlement in the township which approaches the dignity of a vil- lage is Greenfield, on the West Branch of French Creek, just off from the middle road between North East and Wattsburg. The place is better known by its nickname of Little Hope. The site of the place was taken up about 1796. by Leverett Bissell, on a soldier's right of 400 acres. He built a saw mill and a landing on the creek, where batteaux came up loaded with supplies from the lower country. The original settler left the place in 1805 or 1806 in charge of his son Cyril, who located there and died about 1848. The present village embraces a grist mill, saw mill, cheese factory, store, blacksmith shop, school- house and twenty or thirty houses. There is a cemetery just at the outskirts of the village, and a Methodist Church at the corners, not far distant. The old Miller Graveyard, a few rods to the east, is no longer used for burial pur- poses. Greenfield was long the only post office in the township. Besides the burial ground referred to, tlDere is an old one on the Gilson place, in the eastern part of the township. The Methodist Episcopal Church near Little Hope was organized in 1836, and occupies a commanding position at the junction of the Wildman and Wattsburg I'oads. It has a parsonage attached, built in 1868. This society was the outgrowth of a class that worshiped at an early day. in what was known as Ihe Campfield Schoolhonse, located about one mile south of the present church building (in Venango Township), and subsequently in the Miller Schoolhousp. The church building was erected about the year 3850. The appointment has been on the North East. Wattsburg and Green- field and Mina Circuits respectively, the latter being formed in 1868. since which period the pastors of the charge have been as follows: J. K. Menden- hall, J. Allen, W. H. Hoover, L. E. Beardsley, A. Bashline, J. Akers, Z. W. Shadduck, G. Collier, 1882-83. What is known as the Second Greenfield Union Free-Will Baptist Church was organized at the date of the building of their present church edifice, situated in the western part of 'the township, in 1881. This organization was made up of the two congregations which had previously worshiped, the one at the Union Schoolhouse in North East Town- ship, and the other at Shadduck's Schoolhouse in Greenfield Township, both of which had been in existence a number of years. Among the ministers who have preached for the congregations may be mentioned Revs. Chauncy 786 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Burch, Morton, Losee and J. L. Higby, the latter preaching the dedicatory sermon in the church in the spring of 1882. The United Brethren Congregation at Shadduck's Schoolhouse was organ- ized with less than a dozen members by Rev. J. W. Clark about eight years ago. It was placed on Harbor Creek Circuit, of which it is now a part. SCHOOLS. Among the early schools of the township may be mentioned one that was taught in a schoolhouse which stood about two miles east of the present Miller Schoolhouse, as early as 1816, and at about that time A. Young was the " master." In the eastern part of the township, John Griswold taught an earlier school. In this portion of the township other early teachers were Will- iam Leonard, George Selkregg, a Miss Phillips, and Miss Mary A. Piatt. There was a log schoolhouse at Colt's Station, in which school was held in the winter of 1820-21, by Porter Rogers. Lorenzo Rogers, a brother to Porter, and Asa Hall, were teachers in this building. Another of the early-built schoolhouses for this section stood in Venango Township. The present schools are the Wilson, in the southeast, at the crossing of the Findley's Lake and North East & Wattsburg roads; the Davis, in the north- east, on the last-named road; the Miller, at Grreentield Village; the Colt's Sta- tion; the Parmenter, near the North East Township line; the Moore, in the south, at the crossing of the Waterford and Wildman roads; the Wildman, in the southwest, near the Greene line; the Prindle, on the road from Hiram Shadduck's to Harbor Creek; and the Shadduck, on the Colt's Station road, a lit- tle west of Shadduck's Corners. The township also pavs half the expense of the Union School in North East Township, just over the line. ROADS, ETC. The main thoroughfares are the east road between North East and Watts- burg, and the middle road, through Colt's Station, between the same points; the Station road from Wesley ville to Mayville; and the road from Greene past the Methodist Episcopal Church and Greenfield Village to Findley's Lake. All of these w«re laid out on a straight line, but had to diverge in order to sur- mount the ridges. The township never had a plank road, and the nearest railroad station is at North East. The first marriage in the township was that of Joseph Shadduck to Betsy Willard, and the first child born was their son Ira. Greenfield has furnished but three county officers, viz. , County Auditor, Mark Baldwin, 1833 to 1836; County Commissioner, William E. Marvin, 1845 to 1848; William Parker, 1853 to 1856. The first frame barn ever built in Greenfield Township is still standing at Shadduck's Corners. It was built by Joseph Shadduck abput 1815. The third oldest man of whom there is any recollection in Erie County, was James Davis, of Greenfield — the very oldest having been Michael Hare, who died at Waterford in 1843, aged over a hundred and fifteen years, and whose remains are interred in the cemetery at that bor- ough. Davis was born in Taunton, Mass., and resided in Greenfield at a hud- dle of cabins known as Log City, a mile or two toward North East from Colt's Station. When about one hundred years old, he moved to Michigan, where he died in the one hundred and fifth year of his age. At what is known as Shadduck's Corners, a special post office was estab- lished June 15, 1883, with Daniel Hunt as Postmaster. The office is desig- nated Hornby Post Office. /^/i-? GREENE TOWNSHIP. 789 CHAPTER XIV. GREENE TOWNSHIP. THIS township— one of the original sixteen — was known as Beaver Dam until 1840, when the present name was adopted in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of Revolutionary memory. Its western boundary has been twice changed — first, by adding a piece to McKean, and second, by the erection of Summit in 1854. Greene Township is bounded on the north by Mill Creek and Harbor Creek, on the east by Greenfield and Venango, on the south by Waterford and on the west by Summit and Mill Creek. Its greatest extent is seven miles from north to south, and six from east to west. It has an area of 22,020 acres, and contained 140 inhabitants in 1820, 448 in 1830. 1,081 in 1840, 1,542 in 1850, 1,450 in 1860, 1,395 in 1870, and 1,531 in 1880. By the assessment of 1883, the valuation of real estate was $560,517; the number of horses, 428; of cows, 795, and of oxen, 28; the value of personal properiiy, $40,100; and the amount of money at interest was $19,023. FIRST SETTLERS. The earliest settlers in Greene Township were Peter Himebaugh and Con- rad Wineman, two Pennsylvania Germans, who took up lands in 1800 along Le Boeuf Creek, and remained there the balance of their lives. About 1802, Jacob and Samuel Brown, Thomas Bunnell, and John and Ambrose Coover settled in the Le Boeuf Valley. In the spring of 1802, Thomas Hinton, with five sons and two daughters, made their homes in the northeast, in what has ever since been known as Wales, from their native country. The Browns built mills on the creek, and for a long period supplied a good portion of the timber used at Erie. In the Welsh settlement, the Hintons were followed by the Joneses, Knoyles, Morgans, Wilkinses and others of their countrymen. From 1804 on, a number of persons went in and left, and the tide of emigra- tion did not commence again until 1816. Between that year and 1818, a colony of New England people located in the township, among whom may be named Cyril Drown and sons, Martin Hayes and sons. Isaac and David Church, Ben- jamin Gunnison, Roger Root, David Edwards and S. T. Rockwood. Weed's Corners was settled in 1828 by William B. Weed and William Yaple, who went there when the country south of Hayes's to Lake Pleasant was a con- tinuous forest. The first German emigration was in 1833, when the Hirts, Pringles, Kellers and others settled on and near the Wa4;tsburg road. Mr. Kuhl and sons removed from Mill Creek in 1835. The Irish began settling in the township about 1836, mostly on the Kuhl road. Among their number, the Barry s, Gallaghers, Morrisons, McManuses, Cosgroves and McGinneses were first on the ground. H. L. Pinney bought a farm in Greene in 1843, and moved there the next year. E. O. Pinney first rented a farm in 1843, and purchased in 1846; and Martin Pinney made the township his home in 1851. The first two are cousins of Martin Pinney and his brother Elisha Pinney, of McKean. Their fathers were twins, and looked so much alike that they could scarcely be told apart by their wives. Elijah, the father of H. L. and E. O., located in Harbor Creek in 1835; Elisha, the father of Martin and Elisha, Jr., 4r 790 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. in McKean in 1886. Griffith Hinton, one of the sons of Thomas, above re- ferred to, died at the residence of his son-in-law, Sumner Bemis, on the 15th of March, 1880, at the advanced age of ninety- six years. The Hinton family came from Wales in 1801, but did not settle in this county till the next year. Griffith Hinton served in the vs^ar of 1812. He removed from Greene Township to Harbor Creek in 1834. LANDS. Greene is one of the most elevated townships in the county, containing the dividing ridge from which the waters of Mill Creels, Walnut Creek, Four Mile Creek and Six Mile Creek flow into the lake, and of Le Boeuf Creek to the south. The main body of the land is clay and gravel, best for grazing, and fifreat numbers of cattle are raised, and cheese and butter produced. There is a good valley along Le Boeuf Creek, in the southwest, ranging from half a mile to a mile in width, which is somewhat damp, but is rich in its yield of grass. Wheat is raised to some extent, but the valley is rather frosty for corn. Greene Township produces big crops of oats and potatoes, and fruits of all kinds are as certain a yield a'> in any other section of the county. The value of laud is from $30 to $50 and acre. A considerable area of forest land still exists, and the township may be said to be the main supply point of Erie for firewood. The township post offices are West Greene, East Greene, Hamot and Six Mile Creek. STREAMS AND MILLS. A.S before stated, Greene is the fountain-head of no less than five Erie County streams, viz., Le Boeuf Creek, Mill Creek, Walnut Creek, Four Mile Creek and Six Mile Creek. Le Boeuf Creek rises on the south edge of the township, and empties into French Creek below Waterford; a branch of Mill Creek starts on Jacob Lilleman's farm, in the northwest ; Four Mile Creek on R. Zimmer's farm, about a mile northeast from St. Boniface ; Six Mile Creek, on the farm of Mrs. Sarah Filley, a short distance south of Wales, and Wal- nut Creek, near the Greene and Summit line, a little northeast of Whiteford's Corners. The great gully of Four Mile Creek begins nearly at the head of the stream, about three and a half miles south of the Harbor Creek line, and continues to the crossing of the Station road, below Cooper's mill. The mills of the township are the saw and feed mill of Miles Brown, on Le Boeuf Creek; Kane's saw mill, near the north boundary, and David Ripley's sawmill, back of St. Boniface Church, both on Four Mile Creek, and two saw mills on Six Mile Creek, north of Wales. The first, last and only grist mill in the town- ship was built by Jacob Brown early in the century, and ran until 1872. when it burned down. Formerly there was another aawmill on Le Boeuf Creek, one near the Lake Pleasant road, a third near John Evans', and a fourth at Bogus Corners, but all have been abandoned. ROADS AND RAILROAD. The leading thoroughfares are the Wattsburg Plank Road; the old road to Wattsburg by way of Phillipsville, which branches oflf from the plank road at the Seigel place; the Lake Pleasant I'oad; the road from Harbor Creek to Waterford, through West Greene; the old Shunpike, from Augustus Graham's,' in Summit, to Waterford, and the road from the Shunpike to West Greene. The Wattsburg plank was completed ic 1853, and given up as a toll road in the spring of 1865. The Lake Pleasant road was opened from Erie to the Mar- tin Hayes place in the winter of 1821-22, and extended to French Creek in the winter of 1826-27, through what was, for a good part of the way, a dense wilderness. Both of these roads traverse the entire width of the township GREENE TOWNSHIP. 791 from northwest to southeast. The Shunpike was laid out in 1827-28 to avoid the Waterford Turnpike, growing out of a quarrel between its owners and the stage company over the rates of toll. The Harbor Creek & Wattsburg road was opened in 1810, and the one which branches off from the Shunpike has been in existence thirty to forty years. The only railroad in Greene is the Phil- adelphia & Erie, which crosses about a mile of its southwest corner, between Summit and Waterford. It has no station in the township, and the nearest are at Belle Valley, Lai^gdon's and Jackson's. The railroad bridge over Le Boeuf Creek is at the line between Greene and "Waterford. HAMLETS AND CHURCHES. Greene Township has no incorporated towns, and no settlements that can strictly be called by the name of villages. There are, however, several thickly settled localities which have been honored with special names, such as AVest Greene, St. Boniface, Wales, Bogus Corners, Weed' Corners arfd Six Mile Creek. Wales, in the northeast, on the Venango line, derives its name from being first settled by Welsh, of whom the Hintons were the pioneers. The district known as Wales includes a Presbyterian and Methodist Church, a schoolhouse and a few farmhouses. The Presbyterian congregation was organized in 1849 by Rev. G. W. Cleveland, its first pastor, and erected a building in 1851 at a cost of $800. The succeeding ministers have been Revs. Steele, William H. Adams and John McMaster. The latter is now in charge, and the congre- gation is weak. The Methodist congregation has been in existence some thirty- five years. Rev. J. O. Osborne was pastor 1881-82. Tlie circuit includes Phillipsville, West Greene and Wales. St. Boniface is a German settlement on the Wattsburg Plank Road, seven miles from Erie, which derives its name from the Catholic Church there located. The congregation was organized in 1857 by Rev. J. A.Oberhofer, with a congregation of some forty families. Rev. Oberhofer remained in charge of the church until 1867, and again in 1871 became its pastor, and sustained that relation with the congregation until the summer of 1873. Since then, the pastors have been as follows: Fathers Maloney, M. Apple and Edward Hasse, the last of whom is now in charge. The post ofl&ce name is Hamot A church was erected in 1857, which burned down in 1867, and the present elegant building was erected in 1873, at a cost of $4,000. Meantime a sepa- ration took place between the German and English speaking members of the congregation, which led to the construction of another edifice by the latter in 1870, at a cost of $400. This building, known as St. Peter's Church, was sub- sequently removed to Kuhl's Hill, A Catholic school, a parsonage and a grave- yard are attached to St. Boniface Church. Both congregations have the same pas- tor and get along now in harmony. Besides the church buildings, the settlement contains a grocery, wagon shop, blacksmith shop and a few residences. East Greene Post Office and a schoolhouse are situated near Bogus Corners. The Cor- ners are at the intersection of a cross road with the Wattsburg plank, not far from the center of the township. The East Greene Post OfiBce was established about 1829, with N. M. Manly as Postmaster. Half a mile west are a German Luther- an Church and graveyard, a grocery and a saloon. The congregation erected its building in 1857, at a cost of $600. It is known as St. Paul United Luther- an and Presbyterian Church, and was organized several years previous with twenty-two members, by Rev. Michael Kuchler, of Erie, and, until the construc- tion of the church, worshiped in a schoolhouse. At present, a temporary va- cancy exists in the pastorate. The membership is about thirty-five. Weed's Corners, at the inters>ection of the road from West Greene with the Lake 792 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Pleasant road, is nothing more than a few farmhouses. It derives its name from William B. Weed, who was the first settler. West Greene consists of a small collection of buildings at the meeting of two roads in the south part of the township. Besides the post office, there is a Methodist Church, a cheese factory, store, blacksmith shop and schoolhouse. The cheese factory was opened May 12, 1873, and the church building has been up about twenty years. The Methodist Episcopal Church at West Greene was organized in 1827, by Rev. Knapp, with five members — Nathaniel Brace and wife, John Brace and wife and Mrs. William B. Weed. Originally, this appointment formed a part of North East Circuit, which embraced Erie City, Waterford, Wattsburg, North East, McKean, Russellville and other charges; at present it belongs to Greene Circuit, which includes three charges — Phillipsville, West Greene and Center Chapel — in this township. Rev. J. O. Osborne is the present pastor. The early meetings were held in dwellings and schoolhouses until about 1848, when a large frame church was built at a cost of $800. It was superseded in the autumn of 1883 by a new frame structure, erected on the site of the old church, a short distance north of West Greene, at a cost of $1,500. About 1848, a church was built at AVest Greene and occupied for a number of years by a Free- Will Baptist congregation. After the dismemberment of the society, the building was removed to a farm. *In addition to these churches, the United Brethren have one on the Lake Pleasant road, just above the head of the lake, on the line between Greene and Venango, the congregation of which was organized in 1871, by Rev. John A. Thomas. The building was erected in 1872, at a cost of $1,300. Six Mile Creek, about a mile north of Wales, consists of two or more saw mills and a few houses. There has been a post office at this point for several years. In the northwest part of the towns bip is an old United Brethren so- ciety, which has been meeting for twenty-two or twenty-three years at the resi- dence of David Ripley, Sr. Formerly it held services in the Lawrence School - house. The class forms a part of Harbor Creek Circuit. PUBLIC MEN. The public officers furnished by Greene Township are Capt. Thomas Wilkins, Collector of the Port of Erie from 1861 to 1869; Jonas Gunnison, a prominent Erie attorney and a member of the Assembly in 1859; Rodney Cole, County Commissioner from 1851 to 1854; William B. Weed, from 1867 to 1870, and Albert B. Gunnison, from 1875 to 1881; Ora P. Gunnison, Deputy Sheriff for a few months; Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue for a long term; Acting Collector of Internal Revenue from October 8 to November 8, 1875; Mercantile Appraiser in 1879, and Clerk to the County Commissioners, from 1881 to 1883; Horace L. Pinney, Jury Commissioner from 1870 to 1873; E. O. Pinney, Trustee of Erie Academy from 1875 to 1878, and William E. Hayes, County Auditor from 1874 to 1880. Rev. Martin Hayes, for forty years a prominent minister of the Presbyterian denomination, and C. A. Hayes, a lawyer in Chicago, are natives of Greene. SCHOOLS. According to William B. Weed, in 1825 no schools were held in what is How Greene Township. Soon after 1825, however, a schoolhouse was built on Lot 184, in the east part of the township. A second was erected about two miles farther south, and a third was built un the farm of William B. Weed. One of the first teachers was Mrs. Brace. She was a pioneer woman of the township, hailing from Connecticut. Below is a list of the school buildings: WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 793 Kuhl, on Kuhl Hill; Drown, on Wattsburg road, near Hosea Drown's; Bogus Corners; New, at John Evans, near Wales; Weed, on Lake Pleasant road, near Weed's Corners; Lawrence (the voting place), on Lake Pleasant road, near the center; West Greene; and Brown near LeBoeuf Creek, in the southwest. Pleasant Independent District, embracing parts of Greene, Summit and Mill Creek, has a building on the Lake Pleasant road, in the Pinney and Hayes neighborhood. Lake Pleasant Independent District takes in the southwest part of Greene and adjacent corners of Amity, Waterford and Venango. CHAPTER XV. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP AND BOKOUGH OF EDINBOKO. IN the organization of Erie County, the territory now embraced in Washing- ton Township, together with portions of Waterford and Franklin since taken off, was given the title of Conneauttee, after its lake and principal streams. The name was changed to Washington in 1834, to correct 'the in- convenience caused by two very similar township names in the same county. In 1844, a large slice was cut out of the west side in the formation of Frank- lin Township, and another reduction was made at a later period by taking a piece from the northeast corner and adding it to Waterford. The original jurisdiction covered 31,360 acres, but the township limits have been reduced to 27,473 acres, with a width from north to south of six and three-fifths miles, and a length from east to west of eight and a half in the widest part. The township is bounded on the noi'th by McKean, Waterford and Franklin, on the east by Waterford and LeBoeuf, on the south by Venango, Cussewago and Cambridge Townships, Crawford County, and on the west by Elk Creek and Franklin. It contains three small villages — McLane, McLallen's Corners and Draketown — all of which have post offices except the last named. The popu- lation of the township was 438 in 1820, 743 in 1830, 1,551 in 1840, 1,706 in 1850, 1,943 in 1860, 2,744 in 1870, and 1,880 in 1880. The assessment of 1880 gave the following results: Value of real estate, $734,836; number of horses, 473; of cows, 1,133; of oxen, 50; value of the same, $46,763; money at interest, $48,731. FIRST SETTLEES. In the year 1796 — the whole of Erie County being at the time an unbroken wilderness, excepting trifling settlements at Erie, Waterford, North East, McKean, Harbor Creek, Fairview and Mill Creek — Alex. Hamilton and Will- iam Culbertson, both of Williamsport, Lycoming Co., Penn., visited the site of Edinboro and selected lands with the design of establishing a colony. They returned to their home in the fall and spent the winter along the West Branch of the Susquehanna enlisting settlers. In the spring of 1797, they came back, and were soon followed by Job Eeeder, Samuel Galloway, Simeon Dunn, John and James Campbell, Mathias Sipps, John McWilliams, Phineas McLenathan, Matthew Hamilton, James, John, Andrew and Samuel Culbert- son, Mrs. Jane Campbell (a widow), two of her sons and daughter Hannah, and the wives of Alex. Hamilton and William Culbertson. Other parties ar- rived later in the season, making about fifty colonists during the year 1797. 794 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The Widow Campbell retraced her way to the Susquehanna in the fall, and re- turned the next spring, bringing her other three children. She and her family took up over 1,000 acres, embracing the properties now owned by John, Samuel and Moses Reeder, Elias Mc Williams, P. Crane and R. B. McLaugh- rey. building several cabins so as to hold the land. James Culbertson located on the Hardman farm; John on the Lick, Webster and Giles places; Samuel on the old Perry farm, and William on the old Kinter farm. The latter soon changed to the tract now covered by Edinboro, and proved himself to be the most enterprising man of the party. He built the lii-st house in Edinboro and the tirst grist mill and saw mill on Conneauttee Creek; was Justice of the Peace for forty years. Mr. Culbertson's earliest residence was on the site of F. C. Vnnk's house, from which he moved to a building on the site of R. C. McLaughrey'n store. Alexander Hamilton took up 600 acres, including what is now the Martin Pratt farm; Phineas McLenathan settled on the west side of the lake, where his grandson John lives; and Mathias Sipps near the Waterford road, not far from the center of the township. Following are as nearly as can be ascertained the years in which other pioneers settled in the township: In 1798, Peter Kline; ISOO, James Graham; 1802, Daniel Sherod; 1805, John Tanner and Davis Pifer; 1814, Simeon Meacham; 1816, Judah Welis; 1817 or 1818, Rob- ert McLallen, James Port and Nathaniel Etheridge; 1819, Isaac Taylor; 1819 or 1820, Nathaniel Gardner; 1825 or 1826, Jesse Lewis; 1827, Henry R. Terry; 1828, Jacob Lefevre; 1832, Sherman Greenfield and L. B. Goodell; 1833, George Sweet, Evi Twichell and Willard Wellman; 1834, J. J. Comp- ton, Benjamin White, Jesse Tarbell, Wanton Slocum, the Hawkinses and M. M. McLaughrey; 1835, John White, the Proudtits and the Potters; 1836, the Shieldses. Mr. Sweet was from Cayuga County, N. Y., and Mr. Compton from Delaware County, N. Y. Dr. J. C. Wilson made his location in 1856, coming from Bucks County, Penn. Among the early settlers in the Little Conneauttee Valley were Zopher Davis and John Sherwood, both of whom located in 1819; Walter Palmer, Henry Drake, Russell Stancliff, Ralph D. Phelps and Theo. Phelps. Jacob LeFevre was the second Justice of the Peace, receiving his appointment from Gov. Wolf in 1832, and serving till 1840. The first marriage was that of Job Reeder to Nancy Campbell, March 1, 1800; the tirst death that of Mrs. William Culbertson in 1804. Jane Cul- bertson was the tirst female child, born in 1799, and John Augustus Culbertson the tirst male child, born in 1800, though thir^was disputed by William Board- man, of Union City, who claimed to have tirst seen the light in the Little Con- neauttee Valley in 1796. There vvas no road in the county nearer than Waterford, and a dense wilder- ness extended on both sides from the Allegheny River to the far West, so the early settlers had to travel to Waterford on foot or horseback for their supplies. The leading highways of Washington Township are the Erie & Edinboro Plank Road, with its extension to Meadville, by way of Venango; the plank road from Waterford to Drake's Mills, Crawford County; the oJd Waterford road, the road from Cranesville to W^aterford, the State road from Lockport through McLane to Waterford, and the SheiTod Hill road from Edinboro to Cussewago. The old Waterford road was established about 1802. The Erie & Edinboro Plank Road Company was formed in 1850, with Judge John Gal- braith as President; and in the same year the Edinboro & Meadville Company was organized, with Judge Gaylord Church as President. Both roads were WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 795 completed in 1852, and simultaneously abandoned about 1868 or 1869. The plank road from Waterford to Drake's Mills, built about the same period, was allowed to fall into the hands of the township authorities when the others were abandoned. There is no railroad in the township, and the nearest railroad station is at Cambridge, in Crawford County, where most of the freight to and from Edin- boro is received and shipped. STREAMS, LAKE AND LANDS. Few townships in the county are better watered than Washington is by Con- neauttee and Little Conneauttee Creeks and their branches. The East Branch of Conneauttee Creek rises near McLane, and the West Branch in a cran- berry marsh in Franklin Township, about two miles from the Washington line. After coursing through the western and central portions of Washington Town- ship from the north, they unite their waters at the head of Conneauttee Lake. Flowing through the lake, the stream continues some eight miles further to a point near Cambridge, where it joins French Creek, after a total length of about fifteen miles. Pratt Creek unites with the East Branch about a mile north of the lake, and Herbert Creek runs into the main stream two miles below the outlet. The Little Conneauttee rises in McKean, perhaps a mile north of the township line, runs across the eastern portion in a southerly course, and empties into the Big Conneauttee a short distance above its mouth, having a length about equal to its more prominent namesake. Besides the above mentioned streams, the north part of the township contains the head- waters of the South Branch of Elk Creek, which joins the main stream at Middleboro. Lake Conneauttee was originally about three- fourths of a mile long by half a mile wide, but was somewhat enlarged by the construction of the dam for Culbertson's mill across the outlet. The lands of Washington Township will average as well as any of the southern districts of the county. There are no abrupt hills or precipitous gullies, and nearly t he whole face of the country is susceptible of cultivation. A broad, fertile valley extends from the McKean line across the entire town- ship, along Big Conneauttee Creek, and the valley of the Little Conneauttee, though narrower, is equally productive. Both valleys are good grain land, but that of the Big Conneauttee is marred by swamps, which are difficult of drainage. A high chestnut ridge, rising gradually from the valleys, lies be- tween the two streams, which produces grain, but is best for dairying. There is another ridge on the west side of the township, extending from Franklin to the Crawford line, which is the exact counterpart of its eastern neighbor. The price of land is from $25 to $50 an acre, averaging perhaps $30. VILLAGES AND CHURCHES. The village of McLane lies upon the Erie & Edinboro Plank Eoad, at the crossing of the State road, on the summit between the head- waters of Big Con- neauttee Creek and the South Branch of Elk Creek, fourteen miles south of the city and four miles north of Edinboro. It consists of a Methodist and Baptist Church (both frame), two stores, one blacksmith, wagon and carriage shop, one shoe shop, a schoolhouse, and about a dozen houses. The name was changed from Compton's Corners to McLane, in honor of Gen. John W. Mc- Lane, the gallant first Colonel of the Eighty- third Regiment. There is a union cemetery at the village, and a private race course a little south. The McKean Baptist congregation at McLane, until the erection of their church edifice, held services in McKean Township. James Steadman, Jr., and 796 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. James Steadman, 3d, Margaret Steadman, Sarah Thompson, Zera Crouch, William Crouch and Phidina Crouch met at the house of Martin Stancliff De- cember 7, 1838, to consider the propriety d organizing a Baptist Church, and on the following Saturday Elders McCumber, Alford and R. Cheney were ap- pointed a council for that purpose. The congregation met at the South Hill and Branchville Schoolhouses until 1866, when the present church building at McLane was erected. It cost about $2,000, and was dedicated January 23, 1867. Eev. Phelps' pastorate closed in 1882, and at present there is no regu- lar minister in charge. The Methodist Episcopal society at McLane was organized in 1863, with six members, by Rev. L. D. Bi-ooks, its first pastor. The church building was erected in 1867, at an expense of $1,800. The membership is now about thirty. The society is attached to McKean Circuit. The village of McLallen's Corners is on the Little Conneauttee. at the crossing of the Waterford & Drake's Mills Plank Road by a road leading to Pollock's bridge in Le Boeuf Township. It embraces a Christian Church, a cheese factory, a schoolhouse, a store, a blacksmith shop and several houses. One of the oldest residents of McLallen's Corners was Abel Trow, who died in 1881 at the age of ninety. The Christian Church was organized in the spring of 1828 with six members by Rev. Simeon Bishop. Services were held in the schoolhouse for twenty years; during the pastorate of Rev. Asahel Fish, who had charge of the congregation for about sixteen years, a church was erected, which has now been in use for thirty-five years. Succeeding Rev. Fish, the pastors have been Rev. William Bullock, Elders Jesse E. Church, Gardner Dean, G. W. Sherman, Stephen Washburn, Aaron Cornish, J. 8. Johnson, G. W. Sweet, Philip Zeigler, J. H. Carr, A. M. Letts and Joseph Weeks, who now serves this charge. Rev. Eli Halliday came in 1857. The present membership is about 100. Draketown, on the Little Conneauttee Creek, about two-thirds of a mile south of the State road, is nothing more than a thickly settled farm region. Besides a few houses, there is a Christian Church, a schoolhouse, a store and a blacksmith shop. The Christian Church was organized in January, 1877, by Elder G. W. Sweet, who is still its pastor. The church building, a neat frame, had been erected the previous summer. The membership of the con- gregation is about seventy. There is a Methodist building at Ash's Corners, north of Draketown, and another of the same denomination at Sherrod Hill, in the southwestern part of the township. The building at Ash's Corners was erected in 1867, at a cost of $1,600. An old society had previously existed in this locality and met for worship in the Draketown Schoolhouse. the one at Phelps' Corners, one mile east of the present edifice, and the Ash Schoolhouse. The charge is a portion of Waterford Circuit, which besides this and Waterford appointments has a class at Sharp's Schoolhouse. The membership of the Ash congregation is small. Rev. John Graham was first pastor in charge after the new building was erected. The Methodist Episcopal congregation at Sherrod Hill, several miles west of Edinboro, is in a prosperous condition and owns a substantial frame build- ing. It is attached to the Edinboro Circuit. The cemetery at Edinboro is the common burial ground for town and town- ship, but there are a number of graveyards scattered about the country. The most prominent are those at McLane and Draketown. SCHOOLS. The first school in the township was taught by William Buckley on the ^z^i^- ^ ^ WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 799 west side of the ConDeaiittee Creek in what was known as the old Plank Schoolhouse. This building was also used for religious services. About 1819, Miss Barna Crosette taught a school in a room in Isaac Taylor's cabin about one and a half miles southeast of Edinboro. Soon after, a log schoolhouse was built on the east line of Mr. Taylor's farm, and besides the Taylor chil- dren, the families of Philip Kinter, of Joseph Walker and of John Tanner and others received instruction. Miss Crosette, who afterward married Samuel Perry, and resided near Edinboro, taught also in this log schoolhouse durino- a summer term or two. Horace Powers, from Massachusetts, was the first to hold sway here during the winter. He died many years after near Edinboro, aged seventy-six. The first schools were held in the southeast portion of the town- ship. The northern part was later settled and held its first schools in the cabins of its pioneers. A large schoolhouse stood in Edinboro in 1821, and had been erected years previous. It was used for both educational and relig- ious purposes. Hiram Powers gave instruction here as early as 1821. Probably a year later, Matthew Simpson presided at the teacher's desk. Amos Bailey, a New Yorker, taught the next winter, and soon after took his departure from the neighborhood. Capt. Samuel Beede, who hailed from New Hampshire, and dwelt at Compton's Corners, was the pedagogue about 1824 and 1825, and was followed by John Hodges, who died recently at the advanced age of over nin^ety years at his residence about eight miles east of Edinboro. Mr. Fuller- ton was also an early teacher at Edinboro. A schoolhouse was built in early times on the Perry farm, about a mile east of Edinboro. Following is a list of the school buildings and their locations: Greene, on the Greene road, in the southwest; Sherrod, on Sherrod Hill road, near the west line; White, on same road, two and a half miles from Edinboro: Gibson, on Gibson Hill road, a mile and a half from Edinboro; Wellman, on Greene road, a mile and three- fourths from Edinboro; Swift, at the Wellman cheese factory; Gillaspie, at junction of Erie plank and Crane roads; McLane, in the village of that name; Ash, at Ash's Corners; Macon, on road from Crane road to the State road; Draketown, in that village; Gleeton, on the Waterford road, two miles east of Edinboro; James McLallen, on the same road, half way between Edinboro and Waterford; McLallen's Corners, in that village; Cummings, on the Wa- terford plank, at the crossing of the Kinter Hill road; Kinter, on the Kinter Hill road, two miles southwest from Edinboro — making sixteen in all. Besides the above, the township is interested in three union schools, viz. : One in Franklin Township, near the west line; and two in Cussewago Township, Crawford County, near the south line. FACTORIES AND MILLS. The factories and mills of Washington Township are as follows: Wait & Ensign's steam saw mill and shingle and lath factory, north of McLane; Well- man's cheese factory, steam saw mill, shingle and lath factory, on the Crane road, about two and a half mihis northwest of Edinboro; St. John's tannery, in the Conneauttee Valley; a cheese factory and cider mill, near McLallen's Corners; M. G. Gardner's steam saw mill, on the Little Conneauttee, near Draketown; Edwin Beach's saw mill, on the same stream, below McLellan's Corners; Jesse Lewis' carding and fulling mill, and J. F. Wade & Bros.' saw mill and shingle and lath factory, on the Conneauttee, about three-fourths of a mile south of Edinboro; J. F. Wade & Bros.' planing mill, sash and door factory, on the same stream, a short distance below; I. R. Reeder's saw mill, on the same stream, still lower down; N. White's factory, on the Kinter road and Giles Run; Anderson's cider and jelly mill, one and a half miles west of Edinboro. 800 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. BOROUGH OF EDINBORO. The borough of Edinboro was incorporated by act of the Legislature in 1840, and includes some 500 acres of high, gravelly land at the foot of Lake Conneavittee, twenty miles south of Erie, seven miles north of the New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio Railroad at Cambridge, and two miles north of the Craw- ford County line. The valley of the Conneauttee is about a mile wide at this point, and the country around the borough is one of the finest sections of Erie CouDty. The corporate limits, which cover a portion of the lake, are about a mile from north to south, and about two-thirds of a mile from east to west. The population was 232 in 1840, 368 in 1850, 474 in 1860, 801 in 1870, and 876 in 1880. The first officers were: Burgess, William Kellison; Council, James Stancliff, L. B. Goodell, Abel Whitney, Daniel Shryock, Simeon Mea- chem; Assessor, Abel Whitney; Collector, Cornelius Graham. By the assess- ment of 1880, the valuation of the borough was as follows: Real estate, $193,- 422; number of horses, 81; of cows, 49; value of the same. 85,510; value of trades and occupations, $16,450; money at interest, $48,225. The third grist mill in Erie County — one each having been previously built at Union and Walnut Creek — was erected on the outlet of Lake Conneauttee, very nearly on the site of the present mill, in 1801, by William Culbertson, one of the first settlers, who added a saw mill in 1802. The property fell into the hands of Isaac R. Taylor and James Reeder some thirty years ago, who built new mills, which are among the most extensive in the county. The estab- lishment of the mills may be said to have laid the foundation of the town. By degrees quite a number of houses sprung up around them, and Mr. Cul- bertson finally concluded to survey the site into lots, to which he gave the name of Edinboro. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Edinboro has four churches, two hotels, one bank, six doctors, one lawyer, one normal school, several halls, societies of the Masons and United Workmen, and a variety of manufactories. Of the latter, the principal are J. T. Reeder & Co.'s grist mill; M. Phelps' cheese factory, established in 1868; Taylor & Reeder' s pump factory and planing mill. The village also contains three dry goods stores, five groceries, two drug stores, two hardware stores, two furniture stores, one clothing store, one jewelry store, three boot and shoe stores, three mil- linery stores, one saloon, two livery stables, four blacksmith shops, one carriage shop, one wagon shop, two harness shops, one tailor shop and one cooper shop. The buildings of the borough are of wood, with the exception of Isaac R.Taylor's fine residence, and Normal Hall, which are balloon frame brick structures, and Dr. Hotchkiss' brick residence. Town lots range in value from $125 to $500, averaging probably $300. The hotels of Edinboro are the Robinson House and the Cutler House. The first named was built in 1843, on the site of one that burned down, and was run by A. Robinson from 1852 to 1883, when he sold it to W. Bennett. The Cutler House is of recent date. The cemetery of the borough, in a pretty location, on a knoll near the foot of the lake, and overlooking its whole extent, embraces three acres, the gift of AVilliam Culbertson for the purpose. It has been in use perhaps seventy years. CHURCHES. The religious societies of Edinboro are Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Close Communion Baptist and Advent, all of which have neat frame buildings. The Presbyterian Church of Edinboro was organized in 1829 by Revs. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 801' Samuel Tait and Pierce Chamberlain. A Presbyterian congrecration had been organized here prior to 1819 by Rev. Mathews. From about 1821 to 1824, Eev. Bradford Marcy, of Venango Township, Crawford County, preached at Edinboro once in four weeks. Rev. Chamberlain, after the organization, sup- plied the church for several years. He resided at Rockville, Crawford County. Rev. Jared Spicer was probably the first resident minister. He came about 1837, and remained only a year. During his pastorate, the congregation sep- arated into New School and Old School branches. The former employed Rev. James F. Reed at first; he remained seven years, and was succeeded by Rev. Ottinger for one year; Rev. E. W. Beebe followed, and remained many years. The Old School division secured the services successively of Alexander Cun- nino-ham and J. W. Dickey. In 1865, the two branches re-united, and were served twelve years by Rev. William Grasse. Rev. Bush was pastor from 1878 to 1880, when Rev. R. G. Williams, the present minister, took charge. In 1886, the congregation erected the first church in the village. In 1854, the New School branch erected a new house, and the year following the Old School branch also constructed a new church, which in 1871 was sold to the Baptist Church. The Methodist Episcopal Church at Edinboro was organized about lo'zy, prior to which date, however, Methodist preaching had been held in the vitdn- ity by Rev. Russell Stauclifi" and others. Revs. Job Wilson, Mack Callender and Butt'Barris were among the first ministers. The second church in the village was built by the Methodists in 1838, and now constitutes the Town House. The present building was erected in 1863. The Edinboro, formerly Washington, Regular Baptist Church was organ- ized, it is thought, about 1838. Rev. E. C. Rogers was minister in charge about twenty-five years. He was succeeded in 1874 by Rev. H. H. Phelps, •who preached to the congregation for five years. Revs. Norman Thomas and J. R. Pendell each maintained the pastoral relation for about a year. In April, 1882, Rev. Phelps was recalled, and now supplies the congregation, which is small. Services were held in the schoolhouse until 1871, when the society purchased the Old School Presbyterian Church. The Advent Christian Church of God was organized at Edinboro in 1863, with about thirty members, by Rev. H. L. Hastings, of Boston, IVIass. Services had been held irregularly for twenty or more years previoubly by members of this faith who resided here. Rev. J. D. Brown was the first pastor. He came in the autumn of 1864 and remained six years. After a vacancy of four or five years. Rev. G. W. Stetson became pastor, and continued m charge for seven years. A vacancy now exists in the pulpit. The membership is about eighty. The church edifice was erected in 1864 at a cost of $1,200. SECRET SOCIETIES, NEWSPAPERS AND POST OFFICES. The charter for Oasis Lodge, No. 417, F. & A. M., was granted March 4, 1868, and in the following autumn the lodge was organized with the follow- ing eight charter members: John W. Goodell, Charles Buruham, Martin Cor- nell, Job Taylor, A. J. Proudfit, George Proud, H. D. Rogers and C. C. Roberts. The present membership is about fifty. The lodge owns the third floor of the Stanford building, which constitutes their hall. It was dedicated October 12, 1875 Edinboro Lodge, No. 80, A. O. U. W., was chartered September 10, 1877. Its first officers were: W. B. Skelton, P. M. W.; William B. Green, M. W. ■ T. H. Goodrich, G. F.; W. W. McWilliams, O. ; O. H. Durham, Recorder William P. Burchfield, Financier; E. H. Austin, Receiver; M. V. Cornell, G. D. Burrows, I. W.; N. T. McLallen, O. W. 802 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. In 1855, Edinboro boasted of three newspapers — the Native American, a monthly, and the Oem and Museum, weeklies, of which latter Mr. Lewis was editor. The Native American and Gem died natural deaths in 1856, and the Museum was moved to Waterford, where it led a struggling existence for sev- eral years under the name of the Enquirer. Henry Lick established the Ex- press in 1859, which lived until December 29, 1860, when the material was sold to Mr. Clute, and used in establishing a journal at Three Rivers, Mich. The Edinboro Independent was started in February, 1880, by the Cobb broth- ers. They sold the paper December 1, 1881, to James T. Armstrong, Rev. J. R. Pendell became editor and proprietor in the spring of 1884. The post route to Erie and the post office at Edinboro were established in 1837. Dr. Stranahan was the tirst postmaster. STATE AND COUNTY OFFICEES. The following is a list of the public officers furnished by Edinboro and Washington Townships: Auditors, Russell Stancliff, 1834 to 1837; James H. Campbell, 1845 to 1848; Samuel Reeder, 1851 to 1853; John W. Campbell, 1856 to 1859. Commissioners, Russell Stancliff, 1840 to 1843; William Campbell, 1846 to 1849; Josiah J. Compton, 1855 to 1858. Treasurer, Mor- timer Phelps, 1855 to 1857. Prothonotarv, C. P. Rogers, 1866 to 1869. Assemblymen, John W. Campbell, 1859; E.'C. Twichell, 1862-63; Chauncey P. Rogers, 1872; E. H. Wilcox, 1873-74;. Sealer of Weights and Measures, William P. Buttertield, 1883. THE NORMAL SCHOOL. The most conspicuous institution in Edinboro, and the one which has con- tributed most to its advancement, is the Normal School. This prosperous seat of learning grew out of an academy which was opened in 1855. The Normal School was built by subscription in 1856, was erected at a cost of |3,200, and was used as an academy in 1857-59. Prof. J. R. Merriman and Prof. Sears were engaged as instructors. Owing to the large attendance of scholars, two additional buildings, now known as the Assembly Hall and the Ladies' Boarding Hall respectively, were erected in 1858, at an outlay of $11,000, also raised by subscription. The State Superintendent, Dr. Hickok, on ex- amining the school, pronounced the accommodation insufficient to justify him in accepting it as a State Normal School. During the winter of 1859-60, $10,000 were raised by subscription, and in 1860 a fourth building was erected, now known as the Gentlemen's Boardiug Hall. On January 26, 1861, the institution was formally recognized by the State Sviperintendent as a State Normal School. The buildings connected with the school are as fol- lows: Literary Hall, the original academy, built in 1857, and rebuilt in 1880; Dormitory, built in 1858; Library, built in 1858, rebuilt in 1880; Normal Hall, built in 1875; Dormitory, built in 1860; Music Hall, built in 1878; Recitation Building, built in 1880. Normal Hall and the Recitation building are brick clad, all the other edifices are wholly of frame. They stand on a tract of twelve acres, on the southeast edge of the borough, which has been planted with trees and laid 'Out with walks. The Normal School has a good scientific apparatus, and the best collection of apparatus for teaching common schools in the State. It owns a library of 4,500 volumes. The teachers num- ber twelve in the Normal department, and four in the Model School. Prof. Cooper, Principal, came to the school in 1861 as an assistant, and was pro- moted to the general charge in 1863. CONCORD TOWNSHIP. 803 CHAPTER XVI. CONCORD TOWNSHIP AND BOROUGH OF ELGIN. UP to the year 1821, all of Erie County from the eastern boundary of Union and Amity to the Warren County line was known as Broken- straw Township. In that year, the name was changed from Broken- straw to Concord. This continued until 1826, when the township was divided, the northern portion receiving the name of Wayne and the south- ern retaining the old title. The three names, Union, Amity and Concord were all suggested by William Miles. In the act of April 11, 1807, Broken- straw and Union were constituted one election district, to be known as No. 10, and the house of John Taylor was designated as the election place. This relation continued until 1821, when each township became a sep- arate election district. As constituted in 1826, Concord contained 25,590 acres, but its size has been reduced to 19,624 by the taking off of a slice for Corry Borough in 1863; of another in 1866, when that place was incorporated as a city, and of a third by the creation of Elgin Borough in 1876. Concord is the extreme southeastern township of the county. It is bounded on the north by Wayne and Corry; on the west by Warren County; on the south by Craw- ford County; and on the east by Union. The assessment of 1873 gave the following results: Value of real estate, $467,119; number of cows, 582; of oxen, 86; of horses and mules, 278; value of same, $30,587; value of trades and occupations, $2,075; money at interest, $26,365. The only settlement within the township that can lay any claim to be styled a village, since Elgin was made a borough, is the small collection of buildings at Lovell's Station, which is also the sole post office. The population of Concord was 83 in 1820, 225 in 1830, 652 in 1840, 882 in 1850, 1,255 in 1860, 1,112 in 1870, and 1,171 in 1880. COUNTY OFFICERS. The only county officers Concord has been favored with have been Simeon Stewart, County Commissioner from 1849 to 1852, and David Nash and Will- iam H. Belknap, County Auditors — the first from 1858 to 1861, and the second from 1860 to 1863. Mr. Stewart was the Commissioner under whose supervis- ion the present court house at Erie was planned and erected. While the town- ship has been treated so sparingly in the bestowal of official honors, it has evened the matter up, in a certain sense, by turning out more attorneys than any other in the county. Its representatives in the legal profession are A. W^. Covell, of Erie; H. W. Blakeslee, late of Erie, but now of Bradford; H. A. Baker, C. L. Baker, C. G. Olmstead and C. L. Covell, of Corry; and F. G. McClintock, of Union. In medicine it claims Frederick Beebe, of Findley's Lake, and Cisco Stewart, of Iowa; and in the editorial fraternity it is repre- sented by F. S. Heath and D. M. Colegrove, of Corry. EARLY SETTLERS. The first settlers in Concord were William Miles and his brother-in-law, William Cook, who came from the Susquehanna Valley with their families in June, 1795. They first located on what is now called the Wilber Webb farm. 804 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. just north of the Crawford County line, and secondly a short distance south of the line in Sparta Township. Mr. Miles moved to Union in 1800, and Mr. Cook the year after. No other permanent settlements were made until 1800, when James and Robert McCray. natives of Ireland, took up homes for them- selves in the township, and Joseph Hall, a Virginian, who had gone to Beaver Dam in 1797, moved over to the present site of Elgin Borough. From that date, no evidence exists of any additions to the colony until 1822 or 1823, about which time a brisk emigration set in from New York. Among the first of this class of settlers was Elder Jeduthan Gray, a Baptist minister, who, with a family of grown-up children, located on or near the William Gray place. The section was long known as the Gray settlement, and a post ofSce by that title was kept up for a number of years. Deacon Graves went in at the same time or shortly after, and was followed within the period between 1825 and 1835, by Ezekial Lewis, Jesse and Heman Heath, Simeon Stewart, William Bugbee, Abner Lilly, John B. Chase, James Crowelj, Eussell Dar- row, Hiram Cook, Paul Hammond, Stephen Hollis, Buckingham Beebpi, Elijah Pond, Oliver D. Pier and others. G. J. Stranahan, founder of the well-known family of that name, settled in Concord in 1836, having formerly resided in Herkimer County, N. Y. His sons, John D. and P. G. Stranahan, moved to Le Boeuf, the former in 1849 and the latter in 1850, from which place, P. G. changed to Union in 1859. Oliver D. Pier, one of the pioneers of the town- ship who is still living, though totally blind, was, in his day, a famous hunter. With a single gun, he claims to have killed 1,322 deer, besides a number of wolves, bears and other wild animals. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Concord is in general a hilly township, but contains very little waste land. Bordering French Creek, there is a good valley, ranging from eighty rods to half a mile in width, south of Corry, and spreading out to one and two miles between that city and Union. The soil of the valley is much better than that of the high ground, but the farmers are more troubled by the frosts. Corn and oats are produced in all parts of the township, and most of the farm- ers raise their own wheat. The great industry, however, is dairying, for which the country is better calculated than for grain. All kinds of fniits are raised, except peaches. The value of land varies from $25 to $80 per acre, according to its situation and quality. The loftiest elevation is on the Darius Walton place, where a view is afforded into two States and four counties. THE STREAMS. The chief stream is the South Branch of French Creek, which rises on the James Bell farm, in the southeast, runs to the western edge of Corry, then turns abruptly to the west, flows in a westerly direction across the northern part of the township into Union, and joins the main stream a few rods below the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad bridge in Le Boeuf. It has a course of fully fifteen miles in the township, and a total length of about thirty miles. Its valley forms the route of no less than three railroads, the Oil Creek, P. & E., and N. Y., P. & O. The tributaries of the South Branch in Concord Town- ship are Scotch Run, Slaughter Run, Spencer Run, Baskin Run, Spring Brook, Lilly Run and Beaver Dam Run. Scotch Run rises on the J. Aiken place, and unites in the public highway, at the foot of Stewart Hill, on the W. W. Covell place, having a length of over two miles. Spring Brook is made by a number of large springs on the line of Concord and Wayne, and falls into the South Branch on the place of A. Palmer, after a course of perhaps a mile. CONCORD TOWNSHIP. 805 The State Fish Hatching Pond, west of Corry, is at the source of this stream. The head of Lilly Run is on the J. D. Hammond place, and it terminates near Elgin, having a course of four miles. Beaver Dam Run takes its rise in the south part of Amity, flows through the southwestern corner of Wayne, and combines with the South Branch near Elgin Borough, through which it passes. Its length is not far from live miles. Slaughter, Spencer and Bas- kin Runs all come in from Wayne, between Elgin and Corry. In addition to these streams, the township is the starting place of several tributaries of Spring Creek and Oil Creek, which rise on the highlands and flow to the east and south. The head-waters of Oil Creek, French Creek and Spring Creek are all within a few rods of each other, near the summit of the Oil Creek Railroad, in the southeast. The township has only two bridges of any importance, both at Lovell's. They were built at a cost of S500 to «6U0. RAILROADS, COMMON ROADS, ETC. The N. Y., P. & O. and the P. & E. Railroads run through the northern section of the township from Corry to the Union line, following the valley of the South Branch. From Corry to Lovell's, the tracks run side by side, but at the latter place they diverge somewhat and continue at a short distance apart to Union. Below Union they separate entirely, the N. Y., P. & O. running to the west, and the P. & E. to the lake at Erie. The old Oil Creek Railroad, now the Buffalo, Titusville & Pittsburgh, follows the upper channel of French Creek from Corry to the Summit, crossing the township into Crawford County. This road has no station in Concord, and Lovell's is the only one on the other roads. Of the common roads, the main ones are the Meadville & Columbus — the first opened in the township — the Union & Corry, which passes through Elgin, the Elgin & Sparta, the Corry & Spring Creek, and the Corry & Titusville. Lovell's Station, on the N. Y., P. & O. and P. & E. roads, three miles west of Corry, and thirty- four east of Erie, consists of a few h(juses only. A water mill was started at this point by James Crowell at an early date, which ran down; a machine shop, a saw mill and a planing mill were built and destroyed by fire. The present saw mill was built by D. J. Crowell about 1879. Tlie village post office supplies a number of the people of Con- cord and Wayne. SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES The public schools of Concord are as follows, all the buildings being plain wooden structures: Fay, on Ox-bow Hill; Hemlock, near E. J. Ormsby's; McCray, near Lovell's Station; Stewart (1st), near E. A. Hammond's; Hays, near F. S. Heath's; Stewart (2d), near A. H. Bower's; Pine Wood, near E. Hatch's; Lewis, near Samuel Lewis; Mofi'at, near W. Young's; Chafi'ee, near Corry; Lindsley, near C. Pier's, and Cook, near the south line. The town- ship is also interested with Sparta Township, Crawford Coimty, in the Harbor School. Daniel Sackett, then of this township, was one of its first pedagogues. He taught, about 1823, in a log schoolhouse, the first in the township, which stood on the site of the present Cook School building. Andrew Aiken and Joseph Gray and wife afterward taught in this primitive schoolhouse. The church buildings are the Wesleyan and the Methodist Episcopal. The Wesleyan was built on the McCray place, about a mile south of Lovell's Sta- tion, about 1840. The class was organized several years before by Rev. John Broadhead, besides whom Revs. J. E. Carroll. Thomas Savage, Gr. M. Hardy and Rev. Dempsey have been prominent among the ministers. Rev. Thomas 806 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Burrows, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, now preaches to this congrega- tion, the membership of which is about fifty. The Methodist Episcopal building, also a frame, was dedicated in July, 1879. soon after this society was formed. It stands near F. S. Heath's. The present membership is about thirty-five. The society is connected with Spar- tansburg Circuit. Rev. C. M. Coburn was the first minister, succeeded in 1881 by J. B. Darling, and in 1883 by S. W. Douglass. A graveyard is attached to the Wesleyan Methodist Church, and the Stew- art burial place is on the farm of A. Bowers. Most of the interments take place in the cemetery at Corry. MISCELLANEOUS. The township is without a grist mill since the incorporation of Elgin Borough. The saw mills are "William Young's and David Crowell's. A cheese factory has been in operation for some years near Wilbur Webb's, almost on the Crawford line. Several wells have been put down for oil, but the precious fluid has never been discovered in a profitable quantity. Large quantities of hay are packed and shipped to the oil region. BOROUGH OF ELGIN. Elgin Borough was incorporated in the winter of 1876, with territory about a mile square taken out of the western part of Concord Township. A grist and saw mill were established by Joseph Hall, on Beaver Dam Run, at an early day, and as the settlement grew it became known as Hall Town. A grocery was started about 1856, but the village did not amount to much until the opening of the Philadelphia & Erie road, when its name was changed to Concord Station. The title was again altered when it was made a borough, and that of the post office was changed about the same time. Elgin consists of a Methodist Church, a schoolhouse. a barrel factory, a grist mill, a saw mill, two groceries, one general store, a hotel, one blacksmith shop, one wagon shop, one shoe shop and perhaps forty private residences. Its population in 1880 was 154. Beaver Dam Run passes wholly through the town, and the South Branch of French Creek cuts through one corner. Elgin has the ad- vantage of two railroads, the N. Y., P. & O. and the P. & E. The borough possesses a neat cemetery. Elgin gets considerable of its trade from western Wayne and Concord. It is thirty-three miles east of Erie, six east of Union, and five west of Corry, by railroad in each case. A Christian or Disciple Church was erected at Elgin about 1868. largely through the efforts of Mrs. Yost, of Corry, and the contributions of the citizens of Elgin gen^-ally. A society of this denomination was shortly before formed at the village, and attained a membership of about sixty. Revs. Walker and Way were its first ministers. The membership soon decreased through removals, and in a few years the so- ciety ceased as an organization. A Methodist class was organized at the school- house one mile south of Elgin, in 1854 or 1855, by Rev. Josiah Flower, then of the Wattsburg Circuit, with S. D. Lewis as Class Leader. In 1858, it changed the place of meeting to the Elgin Schoolhouse, and there continued until two years after the Christian Church was built, in which the meetings have since been held. The society was a part of the Wattsburg Circuit until 1877, when it was attached to Spartansburg. The pastors have been J. W. Wilson, 1877; C. M. Cobm-n, 1878, 1879 and 1880; J. B. Darling, 1881 and 1882; S. W^. Douglass, 1883. The membership of the Elgin congregation is fifty. (I --w ->» ' „ *-_y/5,v o(^iyz^. CITY OF CORRY. 809 CHAPTER XVII CITY OF CORRY. ON almost the last page of Miss Sanford's history of Erie County, published in 1862, appears the following modest paragraph: "At Junction, in Con- cord Township, where the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad intersects the Philadelphia & Erie, quite a cluster of buildings has arisen in the woods within the last three months." Few persons at that date could have been made to believe that the humble backwoods settlement thus described would, in less than ten years, become a bustling city of nearly 7,000 inhabitants, the name of which would be as familiar to a large part of the business world as hun- dreds of places that had been in existence since the beginning of the century. Looking down upon Corry from the high hills which overshadow it, three val- leys are seen extending in as many separate directions, the (me to the west being that of the South Branch of French Creek, the one to the north that of Hare Creek, and the one to the east, which is the widest and most important, that of the Brokenstraw. The central portion of Corry is built on the summit land between these streams, but the residence and manufactur- ing sections have spread out east, north and west, until they reach into each of the valleys. The South Branch of French Creek almost touches the southwestern edge of the city, while the Brokenstraw is two or three miles beyond its eastern boundary. Bear Creek — so named from the number of those animals that gathered in the swamp on the northwestern verge of the city — flows through it from west to east, rising in Wayne Township, and emp- tying in Hare Creek. The latter stream, which cuts across the northeastern corner of the city, was named from Michael Hare, who was one of the pioneers of Wayne Township, and died at Waterford, at the most advanced age attained by any citizen of the county. It rises in French Creek Township, Chautau- qua County, N. Y., crosses Wayne Township, and joins the Brokenstraw in Columbus Township, Warren County, about three miles east of the city. Hare Creek was once navigable for rafts as far up as Corry. A smaller stream than any of the above rises on the high land, in the south part of the city, and, flowing through the depot grounds, enters Hare Creek on or near the north- eastern boundary. HOW THE CITY STARTED. Corry owes its origin and growth to the circumstance of its being adopted as the point of junction for the Philadelphia & Erie, the Atlantic & Great Western, the Oil Creek and the Cross Cut Railroads. The P. & E road (then Sunbury & Erie) was opened from Erie to this point in 1858, and to Warren in 1859. In June, 1861, the A. & G. W. (now the New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio) was completed from Jamestown to the junction, and the next year it was continued through to Ohio. The Oil Creek road, with a broad gauge track to correspond with the A. & G. W., reached Corry from Titusville in 1862, and the Cross-Cut road was built to Brocton in 1867. These twu roads have since been consolidated under the name of the Buffalo, Pittsburgh & Western. For awhile, in 1861, the little huddle of shanties that sprung up at the inter- section of the P. & E. and A. & G. W. roads was known as " Atlantic & Erie 42 810 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Junction." In October of that year, a piece of land was purchased by the A. & G. W. Raih-oad Company, from Hiram Corry or Cory, who owned the tract at the junction, and, in consideration of his liberal dealing, Mr. Hill, General Superintendent of the road, changed the name of the station to Corry. The first building was a small, wedge-shaped ticket office and eating house, directly in the angle between the P. & E. and A. & G. W. Railroads, on the east side. Beginning at this point, the settlement spread out during 1861 a.'ong Main street, and to some extent along Cross street. There was little or no improved land in the immediate vicinity, and a good part of the tract since covered by the city was a swamp, covered with immense pine and hem- lock trees. A less promising location for a town than Corry was at that time, could not be conceived by the most lively imagination. RAPID GROWTH. Although the settlement grew with more than average rapidity in 1861, its era of amazing energy did not fairly commence till 1862. Samuel Downer, a wealthy Boston oil refiner, had conceived the shrewd notion that by erecting a refinery at some point, at or adjacent to the oil fields, and convenient for ship- ping, he would possess an immense advantage over his rivals, who had to carry the crude oil over hundreds of miles of railroad. With this end in view, W. H. L. Smith was sent from Boston in the summer of 1861, to prospect for a favorable site. His choice fell upon the junction, and he promptly purchased fifty acres from Mr. Corry, for what would now seem a " mere song." This tract he laid out in town lots, and it was cleared under the superintendence of Eugene Wright, of Boston. By fall, a frame building had been put up, as the office of the Downer Oil Company, a post office had been established, with C. S. Harris as first Postmaster,'and a small refinery, known as the " French- man's," had been put in operation, in the rear of the present Downer works. By this time the Oil Creek road was under contract, and it had dawned upon the minds of a good many people that Corry was destined to become a place of more than ordinary importance. The summer of 1862 witnessed the opening of the Oil Creek road, the erection of the Downer & Kent Oil Works, several other factories, the Boston Hotel and Gilson House, and a large number of store buildings and residences. People from every section flocked in by the thousands, many of them men of uncommon dash and fertility of resource. Money was plenty and real estate sold readily. The founders of the town realized a fortune from the sale of lots, and several parties who owned land adjoining the plot were also made wealthy. From that period on to the panic of 1873, Corry continued to grow at a rate that encouraged its citizens to think that it would some day be a formidable com- petitor with Erie for the leading position in the Northwest. The town as laid out by Mr. Smith did not cover more than a third of its present dimensions. Since then, additions have been made which render the city lines about two and a half miles in width from east to west, and nearly three miles in length from north to south. The original owners of the land, besides Mr. Corry. were Amos Heath, H. D. Francis, Mr. Crandall, Anson Johnson, Hollis King, Lorenzo Dow and Mr. Dunham. In laying out the place, a portion was taken from both Wayne and Concord Townships, the straight portion of Smith street marking the old boundary between them. Those who are curious to know something of the history of these townships are referred to the sketches elsewhere. BOROUGH AND CITY. Corry was organized as a borough in 1863, and the first election was held CITY OF CORRY. 811 on the 18th of August, of that year, a few less than 100 votes being cast. The first borough officers were the following: Burgess, S. A. Bennett; Treas- urer, H. N. Kansom; Clerk, S. A. Beavis; High Constable, E. W. E. Baker; Council, Eugene Wright, H. N. Ranson, F. H. Parkman, James Lewis and O. B. Vincent. A city charter was obtained in 1866, which took off an addition- al area from Concord Township and a strip about a mile wide by two and a quarter in length from \Yayne Township, making the "VVarren County line the eastern boundary of the corporation. Two wards were created by the charter, the dividing line being the track of the A. & G. W. Railroad. The first city election was held in the spring of 1866. The Mayors of the city with terms of service have been as follows: W. H. L. Smith 1866-67; S. A. Bennett, 1867-68; R. H. Palmer, 1868-69; F. S. Barney, 1869-70; M. Crosby, 1870- 72; F. A. Phillips, 1872-73; A. F. Kent, 1873-74; B. Ellsworth, 1874-75; T. A. Allen, 1875-79; F. Stanford, 1879-81; J. D. Bentley, 1881-82; T. A. Allen, 1882-88; Isaac Colegrove, 1883-84. The census of 1870 and 1880 showed the population to be as follows: 1870 1880 First Ward 3,559 3,758 Second Ward 3,250 2,519 Totals 6,809 5,277 The following were the valuations of the two wards in 1883: First Ward. Second Ward. Real estate $500,740 $538,375 Personal estate 5,841 11,115 Trades and occupations 86,070 33,010 Money at interest 16,200 34,642 $558,851 $617,142 Total $1,175,993 THE CITY IN GENERAL. Those who only know Corry by what they see at the depot or by passing through in the cars have no proper conception of the place. Having sprung up in the woods, as if by magic, it has always labored under some disadvan- tages in appearance, which are not incident to old and regularly developed communities. It is only recently that the main streets were cleared from stumps, and the outside thoroughfares still contain frequent remnants of the forest. Yet it is wonderful how much has been done in the short space of twenty years to build up a snug and progressive city. Many tasty private res- idences have been erected, and some of tbe public buildings would be a credit to larger cities. The stores are generally large, well stocked and apparently Mberally patronized. A park of three acres has been laid out and planted with trees, which gives promise of being a real ornament. It is true that the side- walks are still principally of plank and that the streets remain unpaved, but improvement in these regards will come in due season. As a railroad center and shipping point, Corry has few equals and no su- periors among our inland cities. With three great railroads passing through, giving direct connection with the oil regions, the anthracite and bituminous- coal fields and the markets east, west, north and south, the city possesses rare advantages as a manufacturing point, and it is not surprising that enterprising men have availed themselves of the fact to a considerable extent. Freight trains go through every few minutes, and twenty-one passenger trains leave daily in the winter and twenty-five in the summer. As long as the railroad system exists, Corry must be an important distributing point and a leading 812 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. center of business. Property is low compared with other places that are ad- vantageously situated, and choice sites are still to be had on reasonable terras. It is stated in the report of the Board of Trade for 1881 that every manufac- tory started in Corry has been "eminently successful." OIL WORKS. As mentioned before, it was to the establishment of the Downer Oil Works that the city owes its origin. The Downer Oil Works, located between Washington street and the railroads, were erected in 1862. The owners are the Downer Kerosene Oil Company of Boston, the members of the company having remained unchanged since the works were built. W. H. L. Smith was sent out from Boston as manager, which position he held until 1868. C. A. Murdock succeeded, and, in 1872, T. A. Allen, the present man- ager, was appointed to the position. Until about 1872, all grades of illu- minating and lubricating oils were refined from the crude petroleum, but of later years the business has been directed to the production of " heavy ends." which are then shipped to the Boston refinery. The Corry works consist of a number of substantial brick buildings, the main one being 27x313 feet, two stories high, containing oflfice, shops, loading tanks, etc. The still house is 52x200 feet, the pump room, 26x87 feet, the boiler room, 27x76, and other buildings are of various dimensions. Fifteen tanks have a combined capacity of 441,400 gallons, and the distilling capacity is about 60,000 barrels of heavy oils annually. About twenty-five men are employed. One of the most successful and enterprising business firms of Western Pennsylvania is Clark & Warren, of Corry, manufacturers of all the finer products of petroleum. The members of the firm are R, C. Clark and M. H. Warren. They commenced business as producers and refiners of oil at Graf- ton, Ohio, in 1875. Two years later, they removed to this State, and became one of the pioneer firms in producing oil in the Bradford field, erecting works at Sawyer City, three miles from Bradford. Not content with the old processes of refining, these energetic men instituted a series of experiments on distilla- tion and refining with the aim of obtaining better results than the old methods afforded. Success crowned their efforts, and, in 1881, they commenced the erection of works at Corry in accordance with their new and improved plans of distillation. The complete success of their operations is attested by the contin- ued enlargement of the capacity of the works. At present the firm use 500 barrels of crude petroleum daily, and arrangements are now being made to increase the capacity to 1,000 barrels per day. The products of the works include all the finer grades of lubricating oils, coal test filtered cylinder oils, filtered cylinder stocks, illuminating oils of 120 degrees, 150 degrees and 300 degrees fire test, fine neutral oils and the various grades of petroleum, formerly known as vasaline. cosmoline, etc. The products of the works are sold through the Pennsylvania Oil Company (limited), of which Mr. Warren is President, and Mr. Clark, Vice President. The products have almost a world- wide reputation, and the sales are largely European. The Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, in a recent issue editorially, compliments the works of Messrs. Clark & Warren as one of the best appointed oil refineries in the United States, and speaks at length of their painstaking efforts and improved methods to manufacture superior oils. The firm holds patents upon the construction of stills, the heating of stills, the construction of filters, the heating of filters and for renewing bone black, all their own inventions. The extensive works are located in the western part of the city at the junction of the N. Y. , P. & O., P. & E. and B., N. Y. & P. Railroads, where employment is given to about sixty men. CITY OF CORRY. 81S OTHER LEADING INDUSTRIES. The Corry "Wooden Ware Manufactory owes its origin to Wilder & Howe, who in 1865-66, built a pail factory on East Main street. It burned down in 1867, and was rebuilt on the present site, ihe corner of Washington and East Wayne streets, in 1868. In 1869, the Corry Manufacturing and Lumber Com- pany was organized, and operated the works until succeeded by D. H. Wilder. A. M. Kent & Co. , the present owners, assumed control in 1878. Lard and butter packages, tubs and pails are manufactured, at the rate of about 2,500 pieces per day. The lumber, mostly pine, is obtained from Warren County, and about 3,000, 000 feet are annually consumed. The wares are shipped to all parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York, to West Virginia, Maryland and other States. Employment is given to 100 hands. Harmon, Gibbs & Co., manufacturers of steam engines, erected their shops- on the west side of Center street, immediately north of the railroad in 1877. The building is 50x105 feet and three stories high. Steam engines and boil- ers of from 10 to 150 horse-power are manufactured, besides a general line of machine and foundry work. Their Ajaxoil engine is a specialty, and the de- mand for it equal to the capacity to supply. Employment is given to twenty- five skilled machinists. The firm is composed of C. G. Harmon, L. L. Bliss, C. H. Bagley and the estate of George H. Gibbs. The Corry City Iron Works were established at the northwest corner of Main and Concord streets in 1880, by P. I. Lynch. Soon after, he admitted G. D. Gilbert into partnership, and the proprietors were successively Lynch & Gilbert, P. I. Lynch and the Corry City Iron Company, of which George N. Barnes is President, P. I. Lynch, Treasurer and manager and C. B. Ely, Secretary. The engine shop is 4:5x65 feet, two stories high. Boilers only were manufactured until June, 1882, since which date in addition port- able and stationary engines for agricultural purposes have also been produced. When running at full force, about seventy-five men are employed. The Corry Novelty Works, located on East Pleasant street, were erected in 1870 by King, Shafer & Co. The main shop is a two-story brick building, 32x62. Mr. Shafer retired in 1873, and the firm has since been H. King & Sons, succeeded by H. King & Son, present proprietors. For several years, a general machine and repair business was continued, then the manufacture of King's patent portable engine was commenced, and has ever since been con- tinued with success. An important manufacture, recently started at Corry, is that of the cali- graph, by the American Writing Machine Company, of which T. A. Allen is President; C. G. Harmon, Treasurer; G. W. N. Yost, Secretary, and A. A. Aspinwall, Manager. Mr. Yost, having perfected the Remington Type Writer, invented the caligraph. Its manufacture was commenced in New Y^ork, but in the spring of 1883 the works were removed to Corry. The instrument is meeting with a wide and extensive sale, and an increase in the capacity of the shops has already been made; about 150 employes are usually at work and six- ty-five caligraphs are made per week. George N. Barnes, in June, 1883, started the Corry Lounge Factory in the basement and first floor of the Opera House building, where he gives employ- ment to from fifteen to eighteen workmen and manufactures about one hundred lounges of various patterns per week. In the same building Murray M. Raymond in January, 1883, commenced the manufacture of the baby jumper and swing, of which he is the inventor. This novel invention is meeting with wide and favorable reception, and the business of Mr. Murray is increasing. At present 150 jumpers are manufact- ured weekly. 814 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. One of the largest industrial establishments of Corry was the Gibbs & Sterrett Manufacturing Company recently suspended. The manufactures were the Climas mowers and reapers, steam engines and boilers, mill machinery etc. The buildings are large brick structures, and at one time about two huudred men were employed. (These works have since resumed). The large steam tannery of Emanuel Weisser. on East Wayne street, was erected by C. A. Auer in 1862, and the present owner purchased it in 1871, and has since greatly enlarged the buildings and capacity of the tannery. About thirty men are employed, and 80,000 hides are annually tanned. Mr. Auer in 1872 erected another tannery on Turnpike street, and still ojDerates it. Other manufactories of the city include a bedstead factory, thi'ee planing mills, four carriage shops, one cigar box factory, two cooper shops, one brick yard, one broom factory, one mitten factory, one sucker-rod factory, one oil cup factory, three flouring mills, one sausage factory, two breweries, three bot- tling works, three patent medicine manufactories, nine cigar factories, one saw and shingle factory, one saw mill, one candy factory, one brush factory, one -brush block .factory, one handle factory, one cider and vinegar factory, one feed mill, one wood pump factory, one bedspriug factory, one drain tile works, one foundry, one meat refrigerator factory, one fruit cooler factory, and one nickel plating works. GENERAL BUSINESS FEATURES. A special advantage that Corry possesses is the convenience for procuring ■coal, lumber and stone. Bituminous coal reaches the city at a low charge by way of the B. , T. & W. and the N. Y., P. & O. roads from Mercer and Butler Counties, and the latter road and the P. & E. give it the benefit of competi- tion in securing anthracite from the Eastern Pennsylvania fields. Large bod- ies of timber still stand near the city, and a good quality of building stone in inexhaustible quantity is found a few miles down the Brokeustraw. There is also plenty of good clay for making brick, and sand for building purposes is found in ample quantities in the vicinity. The mercantile houses of the city embrace the following different lines of business: Wholesale — Groceries, 2; hardware, 2; confectioneries, 1; tobacco and cigars, 9; oysters and fruits, 3; illuminating oil, 1; pork packing, 1; drugs, 1; car- riages, 2. Retail — Groceries, 19; dry goods, 12; clothing, 5; millinery, 6; drugs, 7; meat markets, 7; variety stores, 4; leather, 1; fruits and confectionery, 3; boots and shoes, 7; furniture, 2; merchant tailors, 3; bakery and confectionery, 4; news depots, 3; harness, 3; jewelry, 2; hardware, 5; stoves and tinware, 2; hats, 1; feed stores, 2. The city has intimate business relations with a wide scope of country, em- bracing, besides Wayne and Concord Townships in our county, several town ships each in Warren, Crawford and Chautauqua Counties. The farming pop- ulation tributary to Corry is really more extensive than that which helps to sus- tain Erie. The post office at Corry distributes mail matter over a territory ex- tending perhaps ten miles in every direction, the sale of stamps and stamped envelopes alone amounting daring the year 1880 to some $10,000. The finan- cial institutions of the city are the first National Bank and the Corry National Bank, both established in 1864, with a capital in each case of $100,000. A good index to the business of the city is shown in its hotels, which number fourteen, of which four are equal to the average in places of the size. CITY GOVERNMENT. The city is governed by a Mayor, and Council of three members for each ward. The latter body is presided over by the Mayor, who also appoints the CITY OF CORRY. 815 Committees. The expense for the year 1881 was a little over $17,000. The city tax was thirteen and a half mills on the dollar. The Fire Department consists of a Chief Engineer and two assistants, two engineers and fireman for the two Silsby steamers, three hose companies and a hook and ladder company. The value of the Department property is estimated at $11,840, and the annual expense is between $2,000 and $3,000. For a place that is largely built of wood, there has been a remarkable freedom from fires. The school system is under the control of a Board of Directors, consisting of three members for each ward. The schools are graded, and a superior high school is maintained, which includes in its course a thorough training in book-keeping. Including the Superintendent, there ai'e nineteen teachers. The school term is eight months. The schoolhouses are five in number, three of them being capacious and handsome brick buildings, and two frame buildings. SCHOOL BUILDINGS. Directly after Corry was incorporated as a borough, an election was held August 18, 1863, for a School Board, which resulted in the election of the following Directors: For three years, G. H. Coney and R. Morgan; for two years, W. H. Doan and J. L. Hatch; for one year, L. J. Tibbals and L. Rockwood. A schoolhouse which had been erected on Concord street the year previous by the School Board of Concord Township was transferred to the borough, and the first schools under the dispensation of the Borough Board were taught in the winter of 1863 by J. L. Hatch and Miss Mary Doud, Commencing in 1864, the Catholic schools were under the control of the Board for several years. In 1865, the rapidly increasing population necessi- tated more accommodations. An acre of ground was purchased at the corner of Washington and Essex streets for $1,350, and the schoolhouse thereon was designated the Union Schoolhouse, completed by Henry Drake in March, 1866. Vincent Moses, a theological student from Clymer, N. Y., was its first Princi- pal. In 1865, however, the Board leased a building on East Main street, near the Philadelphia & Erie crossing, where school was held until 1870. When Corry became a city in 1866, the schools were yet ungraded, so rapid had been the increase. In that year the old red schoolhouse on the Columbus pike became city property; it was re-named Wayne School, No. 4, and used until the completion of the Hatch School. In 1869, a course of instruction, compiled by H. J. Manley, then President of the School Board, was adopted, and the schools were regularly graded and classified. The same year a school building was leased on Pleasant street. This school was suddenly burnt down in March, 1869; but a room was engaged on the corner of Main street and Second avenue and the school re-commenced in a few days. It was continued until the completion of the Fairview Schoolhouse. In 1869, a tax was levied to erect a new brick schoolhouse on the corner of Second avenue and Fairview street, the lot having been purchased two years previous. The contract was let to Henry Drake for $14,580. The building was dedicated April 2, 1870. A new frame build- ing was erected in 1869 on Concord street for the accommodation of primary pupils, and lots were purchased between Congress and Bond streets, east of Wright, for the erection of a large brick edifice. The necessary expenditure exceeding the amount that could be levied by tax, a special act of Legislature was obtained in 1870 authorizing an additional tax of seven mills. The con- tract was awarded to S. L. Leach for $21,500. The building was completed in 1871, and, including heating, seating and furnishing, cost $30,000. It was named in honor of J. L. Hatch, who had been a member of the board since its first oro-anization. The Union Schoolhouse on Washington street^was 816 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. totally destroyed by lire December 12, 1871, having an insurance of $6,000. A temporary structure of three apartments was forthwith constructed, and the schools continued in this building iintil it was replaced in 1882 by a neat brick edifice of four rooms, at a cost of $6,000. The school property at present consists of three handsome brick structures, known as the Hatch, Fairview and Washington Street Schools, and two small frame buildings on Concord street. At the Concord Schools are three teach- ers; at the Washington, three; at the Fairview, four; and at the Hatch, in- cluding Superintendent, Principal and Assistant of high school, nine. The schools are divided into primary, secondary intermediate, junior and grammar grades of two years each, and high school of three years. The high school permits the selection from three courses — Latin and English, German and English, and commercial. Ten classes, aggregating 148 members, have com- pleted the course. Frederick Hooker was elected Principal of the schools in 1869; resigning the same year, he was succeeded by James McNaughton, wbo gave up the charge of the schools in May, 1871, and Miss G. M. Kent was ap- pointed to act as Principal of the High School. A. J. Crandall was elected Principal in 1871. The following year, A. B. Crandall, a member of the board, acted as District Superintendent. In 1873, V. G. Curtis was elected Principal and Superintendent, remaining ten years. His successor, A. D. Colegrove, is now serving his first year. NEWSPAPERS. Corry sustains three newspapers, the weekly Telegraph and the daily and weekly Herald. The Telegraph was established in 1865 by Joseph A. Pain, who still owns and edits it. The earliest newspaper ventxire in the place was by Stebbins & Larkins, who put forth No. 1 of the Corry City News on the 22d of October, 1863. Within less than two years, this journal changed managers four times and names twice, finally appearing as the Telegraph, when it fell into the hands of Mr. Pain. The latter gentleman published a daily edition of the Telegraph for about a year after getting control of the estab- lishment, and again he battled courageously for nine years, but unsuccessful- ly, in trying to keep up the Daily Blade. The Herald is to a certain extent the successor of the Union Mills Star, first issued in 1866, removed to Corry in November, 1867, and the name changed to the Republican. Its editors and owners have been Horace G. Pratt, Dan Scott, W. B. Gallegher, Henry C. Eddy, Pratt & Gail, S. Colegrove, W. A. ,Moore, and others. The weekly, which received its present name in 1877, was purchased by F. S. Heath De- cember 1, 1880. The daily edition was started February 5, 1883. Among journals that have died out, after a lingering illness, as the obituary writers say, were the daily and weekly Review, Commercial Advertiser, Democratic Press, Demo- crat, Daily Itemizer, Daily Whetstone, Temperance Vindicator, Daily Republi- can, and Enterprise. SECRET SOCIETIES. Probably no city of the same size in the United States equals Corry in the number of its secret societies. Almost every secret organization in the Unien is represented, as will be seen by the following list: Jonathan Lodge, No. 685, I. O. O. F., was instituted January 19. 1870, with the following nine charter members: H. L. Wyman, A. P. Friesman, J. W. Chipman, S. H. Johnson, Thomas Blackburn, J. H. Armstrong, T. P. Ober, A. O. Watson and E. W. Buss. The present membership is 111. Meetings are held each Wednesday evening. Corry Encampment, No. 241, I. O. O. F., was instituted July 26, 1873. i£j^ CITY OF CORRY. 819 The charter members were J. E. Stubbs, W. M. Arnold, H. O. Mackres, Will- iam Mulkie, H. D. Clemons, H. O. AVatson, D. W. Nutting and Charles Striek- er. Many others were initiated the evening of institution. The present mem- bership is about forty. The second and fourth Monday evenings of each month are the appointed times for meeting. Corry Lodge, No. 365, F. & A. M. , was chartered March 19, 1866. The membership is now 100, and meetings are held the first Tuesday of each month. Columbus Chapter, No. 200, R. A. M., was instituted at Columbus, War- ren County, May 10. 1866, and removed to Corry January 13, 1870. It has fifty-five members, and meets Thursday evening, on or before the full moon. Clarence Commandery, No. 51. K. T., was instituted January 22, 1874, with sixteen charter memlDers. Forty-four is the present membership, and the second Tuesday of each month the regular date of meeting. Corry Union, No. 2, Equitable Aid Union, was organized May 2, 1879, with about eighty members, now reduced to seventy-five. Meetings are held on the first and third Monday evenings of each month. J. J. Andrews Post, No 70, G. A. R. , was instituted in June, 1867, with about twenty- five members. It now numbers 140, and meets every Friday evening. Cony Grange, No. 55, P. of H., was organized December 23, 1873. It meets the first and third Saturdays of each month, and now has a membership of about 140. Corry City Lodge, No. 470, K. of P., was instituted October 16, 1880, with forty charter members. The active membership is now ninety, and meetings are held every Tuesday evening. Lincoln Council, No. 75, Royal Arcanum, was instituted April 10, 1878, with fourteen members. Sixty-one is the present membership, and the first and third Wednesdays of each month the regular evenings for meetings. Teutonia Lodge, No. 148, D. O. H., was organized August 17, 1867, with twenty members, now reduced to nineteen. Meetings are held each alternate Thursday. St. Joseph's Branch, No. 4, C. M. B, A., was organized April 24, 1878, with sixteen members. There are now about sixty members, and meetings are held the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month. Ahaveth Sholem Lodge, No. 160, B'nai Brith, was organized May 30, 1871, and now has a membership of twenty- nine. Meetings are held each alternate Sunday. Bliss Council, No. 3, R. T. of T. , was instituted in April, 1879, and now has about 200 members. Meetings are held every Wednesday evening. Hope Council, No. 55, R. T. of T., was instituted March 15, 1880. with about twenty-two members, now increased to fifty. Tuesday evening is the date of meeting. Ely Lodge No. 45, K. of H., was instituted in November, 1874, and now has a membership of sixty-one; meetings ai-e held the first and third Mondays of each month. Humboldt Lodge (German), No. 51, K. of H., was instituted in February, 1874, with about twenty members. The membership has not materially in- creased since. Meetings are held each alternate Tuesday. Washington Lodge, No. 2, A. O. U. W. , was organized in January, 1870, and has 137 members. Meetings are held every Saturday evening. La Fayette Council, No. 2, Guardian Knights, was instituted December 8, 1879, and now numbers sixteen in membership, The first Tviesday of each month is the date for regular meetings. 820 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Evening Star Lodge, No. 24, K. & L. of H., was instituted irj March, 1878. It meets the second and fourth Fridays of each month, and has now a membership of about tifty. Gei-mania Lodge, No. 26, K. & L. of H., was organized March 26, 1878, with eighteen members. For a time the lodge met witli Evening Star Lodge, but it procured the old charter, and meets the first and third Saturdays of each month. The membership is small. " GAS, GAS WELLS, PUBLIC HALLS. Gas is furnished by a company with a capital of $50,000. Several quite extensive gas wells have been struck in the effort to find oil, but the supply gave out too soon to enable them to be utilized to any extent worth speaking of. There are two public halls, the Academy of Music, with a seating capac- ity of 1,000, and the Harmon Opera House, estimated to accommodate about 700. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The city is well supplied with churches. They include two Methodist Episcopal, two Catholic, one Presbyterian, one Baptist, one Congregational, one Episcopal, one United Brethren, one German Lutheran and one Jewish. There is a Universalist society, but it has no building. The first Methodist Episcopal congregation was organized in September, 1862, by Rev. George F. Reeser. The early meetings were held at private houses and at the schoolhouse until the erection at the southeast corner of Concord and Pleasant streets, during the summer of 1865, of a frame meeting house at a cost of $10,000. The building was dedicated October 27, 1865, and is now in use. The pastors at Corry have been as follows: 1S64 and 1865, J. W. Wilson and G. W. Staples; 1866 and 1867, J. S. Lvtle; 1868-69 and 1870, J. C. Scofield; 1871 and 1872, W. F. 'Wilson; 1873, W. H. Mose- man; 1874 and 1875, A. S. Dobbs; 1876 and 1877, N. Norton; 1878, A. S. Goodrich; 1879, J. W. Wilson; 1880-81 and 1882, A. G. Merchant; 1883, James G. Townsend. The present membership of the church is about 290. St. Thomas Catholic Church dates its origin back to 1860, in which year Father Thomas Lonnergan came from Warren, Penn., and organized a small society. The early meetings were held at private houses until 1862, when a frame church was built on the southeast corner of Church street and Fourth avenue. It was dedicated in September, 1862, by Bishop Joshua M. Young, and has since been twice enlarged. Father Lonnergan has been the only pastor; his assistants have been Revs. J. Delaroque, J. M. Dunn, B. McGiv- eney, J. Brady, J. Meher and B. Donohue. The present membership includes about 200 families. The congregation has almost completed a handsome brick church structure, the cost of which will exceed $30,000. Its corner- stone was laid in 1872, and five years later the foundation was completed. It was placed under roof in 1883, and will be ready for occupancy it is ex- pected in 1884. The building stands on Washington street near the foot of First avenue. The first Baptist services at Corry were held in the unfinished second story of a dwelling on the northwest corner of Washington and Wayne streets November 28, 1862. The congregation was organized with seven members October 18, 1863; Rev. J. R. Merriman became pastoral supply, and services were held in a hall on Main street until February, 1865, when the hall was rented to the Disciples. The Baptists were without a place of worship till later in the same spring when their present church edifice on the southwest corner of Second avenue and Pleasant street was built. It was first used April CITY OF CORRY. 821 19, 1865, for the public memorial services of the martyred President, and was dedicated April 26, 1865. Rev. A. D. Bush became pastor in April, 1864; Rev- W. R. Connelly succeeded in Augast, 1868; Rev. A. C. Williams in October, 1870: Rev. S. K. Boyer in March. 1872, remaining live months. The church vpas then without a pastor till September, 1873, when Rev. John Trowbridge was elected. He was succeeded in April, 1875, by Rev. J. B. Vrooman, who remained two years. Rev. E. F. Crane then served about two years and his successor, Rev. M. W. Dillingham, the present pastor, iias officiated three years. The membership of the church is about 225. The First Presbyterian Church of Corry was organized January 18, 1864, with the following nine members: Mr. and Mrs. E. S. O-sgood, Charles Boyle, Mrs. Martha Boyle, Asel M. Davis, Mrs. Mary A. Davis, Mrs. Ellen M. Ben- nett, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Gridley and Miss Nancy J. Knight. Rev. J. Odell was engaged as temporary supply and served the church about one year; in- creasing in the membership to twenty- one. Rev. Hutchens acted as temporary supply for a few months, and in October, 1865, Rev. John C. Taylor became stated supply, remaining until March, 1867; when he left, the church member- ship was sixty-one. Rev. Alvan Nash then became stated supply, and died at the expiration of one year's service. In November, 1868, Rev. S. G. Hopkins was installed the lirst pastor, resigning in March, 1876, to accept a call to the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Columbus, Ohio; Rev. D. V. Mays then served as pastor from June, 1876, to November, 1877, and was succeeded in the following December by Rev. B. M. Kerr, who remained two and a half years. Rev W. N. Sloan, the present pastor, entered upon his official rela- tions in October, 1880. The first Elders were E. S. Osgood and Charles Boyle; the present ones James Turner, T. A. Allen, Lewis L. Bliss and George H. Humason; the present Deacons are C. H. Bracken and Levi P. Hurd. The membership now numbers about 200. Services were held in the Concord Street Schoolhouse, JMcKenzie's Hall and Cook's Hall successively, until the winter of 1865-66, when the congregation erected near the corner of Church and Center streets a neat, frame edifice which was enlarged two years later. During the winter of 1883-84, a handsome skeleton brick structure was reared on the southwest corner of Pleasant and Center streets at a cost of $10,000. The first services of Emanuel Episcopal Church were held July 10, 1864, in McKenzie's Hall. They were conducted by Rev. Calvin C. Parker, a Mis- sionary of the Board of Missions of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. The first Vestrymen were James Foreman, H. L. Wyman, O. S. Reynolds, F. A. Phil- lips, George H. Coney, S. A. Bennett and E. W. R. Buker. During 1865-66, the church edifice was erected. It was 100x45 feet in size and stands on the southwest corner of Center and Smith streets. The lot cost $500, the building $4,000. When the corner-stone was laid in September, 1865, there were but twenty communicant members. Rev. Parker resigned June 1, 1866. He was succeeded by Rev. John T. Protheroe, who resigned in May, 1871. Dur- ing that year the church was enlarged by the addition of side aisles, organ chamber, etc., at an additional expense of $5,000. Subsequent rectors have been Rev. Thomas Bell from October, 1871, to August, 1872; Rev. Robert \Y. Grange, June, 1873, to November 16, 1874; Rev. William G. W.Lewis, April, 1875, to August 31, 1877; Rev. Thomas A. Stevenson, January, 1878, to Au- gust, 1881; John L. Taylor, the present rector, who took charge in June, 1882. The present communicant membership is 110. The present Vestrymen are O. C. Holden, Senior Warden; J. B. Davis, Junior Warden ; Charles Mid- dleton, Augustus Harrington, Frederick Stanford, R. C. Dawson and E. M. Bonnell. 822 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. In 1864, Rev. John W. Clark, preaching on the Bear Circuit, organized a small United Brethren class at the Little Red Schoolhouise. and in 1865 com- menced building on the corner of Pleasant and Lemon streets a frame house of worship. The year following, during the pastorate of Rev. J. Hill, the site of the building was changed and the unfinished structm-e was taken down, re- moved to the turnpike, and there completed at a cost of about $2,000. This building was destroyed by fire in 1872, and immediately another was erected, at an expense of $2,500, on North Center street, where services are now held. The membership of this society is about fiftv. Its pastors since Rev. Clark have been J. Hill, 1865; W. Rittenhouse, 1866; O. Badgley, 1867; W. Cad- man, 1868-69; L Bennehoff, 1870-71; J. Holmes, 1872; H. H. Barber, 1873; J. Hill, 1874; P. Butterfield, 1875; A. Peckham, 1876; S. Evans, 1877; W. Cadman. 1878; N. R. Luce, 1879; J. P. Atkins, 1880; L. L. Hager, 1881- 82; D. C. Starkey, 1883. Corry is a mission station. About forty years ago, a Methodist Episcopal class was organized, and held meeting in a schoolhouse in Wayne Township; in 1860, it erected a meet- ing-house about one and a half miles noi-th of Corry, and in 1870 the society was x-e-organized by Rev. J. W. Wilson, with about thirty- five members, and the house of worship was removed to Pike street, Corry, and has since been the home of the North Corry Methodist Episcopal congregation. The society is attached to Columbus, Warren County, Circuit. Among its pastors subsequent to 1870 have been A. A. Horton, A. S. Goodrich, S. S. Burton, William Rice, Rev. Fordon and Rev. Adams; Rev. J. W. Wilson is the present pastor. The membership is about sixty. The first Congregational Church of Corry was organized in 1874. The early meetings were held in the Christian Church, located on the northeast corner of Fourth avenue and Pleasant street. This handsome building was purchased by the Congregational society in 1878, and it has since remained its place of worship. It is a brick structure, the dimensions of which are about 50x100 feet, its original cost being about $15 000. It was repaired in 1882 at an expense of $4,000. The Christian congregation, now defunct, formerly owned a frame meeting-house on the site of the above brick structure. It was destroyed by fire, and replaced, through the munificence of G. W. N. Yost, by the brick church. The pastors of the Congregational Church have been Rev. Joseph Adams, who remained two years; Rev. J. B. Davidson, three years; Rev. E. A. Squier, eighteen months; a temporary vacancy now exists. The membership is about 100. St. Elizabeth (German) Catholic Church was established in April, 1875, with about twenty-eight German families who had formerly been connected with St. Thomas' Church. Under the management of a building committee, consisting of H. L. Spiesman, J. Franz, J. Rehrich, Martin Huffman, Frank Rosboch and Henry Heineman, the congregation at once proceeded to the erec- tion on Pleasant street of a fine brick church, which was completed in 1876 at a cost of $7,000. It was consecrated in September, 1876. The society owns a parsonage, school and cemetery. Rev. F. Winters, the first pastor, remained in charge till October, 1883, when Rev. Reck succeeded him. The society num- bers about forty families. The German Lutheran Church, a skeleton brick structure, 26x40 feet in size, located on the northeast corner of Concord and South streets, was erected in 1876-77, at a total cost of $2,140. It was dedicated June 3, 1877. The society was organized several years previous, by Rev. M. Kugler, the first pas- tor, and services had been held in various places. Rev. Kugler was succeeded in the autumn of 1877 by Prof. Herman Gilbert, of Thiel College, Greenville, CITY OF CORRY. 823 who has since conducted services here each alternate Sunday, and is present pastor. The church membership enrolls about fifteen families. The Hebrew congi*egation at Corry was organized about ten years ago and has a small membership. Its first rabbi was Rev. Galen, who was succeeded by Kev. Bernstein. Rev. S. Fielchenfield then took charge about seven years ago, and still serves the congregation. Meetings have been held in various buildings. In the autumn of 1883, the congregation purchased the old Pres- byterian Church. The Universalist Church of Corry was organized with thirty-three members March 7, 1877, by Rev. Aaron A. Thayer, who remained in charge about three years. The first officers elected were A. A. Aspinwall, Moderator ; W. Ed Marsh, Clerk ; C. G. Harmon, Treasurer ; L. Hammond, H. A. Baker and G. W. Pardee, Standing Committee. The membership increased to about eighty-five, but for a year past no services have been held. The congregation owned no place of worship, and met last in the Congregational Church. MISCELLANEOUS. The city has three cemeteries — Pine Grove, St. Thomas (Catholic) and the Jewish. The first named embraces a tract of ten acres near the northern ter- minus of Center street, purchased by a corporation of Amos Heath for $2,000 in 1866. About $8,000 have since loeen expended by the company in improve- ments. St. Thomas' Cemetery is in the southwestern part of the city, and covers about two acres. The Jewish Cemetery is a small inclosure in Wayne Township, near the north line of the city. The following is a list of the citizens of Corry who have held elective State and county ofQces : Associate Judge, Hollis King, November 8, 1866, to November 17, 1871; Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1873, C. O. Bowman; Assembly, C. O. Bowman, 1869; AY. W. Brown, 1872 to 1874; Isaac B. Brown, 1881-82, and 1883-84; County Commissioner, W. T. Brown, 1872 to J875; Mercantile Appraiser, L. E. Guignon, 1875; William T. Brown, 1880; Director of the Poor, S. A. Beavis, 1869 to 1872; Jury Com- missioner, D. L. Bracken, 1879 to 1882. AV. W. Brown moved to Bradford, and was elected to Congress from the McKean District in 1882. The following Corry physicians had registered at the Court House in Erie in 1882: A. S. Bonsteel, Be'ilevue Hospital and Medical College, N. Y., 1872; C. B. Kibler, University of Buffalo, 1870; H. O. Mackres, University of Buf- falo, 1867; M. Pickett, University of Buffalo, 1869; D. Storer, practice of medicine since 1844; G. A. Elston, Medical Department University of New York, 1880; Emma L. Jordan, Eclectic Medical College, Philadelphia, 1879; John B. Chace, American Medical College, Cincinnati, 1855; S. R. Breed, practice of medicine since 1856; D. E. De Ross, Eclectic Medical College, Cincinnati, 1875; J. E. Weeks, Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1881; B. H. Phelps, Cleveland Medical College, 1871; H. S. Tanner, Cincinnati Ec- lectic Medical College, 1859; Mrs. F. H. Stanford, Boston University School of Medicine, 1878. 824 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. CHAPTER XVIII. WAYNE TOWNSHIP. XTP to the year 1821, that section of the county now embraced in AVayne J and Concord was known as Brokenstraw Township, a name given to it in the act of organization. In the year stated, the title was changed to Con- cord, through the influence of William Miles. Wayne was set off from Con- cord in 1826, and was named after Anthony Wayne. Wayne embraces a por- tion of the Donation lands. The township of Brokenstraw (of which Wayne formed a part) constituted with Union one election district until 1821, ranking as No. 10 of Erie County. Wayne is bounded on the north by Chautauqua County, N. Y., on the east by Columbus Township, Warren County, on the south by Corry City and Con- cord Township, and on the west by Amity and Union. It has been twice re- duced in size, first in 1863 by the creation of Corry as a borough, and second in 1866 by the act elevating that place to the dignity of a city. The char- ters of Corry took off a strip about one mile wide by two and a quarter long, from the southeastern corner, but what the township lost in territory has been more than made up in the increased value given to the balance by the growth of the city. The South line of the township is nearly uniform with the straight portion of Smith street in Corry. Wayne has an average width of about six miles, and a length of about eight, with a pei'fectly regular line on the north side, two slight jogs on the east and west, and more considerable ones on the Concord and Corry sides. The boundary between Pennsylvania and New York, which forms the north line of the township, was established by Commissioners on the part of the two States in 1785, who completed their work in 1787. They surveyed the entire boundary between the Delaware River and Lake Erie, marking each mile with stones on which figures were cut, showing the distance from the first-named stream. Their report was confirmed by the Legislature in 1789. The eastern boundary of the township was marked out in the act of 1800, incorporating Erie and Warren Counties. Wayne Town- ship contained a population of 197 in 1830. 738 in 1840. 1,122 in 1850, 1.224 in 1860, 1,295 in 1870, and 1,306 in 1880. There is but one post office within its limits, Wayne (at Beaver Dam). Before Corry grew to importance, Beaver Dam and Columbus. Warren County, were the trading places of the township. The assessment of 1883 gave the following results: Number of acres, 22,480; value of real estate $522,048; number of cows, 773; of oxen 26, of horses and mules, 320; value of the same, $35,462; value of trades and occupations, $3,935; money at interest, $21,577. LANDS AND THEIR VALUE. In general, Wayne is a hilly township, but it contains some handsome and fertile valleys along the South Branch of French Creek and Hare Creek, and Scioto, Beaver Dam and Spencer Euns. The hills attain an elevation of 200 to 400 feet above the French Creek Valley, and are cut by deep ravines especial- ly in the southern portion, which, however, have generally sloping sides, ad- mitting of easy cultivation. The summits of the ridges are irregular, but WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 825 there is little waste land in the township. The character of the soil adapts it best for grazing, and butter-making and cattle-raising are the staple industries of the township. It used to be thought that wheat could not be raised to ad- vantage, but of late a considerable amount of that grain has been harvested, and its cultivation is steadily on the increase. The principal timber is beech, maple and hemlock, though considerable tracts of pine, oak and chestnut once existed in the south part of the township. Much of the timber has been cut oflf, and what remains will soon disappear at the present rate of consumption. Apples bear profitably, pears give a fair yield, a few peaches are raised and fruits of other kind correspond with the average southern townships of the county. The price of land ranges from as low as $20 to as high as $50 per acre, being most valuable for farming purposes in the vicinity of Beaver Dam. THE STREAMS. The streams of Wayne Township are Brokenstraw Creek, with its tributary, Hare Creek; Bear Creek, Francis Run and Scioto Run, branches of the latter; and Spencer Run, Baskin Run, Slaughter Run, Beaver Dam Run and Spring Brook, tributaries of the South Branch of French Creek. The latter stream does not enter Wayne at all, but courses along in Concord, a few rods Ei'om the south line of the former township, which does not take in more than a third of its valley. It will be seen from the number of these streams that Wayne is a finely watered township. The Brokenstraw heads in Clymer Township, Chautauqua County, N. Y. , runs through the northeast corner of Wayne Township into Warren County, and joins the Allegheny River at Irvineton, after a course of fifty to sixty miles, only a small part of which is in Erie County. Hare Creek rises in French Creek Township, Chautauqua County, N. Y., flows across the entire width of Wayne Township, and empties into the Brokenstraw in Columbus Township, Warren County, about three miles east of Corry. It runs throvigh the latter city for a short distance, and has a length of about fifteen miles. Bear Creek and Scioto Run, tributaries of Hare Creek, rise, the first on land of Uriah Benjamin, and the second on the Greeley farm. Bear Creek falls into Hare Creek within the limits of Corry, and Scioto Run on land of D. C. Kennedy, north of that city. Each stream has a length of perhaps five miles. Francis Run rises about three miles north- west of Corry, and empties into Bear Creek within the city limits, after a course of about three miles. Spencer Run heads near Carter Hill, Baskin Run near the New York line, Slaughter Run in the northwest corner of the township, and Beaver Dam Run in the southeast part of Amity, all uniting with the South Branch in Concord, the first named a little west of Corry, the second at Lovell's Station, the third about a mile above Elgin, and the fourth within that borough. The length of these streams is from seven to nine miles. Spring Brook is a sparkling stream formed by a number of fine springs that burst out of the hillsides at the State Fish Hatching Establishment, a short distance west of Corry, near the line of Concord and Wayne. It unites with the South Branch after a course of probably half a mile. Two or three large beaver dams existed in early days a mile or so north of Elgin, which gave name to Beaver Dam run. VILLAGE OF BEAVER DAM. The only village in the township is that of Beaver Dam (Wayne Post Office), situated near the extreme southeastern corner, on the run of the same name, at the jiinction of the Erie and Warren with the Wattsburof and Spar-- tansburg roads, one and a half miles north of Elgin, six west of Corry, twenty^ 826 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. six by common road southeast of Erie, and thirty- four by the railroad. The valley of Beaver Dam Run at this point is broad and beautiful, making one of the finest stretches of country in Erie County. The village is supposed to owe its origin to John Bunker, who started a store and ashery at the cross roads at an early day. This was followed by another store by Mr. Foot, and the place, about 1840, boasted, in addition, two taverns, one kept by Mr. Crook and the other by Mr. Ellis. The stages between Erie and Warren and Jamestown ran through the village daily. The building of the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, and the growth of Corry and Union, had the effect of drawing all the travel and most of the trade from Beaver Dam; the taverns were abandoned, and only one store is left. The village consists at present, besides the store, of one black- smith shop, two wagon shops, one undertaker shop, one cheese factory (opened in the spring of 1866, and now owned by Kincaide & Howard), one school - house, three churches (Methodist Episcopal, United Presbyterian and Presby- terian), a public hall, one vacant business stand, and some twenty frame resi- dences, with a population of about 100. All of the buildings are frame. Th-e village cemetery is neatly laid out and contains some tine monuments. At Beaver Dam is a frame Presbyterian Church, erected in 1867 at a cost of $3,000. An Associate Reform congregation was organized here about 1820, with fifteen members, by Rev. Robert Reid, but in a few years the organ- ization afiiliated with the Presbyterian denomination. The earliest meetings were held in dwelling houses; in 1830 a church building was erected on the site of the village cemetery. It was superseded by the present structure. William Gray and William Carson were the Elders when the Presbytei'ian organization was effected. Rev. Absalom McCready was the first settled pastor. Revs. Stright and Rice followed, and of late years the ministers have been supplies. The society is now small, and no regular services have been held for several years. The United Presbyterian congregation at Beaver Dam was organized with twelve members by Rev. David Love in 1859. Rev. J. L. Aten was the first regular pastor, and was succeeded successively by Revs. John Jamison, Allen (supply), A. S. Abbey and H. H. McMaster. No regular services have been held during the past year. The membership is twenty three. The church edifice, a substantial frame edifice, was erected in 1872 at a cost of $3,000. The first class of the Methodist Episcopal denomination in Wayne Town- ship was formed in Warren Palmer's log cabin in the Donation District in 1832. It consisted of eight members, and had Rev. Hiram Kinsley for pastor. In 1838, a congregation with twenty members was organized at Beaver Dam by Rev. William Patterson, who acted as first pastor. The congregation was without a church building till 1839, when one was erected by voluntary con- tributions. A new and more imposing edifice was erected in 1872, at a cost of $3,200. The old building still stands. Until 1877, excepting three years when it was connected with Asbury, Union Township, Church, this society was a part of Wattsburg Circuit. It was then annexed to Spartansburg Cir- cuit, the ministers of which have since been: John W. Wilson, 1877; C. M. Coburn, 1878-80; J. B. Darling, 1881-82; S. W. Douglass, 1883. The pres- ent membership is thirty-nine. North of Beaver Dam a short distance is the " Wayne Valley Church of United Brethren," built in 1870 at a cost of $1,500. The congregation was organized the same year, with twenty-one members, having Rev. Daniel Dean for the first pastor. It numbers about forty members, and now has Rev. A. Meeker as minister. It is attached to Wayne Circuit. The earliest white inhabitants at Beaver Dam were Samuel Smith and Will- ^^m 4'-*^ WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 829 iam Gray. The latter subsequently removed to Waterford. In the old Aboli- tion times, the village was an important station of the "underground rail- road." Mrs. Elizabeth Smith died at the residence of her son-in-law, James D. Snnth, in Beaver Dam, on the 6th of August, 1875, in the ninety- ninth year of her age, being one of the oldest women known to have lived within the county. She emigrated to this country from Ireland with her father, John Wilson, and sister, in 1798, the party settling in what is now Union Township. In 1799, she was married to William Smith, of Wayne, their wedding being the first in the county south of the Triangle. About 1816, they removed to Waterford, where Mr. Smith died in 1855, after which she made her home as above. Mrs. Smith was the mother of three sons and eight daughters. A temperance society was formed at Beaver Dam as early as 1832. No drinking place has ever been maintained in W^ayne Township, except in 1840, v/hen one of the hotels of the village received a license. Marl was found near Beaver Dam many years ago, and burned for lime. CARTER HILL AND HARE CREEK. Carter Hill consists of a schoolhouse, cheese factory building, Methodist Episcopal Church, and several farmhouses at a cross roads in the northern central part of the township. It derives its name from Elijah Carter, who moved there from Greenfield when the countx-y was still a wilderness. The cheese factory was put up during the flush times of that business, and is not now in operation. The Carter Hill Post Office was abandoned in 1883, About a mile south is the town house of the township. The Carter Hill Methodist society has held meetings in private houses and the school - house for nearly fifty years. During the autumn of 1883, it erected a neat frame house of worship at a cost of ^1,000. The membership is about thirty. This appointment has been at different times attached to various cii'cuits, in- cluding Beaver Dam, Wattsburg and Columbus. It is now connected with Columbus Circuit, of which Rev. Mr. Wilson is pastor. Quite a bustling little settlement has sprung up within a few years on Hare Creek, four miles north of Corry. It consists of a Christian Church, Mutual Protective Hall, schoolhouse, saw mill and about a dozen residences. The Christian Church was dedicated in August, 1880. The society was organized several years before, and held its first meeting in the adjoining schoolhouse. Rev. B. Mason was the first minister. His pastoral relation terminated in 1883. The Dutton Graveyard is near the church. SCHOOLS, MILLS, ETC. The first educational instruction in Wayne was given by Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, wife of the pioneer William Smith. At her cabin, she taught her own and a few of her neighbors' children for several years, commencing about 1^8. A Mr. Kelley, of near Titusville, held a term or two in a cabin at Beaver Dam, then called Brokenstraw, about 1822, and the first schoolhouse was built there several years later. The schools of Wayne are thirteen in number, and the township is interested besides in one union school on the New York line. The buildings are frame, and are located as follows: Beaver Dam, in that village; Donation, near John Whitney's; Hill, near Gordon Belts'; Carter Hill; Spencer, near G, W. Spencer's; Clark, near the New York line, on the Watts- burg & Corry road; Fitch, near O. D. Fitch's; Mclntire, opposite the Chris- tian Church; Greeley, on land of Erastus Cleveland; Plank Road, on Columbus 830 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. & Clymer road; Scioto, on land of J. Brewer; Kincaide, near the P. Miller farm. The mills and factories not otherwise mentioned, are a woolen factory, saw mill and two shingle mills on the Brokenstraw ; two saw mills on Hare Creek, and one shingle mill and one saw mill on Slaughter Run. Other saw mills were in operation years ago, but have either burned down or been aliandoned. The only railroad is the Bufifalo, Corry & Pittsburgh, better known as the " Cross-cut," which runs wholly acroBS the township in its eastern part from Corry to Brocton, N. Y. The Philadelphia & Erie and New York, Penn- sylvania & Ohio (formerly the Atlantic & Great Western) roads extend through Concord almost on the south line of Wayne, but nowhere enter the latter town- ship. The main common roads are the Erie, Waterford & Sugar Grove Turn- pike, which passes through Corry, Beaver Dam and Union; the Erie & War- ren road, which runs through Carter Hill and Wattsburg; the Corry & French Creek, N. Y., up Hare Creek, and the Corry & Clymer, up Scioto Creek. The township owns two good bridges, one across the Brokenstraw, in the northeast, and one across Hare Creek, just outside the city limits of Corry. All of the rest are ordinary structures. The graveyards not previously named are the old Smith, near G. W. Spencer's, and the Jewish Cemetery of Corry, on the Corry road, near the north line of the city. Most of the burials take place in the cemeteries at Corry and Beaver Dam. THE STATE FISH HATCHERY. About a mile west of Corry, on the road leading to Elgin, is the State Fish Hatching Establishment, now, and from the date of its opening, in charge of Seth Weeks. A number of strong springs burst out of the hillside, furnishing a regular supply of cold, pure and healthy water. Several thousand fish of various kinds and sizes may be seen here at all times, swimming about in the little ponds and lakes. The eggs are hatched under the care of Mr. Weeks, and when the young fish attain a proper size they are sent to different parts of the State and put in the streams to which they are adapted. The common- wealth owns nine acres of land at this point, embracing all of the springs that are used for the hatchery, A little east of north of the fish establishment, on a slight hill upon John Hatch's land, the early settlers found the traces of one of those pre historic mounds, reference to which has been made in other township sketches. It has been plowed down, and no sign of it is any longer apparent. About half a mile west, on the right hand side of the road from Cox*ry, upon the O'Neill place, is another, the outlines of which are still readily followed. It consists of a cir- cular embankment, with a trench on the outside, from which the dirt was evi- dently dug, and embraces about three acres, being something like a third larger than the easterly one. THE PIONEERS, It has been generally represented that William Smith, who emigrated from Ireland, was the first settler in the township, but this statement is contradicted by an old resident, who says the earliest white inhabitants were Messrs. Hare, Rihue and Call. The first mentioned of these pioneers was Michael Hare, who died in Waterford at the age of one hundred and fifteen years eight months and twenty-two days, and was buried in the cemetery at that place. He and his wife Betty lived in a cabin on the east side of Hare Creek, about a mile north of Corry. It was from him that Hare Creek was named. Hare, Rihue and Call left before the country was cleared up, the former WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 881 making his home finally at Waterford. Call's location was on the farm owned by Amos Heath, and Rihue's where Mayor Stanford has his brickyard in Corry. During 1797, a man by the name of Prosser went in. Joseph Hall settled at Beaver Dam, in the same year, but afterward changed to Elgin. The settlers in 1798, were William and Samuel Smith and Daniel Findley; in 1800, Will- iam Carson and John Kincaide. with his five sons, several of whom were grown; in 1806, William Gray, who changed to Waterford; in 1817, Joseph Grant (a native of New London, Conn. ), who moved to Wesley ville late in life; from 1820 to J 824, Daniel Yeager and Messrs. Perkins, Childs and Doud. The Messrs. Smith were followed at an early date by their brothers, James and Eobert. Samuel located originally opposite the E. Perkins' place, James in the valley of the South Branch, near the fish establishment, and Robert on the hill near where O. Abbey lives. John Heath, father of Amos, purchased what is now the G. W. Spencer place, in 1827 or 1828, when Amos was a boy of four or five. A Mr. Miller had previously lived on the farm and built a saw mill on the run farther up, which was the first in the township. Matthias Spencer moved to what is known as the Spencer place in March, 1831. He was born in East Haddam, Conn. ; changed from there to Columbus, Warren County and then to Wayne Township. In 1865, he went to Erie to live with his son. Dr. H. A. Spencer, where he remained until his death. Isaac Kennedy, father of D. C, settled on the farm where his son resides in 1834. Chauncey G. Kicker- son, a native of Windham, Conn., moved into the township in 1835. Eobert Osborne, fi'om Beaver County, located on the farm where L. and E. M. Miller live in 183.9, his son R. J. being fourteen years of age at the time. D. W. Howard made his location in 1840, and Philander Miller about the same time. The township did not fill up rapidly till after 1830. John W^. Smith, son of William, was the first white child born in the township, the year of his birth being 1800. Joseph Grant commenced in the valley of Beaver Dam Run, near the "United Brethi-en Church, where his son Benjamin, the famous Erie lawyer, was born in a log house, which has been destroyed. E. Perkins went in on foot with a pack and an ax. PROMINENT MEN. The citizens of Wayne Township who have been honored by election to State and county oflBces are few in number, as will be seen by the follow- ing list: Director of the Poor, John G. Kincaide, 1876 to 1879; County Com- missioner, L. M. Childs, 1865 to 1871; Assembly, Samuel E. Kincaide, in 1876 and 1878, for two years each time. Amos Heath, Dr. Osborne and D. W. Howard have been frequently nominated by the Democrats for county po- sitions, and D. C. Kennedy has served as a delegate to the Democratic State Convention. Four of the sons of Matthias Spencer became professional men, viz. : Two physicians, Dr. H. A. Spencer, of Erie, and Dr. E. V. Spencer, of Mt. Vernon, Ind. ; and two attorneys, John W. Spencer, of Rising Sun, Ind., and Elijah M. Spencer, of Mt. Vernon, Ind. Both of the latter have been members of the Indiana Legislature, and John W. was a Judge at the time of his death. THE GEEELEYS. The most prominent name associated with the history of Wayne Township is that of Horace Greeley, the great editor and politician. Zaccheus Greeley, the father of Horace, commenced life as a farmer on a small scale in Vermont. Becoming embarrassed, his farm was sold by the Sheriff, and he worked for a time as a laborer in New Hampshire. In the year 1825, having saved a small sum of money, he started to search out a home in the wilds of Pennsylvania, making his way to Wayne Township, near the New York line, where his 832 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. brothers, Beujamin and Leonard, had gone some two years before. He there purchased 200 acres of land, to which he afterward added 150 acres more. Returning to New Hampshire, he brought his family on in 182G, the party consisting, besides iMr. and Mi-s. Greeley, of Barnes, their oldest son, and their three daughters, Esther, Arminda and Marguerite. Horace, who had apprenticed himself in a printing office at Poultney, Vt, did not accompany the family, although pressed hard to do so. During the ensuing four years, he visited them twice in their wilderness home, walking most of the way, and remaining about a month each time. In 1830, he came on again, and after remaining home awhile, found employment for a short period at Jamestown, and in the Gazette office at Erie. Some time during the summer of 1831 he left^Erie, called to see his parents in Wayne for a few days, and then started on foot for New York, where he arrived on the 17th of August, with exactly $10 in his pocket. Years after, when he had made a reputation through the New Yorker, he again paid a visit to the township, remaining for a brief pe- riod only. It was dui'ing this stay that he wrote one of his best poems, " The Faded Stars," beneath the trees near the home of his parents. Zaccheus Greeley and Mary, his wife, both lived the balance of their years on the farm in Wayne and were buried near by. Mrs. Greeley's death occurred about 1854. The father died in 1867, at the age of eighty-seven. Horace Greeley was born on the 3d of February, 1811, in Amherst, Vt., and died in Pleasantville, N. Y., November 29, 1^72. Esther, his sister, married Orester Cleveland, long a partner in the New York Tribune. Barnes remained on the homestead farm. Arminda was wedded to her cousin Lovell, and Blarguerite united herself to a writing master named Bush, from whom she parted. CHAPTER XIX. AMITY TOWNSHIP. THE township of Amity was created out of Union in 1825, and embraces 16,149 acres. Amity had a population of 385 in 1830, 560 in 1840, 739 in 1850, 1,016 in 1860, 924 in 1870, and 1,033 in 1880, of whom all were whites and few if any of foreign birth. The township lines are straighten all sides. Its length from east to west is about six and three-quarter miles, and breadth from north to south about four and one-fourth miles. The township is bounded on the north by Venango, on the east by Wayne, on the south by Union, and on the west by Le Boeuf and Waterf ord. Its post offices are Hatch Hollow and Lake Pleasant (Milltown). The township ha^ no settlements of any size, the only places that can be called villages, even by courtesy, being Milltown and Hatch Hollow. There is no railroad within the township, and the nearest atation is at Union. The main portion of Amity was embraced within the Tenth Donation District. The assessment of 1^3 gave the follow- ing results: Value of real estate, $365,329. Number of cows, 678; of oxen, 27: of horses and mules, 279; value of the same, $28,252; value of trades and occupations, $2,351; money at interest, 11,660. STREAMS AND BRIDGES. The chief stream of Amity Township is French Creek, of which all the AMITY TOWNSHIP. 833 others within its limits are tributaries. The East and West Branches unite on the north line, just outside the borough limits of Wattsburg, and'' the joint stream flows across the township in a southwesterly course into Water- ford, leaving a triangular strip of territory on the upper side known to the in- habitants as "Canada." Its total length within thej township is nearly seven miles. The most important tributaries on the north side are the outlet of Lake Pleasant, Jones' Creek and Henry Brook; and on the south side the Hubbell Alder Eun, the Hatch Hollow Alder Eun, Deerlick Eun and Dun- combe Eun. The outlet of Lake Pleasant rises in the lake of that name in the southwest corner of Yenango, has a length of about three miles, and empties into French Creek on the farm of L. A. Stow. Jones' Creek heads near the south line of Venango, and falls into the chief stream on the Thomas Ashton place, having a course of about four miles. Henry Brook also takes its rise in Venango, is about two miles loDg, and joins French Creek on the farm of L. Northrop. The Hubbell Alder Eun begins on land of the late J. G. Hiibbell, at the Wayne line, flows about five miles and ends near Wattsburg, after a course of some five miJes. On the farm of W. C. Maynard it receives Lowe Brook, a small stream which rises in the northeast. The Hatch Hollow Alder Eun heads in Union Township, and becomes a part of French Creek on the G. W'. Baldwin place, close to the month of the outlet of Lake Pleasant. It has a length of about five miles. Buncombe Eun takes its rise on the S. W. Hayes farm, directlj south of Wattsburg, and falls into French Creek on the place of W. T. Everson. The head of Deer Lick Eun is on the north edge of Union, and its length is not far from four miles. It unites with the main stream on the farm of C. E. Duncombe. The only bridge over French Creek proper, within the township, is the iron one at Baldwin's Flats, which has a span of 100 feet and cost 12,- 840. Another iron bridge, with eighty feet span, crosses one stem of the East Branch near Wattsburg, built at a cosh of |l,439. Both of the above are open bridges. Those over the other streams are ordinary in character. MILLS AND EOADS, French Creek once gave power to several mills in Amity, but all have been abandoned. Those on the other streams are as follows: On the Hubbell Alder Eun, Schoaf 's steam saw mill, near the Wayne line; on the Hatch Hollow Al- der Eun, Doolittle & Chaffee's steam saw mill, and Wheeler's water saw mill; on the outlet at Miiltown, Donaldson's steam saw mill and water shingle mill; Eichard's water grist mill and saw mill, Cox's steam saw mill. W. E. Palmer has a creamery just south of Wattsburg, which was built in 1872. John Ellethorp has a blacksmith shop, and Mr. Williams a wagon shop at Miiltown. There is also a blacksmith shop at Hatch Hollow. There is no store in the township. The fii'st saw mill in Amity was put up above Miiltown on the stream which runs through the Eaton Gross place and empties in^o the outlet of Lake Pleasant. The second mill was erected by Capt. James Donaldson on the out- let at Miiltown in 1822 or 1823. It was a grist and saw mill combined. The main roads are the Waterford & Wattsburg, along the south side of French Creek; the Lake Pleasant ^ Wattsburg, which is merged into the former on Baldwin's Flats; the Union & Wattsburg, passing through Hatch Hollow; the Beaver Dam & Wattsburg; the Corry & Wattsburg; the Lake Pleasant & Union; and the Lake Pleasant, Hatch Hollow & Union. The Erie & Lake Pleasant road terminates at the Stow bridge on French Creek, and is designated above that as the Lake Pleasant & Wattsburg. 834 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The township schools are the Young, in the southeast; Inman, on the Ve- nango Hub, in the northwest; Hubboll, near the mouth of Lowe Run; Ladd, near Wattsburg; Hayes, on the Union & Beaver Dam road; Hatch Hollow, in that settlement;. McGree, on the line between Union and Amity; Hill, near the northwest corner of Wayne Township; Phillips, near Wattsburg. on the line between Venango and Amity; Duncombe, on French Creek, in the southwest; and Baldwin, on Baldwin's Flats. The Ladd building is used as the town house and election place. The McKee School is maintained jointly by Amity and Union, and the Phillips by Amity and Venango. In addition, there is a school at Milltown, belonging to the Lake Pleasant District, which embraces the corners of Amity, Waterfoi'd, Greene and Venango. Of the early schools of the township, mention may be made of a log schoolhouse that was built abotit the year 1825 by the neighborhood, and stood probably one-half of the distance between the residence of J. Chaffee and the borough of W^attsburg. The first teacher in this building was James White, and the next was Margaret Rouse. Some years later, a schoolhouse was built at Hatch Hollow. Polly Berry and Sallie Chaffee were the early teachers in this house. This was the first school- house at Hatch Hollow, the one now located there being the second. In 1835, a small log: schoolhouse was standing: on Baldwin's Flats, near Alder Run. in which, about this date, a summer school was taught by Mrs. Lucetta Bald- win. She had been preceded by Miss Polly Donald. The winter following the sttmmer school of Mrs. Baldwin, A. Duncombe tatigbt in the building named. Later, this house was burned, and another (of frame) was erected on nearly the same site. Both were built by subscription. Artemus Tracy and Robert Middleton were early teachers in tlie latter building. This building also burned down after a few years of service. Another was built near Bald- win's soon after, which was used until the erection of the present one there. LANDS, VILLAGES, ETC. Amity is in general a hilly township, but there are some magnificent flats along French Creek, the outlet of Lake Pleasant, the Hatch Hollow Alder Run and Deer Lick Run. The valley of French Creek ranges from half a mile to two and a half miles in width, reaching its greatest extent at the outlet of Lake Pleasant. The township as a whole is more suited for grazing than any- thing else. Great quantities of butter are made, and the raising of cattle is an important industry. It is doubtful whether as much wheat is reaped as the people consume, but oats, corn and potatoes are produced in excess of home needs. Apples thrive vigorously, but other fruits do not succeed so well. Valley lauds are held at as high a rate as $75 an acre, but some swampy spots are not valued at more than $20. On the hills, the price of land ranges from $30 to $40. Perhaps one-third of the township is still in a wild state and covered with timber. Milltown is a place of about thirty buildings, and nearly a hundred people, situated on the outlet, about a mile and a half below Lake Pleasant, and fourteen and a half from Erie. It got its name from the number of mills located there. The settlement possesses a schoolhouse but no church. Its post office title is Lake Pleasant. Half a mile west in Waterford Township, is a Baptist Church, of frame, which was built in the summer of 1877. Until re- cently, there had been an organization of the United Brethren in Christ, on Baldwin's Flats, which society was formed about the year 1857, by Rev. Mich- ael Oswald, but was disbanded in the summer of 1883. Hatch Hollow, in the valley of the lower Alder Run, on the Union & GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 835 Wattbburg road, is a place of less size than Milltown. In addition to the mills and schoolhouse, there is a Methodist Episcopal Chui'ch, a frame structure, which was completed and dedicated in 1859. The congregation was organized some years prior to 1835, and has, excepting a short period, been an appointment on the Wattsburg Circuit, of which it now forms a part. It was for a time connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church at Union City. Hatch Hollow derived its title from the numerous Hatch family in the neighborhood. It is the post ofldce of the south part of the township. The cemetery at Hatch Hollow embraces about three acres. It has been in existence about twenty-five years. There is a burying ground of about an acre on the T. Ashton farm, and a number of family graveyards are kept up in various parts of the township. William Sanboi-n was elected to the Assembly in 1846 and 1847, and Fran- cis F. Stow, County Auditor in 1867. EARLY SETTLEES. The first lands taken up in Amity Township were by William Miles, the founder of Wattsburg, who located 1,200 acres on the outlet of Lake Pleasant, in 1706, but made his home in Concord. About the same time John Fagan cleared up a piece of land near Hatch Hollow, and a man named McGahan went in the same year. Fagan remained until 1807, when he changed to Mill Creek. Hazen Sheppard and wife located in the township in 1812; the old lady was still living in 1880, at the age of ninety-two. John Carron is said to have been the first permanent settler, but the year he went in is un- known. In 1816, Benjamin Hinkston settled in Greene Township from Ver- mont, but changed to Amity in 1818. In 1819, Charles Capron moved in from New Hampshire, and was joined the same year by Seth Shepardson and Timothy Reed. Capron's father and mother accompanied him. James Mc- Cullough and Capt. James Donaldson became residents of the township in 1820, the latter locating near Lake Pleasant. Capt. Donaldson was from Cumberland County. He went first to the P. H. Yost place in Venango, where he lived with his family a number of years. From there he moved to Mill- town. Other settlers went in as follows: In 1829, Jabez G. Hubbell, of Otse- go County, N. Y., with his wife and sons, Hiram and David, Royal D. Mason and Jacob Rouse; in 1830, the Duncombes, Pliny Maynard and Elias Patter- son; in 1831, William B. Maynard, son of Plinyf in 1833, George W. Bald- win; in 1847, John Allen, from Otsego County, N. Y. CHAPTER XX. GIRARD TOW NSHIP AND BOROUGHS OF GIRARD AND LOCKPORT. THE township of Girard was carved out of Elk Creek, Fairviewand Spring- held in 1832, receiving its name from Stephen Girard, the Philadelphia millionaire, who owned a large body of land in the adjoining township of Conneaut, on which he had arranged just before his death to put up mills and make other important improvements which were expected to benefit the whole country around. The old line between Fairview and Springfield ran through the township parallel with the present line dividing Elk Creek and Conneaut. 836 HISTORY OF ERIE COUMTY. Girard Township is bounded on the north by Lake Erie, on the east by Fair- view and Franklin, on the south by Conneaut and Elk Creek, and on the west by Springfield. In the widest part it is six and a quarter miles from east to west, by seven and three-eighths from north to south. The population was 2,060 in ]840, 2,443 in 1850, 2.453 in 1860, 2,018 in 1870, 2,338 in 1880, inclusive of Miles Grove and West Girard, and 1,732 exclusive of those vil- lages. The only post olfice is Miles Grove. Most of the trading is done in the latter place and Girard Borough. The United States census of 1880, Jacob Bender enumerator, gave the fol- lowing results: With the exception of one person, a mulatto, the population is all white. In sex it is singularly evenly divided, there being 1,168 males against 1.170 females. The acreage in tilled land is 13,845; permanent meadows, pastures, orchards, etc., 2.920; woodland and forest, 3,582; total, 20,347 acres. The principal crops are wheat, oats, barley, corn, buckwheat and potatoes. Total value of farm productions of all kinds, $217,080, divided among 240 farms. The appraisement of 1883 gave the following results: Value of real estate, $1,354,587; of personal property, $47,523; money at interest, $51,355. EARLY SETTLERS. The first settlers within the limits of the township were William Silver- thorn and his son, Capt. Abraham Silverthorn, w^ho came in 1798 from Fay- ette County. About 1799, Robert Brown, of Northumberland County, located at the mouth of Elk Creek, but in 1804 he moved to Weigleville, and from there to Erie. He was the father of William A. Brown and Mrs. George A. Eliot, of Erie City. These parties were followed in 1800 by Robert Porter, Isaac Miller and John Kelley. Mr. Kelley, who was from Mifflin County, moved to West Mill Creek in 1802, and died there the next year. In 1801, Jacob Coffman came from Somerset County, and located on the site of Lock- port; and about the same time Patrick Ward settled on the Lake road. Mr. Coffman, who was from Somerset County, was accompanied by his four sons. Conrad, one of the boys, went back to Somerset County about 181^, married there, and did not return until 1836, when his son J. C. was a young man of seventeen. The family were intimate in Somerset County with the famous Judge Jeremiah S. Black. William and Samuel McClelland and William Crane, natives of Ireland, took up lands in the northeast part of the township in 1802; John Miller, from Fayette County, and George Kelley, from Mifflin County, in 1803; Joel Bradish and brothers, from Saratoga County, N. Y. , and James Blair, from Fayette County, Penn., in 1804; Martin Taylor, from Chau- tauqua County, N. Y., in 1813; William Webber, from Genesee County, N. Y., in 1814; Cornelius Haggerty, in 1815; Samuel Jenner and his son Peach, from Vermont, Justus Osborn and his son Philip, from Fredonia, N. Y., Abner Boder, from Connecticut, and Scott Keith and wife, from Pittsford, Vt, in 1816; Elijah Drury, from Genesee County, N. Y., in 1817; Ethan Loveridge and Nathan Sherman, from Oneida County, N. Y., in 1818; Joseph Long, from Massachusetts, in 1825; Matthew Anderson, from Chenango County, N. Y., in 1830; George Traut, from Cohimbia Coimty, N. Y., in 1831; James Miles, from Union Township, and Titiis Pettibone, from Wyoming County, N. Y., in 1832; and William Kirkland, in 1833. Among other early settlers, the date of whose arrival is not ascertained, were Messrs. Taggart, Pickett, Badger, Martin, Wells, Clark, Laughlin and Wolverton. The last four were the earliest who located on the site of Girard Borough, Mr. Wells having owned most of the land embraced within the corporate limits. James Silverthorn located 'Ae^ f^f GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 839 among the first, and Thomas Miles about 1801. John Ralph kept a sort of tavern at the mouth of Elk Creek in 1804. John R. Ward was the first male child, and the late Mrs. George A. Eliot, of Erie, the first female child born in the township. The country does not appear to have been cleared up very rap- idly, as, according to Mr. Loner, there was no road along Elk Creek when he reached there in 1825. The remains of William Miles and those of his wife and oldest son Frederick are interred in the family graveyard, north of Miles Grove. The old gentleman resided with his son James, near the mouth »)f Elk Creek, from 1841, the year of his wife's death, until his own demise in 1846. Girard Township can claim the honor of having had the second oldest person in the county — Patrick Ward, who died at the age of one hundred and five. WheQ one hundred and three years old, he walked from his residence to Girard (three miles), for the purpose of voting. LANDS AND ROADS. It is a common I'emark that the land between Walnut Creek, in Fairview, and Crooked Creek, in Springfield, is the best along Lake Erie, and of this choice section Girard Township is claimed by its citizens to be the very cream. The lake plain is from three to foar miles wide, running back by a succession of steps which give a pleasing variety to the country. Near the lake the soil is sandy., but on the ridge it becomes gravelly, and is very productive. Back of Girard Borough the land continues to rise, is much broken, and, except along Elk and Crooked Creeks, where there are some fine valley farms, is bet- ter adapted to grazing than grain, though this is to be stated with some nota- ble exceptions. The whole township is a splendid fruit country, and many acres have been planted to grapes and strawberries. The strawberry crop is to Girard what the gi'ape crop is to North East, vast quantities being raised an-, nually and shipped to all points of the compass. The farm improvements will average better than any other part of the lake shore, and the taste shown in some instances would be creditable to any locality. Land is valued at from $100 to 1125 per acre along the Ridge road, from S60 to $100 along the Lake road, and from $35 to $60 in the south part of the township. During the construction of the canal, there was a sandstone quarry — a hovelty for Erie County — at Elisha Smith's, east of Girard Borough, from which a quantity of stone was taken for the locks of the canal. The main thoroughfares of Girard Township are the Lake road, the Ridge road — both running direct to Erie — the two roads between Miles Grove and the borough, the road through Lockport and Cranesville toMeadville, and the Lexington road into Conneaut Township. The Ridge and Lake roads are thickly settled, and the first named especially is unquestionably the finest in the county, having a fine row of shade trees on both sides almost the entire distance from Girard to Fairview. The stage company had extensive stables at West Girard, which were burned in January, 1832, with the loss of fifteen out of sixteen horses. After the opening of the railroad in 1852, few persons cared to travel by coach, and the stage line was soon abandoned. KAILROADS AND CANAL. The Lake Shore Railroad traverses the whole township from east to west, crossing Elk Creek a short distance west of Miles Grove. The old wooden viaduct over this stream, built for the use of the railroad in 1852, was 115 feet high and 1,400 feet long. It was replaced in 1858 with a splendid culvert and extensive filling. The only station of this road is at Miles Grove, or Gi- rard Station as it is more generally known to travelers. The Erie & Pitta- 840 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. bnrgh Kailroad intersects the Lake Shore ahiiost a mile west of Miles Grove, and runs southward across the township, parallel to and not far fi'om the Springfield line. Aside from Miles Grove, it has but a single station in the township, the one known as Cross's, at the north end of Crooked Creek bridge, a long and uncomfortable looking piece of trestle work. This station is the depot for the village of East Springfield, from which it is a mile and a half distant. The railroad office is the only building at the station. Judge Cross, of Springfield, from whom it received its name, once lived there, and still owns 800 acres of land in the vicinity. The New York, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road traverses the entire width of the township from east to west, crossing the Elk Creek Valley by a splendid iron bridge, within sight from Girard Borough. Its station is between the borough and Miles Grove, a little east of the latter place. The old Erie Canal entered Girard on the east from Fairview, along the foot of the first rise, cut through the ridge to Elk Creek, crossed that stream by an aqueduct ninety-six feet above the water, and 500 long, and fol- lowed the valley of the Lockport Branch southward. STREAMS, ETC. The chief stream of Girard is Elk Creek, which comes in from Fairview, flows nearly through the center of the township from east to northwest, and empties into the lake about a mile and a quarter beyond Miles Grove, after a length of thirty to thirty-five miles. The West Branch rises in Elk Creek Township, runs north eight or ten miles and unites with the main stream near the Fairview line. Hall's Run flows through Lockport and falls in a little south of Girard Bo)'OUgh. Brandy Run heads in Fairview Township, about a mile further south; and Spring Run west of Miles Grove — each of them being uf sufficient size to furnish water-power for one or two mills. The valley of the chief stream is narrow and precipitous in the eastern portion of the township, but fui'fcher west it widens out, with steep, but beautiful bluffs on both sides. At the junction of the West Branch there is a high peak, re- sembling part of a Roman profile, with its base at the water's edge, which has received the peculiar title of "The Devil's Nose." A short distance south is the striking natural curiosity, famous over the western portion of the county as " The Devil's Backbone." The West Branch runs along the base of an almost perpendicular hill for a quarter of a mile, then rounds the bluff and comes back to a point opposite the one which it left, forming a sort of a loop. At the narrowest place, the crest or backbone is not more than two feet across, and the height being over a 100 feet, it is a severe test of a person's nerves to walk along the lofty pathway. The spot is a favorite resort of the people for miles around. Not far from the "Devil's Backbone" is the fruit farm of Asa Battles, which contains 6,000 apple, 1,000 peach, 600 or 700 pear and many quince trees, besides fourteen acres of strawberries and five or six of grapes. The other streams of the township are Crooked Creek and several rivulets flowing into the lake in the northeast. Crooked Creek rises near Lockport, runs through the southwestern portion of Girard and the north- eastern of Springfield, and empties into Lake Erie about three-fourths of a mile beyond the village of North Springfield. It has a course of about ten miles and there are some good lands in its valley. MOUTH OF ELK CREEK. The mouth of Elk Creek figured extensively in the early plans of internal improvement, as well as in the courts of the county and State. When the canal was under discussion, there was a bitter strife as to the adoption of the GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 841 ©astern route by way of Waterford, or the western one by way of Girard. The Legislature, at length, by recommendation of the chief engineer in charge, adopted the western route. Next came a dispute as to whether the terminus of the canal should be at Erie or at the mouth of Elk Creek, which was finally settled in favor of the former. On the third of March, 1837, pending the discussion of the proper terminus, a contract was entered into between James Miles, of Girard, Thaddeus Stevens, then a member of Gov. Kitner's "Kitchen Cabinet," and Charles Ogle, a Congressman from this State, looking to the building of a city at the mouth of the creek. Miles was to dispose of 200 acres of land on both sides of the stream to Stevens and Ogle, in con- sideration of 15,000. on the 1st of August ensuing, and $95,000 from the sale of lots, while Stevens was to work for the adoption of the site as the terminus of the canal, and Ogle was to obtain an appropriation from Congress for the improvement of the harbor. The project failing, Miles sued Stevens and Ogle for the $5,000. The case was carried to the Supreme Court and decided in favor of the defendants. Some very curious testimony came out in the course of the trial. While the country was being cleared, the mouth of the creek was considerable of a shipping place for staves and lumber. A. warehouse formerly stood on the lake shore for the convenience of trade. The water in the creek is probably deep enough at its m^uth to iioat any sailing vessel, but there is a wide bar in the lake, which will eifectually prevent its use as a har- bor until removed, which can only be done by a heavy expenditure of money. Quite a fishery is maintained there, and hundreds of barrels of fish are put up for shipment. A limekiln has also been maintained for some years, re- ceiving its stone from Kelly's Island. MILLS AND CHURCHES. The mills and factories of the township — not naming for the present those of Girard Borough, Lockport and Miles Grove — are as follows: On Elk Creek —Strickland & Nason's grist mill, at the mouth of Spring Run; the West Girard Grist, Saw, Cider and Plaster Mills, and a planing mill at the same place. On Spring Run, T. Thornton's woolen mill and Brown Bros.' hand rake factory and cider mill. A grist mill is said to have been established on this stream by Mr. Silverthorn, as early as 1799, being one of the first in the county. On the West Branch, Pettis" saw mill; on Brandy Run, Ros- siter's tannery; on one of the lake streams, Herrick's and Godfrey's saw mills. All of the above are run by water, but in some cases steam is also employed in the dry season. Pettibone & Morehouse have a limekiln on the lake road north of Girard. The first mill on Elk Creek, within Girard Township, was built at West Girard in 1814, by Peter Wolverton, and was owned successively by Dr. Rufus Hills, James C. Marshall and his brother-in-law, Addison Weath- erbee, George Rowley, L. S. Wright, Loomis & Horton and W. C. Culbertsou. During Mr. Rowley's term, the mill burned down and was rebuilt. The churches of the township are as follows: Methodist Episcopal, at Fair Haven, on the Lexington ro?id, in the southwest part of the township; organized originally, January 7, 1815, at the house of Mr. Webber, and re- organized by Rev. A. Hall in 1860; building erected in 1861, at a cost of $3,000. Prior to its attachment to the Lockport Circuit, this charge was an appointment with the church at Girard. Another of the same denomination at Fairplain, upon the farm of C. Ziesenheim, on the Lake road, organized by Rev. J. H. Whallon, its first pastor, in 1840; building erected in 1841 at a cost of $800. Until quite recently, this congregation was served by the pas- tors from Girard. It is now connected with Fairview Circuit. 842 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Church of the United Brethren on the State road, near the Elk Creek Township line; organized in 1870 by Rev. D. Sprinkle, its first pastor; build- ing cost $1,700. The cemetery at Girard is the common burial place of the township, but a number of small graveyards occur in various sRctions. SCHOOLS AND MOUNDS. The schools are fifteen in number, as follows: Fairplain, on Lake r<:)ad east; Clark's, on Lake road, fai'ther west; jNliles' near railroad junction; Cuduej, on Eidge road west; Eobertson, on Ridge road west; West Girard, in that village; Girard Station, at Miles Grove; Osborne, on Ridge road east; McClelland, two miles southeast of Girard Borough; Porter Bridge, one mile south of West Gir- ard; Anderson, on Lexington road; Fair Haven, on same road further south; Blair, on Creek road three miles south of Girard Borough; Miller, on Old State road near Lockport; South Hill. Besides these there is a Union School on the Franklin Line, occupied jointly by that and Girard Township, Among some of the early schools of the township were the following: A log schoolhouse stood in the southwestern part of the township, in which school was taught in 1819 or 1820 by Miles Bristol. This schoolhouse was destroyed by fire and another erected in the same locality. Fifty years ago, there stood a log schoolhouse about three-quarters of a mile south of the village of Lock- port. About 1822, a school was taught in a frame building that stood on the Ridge road at the foot of the Girard Hill, by Nancy Kelly. Another school was held in a private house, situated one mile east of Girard, taught in about 1823 by Desdemona Fuller. Southeast of Girard Borough, the remains of an ancient mound are or were lately to be seen, which was one of a chain of four, extending m a south- westerly direction through East Springfield toward Couneaut Creek. These mounds are exactly alike, consisting of high, round earthwork inclosing a space Of about three -fourths of an acre, with apertures at regular intervals. Similar ruins are to be found in Conneaut, Harbor Creek. Wayne and Con- cord Townships. On a hill between Girard and Lockport was an Indian burial gi-ound. La 1882, the bones of a mastodon were plowed up on the farm of W. H. Palmer, many of which were in an excellent state of preservation. The size of the animal was estimated to have been fifteen feet long, exclusive of tusks, and about thirteen feet high. MILES GEOVE. The pretty and growing village of Miles Grove, or Girard Station, as it is known to the traveling public, is situated on the Lake Shore Railroad, a little over a mile east of the intersection of the Erie & Pittsbui'gh, one and three- quarter miles north of Girard, fifteen and a half west of Erie and eighty east of Cleveland. It is four and a half miles from the depot to Fairview Station, five to Fairview Borough, six to Lockport, five to East Spi'ingfield, four to North Springfield, ten to Cranesville, eleven to Wellsburg, eleven and a half to Albion and twelve to Franklin. The population of the village by the census of 1880 was 471. The site of Miles Grove is one of the most suitable for a town in Erie County. The country is extremely fine and closely settled — so close, indeed, between there and Girard that it will not be many years till they are one town. The place was named after Judge Miles, who influenced the erection of the depot, the ground for which was given by Austin H. Seeley, who laid out the lots. It grew slowly for some years, but received a new impetus by the completion of the Erie & Pittsburg I'oad, which GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 843 caused it to be made a general stopping place for the trains. Another start was given to it by the location of A. Denio's fork and agricultural works, which furnish employment to about seventy persons. These works — now known as the Otsego Fork Mills — were brought to Miles Grove, part in 1874, and the balance in 1876, the citizens subscribing $4,000 to $5,000 to induce their removal. This important industry was established at Albion thirty years ago. The handle department burned down in the year of 1873, when the entire business was tranferred to Miles Grove, where a part of it was already in operation. The village contains, besides a good many fine resi- dences, an Episcopal and a Methodist Episcopal Church, a fine schoolhouse, with three teachers, an iron foundry, a hotel — built by A. M. Osborn in the spring of 1865 — five or six stores, an express office, two shoe shops and two blacksmith shops. The Methodist Episcopal Chui'ch was built in 1867. It is used in part by the Presbyterians, according to a condition in the subscription paper. James Sampson donated the land on which the building stands. The Methodist Episcopal Congregation has belonged to Girard charge ever since its organization. The Episcopal Church was erected in 1877 (mainly with a sum of money left by Mrs. Bell, a daughter of Judge Miles) on a tract of land donated by J. Rob- ert Hall, agent of the latter's estate. The first services of this congregation were held in I860, but no regular rector served the church until 1862. Rev. E. D. Irvine has been rector since June, 1877. The Lake Shore Railroad Company has valuable improvements at Miles Grove. These are a fine depot building, with tasteful parks east and west of it, a freight house, two water tanks, an engine house with four stalls, a turn-table and an extensive track yard for shifting freight trains. An enormous business is done in shipping potatoes, in which Girard and Fairview Townships are very fruitful, and great quantities of coal are sold from the line of the E. & P. Railroad. The home of the Miles family, in the hollow of Elk Creek, near its mouth, about a mile north of west from Miles Grove, is a stately brick mansion. "When Judge Miles died, he owned 1,600 acres in one body, extending two miles or more along the lake. He was born in Northumberland County February 16, 1792, and died March 27, 1868. For seventy or eighty years there has been an eagle's nest on the farm of Riley Pettibone, half a mile north of Miles Grove. It was there when the country was cleared, and has not changed its position, except that the original trees were blown down, and others near by were chosen. Oc- casionally young eagles are captured, caged, and preserved as curiosities. WEST GIKAED. The ancient village of West Girard is in the valley of Elk Creek, after which it was originally named, mostly on the west bank of the stream, about half a mile from the borough of Girard. It was rather an important place in early days, being the site of one of the stage company's extensive stables, and a changing place for their teams. The village then boasted a number of stores, four taverns, two tanneries, an oil mill, distillery, and several smaller estab- lishments, all of which were allowed to run down. It received its worst blow by the building of the canal on the opposite side of the creek, which caused a transfer of the business to the present borough. Its principal establishments now are a lai-ge grist mill, a planing mill and sash and blind factory, a saw mill, a plaster mill and a brickyard. The village contains a schoolhouse, about thirty houses, and 135 inhabitants. An iron bridge over Elk Creek marks the site of two or three wooden structures which hnve been washed away by the destructive floods of that stream. 844 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. BOROUGH OF GIRARD. In the year 1814, at the close of the war with Great Britain, the site of Girard Borough was partly included in the farm of John Taylor, whose log house was the only building there. At a later date, the land was owned by Daniel Sayre, Sr., who purchased from Mr. Taylor. Mr. Sayre sold to Joseph AVells, who erected the first frame building within the borough limits. The original town was on the other side of the creek, now known as West Girard. When the caral was located on the east side of the stream, several far-seeing parses commenced building on the present site, and it was not long until a town was laid out. The name of Girard was given to it in honor of the township, of which it became — so to speak — the capital and center of trade. Tlie first buildings in the village were near the canal, and the first tavern occupied a site a little west of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1846, the village was incorporated as a borough. Its first officers were: Burgess, Mason Kellogg; Council, John McClure, Jr., Leffert Hart, H. McConnell, George H. Cutler; Clerk, L. S. Jones. The corporation covers 250 acres. The United States census gave Girard a population of 400 in !1850, 616 in 1860, 704 in 1870, and 703 in 1880. The assessment for 1883 gave the following results: Value of real estate, $247,453; cows, 39: value. $1,380; horses and mules, 73; value, $6,110; personal property, $7,490; value of trades and occupations. $60,255; money at interest, $11,377. Girard occupies a pleasant site along the Ridge road, which constitutes its Main street, on high ground overlooking the lake shore plain and the lovely val- ley of Elk Creek, sixteen miles west by public road from Erie, ten east from the Ohio line, two and a half south of the lake, and one and three-quarters from the railroad station at Miles Grove, with which it is connected by the old depot road and Rice avenue. The latter thoroughfare, which was projected by Dan Rice while in the height of his prosperity, was opened in the winter of 1867-68, and is well built up, giving a stranger the idea of a continuous town. A char- ter for a street railroad on this fine avenue was pi'ocured some years ago, but the enterprise was never carried to completion. The old road is also rather closely built up, and both thoroughfares are among the most pleasant in the county. The Erie Canal passed through the borough by a deep cut, and two venerable warehouses still stand upon its banks, showing that a large trade was done there through the medium of that improvement. The town occupies the secnnd rise above the lake shore plain, in the midst of one of the most beauti- ful and productive countries in the Union. It contains every variety of stores incident to a community of the size, has many delightful residences, especially along the east end of the main street, which is finely shaded, and does an ex- tensive trade with the farming region around. CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, ETC. The borough numbers among its public institutions Pi'esbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Universalist and German Lutheran Churches. The Meth- odist Church, which has few superiors in the county for beauty of architecture and elegance of finish, was erected in 1868 at a cost of $30,000. The congre- gation was organized in 1815, by Rev. Ira Eddy, its first pastor, and built its first edifice in 1828. For many years the appointment was a portion of the Springfield Circuit. The Presbyterian Church is a substantial brick building erected in 1835, to which an old graveyard is attached. Its congregation was organized May GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 845 16, 1835, by Rev. Pierce Chamberlain, the first Elders being Robert Porter and Philip Bristol. It was at first supplied by Rev. Edson Hart, who was stationed at Springfield. The present pastor, Rev. W. R. Moore, assumed the pastorate of the church in 1871. St. John's Catholic congregation was organized about the year 1853, and soon thereafter put up a church building. The congregation was attended by visiting priests for a number of years. Rev. Father F. Riordy has served this charge in connection with the one at North East since July, 1870. The Universalist society was organized some years previous to 1852, and in that year erected their present church building; the pastor of this church since 1864 has been Rev. C. L. Shipman; his predecessor was Rev. S. P. Car- rolton; Revs. E. Wood and C. B. Lombard had preceded Mr. Carrolton. St. Johannis congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church was organ- ized in 1866, and subsequently purchased the church building occupied by the Methodist Episcopal society prior to the erection of their present building in 1868. The pulpit of the church was filled for pei'iods by the pastors of the church of this denomination in Erie. For some years past, this congregation and the one in Fairview Township have been under one pastorate. Rev. Gavehling has been pastor of both these charges for the past four years. The Girard Cemetery, one of the handsomest burial grounds in the county, is a tract of ten acres, neatly inclosed, laid out in walks and containing many costly monuments. The organization was chartered in March, 1861, and the property was laid out the same year. The Girard Academy was built by subscription in 1850, and opened in 1851, with 150 pupils. It had a students' boarding house attached, and for awhile was very successful. The property was transferred to the school board about twelve years ago, and has since been occupied by the common schools of the borough. These consist of a series of graded schools, managed by a Prin- cipal and three assistants. The schools opened in the fall of 1883, with an enrollment of 160 pupils under the superintendency of J. M. Morrison, who had three lady assistants. There are four departments, each of which is in ex- cellent condition. The schools were graded in the winter of 1872-73, by F. W. Knapp. The latter was succeeded by the present Principal, who is now (1883) beginning his fifth school year at Girard. The first school that was held in Girard Township was taught in what is now Girard Borough, by J. Swan, in the year 1809. He was then in his six- teenth year. The following year (1810) Mr. Swan taught a school in Mill Creek Township. In 1827, the village school was held in the lower floor of a log building that stood a little to the rear of the site of the drug store of Smith & Lowe on Main street; Tabitha Mashon was teaching about this time (the second floor of the building was used as the Masonic Lodge room). HOTELS AND FACTOEIES. The hotels of Girard Borough are the Avenue House, finished in 1879, and owned and kept by Peter H. Nellis, and the Martin House, which has been in operation thirty years, and is now kept by Alonzo White. Girard has been rather unfortunate in the matter of hotel buildings, the old Girard House, which occupied the site of the present Avenue House, and the Central House of Joshua Evans, which stood on the east side of the public square, having both been burned. In the days of stage coaching on the Ridge road, the local- ity was a famous one for taverns, there having been no less than eight, within two miles, in 1835. 846 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. The most important manufacturing concern of the borough is the wrench factory. This concern was built by a corporation under the State laws, and erected in 1874, by the Walton Brothers, of Cleveland, Ohio, with a capital of $8,000, the people of Girard subscribing half the stock. It failed in 1875, and at Sheriff's sale was purchased by C. F. Rockwell, W. C. Culbertson, C. F. Webster and R. S. Battles. This company is under a limited partnership, but the business has been carried on successfully under this firm. The con- cern employ about seventy-five men. In the fall of 1883, a well was sunk near the mill for the purpose of securing gas for lighting purposes. After boring 1,310 feet, and receiving an insufficient supply, the derrick was removed to a different locality and the second well is under operation at this writing. Be- sides this establishment, H. H. Waitman has a planing mill, and there is a small furniture factory. All of these concerns are run by steam. There is also a small bedspring manufactory owned by H. P. Malick. SQUARE, MONUMENT, ETC The public square of Girard was a gift from Joseph Wells, one of the own- ers of the land, when the village was laid out. It is surrounded by a number of fine buildings, but its pi-incipal objects of interest are the soldiers' monu- ment, and the Dan Rice residence, which occupies, with grounds, a full block on the north side. The monument is a splendid shaft of marble, designed by the celebrated Chicago sculptor, Leonard Volk, inclosed by an iron railing, and dedicated November 1, 1805. It cost $6,000, the whole of which was paid by Dan Rice. The Dan Rice property embraces two and a half acres, inclosed on three sides by a heavy brick wall, and ornamented with statuary, walks, arbors, and the choicest of trees, shrubbery and flowers. The mansion itself is a large frame building. Within the inclosure is a fine conservatory, and a brick barn which cost $26,000. The cost of the wall around the grounds was $3,000. Dan Rice's first purchase in Girard was in 1853, when he bought a piece of land with building on the northwest side of the square, from Col. John McClure, for $18,000. In 1856 he moved there, and from that date continued to add to his purchase until he had possession of the entire square, at a total cost of about $60,000. Financial embarrassments lost to Dan Rice this estate, and the present owners are the estate of Avery Smith, John Nathans and Dr. G. R. Spalding. PUBLIC MEN. Girard Borough and Township have furnished a goodly proportion of the public men of the county. Among the number have been George H. Cutler, State Senator from 1873 to 1875, Speaker of the Senate, then the second high- est office in the Commonwealth, from the close of the session in 1874, and Pres- ident pro tem. during the session of 1875; Theodore Ryman, member of Assembly in 1848; Leffert Hart in 1849; Henry Teller in 1860 and 1861; George P. Rea in 1868 and 1869; H. A. Traut, from 1883 to 1885; Myron Hutchin- son, Associate Judge, from 1841 to 1850; James Miles, from 1851 to 1856; S, E. Woodruff, District Attorney, from 1853 to 1856, and United States Reg- ister in Bankruptcy for the Congressional District from 1867 to 1879; James C. Marshall, Prothonotary, from January 13, 1839, to November 16, 1839, and Samuel Perley, from 1851 to 1854; Jeremiah Davis, County Treasurer, from December 1, 1856, to December 23, 1858; L. T. Fisk, County Superintendent of Public Schools, from 1866 to 1869; Myron Hutchinson, County Commis- sioner, from 1828 to 1830, and James Miles, from 1835 to 1838; D. W. Hutchin- son, Mercantile Appraiser, in 1877; William Biggers, Jui-y Commissioner, from ""A/' CUiy}^ ^y'i^' 'yicy(y7^' GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 849 January 1, 1880, to January ], 1883; George Piatt, County Surveyor, from 1872 to date; John Hay, Director of the Poor, from 1853 to 1857; James Miles, County Auditor, from 1840 to 1843, and Philip Osborn, from 1864 to 1867. Senator and Secretary of the Interior Teller, of Colorado, was a resident of Girard Township while a boy. The Girard members of the bar are James C. Marshall, D. W. Hutchinsoo, S. E. & T. S. Woodruff, George H. Cutler and C. J. Hinds. Mr. Marshall moved to Erie in April, 1844, and the Messrs. Woodruff about 1872. Capt. Hutchinson was Chairman of the Democratic County Committee for several years, was a Delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1872, and has represented the co^iinty frequently in State Conventions. In addition to the above officers, T. C. Wheeler was United States Assistant Assessoi', being appointed under Presi- dent Lincoln, and holding the office nine years. Mr. Osborn was keeper of the Marine Hospital at Erie, a State appointment, for several years, ending in 1883. NEWSPAPERS AND BANKS. The first newswaper was the Girard Free Press, started about 1845, by S. D. Carpenter, who took Horace Greeley's advice, went West, and became a prominent politician, issuing a book at the commencement of the war, which furnished the texts for numberless Democratic editorials. The Express, its successor, was purchased by T. C. Wheeler and William S. Finch, November 7, 1854, and the name was changed to the Republican. It bore the novel motto, " Independent on all subjects, rabid on none. " In 1855, Samuel Perley moved to Girard from Erie, merged the material of his city office with that of the Republican, and conducted a paper for several years. From that date, several futile efforts were made to establish a paper until 1868, when the Cosmopoliit entered the arena, as the successor of the Crisis, which had been founded at Conneautville, by T. G. Fields, under the auspices of Dan Rice, to advocate his election to the Presidency. Charles Stow became editor of the Cosmopolite, and iufused such a degree of vigor and ability into it that it got a reputation the country over. After a brief suspension, owing to commercial depression, it was purchased by Jacob Bender & Bro. in the spring of 1872. In the spring of 1873, Charles Bender went out of the concern, but returned in 1876, and in 1880 he purchased the interest of his brother, who moved to Erie. The first bank organized in Girard was in 1859, under the firm name of Battles & Webster. This firm dissolved in 1876, since which time it has been carried on by R. S. Battles, and C. F. Webster, Cashier. The First National Bank was organized in 1863, by Henry McConnell, James Webster, Henry M. Webster, R. S. Battles, John Gulliford and L. S. Wright. Henry McConnell was elected President, which position he tilled to the close of his life, in 1871. James Webster succeeded him to this position, which he filled until the char- ter expired in June, 1882. R. S. Battles was elected Cashier, and occupied that position during the entire administration of the concern. A. W. Course was elected Assistant Cashier, and held the post till November, 1871. He was succeeded by C. F. Webster, who tilled the position to its close. Henry M. Webster was elected Vice President at the retirement of James Webster, and occupied this post until his death. During the panic of 1873, all other banks suspended payment in currency, while the two banks located in Girard paid all its demands in currency on presentation. The First National Bank was in a prosperous condition, and had passed successfully through all the periods of tinancial distress. The charter having expired prior to the passage of laws by Congress, it was necessarily closed. It paid off its stock-holders 120 cents on the dollar, and all its indebtedness inside of thirty days. 44 850 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. MISCELLANEOUS. The seci-efc societies of the borough are a Masonic Blue Lodge and Chapter, and two lodges of the United Workmen. A Grange flourished awhile, but has been disbanded. Exodus Lodge, L O. of G. T., was in existence in 1855; the (lirard Lyceum was founded in 1855; a Young Men's Literary Association in 1859; and the Girard Guards, D. W. Hutchinson, Captain, were organized in 1850. The Union Agricultural Society of Girard was instituted as an aux- iliary to the county society, July 15, 1856; had a fair that year, and continued to give annual exhibitions till the war. It is now defunct. The old State line passes through the borough, running within six feet of the northeast corner of the Avenue House. The adoption of Girard as the residence of Dan Rice had the effect of drawing other caterers to the public amusement there, and in course of time it became known far and wide as a " show town." Among the famous showmen who made it their residence were Dr. James L. Thayer, who started as an employe of Rice's; Charles W. Noyes, one of his pupils; Abe Henderson, Agrippa Martin and Seymour Pease, all at one period owners or part owners of extensive circuses. No less than live shows have been organized in the borough, viz., Dan Rice's, Thayer & Noyes', Rice &, Forepaugh's, Anderson & Co.'s and G. R. Spalding & Co.'s. Dan Rice wintered his shows there from 1856 till the spring of 1875. Denmau Thompson, the popular comedian, is a native of Girard Township. Frank Drew, Sr. , the famous comedian, claims Girard as his home. Charles Stow, the editor and poet, has been a resident of the borough since 1867, and spends each winter there with his family. BOROUGH OF LOCKPORT. The post office name of Lockport is Platea. The town started about 1840, during the construction of the canal, and derives its appellation from the fact that there were twenty-eight locks within a distance of two miles. These had an average lift of six and one-half feet, and were used to overcome the rise from the lake shore plain to the valley of Conneaut Creek. The thickly settled portion of the borough is situated in the valley of Hall's Run, a tributary of Elk Creek, about four miles from Girard Borough, three from Cross's Station and five from Albion. The town owes its origin to the enterprise of Silas Pratt, who had the contract for building the locks and who owned the laud. Foreseeing that a town must grow up along the locks, he started a store and built a church, hotel and several houses. Mr. Pratt failed in 1848 or 1849, and was prevented from fully carrying out his projects. The canal caused a considerable trade to spring up, and the town was once quite a flourishing place, containing two hotels, two churches, three stores, an oar factory, a tan- nery, foundry, planing mill, printing office, three blacksmith shops and a har- ness shop. Ezekiel Page, who invented a way of turning the blade and handle of an oar together, erected a building four stories high and 180 feet long by 80 wide. He became embarrassed about 1855, went South, and was found dead in the woods of Florida, having probably lost his way. The factory building was moved to Erie after the war, and placed on the Anthracite Coal and Iron Company's dock near the land lighthouse. A fire in 1871 swept away the hotel and barn owned by W. B. Andrews; some two years later the foundry was burned, and in 1876 the second and last hotel fell a prey to the same destructive element. These successive conflagrations, joined to the abandonment of the canal, seemed to have prostrated the town forever, but it FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 851 has taken a fresh start lately, and bids fair yet to become a place of some im- portance. Lockport was incorporated as a borough in 1870, taking in about seventeen hundred acres, of which the chief portion is farming land. Its population then was estimated at 500, but had been reduced to 345 in ]880. The terri- tory included in the borough limits was originally a portion of Elk Creek Township, and, after the organization of Girard Township, formed its extreme southern part. The borough covers a space of some three miles from east to west, by one mile and a third from north to south. The farming land is gen- erally clay, with some patches of gravel. Wheat is a sure and good crop, and all kinds of fruit common to the lake shore do well. By the appraisement of 1883, the value of real estate within the borough was $87, 189, and of personal property $6,423. The amount of money returned as drawing interest was $7,- 628. The eleven mile level of the canal commenced at the head of the locks at Lockport, and extended to Spring Cornei's, in Crawford County. Crooked Creek, which empties into Lake Erie in Springfield Township, rises in Lockport Borough. The borough contains two churches — the Disciple and the Methodist Epis- copal — both built in 1878. The Disciple Church was organized in the winter of 1877 by Elder Cush- man, who became the regular pastor of the congregation and served it some two yeai'8. The present pastor is Elder Wright. A Sabbath school, number- ing 100 scholars and teachers, is carried on, superintended by J. P. Sherman. Before building their church edifice, the congregation worshiped in Tyler Hall. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized about the year 1843, and soon thereafter a church building was erected about a quarter of a mile west of Lockport. This was torn down and partially removed to the village and used in the construction of the present edifice at that place. Prior to 1865, the charge was connected with Girard. Rev. N. W. Jones was pastor in 1881, 1882 and 1883. The business institutions are a cheese factory (established in 1876), an oar factory, a tannery, planing mill, saw mill, cider mill, two stores, a wagon shop, three blacksmith shops, two shoe shops and a harness shop. The tan- nery was started by William Aldrich in 1848, and the oar factory by Mr. Row- ley in 1860. There is a public school with two grades and two teachers. The town is unfortunate in its distance from a railroad, the nearest station being Cross's. It has had no hotel since the last tire. CHAPTER XXI. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. THE township of Franklin was established in 1844 out of portions of Mc- Kean, Washington and Elk Creek, and named after the printer patriot of the Revolution on the suggestion of Hon. John H. Walker. J. P. Silverthorn was the main person in circulating petitions and working for its creation. The Viewers were Robert Porter and Elijah Drury, of Girard, and Thomas R. Mil- ler, of Springfield. Franklin is exactly five miles square, and contains 16,896 862 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. acres. The population was 686 in 1850, 979 in 1860, 994 in 1870, and 1,020 in 1880. Franklin is bounded on the north by Fairview and McKean, on the east by McKean and Washington, on the south by Washington and Elk Creek, and on the west by Girard and Elk Creek. The only village is Franklin Cen ter, which is also the sole post office. The assessment for 1883 gave the fol- lowing result: Value of real estate, $364,547; number of cows, 595; value, $16,884; oxen, 62; value, $8,355; horses and mules, 280; value, $21,692; value of trades and occupations, $4,820; money at interest, $25,814. FIRST SETTLEMENTS. The remoteness of Franklin Township from the main lines of travel delayed settlements till a later period than in any other portion of the county. A few adventurous parties located on the State road when it was opened, about 1802 or 1803, but they found so little to encourage them and so much that was discouraging that they all left. From that date till 1829, when L. D. Ruuse went in fi'om Connecticut, it cannot be learned that any permament settlement was made, and as late as 1835 the country remained almost an unbroken forest. During 1832, the colonists were William and Levi Francis, from New York; James P. Silverthorn, from Girard Township; Henry Howard, from Grafton, Yt. ; and Messrs. Goodban and Longley, from England. To these were added, in 1833, Thomas Spence and Thomas McLaughlin, from Ireland; William Verse, from Chautauqua County, N. Y. ; Allen Mead, from Saratoga (bounty, N. Y. ; Ezra Milks and his son Amos, from Rennselaer County, N. Y. ; Curtis Cole and father, from Unadilla, N. Y. ; and Andi'ew Proudfit, from York County, Penu. Isaac Fry, from Vermont, and John Tuckey, an Englishman, took up land in 1834; John Lo3^er, from Eastern Pennsylvania, in 1835; Levi Howard, from Vermont, in 1840; and James B. Robinson, from Pompey, N. Y., in 1844. Levi Silverthorn also v/ent in during 1844, the year the township was created. John Gilbert was born in Sonerset County, Penn. His father moved into Waterford Township in 1826. John married Elizabeth Gregory on the 22d of January, 1846, and the young couple immediately set- tled in Franklin, on the farm where they now live. Among other early settlors were Messrs. Webster, HntT, Gibson and Perry, all from W^arsaw, N. Y. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. The whole country is high, rolling laud, with few of the ravines and broken ridges which prevail in the other summit townships. The soil is a clay loam, varied by a few patches of gravel. Some grain is raised, but the land is best adapted for grazing and stock-raising, in which regard it is unsurpassed. Apples and some other fruits yield handsomely. But little good timber re- mains, and that is fast being cut ofl". Land varies in price from $15 to $40 an acre. The buildings are principally new, and most of the houses are nicely painted. There are several bank barns in the township. Being on the top of the hills which have their bases in Washington, McKean, Fairview, Girard and Elk Creek, numerous small streams take their rise in Franklin, and flow into the creeks of those townships. Those in the north are all tributary to Elk Creek, and those in the south mainly to the Cus sewago, the dividing ground being about a mile and a half south of the center. Falls Run, the most considerable in the township, starts about a mile east of a cranberry marsh southeast of Franklin Center, and empties into Elk Creek, in Fairview. Below the cascade at Howard's quarry, the stream winds between high, steep and romantic banks to its junction with Elk Creek. The West Branch of the Conneauttee heads in the cranberry marsh above mentioned, FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 853 and, after a short course within the township, crosses the line into Washing- ton. The Dearest railroad stations are at Girard and Fairview for the north, at Albion for the west, and at Cambridg*^ for the south and southeast. The chief public thoroughfares are the old State road, extending across the town- ship from Lockport to McLane; the Population road, on the line between Girard, Elk Creek and Franklin; the Crane road, from Cranesville to Edin- boro; the yterrettania road, from that place to Cussewago, Crawford County, and the Quarry road, from Franklin Center to Fairview. MILLS AND SCHOOLS. Franklin is without a grist mill, and most of the grain is taken to Sterrettania to be ground. J. R. Steadman built a cheese factory at the Center, which has been in successful operation since May 7, 1874. It is now owned and operated by F. T. Billings. In the southeastern portion, the milk is taken to the Well- man factory, on the Crane road, thi'ee- fourths of a mile over the line in Wash- ington. The saw mills are the Mohawk, on the Crane road in the southwest, built by D. Knight, and operated about fifteen years; Sweet & Alden's, on the State road, near the Washington line, built by J. P. Silverthorn, Daniel Mun- son and Charles Billings in 1854, but suspended about two years ago; Mish- ler's, on the State road, three fourths of a mile east of the center, about ten years. Harvey Mills has a planing mill across the road from Mishler's, estab- lished three or four years ago. Steam is the propelling agent of the above eslablishments. Lawrence's cooper shop is on the Harrison road, in the south- east. Franklin Township probably had within its limits none of the primitive subscription schools, for it was yet very thinly settled when the school law went into effect, and many years clasped before the population was sufficient to divide the township into districts. The first schoolhouse at Franklin Center was built about 1840, or perhaps a year or two earlier. It occupied the site of the present schoolhouse. The schools are the Foy, on the Crane road in the southeast; the Eureka, on the same road, near the Eureka Church; the Silverthorn, on the State road, two miles east of Franklin Center; the Frank- lin Center (which is used as the voting place and town house); the Howard, at the stone quarry, and the Goodban, on the Sterrettania road. Besides these, there are two joint schools within the township — the Billings, used by Frank- lin and Washington, and the Francis, by Franklin and Girard. There ia also a school in Elk Creek, which is maintained by the independent district, com- posed of portions of that township and Franklin. CHURCHES AND GRAVEYAEDS. The religious societies are a Methodist Episcopal and Lutheran at Franklin Center, the Eureka Methodist Episcopal on the Crane road, and the Elk Creek Baptist in the western part of the township. At Franklin Center is a Union Church, erected by the people of that locality in 1868, at a cost of $1,500. It is occupied by the Methodist Episcopal and German Lutheran congregations. The former was organized in 1866, with twenty-six members, by Rev. C. L. Barnhart. The membership is now about seventy-tive. The church is con- nected with the Lockport, Girard Township, Circuit. The Lutheran congregation was organized in 1871 by Rev. Schaeffer, with ten members. Rev. Zahn succeeded. The membership is yet small, and at present no regular services are held. The Eureka Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1867, with twenty-six piepabevs, by Rev. George Elliott, the first pastor. The church 854 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. was liuilt two years later, at a cost (»f $1,800. The class is iiuw in good con- dition, and has ever since its organization formed a part of Edinboro Circuit, which includes appointments at Eureka, EdinVjoro and Sherrod Hill, the latter two in Washington Township. Elk Creek Regular Baptist Chiirch was erected in 1867 or 1868, at a cost of $1,400. It is located at the intersection of the Population and Crane roads, the former here forming the l)oundary between Franklin and Elk Creek Townships. The society was organized in 1866, with three members, by Rev. AVilliam Develin, the fii'st pastor. His successors have been Elders William Hughes, Hovey, Homer Clark, Thomas and Pierce, the last named now having charge. The membership is about thirty. I The Catholics in the southwest attend church at Cussewago, CraAvford County. A graveyard is kept up at the old Christian Church, and some private burial grounds are scattered over the township. The people in the southeast mostly bury at Edinboro, in the southwest at Cussewago, and in the north at Sterret- tania and Fairview. VILLAGE AND QUAKRY. Franklin Center, or Franklin Corners, as it is called in the post office directory, is on the State road, eight miles each from Girard, Fairview and McKean, five from Sterrettania, and seventeen from Erie. The village was founded by Oren G. Wood, who started a store, and induced others to settle around hini. John Tnckey, O. G. Wood and John Loyer were the original owners of the land. Franklin Center consists of two stores, a church, school- house, cheese factory, two blacksmith shops, a wagon shop, two shoe shops, about fifteen houses and probably seventy -five people. The village is the vot- ing and meeting place of the township. A mail is received twice a week by gig from Fairview. A grange was started in 1876, liut disbanded after an existence of some two years. So little stone is found in our county that any section better favored than its neighbors in that regard is actually to be envied. LeBoeuf, Franklin and Waterford enjoy the distinction of being the only townships that possess im- portant quarries of building material. The Howard Quarry, in Franklin, near the Fairview line, has been worked for thirty years, and furnished the stone for the Court House in Erie. This was for a long period the only quarry in the township, but in recent years others of equal merit have been opened. Oil has been running out of the rocks at Howard's quarry from the earliest settlement, and in former times was gathered to be sold for medicine. Three wells were put down along Falls Run, in confidence that a large deposit of the greasy fluid would be found, but only a trifling amount was got, and the pro- jects were abandoned. SUMMIT TOWNSHIP. 855 CHAPTER XXJI. SUMMIT TOWNSHIP. SUMMIT is the smallest township in the county, and was the last one organ- ized. It was formed in 1854, out of the western part of Greene, the eastern part of McKean, and a small portion of Waterford. The name of Summit was given to it because it contains the dividing ridge between the waters of Le Boeuf and Walnut Creeks, the former flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, by way of the Allegheny, Ohio and Mississippi, and the latter into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by way of the lower lakes and the St. Lawrence River. It has an area of 13, 143 acres, and had a popiilation in 1860 of 1,038; in 1870, of 1,047, and in 1880, of 1,047. The township is bounded on the north by Mill Creek, on the east by Greene, on the south by Waterford and on the west by McKean. The north line dividing it from Mill Creek is the only straight one, and has a length of five and a half miles; the east line, including its numerous angles, is over six miles long; the south line three and a half, and the west line about five miles. By the assessment of 1883, the valuation of the town- ship was as follows: Real estate, $397,011; number of cows, 564; of oxen, 26; of horses and mules, 331; value of the same, $37,684; value of trades and occupations, $3,700; money at interest, $1,825, THE PIONEERS. The first settler in the township was George W. Reed, a son of Col. Seth Reed, who located about 1796, but in a few years changed to Waterford, where he died in 1847. A tract of land was taken up in the Walnut Ci"eek Valley by Thomas Rees in 1797, but he never resided in the township. Oliver Dunn located in the western portion of the township the same year, bu.t after- ward removed to the valley of Elk Creek, within the present bounds of McKean Township. In 1800, James and Ebenezer Graham, with their families, came from Centre County and settled what has since been known as the Graham neighborhood. They were soon followed in the same vicinity by Eli Webster and Abijah Hiill. Eli Rockwell went in in 1801, and Daniel Lee in 1802. Among other early residents were Thomas Rees, Jr. , and John Way. P. S. Woolley made his location about 1823, and James Jackson in 1825. The latter, who was originally from Herkimer County, N. Y., settled in Erie in 1818, and went from there to Summit. The original settlers were mostly Americans, of the Protestant faith. Within the last twenty years, a large influx of Irish and German Catholics has taken place, and that denomination now numbers fully a fourth of the population. William Dunn, the first child born in the' town- ship, in 1798, died on the 14th of April, 1880. RAILROADS AND COMMON ROADS. The Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, opened to business between Erie and Warren in 1859, and through to Sunbury in the summer of 1864, runs through the west side of the township almost its entire length from north to south, entering from Mill Creek Township and leaving through Waterford. To reach the township it crosses the summit between Mill Creek and Walnut 856 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. Creek, by a very heavy grade. paBHing inttj the valley of the latter stream at Langdon's Station. From there it follows the Walnut Creek Valley to the main summit at Jackson's, where it enters the valley of Le Boeuf Creek, which it follows to Waterford. The summit of the road at Jackson's is a little over 650 feet above the level of the lake. The distance by railroad to Langdon's is nine, and to Jackson's thirteen miles from the old freight depot at Erie Harbor. These were the only stations in the township in 1882. The main piiblic roads of Summit are the Waterford Turnpike, running over the hill s almost through the center of the township; the Waterford Plank Road, on the west side, following the valleys of Walnut and Le Boeuf Creeks, and the Edinboro Plank Road, which passes through its northwestern corner. The old road, by which the French transported goods from Presque Isle to Waterford, and over which the army passed that defeated Braddock near Pittsburgh, in 1755, crossed the township from north to south, and most of it is still used as a public thoroughfare. Summit Township has no villages, and but one post office. A post office was kept at Jackson's Station some years after the open ing of the railroad, which was moved to Whiteford's Corners. After a linger- ing existence, it was abandoned about eight years ago, and again revived under the name of Godard in 1882. Another was maintained for a time a the White Church, on the Edinboro Plank Road, in the northwestern section of the township, but it, too, proved a failure. STREAMS AND VALLEYS. The only streams of the township are Walnut Creek and the West Branch of Le Bceuf Creek, with their numerous small tributaries. Walnut Creek rises on the western edge of Greene, a little northeast of Whiteford's Corners, runs diagonally across Summit in a general northwestern direction, and cross- ing the southwestern portion of Mill Creek, flows through Fairview into the lake at Manchester, after a coarse of al>out twenty miles. The West Branch of Le Boeuf Creek has its source on the farm of W. A. Bean, but a few feet from a tributary of Walnut Creek, and. flowing through the township in a general southeastern course, unites with the East Branch in Waterford Township, a little north of Waterford Station. Le Boeuf Creek, measuring from its usually reputed head, on the edge of Greene and Venango, to its mouth at French Creek, has a length of eighteen or twenty miles. The Walnut Creek lands are the cream of the township. The valley has an average width of about three fourths of a mile, and produces everything that can be raised on the lake shore. The Le BcBuf Valley is about a mile and a half wide, and the culti- vable land is perhaps equally good with that of the Walnut Creek Valley, but there are numerous swamps. On the hills, the land of the township is best for grazing, and large quantities of butter are produced. The whole town- ship is a good fruit country. The price of land runs from $25 to $60 an acre. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The church buildings of Summit are one Methodist Episcopal, one Cath- olic, one United Presbyterian, and one of the Evangelical Association. The Hamlin Methodist Episcopal Church, on the road from Whiteford's Corners to W. A. Bean's, was organized in 1837, and the building was erected in 1852. This charge has always been on McKean Circuit. The United Presbyterian Church at Five Points was organized in January, 1842. with some twenty-tive members. The Ruling Elders were Oliver Dunn, Robert Dunn. Thomas Duun, John Reid and Alexander Russell. At this time the congregation was designated the Elk Creek Church, and later as McKean. ^^ &f^^ SUMMIT TOWNSHIP. 859 The Rev. John J. Findlev began stated labors with this church and the con- gregation at Waterford the 1st of January, 1842, preaching at the latter place three-quarters of the time. He was ordained and installed pastor of these congregations May 12. 1842. He remained pastor of the two congregations until November 22, 1858. His successor was Rev. Thomas Love, who was ordained and installed November 15, 1854, his time being divided, as was that of his predecessor. He remained in this connection with the two congregations until May 3, 1864. Subsequent to this period the two appointments were no longer together. This charge grew quite weak and was for a period without a pastor. The congregation was re-established in 1873, and Rev. G. C. Brown installed as pastor. Mr. Brown's death occurred in April, 1874, and the Rev. S. M. Black became his successor. Rev. A, S. Abby the present stated supply commenced his labors with the congregation in 1878. The church building was erected in 1848. United Presbyterian services are also held in the school- house at Whiteford's Corners, every two weeks. The congregation was organ ized in 1876. Emanuel's Church of the Evangelical Association had its origin in a manner similar to Salem Church of Fairview Township, but at a little later period (1838). It was originally on Erie Circuit, but is now an appointment on Fairview Circuit. The church building was erected in 1863. St. Matthew's Catholic Church building, near the Hamlin Methodist Episcopal Church, was erected in 1867, on land deeded to the society by George Reynolds. The congregation was formed at this time, since which i has been connected with the congregation at Beech Woods. SCHOOL HISTORY. In the early period of this country's history, vacated cabin houses and barns or stables frequently constituted the temples of learning. We have illustrations of this in Summit Township. Some two miles east of the present dwelling of Squire Webster stood one of these houses, \vhich had been occu- cupied by Abijah Hall and by him vacated, in which was taught a school in 1819 by a Mr. Huff. William Graham probably taught in the same building in 1818. Eli Webster was a resident of the same neighborhood, and his house was located on a cross road which intersected the French road. This dwelling was vaca'ed and school held in it in the winter of 1820-21 by Moses D. Morey. The following summer, school was taught in the same building by Almira Drown. As yet there had been no regular schoolhouse built in what is now Summit Township. The next winter, Eli Webster kept a school in a house formerly occupied by John Highland,'which stood on the present site of Hull's Corners. The summer following, Miss Almira Drown taught on Graham Hill in the same neighborhood. In 1822, the neighbor- hood built a substantial schoolhouse, probably within 100 rods of the former places, which was planked and weather -boarded, and in this house Squire Webster taught in 1833. In the winter of 1841-42, and the following winter school was taught about one mile east of the Webster farm by the venerable Squire before alluded to. The old planked and weather- boarded schoolhouse was attended by scholars probably from a radius of three miles, and for years constituted the schoolhouse for the territory now embraced within the bound- aries of Summit Township. The township schoolhouses are at present the Hill, near A. O. Hill's; the Whiteford, at Whiteford's Corners; the Way, in the Way neighborhood; the Stone, near the Catholic and Methodist Churches; the Hamilton, on Walnut Creek; the Robinson, on the turnpike, at the inter- section of the crosH road from the Lake Pleasant road; the Murphy, on the 860 HISTORY OF ERIE COUNTY. turnpike, near the Waterford line; the Five Point.B, in the southwest; and the Hershey, near N. Hershey's — nine in all. MILLS, QUARRY, ETC. Summit Township had at one period as many as four saw mills on Walnut Creek, all of which have been abandoned. There are now two saw mills in the township, one near W. A. Bean's, owned by Joseph Topper & Son, and one near Jackson's Station, owned by Mr. Haibach. At Whiteford's Corners there is a grocery, schoolhouse and a neat collection of buildings. Close by is a favorite picnic grove, on the line of the railroad. The township contains two cheese factories, the Excelsior, near the railroad, on the public road from the Lake Pleasant road to the AVaterford Plank Road, and Bean's, near the residence of William A. Bean. Both have been in operation about nine years, and do a tine business. The nearest stone quarry to the city of Erie of much account is the one known as Reynold's quarry, near the Catholic Church, now owned by Thompson Lininger. It has been in operation many years, has furnished large quantities of good stone, and an abundance is still left. Many years ago, Col. Norris gathered considerable oil as it exuded from the rocks at the quarry and sold it for medicine. This circumstance led to the drilling of a well on the premises, but, although plenty of gas poured out, oil was never found in pay- ing quantity. In addition to the Reynolds Quarry, William Liddell has a small one near the turnpike. A small brewery has long been run in the north part of the township, near the'Mill Creek line. MISCELLANEOUS. Summit has furnished but two county oflScers- both County Auditors — viz.: Eli Webster from 1829 to 1832, and John L. Way from 1849 to 1852, and from 1859 to 1862. In 1821, James McKee was convicted of murdering a mariner near the brew- ery, and was sentenced to seven years' solitary confinement in the Philadelphia Penitentiary, but died after a few months' imprisonment. John A. Hans, also at one time a resident of the township, but who removed to Erie, was convicted of causing the death of his wife, at the corner of State and Second streets, in that city. He was sentenced to the Allegheny Penitentiary, served out his term, returned to Erie and died soon after. PART V. lOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ERIE AND CORRY. Biographical Sketches, CITY OF ERIE. JOHN ABELL, meat market, 431 State St., Erie, was born in Columbia Co., N. Y. in 1839; when eleven years old, he came here with his people, who settled in Erie City. He began his present occupation with his father when fifteen, and when twenty-four, estab- lished himself in his present business, with which he has since been .successful!}^ identified. He was united in marriage, in Harbor Creek Township, in 1861, with Josephine, daughter of Thomas and Sarah Appleby, pioneers of Erie County. Mr. and Mrs. Abell have 1 daughter living — Nellie Laura, a literary and classical graduate; and a son and daughter de ceased (John Webb and Zillah), who are buried in the Erie Cemetery. Our subject has been a member of the Masonic fraternity for 16 years, and a Knight Templar for 18 years. He and his wife are earnest members of the Pre.sbyterian Church. F.F. ADAMS, of the firm of The F. F. Adams Co., manufacturers of wringers, step lad ders etc., cor. of 15th and Cherr}^ Sts., Erie, was born August 6, 1830. in Amherst, N. H.. son of Levi and Lucy (Farrar) Adams; the former, who was a farmer and merchant, was a native of N. H., the latter of Vt. The father died when our subject was three years of age, lived with his mother till nine years old, and then in the State of Vt. ; he was reared on a farm till he was twelve years old, and at eighteen built a steam saw mill in Waterford. For 4 yeais he was engaged in mercantile business, in Walerford, and this he sold out and moved to Erie in 1860, where he carried on a wholesale grocery concern for 1 year, in company with Johnson & Bro. ; was also in bakery business for several years. In 1871, he established the manufacture of wooden articles. His first contract was for 60,000 washing machines. In Dec, 1880, the factory was consumed by fire, but in a short time was replaced by a more substantial structure, and the business became known as tlie F. F. Adams Co. The productions of the establishment are the Keystone wringers and washing machines, step and extension ladders, and all kinds of household articles; 300 hands are employed. Mr. Adams was married in 1854 to Martha A., daughter of William Lowell, a native of Jamestown, N. Y. To this union have been born three children: C. F., one-fifth partner in the firm of The F. F. Adams Co. and Jennie F., at home attending the high school; Frankie, who died when six mouths (jld. DR. CHAS. AlCHNER. 16'30 Sassafras St., Erie, was born in Switzerland in 1829. After absolving the Gymna.sium, he took up medicine when twenty years old, in the University of Basle, graduated in the year 1856, and practiced his profession in his native land until 1860. when he located at Erie, Penn., and has since been very reputably connected with the practice of his profession. He married in Erie, in 1860, Louisa Blass, a native of Bavaria, who has borne him four sous and five daughters— Caroline, Charles, Olga, Emma, Oscar, Eda, Otto, Elma and Gustave. GEORGE A. ALLEN, attorney at law, Erie, Penn., was born Dec. 31, 1839, near Pu laski, Mercer (now .Lawrence) Co.. Pcau. He is the sole surviving child of Maj. Wm. and Mary (Steel) Allen, the former of whom died June 6, 1881. the latter May -38, 1856. Mr. Allen is of Scotch-Irish lineage, his ancestors settling near C!arli,sle. Penn., from Ire land in the year 1787. Shortly afterward they removed to Mahoning Co.. Ohio, where his father, Maj. Wm. Allen, was born Aug. 21, 1803. After his marriage, in 1828, he moved to Pulaski, Lawrence Co., where he lived about 17 years. In 1843. he sold his farm in Mer cer Co., purchasing what was then known as the McGarvey Mills, in the village of Water- loo, Venango Co., Venn., where he lived until the close of his life, excepting a period of about 6 years, during which he lived near Meaiville, Penn. George A. Allen's early edu cational advantages were onlj' such as the common schools of that time and place afforded. In the course of time, however, he spent 2 years at the Clintonville Academy and 1 year at the State Normal School at Edinboro, Penn. He still continued to pursue his classics and mathematics, under the private tutorship of Prof. Wm. Burgwin, a graduate of Alle gheny College, and a teacher of rare skill and experience. Having studied law with W. 864 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: R. Bole Esq., of Meadville, Peun., he was admitted to the Crawford Co. bar ia June, 1868. Shortly afterward he came to Erie, where he has siace practiced his profession. In 1870, he was the Democratic candidate for the office of State's Attorney, and in 1872 he was sent as a delegate to the State Convention held at Reading, which nominated Charles R. Buckalew for Governor. In this year he was likewise appointed City Solicitor; he was again a delegate to the Democratic State Convention held in Erie in 1875. In 1878, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Twenty-seventh Congressional Dis- trict. In 1880, he represented his district as delegate to the Democratic National Conven - tion at Cincinnati, when Gen. Hancock was nominated for the Presidency. Mr. Allen was married. July 18, 1865, to Miss Phebe A. Burlingham, of Edinboro, Penn. She died April 1, 1881, leaving her husband with 4 children to mourn her irreparable loss. WILLIAM P. ATKINSON, business manager of Herald Printing & Publishing Co. (limited), Erie, was born in the county of Durliam, England, June 10, 1843, son of James and Ann (Patterson) Atkinson, natives of England ; James Atkinson was a miner in his native country, and came to America with his family in 1844. Our subject, who was second in a family of 9 children, received his education in Pottsville, Penn., in which town he learned the trade of printer, and worked for several j^ears on the Pottsville Minera' Journal. He next published the St. Clair Sentinel 2 years. In 1862, Mr. Atkinson enlisted in the 48th P. V. I., Co. G, serving 2 years and 5 months; was engaged in 5 battles, viz., Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chantilly, South Mountain and Antietam ; while on detached service, he published a paper called the Kentucky Loyalist for 9 months in Lexington, Ky. On retiring from the service, our subject returned to Philadelphia, resumed his trade, and, in 1867, came to Erie City and took charge of the Dispatch office till 1879, when he purchased the Daily Republican; this he sold out in May, 1870, to J. E. Ashby ii Co., in whose employ he remained in charge of the office till Nov., 1880. Mr. Atkinson then purchased the "Economy Printing House," which, in Oct., 1882, merged into the Herald office. Our suVjject was united in marriage July 17, 1867, with CJaroline, daughter of Joseph Jackson, of Philadelphia, who bore him 7 children, 5 now living — Annie C, Harry J., Tillie E., Sarah J. and Josephine. Our subject and wife aie members of the St. Paul's Episcopal Church, of which he has been Treasurer. He has acted 3 years as Select Councilman ; is a member of the Masonic order, G. A. R., and A. O. U. W. Since 1872, Mr. Atkinson has published annually a very creditable director}' of Erie City. P. A. AUSTIN. Supervisor No. 1 of the P. & E. R. R., Erie, was born in this city Nov. 11, 1848; son of Augustin Austin, a native of Mass., and a silversmith by occupa- tion. Our subject was reared in Erie and vicinity, and at twenty began merchandising. In the spring of 1872, he took up railroading as clerk in superintendent's office, and as such remained until May, 1881, when he received his present appointment. Mr. Austin was united in marriage m 1878 with Clara A., daughter of Jacob and Sophia Mooney. They are the parents of one son — Herbert D., and a daughter — Edith P. Mr. and Mrs. Austin are members of the First Presbyterian C'hurch. ELIJAH BABBITT, attorney at law and Member of Congress, was born in Provi- dence, R. I., July 29, 1795; his father was a mariner, and during many years served as captain of sundry merchant vessels engaged in commerce between New England and the West Indies, and subsequently served as Lieutenant in the continental army during the Revolutionary war. Some time after tlie close of that war, he moved to the State of New York with his family, and there died, leaving his son, Elijah, in his minority. After the decease of his father, our subject went to reside in Northumberland Co., Penn. Having acquired an academic education, he studied law in the office of Samuel Hepburn, Esq., an eminent and leading attorney in the central portion of the State ; was admitted in March, 1824, to the bar in Northumberland C!o., Penn., and commenced practice there, where, in due time, he obtained a fair and increasing business. But tiiinking Erie, Penn., in many ways offered inducements more in affinity with his aspiring aml)ition, our subject moved there with a well-selected law library. By the aid of a spring wagon and team of horses, the journey (a distance of 230 miles), over rough and mountainous roads, was accomplished in nine cold winter days. That was before the advent of railroads. The same journey may now be accomplished in nine hours over the Philadelphia et Erie R. R. Mr. Babbitt arrived at Erie, January 26, 1826. He very soon rented a suitable office on the west side of French street (then the principal business street), near the corner of Fourth street, put his library on the shelves and hung out his law sign. Erie was then a town of about 900 inhabitants. Mr. Babl)itt was admitted as an attorney at the first court held in Erie after his arrival, and was admitted at each court next thereafter held in the Sixth Judicial District, composed of the counties of Erie, Warren, Crawford, Venango and Mercer, and in due time raised himself to the position of one of its leading attorneys. On Nov. 28, 1827, our subject was married to Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of John Kelso (deceased), one of i^rie County's pioneer settlers. She is still living. Mr. Babbitt was for many years a Trustee of the Erie Academy ; also attorney for the borough, and subse- quently for the city of Erie, and drew its charter of advancement from a borough to a city. In 1834 and 1835, he was Prosecuting Attorney for the commonwealth ; he was a CITY OF ERIE. 865 member of the House of Representatives of Penn. in 1835 and 1836, and was elected a member of the Penn. Senate for a term of 3 years in 1844, and while discharg- ing the duties of these offices was largely instrumental in affecting and hastening the completion of the Penn. State Canal to the harbor of Erie. In 1858, the friends of Mr. Babbitt nominated him for Representative in Congress of the Twenty-fifth Con- gressional District of Penn., composed of the counties of Erie and Crawford; and, after an ardent contest, with an able and popular opponent, he was elected by a major- ity of over 1,500 votes. In 1860, he was, after a like contest, re-elected to the same office by a majority of about 2,500. Our subject was among the first (after the slavehold- ers had inaugurated their war for the destruction of the Union) to advocate on the floor of the House, the immediate emancipation of slaves, and their employment as soldiers in the army of the United States. His Congressional record shows him to have been a strict economist in all things, except in those designed for the speedy suppression of the great rebellion, all of which found in him a liberal and constant supporter. Hon. Mr. Babbitt is now in his eighty-ninth year, in good health, but retired from the practice of his pro- fession. He siu'vives every attorney, judge, law officer, physician and clergyman who were living in Erie when he arrived there, over 58 years ago. He is parent to 7 living chil- dren and has 8 grandchildren. In 1828, Mr. Babbitt aided in the organization of the parish of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church in Erie. It was the first organization (with one exception) of a church of that faith in Northwestern Pennsylvania. It gathered about half a dozen members, and a few others who desired to become such. Mr. B. has ever since been among its constant supporters. It now has about 860 communicants. In 1849 and 1850, our subject joined with others in advancing money to secure for burial purposes 75 acres of beautiful forest land adjoining this city, on which the Erie Cemetery is located, and in procuring the charter which dedicates it forever to the purpose for which it was purchased, without distinction of religion, class or color. FRANCIS P. BAILEY, banker, Erie, was born in Pelham, Mass., Nov. 36. 1820, son of Rev. Winthrop and Martha (Stanwood) Bailey, former a minister of the Unitarian Church, native of Mass., latter of Me. They were parents of 8 children. Our subject received his education in Deerfield Academy, of which his father was Principal at the time of his death in 1835. On leaving school at the age of fifteen, Mr. Bailey was employed for several years as clerk in a general store, and was a partner in the printing business 2 years before coming to Erie in 1850. He was then engaged as book-keeper for a foundry firm for a time; he also acted in the same capacity in Williams & Wright's Bank in 1852; 4n 1853, became a partner in that institution, and the style of firm became C. B. Wright & Co. This terminated in 1858, and Mr. Bailey, in 1860, became a partner of the firm of Vincent, Bailey & Co., which continued 5 years, when the business merged into the Ma- rine National Bank, of which he has since been manager. Mr. Bailey was married, in Jamestown, N. Y., to Caroline Pier, who died in 1859. In 1861, he married Martha E. Pier. He has 3 children living. ISAAC BAKER, of the firm of Baker, Ostheimer & Co., clothiers and merchant tailors, Erie, was born in Baden, Germany, Aug. 22, 1846. In 1848, he came to America with his parents, Bernhard and Barbara Baker, who first located in Girard, Erie Co., but subse- quently settled in this city. Their familjr consists of Isaac, Henry and Emma, wife of Jacob Ostheimer, of the above firm. The subject of our sketch was reared to his father's business, merchandising, and at seventeen was admitted a member of the firm. Besides engaging actively and profitably in this business, he has also engaged in real estate trans- actions. He was married in N. Y. City to Bertha Einhorn, also a native of Germany. They have 2 sons and 3 daughters— Clara, Alfred, Bella, Eddie and Florence. The family are members of the Jewish Synagogue. Mr. Baker is a member of the Harugari; he has always been interested in the development of the social and industrial life of this city. PETER BARKEY, physician and surgeon, Erie, was born in Ontario Co., Canada, March 19, 1848, son of Daniel and Barbara (Pike) Barkey, natives of Canada, whose pro- genitors came from Saxony, Germany, about 200 years ago. Daniel Barkey is a prosperous farmer living in Canada. Our subject was reared on the farm, and educated at Albert University, Canada. After a (mrrieulum of seven years, he graduated in 1869, and was subsequently examined and passed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1870, the Doctor attended lectures in Philadelphia, and had charge of the University Hospital in that city. Finally our subject came to Erie City in 1871, and has been in successful practice ever since. In 1872, he was appointed City Ph^^sician. He is a member of the Methodist Church; in politics, is a Republican. H. R. BARNHURST, general manager and treasurer Stearns Manufacturing Co., Erie, was born in Philadelphia, Penn., Sept. 3, 1846; sou of William Barnhurst, one of the first iron and steel umbrella frame-makers in the United States; he was a native of England, and came to America in 1810. Our subject received his school training in Phil adelphia High School; clerked in a dry goods store a short time, then engaged in coal mining and shipping, which he carried on until 1879, in which year he came to Erie and entered the manufacturing industry. Mr. Barnhurst was married, in 1869, in Philadelphia, to Emily, daughter of I. N. Gregor}\ Two children have been born to this union — Effie 866 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and Harry. Our subject and wife are members of St. Paul's Episcopal Cliurch in Erie City; politically, he is a Democrat. CAPT. WM. J. BATES, ship carpenter, Erie, was born in Goderich, Ontario, March 24, 1839. At twenty, he moved to Buffalo, N. Y., where he learned his present business, and after following it there for 4 years came to Erie; he was united in marriage, Dec. 11, 1860, with Mary Ann Klein, who was born uud reared in New London, Conn. To Mr. and Mrs. Bates have been born 9 sons and 4 daughters — Charles Henry, Alice M. (wife of Samuel Berringer, a merchant of Erie), Wm. J., Jr., Edwin John, Walter Edward, Norman Everett and Mary Elizabeth living. The deceased are George Francis, Nellie Capitola, Francis Albert, an infant and twin boys, Frederick Charles and Francis Earl, born Jan. 7, 1884; the former died Jan. 14, 1884, and the latter Feb. 25, 1884. The family belong to the Episcopal Church. Mr. Bates is an active member of the K. of. P., A. O. U. W. and I. O. O. F. societies. F. BAUSCHARD, son of F. Bauschard, Sr., was born in Bouxwiller, Alsace, France, July 10, 1842; came to Erie with his father's family in the latter part of 1854. F. Bau- schard, Sr., was a native of Bouxwiller, Alsace, France; he was married, in his native coimtry, to Miss Catherine Anna Hans, by whom he had 7 children, 5 of whom survive, viz.: Frederick, married to Mary Anna, daughter of Jacob Guckes, Esq., of Erie, July 11, 1867, have had the following children — Frederick Edward, Jacob, Catherine Louisa, Emil, George, Philip, Anna, Margaret Mary, deceased, and Anna Mary; George, married Frances Lichfeinger, of Erie, Sept. 5, 1878, have 3 children— John George and William; Edward, married, in Erie, June 21, 1883, Elizabeth Leib, have one child — an infant; Charles, mar- ried, in Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 16, 1868, Miss Priscilla, daughter of William and Ann Jer- man, have 4 children — Clara Anna, Charles Edward; Emma P. and Edward Wilmout; Henry, married, in Erie, April 9, 1874, Miss Mary Anna, daughter of Jacob Newbauer. who died Nov. 19, 1875; he re-married, in Erie, May 2, 1878, Miss Margaret, daughter of John Hartleb, have had 2 children— John Henry and Rudolph H., deceased. F. Bauschard is the recognized head of the firm of F. Bauschard & Bros., and to his supervision and financial ability the success of the concern is mainly due. He has been a member of the City Council, and was elected in 1882 a member of the City School Board, which ofiice he now holds. GEORGE W. BAXTER, manager of the American District Telegraph Company, Erie, was born in Fort Plain, N. Y. His father, Silvester Baxter, railroad engineer, and promi nent in connection with that profession in the West as pioneer, was a native of Mass., and a descendant of the Baxters of that State. The subject of our sketch began life for him self as a telegrapher, which profession he followed for 25 years. He served in the U. S. Mil. Tel. Dept. during the war, and afterward in what is known as the Western Union Extension, and joined Collins' expedition to Siberia, Asia. After many adventures and hardships he returned to Erie in 1868, and assumed a position in the "Western Union," subsequently becoming its manager. This he resigned to assume his present position. In 1874, he was married, in Buffalo, N. Y., to Cornelia A. Hammond, of a pioneer familj' of New York State. They have one girl— Ruby. CAPT. JOHN J. BAXTER, inspector of instruments and line repairer of the Ameri can Dist. Tel. Co., Erie, a brother of Geo. W. Baxter, was t)orn in Utica, N. Y. He learned and followed.blacksmithing until the breaking-out of the war, when he enlisted in Com- pany I, 28th Mich. Vol. Inf., and served 2 years. After the war he came here and engaged in the carpentering business, whii'h he ft)llowed 12 years. He assisted in organizing Com- pany B, 16th Reg. Penn. Nat. Guards, and was sub.sequently elected its Captain. He mar ried, in Erie, Catherine Quieu, of Erie, whose family came from Germany and settled here several years ago. This union has been blessed with 1 daughter and 2 sons — Annie S., Willie H., Gus. A. Mr. Baxter is an active member of the K. of P., and of the G. A. R., Post 67. PHILIP A. BECKER, grocer and wholesale liquor dealer. Mayor of Erie, was born in Germany, April 10, 1835, son of Jacob and Mary (Bierle) Becker. The foimer was a high school teacher in Germany. They reared a family of 7 children (of whom Philip A. was the only son), and came to America in 1852. Our subject came in 1851. He received a col- legiate education, and upon leaving college engaged as clerk until the fall of 1852, when he embarked in the grocery aud wholesale liquor trade. In 1858, he was married to Eu- genie L., daughter of Jacob Young, and a native of Germany. This union has been bles.sed with 2 children — Emil A. aud (Hto, both clerks in their father's store. The family are members of the Lutheran Church. In politics, Mr. Becker is a Democrat. He has been a member of Erie City Council for 9 years, and in 1883 was elected Mayor by a majority of 1,645 votes. He is a Freemason and member of the I. O. O. F. For several years he held the position of Secretary of the German Banking Institution. C. R. BEECHLING, agent for Domestic sewing machines, Erie, was born in Hesse- Cassel, Germany, Nov. 7, 1836, and at fourteen learned cabinet-making there. When seven- teen years of age, he came to America and located in Erie, engaging in the cabinet business until 1872, when he started in his present industry, with which he has since been success- fully connected. Mr. Beechling was married in 1862 to Rebecca, daughter of Amos and "■- ''^ ■'5 - «S"' <2C^ ^ik^-ZTcr^^^ CITY OF ERIE. 869 Mary (Greer) Stone, of North East. She departed this life the following year, and was buried in the cemetery at North East. She left one daughter— Carrie R.," who followed her mother to the grave the next year. On Nov. 7, 186(3, our subject was married to Mrs. Dollie M. Caldwell, a daughter of Calvin Poole, of Conneaut. Ohio. Three children have blessed this union — Hattie, Callie, and Rosetta (deceased). The family are members of the United Presbyterian Church, in which he has been chorister for 27 j'ears. During the war he did active service in Battery H, Penn. Ind. Art. for one year, and was honorably dis- charged. He is a member of the K..of P.. a Royal Templar and Chaplain of Post 67, G. A. R. E. SHERLOCK BELKNAP, retired miller and merchant, Erie, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Aug. 16, 1822, son of David Belknap, a descendant of a pioneer family of N. Y. State. Tlie subject of our sketch was reared to merchandising, and when twenty-five years of age he came toFairview and engaged in the drug business, in which he continued for several years. He then was actively engaged in the milling business for several years. Mr. Belknap v.'as united in marriage in 1863 to Adeline Nicholson, daughter of Alex Nicholson, and grand-daughter of George Nicholson, a pioneer of Fairview Township. They are members of the Episcopal Church. Our subject has always worked actively in developing the social and industrial life of this citv since coming here. E. C. BENNETT, retired, Erie, was born in Shoreham, Addison Co., Vt., Aug. 12, 1804, son of Ephraim and Sybil (Care}^ Bennett, natives of Conn., of English descent. The former was bj^ trade a mason. Our subject acquired his education In his native county, and chose the occupation of wheelwright and carriage-maker. He left his native place in 1827, and came to Erie in 1828, where he carried on carriage-making business until 1863, since which date he has not been actively engaged. He was married in 1829 to Nancy F., daughter of Andrew Norcross, of Mill' Creek Township, Erie Co. Six chil- dren have been born to them, two surviving, viz.. George C, carriage-maker, Erie City; A. F. left home 1867, last heard from in June, 1869; E. P. died in 1867; N. N. died in 1873: Sarah E., living, wife of Edward Sherman, carpenter in Erie; and Hemy Wilber, deceased. George C, the oldest, was married to Susan H., daughter of Porter Warren. Their family consists of W. W., jeweler in Erie City; H. P., salesman, and Nannie M. Our subject and wife are members of the first Presbyterian Church. REV. A. L. BENZE. pastor of St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran and Re- 'formed Church of Erie City, was born in Germany, Sept. 18, 1833, son of Frederick and Eva Marj' (DePomalianski) Benze, the latter of whom was a daughter of a Polish nobleman. Having received a good education, and after two j'ears traveling in Europe, on the death of his father, who was a Prussian officer, and who held a position in the courts of Prussia similar to Sheriff in America, he left Germany, at the age of twenty-one, and attended for three years the university at Gettysburg, Penn., and for two years the theological semi- nary of that place, from which he graduated in 1864. In that year he was ordained by the Ev. Lutheran Ministerium of Penns.ylvania, at Pottstown, Penn., and took charge of the Lutheran Church in Warren, Penn.; here he remained eight years, and, in 1872, received a call to St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran and Reformed Church. Rev. Mr. Benze was married, Sept. 8, 1864, to Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Kiehl, and a native of Ger- many. To this union were born Theodore, a German teacher in two of the public schools in Erie; Gustav, who graduated in June, 1884; Otto, who belongs to the class of 1881; Mary. Albert, Frederick and Emma, all members of their father's church. All the chil- dren of our subject prepare for the ministry or professional teaching. LUDWIG BIER, boot and shoe maker and merchant, Erie, was born in Hesse-Cassel, Germany, Oct. 29, 1845. and at fourteen learned the boot and shoe making, and followed this occupation there until 1865, when he came to America aud settled in Erie, where he has since been successfully identified with bis present industry. He married, in Erie, in 1868, Katie Herring, wlio was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, Oct. 26, 1847, and came to America with her people, who settled at Warren, Penn., where she was reared and edu- cated. Eight sons were born to this union, viz.: William George, John Frederick and Fred (both deceased), Charles Frederick, Ludwig Rudolf, Arthur Russell, Edward (deceased) and Frank Garfield. Mr. Bier and family are members of the German Evangelical Church. He is an active member of the K. of P. society. JOHN H. BLISS, Erie City Iron Works, Erie, was born in Fort Howard, Wis., Oct. 4, 1833, son of John Bliss and Letitia M. EUicott; his ancestry on both sides is English. His father entered as Lieutenant in the regular United States Army in the war of 1812. and reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel; he was engaged in some of the most severe battles of the war, and was wounded at Lundy's Lane; he died Dec. 22, 1854. Our subject was the only son that grew to manhood; he received his education in Cincinnati, studied civil engineering, and was for two years one of tlie corps who surveyed the Erie extension of the Penn. Canal; he afterward studied law in Little Falls, N. Y., and Buffalo, N. Y., and also attended one term of lectures at Harvard University; he was admitted to the bar at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 15. 1847. In 1855. he came to Erie City, wh^re he has since remained; he formed a partnership with George Selden in bending works, and continued for 3 years. Then commenced with him the manufacture of barrels for the oil regions . In 1864. they 870 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: bought the Erie City Iron Works. At that time W. J. F. Liddell was a member of the firm. Mr. Liddell has since retired. George D. Seldeu, nephew of Geo. Seldeu, since became a member of tlie firm. They manufacture steam engines, boilers, circular saw mills, etc. The Erie City Iron Works are a monument of which the proprietors and the city may well be proud. Mr. Bliss was married, Oct. 1, 1850, to Ellen, daughter of Dr. Christie, a Sur- geon of the United States Navy. Mr. and Mrs. Bliss had four children, three now living — Anna, wife of Rev. S. D. McCounell, of the Episcopal Church at Philadelphia (have two children— Ellicott and Guthrie); Horace John (deceased), Louise, at home; George F., at home. Mr. and Mrs. Bliss are members of the Episcopal Church. The former's grand- father, Andrew Ellicott, laid out the city of Washington, D. C; he also laid out Erie City. In politics, Mr. Bliss is a Democrat. JACOB BOOTZ, Sec. and Treas. of Erie Manufacturing Co., Erie, was born in Weiler, Germany, April 10, 1828, son of Jacob and Ursheene (Tressler) Bootz, natives of Germany. Our subject was educated in Germany; came to America in 1840, and settled in Erie City, and early in life learned carpentering; he was the first boy acolyte to assist in the celebration of mass in this city, serving as such in both Catholic Churches for several years. Mr. Bootz has always taken an active interest in all that pertains to his religion; was one of the building committee of St. Mary's Church; has attended the Central Soci- eties; been a delegate to the General Assembly; served as Pres. of the St. George and St. Boniface societies, and is Vice Pres. of the U. S. Catholic Society. Our subject spent 13 years on the road selling goods since his coming to Erie. He was united in marriage in Erie with Catherine, daughter of Joseph Geiner, of this city. MAXIMILIAN BOSCH, drugs, etc., 1026 Parade street, Erie, was born in Schloss Neresheim. Wurtemberg, Germany. In 1856, he came to America with his parents, John and Annie Bosch, who settled here in 1866, and who are both buried in the Lake View Cemetery. After completing his literary education, Mr. Bosch sustained a 9 years' reputable connection as a drug clerk, then established himself in business, and has since been prominently identified with the drug trade of Erie City; he is making a specialty of proprietary medicines, such as his " Wadsworth's Annihilator of Pain." Our subject was united in marriage in April, 1882, with Frances Kiehm, a lady of fine literary attainments, who was born and reared in Milwaukee, Wis. Thej"^ are both regular communicants in the Roman Catholic Church. JONAS BOWERS, pier contractor and builder, Erie, was born May 8, 1830, in Erie Co., and is a son of John Bowers (deceased), a carpenter and joiner, who settled here about 1804. Mr. Bowers was reared to his business, and has been successfully connected in the building of the public docks and other city improvements. He was married in 1854 to Helen Dunlap, a daughter of James Dunlap, contractor and pioneer of Erie Co. To this union have been born four children — George, a builder; Frank, a student; Hattie. wife of S. Sullivan, in the dairy business in Erie; Mary, wife of J. Culva, in the oil business here. Our subject is an active member of the A. O. U. W., and has done much toward the development of the city; his father's family consists of Jonas; Isaac, a carpenter; Jane, wife of Martin Mellinger, an engineer on the river at Pittsburgh, Penn. JOSEPH BOYD, painter, Erie, was born near Newry, County Armagh, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1835, son of Robert and Elizabeth "^Bittles) Boyd, who were parents of seven children— Samuel William, Joseph, Maria, Elizabeth, John and Adam. Our subject emigrated to America, and came to Erie City in 1851, where he has followed his trade of painter ever since. Mr. Boyd was married, in March, 1864. to Matilda Kennedy, who bore him eight children, seven of whom are now living —William Kennedy, Robert, Charles, Joseph Pressly, Frank, Samuel Edward (deceased), Harry Wilson and Clara Matilda. JOHN BOYLE, City Treasurer of Erie, was born in Lancaster Co., Penn., Jan. 23. 1821. At seventeen he engaged as an apprentice to the blacksmithing trade, in Dauphin Co.. Penn.. but after foUowuig this occupation there for a few years, came to Erie and assisted in building the steamer " Michigan," and after its completion engaged upon it as its fireman, doing ship's armor duty, but after a few years retired, and soon after estab- lished himself in the black'^mithing business. He subsequently returned to the steamer Michigan, where he remained four years. Later he engaged in railroading on the L. S. & M. S. Ry., but retired from this at the end of seven years, when he carried on the hotel business for 12 years. He was married in Detroit. Mich., in 1846. to Elizabeth Boyle, who has borne him two sons and two daughters— Margaretta G. ; Henrietta, wife of AVm, Knoll, an insin-ance agent; John Edward, a journalist; and Joseph C, a literary student. Mr. and Mrs. Boyle are members of the Roman Catholic Church. The former has always been an active worker in developing the public and social life of this city. He served in the City Council, and has filled his present official position since the .spring of 1880. C. "BRANDES, physician and surgeon, office and dwelling 124 and 126 East 8th St., Erie, was born in Germany March 29, 1819, son of F. Brandes. The Doctor acquired his literary education in Germany, and took the degree of A. M. at Brunswick. He also obtained his medical education in Germany, and in 1845 came to America and to this city. where he has since resided. Here the Doctor immediately began the practice of his pro- fession, and has succeeded in establishing himself among the prominent physicians of Erie. CITY OF ERIE. 871 GUSTAV F. BREVILLIER. retailed manufacturer, Erie, was born Sept. S, 1830, in Lichtenfcls, Bavaria. Germany. After attending a common and a hiirli school in Tliur- ingia till 1846, and the Polytechnic Institute at Vienna, Austria, until 1848, he came to this country, where he expected to tind ready employment as a draugiitsman or civil engi- neer, but failing in this, he concluded to learn a trade. He worked as an apprentice and as a journeyman soap-boiler, until the autumn of 1852, when, in compan}'^ with a lar<>e number of otiier young men he came West to seek his fortune. Arriving at Erie he con- sidered the location a good one, and commenced on a very small scale the manufacture of soap and candies, at the corner of Holland and 6th Sts. After about ten years of unre- mitting labor, the business assumed considerable proportions, and extended over a large territory. In 1871, on account of failing health, Mr. Brevillier retired from business, and, together with his family, matle a visit to Europe, and returned after an absence of four years. 3Ir. Brevillier was among the first manufacturers of Erie to utilize natural gas for heating and illuminating purposes. In 1854, he married Miss Johanna Stuebner, of Gera, German}'; this union has been blessed with nine children, live of whom survive. Mr'. Brevillier held, in former years, many honorary offices in different societies, and has acceptabl}' served in tlie Common Council and City School Board. C. M. BRIGGS, of the Erie Ice Company. Erie, was born Oct. 13, 1829, in Rome, N. nJ Y., son of Lyma n and Ascnith (Jefferson) Brigg s, natives of Vt., who came to Erie Co. in ^ 1844; the former died there in 1869; his widow still resides in Erie City. They were par- ents of four children, our subject being the onl}' one now living. He received his education in N. Y State, and was married. Oct. 9, 1851, to Sarah, daughter of Iliram Slocum, and a native of Penn , born in 1832. To this union were born four children — Anna, wife of F. C. Lewis, have one child— Charles: Harriet A., William S. and Ida H. Our subject is a member of the A. O. U. W., the K. of H., and is a Knight Templar. W^ILLIAM A. BROWN, retired merchant, Erie, was born in this county March 20, 1803, sou of Robert and Jane (Hayes) Brown, of German and English descent, (he latter a native of Penn. Robert Brown was a Virginian, hotel-keeper by'occupation, and came to Penn. in 1795, settling near the head of Elk Creek, in Erie Co. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Our subject's maternal grandfather, James Hayes, was a Captain in tlie Rev- olutionary war. William A. Brown was educated in the subscription schools of Erie, and for a time clerked in a store. At the age of twenty, he embarked in business for himself, carrying on a general store for several years. He then received his brother-in-law, George A. Elliott, into partnership, which existed until the hitter's decease. Mr. Brown has been a resident of Erie City since 1842. Besides his mercantile business, he worked a farm for several years. In 1842, he was united in marriage with Helen Euing, adopted daughter of Thomas Reese. Mr. Brown has been Township Trustee and City Councilor. He and his wife are members of the Episcopal Church; in politics, he is a Republican. COXARD BROWN, deceased, was a native of this county, born in 1812, son of Con- ard Brown, who came to Erie Co. about 1790. He and his father were traders and farm- ers, and early pioneers of Erie Co. Our subject spent most of his life on a farm in Mill Creek Township (now within the corporation of Erie City), where he died in 1869. He was married to Elizabeth Ann Barr, a lady of Scotch descent. They were parents of eight chil- dren — Washington, killed in 1861, during the war; he was Captain of Compan}' I, 145th P. V. I., organized by himself in Erie County; Mary L., at home; Kate, wife of J. B. Cessna, of Bedford Co.. Penn.; Elizabetli A., deceased; Conard, Jr., resident of Erie City; M. M., born in Erie Co. in 1852, he graduated from Rochester, N. Y., Uni- versity in 1878, and at present is engaged in brokerage business in this city; Ella N., at home, and Hattie L., deceased. Our subject at the time of his decease was owner of 175 acres valuable land, and other real estate. He was a member of the Lutheran Church; Mrs. Brown is a member of the United Presbyterian Church. S. H. BROWN, Erie, was born in this county March 24, 1816, son of Geo. and Marga- ret (Brewster) Brown, former a native of Penn., of German descent, latter a native of Ire- land. Geo. Brown was a farmer, came to Erie Co. in 1803, and resided in Mill Creek Town- ship. He served his country in the war of 1812; was parent of seven children, tliree still residing in Erie Co. Mr. Brown worked on a farm in his native county until he was twenty-one years old, and then learned the brick-laying trade, which he followed for some time in this city. On Jan. 27, 1857, lie married Mary Ann P. R., only daugliter of Jolin Rice, of Harbor Creek Township. She was born in Erie Co. Sept. 21, 1824. My this union was born, in Harbor Creek, Marcli 19, 185'^. one child— Rees R., a dealc;r in hoots and shoes in this city; he was a graduate of Iron City College in 1877, and then followed book-keeping two years. In 18S0, he embarked in the boot and shoe business with I. W. Geusheim.'r. uud^r firm name — G^nsheiiner & Brown. Our subject and wife are members of Simpson M. E. Ciiurch. In politics he is a Republican. R. B. BROWN, editor and publisher of the dail\- and weekly Observer. Erie, was born in Huntingdon Co., Penn., Nov. 9, 1837, sou of J. D. and Jane (Porter) Brown, the for- mer, wlio hatl been a school teacher, was a native of Ireland; the latter a native! of Penn., of Scotch-Irish descent. Our subject acquired a common school education in his native county, and also attended the Cumberland Valley Institute, Penn. Choosing the occupa- 872 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: tion of printer, he served his apprenticeship in the Olobe office, Huntina:don, and then taught school for several years; was for four years editor of the Brownsville, Fayette Co. Times, and in 1863 sold out and bouglit the Clarion, Penn., Democrat, which lie continued to publish until 1877. In 1862, Mr. Brown enlisted in the 155th P. V. I., Co. E, and was promoted to Second Lieutenant; he also served in a Penn. regiment during Morgan's raid. In 1868, he was elected to the Lower House of Legislature from the district composed of Jefferson and Clarion Cos., and was re-elected in 1869. At the commencement of his 2d term, he received his party support for Speaker of the House. In 1872, served as Chairman of the Democratic State Convention; was Presidential Elector in 1876 from his district. Coming to Erie City in 1878, he bought the Weekly Observer, a paper started in 1830; he established the i)rt«7^ Observer in. \S'6\. Mr. Brown gives his personal attention to every department of the office, and publishes a paper satisfactory to its patrons. DAVID BROWN, Jr.. tonsorial parlors and bath rooms, Erie, was born in this city, and is a sou of David Brown, Sr., wlio was born and reared in Germany, coming to Erie about 40 years Ago. Our subject was reared here, and when sixteen years old commenced his profession, which he followed as a journeyman until 1880, Avhen he established his present busines.s, which he has since conducted very successfully, introducing in the year 1883 the fashionable Langtry bang into Erie City. He was united in marriage, in 1878, with Julia Byrne, who was born in Barrie, Province of Ontario, Canada, but reared here. Three children have been born to this union, viz., James David, Robert Frederick and Catherine Mary. Mr. Brown and wife are members of the Roman Catliolic Church; he is a member of the C. M. B. A. Society. G. W. BRUBAKER, contractor and builder, Erie, was born in Lancaster Co., Penn., Nov. 27, 1821. son of Benjamin Brubaker, who was a weaver and farmer, and settled here about 1829. His family consists of three sous and three daughters — Mary, wife of J. Evans, of Mich.; Levi, a carpenter in Fairview; Anna, wife of Walter J. F. Liddell. a machinist at Charlotte, N. C; Peter, a carpenter and builder at De Pere, Wis.; Margaret, wife of Jo- siah Haybarger, of Girard, and G. W. The Brubakers were originally from Germany, and were pioneer settlers of Penn. Our subject wasreared and educated in his native place. At nineteen, he began life for himself as a carpenter and builder, and, as specimens of his work, may be mentioned the Seventh Street M. E. Church, Wayne Hall, Academy of Mu- sic, Farrar Hall, in Erie, and many other public buildings throughout his county and State. He was married, in North East, May 7, 1846, to Mary Bliss, born in North East, daughter of James L. and Ruth Bliss (deceased). The former was a boot and shoe merchant of tliat place, and is descended from a N. Y. State pioneer family. Mrs. Brubaker departed this life March 23, 1849, in full communion with the M. E. Church, and is buried in the Erie Cemetery; she left one daughter — Alice. Our subject, Dec. 25, 1849, was married to Abbie H. Bliss, a sister of his tirst wife, who bore him six sons and three daughters — Edwin E., builder; Eugene Benjamin, commercial traveler; Frank B., commercial traveler; Fred C, butter manufacturer; Mamie E., wife of J. G. Wilds, a. merchant tailor, Utica, N. Y. ; Laura; Everett E., merchandising; Jennie fj. and Willis Grant. They are active members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Brubaker has filled many of the municipal positions of Erie. J. ls\. BRYANT, Collector thirteen years for Erie City, born in Franklin Co., N. Y., April 24. 1819, son of Philip and Sophia (Sheppard) Bryant, the former a farmer bj' occu- pation and a native of Conn., of Irish descent; the latter a native of Vt. of Scotch extraction. They came to Erie from N. Y. in 1834; were parents of nine children. Our subject, who is 5th in the family, was reared on the farm and educated at the common schools. He chose the trade of carpenter, followed it, with the exception of eight j'ears spent in 111., from the age of fifteen to fifty. Mr. Brj^ant was married in 1845, to Mary L. Mack- encumber, a well-known school teacher of Erie City and County, wlio died in 1855, leav- ing two children, one now living — C. M., conductor of passenger train on the Nickel Plate R. R. Mr. Bryant's second wife was ]\Iary J. Henry, whom he married in 1862. They are members of the First M. E. Church, of which he is Trustee. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the I. O. O. F. of long standing. DR. J. BRYCE, surgeon and proprietor of Bryce's veterinary surgery on French street, between 4th and 5th streets, Erie, w^as born and reared near Brantford, Ont. He received a good literary education in the schools of Mt. Pleasant, and engaged in a preliju- inary apprenticeship of horse-shoeing; then entered upon the stud}' of veterinar}' surgery and after a 3 years' course, graduated fromthe Ontario Yeterinar}' College, at Toronto, in 1870. He practiced for one j'ear in the land of his nativity, thence came to Erie, where he has since followed his profession. In 1880, Dr. Bryce enlarged his establishment by add- ing a livery, and has now as good a stock as there is in the city. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum. ' GEORGE BURTON, wholesale commission merchant, and dealer in produce and fruit, Erie, was born in N. Y. Sept. 24. 1829. son of David S. and Maria S. (Brown) Bur- ton, natives of Conn., of English descent. They were parents of eight children, of whom George is 6th. Our subject came to Erie Co. in" 1843, and clerked in the drug store of his brother, John H. (who had come into the county snme years before), till 1853. when the latter died. George then took entire charge until 1856. in which year he went to Iowa, CITY OF ERIE. 873 where he carried on same business for nine years. Returning to Erie in 1865, he embarked in the grocery business, and in two years founded a wholesale grocery in New York City. This lasted also two years, and Mr. Burton's next venture was a copartnership in the gro- cery business with George P. Griffith, which terminated at the end of two years. Our subject was also in business with Capt. Ben Wilkins for six years. Subsequently he took up his present business in Erie City. Mr Burton was married in Erie, in 1853, to Mary J., daughter of Capt. Thomas Wilkins. She died in 1877, leaving 3 children— liiciiard H., in Chicago, 111.; George H., in Newark, N. J.; Mary A., wife of \V. H. Price, in Chicago. Mr. Burton took for his second spouse, in 1880, Mrs. J. B. Brawley, daughter of Hon. G. J. Ball, of Erie City. Our subject and wife are members of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, in which he has held the office of Warden and is now Vestryman. He is a member of the School Board; in politics, is a Republican. A. P. BURTON, funeral director and general furnisher, Erie, was born in Erie City Sept. 4, 1836, son of David and Elizabeth (Erwin) Burton, the former of Scotch extraction, the latter a native of Penn., of German descent. David Burton came to Erie about 1810-11, and for many years was a wagon-maker, butcher, extensive dealer in cattle from 1863 to 1869, and was also a prominent coal dealer. He served in the war of 1812, and assisted in building Perry's fleet. Our subject was educated in the common schools and in Erie Academy. At the age of fourteen, he commenced life in the printing business, in which he was occupied seven years previous to engaging in the coal trade with his father in 1863. For two and one-half years he was clerk for Judge Sterrett in the post office at Erie. In 1876, he commenced his present business which he has since carried on with considerable success. ]Mr. Burton was married in 1857 to Susan M., daughter of George W. Precht, a farmer of Erie Co., of which she is a native. To this union were born six children, five living — Charles H., George D., Lewis E., Harry and William Ramsey. Mr. and Mrs. Burton are members of the First M. E. Church, in which he has been Trustee, Steward and Class Leader. Our subject was at one time a Whig, but is now a Republican. Has been Councilman of Erie City two years. LEWIS BUSH, meat market, Erie, w^as born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in 1824. He came to America in 1846, locating in New York City, but afterward went to Schuylkill Co., Penn., and carried on a meat market until 1876, when he came here and established his present business. Our subject was united in marriage, in 1851, with Catharine Schneider, who was born and reared in Northumberland Co., Penn. This union has been blessed with four sons and three daughters — Charles F., Aaron F., H. Astor, Elmer Louis, Mollie, Helen and Katie. The family are members of the German Lutheran Church. JAMES CAMPBELL, proprietor of the Morton House, Erie, was born in Ireland in 1835, and came to America and to Erie Citj^ when fifteen years old, with his mother, his father having died in Ireland. He attended school in Ireland, and, on coming to America, those in Erie City. After being employed about the Union Depot for four years, subject embarked in the grocer}^ trade, which he continued for four years. He then entered hotel business, opening on State street, but soon afterward, in 1866, built the Eagle House, which he kept till 1879, when he purchased the Morton House, which he has successfully conducted since. This hotel contains forty-one rooms. In 1857, Mr. Campbell was united in marriage with Mary, daughter of Thomas Shaughnessy, and a native of Ireland. By this union were born ten children — M- F., clerkingin his father's hotel; Nellie, wife of Joseph Epley; James, Peter, John, William, Charles, George, Mamie and Libbie. Our subject and wife are members of the Catholic Church. In politics, he is a Democrat. C. M. CARLSON, owner of the Nickel Plate Hotel, and dealer in groceries, corner 20th and Peach streets, Erie, was born in Sodermanland, Sweden, in 1836, and was raised there to the farming business. In 1873, he came to America, and settled here, and worked at the manufacturing business till 1877. when he engaged in his present business, which he has since successfully conducted. He was married m Sweden, in 1857, to Charlotte Erick- son. They have one sou and six daughters— Charlotte Amelia (wife of A. Anderson, of Erie), Clara Matilda, August C, Anna. Jennie, Nellie and Ada. Mr. Carson is an active member of the A. O. U. W. and I. O. O. F. societies. DR. JOHN S. CARTER, druggist and apothecary, opposite West Park, Erie, was born in Gettysburg, Adams Co.. Penu., June 13, 1808, son of Samuel and Nancy (Paxton) Carter, natives of Penn., of Irish lineage: the former was a mechanic. Our subject received a common school training, and co'mmenced the study of medicine under Dr. Jack- son, of Northumberland Co., Penn., and here he was engaged in the drug business for a time. In 1836, he removed to Erie City and clerked in the drug store of C. F. Perkins one year, when he bought the latter out, and in 1840 moved into the Reed Block, where he remained 19 years. His brother, who died in 1861, was a partner with him till that date. Since then. Dr. Carter has conducted the business in his own name, and has been contin- uously engaged in trade, probably longer than any other one now in actual business in Erie City. In 1859, he and his brother built a handsome store room, 4 stories in height, on North Park Row, filled with a stock of pure drugs. Tlie Doctor was married in 1836 to'Julia E., daughter of Squire John D. Haverstick! Of the children born to this union but two survive — Mary, wife of Hon. E. C. IngersoU, of 111. (deceased); and Samuel, a resi- 874 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: dent of N. Y. Cit}% and Pres. of the Carter Medicine Co. Mrs. Carter dying in 1845. our subject married, in 1852, Ruth, a daughter of Rev. John Ingersoll, and sister of Hon. E. C and Col. Robert G. Ingersoll. This lady died in 1881. Tlie Doctor consciously taking no part in politics, professes to be a Christian of the primitive order, but is connected with no society or organization. JAMES CASEY,'^ retired R. R. Contractor, Erie, was born in Ireland Dec. 24, 1814, son of Thomas, a farmer, and Joanna (McCarty) Case_y, natives of Ireland. They came to Canada with their family in 1821, and there spent the remainder of their days. Our sub- ject, the eldest of seven children, was reared on the farm, and received a good education. His first engagement as Contractor was on the Welland Canal, in Canada; this terminated in 1848, and he then secured a contract for the construction of the N. Y. & Erie R. R., and subsequently contracts on the N. Y. it Buffalo and State Line R. R., G. W. R. R. of Canada, L. S., E. & P., C. & R. I., and C. S. He came to Buffalo, N. Y.. in 1835, and to Erie City in 1838. Mr. Case)' was married, in Canada in 1835. to Marj', daughter of Rich- ard Delaney, a native of Ireland. To this union were born eight children, tive now living — Mary, wife of Richard O'Brien, agent E. & P. R. R., Erie City; Joanna, wife of Dr. Dun- nigan, of this city; James F., Private Sec. for his father; Very Rev. Father Thomas A. Casey, V. 6., and Sister Mary Inez. The family are all members of the Catholic Cliurch. VERY REV. THOMAS A. CASEY, V. G.. Rector St. Patrick's Cathedral. Erie, was born in ^t. Catharines, Out., Jan. 1, 1846. seventh in the familj- of James and Mary (De- laney) Casey, natives of Ireland, the former a wealthy and influential citizen of Erie City, and widely known as : railroad contractor. Our subject received his education at the Col- lege, Niagara Falls, from which he graduated in 1868. He was ordained a priest in 1869, and appouited to the charge of the church at Tidioute, Penn., where he remained till 1870, in which year he came to Erie City to fill the position of Rector of St. Patrick's Cathe- dra.. Rev. Mr. CasejMs brother to Sister Mary Inez. All the family are devout members of the Catholic Church, and our subject has well proved himself a bold soldier for the faith, and stands in the highest respect in the whole commuuit}'. PROF.A. H. CAUGHEY, of firm of A. H. Caughey & Sou, booksellers and stationers, Erie, was born in this county, Nov. 1, 1827; son of x\udrew and Martha (Canon) Caughey, natives of Penn., of Scotch-Irish descent. Andrew, who was a farmer, was born in Penn. in 1792, and came to this county in 1803. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and died in 1865. His family numbered five children: three reside in this county. Our sub- ject who is the youngest, received his education in Washington (now Washington and Jefferson) College, Penn., where he graduated in 1849. lie first studied law in Erie and was admitted to the practice of liis profession in 1851, but after a time, not having much inclination for the pursuit of Blackstone and his compeers, he abandoned law, and, enter- ing the field of newspaper enterprise, bought out the office of the Commercial Advertiser, afterward called the Crescent, and latterly the Constitution, which he carried on success- fully for five years. From 1855 to 1867, he was Secretary of the Erie Canal Co. ; assisted in establi.shing the book store of Caughey, McCrear)' & Co. in 1864; Avas elected Principal of the Erie Academy in 1868, where he remained six years; and was Adjunct Professor of Latin in LaFayette College from 1875 to 1879. In 1880, the Professor re-entered the book business, in company with his son, which he has carried on ever since with much success. Mr. Caughey was united in marriage, in 1851. with Elizabeth, daugliter of Will- iam W. Reed, Sr., and of English descent. By this union there is one child living, Reed, now married. Mr. Caughey is an Elder in the Presbyterian Church, and his wife a mem- ber of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. He was Deputy Collector of Customs in Erie City in 1883. In politics, is a Republican. CAPT. E. F. CHRISTIAN, of the Anchor Line, Erie, was born in the Isle of Man in 1834, and was reared to a seafaring life. At nine, he engaged in the English Merchant Ma- rine service, remaining till seventeen years old. when he came to America, and went on the lakes. In 1864. he retired from this, and embarked in merchandising as a grocer and ship chandler, and did an extensive business for four years. He then engaged in vessel agency, insurance business, and invested vessel property, in which he continued till 1876, when he took up his present industry, with which he has since been identified. For sev- eral years during this time he operated largely in oil lands. Our subject was married, in 1852, to Elizabeth G. Moran, a lady of fine literary attainments, and a native of N. Y. City. To this union have been born four children, viz.. Charles E. andWm. L. S.. manu- facturers in Dubuque. Iowa; Miranda, wife of Benjamin F. Pierce, a hardware merchant of Erie; and Marion Josephine, a college graduate, now teaching. The family are mem- bers of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Christian is an active member of the Masonic order. COL. DAVID S. CLARK, retired merchant. Erie, was born near Shippensburg, Cum- berland Co., Penn., June 10, 1816; son of George and Anna (Sterrett) Clark, natives of Penn., of Scotch-Irish descent, both deceased. Our sul)ject worked on his father's farm until fifteen years of age. In 1831, he came to Erie City, and lived with his brother, James S. Clark, four years, and then followed mercantile business until 1852. in which year he retired, and soon after occupied himself in the building of the First Presbyterian Church. From 1860 to 1864, he devoted himself to oil refining in partnership with George Seldon and John CITY OF ERIE. 875 H. Bliss. For two years following, he operated the oil refinery by himself. In 1840, Mr. Clark was elected Maj. of the 104th Reg. Penn. Militia, and in 1843 was elected by the votes of the regiment, and commissioned by Gov. Porter to the Colonelcy. Our subject, in 1839, was united in marriage with Jane Ann, daughter of Robert T. Sterrett, a prom- inent pioneer farmer of this county. The Colonel and wife are members of the First Presbyterian Church (he since 1843); he was Pres. of the Board of Trustees three years, and in 1857 was elected Elder ; was also Manager of the Erie Cemetery several years. In pol- itics, is a Democrat. WILLIAM CLARK. Capt. of U. S. Life Saving Service, Erie Station, was born in Denmark Feb. 15, 1838, son of Andrew Clark, a millwright. Our subject was educated in his native land, and, when a boy, was brought to N. Y. by an uncle. At the age of fifteen he went to sea, and was on the ocean fifteen years, eight of which he acted as second officer. In 1867, he came to Erie City, and sailed on the lakes for six j^ears, and in 1877 was appointed to his present position. Capt. Clark has had frequent occasions of displaying his bravery, and that of his crew, in rescuing lives from drowning. In 1880, three vessels were foundering during the same dark night near Erie, and the life-saving crew, headed by their Captain, at imminent risk of their lives, succeeded in saving many nearly perished mariners. For this our subject received many complimentary notices, and a handsome Bible from the President of the Bible Society. Capt. Clark was married in Liverpool, England, in 1869, to Lucy Downing, who bore him two children— Edward William and Dawson. Mrs. Clark is a member of the Catholic Church, and Capt. Clark of the Lutheran Church. H. V. CLAUS, grocer and wholesale liquor dealer, Erie, was born in Germany, Nov. 6, 1840, son of John and Hedwig (Kuestner) Claus, natives of Germany. The former was a school teacher who came to America in 1853. Our subject was fifth in a family of seven children, and received his education in Germany. He was on a farm for several years after coming to America; clerked six years in Philip A. Becker's grocery, and one year for F. L. Siegel. In 1863, he embarked in business for himself, and by industry and enterprise suc- ceeded in building up a trade amounting to $150,000 per annum. Mr. Claus enlisted in 1865, in Co. K, 98th Reg. P. V. I., and served till the close of the war. He was united in marriage, in 1870, with Frances, daughter of Squire F. Curtze. who bore him the fol- lowing-named children — Frederick, Adolph, Anna and Herman. Mrs. Claus is a member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. JOHN CLEMENS, manufacturer, Erie. Prominent among the enterprising men who have metamorphosed this once "sleepy borough " into the brisk, ambitious city of to-day, is John Clemens, Esq., President of the Erie Malleable Iron Works. Like a score of others who are now conspicuous for their identification with the leading business enterprises, his chief capital on starting in life was pluck and a progressive .spirit, and his capital he put at the best interest. Mr. Clemens has realized practical results from a practical experience. He remained with his parents upon the farm until he attained his full majority, when he began business on his own account in Fairview as hotel-keeper and countrj- merchant; here he remained eight years; thence he migrated to Girard Township, and engaged in general merchandise for four j^ears, and in 1854 opened up as wholesale grocer in this city, which he continued for fifteen years, after which he became a prominent dealer in lumber, and finally, in 1880, concentrated his capital and energies toward the estat)lishment and build- ing up of the large manufacturing establishment over which he presides. Self-reliance and quiet determination, together with close application and steadiness of purpose, are leading characteristics belonging to Mr. Clemens. Our subject's father, John Clemens, born in 1760, was married, in 1801, to Mary Irwin, who was born in 1782, and died in 1870; he preceded her in 1833. Their family consisted of Letitia, deceased; William I., deceased; Sally; Robert, deceased; Mary Ann, deceased; Elizabeth, Amelia, Sophia R. and John Clemens, Jr., who was born Aug. 16, 1819. and married, in Dec. 1843, Lydia Hutchinson, born Oct. 18, 1833, by whom he had two children— Rinaldo Eugene, born Oct. 9, 1844, and Frances Eliza, died in 1863. Rinaldo Eugene was married, in 1874, to Anna Ha5'es, by whom he has John Hayes, born Feb. 6, 1875, and Hays Hutchinson, born Jan. 13, 1884. F. A. CLEMENS, proprietor of the Fulton Market, Erie, was born in Germany Nov. 14, 1847; son of Nicholas Clemens, a weaver by trade. Our subject's parents came to America in 1856; settled in Erie and reared three children. F. A. Clemens, the eld- est, received a common school education, and commenced life for himself, first at printing and then in the fruit and oyster trade, then adding groceries to his fruit and 05'ster trade at his place, 908 State St., Clemens Block. He was married, in Erie, early in 1868, to Eva, daughter of Joel Barnbard, who is connected with the Star Oil Co., and a native of Vt., cf English descent, by whom he has one child — Lena. He is doing a successful business, supplying the wants of his many customers at reasonable rates. WASHINGTON LA FAYETTE CLEVELAND, of the firm of Cleveland & Co., manufacturers of mill and machinery castings, Erie, was born in the State of N. Y. Dec. 21, 1835; son of Israel and Sally (Tuttle) Cleveland, of English descent, the former a native of R. I., the latter of Conn. Our subject was brought up on a farm, and received his early education in the old log schoolhouse. At the age of .seventeen he received a certificate ena- bling him to teach countr}' schools, a vocation he followed for eight winters from the time 876 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: he was seventeen years old. In the summer months he worked on the farm. At the age of twenty-one he learned the carpenter trade, serving a regular apprenticeship, and worked at it till he was thirty-five years of age. While he was a resident of Steuben Co., X. Y., he acted in the capacity of Deputy Sheriff. When the oil excitement broke out in Penu. our subject' started an oil refinery in Erie City, which business he followed six years; he after- ward invested in oil lands, with moderate success, and tlien embarked in his present man- ufacturing interests. In 1851, Mr. Cleveland was married to Julia, daughter of Jonathan O. Stidd. a native of Penn. To this union were born three children — F. F. (of the firm of Cleveland & Hardwick, Erie City), Delia F. and Jennie R. Our subject and wife are members of the Methodist Church, of which he has been Steward, Trustee and Sabbath School Superintendent. In politics, he is a Republican. Residence, corner Peach and 8th. FRANK F. CLEVELAND, Cleveland it Hardwick, manufacturers, Erie, was born in the State of New York Jan. 11, 1853; son of W. L. and Julia (Stidd) Cleveland, whose sketch appears above. Our subject is the only son, and was reared in Erie City. For a time he acted as clerk in the Marine National iBank, and in 1880 embarked in his present business, under the existing firm name. In 1874, he married Catharine Maus, daughter of Louis Maus, who bore him two children — Gertrude and Robert Henry. Mr. and Mrs. Cleve- land are members of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Erie City. He is a member of the K. of H.; is a Knight Templar; in politics, is a Republican. JOHN COATES, proprietor of the Hydraulic Iron and Engine-repairing Works, Erie, is a native of England, born Jan. 11, 1829. son of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Bernley) Coates, natives of England, who came to America, settling in Erie Co. in 1832. Benjamin was a mechanic and pattern-maker, and was at one time foreman of Johnson & Sen- nett's foundry, the first in Erie Co.; and was foreman for Vincent, Himrod & Co. when he died in 1850. He made the first pattern for a casting in this count}'. They were par- ents of five children, three living — John, Samuel and Benjamin, all of whom reside in Erie City. Our subject completed his education in this county ; is a practical mechanic, and, having devoted his whole life to his trade, thoroughly understands its fullest details. He was in the employment of Vincent, Himrod & Co. fifteen years; also worked for Sennett & Barr for a short time; he founded his present business twenty-five years ago, and has met with reasonable success.^Mr. Coates manufactures water motors, and has two patents of his own, employing from four to six men. One of his inventions is "The Little Giant Organ Blower," a most perfect water power for operating the bellows of church organs. Our subject was married in Erie Co., May 28, 1863, to Lucinda, daughter of Joel Weigel, a pioneer farmer of this county. To this union were born five children— -Clara, Gertrude Howard, Florence and Delia. Mrs. Coates is a member of tiie Central Presbyterian Church, as also are Clara. Gertrude and Howard. ROBERT COCHRAN (deceased) son of John and Sarah (Lattimore) Cochran, was born at Milton, Northumberland Co., Penn., Aug. 10, 1T98, and removed with his fatlier's fam- ily to Erie in 1809, and lived the greater part of his life in Erie and its immediate vicinity In his youth he was employed as a clerk in the Land Office of the State, when the seat of government was at Lancaster, and, on its removal to Harrisburg, he continued in that posi- tion, his father being the head of that office under the administration of Gov. Snyder. He was thus early in life brought in contact with the leading men of the State, and in after life received from them proofs of their appreciation of his capacity and fidelitj' in public position, by having conferred on him important posts of honor and profit. He was Postmaster at Erie twelve years, being appointed through the friendship and influence of Pres. Buchanan, who, living in the same city with him in his youth, was an early observer of his fitness for public position. Mr. Cochran was a man of decided and honest charac- ter, and never encountered meanness and dishonesty without denouncing them in terms consistent with his own honorable impulses ; he was a man of more than ordinary clear- ness of mind and business capacit}^ and in the various positions held by him — the post oflBce at Erie, and the several useful local offices of his neighborhood — he always proved himself a capable and accommodating officer. He marriecl Eliza Justice, a native of N. J., Oct. 20, 1822, and had nine children — Sarah and Rebecca, twins; Mary, Matilda, Mar- tha, Eliza, John, Harriett and Henrietta; of these, Eliza and Matilda are now deceased. Rebecca married Dr. A. Thaj-er, and had threechildren— Frank. Hattie and Jessie (deceased). Martha married Edwin Willis (deceased); has two children— John C. and Edwin B., who married Miss Minnie Welden, of Battle Creek, Mich., and has two children — Jessie Thayer and Vera. :Mrs. Cochran died April 19, 1863, and he died Dec. 9, 1869. The Hon. John Cochran was Associate Judge of Erie Co., and built and operated some of the first mills erected in the county ; he had, besides our subject, one other son — George Cochran, who was born Feb. 4, 1792, and died on the Erie homestead when about thirty-six years of age. J. R. COCHRAN, deceased, was among tlie first bankers of Erie Cit}', Penn. ; he was born in N. H. March 30, 1814, son of John and Mary (Butler) Cochran; his parents were both natives of N. H. He came himself in 1840 to Erie, where for a time he was engaged in the marble business; lie afterward engaged in banking business in Erie City; he was a successful business man, of great energy and force of character, and was highly respected for his good morals and sound sense. At his death he left many friends and but few, if any. C'lTY OF ERIE. 879 enemies; he took a great interest in schools, and was Director of Erie Academy for many years. For two terms he represented Erie County in the State Legislature, with honor to himself and credit to his constituents; he was in full sympathy with the Union cause in the late war, and after the battle at Gettysburg he left his business for the battle-field to take care of the wounded, to which many Erie soldiers can testify; he succeeded in accumu- lating a handsome fortune; his religious belief was with the Universalist Church; in poli- tics was a Republican. He was united in marriage. May 5, 1839, to Sophia Curtis, daugh- ter of P. Curtis, and of English descent — an amiable, Christian lady. This union was blessed with a family of five children, all are now living, viz.: Vinne M., wife of Henry D. Young; Laura, wife of James Bliss; Ella M., at home; George R., in the West; and Clara E., at home. Mr. Cochran died in 1878 in Erie City, where his widow still resides. JUDAH COLT, deceased. This worthy pioneer, one of the 1795 men who ventured to Erie in that year to see what inducements the ccmntry offered, cast his anchor and spent the remainder of his life in Erie. Mr. Colt was born in Lynn, Conn., but his early life was spent in xientral N. Y., where, in 1789, he was engaged as a surveyor. In 1795, he was appointed Sheriff of Ontario Co., on its organization, by Gov. Clinton. In the sum- mer of that year he was so much pleased witli Erie Co., that he proposed to purchase a large amount of land in the' triangle. The Penn. Population Company selected him as general agent for all their lands in the triangle, and in 1796 he made his location in what is now Greenfield Township. He opened a land office which has ever since been known as "Colt's Station." In folHwing year, he opened a road from Lake Erie at the mouth of Si.vteen Mile Creek (now Freeport), to his station, over which to convey supplies for the settlers. In 1803, Mr. Colt removed to Erie, where for thirty years, to the day of his death, he was an active leading spirit in building up the place. At his decease, he was the larg- est real estate owner of any resident in Erie. He and his worthy lady were earnest sup- porters of religion. At the organization of the First Presbyterian Church of Erie in 1815, Mr. and Mrs. Colt were among the most vigorous workers in that society. While there was no place of worship, Mr. Colt erected a frame building with a pulpit and pews, which was long known as the Yellow Meeting House, on Sassafras street. He was one of the first elders elected to that church, and this office he filled until his death, which occurred in Oct., 1832, after a residence in this county of thirty- seven years, and a residence in Erie of thirty years. GEORGE P. COLT, of the firm of Ball & Colt, bankers, No. 730 State St., Erie, was born in Erie City, Penn., March 7, 1834; son of Thomas G. and Catherine A. (Kelogg) Colt, natives of Mass., of English e.xtraction. Thomas G., a merchant, was brouglit up bj'' Judah Colt, and received a good English education. He reared two children— George, our subject, and Marion E., wife of A. T. Loomis, a brick manufacturer of Erie City. Our sub- ject acquired his education in Erie Academy and private schools. He commenced life as a clerk, in the private bank of Wm. C. Curry, of Erie City, at the age of twenty years, and continued with him four years. He then went to Chicago, 111., where he was engaged in a bank four years. At the expiration of that time he embarked in the grain business, in Chicago, in which he continued six years. In 1857, he returned to Erie City, and associated himself with P. H. Ball, as the firm of Ball & Colt, bankers. He was married, in 1861, to Nancy I., daughter of Rev. Bennett Glover, formerly rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Erie City. Mrs. Colt was born in Erie City, and of English descent. Mr. Colt has been a member of the School Board six years. He and his wife are members of St. Paul's Church. He is Supt. of Grace Mission Sabbath school. Our sub- ject's father was a prominent man in Erie City, and one of the first settlers. He was the first ruling officer when Erie changed from a borough to a city, and was immediately elected Mayor of Erie City. He was also a member of Council of Erie City many years. He was a regular attendant of the Episcopal Church. He died in Erie, in 1861, honored and respected by all. GEORGE W. COLTON, Gov. Supt. of Pub. Bldgs., Post Office, Custom House, etc., for Erie City, Erie, Penn., was born in Elk Creek Township, this county, Dec. 3, 1819, son of Eli and Elizabeth (Deitz) Colton. The former, a farmer, was a native of Conn., of English descent; the latter of Maryland, of German lineage. They were parents of fifteen children, twelve of whom are living. Our subject, the eleventh, was reared on a farm, received a good education in the English branches, and follow^ed farming till nearly thirty years old. He was appointed Clerk of County Commissioners, Erie Co., in 1853, remain- ing as such till 1863, when he was elected Prothonotary of same count3^ after serving in this capacity three years, he went to Washington, D. C, and clerked in the House of Representatives till 1868, when he was elected Secretary and Treasurer of Erie Dime Sav- ing and Loan Co. (Bank) then went to Harrisburg, Penn., as clerk in the State Treasurer's Office and office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth till 1883, when he was appointed to his present position by President Arthur. Mr. Colton w^as married, in 1853, in Erie Co., to Mrs. Benedict, whose maiden name was Adelia Shepard. They have a pleasant home in Erie City, where they have been residing since their marriage, until Feb. 8, 1878. when Mrs. Colton died. In earlj^ life, Mr. Colton was a Whig, but has voted with the Republican party since its organization. \ 880 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: C. M. CONRAD, brewer and maltster, Erie, was born in Germany, Feb. 36, 1841. His father was at one time a Protestant clerg3'raan in Germany, but concluded to join the Gatholic Church. This being distasteful to his wife, a divorce ensued. The latter having a brother for some years a book-keeper in Erie City, came to America and to this city with her two sons in 1849. Our subject at that time was eight years of age. He had but three months' schooling in the common schools of Erie City; learned the brewing business and was engaged the greater part of his life in it. He took possession of the brewery in 1863. (In that year his step-father, Jacob Fuess, died), and since that time the business has been con- tinually increasing, so that he is about to extend the brewery buildings. Mr. Conrad was married in 1867, in this city, to Dora Dieffenbach, a native of Erie City; eight children were born to this union, of whom Kate, Eda, Dora, Flora and Clara are living. Our sub- ject and wife were members of tlie German St. Paul's Protestant Chiirch. She died Jan. 29, 1883, in her thirty-fourth year, greatly beloved and respected by all who knew her. Mr. Conrad has been a member of Erie City Council; in politics, is a Republican. JOHN CONSTABLE, retired contractor, Erie, was born in England Jan. 11, 1811, son of Robert and Harriet (Perkins) Constable. He came to America in 1833, remaining in Buffalo, N. Y., four j-ears, and from there went to Fla., where he was engaged in the arsenal. At the expiration of a year, he returned to Buffalo, and in 1840 came to Erie. He at once contracted for the building of the Park Presbyterian Church, and along with Mr. Ramsey built also the " Scott Block." These buildings are among the most prominent of our subject's many contracts. Mr. Constable was twice married, on first occasion, in 1839, to Elizabeth Pettit, by whom he had five children, two now living — Thomas and Washington. George was drowned* in the Ohio in 1874. Mrs. Constable dying in 1835, our subject mar- ried, in 1838, Mrs. Eliza (Culp) Reinliardt, a widow lady who had, by her first husband, one son named William. To this union were born four children, all living— Edward, Charles, Louise and Herbert. Mr. and Mrs. Constable are members of the Baptist Church, of which he has been Trustee. He was a City Councilor for several years; is the oldest member of the I. O. O. F. and Encampment. He is not at present engaged in active business, but assists his sons who are extensively engaged in their sash, door and blind factory. Mr. Constable had five sons in the late war. Thomas, one year in the navy, then in the 83d P. V. I.; John died from disease contracted in service; William, also in the 83d P. V. I.; Washington, in the 145th P. V. I., was taken prisoner and confined in Libby Prison. MILTON COURTRIGHT was born in Susquehanna Co., Penn., in 1811. He came to Erie in 1846, with his wife and two children, riding in a carriage the entire distance. He at that time occupied the position of assistant resident engineer of the Erie Extension Canal, then building. After its completion, he occupied the position of its Superintendent, which he filled for several years. Aliout 1850, he formed a partnership with John A. Tracy, and the firm became heavy contractors both in the U. S. and Canada. They built the Erie -. m y* ^ i^j^-^-^wr- I CITY OF ERIE. 889 the direction of Wm. B. Penrose, Esq., then a leading member of the Carlisle bar. Having been admitted to the bar in Carlisle, Mr. Downing came to Erie in the fall of 1855, to establish himself in the practice of the law. In 1863, he was elected District Attorney for the county of Erie, and was fairly started in his profession. The following year, however, he was offered the position of Gen. Agt. and Manager of the " In.surance Co. of North America," of Philadelphia, for the Western States, which position was finally accepted, but not without some misgivings as to ihe expediency of the new departure, after having struggled to secure a foothold in the legal profession, and the hardest part of the battle apparently won. As the new undertaking was regarded by Mr. Downing as an experi- ment, it was agreed that he should make his headquarters at Erie, for the time being, an arrangement that would enable him, in case the duties of his new position .should be unsuited to his abilities and experience, to go back to the practice of law in the place where he was acquainted. Nearly all of the prominent fire insurance companies doing an agency busi- ness in the Western States and Territories have their Western offices in Chicago; but the "Insurance Co. of North America" forms an exception to the rule in this respect, and for the reason that the Gen. Agt. and Manager, when first employed, had his home in Erie. The Western Department of the company having been established at Erie, under the cir- cumstances above named, it now became a fixture, and one of the important business enter- prises of the city. The business done is not exceeded in extent by any branch fire insur- ance office either in Chicago or elsewhere, and the net earnings of the business have been entirely satisfactory to the company, as well as to their Western Manager. However suc- cessful Mr. Downing might have been, had he followed the law, he has certainl}^ developed a special fitness for the profession of fire underwriting, in which he holds a rank .second to no one occupying a similar position. In 1872, the " Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Co.," another favorite Philadelphia institution, secured the services of Mr. Downing as their Western manager, and the business of that company has grown to large proportions under his ex- perienced and energetic management. Erie may well be proud of the fact that .so popular, so extensively knowai and so prominent a branch office for fire insurance exists in her midst. But Mr. Downing has not simply been a successful business man: he has always taken an active interest in promoting the growth and prosperity of the city where his home has been for nearly thirt}" years; investing liberally in manufacturing enterprises, and in the erection of a large number of fine dwellings amd other buildings, his new oflice building, just completed, being one of the finest of the kind in the State. As School Director and member of the City Councils, he has done his share of public duties, but his influence and example, whether in or out of office, are always on the side of progress and improvement. Being a forcible and ready public speaker, his voice has often been heard in earnest advocacy of questions of public interest. Possessed of talents which eminently fit him for legislative halls, he has no ambition for office, and a decided aversion to all office seeking. In politics, he was first a Whig and then a Republican, but is not a strong partisan, holding to no extreme views on any of the leading political questions of the day. Mr. Downing has long been a member of the First Presbyterian Church, and a liberal sup- porter of that society, as well as of the charitable and benevolent enterprises connected with it. The same may be said of his contributions generally for objects of benevolence of public interest, they have been liberal but unostentatious. In early life, he married Miss Henrietta Bagg, of South Hadley, Mass., and by this union has had seven children, all now living save one daughter. J. C. M DRAKE, M. D., 201 West 8th St., Erie, was born in Panama, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., and reared in Westfield, same county. His father was Col. J. C. Drake of the 112th N. Y. S. v., and he is a lineal descendant of an ancient family of that name. After receiving a good literary education al Grej^lock Institute, Mass., he entered Cornell University, taking a thorough literar}^ and scientific course when twenty years of age; after two years he entered Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, graduating in 1880, when twenty five years of age. After practicing a year at Westfield, in connection with Dr. Geo. W. Seymour, he came here and has since been identified with the practice in this city. He has worked actively for the development of the social life of Erie City. MARTIN DRIGGS, passenger car conductor of the L. S. & M. S. Ry., Erie, was born in Genesee Co.. N. Y., Oct. 14, 1838; son of Anson Driggs, who came from Conn, and located in N. Y. State. The subject i»f our sketch was reared and educated in Portland, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., and in 1860 began train work in the railway business with the L. S. Ry., and has been serving for this line twenty years as a conductor. He was married in 1851," in Westerfield, N. Y., to Caroline E. Thayer, an estimable lady, born and reared in Portland, N. Y. Mr. and Mrs. Driggs have two children — Chas. T., chief clerk of freight dpt., L. S. Ry., Erie; and Ruby E., a graduate of the Erie High School. Mrs. Driggs is a member of the Simpson M. E. Church. Mr. Driggs, since coming here, has taken an active part in d'iveloping the social and industrial growth of the city. JOHN M. DIJ MARS, architect and builder, Erie, was born and reared in Erie Co. He began the carpentering business when fifteen years old, and early developed a marked talent for architecture. He employed his spare minutes in this study, and became profi- cient in it, though he has rather retired from it professionallv. preferring to devote his 46 890 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: time exclusively to the building industry, in which he has taken a prominent part in this city. His grandfather of same name, was an early settler in the county, and carried on farming in Mill Creek Township. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. John R. Du Mars, the father of our subject, has been prominently connected with the building interests of Erie City. CAPT. JAMES DUNLAP, Erie, was born in Erie Co., Penn., March 17, 1801 ; son of James and Rebecca (Meach) Dunlap ; the former, a carpenter by trade, was born in Ireland; the latter was a native of Dauphin Co., Penn. They were married in the latter county in 1794, and three years later came to Erie County ; reared a family of five, of whom our subject is the only survivor ; he received his education, necessarily limited, in the old log schoolhouse in this county ; then farmed till 1823, since which time he has been a resident of Erie City. The Captain owns a farm of 100 acres, valued at .$10,000, which his father received for living on same five years, according to the laws of the State of Pennsylvania. Our subject filled large contracts, building docks, etc., and at one time was worth over $30,000. Though he has lost considerable through his sons' unfortunate investments, he has still a comfortable competence left ; he lately gave over $1,000 to the Baptist Church, in which he has been Trustee and Deacon for a number of years. Our subject received his commission of Captain of the Militia, in 1837, from Gov. Porter ; was member of City Council for six years; for several years was Harbor .Master, Erie City. Capt. Dunlap was married in 1828 to Mary Boyd, and has reared three children — John D., Helen, wife of John Bowers, and James J. C. H. EADES, grocer and saloon keeper, Erie, was born in the village of Greenfield, Erie Co., Penn., son of William and Betsy (Wallace) Eades, natives of JsTew York; the latter of German descent ; the former, a farmer, of English lineage, came to Erie Co. in 1849, settling in Greenfield. Our subject, who was fifth in a family of seven children, was reared on a farm, and attended the common and high schools of his native county ; he en- gaged as book-keeper for a time, but from 1873 to 1883 followed farming. In December of the latter year he embarked in his. present business, corner of 18th and Parade streets, and has been very successful. Mr. Eades was married, in 1875, to Annetta J., daughter of William Baybrooks, and of English descent, by whom there is one child — Conydon Byron. Mrs. Eades is a member of the M. E. Church ; he is a Republican in politics. PROF. JOHN ECKERT, teacher of instrumental and vocal music, and composer of music, 420, 7th street, Erie, was born in N. Y. City on July 8, 1847, and at an early age showed marked musical talent, and when only ten years of age took active part in con- certs ; he continued the study of music in Cincinnati (whither he had removed) until he was sixteen, when he went to Europe and took a thorough musical course at the Leipsic Conservatory, graduating in April, 1868 ; he then returned to Cincinnati, and was promi- nently identified with his profession there for some time ; he subsequently accepted a posi- tion at Ironton, Ohio, in connection with the public schools of that city as music instruc- tor, and, after a reputable engagement there of a short duration, joined the Magill & Strong Concert Troupe, with whom he remained until the summer of 1876, when he located in Westfield, N. Y. Prof. Eckert came here in 1881, having previously been pro- fessionally connected here. Since his coming, he has always taken an active interest in the social development of the city ; he is an active member of the Masonic order. Royal Arcanum and K. of H. societies. He was married at Westfield, N. Y., in 1881, to H. Blanche Smith, a finely-educated lady, and a daughter of one of the leading business men of the city. JOHN ELIOT, manager German Savings Bank. Erie, was born March 7, 1825, son of George Augustus Eliot, who died March 3, 1829. The latter was a lawyer in Erie City, Penn.; married Nov. 12, 1818, Sarah, daughter of Robert Brown, of Erie, Penn. She was born March 12, 1800. They were parents of two children — William H., born June 14, 1823, died Oct. 7, 1845, and John, our subject. The father was a native of Conn., of English descent, and the mother a native of Penn., of Scotch-Irish descent. George Augustus Eliot was a graduate of Yale College. He left Conn, for Cincinnati on horseback, but ran short of money, and arriving at Erie City, he remained three years with Robert Brown, his future father-in-law, who practiced law fifty years in Erie City, and died there in 1870. Our subject was educated in Erie Academy, where he graduated in 1845. His father owned a mill, and with an ej^e to business, sent John to Ashtabula, Ohio, to learn the milling business, which he did, and on his return took charge of his father's mill, running it suc- cessfully, for twenty years. This mill is now inside tlie corporation limits of Erie City. Mr. Eliot embarked in the banking business under firm name of John Eliot & Co. This firm existed for fifteen years. He then assumed the position he now holds. Our subject was twice married; on first occasion, May 16, 1854, to Elizabeth Johnston, of Pittsburgh, Penn., who bore him two children — Sarah M., wife of Harry Richards, in Dakota, and Ruth. Mrs. Eliot dying in 1861, Mr. Eliot took for his second spouse, in 1863. the widow of Dr. Tris.sler. She is a native of Buffalo, N. Y., daughter of Joseph Kelsey. Mr. Eliot traces his gene- alogy back to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. In politics, he is a Republican. MAJOR ANDREW ELLICOTT (deceased). The subject of this sketch devotrfjd a long life to the service of his country, and illustrated in an eminent degree the valuable CITY OF ERIE. 891 intelligence and learning can render in the settlement and civilization of a new country; 7as born in Bucks Co., Penn., Jan. 24, 1754. His attainments in science soon drew aid int he was public attention to him, and from the Revolution to the day of his death he was employed in the fulfillment of trusts conferred by the General or State Governments. Though be- longing to the society of Friends, he commanded a battalion of ]Maryland Militia in the Revolution. In 1784, he was employed on behalf, of Virginia in fixing tlie boundary line between that State and Penn. In 1786 he was commissioned by theSupreme Executive Council of the State to run the northern boundary line of Penn., and in 1788 he was directed to make a survey of the islands in the rivers Allegheny and Ohio within the bounds of the State. In 1789 he was commissioned by the U. S. Government to locate the western boundary of N. Y. State, and ascertain the validity of the claim of that State to the site upon which Erie now stands. He located the line, after much hardship and trouble, some 20 miles east of Presquelsle; his valuable service in this important and responsible survey seems to have been duly appreciated by Washington, for he writes in the year of its completion: "General Washington has treated me with attention. The Speaker of Congress and the Governor of the State have constantly extended to me most flattering courtesies." Thus we find that this city was laid out or originally surveyed by Maj. Andrew Ellicott. In 1790 he was employed by the U. S. Government to survey and lay out the District of Columbia and Washington City ; in 1796, he was appointed by Washing- ton Commissioner to fix the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish posses- sions. One important trust succeeded another, and for more than 40 years, and up to the time of his death, he was constantly employed in some public capacity. His high character and superior intelligence elevated liim without special effort; he had an exalted sense of duty, and a well-sustained conception of personal responsibilities. In March, 1801, he was appointed by JefEerson Surveyor General of the United States, which office he accepted upon conditions imposed by himself. Sept. 1, 1813, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the Military Academy at West Point, and removed the same year to that place with his family, and here died, Aug. 28,1830; he left a widow and nine children. Col. JohnH. Bliss, of this city, is his grandson. Pres. Hale, inhismemoirof Maj. DavidBates Douglass, theson-in-law of Andrew Ellicott, says : ' ' The memoirs of the late Andrew Ellicott, when written, will form a valuable addition to the history of our country, taking us away from the beaten ground of battle- fields and Senate Chambers and Cabinets to the services which science can render in the settlement of a new country in a civilized age." Extracts from a sketch of Maj. Andrew Ellicott in Stuart's Civil and Military Engineers of America. JOSEPH ERHART, No. 710 State street, Erie, jobber in saddlery hardware, harness, trunks, etc., was born in Girard, Erie Co., Penn., Sept. 9, 1841, and is a son of Stephen and Catherine (Hemmerlin) Erhart. Stephen was born in Baden, Germany, Dec. 15. 1817, and his parents, Magnus and Mary Erhart, came with him to the U. S. in 1832, and the following year settled in Erie, where lioth died. Stephen Erhart learned the harness trade with his brother, Wolfgang, who located in Erie in 1828. On the 6th of Sept., 1840, he married Catherine Hemmerlin, a native of Alsace, France, born April 23, 1822, whose parents, Dominick and Anna Hemmerlin, settled in McKean Township, Erie Co., Penn., in 1828, and there died. To this union were born four children — Joseph, Mary J., deceased; Helen A., deceased, and Edward F. M. From 1837 to 1844, Stephen Erhart carried on the harness business at Girard, Erie Co., then returned to Erie, and entered into partnership with his brother Wolfgang. He continued in the successful prosecution of the harness and saddlery business at Erie until 1883, when he sold out to his sou Joseph, with whom he had been in partnership since 1866, and retired from active life. Joseph Erhart learned the business with his father, became a partner in 1866, and sole proprietor in 1883. On the 11th of Aug., 1868, he was married to Mary M. Zones, a native of Newark, N. J., born Oct. 13, 1846, and a daughter of Christian and Mary A. (Sterlin) Zones, he a native of Prussia and she of Alsace, France. Mrs. Joseph Erhart is the mother of three children, viz. : An- nie M., born May 25, 1869; Mary M., born Aug. 7, 1873, and Aloys J., born Sept. 20, 1878, all of whom are living. Politically, Mr. Erhart is a Democrat, and the whole family are faithful adherents of the Catholic Church. W. C. EVANS, M. D., physician and surgeon, Erie, w\as born in Franklin, Venango Co., Penn., April 13, 1829, son of Col. Jolm Evans of Franklin Co.. Penn., for many vears editor and publisher of the Venango Herald and High Sheriff of Venango Co. Our^ sub- ject acquired a literary education in Harrisburg, Penn., read medicine with Dr. B. Gillett and graduated from the Western Reserve Medical College in 1854. He commenced the practice of medicine in the city of Franklin, Penn. In 1863, he came to Erie Co., settling in North East, where he remained five years. Afterward he accepted a professorship in Kansas City College of Physicians and Surgeons. In that city he resided until 1876; during the last two years spent there, he had charge of the City Hospital. The Doctor returned to Erie City in 1876, and has been engaged in the practice of medicine liere ever since. In 1849, he was married to Kate C, daughter of Luke Turner, of Penn. By this union were born Arthui', deceased in 1863, and Alfred. Dr. Evans was Lieut. Col. on Gov. Packer's staff, Penn. In politics, he is a Democrat. He is a member of the Central Presbyterian Church; Mrs. Evans of the Episcopal Church. 892 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JOHN FAIRBAIRN, of the firm of Davenport, Fairbairn & Co., manufacturers of car wheels and raih'oad castings, Erie, was born in England January 21, 1836, son of Stephen Fairbairn, a druggist in England, who reared six children. Our subject, who is the eldest, received a common school education, and early in life learned the iron molder's trade. He came to America in 1846, settling in this city, where he worked at his trade for some time. He has been successful financially; politically, is a Republican. Our subject was married, in 1847, to Elizabeth Hubbard, of English descent, by whom he has six chil- dren — Ann, wife of William B. Vance, of Mich.; Frank, superintendent of car wheel shop and foundries; John C, foreman in the foundry; Blanche, wife of Merrick Gunnison, also foreman in foundry; Florence and Oscar at school. Mr. and Mrs. Fairbairn are members of the Chestnut Street Presbyterian Church, in which he is an Elder. W. T. FARRAR, of The F. F. Adams Co., manufacturers, Erie, was born near Water- ford, this county, July 29, 1853, son of-F,. F. and Maria S. (Warner) FajtTai'- former born in Vermont in 1821, the latter also a native of that State, of English descent. F. F. Farrar was in the wholesale grocery business in Erie City, in partnership with A. H. Gray for a period of twenty years. In 1869, he entered manufacturing business in Pittsburgh, Penn., and moved to Waterford in 1875 ; has now retired. He had a family of four children — Ida, born in 1861 (deceased) ; Charles W. a manufacturer in Dubuque, Iowa; W. T. (our subject); and Minnie, wife of Wm. Arbuckle, of this city. Our subject acquired his educa- tion at Erie Academy, and the Academy at Chambersburg, Penn. He superintended his father's acid factory business in Titusville for five j^ears. In 1878, he entered into his pres- ent partnership with The F. F. Adams Co. Mr. Farrar was married in Pittsburgh, Penn., in 1876, to Eleanor, daughter of H. Blackstone, and of English descent. Their family num- bers three children — Louis, Harry and Marion. Mrs. Farrar is a member of the Christian Church. In politics, our subject is a Republican. WILLIAM FAULKNER, physician and surgeon, Erie, was born July 4, 1819, son of Dr. Peter, and Rebecca (Merrick) Faulkner, of German descent, the former a native of N. Y., the latter of Md. Our subject's paternal grandfather was a physician and surgeon in the war of 1812, and died while in the service. Dr. Peter Faulkner came to Erie from N. Y., in 1824, resided for a time in Crawford Co., Penn., but returned to Erie Co. in 1844, and died in this city. He was twice married, and had two children by each wife. Morgan L., the eldest, is a physician in Crawford Co., Penn.; subject is the second; Robert, first child by the second wife, is a physician in Erie City; and Sarah, the youngest (deceased), was wife of Col. Grant, an attorney of Erie City. Dr. William Faulkner received the rudiments of his education in Wellsburg Academy. In 1842, he graduated from Geneva Medical College and commenced practice in 1842. After practicing some years, he managed to take, as a rec- reation from his professional duties, two full courses of lectures in Philadelphia, and when his father moved to Erie from Crawford Co., he went to the latter county, bought his fa- ther's property, and there practiced till 1858, when he moved to Waterford, Erie Co., remain- ing there till 1872, in which year he came to Erie City. When the rebellion broke out, the Doctor joined the 83d P. V. I., as Surgeon, serving one year. He was compelled to resign on acco\int of illness, brought on by exposure. He was twice married, on first occasion, in 1843, to Sarah Kaerns, who ])ore him five children, all living, viz.: Elizabeth, wife of J. Sax- ton; Emma, wife of P. D. Smiley; Rebecca, wife of James H. Bosard; William and Peter. Mrs. Faulkner dying in 1865, the Doctor married in 1866 Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel Vincent, of Waterford, Penn., and to this union was born one child— Clay Vincent. The}' are members of the Presbyterian Church. In politics, the Doctor is a Republican, formerly a Whig. J. R. FERGUSON, Chief of Police, Erie, was born in the Keystone State Aug. 24, 1817, son of Israel and Hannah (West) Ferguson, natives of New York, of Scotch descent. Our subject was reared on the farm, and early developing a love for the horse, made that animal his studj^, so that when a mere lad, he was recognized as a good authority on the diseases of horses, and being skilled as a veterinarj' surgeon he pursued that profession for several years. He was a secret detective also for fifteen 3'ears and made so many cap- tures of criminals and others in that time that he became established as a regular detect- ive and is favorably known in that capacity far and wide, both in the Union and in Canada. During the war our suljject was engaged on salary by several United States Marshals to arrest deserters, and thereby he sent more men into the army than anv one else in the States. In 1884, he was appointed Chief of Police of Erie City by Mayor Becker. Mr. Ferguson was married in 1840 to Elizabeth Walker, a native of Pennsylvania. She died in 1873, leaving five children — William, Frank, Henrietta, Mattie and George. JOHN FERRIER. Alderman Second Ward, Erie, was born on the Atlantic Ocean, near tlie banks of Newfoundland, June 24, 1819, son of Robert and Martha (Armstrong) Ferrier, natives of County Derry, Ireland, and who came to Canada in 1819, where they passed the remainder of their lives. Robert Ferrier was a farmer. Of a family of eight chil- dren, our subject is the only survivor; he was taught the trade of tailor in Canada. In 1849, came to Erie Co. and taught school for twent}' j-ears in both Erie City and the county, occasionally clerking in stores. In 1876, he was elected Alderman of the Second Ward, this city, which position he still occupies. Mr. Ferrier was married in Canada, in 1848, CITY OF ERIE. 893 to Catherine O'Brien, of Irish descent. Our subject and wife are members of the Catholic Church. H. G. FINK, proprietor of the Steam Bending AVorks, Erie, born in Erie Co., Penn., Sept. 14, 1848, son of John Jacob and Caroline (Leopold) Fink, natives of German}', who came to America in 1847, settling in Erie County. Our subject was brought up on the farm, and attended school in McKean Township and the State Normal School at Edin- boro, after which he underwent a thorough commercial education at Bryant & Stratton's Business College at Albany, N. Y.. from which he graduated in 1866. He then bought and sold cattle for eight years (in Eastern and Western States); going to Texas in 1872. Mr. Fink dealt largely in stock there; at one time he drove 8,400 head for 600 miles, requiring a force of 28 cowboys. In 1874, he returned to Erie City, and bought the Erie Steam Bending Works, which he is successfully operating at present date, being now the largest felloe mnfg. works in the world; capacity 350 sets of bent felloes per day. Our subject was married in"l876 to Ellen M., daughter of Joseph Station and a native of England. One child, Alice C, was born to this union. Mrs. Fink is a member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. In politics Mr. Fink is a Republican. ADDIS FINNEY, firm of O. C. Thayer & Co., manufactvu-ers of stoneware, sewer pipes, fire brick, etc., Erie, was born in Akron, Ohio, in 1857, only surviving child of W. C. Finnej% a native of Me., of Irish descent. Our subject was reared in Ohio, edu- cated in the high school of his native county, and was employed as clerk for five years while a resident of Ohio; he afterward went to Wis., and was employed as P. O. clerk till 1882, when he*came to this city. Soon after he formed a copartnership with O. C. Thayer & Co., Erie City Pottery. This firm uses nothing but the finest clay from South Amboy, N. J. Mr. Finney was married in Ohio to Sarah D., daughter of H. B. White. By this union is one child. Our subject's grandfather, Caleb Finney, lived to the patriarchal age of ninety-three, and his grandmother, Susannah Finney, died at the age of eighty-nine. His father, W. C. Finnev, who is foreman of the pottery, is fifteenth in a familv of sixteen. CONRAD FLICKINGER, hardware dealer. No. 408, 18th street, Erie, was born in Germany, Feb. 20, 1845 ; his father, George Flickinger, came to Erie City in 1851 from Germany, brought over his family in 1852, and here worked at his trade (brick-making) for many j^ears. Our subject, who was the eldest of five children, attended the Erie schools, and early in life learned the tinner's trade ; he was prudent, and in 1866 started in business for himself on a small scale. At the end of three years, he built a store on Peach street, between 22d and 23d streets, where he remained till 1872, when he moved to his present place of business ; he is attached to his business, and well deserves success. Mr. Flickin- §er was married, in 1867, to Anna Shafers, born in Germany, and a daughter of John hafers. They are parents of six children — Emma, Hattie, Elizabeth, George, Freddie and Laura. Mr. and Mrs. Flickinger are members of St. John's Protestant Church in Erie City. Our subject is a Republican in politics ; has been a member of the Board of Elec- tions a number of years ; is a prominent member of the I. O. O. F. ; G. A. R., A. O. U. W. and Select Knight of A. O. U. W., the latter a society just organized in this city, which bids fair to be a success ; he has been the principal mover in its organization. JEREMIAH FOGARTY, blacksmith, Erie, was born on the sea, during the voyage of his parents, Patrick and Mary Fogarty, to this country. They settled in Toronto, Canada, and there our subject learned his trade ; he subsequently came to this count3^ eventually settling here in 1870. Mr. Fogarty has been twice married; on the first occasion to Eliza- beth Bolster, of Cork County, Ireland, who bore him two children— Thomas and Eliza- beth ; she is now deceased. Mr. Fogarty was again married in 1870 to Mary Kelly, a na- tive of County Tyrone, Ireland. No children have been born to this union. They are all members of the Roman Catholic Church. During the late war, our subject did active service in the United States Navy in the South Atlantic Squadron, for nearly four years, and received an honorable discharge. COL. THOMAS F0RSTER,s6n of John Forster; born near Harrisburg,Penn.,May 16, 1762; brought up as a surveyor; served during the Revolution in defense of the frontier; was a Colonel of volunteers during the whisky insurrection; appointed A.ssociate Judge of Dauphin Co. in 1793; member of the Assembly one term; came to Erie Co. as agent of the Harrisburg & Presque Isle Land Company in 1796 or 1797; moved his family to the county in the spring of 1799, settling in Erie; commissioned Collector of the port of Erie March, 1799, a position he filled until his death in 1886; meanwhile acting as Government Agent for the construction of the breakwater in Erie Harbor; serving as Captain and Brigade In- spector in the war of 1812, and holding numerous town and county offices. He married, Oct. 5, 1786, Sarah Pettit, daughter of Rev. Joseph Montgomery, who was a Chaplain iu the Revolutionary army, and the first member of Congress from Lancaster Co. under the Constitution of the U. S. She died in Erie Julv 27, 1808. Among her children were the wives of Gen. E. V. Sumner, Gen. Geo. W. Wriglit, Col. John Harris, Maj. Herron and Capt. Bailey. U. S. Army. Col. Forster and Rev. Mr. Montgomery were both educated at Princeton College, New .lersey. THOMAS FORSTER, JR., son of Col. Thos. Forster and Sarah, his wife; born near Harrisburg, Penn., in 1796, came to Erie with his father; carried on a forwarding and 894 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: commission business at Erie Harbor several years; Captain of a military company, and ves- tryman of St. Paul's Church; moved to Dunkirk, N. Y., about 1828, from wliich date he was Government Agent for the construction of breakwaters at the various harbors on Lake Erie, between Erie and Buffalo, until his death; moved to Westfield, N. Y., about 1862, where he died in 1864. He married, in 1821, Juliet M., daughter of Hon. William Bell, of Erie, a settler of 1800, officer in the Revolutionary war, State Senator, Associate Judge, and uncle of Hon. John Bell, candidate for President in 1860. Mrs. Forster died in West- field in 1866. Their children were as follows: John H. and Sarah P., residents of Michi- gan; William T. ; Theodore M. ; Annie M. and E. S., residents of Erie City. EDWIN SUMNER FORSTER, son of Thomas Forster, Jr.; born in Dunkirk, N. Y., in 1833; educated at Fredouia Academy; learned the printing business in Dunkirk; lived at various times in Dubuque, Iowa. ; Janesville, Wis., and the copper regions of Lake Supe- rior. Married, May 14, 1867, Miss Mary E., daughter of Wm. B. and Carrie A. Hays, of Erie; settled in Erie in 1871, engaging in mercantile business. Mr. and Mrs. Forster have had but one child— William Hays Forster, born Jan. 28, 1872. FREDERICK FRANZ, foreman of the Chicago & Erie Stove Works, Erie, was born Feb. 23, 1839, in Germany, son of Casper and Barbara Franz, who came to America with their family in 1852, settling in Erie City. Our subject was first employed in a foundry in Erie for a few months, and then engaged with the Chicago & Erie Stove Works Company, in whose employment he has been continuously since 1854. Through untiring energy and close application to business, he has graduallj^ grown into such favor and confidence of the firm, that for past ten years he nas had charge of tlie molding department. In 1860, Mr. Franz married Emma, daughter of Philip Scliwap. By this union were born eight chil- dren—Jacob C, Frederick R., Francis J., Henry J., Kiddon C, Catharine, Theresa and Jen- nie C. A. A. FREEMAN, M. D., physician and surgeon, Erie, was born in Crawford Co., Penn., July 4, 1850, son of Arold Freeman, who came to Crawford Co. in 1816, following farmmg. His family numbered eight children, seven living. Our subject was raised on the farm, and attended the common schools till he Avas nineteen years old. In 1872, he grad- uated from the State Normal School, located at Edinboro, then taught school, and while so employed studied medicine. He afterward read medicine with Dr. Heard, now of North East. Dr. Freeman regularly graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Buffalo, N. Y., in 1876, and same year he commenced the practice of his profession in Erie City. This he continued till 1881, when with the view of entering the legal profes- sion he abandoned it. He was elected Alderman of the city in 1881, which office he still holds. The Doctor was married, in this county, in 1876, to Josephine L., daughter of N. L. Finn, now of Saginaw Co., Mich. To this union were born two children — Arold Ray and Robert Todd. JACOB FRITZ, grocer, Erie, was born in Heimersheim, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, Sept. 9, 1841, and canie to America when ten years of age with his people, who settled here. He is a son of George John Fritz, who has the following famih': Elizabeth, wife of Lawrence Koster, a merchant of this city; John and George, farmers of West Union, Iowa, and Jacob, the subject of this sketch. Jacob, at fourteen, began cabinet-makmg, which he followed for four years, when he began merchandising, and has since been successfully connected in the grocery trade here. He was united in marriage, in 1865, with Elizabeth Althoff, born in Eringshausen Kreis, Koblenz, Prussia. They have three sons and five daughters — Helen, Martha, Kate, Elizabeth, George, Florence, Jacob, Jr., and Frank Fenner. The family are members of the German Lutheran Church. Mr Fritz has always taken an active part in developing the social and industrial life of Erie City. GEORGE E. FRY, plumber and gas-fitter, Erie, was born and reared in N. Y. City. At seventeen, took up his present business there, and followed it successfully for seventeen years. In 1866, he came to Erie City and established himself in business. He has been prominently identified with that industry in this city and Erie Co., evidences of which re- main in many of the public works of the city. He married Miss Elizabeth Mapes, of Springfield, Ohio. RICHARD GAGGIN, deceased, was born at Bandon, Ireland, in 1803. He was reared to the woolen manufacturing in his native countrj% and at Leeds, England, whither he went with his father. He came to America in 1836, and for a year carried on business in N. Y. City, and is believed to be the first manufacturer of sealette goods in this country. He subsequently came to Erie, and in 1843 took an active part in establishing the Erie Woolen Mills, and was engaged in same as long as thej^ existed. He was a practical chem- ist, and turned his attention to different industries, establishing the starch manufacturing here in 1850. When petroleum was discovered, he built the first complete refinery, which he carried on during several j-ears. He was empro5'ed in the U. S. Internal Revenue serv- ice, and was surveyor of distilleries throughout the country for a long period, visiting all parts of the U. S. ; he served as County Coroner one term, and filled several minor offices. Mr. Gaggin was the first member of the I. O. O. F. in Northwestern Penn., and was in- strumental in establishing the Order in Erie and adjacent counties, and at the time of his death was its oldest member in Penn. He was a man of fine education, and had scientific CITY OF ERIE. 895 attainments of a high order. Mr. Gaggin died in 1882 at the home of his daughter, in Conneaut, Ohio, and is buried in the Erie Cemetery. R. F. GAGGIN, civil engineer, Erie, the eldest son of Richard Gaggin, was born in Leeds, England, in 1832, and came to this country with his parents in 1836. He was edu- cated at Erie Academy and studied liis profession under John H. Millar, County Surveyor and Engineer. For a few years he was engaged on the Ohio & Miss. Ry., and in 1856 became chief engineer of the road between St. Louis and Vincennes, Ind., remaining as such until its completion; he subsequently built railways in Mo. and 111. in connection with Col. Thos. M. Wallier, of Erie. Mr. Gaggin returned to Erie in 1860 and was ap- pointed City Engineer, which position he resigned to enter the U. S. Customs service, in which he was Deputy Collector and Collector of Customs for seventeen years. From 1874 to 1877, he was employed in gold and silver mining in Colo. He was married, in 1866, to Ger- trude P., daughter of Dr. Jas. L. Hall, of North East, and has a family of three sons and two daughters. JOHN GALBRAITH. The Penn. Galbraiths came of the Scotch-Irish stock so prominent in the early history of the commonwealth. James Galbraith, the founder of the family in this State, emigrated from the North of Ireland, and settled at Donegal, in what is now Lancaster Co., in 1712; he bought large tracts of land from Wm. Penn, pro- prietary; his son, James Galbraith, Jr., married, in 1735, Elizabeth Bertram, who, with her father, Rev. William Bertram, came from Edinburgh, Scotland. These people were all Presbyterians in their religious faith, and the old stone church at Donegal, where they worshiped, has in its churchyard the bones of many of the family. Jas. Galbraith, Jr., was elected Sheriff of Lancaster Co. in 1742; he was made Judge of the Common Pleas in 1745, and was for many years a Justice of the Peace ; he removed to Cumberland Co, in 1760, and in 1763 was appointed Judge in that county. He took an active part in the French and Indian war in 1755-56, and during the Revolution in 1777, was appointed Colonel for Cumberland Co., being then seventy-three years of age; he was obliged, how- ever, to resign after a twelve-months' service, on account of his advanced years and bodily infirmities. In Egle's history of Penn., the writer says: " The Galbraiths of Cumberland Co. all came from James Galbraith, Jr. ; every one of his sons became prominent in the Revolutionary war on the side of the patriots. Bertram Galbraith, First Lieutenant in Lancaster Co., was his son, and did noble service in the cause of his country. Andrew Galbraith, another son, served with distinction as an officer in the Revolution. Chief Jus- tice John Bannister Gibson married one of his daughters. John Galbraith, the youngest son, was a soldier of the Revolution; he was taken prisoner at the battle of Long Island, and, with many others, suffered great hardships in the British prisons in New York City. After the war he removed to Huntingdon Co., and from there to Butler Co., where he re- sided until his death. In the southwest corner of the old Derry Churchyard, on the line of the Lebanon Valley Railroad, at Derry Station, is a stone slab, bearing the following in- scription: ' Here lieth the remains of the Rev. Wm. Bertram, first pastor of this congrega- tion, who departed this life ye 2d Feb., A. D. 1799, aged eighty-five years.' Immediately beside it is another slab with this inscription: ' pfere lieth the remains of James Gal- braith, who departed this life ye 23d August, 1744, aged seventy-eight years, also James Galbraith, Esq., the younger, on ye 11th June, 1787, aged eighty-three years, who dwelt beloved by all, in rational piety, modest hope and cheerful resignation.'" Andrew Gal- braith, brother of James Galbraith, Jr., was the first Coroner of Lancaster Co. In 1730, he was appointed one of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, a position he held until 1746. He was created a member of Assembly in 1730, and for eight consecutive sessions thereafter. In 1732, when a candidale for Assembly, he had a most extraordinary canvass; his wife, mounting her mare Nelly, with spurs strapped to her heels, rode out among the Scotch-Irish in Donegal and collected more than 100 voters, at whose head she rode into Lancaster Borough, where the elections were held, and in Penn Square harangued them with such effect that her husband was returned elected by two or three votes. This incident is thus referred to in a biographical sketch of Madame Patterson Bonaparte in Lippincott's Magazine for Sept., 1877. Mrs. Patterson, Madame Bonaparte's mother, being the grand daughter of the successful feminine electioneerer. "Mrs. Patterson came of that sturdj', independent Scotch-Irish race that has peopled Penn.'s prosperous valleys. Her grand- mother, Mrs. Galbraith, was of considerable force of character, taking a prominent part in Revolutionary stir, and on one occasion traversing on horseback the then almost wil- derness, to canvass votes for her husband's election to the Assembly, which she won, whether by robust arguments or in the felicitous way of the beautiful duchess of Devon- shire, is not recorded." Robert Galbraith, one of the sons of James Galbraith, Jr., was appointed Prothonotary for Bedford Co. March 21, 1777; he was also Justice for the same county. In 1778, he removed to York, and there practiced law; he was a member of the Assembly from that colmt3^ and was appointed agent to sell the confiscated estates of the Tories; he returned to Bedford Co. in 1784, and was in 1788 appointed President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Huntingdon Co. ; he was an officer in the Revolution, and served with honor to himself and countr}^ John Galbraith, the immediate subject of this sketch, son of the John Galbraith above referred to, was born at Huntingdon, Penn., 896 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: in 1794. His father moved to Butler Co., this State, about the beginning of the 19th cen- tury, where the son grew up on a farm. Long before he was of age he was in charge of a school, and in due time served an apprenticeship to the printing business in the same office in Butler, where James Thompson, afterward Chief Justice, was employed. Tiring of printing he studied law with Gen. Wm. Ayres, of Butler, and was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-three or twenty-four. Soon after he married Miss Amy Ayres, daughter of Rev. Robert Ayres, an Episcopal minister, long resident at Brownsville, Penn., brother of Gen. Ayres. About the same time he moved to Franklin, Penn., where he rose rapidly, both in his profession and in popular esteem. His first official position was as a member of the Assembly, to which he was elected three times; was elected to Congress as a Democrat in 1832. 1834 and 1838, where he served on important committees and made several striking speeches. In 1837. he moved to Erie, and was ever after a resident of that city. On retir- ing from Congress he practiced law until the fall of 1851, when he was elected President Judge for Erie, Crawford and Warren Cos., running as Democratic candidate in a district which usually gave about 1,100 Whig majority. His death occurred on the 15th of June. 1860, before the expiration of his term. Judge Galbraith was one of the foremost men in promoting the various public enterprises that gave the first strong impulse to Erie Co. ; he was the pioneer in building the railroad from Erie to the Ohio line, was the largest stock- holder in the Erie tt Edinboro Plank Road, and aided greatljMn reviving the long projected railroad from Erie to Sunbury. One of his favorite ideas, the establishment of a reform school for youthful offenders, has been adopted by the State in the institution at Hunt- ingdon and elsewhere. Mrs. Galbraith died in Philadelphia, March 2, 1868. Their chil- dren were William A., now President Judge of Erie Co., and Elizabeth Ann, intermar- ried with William S. Lane, for some time a practicing lawyer in Erie, and now in Phila- delphia. WILLIAM AYRES GALBRAITH, son of Judge John Galbraith and Amy (Ayres) Gal- braith. was born in Franklin, Venango Co., Penn.. May 9, 1823, and came to Erie with his parents in 1837. He was educated at Allegheny College, Meadville, and at the academy in Erie, and studied law with his father, being admitted to the bar May 9, 1844, on his twenty-first birthday. In September of the same year, he entered Dane Law School of Harvard University, of which Profs. Joseph Story and Simon Greenleaf were the instruct- ors, from which he graduated in 1845. Returning home, he immediately commenced the practice of law in company with his brother-in-law, Wm. S. Lane, opening an office in what is now the Beatty building. On the 25th of May, 1846, he was married to Miss Fan- ny, daughter of Capt. Wm. Davenport, of Erie. The same year he was appointed Dep- uty Attorney General for Erie Co. (an office equivalent to the present one of District Attor- ney) bv Judge Kane, then Attorney General of the State, and continued until 1850, under John M. Reed and Benjamin Champneys. His practice grew so large that his health failed, and about 1856, under the advice of his physician to engage in outdoor occupation, he took an interest with Gen. Herman Haupt and other Philadelphia parties in theHoosac Tunnel, the building of which required his absence for a good share of two years in the State of Mass. Returning in 1858. he was appointed attorney for the Sunbury & Erie R. R., and Quickly re-entered upon a large practice. From the beginning he took an active part in politics. He was a Delegate to the Democratic State Convention in 1846, and of nu- merous others. He was a Delegate in the Democratic National Conventions at Charleston in 1860, and at Chicago in 1864. In 1861, he was nominated as a Union candidate for State Senator, against M. B. Lowry, the regular Republican nom.inee, and was only defeated by about 100 votes in Erie Co., which had given 3.700 Republican votes the year previous. In 1876. he was elected President Judge of Erie Co., as a people's nominee, though the Re- publican candidate for President had some 2,600 majority. He was Director of the rail- road to the Ohio Line, a Director of the Sunbury & Erie R. R. Co., and active in pushing forward that enterprise, and aided largely in establishing the car works, the car wheel works, and the Burdett Organ Factory. Judge Galbraith and wife have been blessed with four children, one of whom died in infancy; the surviving are Fanny (married to Dr. Arnold P. Gilmoi-e, son of the late Judge Gilmore, of the Washington, Penn.. District, who resides in Chirairo). John W. and Davenport. DR. HENRY F. GAREY. oculist and aurist. Erie, was born near "St. Louis. Mo., Julv 22. 18.54. son of Henry F. and Edna (Force) Garey. former a native of Baltimore. Md., of Irish descent, latter a descendant of a Huguenot family, who fled to Va. during the persecutions nf that sect. Henry F. Garey. Sr., was a lawyer, and served in the capacity of Supreme Judge in the Baltimore courts" from 1867 till 1882; he is now retired, and lives in Baltimore, Md. Our subject, who is the only son. received his education in the common schools and the colleges at Rockhill and Ellico'tt City, Md. He then attended Washington Medical University at Baltimore City; he was assistant eye and ear surgeon in the hospital where Edffar Allan Poe died. The Doctor remained there three years, then came to Erie City to practice his profession, having graduated in 1876. In 1883, he was elected eye and ear surgeon of the Hamot Hospital, Erie City, which was organized in 1880. Our subject was united in marriage, in 1878, with Clara, daughter of Edmond Uttley, and of English, descent. Bv thi« union are two children — Edna Force and Anna E. Dr. and Mrs. Garey are members of the Episcopal Church. In politics, he is a Democrat. > ' CITV OF ERIE. 899 DR. GEO. A. GARRIES, physician and surgeon, East Eleventh, between German and Parade streets. Erie, was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1846. When eight years old, he came to America with his people, who settled in Erie. At the age of seventeen, he en- listed in Co. E, 63d P. V. I., and remained in active service until the battle of Spottsyl- vania Court House; he received four bullet wounds, and remained two days on the field of battle before he was taken to the hospital. After convalescence, he joined the Veteran Corps, and continued in Provost duty until the end of the war. He then prosecuted his literary education at St. Vincent College for three terms, subsequently engaging in the study of medicine, and graduating from the Cleveland Medical College, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1881. The same year he was married to Anna E. Zinnserly, a finely educated lady, and located here, where he has since continued in his profession. The Doctor and his wife are active church members. The former is a member of and examining physician for the C. M. B. A. and F. G. F. B. societies, and of Post 67, G. A. R. JOHN W. GENSHEIMER, firm of Gensheimer & Brown, dealers in boots and shoes, 715 State street, Erie, was born in Fairview Township, Erie Co., Penn., March 13, 1849; son of Joseph and Mary (Brown) Gensheimer; the former, who was a tailor by trade, was a native of Germany; the latter, born in Lancaster Co., Penn., was of German lineage. Our subject acquired an education in common schools and at Iron City College, from which he graduated May 3, 1866. He clerked in a dry goods store from 1870 to 1874, then embarked in the boot and shoe trade, which he has since successfully carried on. He was married, in Defiance, Ohio, to Ida R. Phelps, a native of Ohio. To this union were born eight children, five living— Una I., Karl V., Cora E., Harry P. and Mollie N. Mr.' Gensheimer and wife are members of the Simpson M. E. Cliurch, in which he has been Steward, and for four years Clerk of Finance Committee. He is an enterprising citizen, deeply interested in the moral and mental development of this city. M. V. B. GIFFORD, money order clerk, Erie P. O., was born in Venango Township, this county, July 31, 1837, son of William L . and Sidney (Allison) Gifford ; the former, a farmer, was a native of Vt., the latter oFPenn., of English descent.~They were parents of nine children, six living, all residents of Erie Co. Our subject was seventh child and fifth son ; attended common school and Waterford Academy ; he was reared on the farm, and in early life taught school till the late war broke out, when he enlisted in the three-months' service, Erie Reg. ; he next enlisted in the 83d P. V. I., Co. K, and was soon after appointed Orderly Sergeant ; from Sept. 12 to Oct. 1, 1862, he served in that capacity in Co. A; was then promoted to 1st Lieut, and, in 1864, to Capt. ; he was in all the engage- ments his regiment participated in, and was several times wounded, on the first occasion at Fredericksburg. James E., his youngest brotlier, died from the effects of a wound re- ceived at the engagement at Malvern Hill. From 1866 to 1869, our subject was engaged in mercantile business in Erie City, and in 1870 moved to Colo., where he was engaged ten years in farming and stock-raising. Returning to Erie in 1880, he received his appoint- ment to his present position. Capt. Gifford was married in 1866 to Amelia A., daughter of William Allison, farmer, Erie Co. Two children, boys, have been born to this union — Willie Pitt and Pearl Vincent. Our subject and wife' are members of the Central Pres- byterian Church of Erie. In politics, he is a Republican. CHARLES GILMORE, yard master of the P. & E. Ry., Erie, was born in County Antrim, Ireland, Feb. 2, 1831, and came to America in 1849 ; he located in Pittsburgh, where he engaged in railroading with the Erie Extension until the following spring, when he took up sailing. From this, he retired in a few years, and was employed by the Erie & Northeastern, and then by the L. S. & M. S. R. R. until 1858, when he engaged with the P. & E. R. R. Co., with whom he has since been reputably connected. Our subject was married in Erie to Anna Jane Carey, of Erie, Penn.; he had seven sons and one daughter— Charles, Jr., Russell, William, John Clayton, Harry, Warren, Alice Jane and one son, deceased. Mrs. Gilmore departed this life in 1878, in full communion with the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is buried in the Erie Cemetery. Our subject subse- quently married Mrs. Eliza F. Cotton, a sister of his first wife. There is no issue to this marriage. The family are members of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He is an active member of the K. of 'H. and A. O. U. W. societies. JOHN M. GLAZIER, editor and proprietor of the Erie Advertiser, Erie, was born in Clarion, Clarion Co., Penn., Jan. 15, 1842; son of Jacob and Henriette Glazier, who came here in 1847, the former being one of the first merchant tailors in this city. Our subject began life for himself when only ten years old, and at thirteen took up type setting in the office of the Observer, and remained three years. Just before completing his apprentice- ship, he accepted and for two years filled the position of manager in the office of the Titus- ville Reporter, at Titusville. He then for two years engaged in the oil refining business, at the end of this period returning to journalism, and for six or seven years acted as fore- man in the office of the Daily Dispatch. He next organized a stock company, and pub- lished the Erie Evening Republican. After one year's time he retired from this, and ac- cepted the superintendence of a department in the Government Printing Office, Washing- ton. After a connection of nearly two years, he went to Pittsburgh as manager of the Diamond Ink Co., remaining until its dissolution in 1873, when he came to Erie and estab- i- 900 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: lished the present journal, which he has since carried on successfully. Our subject was married in 1862, to Lizzie, daughter of Richard and Eliza Gaggin, of Erie, a lady of fine literary attainments. They have two sons living — George Montgomery and Wm. Varien. Mr. Glazier and wife are members of the M. E. Church. He is a member of the A. 0. U. W., K. of H. and a Royal Templar ; he is at present an efficient member of the School Board of Erie. EMANUEL GOODRICH, manufacturer of brick, and proprietor of Humboldt Iron Works, was born Oct. 11, 1816, in Otsego Co., N. Y. His parents, Ashbel and Louise (Northrop) Goodrich, were natives of N. Y. State, but of English descent. In early life, the subject of this sketch received the common school education of half a century ago, and at the age of fifteen commenced the battle of life as a laborer in a brickyard in the city of Buffalo, N. Y. The means thus obtained were spent to obtain a liberal education. At the age of twenty, he entered Allegheny College, Meadville, Penn., and remained there the greater part of the academic year; he subsequently figures in the role of the school- master, and taught school for three winters in Erie Co., Penn. In 1837, he came to the city of Erie, and became foreman of Daniel Young's brickyard. Three years thereafter, he embarked in the brick-making business as proprietor, and located his yard between what t- is now 26th and Peach streets, in this city. The business has steadily grown under his , management, until now it is run with steam power, and employs a force of 20 men. Mr. Goodrich married in 1843 Nancy, daughter of .loseph Henderson (see sketch). To this union were born two daughters, Emma and Mary. The younger daughter is still living at home; the elder, Emma, is the wife of E. Diefendorf, Manager of Humboldt Iron Works; has three children— Harry G., and the twins, Frederick and Edwin. Mr. Goodrich is em- phatically a self-made man, and his business success is based upon the sterling qualities of his character — industry, integrity and executive ability. In politics, he is a Republican. E. P. GOULD, member of the firm Gould & Gilson, attorneys-at-law, Erie, was born in Springfield Township, this county, March 6, 1834, son of Nathan' and Margaret (Nich- olas) Gould, natives of N. Y. ; former a farmer, of English descent, born in Dec, 1818, died in Erie Co. in 1879; latter born in Dec, 1807, of Welsh extraction. They had seven chil- dren, five living, three in this county, two in Minn. Nathan Gould was the eldest son of Judge William Gould, and came to this county in 1815. Our subject was reared on the farm till he was nineteen years old, when he taught school one year. He graduated from Rochester University, N. Y., in 1859, and studied law in that city. In 1861, he en- listed in the 27th N. Y. I., Co. E, and was soon promoted to 2d Lieutenancy, 1st Lieuten- ancy and Captainc}^ He was present at the first battle of Bull Run, and received special mention from Gen. Slocum for gallant conduct on the field of action. He also participated in all the battles in which his regiment was engaged till the expiration of his term of serv- ice. From 1863 to 1865, he had charge of the recruiting service in Western N. Y. State. After engaging in business two years in Rochester, N. Y., he resumed his law studies, and having passed examination, practiced his profession in that city until 1872, when he went to Albany. N. Y., and for two years filled the position of Chief Clerk in the office of Sec. of State. In 1875, he came to Erie City, and here established himself as an attorney. Mr. Gould was married, in this city in 1868, to Mary E., only daughter of D. P. Ensign, of Erie City. He and his wife are members of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. In politics, he is a Republican. FRANK W. GRANT, attorney at law, and U. S. Commissioner, was born in this city in 1852. He had the advantages of the best schools in Penn., and is a regular graduate of Washington and Jefferson Colleges; he studied laAv with his father. Col. Benjamin Grant, was admitted to the bar in 1874, and has practiced in Erie City ever since. Col. Benjamin Grant was born April 24, 1822, in Wayne Township, this county, son of Joseph P. Grant, a farmer of that township; he received his education at the Waterford 'Academj^ and taught school for several years to obtain means to enter upon the study of law, which he commenced with Galbraith & Graham in Erie, and having completed his course was ad- mitted to the Erie bar Oct. 28, 1845. In 1849, he formed a partnership with Judge Thomp- son, which continued until a short time before the latter' s election to the Supreme bench. In all his extended and successful professional career in the several Federal and State Courts, Col. Grant's ability as a lawyer, skill as a pleader and fidelity to his clients were conspicuous as well as widely and most favorably known; he had also a strong taste for military matters, and was long one of the most efficient members of the Wayne Guards, and upon the breaking-out of the war of the rebellion he was equally active in association with the late McLane in raising the Erie Reg., of which he was Lieut. Col., and with which he served until it was mustered out of service. On returning from camp, among other literary efforts he prepared the reports known as "Grant's Cases," a standard work among the legal fraternity of Penn. The Colonel was for many years Chairman of the Erie Co. Law Library; was Sec. of Erie Gas Co.; nearly all his active life a vestryman of St. Paul's Church; in politics, a Democrat. He built the block on West Park, near Peach street, and with Mr. Metcalf twice erected the block on French street known as Wayne Hall; he died Nov. 24, 1877. aged fifty-five years seven months; his father was born Feb. 18, 1793, married, March 22, 1821, to Clarissa Loomis; came to Erie City soon after the war of CITY OF ERIE. 901 1812, in which he served as a commissioned officer, and died in 1868. Our subject is a member of the Select Council of the city of Erie, and in politics is a Democrat. A. H. GRAY, of the Taper Sleeve Pulley Works, Erie, was born in Union Township, this county, Sept. 2, 1828, son of F. B. Gray, whose father, Matthew Gray (deceased in 1814), was an early settler of Union Township, having come with his family 100 miles on horseback in 1792. They were of Scotch-Irish descent, members of the Presbyterian Church, and their new home, by being made a place of worship for those of that denomi- nation in the neighborhood, became the germ of the Presbyterian Church in Union City. Our subject's mother, Jane Gray, was a daughter of William Gray, brother to Matthew. William settled in Beaver Dam in 1806, and had following family: William, Matthew, Robert, John, Sarah, Jane and Anna. Our subject had four sisters, all married, and four brothers, all of whom are dead. He was brought up on the farm and educated in the common schools and the academy at Waterford. When in his senior year, he embarked in mercantile business in Waterford, and there he remained several years. He came to Erie Citj^ in 1856, and carried on same business for about sixteen years. He then undertook his present business, which he has since continued. Mr. Gray was twice married, on first occasion, in 1852, to M. S., daughter of R. T. Sterrett. By this union were following children: Lillie J., E. W. and A. H., Jr. She dying in 1865, Mr. Gray married, in 1867, in Erie City, E. C. Triss- ler. In politics, our subject is a Republican. T. H. GRAY, physician and surgeon, Erie, was born in Beaver Dam, this State, Mar. 21, 1842, son of Mathew and Hester (Smith) Gray, the former a farmer, of English descent, tl^e latter of Irish lineage. Our subject was eighth in a family of eleven children. He received a common school and normal school education in Edinboro. His medical tuition was ac- quired in the Michigan State University, from which he graduated in 1871. After practic- ing two years in Lansing, Mich., he came to this city in 1873, where he has followed his profession ever since, with success. In the same year, he was married to Annie, daughter of Melvin Kelso, and grand-daughter of Gen. Kelso. The Doctor was County Physician from 1875 to 1879. He is a member of the County, State and U. S. Medical Societies. In 1864, he served as Commissary Sergeant in the army. In politics, he is a Republican. G. W. GRAY, foreman Standard Oil Co., Erie, was born in Washington Township, this county, son of Elimuel and Diadame (Gordon) Gray, the former a native of Mass., the latter of N. Y. Slate. Elimuel Gray was twice married; three children by his first wife are now living; by his second wife were — our subject. Hannah and Perry, both deceased in infancy; Otis, a soldier during the late war under Capt. Stevans, was discharged in 1863, and died in Canada same year; Carson G., married Miss Ray, have two children; Elsinos married, has three children; Ezra,married to Miss Drake, have a family; Leonard, a soldier in the late war, died of a wound received at battle of Gettysburg. George W. Gray, subject of this sketch, was married to Jane A., daughter of James Russell. One son was born to this vmion — Arthur G., traveling agent for the Standard Oil Co. Our subject is a member of the A. O. U. W. and the I. O. O. F. GEORGE P. GRIFFITH, attorney, Erie, was born Oct. 29, 1837, in Mayville, Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y., son of Stephen and Susan (Perry) Griffith. The former, who was of Welsh descent, was born in Pomfret, near Fredonia, N. Y., in 1812, and for most of the time resided in Fredonia and Dunkirk until the spring of 1846, when he moved with his family to North East. Here he started a hat factory, erecting for the purpose the build- ing lately occupied by Hammond & Co. Afterward, he was in business with Judge Greer and W. A. Ensign. He was a Justice of the Peace from 1860 to 1865, and was a prominent member of the M. E. Church, and for many years Supt. of the Sunday school. He was married, in 1835, in Fredonia; died of pleuro-pneumonia May 31, 1883, in North East, Erie Co. His widow, and four children— Geo. P., J. W., Mrs. S. R. Remington and Ben. P. — survive him. Our subject was man-ied, Oct. 6, 1864, to Ella C, only daughter of Capt. Thomas Richards, o1^ this city. By this union were born two sons — Geo. P. and Thomas A. R. Mr. Griffith was edvicated at Fredonia, N. Y., Academy, and commenced the study of law in 1861. He was admitted to the bar in 1864, and formed a partnership in 1870 with S. A. Davenport. THE GUNNISON FAMILY. The Gunnisons of Erie Co. trace their genealogy to Hugh Gunnison, who came from Sweden some time before 1631, and finally settled in Bos- ton, Mass.; he was born about 1610, and died at Kittery, Me., Sept. 21. 1658. Among his descendants was Wm. Gunnison, who was the immediate progenitor of the Erie Co. Gun- nisons. He had two wives, and was the father of twenty-two children. Ebenezer Dearing Gunnison was the eighth child of William by his first wife, Hannah Grant, and was born at Kittery, March 27, 1790. Hiseducation was mainly obtained at Salisbury (N. H.) Academy, where he was a fellow pupil with Daniel Webster,Levi Woodbury and John A.Dix. He was trained for a surveyor, but taught school in N. H. several years. On the 14th of Feb., 1815, he married Miss Sophia Baker, and in Oct. of the same year, accompanied by his wife and brother Benjamin, he came to Erie. Here he was employed as a school teacher for ten years, a year and a half of the time as Principal of the Erie Academy. In 1825, he was elected Justice of the Peace, and held that position until 1840; in the meantime, he also did business as a merchant. The financial revolution of 1837 stripped him of most of 902 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: his earnings. In 1839, he was appointed Register and Recorder by the Governor; in 18 40, he was clerk to the engineer ou tlie canal; in 1841-43, was book-lieeper for Walker, Will- iams & Co.; in 1843, he was chosen as confidential business agent for the Reed estate, a place he held during the balance of his long life. He was one of the original members of the First Baptist Church of Erie, and was always one of its leaders. Mr. Gunnison died March 17, 1873; his widow Aug. lo of the same year. Their children were as follows: So- phia Elizabeth, born July 3, 1816, married Dr. Clias. T. Sage July 20, 1845 (Dr. Sage died Nov. 18, 1874, they had four children— Eugene J., Mary Jane, Eben C. and S. Minnie); El- vira Jane, born July 32. 1818, died Feb. 13, 1835; Mary Baker, born Oct. 28, 1820. married George J. Morton Sept. 30, 1845 (Mr. Morton died Feb. 28, 1868, they had three children- Sylvia Cook, Blanche and George Jjilius); George W., born May 8, 1823, a prominent edu- cator, died in Boston May 14, 1878 (he was twice married, first to Sarah L. Pattison, second to Harrietta L. Boynton, ami was the father of six children); John B., born April 16, 1826, ed- ucated at Erie AcademjC learned the trade of tanner and currier at Hay's tannery in Erie, was in the book trade a number of j-ears, in 1859, associated with his brother Charles E., built and has ever since operated the Gunnison Tannery in Erie, has served in the School Board and City Councils, and held various other public trusts, married Eleanor Spafford Feb. 5,1851 (the}^ have had four children — Charles, Alfred, Anna and Rolla — Charles married May Evelyn Gunnison March 12, 1878, Alfred married Josephine Springer July 12, 1877, Anna is the wife of Chas. L. Thayer and resides in Minn.); Charles E., born Aug. 9, 1839, educated at Erie Academy (in his early years was engaged in a general store; clerk in 1851 in the banking house of J. H. Williams, afterward Williams & Wright, Cashier of the Southern Bank of Ind. in Terre Haute in 1853, partner in the Banking House of C. B. Wright & Co., from 1854 to 1859, Assistant Cashier Marine National Bank of Erie from 1866 to present time; married Jane T. Welsh, Sept. 1,1852; they have had three children — Emma, Harry and Carrie— Emma married Dr. D. H. Strickland Oct, 16, 1878, have two sons— Clyde C. and Chas. G.— Carrie married Frank T. Kimball, Sept. 8, 1881); Annette Julia, born Dec. 31, 1832, married Gen. David B. McCreary. Sept. 17, 1851; they have had three children — Sophia Gertrude. Annette and Wirt — Sophia Gertrude married Henry Alden Clarke, July 18, 1878, Annette died Oct. 16, 1854. Wirt is a naval cadet at Annapolis. Benjamin Gunnison, brother to Ebenezer, w^as born at Kittery, Me., May 24, 1796, and came to Erie at tlie same time. He first settled on one of the Love farms, in Mill Creek Township, but in two years removed to Greene To-wnship, where he continued on the same farm 35 years. He tlien moved to Erie, but in six years went to Mill Creek; remaining there twelve years, he again returned to Erie, where he died Aug. 18, 1879. He was married July 1, 1819, to Miss Clariuda, daughter of Jonas Parker. Their children were three sons as follows: Ora Parker, born April 27, 1822, married Elmira, daughter of Cyril Drown, of Greene Township, April 30, 1848; the}" have had no children. Mr. Gunnison has been a farmer, Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, Deputy Collector and Collector of Internal Revenue, and Clerk to the County Commissioners. Jonas, born Dec. 25, 1824, married Charlotte A. Spaiford, May 9, 1847, died July 21, 1871 (their children were— Frank, Nerr, Clara, Mary and Marion— Nerr died Nov. 20, i851, and Mary, Feb. 24, 1863). Jonas Gunnison was educated at the Erie Academy; studied law with John Galbraith and was very successful in his practice; for a number of years was associated with Gen. D. B. Mc- Creary; served in the Select Council of Erie; was a member of the Legislature in i860; for many years was Trustee of the Erie Academy; frequently represented Erie Co. in Repub- lican State Conventions, and on the Republican State Committee. Frank, onlj^ living son of Jonas, born in Erie, Feb. 2, 1848, married Lila, daughter of Hon. M. B. Loway, Sept. 5, 1872, by whom he has had two children — M. B. and an infant son ; studied law with his father ; admitted to practice in 1870 ; was associated for a time with Gen. McCreary ; is a member of the Select Council of Erie, and Trustee of Erie Academy. Albert B.,born Sept. 1, 1830, married Olive A. Low May 19, 1853; their children have been May Evelvn, Albert, Merrick Low, Ora C, Paul, Olive Albertine, Mary Edith and Jessie Clarinda. Albert died March 21, 1856, and Paul Jan. 27, 1863. May Evelyn married Charles.son of J.B.Gunnison,March 12, 1878; have two children— Arthur and Carl. Merrick Low married Blanche Fairbairn in April, 1879. have one child — Florence; Ora C. married Mar}^ Loyer in 1883. Mr. Gunnison started in life as a farmer; then commenced the manufacture of wooden pumps and pipes, in which he is still engaged. He has been Road Commissioner and County Commissioner, and has long been prominent in public life. He also deals in lumber, W. W. Love being his partner. LA.WRENCE HAIBACH. of the firm Haibach Bros., meat market, etc., 918 Parade St., Erie, was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1850, and came to America with his people, who settled in Erie. When twenty-one years of age, our subject began his present busi- ness with his father, taking entire charge of same when twenty-one, and which he has conducted successfully. He was united in marriage, in 1873. with Mary Haas, of Erie, and has one son and fo< FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 37 ready sale for all he made, which was about five bushels per day. He departed this life in 1825. He was quite a prominent man in an early day. His eldest son, Otis, about 1831, laid out Wellsburg, which bears his name, and was its principal business man for many years. He raised quite a large family, most of whom are living West. Our subject mar- ried, in 1835, Miss Louisa, born February 26, 1812. daughter of Wilson Cole, formerly of Washington County, N. Y., who came to Erie County in 1832, where he was a very prom- inent farmer. Ten children have been born to this union. Those surviving, are Franklin P., Mittie (wife of Robert McNamara), Julius C, Jr., A. Judson, Addie (wife of James Lutted). Mr. Wells was in mercantile business for several years, but since 1885 has en- gaged in tanning on an extensive scale, employing six men, fifty vats, and using steam. He built his tannery, which is one of the prominent enterprises of Wellsburg. He also built a fine grist mill in 1878. which is now owned by Mr. Stell. Mr. and Mrs. Wells are members of the Free-Will Baptist Church, in which he has been a Deacon for the last thirty-five years. He has six acres of fine land on the boundaries of Wellsburg, on which is a fine residence. Though formerly a Whig, he now supports the Republican principles. JAMES M. WOODRUFF, farmer, P. O. Lundy's Lane, was born in Pike County, Penn., March 18, 1823, and came to Erie County with his parents, in the spring of 1837, settling in Elk Creek Township. His father raised a family consisting of three sons and two daughters, three of whom are now living; he departed this life in 1838. Our subject married, March 20, 1853, Miss Phebe Wells, born April 23, 1830, daughter of Obea Wells, and a niece of J. E. Wells, whose biography appears elsewhere in this work. She is a native of Crawford County, Penn. Their union has been blessed with five children — John W., E. Lodicie, Henry K. (deceased June, 1876), Row O., and one deceased in in- fancy. After his marriage, Mr. Woodruff settled on his present farm, then a perfect wil- derness, which, thanks to his industry, now consists of 150 acres of well-improved land. He makes his dairy a specialty. While in the South, before the war, Mr. Woodruff nearly lost his life by being stabbed in the back by an intoxicated man. He is a self-made man; politically, a Republican. EMANUEL M. ZIEGLER, blacksmith and carriage-maker, P. O. Lundy's Lane, was born in Waterloo County, Upper Canada, March 5, 1820, son of Ditman Ziegler, a native of Pennsylvania, who came to Erie County, Penn., in 1836, and raised a family of six chil- dren, four living; he died in Canada in 1858. Our subject has been twice married, first in 1842, to Miss Matilda, daughter of Joseph Zinn, of Erie County, Penn. Five sons and four daughters were born to this union, eight now living, viz. : Emma (wife of Julius Wells); Lavina (wife of Marsh Maxwell); Lucinda (wife of Webster Winchester); Catharine (wife of Frank Fellows); Franklin, George, William and Webster. Mrs. Ziegler died in 1863. and our subject married Miss Margret Jones, of Girard. One child, Ulysses G. has crowned their union. Our subject was engaged in selling lightning rods for sixteen years. About seven years ago he commenced blacksmithing in Wellsburg, and has since been doing an extensive business. He has now the leading shop; also irons carriages and wagons. He and his wife are members of the Universalist Church. He owns some prop- erty in Wellsburg. Politically, he is a Republican. FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. REUBEN BAER, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born May 31, 1831, in Fairview Town- ship, son of Daniel and Leah (Stotler) Baer, natives of Lancaster County and Pittsburgh respectively. They had nine children — Martha (deceased),' Fanny, Eliza, Reuben, Mary, Levi (a soldier in the late war), Harriet, Joseph and Martin. Daniel Baer purchased wild land, in an earl}' day, in Erie County. He was a carpenter, and built and owned the first grist mill on Baer Creek, subsequently replaced by a larger and more substantial structure, which he operated until his death. He was for many years Road Commissioner and School Director. He was also a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he was Steward and Trustee for a long period. He died November 22, 1865; his widow still survives. Reuben Baer married, June 16, 1853, Matilda H., daughter of Curtis and Eve (Kauffman) Heidler, born in Fairview Township, October 11, 1836. Eight chil- dren have been born to this union — Peny A., Susan J. (deceased), Seth H., Myron C, Alice v., Carrie G., Albert G. and Scotta D. (deceased.) Mr. Baer has cleared a good farm of 120 acres, on which he has fine farm buildings, within three miles of Fairview. He was elected Road Commissionerin 1870. He is an adherent of the Methodist Episcopal Church; in politics, a Republican. ISRAEL W. BARD, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born in Lancaster County, May 20, 1827, son of John and Elizabeth ( Weidler) Bard. The latter was a daughter of Samuel and 3^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Fanny (Binkley) Weidler, natives of Lancaster County, who had a family of ei^i^ht children, viz.: William (served in the late war), Israel W.. Fanny, Samuel, Catherine, Susanna (de- ceased), Elizabeth and Isaac. John Bard. Sr., was a farmer of Leacock, Lancaster Co., Penn., where he died in 1867. Israel W. Bard was united in marriage, May 39, 1856, with Mary Kendig, born September 17, IS'S'S, daughter of Henry and Sarah (White) Kendig, natives of Lancaster County, Penn.,wlio had afamily of twelve children— Samuel, Eli, Mary, Cyrus (deceased), Matilda, Henry, Daniel (who served in the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry during the whole war),. Sarah, John and Barbara surviv- ing^. Henry Kendig, Sr., settled in Mill Creek Township, Erie County, in 1831. He was an*'active citizen; a Republican in politics; died November 11, 1881. His widow is now liv- ing. To Mr. and Mrs. I. W. Bard were born six children, viz.: Elizabeth (deceased), Clara, Addie J., John H., Daniel W. and George A. Mr. Bard's farm, comprising seventy- one acres of land under a good state of cultivation, with good farm buildings, is situated three miles from Fairview. He is a member of the G. A. P., Post 359, Fairview; in politics, a Democrat. JOSEPH BARDSLEY, contractor, Fairview, w^as born in Yorkshire, England, March 23, 1835, coming to America in 1863, and to Erie County in 1863. He is a son of Joseph and Sally (Whiteley) Bardsley, natives of Yorkshire. England, who had a family of four chil- f\i-en— Joim and Joseph surviving. Joseph, Sr., was a son of John Bardsley, also a native of Yorkshire, and l)oth died in England. (Jur subject was educated for the ministry of the Church of England, at the Lyceum of Oldham, England, and holds certificates for pro- ficiency in geometry, algebra, grammar, arithmetic and mensuration from the Mechanic's Institutes. The presentations were made by Lords Stanley, Disraeli and Brougham. He also holds a certificate for general knowledge from the Analytic Institute of Oldham. The late Prince Consort was President and Patron of the above Institute. Mr. Bardsley knows five languages. In 1863, he relinquished his position as teacher in the Greenacres Grammar School 1o come to this country. Mr. Bardsley married, in 1856, Mary Whiteley, born August 35, 1831, daughter of Tkomas and Mary (Holmes) Whiteley, all natives of York- shire. Their children were William, James and Sarah, who all died in England. Mr. Bardsley visited his native land in 1864, returning to this country in 1867, and has since engaged in various pursuits in ditferent localities. He settled in Fairview in 1871. Mrs. Bal-dsley died September 7, 1881. Mr. Bardsley is a member of the Royal Templars. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Politically, he is a Republican. EPHRAIM BOYER, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born in Berks County, Penn., December 31, 1819, son of Charles Boyer, born June 11, 1785, married to Elizabeth, daughter of James and Harriet Delaplaue, all natives of Berks County. They had a family of ten children— Solomon, Lewis, Anthony, William. Silas, Mahlon and Mary A. (deceased), only Ephraim, Thomas and Sarah A. survive. Charles Boyer, a soldier of the war of 1813, was a son of Charles and Mary (Moudy) Boyer, the former a native of Vir- ginia, served all through the Revolutionary war; was paid in Continental money, which became worthless while he was visiting Montgomery County, obliging him to remain there. His wife was a native of the latter county. His son Charles, father of our subject, came to Erie County in 1837, purchasing 392 acres in Le Boeuf Township. After cultivating about seventy-five acres, he sold this property in 1853, and purchased 111 acres in Fairview Township, where he died March 9, 1858, his wife following him July 37, 1864. Ephraim Boyer married January 28, 1858, Eliza Shank, born June 37, 1819, widow of Henry Shank, and daughter of Henry and Charlotte (Ruth) Wolfe, all natives of Lancaster County, Penn. There are no children. Mr. Boyer resides on the home farm, about a mile from Fairview. He was Road Commissioner two terms, from 1876 to 1883, and Inspector of Electors. He and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. FRANK CAUGHEY, farmer, P. O. Avonia, was born in Washington County, Penn., November 19, 1813, son of John Caughey, born in Lancaster County, June 13, 1784, and married to Ann V. AVilson, born October 6, 1786, daughter of Miles Wilson, a native of Washington County, Penn. They had thirteen children— Andrew, Miles, (at one time Sheriff of Erie County), David, John and George, all deceased; those living are, Frank, Jane E., William M., Nancy A., Mary, Sarah B., Samuel and Susan. John Caughey came to Erie County about 1805, subsequently .settling in this township. He was a son of Andrew and Elizabeth (Caughey) Caughey, of Irish descent. He was a soldier in the war of 1813, and Superior Collector of his township. His wife died May 6, 1839, and he June 18, 1859. Our subject married September 15, 1839, Emily Cook, born in 1817, daughter of Alvin and Catharine (Daggett) Cook, of German descent the former was a native of New York State. By this union there were four chil- dren— Cassius (deceased), William H., Johnston J. and Emma. Mrs. Caughey died October 19, 1848, and December 30, 1849, Mr. Caughey married Harriet Childs, ^Jorn in Harbor Creek Township June 38, 1836, daughter of Theodore and Jane (Crawford) Childs, the former a native of Connecticut, the latter a daughter of Thomas and Mary (Custard) Crawford, all natives of Susquehanna County, Penn. Thomas Crawford's father was a Major in the Revolutionary war. Mr. Caughey's second marriage was blessed with one daughter— Jane A., wife of Charles J. Sturgeon. Mr. Caughey is a substantiel citizen of FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 39 Fairview Township, in which he has served as Road Commissioner, School Director, Col- lector, etc. He has fine farm buildings, and fifty-three acres of land a half mile from Fair- view Borough. He is a Presbyterian; in politics a Republican. WILLIAM DUNCAN, farmer, P. O. Swanville, was born in Mill Creek Township, April 29, 1829, son of Andrew Duncan, born Januur3\ 1797, and Agnes (Daniel) Duncan, born in 1797, both natives of County Deny, Ireland. Of their ten children, William, Eliza, Martha, May, Jane and Francis are now living. Andrew was a son of James Dun- can, a native of Scotland. He came to America in the spring of 1822, and in 1825 pur- chased twenty-five acres of wild land, settled in Mill Creek Township. He was an indus- trious and substantial pioneer, owning at one time 264 acres of excellent farm land. He served as School Trustee of Mill Creek. He died October 19. 1877, his wife having pre- ceded him in 1875. W^illiam Duncan married, October 19, 1854, Margaret Patton, born June 6, 1829, daughter of Thomas and Isabel (McBenley) Patton, all natives of County Armagh, Ireland. Three children were born to this union — Letitia, Andrew (deceased), and William. Mr. Duncan is an excellent farmer, using expensive fertilizers, and gener- ally producing good crops. He is a member of the United Presbyterian Church. In politics he is a Republican. JOHNSTON EATON, fruit-grower, Fairview, was born February 15, 1818, in Fair- view Township, son of Rev. Johnston and Eliza (Canon) Eaton, the former born February 7, 1776, in Franklin County, and the latter a daughter of John Canon, born March 11, 1780, in Fayette County, Penn. They had nine children — Martha, Nancy and Isaac (a soldier in the late war) are deceased ; John, Daniel C, William W., Jolinston, Samuel M. (a minister of the Presbyterian Church, residing in Franklin City, Penn.,) and Elizabeth. Rev. Johnston Eaton was a son of John Eaton, of English descent, and one of the first settlers of Franklin County, Penn. He entered the junior class of Princeton College, New Jersey, and graduated from Jefferson College at Cannonsburg, Penn., in 1802. He visited Erie County, then spent a year in Southern Ohio, returning to Erie in 1806. He was ordained by the Presbytery of Erie June 30, 1808, previously preaching his first ser- mon in a small log tavern at the mouth of Walnut Creek, near Swanville. He was instru- mental in building the first two churches in Fairview, and also labored for the cause in Erie and Springfield for upward of forty years. He died June 17, 1847, his widow following him February 5, 1872, at the advanced age of ninety-two years. Johnston Eaton married, October 13, 1842, Eliza A. Adams, born April 6, 1824, daughter of David and Deborah (Thorn) Adams, all natives of New York State. Eight children have been born to them, viz., Adelaide, Viola, Frank C, Clara H., Charles' (deceased), Florence D., Jessie (de- ceased) and Lillian. Mr. Eaton's fruit farm comprises forty acres, twenty of which are planted with apples, pears, peaches, grapes, raspberries, etc. Mr. Eaton and family are members of the Presbyterian Church. In politics, he is a Republican. WILBERFORCE C. EATON, merchant and Postmaster, Fairview, was born May 27, 1845, in Fairview Township, son of William W. and Elizabeth (Clemens) Eaton, the former born October 10, 1811, in Fairview Township, is a son of Rev. Johnston and Eliza- beth (Canon) Eaton, the latter born April 23, 1814, in Waterford Township, is a daughter of John and Mary (Irvin) Clemens, natives of County Derry, Ireland, and Carlisle, Penn., respectively. William W. Eaton is the father of three children — Wilberforce C, Emma I. and Retta E. He is a retired farmer residing in Fairview, where he has held many ofiices. He was elected County Commissioner in 1857, Poor Director in 1870, and appointed County Bridge Commissioner in 1876. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church ; in politics a Republican. Wilberforce C. Eaton, after preparing for a collegiate course in Fairview High School in 1861, entered the Adrian College, Michigan, where he remained three years. He then taught a term in Lenawee County, Mich. In 1865, he engaged in the dairy business in Venango County, Penn., subsequently teaching a term in Fairview High School. Mr. Eaton married, March 14, 1867, Elizabeth A., daughter of Jacob Beckman, by whom he had four children— Roy C. (a bright, promising boy of eleven, killed by the kick of a horse May 11, 1879), Clyde C, Edith B. and Donald W. Mr. Eaton commenced in mercantile business in Fairview in 1866, and was appointed Postmaster in 1872. He has been School Director several terms, is at present a Councilman. He has at various times been a Republican delegate to the county, and in 1882 to the State Convention at Harrisburg. He is a member of the Masonic order. CHRISTIAN EINFELDT, furniture manufacturer and undertaker, Fairview, was born September 8, 1829, a son of Claus Christian Einfeldt, a native of Schleswig-Holsteiu, Denmark. The father emigrated to America in 1852; the mother in 1857, settling in Fairview, where he died November 11, 1882. Christian learned his trade in Pretz, Hol- stein (now a German State). He established his present business in 1854. He keeps on hand an excellent stock, or manufactures to order; he has a good hearse in connection with his undertaking department. Mr. Einfeldt enlisted in Company B. Ninetj'-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry in 1865, and served four months in the war. He was united in marriage, March 22, 1865, with Mary, daughter of John Un.schler, of Fairview Township. They are the parents of five children, viz., Frederick, Addle, Will- iam, Albert and May. He is a charter member of the Equitable Aid Union, and G. A. R., Post No. 369; he is a Democrat in politics. 40 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JAMES H. GLAZIER, cider manufacturer, Fairview, was born in Erie Cit}\ Septem- ber 30, 1843, son of Phillip P. Glazier, who was born in Connecticut June 5, 1805, a son of Ira Glazier, also a native of Connecticut, who mii^rated to Erie County in 1810. Phillip P. married Elizabeth M., daughter of Jacob and Emily (Cummin^s) Carmack, natives of Scotland and Pennsylvania respectively. Elizabeth was born in Erie in 1814, and was the mother of William C, by trade a painter, who emploj^ed his spare time in studj'inj^ med- icine (he entered the Medical University of New York, where he graduated with honors; after a short practice in Bellevue Hospital, was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort El- lis, Montana, subsequently becoming Surgeon in charge of the Army Hospital at Key West, Fla. ; in 1880, he wrote a treatise on " Trichinea and Trichinosis," which was printed by order of Congress; he spent a year in the baud service of the Eighty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry during the late war, and died December 13, 1880, at Key West, of yellow fever); Albert T. (deceased), was a Sergeant in the One Hun- dred and Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. The surviving members of the fam- ily are Emily C. James H., John H. W., Jacob C, Phillip P. and Joseph P. Phillip P., Sr., died October 28. 1868, his widow following him in November. 1879. On October 12, 1865, our subject married Mary E. Mosher, who was born in Waterford Township, Febru- ary 14, 1845, daughter of John and Judith (Fryer) Mosher; she died September 29, 1880. Mr. Glazier next married, September 24, 1882, Mary E. Miller, born in Fairview Township, January 11, 1861, daughter of Phillip and Magdalene (Semler) Miller, natives of Germany. He is proprietor of the Fairview Steam Cider and Jelly Mill, and is doing a prosperous business. Mr. Glazier is a member of the Lutheran Church, of the Equitable Aid Union; in politics, is a Democrat. LEVI HEIDLER, farmer, P. 0. Fairview, was born June 21, 1825, in Fairview Town- ship. Erie Co., Penn., son of Curtis and Eva (Kauffman) Heidler, both natives of Lancas- ter County, Penn., who had a family of ten children — Eliza and Leah, deceased; and Su- sanna, Maria, Levi, Israel, Sarah A., Fannie, Matilda and Curtis H. Curtis Hiedler, Sr., came to Erie County in April, 1823, purchased and settled on 150 acres of land in Fair- view. This he improved and added to until he owned 549 acres. He took an active part in the township affairs; was at one time Road Commissioner, also County Director of the Poor, one term; he died in 1872; his widow is now living. Levi Heidler married, Febru- ary 18, 1847, Fanny W. Bear, born October 24, 1827, daughter of Daniel and Leah (Stotler) Bear, natives of Lancaster and Allegheny Counties, Penn. Mr. and Mrs. Heidler had four children — Albert (deceased January 22, 1880), Clayton B., Harriet A. and Wallace Monroe. Mr. Hiedler's farm of seventy acres, three miles from Fairview, and one hundred acres which he owns of the homestead, are under a good state of cultivation; he has superior buildings and tine stock, among which is a thoroughbred Short-horn bull raised by J. C. Thornton. Mr. Heidler has filled the offices of School Director and Road Commissioner. In politics, he is a Republican. CURTIS H. HEIDLER, farmer and stock-raiser, Fairview, was born February 13. 1840, in Fairview Township, son of Curtis Heidler, born December 25, 1790, who married Eve Kauffman, born Jul}' 26, 1797, daughter of John and Annie (Schwore) Kauffman, all nativesof Lancaster County, Penn. Theirchildren were Eliza and Leah (deceased), Susanna, Maria, Levi, Israel, Sarah A., Fanny, Matilda and CurtisH. Curtis, Sr., was a son of Chris- tian and Elizabeth (Weikel) Heidler, natives of Lancaster Count.y. of Swiss descent. He came to Erie County in 1822, and purchased 160 acres of wild land, which he cleared and converted into one of the finest farms in the township. He at one time filled the office of County Director, and was also at an early date Supervisor and School Trustee in the Township. He died February 28, 1872; his widow is now living. Our subject married, November 1, 1860, Sarah Thomas, born in Mill Creek Township, April 5, 1842, daughter of Christian and Nancy (Miller) Thomas, natives of Lancaster Countj\ They have one child — Ida F. Mr. Heidler owns the homestead farm, comprising 190 acres. He was elected Road Commissioner of the township in 1875, and is now School Director of Fairview. Politicallv, he is a Democrat. JOHN HIGHBERGER, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born in Elk Creek Township, March 8, 1803, son of George Highberger, born in 1770 and Catharine (Deets) Highberger, born in 1778, daughter of Aenestus Deets, all natives of Maryland; they had eleven chil- dren; the surviving are, John, Elias, Cyndisa, Lucinda, Orilla, Eli and Caroline. George Highberger came to Erie County in 1798, and was one of Elk Creek's earliest pioneers; he was a Lieutenant in the war of 1812, and a Supervisor of Elk Creek Township. Remov- ing to Mill Creek Township in 1816, he bought and cleared 200 acres of land; he was Su- pervisor of this township also, and School Director; he died in 1849; his widow in 1862. John (our subject) married, March 9, 1826, Maria Long, born in Fairview Township, De- cember 9, 1810, daughter of John and Nancy Long, natives of Lancaster County, Penn. By this union there were seven children — John, Josiah, Solomon, Abraham, Sarah A., Maria and IMartha (deceased). Mr. Highberger is one of the few living representative pioneers of the count}'. At various times, he has served as Road Commissioner and School Director of Fairview. For many years he was Exhorter and Class Leader in the Evan- gelical Church, but lately has identified himself with the United Brethren; he is a Repub- lican in politics. FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 41 RICHARD B. KELSO, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born November 16, 1852, in Fair- view Township; son ofMelvin M. Kelso, born in Erie City, September 1. 1816, wlio was married to Martha S. Johnson, born in Fairview, May 3, 1817, daughter of Samuel and Ann (Barnett) Johnson, natives of Dauphin County, Penn. They had eight cliildren, of whom Anna J., Richard B., Melvin M. and EfRe B. are now living. Melvin M. Kelso, Sr., was a son of Gen. John Kelso, a soldier in the war of 1812, one of the first settlers of Erie, and owner of much valuable real estate. In early life he was a sailor, then for a number of years was clerk in the Erie Post OfBce . Inheriting from his father 130 acres on Ridge Road in Fairview Township, he eventually adopted pastoral pursuits, in which he was very suc- cessful, owning 474 acres of farm propert3'. He was a prominent citizen, ably filling the offices of County Director of the Poor, Township Road Commissioner, Justice of the Peace, etc. He was an adherent of the Presbyterian Church, to which, with all other good causes, he contributed liberally. He died November 18. 1866; his widow still survives. Richard Barnett Kelso now owns the home farm, wiiich he is greatly improving, and on which he is erecting fine buildings. Politically, he is a Republican. MELVIN M. KELSO, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born November 23, 1855, in Fair- view Township, and is a son of Melvin M. and Martha (Johnson) Kelso. He was united in marriage, December 16, 1875, with Ada C. Taggart, born in Girard Township, July 9, 1859, daughter of Alexander and Halda D. (Burnell) Taggart, former a native of Girard Township, latter of New York State. One child has blessed this union — Edna A., born November 21, 1877. Mr. Kelso owns a fine farm of 112 acres, one and a half miles from Fairview. He has an excellent dwelling and farm buildings, and his land is under a su- perior state of cultivation. Melvin M. Kelso is a member of the Presbyterian Church; in politics, is a Republican. JOHN A. KLINE, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born May 26, 1837, in Fairview Town- ship, Erie County, Penn., son of John A. and Nancy (Ripley) Khne; the former, born in 1800, was a son of John Kline, a native of Lancaster County, Penn., and of German de- scent. The latter, a daughter of Jacob Ripley, was born October 3, 1799, all natives of Lancaster, Penn. Of the six children born to this union, Elizabeth, Martha, Anna and George are deceased; Sophia J. and John A. are now living. John Kline, Sr., came from Conestoga, Lancaster County, to Erie County about 1826, purchasing eighty acres and set- tling in Fairview Township, then a wilderness, in 1827; he passed through many hard- ships. There were few roads, and when making trips to Erie (with oxen)^ requiring two days, he frequently had to chop his way with an ax. By perseverance and industry he acquired for himself and family one of the finest homesteads in the township; he died September 7, 1838. his widow July 23, 1879. Our subject, J. A. Kline, was united in mar- riage, November 7. 1861, with Rozina Beiri, born June 7, 1844, daughter of Christian and Mary (Reiser) Beiri, natives of Switzerland, former born in 1812, died February 6, 1874, latter born June 12, 1819. To J. A. Kline and wife have been born William G., J. E., U. S., Charles, Cora A., Miron C. and Frank R. J. A. Kline now owns and resides on the homestead, one and one-half miles from Fairview Borough; his dwelling and farm build- ings are among the best in the township; he has taken an active part in township affairs; he is a member of the Presbyterian Church in Fairview; also is a member of the A. O. U. W. In politics, he is a Democrat. JABEZ LUTHER, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born in Rhode Island January 9. 1801. and came to Erie County February 8, 1827. He is a son of Jabez and Lydia' (Brown) Luther, natives of Rhode Island, who had a family of seven children, viz., Polly, William, George, Martha and Nancy, all deceased, and Jabez and Samuel B. Jabez Luther, Sr., was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and died December 23, 1818, his widow following him February 2, 1836. Our subject was united in marriage, October 19, 1820, with Cath- arine Adams, born January 16, 1801, daughter of Abner and Desire (Knashcroft) Adams, all natives of Connecticut. Seven children were born to this union — William T., Henry G., Orsin J., Abner A., Nancy D., Lydia A. and Samuel H., who served three years in the late war, and died April 2, 1883. Mrs. Luther departed this life March 16, 1864. Abner A. married, October 29, 1857, Matilda, daughter of Jacob and Nancy (Rohrar) Rhodes, na- tives of Lancaster County, Penn.; she was born January 10, 1833. Four children have blessed this union, viz., Samuel P. (deceased), Kittle M., Elba J. and Belle N. Mr. Luther is a member of the A. O. U. W. ; in politics, a Republican. Jabez Luther has taken some part in the affairs of the township, and has filled the offices of Road Commissioner and Collector. He has been a member of the Christian denomination forty-nine years. In politics, he is a Republican. STEPHEN LUTHER, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born July 31, 1834. in Fairview Township, Erie County, Penn.; son of William Luther, born December 29, 1784, and mar- ried, January 22, 1806, Martha Kenyon, both natives of Rhode Island. His father and mother, Jabez and Lydia (Brown) Luther, were also natives of Rhode Island. William Luther was a prominent pioneer citizen of this county, having traded eighty acres of well- improved land in Otsego County, N. Y., for 500 acres of wild land in Erie County, to which he brought his family and goods in two covered wagons, drawn by horses and oxen, arriving in Fairview Township March 5, 1825, after a tedious journey of twenty-six day;. 42 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: His wife djnug December 17, 1825, he married Catliarine Stuotz, born September 1, 1803, daughter of Conrad and Cynthia (Randall) Stuntz, natives of Germany and Ohio respect- ively. Nine children were born to this union — Albert and Lerilla (deceased), Mary, Cath- arine, Stephen, Lucinda, Asahel (a soldier in the late war), Nanc.y J. and William. Mr. Luther's second wife dying, he was united in marriage with Mrs. Lucy Upham, a widow, by whom he had no children. He served at one time as Township Supervisor of Fairview. He departed this life March 13, 1868. Stephen, the subject of our sketch, was united in marriage, January 29, 1857, with Ruby, daughter of Clark and Lucinda (Cook) Morse. She was born November 12, 1837; her parents were natives of Connecticut and New York State. To this union have been born five children— Albert M., Iva May (deceased March 30, 1863), Cassie M., Clark William and Sara Gertrude. Mr. Luther is owner of excellent buildings and a farm of 100 acres three miles south from Fairview Borough. He and his wife are members of the Christian denomination. In politics, our subject is an Independ- ent Republican. THOMAS W. MOORHEAD, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born in Fairview Township December 15, 1855, and is the onlj' child born to Thomas and Jane (Russell) Moorhead, the latter a daughter of William and Jane (McClure) Russell, all natives of Fairview; the for- mer, born September 19, 1812, was a son of James, a soldier in the war of 1812, and Ann (Wilson) Moorhead, natives of Dauphin County, Penn., who came to this count}' early in the present century. Thomas Moorhead was a substantial citizen, and owned consid- erable properly in this township; he died in 1856; his widow married Christian Lohrer, and is now living. Thomas Wilson Moorhead mai-ried, October 23, 1879, Mary K. Smith, a native of Girard Township, born October 23, 1861, daughter of Eugene D. and Keziah A. (Caughey) Smith, natives of Vermont and Fairview Township respectively. Thej' have one daughter — Blanche C, born August 3, 1880. Mr. Moorhead's property, situated about a mile from Fairview Borough, comprises the home farm of 175 acres, under a good state of cultivation, with excellent farm buildings. He is a Republican in politics, and was a delegate from Fairview Township to the County Convention at Corry in 1880. DANIEL W. NASON, Clerk and Treasurer and County Director of the Poor, P. O. Erie, was born in Fairview Township September 28, 1.828, son of William and Rebecca J. (Allen) Nason, former a native of North Kingston, R. I., born November 12, 1799; latter born in 1801 at Amsterdam, N. Y., daughter of Samuel P. and Martha (Beckwith) Allen. They had a family of seven children — William M. (a soldier in the late war), Sylvester V., Ce- lesta S. (deceased), Benjamin J., Daniel W., Clother B. (a soldier in the late rebellion) and Phebe R. A. William Nason was an early settler of this township, coming about the year 1824; he died March 14, 1865. Daniel Webster Nason married, October 20, 1864, Polly Washburn, born September 19, 1840, daughter of Seymour andLydia (Hopkins) Washburn. Their children are Myrtle M., Martha A., Willie S. and Joseph E. Mr. Nason, who suc- ceeded to the home farm in Fairview, was educated principally in the public schools. He served as School Director four years, as Clerk and Assessor, and in Maj^, 1879, was ap- pointed Clerk and Treasurer of the Countj' Poor Board at Erie, a position for which he is well adapted. He is a member of the Christian denomination; in politics, a Republican. WILLIAM S. ROSS, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born in McKean Township July 80, 1832, son of Trueman and Hannah (Irish) Ross, the former born March 5, 1800, died Sep- tember 13, 1880; Hnd the latter born February 28, 1803, died July 30, 1879. Our subject was united in marriage, August 31, 1862, with Julia W. Townlee, born February 5, 1839, daughter of Robert' and Elizabeth (Maloney) Townlee, both natives of Pennsylvania. Three children blessed this union — Rol)ert, EllieMay (deceased) and Lizzie H. Mr. Ross' farm of sixty-three acres, three miles from Fairview, is well stocked, has excellent fann buildings, and is under a good state of cultivation. He is a member of the Equitable Aid Society. In politics, he is a Republican. JOHN RUSTERHOLTZ, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in McKean Township June 2, 1827, son of John J. and Catharine (Kauflman) Rusterholtz, the former a native of Swit- zerland, born May 15, 1785, and the latter born in Wittenburg, Germany, September 27, 1805. The surviving children of the eleven born to them are Eliza, John, Christina, So- phia, Jacob, Levi (a soldier in the late war, and wounded at the battle of Antietam), Susan, Christopher and Charlotte. J. J. Rusterholtz emigrated to America about 1819, serving Michael Kreidler, a farmer in Lancaster County, Penn., three j^ears, in payment for his passage. While in Lancaster County, he married Catharine Kibler, who also emigrated under similar circumstances. She lived but a year after marriage, dying February 24, 1875, and Mr. Rusterholtz then married Catharine Kaufmer. He clune to Erie County in 1825, purchasing fifty acres in McKean Township. Here he died September 21, 1864, the owner of 180 acres of fine farm lands. John Rusterholtz, our subject, married, January 24, 1854, Eliza Zahn, born in McKean Township June 6, 1837, daiighter of Christian and Barbara (Hostetter) Zahn, natives of Berne, Switzerland. Five children were born to this union— Etta M., Levi H., John W., Amos J. and Lester B. Mr. Rusterholtz owns superior farm buildings, a well situated farm of 196 acres, and the homestead farm, comprising eighty acres. FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP. 43 JAMES RYAN, farmer, P. 0. Fairview, was born in Dauphin County, Penn., Aue:ust y, 1808, son of James and Sarah R3\in. Sarah was a dausrhter of Robert and Ann (Wat- son) Kennedy, all natives of Dauphin County. James, Sr., born February 5, 1777, was a sou of .Tohn and Jane (Goudy) Ryan, natives of same county. John was a soldier in the Revolutionary war; John Ryan was born about 1745, in Big Valley, near Philadelphia, Penn., permanently settling in Hanover, Fishing Creek Valley, Dauphin County, Penn. He was a son of another John, the originator of this familj' in America, who came from Ireland in 1710. James and Sarah Rj^an had seven children, viz., Ann and Sarah (deceased) and Jane, James, John, Robert and Samuel. They came to Erie County in 1810, and purchased 160 acres in Fairview Township, then a wilderness abounding with wolves, bears, deer and other game, which they converted into a comfortable home. He was a pioneer, and a sol- dier in the war of 1812-14. . James Ryan, our subject, was united in marriage, November 3, 1836, with Abigail P., daughter of Samuel P. and Lucy (Beckwith) Allen, natives of Massachusetts and Connecticut respectively. Nine children have been born to this union, viz., Elmina M., Theodore M., Chancy A., Lucina G., Andrew J., Eliza J., George W., Clinton W. and Nettie H. Mr. Ryan has filled many township offices, among which are Road Commissioner, School Director, Collector and Inspector of Elections. He was com- missioned Lieutenant and for seven years Captain of the State Militia. Mr. Ryan and his wife are members of the Christian denomination. In politics he. is a Republican. MARCUS D. SATTERLEE, physician and surgeon, Fairview, was born in Crawford County, Penn., February 22, 1854, son of De Witt C. and Sarah S. (Thickstun) Satterlee, natives of Allegany County, N. Y., and Crawford County, Penn., respectively, who had a family of live "children — Ida A., Marcus D. Eva, Nellis C. and Mattie. His wife dying Marcii 19, 1872, Mr. Satterlee married Mary Price, also born in Crawford County, by whom he has one son — Slillman. Mr. Satterlee is residing in Hayfield, Crawford County, where he has a fine stock farm. Marcus De Witt received his primary education at home, and later on in the public school. In January, 1876, he commenced the study of medicine, and in 1877, entered the university at New York, from which he graduated in 1879, obtaining his diploma. In the fall of 1879, he commenced to practice in Fairview, where he has been very successful. He is also junior partner in the firm of Hunt & Satterlee, druggists. Fair- view. Dr. Satterlee is a member of and Medical Examiner for the A. O. U. W. and Eqiiita- ble Aid Societies. Politically he is a Republican. CAPT. CHRISTIAN SEXAUER, proprietor of Mayside Hotel, P. O. Swanville, was born in Baden, Germanj', June 3, 1828, and came to America April 16, 1844, locating first in New York, where he learned shoemaking, and settling in Erie City in 1847. He is a son of George J. and Christiana (Buller) Sexauer, both natives of Baden, who had five children — Christian, William and Plenry surviving. George J. died in 1834. His widow married Joseph Koustanzer, of Baden, and came to this county in 1847, settling in Fairview, where she died July 6, 1882. Christian Sexauer married, August 30, 1850, Lizzette, daughter of John and Barbara (Shunk) Cronenberger, natives of Germany, Mrs. Sexauer was born April 16, 1826; she was the mother of Emma E. (deceased), Charles H., Louisa and Will- iam C. She departed this life November 4, 1874. Capt. Sexauer remarried, February 16, 1876, Cynthia J. Lipton, a widow, born in Mercer County, April 11, 1847, daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth (Walker) Pruden, natives of Ohio and Pennsylvania respectively. Mr. Sexauer volunteered as private, September 2, 1861, in the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantr}^ In November, same year, he was elected First Lieutenant and breveted Captain in the spring of 1864. He was wounded three times, receiving a rifle shot in the lungs at the battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga. He received his discharge in April, 1865. Capt. Sexauer owns the popular summer resort on the lake shore, adding yearly to its many natural attractions. The Captain is a member of the G. A. R. ; in politics is a Republican. JOHN STERRETT, fanner, P. O. Sterrettania, was born in Mill Creek Township, December 25, 1814, and is a son of William and Elizabeth (Marron) Slerrett, natives of Pennsylvania; the former was a son of Robert Stearett, born in Ireland. They had a family of eight children; the surviving are Robert, Eliza J. and Margaret A. (twins) and John. Mr. Sterrett dying about the year 1816, his widow married Zachias Joiner. This union was blessed by a son — Sherman M., now residing in Springfield Township. Mrs. Sterrett died May 12, 1852. John, our .subject, married, September 27, 1849, Eunice O'Donnell, born in Erie County, March 6, 1729, daughter of Cornelius and Eleanor (McFetridge) O'Donnell, natives of Ireland. To this union were born Henry (deceased), Mary B. and John W. Mrs. Sterrett departed this life August 2, 1859, and on the 12th of November, 1861, Mr. Sterrett was united in marriage with Rosanna Spence, born July 14, 1831, a daughter of John and Esther (Mooney) Spence, all natives of this State. By this union there are five children, viz.: Elizabeth L., William S., Sherman M., Hettie M. and Sarah J. Mr. Ster- rett has a well-stocked farm of 131 acres, four miles from Fairview. In politics he is a Republican. SAMUELM. STURGEON, farmer, P. O. Fairview,wasborn June4, 1851, in Fairview, son of Samuel C. and Martha (Eaton) Sturgeon. The latter born May 12, 1813, was a daughter of Rev. Johnston and Elizabeth (Canon) Eaton. They were the parents of eight children, 44 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: six of -whom are living — Xancy C, Elizabeth I., Lucy A., Johnston I., Samuel M. and Theodore F. Samuel C. Sturgeon, born in 1801, in Dauphin County, came to Erie Count}- with his father, Jeremiah Sturgeon, who was one of Fairview's earliest pioneers. S. C. Sturgeon was a carpenter as well as a farmer, and erected a number of buildings in this township, among which, are the Sturgeon homestead and the Monitor House. He filled several township offices, and was the first Burgess of Fairview, He died May 21, 1877; his widow February 24, 1883. Our subject married, December 11, 1872, Jane A. Johnson, born October 5, 1853, daughter of John and Fanny (Fargo) Johnson, natives of Dauphin County, Penn., and New York State respectively. Mr. Sturgeon chiefly followed farming until 1882, when he formed a partnership with Pressley McCreary. They are purchasing grain, paying highest market quotations for barley, etc., and also do a large trade in mid- dlings, phosphates and hard and soft coal. The firm name is McCreary & Sturgeon. They do a general forwarding and commis.sion business: have superior business connections and facilities for shipping, and consignors will find it advantageous to patronize this firm. JOHN J. SWAN (deceased), was born in Harrisburg, Penn., March 14, 1793, and was a son of Capt. Richard Swan. Our .subject married, June, 1825, Eunice A. White, born in Sherburne, N. Y., May 15, 1805, daughter of Ezra and Lydia (Evans) White. Bv this union there were twelve children, of whom Charles J., Andrew F., Adelaide M. and Henry H. are deceased. The surviving are Lucinda, Eliza C, Harriet, Lavinia, Henry C, Jose- phine, Eugene B. and Clayton K. Andrew F. and Eugene B. were soldiers in the late war. Charles J. was in Mississippi when the war broke out. He escaped rebel conscription, but was imprisoned on account of his Union sentiments and taken to Atlanta, Georgia, from whence he made his escape, traveling on foot at night back to Vicksburg, arriving there after the city had surrendered to Gen. Grant, where he fell dangerously sick, and was in the United States Hospital for several weeks. He came North in 1868, broken in health, and was appointed Postmaster at Bullion, Penn., but his commission arrived only the night before his death, which occurred June 18, 1877. At the age of sixteen, John J. Swan taught the first school in Girard Borough. He afterward taught in Mill Creek Township, and in Erie, in the log schoolhouse, where the high school now stands. In 1812, he assisted in the survey of the "Triangle" and also responded to the calls for service iu the war of that year. From 1815 to 1818, he was in the employ of P. S. V. Hamot, of Erie, in mercantile business, and was a partner with him in a branch store at Conneaut, Ohio, in 1818 and 1819. During 1821-22, he kept a store at Green Bay, Mich. Returning to Erie in 1823, he took up land, and established a homestead. For a number of years he farmed and kept a hotel, but for twenty-six j-ears before his death he devoted himself entirely to farming. He was County Auditorin 1831, 1832, 1833. In politics he was a Whig, and after- ward a Republican. He was an honest and patriotic citizen. He died July 22, 1878. His wife preceded him October 22, 1855. LIEUT. COL. ANDREW F. SWAN (deceased), formerly Sheriff of Erie County,was born in Fairview Township, October 16, 1832, and was a son of the latp John J. Swan, a native of Harrisburg, Penn. He enlisted as private in the Sixtli Regiment United States Regular Cavalry, July 19, 1861; was promoted eventually to the rank of Major, and Lieutenant Colonel by brevet; his first promotion was to the rank of First Sergeant of Company 6, Sixth Cavalry. Col. Swan was in 101 battles and skirmishes; he had his horse shot under him at Shepherdstown, Va., and was wounded in a charge on Fort Magruder, Williams- burg, Va. He was commissioned Captain of Companv C, Sixteenth Regiment Peuusvlva- nia Cavalry, March 8, 1863, and at Hawes Shoji (battle of Cold Harbor), May 28, 1864, was wounded through the left elbow by a minie ball, from which he suffered intensely for several years; he was then promoted Major of the same regiment. At the battle of Stony Creek, December 1, 1804, he commanded the Sixteenth Cavalrj-in person. His first brevet of Lieutenant Colonel March 13, 1865, was for " gallant and meritorious services during the war;" he was compelled b}^ his wounds to resign toward the close of the war. In 1867, Col. Swan was elected Sheriff of Erie County: he died April 18, 1876, his death being indirectly hastened bj- his previous years of suffering. In character, he was frank and outspoken, and a brave and intrepid soldier. RICHARD SWAN, farmer, P. O. Swanville, was born in Middle Paxtang Township, Dauphin County, Penn., December 4, 1796, son of Capt. Richard Swan, born March 14, 1758, in same county. He was a soldier in Capt. Cowdin's company during the Revolu- tionary war, a Lieutenant in the whisky insurrection, then rose to the rank of Captain. He was a son of Closes and 3Iargaret (Baruett) Swan. The former was born in 1713, son of Richard Swan, who came from the north of Ireland in the last centiuy. Moses settled in Dauphin County in 1730, and died about 1785. Capt. Richard Swan married Catharine Boggs, born in Dauphin County, in 1762, by whom he had seven children — Lydia, Will- iam B., John J., William (2), Richard, Moses and Andrew. Richard is the onl}^ one now living. Capt. Swan came to Erie County in 1797. and purchased 200 acres of land of the Penn Population Company in Fairview Township. Shortly afterward, he became man- ager of the Presque Isle Company's Mills, at the mouth of Walnut Creek. In October, 1801, he left Dauphin County in a four-hor-e wagon, crossing the mountains and arriving at McKeesport while it was still pleasant "Indian summer" weather. They were obliged. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 45 however, to winter at McKeesport ou account of low water, reaching their destination in May, 1802. Capt. Swan sold his first property to John Kelso, buying 400 acres on the lake snore in West Mill Creek for $1,200, half of which was recently bought by Hon. William L. Scott for $33,000. He died April, 1808, and his widow in March, 1844. Our sub- ject, Richard Swan, married January 13, 1826, Margaret B., daughter of Jeremiah and Jane (Moorhead) Sturgeon, natives of Dauphin County. She was born in Fairview Town- ship September 3, 1803. They were parents of eight children — William B. (a soldier in the late war), Jane S., Edwin, Emily, Sophia, Rosanna (deceased), Mary and Byron W. Mr. Swan has served twice as Supervisor of Fairview Township (1822-1836); School Director and Secretary in 1839, and as Triennial Assessor in 1864. He is a Presbyterian; politically, a Republican. SAMUEL S. WEIDLER, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born in Lancaster, Penn., May 5, 1838, son of Daniel and Catharine Weidler; the former born February 12, 1805, and the atter born March 8, 1807, a daughter of George and Catharme Trissler, all natives of Lan- caster. The}' had nine children— Daniel (a soldier in the late war), Samuel S., Anna A., Catharine A. and Mary A., surviving. Daniel Weidler, Sr., came to Erie County in 1839, and carried on the business of a saddler man.y years in Fairview, where he was also Post- master a long period. He died September 3, 1874, his wife having preceded him May 19, 1855. Samuel S. volunteered September 19, 1861, in Company C, One Hundred and Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. He was color-bearer one year, and followed the fortunes of his regiment in the armies of the Potomac and Tennessee. He was made an orderly sergeant in 1862. In December, 1863. he re-enlisted; at the battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga., was taken prisoner and sent to Andersouville, where he remained three months; he was with Gen. Sherman's army when Johnson surrendered; was honorably discharged July 19, 1865. Mr. Weidler was united in marriage March 26, 1868, with Hattie S., a daughter of Daniel and Leah (Stotler) Baer, born March 26, 1838. Their children are Frank E. and Harry C. Mr. Weidler is now serving his second term as Road Commis- sioner of Fairview Township. He is a skillful veterinary surgeon. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. and G. A. R , Post 359, Fairview. In politics, is Democratic. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. ELMER A. ALLEN, blacksmith, Franklin Center, was born in Northeast Town- ship, July 19, 1862, and is a son of Austin A. and Marj^ (Bird) Allen, mentioned in S. C. Allen's biography. Mr. Allen learned his trade principally in his father's shop, and is an excellent workman. He married, August 24, 1882, Jennie Hayford, born September 7, 1863, daughter of Daniel and Esther (Boice) Hayford, whose biography appears elsewhere in this work. Mr. Allen is carrying on a prosperous business at Franklin Center, and is an enterprising citizen of this township. EDWIN BALDWIN, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., December 28, 1831, and, with his father, immigrated to Crawford County, Penn., about 1840. In 1865, he came to Erie County, and settled on the farm he now occupies, in Franklin Township in 1867. He is a son of Aaron and Permelia (Chamberlain) Baldwin. On October 9, 1859, he married Lucy A. Banister, born June 15, 1842, daughter of Williimi and Priscilla (Steward) Banister. By this union there were five children, as foUow's: Addie M. (deceased), Carrie J. (deceased), Maude C, Edith J. and Carl W. Mr. Baldwin volunteered September 12, 1862, in Capt. John W. Phillips' Company B, Eighteenth Regi- ment Pennsylvania Cavalry, serving as Corporal. While at Fairfax Court House, Va., on picket duty, he was taken prisoner by the rebel Gen. Mosby, in person, but was soon paroled. The first important battle he engaged in was at Hanover, Penn., June 30, 1863; the next at Gettysburg. At Hagarstown, Md., July 6, he was captured again, and ex- changed in September following at Belle Isle Prison; he also participated in Kilpatrick's raid on Richmond, March 1, 1864; he next participated in Sheridan's raid; Mine Run, Va., May 5; Spottsylvania Court House, May 8; North Ann.Va., May 10, and was wounded (in sight of Richmond) in the leg May 12 by a piece of shell. After remaining in the hospital until the fall, he returned home on furlough. He was at Harper's Ferry when Gen. Lee surrendered. Mr. Baldwin now resides on his farm, four miles from Franklin Centre. It comprises 100 acres, is well stocked, and his residence is the finest in the town- ship. He and his family are adherents of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics, he is a Republican. William Banister was born in Vermont, September 12, 1804, and mar- ried Priscilla Steward, born August 12, 1808, daughter of John and Lucy (Howe) Steward, all natives of Vermont. Their family numbers five children — Daniel W., Harriet J., Mary A., John S. and Lucy A. 46 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: HIRAM BALDWIN, farmer, P. O. McLane, was born in Crawford County, Peun.. November 5, 1842; son of Aaron Baldwin, born February 1, 1800, who married, ilareli 11, 1827. Permelia Chambeiland, born March 15, 1807, and had a family of ten children, of whom Henry, Edwin, Ansell^ Eliza, Hiram, Ozro J. and Olive are now" living. Aaron Baldwin and his wife were natives of New York. State. The latter died July 3, 1873, and in 1875 the former migrated to this county, where he died April 19, 1881. He was a son of Julius Baldwin, a soldier of the Revolutionary war. Our subject married, January 1, 1867, Lucina Oaks, born June 11, 1848, daughter of Joel and Naomi (Spring) Oaks, natives of Massachusetts, the former born February 23, 1807, and the latter December 29, 1812. By this union there are six children— Myrtle "E., Gertie L., Homer A.,Wilber J., Duflf V. and Nelson W. Mr. Baldwin is a prosperous farmer, residing on the eastern township hne of Franklin. On the 19th of August, 1861. he enlisted in Company F. Eighty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, which formed part of the Third Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps (Gen. Butterfield). Army of the Potomac. He participated in the battles of Hanover Court House, Williamsburg, Gaines' Mill, where he was taken pris- oner, sent to Libby and Belle Isle prisons; was prisoner thirty-nine days, then exchanged; returned to his regiment, and took part in the second battle of Bull Run, first and second Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg; was discharged December 26, 1863, but immediately re-enlisted for three years, or during the war. On the Wilderness battle-field he was made Sergeant; was in the battle of Laurel Hill; at the affair of Bethesda Church. June 1, 1864, he was wounded, sent to the hospital, and did not return to the army until December 1, 1864. Subsequently, he took part m the siege of and many of the engage- ments around Petersburg and Richmond, and when Gen. Lee surrendered was at Appa- mattox Court House, Va. He receives a pension. Politically, Mr. Baldwin is a Repub- lican. FRANK T. BILLING, cheese manufacturer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Washington, Erie County, August 3, 1856, son of Charles and Elizabeth (Proudfit) Billing, marriecrMay 9, 1853. The latter was a daughter of Andrew- and Isabella (Smith) Proudfit, natives of Vermont, who had four children— Vernon, Frank T.. Archie and Hugh. Charles Billing came to Washington, early. He was born at Castile, N.Y., August 23. 1822, and is a son of Israel and Ida"(Mauross) Billing, natives of Vermont, who migrated first to Cas- tile, N. Y., and eventually to this county, settling in LeBcuf Township. Mr. Billing was a soldier in the war of 1812-14, serving under Gen. Scott on the New York frontier. He died March, 1878, his wife having preceded him in March, 1870. Their family consisted of ten children, seven living — George, Calvin, Melinda, Roxy, Millie, Diana and John. Frank T. Billing married, "April 10, 1881, Mary, daughter of Elisha and Lydia (Eno) Mills, of Connecticut, who came to Erie County in 1847. By this union there are two children, Ina and Arthur Garfield. Mr. Billing was reared to farming, luit for six years past has engaged in the manufacture of dairy products. He is proprietor of the Franklin Center Cheese Factory and Creamery. The factory consumes 1,585,000 pounds of milk half j'early, and produces 158,500 pounds of excellent cheese. The output of prime dairy butter from this creamery is sixty pounds daily. Six teams and eight men are employed in this enterprise. ALVIN BROOKS, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, w^asborn in Springfield Township, February 2, 1817, son of Benjamin and Sarah (Reynolds) Brooks, of whom mention is made in Rev. L. D. Brooks' biography; he has been thrice married; first to Nancy, daughter of Adolphus Loomis of Albion; this union was blessed with a daughter — Harriet, now wife of Thomas Sw^oop, of Franklin Township. Nancy Loomis Brooks died about the year 1843, and Mr. Brooks married, September 11, 1844. Sarah J., daughter of Ransom N. Rey- nolds, a native of New York State; they had two children — Charles L. and Henry L. Sarah Reynolds Brooks died, August 30, 1870, and Mr. Brooks next married, January 12, 1871, Nancy Parmeter, born May 3, 1843, daughter of Samuel and Eleanor (Rutherford) Par- meter, natives of the State of New York, and had two children born to them— May, de- ceased, and Lewis Alvin. With the exception of one summer and four winters spent in the South, Mr. Brooks has always been a resident of this county. He is a son of one of the oldest living representatives of the sturdj' pioneer chiss of settlers, who have under- gone many adventures, hardships and privations. He is the owner of a well-stocked farm of sixty acres; was for two years School Director for Franklin Township. He is an adher- ent of the Christian denomination; in politics, a Republican. REV. LORENZO D. BROOKS, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Spring- field Township, April 1, 1819, son of Benjamin and Sarah (Reynolds) Brooks, the former born in Otsego County, N. Y., June 27. 1793; the latter is a native of Massachusetts. They had a family of six children, of whom Ira. Alvin, Lorenzo Dow% Julia A. and Royal B. are now living. Benjamin Brooks came to Erie County in 1814, took up land and settled in Springfield Township. Eventually he scdd this property and purchased land in Con- neaut Township. At that period Erie County w^as a wilderness, but Mr. Brooks set to work to make a home for himself and family; this he faithfully accomplished, and as his children grew up, towns and cities came into existence. A generation has passed away, yet this brave old pioneer and all but one of his family survive; he still resides in Conneaut FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 47 Township; his wife passed away about the year 1858. During his long and useful career, he was a soldier in the war of 1812-14, and for forty years an exhorter in the Methodist cause. Our subject married, August 17, 1843, Abby, born September 5, 1817, daughter of William and Mary (Hunter) Paul; the former a native of Connecticut, the latter of Ireland. They have no family. Mr. Brooks is a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, ordained in 1854, and went on circuit six years. He was stationed for one year succes- sively, at Dayton, Leon and Clymer, N. Y.. and for three years at Columbus, Penn , alter- nating to Frewsburg, N. Y. In 1860, Rev. Mr. Brooks returned to Franklin Township, where he had resided previous to his ministerial labors, and was located on the Lockport Circuit. Here he has remained, still actively engaged in his Master's service, revered and beloved by his people. He is the owner of a well-stocked farm of 100 acres, one mile and a half from Franklin Center, upon which are erected first class farm buildings. Polilically he is a Republican. BENJAMIN T. CUNNINGHAM, farmer. P. O. Edinboro, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., October 7, 1829, came to Erie County in 1842, and settled in Franklin Township in 1851, son of John Cunningham, born October 9, 1806, who married Hulda Shelmadine, daughter of Benjamin and Polly (Judd) Shelmadine, all natives of Vermont. They had a family of twelve children, of whom Benjamin T., Olive, Almira and Elizabeth survive. John Cunningham was a son of Thomas and Lydia (Bumpus) Cunningham, the' former a native of Ireland and the latter of New York. He died April 27, 1869; Hulda, his wife, died March 5, 1867. Our subject marl-ied, July 4, 1855, Harriet Vorse, born March 1, 1833. daughter of William and Charlotte (Richards) Vorse, natives of New York State. By this union there were three children — Rosabel (deceased), Charles A. (deceased) and John W. Mr. Cunningham owns a fine farm of fifty acres. He is a member of the United Brethren denomination; in politics is Republican. His son, John W., owns an ex- cellent farm of twenty-five acres adjoining the home farm. He resides with his father; is also, in politics, a Republican. SILAS G. FRANCIS, farm.er, P. O. Girard, was born in Lewis Township. Essex Co., N. Y., March 18. 1832, and is a son of Alvin Francis, born August 14, 1797, who married, October 1, 1818, Elizabeth Scper, born July 22, 1797. daughter of Cornelius and Elizabeth (Lilly) Soper, the former of whom died in May, 1833, and the latter in 1824; all natives of New York State. They had a family of nine children, viz., Eliza J., Alva, Henry, Luther, Caroline. Silas G., Hiram B., Emily and Nelson. Of this familj\ Luther is de- ceased. Alvin Francis came to Erie County, settling in Franklin Township in 1833, and took up 134 acres of land. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and fought at the battle of Plattsburg; a prominent pioneer of Franklin and for many years was Supervisor and Road Commissioner of the township. He was killed by falling from a loft in his barn, February 9, 1867. Alvin was a son of Samuel and Dorcas Francis, natives of Massachu- setts, the former died January 31, and the latter October 8, 1840. Samuel Francis was a soldier during the Revolutionary war and was with the patriot army at Valley Forge; he fought also at Bunker Hill. The subject of this sketch married, September 13, 1852, Mary A. Bogett, born August 25, 1830, daughter of Mindred and Abigail (Bliss) Bogett, the foiTiier born December 25, 1796, and the latter March 31, 1797. By this union there are three children — Caspar M., Elwyn F. and Jennie E. Mr. Francis enlisted March 6, 1865, in Company H. Ninety-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry and in Gen. Wright's forced march to Danville, Va., contracted rheumatism from which he has never recovered. Mr. Francis is a Mason; a member of the Christian denomination; in politics a Republican. CHARLES FRYE, farmer, P. 0. Edinboro, was born in Franklin Township, May 6, 1838, son of Isaac and Mary (Petrie) Frye, the former born in Vermont, September 27, 1803, and IheTaTter born December 2, 1815, daughter of David and Elizabeth (Doxtator) Petrie, all natives of New York State. They had two children — Frances and Charles, the former deceased. Isaac Frye migrated to Erie County and took up land in this township in 1S33. He was an industrious pioneer, and by his energy wrested from the wilderness one of the finest farms in Franklin Township, icie died June 10. 1880. His widow resides with her son on the home farm. Isaac was a son of John and Lucy (Wellman) Frye, natives of Vermont, the former of whom died in the year 1854, and the latter in 1867. Our subject married, September 24, 1863, Mary M. Miller, born March 15, 1843, daughter of Orange and Matilda (Smith) Miller, and twin si.ster of Mrs. Dr. Johnson Wright, of this township. They have a daughter by this union — Ella F. Mr. Frye's farm of 120 acres is situated five and a half miles from Franklin Center, and three from Edinboro. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he is a Republican. DEXTER D. GOODRICH, carriage-builder, etc.. Franklin Centre, was born in Oswego County, N. Y., March 2, 1847, son of Noah and Hannah (Wood) Goodrich, the former a native of Massachusetts, born November, 1813, the latter a daughter of John and Hannah (Shattuck) Wood, natives of New Hampshire, who had six children, of whom George, Sarah A., Dexter D. and Harriet A. are now living. Our subject married, Septem- ber 11, 1870. Minerva, daughter of Stephen and Sarah Ann (Gunn) Francis, natives of Rensselaer County, N. Y., and Cuyahoga County, Ohio respectively. By this marriage there are four children — Claudia E., Jennie il., Frank D. and Carl G. Mr. Goodrich is 48 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: proprietor of the Franklin Center Wagon and Carriage Manufactory, in connection with which he has an excellent blacksmith shop, where custom work is executed. He is a practical mechanic, personally superintending all work submitted to his care, and is doing a prosperous business. He is an Odd Fellow, and in politics a Republican. MANDRED HAYES, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Crawford County, Penn , May 14, 1843, son of Heman and Mary A. (Hogle) Hayes, the former a farmer of Crawford County, born February 19, 1805, and the latter born in 1814. Thej- had a family of twelve children, of whom Ira, Lucinda, Mandred, Hiram, Alvinia L., Perry, Charles and Eunice A. are living. Of this family, William, Ira, Mandred and John were soldiers in the war of the rebellion, the latter mortally wounded at Petersburg, and died July 5, 1864. The sub- ject of this sketch married, June 4, 1866, Louisa M., born December 2, 1849, daughter of Gideon and Letitia (Hurd) Harned, natives of this State. By this marriage there are two children— Herbert D. and Carlton R. In February, 1864, Mr. Hayes enlisted as private in Company F, Eighty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantr3% and during his brief term of service, took part in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsjivania Court House, siege of Petersburg, and engagements around Richmond, the last of which was Fair Forks, April 1, 1865, he having in the meantime been promoted to the rank of Corporal. He re- ceived his discharge June 28, 1865. Mr. Hayes settled in Franklin Township in 1867. He is a F. A. M. ; in politics is Republican. VINCENT A. HOTCHKISS, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Crawford County, Penn., April 19, 1843, son of Skelton and Clarissa (Ilaj arty) Hotchkiss, the former a farmer of Crawford County, born March 31, 1820, the latter born August 16, 1820, daughter of Thomas and Sarah (St. John) Hajarty, natives of New York State, who had a family of nine children, of whom Vincent A., Mahetable, Jane W., Eva A., John W., Rose and Emma C. are living. Clarissa, his wife, died December 25, 1873. The subject of this sketch married July 17, 1867, Elmeda M., born June 22, 1847, daughter of Ben- jamin L. and Sarah A. (McMillan) Alward, the former born in New Jersey, April 22, 1818, and the latter in New York State September 6, 1829. By this union there are four chil- dren — Nora R., Forbes G., Benjamin B. and Charles. On August 18, 1862, Mr. Hotchkiss enlisted in the Fifty-sixth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and was appointed to a special detail in the Quartermaster's service. In this department, he was stationed principally at Charleston, Gallipolis and Parkersburg, W. Va. He continued in this service until September, 1864, when he obtained his discharge. He came to Franklin Township in 1873, and in February, 1880, was a/ppointed Justice of the Peace. He now holds that and the office of Secretary of the Township Board of School Directors. With his wife, he is a member of the Baptist Church, Edinboro. In politics is Republican. JEREMIAH F. LEWIS, farmer, P. O. Elk Creek, was born in Crawford County, this State, June 15, 1852, son of John D. and Sally (Frack) Lewis, both natives of Pennsylvania. The former is a farmer, residing in Crawford County. They were the parents of six chil- dren, of whom Nancy, Eber, Jacob, Jeremiah F. and Josiah (twins) are now living. At the age of eighteen, Eber enlisted in the Eighty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, which formed a part of the ThirdBrigade, Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. G. K. Warren. After eighteen months' service he received an honorable discharge. Our subject married October 1, 1874, Ella A., daughter of Nelson and Charlotte (Hills) Daniels, also natives of this State. To this union were born four children —Ray,. born January 21, 1876; Flora, October 29, 1877; Nellie, November 30, 1879, and John M., May 3, 1882. Mr. Lewis is a farmer, residing three miles from Franklin Center. He was Assistant Assessor for his township in 1882. In politics is a Republican. ALEXANDER McKINLEY, blacksmith, Franklin Center, was born in Le B(suf Township, February 20, 1853, son of William McKinley, who emigrated from County Ar- magh, Ireland, to America about 1825, settling in Erie County. He was twice married, his tirst wife being Jane Lytle, by whom he had four children, of these George and Susan are now living. He next married Esther, daughter of David Stowe, a native of New York State, by which union there were six children, of whom Jane, Alexander, Sarah and Will- iam survive. Mr. McKinley lost two sons in the late war. Our subject married, December 28, 1882, Sarah M., daughter of James A. Boyd, of Mill Village. By this union was born, Feb- ruary 20, 1884, one child — Ethel Gertrude. James A. Boyd was born in Le Bo3uf Township, February 18, 1810, and married, October 13, 1842, to Margaret Burger, born May 16, 1823, died February 28, 1879, daughter of George and Margaret (Houck) Burger, of Montgomery County, Penn., by this marriage there were seven children — Mary E., Sophia J., Rachel Y., Amanda C, James B., Sarah M. and Esther M. James A. Boyd is a son of David and Jane (Gilliland) Boyd, natives of this State, of whose family there are now living— Nancy, William J., James A., Adam P., Thomas J., Elizabeth, David W., Caroline J., Mary and Adaline. Our subject is a practical mechanic, doing a prosperous business at Franklin Center. He is an Odd Fellow; in politics, a Republican. AMOS 0. NIMS, merchant, Franklin Center, was born in Sandv Creek Township, Mer- cer County, Penn., April 2, 1843, son of Rufus (born at Fort Ann, N. Y., 1812) and Sarah Ann (Gould) Nims, also a native of New York State, parents of eight children, of whom Lucretia, John T., Amos G., Jerusha and Rufus are now living. Rufus Nims, died August FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 49 4, 1871; bis father, Ira Nims, was of English descent and a soldier of the war of 1812-14. Our subject was married. May 22, 1864, to Mary Wheeler, born in A.sthabula County, Ohio, February 15, 1848, daughter of Charles and Luciuda (Padden) Wheeler, natives of New York State. This union has resulted in the birth of two cliildren — Warren G., born July 5, 1866, and Ira. born February 10, 1868. On April 19, 1861, Mr. Nims enlisted for three months in the Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. On August 17, 1861, he volunteered for three years in Capt. T. J. Carlins Second Ohio Battery, Light Artillery, which was at the battle of Pea Ridge and the capture of Fort Derusha, Ark. The battery took an im- portant part in some of the principal battles at Fort Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, to the capture of Vicksburg; after the second battle of Jackson, the battery was sent to New Orleans, where Private Nims was promoted to the rank of Hospital Steward. He participated in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads, La., and in Gen. N. P. Bank's Forty Days' Retreat to Morganza Bend, Miss. ; upon returning to New Orleans, the battery went to Ship Island, where Mr. Nims' term of enlistment expired. He re-enlisted February 22, 1864, in the Second Ohio (Veteran) Artillery, and'remained until the battery was mustered out at Columbus, Ohio, August 11, 1865. On September 9, 1870, while in the service of the Erie c& Pennsylvania Railroad Company, he accidentlj^ lost his right arm. He now owns a well-stocked general merchandise store at Franklin Center, and is doing a prosperous trade. He and his family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Nims is member of Post 67, G. A. R., of Erie, Penn. In politics is a Democrat. WILLIAM W. PHILLIPS, farmer, P. O. Lundy's Lane, was born in Elk Creek Town- ship, July 7, 1843, son of James Phillips, a native of New Hampshire, who was twice mar- ried; his second marriage taking place in 1840, with Emily Woodruff (a widow), daughter of Jacob and Annie (Ausley) Kimball, natives of this State. They had three children, of whom William W. and Elizabeth C, are now living; x\ngie is deceased. Elizabeth mar- ried Levi W. Eastman, of McKean Tswnship. Both the old people were born in 1805, and are now living. Our subject's great-grandparents on both sides were in the Revolutionary war. W. W. Phillips married. May 7, 1866, Emma A., daughter of Paile}' H. and Mary (Steadraan) Miller, natives of New York State, by which union there were three children— Judson A., Clayton E. and Ralph K. Our subject owns an excellent farm of seventy acres in Elk Creek Township, four miles from Wellsburg. On the 18th of June, 1861, he enlisted in the Eighty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Third Brigade, First Di- vision, under Maj. Gen, G. K. Warren, Armj' of the Potomac. He participated in eighteen engagements amongwhich were Big Bethel, siege of Yorktown,ChancellorsviUe,Gett3'sburg, Wilderness, Cold Harbor and before Petersburg. His term of service expired September 23, 1864. Mr. Phillips has held the ofhceof School Director and Collector of the township. He is an Odd Fellow, and with his wife, a Free-Will Baptist. In politics is a Republican. JAMES B. RICHARDS, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Somersetshire, England, son of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Dunstone) Richards, natives of same place, who had a family oi 3ight children. Benjamin Richards is by trade a stone-mason, and with his family a member of the Church of England. He still resides in England. Our sub- ject went from his native land, in April, 1846, to Jamaica, W. I., for the English Govern- ment, to build barracks at Newcastle, and from Jamaica came to America in 1848, landing in New Orleans. In 1871, he came to and settled in Franklin Township. He married, July 24, 1853, Eveline Thomas, born October 23, 1828, daughter of Truman and Mary (Morely) Thomas, natives of Crawford County, Penn., the former of whom was born Mav 5, 1802; the latter in October, 1803, and died September 4, 1869. The rest of the family are L. D. Thomas, married Mary Deland in the fall of 1850; Lydia, married John Duryee, July, 1850; Rhoda. married Hiram Ward, April, 1851, and died in the fall of 1868; Ro- villa, married Frank Stewart, August 4, 1848, and died May 3, 1880: Julia, married George Robins, August 14, 1854, and died Januarj^ 10, 1866. George N. Thomas was born June 17, 1824, married to Rovilla Fisk, August 26, 1845, who died in May, 1847, and October 31, 1847, he married Emily Eaton, born November 11, 1824. He died July 15. 1865. Our sub- ject and wife have no family. Mr. Richards is a prosperous farmer owning a well-stocked farm of sixty-one and a half acres, two and a half miles from Franklin Center. His farm buildings are excellent. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he is a Democrat. JOHN ROBINSON, farmer, P. O. Elk Creek, was born in Franklin County, Ohio, January 5, 1811, and settled in Franklin Township in 1842. He is the son of John H. and Jemima (Edgar) Robin.son, the former a native of New York, the latter is a daughter of John Edgar of Westmoreland County, Penn. ; they had eight children, of whom the surviv- ing are John, Emma (of Missouri), and William (of Illinois). John Robinson (the elder), mi- grated to Ohio early in the present century, and was a prominent pioneer in that State; he was a soldier in the Indian wars of the Northwestern frontiers, and in the war of 1812-13. He died in 1867, his wife having long preceded him. Our subject married, in 1835, Martha Sells of Columbus, who bore him two children — John M. and Russell Bigalo. In 1837, he married Elizabeth A. Gail, born in Erie County, N. Y., January 7, 1821, daughter of the Rev. Samuel and Hannah (Brown) Gail, nativesof Stamford, Conn., the former born Janu- ary 13, 1789; the latter September 1, 1788. By this marriage there were ten children — 4 50 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Alfred 8., Martha E., Carrie P., Benjamin E., Emma B., Albert S., Mary H., Samuel S., Harriet M., Charles O., Russell Bigalo, and Albert Sherman (deceased). Mr. Robinson was an early settler in Franklin Township, and still resides on the homestead on which he first located. He was once elected Justice of the Peace but declined the honor. He and his wife are members of the Christian denomination. In politics he is a Republican. DANIEL B. ROBINSON, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Otisco Town- ship, Onondaga County, N. Y., July 23, 1823; son of Daniel B. Robinson, born May 26, 1787, who married Elizabeth Benedict, born March 12, 1793, daughter of Jonathan and Hulda (Seeley) Benedict, who had six children, of whom James B., Daniel B., John B. and Thomas are surviving. Daniel B. Robinson, the elder, and his wife were natives of New York State. He was for many years County Surveyor, a Commissioner of Deeds, Magis- trate and a school teacher. He came to this county in the spring of 1844, and settled in Franklin Township, where he died April 2, 1852, his widow following him March 11, 1870. He was a son of John and Eunice (Wilcox) Robinson, the former a native of Scotland and the latter of New York State. Jonathan Benedict was a son of Nathaniel Benedict, a na- tive of England. Our subject was married, October 1, 1849, to Mary Crosby, born in the township of Wales, Erie County, N. Y., December 17, 1822, daughter of Calvin and Hulda (Connell) Crosby, natives of New York State. By this union there is one son — Marquis D., born October 21, 1851. now an oil operator in Titusville, Penn. Mr. Robinson, at the age oif eleven, accidentally injured his knee, which crippled him for life. He prepared himself for teaching, and followed this occupation when of age. He has taught princi- pally in Elk Creek and Franklin for over twenty years. He no longer teaches, but now farms twenty-five acres of excellent land, of which he is owner, at Mohawk. At various periods, for a number of years, he has filled the offices of School Inspector of Franklin Township and Director in the Independent School District, and also Clerk, Treasurer and Collector. He is a member of the First Regular Baptist Church, Elk Creek; in politics, is a Republican. MATTHEW A. SEELYE, farmer. P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Warren Coun- ty, N. Y.. December 31, 1832; son of William (born November 22, 1799) and Irene (Hol- comb) Seelye, the latter a daughter of Asa and Lucinda (Miller) Holcomb, born in 1800. They had a family of seven children, of whom Caroline, William E. and Matthew A. are now living. William Seelye, the elder, is by trade a blacksmith. He migrated to Craw- ford County, this State, in 1832, where he slill resides. He followed his trade in conjunc- tion with farming until recent years. His wife is deceased. He is a son of Justus Seelye, who married Betsy Fuller, both natives of New York State. Out of their famih' of fif- teen, only Ebenezer, William and Ansell siuwive. Justus Seelye's father lived until he was ninety-six years old. Our subject married Electra, daughter of Justus and Amelia (Mor- ris) Ross, the former of Scotch descent. By this marriage there were two children — Cora May and George Rudolph, both deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Seelye have since adopted Frank- lin Thomas and Nellie Grant. Our subject is a wagon-maker by trade, but has chosen farming as his future avocation. He was a soldier in the late rebellion; enlisted in Com- pany li. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, August 19, 1862. His regiment formed a part of the Second Corps, which was under the command of Gen. Meade at the battle of Antietam; subsequently participating in the battle of Gettysburg. Private Seelye was on detached duty, and was seriously disabled by an accident at the bat- tle of Culpepper, Va. He was taken to Warrenton, from there sent to Washington, where he entered Campbell hospital; was eventually transferred to the Invalid Corps, where he filled the arduous office of Wardmaster until his discharge from service at the close of the war. He now farms fifty acres of fine land, within a half mile of Franklin Centre. In politics, Mr. Seelye is a Republican. JOHN H. STAFFORD, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in McKean Town- ship March 16, 1844: son of Rowland Stafford, whose biography appears elsewhere in this work. Mr. Stafford married, September 7, 1871, Helen A., daughter of Orrin and Susan (Barnard) Wood, natives of New York. Having no family of their own, they have adopted a niece, daughter of David E. and Harriette (Wood) Quay. Mr. Stafford"s farm comprises 100 acres, situated a mile and a half from Franklin Center; it is well stocked, and has excellent farm buildings. He has taken an active part in the affairs of Franklin, having been elected Constable two terms, collector two terms and Assessor one terra. Mr. Stafford is a Mason; in politics, a Republican. JOHN N. TARBELL, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Edinboro January 31, 1843, son of John and Paulina (Greenfield) Tarbell. The latter is a daughter of Sherman and Nancy Greenfield, all natives of New York State. They had a familj' of three chil- dren — Sherman G., Mar}^ and John M. His wife Paulina died, and John Tarbell Sr., next married Hannah, daughter of W. Slocum of Washington Township. She bore him three children— Jesse, Sarah J. and William. Mr. Tarbell was one of the earliest settlers in Washington Town.ship; by trade a blacksmith, which he followed along with farming. He died in 1871. Our subject married, February 29, 1866, Mary, born December 26, 1841, daughter of William and Maria (Vanvleet) McCammon, the former a native of Philadel- phia, the latter of New York State. By this marriage there are three children — Minnie E.» FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. ' 51 Harry N. and John R. Mr. Tarbcll resides near Eureka Church. He owns a well-stocked farm of 125 acres. In September, 1864, he enlisted in Company F, Two Hundred and Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. His first engagement took place at Point of Rocks, and his first regular battle was the assault and capture of Fort Steadman, where he captured and brought in three prisoners. He was in many of the principal en- gagements in the vicinity of Petersburg and Richmond, and when 6en. Lee surrendered was with his regiment at Burksville. He was discharged in June, 1865. Mr. Tarbcll is a Mason ; in politics, is a Democrat. MARK M. VAN BUSKIRK, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Franklia Township, February 24, 1835, son of Henry and Elizabeth (Hucklebore) Van Buskirk, the former born in New York State, March 18, 1808, and the latter in Vermont, July 18, 1812. Their family consisted of John J. (deceased) Lucinda, MarkM., Otis H.,Winfield and Eliza! John J. was a soldier in the war of the rebellion; he enlisted August, 1861, in the One Hun- dred andEleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and was killed at the battle of Antietam, September 17. 1862. Henry Van Buskirk was by trade a carpenter and joiner. In 1824, he came to this township, but eventually removed to Lockport Borough, of wliich he was Burgess two terms. He died March 11, 1880. His widow still resides in Lockport. Our subject married, September 9, 1858, Lj^dia A., daughter of Jabez and Catharine (Adams) Luther. The former was born in Rhode Island, January 8, 1800, and the latter in Oswe^-a County, N. Y., January 14, 1800, died March 14, 1864. By the above marriage there are four children— Jabez H., Katie E., Frank J. and Nan Bell. Mr. Van Buskirk owns a well-stocked farm of eighty acres in Franklin Township. In March, 1865, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Sixth Corps, Army of the Potomac, and was at Danville, Va., when the Confederate Gen. Johnston surrendered to- Gen. Sherman. He has filled the offices of School Director one term, and Road Commis- sioner of his township two terms; he is at the present time Collector. Mr. Van Buskirk is a member of the A. O. U. W., and Colonel Lytle Post, No. 240, G. A. R. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church. Politically, he is a Republican. DAVID H. WALKER, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Crawford County, Penn., July 1, 1840; son of Peter Walker, born in Maine in 1803, who married Rachel Ball, a'widow! daughter of David Skinner, a native of New York State, and had a family of eleven chil- dren, of whom Frederick C. A., Louisa F., David H.. Lucinda F., Sarah J., and Willis W. and William (twins) are living. Peter Walker came to Erie County in 1848; he died io Chautauqua County, N. Y.. October 17, 1878. His widow still survives him. Our subject married, January 15, 1865, Mary E.. born November 17, 1843, daughter of Jesse and Judy A. (Crate) Vandervoost. the fornier born in New York State in 1803, and the latter in this State in 1812. By this union there are three children — Frank F., Sarah A. and Mary R. Mr. Walker settled in Franklin Township in 1873, and is a successful farmer. His well-stocked farm comprises seventy-five acres, situated about three miles from Edinboro. Politically, Mr. Walker is a Democrat. REV. STEPHEN WASHBURN, Christian minister, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Otsego County, N. Y.. April 10, 1812, and came to Franklin and settled on the farm he now occupies, March 1857. He is a son of Stephen Washburn, born August 1, 1775, who married Janette Terry, born March 6, 1877, both of whom were natives of Massachusetts, and had a family of seven chilJren; of this family — Isaac T., Betsy H., Polly and Cyrene are deceased; Stephen, Seymour and Julia still survive. Stephen Washburn, the elder, was by trade a carpenter; he came to Erie County with his family in 1824; located in Mc- Kean, and was one of the pioneers of that township. His wife died March 2, 1853. and he followed her July 19, 1866. Stephen was a son of Bazaleel Washburn, of Welsh descent, who was a Colonial soldier in the old French war, at the close of which he was- pressed into the British Naval Service; while his ship was in port in Quebeche managed to- escape to a French vessel and was carried to the West Indies. After several years of wan- derings and many vicissitudes, he returned to his native land, and subsequently became a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Our subject married, Julv 2, 1834, Elsie Ann Hopkins, born April 6, 1814, daughter of Samuel and Mary (Luther) Hopkins, all natives of Rhode Island; the former born July 81, 1783, died in 1857; the latter born August 26, 1782. died April 6. 1843. By this marriage there are three children— Samuel H.. Eseck D. and Jane Ann. Rev. Stephen Washburn is a minister of the Christian denomination, com- mencing to preach in 1847. He was regularly ordnined October 6, 1850, and has labored earnestly in the cause of Christianity since that date, principally in Erie and Crawford Counties. He is a pioneer of religion in Franklin Township, and' will be long remembered for his zeal and usefulness. His farm is situated three miles from Franklin Centre and comprises 188 acres. Mr. Washburn is politically a Republican. SAMUEL A. WHEELER, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in this township June 18, 1889, son of Philander and Maria (Hildum) Wheeler ; the former was born June. 1808 r the latter is a daughter of Samuel S. Hildum, all natives of New York State. They had a family of five children, viz.: Cynthia A., Martha E., Samuel A., Chloe L. and Mary E. Philander Wheeler came to Erie County about the year 1842. and settled in Franklin Township. He was a farmer, and died suddenly in the field while at work, in June, 1879. 52 , BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: His widow still resides iu Fairview Township. Our subject married, June 2, 1866, Maria Wright, born July 16, 1841, daughter of George and Esther (Trask) Wright, of Girard Township. By this union there are three children— Eben L., Lilly M. and Etty L. Mr. Wheeler is owner of an eighty-seven-acre farm in Franklin Township. He was a soldier in the Avar of the Rebellion. On the first call for troops in 1861, he volunteered- in a regi- ment of three months' men, and in the fall of 1861, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and saw service in the Twentieth Corps, Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. Jose^jh Hooker, in the battles of Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. In the fall of 1863, the Twentieth Corps was transferred to the Army of the Tennessee, where, under Gen. Sherman, Private Wheeler took part in the battles of Look-out Mountain. Mission Ridge, Ringgold, siege of Atlanta and in Sher- man's march to the sea, the siege and capture of Savannah, and the subsequent march of the armj^ northward through the Carolinas. Mr. Wheeler is a member of Col. Lytle Post No. 240,' G. A. R. In politics he is a Republican. CHARLES WRIGHT, farmer, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born iu Delaware Coun- ty, N. Y., March 9, 1815, and came to Erie County in 1835, located in Girard Township, but removed to Franklin Township in 1848, settling on the farm he now occupies. He is a son of Johnson Wright, born June 15, 1792, in the State of Xew York, who married March 9, 1814, Mary Bliss, born July 30, 1795, in Rhode Island, daughter of Clark and Abigail (Spooner) Bliss, natives of Rhode Island, who had a family of eleven children, of whom Mary A., Eliza A., Phebe A., John J. and Johnson G. are now deceased, and Charles, George, Marietta, Henry B., Clark A. and James S. are living. Johnson Wright, Sr., was by trade a tanner; he died June 11, 1861, and his wife November 4, 1874. He was a son of Alpheus and Rachel (Williams) Wright, natives of the State of New York, the former of whom died April 3, 1832, and the latter Januarys, 1845. Alpheus was a son of James and Sarah (Purdy) Wright. James, with two of his brothers, Ichabod and Alpheus, came to America from England. They were the sons of Isaac and Elizabeth (Bennett) Wright, the former being a son of James and Betsy (Hammond) Wright, all of whom died in England. Charles Wright, the subject of this biography, married De cember 25, 1837, Harriet M. Woolsey, born in Cu3'ahoga County, Ohio. July 13, 1820, daughter of Joseph and Mehitable (Brown) Woolsey, natives of the State of New York; the former of whom was born May 16, 1785, and the latter May 30, 1800. By the above- mentioned union, there are nine children, as follows: Johnson, Annette, Marj^ M., Eliza A., Juliaett, Charles H.. Harriet Ella, Clemmie Victoria and Silas Ray. Of this fam- ily, Johnson studied medicine, obtained his diploma and is now practicing his profession in Franklin Township. Charles Wright, the elder, has held the offices of Auditor, School Director and Assessor for his township at various periods for many years. He is a farmer, owning a well-stocked farm of 140 acres, situated two and a half miles from Franklin Cen- tre. Ciiarles H., Wright, Jr., hisson, married May 7, 1878, Lizzie E., daughter of Charles P. and Lorinda E. (Malloy) Blair, of Girard Township. They have three children — Zena F., Charles G. and Johnson J. Mr. Wright is also a farmer and resides on part of the home farm. In politics, he is a Democrat. JOHNSON WRIGHT, physician and surgeon, P. O. Franklin Corners, was born in Girard Township April 23, 1839, son of Charles and Harriet (Woolse.v) Wright, whose bi- ography appears above, married December 24. 1866, Martha ]\I. Miller, born March 15, 1.'~'43, daughter of Orange and Matilda (Smith) Miller, natives of the State of New York. By this union there are three children, as follows, Ernest E., Charles J., and Carl C. In 18"69. Dr. Wright commenced the study of medicine and surgery under the advice and di- rection of Dr. H. H.Baxter, Professor of Materia Medica, Cleveland Homojopathic Hospital College. He attended the lecture course at that institution in the j'ears 1870, 1871 and 1872, graduating and obtaining his diploma in the latter j'ear. The Hahnemann Medical Society of Cleveland has also conferred a degree upon the Doctor. He commenced to practice his profession iu Franklin Township in 1873, and has established a lucrative bus- iness. He is physician for the poor in Franklin Township, having received the appoint- ment from the Directors of the Poor for Erie County. Dr. Wright also holds a diploma for business profession from Bryant & Stratton's Commercial (/Ollege. of Buffalo, N. Y. He is the owner of a fine farm comprising eighty-eight acres, two and one-half miles from Franklin Centre. The farm is well stocked and under an excellent state of cultivation. Politically, the Doctor is Democratic. GIRARI) TOWNSHIP. 53 GIRARD TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM ALDRICH, Justice of the Peace, P. 0. Platea, was born in Cheshire County, N. H., in 1808, and is a son of Amasa and Hannah (Payne) Aldrich, both natives of Massachusetts. They were the parents of fifteen children, our subject the only one surviving. Amasa was a soldier of the Revolutionary war, and died when William was five years old. The latter married, in 1835, Mary Preston, who, dying, left two children, both now deceased. The youngest, Mary, was the wife of Jefferson Rouse, and left one child, Mary, who married Edwin Wright, by whom she had twins. Mr. Aldrich's second marriage was with Elizabeth Sawdy, who died without issue. He then was united to Sarah Hatton, of Chautauqua, N. Y. Mr. Aldricli came to Erie County in 1883, making the journey via the Schenectady & Albany Railroad, the first railroad line in the United States. He engaged in farming, subsequently erecting a tannery, which he carried on successfully many vears, but closed on account of other business and his desire to retire from active pursuits. He w'as commissioned as Justice of the Peace in 1881 for five years. He was previously engaged in manufacturing boots and shoes at Lockport, and has always felt an interest in building and improving tlie place. He is now living in his fine residence in the boroughof Lockport, and as a citizen and pioneer is highly esteemed. DR. EDWIN R. ALLEN, Girard, a descendant of the distinguished Ethen Allen, of Ticonderoga fame, was born in Girard Township, Erie Co., Penn., September 1, 1825, and is a son of Ira and Phebe (Comstock) Allen, who came to this county in 1818, and entered 100 acres of land at Cross Station, where they passed their lives. They reared a family of seven children, five living— Emily, Nancy, Roana, Almira and Edwin R. The latter re- mained on the homestead until seventeen'years of age, when he engaged on a vessel, and followed a seafaring life several years. He began t"he study of dentistry in 1856. the fol- lowing year going to Cass County, Mich., where he practiced his profession four years. He then engaged in farming four years in Girard, subsequently resumed his profession in same, and has now an established business, and is the oldest practitioner in Girard. Dr. Allen's marriage occurred in 1853 in this township, with Helen M. Anderson, a native of Girard. Two children blessed this union— Clarence Emir, a teacher at Salt Lake City, married to Corrinne Tuckerman, of Austinburg, Ohio, and Cyrus A., dentist at Buffalo. Dr. Allen is among the oldest born settlers. He is universally respected, and is an hon- ored officer of Masons. A. S. ANDERSON, retired farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y.. November 17, 1831, and is a grandson of Geortie Anderson, a native of Massachusetts, who settled in this county in 1831, coming from Ann Arbor, Mich. He engaged in lum- bering, and built a saw mill in Girard Township, which he ran a few years, then sold out and moved to Matthew Anderson's, where he died at the age of ninety-eight years. He was a pioneer of Chenango County, N. Y.. taking up 400 acres of land there. His wife was Elizabeth Steward, by whom he had fourteen children. The father of our .subject, Matthew, was born in Chenango County in 1799. He, with his brother Allen, came to this county, articled 100 acres of land, and returned to the East. This land was subsequently lost. He was a carpenter by trade, working at the same for years, and accumulated con- siderable property. His widow, still surviving, wasEmily Maynard, born in Colerain, Mass., in 1796. Thev were the parents of four children, all now surviving, viz.: A. S. ; Amos W., a resident of McHenry Countv. 111., the father of Edwin V. and May, wife of Mr. Hungi- ford; William M.. of Grass Valley. Cal., also has two children— Clarence R., residing on the homestead with grandmother, %md Emma, widow of S. E. Brindle; and Helen, wife of Dr. E. R. Allen. Our subject was brought up on the homestead farm in this township, of which he is the oldest resident. He married, April 8, 1847, Adaline A., daughter of Elijah Drury, of a pioneer family, and a native of this county. Of the three children born to this union two are now living— Leslie M.. married to Ida Bunnell, and Carl M., married to Mattie Drury. After marriage, Mr. Anderson settled on his present place, retiring from the active pursuits of life in 1876. He has lived to see all his children comfortably settled. HENRY BALL, Justice of the Peace. Girard. is the only living son of Henry »nd Betsey (Halsted) Ball, and was born in 1810, in Galway, N. Y. His father, after emigrat- ing to this country from England, settled in Saratoga County, N. Y., where he was sales- man some years, engaged in farming, and at one time served as Constable. He ami his wife died within a year of each other, leaving Henry and Laura, a widow, and mother of Martha, wife of Theodore Allen, residing on the old homestead. Our subject located in Girard Township, and began, in connection with farming, in the commission and forward- ing business. In 1846, he was elected Justice of the Peace, serving five years. He was ,54 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: re-elected in 1857, and has since filled this office. He has also served as School Director eighteen years, Secretary and Treasurer of the Council many years, and as Treasurer of the School Board, and Secretary of the Cemetery Company, in all capacities with satis- faction to his constituents and credit to himself. He was married to Martha Chesebro. a native of Saratoga County, N. Y. Three children blessed this union, one surviving, Jenuie, widow of Fenton Daggett, bv whom she has one child. Fenta. W. C. BATCHELER, famier, P. O. Girard, was born in A.shtal)ula County, Ohio, in 1833, son of Elijah and Johanna (Taft) Batclieler, natives of Xew Hampshire and New York respectively. Amos Batcheler, the grandfather, of English descent, was born in New Hampshire, and served in the Revolutionary war. In 1811, he entered a large tract of laud in what is now Kingsville, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, built a log cabin assisted by the pioneers from three townships, raised a large family and passed his life. In 1856, Elijah .moved from Ashtabula to Erie County, settling in Albion Township, where he died in 1868. He was the parent of tiye children, all living, viz., Augeline, widow of E. Denio; Luciuda, wife of H. P. Sullivan; W. C; Amos, a resident of Fargo, Dak., and CTCorge. Our subject was thoroughly educated in Ashtabula and Erie Counties, read medicine, and followed ills profession until his health failed, when he moved to Conneaut Township, Erie County, in October, 1861. In 1862, he joined the Union army as Hospital Steward, in ■which capacity he served until August, 1863. For a few years, he followed mercantile trade, but his poor health compelled him to abandon this, and for the past few years he has been farming. He moved to Girard in 1ST3, and in ISSl occupied his present farm, <;onsisting of seventy-five acres. He has held various township offices, and is connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Batcheler was united in marriage, in this county, in 1859, with Annie E., daughter of Henry Skinner, of Erie County; three chil- dren blessed this union, two living— Henry E. and Mary A. ASA BATTLES, fruit culturist, Girard, was born in 1827 in this township, and is a son of Asa and Elizabeth Battles, both natives of Vermont. The first record we find of this nanie in America is from Savage's Genealogical Dictionary. Thomas Battles, a Puri- tan emigrant, settled in Dedham, Mass., in 16-42, married Mary Fisher, and raised a fam- ily of children, dying in 1706. It is said one of his sons settled in Bridgewater, Mass., from whom descended John Battles, the great-grandfather of our subject, who married a Curtis November 16, 1749, and had several children, the oldest named John, the grand- father of our subject, who married Lydia Spear, his first wife, and had five children, the fifth being Asa, Sr., tlie fatlier of the present Asa ; also, by his second wife, five children. Asa Battles, Sr., was born 1786, and married Elizai)eth Brown, November 22, 1814, the daughter of Al)raham Brown, who was well known as a writer of sacred poetry ; many of his hymns are now retained in the populai' collections of the day. They had the following children, all living: Rosina, born June 27, 1815, married L. I. Baldwin; George W., born June 15, 1816, married a Miss Bartlett; Alsina, bora July 22, 1820 ; Lucina, born January 16, 1824; Asa, born September 21, 1827, married a Miss Hinds; Rush S., born April 24, 1833, married a Wei)ster. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. In 1814, he settled in "Western New York, but in 1825 he removed to Girard, Penn.. residing until he died May 10. 1848, aged sixty-two years. His widow survived him till October 10, 1868, aged eighty^-one years. Asa Battles (our subject), at the early age of twenty years, engaged in mercantile business, conducting one of the largest stores in the place. At twenty-one, he was appointed Postmaster, holding the office four years, when he engaged in mail contracting, on Cjuile a large scale, with the Post Office Department, having, at the commencement of the war of the rebellion, contracts in all the Middle and Western and several of the Southern States. Owing to the unsettling of values, the war about destroyed this busi- ness. He then turned his attention to the mercantile trade, opening a wholesale store in Milwaukee, Wis., and, soon after, another in Chicago ; was also proprietor of a large hotel in Chicago previous to the great fire, after which he had one in St. Louis a few years. Although exempt from military duty, he hired a substitute, and kept him in the service during the war. When Pennsylvania was unable to fill her quota in the army without resorting to a draft, he accepted a commission from the Governor to proceed to the Gulf States and obtain colored recruits, in which he was quite successful. He was also largely engaged in the oil business, owning manv producing wells, and a large refiner}^ on Oil •Creek. He was married, December 27, 1849, to Sarah M., daughter of Perley Hinds, one of the early pioneers of this county. Six children have been born to them, ^ve of whom are now living : Clarence Perley, born October 16, 1853, graduated at Rush Medical Col- lege, Chicago, and is now a practicing physician ; Rajnnond Willis, born July 31, 1856, graduated at Rush Medical College. Chicago, and is jiracticinsr medicine at Riple}% N. Y. ; was married to Teresa, daughter of Hon. L. W. Thickstun, and have one son, Donald R. ; Wilton Lamar, born September 21, 1860, graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, ^nd is now practicing dental surgery ; Leland Asa, born June 8, 1867 ; Cora Gertrude, born January 18, 1871. Asa Battles has now retired from all his business operations, and ■devotes himself entirely to horticultural pursuits, having, it is said, the finest and most extensive fruit plantation in the State of Pennsylvania. GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 55 R S. BATTLES, banker, Girard, is a native of Girard, born April, 1833, son of Asa and Elizabeth (Brown) Battles, the former a native of Stou!?hton, Mass., the latter of Guilford, Vt., who settled, lived and died on 250 acres of land in this township. They reared a family of six children, all surviving— Rosina, wife of L. I. Baldwin, Conneaut, Ohio ; Georo-e W., of Sunta Barbara County, Cal.; Alsina, Lucina, Asa and Rush S. Our subiect acquired a primary education in the schools of Girard, where he began to read law witii S E. Woodruff. In 1853, he entered the National Law School of Poughkeepsie. N. Y o-raduating in the class of 1854, and was admitted, the same year, to the bar of Erie County and became associated with his former preceptor in the practice of law in this village Years later they dissolved, and he devoted his time to farming until 1859, when the bank was organized, under the firm name of Battles & Webster. The latter retired in 1876, and Mr. Battles has since conducted the business alone. He has also an interest in and is Secretary and Treasurer of the Wrench Factory. Mr. Battles was married, in 1861, to Charlotte M., daughter of James Webster, of Girard. Of their three children, one C. Elizabeth, survives. The family reside on the old homestead, and are highly esteemed citizen'^ HENRY BECKER, merchant tailor, Girard, was born in Bavaria. Germany, in 1830, emio-ratinff to the United States in 1851, and coming to Girard the following year, where he opened^a clothing store, which he has since .successfully carried on. He is the oldest merchant tailor in the city, and also carries a full line of clothing, hats, caps, notions, etc. He married in this county in 1854, Katrina B., daughter of Christian Breckle, a native of Wittenbern- Germany, who settled in Mill Creek Township in 1843. To this union eleven children have been born, viz.: Henrv, Charles (deceased at New Washington, Ohio); Kat- rina wife of R. Warner; Edward in San Francisco, Cal.; Annie; Helen, m San Irancisco, Cal '• Christian, a barber in Girard; Martha, Gustav, Ida and Caroline. Mr. Becker for nine years has been a member of the City Council, and holds a Lieutenant s and Captain s commission in the militia, in which he served nine years. He purchased the Lutheran Church named in his honor the Becker Church, and has been its President fifteen years._ D AVID P BLAIR farmer, P. O. Girard, was born on the homestead in this township in 1818 and is a son of James and Mary (Wallace) Blair, who located their home in the thickly wooded heights of Elk Creek Township, in 1803. They came from Fayette County, floating their household effects to Meadville, from whence they were brought on horseback. They paid $50 for 400 acres of land, and, after paying taxes on it seven years, abandoned it Mr Blair subsequently made a purchase which includes property now occupied by our subject, where he and his wife passed the remainder of their lives. They were the parents of six children four of whom are now living— James, Joseph, David P. and Samuel. Mr. Blair died in March, 1855; his widow survived until June 9, 1873, dying in her ninety- fourth year. David P. was married March 5, 1874. to Caroline, daughter of Robert and Sabina Wallace, a native of Washington County, Penn. One son, Robert W., bornto this union is now living. The family erected a fine residence near the old home, a portion of which is the old log cabin, which is still standing. The original homestead consisted of 100 acres, but David P. Blair has made subsequent purchases of 200 acres. Ihe family are widely and favorably known. Their home is situated on a belt of laud that stretches out 150 feet above the bend of Elk Creek, and affords one of the finest views in that section. JAMES R BLAIR farmer, P. O. Girard. was born on the homestead m this township. May 7, 1838. and is a son of John W. and Candace (Strong) Blair, the former a native of Erie County, born February 15, 1807, and the latter born May 7, IS^'*'^. in yermout John W. was a son of James Blair, who settled in this township in 1803, and died in lo79. His widow still survives. The subject of this sketch has a farm of eighty acres and has always followed farming. He is one of our oldest pioneers and is highly respected. R. C. BROMLEY, retired farmer, P. O. Girard, M-as born in 1817 in Rutland County, Vt., son of Smith and Phebe M. (Wescott) Bromley, natives of Vermont, and who v/ came to this county in 1837, settling in Springfield Township. Our subject, their only X child, came with them. His father bought a farm of fifty-four acres, on which he lived / until the death of his wife in 1847. Some two years afterward, the father returned to Ver- mont, where he died, leaving our subject the farm. R. C. Bromley was married in 1»43, to Cina A. Cross, youngest child of Oliver Cross, a pioneer of this county, from V ermont. To this union were born three daughters— Mary Jane, married to Samuel R. Carroll, had three children— John B., Lida I., and Ella R., died June 2, 1873; Laura A., married to Norman L. Pratt, has one daughter— Adah Pearl, now residing in Omaha, Neb. ; and Flora D. married to J. Harley Silverthorn, has three children— Lora F., Leo G. and Roa C, now living on our subject's farm in this township. In 1853, Mr. Bromley moved to Craw- ford County. Penn,, where be resided twelve years. Here he was an acting Justice of the Peace one term, besides holding other township offices. In 1865. he bought a farm in Girard Township, this county, to which he at once moved. Here he was elected to the office of Justice of the Peace one term (five years, as fixed by the law of Pennsylvania). Our subject being compelled, owing to severe attacks of rheumatism, to retire from active labor in 1882, purchased a house and lot near Girard depot, where he now resides. 56 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: A. M. CLARK, grocer, Girard, was born in Torrin^rton, Conn., in 1837, and is a sou of Converse and Almira (Burr) Clark, natives of Connecticut, the former born February 29, 1800; the latter April 23, 1803. They came to this county in 1837, and settled on a farm in Greene Township, Erie County. In 1849, Mr. Clark, Sr., removed to Springfield, where he spent the remainder of his life, dying December 29, 1853. He was at one time an active militiaman in Connecticut, and served as an officer in his native State and after coming West. His widow is residing with a daughter in Earlville, 111., in the eighty-second year of her age. She is the mother of six children, viz.: George Russell. Chester B., Jane Lu- cina. Flora Almira J., Almon M. and Mills C. The latter served as Captain of I. F. V., was wounded at Champion Hills, but served to the close of the war. Our subject followed farming until 1866. when he entered into a copartnership with George P. Rea. groceries and dry goods. He sold his interest to Mr. Rea four years later, establishing himself in the grocery business, which he has since followed, occupying his present premises in the fall of 1871, where he carries a large stock of groceries, crockery, etc.. doing a constantly in- creasing and successful trade. He married at Springfield, Penn., November 23, 1859,' Ma- tilda H. Ferguson, born March 25, 1839, daughter of Mance Ferguson. She died January 18, 1883. They have an adopted daughter, IBertha A. Mr. Clark is one of the active men and esteemed citizensfof the township, in which he has held various offices of trust. WILLIS COFFMAN, farmer, P. O. Platea. was born on the homestead farm in Girard Township in 1859. and is a son of Conrad and Barbara (Eaton) CofEman, who were among the pioneers of 1803, and erected a cabin in the wilderness of Elk Creek, where they lived to the close of their lives. They reared a family of nine children, four of whom are living — Willis, Ellen, Dorcas and Rush. The children have the homestead farm, consisting of sixty acres. D. R. CROOKS, farmer, P. O. Girard. was born in Groveland, N. Y., in 1814, and is the youngest child of David and J. (Buskirk) Crooks, the former a native of Xorthumber- iand County, Penn., and the latter of New Jersey. They settled on the farm now occupied by our subject in 1829, which then consisted of 132 acres. They reared a family of seven children, all growing to manhood and womanhood, but now all deceased except two- Hannah and D. R. David Crooks died at the age of eighty-eight, and his wife when eighty- two years of age. Hannah Crooks married Samuel Buckby. and resides in Southwestern Missouri. They have a family of eight children, viz., Thomas, David, Edwin, Jane, Catherine, Margaret (who resides on the homestead with our subject), Fannie and Emily. Mr. Crooks has always lived on the homestead farm, enjoying his parents' society till the last. He leads a quiet, monotonous life, and is highly esteemed by his neighbors as an old settler and citizen. W. C. CULBERTSON, lumber merchant, Girard. is a native of Edinboro, Erie Co., Penn., born November 27, 1825. His father, Andrevv C, born in Westmoreland County, Penn.. June 20, 1795. When two years of age, he came with his father William, who took up a large tract of land, and was one of the early settlers of Edinboro, where he died. Andrew married, in 1820, Margaret Alexander, born" in Washington County, N. Y., October 31, 1797, and reared a family of eight children all now living— MargaVet J., Mary C, William C, James A., Rebecca, John, Alexander and Charles W. In 1846, W. C. Culbert- son engaged in lumbering on the Allegheny River and in Kentucky, subsequently con- tinuing the same in Jefferson County. "He a"t present has branches established at several points in the South and West. The oldest branch, in Covington, Ky., in which his eldest son— James A.— is interested, is known as J. A. Culbertson & Co. The Girard Lumber Companj^ has mills at Menominee, Mich.; a lumber yard in Chicago is under the name of W. C. Culbertson & Son. He is connected with the Penn Mill "at Albion, the business conducted under the firm name of Penn Lumber Co. He owns extensive timber lands in Northern Michigan and in the yellow pine timber districts of Missouri, a wheat farm in the Red River Valley, Minn., smaller farms in Kentucky, Allegheny Springs, Warren Co., Penn.; Edinboro,' Erie Co., Penn., and the home estate near Girard. He is proprietor of the Girard Flouring Mills, and President of the Girard Wrench Factory, in which he has an interest. He was married in Warren County, Penn., to Margaret Alexander, by whom he has had eight children — seven now living. Mr. Culbert- son is a modest, unassuming gentleman, loved by all who know him. GEORGE H. CUTLER, attorney, Girard. 'The Cutler family are of English origin, New -England stock, and noted for their longevity. Thomas Cutler, our subject's grand- father, born in Massachusetts in 1736, a soldier in the French war, died in 1835. George H. Cutler was born in Gruilford, Vt., in 1809, and is a son of Nahum and Martha (Robbins) Cutler, both deceased, natives of Windham County, Vt., and Hartford, Conn., respectively. George H. received a common school education, having a private tutor for the higher branches. He read law with Hon. Judge Ross, of Cortland, N. Y. In 1835, he located in Girard, Erie County; two years later entered the office of Judge Galbraith, of Erie, being admitted to the bar in 1840. He is the oldest practitioner in Erie County. Mr. Cutler was the Democratic candidate for Congress in 1852. In 1872, he was ele'cted to the State Senate, and was elected Speaker in May, 1874, and President pro tern, in January, 1875. He was the last Speaker under the old and first President i^)ro tern, under the new' consti- GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 57 tution, presiding in the absence of the Lieutenant Governor. Mr. Cutler married, m Cayuga Countyrx. Y., in 1830, Louisa Stewart, a native of Cambridge, N. Y. Six cb'1- dren (two deceased) blessed this union — Marcus N. ; George A., who is a prominent meiii- ber of the bar at Leland, Mich.; Mary, wife of Irvin P. Hinds, of Hinsdale, 111., and Louisa. The law firm of Cutler & Hiads, which came into existence in 1861, still con- tinues. AUSTIN DAGGETT, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Greenfield Township, Erie Co., Penn., May, 1805, and is the eldest son living of Sebree and Annis (Peet) Daggett, the former born in Coventry, Conn., in 1775, the latter a native of Vermont. The father of Sebree, John Daggett, in the cold winter of 1799, came to this county, following an Indian trail through the woods. On December 24, 1803, going from Erie to Colt's Station, while crossing a stream on a log, he fell into the water and had his feet so terribly frozen that when he reached his destination he made a saw out of a case knife, and cut the frozen parts away, sawing the very bones. No doctors in those days. He was a Revolutionary soldier, was married five times, and reared seven children, fruits of his first union. He made a small payment on 300 acres of land in Greenfield, on which his son Sebree Dag- gett and family, coming from Vermont, settled in 1799. They cleared about twenty acres of this tract, and in 1814 entered the land now occupied by Hiram Daggett, which con- sisted of 125 acres, 100 of which were cleared by Sebree and our subject. John departed this life in 1837, when eighty-four years old. Sebree reared a family of six sons and four daughters. The surviving are Laura (widow of Lewis Wildman), Austin, Darius, Reuben, Elner (widow of J. B. Williams), Hiram, John D. Austin married, in Conneaut, Ohio, June 3, 1830, Elvira, daughter of Joab Greene, a native of Herkimer County, N. Y., where she was born June 9, 1808, who has borne him ten children, six siuwiving, viz.; Julius A.; Annis R., wife of J. C. Zahn; Helen M., wife of Welcome J. Weeks; Melissa, wife of Richard Tuckey, of Coldw^ater, Mich.; Florence, wife of William M. Anderson, residing at home; and Josephine H., wife of James Tuckey. In August, 1830, Mr. Daggett settled on his portion of the farm, coasisting of ninety-five acres of woodland He has en- dured all the privations and hardships of pioneer life, clearing away the timber, building a cabin, etc. He served in the militia for over twenty years, and had a Captain's commis- sion at that time. He has been a member of the Universalist Church many years. ELIJAH DRURY, deceased, the father of Rosw^ell C. and Oliver P. Drury, was the youngest child in a family of eight, born to Ebenezer and Mariam Drury, and the third child born in Litchfield, Herkimer Co., N. Y. (born September 19, 1792), after its settlement by the whites. By the will of his father, he was given the choice of living with his eldest brother, who had inherited the farm, receiving $100 when of age, or having his own time; he was then sixteen years of age. The latter was his choice, and, without a dollar, or ad- equate clothing, he started out in the winter's cold to make his way. He began digging stone at $10 per month, and clothed himself for the winter. He then went a distance of 100 miles in a cutter, to the Black River countr3^ with a newly married sister, and attended school the remainder of the winter. He then worked for $10 per month, and saved $300, with which he purchased fifty acres of wild land in Genesee County, N. Y. He then worked for $12 per month, and hauled cannon for the Government after the close of the war of 1812. He married, in the fall of 1815, Abigail C. Cheney, born in Walpole. N. H., May 15. 1792. He walked to this county, and bought on credit 100 acres in Girard, a part of the farm on which Oliver P. now resides. He returned for his wife, and with oxen and horse started for their new home. They erected a small house and began the struggles of pioneer life. Success crowned his efforts, and he died surrounded by his family, and having large accumulations of landed property. He departed this life July 25, 1880, and his wife February 22, 1875. Their honored remains were interred in the family cemetery, near their home. R. C. DRURY, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Girard Township November 3, 1817, and is a son of Elijah and Abigail (Cheney) Drury; the former born September 19, 1792, dying July 25, 1880; the latter born May 15, 1792, departed this life February 22, 1875. 'They were the parents of six children, four now living — Roswell C, Oliver P., Adaline A. and'Marilda M. The records of this family show them to be of English stock. Obed Drury, of London, England, with the father of Hugh Drury, came to the Colonies with Gov. John Winthrop in 1635, to found a colony at the mouth of Kane River, Mass., and from them sprang the succeeding generations in America. Our subject married, in Girard Township, Mary J. Kennedy, who died without issue. He next married Uranah A. Haven, who dying left three children, viz. : Byron, married to Viola Sykes, and has four children- Harry^ Clara. Leland and Ivy; R. Carmi, married F. Silverthorn, and has one child, Ethel; Mary, wife of C. M. Anderson. Mr. Drury again married, this time to Dorcas A. Coffman, by whom he has one child, Elijah, who married K. Wood, and has one child, Carl M. Mr. Drury settled on his present farm of 117 acres in 1851. OLIVER P. DRURY, farmer, P. O. Girard, is a son of Elijah and Abigail C. (Cheney) Drury, born on the homestead farm in this township, August 13, 1819. He was united in marriage at Warsaw. N. Y., April 22, 1841, with Sarah, daughter of Eli Dibble. She was born at'Granville, N. Y., July 22, 1817, and dying January 15, 1864, left four children, viz.; 68 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Walter E., married to Gettie Wliitcomb ; they are residing in Nebraska, and have tTv^ children, Clarence and Francis; Roswell C., married to Mary Rhodes, parents of Sad and Ralph; Annie E., wife of F. A. Hadsell, residents of Cass County, Mich.; and Jessie, married to Inez F. Warner, reside on the homestead. Mr. Drury's second marriage took place November 17, 1868, with M;irv E. Piatt, a native of Crawford County, Pennsyl- vania. Mr. Drur\' disposed of his farm "in this township and went to Cass County, Mich., where he resided until 1875, when, on account of the failing health of his aged father, he returned to the homestead, so he could care for and fulfill his last duties toward his honored sire. The generation is of pioneer stock, and the children inherit the qualities of their ancestors, all of whom were representatives of character, honest j^ and sobriety. A. G. ELY, physician, Girard, was born in Middlefield, Otsego Co., K Y., in 1820. and is a son of Sumner and Hannah (Gilbert) Ely, the former a native of Lyme, Conn., and the latter of Otsego County, N. Y. Sumner Ely was educated at Yale, where he graduated in the class of 1804, and was a prominent ph3"sician at Clarksville (Middlefield), Otsego Co., N. Y. He was President of the New York State Medical Society, and a member of the Assembly and Senate of that State. Our subject received his education at Hamilton Col- lege, N. Y., and was a graduate of the Geneva Medical College in 1841. He studied medi- cine with his father and Dr. R. G. Frary, of Hudson, N. Y., and after acting one year as assistant physician in Bellevue Hospital, N. Y., began the practice of his profession in liis mitive county. In 1845, he located in Girard, where he has had a large practice, and is now gradually retiring from the field, leaving it for younger aspirants. GEORGE C. GALLOWHUR (deceased) was born on the homestead farm, near Girard, in 1839, and was a son of George Gallowhur, a native of Mifflin County, Penn., who settled in Manchester, near Walnut Creek, Erie County, in 1818. Five years later he re- moved to the present home of the family, then consisting of eighty-five acres, all of which he cleared. He was one of the founders, and for many years Elder of the Presbj'terian Church at Girard. He married, July 18, 1819, Eliza, a daughter of Andrew Lowry, a dis- tinguished pioneer, who took up land under the Corporation Act, and was soon after dis- possessed by the Indians. He subsequently settled in Mill Creek Township, and passed his later years at Girard. He was a native of Ireland, and married Mary Barr. George and Eliza Gallowhur had born to them eleven children, two surviving — Marj^ A., widow of Amos Stowe; and Sarah, widow of Oliver Easterbrook,w]io was a son of Benjamin Easter- brook, of Connecticut, a pioneer of Erie County. He was a lumber dealer, and was lost in the Allegheny River while floating a raft. Oliver died in November, 1872, leaving two children— Susie and Benjamin F. The subject of this sketch married, in 1870, Sarah E. Powell, a native of Crawford County, a daughter of Hon. Howell Powell, and grand- daughter of Watkin Powell, a distinguished pioneer family of Crawford. Mr. Gallowhur died August 22, 1883, leaving a widow and one child, William Gibson, to mourn his loss. L. AV. GREEN, proprietor of billiard parlor, Girard. was born in Ashtabula County, Ohio, in 1846, and is a son of Silas and Phebe Green, the former a native of Harbor Creek, Erie Co., Penn., and the latter of New York State. Tlie grandparent, Joab Green, wae among the earliest pioneers of Harbor Creek Townsliip," settling prior to the war of 1812, after which he removed to Conneaut, Ohio, and remained till the close of life. The parents are both residents of Ohio. They reared two children, both liv- ing—Flora, wife of Calvin Richardson, of Willoughb3^ Ohio, and our subject. L. W. Green was reared on a farm, and in 1873 came to Girard; following year opened a market, which he conducted until 1877, when he sold out and removed to Brad- ford, Penn., where he opened a billiard parlor. This he conducted until 1879, when he returned to Girard and established a billiard room in. the Avenue House, in which he remained until he removed to his present quarters. This hall has two tables of the latest design, and the necessarj^ equipments for the game are of the best. It is supported and patronized by all lovers of the game, and no liquors are sold. Mr. Green was married on Christmas Day, 1867, to Lola, daughter of Dexter Marsh, of Pierpont, Ohio. This union has been blessed with two children — Bennie and Jessie. JOHN GULLIFORD & CO., hardware, Girard. John Gulliford, one of our oldest native residents, was born in Girard. in 1814, and is a son of Samuel, who, with his father, John Gulliford, settled on the Lexington road, near Ball Church in 1801. The great- grandfather, William, of English birth, was the first Gulliford to locate in the colonies. John Gulliford, Sr., took up 200 acres, reared a large family and died on the homestead. Samuel married Catherine Ball, whose parents settled here the same year. They reared a family of eleven children, all living— Daniel, John, Levi, David, Samuel, Cornelius, Al- len, Sally (wife of S. K. Talmage). Lorenzo, Mary A. and Lydia. Our subject was reared on a farm, attending a rude log school for his education, and was apprenticed, when twelve years old, to a tinner in Erie. He followed this trade until 1839, when he established him- self in business, whicli has grown into the large establishment under firm name of Gulli- ford & Co. He was married in this township in 1839, to Catherine, the daughter of John Hay, a native of Fairview Township. All the seven children born to this union are living, viz., John H., George S., Samuel H., Mary (wife of L. D. Hart), Emma, Lizzie (wife of G. W. Badger) and Hattie (wife of C. Fargo). Mr. Gulliford has filled various township offices, and is the oldest merchant in business here at the present time. GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 59 JAMES J. HALSTEAD, farmer, P. O. Platea, was born in Galway, Saratoga Co., N. Y., April 29, 1810, sou of Samuel aud Patieuoe (Jones) Halstead. The latter is a na- tive of Jonesville, N. Y., and a daughter of Samuel Jones, after whom the place was named. The former was a native of Delaware County, N. Y. Their children were as fol- lows: Washington, Piatt, Elizabeth, Theodoras, Samuel, Fannie, Nancy, Samuel (second), Henry B. and James J. Our subject was married, June 22, 1831, to Lovina Conkling, a native of Saratoga, N. Y., and a connection of the distinguished Roscoe Conkling, of that State. Four children have been born to this union, all living — Alvah, George, Charles W. and William. Mr. Halstead lost his wife by death, August 17, 1867, and he married Susan Waldo, a native of Starkey, Yaies Co., N. Y., where she was born in 1835. Mr. Halstead came to this county in 1839, and settled on a farm east of Lockport, but in 1852 located in the village, where "he was engaged in mercantile business some years. By trade he is a tanner and shoe-maker. He'owns 148 acres in Girard Township. L. D. HART, clothing merchant, Girard, was l)orn in this township in 1839, and is a son of Leffert and Nancy' (Woodford) Hart, both natives of Connecticut, who settled in this city in 1838. Leffert was a contractor and builder, and helped to build the canal here. He wi^h Judge Miles built ten miles of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, in- cluiliug the aqueduct at Elk Creek. He also constructed six miles of the Pittsburgh road from Girard depot to Cross' Station, and tilled a contract on a road near Akron, Ohio. He was a man of active business qualification, and represented this county in the Legislature. He was the father of fourteen children by two marriages; his second wife was Eliza, a sister of Richard Dimpsey, of this county. Our subject first engaged as a salesman, then dealt extensively in oil. He was drafted in 1862, and served nine months in Company G, One Hundred and Sixty-ninth Infantry State Guards. In 1866, he established himself in his present business in Girard, in which he has been very successful. He has a custom de- partment connected with his store, and carries a stock worth $10,(]00. He married in this county, in 1868, Mary E. Gulliford, a native of Girard. He is one of the enterprising cit- izens of this city, and is an honored member of the Masonic fraternity, which he joined in 1864. CALVIN J. HINDS, attorney, Girard, second son of Perley and Sarah (Lawrence) Hinds, was born in Girard Township December 29, 1832. His parents, natives of Cheshire €ounty, N. H., settled in this township with the pioneers of 1831. His mother, who bore five children, three surviving— Sarah, Ervin P. and Calvin J.— died in 1839. His father was remarried to Polly (Kent) Smith, of Chautauqua County, N. Y., who bore him five children, three living— William W., Clarisa L. and Marion S. Our subject was reared on a farm, attending the district school, Kingsville Academy. Ohio, Girard Academy and Cleveland Commercial College. He then engaged for three years in the insurance busi- ness at Philadelphia, Penn., and afterward for three years in mercantile and lumber busi- ness at Philipsburg, Penn. He read law with George H. Cutler, was admitted to the Erie County Bar in 1860, and formed a copartnership with his preceptor, which firm still con- tinues. During Lincoln's administration, Mr. Hinds served four years as Postmaster of Girard, but has since avoided political life. He conducted the telegraph and express busi- ness some years, and has always been identified with the growth and development of his native township. In 1856, he was married to Elvira M. Cutler, a native of this county, who was the mother of three children— Lawrence C, Paymaster for the contractors of the Northern Pacific Railroad, of Billings, Mont. ; Bertha E., wife of F. J. French, and Elvira C. His wife died in 1864. Mr. Hinds' second wife was Frank A. Stewart, of Syracuse, N. 1. This union has been blessed with five children- Fannie S., Harry, Belle, Calvm J., Jr., and J. Donald. F. C. KEELER, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Mexico, Oswego County, N. \., in 1820, and is a son of Isaiah W. and Lucinda Keeler, both natives of New York State. They located in North East Township in 1830, and were among its earliest pioneers. Two years later they moved to Elk Creek, near Wellsburg, but died at Lockport, Girard Township. They were the parents of nine children, four living— Joseph, F. C, Nathan and Albert. Our subject was married, in 1842, to Caroline Pierce, a native of Chautauqua County, N. Y., which union has been blessed with four children, all living— Cynthia _F., wife of F. Randall, by whom she has two children— Leslie and Alice; Alice J., Melissa R., widow of A. Lewis, and the mother of Oliver K., Carl W., Frank C. and Grace A; and Emma, wife of David Wood, by whom she has two children — M. Glenn and Carrie L. At the time of his marriage, Mr. Keeler was living on thepieee of land first mentioned, and went to work in the paper mill some three years after. The land was situated in Green- field Township, four miles south of North East. He made a small payment on a piece of land, which he afterward sold to advantage. In 1851, he settled on his present farm, con- sisting of sixty acres. He began life empty-handed, and attributes much of his success to the assistance of his good wife, who shared in his struggles, and now with him enjoys all their present comforts. WILLIAM S. KELLEY, farmer, P. O. Miles' Grove, was born on the homestead farm, in Girard Township, February 12, 1829, and is a son of John Kelley, whose record appears in this work. He was married in this township October 4, 1860, to Eliza J., daughter 60 BIOGRArHICAL SKETCHES: of John Murray, a pioneer, who was a marine in the war of 1812, and settler of this town ship. To this union two children have been born, both now living — Addle M. and Belle J. Mr. Kelley occupies seventy-five acres of the homestead farm, where lie has resided since his birth. He has been serving as School Director for nine years. He is a man widely and favorably known, and is connected with the A. O. U. "W. J. D. KELLEY, farmer, P. 0. Miles' Grove, was born on the homestead, on which he has always resided, in 1831, and is the third son of John Kelley. He resides on fifty acres, a portion of the homestead farm settled by his father. He was married in this county, in 1859, to Rebecca A. Emrich, a native of Ohio. Their only child, Charles J., born October 18, 1855, who was employed in the office at Girard Station, was killed on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad April 16. 1878. He was a young man of high moral worth, and his death was a great loss to his parents. Mrs. Kelley dying, August 1. 1880, Mr. Kelley married Anna L. Case, a native of Pierpont, Ohio. Mr. Kelley is descended from an old pioneer, is highly respected, and has served as Assessor two years, being elected Assistant Assessor in 1876, succeeding J. C. Miller, who died, and in 1877, was re-elected. He has also filled the office of Collector for one year, and previ- ously was Constable of Girard Township and Borough. LAZARUS S. KELLEY, farmer, P. O. Miles' Grove, was born on the homestead farm, on the Lake road, March 26, 1835, and is the youngest son of John Kelley, who was born April 28, 1793, in Lewistown, Mifflin Co., Penn., and came to this county in 1803, when but ten years old, with his father, George Kelley. The latter purchased a tract of land, consisting of 200 acres (now occupied by his three sous), of Robert Brown, with. al- lowance of 6 per cent. He and his wife, Fanny Dickson, born in Derrytown, Mifflin Co., Penn., came on horseback to this farm, then an unbroken wilderness, cleared ten acres, and erected a cabin, near the site of our subject's present residence, where they lived and died. He was succeeded on this farm by his son, John, who married Margaret Steele}', a native of Lewistown, Miflflin Co., Penn., born August 8, 1794. They were the parents of eleven children, seven now living — Cartus E., widow of George Webb; Susanah, wife of Constant Hicks, residing in Hancock County, 111.; John S., of Quinc.y, 111.; William S. ; James D., our subject, and Mary J., wife of Clark Barlow. John Kelley was a widely and favorably known pioneer, and soldier of the war of 1812. His wife died in May, 1865, and he fol- lowed her in March, 1879, aged eighty-six. Lazarus S. Kelley, the subject of this sketch, married in this township. Sarah Jane, daughter of Asa and Sarah (Coats) McConnell. who settled in this township in 1829, and purchased the land on which the Herrick familj^ now reside, where Mrs. Kelley was born. Her parents raised a family of seven children, three now living — Amanda, widow of William McQuilkin, residing in this township, and Fred- erick, a resident of Danville, N. Y. Mr. and Mrs. Kelley have no children. JOHN KESSEL, Jr., restaurant, Girard, was born in this township February 7, 1857, and is a son of John and Phillipina (Epple) Kessel, both natives of Germany, and parents of eight children, seven now living — John (our subject), Frank, Bertha, Minnie, Charles, Henry and Carrie. John Kessel, Sr., was born in Hesse-Darmstadt in 1835; crossed the ocean in 1854; came direct to Girard, and established himself in business; was subsequent- ly burned out. He lived here till the close of his life, djing, however, at Waukesha, Wis., July 2, 1883, whence he had gone in search of health, and\vas interred in Girard Cemete- ry. He was very successful, financially, though he began life as a barber, with no capital but his ambition and perseverance. He was a Democrat in politics, a member of the Lu- theran Church. Many knew from experience that he was kind-hearted and liberal. He was a prominent member of the A. O. U. W., I. O. O. F., and several other societies. Our sub- ject engaged in the barber business at Mayville, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., from 1876 until the death of his father, when he returned to Girard and took charge of the business, which he has since continued. He was married, on November 4, 1879. at Mayville, to Hattie E. Van Valkenbergh, a native of the same. Two children blessed this union, one surviving — Margaret. Mr. Kessel inherits his father's attributes, is a successful business man, and a member of the Royal Arcanum. RANSO;BiI KIDDER, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., in 1823, and is a son of Thomas and Lucy (Holt) Kidder, who were among the pioneers to settle on Elk Creek in that township, located on 200 acres of land, where they both died. They were the parents of seven children, four now living, viz., Putnam, Perry, Betsy (wife of D. Ward), and Ransom. Our subject was married in this county to Susan, daugh- ter of Elijah Drury, who, dying, left three children — Charles, Elijah and Passmore W. Mr. Kidder's second Avife was Bidah Cronch, who also died, and left two children — Ida and Frank. He then married Emma T., daughter of John P. Lyman, and a native of this county. Three children, all living, ha\e blessed this union," viz., Belle, Ru.sh, and one not named. Mr. Kidder settled on his present estate, consisting of 175 acres, in 1856. He has served as School Director -eight or nine years, and is an old and highly- respected citizen. F. X. L0M3IER, proprietor of the Lommer House, P. O. Miles' Grove, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1839, and is a son of John Lommer, who emigrated to the United States in 1837, settling and dying in Buffalo. Since boyhood, when he began as bell boy in the GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 61 old Phoenix House, F. X. Lommer has been in the hotel business, soon winning for himself an enviable reputation. In 1869, he became proprietor of the Jones House, at Westfield, N. Y., which he conducted successfully until he purchased the Osborn House, which stood upon the site of his present edifice; it has accommodation for about twenty transient »ues*ts. It is the only hotel at the Grove, and first-class in all its appointments. He married, in Buffalo, in 1860, Mary E. Laux, a native of same city. Their living chil- dren are Julia, William and Harry. Frank J., who was clerking with his father, an esti- mable young man, beloved by a large circle of friends, died September 11, 1883, in his twenty-first year. Mr. Lomme^ is connected with Lodge 44, A. O. U. W., of Erie. He is possessed of a genial di.sposition, and as a landlord has a well-merited reputation, and strangers eve,r find a cordial welcome to his house. LEVI LOVERIDGrE, accountant, Girard, son of Ethan and Caroline (Gunn) Love- ridge, was born in this township October 6, 1S30. His parents, natives of Massachusetts, came to this township with their family in 1818, entering 800 acres of land, upon which they resided until the close of their lives. They reared a family of seven children, five siu-viving — Henrj"- H., Levi, Delia, James M. and Lucy. Levi remained on the farm until twenty-one, acquiring an education in the schools in Girard and Erie City, and engaging iu teaching four or five years. For the past twenty-five years, however, he has been in mercantile trade in Girard, conducting at one time an extensive dry goods trade. In 1881, Mr. Loveridge, with his son, established on Main street the largest grocery house in this city, and they carry a complete line of groceries, crockery, etc. He has filled various township offices with credit to himself, and is one of our oldest and most respected set- tlers. He was united in marriage with Adaline C. Freeman, a native of Rushford, N. Y. Three children have been born to this union, two living — Olcott D., married to Lettie U. Van Dyke, of Delavan, Wis., and has two children (twins) — Addie M. and Millie B.; and Fred F., married to Ella Dinsmore, of Mercer County, Penn. Mr. Loveridge, with family, is a member of the Presbyterian congregation, in which he is a Trustee. He has acted as accountant for the Girard Wreucli Manufacturing Company for the past eight years. O. D. LOVERIDGE, miller, Girard, was born in Waukegan, 111., August, 1846, and is a son of Levi Loveridge, whose sketch appears in this work. O. D. Loveridge engaged for ten years in lumbering on the Chippewa and Mississippi Rivers, then carried on mill- ing at Alma, Wis. In October, 1879, he took possession of his present mill, one of the oldest in this portion of the country. Its original capacity was twenty barrels per day, but he is now (October, 1883) improving it, putting in four buhrs, and running it by steam, so that its capacity will be doubled. J. H. Rogers, the miller in charge, is undoubtedly one of the best in the county. Mr. Loveridge is going to experiment with stone, be- lieving, from observation and experiments, that a better grade of flour can be produced than by the roller method. The mill is in a good locality, and has always done a success- ful trade. Mr. Loveridge was married in Walworth Count j-. Wis., to Lettie Van Dyke, a native of Lansing, Mich. The two children blessing this union, Addie M. and Millie B., are twins. He is one of Girard's active business men, and a member of the A. O. U. W. C. G. LUCE, Girard, is the senior partner in the firm of Luce & Thompson, and was born at Kingsville, Ohio, in 1849. He is a son of E. G. and Caroline Luce, residents of Washington, D. C. Our subject was educated at York, Penn., and served twelve years as a page in the capitol; subsec|uently was Assistant Superintendent of the Senate folding room, and was supported by Hon. Ben Wade, and afterward b}' Senator Stewart. From the folding room, he w^ent into Board of Audit, Treasury Department, resigning in 1875, when he came to this city. He was engaged two years with C. F. Rockwell, and in March, 1880, w^as admitted as a partner. The firm of C. F. Rockwell & Co. was succeeded by Luce & Thompson in February, 1882, who have since been successfully conducting the business. They have the largest establishment of the kind in Girard, and carry a full line of dry goods, carpets, oil cloths, etc. Mr. Luce was married in Girard, in 1874, to Emma, daughter of C. F. Rockwell, a native of this city. He is a member of Columbia Lodge, No. 3, F. & A. M., of Washington, D. C. Mr. Luce is one of the active merchants" of Girard. HENRY McCONNELL (deceased) was born in Rutland, Vt., February 39, 1804, and was a son of William McConnell, of that place. He was married at Hebron, N. Y., in \/ 1837, to Charlotte, daughter of James Webster, Sr., of that place. In 1837, he, with James /\ Webster, Jr., came to Girard Village, and soon established the firm of McConnell & Web- ster, which partnership was one of the happiest associations. They opened the first mer- cantile house in Girard, Erie County, and for twenty-five years carried on an extensive business in this village and in various parts of the county. They w^ere very successful, both in amassing wealth and earning for themselves highly honorable reputations. When Mr. McConnell's decease occurred in 1871, he was serving as President of the First National Bank; he was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church here, and an Elder in same for upward of forty years. He was a man of c^uiet, unostentatious habits, and was widely known and beloved by all. His estimable widow followed him in 1881. The only survivor of their family of children is Mrs. Rebecca Rice, who is residing on the homestead in Girard Village. 62 BIOGRAnnCAL SKETCHES: H. P. MALICK, manufacturer, Girard, was l)orn in Mill Creek Township August 23, 1837, son of Henry and Elizabeth (Musselman) Malick, the former a native of Northumber- land Co., Penn., born in 1797, and the latter born in 1800 in Genesee County, N Y. They were married at the home of the maternal grandparent, Jacob, in this county. The Mus- selman family settled in this State prior to tlie Revolutionary war, in which the great- grandfather was a soldier. In 1803, Henry Malick came to this county with his father, who settled and died in North East, and was one of its earliest pioneers. Henry, the son, subsequently settled in Mill Creek, and reared a family of four children, two surviving — Wesley and H. P. (our subject). He died December 36, 1875, at the home of his son, H. P., in Girard, to which place he had come four years previouslJ^ soon after the death of his. wife, which occurred October 9, 1871. PI. P. Malick was reared on the homestead farm until eighteen, when he attended school at Girard and Waterford Academies, and Alleghe ny College, Meadville, after which he engaged in teaching as a profession for some time, and was so engaged at North East at the time of his marriage, December 34, 1861, to Lucy, daughter of Ethan Loveridge, a native of Girard Township. Three children blessed this union, all surviving — Carrie E., Grace A. and Herbert P. For some years after his mar- riage, Mr. Malick was traveling salesman for Tucker &: DorseJ^ hardware merchants, of Indianapolis, Ind. More recently he has been manufacturing bed-springs and attending to his farming lands on each side of the borough. For years he was a Republican, but subseqiientlylias taken a strong stand with the Prohibitionists, being one of the State Executive Committee of this party, on whose ticket he was nominated for legislative honors. He and his family are connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church of this, borough, in which he was a class leader many years. AGRIPPA D. MARTIN, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Rome, Oneida Co., N. Y., January 1, 1810, a son of Agrippa and Anna (Jefferson) Martin, natives of Hoosick Falls, N. Y., and Deerfield, Vt., respectively, Avho moved from Fredonia, N. Y., to Girard, in 1818, where Agrippa articled the piece of land now occupied by David Crooks, but subse- quently settled on the Reed farm, where he died in November, 1838. They reared a fam- ily of eleven children, four surviving — Ephraim, Nancj' (widow of J. Palmer), Agrippa, and Justus, of Union City, Mich. Our subject was broiight up on a farm, receiving but a limited education. In early hfe he drove a stage for R. S. Reed, between Erie and Con- neaut, but subsequently engaging to travel with a caravan, he gave what little money he had to his mother, and "became an adept trainer, giving exhibitions of his daring in the cages of wild animals. He also trained and performed the well-known elephant Hannibal. After traveling seven years, he returned home and purchased and rebuilt the old Picket House of Girard, which he called the Mansion House, and ran successfully a hotel in the village upward of thirtj^-two years. He was a very popular landlord. In 1883, he retired to his farm of 100 acres, a part of which he purchased in 1838. Mr. Martin married in this county, Februarj' 4, 1840, Mary C. Gregor, a native of Chambersburg, Penn. Seven chil- dren, all living, were born to this union— Helen M., wife of Dr. J. L. Thayer, of La Fay. ette, Ind.; Antoinette E., wife of C.W. Noyes; George C. ; Adella P.. wife of C. W. Syl^es, of Carroll County, Md. : Frank A., Adrial E. and Libbie A. Mrs. Martin dying November 37, 1866. he married, Januarj^ 16, 1867, Eliza C, daughter of Lucius Peck, and widow of Linus Webb, of Warren, Ohio. She is a native of Monroe County, N. Y. During Mr. Martin's long and eventful career he has never taken a chew of tobacco, smoked, or drank a glass of liquor, which can be said of very few landlords. Beginning in life with nothing but a good constitution and perseverance, he has amassed wealth. HENRY MILLER, farmer. P. O. Platea. was born on the homestead farm in Girard Township, Erie County, in 1819. His grandfather, Jacob Coffman, settled on this farm in 1801. and the original log house remains at this writing (1883) a monument of his pioneer spirit. Henry, our subject, was married in this county, in 1850, to Eliza Dodge, a native of Erie County. Two children, both now living, have been born to this union — Adelaide, wife of D. W. Dunnehi, and Josephine, wife of T. E. Bradish. Mr. Miller has always re- sided on the homestead, now consisting of fifty-four acres, and numbers among our old and respected pioneers. PETER H. NELLIS, proprietor Avenue House, Girard, was born in 1843, in Alsace, Germany. His father, Mathias, emigrated to America in 1848, locating at Erie City, where he yet resides. The subject of this sketch began life a poor boy, first gardening, then came to Girard in 1861, and learned .shoe-making, at which he worked several years." In 1864, he entered as a landsman in the navy, was assigned to the steamer Gen. Thomas (then at Bridgeport, Ala.), participating in Hood's engagement and in several skirmishes, serving until the close of the war. On his return he went to the oil countr}^ came back to Girard and located in an old building on the canal called Saw Dust Hall, then in operation, where he worked at his trade, sold merchandise, accommodated travelers, and kept a stable. In 1876. he bought and repaired the Old Guard House, which burned in 1879. and on which was but a small insurance. He immediately began erecting the Avenue House, opening it in the following June. It is a modern brickstructure and co.st about $9,000, and has accommodations for a large number of guests. He married, in Girard, in 1868, Kate Croft, a native 'of Canada. Two children, hoXli living, blessed this union— Daniel and Kitty. GIRARl) TOWNSHIP. 63 Mr. Nellis is a popular landlord, and keeps a first class, reliable house, "which commands the trade of the travelins: public. RILEY PETTIBONE, farmer, P. O. Miles' Grove, was born in "Wyoming County, N. Y., in 1825, son of Titus and Cynthea(Gridk'y) Pettibone, both natives of Litchfield, Conn., who settled in this township in the .spring of 1832. Titus purchased 220 acres of land, cov- ered with woods, and cleared 150. They reared seven sons, five now living — Henry, resid- ing in Michigan; William, in Council Bluffs, Iowa; James E., Riley, and Charles, who resides on the homestead. Our subject has been twice married, first in 1843, to Mary Hall, a native of this county; she was a daughter of Ben Hall, an early pioneer, and d3ing in 1866, left six children, four of whom survive, viz.: Alice. Sarah (wife of G. Moorehouse), George and Anna. Mrs. Moorehouse has two children — Ethel and Susie. His second wife, whom he married in 1867, was Mary Cook, a native of this county, and a daughter of Al- bert Cook. Two children, both now living, blessed this union — Minnie and Gertrude, Mr. Pettibone settled on his present farm, consisting of sixty-seven acres, in 1850. He is serving as Road Commissioner, previously was for five years School Director. He is connected with the Methodist Episcopal denomination at Girard Station. GEORGE PLATT, county engineer, Girard, was born in Litclifield County, Conn., in 1825, and is a son of William and Polly (Allen) Piatt, father a native of Dutchess County, N. Y. ; mother of Fairfield County, Conn. They came to Erie County in 1855, and settled in Girard, where they died. They reared a family of five children, four now living — Charles, George, Jane M. (wife of M. Mallin, now an invalid on the homestead), who is the mother of Lela D., AVilliam P. and Julia "W. Our subject, having acquired a common school and academic education, was engaged in the Special Service Coast Survey; subse- quently, when about thirty-six years of age, was a teacher of mathematics, surveying and navigation at Eagleswood Military Academj', Perth Amboy, N. J. At the breaking-out of the rebellion, he was placed in command of the mercantile school-ship Ocean Eagle, where for one year or more he transported troops. He then was placed in charge of the fractional interest, in Registrar's office, Treasury department, Washington, and while there produced a fractional interest table of no u.se now. He assisted in signing the Government bonds of 1861, also the loan of 1863 and 1864. In 1865, he resigned, and became interested in an iron mine in West Virginia. In 1867, he took command of a propeller lying between Albany and New Haven. His father dying in 1868, he came to Girard to reside; in 1872 he was appointed County Engineer. Mr. Piatt is well-traveled, and athorougiily educated gentleman. M. R. PRIME, farmer, P. O. Platea, was born in Cheshire County, N. H., in 1814, and is a son of Josiah and Sophia (Lawrence) Prime, early settlers of that county. They came to Erie County in 1833, and settled on ihe present farm, at that time consisting of 113 acres, where thej' passed the remainder of their lives. They reared a family of seven, two of whom are now living— M. R., and Emily H., wife of Mr. Sawyer, of Bostoii. Mass. Our subject married in Erie County, in 1850, Polly Jane, daughter of John and Polly Smith, and a native of Chautauqua County, N. Y. Four children have been born to this union, three now living — Florence S., wife of A. Benedict; Frank M., married to Ella Washburn, and Burton L., married to Emma L. Rice. Mr. Prime has served his tow^nship as Assistant Assessor and Assessor, School Director, and has been otherwise identified with its growth. He is highly respected by all who know him. MAXSON RANDALL, retired, Girard, is descended from one of the oldest pioneer families. He was born in Rensselaer County, N. Y., in 1798, and is a son of. John and Lydia (Odell) Randa ll, natives of Vermont, who remained in Buffalo, X. Y.. wBtte our subject's grandfather, David Randall, a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and his brother Stephen pushed their way through the wilderness, locating in Elk Creek Township, Erie Co., in June, 1801. John subsequently settled in Conueaut, taking up 270 acres of land, and lived here until eighty-one years old. He reared a family of eight children, four liv- ing — Mary, Maxson, Francis and Lydia. Maxson passed thirty years on the homestead, then moved to a farm of 125 acres in Girard Township in 1832, where he remained until he retired from active pursuits, and occupied present residence in Girard. Maxson Ran- dall was married in this county in 1819, to Hannah Pomeroy, a native of New York State, who died leaving six children, four now living — Elias, Francis, James and Sarah. His second wifewas Sarah Miller, of Girard, a daughter of Isaac and Nancy Miller, a pioneer family. Of eight children born to this union, seven survive — Franklin, Calvin, Maxson, Jr., Welcome, Dallas, Celesta (wife of M. Evans, occupying the homestead), and Nellie. Two brothers of our subject were soldiers in the war of 1812. Mr. Randall has filled vari- ous township offices of trust, and, although well advanced in age, is active and attends to his farming interests. He is highly esteemed as a pioneer and a citizen. C: L. RANDALL. ex-Postmaster, Girard, was born in Girard Township in 1841, and is a son of Maxson Randall, of this borough. He was reared on a farm, and received his educa- tion here. He enlisted for three years in the Union army, in 1861, in Company H, Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, as Orderly Sergeant. He participated in the battles of Hanover Court House. Gaines' Mill, Sava^ie Station, Malvern Hill, where he was wounded in the knee, in which he has still the bullet, June 28, 1862. He was con- 64 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: fined in the Philadelphia and Germantown Hospitals, being discharged on account of dis- ability, from the latter, January, 1S63. Returning to peaceful pursuits, he was appointed Postmaster in 1864, under President Lincoln. For the past two years, he has been engaged as a traveling salesman for John H. Gause & Co., of Cleveland. Ohio. Mr. Randall has been manager of the telegraph system at this point and Girard Station for the past eight- een years. He was married in Crawford County in 1864 to Alma M. Fansler, a native of same count}'. To this union have been born three children, one living — Harry B. He is a member of the Masonic order. JOHNSTON REA, retired, Girard, was born in Conneaut Township, Erie County, August 3, 1805, son of Samuel and Margaret (Eaton) Rea, natives of Franklin County, Penn. Samuel entered 250 acres of land in the wilderness, living with a ijeighbor until a hut was erected. Samuel Rea resided on the farm (which is now one of the most product- ive in the county) until his death. Of their family of nine children, two survive — John- ston, and Eliza, wife of Joseph Ware, residing on a portion of the homestead. Johnston was reared on the homestead, and married in Girard, February, 1837, Susannah, daughter of Robert Porter, a native of this count}'. This union was blessed by five sons, four attaining their majority — John ; George P., married to Julia Anderson, had three children living; Jennie and William. George P. lived to the age of fifty years, engaging in mercantile pursuits ; he was elected to the Legislature, serving through the sessions 1867-68, and re- elected to the same position, serving with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of his constituents ; he failed to be elected to the third term by a majority of two votes against him, S. Newel and Theodore. Mr. Rea retired in 1860, occupying his commodious resi- dence in Girard, though retaining control of the farm in the town-hip. He has been an Elder of the Presbyterian Church for forty years, and was one of its founders. Mr. Rea is held in high esteem by all his friends : he served as Township Assessor, and in various other township offices. C. H. RILLING, farmer, P. O. Fairview, was born in Mill Creek Township in 1851, and is a son of Christopher and Elizabeth (Ackerman) Rilling, the former born in Febru- ary, 1819, in Wittenberg, Germany, emigrated with his father, Stephen, to this country, who settled in Mill Creek, where he lived the remainder of his days, dying when eighty- three years old, in December, 1864. Christopher is a carpenter by trade, and resides on the homestead farm. He was the father of thirteen children, one deceased. Our subject, married in this county in 1875, Cassie, daughter of Elin Wolfe, and a native of this county, Three children have been born to this union, viz., Hattie E., Harvey C. and Irvin. C. H. Rilling, Jr., and C. H. Heidler are joint owners of the present farm, consisting of 100 acres, which was formerly Converse Clark's farm. JOHN ROBERTSON, deceased, was born in Delaware County. N. Y., August 4, 1805, and was a sou of Wheeler and Debora (Barlow) Robertson, natives of Hartford, Conn., and Nova Scotia respectively. They settled in Wyoming County, N. Y., in 1815, where they both died. They reared a family of twelve children, seven of whom are living. The subject of this sketch was married in Allegany County, N. Y., in 1834, to Ruth Rich, a native of same county. Six children have been born to this union, five living — America, wife of J. W. Robinson; Belva, wife of J. M. Fales; Isabel, wife of A. V. Slussar; Wheel- er, unmarried, and J. Lee, who married Christina Yeager. Mr. Robertson came to this county in 1847, and settled on the farm hesul)sequently occupied, consisting of sixty acres, a small portion of which was cleared. He died February 4, 1884. He was one of tlie esteemed citizens and pioneers of Erie Countv. JONATHAN B.ROBERTSON, farmer, "^ Girard, was born in Wyoming County, N. Y., in 1823, and is a son of Wneeler and Debora (Barlow) Robertson, the former a native of Connecticut, and the latter of Nova Scotia. Both are deceased. Jonathan B. came to this county in 1847, and settled on a farm, consisting of fifty acres, in 1849, on the Lake road, where he has since resided. He was united in marriage in ATyoming County, N. Y., October 8, 1857, with Elizabeth Phelps, a native of said county. Three vchildren blessed this union, two now living— Charles C. and Katie M. Mr. Robertson is a well and favora- bly known pioneer of this county. JOSIAH W. ROBINSON, farmer, P. O. Girard. The Robinson family are of Scotch- Irish origin, the first of the name settling in Lancaster County, Penn., in 172^2. George Rob- inson, of Sherman Valley, and a son Jonathan, who received a Captain's commission from the Executive Council at Philadelphia, were distinguished for the active part they took in the struggle for American Independence. In the spring of 1797, Joseph McCofd and Thomas Rol)inson located their claims, cleared same, and erected their cabins for their families in the forests of Erie County. That fall they returned to civilization, returning the following spring (1798) with a small company. Their goods were sent on boats up the Allegheny to French Creek, and thence to Le Breuf, the site of the old fort, now Water- ford. Thomas Robinson was a man of strictest integrity and pietv. He served for years as Justice of the Peace, and was an Elder of the Presbyterian Church at North East at the time of its organization. His descendants are scattered over the Central and Western States. Our subject was born in North East Township May 25, 1829. and is a son of George W. and Matilda (Willis) Robinson. The former, a son of Thomas and Mary GIRA.RD TOWNSHIP. 65 (McCord) Robinson, was born in Erie County, June 12, 1801. He held many township oflBces during his life. They were the parents of four children, three now living — Joseph W. and Josiah (twins) Elwin E. Mrs. Robinson departed this life Deceniber 19, 1876, and Mr. Robinson January 4, 1877, both in Girard Township. Our subject married, December 23, 1858, N. Jane Ferguson, a native of Springfield Township, this county. Two children were born to this union, one living — Mary M. Mr. Robinson followed farming until 1883, when he located in Girard, and retired from the active pursuits of life. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. C. F. ROCKWELL, manufacturer, Girard, was born in 1826, at Wilton, Conn., and is a son of Philander and Elizabeth (Fitch) Rockwell, natives of Connecticut, where they passed their lives and reared a family of nine children, six surviving. In 1844, our sub ject left home, and clerked in New York until 1852, when he moved to this borough, and established himself in mercantile business, in which he has continued thirty years. He has been interested in the wrench factory since its organization and is now one of the partners in the concern. Mr. Rockwell was married in New York City in 1849, to Eliza J. BesseJ^ a native of Connecticut. Of the four children born to this union, three survive — Emma L., wife of C. G. Luce; Ida, wife of W. W. Hart, of Fremont, Ohio; and Libbie, wife of Dr. J. M. Bessey, of Washmgton, D. C. The eldest son, William F. (deceased), was associated with his father in business, and died when but twentj^-five 3^ears of age. He was an estimable young man, esteemed and loved by all who knew him. C. F. Rockwell is one of the most promjnent business men of Girard, who has always borne an active part in building up its enterprises. S. Y. ROSSITER, tanner, Girard, Penn., is a native of 'Norristown, Montgomery County, Penn., born in 1835. He is a son of Lindley and Margaret (Pennypacker) Rossiter, natives of Chester County, Penn. Lindley was a tanner and currier, and carried on business for over forty years in Norristown. On his decease our subject succeeded to the business. He subsequently moved to St. Marys, Elk County, where he was in business two years. He came to Girard in 1871. and succeeded L. C. England. Since his purchas- ing this tannery he has improved and increased its capacitj' two-thirds, and conducts a large and successful business. He was united in marriage in 1857, with Mary B. Johnson, a native of Norristown. Eleven children have been born to this union, five surviving, viz., Uriah, Eugene, Elizabeth, Joseph and Margaret A. Mr. Rossiter is the only surviving child of his parents, and is a well and favorably known citizen and man of business. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and A. O. U. W. societies. HENRY SCHULTZ, farmer, P. O. Girard. was born in Lancaster Count}^ Penn., in 1823, and is a son of Henry and Christina C. (Mj'ers) Schultz. both natives of Germany, who settled in Lancaster County, where Heniy was drafted in the war of 1812. They settled in Girard Township in 1831; were the parents of four children, three surviving, viz. ; Henry, Godfrey, and Regiua, wife of Philip Bliholder, residing in Winnebago County, Wis. Both parents died in the township. Henry Shultz married in this county, in 1865, Sarah W., daughter of Robert Alton, a native of England, who came to this country in 1835, and settled in Alleghenj' City. To this union two children were born, both now living — Clar- ence H. and Albert C. Mr. Schultz in 1865, settled on his present farm of 165 acres, where he has since made his honae. GODFREY SCHULTZ, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Lancaster County, Penn., in 1824, and is a son of Henry and Christina C. (Myers) Schultz, both natives of Germany, who settled in Girard Township in 1832. Godfrey obtained a good common school education, and was married in this township in 1853 to Harriet Beck, who, djang in 1872, left three children, viz.: Regina C, Martha J. and Esther E. Mr. Schultz married, for his second wife, Mary Beck (a cousin), born in Lancaster, Penn. Three children have blessed this union, all living — Rosa B., Annie M. and Sarah E. Mr. Schultz settled on his jjresent es- tate, consisting of 230 acres, in 1852. He is connected with the Lutheran Church. The Schultz family is a well-known pioneer famil3^ W. A. SEELEY, agent Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, Girard Station, was born in Fairview Township March 18, 1824, and is a son of _ Austin H.'and Phebe R. (Allen) "^ Seeley, natives of Arlington, Vt., and Amsterdam, N. Y., respectively. They came to this county, settling in Fairview Township in 1823, where Austin H. bought a farm, and erect- ed a saw mill. In 1831, he purchased a farm of 100 acres in the woods of Girard Town- ship which he subsequently sold, buying 100 acres, the site of the present village of Girard Station. After completion of the railway through the same, he gave the company five acres of land, now occupied by their buildings, tracks and yai'd. He was appointed and remained their first agent one year, when he resigned and G. H. Mclntire succeeded him, who in turn (after fourteen years' service) resigned, and E. D. Nettleton took the office for three and half years. At the expiration of this time our subject, W. A. Seeley, became agent in December, 1870, and is giving satisfaction. Austin H., his father, had resigned on account of ill health, and twelve years afterward: died. He reared a family of six children, three still surviving — W. A., Irwin (of Onarga, Iroquois County, 111.), Lucy A. (wife of G. H. Mclntire of Stoneboro, Penn.). W. A. Seeley ^was married in Crawford County, Penn., to Charlotte Lawrence, a native of same. One child blessed this union — Eugene A., dying 5 66 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: when fifteen years of age. Mr. Seeley lost his first wife by death and married Mrs. Meriva A. Howard, a native of Wyoming County, N. Y. The Seeleys number among our first and most esteemed pioneers. WILLIAM SILVERTHORN, deceased, one of our respected pioneers, was born on the homestead farm in Girard in 1817. He was a son of Isaac and a grandson of William Silverthorn, who took up a large tract of land in this township. Our subject inherited an honored name, and lived on a part of the homestead all his life. He was a zealous, earn- est, hard-working man, quiet and unostentatious in his habits, and beloved by all. He was married in Springfield Township in 1849. to Rhoda M., daughter of Thomas and AnnaMc- Kee, and grand-daughter of Robert McKee, who settled in Conneaut Township in 1802. The five children born to this union are living— Arvilla, wife of A. Brown, Thomas, Fred, Willie and Agnes. Mrs. Silverthorn's mother is residing with her, and is in her eightieth year Mr. Silverthorn, at the time of his death, 1880. was serving as Commissioner. JOHN W. SILVERTHORN, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Girard Township, Erie County, in 1819, and is a son of Isaac and Margaret (Miller) Silverthorn, the latter a native of Stanton, Penn., the former, born in Red Stone, Va., with his father, William and three brothers, settled in this township in 1797, and were among the earliest settlers. The father took up 300 acres, formed a home in the wilderness and passed his life. Isaac's and his wife's history may be found in this work. Our subject, the eldest of their sons now living, was married in this county in 1843, to Margaret Alexander, a native of Londondeiry, Ire- land. Four children of the seven born to this union are living, viz. : Delnort, married to F. Davenport; Harley, married to Florence Bromley; Clarence, and Maggie, wife of W. W. Salisbury. Mrs. Silverthorn died March, 1861. He settled on his present farm in 1851, consisting of eighty acres of land, and has since made it his home. Mr. Silverthorn mar- ried, for his second wife, Martha Cole, a native of this county. J. MADISON SILVERTHORN, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born December 10, 1831. in this township, and is a son of Isaac and Margaret (Miller) Silverthorn. The latter was a native of Stanton, Penn., the former born in Red Stone, Va. Came to Girard Township with his father, William, and three brothers, in 1797, and were among the earliest pioneers. William took 300 acres of land, on which he founded his home and built a grist mill, which he ran for years, he and his wife dying here. Isaac was a Captain in tlie war of 1813; he, too, erected a grist mill on the site of "his father's mill; they were the first millers in Erie County. He married, July 22, 1813, and was the parent of eleven children, six living, viz. : Nancy, wife of James Silsby; John W.; Elizabeth, wife of I. N. Miller; Lucinda, wife of J. B. Wadsworth; J. Madison; and Isaac N., resident of Cleveland. Ohio. Isaac died Sep- tember, 1846, in his fifty-ninth year, and his widow survived until 1874. Our subject was united in marriage in this township October 6, 1858, with Mary A., daughter of William R. Miller, and a native of Erie County. Two children, both living, blessed this union- Carl R. and Frank M. In 1856, Mr. Silverthorn settled on present farm, consisting of ninety-three acres, most of which he has cleared, and has erected a dwelling, and is im- proving the estate. He has served as School Director three terms, eight years, and in 1883 served as Township Assessor. His wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. This family are of English descent; they number among Erie County's oldest pioneers, whose record may be found in the general history of this township. J. T. SIMMONS, saddler, established business in Girard in 1850, succeeded George A. Hicks. He is a native of Mount Morris, N. Y., born in 1827, and is a son of George and Polly (Tobias) Simmons, of Cayuga County, N. Y., who with their family came West in 1839, settling in Springfield Township, where the former took up a claim of fifty acres, and where they both died. They reared a family of four children, two now surviving— our subject and a sister, Eunice, residing on the homestead. Mr. Simmons was united in mar- riage, in 1852, at Conneaut, Ohio, with Celestia M. Carter, a native of same. Mr. Sim- mons learned his trade at Conneaut, Ohio, subsequently working at it in various parts of the country until he came to Girard, where he has established a good sound business. He had a family of two children, one surviving— Emma J., wife of E. H. Hiler, of Conneaut, Ohio. Mr. Simmons has filled several offices of trust in the borough, and is now serving his second term as a member of the School Board. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees in the Methodist Episcopal Church. As a business man, he is favorablj' known; as a citizen, esteemed. SAMUEL STARK, farmer, P. O. Miles' Grove, was born in McKean Township in 1830. and is a son of George and Elizabeth (Kenago) Stark, both natives of Lancaster, Penn., who settled in McKean Township in 1829, where Mr. Stark purchased eighty acres of land, which he cleared. In 1841, they moved to the farm now occupied by their son, which was then 100 acres, and is now 140. They reared two children, both now living— Jones, a res- ident of Erie, and Samuel. They died on the homestead. Samuel was united in marriage, in this county, in 1858, with Martha Bixler, a native of the same place, daughter of Jacob Bixler, and descended from a pioneer family. Four cliildren, all living, blessed this union, viz.: Frank; Osborne P., married to Mamie Hall, in this township, and Lula and Rolla. CHARLES STOW, Girard, the eldest son of Hon. Horatio J. Stow, a Judge and lawyer of distinguished ability and integrity, was born at Buffalo, N. Y., July 8, 1838. He was GIRARD TOWNSHIP. 67 admitted to the bar in 1859, but having a preference for journalism, became c\tj editor of the Buffalo Morning Express in 1861. His eye-sight failing, he was compelled to retire in 1865, and in 1867 came to Girard. In 1868, he assumed the editorial management of the Girard Cosmopolite, and remained on that paper until the spring of 1872. During that period the Cosmopolite reached a circulation of over 5,000. and wielded a powerful influence; its sturdy independence and unswerving loyalty to the people gaining for it general confidence and respect. Mr. Stow signalized his advent into the field of Pennsylvania journalism by unearthing a heavy defalcation in the County Treasurer's ofHce, and gross mismanagement of public affairs by the officials comprising the "court house ring," and frrim that time the Cosmopolite became a terror to all dishonest office-holders. Although Mr. Stow has always declined to be a candidate for office, he has been prominently identified with the Demo- cratic party, both as a writer and a speaker. He is now one of the leading representatives of the great Barnum and London Show. J. F. STRICKLAND, miller. P. O. Miles Grove, is a native of Genesee County, N. Y., born in 1846, and is a son of William and Betsy (Wadsworth) Strickland. The latter coming from an extensive family of New York State, is connected with Gen. Wadsworth, an officer in the late rebellion. Mr. and Mrs. Strickland settled in Springfield Township in 1849, where they pas.sed the remainder of their lives. They were the parents of five children', all now living. William Strickland was a native of Yorkshire, England; he had three children by his first wife, Sarah Penington, of Yorkshire, England. Our subject was married in North East Township, in 1871, to Sara, a daughter of Northrop Nason. a set- tler of Ripley Township, Chautauqua Co.. N. Y. J. F. Strickland resided on the home- stead farm until 1873, when he occupied his present residence, and in 1874, erected a grist mill. 30x40, with wing attached, 16x31, on Elk Creek; it runs two buhrs, and has a capacity of 150 to 200 bushels per day. He also has a saw mill adjoining same. He has been con- ducting a successful business. THOMAS H. STURGEON, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in Erie County. N. Y., in 1809, son of Andrew and Jane (Finney) Sturgeon. They came to this county in 1830 and set- tledin this township, where they both died. They were the parents of seven children, Thomas H. only surviving. He bought his present farm of fifty-two acres soon after his parents settled here. He married, in this county, in 1841, Elizabeth, daughter of David Phillip, a native of this county. Her decease occurred March 26, 1881. She left two children — Seth, married to Ida Godfrey, a native of this county, and daughter of Orange Godfrey, a pio- neer, and has two children — Clara M. and Mary B. — residing on the homestead; and Lo- verna, wife of Clayton Hervick, by whom she has two children — Lotta L. and Frank. They are all descended from old, esteemed pioneers, and are well established families. J. N. TAYLOR, Girard. The Taylor family are of New England stock, descending from a branch of the Leelands, a representative family of New England. Our subject was born in Erie County, Penn., October 21, 1838, and is a son of Isaac R. Taylor, born in Northampton, Mass., who was the only son of Isaac, who came to this county in 1818. settling on 200 acres of land in Washington Township, where he spent the remainder of his life. He was an officer in the war of 1812, and was an honored pioneer. Isaac R. mar- ried Eleanor Reader, whose parents, natives of Susciuehanna County. Penn., were of a repre- sentative family of Pennsylvania. This union produced nine children, four living — Isaac N., George, Joseph and Effie A., wife of F. Wade. Isaac R. Taylor is a resident of Edin- boro. and served several terms as Justice of the Peace. He has alwa3^s engaged in farm- ing, milling, and taken an active interest in educational matters. Our subject remained on the farm until eighteen years of age, acquiring a primary education at Edinboro and Waterford x^cademy, and graduated from Allegheny College in 1860, and the same year entered the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he was at the breaking-oiit of the war. In 1862, he enlisted as Hospital Steward, but was subsequently promoted to As- sistant Surgeon of the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and assigned to the Second Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He served until the close of the war, when he completed his studies at the University of Pennsylvania. He came to Girard in lS66,,and has built up a large practice. He was married in Crawford C'ounty. Penn., in 1866, to N. M. Thickstun, of same county. This marriage has Ijeen blessed with four children, all now living — Millie V., George T., Carl J. and Robins N. HENRY TELLER, retired, ^Girard, was born in Albany, N. Y., Januarv 1. 1802. and is the only survivor of the thirteen children born to Henry and Catherine (McDaniel) Tel- ler, natives of New York City and Baltimore respectively. Mr. Teller, Sr.. and our sub- ject came through the wilderness of Ohio in 1816 on horseback, but returned tf) Livingston County. N. Y.. where the former purchased land and passed his life. Henry, JrT, re- turned to this county in 1825. taking up land, and followed farming until the spring of 1878. when he retired to the comforts of his commodious home in Girard. He married, in 1826, Rosalind, daughter of Andrew Porter, of this county. She died in 1843, the mother of seven children— Isaac, Jasper, Louisa, Samuel, Henry, John and Marv. John enlisted in 1861 in the Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and was' killed at Savace Station in the seven days' fight before Richmond. Mr. Teller's second marriage was with Jane Cross, of Springfield Township, Erie County, who, dying, left a daughter, Maggie. 68 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: He was again united in matrimony, tliis time to Delia Patterson, of Aurora, N. Y. Mr. Teller has been an adherent of the Republican party since its organization, and during the sessions of 1859-60 represented this district in the Legislature, being elected, though strongly contested, by a majority of 3,700 votes. He belongs to no religious association, but has always given liberally to all denominations. J. C. THOMPSON, carpenter and joiner, P. O. Girard, is a son of Jesse and Uranah (Aid- rich) Thompson, and was born in Swansea, Cheshire Co., N. H., in 1821. His parents, now deceased, were born— his father in Vermont, and his mother in New Hampshire. They were the parents of twelve children, eight now surviving, viz.: Polly, a widow, resides at Spring Prairie, Wis. ; Rhoda, at Keene, N. H. ; Rachel, wife of Mr. Smith, of Saxons River^ Vt. ; our subject; Angeline, wife of M. B. Babbitt; David, of Spring Prairie, Wis.; Emily, of New York City; and Lysander, of Boston, Mass. Mr. Thompson has followed his trade the most of his time since coming to Erie County iu 1856, locating in Girard un- til he purchased his present residence (which he has rebuilt and beautified), on the old road between the borough and Miles' Grove. Since 1880, he has been foreman of the handle room in the wrench factor}'. Mr. Thompson married, in 1844, at Worcester, Mass., Caroline Thompson, a native of Keene, N. H. Seven children, five living, have blessed this union —Mary A. (wife of M. S. Cutler), Henry A. (married to Emma Fletcher), Ella, Addis J. and Ada C. .Mr. Thompson is a member of the Equitable Aid Union; he is a highly es- teemed citizen. A. J. THOMPSON, firm of Luce & Thompson, mercliants, Girard, was born in Keene, N. H., in 1865, and is a son of J. C. Thompson. He was brought up in this coun- ty, and engaged as a salesman with Trask & Prescott, of Erie; E. M. McGillin »& Co., at Cleveland, with whom he continued until he formed the present coDartnership, succeeding C. F. Rockwell, dry goods, of which they carr\' a large stock, also carpets, boots, shoes, etc. They control the bulk of trade in Girard and the surrounding country. Mr. Thomp- son is an enterprising, active business man. He married in Corry, Penn., August, 1881, Mary E. Gardner, a native of that place. One child has blessed this union — Nellie B. Mr. Thompson is a member of the City Council, and of the Equitable Aid Union. THOMAS THORNTON, proprietor of woolen mills, Girard. was born in Leeds, York- shire, England, iu 1841, and is a son of Jowett and Elizabeth Thornton, who crossed the ocean to Mexico in 1848, where the former started and ran the first woolen mill until 1854, when they moved to Crawford County for three years, thence coming to this township, where Mr. Thornton bought a mill of Cass & Whitfield, who had purchased it of T. Thornton. It was originally built by the Boughtou Brothers. He carried on this mill tuitil his death, and was very successful. Our subject, his eldest son, was married in Crawford County, Penn., August, 1858, to Helen White, a native of Harbor Creek Town- ship, this county. Four children have been born to them — George H., Ida A., Elmer J. and Lizzie B. He is the proprietor of the Girard Woolen Mills, which consume 2,000 pounds of wool per month, and run ten months in the j^ear. Its principal product is yarn. His father had a family of four children, three of whom are living — Thomas, Benjamin F. (of Pennsylvania) and Mary A. (wife of C. C. Sherman). Mr. Thornton has occupied vari- ous township offices, among which Tax Collector, School Director and Auditor. He is an old, well-established business man, much esteemed; a member of the A. O. U. W., K. of H., and the Equitable Aid Union. H. A. TRAUB, merchant, Girard, was born in this township in 1830, and is a son of Samuel and Sarah (Royer) Traub, natives of Bucks and Montgomer}- Counties, Penn., re- spectively. They first located in Waterford, remaining two years; then settled in Girard Township, where Samuel erected a saw mill, and engaged in lumbering and farming for years. They reared a family of eight children, seven now living — Lydia, Reuben R., William, Henr^^ A., Jessie H., Samuel R. and Margaret. Our subject spent his earl}' days working on the farm and in the mill. He went to Philadelphia in 1848, where he was em- ployed as a salesman for three years; subsequently, for eleven and a half years, he was in the lumber business at New Orleans. In 1852. he went to California, where he met with fair success prospecting. In 1858, he went to Pike"s Peak, Colo., but returned the following year. Mr. Traub was united in marriage, in 1860, iu this county, with Catharine Buck- bee, a native of Erie County. The only child to tliis union, Minnie, died when five years old. Subsequent to his marriage, he purchased a farm in this county, and engaged in lumbering in Warren County, Penn. After a few years his health failed, and he opened his present place of business, where he has a complete stock of books, jewelry, notions, etc. Mr. Traub is one of the Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and has tilled many township offices of trust, serving as a member of the Legislature from this district, to which he was elected in November, 1882, with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of his constituents. WILLIAM TYLER, merchant, Lockport, was born iu Troy, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., iu 1815, and is a son of Jerry and Mary (Vannata) Tyler, who removed to this county in 1842, thence to Valparaiso, Ind., where they both died. Our subject opened a small store iu this borough in 1842. He was originally a Yankee-notion peddler, and sold the famous horse- whips from Westfield, Mass. He has since engaged in mercantile trade at Lockport, , GIRARD TOVViNSHIP. 69 where he was appointed Postmaster, under President Buchanan, and has since acceptably filled thisofBce. Mr. Tyler was united in marriage at Hoosick Corners, N. Y., with Delia Breese, a native of that place, who died in 1875, leaving one son, Wilbur A., who still sur- vives, and is married to Julia Jewell, by whom he has three children— Merrill, Lizzie and Roy. Mr. Tyler was remarried, this time to Eliza Mallory, daughter of Maj. A. Mallory, of Springfield Township, Erie Co., Penn. The family are highly esteemed and well con- nected. F. J. WAGNER, livery, Girard, was born in 1860 in Germany, and is a son of Joseph and Emma F. (Shaynberger) Wagner, who, with their family, emigrated to America in 1855, and settled in Erie. Joseph Wagner at one time had "a large estate in Germany, which he lost previous to coming here. Though a miller by trade, he worked at coopering in Erie until he purchased a farm in Harbor" Creek Township, where he is now living. Of their family of six children, two are living — F. J. (our subject) and Gustav. F. J. Wagner succeeded W. W. Ellison in the livery business at North East in December, 1882, disposing of this stock in March, 1883, and retiring to his home, where he remained until the purchase of the present livery at Girard, succeeding G. W. Evans. This is the only livery in Girard, and is well furnished with the best appointments in horses , buggies and car- riages. He is doing a profitable business, and is an active, enterprising young man, worthy of patronage. Mr. Wagner was united in marriage in this county, July 10, 1883, with Mary A., daughter of Burgett Strobb, a native of Erie County. JAMES WEBSTER (deceased) was born in Hebron, K Y., in 1808. His parents were James and Rebecca (Henderson) Webster, and his grandfather was Alexander Web- ster, of Scottish birth, who migrated to the colonies in 1772, settling on a large tract of land in Hebron, N. Y. He was a Colonel in the Revolutionary war, during which his family fled to Albany to escape the Indians. At the close of the struggle, he returned home, where he died in 1810. The subject of this sketch was reared on a farm, securing a common school education. In May, 1827. he came to Girard and opened the first mer- cantile house, under the firm name of McConnell and Webster, carrying on an extensive business for twenty-five years, having branches in Crawford County and in Whitewater, Wis. They also opened in 1863 and successfully carried on the First National Bank. In 1882, Mr. Webster retired from active business. His copartner died October, 1871. Mr. Webster was a member of the Presbyterian Church in Girard fifty-two years, and was one of its founders. He was married in Girard in 1832, to Mary A. Leffingwell, a native of Berkshire, Mass. Four children blessed this union— Charlotte M., wife of R. S. Bat- tles: Henry M.. who died March 13, 1877; James A., married to Jane Allen, and Charles F., married to Nellie E. Jones. Mr. Webster died April 24, 1884. ROBERTSON WILLCOX, manufacturer, Girard, was born at New London, Conn., in 1811, and is a son of Robert and Debora (Brown) Willcox, his father dying before his birth, leaving his widow and seven children, of whom are still living Nathaniel and Robert. The widow married Benjamin Willcox, by whom she had the following children, viz.: Ben- jamin, Sarah (wife of John Rockwell), and Susan. Robertson, when eighteen years of age, went to Chautauqua and worked at coopering. He had but a good common school education, and his ambition. In 1833 or 1834, he made his way to Girard. worked at his trade, and did a large business. For three years during the war, he ran the Girard Mills, rebuilt the saw mills adjoining same, and subsequently sold out. He and a brother- in-law. ^T. M. Godfrey, purchased a spring factory at Hammond, Ind., and are doing an ex- tensive business. Included in this purchase was a large tract of land, which they are selling in lots very advantageously. They have erected a first-class opera house on the corner of Halsted and Jackson streets, Chicago, where their salesrooms will be located. The lot cost them .f 32, 000. The Willcox House of Erie, Penn., a leading hotel, is another of his enterprises. He has largely invested in real estate in Erie and Chicago. Mr. Will- cox was married in Erie County, Penn., in 1844, to Sophronia Godfrey, a native of Chau- tauqua County, N. Y. Though they have no children of their own, they have had living with them a number of girls, now married. He" contributed largely toward the erection of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Girard, in which he is a trustee. GEORGE WRIGHT, physician, Lockport, was born in Otsego County. N. Y., in 1817, son of Johnson and Mary (Bliss) Wright, natives of Dutchess County, N. Y., and Rhode Island respectively. They reared eight children to maturity, following living- Charles: George: Henry B., a physician in San Francisco: Maryette; Clark A.', resident physician of Howard La"ke. Minn., and James S.: John J. was a practicing physician, and in- troduced homo-opathy in Little Rock, Ark., where he died. Our subject, a tanner and currier by trade, came to Erie County in 1837, and erected a tannery at Gudgeonville, on Elk Creek, which he carried on some years. He subsequently abandoned his trade, and began the study of medicine, and graduated from the Homoeopathic Hospital College of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1871. He practiced his profession in Girard until his removal to Lockport in 1876. He has been very successful, and has a large practice. The Doctor was married in Che- nango County, N. Y., in 1837, to Esther Trask, a native of Otsego County, N. Y. Ten children have blessed this union, eight surviving, viz., Mary A., Eunice M.^, Lafayette J., Emma C, Henry F., Louisa M., Lyda and Willis E. 70 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: CHRISTIAN ZIESENHEIM, farmer, P. O. Girard, was born in the principality of Wal- deck, Prussia, October 23, 1S84, and is a son of Cliristian and Christina Ziesenheim. both deceased. He came to the United States November 23, is.")4, locating in Fairview Town- ship, coining tiie following year to Girard Township. He married in 1858 the widow of Mathew Riley, a native of Ireland. Two children born to this union are Marj'. educated at St. Benedict's Academy, Erie, Penn., and Fred, attending Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio. Mr. Ziesenheim purchased at different times portions of his farm, now consisting of 200 acres, tliirtv in Fairview Township, which, lying on the Lake shore road, is one of the most productive and well cultivated farms in the townsliip. Mr. Ziesenheim has tilled the office of Road Commissioner six years, was Clerk for the same four j'ears, and is now one of tlie Township Auditors. Though beginning life with nothing, he has accumulated a fine estate, and having only the advantages of a common school education, he is a good penman in both the German and English languages. GREENE TOWNSHIP. SIMON APPELMxANN (deceased) was born July 22, 1813, in Magenheim, Germany, son of George and Sophia Appelmann. Our subject emigrated to America when a young man, and for several years was assistant engineer on three steamboats of the great lakes. March 24, 1845, Mr. Appelmann was united in marriage with Elizabeth Welier, born in Germany, May 28, 1824, daughter of Anna M. and George Weber. She came with her parents, to Erie County, Penn., when ten years of age. Five children have been born to this union — Helen, Eliza, Caroline, Samuel J. and George. Mr. Appelmann, with his fam- ily, settled in the northern part of Greene Township in the autumn of 1853, on a farm of sixty-tliree acres, on which his widow, a conscientious, industrious lady, still resides. Mr. Appelmann was very hospitable, always read}" to extend a helping hand to the needy, donating liberally to all enterprises, beneficial to society, and when he departed this life, by an accident, January 9, 1878, his family lost an indulgent father and husband, and Greene Township a worthy citizen. GARRY COLUMBUS BARNEY, farmer, P. O. East Greene, w^as born May 8, 1820, in Chittenden County, Vt., son of Erastus and Polly, (Spencer) Barney, of the same coun- ty. They moved to St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1822, where Mrs. Barney died in 1832. Mr. Barney afterward married Keziah Closson, who died in the same county. In 1866, he came to this county with his son, where he died November 25, 1874, in his ninety-second year. His children were — Mrs. Marietta Morse (deceased); William (deceased); Jacob and Henry, still in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; Lorenzo, in Wisconsin; Mrs. Persis M. Gearing, of Iowa; G. Columbus, Mrs. Betsy Hodge, of Traverse City, Mich.; Mrs. Amilla Meyers (deceased) and George, in Nel)raska. Our subject was reared principally in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., spending from 1837 to 1838 in Upper Canada. He came to this county in 1842. On October 17, 1848, he was married to Nancy M. Allen, born August 29, 1832, daughter of Henry and Sallie (Barney) Allen. The latter died February 3, 1884. Mr. Barney followed lumbering in Warren County for about three and a half years, and spent a year in the oil regions. To Mr. and Mrs. Barney were born five children, three living, viz., Herbert M., in Karns City. Butler Co., Penn.. Frank W. and Mrs. Emma Hinton. of Forest County, Penn. Our subject is a life-long Democrat, and has held nearly all the township offices, including that of Justice of the Peace. He is a useful, influential citizen. NATHx\.N CORTEZ BARNEY, farmer, P. O. East Greene, was born May 22. 1830, in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. His father, John Barney, a native of Chittenden County, Vt., was a son of Jonathan Barney, a soldier in the war of 1812. His great-grandfather, Joseph Barney, was a soldier of the Revolutionary war. He was a man of large stature and powerful strength, and at one time of considerable wealth, which he lost by the depreciation in value of the continental money. The family was originally of Scotch- Irish descent. John Barney married Clarissa Manly, and moved to this county in 1832. They bouglit their farm in Greene Township of Mr" Hewitt, which they cleared. Their children are — Mrs. Jane Chapin, Franklin M., in this township; Simeon, who died of the yellow fever at Grand Gulf, Miss., September 23, 1855, aged thirty; and Nathan C. Mrs. Barney departed this life June 29, 1869, aged eighty years. Mr. Barney March 3, 1876, aged eighty-two. They were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Our subject was married June 8, 1851, to Mary Ann, daughter of William and Hannah (Fretwell) Newsham, of this township. They settled on a part of the Barney homestead, where they still reside. Thej' were the parents of six children, viz., Mrs. Clara Orton, Jean M., Mrs. Alda A. Raymond, Ida M. (deceased). Ada Ann and Mary D. Mr. Barney enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Pennsylvania Regiment' September, 1863, but was GREENE TOWNSHIP. • 71 rejected on account of physical disability, and was afterward accepted in the One Hun- dred and Second Regiment, going out April, and returning June 39, 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Barney are friends of the cause of education, and gave their children good advantages; their daughter, Ada, has been teaching five terms. Mr. Barney is a Republican in politics. AMOS CHURCH, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born June 3, 1812, in Connecticut; son of John and Lucy Church. His paternal ancestors came from I^ngland, probably, as early as the colonial times. Mr. Church was reared on a farm, with opportunities for receiving but a rudimentarj' education. He was united in marriage November 29, 1837, with Sarah E.. daughter of feethuel and Martha Roberts, natives of New England. Nine children were born to this union, viz., Samuel J., Seth, Amos R., Lillie, Timothy; the deceased are. Homer, Henry, Martha and Charles H., who enlisted in the war of the rebellion, in the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. He participated in many hard-fought battles, a few of whicli were Antietam, Gettysburg, Wilderness and at Petersburg, where he was captured by the Confederates, and confined in the Andersonville Prison. He there eked out a miserable existence, owing to neglect and starvation, until death came to his relief. In the autumn of 1839, Mr. Church, with his family, came to Erie County, settling in Greene Township (where he now resides), in the spring of 1840. He is the owner of ninety-three acres of land, acquired by industry and self-denial. Mr. Church is a liberal contributor to all enterprises beneficial to the public. He is a respected member of society. LEWIS DAWLEY, farmer, P. O. Belle Valley, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., December 15, 1838, son of Alonzo and Emily Dawley, both natives of the Empire State, latter deceased. Our subject received a fair English education, and from his youth has engaged in agricultural pursuits. On December 17, 1863, Mr. Dawley was united in mar- riage'with Elizabeth, daughter of Charles and Elizabeth Parry, of Oneida County. N. Y. Mr. Dawley is owner of eighty-five acres of land in a good state of cultivation. He and his estimable wife are highly esteemed by the community. In politics, he is a Republican. EZRA DROWN, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in Erie County, Penn., March 31, 1831, sou of Cyril and Catherine Drown, natives of New England and Lebanon, Penn., respec- tively, and a brother of Hosea Drown. Ezra, like his brother, was reared to man's estate on a farm. On Februar}^ 21, 1856, Mr. Drown was united in marriage, with Laura L., daughter of Eli and Mary Wood, of Mill Creek Township. Of their children, only Hattie survived. Mrs. Drown died November 14, 1873. Mr. Drown subsequently married Amanda, daughter of Jacob and Sophia Charles, and widow of James Rooney of Greene Township. Mr. Drown has a farm of forty-eight acres in the northwestern part of Greene Township. He has served as Road Commissioner, and as Treasurer of Greene Township. He is an esteemed member of society. HOSEA DROWN, farmer, P. O. Belle Valley, was born July 13, 1833, in Erie County, Penn., son of Cyril Drown, who came to Greene Township in 1818. Shortly after his arrival he married Catherine Zimmerman, bj^ whom he had six children who grew to maturity, viz., Frederick, Almira, Anstrus, Catherine, Ezra and Hosea. Cyril Drown endured the hardships of a pioneer's life; was prominently connected with Greene Town- ship, serving with nearly every official position in his day. He departed this life in 1869, after a life of usefulress, and was survived by his consort only a few years. Hosea, our subject, received a fair English education, and taught school four terms. On September 11, 1873, he was united in marriage with Melvina M. Hilborn, born in Greene Township, March 31, 1848, daughter of Samuel (deceased) and Roxy A. Hilborn. Three children have blessed this union — Myron C, Samuel H. and Arthur L. Mr. Drown served as Auditor of Greene Township, and at present officiates as Town Clerk. He has also been for three years Justice of the Peace. Mr. Drown is the owner of 130 acres of land. He is recog- nized as one of Greene Township's prominent citizens. MRS. SARAH FILLEY, East Greene, was born December 18, 1832, in Harboi' Creek Township, this county, a daughter of Ebenezer and Mary (Henton) Evans, natives of Wales, who came to America, and to Erie County about 1818. Mr. Evans died in 1843, and his widow afterward married Thomas Jones. She died May 20, 1882. Of their children — John and Mrs. Sarah Filley live in this township: Thomas and Ebenezer reside in Cleve- land, Ohio. Our subject married, February 3, 1839, Nathan W. Filley. He was born in 1810, in Oneida County, N. Y., a son of Hezekiah and Esther Filley. After their marriage they lived in Chautauqua County, N. Y., about three years; thence went to Erie County. Mr. Filley's trade, that of a stone cutter, compelled him to change his location frequently. After living at various places in Ohio and this county, they settled in 1853, permanently in this township, buying a farm of 100 acres. The children born to this union are Mrs. Eliza Bennett, Sarah, Matthew, Frances, -Mary, Mrs. Anna Bannister, Emma, Nathan and Charles. Mr. Filley departed this life, February 3, 1864. He was a kind husband and father, and a useful and influential citizen. His large intelligent family now occupy the old homestead. WILLIAM HARTMAN, farmer, P. O. Belle Valley, was born in Hanover, Germany, November 15, 1818, son of Ernest and Catharine Hartman. He had no opportunity to ac- quire other than a rudimentary German education, and from his youth up has engaged in 72 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: agricultural pursuits, In 1846, Mr. Hartman was united in marriage with Caroline Rehn, who bore him three children, only one surviving — Frederick W., who was born May 8, 1855, in Erie County, Penn., and is an industrious, steady young man. Our subject, with family, in 1854, emigrated to America, landing in New York; thence coming to Erie, where he remained for about two years, when he located in Greene Township. Mr. Hartman is industrious and enterprising, and owns eighty-three acres of land located in the northern part of Greene Township, which he is working to the best advantage. He is a member of the German Reformed Church. SAMUEL HILBORN (deceased) was born October 5, 1802, in Bucks County, Penn. When a young man he moved to New York State, subsequently going to Ohio. In 1835, Mr. Hilborn came to Erie County, Penn., settling in the northern part of Greene Town- ship. He was united in marriage, October, 1837, with Roxy A., daughter of Martin and Mary Hayes, natives of New England. Ten children were born to this union, three sur- viving — Mary A., Melvina M. and William M. Harley J., the oldest son, died in Wash- ington HospitalJanuary 2, 1868, of wounds received in the battle of Fredericksburg. Mr. Hilborn w^as a respected member of the Presbyterian Church. He departed this life Feb- ruary 25, 1877. WILLIAM M. HILBORN, P. O. Belle Valley, a son of Samuel and Roxy A. (Hayes) Hilborn, was born in Erie County, Penn., July 29, 1855. He received a fair English edu- cation, and taught two terms. On February 26, 1880, he was united in marriage, with Rose E., daughter of Robert S. and Martha Davison, of Mill Creek Township. Two children have blessed this union, viz.: Flora M., born February 10, 1881, and Howard D., born October 21, 1882. Mr. Hilborn owns 100 acres of land. He is a member of the Pres- byterian Church. FRED HIRT, P. O. East Greene, was born July 25. 1843, in Greene Township, Erie County, Penn., son of F. J. Hirt, a native of the same township. He w^as reared here on his father's farm, and received his education in the home schools. He learned the car- penter's trade, with his brother, Frank. Our subject was united in marriage December 13, 1868, with Adeline Hintz, a native of Mill Creek Township, this county. They settled where they now live, and bj' their own exertions have built up a comfortable home. Six children blessed this union, viz.: Fred J., William N., Frances Matilda, RosaH., Bertha F. and Mar}' Ida. Mr. Hirt is a Democrat in politics. He was elected Road Commission- er of Greene Township in February, 1881, and is discharging his duties satisfactorily. Mr. and Mrs. Hirt are warm friends of the cause of education, and give their children good advantages. They are both members of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Hirt is an enterprisinii business man. and a citizen of much influence in the community. FREDERICK KOIL, farmer. P. O. Erie, was born February, 1843, in Erie County, Penn., a' son of Peter Kuhl, who was born in 1801, in the eastern part of Pennsylvania. He came to Erie County in 1825, and was married in 1829, to Susannah Fry, of Lancaster County, Penn. Ten children were born to this union, viz. : Sarah, Barbary, Eliza, Adam, Peter, Hiram, Susannah, Mary A.. Frederick and Samuel. The condition of the property left to his heirs indicates his perseverence and thrift. He reached the ripe age of seventy- six years, seven months and six days, departing this life July 22, 1878. He was a man of good standing in the German Lutheran Church. Samuel Kuhl, brother of our subject, was born November, 1831, in Erie Coiinty, Penn. He was married in May, 1857, to Mary, daughter of David and Anna Ripley, of Greene Township. He is engaged on his farm, adjoining his brother. He has served as Treasurer of this township. Frederick Kuhl. early in life, devoted himself to agricultural pursuits, in which he has l)een verj' success- ful. He was united in marriage, February. 1875, with Annie Detrick, b}' whom he has one child — Earl P., born December 10, 1875. Mr. Kuhl is the owner of a pleasant farm of seventv-five acres, and is a respected member of society. NATHAN MORITZ, farmer, P. .0. Erie, was born Janxuiry 28, 1848, in New York State. Nathan, when about six months' old. w\as brought to Erie County by his parents, Joseph and Barbary Moritz, natives of Germany, who "settled in Greene Township. Of their family of ten children, seven survive — John, Michael, Martin, George, Mary. Dore- thea and Nathan. Mr. Moritz died in March, 1880; his widow in November of the following year. Our subject's boyhood daj'S were passed on a farm, while he accjuired his education in the district schools. On June 3,'l871, he was united in marriage with Elizabeth Hirt, born in Greene Township Augu.st 25, 1845, a daughter of Francis J. and Mary Hirt, the former born December 19, 1816^ in Alsace, Germany, a son of Michael and Brigitta Hirt. His mother dying when he was nine years old, his father emigrated to America, landing in New York, subsequently coming to Erie County. He settled in Greene Township, on the farm now occupied by our subject. To Mr. and Mrs. Hirt were born five children, all but one living— Frank, Mary, Frederick and Elizabeth. He has served as Judge of Elections, and at present, with his wife, is living with Mr. and Mrs. Moritz. To our subject and wife were born Joseph M., John P. and Frank. Mr. Moritz is the owner of ninety-one acres of good land. He is now serving as School Director, and with his wife is a member of the Roman Catholic Church. GREENE TOWNSHIP. 73 LYMAN MORSE, retired farmer, P. O. West Greene, was born March 17. 1802, near Troy, N. Y. Wlien he was two years old, his parents, Joseph and Zelpha (Pratt) Morse, natives of New Hampshire and Brattleboro, Vt. respectively, moved to Chittenden County, Vt. (where our subject was principally reared), and there they both died. Lyman Morse moved to St. Lawrence County, N. Y., and was there united in marriage, October, 1824, with Susan M. Barney, by whom he had two children— Lyman (dying in infancy) and Henry B. Mr. and Mrs. Morse came to Greene Township, Erie County, in 1832, settling on a farm in the woods, which they cleared, where the latter died March 12, 1879, and where the former now resides, respected by all who know him. Politically, he is a Democrat. HENRY B. MORSE, farmer, P. O. West Greene, was born June 25, 1826, in St. Law- rence County, N. Y. He was reared principally on his father's farm in this township, at- tending the district schools and the academy at Waterford. He married, August 1, 1853, Demaries A., daughter of William and Zebiah Rugg. She was born July 31 1836, in Os- weao County, N. Y. Mr. and Mrs. Morse spent from 1864 to 1869 in the oil regions of Ve- nango County, thence moved to Brodhead. Wis.: returning to this county in 1873, they have since resided on a farm in this township. Five children were born to this union- Mrs. Florence I. Miller, of Erie; Mrs. Addie E. Yaple; Carrie L., Nettie and Harry L. Mr. and Mrs. Morse have given their children good educational advantages, and they have each taught in turn in this and surrounding townships. They are both members of the Method- ist Episcopal Church. Mr. Morse is a useful, influential citizen. He is a Republican in politics. ELIJAH O. PINNEY, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in Litchfield County, ('onn., March 2, 1813; son of Elijah and Mahala Pinuey, of English descent. Of the five children born to this union, Elijah, only, survives. Our subject, when twenty-two years of age, with his parents and brother, Milo, came to Erie County, locating at Wesleyville, Harbor Creek Township, for about six years. He was united in marriage, January 10, 1837, with Mary E. Pendleton, born July 16, 1815, in New England, a daughter of Ethan and Esther Pendleton, also of English descent. To them were born ten children— Ethan O., Finette, Sarah A., Charles O., Mary E., Ralza P., Ward H., Mary U., Leroy A. and Dotha I. The last three are deceased. After leaving Wesleyville, Mr. Pinney, with family, moved to Ohio, locating for a short period in Portage and Trumbull Counties. In the spring of 1843, he returned to Erie County, Peun., and settled in Greene Township, where he has a fine farm of over 200 acres, and a commodious residence, beautifully situated, affording a picturesque view of the lake and surrounding country. Much of Mr. Pinney's success is due to his industry and determination to succeed. He has served his township as Justice of the Peace, Assessor and Treasurer (two years). He has also acted as a Director of Erie Academy. WARREN F. ROOT, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in what is now known as Summit Township, Erie Co., Penn., on October 7, 1839, and is a son of Harry O. and Eliza Root, the former a native of Connecticut; the latter (now deceased) was born in Erie County, Penn. Mr. Root, from his youth up. has lived on a farm. He received a fair English education. Our subject, January 5, 1869, was united in marriage with Aurora O., daughter of William and Mary Stuyversant, natives of New York State. This union has been blessed with two children, viz., George B. and Verna E. Mr. Root takes his stand with the Republican party of our Government. He has served as Collector of Greene Town- ship. Our subject is of a modest, unassuming nature, and is meeting with marked success. ISAAC G. THORNTON, farmer, P. O.^Six Mile Creek, was born November 8. 1835, in Richmond, Mass. His parents, Isaac M. and Rachel Thornton, moved to Ashtabula County, Ohio, in 1839, where the latter still resides. There our subject was reared on his father's farm, with but limited educational advantages on account of his being the eldest son of an invalid father. The family moved to Venango Township. Erie County, in 1854, where Mr. Thornton died Octobor 19, 1855. Our subject was married. January 1, 1855. to Minerva Brace, born May 9, 1838, in Greene Township, a daughter of Stephen J. and Eva- line (Gardner) Brace, who came here from Oswego County, N. Y.. in 1834. Isaac G. Thornton enlisted August, 1862, in Company C, Sixteenth Regiment Pennsylvania Volun- teer Cavalry, and served in the Armv of the Potomac through the Virginia campaign. He was a brave soldier, and received an honorable discharge in June, 1865. His four brothers also saw service, viz.: Charles, who died at Helena, Ark., in 1863; Daniel, Hiram and Buel, now living— Hiram in Michigan. Buel in Pennsylvania. Mr. Thornton has since devoted himself to the manasrement of his farm and the care of his family. By in- dustry he has acquired a farm of 100 acres of well-improved land. His children are Loretta, Henry, Jerome I., Mrs. Hattie Evans, Charles, Sarah, Ida, Alice and Leroy. Mr, and Mrs. Thornton, with their oldest children, are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he is a Steward. Mr. Thornton is a Republican in polities: has held the office of School Director in Greene Township. He is a member of the G. A. R.. of the K. of H., and of the Patrons of Husbandry. JOSHUA URCH, farmer, P. O. East Greene, was born February 20, 1832, in Wilming- ton. Del. His father, John Urch, a native of Enyland, married Mary Hyatt. They came to Venango Township, Erie County, in 1835. There they reared their children, five now 74 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: living — Joshua, William H., George, Lewis and Mrs. Sarah McDonnell. Mr. John Urch died February 22, 1870; his widow is still living. Our subject married, June 7, 1850, Jnae, daughter of Richard and Catherine (Jones) Williams; the former was a native of Wales. They came to this county in 1830. Mr. Williams was scalded to death in the explosion of the steamer Louisiana, on Lake Erie, in 184:9. Mrs. Williams died in 1853. Their children are Mrs. Jane Urch; Mrs. Ann Urch, of Chautauqua County, N. Y., Mrs. Mary Carr and John. Mr. and Mrs. Urch have a farm of seventy-five acres of well-improved land, ac- quired by industry and good management. Their children are Richard, Charles H., Effort (in Nebraska), Andrew C. (of Nebraska), William L., Mary J., Marion and Frank. Mr. and Mrs. Urch are giving their children good educational advantages. They have been members of the Methodist Episcopal Church thirty years. Our subject is a stanch Repub- lican, and is one of tiie useful ancl infiuential citizens of Greene Township. WILLIAM H. URCH, farmer, P. O. East Greene, was born March 25, 1834, in Wil- mington, Del. His father, John Urch, settled in Venango Township, this county, just north of Lake Pleasant, m 1835. Here our subject was brouglit up, attending the schools of the home district He was united in marriage, January 4, 1859, with Sarah Riplej'. a native of Summit Township, born March 5, 1840, daughter of David Ripley. Mr. and Mrs. Urch settled in the woods, from which they developed a farm of sixty-nine and a half acres of well-improved land. The children born to this union are: Mrs. Adella M. Co- burn, of Union City, Penn., and Sarah. They have lost by death Levi H., Melvin W. and Anna M. i\Ir. Urch served three months as a soldier in the One Hundred and Second Pennsylvania Regiment. He and his wife have Ijeen members of the United Brethren Church for twenty-eight years. He is Trustee in the Lake Pleasant Church. Mr. Urch is a man of strict integrity, possessing the respect and confidence of the community. In politics IS a Republican. WILLIAM B. WEED, retired farmer, P. O. West Greene, was born in Walton, N. Y., May 23. 1803; son of James and Docy (Hoyt) Weed. The latter's father was Colonel of a Connecticut regiment in tlie Revolutionary war. James Weed, above mentioned, was a Captain under him and served also in the war of 1812. They were natives of the New England States. James Weed died at Plattsburg in 1819 ; his wife died in the city of Hudson, in 1813. Owing to a weakness of the eyes in his boyhood days, caused by the measles, our subject was unable to avail himself of any educational advantages. During the war of 1812-15, he had full charge of a farm, the property of one Zolmon Beman, who was absent from home on military duty. With Beman, Mr. Weed remained till he was twenty-one years of age. On February 9, 1824, he was married to Nellie Zaple. of Delaware County. N. Y., born March 17, 1799, daughter of Christian and Annie (Demond) Zaple. To this union were born nine children — Eliza A., Angeline, Clarissa, Minerva A., William W., James H., Sally Lorena, Lyman and Marietta. "William W. was twice mar- ried; on the first occasion to Dyantha Done, a native of the State of New York, who bore him two children— Alice and William. On her death, he married Lydia E. Babcock, also a native of New York State, now deceased, leaving two children — Thurlow W. and Vesta L. Sally Lorena, w^ho remains at the old home with her parents to comfort them in their old age, married Charles A. Cutter, December 25, 1856; their family are Perry F., Nellie W. and Guy F. Mr. Weed came to this count}% settling on the spot where he now lives, March 7, 18:,;5, with $12.50 in cash, a hor.se and wagon and but scant}^ household goods. He was among the first Supervisors of the township^ 1827-28); and this dates, and he says, the commencement of his education, for he was forced into it, as it were, finding he could not hold ofiice without knowing how to write, etc. He was elected County Commissioner in the fall of 18(59, serving three years. He has from a very early day been harnessed with minor township and other oftices; was School Director, Road Commissioner, etc., for sev- eral years. He assisted in building several .schoolhouses of the township and erected the first bridge across the Le Boeuf Creek in this township. He has been a life-long member of the Methodist Episcopal Church; in politics is a strong Republican. Mrs. Weed has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for fifty-nine years. Coming into the woods at an early day, her services as midwife were generally in request, and even now, "Aunt Nellie," as she is affectionately called, is in frequent demand. Our subject and wife have celebrated their sixtieth wedding da5^ on which occasion there was a large at- tendance at the homestead of relatives and friends from far and near. They are held in the highest esteem in their neighborhood and are justly respected for their piety and ami- ability. ANSON H. YAPLE, farmer, P. O. West Green, was born October, 1829, in Erie Coun- ty, Penn., son of David and Ruth M. Yaple, who settled in Greene Township in 1826. Our subject was reared on a farm, obtaining a fair English education. On June 10, 1851, he was united in marriage with Laura A. Streeter, a native of New York State. This union has been blessed with six children, viz., Candace R., Henry W., Eddie L., Clinton F., Addie E. and Anson J. About 1856, Mr. Yaple, with his wife and three children, removed to Wisconsin. He enlisted in the Thirtieth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, and served seven months. He was honorably discharged March, 1863. His wife died July, 1864. He returned to Erie County, Penn., January, 1865, locating for a year in Greene Township, on GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. 75 his father's farm. Our subject then settled on his present farm, and married Louisa M., daughter of Luther D. Jackson, of Delaware County, N. Y. By this wife he liad four chil- dren — Artlmr L.. Louise E., Kate I. and Martha L. Mr. Yaple owns lUO acres of land. He is an esteemed citizen, a Republican politically. NOBLE V. YAPLE, farmer, P. O. East Greene, was born November 26, 1830, in Greene Township, Erie County, son of David and Maria (Fuller) Vaple, When fifteen years old, he began learning tlie trade of shoe-maker and tanner, with A. Jessup, at Har- bor Creek, Erie County. He married December 24, 185(3, Hannah Newsham, who was born February 3, 1834, daughter of William and Hannah (Fretwell) Newsham: the former born in Yorkshire, Endand, March 9, 1806, married March 9, 1831, and came to America the same year. They lived in Pittsburgh, Penn.. until 1838. when they settled in Greene Town- ship, where Mrs. Newsham died February 1, 1844. The children born to this union are- Mrs, Mary A. Barney, Mrs. E. Brace (deceased), IVIrs. Hannah Yaple, William. Mrs. Eliza Robinson, Mrs. Sarah Comstock (deceased), and Thomas. Mr. Newshaw again married August 16. 1846, Mrs. Henrietta Wood, by whom he lias Mrs. O. Wilkins. Mrs. Emma Bruce and Mrs. Lavina Main. He was an earnest member and exhorter of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He died August 13, 1873. Mr. and Mrs. Yaple lived at West Greene, where he carried on his trade, but in 1878 he abandoned it and began farming. To them have been born Wellie W., Evert S., married to Jane Gross, and Eva L. Mr. and Mrs. Yaple have given their children good educational advantages. Wellie has engaged in teaching four terms in this countv, and Eva L., two terms. Mr. and Mrs. Yaple are high- ly esteemed, the former being a man of strict integrity and of much influence in this com- munity. GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. A. E. BEEMAN, farmer, P. O. Hornby, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., March 12. 1821 son of S. A. and Rachel (Smith) Beeman, natives of Connecticut and Pennsjdva- ni a respectively, and who had seven children— George, in Michigan; Henry, deceased m 1S35; William, married to a Miss Rockwell, a resident of Ohio; Mrs. D. Switzer, a widow with five children; Mrs. Lucy Schuyler, also a widow, has three daughters, and had one son who was killed by the cars; Mrs. Martha Katcham, has four sons and two daughters, and A E., our subject. Mr. Beeman, Sr., came to this county in 1841. The subject of this sketch was married. February 28, 1843, to Mary A. Wade, who bore him two sons and two daughters— Rachel Ann, wife of E. Luce, have three sons— Frank, George and Martin; Edward, married to B. Pierce, liave two children— John and Mary; Martin, married to Lorinda Burch, have three children— Elbert and Eva (twins), and Ella; Sarah, deceased, ao-ed three and one-half years. Mr. Beeman settled in Greenfield Township, Erie County, in 1841. His wife died March 17, 1876, and he is now living with another family, and rents his farm, comprising 132 acres, of which eighty are well improved. He has been an in- fluential citizen, serving as School Director, Assessor, Collector, Commissioner, and is a member of the Board of Education. . SMITH J. BEMISS, farmer, P. O. North East, was born in French Creek, N. 1., in September, 1832, son of Thomas and Salinda (Babcock) Beraiss, natives of Connecticut, who came to Erie County in 1851, locating in Greenfield Township until the death of the latter, when Mr. Bemiss moved to Ashville. N. Y., and there died. Those surviving of their family of twelve children are: Alvy, residing near Erie City; Silas, in Kansas; Mrs. J. Marsh, has one child- Chester; Polly, wife of M. Thompson, in New York State, near the old home, have four children— Henry, William, Salinda and Chester; Phcebe, wife of A. Wilkinson, have four children— Sarah, Lutie, Eva and John; Caroline, wile of George Staley, was the widow of Martin Tarr, have five children— Frank, George. Grant, Mary and William; and Smith J., the subject of this sketch, who was married, March 10, 1806, to Eliza Smith, a widow with two children— Emma and Sarah. To them have been born —George, married to Annie, daughter of Joseph Hartley, and Thomas, married to Melissa Crawford, have one child— Margery M. Mr. Bemiss is one of the oldest residents of this township, and is living on his father's old homestead, which is well improved. He keeps fourteen cows, and is making a specialty of dairying. REV. GEORGE W. CLEAVELAND. pastor of the Presbyterian Church, Har- bor Creek, was born December 21, 1815, in Salem, Mass., a son of John and Rebecca (Woodbury) Cleaveland. He joined the church when seventeen years old. He attended Dummer Academy, Byfield, Mass., and graduated from Bowdoin College in 1837, and from the Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass.. in 1841. During the greater part of the fol- lowing year he supplied the pulpit of the First Church at Marblehead, Mass. He was or dained September 27, 1843. in Orleans, Mass., and united in marriage, the same evening. 76 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: with K. S., daughter of Capt. Seth and Abi^^ail Doane. of Orleans. Of the seven children born to them, the following survive: George C; Abbie D.; Edward P., a professor in Adelbert College; Heman D., a civil engineer, and R. M.. a teacher. From October, 1842, to August 26, 1849, excepting a part of 1843, he ministered in the Presbyterian Church in Waterford. From the latter date he has preached in the Presbyterian Church at Harbor Creek, of which he is still pastor (1884). He states, that by the favor of God, during his entire ministry, e.xtending over forty-two years, he has never been unable to fill his pulpit through illness, except July 2, 1865, when he was suffering from the effects of a stroke of lightning received the day previous. The electricity also left a leaf-like impression on two large gilt picture frames. On the fortieth anniversary of their wedding, Mr. and Mrs. Cleaveland were surprised by the parishioners and many admirers,who presented them with baskets of choice viands, costly furniture, and a purse containing gold and silver. NATHANIEL COBURN, farmer. P. O. North East, was born in Lewis. Essex Co., N. Y., August 9, 1811, son of Jonathan and Martha (Hopkins) Coburn, who were the par- ents of the following-named children: Cyrus, died in August, 1877; Laura, died in Febru- ary, 1868; Stephen W. ; Lewis, in Lansing, Mich.; Martin, in Wyoming County, N. Y.; Sylvenus, died 1850; James H., at Sugar Grove, Penn. ; Abel, married, has two children; Wilber, married to Ida Coons, has a daughter, Lottie; Warren, married to Eva Stone, has one child. Alice; Sally, widow of M. Mansice, with five children. Nathaniel, the subject of this sketch, who was married, in 1837, to Annie L., daughter of Stephen and Annie (Millard) Thayer, who were the parents of nine children, seven deceased, viz., Annie, Wil- lard, Diana, Charlana, Alanson, Sallie and Thomas. The surviving are Stephen O. and Mrs. Annie L. Coburn. To our subject and wife have been born a family of eight — Fidelia A., deceased wife of Mr. Bogard, had two children — Walter A. and Clayton W.; Eleanor A., died in 1850; Thomas E., died in 1852; Willard A., died October 13, 1853; Lucv L., died October 13, 1853; Ludelia, died August 27, 1862; Gertrude C, died August l.*1862, and Annie E., who married Frank B. Pratt, a son of Harrison and Sallie (Bissel) Pratt, and have one child, Lena Bell. Mr. Coburn has forty-seven acres of land pleasantly located, and adjoining the forty acres of his sons-in-law, which they farmed together. Mr. and Mrs. Coburn are an hospitable old couple, both members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLARD FARNSWORTH, farmer. P. O. Greenfield, was born in this township April 26, 1838, son of Manander and Elizabeth A. (Johnson) Farnsworth; the former was born May 5, 1801, in ActSigcTn County, Vt.. and was one of the eKrlj^settlers in this town- ship; the latter a native of Northumberland, Penn., was born June 8, 1799. They were married February 10. 1823. Eight children were born to them— Betsy A., Henry, Martha, Mary, Jane, Hannali, Willard, and Oliver M.. who died in the service of the United States, The subject of this sketch was married. October 12, 1868, to Mary C, daughter of Charles Johnson, and a native of Kalamazoo County, Mich., by whom" he had the follow- ing children: Oliver G., Lola C, Ida May and Ada "Bell (twins), and Eva E. Mr. Farns- worth has two well-improved farms, one comprising eighty and the other fifty acres. He has been filling the oflBce of Township Clerk for several years. F. E. FENTON, farmer, P. O. Greenfield, was born in this township in Novem- ber, 1850, son of Daniel T. and Amanda (Rouse) Fenton, natives of Pennsylvania, who had six children, three of whom are living— Fanny A., wife of L. V. Babcock. has one child. Louie; Chauncy I., married to Clara Douglas, has two children. Roy and Grace Ethel. Our subject was married February 29, 187fi, to Aggie, daughter of Darius Add- kins, who has borne him two children — Harry Leon and Earl Clayton. Mr. Fenton owns a fine farrn of 239 acres of land near Colt's Station, which is well-improved and watered. He served his township as Auditor when twenty-one years old; has since been Judge of elec- tions. Inspector. Clerk of Election, Collector and Justice of the Peace, and Assessor by election in spring of 1884. JAMES M. FINN, P. O. Findley's Lake, Chautauqua County. N. Y., was born No- vember 7, 1823. in Orange County, N. Y.. son of Nehemiah and Elizabeth (Lawrence) Finn, natives of same county, who came to Erie and engaged in dairying, sending their butter to New York, being the first ever shipped from Erie or Chautauqua Counties: the churns were turned by sheep. They settled in Greenfield Township in the spring of 1834, where the former died in 1859, and liis widow in 1863. They were the parents of the follow- ingchildren: Louisa, deceased; Betsy, deceased wife of A. D. Smith.left two children— Mrs. Sarah E. Wlieat and Charles D. ; Sarah, wife of A. Darrow, have two children— Mary A. and Louisa: N. L., in Michigan, married to LucenaWever. have eight children— John A., Eliza- beth, Thaddeus. Sarah L., Josephine, Agnes and Charles. John A. died vountj. and James M. Our subject was married, Novemb(?r 2, 1853. to Helen A., daughter'of Philo S. Haw- ley, a native of Essex County, N. Y., and an early settler of French Creek Township. N. Y. To Mr. and Mrs. Finn have been born seven children — Imogene, educated at Edinboro, wife of Lyman S. Brown, residing at Clymer. N. Y., has three children— Jesse L.. Todd Finn and Helen Blanch; Nehemiah. Carrie A. ; William A., a civil engineer in Dakota; James J., who was educated at Edinboro, Erie High School and at Oberlin College: he is now at Madison University, N. Y.; Mary, attending school at Edinboro, and Robert Lee. GREENFIFXD TOWNSHIP. 77 The second daughter was educated in the Cooper Academy, and taught for several yearsT Mr. Finn has engaged extensively in dairying, he has now thirty cows, but has kept tifty. He is now in the stock business; he is one of the leading men of the township in which he has served as Justice of the Peace for six years; Road Commissioner six years; School Di- rector for twelve years; Town Collector; Treasurer and as member of the Board of Edu- cation. JOHN McCLUNE, farmer and Miller, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in Chester County Penn., May 9, 1805, son of John and Nancy (Reed) McClune, who were the parents of six children— Charles, had one son, Thomas R., and died in Columbia Countv, Penn., aged seventy- seven; Mrs. Hannah Reeves, deceased, hadtive children; James, dying, left'a son Cyrus; Ann, deceased, wife of George McGee, left eight children; Charles Reed, Sr., re- siding at Clarion County, Penn., and John, the subject of this sketch. He was married September 12, 1826, to Nancy McGee, born in 1809, daughter of John and Jane Mc- Gee. By this union were eight children— Eliza J., wife of Charles Kendrick, have four children— William, deceased, April 9, 1882, Edith, Mary and Jane; Charles Reed, Jr., resi- dent of Indiana, has five children; Maria L., wife of Thomas Smart, of Mill Creek Town- ship, have seven children— Joanna, Thomas R., Mary E., Maud, John, Charles and Annie; George W., John Jr., Alexander, married to Elizabeth Handy, have one child liv- ing, Edith S., Mary A. and Adella R. Mr. McClune is a fine old gentleman, he was one of the early settlers in this township, having come to Erie in 1827, and for many years ran the flour mill of Judge John Cochrans; he then engaged in farming. Our subject was one of the first subscribers for the Observer, edited by Thomas Barnum, an uncle of the cele- brated showman. WILLIAM R. MILLER, farmer, P. O. Greenfield, was born in the State of New York July 3, 1808, son of William and Mary Denton Miller. They were the parents of eleven children, seven of whom are living— Balsora, widow of Orlin Colburn, have two children— Orlin and James M. ; Esther, widow of George W. Addison, has seven children; Deborah, widow of Henry Berrey, has three children; George P. Miller, has one child; James Miller has one child— Denton; Hannah, wife of M. M. Ravlin, have two children— Mary and Almira; Preston, deceased, leaving two children— Ella and Balsora. The other three chil- dren died in infancy. William R. Miller, our subject, was married, September 29, 1834, to Martha Berrey, who was born in Greenfield Township December 2, 1811. Mr. Miller has no children, but has an adopted son, Edward Isaac Miller, who is married. Mrs. Will- iam R. Miller was a daughter of Joseph and Polly (Thompson) Berrey, the former of whom was Collector in this township in 1817. Mrs. Miller had eleven sisters and brothers, only one of whom is living— Mrs. E. Allen, a resident of Kansas. The father of our subject came to Erie County in 1820, buying land of Judy Colt, near the station of same name, where his son William now resides, which farm comprises 150 acres of well watered and improved land. He died when fifty-five j-ears old. William R. Miller has served as Collector, Assessor. Road Commissioner and, under the old system, was School Director CHARLES MORGAN, farmer, P. O. Greenfield, is a native of England, born in tlie County of Kent January 13, 1815; son of William and IMary (Burgess) Morgan who had eleven children, viz., Mary, William, Ann, Sarah, Thomas, James, Gabriel, John, Char- lotte. Jane and Charles, our subject. Two of his sons came to America in 1818 the rest of the family, six members, came two years later, and settled in Mina, N. Y., where Mr. Morgan died in his eighty-seventh year, and Mrs. Morgan in her eighty-fourth year. Charles, our subject, was married in January. 1835, to Ann, daughter of William Boyd, a native of Ireland, who came to this county in 1819. He was married by Gen. John Phil- lips, Paymaster in the war of 1812, and was a prominent man. coming to this county in 1829 and locating in Venango Township, but is now a resident of Greenfield Township. To Mr. and Mrs. Morgan have been born eight children— Charles, Jr. married to C Perry, now residing on the old homestead; William T., married to Martha Luce; Mary E. (deceased), wife of A. Orton ; Ann, wife of James Marts ; James S., who has charo-e of the homestead farm; John G. (deceased); Sarah, wife of T. F. Burgess; George B in mercantile business in this township at home. Mr. Morgan has 228 acres of good land, mostly improved. He has served in various local oflJces, such as Assessor School Direc- tor, Auditor and Inspector of Elections. ANTHONY H. MOSEMAN, farmer and manufacturer, P. O. Six Mile Creek was born in Saxony, Germany, February 4, 1838, son of Jacob and Ernestine (Neidscheitz) Moseman. The latter, with a brother and her son, Anthony, came to America landin"- in New York October 13, 1847. and subsequently lo this township. This uncle, our subject states, cruelly abused him, knocking him down and stamping on him if a lesson in Greek or Latin was unlearnt, or when unable to lift a weight beyond his strength The estate of Mrs. Moseman and her brother w^as sold for $18,000 in gold, each having half. The brother took Mrs. Moseman's share, and, as she could not speak English, thev would have starved had It not been for the kindness of the neighbors, some of whom "are living yet Mr Moseman has prospered in life, and owns a fine farm in this township, and is eno-ao-ed in tnanufacturing the best hemlock shingles, cider and apple jellv. He was united in mar- riage November 18, 1861, with Maria Anna, daughter of Francis Hedderiqk of Greene 78 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Township, Erie Co., Penn., by whom he has had seven children — Barbara, wife of A. Orton; Henr^', married to Ella, daughter of Jobn and Elizabeth Williams (have one child — Flora); Sophia, wife of B. Ortim (have one child — Nora): Ella, Rosa, Mary and Charles. Mr, Moseman is a well-educated, pleasant business man. GEORGE C. PARKER, farmer. P. O. North East, was born in Mill Creek Township, this county, March 17, 1826, son of William and Emily (Talmadge) Parker, who were natives of Vermont and PennsylvaniaTFPpectively, and parents of two children — George, our subject, and Henry. Mrs. Emily Parker died September 25, 1828. William Parker married his deceased wife's sister, Elizabeth. M'ho bore him two children— 1). J., dying in Ohio, and Emily, the wife of A. Prindle (has four children). Our subject, GJeorge C, was joined in matrimony April 12, 1849, to Eliza, daughter of Stephen Coburu, four children resulting — A. J., married to Eva Burden ; Frank D., married to EfRc, daughter of Charles Jones (had one child — Lynn); Mrs. Effie Parker died February 5, 1844; Eldora D., wife of Frank Searls and Burt C. Mr. Parker has for many years been a leading citi- zen of Greenfield Township, filling many of the local offices, such as Road Commissioner, Judge and Inspector of Elections. School Director, and for a number of terms acted as Assistant Assessor. His farm of 200 acres, well watered and improved, is finelj' located in the northwest corner of tbis township. He is a clever gentleman, a member of the A. O. U. W., No. 5, Perry Lodge. JESSE R. PRINDLE, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in Harbor Creek Town- ship March 8, 1810, son of Amasa and Tryphena (Miller) Prindle, one of the pioneer fam- ilies of Harbor Creek Township, and the parents of ten daughters and three sons, all lived to have families excepting two. Their names were Almyra, Sarah, Rhoda, Eliza, Try- phena, Charles M., died March 19, 1884, was married to Pollj^ Tickner, Rebecca, Cornelia, Jane, Chancy, Nancy (deceased), Samantha (deceased) and Jesse R. Our subject mar- ried Delaney, daughter of Christian Balser, of Athens County, Ohio. Eight children blessed this union — Adolphus. married to Emily Parker (has seven children — George, Ma3^ Ell, Orpha, Elpha, Nellie and Frank); Ollie, deceased ; Jes.se, deceased ; William, married to Mary Peck (has one daughter — Bell); Samantha, wife of Davis Parker (has three chil- dren — iDerwent, Dolly, deceased, and Jesse) ; Chancy, a soldier in the navy during the late war, died on the United States gunboat "Brilliant," and was buried at Ft. Heuryj Adolphus also enlisted in the war. and participated in the 100-mile march from Burk Sta- tion to Danville, when he and most of the men were ill from fatigue and insufficient rations (bis family consisted of five — Ell, Elpha and Orpha, deceased, and George, mar- ried to Viola Lathrop (has two children — Bertha M. and Lee), and Mary, wife of Robert Dodge); Adolphus has been School Director and Judge of Elections. Jesse R. Prindle is an intelligent old gentleman, and has been an infiuential citizen of this township, serving as School Director for nine vears, Commissioner six j'ears. Justice of the Peace ten years. CHANCY PRINDLE, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in Harbor Creek Town- ship. Erie Co., Penn., in April. 1819; son of Amasa and Tryphena (Miller) Prindle. natives of Massachusetts and Connecticut respectively. The former settled in Harbor Creek Valley in lT9o, buying land at 20 cents per acre, and working there three years, pre- paring for his faiuily, whom he brought from Buffalo over the frozen lake. It is stated that once he raised 500 bushels of wheat, and, on trying to dispose of it to parties at Erie City, was hooted for his pains, and was asked "what on earth they could do with it." He subsequently sold this farm and bought another of Judy CJolt, further up the hills Through the destruction of the records, when the Erie Court House was burned, he was compelled to pay twice for the same property. He had thirteen children — Almyra. wife of Z. Wright; Sarah, the first white female child born in the township, wife of Mr. Orton; Rhoda, widoAV of D. S. Brown (has seven children); Eliza, wife of Silas Walker, residing in California (has four children); Tryphena (deceased in 1878), wife of William Preble (had five children); Charles M., died March 19, 1884; Jesse R. ; Cornelia (deceased); Jane, widow of James Philips (has five children); Chancy, our subject; Nancy and Samatha, deceased. Chancy, the subject of this sketch, was married February 4, 1847, to Thirya, daughter of William A. Pierce and Thankful Irish. Five children have resulted — Lyman M., married to Elizabeth Smith (has two children, William and Myron); Ellen, wife of George Darling (has two children, Emory and Charles): Ransom A." mar- ried to Mary Loomis, has one son. Charles L. ; and Chancy, Jr. Mr. Prindle has a well improved and watered farm of 150 acres. He has served his township as Road Commis- sioner, and is now School Director. He is a member of the Free-Will Baptist Church. PIIRAM SHADDUCK, farmer, P. O. North East, was born in Greenfield Township, this county, January 14, 1826; son of Joseph and Betsy (Willard) Shadduck. who had eighteen children. Those surviving are George, Henry, Esther, Nancy, Hannah. Polly, Ann, Lester and Hiram, our subject. Joseph Shadduck had been previously married to Harriet Cass, who bore him Ira.' now eighty-four years old, the first white riiale child born in the county; Betsy (deceased), David, and Matilda, who was killed on her way to church by a horse, in Corry. Joseph had in all twenty-two children and 306 grandchil- dren. He came to Erie County in 1783, and was one of the first settlers in Greenfield Town- ship; took up 460 acres of Government land at $1.25 per acre, and bought 100 acres more GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. 79 near North East. He suffered all the hardships of a pioneer's life,first clearino- awaj' one acre on which he lived. He baked his bread (composed of flour and water only) and meat by roasting them in the fire on the end of a stic k. He had to build his hog-pens high and strong to keep out bears and other wild animals. One day he found a bear eating his dinner; seizing his gun, he sion dispatched Bruin, and so supplied his larder with fresh meat. He departed this life in 1849, and his personal property brought the large sum of |16,000. Hiram, our subject, was married at Colt's Station, this township, by Squire Mervin, and has eleven children living and one dead, viz.: Mary E., wife of E. Bower (has five chil- dren— May. Davy, Jennie, Edney and Mark); Eliza, wife of Wm. Keeler (has an adopted child, Arthur); Josephine, wife of W.Wellington (has one daughter, Blanche); Polly, wife of F. Moore (has one child, Arthur); John J., Lincoln, Fred L., Ethalina, wife of J.Lathrop (has one child. Ellen); Charles, Maud and Mertie, the youngest, who has kept the family record. As an instance of what unselfish devotion will accomplish, we record the follow- ing: When Joseph Shadduck was lying ill, in the depth of one winter,.wilh the snow six feet deep, his wife, Betsy, had to crawl on her hands and knees a distance of half a mile to procure potatoes sufficient to keep the family from starving. h>he had a large stock of cattle to attend to, and had to crawl to the creek to get them watered JOHN T. TOWER, farmer, P. O. North East, was born in 1838, son of F. A. and Elmira M. (Taylor) Tower, who were natives of the State of New York, and came to Erie Co., Penn.. in 1853, settling on the farm now occupied by their son, where they pas.sed the remainder of their days. Of the four children born "to them, only two survive— Emerett, wife of A. Raymond, residing in Harbor Creek (has one child, Lottie); and J. T , the subject of this sketch, who was united in marriage in Dec, 1862, with Sylvia M., daughter of John Towsey. Eight children blessed this union, viz., Alton, Arthur M., Ger- trude, Sarah A., Edith and Alma. Two are deceased. Mr. Tower has a nicely-located and well-improved farm of seventy-five acres in the northern part of Greenfield Township. He is a good farmer and a pleasant gentleman. Eliza died, leaving one son— Henry; Seth has six children— Amanda, August, Betsy, William, Charles and Jane; Silas, enlisted duringthelate war in the One Hundred and Forty- fifth Penn. Vol. Infantry, was wounded, and died leaving no issue; Thomas, a r;esident of Michigan, has three children; and William H., the subject of this sketch. Thomas Wakeley's first w'fe dying, he subsequently married Betsy McArthur, who bore him four children— B. J., Ella, Marion, and Jane (deceased). He came from Chautauqua Co., N. Y., to Erie Co., Penn.. settling in this township in 1865. He departed this life on the farm now owned by William H., the subject of this sketch, who was married in 1847 to Ann Eliza, a daughter of Henry Raymond. One son blessed this union— Charles A., married to Mary, daughter of Lafayette Blakesley, by whom he has one child— W. L. Mr. Wakeley was one of the best shoe-makers in this township, but now turns his attention to agricult- ural pursuits. He owns 106 acres of well-improved land. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. SETH WAKELEY, farmer, P. O. Greenfield, was born in Auburn, N. Y., Sept. 10. 1830, son of Thomas and Amanda (Raymond) Wakelev, who moved to Mina, N. Y., in the fall of 1839, and soon after came to Erie, settling in^this township. They were the par- ents of seven children— Hiram, Jane, Elezer, William, Seth, Silas and Thomas. Mrs. Wakeley dymg, he married Betsy McArthur, who bore him Barnum, Ella, Jane and Mar- vin. Seth, the subject of this sketch, was married, October 6, 1859, to Laura A. Burnham born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., daughter of Ashel and Luania Burnham, by whom he had eight children— Amanda (wife of Oliver Markham, have one child, Floyd), Ell)ert (dying May 30, 1865). Augusta D.. Grace N. (decea.sed Apr. 22, 1875), Willis A., Bessie L.. Charles O. and Mary Jane, Mr. Wakeley owns 102 acres of land, which is well watered and im- proved, and his wife 50 acres of timber. Thev have several fine buildings. Thev are members of the Baptist Church. WILLIS T. WILDMAN, farmer, P. O. Six Mile Creek, was bnrn March 28, 1832, son of Lewis and Laura (Daggot) Wildman. who were natives of New York. The former came with his father to this county in 1818, locating in Fairview Township, but subsequently moved to Greenfield in 1828. settling on some land entered by S. and J. Daggot, where Mrs. Lewis Wildman still resides. She was the mother of the following children: Sebra (deceased), Amanda, Henry D. (dying, left a daughter, Martha), Lucinda (widow with 4 children, Lewis, George, Walter and Laura), Philander (widower with no children), Albert (widower with 3 children— Fred, Adelbert and Laura), Annice (a widow with 6 children- Willis M., Lewis, Frank, Oliver, L-a and Bradford); and Willis T.. our subject He was married Apr. 23, 1856, to Phoebe, daughter of Etra W. Nason. Her parents were natives of Vermont, and had 6 children— Mary, Keziah. Betsy, Wm., Harriett and Pho4)e. To Mr. and Mrs. Wildman have been given Harriett L. (wife of O. Cordott, bv whom she has 2 children— Charles W. and Clayton F. ), Bert W., and ^n infant (deceased).' Mr. Wildman paid for the farm on which he lives by chopping wood for his father and grandfather, at 80 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 20 cents per cord, and working by the month at $12 a month. He has 112 acres of land, with good improvements, and makes a specialty of dairying. He has good stock, and em- ploys a large, heavy dog to turn the wheel of the butter churn. He has served his town- ship as School Director, and is a member of the Equitable Aid Society, No. 384. JAMES H. WILSON, farmer, P. O. Greentield, was born in this township August 12, 1820, son of John and Hannah (Smith) Wilson. John Wilson came with his parents, William and Elizabeth (Hunter) Wilson, to Greenfield Aug. 9, 1798, from Nor- thumberland Co., Peun. James, brother of John, was born March 14, 1800. James H. had three brothers. AVm. married Hettie Smith, residing at Blackberry Station, 111., had family of 4, all dying young; Wm. died in 1868; Thomas S. is a resident of Columbus, Penn., has 3 .sons — Edgar Eugene and Edwin Leroy (twins) and Ara L., all in Dakota; Thom I., in Chicago, has a family of 4, 2 sons and 2 daughters. James H. the subject of this sketch, was married, Jan. 30, 1844, to Elizabeth A., daughter of M. Farnsworth, who had a family of 8, viz., Henry, Martha A., Mary E., Jane E., Hannah A., Willard, Eliza- beth A., and Oliver (a soldier in the 111th P. V., Co. A.; enlisted in February, 1864; fell sick, and has not been heard from since May 8, 1864). The union of Mr. Wilson and wife has been blessed with one daughter, Sarah M., who died when ten j-ears and eleven mouths old. Mr. Wilson owns a nice, well-watered farm near the village of Greentield. He has in his possession a letter obtained by his great-grandfather Hunter from the Presbyterian Church in Ireland over 100 years ago. This old Mr. Hunter and family came to Greenfield a few years after his daughter, Mrs. Wm. AVilson, settled in this (then a wilderness) town of Greenfield, and died'here Sept. 28, 1825, aged ninety-three years eight months and twenty- four days. Elizabeth Hunter died Aug. 7, 1831, aged eighty-eight j-ears nine months and twenty-four days. Mr. Wilson's grandmother, Elizabeth (Hunter) Wilson, died Oct. 1, 1865, in the ninety-third year of her age. HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. TliSIOTHY BACKUS, farmer, P. O. Moorheadville, was born July 2, 1805, in Harbor Creek Township, son of Joseph and Martha (Millikin) Backus. The parents of the former were Joseph and Sarah (Cleveland) Backus, natives of England. The father of Timothy was one of the pioneers of Erie County and located on land west of the village of Harbor Creek, where he built the first cabin. He had eleven children; of these the surviving are Mary, widow of Capt. Thomas Wilkins(has one child — Ann, wife of John Sterrett); Anna, widow of Capt. B. Wilkins (has seven children — Joseph, Thomas, Park, Clara, Jennie, William and Sarah), and is living in Erie County. Penn.; Martha, widow of Peter Haider- man (has one child — Olive); Orilla, wife of Mr. Goodwin (has one child — Mrs. Essie Chris- tian); Thomas, living in Jo Daviess Count}', 111.; Elizabeth, living in Iowa; and Timothy, our subject. He was married, September 15, 1836, to Sarah, daughter of A. and Sarah McDowell. The children born to them are Miranda, wife of D. Videto (has four children — George, Charles, Andrew and Alice). Andrew M. Backus, a soldier in the late war, was married to Mary E., daughter of J. M. Mooi-head. by whom he has had four children — Charles M., Andrew S., Harriet A., Louisa B.); Cordelia A. (died July 9, 1863); Mary E. widow of William A. McCord (also served in late rebellion) by whom she had four chil- dren — Frederick (deceased) Florence E., Arthur M. (deceased), William A. (deceased in infancy), Emma at home. From 1844-48, our subject served as Postmaster at Backus Corners. He owns a farm on the Buflialo road and lives in his residence near Moorhead- ville, to which he moved in 1877 from Greentield Township, where he had resided for a time. He is descended from one of the oldest settlers in this township. JOHN BACKUS, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born Sept. 2, 1810, son of Myron and Hannah (Patterson) Backus, natives of New York State and Ireland respectively, and who came to Erie Co. in 1800, settling on 200 acres of land where John Backus now lives. Of their four children, only two survive— Ebenezer in Kansas and John, the subject of this sketch. He was united in marriage in 1842 with Lj'dia R., daughter of Ezekiel and Re- becca (Stewart) Chambers, one of the oldest families of this coimty. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Backus resulted in the following children: Hannah R., wife of A. Smith (have seven children — Perry A., Ellen L., Myra, Eddie, Lee B., Celia M. and Ada R., who are living at Brighton); Perry C, married to Eleanora Noles(have three children — Ola, HoUis J. and Perry N.); Nancy, wife of John Churchill (had three children — Perry, Arthur and Robbie, who died young); Myron (deceased aged twenty years); Frances M.,wife of M. Chambers (no issue); John S., married to Emma Vance (have an only son — Peny M.); George, married to Olive Van Roberts (have a son — Everett R.); and Fremont (deceased in infancy). Mr. Backus has been a resident of this township since his birth and is one HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 81 of its most substantial farmers. He has served as School Director for many years and was Collector a number of terms. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Politically, he is a Republican. WM. M. BARTON, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born at Brownville, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; son of Thomas and Rhoda (Calkins) Barton, also natives of New York State. They came to Erie Co. in 1853, settling in Greene Township. Twelve children were born to them. viz.. George (married to Margaret Orr, who dying left 3 children; he subsequently married her sister and had 4 children by her); Jane, wife of A. Frazier (have 6 children;; John, married Nancy Smith (have 3 children); Sarah, wife of Chas. Newsham (have 5 children); Ellen; Thomas P., married to Carrj^ Brace (have 3 children); Chas. H., married and lives in Michigan; Frank, married (has 2 children); James, married to Irene Demun (no children); Frederick; Julia, wife of J. Ripley (have 4 children); andWm. M. Our subject married. May 2, 1848, Arvilla M., daughter of Daniel and Mary (Heath) Putney, natives of New Hampsliire. Five children blessed this union — Wm. T., married May, daughter of Chauncy and Alpha E. Thayer (had one child); Roy (deceased); Emma J., wife of J. C. Bryner, a teacher in the high school at Clarion (they have 3 sons — Guy, Earl and Wm. Mor- ris); Benjamin C.,at home"; and Charles Henry, who died in Michigan, aged twenty years, Mr. Barton is an enterprising, successful, self-made man. For 43 years he has resided in this township, and has served as School Director for j'^ears and also as Road Commis- sioner. He is a member of the Equitable Aid Union, No. 385; has always been a Repub- lican in politics. J. G. BECK, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in Philadelphia in the year 1830, son of J. G. and Regina (M3'ers) Beck, who were the parents of the following children: Frederick; David R.; Lucy, wife of L. Otto; Elizabeth, wife of Geo. Bowers; Henry; Harriet (deceased), wife of G. Shultz, and J. G., the subject of this sketch. He was mar- vied in 1853 to Mary Crape. Five children blessed this union, viz., Geo., Albert, R. M., Amanda and Frank. Mr. Beck settled in Harbor Creek Township in 1878, and is living on a farm near Harbor Creek. HIRAM A. BELL, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in 1836 in this township, son of Levi and Amelia (Bel!) Bell; though of the same name they were not connected; former a native of New York State, latter of Pennsylvania. Parents of three children, two now living — Matilda, wife of Thomas, son of Walter Greenwood, and Hiram A. Our subject married, in 1863, Emeline McGill, by whom he had three children — Francis [McGill, Levi Audley and Wm. Augustus. Mr. Bell lives two miles south of the village, in the beautiful valley of Harbor Creek. His farm consists of 134 acres of well watered and improved land. DR. JOHN L. BENNETT, farmer and physician. P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in 1821 in Yates County, N. Y., son of Nicholas and Elizabeth (Hall) Bennett, the former a native of New York State, the latter from Connecticut. They were parents of ten chil- dren, five now living, viz., James, Lucians. Daniel, George and our subject. Nicholas Bennett was called out during the war of 1812, but was not in active service. He died in Chautauqua County, N. Y. His widow still lives near Chautauqua Lake with her son James. Our subject's grandfather Bennett drew a pension for services rendered in the war of the Revolution. Dr. Bennett came to this State from New" York State in 1841, took up a wild farm of 175 acres, and made all improvements himself, besides studying and prac- ticing medicine. He studied medicine under Dr. Chaffee, of Wattsburg, this county, and has mef with every success in his profession. During his practice, he has subdued some long-standing and obstinate chronic cases. He was married, March 17, 1856, to Eliza A. Filley, of Greene Township, this county. To this union were born three children, viz. : Ada C, wife of Frank Cox; William M., and Lulu M. The Doctor resides on a farm of seventy acres in Harbor Creek Township. He has also a farm in Greene Township, where his wife resides with their son William. MISS LOVISA BONNELL, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in this township in 1837, daughter of John and C3'nthea (Wadsworth) Bonnell, one of the early families of Harbor Creek Township, who came here when the coQntry was new. There were nine children in this family, viz. : Richard, married to Sarah J. Henry (had three children — Willis, Adel- bert, deceased, and Frank); Alfred; Sarah, wife of Z.Wilson (have 2 children, Nora and Ches- ter); Mrs. Caroline Thompson (has 5 children — Arthur, Casper, William. Addie and Cora); and Lovisa, the subject of this sketch. The other children died in infancy, their names being Adaline, Ann Eliza, Mary and John. Mr. Bonnell began life a poor man, but when he departed this life, in 1881, left his family in ver}' comfortable circumstances. Miss Bonnell is a worthy lady of sterling qualities, and is living with a brother on the farm left her by her fatlier. MOSES BOWEN, farmer, P. 6. Erie, was born November 10, 1822, son of John and Margaret (McClain) Bowen, who were the parents of ten children, of whom the following are now living; Thomas, in Dubuque, Iowa; Rachel, wife of R. Nesbit; Daniel, in Wash- ington Township; Joseph, at Strong's Prairie, Adams Co., Wis.; Mary, wife of Samuel Ensign, in Washington Township, and Moses, the subject of this sketch. He was united in marriage, Dec. 4, 1845, with Rebecca Vannatta. Ten children have been boi u to them, 6 82 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 7 now living — Margaret A. (died Jan. 4, 1883), wife of R. Dimlap, and the mother of 2 children (Hattie and Gertie); Catherine, wife of Thomas Dunlap (have 1 child, Rebecca); Clarissa C., wife of Geo. A. Smith (have 1 cliild, Harvey); Ida R., wife of Chas. A. Tupper, of Chicago; Moses E., also in Chicago; Chas. V., at home; M. Eveland, also at home; Henrietta, wife of Eli S. Adams, who is living in Pennsylvania, and has 5 children — Albert, Moses, Harle,y. George E.. Lena. Mr. Bowen's farm of 45 acres has a beautiful view of the lake on'whose shores it is located. Mr. Bowen possesses a family Bible which has been in the family over 100 years. For a number of years he has served as School Director in this township. P. D. BRYANT, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in Franklin Co. N Y., Nov. 5, 1813, son of Philip and Sophia (Shepard) Bryant, parents of 4 sons and 5 daughters— Caro- line, wife of Luther H. Droinnell, now deceased, leaving a large family scattered in the West; Sophia, wife of James Skinner, of Erie; Jennette, married to Sam'l Merrett, long since deceased (had 2 daughters, now living, and 1 son deceased); Clariuda, wife of Chas. Miller, of Erie City (have 3 children); Aruny S., in New York State; J. M., in Erie; Daniel B.; Philip D., our subject, and Sarah, wife of Henry Bennett, residing in Boone Co., 111. (has 3 sons and a daughter deceased). This family came here at an early date, our subject not coming to Erie until Apr. 23, 1835. There is preserved in the Bryant family a curious wooden barrel over 100 years old, used by one of their ancestors to bring his wine over the sea. The subject of this sketch was married, Nov. 5, 1839, to Sarah P., daughter of Luther and'Cloe (Manley) Searls, natives of Massachusetts and Vermont respectively. Three of the 7 children born to this union survive — R. S., wife of Peter R. Runser (had 2 children, James Bryant and Paulina Runser); F. H., married to Caro- line, daughter of Lyman and Eliza Kingsburry, and resides at Atchison, Kau.; Charles M., Pension Agent at Washington, D. C, married Amandy, daughter of Wm. and Dorcus. Camp; Janies B.,the oldest son, during the late war enlisted in the 83d P. V. I., under Col. McClain, and fell in the battle of Spottsylvauia, a sacrifice for his countr}^ Mr. Bryant is an intelligent old gentleman, residing on his father-in-law's homestead, near Harbor Creek. He has filled the various township offices, and has been Road Commissioner, Audi- tor, Collector, School Director, for a number of 3'ears was Judge of Elections, and is now Town Treasurer. ISAAC M. BUTT, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in this township, and is. a son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Guist) Butt. They were the parents of seven children — John A. (dying when young), Daniel E., Charles; Lovina, wife of Charles Busick, have two children — Oscar and Lizzie; and Isaac M., the subject of this sketch. He was united in marriage, January 13, 1880, with Alice, daughter of John Gorman. Tliree children have blessed this union, viz., Sadie, Mary and Earl M. Mr. Butt resides on his farm, com- prising fifty acres, on the Lake road. T. P. CARR, farmer, P. O. Moorheadville, was born in Lycoming Co., Penn., in the year 1821, son of Joseph and Susan (Paterson) Carr, the former of whom emigrated from England in 1811, the latter a native of Pennsj-lvania. They were parents of six children, two now living— Mary W. Carr and T. P. Carr, our subject. The latter was married, in 1855, to Adelia Scott, daughter of William Scott, Esq.. who has borne him seven chil- dren — Mary B., Joseph, Susie A., William G,, Grant U,, Thomas P. and Adelia C, all at home. Mr. Carr is a leading farmer of this township; has fine stock and improved agricult- ural implements. His farm is well-watered, aud is near the lake. JOHN L. CARTER, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born July 21. 1857, in Mill' Creek Township, son of John H. Carter, who came from Norwich, England, to Erie Co., about 1833 or 1834, and was the parent of six children — Mary, wife of Wm. Hardwick; Geo. W., Edward, Alfred M.; Luella, at home; and John L., the subject of this sketch. He was united in marriage, Nov. 15. 1881, with Jennie Rudd, and has one son — John H , born April 27, 1883. Mr. Carter is an enterprising young farmer, living on a farm owned by his father, located on the shore of Lake Erie, a half mile from Harbor Creek Village. EDWARD CASS, farmer, P. O. Six Mile Creek, now proprietor of the Harbor Creek Woolen and Carding Mills, located on Six Mile Creek, was born in 1826, son of John and Hannah (Pratt) Cass, natives of England, who emigrated to America, arriving at Erie City Sept. 6. 1842. There they remained for a year or two, while the woolen mills were building. In 1844, Mr. Cass entered into a partnership with John Thorton and Thos. Rhoads. Later he bought out their interests and ran the mills until his death, July 25, 1874, when the}^ were closed for two years. Edward, his son, then purchased them, and has since successfully carried on the business. This mill was considered one of the county's best improvements. In those early times the greater portion of the inliabitants depended on them for their yarns and clothing, though cash transactions were so rare that the first year all the money obtained by the company was but $1,500. Edward was united in marriage, in Beaver Co., Nov. 6, 1849, with Elizabeth, daughter of Ephraim Smith, also of English birth. Three children have blessed this union — Ephraim E., married to Carrie, daughter of John Neff (have one child — Edward J.); George, married to Lienella. daughter of S. S. Cole (have one daughter— Elizabeth), and Mary E. Mr. Cass is politically a Republican. HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 83 JAMES CHAIVIBERS. farmer and Justice of the Peace. P. O. Wesleyville, was born in Mill Creek Township, March 10, 1805, son of Ezeziel and Rebecca (Stewart) Chambers. They were natives of Chambershiiro;, Franklin County. Penn., which was named after an •ince«tor They had twelve children, six livintr— Benjamin J.. Stewart: Ann. widow of Mr Horton- Lvdia R., wife of J. Backus: Maria J., wife of Mr. Walker, and James. Mr. and Mrs Chambers came to Erie Co. in the fall of 1804, and were amone: its earliest set- tlers They lived in Mill Creek Township until arrangements were completed for moving to the farm now occupied by James. Mr. Chambers and a brother obtained 400 acres from the Population Company. Our subject married Adelia, daughter of Thomas George. Five children blessed this union, three living— James H., a merchant of Wesleyville. mar- ried to Miss Brawley: R. O., in the Custom House at Erie, and married to Clara M. Fun- son of Syracuse, N. Y. (have two children— Warren H. and Adelia G.), and Mrs. James C Russel, a widow. Mr. Chambers is a well to-do citizen, living on the old homestead near Wesleyville. He has been one of the county's leading citizens, and has filled nearly every office in Erie Co. and Harbor Creek Township. He is now Justice of the Peace, which position "he has occupied for forty years, and is the oldest Justice in the county, obtaining his commission from the State. _ HARRISON CHAMBERS, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born January; 21. 1840. in Harbor Creek Township, son of Samuel and Harriet (Wadsworth) Chambers, the former a native of Harbor Creek, Erie Co.. Penn., the latter of New York State. They were amono- the early settlers of this township, and were the parents of seven children— Milton, married to Irene Backus (have one daughter— Jennie); Grace, wife of Ben. Ribler: Seneca (he contracted a disease whilst in the army, during the late war, and his father went to bring him home but they both died of the same disease within a short time of each other. Seneca in 1862); Emmons, married to Fianah Gordon (have two daughters— Maud and Gertrude); Mrs. Lusina Webster (has one son— Herbert); and Harrison, the subject of this sketch. He was united in marriage in 1882 with Arabella, daughter of Marshall Bonnell. This union has been crowned by the birth of a dauehter, Hattie, named after her grandmother. Mr. Chambers fell from an apple tree in 1873, breaking both arms, which laid him up for some months. He is a good farmer, residing on the old homestead farm, which is in a good location on the Buffalo road. Harbor Creek Township. His mother lives with him. P. B. CHAPIN, farmer and builder, P. O. Wesleyville. was born in Ontario Co., N. Y.. Dec 31, 1811. His parents were natives of Mass. and Conn, respectively; they moved to Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1815 ; thence to Venantro Township, Erie Co., in 1827 ; they had a family of twelve, five now living— Pliney, residing on the old homestead, near Wattsburg; Orilla, wife of J. Williams, and has four children: Hannah, wife of Wm. M. Howard, residing in Warren Co.. Penn., and P. B., the subject of this sketch. He was united in marriage on Sept. 5, 1839, with Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Harper ; the fruit of this union are two children— R. P., married to Martha Marsh (no children), is raising fruit trees in Reno, Nevada ; Lovina E., wife of S. M. Brainerd, an attorney at law. residing in Erie City (they have three children— Samuel B., went to Congress in 1883, Carlton M.. and Annie Lovina). Mr. Chapin is an old settler and a good citizen of this township. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. DAVID CLARK (deceased) was born in 1804, in Harbor Creek Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of Henry and Sally (Clark) Clark (of the same name, but not related), who were natives of Shetfleld and the parents of 8 children. 2 now living — Joel and Chauncy. both in Erie. David Clark, our subject, was united in marriage. March 14, 1833, with Catherine, daughter of Christian and Margaret Baker, by whom he had 6 children, 4 living— Mary Jane, wife of Geo. Stirk (have 2 children— Katy and Bell); Emeline, wife of Rev. L. L. Hager. residintr at Clymer, N. Y. (have 4 children— Lewis B., Clark D., Pearl M. and Ackles) : Eugene F.. thirtvseven years old, married to a daugh- ter of Joseph Ineraham (have 1 child— Josephine) : Maurice D., married to Ida, daughter of Nelson Bowen (have 2 children— Wm. S. and Jesse R.); Josephine, wife of Samuel Fitch, by whom she had 3 children, T. E., Arthur afid Minnie (she departed this life Dec. 19, 1874) ; Margaret Ann, died in infancy. Mr. Clark, who died Jan. 17, 1884. was 3re of the oldest citizens in this township. He had lived here since the country wns a wilder- ness, and he used to say he often heard the wolves howl, and that his grandmother drove an ox team, and helped pick a road in the new country. He was owner of a farai of 50 acres on Clark street, on which there is a sprinc remarkable for its petrifying qualifies. He was a member of the M. U. B. Church, of which his widow is also an adherent. REV. JOHN W. CLARK, minister of the U. B. Church, P. O. Six Mile Creek, was born June 12, 1806, son of Solomon and Susan Clark, natives of Connecticut, who settled in Erie Co., Penn.. 63 years ago. They are parents of 11 children, 3 now living- Henry Clark, 83 years old; John AV.,"78 years old; Lovisa Smith. 70 years old. Our subject was married, on the first occasion, 57 years ago, to Mariah Wheeler (deceased), who had 1 child— Anna M., now Mrs. Harper. "Mr. Clark married, on the .second occasion, Adah Blakesley, who died 17 years after. She was the mother of several children. 6 of whom are now living— Lucius ; Vernon, who was badly burned in a railway car : Edward, who was a broker in Toledo ; Esther and Clara, now residing in Illinoi.s, and J. W., Jr., 84 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: who lives in Toledo, Ohio. Rev. J. W. Clark was married to his third wife June 11, 1845. She was a Miss Dorcas Clark (same name, but not related), a native of ihe State of New York, and whose father came to Erie Co. at an early daj'. To this union were l)oru 9 children, now living, viz., Adah. Velonia, Whittield, Alice, Willis, Dora, Susie, Morvin and Lizzie. Rev. John W. Clark has been an itinerant minister for over 30 years, and is still able to hold protracted mei'tings, preaching every night in the week, and 3 times on the Sabbath. He has been connected with the U. B. Conference 29 years, and has never failed, in all that time, to answer his name when called. ALBERT CLARK, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born on September 7, 1834, in Har- bor Creek Township, Erie County, son of James and Sophia (Wagner) Clark, natives of Massachusetts and New York State respectively, the former of whom was born in 1797. Grandfather Timothy Clark's family (excepting Mary) came to Erie Co. in 1818. The children were Timothy, James, Harriet, Mary and Eliza. James, father of our subject, settled in Harbor Creek Township when there was but little clearing done. With his own hand he chopped and cleared over 100 acres of laud. He was a member of the M. E. Church; died in 1866. The mother of our subject, Sophia (Wagner) Clark, was l)orn in 1804, and came to Erie Co. in 1829. She was a member of the Baptist Church; died in 1859, They were married in 1832. Their children are Albert, Joanna S. and Louisa M. Joanna S. was born in 1837, died in 1857; Louisa M. was born in 1840, married in 1864 to Madi- son Brecht (have two children — Anna and Frank); Albert, our subject, was born in 1834; was united in marriage, Nov., 1861, with Emeline. daughter of John Gitting. Two chil- dren blessed this union — John, dying when a j'ear old, and an infant, also deceased. Mr. Clark is one of Harbor Creek's best citizens, and has served as School Director and is now Treasurer of the Board of Education. He is- a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. Clark has in his possession books and deeds belonging to his family that are over 100 years old. W. HENRY COLE, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, is a son of Gideon and Polly (Deyo) Cole, natives of York State, who settled in Harbor Creek in 1836; he died in Illinois. His widow resides in Iowa. Of their 8 children, 6 survive — Sarah, wife of Tliomas Backus; Ann Eliza, wife of John Deyo; Margaret, wife of L. Burrows; Jane, in Iowa; James, in Illinois; and W. H., our subject, married, Jan. 1, 1845, Almera, daughter of Ben- jamin Throop, a' native of Connecticut. He and his wife came from New York to North East, Penn. ; thence to Harbor Creek in 1825, one of the first families that settled on the Lake road. They had 11 children, the following now living: Mary, wife of N. Bishop; Ezra, married to Miss Peck, and residing at Union; Benjamin, married to Try- phena Curtis, lives in Mill Village; Calvin, married to Ella Eaton, is a resident of Wash- ington Territory; Nancy, now Mrs. Lee, who lives in Le Boeuf Township, Penn.; and Dan, married Huldah Martin, is a resident of Geneva, Ohio. Mr. Throop ran the first saw mill on the Lake road, and died aged ninety j'ears. Mr. and Mrs. Cole have the following children: Nancy, wife of B. Scoot, of Columbia, Wis.; Mary, wife of L. Pond, a railroad engineer, living at Ashtabula, Ohio; Lalia, wife of D. Cook, also a resident of Ashtabula; besides Alice, Rose, Sarah, Julia and Frank, all single. Mr. Cole owns a farm of 125 acres, most of which is tillable laud, 2 miles from Harbor Creek. He has served his township as Road Commissioner for 6 years. W. H. COOPER, miller, Wesleyville, w^as born in Venango Co., Penn., Feb. 16, 1824, son of William and Susan (Hope) Cooper, of Crawford Co., Penn., who were married in 1819, and came to this county in 1836. The father of the former was a Captain in the Rev- olutionary war. He moved to Venango Co. in 1806, and there died. William, Sr., served in the war of 1812. He was the parent of ten children, five now living — Mary (wife of George A. Brown), James, Albert (in Warren Co.), Jack T. and William H. Our subject married, in 1857, Mary Jane Lemmon, of Crawfoi'd Co., who died, leaving three children — Decatur, Hattie J. (wife of J. Demerley, have one child — Kittle) and Elizabeth S. Mr. Cooper has followed milling in this county for the last 40 years, operating the old Em- pire Mill at Wesleyville, established in 1851, and burned August 3, 1883. He and his son are rebuilding it, and it will be known hereafter as the Cooper Rolling Mill. It is Harbor Creek's best industry, and is located on Four Mile Creek, with a capacity of seventy-five barrels per day. Our subject is a leading citizen; has filled various township offices. He was Collector in 1851, and is now serving his fourth year as Road Commissioner. He is a member of the Equitable Aid Society, No. 485. E. ROBERT COWDEN\ farmer.P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in New York State, Sept. 39, 1840, son of Ella and Polly L. (Green) Cowden, who were married in New York State, October 20, 1824, and came to Pennsylvania in 1846, settling in Harbor Creek, Erie Co., in 1847. Of their family of 6 children, 4 are living — Polly, now Mrs. Worden, resid- ing in La Porte Co.. Ind. ; Levonia, wife of Charles Miller, in' this township; William L., of Hanna, La Porte Co., Ind.; and E. Robert, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Cowden died, leaving a widow, who still survives. She resides on a high piece of land near her sous, and is in comfortable circumstances. Our subject was married, April 8, 1866, to Mary C, daughter of Ebenezer and Cornelia (Prindle) Woodward, and has a famil}* of five children —Earl G., Kirk E., Belle C, Robert P. and Ethel Berta. Mr. Cowden resides on his father-in-law's old homestead, 2 miles from Harbor Creek. He is also engaged in run- HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 85 ning a large mill at Hanna, La Porte Co., Ind. He is serving as School Director, and is a prominent man of this township. JOSEPH CURTIS, farmer, P. O. Moorheadville, was born April 19, 1815, in North East Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of Ahner and Martha (Young) Curtis, natives of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania respectively. Abner Curtis was a carpenter by trade, and one of tlie early pioneers of this county, coming to Harbor Creek in 1809, and building the first frame cabin in the township. He was twice married, and had 5 children by his first wife, all deceased, and 8 by his second union, 4 now living — Tryphenia. wife of B. Throop, have 3 children; Caroline, wife of John Hardy, have 3 children; Martha, wife of Wm. Lyons, have 2 children; and Joseph Curtis, our subject. He was married April 28, 1838. to Esther, daughter of James and Rachel (Moun) Merrill. Her par- ents came to Erie in 1828, and had a numerous progeny, viz., Esther, Newel, Rebecca, Anna, James, Elizabeth, Sarah, John, Susan and Netlie. To .Mr. and Mrs. Curtis have been born a family of 8— Caroline M., deceased; Rose, wife of Chas. Crippin (she was a widow with 2 children— Jesse and Jo-seph Lee); Joseph F., married to Leonora, daughter of Horatio Ames, and the mother of 4 children — Horatio, Clayton, Maud and EfHe; V'iola,, wife of Wm. Davidson, died leaving 3 children— Arthur, Cassius and Bessie; James, de- ceased; Lida, wife of John Mattson. have 2 children— Gale and Glenn; Ada, wife of E. King; Wm. S., at home Mr. Curtis is farming on the BufEalo road, and with his son en- gages in carpentering. DAVID DAVIES, shoe-maker, Wesleyville, is a native of North Wales, and is the only one of the 6 children of David Davies, who came to America. He landed in New York in Oct., 1847, thence came to Erie County, being on the great canal 11 days. He carried on his trade (shoe-making) in Erie City for a time, but subsequently sold out and bought some land, on which he has lived many years. He was twice married; his first wife was Sarah Ann Legge, who came from Wa"les with him. She departed this life Feb. 14, 1869, leaving 2 children— Jane and Emily, the latter of whom is the widow of Sam- uel Allen, by whom she had 1 son (Edward), and a daughter (Maud). His second mar- riage was with Mary M. Gates, a native of New York State. There has been no issue to this union. Mr. Davies is a fine old gentleman, and previous to the late war, in which he served 3 years and 7 months, was a stout, hearty man; whilst in the army, however, he* contracted a disease. He has acted as School Director and Road Master in this township. He is a member of the M. E. Church. STEPHEN DAVIS, farmer, P. O. Six-Mile Creek, was born in South Wales. He is a son of Henry and Martha (George) Davis, who were the parents of 7 children; only 2 are now living; 3 died in infancy. They came to America, and in 1839 settled in Erie Co.; re- sided there until their death; the latter died in 1867. Of the other 2 children, Henry G. died at the age of thirty years, in 1878, leaving one little boy— George A.; andTryphena (Davis) Parker died at the age of tw-enty-eight years, in 1879. The father died in 1881. He was an Elder in the Presbyterian Church in Greene Township. He left his son the farm on which the latter now resides. Our subject was married to Sarah A. Davison, of Venango Co., who has borne him 4 children, viz., Arthur W., Mary E., Fanny M. and Bertha B. WM. W. DAVISON, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in Mill Creek Township, Erie Co., Penn., Aug. 10, 1815. son of Arthur and Elizabeth (Wilson) Davison, natives of Pennsylvania. Of the 11 children born to this union, only Wm. W. survives. Arthur Davison w^as a resolute man; he captured the Yankee who had committed robberies in all the surrounding States. He was one of the early settlers in this county, and related to Col. Wilson, of historic note. Our subject was married, June 29, 1841', to Miss Nancy Shadduck, of Erie, who bore him 7 children. 5 now living— Wm. R., Chas. T., Corning A., Floyd and Elizabeth. Mr. Davison is one of our leading farmers, and owns several farms in this township; has everything in good style, and is engaged in buying and selling the best grades of stock. He is a stanch Democrat. JESSE EBERSOLE, retired farmer. Harbor Creek, was born in Mill Creek Creek Town- ship, Oct. 3, 1817, son of Joseph and Catherine (Wagner) Ebersole, natives of Pennsyl- vania and Virginia respectively. They were parents of four children— Betsey, who died at home in 1848; Mary, living on the homestead, wife of S. H. Brindle (had four children, two living, viz., Delia, wife of Dr. A. Wood, of Erie, is a doctress, and John), Samuel E., another son, died in Girard Township, leaving three children— Catharine, Jessie and Clar- ence); Joseph J. deceased in Sept., 1831, and Jesse, our subject. Christian Ebersole, Joseph's father, was a pioneer of Erie Co., coming from Lancaster Co., in 1801, with his wife and 8 children. He first rented land of Squire Rees and subsequently bought a farm in Mill Creek Township, three miles east of Erie. The present house is located near the site of his old cabin, and the farm is now owned by his grandson, Jesse. He brought a pear seed from Lancaster Co., which he planted in 1801, on the farm now owned by our subject. This seed became a tree, which was grafted seven years later, and since it commenced to bear fruit has never failed. The old tree has been known to vield 60 l)ushels in one sea- son; in 1872. it bore 28 bushels, in 1873, 26 bushels. Christian Ebersole died in his eight- ieth year, and his son, Joseph (father of our subject), died in his ninetieth year. Jesse 86 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Ebersole was married, Feb. 27, 1849, to Barbara, daughter of John Bargin, an old citizen. No children have been born to this union. Our subject has acted as Asses.sor and Assistant Assessor for several years, also County Auditor and Road Commissioner, and is at present tilling llie office of Township Auditor. He is an Elder in the Presbyterian Church and look a prominent part in the building of the new church edifice. He is a man of much influence and strict business habits, a pleasant, (|uiet citizen, who holds a substantial pref- erence in the community. MRS. ELIZABETH EBERSOLE, P. O. Harbor Creek, wa^ born in this township Sept. 14, IN.^O. She is a daughter of Frederick and Anna Mary (Kuhl) Ohlwiler, natives of Pennsylvania. They came to Erie Co. in 1827, and settled on the farm where Mrs. (Ohl- wiler now resides; she was the mother of 13 children, 10 surviving — Elizabeth, Jacob, Henry, Mary A., Isaac, John Q., Elias H., David, Frederick P. and Chas. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage, Mch. 11, 1858, with Joseph J., son of Joseph and Cath- erine Ebersole. No children were born to this union. Mr. Ebersole was an influential farmer and highly respected citizen of Harbor Creek. He was a member of the M. E. Church, Class Leader and Sabbath School Superintendent for about fifteen years, and served his township as School Director a number of years. He departed this life Sept. 80, 1881, leavino- his widow in comfortable circumstances. She now resides on the farm near Moorheadville. W. P. EDWARDS, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born Oct. 37, 1842, at No. 27 Or- chard street. New York City. He is a son of W. P., Sr., and Elizabeth (Charlock) Edwards, the former of whom was born in Connecticut Aug. 13, 1810, came to Erie Co. in 1857, and settled in Harbor Creek. There were 2 sons and 3 daughters in this family — Hannah M. ; John C, who was a gunner on the tlag ship Moo.se, died in Smitliland, Kj^, and is buried m the soldiers' cemetery in Indianapolis; Alice E., deceased in infancy, and Wni. P., the subject of this sketch. Mr. Edwards, Sr., departed this life Mch. 33", 1877. His widow died Oct. 35, 1888, at North East. W. P., Jr., was married, Mch. 37, 1S73, to Ellen R., daughter of Adna and Elizabeth (Hinkley) Steele, natives of Tolland, Conn., and the parents of 3 daughters and 4 sons. Mr. Steele was born Nov. 5, 1818; came to this county in 1888, and settled on a farm 8 miles southwest of Harbor Creek, wliere our subject now 4'esides. There is an old heirloom in this family, an ancient Bible printed in old t5'pe, containing the family record of the Edwards family, now one hundred and twelve j^ears old. Mr. Edwards, though comparatively a young man, is one of the leading men of this township, in which he has served as Assessor, Judge of the Election, and is now County Auditor. He is a member of tlie Masonic order and K. of H. In politics, a Repul)lican. TH031AS ELLIOTT (deceased) was born in 1817. in Harbor Creek Township, Erie e >., Penn., and was one of a family of 9 children. His father, who was a native of Ireland, ci.me to this county in 1797, and settled in Harbor Creek Township. The subject of this ske ch was united in marriage in 1843, with Maria C, a daughter of Ira and Grace (Doug- lass) Torray; 8 children blessed this union, viz., Jennett, Avife of Wm. Gray, resides at Boston; Andrew, married to Abbie D., daughter of the Rev. G. W. Cleveland, of Harbor Creek (have two children— Ralph W. and Carroll C, in St. Paul, Minn.); Mary M., at home; Chas. M., died in 1879; Henry T., married to Sina Bristol (have one daughter, Grace); Thomas, Jr., who is in charge of the Nickel Plate Railroad Depot in this township; George M., at home; Grant, dying Jan. 38, 1870. Thomas Elliott, Sr., w^as a thriving farmer and a good citizen; he departed this life Nov. 9, 1864. His widow, a kind mother, still resides on the old homestead farm, which comprises 175 acres of ground pleasantly located on the Lake Shore and Nickel Plate Railroads. JAMES FIB MAN, farmer, P. O. Wesley ville. was born in Canada March 4, 1834, and was the youngest in the family consisting of Robert, Rei)ecca, Jane and himself. He came, when quite young, with his parents to the United States, locating at Erie. He was united in marriage March 10, 1859, with Mary M., daughter of Walter and Letitia Glenn, natives of Ireland. Seven children have been given them— Ida S. L., James L., Mary A., Anna M., Rebecca J., Henry W. and Robert J. Mr. Firman is now engaged in farniing, having moved from Eric to liis present place near Harbor Creek, which consists of 150 acres of land, located in a fertile part of this township. He is a thrifty farmer. JOHN GITTUSTG, P. O. Wesley ville, was born in Berks County, Penn., in 1810, son of John and Elizabeth (Myers) Gifting, who reared a large family, viz. : Catherine (wife of A. Wenn, residing in Luzerne County), Henry (deceased, lived in Crawford County, Ind.), Mary (wife of J. Andrews, in Luzerne County), Mrs. Elizabeth Bollard (deceased), Henry, Anna (wife of G. Avery, of Waterford), Polly (wife of D. Kuhl, in Fairview Township), Peggy (a resident of Hillsdale, Mich.), Powell (married to Polly, daughter of Thomas Miller, Mill Cfeek, Erie Co., Penn.), Timothy (who was living in Michigan at the breakiag-out of the war, enlisted, and died in the army), Sarah (wife of H. Moimey, a res- iderit near Girard), and John (our subject). He was married, in 1833, to Susanah, daughter of Yost and Elizabeth (Orth) Kuhl. Following children have been born to this union — Caro- line (wife of J. Neff, has seven children), Emeline (wife of A. Clark) and Josiah J. (who was born August 18, 1837, and married, in 1807, to Jennie Roland, and lives on the farm with bis father, which is three and a half miles from Harbor Creek, and is well-watered and im- proved). They are thrifty farmers. HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 87 LEVI GORDON, retired farmer and blacksmith, Wesleyville, was born February 28, 1813, son of Solomon and Catherine (Swartzlenner) Gordon, natives of Scotland and Germany respectively, and the parents of six children — Peggie, wife of H. Wear, residing in Mahoning County, Ohio; Jesse, deceased, his widow lives near Meadville, Penn.; Will- iam, a resident of Austin Town, Ohio; Catherine, a widow ; Samuel, resides in Craw- ford County, Penn.; Levi, the subject of this sketch; and Solomon, who died in Maryland in 1881. Levi was united in marriage, August, 1838, in Mill Creek Township, with Cath- arine, daughter of John Zook, both natives of Pennsylvania. A family of three children has blessed the union of Mr. and Mrs. Levi Gordon — John S., married to Martha, daughter of David Chambers; Lucinda, wife of Joseph McDaniel, resides near Erie ; and lian- na, wife of Emmons Chambers, a son of Samuel Chambers, who resides at Moorheadville. Mr. Gordon has two farms, which are conducted by his son, and lives at Wesleyville. JOHN W. HARDY, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born June 15, 1815, in Middle- sex County, Mass., son of John and Mary (Clark) Hardy, who were the parents of 8 chil- dren. Their names are as follows: Sarah, wife of Henry Keck; Mary, deceased wife of Jonas Clark; Nancy, widow of Guy Loomis; P. F., a resident of Erie; Albert A., in Valparaiso, South America; John ^Y., Parker F., also Clark. The subject of this sketch was married, November 11, 1845, to C. M., daughter of Abner and Martha Curtis. Three children liave blessed this union — Roan C. (wife of William Kendle, has four children, Carrie, Albert, Melvin and John), Mark W. (married a Miss Tibbins, has two children, Charley and Blanche) George A. (married to Agues Finn, has one child, Nettie). Mr. Hardy owns flfty-six acres of land, and lives on his father's old homestead, and is a well- to-do farmer. ADAM HARMAN, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in Mill Creek Township, Erie Co., Penn., in 1854, son of Christian and Agnes (Dick) Harman, who were parents of a family of eight, viz., Peter, married to Josephine Jones, have four children— Charles, Richard, Frank and Carrie; Charles, married to Barbara Jones, have five children — Agnes, Jacob, Joseph, George and Rosa; Christina, wife of B. Hines, have five children — Benja- min, Rosa, George, Jacob and Toney; George, married to Maggie Diece, have two chil- dren — Annie and Michael; Eve, deceased, was Mrs. MofEatt, had one daughter, now living — Ella; Carrie, wife of C. Flatt, had three children, only one — Ella — surviving; Chrisanda, at home; and Adam, the subject of our sketch. He was united in marriage in 1878 with Julia Mutch, which union has resulted in three children — Clara J. (died young), Elbert and Carrie. Mr. Harman owns a good farm near Harbor Creek. WILLIAM HENRY, son of Robert and Sarah Henry, and grandson of Robert M. Henry, was born on the banks of the river Bann, near Coleraine, county of Londonderry, Ireland, June 16, 1773. He had 5 brothers and 1 sister, whose name was Mary. The brothers were named respectively, Joseph, James, John, Robert and Jacob. Owing to the death of his father, the care of tlie family fell on William in early manhood. In 1799 or 1800, he came to America with his widowed mother and her children, and settled in the unbroken wilderness. Their first location was in East Mill Creek, on Tract No. 340, now owned by John Burton. After a few years, William sold this place and purchased a farm on reserve Tract No. 69, near the old Elliott farm and Cochran's (now Dinsmore's) Mills, and near the present southern limits of the city of Erie. In 1810, he sold this land, and purchased 300 acres in West Mill Creek, part of which has been known for many years as the Thomas H. Mohr farm. February 9, 1814, William Henry married a Miss Rebecca Humphrey, who died April 23, 1843, aged fifty-one years. In 1827, his mother died and was buried by the side of her daughter Mary, on the bank of Walnut Creek, on the farm of her fourth son, Robert Henry. Henry Halderman now owns the farm, and the graves remain undisturbed. In 1828, William sold the farm in West Mill Creek, and purchased 200 acres near Wesleyville, in Harbor Creek Township. In 1829, he moved onto tliis farm, and remained there until the date of his death, which occurred Sept. 27, 1846. William and Rebecca Henry were the parents of 7 children, 4 sons and 3 daughters, all of whom are now dead except Rebecca Jane, the youngest daughter, who married Phineas D. Flower, M. D., Dec. 8, 1853; for many years he has been a success- ful physician of Albion, Erie Co., Penn. Jane is the mother of 1 child, a daughter, named Macie, and one son. The names, ages and date of death of William Henry's children are as follows- Thomas, died March 4, 1842, aged eighteen years; Sarah, married Stephen Stuntz, and died in Fairview, Erie Co., Penn., Dec. 26, 1841; John, died March 25, 1841, aged twenty-three years; Mary, died July 17, 1842, aged eighteen years; William G. Henry, died Aug. 11, 1847; William Henry, died Sept. 27, 1846, aged sixty-three years, and was buried by the side of his wife and 5 children in the old burjing-ground in Weslej''- ville. ROBERT H. HENRY, the subject of this sketch, was born in West Mill Creek in 1816, and died in Erie, Penn., May 3, 1879. In early life, he acquired a good busi- ness education. He taught school for several years in the State of Kentucky, and ^afterward in his native county. Dec. 7, 1848, he was united in marriage with Miss Fanny, 'daughter of Thomas and Sibby Sterritt, of McKean, Erie Co., Penn. By this union 2 children, a son and daughter, were born. Clarence H. Henry, the son, was born Oct. 19, 88 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1849; and Anna, the dauditer, was born Dec. 30, 1854. After his marriagtj, Mr. Hemy lived on the old homestead for a number of years, and ranked among the most intelligent and successful farmers in the county. He was one of the incorporators of the Harbor Creek Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and served as Secretary and Treasurer of the company continuously until a few months previous to his death. In 1855, he re- moved to Erie, and engaged extensively in the boot and shoe business for several years. He afterward engaged in the oil refining business, and later in the lime and cement busi ness. At the time of his death, Mr. Hemy owned a large interest in the Erie Lime & Ce- ment Company, He was also at one time a member of the firm of Sheppard, Henry &Co., who owned aline of the finest and largest steam and sail vessels on the lakes. Mr. Henry and wife were members of the First Presbyterian Church in Erie for many years. He commenced life in humble circumstances, and was the architect of his own fortune. By industry and economy, he accumulated an ample estate. He was a man of the strictest integrity, and his urbane manners and genial disposition won him a lar^e circle of friends. Clarence H. Henr}^ was born in Harbor Creek, and educated in the Erie High School and the Erie Academy. Having acquired a good business education, he began business with his father in the Lime & Cement Company in 1873. He was also engaged as a clerk in office of the Erie Count}^ Mutual Insurance Company, of which his father was Secretary. He owns the old homestead in Harbor Creek, one of the largest and finest farms in the county. Like his father, he has always been identified with the Republican partj". In 187;-!, Anna married John Little, and lives in the old city home on West Tenth street, Erie. FRANK HENRY, for man}- years keeper of Presque Isle Beacon Range Light Station on the Channel Piers, at entrance of Erie Harbor. P. O. Wesleyville, was born in Harbor Creek Township, Feb. 15, 1838, son of Robert and Susan (Hess) Henry, who were married in 1837. The former, of Scotch descent, wasbornin Colerain. County Londonderry, Ireland; came to America in 1798 or 1799, and lived continuously in Erie County until his death, which oc- curred Feb., 1847, in Harbor Creek, where his widow, who is a native of Lancaster Co., Penn.. still resides. She is a Government pensioner, her husband having served in the war of 1812. Three children blessed this union, viz.: Mary, wife of 3Iandaville Wager, who have 3 children (Clara. Charles and Cora) and reside at Belle Valley; Frank, our subject; and Jane, wife of Richard Miller Bounell, residing on the old Bonnell homestead on Gospel Hill, and have 2 children living — Willis M. and Frank Henry. Bertie is deceased. Our subject has been twice married, first in Oct., 1859, to Martha R. Long, of West Mill Creek, who bore him one son — Gerrett Smith, living with his graudmothen he is married and has a son, Robert, making the fourth generation who have lived on the old homestead since its purchase in 1835. His second marriage, Nov. 20, 1867,. was with El- vira, daughter of Rev. George Frazier, of Girard, Trumbull Co., Ohio. They have 8 children, all living — Paul and Edith (twins), John Brown, Mary, Melvin and Mabel (twins) and Robert and Nellie (also twins). Mr. Henrj'-'s family home is in Wesleyville. He was a radical Abolitionist, and an active worker in the "Underground Railroad." Some of his U. G. R. R. sketches have been published from time to time in the county papers, and he has data enough on hand to fill a large volume. In 1859, he made arrangements to go with two others, A. May and A. Rolson, of Harbor Creek, and join John Brown in the invasion of Virginia. They were prevented from taking part in this famous raid by Capt. Brown striking at Harper's Ferry five days earlier than the time first agreed upon, other- wise their lives would have been sacrificed with Brown's little company on that eventful occasion. W. H. HYKE, superintendent of the McCarter Stock Farm. P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in Canada in 1852, son of Cornelius and Elizabeth (Valier) Hyke, who had the fol- lowing children: W. H. (our subject), Jerrad and Charles. Our subject received his early education in Canada, from whence his parents migrated to Erie Co., in 1865, settling in Erie City. He was united in marriage in April, 1879, with Anna Koehler, whose parents were natives of Holland and Lancaster Co., Penn. This union has been bles.sed with 3 daughters — Cora, Mabel and Agnes. Mr. Hyke is managing the McCarter Stock Farm, noted for its long ranges of finely-appointed stables, the most complete in the country, and its fine breed of horses. JAMES KILPATRICK, Jr., farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born Sept. 3, 1823, son of James and Mary (McElheron) Kilpatrick, natives of the North of Ireland, who came to America in 1819, locating on the Wallace farm in Mill C-reek Township; thence came to Harbor Creek, where heentered and cleared a farm on the Lake road, near Wesleyville, where he lived many years. Children — Mary, Sarah, Jane and James, Jr. Mr. Kilpatrick was a farmer, and a member of the Presbyterian Church at Erie. He departed this life in 1838, his widow following him in 1863. James, the subject of this sketch, is a single man. He has bought the Flowers estate, on which he has built a substantial residence, and where he and his two sisters reside. EDWARD S. KOCHER, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, is a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Shaner) Kocher, natives of Germany, who came to America in 1830, and settled in Jack- son Township, Butler Co., Penn., Avhere our subject was born June 3, 1858. There were 5 children born to Henrj^ and Elizabeth (Shaner) Kocher, of whom our .subject was the HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 89 eldest. His mother dyinsr, his fatlier remarried, and had 4 children more; he is still a resident of Butler Co. Edward S., our subject, was united in marriage, Apr. 11, 1882, with Ellen, daughter of Hiram Picket, who bore him 1 child — Alice. Mr. Kocher en gaged in teaching many years. He then learned practical surveying, which he has followed for the last 3 years. He intends to continue in this business either in this township or in any place where his services are needed. He resides on a pleasantly-located farm of 50 acres, about 2 miles from Harbor Creek, which was formerly the property of Wm. Althop. CALVIN LEETE. farmer, P. O. Moorheadville. was born in 1819 on the spot where his present farm now is, son of Simeon and Hannah (Neely) Leete, natives of Guilford, Conn., and Herkimer Co., N. Y., respectively. Simeon Leete came to this county in the fall of 1812, and bought the farm now owned by his son, which borders on tlie lake. From this point could have l)een seen during the war of 1812-15, the British ships watching the building of Perry's fleet in the harbor of Erie, hoping to destroy it in its pissage out to the lake; the channel was so shallow that the British commander anticipated Perry would find much difficulty in getting his fleet through. Mr. Leete brought with him to this farm the apple seeds from which sprang a splendid orchard, the first grafted orchard in the county. Of his children, 5 are still living— Am^anda, wife of Jos. McCord; Alfred N., married to Harriet S. Hampson; Calvin, our subject; Susan; and Matilda, wife of James R. Moorhead; Ann, deceased, was married to P. Elliott. Mr. Simeon Leete de- parted this life aged seventy-five years. Calvin Leete married, in 1844, Eleanor Elliott, by whom he has had 5 children— Clara M. (wife of J. C. Moorhead), Georgiana E. (wife of T. S. Wagner), Calvin E., Lizzie S. and J. Neel3^ Mrs. Leete died in 1867, and our sub- ject afterward married Emily, daughter of Thomas Moorhead. One child, Rebecca M., has blessed this union. Mr. Leete is one of the leading farmers in his township and coun- ty, growing choice farm seeds and breeding Jersey cattle and Shropshire Down sheep. He has a vineyard of choice fruit, also ponds supplied with German carp. He has served his township as School Director and in various other offices. NATHANIEL D. LOWERY, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born May 17, 1799, in Erie Co., Penn., son of Wm. and Elizabeth (Dickey) Lowery, natives of Ireland and Penn- sylvania respectively. They were the parents of 6 sons and 2 daughters, N. D. the only one living. Wm. Lowery was one of the pioneers of this county, coming in 1794. He located near North East, and was one of the sufferers of the Population Company, who caused so much litigation among the early settlers. He died in Westfield Township, Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y. Our subject married, in 1836, Sally Slover. All the children born to this union are deceased. Mr. Lowery is now in his eighty-fifth year, and is the oldest citizen in this township. His wife died when seventy-five years old. He is a good neighbor, and has been an influential citizen in his day, serving for 15 years as Magistrate, and as School Director and Inspector in New York State. WILLIAM McGILL, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in Chester Co., Penn., in 1822, son of Audleyand Hannah (Eachus) McGill, also natives of Pennsjdvania, and the parents of 11 children, 7 now living — Audley; Malcoml); Owen; Thomas; Emeline, wife of A. Bell; Thurz3% and Wm., our subject. He was married in Jan., 1871, to Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew and Ruth (Cole) Camp. Thej^ have no children living near Harbor Creek. Mr. McGill owns 120 acres of land near Harbor Creek, finely located and well watered. He is one of the best citizens here; has served several terms as Township Audi- tor; is now acting as Road Commissioner. W. W. MARKS, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in New York State May 24, 1827, son of Richard and Anna (Bristol) Marks, natives of the same State. They were the parents of 11 children, 4 now liviug^L. D., A. J., Lucretia and W. W. The last mentioned, subject of this sketch, was united in marriage, Jan. 1, 1852, with Mercy E., daughter of Uriah and Betsy (King) Root, also natives of the State of New York. Three children have blessed this union — Francis Wilbur, married to Jennie, daughter of Jerry Stelle (have 3 children); Louisa, wife of W. L. Cowden(have 2 children), and Wm. W., Jr. Mr Marks lives on a good farm of well-improved land, consisting of 85 acres, half a mile from Harbor Creek. He is a member of the Patrons of Husbandry. J. D. MEAD, farmer, P. O., Wesleyville was born in Warren Co., Penn., Oct. 14, 1832, son of David and Elizabeth (Bunnell) Mead, who were the parents of 3 children — Willis, living in Howard Co., Iowa (has 6 children, James E., Wm. W., Jehu E., Chas. A., Alice L. and Jane); J. D., the subject of this sketch, was united in marriage in 1854, with Eliza, daughter of Peter Kuhl. and a native of York Co., Penn. The result of this mar- riage has been 7 children. 5 surviving — Willis, Lewis, Rose, David and Daisy J. The paternal grandfather of our subject was an early settler in this county, locating in Greene Town- ship in 1803. J. D. Mead is a practical farmer, owning 100 acres of land, and farming- 160 more on shares. This is well stocked, and located in the northern part of Harbor Creek Township. He is a member of the Equitable Aid Society. O. MILLER, Postmaster of Moorheadville, was born Apr. 14, 1814, in Chautauqua Co., N. Y. His parents were natives of Connecticut and Vermont respectiveh% and came to Pennsj'lvania in 1822, locating in Waterford for a short time, then settling in Mill Creek Township, near Erie. Three of their 9 children are living, namely: Viola, now Mrs. Nichols, 90 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: in Milwaukee, Wis.; Lydia, wife of H. O. Talmage, and O. Miller, the subject of our sketch. He was married in 1836 to Eunice A. Delniad^^e, of Canada, who bore him 4 chil- dren— Chas. W., who enlisted in the 14oth P. V. I., serving- to the end of the war; Hamlet J., who enlisted in the 83d P. V. I., and died during the late war; James enlisted in ihe navy, died in Memphis, Tenn.; Emily, wife of J. Dunn, of Erie. Mrs. Miller, departed this life in 1847. Our subject was next united in marriage, Dec. 28, 1848. with Laura L., daughter of Henry Wadsworth, and had 8 children, 6 living— Frank E., Amanda (dying in infancy); RolloO. (died when twelve years old); Anna Maria, wife of J. B. Sawtelle (has 1 child, Bertha); Clary W., wife of David R. Sawtelle (has 1 child, Ralph Wadsworth); Edward R., an operator for the U. P. R. R. in Idaho; Eva, wife of Geo. B. Wallace; Laura B., at home. For a number of years he carried on the boot and shoe business at Erie, but came to Harbor Creek in 1873, where he has since remained. He and his family are members of the M. E. Church. CHAS. G. MILLER, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, fifth child in the family of Michael Miller, 'was born in 1830, in Germany, and came to America in 1848, settling in Erie. where he resided until 1851, when he went to Sherman, N. Y. He received his naturalization papers Oct., 1856, in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., and came to Harbor Creek. Our subject was united in marriage, in 1858, with Livonia M., daughter of Ella and Polly (Green) Cowdeu. She has borne him 4 children— Earl C, Wm. E., Columbia L. and Chas. G., Jr., all resid- ing at home. Mr. Miller is a shoe-maker by trade, and worked at this occupation until 1879, when he commenced farming. He is one of the substantial citizens of the township, and has served as Scliool Director 3 years; Treasurer of the Board; and as Tax Collector 1 year. He is a fine old German gentleman, a Spiritualist in belief, a Republican in pol- itics. DR. MARK MILTON MOORE. The subject of this sketch, the eldest of 10 children, 9 sons and 1 daughter, was bora in Mantua, Portage Co., Ohio, Sept. 39, 1818. On the father's side he is of Scottish descent, his paternal ancestor being one of three brothers who came to America at an early period of its colonial history, for mining purposes, and settled in Connecticut. The mining business was unsuccessful, and the brothers separated, one remaining in Connecticut, one going to New Hampshire, and the other to Pennsylvania. His great-grandfather, Joseph Moore, was a Revolutionary soldier, and as a prisoner of war died before the struggle closed, on board of a British prison-ship in New York Harbor. Among the ancient family names are Joseph, Eli, Roger, D wight, Benjamin, John and Samuel. His maternal grandmother, on the father's side, was also of Scottish descent, and her name was Gillett. On his mother's side, his great-grandfather, Keyes, was born in Plymouth, Mass.; his grandfather, Araaziah, in Boston, and his mother, Betsy, in Onta- rio Co., N. Y. His grandmother's name was Crafts. His grandfather, Samuel, came to Mantua, Portage Co., Oiiio, in 1806; his father, Samuel, Jr., being at the time thirteen years of age. Northern Ohio was then an almost unbroken forest, filled with savage beasts and still more savage men. At the age of fourteen. Samuel, Jr., became an expert athuntuig deer and wild turkeys, and often his mother's larder was we.l supplied by his skill, from the forest, which otherwise would be empty and the family have gone hungry to bed._ Schools were unknown, and yet he managed to obtain the rudiments of a good education, and by the use of a circulating library became an ardent reader of history. In the war of 1812, he entered the army and served till peace was declared, spending most of the time in the Maumee country and in the vicinity of Cleveland. In 1816, he first met at a neighbor's. Miss Betsey Kej^se, who, as a matter of neighborly kindness had come from Auburn to care for the sick, and early in 1817 they were married. Of the 10 children born to them, all grew up to years of maturity, and 7 of the number yet live. Homer H., the second in the order of their birth, after completing an academic course of study and teach- ing in a Kentucky high .school for two years, was received into the Erie conference of the M. E. Church in 1846; was transferred to Kansas in 1857, in the midst of the border war, that he might aid in securing that territory to freedom, and in 1861 entered the army as Chaplain of the Third Kansas Regiment; as War Correspondent of the New York Tribune, Philadelphia Press, and other papers; as Superintendent of education for Florida; and as editor of the Jacksonville Herald. During the period of reconstruction, he was in the midst of some thrilling scenes. At his own request he was discharged from the service in 1865, and entered the ministry in the Erie conference. He was the first to move in the matter of securing a site on Chautauqua Lake for camp meeting purposes, and the place selected has become of world-wide fame as the Assembly Grounds. As a trustee, lecturer, pastor, and editor for 10 years on the Herald staff, and reporter, he has ever been closely identified with all its interests. Dr. Amaziah, after finishing an academic course of study, entered the oftice of Dr. Trask, of Iliram, Ohio, as a student of medicine; graduated from the Cleveland Medical College, and engaged in the successful practice of medicine. In 1862, he entered the army as Captain, and with broken health as the result of exposure and hard service, was mustered out with honor in 1864. The daughter, Elizabeth, is the wife of Rev. Geo. Fairbanks, the successful pastor of the Congregational Church at Park- man, Ohio. Samuel died at the age of twentj^-two, but he lived "long enough to give evi- dence that he possessed elocutionary powers of a high order. Probably no other member HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 91 of the family equaled him in mental ability, and he was the very soul of purity, truth and honor. Halsey Gillett, whose bent of mind was the business of farming, died of a liver •difficulty when a little past twentj^-one. Oliver Francis, at the age of twenty-four died of typhoid fever in Kansas. Dr. Mortimer G., besides being a thoroughly well read and skill- ful physician, possesses fine powers as an oraior. On the temperance platform he has proved himself to be a ready and eloquent advocate. His reading and scholarship have taken a wide range, and speculative philosophy is a favorite study. He commenced the successful practice of medicine in Trumbull Co., Ohio, but for some years past has liad his oflice in Cleveland. Horace L., after some years of study in the Hiram College, under President Garfield, went to Kansas and commenced, in 186U, the study of law in the office of Gen. J. H. Lane; in 1861, he joined the Kansas Second Regiment, and went to the front. He WHS in the bloody battle of Wilson Creek, but escaped unhurt. Promoted to a Colonelcj^ for gallant conduct, he was nnistered out of the service in I8G0. He has since commanded a regiment of Kansas troops under Gen. Sheridan, in Indian warfare. In business matters since the war, he has been very successful; has dabbled some in politics, as a matter of recreation, and as a stump speaker is very efliective, his addresses being characterized by the fullness of the information they give. Walter W. occupies the old homestead and observes the steady sober ways of a farmer, much respected for his integrity and honor. We now return to Mark Milton Moore, the subject of this sketch. He enjoyed but lim- ited educational advantages, except such as the poor common school of those early times afforded. Clearing heavily timbered land, cultivating the stumpj' soil and gathering the harvests was the business of those days for boys, and especially so for the eldest of a group of 10. At school exhibitions, as an easy and graceful declaimer he had no equal, but there was no one present that could see in him the elements of the natural orator he is. " Among the poor farmers, with large families, the great question was bread for the children, and not the graces of an education. It is not likely that the thought entered that neighbor- hood for at least a quarter of a century, that stalwart boys were made for any purpose ex- cept to handle the ax, the spade and the sc}^the. But he was often at his uncle's (Dr. Jason Moore), and from his conversation he early imbibed a taste for the study of medicine. Also, when eighteen, he became a pronounced Christian, and his gifts and zeal brought him prominently before the public, and every one said he was destined for the pulpit. But he finished learning his trade, married Mary, daughter of Simeon Sheldon, whose wife, the daughter of Judge Ellas Harmon, was the first white child born in Mantua, Por- tage Co. This wife died'^Aug. 10, 1847, leaving a son— Sheldon M. At the early age of sixteen he entered the army, in 1861, as a private in the 111th Penn. Reg., and after seeing much service under McClellan, in Virginia; in Tennessee, under Hooker, and marching to the sea under Sherman, he was put into the veteran corps and mustered out of service late in 1865. For the past fifteen years he has been engineer of the P. it E. R. R., and is re- garded as one of the boldest and most careful engineers on the road. It was soon after the death of his first wife that Dr. M. M. Moore returned to his first love, the study of medi- cine, and married Miss Mary, daughter of Wait Bassett, of Connecticut. Mary, wife of John Chambers, of Bradford; Lucrelia, deceased, and Emery, a train dispatcher on the N. & E. R. R., were the issue of this marriage. The second Mrs. Moore died May 26, 1864, and he was subsequently married to Julia A., the daughter of Chauncey Wood, a native of Vermont, and for many years a resident of Garrettsville, Ohio, where he died in 1865. She died suddenly Nov. 19, 1883, and our subject was left alone and in sorrow, with not much of life remaining but his wonted courage and fortitude. Dr. Moore is richly endowed with all the elements that qualify a man for public life; nowhere more than in the sick room is he at home; there his presence, his words of good cheer, his sympathetic bearing, inspire confidence and hope. Between himself and the families he visits, there generally exists the ties of the strongest friendship. As a practitioner he has been very successful. His library of medical works, pamphlets and periodicals, is large and richly furnished. As much as ever in life he continues a hard and unremittent study,and whatever he learns from reading or from his practice, his strong memory retains. Some 25 3'ears ago he became a resident of Wesleyville, and has ever taken a "lively interest in all that would promote its welfare. He acted for many years as Postmaster (his daughter, Mary,doing the business), and School Director, and in no capacity has he failed in the discharge of dut3^ He has never had a law suit, and, as a physician, has never failed in his attentions to the poor and friendless. Though thrice married, he was either skillful in his selection of a wife, or fort- unate, for all were excellent women. The following resolutions refer to the last deceased wife: Erie City Dispatch, Nov. 20, 1883, contained this notice: Death op Mrs. Dii. Moore.— Mrs. Julia A., wife of Dr. M. M. Moore, died very sud- denly of heart disease at her home in Wesleyville at a late hour Sunday night. The even- ing was passed in cheerful conversation with some friends and in her usual health. Some hours after retiring, her husband was awakened bj' her heavy breathing, and at once called for assistance, but Mrs. Moore was then unconscious and died a few moments afterward. Her maiden name was Wood and she was a native of Garrettsville, Portage Co., Ohio, where she has brothers and sisters now living. She was a faithful wife, a devoted friend 92 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and a kind neighbor. She was for many years a consistent member of the M. E. Church, and a beneficiary member of the Wesleyville Equitable Aid Union. The funeral services will be conducted according to the impressive usuages of that order. Erie City Dispatch, Nov. 23, 1883, contained this notice: L.\iD TO Rest— The Burial of Mrs. Dr. Moore at Wesleyville. — The funeral rites over the remains of the wife of Dr. M. M. Moore were witnessed Tuesday by one of the largest concourses of people that ever assembled at Wesleyville, the Doctor's residence overflowing with friends who came to pay a last tribute of respect to her whom they knew and esteerned during her residence in that community. Rev. Mr. Collier, pastor of the Wes- leyville M. E. Church. Rev. Geo. W. Cleaveland, of the Harbor Creek Presbyterian Church, and Rev. Mr. Smith, pastor of the Erie Simpson M. E. Church, all spoke sympathetic words, calculated to comfort those whom Mrs. Moore's unexpected dejith bereaved, refer- ring to the record of a life-time spent in doing good, the memory of which will grow more sacred as time passes on. The services, conducted according to "the Equitable Aid Union's ritual, were very impressive, and as the casket disappeared from view all left the Wesley- ville churchyard feeling that one of earth's noblest daughters had been taken away. Others than Erie County families mourn Mrs. Moore's death. As Miss Julia Wood she lived in Garrettsville, Ohio, in early life, and also in Cleveland. She was widely known through a large section of Ohio, and many relatives are now residents of that State. Death op Sister Julia A. Moore. — At a regular meeting of the Wesleyville Union, No. 385, E. A. U., held Nov. 26, 1883, the following preamble and resolutions were unani- mously adopted: Whereas, It has pleased the Great Architect of the universe to rend the mystic chain which, since our birth, has bound us together, and to remove one golden link in the person of Sister and Vice President Julia A. Moore, and Whereas, It is but just that a fitting recognition of her many virtues be had, there- fore be it Resolved, By Wesleyville Union, No. 385, E. A. U;, that while we bow with humble submission to the will of the Most High, we do not the less mourn for the beloved sister who has been taken from us. Resolved, That in the death of Julia A. Moore, this Union laments the loss of a sister who was ever ready to proffer the hand of aid and the voice of sympathy to the needy and distressed of this fraternity; an active member of this Union, whose utmost endeavors were exerted for its Avelfare and prosperity; a friend and companion who was dear to us all; a lady whose upright and noble life was a standard of emulation to her fellow-beings. Resolved, That the heartfelt sympathy of this Union be extended to her farjiily in fheir affliction. Resolved, That in token of respect for the family of our deceased sister, the chair of the Vice President be draped in mourning during the remainder of her unexpired term. Resolved, That the Union chamber be draped for the period of 30 days. Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the records of this IJnion, and a copy thereof transmitted to the family of our deceased sister, to the E. A. U. Advocate, and to three of the English newspapers of Erie. F. H. Tompkins, ) J. H. Chambers, |- Com. A. L. Russell, ) JOSEPH M. MOORHEAD, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born Nov., 1816. in this township. He is a son of Col. and Eliza (McCord) Moorhead, who were among the pio- neers of this township, and were the parents of 7 children — Joseph, our subject; Catherine A., Thomas, Wm., Elizabeth. Jane and James. Joseph the oldest in this family was mar- ried in 1843, to Harriet, daughter of Robert and Elizabeth Scott, and has had the following children — Robert S., Clerk of the court at Erie; Mary, wife of A. Bachus (have 4 children, Ciias., Scott. Hattie N. and Louisa); Bell, wife of E. J. Dodge (have 3 children, Mary, Allise and Anna, twins); Charles, married to Miss Johnson; one son, Harry, is a clerk in the Pacific & Atlantic Railroad office at Albuquerque, N. M.; and Annah. Mr. Moor- head is one of the successful farmers of this township and is living on the Lake road 2^ miles east of Harbor Creek. THOMAS MOORHEAD, farmer, P. O. Moorheadville, wasborninMoorheadville, this township, June 28, 1819, son of James and Eliza (McCord) Moorhead. They were the par- ents of 7 children — Joseph M., Catherine, wife of Joseph McCord, a builder, and formerly a Director in the college at Oxford, Ohio; Elizabeth, wife of Lucius Couse (have 2 chil- dren, Mary and Norman); Jane, wife of G. W. F. Sherwin (have 4 children) Thomas, Wm. M.. and Jamesi A., living on the old homestead, married to Julia E. Bald- win, Sept. 18, 1862 (have five children— Fred B., Rose E., McCord B., Helen S. and Mabel J.). Our subject married on Apr. 2, 1851, S. Maria, daughter of Noah and Sarah (Clark) Dada, of Northampton, Mass. The children born to this union are 5 — Frank, Eliza- beth, wife of Chas. Leet, has one daughter, and resides on the East road; Florence; Harriet a teacher at Erie; Edward T. at home and Alice. Mr. Moorhead owns a fine farm of well- improved land on the Buffalo road. HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 93 JAMES R. MOORHEAD, farmer, P. O. Moorheadville, was born Apr. 27, 1820, in Harbor Creek Township, Erie Co., Penn. He is a son of Robert and Jane (McCreary) Moor- head. Robert Moorhead was born in Sept., 1787, in Lancaster Co., Penn. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was at Erie. He came to Erie Co. in 1805, along with his father 4 brothers and 3 sisters, and settled upon land bought by his father in 1800, and where our subject, his only son, now lives. James R. Moorhead was united in marriage, Oct. 4, 1842, with Matilda, daughter of S. Leet; she was born in this township on Nov. 13, 1823; her father came to Erie Co. in 1812; 4 children blessed their union— R. Simeon (de- ceased), Jane Mc, married Sept. 20, 1883; Dwight C. Shaver, a telegrapher, residing at Westfield, N. Y. ; Adella N. and Susan Leet. Mr. Moorhead has served as Road Commis- sioner several terms, and is one of the leading farmers in this township. He owns a fine, well-watered farm with good buildings. He is descended from one of the five Moorhead brothers, who came from Lancaster Co., Penn., and settled in an early day in this township. He is a Mason, Lodge No. 399, of N. E., is also connected with the Presbyterian Church of Harbor Creek. WM. M. MOORHEAD, farmer, P.O. 'Moorheadville, was born June 25, 1826, in this town- ship, the third son in the family of 7 children born to James and Eliza (McCord) Moorhead. The father of the former was a pioneer, often shot at by the Indians with their bows and arrows. He and his wife died when over ninety years of age. James Moorhead was a teamster in the war of 1812, and also helped to get Perry's fleet out of port. He received a pension. Our subject was married, Aug. 80, 1852, to Sarah Frances, daughter of Chas. and Sarah (Buckle) Kendrick, natives of England. The latter, aged eighty-six, now re- sides with our subject; 4 children were born to this union— Wm. K., Edith Sarah, Ralph E. and James Miller, all at home. Mr. Moorhead, in boring for oil, struck a well of gas which he has been burning 12 years; it is one of the best interests in the township. He is a thrifty farmer and resides on one of the first cleared farms in the county. This is probably the site of an Indian's old encampment, as he has turned up skeletons and vessels of pottery. Our subject has served as School Director and Treasurer of the township. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. JOHN D. and SAMUEL T. MOORHEAD, farmers, P. O. Moorheadville, were born in this township, and are sons of John and Eleanor (Laughead) Moorhead, of Lancaster, Penn., who came to Erie Co., Oct., 1805, settling in Harbor Creek. There were several families of Moorheads, part of whom came here in 1800. They were the parents of 6 children, 3 surviving— Samuel T., John D. and Eliza A. Samuel T married, in 1863, his first wife. Margaret M., daughter of Joseph Y. Moorhead, Sr., who was a son of Thomas Moorhead, an early pioneer in this county. His second wife was Eliza, daugh- ter of Joseph McCord. No children were born to either union. John D. Moorhead, born Aug. 24, 1829, was married, in 1866. to Mary R., daughter of Joseph Y. Moorhead, Sr. ; one child, Joseph Y., Jr., born in 1873, has blessed this union. The brothers, Samuel and John, are practical farmers, residing on their father's old homestead in the eastern part of Harbor Creek. This is a fine tract of land, well watered and improved. Their homes are beautiful, ornamental mansions, separated by no fences, shaded by trees, and having a grand view. Nature furnishes them wnth their light and fuel by a natural gas well. They also own 100 acres of land in North East Township, Erie Co., Penn. JOHN NEFF, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in 1827, in the State of New York, a son of John Frederick and Phebe (Rust) NefE, to whom were born 9 chil- dren, 6 living— Jacob and Samuel, in Erie; Frederick, in Lancaster Co., Penn.; Fanny now Mrs. Richard, in Erie; Mary, now Mrs. Gilbert, in Madison Co., Ohio; and John, the subject of this sketch. He was married in 1856 to Caroline, daughter of John Gittiug. They have 7 children— Caroline, wife of E. Cass; Edward J., Wm. A., Etta, Lewis F., Cora S. and Anna— all at home. Mr. Neff is a good farmer, and owns 196 acres of land 10 miles east of Erie. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. ANNA MARY OHLWILER, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in July, 1811, in York Co., Penn., daughter of Yost and Elizabeth Kuhl, who were the parents of the following chil- dren: Peter (deceased), Daniel (deceased); Catharine, now Mrs. Stover, residing in Fair- view; Peggy (deceased), wife of Mr. Beeringer, and the mother of 5 children; Betsey, Susannah Getting (deceased) and Anna Maryj Our subject married, Oct. 22, 1829, in Erie Co., Frederick Ohlwiler, of Lancaster Co., Fenn., who was born in the year 1796, died March 13, 1877, and had 13 children, viz.: Elizabeth, now Mrs. Ebersole; Jacob, in Colorado; Henry, who has 6 children— John, Chas. F., Mary D., May J., Sarah and Ehza J.; Mary A., widow of D. M. Chambers, has 3 children— Elizabeth (deceased), Frederick and Edith; Isaac, in Colorado; William (deceased). Homer (deceased), an infant (deceased); John, married to Margaret Love, have 2 children — Edith and Nellie; EliasH., in Erie, married to Catherine Fair, have 1 son— Frederick J.; David, married Amelia Her, have 2 sons— Lawrence and Ralph — they live in Bradford, Penn. ;_ Freder- ick P., also living in the same place, married to Sarah Kennocott; Charles, also in Brad- ford. Mrs. Ohlwiler came here with her husband at an early day. She is an intelligent old lady, who had the misfortune to lose her eyesight soon after her husband's death. She is owner of quite a handsome property. 94 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: MRS. SARAH ORTON, P. O. Wesleyville, born in 1799, is the first white child born in Harbor Creek Township, dauo:hter of Amasa and Tryphena Prindle, natives of Connecticut and Massachusetts respectively, who had IB children, 6 living — Eliza, now Mrs. Walker, in California: Charles; Jesse: Jane, now Mrs. Philip, a widow, in Illinois; Chauncey and Mrs. Sarah Orton, our .subject. Mr. Prindle was by trade a shoe-maker and currier, but mainly followed farmins:. He was a highly esteemed pioneer of Erie Co., settling in Harbor Creek in 1777, when it was covered with forest. The first school was kept by a Mr. Patterson, near Moorheadville. Sarah, our subject, attended school kept by a Miss Clarissa Cain, but there were but few children to go to school in those days. She married Mr. Orton in 1818, and commenced married life on the farm where she yet resides, which was then a wilderness. Three children were born to this union — Bronson. Miranda E. and Miranda D. — all deceased. Mr. Orton was a private in the war of 1812, and a pio- neer of this county. In 1845, when in the prime of life, he was killed at a "log-rolling,"" one of the occupations of the early settlers. Mrs. Orton, though now in her eighty-fifth vear. is wonderfully well-preserved in mind and body, and bids fair to live manyj'ears yet. Her farm was conducted by Jonathan Pierce, who married her daughter, Miranda. After her decease, he was again married, this time. Feb. 13, 1877, to Lucinda, daughter of Zebinaand Almena (Bindle) Wright, by whom he has 2 children Theron A. and Emeline. H. H. PARKER, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in Mill Creek Township, Jan.. 1841, son of Dean and Mary A. (Shottuck) Parker, the former of whom was a native of Vermont, and the latter of Pennsylvania. Thej' were the parents of 8 children, 6 now living — Sarah A., now Mrs. E. Dunham; James A.; Frank D. ; Mary S., deceased, aged fourteen years; Major B. ; Emily E., wife of Eugene Hill; James A., deceased, aged twenty-one, and H. H., our subject. He was united in marriage. Oct. 5, 1876, with Tillie, dauifliter of Perry and Mary (Ewiug) Foote. They have no children. Mr. Parker now ownl: the farm formerly belonging to Gideon Wagoner, comprising 120 acres of well-im- proved and watered land, located on the Buffalo road. He is a man of taste as well as a good farmer, and uses improved agricultural implements, and has fine stock. W. E. PHERRIN, farmer, P.'^O. Erie, was born Is'ov. 12, 1824; son of Wm. and Mary (Love) Pherrin, who had 4 children, viz., Margaret, now Mrs. McCrearey: Mariah, wife of Simeon Hymier; Mrs. Sarah Jane McCulley (deceased); and W. E.. the subject of this sketch. He was married in 1853 to Eliza Bohner. To this union were born 5 children,, viz., Caroline, wife of Frank Fagan (has three children, Lizzie, .John and Mable): Maggie P., wife of John Whipple; R. B., married to Alice McDaniel; W. E., .Jr.. married to Annie A. Burke of Buffalo, N. Y., and Emma at home. Mr. Ptierrin has 125 acres of till- able land in a good location. He is 'one of Harbor Creek's best farmers and has lived in Erie Co. since 1832. C. W. RAYMOND, farmer, P. O. Harlior Creek, was born in 1830 in Warsaw, Gene- see (now Wvoming) Co., N. Y. ; son of Paul and ]\Iaryett (Williams) Ravmond: natives of New York State. ' They had 5 children— C. W.. N. L., A. T.. F. D., and P. The sub- ject of this sketch was united in marriage in 1857, with Urana, daughter of Erastus Rams- dell, natives of Connecticut of English decent. Four children were born to this union — Arthur N., Emily E., Mate L. and Katy B. After marriage, i\Ir. Raymond located at North East, then went to Laona, N. Y., where he began the trade of a millwright, which occupation he has since followed. His next move was to Venango and from there to Har- bor Creek Township, where he has been engaged in farming. Mr. Raymond began with nothing, but he now owns a neat, well-regulated farm and has a comfortable competency. He is a~^srood citizen. In politics, a Republican. FREDERICK M. REICHERT, farmer, P. 0. Moorheadville, is a native of Germany, born in 1S19. His parents— Jacob and Mary Reichert came to America in 1847, landing in New York on the 1st of May, and came to this county via canal-boat and steamer. Our subject was united in marriage in 1850 with Amelia Bush, and has 4 children — Julius married to Catherine Stewart (have 2 children— Mary and Jessie): Albert, married to Leti- tia Glenn (have 1 child— John Edward): Joseph and Matilda. Mr. Reichert has a srood farm of 63 acres, located in this township on the Lake road about 12 miles east of Erie. WM. A. ROBERTS, farmer, P. O. Harl)or Creek, was born Aug. 10, 1826, son of Ed- ward and Mary Ann (Skinner) Roberts, natives of Massachusetts and Connecticut respect- ively. The former was born in 1797. and does not seem more than sixty years of age. his eyesight is good and he is a lively, entertaining conversationalist. He came to Erie, half frozen, Jan. 4. 1840; he has had 11 children. 7 of whom are living— Charles Hiram: Wm.; Henry; Oliver; Diana, wife of J. Adams (have 3 children); Emeline. wife of C. Ward (have 2 children): and Wm. A., our subject. He was united in marriage. Feb. 13, 1851. with Lucy, daughter of Joseph and Ann Bailey, of Ohio. Three children blessed this union — John E.. married to Ella A. Nichols: Addo. married to Anna G. Dunn; and Olive, wife of Geo. Bachus who is a son of John Backus. Mr. Roberts is one of our prominent farmers: he has 320 acres of splendid land located 3 miles from Harbor Creek railroad station. He served in the late war as a wagoner in the 111th Regt., and was honorably discharged in November. 1862. HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 95 JOHN ROUYER,, farmer, P. O. Hartor Creek, is a native of France, born in the year 1830, and was the only one of the nine children born to John and Catherine (Simonen) Rouyer, who came to America. He arrived in this country in 1849, and for about seven years remained at Utica, N. Y. He was married, in 1856. "to Ellen, daughter of Nicholas and Marien Greeoire, by whom he had four children — John N., who is agent for L. S. & M. S. R. R. at Moorheads. Erie Co., Penn.; Mary A., wife of Ira Chellis; Sarah E. and Oscar F. Mr. Rouyer learned wagon-making in his native land, which business he fol- lowed here. He is a well-read man, and has an intelligent family. Mr. Rouyer is a good citizen, and has been engaged in farming in this township for nine years, in Avhich time he has doubled the value of his property. CHRISTIAN SCHULTZ, farmer, P. O. Six Mile Creek, is a native of Germany, born in 1821, and w^as married there to Sophia Zachach, who bore him six children — Edward, married to Amanda Davidson, have one child — Mary; Lewis, married to Dora Goodwin; Ella, wife of L. Bartlett, have two children — Edward and Nellie. The deceased are Charles, Hettie and Mary, who died in America. Our subject came to America in 1846. He was by trade a cloth manufacturer, and after coming to this county, worked for six months for Mahaffy & Brewster, then for eight years in Cass' Woolen Factory. He was drafted during the late war, and served nine months in Company F. One Hundred and Sixty-eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Militia. He is a fine old German gentleman, leading a retired life, and living now with his son-in-law near Cass' factory, having sold his farm to him. His sons, farmers, live near him. L. P. SEARLS, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in Vermont, February 11, 1814, and came with his parents to Erie County in 1828. They bought some land of Jacob S. Turner near Harbor Creek Station, and there passed the remainder of their lives. Mr. Searls, Sr., was a farmer by occupation; he was an eye-witness of the battle of Platts- burg during the w^ar of 1812, though not a participant. He and his w'ife departed this life aged ninety-six and ninty-five respectively. They were parents of the following children: Almeda, deceased, wife of J. Powell; Owella, deceased, wife of E. Owne, had two children — Ellen and Wallace; Lavonia, deceased, wife of H. Chipman, had six chil- dren — Alonzo, Webster, Mary, John, Victoria and Emiljr, deceased; Alonzo, died previous to the removal of the family to Erie; Abigail, twice married, first to Francis Dustin, by whom she had two children— Almeda and Francis — who are residing in St. Louis; then to Mr. Ellis, by whom she has three children — Helen, at St. Joseph, Mich., Ulalia, White Water, Mich., and Edgar, at Rochester, N. Y. ; Mary, deceased, wife of J. Wright, had one son — Charles; Paulina, deceased, wife of P. D. Bryant, had three children; and L. P.. the subject of this sketch. He was married, in 1836, to Sarah, daughter of Solomon Ellis, and has three children— Royal B., married to Adelaide Stuyvesant, a relative of the Stuyves- ants of New York, has four children — Myrtle, Ettie, Mary A. and William; John W., married to Alice Ross; and Frank D., married to Dora Parker. Mrs. L. P. Searls departed this life May 17. 1882. Our subject now resides with a married son, Avho looks after the farm. He engaged in steamboating for about three years, most of the time on the "Erie," and had several hairbreadth escapes from death. Once, in a collision with the old "Dan Webster," and another time by fire, when he and the wheelsman, Augustus Tiller, launched a boat, and, though it capsized, managed to save nine lives. He has served as Tax Collector; is a member of the Baptist Church. F. E. SEWELL, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, is a son of Robert and Caroline (Baker) Sewell, who were married in 1846; the former a son of Ebenezer Sewell, born in 1779, died in 1870, leaving a family Bible over seventy-five years old, a cane and a curiously carved powder-horn overlOO years old. Mrs. Caroline (Baker) Sewell was a daughter of Septimus and Polly (Baldwin) Baker, natives of Connecticut, and the parents of seven children, viz.: Caroline; Juliette, wife of J. Olds; Mrs. Lydia A. Cole; Samuel Baker, Mary Beers and Lucius are deceased, and Carrie. Robert Sewell departed this life November 27, 1868, leaving a family of seven— Marshall D.. who, while hunting buffaloes near Double Mountains, Texas, was killed by the Apaches Indians February 16, 1877; Mary L., at home; Charles B.; Francis E., our subject; Emmer S., and AlbeVt F., living. Willis G. died in infancy. Mr. Sewell was a valuable citizen, and left his family well provided for. His widow and children live on a fine farm near Wesleyville, managed by Francis E. They are an intelligent family. Two of the sons belong to the Equitable Aid Society, and another to the A. O. U. W. W*. L. SHAWK, physician and surgeon. Harbor Creek, was born at New Lisbon. Ohio, December 2. 1861, son of George W. and Ennis (Wetmore) Shawk, natives of Ohio and New York States respectively. The former is a practical mechanic, living at Cleve- land, and has two children— Pet and William. Our subject, who was educated at Cleveland, graduating from the Central High School, began the study of medicine in 1879 under Dr. Thayer; took a course in the Medical Colfege at Cleveland, where he received his diploma. He had his diploma registered and acknowledged at Philadelphia. He passed a competitors' examination, and stood highest as house physician He also passed a strict board examination. The Doctor commenced to practice his profession with Dr. Herd, of North East, but seeing an opening at Harbor Creek, he started in an oflSce by himself. He / 96 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: has spared no time nor money in preparing himself for his worls., and is a promising young man of much ability. His office is in the Huues" Building, Harbor Creek. WM. W. SMITH, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born Sept. 14, 1814, son of Peter and Sophia (Egner) Smith, natives of Lancaster Co., Penn., who were parents of 1 son and 3 daughters. Peter Smith died in 1818, and in 1831 his widow was married to Jacob Charles, b}' whom she had 6 daughters, all living but 1. She came to Erie Co. in 1829, settled in Harbor Creek, and died in 1880, at the home of her son, Wm. W. Smith. W. W. has been twice married; on the first occasion, to Eliza, daughter of John Riblet, who died in 1873, without issue. Our subject is a farmer b}^ occupation, but he left his farm, having built a fine residence at Harbor Creek the year previous to the death of his wife. He has been Constable of Harbor Creek many years, and still occupies the same position. He was sub- sequently united in marriage with Mrs. Cornelia (Steele) Clark, a widow with 2 children — Flora D., wife of L. W. Smith, a native of Peuusyivania, engaged in the manufacture of dynamite at Toronto, Canada, and J. F. Clark, a book-keeper. Mrs. Smith is a daughter of James and Naomi (Davis) Stelle, the latter of whom, a native of Pennsylvania, died in 1867; the former, a fine looking old gentleman of eighty years of age, is a resident of Edinboro. He was- a tanner and currier by trade, but followed farming for many years. Four of his 6 children are living — Cornelia, now Mrs. John Applebee; Maria, Jeremiah and Albert. Mr. James Stelle is a kind parent, and a man genial in his manner, who gave his children an advantage of education, a worthy old gentleman. IRVING N. STARK, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born Oct. 16, 1851, in Penn- sylvania, son of C. N. and Dora (Turner) Stark, who had a family of 7 children, 4 now living— Edwin E., at Cedar Falls, Iowa (2 children, Walter and Etna); Rosamou E., wife of V. Foots (have 1 child, Mary); Stuckle}', in Nebraska), and Irving N. He was mar- ried Feb. 13. 1876, to Mary E., daughter of Thomas and Maria Smart. This union has been blessed with 1 child— Thomas N. Mr. Stark resides near the M. E. Church, 2 miles from the village of Hai'bor Creek. WM. STARK STINSON, farmer and blacksmith, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born at North East, Erie Co., Penn., Feb. 27, 1819, son of James Stinson, who married Melissa Curtis, and had 5 children, viz., Wm. Stark. Erastus S., Mary Jane, Jeremiah P. and Char- ilia. Mary Jane died in her youth; Erastus S. married Ann Walker, moved to Wisconsin, and died, leaving 2 children," a son — Frank— and Clara, wife of B. Morris, and mother of 1 girl, Maud; Jeremiah P. married Irene Whitney, resides at Westfield, Wis. (have 2 chil- dren, Mary and Clara. James Stinson was a native of New Hampshire, his wife a native of New York State. They came to Harbor Creek in 1819, where Melissa, his wife, died. He then married Mary, daughter of Thomas Greenwood, who bore him 2 children, a daughter— Sarah — and Joseph G., who married Catharine Tupper(have4 children, Mary G., Albert E., Margarette S. and Fred). Mr. James Stinson was a carpenter and joiner by trade,' which occupation he followed several years in this township, to which he came in 1815, and where he spent the balance of his life, dying April 29, 1845. Wm. Stark, our subject, has never married. He acquired a good education and learned the blacksmith's trade of Levi Bell, at which he worked nianj^ years. He is now leading a retired life with his sisters on his father's old homestead. They attend the Presbyterian Church. He is politically a Democrat. The following article, taken from an old newspaper, serves to tell something of the grandmother of our subject: " Died— In Dunbarton, Dec. 10, 1843, Mrs. Jennett Stinson in her ninety-third year. She was a daughter of Samuel Allison, one of the Scotch emigrants of 1720. She was born in Londonderry, and married James Stinson, also a Scotch-Irish descendant, and with him made a location in Dunbarton or Stark's Town, about 1775. Her husband died at the age of eighty-two, in 1828. He was an indus- trious husbandman, and sustained through life the "character of an honest man, a good neighbor and citizen. Mrs. Stinson survived him nearly 16 years, and received a pen- sion for his Revolutionary services. He was one of Stark's regiment at Bunker Hill. She was a very strong-minded, sensible woman, had a powerful memory, and her conversation respecting the early events of her long life were very interesting, and she retained her mind to the last. Her death was occasioned bj' one of the colds which have visited our region for the past season with such fatal effect. She maintained a character for kindness and hospitality, which will be long remembered bj^ a numerous circle of mourning relatives." James Stinson, the father of our subject, was, on Aug. 20, 1821, commi.ssioned by Gov. George Gregg, of Pennsylvania, as Captain of the 5th Company, l04thRQg. Penn. Militia. JOHN STRUCKEK, farmer, P. O. Erie, is a native of Switzerland, born in the year 1829. There he was united in marriage in 1853, and came to America in 1862, locating first at Sterrettania, thence coming to Harbor Creek Township, where he bought a farm. He rents a farm of 125 acres of fine land. To Mr. and Mrs. Strucker has been born a family of 11 children, viz., John, Samuel, Godfrey, Frederick, Frank, William, Charles, Rose, Mary and Alice. One child, Annie, died in mfancv. EDWARD E. TOMPKINS, seaman, P. O. Wesleyville, was' born Nov. 27, 1852, in Mill Creek Tow^nship, Erie Co., Penn., son of Capt. E. H. and Emily A. (Wells) Tomp- kins, natives of Delaware andAllegany Go's., N. Y., respectivelv. They were married Dec. 23, 1847, and had 5 children, 2 living', viz., Frank H., a teacher, born Mar. 31, 1866, and HARBOR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 97 married to Elizabeth Butler, by whom he has a son, Fred; and Edward E., the subject of our sketch, a fine young man, spending the most of his life at sea, and following the ex- ample set by his father, Capt. E. H. Tompkins, who came to Erie Co. with his parents when fifteen years of age. Early in life he adopted a seafaring vocation, engaging first on a whaler; he then lived for awhile in the Sandwich Islands; subsequently entered the merchants' service, and during the 7 years so employed sailed around the globe 2 or 3 times. He then returned to his family (who, not hearing from him, had supposed him dead), and taught for a time. Aftei-ward, he engaged in steamboating, first as a wheelsman, but was promoted rapidly to mate, and finally to be Captain, a position of much honor in those days. He was a successful as well as an honorable man, educating his sailors, and performing many deeds of valor on the high seas. One bitter cold winter, about 20 j'ears ago. the inhabitants of Superior City, who had no railroad connections, and were many rniles from civilization, were reduced to the verge of starvation; when the dispatches de- scribing' their condition were brought by an Indian, Capt. Tompkins, then in command of the Lady Elgin, volunteered to go to their assistance. He successfully performed this deed of mercy, and was subsequently presented by the grateful citizens with a valuable gold watch, chain and anchor. He was warmly interested, and did much for the educa- tional cause; was an honored member of a Masonic Lodge and of the P. of H., and his virtues will long be remembered by those with whom he had any dealings. AARON M. TWITCHELL, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born Feb., 1840, in Harbor Creek Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of Aaron and Elvira (Townsend) Twitchell, who were the parents of 2 children — Aaron M., our subject, and Joshua, who died Mar. 8, 1849, aged fifteen. Mr. Twitchell, Sr., came to Erie Co. in an early day, settling in Har- bor Creek Township, where he cleared the farm on which his widow and son now reside. He departed this life Mar. 2, 1871. The subject of this sketch was married, in 1874, to Rachel Lyons, and has 2 children — Rachel Elvira and Franklin Aaron. Mr. Twitchell has charge of the homestead farm, located on the Lake Shore & Buffalo road. He is now an invalid, suffering from a nervous disorder. H. N. WADS WORTH, farmer and wagon-maker, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born June 29, 1840, in this township, son of Henry and Elizabeth (Noble) Wadsworth. The latter, one of 6 children born to her parents — Catharine, Paul, Huldy J., Wm. S., Maryett and Elizabeth. She was born in New York State in 1807, and has been thrice married. On the first occasion to Salmon Jones Allen, who left no issue; then to the father of our sub- ject, by whom she had 4 children — William A., deceased; James W., during the late war enlisted in the 41st Ohio Reg., dying in the hospital at Nashville, Tenn., a sacri- fice for his country; Horace N., our subject; and Elizabeth Jane, deceased. Mrs. Wads- worth, now Mrs. Clark, a healthy looking old lady, strong constitutionally and mentally, resides near her son. H. N., our subject, was married, April 15, 1873, to Sarah N., daugh- ter of John and Clarissa (Griffin) Slade (the former familiarly known as Deacon Slade), who were natives of New York. They had a family of 10 children. Mr. and Mrs. Wadsworth have been the parents of 3 children — Elizabeth C, Nellie L. and James W. Mr. Wadsworth served during the late rebellion, enlisting in 1864, in the navy under Capt. M. W. Caldwell, on the U. S. Steamer R. R. Cuyler. He participated in the siege of Fort Fisher, and was mustered out at the close of the war, July 1, 1865, received an honorable dis- charge and returned to his home. He has served as Assessor and Assistant Assessor for two years in Harbor Creek Township. C. C. WAlLKER, farmer, P. O. Harbor Creek, was born in 1822 in Harbor Creek Town- ship, son of Samuel and Sarah (Case) Walker, natives of New York, who located in this town- ship in 1820, and were among the early settlers of Erie Co. Of their 4 children, 2 lived to ma- turity, but our subject is now the only one surviving. He has been twice married; on the first occasion to Mary Clark. There was no issue to this union. His second marriage was in 1860 with Elizabeth, daughter of Jesse and Mary (Cummings) Wheelock, by whom he has had 4 children — May L. (wife of F. J. Walker, of the firm of Walker & Gallaghar, print- ers, Erie), Homer O., Samuel J. and Willie Grant, who are at home. Mr. Walker resides on the homestead farm. He owns 130 acres of valuable land, with a nice wood lot, on the lake shore. He is a quiet, self-sustaining old gentleman, independent in religion and politics. 98 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: LE BCEUF TOWNSHIP. HIRAM BEAMAN (deceased) was born July 1, 1812, at Westminster, Mass. He was united in marriage, June 20, 1840, in Jefferson Co., N. Y., with Polly Mack, born Jan. 12, 1820, in Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. Y., daughter of Charmis and Patty (McCloud) Mack. They were the parents of 9 children, 7 living. To Mr. and Mrs. Beaman have been born Cassius C. (deceased), Agnes and Eugene. Mr. Beaman came to Erie Co., and re- claimed from the wilderness 130 acres of land. He was a Republican in politics, and de- parted this life May 21, 1883. JAMES F. BOYD, farmer, P. O. Mill Village, of Scotch-Irish descent, was born in Ireland Sept. 29, 1834, son of James and Mary (Finch) Boyd, also natives of Ireland, the former born Dec, 1796, and the latter in 1808. Mrs. Boyd died in 1878. Mr. Boyd, Sr., is a farmer and mechanic, and the most of his life worked for Ool. Close, at Drumbarnard Castle, and now in his eighty-sixth year enjoys good health, but is not required to work, receiving his salary from the Colonel as in former years. Our subject emigrated to Amer- ica in the year 1859, settling in LeBoeuf Township, where, Aug. 3, 1860, he was married to Isabella Patten, who came to this county with her parents, settling in this township. Nine children have been given to this union, 4 boys and 5 girls, viz., Sarah A., William J., Mary, Letitia, Thomas, John, Maria, David and Alice. Mr. and Mrs. Boyd, by perseverance, industry and economy, have acquired an ordinarily cultivated farm of 77 acres. Mr. Boyd is a Democrat in politics, but at town meetings tries to vote for the best man. He has held the olfice of School Director for 3 years, and is a member of the Presbyterian Church. His wife was formerly a member of the United Presbyterian denomination. S. B. BROOKS, farmer and stock-raiser, P. O. Union City, was born Aug. 26, 1833, near Panama, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., son of James and Rhoda (Williams) Brooks, who came to this county in 1856. Our subject came with his parents, and, March 1, 1859, mar- ried Eliza Jane Carroll, born Dec. 12, 1839, daughter of William and Hannah (Slau- son) Carroll, by whom he had 9 children— Ashley L. (a telegrapher at Paris,Tex.), Cassius, Phebe A., Charles S., Archie W., Elverdo, William, George, Hannah and Ruth. Mr. Brooks is a member of the Carroll Ship Log Co., the firm being composed of G.W. Carroll, S. B. Brooks, Elmer Gregory, Mrs. A. M. Summerton, Charles S. Brooks, and was estab- lished Sept. 1, 1883. Our subject owns 163 acres of well-improved land, and has been a resident of this township since he came to the county. He has filled several township offices, and is a member of the Union City Baptist Church, in which he has been Trustee, and is now Deacon. In politics, he is a Republican. W. H. CAMPBELL, farmer, P. O. Mill Village, was born March 26, 1843, in LeBoeuf Township. His father, Lester Campbell, born Aug. 11, 1811, in New York State, came to this county when eight years old. He married, June 11, 1842, Elizabeth Alexander, born March, 18, 1818. Our subject, Nov. 19, 1872, was united in marriage with T. R. Jones, born March 28, 1852, near Guy's Mill, Crawford Co., Peun., daughter of David and Sarah Jones. Five children have been born to this union, viz., William L., Joel J., Leroy, Frankie and Shurley J. Mr. Campbell owns 52 acres of land a mile east of Mill Village. He is a member of the K. of H., Banner Lodge, No. 538, Mill Village. J. G. CARROLL, farming and dairying, P. O. Union City, was born Feb. 13, 1823, in LeBoeuf Township, Erie Co., Penn., a son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Mulvin) Carroll, natives of Ireland, who settled in this township in the year 1801, and were the parents of 8 children, 7 living. Our subject was reared on a farm, and married in Union Township, March, 1849, Eliza, eldest daughter of Richard and Margaret (Kepler) Shreve, who came to this county in 1810. To Mr. and Mrs. Carroll have been born 2 children, viz., Solomon M., married to Celia A., daughter of E. O. Sheppard, of Nebraska (have 1 child, Nellie Maud, born Nov. 20, 1882), and Rose B., wife of Perry Bishop, by whom she has 1 child. Mr. Carroll is a successful self-made man, and owns 100 acres of well improved and culti- vated land. He is a Republican in politics; has acted as Tax Collector, and filled other township offices. He, with his wife, for over 20 years has been a member of the M. E. Church, in which he has been Steward, etc. AMOS E. FORD, farmer, P. O. Mill Village, was born in LeBauf Township, June 20, 1814, son of Peter and Elizabeth (King) Ford, of Irish descent. Amos attended the district schools. He unfortunately lost his left eye when thirteen years old; remained with his parents until his twenty-second year. Our subject was united in marriage, Feb. 22, 1839, with Elizabeth D. Williamson, by whom he has had a family of 8 children, viz., Mary J., Ellen R., Leonetus P. (deceased), Sarah, Robert (deceased), William R., Emma E. and Anna A. In 1839, Mr. Ford bought 1,400 bushels of potatoes, which he disposed of at a LE B(EUF TOWNSHIP. 99 small profit in Cincinnati. On his return from this trip, his father gave him a deed of 86 acres of land, which he subsequently sold. In 1864, he bought 73 acres, which he also dis- posed of in about 2 years. Our subject, in 1868, purchased his present residence and a lot of 10 acres in Mill Village, and 60 acres about a mile from the town, which he is now farming. He and family are members of the M. E. Church. He is a Democrat in poli- tics, as was his father before him. A. H. FRISBEE, farmer and stock-raiser, P. O. Mill Village, a son of Grixou Frisbee, one of tbe earliest settlers of this county, who married Nancy Logue. Our subject was born June 13, 1848, in LeBoeuf Township, and married near Cambridgeboro, Sept. 30, 1879, Jennie Catling, who was born near Corry Sept. 4, 1855, a daughter of P. G. and Margaret (Edwards) Catling. Two children have blessed this union — Roy G. and Florence M. Mr. Frisbee, during the late rebellion, served 4 months in the 102d P. V. I. He owns 40 acres of well-improved land; is a Republican in politics; has served as Township Constable. He is a member of the Royal Templars. V. R. GILLETTE, farmer and dealer in agricultural implements, P. O. LeBreuf, was born in Rushford, Allegany Co., N. Y., May 4, 1828, and is a son of Ezekiel and Lorena (Swift) Gillette, who came here in 1854. Our subject was united in marriage, March 27, 1862, with Elizabeth M. Cottrell, daughter of John and Mary Ann (Preston) Cottrell, who were among the earliest settlers here. She was born Nov. 9, 1842. Two children have blessed this union— Fred C. and R. I. Nellie. Mr. Gillette has been engaged in his pres- ent business since 1866. Mrs. Gillette is the owner of 165 acres of land; in politics, he is a Republican. L. W. GILLETTE, farmer, P. O. LeBoeuf, was born at Rushford, Allegany Co., N. Y., in 1833, son of Ezekiel Gillette. Our subject has been twice married; first to Lorinda Pratt, only daughter of William and Anna Pratt. Mrs. Gillette was first married to Dwight Cole- man, deceased, who bore them 2 children, viz., Florence O. and Theodore J. The second time he was united in marriage was in 1861 with Elizabeth Wheeler, who was born Aug. 6, 1831, at Rushford, N. Y., daughter of William and Florilla (Baker) Wheeler. To '^this union have been born twins— John B. and George W., born June 20, 1867. Mr. Gillette owns a farm in LeBoeuf Township, but also successfully engages in the insurance business. RICHARD GREGORY, retired farmer, P. O. Mill Village, was born in LeBoeuf Township, Erie Co., June 13, 1815, the second child born to Philip and Clarantina (Childs) Gregory, the former born in Berks Co., Penn., May, 1783, and the latter in Worcester, Mass., Dec. 30, 1793. They were married in 1812, and were the parents of 12 children, 10 surviving. Philip, until of age, remained in his native county. He came to Waterford Township, Erie Co., in 1803, and for 10 years engaged in building boats and boating on French Creek. He served in the war of 1812; located in LeBoeuf Township in 1815, where he purchased 100 acres on the southern bank of French Creek, subsequently adding 100 acres more. He died on July 12, 1853, his widow June 26, 1862; they were members of the U. P. Church. Our subject received a common school education, and remained with his father until twenty-one. He learned and worked at the carpenter's trade for fourteen years, but on account of a fall, which crippled him, went to farming when he was forty years of age. He owns 79 acres of land. Mr. Gregory, on April 10, 1845, married Mary W. Range, who was the mother of 5 children, viz., Sarah E., Nancy, Josephine (deceased), Wilber M., M. Elsie and Alzina S. Mrs. Gregory was a member of the Methodist Courch, as are all the family; she died June 19, 1874. Mr. Gregory is a Democrat politically. JOHN GREGORY, farmer, P. O. Mill Village, was born Nov. 19, 1818, in LeBa?uf Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of Philip and Clarantina (Childs) Gregory,who had a family of 12 children, 10 of whom still survive. Philip Gregory, a farmer, was born in Berks Co., Penn., May, 1782, and died July 12, 1853. His wife, a native of Worcester. Mass., born Dec. 30, 1793, died June 26, 1862. Our subject, the fourth in this family, received his education in the district schools, andlivedwith his father until his marriage, April 20, 1848, with Sarah A. Jarvis, and then located in LeBoeuf Township. Four children, all born on Sunday, have blessed this union. Three were married within a year. Their names are as follows: Clarantina I, wife of L. J. Philips, hardware merchant; Andrew B., married to Alice Lockwood; Actty C. wife of A. M. Lockwood, a Methodist minister; and Cornelia, who died May 15, 1858. Mr. Gregory has always lived in his native township; owns 57 acres of land; has always been successful financially. He is a man highly respected by his neighbors; though liberal in his political views, generally votes the Democratic ticket. RICHARD A. KING, farmer, P. O. Mill Village, was born in County Antrim, Ireland, May 15, 1853, son of Edward and Agnes (Brown) King. Edward King, a farmer, died July 13. 1876, in the "old country." Our subject, previous to emigrating to America in April, 1873, worked at flax-breaking. He came via Maine to Canada. The next fall he went to Philadelphia, where he remained a year and a half; thence came to LeBanif Town- ship, Nov., 1874, where he purchased a small farm, on which he has since resided. Mr. King was united in marriage, Dec. 20, 1877, with Ida I., daughter of Jacob and Esther (Crandal) Burger, natives of Erie Co., Penn. Four children have been born to this union, viz., Alma A., Henry L., Hugh D. and Clarence A. Mr. King, with his wife, is a consist- ent member of the Presbyterian Church. He was a member of the Orangemen in Ireland, and is a member of the A. O. U. W. in Erie. He is a Democrat politically. 100 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ROBERT KIRK, retired farmer, Fairview, was bora in Delaware Aug. 26, 1809, son of James and Margaret (Hillis)Kirli, natives of County Down, Ireland, the former born Aug. 18, 1776, and the latter Sept. 16, 1775. They had a family of ;7 children, of whom Robert, David and James survive. Mrs. Kirk died Jan. 5, 1831. Mr. Kirk was a soldier in the war of 1813, and departed this life at Mt. Sterling, III., Feb. 21, 1858. Our subject came to Erie Co. in 1828, and on April 10, 1844, married Elizabeth Fargo, born in Fairview Oct. 7, 1817. daughter of Thomas T, and Cynthia (Randall) Fargo, natives of Connecticut. Their children are John H., Robert E., MTargaret C, James W., Mary E., Ella and Will- iam B. Mrs. Kirk died Jan. 30, 1883. JOHN H. KIRK, physician. Mill Village, is a son of Robert and Elizabeth (Fargo) Kirk, natives of Delaware and Fairview. (See sketch of Robert Kirk above.) Our subject was educated at the Girard Academy, and Adrian (Mich.) College. In 1873, he commenced the studv of medicine at Michigan University, Ann Arbor, and received his diploma in 1875. He married, Oct. 31, 1877, Maggie B. Child, born in East Smithfield, Bradford Co., Penn., July 25, 1854, daughter of Christopher and Harriet (Wright) Child, natives of Prov- idence, R. I., and Connecticut respectively. Dr. Kirk commenced to practice his profes- sion at Mill Village. He is a member of the K. of H., Masonic fraternity, and Royal Templars of Temperance. ALEXANDER McDONALD (deceased) was born in Glascow, Scotland, and came to America when twenty-five years old. He was united in marriage, Nov. 28, 1834, with Hannah Cowick, born October 10, 1814, daughter of Stephen Cowick, an early settler in Erie Co. Four children were born to this union, viz., James, Marj^ Francis and William. Mr. McDonald followed the occupation of a farmer and miner a number of years; was a member of the Presbyterian Church, and died in LaSalle, 111., in 1853. Mrs. McDonald owns 50 acres of land; she is a member of the Episcopal denomination. G. W. MITCHELL, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born Aug. 19, 1836, in Crawford, Co., Penn., and is the youngest of 7 children born to Peter and Hannah (Weston) Mitchell, who came to this county in 1803. Hannah was a daughter of James Weston, a prominent man in Erie Co., who held several important offices. Our subject married, March 10, 1858, Lucinda, daughter of William and Philena (Davis) McLellan, who were among the early settlers here. Lucinda was born July 17, 1838, and died Feb. 2, 1859, leaving 1 child, Willie F. On Dec. 25, 1859, Mr. Mitchell married his deceased wife's sister Asenath, born in Washington Township, Erie Co., May 5, 1843. Four children have blessed this union — Mary L., widow of M. L. Himrod, and mother of Cassie May; Emmet G., Winters S. and Aurie E. Mr. Mitchell has filled several township offices; is a member of the Christian Church, and in politics is a Republican. JAMES S. MOORE (deceased) was born in Mercer Co., Penn., March 1, 1807, and in 1846 was married to Sophronia Cotrell, born July 25, 1817, a daughter of Benjamin and Tamazine Cotrell. Benjamin Cotrell came from Rhode Island in 1790, and married Tam- azine Bunting, of Bucks Co., Penn., in 1812. Benjamin Cotrell was a soldier in the war of 1812, and his father took part in the Revolutionary war. David H., son of Benjamin, served in the late war. George, son of David, is in the regular army. To Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Moore were born 2 children — James E., born Sept., 1847; learned the trade of a blacksmith with his father, who had 3 brothers that followed the same occupation. He married Nancy M. Betts, born Oct. 1, 1860, daughter of Sheldon and Eliza (Barnes) Betts, by whom he has 1 child, James Glenn. Edgar H., son of James S. Moore, born March 22, 1850, who lives on the old homestead. James S. Moore came to this country in the fall of 1851; died May 11, 1870. CHARLES JOHN POLLOCK, farmer, P. O. Mill Village, was born in 1811 on the homestead farm in this township, son of Robert Pollock, who came to Erie Co. from Northumberland Co., Penn., in 1800. Robert was united in marriage, in 1810, with Mary Ann Anderson, of Waterford Township, Erie Co., and settled in LeBceuf on the farm now occupied by Charles J. Mr. Pollock, Sr., departed this life Feb. 22, 1844, aged fifty-eight; his widow Aug. 7, 1861, aged seventy-three years. Our subject married, Jan. *1, 1840, Mary Moorhead, of Fairview Township, Erie Co., Penn. Three children have blessed this union, viz., Margaret M., Martha Ann (who died in 1857) and James M. WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, Mill Village, son of William and Eliza (Ford) Robinson, early settlers of LeBcsuf Township, Erie Co., Penn., was born March 7, 1854, near the present site of Mill Village. He was married in 1876 to Miss Maggie Sweatman, of Erie, Penn. One child, John Park, has blessed this union. Our subject was educated in public and select commercial schools. He afterward engaged in general merchandising, and is at present a grocer and commission merchant in Mill Village,' Erie Co., Penn. Mr. Robinson was Burgess of Mill Village two terms, and has filled various local offices; is at present a Justice of the Peace. He is descended from a highly respected family, and enjoys the acquaintance of a large circle of friends and relatives. J. SEYMOUR ROSS, hardware merchant, Mill Village, an enterprising, well-known citizen, editor and proprietor of the Mill Village Herald, was born near Sheakleyville, Mercer Co., Penn., May 19, 1842. He is a son of John and Louisa (Wetmore) Ross; the former departed this life in 1870, the latter in 1851. Our subject, after acquiring a com- LE B(EUr TOWNSHIP. 101 mon school education, attended the high sclioolsof Meadville and Greenville, Penn. When eighteen years old, he commenced teaching during the winters, and worked on his father's farm the balance of the year. This he continued 6 years. He was united in marriage, Sept. 24, 1867, with Nancy M. Frisbee, by whom he has 1 son, Clarence F. Mr. Ross, in 1872, went on a farm in LeBoeuf Township, but after 3 years removed to Mill Village, where he purchased the only hardware store. He keeps a good stock. In 1882, he bought out the Mill Village Herald, which he has since carried on successfully, largely increasing its subscription list. Mr. Ross, in politics, is a Democrat; he has been School Director for 6 years, and also Burgess of the borough. He is a member of the Masonic Order, K. of H. and Royal Templars of Temperance Society. JAMES STRANAHAN, farmer. P. O. Union City, was born Oct. 28, 1817, in Colum- bia, Herkimer Co.. N. Y., son of Gibson J. and Dolly (DevendorfE) Stranahan, who came here in 1835. Our subject married, in 1888, Cynthia Taylor, born in Warren Co., Penn., in 1819, by whom he had the following children: Sydney, Dolly J. (wife of L. S. Gillette), and Gibson, twins; Charles (deceased) and Cynthia, wife of Dr. L. J. King, of Michigan (also twins); A. T.; Carrie M., wife of S. J. Fisher, of N. Y., and an infant (deceased). Mr. Stranahan, by trade, is a shoe-maker and tanner, and has worked at the same a number of years. Mrs. Stranahan departed this life June 18, 1876. Mr. Stranahan's oldest son, Sydney B., was born April 1, 1841. He is also a mechanic, and was married to Margaret E. Avery, born Jan. 6, 1847, by whom he has had 4 children — Perry G., Benjamin J., Leonard A. and Dolly M. Our subject owns 120 acres of land, and he and son pride them- selves on their good stock and fine facilities for dairying, which they make a specialty. A. L. TILDEN, County Commissioner and farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Aug. 21, 1884, at Nelson, Ohio, the oldest son of Charles and Adeline (King) Tilden; the former a native of Herkimer Co., N. Y., of English descent; the latter was born in Berkshire Co., Mass., of German lineage. Our subject acquired his education in the common schools of Portage Co., and at Nelson Academy and Allegheny College, Meadville, Penn. When eighteen years old, he started in life for himself; traveled through the lumber regions of Michigan, being employed at various points in the erection of mills and manufacturing of lumber, etc. Mr. Tilden came to Erie Co. in 1863, and 2 years later embarked in the lumber trade, in which he continued until 1857, when all he had accumulated was swept away in the panic of that year. He next accepted a position in the oil regions as manager for C. A. Dean & Co. and the Cleveland and Oil Creek Co. While in their employ he had by speculation made $5,000, which in 1862 he invested in oil, which he shipped, but it was consumed by fire before it reached its destination, and for the third time he had to start afresh, almost penniless. Our subject was then employed as fuel agent by the A. & G.W. R. R. Co. until 1866, when he bought his present farm in LeBceuf, which consists of 140 acres of well-improved land. July 3, 1861, he married Mary C, daughter of William and Florilla (Baker) Wheeler, of English origin, and a native of New York. To this union have been born W. W., Charles A. (attending the Waterford Academy) and Mary C. Mr. Tilden is Democratic in politics; was elected County Commissioner in 1879, and re-elected in 1881, and is now serving his si.Kth year; is a member of the K. of H.; is a prominent member of the Grange. His grandfather, Daniel S. Tilden, was among the first settlers of Portage Co., Ohio, and at one time owned one-third of Hiram. JOSEPH WALDRON, farmer, P. O. Mill Village, was born Oct. 7,1821, in Bloomfleld Township, Crawford Co. Penn., and is the eldest son born to Levi B. and Isabel Alexan- der Waldron, natives of York State and Ireland respectively. They had a family of 6 children ( 5 surviving) and were earlj' settlers of this county. Our subject was married in LeBoeuf Township, in 1856, to Maria, daughter of John and Sallie (Webster) Willey. She was born in this township in 1830; she was the mother of 5 children — H. L., a farmer; W. S., teaching; AdaK., E. J., and Bert, at home. Mrs. Waldron died Oct. 18, 1881. Mr. Waldron is a successful self made man, and owns 286 acres of well-improved land, and makes raising fine stock a specialty ; he has filled various township offices, such as Audi- tor, Assessor, Inspector of Elections and School Director. Politically, he is a Democrat. J. L. WATERHOUSE, farmer and lumberman, P. O. Mill Village, was born July 12, 1822, in Armstrong, now Clarion Co., Penn., son of William and Rebecca (Isherwood) Waterhouse, natives of England and Pennsylvania, respectively. The father of the latter was a sea Captain; they settled in LeBceuf, Erie Co., in 1832, and were the parents of 11 children, 4 surviving. Our subject was united in marriage, Feb., 1852, with Lydia M. Rhodes, born June 23, 1823, daughter of Jonathan and Mary (Young) Rhodes. Five chil- dren have been born to this union — T. W. ; Alice, widow of Harry Porter; Amy L.; J. H., and Emma R., who is teaching school in this township. Mr. Waterhouse owns 225 acres of well-improved land; his wife 13 acres in Crawford Co., Penn. Our subject followed lumbering 15 years, making frequent trips to Pittsburgh, by water. He has held many local offices; was for 10 years Justice of the Peace; 6 years Road Commissioner; 4 years School Director; 3 years Constable, and Collector from 1862 to 1864. Mr. Waterhouse'is politically a Republican. T. W. WATERHOUSE, lumberman, P. O. Mill Village, was born Feb. 24, 1853, son of J. L. and Lydia M. (Rhodes) Waterhouse. He was united in marriage, Oct. 23, 1873, with 4 102 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: L. E. Maxwell, born Aug. 3, 1854, a daughter of Frank and Rachel Williams, early settlers of Erie County. One daughter. Georga, has blessed this union. Mr. Waterhouse is en- gaged in lumbering, and has a steam saw and shingle mill in LeBceuf Township. He is also a manufacturer of bee hives. CHARLES M. WHEELER, lumberman and farmer, P. O. LeBceuf, was born at New Ipswich, Hillsboro Co., N. H., Jan. 29, 1826, a son of Stephen and Hannah (Stratton) Wheeler, whose ancestry were from Scotland. C. M. Wheeler came to LeBceuf Township in 1852, and settled on what was then called the Moravian Grant. He was united in mar- riage, Dec. 6, 1854, with Sarah,; J. Clark, born July 9, 1835, at Townsend, Middlesex Co., Mass., daughter of Eben and Betsy (Bills) Clark; 6 sons have been born to this union, 5 now living— Edward E., Walter S., Orton H., Fred C. and Arthur C. Mrs. Wheeler's great-grandfather Clark served as Captain in the Revolutionary war, and at one time was one of Washington's bodyguards. Her brother, Charles Clark is an extensive contractor, residing at Boston, Mass. Mr. Wheeler is a large land holder in this county, and owns a large tract in Marshall Co., Minn. He has held several offices in his own town; is polit- ically a Republican. His father served several terms in the New Hampshire Legislature; politically a Whig; and his grandfather, Seth Wheeler, held a commission and served in the war of the Revolution. McKEAN TOWNSHIP. ERASTUS V. ALLEN, minister. United Brethren, P. O. McKean, was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., July 8, 1812, son of Abram AJlen, born in 1768, who married Mary McComber, born in 1777, both natives o^^V^riuont, and who had a family of 11 chil- dren, of whom Trueman, Erastus V., Martin, Austin A., Abram, Solomon and Mary are now living; Mrs. Abram Allen died in 1830. By his second wife Abram Allen was the parent of 4 children, those now living being Mary, Chauncey and William. Abram Allen served in the war of 1812, on the New York frontier; about the year 1814 he came to Erie Co., and located in Mill Creek Township, removing to McKean in 1820, where he took up 50 acres of wild land. He died in 1859, his wife having preceded him by six years. Our subject married Sarah Dodge, born June 20, 1812, daughter of Tyler and Esther (Grayes) Dodge, all natives of New York State. By this marriage there were 8 children, of whom Erastus A., Lorenzo S. and Rufus S. are deceased, and Esther A., Mary A., Nathan T., Rufus A. and John W. are living. Of this family Erastus A., Nathan T., Rufus A. and John W. were soldiers in the war of the rebell- ion; Erastus was Corporal in Co. I, 145th P. V. I., and being mortally wounded at the battle of Gettysburg, July 2, 1863, died on the 4th. Nathan and Rufus enlisted in the 11th P. V. I., and John in the 102d, all served from 1862-63, till the close of the war. Our subject's tirst wife died July 28, 1869, and Mr. Allen married Mrs. Maria Wiswell, a widow, born March 18, 1820 ; she is daughter of Christopher and Maria (Horn) Fronce, all natives of New York State. There is no family by this last union. Mr. Allen read law in 1828, in the office of John Riddell, Erie; in 1858, he entered the ministry of the United Brethren denomination, and is now connected with the Western Reserve Confer- ence. He enlisted August 15, 1862, in Co. K, 145th Reg. P. V. I., and took part in the battles of Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. In a skirmish at Coffee Hill, Va., he was injured by a shell, and sent to the hospital at Philadelphia, where he received his discharge March 4, 1864. Mr. Allen is by trade a carpenter. In politics, he is a Green- backer. SYLVESTER B. ALLEN, blacksmith, Middleboro, was born in North East Tp. Dec. 25, 1841; son of Austin A. and May (Bird) Allen, the former born June 4, 1817, and the latter on Sept. 25, 1820, a dausrhter of Josh and Amy (Law) Bird, who had a family of 8 children— Sylvester G., Mary L., Lucy A., Ellen F.," Ida S. and Elmer A., still surviving. Austin A. Allen is a blacksmith by trade; he was elected Burgess of Middleboro in 1883; he IS a son of Abram Allen, mentioned in E. V. Allen's sketch. "Our subject married, October 31, 1861. Helen Smith, born Feb., 1843, daughter of Alfred and Mary A. (Agling) Smith. By this union there is 1 child— Alfred S., born July 8, 1864. Mr. Allen is a member of the Town Council of Middleboro. In April, 1861, he volunteered in Reed's Guards, Col. McLane, for three months, but saw no service. The following September, he re-enlisted in Co. I, 9th N. Y. Cavalry, Army of the Potomac. He was but a short time in the service, when he rose to the rank of Second Lieutenant. He participated in the siege of I orktown, and battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg; he received his discharge Oc- tober, 1863. Mr. Allen in politics is a Republican; he is an adherent of the M. E. Church, and is Superintendent of the Sabbath school at Middleboro. McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 103 SQUIRE C. BEAN, cheese manufacturer, Middleboro, was born in Summit Town- ship, Erie Co., May 16, 1860, and is a son of William A. and Hulda C. (Norris) Bean, the former born Dec. 2, 1817, and the latter in 1829; natives of Nashville, Tenn., and Lawrence- burg, Ind., respectively; they were the parents of 11 children— W. Pierce and Royal W., deceased, and Byron B., Erie A., Helen L., Reginald F., Kittie R., Squire C, Ellsworth M., Alfaretta C. and Leoni L., living. William A. Bean is a farmer residing in Summit Township, and is the owner of two valuable farms, comprising 170 acres. The home farm contains 110, is well stocked and has superior farm buildings erected thereon. Mr. Bean has been Justice of the Peace for five years, and a School Director of Summit Township for many years; in politics, he is a Democrat. Our subject commenced the manufacture of cheese in 1879 at Middleboro Steam Cheese Factory, with 22 patrons, and turned out 50,000 lbs. of cheese that year. His patrons now number 30, and the products for the season, Nov., 1883, were 8*0,000 lbs. The business is prospering, the factory is turning out a superior brand. JOHN H. BLOUNT, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Erie City May 28, 1843. son of James and Elizabeth (Paul) Blount, the former born Aug. 19, 1821; the latter is a daughter of William Paul, all natives of Derbyshire, England. They had a family of 8 children, of whom John H., Thomas A., Ellen J. and Emmanuel survive. Of this fam- ily, John H. and Thomas A. were in the U. S. Navy during the war of the rebellion. James Blount came to America in 1840, first locating in the city of Erie. In 1857, his wife died, and he next married Elizabeth Garland. By this union there were 3 children— Lavina and James now living. Mr. Blount is by trade a blacksmith, and resides in Mc- Kean Tp. He is a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Taylor) Blount, also natives of Derbyshire, England, where the former still resides. John H. Blount, our subject, married Sept. 10, 1867, Elizabeth Smith, born Nov. 28, 1844, daughter of Conrad and Christine (Kno- del) Smith, the former born Dec. 5, 1805, in Hesse-Cassell, died Feb. 26, 1879, in McKean Township, and the latter, born May 5, 1822, in Wurtemberg, Germany; by this union there were 6 children— Reinhart, born Sept. 10, 1868; Henrietta, Sept. 18, 1870; Clarence L., Dec. 23, 1871; Henry C, November 27, 1873; Archie, Nov. 21, 1878, died January 18, 1879, and Arthur Garfield, born Dec. 5, 1880. In early life, Mr. Blount was a sailor on the lakes, and Aug. 28, 1863, he volunteered in the navy, was rated a first-class seaman, and appoint- ed to the gunboat Silver Lake (Capt. Coyle) of the Gulf Squadron, under Commodore Fitch. His vessel operated chiefly on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, and took part in the repulse of Hood from Nashville and Clarksville. Tenn. In Dec, 1863, he was transferred to the hospital-ship Fitch, and served until the close of the war as Hospital Steward. Mr. Blount is by trade a worker in tin, copper and sheet iron, and plies his trade in connection with his farming. His well-stocked farm is situated four miles from Middle- boro, and comprises sixty-three acres. He is an Odd Fellow; in politics, an Independent Republican. THOMAS A. BLOUNT, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Erie Citjr, Sept. 11, 1845, son of James and Elizabeth (Paul) Blount, mentioned in John H. Blount's biography. Thomas A. Blount married, May 25, 1867, Anna E. Irvine, born June 7, 1844, daughter of William and Dorathy (Wallace) Irvine, the former born in Tyrone Co., Ireland, Dec. 9, 1804; came to America in 1808; the latter was a native of New York State. By this marriage there were born 4 children, as follows: Charles I., born Oct. 4, 1872; Millie May, May 24, 1874; An- nie B., Dec. 28, 1879, died Feb. 24, 1882; and Ellen A., born Oct. 4, 1882. Mr. Blount served in the navy during the late war. He was enrolled Aug. 25, 1864, and appointed to the gunboat Silver Lake, Capt. Co., of the Gulf Squadron, Commodore Fitch. His vessel -operated chiefly on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, its principal engagements being before Johnsonville and Nashville, Tenn., and the subsequent capture of Moseby's Guer- rillas, in all of which Mr. Blount took part. He had numerous narrow escapes and some thrilling adventures during his term of service, which expired Aug. 18, 1865. His farm, situated 3^ miles from Middleboro, comprises 100 acres, and is well stocked. In politics, Mr. Blount is a Democrat. THOMAS H. CLAPPER, merchant, Middleboro, was born in New York State May 16, 1830; son of Jeremiah and Elizabeth (Woodin) Clapper, the former born Feb., 1806, and the latter in 1809, both natives of New York State. Mrs. Elizabeth Clapper is a daughter of Amos and Lucretia (Wilsey) Woodin, the former a nativeof NewEngland and the latter_ of Germany. They were the parents of 8 children— Thomas H., Margaret E., Louisa, Eugene,' George and Elizabeth now living. Thomas H. was a soldier in the Mexican war, and Eugene and George were in the war of the rebellion. Jeremiah Clapper came to Erie Co. in 1838, lo- cating in Girard for 2 years, when he removed to McKean Tp., where he still resides. Our subject married, April, 1852, Myra A. Peck, born March 29, 1825, daughter of Lewis and Orill (Richardson) Peck, natives of Connecticut. They were the parents of 7 children, viz., Hener (deceased), Harriet, Emily, John, Peley, Eugene and Lee. Mrs. Myra A. Clapper died •Sept. 22, 1870, and Mr. Clapper married, Oct. 4, 1876, Annie Meachum, born May 9, 1858, daughter of Simeon and Phebe (Mullary) Meachum, all natives of this State. Three chil- dren blessed this union— Eddy (deceased), Gertrude and Jane. Mr. Clapper in early life was a sailor, and engaged in this calling on nearly all the lakes. At Cleveland, in 1847, 104 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: he enlisted under the name of Heman Thomas in Co. H, Capt. John H. Perry, loth Reg. U. S. I.. Col. Georc:e W. Morgan, of Ohio, and served through the Mexican war as a private. He participated in the battles of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino Del Rey, storming of Chapultepec, and siege and capture of the City of Mexico. He was discharged at Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug., 1848. From 1852 to 1881, Mr. Clapper was engaged in farming, and now owns an excellent farm of 201 acres 1 mile from Middleboro. In 1881, Mr. Clap per opened a general store in Middleboro. He carries a well-assorted stock of goods, and is doing a prosperous trade. He has acted as School Director, and is an Alderman. In politics, is a Democrat. CHARLES D. COYLE, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in McKean Tp. April 27, 1842, and is a son of Paul Coyle, born in Maryland, July 6, 1813, who married, May 12, 1836. Laura Wright, born Sept. 14, 1817, daughter of Noah and Betsey (Fuller) Wright, all natives of New York State. They had a family of 5 children, of whom Charles D.'and Eugene are now living. Of this family, Darious O. and Charles D. were soldiers in the war of the rebellion. The former was a private in Company D, 83d Reg. Penn. Int., and was killed at the battle of Gettysburg July 3, 1863. Laura Wright died July 3, 1852, and Paul Coyle married Mary Smith, a native of Germany, and had 5 children — Margaret, John D. and Irwin being now the only survivors. Mary Smith died March 19, 1867; and Mr. Coyle next united in marriage with Nancy Schellenburger, a native of Ohio, but had no children. He came to Erie about the year 1834, settling in McKean Tp., and died April 28, 1875. His widow still survives him. Paul was a son of Elijah Coyle, a native of Germany, who died about the year 1838. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Charles D. Coyle. of whom we write this biography, married, Feb. 23, 1865, Sarah J. Long, born April 8, 1847. daughter of Charles and Susan (Gilbert) Long, the former born in Mas- sachusetts May 6, 1806, and the latter in this State Oct. 20, 1817. By this union there are 2 children, viz., Mina B. and Minnie D., born June 20, 1867. Mr. Coyle is a prosperous farmer, owns a well -stocked farm of 50 acres, with excellent farm buildings, 3 miles from Middleboro. At the breaking-out of the rebellion, he responded to the first call for troops; volunteered April 19. 1861, in Co. E, 17th Reg. Penn. State Militia, and served 3 months. He again volunteered Aug. 6, 1861, in Co. D, 83d Reg. P. V. I., 3d Brig., 2d Div., 5th Corps, Maj. Gen. G. R. Warren, Army of the Potomac. With his regiment, he partici- pated in the siege of Yorktown and battles of Hanover Court House and Gaines' Mill. In the latter battle, he was wounded in the leg by a rifle shot, and remained a prisoner on the battle-field three weeks, enduring intensesuffering. The ball was extracted, and he was paroled, sent to the hospital at Baltimore, where he underwent a thrice-repeated ordeal of amputation of the injured limb. He remained in hospital until March 3, 1863, when he received his discharge. He draws a pension. Mr. Coyle is an Odd Fellow, a member of the Middleboro Post, 83, G. A. R., and in politics, is a Republican. GEORGE W. CRANDALL, farmer, P. O. McLane, was born in McKean Township May 23, 1842, son of Thomas and Lucy Emily (Harrison) Crandall, former born in Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y., June 3, 1818, latter born April 9, 1822, daughter of Thomas and Annie (Clark) Harrison, natives of New York State. Thomas and Lucy Emily Crandall were married December 10, 1840. They had 8 children, of whom Virgil L. and John M. are deceased; George W., Charles A., Betsy A., Flora A. and Will- iam C. are now living. Of this family, George and Virgil were soldiers in the war of the rebellion. The latter enlisted in Co. B, 145th Reg. P. V. I., and while in camp at Fal- mouth, Va., died in the hospital on the day preceding the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 10, 1862. Thomas Crandall, the elder, came to McKean Township, Erie Co., in 1838, and was for various terms a School Director of the same. He was an active member of the Method- ist Church at Compton's Corners. On Jan. 3, 1877, he went to the church to hght the fire, and was found afterward, sitting near the stove, dead. His widow still survives him. George Washington Crandall, our subject, married, July 4, 1864, Mattie J. Standclift, born March 15, 1845, daughter of William and Delia (Dowd) Standclift, of Waterford Township. She died without issue, March 24, 1866, and Mr. Crandall then married Florence Hitt, born Oct. 18, 1851, daughter of Henry and Rose (Sisson) Hitt, of Washington Township. By this marriage there are 2 children— Virgil L., born Feb. 18, 1873, and Henry H., born Feb. 22, 1878. Mrs. Florence Crandall died March 11, 1878, andMr. Crandall next married, May^lS, . 1879, Delia L. Jenkins, born July 20, 1856, daughter of John C. and Rosella (Perkins) Jen- kins, the former born Aug. 10, 1818, and the latter April 25, 1827, all natives of this State. By this union there are 2 children — Florence R., born Aug. 17, 1880, and Perry Bruce, born April 14, 1883. Mr. Crandall, Aug. 14, 1862, volunteered in Co. B, 145th "P. V. I., 2d Brig., 3d Div.. 2d Corps. Maj. Gen. W. S. Hancock, Anny of the Potomac. Was with his regiment at the battles of first and second Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettys- burg. At the latter engagement, he was permanently disabled by a wound, went to the hospital at Newark, N. J., and was there discharged Dec. 24, 1863. Mr. Crandall is an Odd Fellow, and a member of the G. A. R., Post 83, McKean. In politics, he is a Republican. ROBERT DAVIS, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Washington Township May 29, 1824, son of Daniel and Polly (McClelland) Davis, the former born Dec. 25, 1800, and the latter born Dec. 24, 1799, daughter of Robert and Polly (Drake) McClelland, all natives McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 105 of Vermont. They had a family of 10 children, of whom Zapher, Poll}', Robert, Philena. George, Daniel V., Sauia and William are now living. William served in the U. S. Navy during the war of the rebellion. Daniel Davis, the elder, came to Erie Co. in 1807 with his father, who settled in Conneaut Valley, Washington Township. He was a son of Zapher and Lois (Porter) Davis, natives of Vermont. Zapher was a son of Robert Davis, who was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Robert Davis, subject of this sketch, married. March 20, 1845, Sally Colvin, born March 5, 1825, daughter of Moses and Susan (Rush) Colvin, also na- tives of Vermont. By this marriage there were 10 children, as follows: Sylvester, born April 24.1846, died Nov. 14, 1850; Lester, born Aug. 14, 1847; Susan, March 6, 1849; Polly, Oct. 28, 1851, died Nov. 14. 1875; Demitrious, June 30, 1851; William, May 20, 1854; Leoni, Aug. 28, 1857; Lois, Nov. 2. 1860; Emma and Ella, born May 1, 1863. Mr. Davis removed from Waterford Township to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, in 1869, and came to McKean Township in 1876, purchasing a fine farm of 75 acres on the Waterford Township line, where he now resides. Politicallv, he is a Republican. JOHN DROWN, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in York Co., Me., Oct. 9, 1810, son of Solomon and Elizabeth (Hatch) Drown, the former born Oct. 10, 1789, and the latter in 1789, both natives of New Hampshire. They had a family of seven children— John, Will- iam, Warren, Eliza, Solomon and Elizabeth still living. Mrs. Elizabeth (Hatch) Drown died Feb. 12, 1821, and Solomon Drown then married Fannie Dennis. Their family num- ber 10 children, of whom Dennis, Clinton, James, Rebecca, Ritner and Jane (twins), Henry and Elvira are now living. Mr. Drown came from Wayne Co., N. Y. ; purchased the Joiner farm near Middleboro, in 1831, and located there, remaining until 1837, when he moved to Seneca Co., Ohio, where he died Oct. 6, 1857. His widow died Aug. 22, 188u. Sol- omon Drown was a son of John Drown, a native of New Hampshire, who was a soldier of the war of the Revolution. John Drown, our subject, married, Nov. 8. 1835, Elvira Grant, born Aug. 9, 1814, daughter of Benjamin and Abi (Strong) Grant, the latter a daughter of Timothy and Abi (Collins) Strong, all natives of East Windsor. Hartford Co., Conn. By this union there were 5 children, viz., John P., born Feb. 13, 1839, died July 25, 1859; William L., born Oct. 21, 1840; Elvira B., born March 2, 1847, died March 2, 1848; Julia, born April 2, 1850; Jenny L., born July 15, 1855. In 1851, Mr. Drown purchased the Grant homestead, upon which he now resides. He also owns a farm of 130 acres near Middle- boro. In politics, he is a Republican. ROBERT G. DUNN, farmer, P. 0. McKean, was born in McKean Township, March 25. 1812, son of Oliver Dunn, born in 1771, who married, Sept. 2, 1793, Rachel Taylor, born in 1766, both of whom were natives of County Tyrone, Ireland. They had a family of 7 children, viz., Martha, John M. T., William, Elizabeth, Oliver, Thomas and Jane, the latter being now the only survivor. Martha and John were born in Ireland. William served in the war of 1812-14; he was stationed at Erie under Capt. Foster. Oliver Dunn, the elder, was one of the earliest pioneers of the county. He came to America in 1797, where he articled 200 acres of land, then a wilderness, but now one of the most fertile sec- tions in the county, in which the homestead erected by David Dunn stands conspicuous for its beauty. On the 14th of April, 1810, Rachel Taylor, his wife, died, and Mr. Dunn married, April 4, 1811, Anna Gray, born in Huntingdon Co., Penn., Nov., 1788, daughter of William Gray, a native of Huntingdon Co., Penn. Their family numbered 8, of whom Rachel, David, Nancy and George are deceased, and Robert G., Mary A., James and Sarah survive. Mr. Dunn was the first Justice of the Peace of McKean Township, and held the oflSce many years; he also held other principal township offices. He died April 20, 1836. His widow lived to the ripe age of nearly seventy-five, and died Aug. 5, 1863. Oliver was a son of Oliver Dunn, a native of County Tyrone, Ireland. Robert G. Dunn, our subject, married, Jan. 18, 1838, Rebecca Dumars, born in Mill Creek Township Dec. 25, 1813, daughter of James and Margaret (Robinson) Dumars, natives of County Tyrone, Ireland. By this union there are 6 children, viz. : Henry, born February 10, 1839"; Sidney, born Nov. 11, 1840; Albert, born Aug. 24, 1842; Sophia J., born Oct. 3, 1844; Janette, born Aug. 13, 1846; Benjamin F., born Feb. 14, 1849. Of this family, Albert was a soldier in the war of the rebellion. In Aug., 1862, he enlisted in Co. B, 145th Reg. P. V. I.; served as Corporal, and was wounded at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va. He went to the Phila- delphia Hospital, and upon his return to the army he was made Sergeant, and was com- missioned as Second Lieutenant at the close of the war. He is now a merchant at Tidioute, Penn. Robert G. Dunn has held several of the most honorable township offices. He is a prominent member of the U. P. Church. In politics, he is a Republican. JAMES DUNN, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in McKean Township July 28, 1819, son of Oliver and Anna (Gray) Dunn, mentioned in Robert G. Dunn's biography. James Dunn married, February 18, 1851, Sarah Gray, born December 2, 1824, daughter of Fran- cis.B. and Jane (Gray) Gray, all natives of this State. By this union there are 2 chil- dren—George L., born July 9, 1860, and Lee J., born Dec. 4, 1861. The former is a mer- chant in Erie, and the latter engaged in business in Fair Co., Neb., where he owns land. James Dunn is a prominent citizen of McKean. In 1852, he was elected Road Commissioner; has been re-elected at various periods since that date, and still holds the office. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1868, and served 10 years. Upon his re-election for a 106 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: third term, he resigned. He has served 3 terms as School Director, and has been Auditor, Inspector and Judge of Elections. In 1873, he was elected County Director of the Poor, and served 1 term. Mr. Dunn was a delegate to the tirst Republican Convention ever held in the county, which was in 1858. He and his wife are adherents of the U. P. Church. MARY S. DUNN, P. O. McKean, was born in Westmoreland Co., this State, Feb. 8, 1828, and is a daughter of William and Mary (Reed) Stewart, natives of Franklin Co., Penn.. who had a family of 10 children, viz., Andrew, John, Elizabeth, Jane, Eliza, Reed and Robert, deceased; and James L., William and Mary S. now living. William Stewart, the elder, died May 15, 1850, his wife preceding him April 22, 1844. He was a son of William Laud and Jane (Burns) Stewart, natives of Ireland and Pennsylvania respectively. Mary Reed was a daughter of Andrew and Mary Reed, the former a native of Ireland. Our subject was married, June 2, 1851, to David Dunn, born July 11, 1824, son of Oliver and Anna (Gray) Dunn, mentioned in the biography of R. G. Dunn. Four children were born to this union, viz.. Reed S., Emma L., Edwin L. and Blanche L. David Dunn was a prominent citizen of McKean Township, and filled some of its offices, among which were Road Commissioner and School Director. He was a member of the U. P. Church, of which he was for some time a Trustee. He died Nov. 7. 1870. LEVI W. EASTMAN, farmer, P. O. McKean. was born in Addison Co., Vt.. May 6, 1842, son of Levi Eastman, born on the estate of Gen. Ethan Allen, Vermont, Dec. 14, 1802, who married Martha Bailey (nee Warner), a widow, born May 16, 1798, and had a family of 7 children, of whom Sarah, Ruby, Ezra T., Dameras, Elizabeth and Levi W. are now living. Ruby mnrried Dr. George Carnahan, who was a Surgeon in the Union army. They re- sided in Missouri during the war. Dr. Carnahan is now dead. Levi Eastman, the elder, came to Erie Co. in 1858, and settled in Elk. Creek Township; he now resides with his son, Levi W. ; Martha Bailey, his wife, died Dec. 21, 1872. Levi W. Eastman, our subject, married, April 9, 1866, Elizabeth Phillips, born Dec. 6, 1845, daughter of James and Em- ily (Kimble) Phillips, mentioned in Wm. W. Phillips' biography. By this union there were 7 children, viz., Claude W., born Feb. 8, 1867; Clarence B., Nov. 5, 1869; Minnie E., May 15, 1870; Leonora, Sept. 18, 1872; Archie B., Julv 21, 1875; Ella L., Jan. 5, 1879, and Roy, Feb. 16, 1884. Mr. Eastman volunteered Jan. 6, 1863, in Co. I, 14th Penn. Cavalry as private. This regiment was in the 2d Brigade, 1st Division under Maj. Gen. W. B. Averell, and operated in the Department of Southwestern Virginia. Private Eastman took part in the following engagements, from May 10, 1864: Wytheville, Newmarket, Lynchburg, Liberty, Salem and Bunker Hill, Va., Point of Rocks, Md., Snicker's Gap, Newtown and Martinsburg, Va., Clear Spring, Md., Moorfield and Cedar Creek, Va. He was promoted to the rank of Sergeant, Feb. 5, 1865, his last engagement being at Ashley's Gap, Feb. 19. Mr. Eastman now owns a fine farm, comprising 95 acres, situated 2 miles from Middleboro on the Erie & Edinboro road. In polities, he is a Republican. DANIEL HARRISON, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Chenango Co., N. Y., Feb- 22, 1818, son of Thomas Harrison, born May 14, 1787, and married. May 7, 1807, to Annie Clark, born Aug. 11, 1788, both natives of New York State. They had a family of 11 children — Daniel, Lucy E. and Mary being now the only survivors. Thomas Harrison came to Erie Co. about the year 1823, and settled in McKean Township when it was a wilderness and wild animals abounded. The number of antlers in his son's possession bear ample testimony of his skill as a marksman. He died Oct. 17, 1861, his widow follow- ing him April 28, 1869. During the stirring days of the war of 1812, Mr. Harrison sacri- ficed his property in Canada rather than fight with the British against his native country. He returned to New York State, where he remained until he came to this county. Daniel Harrison, our subject, was united in marriage, Dec. 29, 1853, with Laura, daughter of Jonas and Amy (Slater) Stafford, natives of New York State. She was born May 19, 1836, and died Dec. 22, 1875. By this marriage there were 6 children, viz., William H.. born March 24, 1855, died November 11, 1865; Malvina, died April 28, 1857; Lillian, born February 2, died June 11, 1859; Sidney, born Aug. 15, 1860; Nellie V,, born April 28, 1862; Clifton D., born Oct. 11, 1869. Nellie Viola married, Feb. 15, 1881, Thomas McArdle, born in Crawford Co. Aug. 16, 1857. They have a son— Daniel A., born March 16, 1882. Sidney married, Aug. 23, 1882, Mary Henbeck, born Jan. 10, 1864. Mr. Harrison now owns the paternal homestead of 225 acres. Originally the farm contained 174 acres, which Daniel assisted his father to reclaim from the wilderness. It is situated within 2 miles of Middleboro; has excellent farm buildings and is well stocked. Politically, Mr. Harrison i.i a Republican. SAMUEL W. HAUCK, merchant and Postmaster, Sterrettania, was born in McKean Township March 3. 1844, son of Laurence and Margaret (Strouce) Hauck, the former born Aug. 17. 1805, and the latter born June 5, 1806, both natives of Germany. They were the parents of 10 children; those living are Julia, John, Charles, Catharine, Ce- lina, Mary, Samuel W. and Joseph. John was a private in the 145th Reg. P. V. I. Mrs. Margaret Hauck died Sept. 30, 1850. Laurence Hauck married his second wife, Mrs. Laura Harrison, a widow, and daughter of Ransom Jenkins ; one daughter, Louisa, has resulted from this union. Mr. L. Hauck came to America in 1833, and took up 130 acres of land in McKean Township, which he cleared and converted into a comfortable home- McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 107 stead. He died Oct. 18, 1864; his widow still survives. Our subject, Samuel W. Hauck, . was united in marriage, Dec. 26, 1872, with Cecelia L., daughterof Lewis and Mary (Perry) Moore, natives of Detroit, Mich., the former born in 1785, and the latter in 1808. Mrs. Hauck was born in Ohio, Nov. 27, 1850; 6 children have resulted from this union — Jennie G., born Jan. 12, 1874; Harry C. born May 12, 1875; Frank J., born Feb. 28, 1877; Matilda J., born April 15, 1879; Albert E., born March 13. 1881, and Mary May, born June 13, 1883. Mr. Hauck was appointed Postmaster in 1879; he has a well-patronized store, stocked ^ith a choice assortment of general merchandise, the only one on the west side of the township. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic; in politics, a Republican. JOSEPH H. HAUCK, carpenter and joiner and cheese manufacturer, Sterrettania, was born in McKean Township March 17, 1851, son of Laurence and Margaret (Strouce) Hauck (mentioned in the biogi-aphy of S. W. Hauck). On Nov. 13, 1877, Mr. Hauck mar- ried Lizzie Lang, born July 14. 1857, daughter of Joseph and Barbara (Corell) Lang, of •Sterrettania. By this union, there are 2 children — George H., born March 14, 1879, and Charles L., born May 1, 1883. In 1881, Mr. Hauck erected the Sterrettania Steam Cheese Factory, and commenced the manufacture of cheese in May. The business is steadily in- creasing, the factory numbering about twenty patrons and producing 350 pounds of prime merchantable cheese daily. The vats are of the most approved pattern, and the ma- chinery of excellent description. The main building is 24x80, two stories high, with boiler "and engine room, 20x24, and contains, in addition to the cheese department, one of the finest cider mills in Erie Co. This mill in ordinary seasons is capable of producing 75 barrels of cider per day. The whole enterprise is a decided acquisition to Sterrettania and creditable to its proprietor. Mr. Hauck erected a great many extensive buildings in this township. DANIEL HAYFORD, Jr.. farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Maine Jan. 19, 1826, and is a son of Daniel and Ruth (Drown) Hayford, the latter a daughter of John and Sarah (Ayres) Drown, all natives of New Hampshire. They were the parents of 3 chil- dren, viz., Sarah (deceased), Daniel and John H. The latter was a soldier in the Mexican war, and subsequently served in the U. S. Navy. Daniel Hayford, Sr., died Feb. 21, 1840. Our subject came to Erie Co. in 1860, and had previously married Esther Boice, born Sept. 29, 1828, daughter of Robert and Esther Boice, all natives of this State. By this union there were 11 children, viz., Lynn (deceased), Olive, George, John, Daniel, So- phronia, Sarah, Jennie, Lincoln, Madison and Minnie. Mrs. Esther Hayford died Oct. 7, 1882, and Mr. Hayford was united in marriage with Mrs. Elizabeth Vorse, born Jan- 29, 1821, daughter of Solomon and Elizabeth (Hatch) Drown (mentioned in John Drown's bi- ography), and widow of Asa M. Vorse, a native of New York State, born June 4, 1814, died Apr. 10, 1881. His children were Mercy E. and Mary J., both deceased. Daniel Hayford resides in Middleboro, adjoining to which he owns farm property. He has taken some part in township affairs; is Republican in politics. SIDNEY W. JARVIS, by occupation a farmer, and who now resides in McKean Town- ship, was born in Kingsville, Ohio, July 12, 1840, and is a son of Sidney S. and Clarrisa (Boyington) Jarvis, the former born in New York State Dec. 17, 1808, and the latter born in Vermont in 1815. They were the parents of 3 children— Sophronia E., Sidney W. and John W. The eldest, Sophronia E., is the wife of William Shepard and resides at Kings- ville. Ohio; Sidney W. and John W. were soldiers in the war of the rebellion. The former served as a member of Co. K, 98th Reg., P. V. I., of the 6th Corps, Army of the Potomac. The latter, John W., enlisted in the 145th P. V. I. 2d Corps, Army of the Potomac. Shortly after the battle of Fredricksburg, Va., he was by sickness incapacitated from further service. Sidney S. Jarvis came to Erie Co. in the spring of 1842, and purchased 100 acres of land, mostly in forest, near the Waterford line, in McKean Township, which, with the aid of his sons, he cleared and converted into a fine homestead. He left his home in McKean in 1872, and went to reside in Kingsville, Ohio, where he died Jan. 1, 1874. His widow now lives in the home whicli they purchased there. Sidnej' "W. Jarvis engaged in school teaching in 1857, and continued at that occupation at various periods until 1877. On March 19, 1873, Mr. Jarvis, the subject of this sketch, married Miss Celia A. Webb, born at Johnstonville, Ohio, July 9, 1838, daughter of John L. and Julia (Ailing) Webb, the former born in Ohio, June 7, 1816, and the latter in Connecticut in 1809. By this union there are 4 children— Clara L., born July 31, 1874; Celia A., born Sept. 23, 1876, Linnie E., born Nov. 14, 1878; and Bertha M., born May 11, 1880. Mr. Jarvis now owns and resides on 52 acres of the home farm. In politics, he is a Republican. CHESTER H. LILLIE, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Conneaut Township Oct. 19, 1842, son of Benjamin and Betsy A. (Preston) Lillie, both natives of New York State, and the parents of 9 children; the surviving are Sylvester, Chester H., Lucinda, Betsy A., Alzada, Amanda and Alonzo. Franklin, Sylvester and Chester were soldiers during the late war. Franklin volunteered as a private in Co. B, 145th Reg. P. V. I., and at the bat- tle of Spottsylvania Court House, Va., was captured and taken to Libby Prison, Rich- mond, and eventually sent to the prison pen at Andersonville, Ga., where he died in the fall of 1864. Sylvester served three years in the 3d Reg. Penn. Cav., Army of the Potomac, re-enlisting in March, 1865. Benjamin Lillie died Jan. 18, 1866, and his widow May 12, 108 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1881. Chester H. Lillie, our subject, was married April 12, 1866, to Sallie Newell, born March 23, 1840, daughter of William and Mary A. (Pollock) Newell, natives of this State; 7 children were born to this union— Franklin B., born Jan. 7, 1867, died Aug. 9, 1869; Carrie A., March 6, died Mav 4, 1869: Mary I., Aug. 1, 1870; Orville C, Sept. 16, 1872; Matilda F., Oct. 20, 1874; William H., Nov. 25, 1876, and Emma, born December 12, 1879, died Dec. 4 1880. Mr. Lillie enlisted Aug. 15, 1862, in Co. B, 145th Reg., P. V. I., and served in the 2d Corps, Army of the Potomac, until the close of the war. At the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. he was severely wounded by a ritle shot in the breast, which incapacitated him from further service until "the fall of "1863, when, returning to his regi- ment, he took part in Gen. Grant's Wilderness campaigns and siege of and battles around Petersburg and Richmond, in which he was taken prisoner. He was sent to Anderson- ville, remaining there four months, when he was transferred to Camp Newton, Ga. ; was then returned to Andersonville, where he was confined until discharged at Jackson, Miss., March, 1865. Mr. Lillie is a member of the A. O. U. W., G. A. R., Post No. 83, McKean; is a Republican in politics. MICHAEL McLaughlin, farmer, P. O. Sterrettania, was born in McKean Town- ship, Feb. 5, 1842, and is a son of Thomas and Honora (Fagan) McLaughlin, the former born March 28, 1796, died March 5, 1880, a native of County Tyrone, Ireland, and the lat- ter born in Mill Creek Township July 8, 1807. They were married Oct. 2, 1825, and had a family of 10 children— John, Mary J., Elizabeth, Charles, Rosanna, Michael, Hannah and Edward survive. Of this family, Charles was a soldier in the late war. Thomas McLaughlin, the elder, came to America in 1821, locating in Erie City Jan. 28, 1824; in 1830 removed to McKean To-\vnship. Fora numberof yearshe was Supervisor of this township, and for 21 years Auditor. His wife died Sept. 4, 1858, and he followed her Feb. 26, 1880. Our subject married, Nov. 17, 1862, Honora McCarty, born Jan., 1842, daughter of Michael and Margaret (McCarty) McCarty, natives of County Cork, Ireland; 6 children were born to this union, viz., Thomas J., born June 7, 1870; Charles J., born Nov. 22, 1872; Frank W., born Aug. 24, 1874; Mary H., born July 30, 1876; Margaret J., born March 12, 1878, and Richard H.. born Oct. 15, 1880. Mr. Mc'Laughlin is a prosperous farmer residing upon and cultivating the estate of C. J. Sterrett, near Sterrettania. He is owner of 25 acres adjoin- ing the Sterrett estate, also a good farm of 75 acres in McKean Township. Mr. McLaughlin and family are members of the Roman Catholic Church. In politics, he is a Republican. JOHN MARSH, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Nova Scotia Sept. 19, 1822, son of James Marsh, born in 1794, and married to Jane Thompson, born in 1792, daughter of Andrew and Jane (Marsh) Thompson, all natives of Nova Scotia. They were the parents of 10 children, of whom Andrew T., John. Rachel. Mary, Theodore H. and Wilson are now living. Of this family, Andrew and Wilson were soldiers in the war of the rebellion. James Marsh came from Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1835, took up land in McKean Township and cleared for himself and family some 66 acres. He died Oct. 22, 1857, his widow following him April 3, 1872. He was a son of John Marsh, a native of England, who was a sailor and shipwright, and who emigrated to Nova Scotia at the close of the French and English war. John^Marsh, our subject, married. Jan. 6, 1850, Mary A. Brimhall, born Dec. 22, 1825, daughter of Aaron and Sabry (Bull) Brimhall, the former born Oct. 9, 1795. in Con- necticut, and the latter July 16, 1799, in Clinton Co.. N. Y. By this union there were 8 children, as follows: Arthur J., Oct. 13, 1850, died July 19, 1881; Judson A., born March 28. 1852, died July 22, 1860; Fletcher C. born April 20, 1854, died July 22, 1860; Jenny J., born Jan. 4. 1856, died July 28. 1860; Carlton C. born Nov. 17, 1860; Hattie H., born March 19, 1863; Rufus W., Aug. 1. 1868; and Mary E., born Sept. 26. 1871. Arthur J. married, Sept. 16, 1874, Nettie Stanclift, and had one child— Linnie E., born Dec. 9, 1877. He was killed by a fall from a loft in his barn. John Marsh, in early life, was for 16 years a sailor on the lakes, eight of which he was Captain of his vessel. He now resides in the paternal residence, which he owns. His fine stock of young cattle are half-breed Holsteins. DANIEL MARSH, farmer, P. O. McLane, was born in Colchester Co., Nova Scotia, Dec. 28, 1825, son of Patrick H. Marsh, born June 20, 1793, who married Susan McLaugh- lin, born Oct. 19, 1806, native of Nova Scotia, daughter of Henry and Jane (Wilson) McLaughlin, natives of Massachusetts, and had a family of 11 children, of whom Daniel, John W., James, Andrew R., Thomas, Patrick H. and Marilla are now living. Of this family, Daniel, John. Patrick and Joseph saw service in the war of the rebellion, John in the U. S. Navv and Patrick in the 6th Reg., Mo. I. The latter volunteered as private, served the full'term of the war, was wounded at the battle of Shiloh, April 11, 1862, and was promoted to the rank of Lieut. Col. of tlie 11th Ind. Joseph enlisted in the 145th P. V. I., Sept., 1862, and was killed at Gettysburg July 3, 1863. Patrick H. Marsh, the elder, came to Erie Co. in 1837, and settled in McKean Township. His wife died April 21, 1847, and he followed her Aug. 9, 1863. He was a son of John and Eleanor (Corbett) Marsh, natives of Massachusetts. John was a son of Elijah Marsh, a native of Massachusetts, _who was a colonialjsoldier, and went to Nova Scotia during the French War, where he remained. Elijah was a son of Samuel Marsh, a native of England, who came to the Colonies in the 17th century, where he died. Daniel Marsh, our subject, married Oct. 12, 1851, Frances M. McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 109 Owen, daughter of David W. and Jane (Wycoff) Owen, mentioned elsewhere in this work. By this union there were 9 chilchen, as follows: Frederick D., born July 12, 1852, died June 18, 1881; Herbert G., born Nov. 29, 1853; Clarence A., born Jan. 9, 1857; Sidney O., born Aug. 23, 1859; Margaret J., born Dec. 12, 1861; Gertrude L., born April 21, 1864; Joseph W., born Sept. 7, i866; Florence M., born Feb. 28, 1870; and Edith B., born March 20, 1873. Mr. Marsh was drafted April 2, 1865, into the 102d Reg., P. V. I., and was on his way to the front when Gen. Lee surrendered. He was with his regiment at Danville, Va., when the surrender of Gen. J. E. Johnston took place. He received his discharge June 23, 1865. In politics, Mr. Marsh is an Independent. WILLIAM MARSH, farmer, and Justice of the Peace, P. O. McLane, was born in the Province of Nova Scotia Feb. 26, 1826,son of Wilson and Margaret (Miller) Marsh, mentioned in the biography of Joshua A. Marsh. At the age of fourteen, he left home to work on his own account. He improved his educational advantages, and became a teacher, working on a farm during the summer months. At the age of twenty-one, Mr. Marsh became a partner of F. D. Strong in the manufacture of cheese, and was among the first to introduce the steam-heating vat in the cheese factory. In 1852, he was appointed Deputy Sheriff by Thomas Vincent, and upon the latter's retiring from the office, engaged with J. C- Seldon, hardware merchant, Erie, as traveling salesman and accountant, remaining in that capac- ity 7 years. During 1861-62, he became associated with J. C. and G. Selden, J. H. Bliss and Samuel Vail, vinder the style and firm of W. Marsh & Co., in the oil enterprise at Bu- chanan Flats, Venango Co., Penn. From 1864 to 1867, he was a partner in the Erie Car- bon Oil Works Company, and also the Presque Isle Iron Works at Erie. He was Superin- tendent and accountant at the latter from 1866 to 1868. On the 27th of May, 1863, Mr. Marsh married DeUie Cooper, born April 4, 1841, daughter of Aaron andLydia(Beardsley) Cooper, all natives of New York State. Three children were born to this union — Elmer W., born Aug. 18, 1865; Wilber C, Nov. 23, 1871; and Dana S., Aug. 5. 1877. In 1868, Mr. Marsh moved to Waterford, and remained until 1876. During the intervening period, he was administrator, and settled the estates of S. C. Stanford, amounting to $40,000, and subsequently engaged in the manufacture of butter firkins, tubs, etc. Returning to Mc- Kean Township, he was elected Road Commissioner in 1880 (re-elected in 1883), and ia 1881 Justice of the Peace. Our subject is still engagedin business enterprises; has a cheese factory on his farm, and owns the McLane and Draketown factories. He is Secretary, Treasurer and traveling salesman of the three. His dairy farm is situated 3 miles from Middleboro, and comprises 485 acres. His stock of cattle numbers 90 head, 60 being milch cows. He is improving the breeds by crossing native with pure Holsteins. Besides his fine dwelling in this township, our subject owns city property in Erie and Hastings, Mich. Mr. and Mrs. Marsh are members of the Christian Advent Church, Edinboro. Mr. Marsh is a Granger, and in politics a Republican. JOSHUA" A. MARSH, farmer, P. O. McKean. was born in Economy Co., Nova Sco- tia, March 16, 1829, son of Wilson Marsh, born Apr. 21, 1788, who married, Dec. 20, 1820. Margaret Miller, born Dec. 21, 1799, both natives of Nova Scotia, and had a family of 11 children, of whom Betsy M., Robert, Sarah and Cyreuius are now dead, and William, Mar- garet, Joshua A., Samuel, Mary, Nancy and Seth still survive. Of this family, Cyrenius volunteered, and was elected Sergeant of Co. G, 111th Reg. P. V. I., 20th Corps, Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker. In the fall of 1863, the 20th Corps having been transferred to the Army of the Tennessee, Cyrenius was killed in the battle of Was- sahatchie Nov. 3, the night before the battle of Lookout Mountain. Wilson Marsh mi- grated to Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1829, and in 1837 came to Erie Co., and purchased the farm upon which Joshua A. now resides. He died June 19, 1868, and his widow Jan. 9, 1882. The latter was a daughter of William Miller, of Scotch descent. Wilson was a son of Joshua Marsh, a native of Massachusetts, who migi'ated to Nova Scotia prior to the war of the Revolution. Joshua A. Marsh, subject of this sketch, married, Oct. 28, 1863, Keziah B. Reed, daughter of Harris and Fanny (Bull) Reed, natives of New York State. Three chil- dren were born to this union, viz., Serena F., born Nov. 6, 1864; Lizzie H., born July 18, 1866, died Dec. 14, 1878; and William A., born Apr. 30, died May 26, 1871. Keziah Reed died May 2. 1871, and Mr. Marsh married, Nov. 6, 1872, Sophronia A. Ryan, born Sept. 17, 1842, daughter of John and Miranda (Crow) Ryan, the former a native of Wexford, Ire- land, and the latter of Connecticut. By this union there are 5 children, viz., Charles A., born Sept. 6, 1873; Sarah E., Aug. 21, 1875; Dellie P., Sept. 5, 1877; George L., Sept. 21, 1879; and Wilson, March 23, 1882. Mr. Marsh's farm comprises 100 acres, well stocked. He is a Granger, and, with his wife, a member of the Christian denomination. In politics, is a Greenbacker, believing that industry ought not to be taxed to support capital in idle- ness. GIDEON MEEKER, farmer, P. O. Sterrettania, was born in McKean Township, son of John O. Meeker, who was born in New Jersey May 14, 1785, and was married, Oct. 26, 1813, to Jerusha Wilcox, born in Massachusetts July 30, 1797. They were the parents of 11 children, viz., William C, born September 30, 1814, died March 4, 1871; Sarah A., l)orn July 13, 1816, died March 17, 1878: Gideon, born May 22, 1818; Lois S.. born Oct. 20, 1820, died Jan. 11, 1879; Lucinda, born May 28, 1823, died March 30, 1880; Charles A., born no BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Aug 14 1825; John, born Feb. 25, 1827, died Nov. 18, 1833; Isaac Newton, born June 24, 1830, died Nov. 30, 1833; Clarinda J., born Nov. 15, 1832, died Jan. 15, 1834; Mary R., bora June 22, 1825, died March 7, 1852; Isaac N., born Sept. 29, 1837; Louisa E., born July 6, 1841, died Oct. 13, 1871. Of this family, Charles A. and Isaac N. were soldiers in the war of the rebellion; the former was a private in the 83d Reg. P. V. I.; was wounded, and died in hospital Oct. 4, 1862; the latter was in an Ohio regiment, but his last year was in the marine service on the Alabama River. John Oliver Meeker was a soldier in the war of 1812-14, and was stationed at Erie under Capt. Foster; he was one of McKean Township's earliest pioneer settlers, and died March 30, 1854. His wife died Jan. 10, 1849. Gid- eon Meeker, of whom we write, married, Apr. 15, 1852, Fanny Rhodes, born March 10, ' 1830, daughter of Jacob and Annie (Rhorer) Rhodes, natives of this State. Nine children were born to this union, viz.: Mary L., born Oct. 27, 1852; Emma A., born Aug. 20, 1854; George B., born Jan. 24, 1856; John O., born Nov. 26, 1857, died Nov. 9, 1877; Gideon E., born'Dec. 26, 1859; William P., born June 19, 1861; Martha J., born July 22, 1863; Clar- ence A., born May 27, 1866; Glenni E., born Nov. 13, 1872. Mr. Meeker owns an excel- lent farm 1 mile from Sterrettania, comprising 130 acres, upon which are erected excel- lent farm buildings. He and wife are members of the Methodist Church. In politics, he is a Republican. BENJAMIN F. MOREY, cooper, Middleboro, was born in Franklin Co., Vt., I April 7, 1807, son of Charles and Phebe (Blanchard) Morey, who were the parents of ■~K 13 children, of whom Benjamin F. is now the only survivor. Charles Morey came ' to Erie Co. in 1828, locating in McKean Township, where he died about the year 1845. Of his family, William was a soldier in the war of 1812, and died from the effects of a wound received in one of the battles. Our subject married, Sept. 25, 1828, Char- lotte Buck, born in Lancaster Co., Penn., July 21. 1809, daughter of Joseph S. and Betsy (Eastwood) Buck, the former a native of Pennsylvania, and the latter of New York State. Six children have been born to this union— Jared B., William S., Joseph A., Ben- jamin F., Emma and Charles M. Joseph and Benjamin were soldiers in the late war. The former enlisted in 1862 in the 145th Penn. V. I., and the latter in 1864 in the 211th Penn. V. I. Joseph was discharged on account of ill health before his term of service expired. Benjamin F. Morey, the elder, a cooper by trade, came to Erie Co. in 1826, and settled in McKean Township. He has held the offices of Town Burgess, Councilman and School Director for a number of years. He is a member and class leader of the M. E. Church. In politics, is a Republican. Charles M. Morey carries on the cooperage at Mid- dleboro, and does a prosperous trade, manufacturing butter firkins, flour barrels, tanks,, cisterns etc. JARED B. MOREY, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in McKean Township Sept. 24, 1829; son of Benjamin and Charlotte (Buck) Morey, whose biography appears, elsewhere in this work. Mr. Morey married, Sept. 10, 1851, Alta Andrews, born March 10, 1830, daughter of Philemon and Orpha (Pinney) Andrews, the former born in Connec- ticut March 2, 1799, died in Summit Township April 6, 1872, and the latter born in Massa- chusetts Oct. 16. 1805. By the above union, there is 1 child— Nettie, born Nov. 11, 1853 (now wife of Woods Tallmage, of McKean Township); they have 1 child Myron J., born April 2, 1872. From 1857 to 1862, Mr. Morey resided in Summit Township, for which he was Collector one term. He subsequently returned to McKean Township, and, in 1867, purchased the farm upon which he new resides; it comprises 190 acres. Mr. Morey is now Director and Secretary of the Public School Board of Middleboro, and has filled the office of Assessor, Collector, Constable and Judge of Elections in McKeaD Township. He is also Secretary, Treasurer and salesman of the Middleboro Cheese Factory, Mr. Morev, with his wife, is a member of theM. E. Church; in politics, is a Repulilican. NORTON N. NEWELL, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in McKean Township Nov. 15, 1838: son of William Newell, born in Connecticut April 6, 1815, who married Mary A. Pollock, born June 9, 1815, daughter of Robert and Sally (Weldon) Pollock, natives of Maryland. They had 4 children— Norton N., Sarah, Emily and John. Of this family, Norton N. and John were soldiers and served throughout the war of the rebell- ion. John enlisted Aug. 18, 1862, in Co. B. 145th P . V. I. William Newell came to Erie Co. in 1833; he died Oct. 4, 1844; his widow still survives. William was a son of Abraham and Lucy (Terry) Newell, the former a native of Connecticut, and the latter of Massachusetts. Abraham was a son of Moses Newell, also a native of Connecticut, who was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Norton N. Newell, our subject, married Jan. 11, 1866, Mary Wherle, born March 22, 1841, daughter of Michael and Magdelaine (Borget) Wherle, natives of Bingen-on-the-Rhine, Germany. By this union there are four children —Charles W., born Nov. 3, 1866; Emma M., born Nov. 29, 1869; John M., born June 29, 1872, and Blanche C, born Nov. 16, 1880. When Fort Sumter fell, Mr. Newell enlisted in Co. A, McLane's Erie Regiment for three months, but saw no service. July 23, 1861, however, he again enlisted for three years in Co. K, 83d Reg. P. V. I., 3d Brig., 1st Div.. 5th Corps, Maj. Gen. G. K. Warren, Army of the Potomac. He participated in the siege of Yorktown, and battles of Hanover Court House, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, Harrison's Landing, second Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Aldie Station, Gettysburg and McKEAN TOWNSHIP. Ill Rappahannock Station. He was here discharged Dec. 24, 1863, but immediately re-enlisted in his old company, and took part in the battles of Mine Run, Wilderness, Laurel Hill, Spottsylvania Court House, North Anna, Cold Harbor and the siege of and battles around Petersburg and Richmond. He was one of the few who served through the whole war without receiving a wound or serious mishap. His last battle was Five Forks, April 1, 1865, where Gen. Lee surrendered; he was with his regiment at Appomattox Court House. He received his final discharge July 3, 1865. In politics, he is a Republican. THOMAS OSBORNE, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Devonshire, England, Dec. 6, 1819, son of James and Mary (White) Osborne, both natives of Devonshire, and parents of a family of 10 children— John, James, Elizabeth, Thomas, Charles and Susan still surviving. James Osborne, the elder, came to America, about the year 1845, and set- tled in McKean Township. He and his wife are deceased. Our subject married in England, Jan. 1, 1841, Joanna, born Oct. 22, 1822, daughter of Richard and Agnes (Stone- man) Hearn, also natives of Devonshire. By this union there were 8 children — John H., born Sept. 9, 1842; Thomas, born Oct. 12, 1844; Charles R., born Dec. 1, 1846; Agnes A., born Sept. 20, 1848; Mary J., born Oct. 17, 1850, died Jan. 22, 1863; Henry J., born Aug. 25, 1854, died April 17, 1862; Martin J., born Oct. 7, 1856, died Jan. 8, 1860, and Han- nah G., born Dec. 3, 1858, married, Jan. 1, 1883, Albert L. Veit, a native of McKean Township, born March 14, 1860. John H. and Thomas were soldiers in the war of the rebellion. The latter volunteered, August, 1862, as private in the 145th Reg. P. V. I., 2d Corps, Army of the Potomac, and at the battle of Cold Harbor, Va., was severely wounded. Upon his recovery, he joined the Veteran Army Corps and rose to the rank of Captain. Thomas Osborne, Sr., articled seventy acres of wild land in McKean, which he cleared and converted into one of the finest homesteads in the township, well stocked and under an excellent state of cultivation. It is situated 4 miles from Middleboro, and now comprises 120 acres. Mr. Osborne, with his wife, is a member of the M. E. Church. In politics, he is a Republican. JOHN HEARN OSBORN, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Devonshire, England, Aug. 8, 1842, and is a son of Thomas and Joanna (Hearn) Osborn, whose biography ap- pears elsewhere in this work. On Aug. 8, 1862, Mr. Osborn volunteered as wagoner in the 145th Reg. army train, and was made Headquarter Wagonmaster of the 4th Brigade. He had charge of the full train and and forage department of the 2d Corps, and served until the close of the war. He received his discharge June 23, 1865. Feb. 12, 1867, Mr. Os- born married Martha L. Bates, born April 6, 1841, daughter of Alpheus and Wealthy (Howard) Bates, the former a native of Connecticut, the latter of this State. By this union there are 2 children — Cora E., born Jan. 1, 1868, and Irene E., born Sept. 27, 1870. Besides their own family, Mr. and Mrs. Osborn have adopted Cynthia Davis, born Oct. 21, 1857. Mr, Osborn owns a fine farm of 108 acres within 2 miles of Middleboro. He has served as Constable for over 10 years, and is also Collector of McKean Township. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. ; in politics, a Republican. WILLIS C. OSBORNE, druggist and Postmaster, Middleboro, was born in Ashtabu- la Co., Ohio, Dec 18, 1853, and is a son of Rev. Josiah O. and Mary A. (Hanchet) Osborne, the former a native of New York, and the latter of Massachusetts. They had a family of 3, viz., Franklin (deceased), Edwin H. and Willis C. Rev. Mr. Osborne is a min- ister of the M. E. Church, and is now on the Greene Circuit, this county. Our subject came to Middleboro in 1873; commenced business the same fall, carrying on a tin shop for 2 years. Sold out in the fall of 1875 to F. T. Seward. In Jan., 1878, he bought a i inter- est in the furniture store of his brother, E. H., selling out in May, 1879. In Dec, 1879, he purchased the drug store of G. S. Washburn, and in Jan., 1880, was appointed Post- master of McKean. The drug store carried on by Mr. Osborne was established in 1865, and is the only store of its kind between Erie and Edinborough. Since Jan., 1882, Mr.Osborne has also carried on the undertaking business. DAVID W. OWEN, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., Feb. 21. 1826, son of David W. and Jane (Wy cliff) Owen; the former was born June 23, 1779, and the latter Dec. 19, 1789, natives of New York State. They had a family of 8 children, of whom Mary L., John, Nancy B., David W. and Francis M. are now living. David W. Owen, the elder, was by trade a carpenter. He came to Erie County about the year 1830, bought 50 acres of land in McKean, and was an active pioneer of the township. He died June 18, 1866, and his wife Mar. 6, 1872. David W. Owen, our subject, was married. May 25, 1848, to Eliza A., born Dec. 26, 1826, daughter of John and Juliette (Saunders) Tuckey. By this marriage were 7 children born, viz.: Abi A., born Aug. 22, 1849, died Jan. 2, 1875; Milton H., Nov. 17, 1851; George S., Aug. 27, 1853, died April 18, 1857; Ida J., Nov. 4, 1855, died April 22, 1860; David C, April 13, 1858; Henry W., Feb. 9, 1860; Winfield A., Aug. 31, 1862. Mrs. David W. Owen died Sept. 2, 1869, and Mr. Owen married, Nov. 10, 1870, Ellen S., born Aug. 5, 1849, daughter of Andrew Fullerton, of Lockport, Penn. By this union there is 1 child— Nellie, born May 17, 1872. Mrs. Ellen S. Owen died June 6, 1873. Mr. Owen next married, April 15, 1874, Nettie L., born May 19, 1847, daughter of Ira H. and Lydia (Amidon) Keeler, all natives of New York State. There are 2 children by this marriage— Iva B., born June 25, 1875, and Ernest W., born May 28, 1881. Mrs. Nettie L. 112 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Owen died Oct. 31, 1883. Mr. Owen's farm comprises 126 acres, situated within 3 miles of Middlel)oro. Politically, Mr. Owen is Republican. LEWIS R. PECK, merchant, Middleboro, was born in Venango Co., Penn., May 3, 1825, sou of Lewis and Orill (Richardson) Peck, the former born May 5, 1795, and the lat- ter Jan. 27, 1800. both natives of Connecticut. They had a family of 9 children, of whom Clarissa, Orill, Minerva, Marta, George and Myra A. are deceased, and Roba, Oliva and Lewis R. still survive. Lewis Peck, the elder, after a residence of 20 years in New York State, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Indiana, finally located in this State in 1845. He was a sol- dier in the war^of 1812, and took part in the battles of Xew London, Conn., and Painted Post, where he was w^ounded, and for which he received a pension from the Government. He died Aug. 5, 1863, and his widow June 7, 1879. Lewis was a son of James and Marta Peck, natives of Connecticut. James was a son of Thomas and Mary (Allen) Peck. Mary Allen was the widow of Joseph and mother of Ethan Allen, the hero of Tyconderoga. Thomas Peck was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. The Pecks and Aliens are of En- glish descent. Lewis Richardson Peck, ^our subject, married, Nov. 30, 1850, Angeline Stafford, born Aug. 1, 1827, daughter of Jonas and Amj^ (Slater) Stafford, mentioned in Daniel Harrison's biography. By this union there were 4 children, viz., Ella A. (de- ceased), George, Thomas and Flora. Mrs. Angeline Peck died April 22, 1865, and Mr. Peck married, Feb. 23, 1872, Alvina Hays, born Jan. 9, 1850, daughter of Hemau and Mary A. (Hogle) Hays, mentioned in the biography of Mandred Hays. Until 1875, Mr. Peck followed farming, and now owns a fine farm of 100 acres in McKean, on the Franklin Township line. In 1875, he came to Middleboro and embarked in mercantile pursuits, purchasing the building, stock and trade of Albert Lansor. He now has a well-stocked store of general merchandise. Mr.- Peck was for a number of years School Director of the township; he was also Treasurer 1 term. In Middleboro he has been Town Councilor 6 years, which oflice he still holds. He has also been School Director of the borough. Po- litically, Mr. Peck is Republican. JOSEPH PROPECK, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in McKean Township June 25, 1842, son of Jos. and Julia (Grethler) Propeck, the former born Sept. 25, 1795; the latter, born Feb. 2, 1808, is a daughter of Leo and Mary (Schrap) Grethler, all natives of Baden, Germany. They had a family of 5 children, of whom Emily, Mary, Jos. and Julia survive. Jos. Propeck, the elder, came to America in 1835, settling in New Jersey. Eventually he came to McKean Township, purchased 59 acres of forest land, which he converted into a comfortable homestead. He died July 25, 1864. His widow still resides on the home farm. Joseph Propeck, our subject, married, Dec. 30, 1873, Sarah A. Mead,;born Sept. 27, 1848, daughter of Wm. and Ameha (Pettis) Mead, na- tives of New York State, the former born Mar. 7, 1811, the latter Mar. 21, 1819. By the above union there were 5 children, as follows: Mica, born Nov. 28, 1874, died Feb. 5, 1875; Annie May, Mar. 2, 1876; George, April 16, 1879; Florence, Sep. 13, 1881; Maggie. Aug. 8, 1883. During the war of the rebellion, Mr. Propeck joined the 102d Reg. Penn. V. I. April 3, 1865, and when Lee surrendered was at Baltimore, Md. Before the campaign ended, however, he went with his regiment to Danville and Burksville, Ya., returning home via Washington. He was 3 weeks at the latter place. Mr. Propeck was for 1 year Constable of Summit Township, where he resided several years. He now owns the homestead farm and a steam saw mill in McKean Town.ship, where he resides. Mr. Propeck in politics is a Democrat. FRANCIS QUANCE, fanner, P. O. McKean, was born in Devonshire, England, Mar. 28, 1822, son of Richard Quance, who married Mary Saunders, both natives of iSevonshire, and had a family of 14 children, of whom Wm., Mary, Francis, Ann, Nora and David are now living. Richard Quance never came to this country. Mary Saunders, his wife, died about the year 1867, and he followed her in 1869. Francis Quance, our subject, married, Dec. 31, 1842, Susan, born April 4, 1825. daughter of Jas. and Mary (White) Osborn, also natives of Devonshire, England. By this union there were 8 children, as follow^s: John, born Nov. 11, 1844, died April 15, 1845; Charles, June 4, 1846, died May 10, 1864; LaFay- ette, July 10, 1848; George, Oct. 6, 1851, died Jan. 23, 1861: Andrew J., Feb. 22, 1854; Francis R., July 29, 1856; William L., Nov. 1, 1858; Mary J., Aug. 28, 1863, died May 8, 1867. Of this family, John was born in England , and died at sea on his way to this country; he received an ocean burial off the banks of Newfoundland. Charles enlisted February 16, 1864, in Company B, 145th Reg. Penn. V. I., 2d Brigade Corps, Army of the Potomac, in Gen. Grant's campaign in Virginia. He was among the missing at the battle of the Wilderness, May 10, 1864, and no tidings have been received of him since that day. Lafayette Quance married, Dec. 20, 1870, Albina A. Wood, born July 27, 1850, daughter of Benjamin C. and Emily (Middleton) Wood, former born in New York State Jan. 11, 1815, latter in this State Feb. 11, 1828. By this marriage there are 2 children— Ethel B., bornFeb. 18, 1874, and Ralph W., Sept. 5, 1876. Lafayette owns a fine farm of 100 acres within 4 miles of Middleboro, upon which he resides. In 1875, he was elected Township Clerk, and still holds the oflBce. He is a Republican in politics; with his wife a member of the M. E. Church. Francis Quance came to America in 1845, purchased 78 acres of land and settled in McKean Township; this farm now comprises 100 acres. With his wife he is a member of the M. E. Church; in politics, a Republican. McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 113 OTIS REED, farmer, P. O. McKeau, was born in McKean Township Feb. 25, 1838, son of Oren and Mahala (Ayleswortli) Reed, the former born Sept. 17, 1808, a native of Connecticut, and the latter born March 1, 1806, a native of New Yorli State. Otis is their only offspring. Oren Reed came to Erie Co. in 1837, purchased 193 acres of land, which he converted from a forest to a first-class homestead. Before and subsequent to making his home in McKean he tauglit school up to the year 1851, 21 terms. He is still living, but his wife died May 14, 1870. Oren is a son of Shubel and Mehitable (Hale) Reed, the former born in Connecticut Sept. 3, 1771, died Nov. 19, 1844, and the latter born in Massachusetts March 20, 1775, died April 29, 1834. Mehitable was a direct descendant of Sir Matthew Hale, a renowned Judge of the Court of King's Bench in England during the last century. Otis Reed, our subject, was married, Sept. 19, 1864, to Adeline J. Tuckey, born May 30, 1842, daughter of John and Juliette (Saunders) Tucke3% the former a native of Northamptonshire, England, born May 17, 1794, and the latter of New York State, born Aug. 2, 1802. By this union there are 4 children — Harriet, born Nov. 15, 1865; Veruon, March 19, 1869; Merton, April 25, 1876; and Lillian M., June 10, 1881. In the fall of 1858, Mr. Reed comijienced teaching school, continuing to do so at various periods until 1870, S terms. He v^as Clerk of the township from 1862 to 1875; elected School Director in 1872; appointed Census Enumerator in 1880; was Auditor from 1878 to 1881; and Assistant Assessor in 1882. His well-stocked farm is situated 3 miles southeast from Middleboro. Mr. and Mrs. Reed are members of the Methodist Church. In politics, Mr. Reed is a Re- publican. Capt. Eiisha Saunders, Mrs. Reed' s grandfather, was a soldier in the war of 1812-14. He was killed at the battle of Queenston Heights, Canada, near Niagara Falls. JESSE ROSS, stone mason, P. O. McKean, was born in McKean Township Sept. 10, 1825, son of Trueman and Hannah (Irish) Ross, the former born in 1799, died in 1881, the latter, a daughter of Pardon and Debora Irish, was born in 1801, died in 1880, all natives of New York State. They had a family of 6 children, of whom Gilbert, John, Jesse and William still survive. One daughter, married to Otis Morse, died March, 1862. Trueman Ross came to Erie County early in the present century, and was one of the pioneers of McKean Township, and an active, useful citizen. Jesse Ross, our subject, married in 1847, Almira Damon, born in 1824, a native of New York State. By this union there were 4 chil- dren, viz.: Ellen C, born Aug. 25, 1850; Adelbert E., stone mason and plasterer, born July 30, 1852, married to Miss Maggie Coyle Sept. 25, 1877 (have 2 children, now living — Harry J. and Laura Ellen); Clifton F., Dec. 24, 1855; and ArabellF., Oct. 3, 1859. Ellen C. mar- ried, Oct. 29, 1868, Clark H. Smith, of Hayfield Township, Crawford Co., Penn. (had 4 chil- dren, of whom Clara J. and Burdette are now living). Almira Damon Ross, our subject's wife, died Jan. 11, 1860, and Mr. Ross married, Nov. 14, 1861, Eleanor Gawn, born Feb. 18, 1827, daughter of Thomas and Eleanor (Kelly) Gawn, the former born Aug. 1, and the latter April 10, 1800, all natives of the Isle of Man. There are no children by this marriage. Mr. Ross by trade is a stonemason and plasterer. He owns a nice property 2 miles from Middleboro, on the Erie & Edinboro road, where he resides. He and his family are ad- herents of the Christian Advent denomination. In politics, he is a Republican. - DELOS SHERMAN, cheese manufacturer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Delaware Co., N. Y., April 2, 1846; son of Spencer and Delia J. (Brown) Sherman, both natives of New York State, latter a daughter of David Brown, a native of Connecticut, who migrated to Delaware Co., N. Y., where he died in 1874, at the age of ninety-three years. Spencer Sherman had a family of 11 children, of whom Delos, Tracy A., Jane, John, Edgar, Adelaide, Horatio S., Estella and Ida are now living. Mr. Sherman still resides in Delaware Co. He is a son of Ephraim Sherman, a native of Massachusetts; the latter was a soldier of the war of 1812. Our subject volunteered as a private Company G, 17th N. Y. V. Zouaves in the 1st Brigade, 2d Division, 14th Corps, Army of the Tennessee ; after participating in a Mis- sissippi raid, he with his regiment joined Gen. Sherman's army near ringgold, Ga., where he took part in the battles of Marietta, Resaca and the siege and capture of Atlanta. Dur- ing the fall and winter of 1864-65, he was Orderly to Maj. Gen. Rousseau, in Tennessee,, and was in the battle of Nashville; rejoining to the main army at Beaufort, N. C, he took part in the battles of Goldsboro, and was at Raleigh when Gen. J. E. Johnston surrendered. He received his discharge in the fall of 1865. Mr. Sherman married, Dec, 24, 1868, Per- melia, born Feb. 9, 1846, daughter of Orsemus and Nancy (Button) Burrows, all natives of New York State. They have no family of their own, but have adopted Scott Kelsey, born Nov. 12, 1876. In 1872, Mr. Shermm learned the art of manufacturing cheese, and May 1, 1883, started the Sherman Cheese Factory on the Waterford line in McKean Tp. This factory has a capacity of 1,200 lbs. of cheese daily and already has 27 patrons. Mr. Sher- man is a member of the F. & A. M. and the A. O. U. W. D. C. F. STAFFORD, hotel-keeper and farmer, Middleboro Village, was born Dec. 10, 1824, on the old homestead farm 2 miles from the village, where his father. Job Stafford, settled in Nov., 1817. Here he remained helping to carry on the farm until he was twenty-seven years of age. He was marrie 1, Jan. 29, 1849, to Miss Sarah Thomas, of Waterford Township, by whom he had 3 children— Carrie A., Jenny L. and Maud H. In 1852, he left the old home farm and removed to Waterford, and farmed for 7 years. Here his wife died Dec. 15, 1858. Mr. Stafford was again married Jan. 10, 114 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1860, to Miss Sarah L., daughter of Stewart R. and Catherine (Foster) Chellis. She was born Aug. 3, 1841, in Harbor Creek Township, this county. To this union 2 children were born— Fayette Adelle, Feb. 7, 1863, and Burt A., Feb. 3, 1866, both born in Middle- boro. Fayette Adelle graduated from the State Normal Musical Conservatory at Edin- boro, Penn., under Prof. E. P. Russell, who has since founded a conservator}^ of music at Cambridge, Penn., Miss Stafford assisting as a teacher of voice culture, piano-forte and organ. Burt A., graduated from Clark's Business Commercial College at Erie, Penn. In the spring of 1861 (April 1), Mr. Stafford purchased the hotel property in which he now resides in Middleboro Village and which he has run in connection with farming ever since. His father, Job Stafford, was born March 9, 1796, in Vermont; at the age of about two years, he moved with his parents to the village of Peru, Clinton Co., N. Y. ; at the age of nineteen, Nov. 14, 1814, he was married to Miss Phebe Arthur of the same place, and a native of Long Island, N. Y. The fruit of this union was P. A. Stafford, born April 12, 1819, who died Dec. 4, 1862, leaving a wife and 4 children— Caroline T., born Aug. 3, 1821, married C. L. Johnson and moved to Ashtabula County, Ohio, where they now reside, the}' have 1 son — Henry, and one daughter — Emma. Mr. Stafford was among the first to build his log cabin in this township. For several weeks after arriving here they had noth- ing to eat but johnny-cake, baked on a board before the fire, and some dried pumpkins, which they brought with them, and which, when stewed, served as butter, sauce, etc. Mr. Stafford and wife were 2 of the 6 who organized the M. E. Church in this neighborhood; he was in the war of 1812; for a number of years held the office of Justice of the Peace; was quite a prominent dealer in cattle, driving them over the mountains, Philadelphia be- ing the principal market; he followed this occupation 18 or 20 years; he and his wife de- parted this life at the residence of their son, D. C. F., in Middleboro. Our subject's grand- father, Jonathan Stafford, was born in Vermont July 15, 1771, and followed lumbering business, rafting, etc., together with farming until the war of 1812, when he entered the army and served till the close of the war. He came to McKean Township in 1817, set- tling on Elk Creek. His children grew up, married and settled around him, and the town should have been called Staffordville; he had married Aug. 25, 1792, Sarah Anthony, born March 29, 1778, by whom he had the following children: Jonas, Job, Rhoby, Stuteley, Plynna, Stephen M. and Hannah. Mr. Stafford was Justice of the Peace for a number of years; was appointed Postmaster of this place, and died at his post while distributing the mail, June 17, 1843, aged seventy-two years, and is buried in the Stafford Buryiug Ground, as is also the father, mother, brother, and an uncle and aunt of the subject of this sketch. The great-grandfather, John Stafford,-was born in England, and with two brothers came to this county at an early day. The date of their coming is not known. They prob- ably settled in Vermont, and from these 3 brothers sprang the whole Stafford race of this country. STEPHEN K. TALLMADGE, farmer. P. O. McKean, was born in McKean Town- ship June 15, 1814; son of James Tallmadge, born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., Dec. 22, 1773; married Sept. 12, 1797, Rachel Kinsey, born in Bucks County May 6, 1777, natives of New York State; they had a family of 10 children. The deceased are Hannah, Betsey, Emily, Matthias, Maria, Matilda and Lydia, and the surviving are James G., George and Stephen K. ; Hannah was born Aug. 23, 1798, the first female child born in McKean Town- ship. James Tallmadge, the elder, was a pioneer of Erie Co. ; he came here from Buffalo about the year 1795, and afterward permanently located in this county; he remained about a year in Erie City; purchased 200 acres in what is now Summit Township. This he subse- quently changed for 200 acres on the Elk Creek Flats, McKean Township, which he cleared and converted into one of the finest homesteads in the county. James Tallmadge, about the beginning of the present century, made a trip to and from Buffalo and Erie in an open boat, bringing with him Seth Reed and 2 others to Erie; he brought the first 2 bushels of seed wheatlnto the county; he died March 24, 1855, his aged widow following Jan. 24, 1866; he was a'soldier in'the war of 1812-14, and helped build the old block-house at Erie, where Gen. Wayne died; he was a son of Elisha and Maria (Brazee) Tallmadge; the former came from England with his brothers Joel, Ezra and Nathaniel; Elisha was by trade a blacksmith, and came to Erie City about 1798, working at his trade several years, dying Jan. 2, 1814, his widow, Maria, dying March 25, 1825. Rachel Kinsey's father emi- grated to Canada about the year 1789, locating near Niagara Falls; he subsequently returned to New York State. Our subject married, Dec. 12, 1843, Sally Guliford, born Feb. 26, 1826, daughter of Samuel and Catherine (Ball) Guliford, the former born Dec. 8, 1783. died Sept. 8, 1845, the latter born June 10, 1794, died Sept. 19, 1873, both natives of this State; by this union there were 5 children — Bailey K., born Nov. 15, 1844, died Nov. 2, 1863; Thomas W., born Nov. 3, 1847; Samuel G., born Aug. 26, 1849, died Oct. 27, 1863; John J., born Sept. 1, 1851, died Oct. 1, 1863, and Frank S.,'~born Feb. 12, 1853; Mr. Tallmadge's well-stocked farm is located 2 miles from Middleboro, and comprises 243 acres. He and his wife are members of the M. E. Church. In politics, he is a Republican. TAYLOR TOME, miller, P. O. Sterrettania, was born in Summit Township May 26, 1850, son of Samuel and Mary (Frye) Tome, the former born in 1809 and the latter in 1814, daughter of Adam Frye, a native of Lancaster Co., Penn. They were parents of 8 children. McKEAN TOWNSHIP. 115 of whom Fanny, Benjamin, Catharine, Henry, Isaac and Taylor are now living. Of this family, Henry was a soldier in the late war from March 6 to June 23, 1865. Samuel Tome was a pioneer of U^umrait Township. At the time he settled there, it was a part of McKean (1838), and that section a wilderness. Mr. Tome cut the first acre of bu.sh land in his neighborhood, and eventually cleared for himself and family a comfortable homestead. He died April 1, 1876; his widow died Feb. 1, 1884. Our subject married, March 10, 1870, Elizabeth Eck, born June 23, 1851, daughter of William and Anna (Feldie) Eck, natives of Germany. By this union there are 6 children, viz. : Fann3^ born Aug. 25, 1870; Curtis, May 27, 1872; Harry, Sept. 10, 1874; Clarence, March 22, 1876; Birdie, March 4, 1878; and Clyde. Aug. 27, 1880. Mr. Tome, in 1880, leased the Sterrettania grist and flour mill. He is a practical miller by trade. Politically, he is a Democrat, as his ancestors were before him — true JefEersonian Democrats. SEYMOUR WASHBURN, farmer, P. O. Sterrettania, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., June 12, 1816, son of Stephen and Janet (Terry) Washburn, whose biography appears in that of Stephen Washburn. Seymour was married in 1835 to Lydia B. Hopkins, who was born Oct. 12, 1819, daughter of Samuel and Mary (Luther) Hopkins, also mentioned in S. Washburn's biography. Bj^ this marriage there were 12 children, as follows: Betsy J., born May 29, 1836; Josephus, June 10. 1838, died Jan. 29, 1841; Polly, Sept. 19. 1840; Hen- rietta, June 29, 1843; Lydia, April 29, died May 22. 1846; Lester C, April 17, 1848; Xancy, Sept. 26, 1850; Elsie A., May 14, 1854; Henry L., March 1, 1856; Stephen A., April 10, died Oct. 14, 1858; Seymour J., born Nov. 5, died Nov. 6, 1862, and Iva L., Nov. 25, 1865. Of this family, Lester C. was a soldier in a N. Y. regiment during the last year of the war of the rebellion. Mrs. Lydia B. Washburn died Sept. 11, 1875, and Mr. Washburn married, Feb. 2. 1877, Martha Rockwell, widow of Simeon S. Rockwell, of Summit Township, daughter of William and Martha (Kenyan) Luther, natives of Rhode Island. No children were born to this union. Seymour Washburn is a prominent pioneer settler in Erie Co., com- ing to McKean Township in 1824. He has served as Road Commissioner 1 term (1847-50); School Director, 12; Auditor, 7, and Justice of the Peace 10 years, since 18.52. In 1861, he was elected County Commissioner, and in 1867 County Director of the Poor. Mr. and Mrs. Washburn are members of the Christian denomination. In politics, he is a Re- publican. JOHN WEIGEL, merchant, Middleboro, was born in McKean Township Feb. 22, 1842, son of Nicholas and Margaret (Eiswert) Weigel, natives of Bavaria, who had a family of 13 children, of whom John, Jacob, Louisa, George, Frank, Michael, Catherine and Mar- tha survive. John and Jacob were soldiers in the late war. Nicholas Weigel came to America in 1837, settling in McKean, where he purchased 50 acres of land. His wife died in July, 1868; he is still living. Our subject enlisted Aug., 1863, in the 76th Reg. P. V. I., 2d Brigade, 2d Division. 10th Corps, Maj. Gen. B. F. Butler, Army of the James. He participated in the following engagements: Chester Heights, Proctor's Creek, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Strawberry Plains, Bermuda Hundred, Chapin's Farm. Darbytown Pike, Va., and at Ft. Fisher, Jan. 15, 1863, where he was wounded, and went to the hos- pital at Ft. Schuyler, N. Y., and was discharged in June, 1865. Mr. Weigel married. May 7, 1868, Lizzie Miller, born Dec. 22, 1843, daughter of Nicholas and Mary (Briec) Miller, natives of Hesse-Darmstadt, German}^ By this union there are two children— Louisa, born Feb. 8, 1869, and Lillie, born Dec. 27. 1878. After the war, Mr. Weigel engaged as salesman for Borger & Fuess, Erie, and in 1878 commenced business at Middleboro. His store is well stocked, and the business prospering. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. ; in politics, a Republican. EZRA WHITE, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in New York State March 4, 1800, son of Ezra and Lydia (Evans) White, former a native of Vt., latter a daughter of Henry Evans, anT}~a native of the State oTNew York. They had a family of 10 children, of whom Ezra, William, Sally, Laura, Lucinda, Eliza and De Villo are now living. Ezra White, the elder, came to Erie Co. and purchased 50 acres of land in McKean Township. Lydia Evans, his wife, died in 1835. and he moved to Michigan about the year 1839. Eventually he went to Marengo, 111., where he died in 1850. Our subject married, March 5, 1823, Polly Pollock, born March 6, 1805, daughter of David and Ann (Roland) Pollock, natives of Maryland. By this marriage there were 9 children, of whom Lucinda, Plympton A., Olympia, Johnson and John are deceased. Lydia A., David, Martha and Sarah are now living. David and Plympton A. were soldiers in the war of the rebellion, David serving 3 months. Plympton A. was 2d Lieut, of Co. D, 83d Reg. P. V. I. He volunteered in 1861, and was subsequently made a signal officer. While on duty at Georgetown, Va., he was taken prisoner, and sent to Libby Prison, Richmond. Eventually he was transferred to a prison at Charleston, S. C, where he died Sept. 13, 1864, after being 16 months in captivity. Our subject's wife dying Dec. 20. 1854, he married, Aug. 20, 1857, Mrs. Leonora A. Cobb, born May 4, 1818, daughter of Ezekiel and Theodocia (Bates) Noble, and widow of Zenas Cobb, of Genesee, N. Y., their family numbering 4 children, viz., Nelson (deceased), M^'ra, Fanny and Noel. Zenas Cobb died Aug. 26, 1846. By his second marriage. Mr. White's children are Frank D. F., Maud M. and Jessie M. Mr. White is one of the pioneers of McKean Township; by trade a crrpenter. His farm comprises 37 acres. With his wife, he is a member of the M. E. Church. In politics, a Republican. 116 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: WILLIAM WISWELL, farmer, P. O. McKean, was born in Cheshire Co., N. H., Jan. 2, 1811, son of William Wiswell, born Mch. 6, 1787, who married Mercy Woodward, born Aug. 1, 1788, a native of Massachusetts, and had a family of 9 children, of whom William only is now living. William Wiswell, the elder, came to Erie Co., and located in Wash- ington Township in 1817, where he resided 7 years, moving to McKean Township in 1834; he articled 65 acres of land, and cleared for himself and family a line farm: he was elected Supervisor for 1 term, and at various periods for many years was Constable of the town- ship. Mercy Woodward, his wife, died June 20, 1848, he following her Dec. 31, 1852. He was a son of John Wiswell, a native of Massachusetts. John Wiswell's father was a na- tive of Wales. William Wiswell, subject of this sketch, married, April 17, 1834, Ruth M., born Mch. 23, 1811, daughter of Moses and Martha (Stanley) Gleeton, all natives of Ver- mont. Bv this union there were 4 children, as follows: Ruth A., born May 15, 1836, died Apr. 16, 1845; Alma, born Nov. 2, 1839; Albin, born Sept. 19, 1843, died Apr. 26, 1845, and MaryC, born Sept. 18, 1847. Mr. Wiswell resides on the original homestead,"l^ miles from Middleboro, which now comprises 140 acres, well stocked with superior grades of cattle; a thoroughbred Ayreshire bull, two years old, bred by Fairweather, of Washington Town- ship, has lately been added to his herd. This fine animal has won prizes at various county and State fairs, as follows: Erie Co., Erie, 1st prize, 1881; Ohio State, Toledo, 2d prize, 1882; Michigan State, Jackson, 1st prize, 1882. EDSON WOODS, lumber manufacturer, Kearsarge, was horn in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., Dec. 20, 1840, son of Lathrop and Lavina (Skiff) Woods, natives of New York State, who had a family of 7 children, of whom Lawson, Jason, Ira, Edson, Watson T. and Jud- son W., are now living. Lathrop Woods came to Erie Co. in 1875, and settled in McKean Township. His wife died in Aug., 1880. Edson Woods, our subject, married, Feb. 14, 1867, Helen A. Fuller, of Edinboro, born Apr. 23, 1845, daughter of Alva and Susan (Drury) Fuller, natives of the State of New York. By this union there were 4 children — Carrie, born Dec. 23, 1868; Freddy, born March 23, 1870; Eddie, born Sept. 14, 1873, died July 14,. 1881, and Roy, born July 8, 1881. Mr. Woods owns a fine water-power saw mill, situated on the North Branch of Elk Creek, about 4 miles from Waterford and 5f rom Mid- dleboro. He manufactures lumber and laths, turning out 3,000 feet of the latter per day. The bill stuff is mostly hauled to Erie for shipment; machinery for grinding feed is an- other feature of this mill, its patronage by the farmers in the vicinity being quite exten- sive; this mill was erected in 1880. Mr. Woods owns a well-stocked and cultivated farm of 92 acres. In politics, he is a Democrat. MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. J. G. ARBUCKLE, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Oct. 12, 1807, in Erie. Penn., sou of Joseph and Catherine (Guy) Arbuckle, natives of Maryland, who came to Fairview Township, this county, in 1800. They reared a family of 5 children, of whom 2 are now living — Joseph F., in De Kalb Co., III., with 4 children; and our subject, who has resided on the old home farm 76 years. He was married, Jan. 25, 1838, to Emily, daughter of Spencer Shattuck. By this union were born 5 children, 4 now living, viz.; S. S. ; Mary A., wife of Geo. Mc- Creary, have 3 children, and reside near Battle Creek, Mich.; MargaretM.,wifeof R. Pilking- tou, residing near Bradford, Penn., have 2 children; and J. P. Mrs. J. G. Arbuckle's father came to Erie Co. at an early day; he died Aug. 15, 1852, leaving a family of 5 chil- dren, 2 now living. Our subject's 2 sons are members of the I. O. O. F., the A. O. U. W.. and F. & A. M. B. P. ARBUCKLE, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born August 12, 1835, in this township, son of William and Annis (Shattuck) Arbuckle, natives, the former of Connecticut, the latter of Maryland. William Arbuckle came to Erie Co. in 1802, and was then ten years old. He was married, Sept. 28, 1820, to Annis Shattuck, who bore him 7 children, viz. : Caroline, wife of R. T. Davison, have 13 children, 11 now living; Sophronia, wife of J. F. Allen, 2 children; Burkley, deceased; Alrene, deceased; Joseph, in Dakota; Wm. S., married to Ann Throne, now deceased, resides in Erie with 2 children; Cornelius S., deceased; Hannah, deceased; and our subject, who was married, Nov. 4. 1858, to Barbara, daughter of Walter and Eleanor Mains. " By this union are 5 children— Eleanor, deceased; Jennie M. wife of Chas. S. Manley; Wm. E., Chas. E., and Ada, deceased. Mr. Arbuckle is a member of A. O. U. W. Lodge 44, Erie. The family are members of the Presbyterian Church of Belle Valley. RICHARD H. ARBUCKLE, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Oct. 14, 1835, in Erie, Penn., son of William G. and Catharine (Bowers) Arbuckle, natives of Pennsylvania, parents of 6 children, viz.: George W.; Mary E., wife of J. W. Humphrey, of New York; MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 117 Louisa G., wife of J. K. Hallock, of Erie; Frank P., Superintendent American Dis- trict Telegraph, Denver, Colo.; John, deceased; and our subject, who was married, Jan. 6, 1859, to J. Antoinette, daughter of John and Charlotte E. Burton, of Mill Creek Town- ship. To this union were born 6 children, viz.. Jeannie H., John Burton, Katie Eliza (de- deased), Charlotte Barnes, "William Irwin and Richard Cranch. Mr. Arbuckle has held the office of County Commissioner, Mercantile Appraiser of the county, and many of the offices in his township. GEORGE W. BARR, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born July 4, 1822, in Harbor Creek Township, Penn., son of James and Polly R. (Kelly) Barr, natives of Penn., latter born in Mifflin, now Juniata Co., in March, 1793. She was married to James Barr, Jr., in 1812. He died in 1835, and his widow in 1880, at the ripe age of eighty-seven years and thirteen days. Grandfather Kelly came to Erie Co. in 1800, and Grandfather Barr in 1802. The first glimpse Grandfather Kelly ever had of his future wife, Mary Robinson, was when crossing some mountains during the war of 1776, along with other soldiers, he over- took a maiden driving some sheep, gallantly assisted her over a part of the rugged hills, and subsequently married her. James Barr, father of our subject, who was a soldier in the war of 1812, was married, Nov. 14, 1812, to Polly Kelly, who bore him 10 children — John, deceased in infancy; Elizabeth A., wife of Conrad Brown, both deceased; Matthew R., Indian Agent, Idaho; Louisa A., now Mrs. R. M. McCreary; George W., our subject; Harriet M., wife of L. Wright, of Michigan, both deceased; Mary K., widow of Frederick N. Bond; Martha R., wife of J. C. Munn; Ellen, deceased; James M., deceased when young. Our subject was married, Jan. 4, 1860, to Julia A. Wilder, of Vermont. They had 2 children — Alice, wife of Hamon C. Myles, a native of Canada, and 1 died in infancy. Mr. Barr was at one time a railroad builder or contractor on the L. S., P. & E. R. R., iST. Y. & E.'and Iron Mountain, Lake Superior. WILHELM BERKENKAMP, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in 1832 in Prussia, and emi- grated to America Dec. 23, 1853, landing in New York. From there he came to Ui ica, N. Y., where he remained for a few months; thence he came to Buffalo, N. Y., and after so- journing there a few months came to Erie, this county, July 4, 1854. Here he engaged with Mr. Trace, with whom he stayed about 8 years. In 1857, he married Miss Vogle, then moved to Franklin Township, this county, residing there for a few j^ears. In 1871, our subject came with his family to the farm they now occupy. To Mr. and Mrs. Berken- kamp have been born the following-named children: William, Charles (deceased in in- fancy), John and George (twins, latter deceased), and Frank (deceased in infanc3'). Our subject is a member of the G. A. R. JOHN BLACKWOOD, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in February, 1810, in Ireland, and came with his parents, James and Martha (Boyd) Blackwood, to America in 1819, set- tling in Erie, this count3^ where they resided 7 years, after which they moved to the farm in Mill Creek Township, where our subject uow lives, and there ended their days. They were parents of 5 children, 3 now living — John, Robert, in Wesleyville, and Martha, now Mrs. Boggs, in Lawrence Co., Penn. Our subject, the eldest son and third in the famil}^ was married, June 30, 1848, to Nancy, daughter of David Kennedy, a native of Ireland; and who never came to America. Mrs. Blackwood was second in a family of 10 children. Our subject and wife were parents of 3 children — Jane, deceased when young; Martha B., wife of J. E. Lapsley, in Mill Creek Township; and James Thomas. Mr. Blackwood lives on a farm in Mill Creek Township (lialf a mile from Erie City), given him by his father 40 years ago, and which is under the charge of his son Thomas. He is a member of the U. P. Church. JOSEPH BLETZ, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Jan. 1, 1824, in Bavaria, Germany; son of Joseph and Lena Bletz, parents of 6 children, of whom 2 are now living — Lena, wife of A. Blabeck, have 3 children; and our subject, who was the only member of the family to come to America. He arrived in June, i851, and after a short time em- ployed in Erie, this county, moved to the farm he now owns and occupies. He was married, in 1847, in Germany, and has a family of 8 children — Melchior, married to Martha Weigel, daughter of Nicholas Weigel, have 2 children, Ida and Frank; Hermon; Mary, wife of F. vogt, have 6 children; Catharine, now Mrs. Mealer, have 3 children; Josephine; Annie, wife of F. Horn, have 2 children. Bertha and Frank; Lewis; and John at home with his father. The family are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. Bletz, besides farming, takes considerable interest in stock, of which he has some fine specimens, in- •cluding a Durham bull. SAMUEL M. BROWN (deceased) whose portrait appears in this book, was born July 30, 1807, in Erie Co., Penn., son of Conrad and Catharine (Matzebach) Brown. The former was born June 2, 1773, in Berks Co., Penn.; came to Erie Co. in 1802, and subsequently engaged in mercantile business in Erie City, with George Spang, and later, followed farming until a few years prior to his decease, wliich occurred Dec. 13, 1859. Catharine, his wife, was born Nov. 12, 1786. in Berks Co., Penn., died July 30, 1821. They had 11 children, all of whom are deceased except Mrs. Stohlmann, of "Brooklyn, N. Y. Samuel M., our subject, obtained a fair education in Mill Creek Township and Erie City. He was married in Erie, Penn., in 1834, to Eve Stough, Ijorn Feb. 7, 1811, in Erie Co., 118 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: daughter of Martin and Sarah (Zimmerman) Stough, natives of Dauphin Co., Penn. This union resulted in 7 children — John T., Sarah C, Samuel C, William M., Mary U., George W., Charles F. E. (deceased). Mr. Brown served the people of his township as Assessor, Road Commissioner and School Director; was in an early day Lieutenant of the State Militia, serving in a creditable manner. He was an active element among the Whigs and later bent his efforts with the Republican party. He was early identified with the Luther- an Church, and died in full triumph of the same. The history of his life can be told in three words, " an honest man." His grandfather, John G. Brown, son of Philip Brown, was born March 14, 1731, and married Sept. 7, 1756, Anna B. Heckadorn, boru Jan. 7, 1735. WM. M. BROWN, Superintendent of Erie Co., Penn.. Almshouse, Erie, was born Dec. 13, 1840, in this township, son of Samuel M. and Eve (Stough) Brown, who were parents of 7 children— John P.. Sarah C, Samuel C, William M., Mary U., George W. and Charles F. E. (deceased). The father died Jan. 9, 1863. His widow^ a lady now of seventy-four years, resides with her son Samuel C, who has charge of the home farm, located on the Ridge road, this township, on a delightful eminence 3^ miles west of Erie. Our subject received his education in Erie County, and followed agricultural pursuits till Aug., 1862, when he enlisted in Co. I, 145th Reg." P. V. I., serving at the front till July 2, 1863. w^hen he was wounded in the right thigh at the battle of Gettysburg, Penn., and from its effects was unfitted for duty till some time the following fall. On Feb. 1, 1864, he received a commission in the Veteran Reserve Corps, and was ordered to Columbus, Ohio, where he was placed in military command of the U. S. Seminary Hospital; here he re- mained until the fall, when he returned home, and on Nov. 23, 1864, he was married to Rosanna, daughter of Samuel and Rebecca Love, one of the pioneer families of this county. He was then ordered to Washington, D. C, on recruiting service, where he re- mained nearly 2 months; from thence to Elmira, N. Y., where he was assigned to duty in prison camp. Here he and his wife remained till after the close of the war. In June, 1866, he was discharged from the U. S. service, when he retired to his farm in Mill Creek Township, and followed farming up to the spring of 1880, when he received his present position as Superintendent of Almshouse. GEORGE W. BROWN, farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born July 1, 1845, in this township; son of Samuel M. and Eve (Stough) Brown, and grandson of Conrad Brown, who came to this county in 1802, and was among the first saddlers and merchants of Erie City. S'je his biography. Our subject, the sixth in a family of 7. was married Jan. 28, 1869, to Henrietta, daughter of Frederick Fehr, a native of Hesse-Cassel, Germany. To this union were born 5 children— Edward C, Samuel M., deceased in 1881, Frederick C, Lillie L., deceased in infancy, and Nettie M. Mr. Brown resides on a farm pleasantly situated in a valley on the west line of Mill Creek Township. JOHN BURTON, farmer, P. O. Erie, whose portrait appears in this work, was born Oct. 15, 1809, in Winsted, Litchfield Co., Conn. His father, John Burton was born in Old Stratford, Conn., and came to Erie Co. in 1811, settling on the farm now owned and occupied by his son John. While in Connecticut, he was engaged in shoe-making and cattle dealing. The breaking-out of the war of 1812, made shipping almost an impossi- bility, and Mr. Burton lost' heavily on a herd of cattle. He was consequently a poor man when he settled in the wilds of Mill Creek Township, this county. He was married to Phoebe Wooster of Conn. The result of this union was Sallie, married to Spencer Shattuck, they lived in Mill Creek Township till death separated them; Silas, mar- ried to Lucretia Miller, he died in Buffalo; David was first coal dealer in Erie; Polly married Calvin Foot, and died in Mill Creek Township. Mrs. Phtebe Burton was a member of the Methodist Church, and her two brothers Daniel and James were local ministers in the Methodist Episcopal Church. On her demise, our subject married Han- nah Miller, born in Torrington, Litchfield Co., Conn., in 1774, and died in 1850. To this union were born William, John, Phcebe, Matilda and Lewis. The former attended the county schools, became able to teach and with the means thus obtained, secured text-books, and recited his lessons to Rev. Robert Reed, of Erie, subsequently graduated from the Wesleyan University of Middletown, Conn., and soon after eniraged in the Allegheny Col- lege, of Meadville, Penn., a^ teacher of languages and mathematics, and in the mean- time occupied the pulpit of the Methodist Church. Later, he prepared himself for the Protestant Episcopal Church, and took charge of St. John's Church of Cleveland, Ohio,^ and afterward was transferred to Tecumseh, Mich., where he died in 1856. Lewus attended' the country schools, and. through means furnished principally by his father, graduated at Meadville, and then preached iii the Methodist Episcopal organization at Allegheny City, after having had charge of a similar church at New Castle.' Penn. He finally joined the Protestant Episcopal Church, and succeeded his brother in St. John's Church, Cleveland. Here he established 2 strong branches, known as " St. Marks" and " All Saints," and now has charge of the former; his son Lewis is pastor of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Rich- mond, Va. ; Pluebe Burton, married J. B. Stevens, of Harbor Creek; they both died in Illinois; Matilda, deceased, married J. Johnson; John Burton and his consorts were active members of the Methodist Church. Our subject attended the country schools as much as MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 119 was convenient, aside from tlie duties required of him by his indulgent parents. He was married in 1834 to Charlotte E., daughter of Thomas and Huldah Barnes, natives of Co- lumbia Co., N. Y. This union re.sulted in 4 children — Julia; Phoebe J., wife of Jacob Warfel;Lydia M., wife of Heman Sprague, of Toledo; Laura E., deceased, when seven j-ears old. His wife dying in 1870, Mr. Burton married, Oct. 8, 1876, Mrs. Margaret McNair, widow of William McNair, and daughter of Jeremiah and Jane Montgomery Burford, na- tives, the former of Fayette Co., the latter of Chester Co., Penn. Mrs. Burton had 6 children by her first marriage, 2 now living — Margaret J. and James 'E. She is a Pres- byterian, while her present husband is an energetic Methodist, to which organization he has been attached 50 years. He cast his first Presidential vote for Andrew Jackson, and still clings to the Democratic "household of faith." Has served as School Director, Road Commissioner, and his full share of other .small offices, where pay is not considered. Mr. Burton is the possessor of quite a little fortune, which he alone mainly accumulated by dealings in real estate and stock, together with farming. J. E. BURTON, farmer and dairyman, P. O. Erie, was born in 1848 in the city of Erie, this county, son of Peter and Sarah (Parker) Burton. Peter Burton, a native of this township, was at one time Deputy SherifE and afterward, by election. Sheriff of Erie County, serving 2 terms. He moved subsequently to the farm, where he car- ried on a dairy in connection. His father David, a native of Connecticut, was a resident of Erie City for several years. Peter Burton and wife were parents of 8 children, 5 now living — D. H. Burton (married to Mrs. Whitley, a widow), Isadore (wife of B. B. Whitley; have 5 children — Jennie. Morrison, Alice, Ray R. and Benjamin B.), Alice (wife of C. P. Diefenbach; have 3 children — Bessie, Sarah and Harry), Elizabeth (wife of C. D. Riblet; have 2 children — Ruth and Burton;, and our subject, who was married, in 1880, to Ella, daughter of N. W. Russell. To this union were born 2 children — Florence Edna and Sarah Edith. Mr. Burton keeps 16 cows and supplies a portion of Erie City with dairy produce. His farm is located on the Buffalo road in this town- ship. He is a member of the K. of H. JULIUS V. BUSECK, farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born in Fairview Township, this county, son of Lewis and Caroline (Stohlmann) Buseck, natives of Germany, former of whom came to this country with his father and brother in 1832, the remainder of the family following in 1834. They remained in Pittsburgh, Penn., 1 year, then moved to this county and worked on different farms until they purchased the one on which the father of our subject rjow lives, on the lake road, about 3 miles west of Erie City. Mr. Lewis Von Buseck has proved himself a most successful farmer; beginning life with but little, he now owns 4 large farms in this township. He married Caroline Stohlmann, who bore him 12 children, 9 now living— Augusta, wife of Joachim Knobloch; Charles, married to Lavina Butt; Amile, married to Mary Fickinger; Emma, wife of William Evans; Julius, Lewis, Albert, William and Caroline. Julius, our subject, manages one of his father's farms in the west part of this township. He is an energetic young man, keenly alive to the agricultural interests of the county. JOHN H. CARTER, retired farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born Feb. 24, 1821, in the county of Norfolk, England, son of John and Mary (High) Carter, who came to this township in 1837, bringing with them 5 children, 4 of whom are now living. The family record is now Mary "A., now Mrs. Ling, in England; John H. ; Sarah A., now Mrs. Shank, in Illinois; Mrs. Henrietta Fassett, deceased in this township; William, a farmer in Illinois, and our subject, who was married, in April, 1838, to Anna Heidlebaugh, whose parents were very early settlers of this county. To this union were born Mary A., wife of William Hardwick, proprietor of Erie Engine Works, have 2 children, Wesley and Lu- anna; George W., at home; Edward D., married to Clara Robinson; have one child, Maud; Alfred M., proprietor of livery stable in Erie City; Rosa E., deceased; Luella J., at home; and John Lewis, married to Jane Rudd, have 1 child, John. John H. was in- duced once to take up his residence in Erie City, but unfortunately losing $5,000, he returned to the country and has since been very successful. His wife is a native of Lan- caster Co.. the second child of three in her family. Our subject came to this county in 1840. He has now sold the farm on which he had so long resided to William L. Scott for $39,000, and has rented a farm owned by Mr. Riblet. The family are members of the Westminster Presbyterian Church. S. H. CAUGHEY, farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born March 18, 1836, in this township; son of Samuel and Susan (Fluke) Caughey, natives of Lancaster Co., Penn., who came to this county in 1800, where they ended their days. They were parents of fol- lowing children: John F., residing on the old home farm, on the Ridge road; Lewis, in Fairview Township, this county; and our subject, who was married, March 17, 1864, to Eliza M., daughter of James Love. To this union were born 3 children— Susan L., who has attended the State Normal School, this county, at Edinboro; J. Bert and Edwin. Tiie family receive all the advantages of a home as well as a school and collegiate educati(m. Mr. Caughey resides in the western part of the township, where he has an excellent farm, well provided with all essentials, including a spacious barn. 120 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: MRS. MARGARET CHURCH, farmer, P. O. Belle Valley, was born in May, 1794, in Ireland, and came to America in 1801 -with her parents. She is the oldest lady in the county, and one of the pioneers of Mill Creek Township. With well-preserved percep- tive faculties, excellent memory and strong physical frame, Mrs. Church is certainly a remarkable old lady. She was twice married, on first occasion, March 17, 1812, to Andrew Martin, a soldier in the war of 1812; born in 1780, he died in 1823. from the effects of a fall. By this union were born 4 children — Mary, now Mrs. Wood, residini; in Chicago; Xaucy, deceased; Emily, now Mrs. Parker, and Amas C. Mrs. Church's second marriage occurred Feb. 22, 1825, with David Church; 6 children were born to this union — Jane, deceased: David, in Iowa, married to Harriett Shattuck, have 2 children; Jane, de- ceased in 1845; Seldon, died in 1864; Margaret, died in 1849; John died in 1835, and Helen M., who was married Jan. 30, 1868, toD. P. Tate, who was born March 15, 1832, in Summit Township, this county, son of R. M. C. Tate. They are parents of 8 children — Maggie F., Bertha A. and Seldon C. Mr. and Mrs. Tate and family reside along with our subject on one of her farms. J. S. CONRAD, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Aug. 1, 1817, in this township, sou of Joseph and Elizabeth (McCoy) Conrad, natives of Lancaster Co., Penn., and who came to Erie Co. in 1801, settling on the farm on which our subject now resides. They were parents of 9 children, of whom 4 are now living— Elizabeth, wife of A. Judd; Sarah A. wife of S. Wood; John M., living now on the old home farm with Jacob S. Our subject was twice married; on the first occasion to Sarah J., daughter of Freeman Patterson, who bore him 6 children, 3 of whom are living — William W., James M. and J. Lester. She dying April 6, 1874, Mr. Conrad married Emily PaUerson, a sister of his first wife, Nov. 4. i875. Bv this union there are no children. Mrs. Conrad is a member of the Patterson family of Girard Township, this county; is one of 11 children, 8 of whom are living. JOHN COOK, farmer, P. 0. Belle Valley, was born Aug. 3, 1798, in Hartford Co., Conn. .son of Eliakim and Lucy (Hurlburt) Cook. His grandfather's name was Benjamin, and that of his great-grandfather Eliakim. His maternal grandfather's name was John Hurlburt. Our subject's father came with his family to thiscounty in 1800 (leaving a fine estate on the Connecticut River, on which the fifth generation of the Cook family is now residing) from Buffalo, over the ice, on which they had to spend a whole night, though Mrs. Cook had 2 small children under her care. Here he took up a claim or assumed a lease of 300 acres of land of the Holland Co., and then moved to Waterford, this county.where he died in the course of 10 years thereafter. The requirements of the case with the Holland Co. not being fulfilled, owing to possession being taken by actual settlers, the claim was lost, save 100 acres. In addition to that, Mr. Cook bought 75 acres in another part of the town- ship. He built the tavern known as Cook's Hotel, which he kept for many years. He had a family of 5 children. 3 now living — Mrs. Hilton, of Erie City, a widow with 4 chil- dren — Wilham, Sarah, John and Abbie; May. afterward Mrs. Zimmerly, deceased, leaving- 4 daughters — Anna, Mary, Georgette and "Frances; and our subject, who has witnessed the rise of the county from its untutored savage state. He was married, Jan. 1, 1840. to Mary E.. daughter of Giles Russell. By this union were born Louisa, wife of C.Wood, who died leaving 1 son, Walter; Giles Russell, a soldier in the late rebellion, and who died of his wounds; John E., also a soldier, deceased, leaving a widow and son, Eddie H.; and Mary E., living with her father. Mr. Cook has been a most prominent man in the township: he has been a deacon in the Presbyterian Church for 50 years. His wife died June 21,1883. JAMES W. COOPER, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in Oct., 1833. in Coopers- town. Penn., son of William and Susan (Hope) Cooper, natives of Pennsylvania, who came to this county in 1814, and were the first settlers of Venango Township. The father of William gave his name to Cooperstown, mentioned above. William Cooper and wife were parents of 11 children, 6 now living, viz.: William (married to Elmira Gates), Albert, Zachariah, married to Kate Riblet; Mary, wife of George A. Brown; Rachel, wife of Orlin Foote; and our subject, who was married in 1867 to Susan M. , daughter of George Brown, a a very early settler of this township. To this union were born Cora, deceased in infancy: John L., deceased at the age of eleven; and Harry Brown at home. Mr. Cooper has been School Director for six years; is a member of the K. of H. Lodge, 99; in politics, is a Democrat. R. S. DAVISON, farmer, P. O. Belle Valley, was born Jan. 15, 1816, in Venango Township, this county, son of Robert and Sarah (Smith) Davison, who came from Ireland in 1797, settling where our subject was born. They were parents of 11 children, 7 now: living, viz.: our subject; Elizabeth, wife of John McFarland, of Lawrence Co.. Penn.; Rosanna, wife of J. McFarland. of Centralia, 111.; Jane, wife of A. Kirkpatrick, of Corry, Erie Co., Penn.; Sarah, wife of William Schooler, residing near Erie City, Penn: Emily, wife of N. W. Russell; Margaret, residing with our subject. R. S. was married March 27, 18.55. to Martha, daughter of Samuel Love, an early settler of this county, and who had a family of 12 children. To this union were born 3 children, viz. : Rosella, wife of William Hilborn (have 2 children. Flora M. and Howard D.): Alfred and Dewitt, who assist their father in carrying on the farm of 100 acres. Mr. Davison is a member of the Belle Valley Presbyterian Church. MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP, 121 GEORGE DOLL, farmer, P. O Erie, is a native of this townslup, born Sept. 18, 1839, son of Casper and Barbara (Drushal) Doll, natives of Germany, who came to America in 1837, settling in this township, where they spent the remainder of their lives. They were parents of 4 children — Margaret, wife of Presley Waidley; Barbara, wife of Frederick Diehl; George and Casper, who married Charlotte Rusterholtz. Our subject was mar- ried, Apr. 28, 1864, to Eliza E., daughter of Nathan and Mary Foglebaugh, parents of 9 children, 8 now living, Mrs. Doll being the 4th. Having no children of their own, Mr. and Mrs. Doll adopted a girl named Lena G. when 9 years of age; she is now 15, a bright and fair young lady, in whom her foster-parents place great store. Our subject occupies the old home farm, situated in the western part of the township, 9 miles from Erie City. Mr. Doll's grandfather, Casper Doll, Sr., lived with his son Casper till he was ninety-two years of age. He died in 1866, his widow in 1881. JOHN B. EVANS, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Sept. 3, 1835, in this township, son of James and Catharine (Brown) Evans, the former of whom was boni July 13, 1806, in McKean Township, this county, son of John and Nancy (Porter) Evans, natives of Lan- caster Co.. Penn. .John Evans, Sr.. came to Erie Co. in 1802, and took up land, to pay which he borrowed money fi"om Seth Reed without security. On returning the money to Mr. Reed some time afterward, Mr. Evans asked him how lie came to trust him so far. "Because you have an honest face," replied Mr. Reed. John Evans was a marine in the war of 1812, and a great hunter in his day. He possessed a gun which he named " Jimmy." This gu!i he sold to James McKee, who, having a dispute with a Mr. Severlin, took "Jim- my " in his hand and shot him. James Evans was married, Dec. 1, 1834, to Catharine, daughter of Conrad and Catharine (Murcybaugh) Brown, natives of Lancaster Co., Penn! By this union were born John B., George A., Conrad B., William E., E. J. and P. A. Our subject was married, Feb. 20, 1862, to Sophia, daughter of Samuel and Rebecca Love, who came to Erie Co. in 1802, settling in McKean Township. Mrs. Evans is the 6th child in a family of 12, of w^hom 7 are now living. Our subject is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church in this township. His farm is nicely located on the Ridge road CAPT. GEORGE A. EVANS, farmer. P. O. West Mill Creek, was born Oct. 29, 1836, son of James and Catherine (Brown) Evans, early settlers of this county (see their biograph}-). Our subject enlisted in Co. I, 145th P. V. I., Aug. 14, 1862, during the rebellion, and served to the close of the war. He participated in the most severe battles fought, such as Antie- tam. Fredericksburg (in which the regiment lost 250 men out of about 500 engaged), Chan- cellorsville. Gettysburg (in which the greater part of the regiment was cut to pieces in charging through the wheat field on the evening of July 2, all the officers being killed or wounded in his companj^ except our subject). Mine Run. Auburn Heights, Bristow Sta- tion, Wilderness, Spottsylvania. Cold Harbor, and many other engagements. He passed through them all unscathed, with exception of a slight wound received at Petersburg. He was then placed on detached duty in October, 1864, and acted as Adjutant till the close of the war. On June 1, 1865, he was mustered out, and returned home, and on Dec. 26, same year, was married to Sophia J., daughter of R. G. Dunn. By this union are 3 children, 2 now living — Kate D. and Scott B. Mr. Evans owns a fine farm in the western part of Mill Creek Township. He has acted as School Director 5 years and Juror Commissioner 3 years. CONRAD B. EVANS, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Aug. 22, 1838, in Mill Creek Township, on the farm he now occupies; the 3d son of James and Catharine (Brown) Evans, former born in McKean Township, this county and State, whither his parents mi- grated at the end of the last century from Cecil Co., Md. ; the latter near Erie, her parents having come from Berks Co.. this State. Ancestors on the father's side were Scotch-Irish or Welsh, on the mother's of Pennsylvania Dutch stock. His father was a farmer; her father was a merchant in the city of Erie, and owner of lai-ge tracts of land. The brothers are John B. ; Capt. Geo. A., of Co. I, 145th P. V.jl. ; Conrad B. Evans; Wm. E., in Fair- view Township; E. James, in North East Township; Presley A., at home; the 5th in order of the brothers died in infancy. The subject of this article was married, Feb. 12, 1867, to Charlotte E., youngest daughter of Samuel and Rebecca (Reed) Love. To this union were born 8 children, viz., Mary Gertrude, Frank Reed and Harry Grant (twins, Frank died in infancy). Frances Adelaide, James A., Charlotte E.. Sophie L. and Ruth M. He enlisted during the war of the rebellion. Jan. 1, 1864; joined Co. A, of the 111th P. V. V. I., at Pittsburgh, Capt. Marcellus Todd in command of company. He was sent to the convales- cent camp at Ringgold, Ga. ; detailed while there, and soon after arriving to duty, in the Commissary Department. Being sent by imperious order to the front just before the bat- tle of Peacii Tree Creek, he entered the engagement, and w^as taken prisoner with many others of the right of the regiment. Col. Cobham being killed. Was sent to Andersonville Prison, where he remained until Sept. 20 following. Under Gen. Sherman's special cartel for exchange, he rejoined his regiment at Atlanta, and marched with the advancing col- umn to the sea. After the siege of Savannah, he went with the army to Washington. He was detailed for a time at the division headquarters of Gen. Geary as a clerk to t^lie Judge Advocate General. Was discharged in July. 1865, as Commissary Sergeant of the regi ment. Being married, he has occupied the old home farm ever since, situated about ii 122 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: miles south from the city of Erie, and added thereunto. Mr. Evans has filled several offices of trust in his town and county. He is a brother of the A. O. U. W., and comrade of the Strong Vincent Post, No. 67. Is a Republican from principle, and by birth and education as he was a soldier from pure patriotism, which he stoutly asseverated to his comrades by the camp fire. Is a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Erie, and one of its ses- sion, and earnestly believes in its doctrines and creed. JOHN FAG AN, deceased, was born in 1812 in this township, son of John and Mary (Logan) Fagan, natives of York Co., Penn., and who came to this county in 1800-02, settling in Mill Creek Township. During the war of 1812. they kept house for a Mr. Brown, who was afraid, owing to the troublous times, to live alone. Their family num- bered 5 children— James, Hugh, Honor. Judah and John, none of whom are now'living. Our subject was married, June 7, 1838, to Abigail, daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Hadley) Moore. To this union were born 10 children, 7 now living, viz., John C., mar- ried to Ada Stedman, he is a member of the G. A. R. ; William, in Chicago, he was a soldier in the late war; Charles, in San Francisco, Cal. : Frank, married to Carrie, daugh- ter of Erue and Eliza Pherrin, have 3 children— Elizabeth, John and Mabel; Richard mar- ried to Melissa Silvers of Kan., have one child— Ethel; Mary, wife of Joseph Helterline, have 1 child— George J.; and James, at present attending the Allegany College, N. Y. ; John, who is in Erie City, Penn., was a soldier in the late war; Thomas was also a soldier, and died while in the service, his body was exhumed, brought home and re-interred. John Fagan, the subject of this sketch, was Constable and Assessor for this township. He died Dec. 1, 1882. Mrs. Fagan was a native of New York State. Her mother, wbo came to this county in 1838, having lost her first husband, married Mr. Robert Condon, who settled in Elk Creek Township, this county, where he died. JACOB FARVER, deceased, was born in Little York, Penn., March 10, 1810; came to this county and settled in Weigleville, a village named after his wife's father, in 1826. Our subject married Leah Weigle, who bore him .1 children, viz., Sarah A., wife of George W. Mosher, have 1 child— Carrie A.; Samuel H., married to Mary J. Thomas; Carrie C, wife of T. Tuttle, have 1 child— Jessie B.; John A., married to Emma J. Nason, have 1 child— Seth A. Jacob Farver died April 15, 1876. George W. Farver, the eldest son, was married Aug. 29, 1862, to Alzina E. Himebaugh, who bore him 8 children— Alice C. Ida A., Minnie A., William J., Frank C, Charles J., George E. and Carrie B. Mr. G. W. Farver resides on part of the home farm, located on the Ridge road in the western part of Mill Creek Township. George has been correspondent for the Erie Observer for many years. George Weigle, father of Mrs. Jacob Farver was born in 1776, died in 1848. He settled where Weigleville now stands, and paid $2.50 per acre. He could have bought laud where Erie City now stands for |1.50, but it was too swampy. Catherine Weigle, Mrs. Farvers mother, was born in 1777, died in 1868. She was known all over Erie County. When they settled here, there were plenty of deer and bears, in fact game of all kinds. There was only one grocery then in the village of Erie. TOBIAS FICKINGER, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born June 14, 1811. in Lancaster Co., Penn., son of Frederick, a miller by trade, and Elizabeth (Long) Fickinger, natives of Lancaster Co., Penn. They came to this county in 1831, .settling in McKean Township, and remained there till 1844, when they moved to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, and there ended their days. They were parents of 8 children, 6 now living, viz., Samuel in Erie Co.; Jacob in Ohio; William; Maria, wife of J. L. Skinner, in 111.; Letitia, wife of George Stine- hiser in Indiana; and our subject, who was twice married, on first occasion to Sarah, daugliter of John and Susan Butt. By this union were born 4 children — Sarah A., wife of J. T. Brown; J. B., who was a member of the 14oth P. V. I. during the late war and died at Harper's Ferry, Va.; Sophia, deceased; and Rev. Charles F., inarried to Morillo, daughter of J. Evans, have 2 children— Frank and Grace. On the death of this wife, March 26, 1870, our subject married, Oct. 3, 1872, Mrs. Catharine (Butt) Farver, who was born March 15, 1813, and married in 1837 to John Farver, and by this union were 5 chil- dren, viz., Daniel, in California; John, living on the Farver farm, married to Lydia Busick, had 5 children— Henry, Kate, deceased, Oney, John and Stella; Susan F., now Mrs. G. Stone, have 6 children; Sarah, wife of C. Ott. have 2 children; Mary, wife of T. McKee, have 1 child — Edward. Our subject has been Road Commissioner and School Director for many years. He and his family are members of the Lutheran Church. PERRY FOOTE, farmer, P. 0. Belle Valley, was born Aug. 13, 1824, on the farm on which he now resides in this township, son of Capt. Warren Foot, a soldier of the war of 1812, born Aug. 6, 1778, in Connecticut. He moved to this county in 1802. Returning to his native State, he married Sally, daughter of William Shattuck, of Connecticut, and then moved finally to this township on the farm our subject now occupies. He died June 12. 1843, his widow Feb. 6, 1869, aged eighty-si.x years seven months. His family nimibered 8 chil- dren, viz., Wm. S., deceased; Mrs. Eliza Root, died at the age of seventv-two, leaving 3 chil- dren; William S., second, living in New York State ; Zernah, wife of Cyrus Reed, deceased, leaving 3 children in Lodi, 111.; George, decea.sed in April, 1880, leaving 2 sons; Warren; Sarah, wife of F. Bell, a soldier in the late war, deceased, leaving 1 daughter; and Perry, our subject, who was married, Jan. 2, 1851, to Mary C, daughter of Henry Ewing, of Sum- MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 123 mit Township. Six children have been born to this union— Sarah Matilda, wife of Henry- Parker of Harbor Creek: Lizzie Jane, deceased Aug. 10, 1873; Emma, at home; Bell R., deceased July 11, 1863; Perry Albert, at home; and Addie, deceased July 8, 1874. Mr. and Mrs. Foote are members of the United Presbyterian Church at Erie. JACOB GEIST, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Nov. 30, 1817, in Lancaster Co., Penn., son of Andrew and Nancy (Becker) Geist, former of whom came to this county in 1835, settling on a farm on the Ridge road, where he ended his daj^s. They were parents of 6 children, of whom 3 are now living — Jacob; Daniel; May, wife of J. Berst, of Erie City. Our subject was married, February, 1844, to Mary, daughter of Joseph Evans, and by this union were born 12 children, viz., Mary A., wife of Jacob Zann, have 4 children— George W., Kate M., Luella and Cora V.; Thoma*; Daniel, deceased; Levi, deceased; Matilda; Frank; Jolin; Louisa, deceased; Clara E. ; Alvin, married to Florence B. Noson; Charles Edward and Andrew. Mr. Geist has a farm of 234 acres, 6 miles southwest of Erie City in Mill Creek Township. DANIEL GEIST, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born June 13, 1825, in Lancaster Co., Penn., son of Andrew and Nancy (Becker) Geist, who came to this county in 1832 with a 4-horse team and 1 -horse carriage, settling on the Ridge road near the spot where the cemetery is now located. In the following year, Andrew Geist bought a farm of 103 acres near where the Poor House now stands, and there they spent the remainder of their lives. He died in Jan., 1878. His family numbered 5 sons and 3 daughters; 3 sons and 1 daughter now living— Jacob Geist, married Miss Mary Evens, is now a widower with 9 children; Mary, wife of J. Berst, have 4 children living; and our subject, who was married, in 1855, to Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob and Betsy (Butts) Givens, natives of Penns5-lvania. To this union were born 3 children. 2 now living— William Z., attending college in Erie, Penn., and Emma L., at home. John I. is deceased. Mr. Geist is a widower, having lost his wife Sept. 10, 1883. He resides on his farm situated on an elevated spot about 4 miles from the court house, in this township. He is a member of the English Lutheran Church. JAMES C. GRAHAM, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Aug. 30, 1821, in West Mill Creek Township, this county; son of Moses and Elizabeth (Foster) Graham, natives of Pennsyl- vania, of Irish descent. Moses Graham was born in 1790, died Sept. 10, 1847; his wife was born in April, 1797, died Feb. 30, 1850. They were parents of Josiah, who died in Springfield Towhship, this county; his widow, Mrs. Rachel (Caldwell) Graham survives with 4 chil- dren; and our subject, who was married, March 27, 1845, to Martha M. Lininger, who bore him 6 children. 4 now living— Martha E., wife of C. A. Crandle, have 1 child- Holly; James E., married to L. Emerson, have 1 child— Lola; Robert G., married to Ad- die L. Martin, have 1 child— Celicia; and Charles W., carpenter and joiner, who is unmar- ried. Our subject's first wife died June 16, 1865; he then married Mrs. Mary Rice, a widow who had four children, 2 living— Mrs. Elizabeth Bender and John Rice. HENRY HALDERMAN, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born April 2, 1833, in Lancaster Co., Penn., son of Daniel and Mary (Adam) Halderman, parents of 10 children— Samuel; Mary A., deceased; Henry; Fiana, wife of E. Beck; Catharine, wife of Samuel Richtner; Rebecca, wife of Henry Cooper, in Lancaster Co.; Sarah, wife of W. Gable; Clementina, wife of Henry Moon, in Lancaster Co.; .John, deceased; and Jacob. The father died in 1858, the mother is still living. Our subject was married. May 80, 1853, to Cordelia, daughter of Henry Warpel, who came to this county in 1829, settling on the farm on which Mr Halderman now lives. His family numbered 4 children, 2 sons and 2 daugh- ters—Mrs. Halderman being the youngest of all. To our subject and wife were born 7 children, 6 now living— Franklin; Elam, married to Arelia Fogelbaugh, have 1 child— Flor- ence; Elizabeth, wife of Lewis Peter, have 1 child— Frankie; Charles, Martin and Ada. JOHN HARTLEB, farmer, P. O. Erie, Avas born Feb. 25, 1817. in Albig, Germany, and came to America in 1852; sou of Francis and Maggie (Nuchel) Hartleb, parents of 5 children— Mary, deceased; John; Peter, in Milwaukee: Michael, deceased; and Matthew, in Erie. Our subject was married, June 17, 1844, to Maggie, daughter of John Beck. To this union were born 9 children, viz. : Peter; Kate, now Mrs. Volmer; Michael; Anthony; Lena; Maggie, wife of H. Baushard; Emma, at home; Elizabeth, at home; and Matthew. Mr. Hartreb resides on a farm at one time owned by Frederick Zimmerman, located in the eastern part of this township. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. HENRY Y. HARTT, farmer, P. 0. Erie, was liorn in this township July 25, 1889; son of James and Elizabeth (Overton) Hartt, natives of England. The latter was third in a family of 7 and the only member to come to America. They were married in 1828, and soon afterward came to America, settling in this county. They were parents of 7 chil- dren, 2 now living — Maria E., the eldest, widow of J. M. McCreary, and Heniy Y., 4th. The deceased are James, William, Mary,Edward and John. Our subject was married, Aug. 17, 1871, to Emma A., daughter of James Reed, one of the pioneers of the county, who reared a family of 4 children— William C, J. H., Emma A. and Kate J. Mr. Hartt's farm is lo- cated in the western portion of the township. The family are members of the Westminster Presbyterian Church. G. W. HAYBERGER, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Sept. 18, 1836, in this township, on the farm on which he now resides; son of Maxson and Margaret (McCreery) Hayber- 124 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ger, natives of Penn., who came to this county in 1813 or 1814, settling in Mill Creek Town- ship. They were parents of 5 children, viz.: Thomas, drowned May 19, 1854, in Love's mill dam; David, enlisted during the war of the rebellion in the 144th P. V. I., and died in hospital in Virginia. April, 1864. aged twenty-six: Eli, married to Sarah Bochmer, have 3 children — Rosa and Henry M. ; Margaret A., wife of O. Olds, have 3 children — May V. and Willie; an infant, deceased; and our subject, who was married, Oct. 15, 1863, to Jen- nie, daughter of Greenleafs and Martha (Colton) Warren, who were parents of 4 daughters and 1 son, viz.: 3Irs. Hayberger; Adelia M.; Mary A., now Mrs. Sherwood; Martha, and Henry G., in Erie Citj'. Mr. Greenleafs AVarren died, in 1853, on his way home from Cal- ifornia to his family, who were then residing in Wisconsin. To Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Hay- berger were born 5 children — Adelia M., deceased; Genevra M., deceased; an infant, de- ceased; Mary W., and Jessie, at home. Our subject served 3 months during the late war, in 1865. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. His farm is finely situated on an elevated piece of ground overlooking the lake, 41 miles from Erie City. WILLIAM HENDERSON, farmer, P. O. Kearsarge, was born Oct. 36, 1838, in Cleve- land, Ohio; son of Joseph and Jane (Sweney) Henderson, the former a native of Alleghe- ny Co., the latter of Erie Co., Penn. Joseph Henderson, a carpenter, was born June 6, 1798, and came to this county in 1820, settling in Erie City. His family numbered 10 chil- dren. 6 of whom are now living, viz.: William; Nancy, now Mrs. Goodrich; Ann, wife of Henry Dunn; Joseph, present Director of the Poor; Jane, a maiden lady; James, express agent, Corry; George, Charles and 3 infants are deceased. Joseph Henderson was elected County Commissioner for 3 years, and re-elected on the Independent ticket 3 3'ears. He was employed on most of the original buildings of prominence in Erie City; had the con- tract for the carpenter work of the old court house, and was superintendent of the work; was at one time engaged on the public works of Cleveland, Ohio. He died March 28, 1883. Our subject was married, Aug. 20. 1860, to Martha, daughter of Joseph Lowry, of Armstrong Co., Penn. The father of Joseph Lowrj^ was born Oct. 10, 1787, in Ireland, and was brought to America in 1788. For many years he was a Justice of the Peace. He wa-^ the parent of 13 children. Our subject and wife have a family of 3 children— Alfred and Elmer (twins) and Thomas, besides an adopted child, a niece, named Ida Lowry, born in California. Mr. Henderson was at one time on the staff of Government Surveyors in the gold regions of Colorado, before gold was discovered. He is now residing on the farm on which his father lived. NOAH HERSHEY. farmer, P. O. Kearsarge, is a son of Benjamin and Mary (Zook) Hershey, who came to Erie Co. in 1832, settling on the farm then known as the John Reed farm, and on the expiration of 3 years moved to the place on which his son Noah now lives. They were married; the}'^ were natives of Lancaster Co. , Penn. Seven chil- dren were born to this union, 5 now living, viz. : Abram, married to Fannie Tome, have 3 children — William. Henry B. and Samuel; Mary, wife of L. Brubecker, have 8 children; Henry, married to Sarah Weidle, had 2 children, 1 deceased; Rachel, wife of F. Rose, have 4 children living; and our subject, who was mai-ried Oct. 8, 1846, to Maria S., daughter of David and Elizabeth (Hesler) Sybert, parents of 8 children, 4 now living — John, Aaron D., Martha and Maria S. David Sybert and family came to Erie Co. in 1829. To Mr. and Mrs. Hershey were born 3 children, viz., Henry D., Charles M. and Ella M. S. Mr. Hershey has a fine farm situated in Mill Creek and Summit Townships, on the Edinboro road, 5^ miles from Erie City. AMAS HINKLE. farmer, P. O. Erie, is a native of this township, born July 28, 1822, son of Andrew and Catharine (Shue) Hinkle, who came from York Co., Penn., to this county, in 1816, where they resided many years. They were parents of 9 children — Will- iam. Amas, Catharine; John, deceased; Aquilla aud Priscilla, twins; Elizabeth, wife of Mr. Snyder, residing in Crawford Co., Penn.; Jacob and Henry. Andrew Hinkle, the father, is living with a daughter in La Grange Co., Ind. Our subject was married. Ma\'' 7, 1846, to Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Weis, the first miller in the county, and who came here in 1801, settling on the farm our subject now owns. He was parent of 3 sons aud 2 daughters, of whom Elizabeth is the 4th child. To Mr. and Mrs. Hinkle were born 3 chil- dren — Amanda, wife of L. Mong, have 5 children; Jacob, married, has 3 children; and John A., at home working on a farm. Our subject has been School Director and Road Commissioner. He began life with but little, has now, by industry and economy, accum- ulated a fine farm of 133 acres, located in the western portion of Mill Creek Township. ALBERT J. KELSO, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Sept. 7, 1802, in this county, son of Gen. John Kelso, an officer in the war of 1812, a native of Cumberland Co., Penn., and who came to this county in 1797. His wife used to ride home to Cumberland Co. on horse- back to visit her friends. Our subject remembers quite vividly some incidents that oc- curred during the war of 1812, and following years; one of the occasions was a fight among the butchers in the city of Erie, which was quelled by the liberal use of scalding water by the military, who were called out. Mr. Kelso was educated in Erie, successively by Mr. Eastman, Prof. Blossom, Mr. Reed and Mr. Gunnison. He was married, Jan. 26, 1842, to Elizabeth Sullivan, who bore him the following children: Sarah, wife of Edwin Tenney, of Crawford Co., Penn.; Albert C, married to Livonia Green, have 4 children — MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 125 Philo K., Frankie, Ella and Hany; Anuie, wife of E. DeWolf, have 6 children, reside in Iowa; and Edwin J. Mrs. Kelso dying in 1850, our subject married, Jan. 25, 1853, Maria L. Fales, a native of Massachusetts. By this union were born 5 children, 4 now living — Susan M., wife of J. Benson, have 1 daughter, Grace; Caroline A., Alice A. and Charles H. Mr. Kelso resided in Erie City 50 years, and on his present farm, located on the Lake road in West Mill Creek Township, 25 years. He was at one time in business in Erie City with Mr. Kellogg; is a thorough temperance man, declining even to sell barley for distill- ing purposes. JOHN KILLPATRICK, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in 1821, in Erie City, this county, son of James and Mary Killpatrick, natives of Ireland, of Scotch descent, who came to this county in 1819, by way of Quebec, Canada. They were the parents of 7 children, 4 now living — Mary, Sarah, James and John, our subject, who was married, in 1856, to Maria Canada, who bore him 1 child, a very handsome girl, Mary, deceased. This wife dying in 1858, Mr. Killpatrick married, in 1864, Mary J., daughter of Alexander McClelland. Mr. Killpatrick has resided on the farm he now occupies, located on the Buffalo road, since 1864. He sold the land on which the village of Corry, this county, now stands for $298, and had to get a side bidder to accomplish that, which made the purchaser rich. In addi- tion to farming, our subject manufactures brick and tiles. He is a F. & A. M. JOACHIM KNOBLOCH, farmer of 200 acres of land with two new bank barns, P. O. Erie, was born Sept. 9, 1841, in this township, sou of Henry and Mary (Fisher) Kiiob- loch, natives of Germany, who came to America in 1840, and settled in Erie City, tiiis county, where they lived manj^ years. Henry Knobloch kept the Martin & Herring Hotel for 6 years, and finally bought a farm in the western section of this township, on part of which he now resides, having given to each of his 3 sons a farm off this property, comprising between 200 and 300 acres of excellent land, with good water privileges and commodious barns, where in addition to farming they are engaged in cattle breeding and dealing, and where they are enjoying every prosperity. Henry Knobloch's sons are Joachim, Daniel and Henry. Two others died in infancy. Our subject was married, Feb. 25, 1864, to Augusta, daughter of Lewis Von Buseck. By this union were born 7 children, viz., Lewis H., Charles D., Mary A., Clara A., Lena L., Emeal E. and Emma L. HENRY KNOBLOCH, Jr., P. O. Erie, was born Sept. 13, 1845, in this township, son of Henry and Mary (Fisher) Knobloch, natives of Germany, who came to this county in 1840, and lived in the cit}" of Erie for many years. Henry Knobloch bought a large farm in this township which he divided among his three sons, who are extensive stock dealers, feeders and breeders, having excellent accommodations in the way of commodious barns, water privilege, etc. The brothers are Joachim (see his biography); Daniel, married to Mary Zaun, have three children; and Henry, our subject, who was married, Dec. 26, 1871, to Elizabeth Zaun, sister of Mrs. Daniel Knobloch; they are daughters of Philip Zaun, of this township. To this union were born 2 children^Annie E. and Henry W. Messrs. H. Knobloch, Sr., and Jr., occupy 152 acres of land. JOHN KUHN, farmer, P. O. Belle Valley, was born Dec. 15, 1814, in Newport, on the Rhine, Germany, son of Francis and Catharine (Halt) Kuhn, who left Germanj^ for America Aug. 12, 1840. Coming to Erie Co., they purchased a few acres of land which they cultivated into a market garden. Mr. Kuhn was also engaged in lake fishing. They were the parents of 5 children — Elizabeth, now Mrs. Edinger, was twice married, has 8 children; Jacob; George; Mary, now Mrs. Winel; and our subject, who was married on the day his parents left for America, to Mary A., daughter of John and Barbara Anthony. She is fifth in a family of 8 children — Rachel, Elizabeth, Tilda, Frances, Mrs. Kuhn, Eva, Peter, Margaret. To Mr. and Mrs. Kuhn have been born 6 children — Frank A., a noble boy, who during the war of the rebellion, begged of his father to be allowed to take the place in the army of some man who might leave a family behind. He enlisted in 1863 in the 145th Reg., Co. D, under Col. Brown and Capt. Lynch. He participated in several engage ments, was wounded at the battle of Fredericksburg and afterward killed at the battle of Gettysburg; Jacob, married to Rose Larie, have 6 children — Annie, John, Mary, George, Clara, Jacob; Sophia, now Mrs. O. Smith, have 5 children— Annie, deceased, Joseph, Helen, Mary, Rose; Amelia; and Mary A., now Mrs. E. Percel, who lost her husband Aug. 27, 1883; she has one child, Etta. SAMUEL LOVE (deceased) was born May 16, 1798, in Maryland, and came to Erie Co., Penn., in 1802, settling with his parents, James and Rachel (Henderson) Love, the former born Oct. 11, 1777, and the latter May 29, 1770, in Maryland. The father died in Mill Creek Township Nov. 18, 1842, and the mother May 29, 1844. They reared a fam- ily of 5 children — Samuel, David, James, Mary A. and Robert. The eldest received a country school education and learned farming and milling. He was married, Feb. 23, 1826, to Rebecca J. Reed, born March 11, 1805, in Erie Co., Penn., daughter of George and Mary (McCreary) Reed, the former born Aug. 3, 1777, the latter Jan. 14, 1776, the parents of Rebecca J., Joseph, John, Eliza A., William and James; the first and last named now liv- ing. This family united individually with the Presbyterian Church. Our subject and wife had a family of 12 children, 10 of whom ^rew up, viz., Jane, Mary A., Martha, Thomas, Sophia, Rebecca J., Rosanna, George W., James F, and Charlotte E. Thomas 126 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: was married to Anna Brownand, of Kendallville, Ind., and they reside on the farm where our subject died, Oct. 14, 1865. Mr. Love was a Republican; with his wife was early- united with the Presbyterian Church. His father was drafted in the war of 1812 and he went as a substitute. His widow lives on the old farm' of 95 acres, which is farmed by her son, James F. He married Jeannett Dunn, the result being 9 children, 8 now living — Jessie R., Mabel A., B. D., Samuel R., George W., Rosannah, Emily J. and Clara. WILLIAM W. LOVE, farmer, P. O. Erie, is a native of this township, born Jan. 8, 1835, on the farm on which he now resides; son of James and Eliza (Crane) Love. James Love, a native of Md., was brought, when a child, in Oct., 1802, to this county bj^ his parents, James and Rachel Love, who remained in McKean Township 5 years, and then moved to this township, where they settled on the farm on which Mrs. Rebecca Love now lives, and where they both died; the mother of Wm. W. Love died June 11, 1840, and the father May 20, 1878, on the farm our subject lives on. Mrs. Eliza Love was a native of this county, descendant of a Connecticut family. She and a cousin, now Mrs. Harrington, were born in the same night, in the same house, and were the first white children to see the light of day in Conneaut Township. Her father was a Justice of the Peace, and held many other offices of trust in the township. Our subject was married, Oct. 29, 1856, to Lydia A., daughter of Joseph F. McCreary. To this union were born 4 children, 3 now living — Charles J., married to Emma, daughter of John T. Brown; George J. and Fred Mc.both at home. William is decea'-ed. Mr. Love has been elected to several offices of public and private trust in his native county, and is a member of the Presbyterian Church. His farm, which is part of the land his grandfather bought of the Population Company, is located about 6 miles from Erie, in the southwestern part of the township. Mr. Love also engages in the lumber trade, and operates a saw mill. JOHN McKEE, deceased, was born in 1809, in this township; son of John and Mary (Maxwell) McKee, who came liere with the Nicholson families in 1793. settling near Mc- Kean Township among the first settlers. Our subject had one sister, who was married .to Alexander Nicholson, now both deceased. Mr. McKee was married, June 16, 1847, to Mary A. Pherrin, who bore him 7 children, 6 of whom :ire now living, viz.: Winfield, married to Ida Drewry, have 2 children — Scott and Maud; Thomas B., married to Mary Farver. have 1 child — Sarah Ocean; Annie J., married to Thomas Willis, have 3 children — Gus- sie B., Thomas C. and Harvey Maxwell; Nancy O.. wife of Clark W. Zuck, have 1 child — Floyd; Ida R., and John Clayton. Mr. McKee, who had been a farmer all his life, died Dec. 28, 1868, in this township. His widow still survives, and resides in the old homestead along with her sons, who have charge of the farm. She is a lady of good health and vig- orous mind, and is a kind mother. GEORGE McClelland, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in this township in 1837, son of Alexander and Rosannah (Satsman) McClelland, the former a native of Penn- sylvania, who came to this county in 1800, and settled on what is now the Buffalo road. His father was one of the very oldest settlers in the township. Alexander McClelland had a family of 7 children, 5 sons and 2 daughters; 4 are now living — George, Cyrus Alexander, Mary, wife of John Kilpatrick, and our subject, who was married in 1861 to Elizabeth, daughter of Mintey Warfel, a deacon of the Presbyterian Church. By this union were 6 children— Rose A., Catherine V., William M., Henry E. and Henrietta (twins), and Mary A. Mr. McClelland is a member of the K. of H. S. S. McCREARY, mechanic, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born Sept. 12, 1812, in this township, son of Joseph F. and Lydia (Swan) McCreary, former a native of Lancaster Co., Penn., latter of Dauphin Co., Penn., who came to this county in 1802-03, settling near Walnut Creek. They were parents of S. S., our subject; Richard S., deceased in 1881, aged sixty-seven years, leaving 4 children; J. J., deceased when a young man; Selina C. ; MaryE. ; Jackson, in Mill Creek; Gen. David B. McCreary, in Erie; Lydia A., wife of William Love, in Mill Creek; and Martha S., wife of Thomas Love. Our subject was mar- ried, Oct. 17, 1839, to Joanna, daughter of John and Eleanor (McCreary) Brooks, former of whom came to this count}' in 1802, settling in Mill Creek Township. They were par- ents of 5 children, Joanna being the eldest. To Mr. and Mrs. McCreary were born 12 children, viz., Julia, deceased; Washington I., deceased; John J., married to Mary Eas- ley, have 4 children— Florence E., Sidney S., Agnes M. and Bryant; John, deceased, and John J., twins; Winfield Scott; Nellie Lydia; Sidney B., deceased; Eva Jane, deceased; Mary A., deceased; Millie J. and Maggie B. Our subject's farm is part of that on which his wife was born, situated on an elevation in the southwest part of Mill Creek Township. JACKSON McCREARY, farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born Aug. 29, 1823, on the farm on which he now lives, son of Joseph F. and Lydia (Swan) McCreary; the former came to this county in 1802, and remained in McKean Township until 1808, in which j'ear he moved to this township, settling on his present farm. On Sept. 12, 1811, he was mar- ried to Miss Swan, who came in 1802 to Erie Co. with her father, who operated one of the earliest mills in this county. She was the eldest of 6 children, and only daughter. Our subject was twice married; on first occasion. May 13, 1850, to Mary A., daughter of Sam- uel Love, an old settler of this county. The result of this union was 1 child, Emily J., wife of P. Carpenter. This wife dying March 29, 1852, Mr. McCreary married, Jan. 24, MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 127 1859, Miss R. J. Love, his sister-in-law, who bore him 5 children— Harry L., AnnaL., Mar- tha J., Blanche and Herbert. Our subject has been' Justice of the Peace now 21 years; has acted as School Director, Assessor and Collector. SETH Y. McCREARY, farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born Oct. 24, 1852. in this township, son of Francis and Margaret (Pherrin) McCreary, who moved to this town- ship from Fairview Township in 1846, where the former died in 1862. They were married May 9, 1844, and were the parents of 6 children — Ida J. (deceased in infancy), Francis M. (deceased when young), Melvin K. (deceased), Seth Y., George B. and Irvin P. William Pherrin, our subject's grandfather, had a family of 4 children — Mrs. Margaret McCreary, Maria (now Mrs. Heighmyer), William E., and Sarah J. (afterward Mrs. George McCully, now deceased). Mr. McCreary was married, Oct. 2, 1878, to Emma, daughter of Samuel Kendig. By this union is 1 child — Francis C. He resides on the old home farm near his mother, and brother, George B., but is at present building a iiouse on the Ridge road, which he will make his future home. The famil}* are all adherents of the Westminster Presbyterian Church. G. B. is a member of the A. O. XJ. W. Irvin P. graduated from Penn. State College in the senior class, in June, 1882, and is now a civil engineer in Ohio. JOSEPH McDANNEL, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in 1837 in this township, son of Daniel J. and Catharine (Ebersole) McDannel, natives, the former of Lancaster Co., the latter of Cumberland Co., Penn. They came to this county in 1799, and settled on a piece of land 2 miles east of Erie City, where they spent the remainder of their days. They were parents of 9 children, 6 now living— Christian E., Daniel J., Oliver P., Sidney S.. Celia C, and our subject, who was married, in 1861, to Lucinda, daughter of Levi Gordon. To this union were born 2 children — Homer G. and Cassie P. ; Homer is a member of the Ecjuitable Aid Society of Wesleyville, this township. Mr. McDannel was engaged in the shops of the P. & E. R. R. for several years, where he proved a faithful employe. His farm is located on the Buffalo road, 2 miles east of Erie City, the same farm held by his father and grandfather. THOMAS McKEE (deceased), whose portrait appears in this work, was born in 1800 in Mill Creek Township, Erie Co., son of Patrick and Jane (Vance) McKee, former a na- tive of Ireland, latter of Mill Creek Township, Erie Co., Penn., the parents of Thomas, Margaret and Eliza. Our subject received a country school education, and was brought up on a farm. He was married, in 1838, to Nancy Kendig, born in 1818, daughter of George and Esther (Spence) Kendig, natives, the former of Cumberland Co., and tiae latter of Lancaster Co., Penn. By this union were born Mary J., Alexander, Susan, Franklin, Bennett, Etta, Thomas. Mary J. married John Stones, of Fairview Township, have 3 children — Ida J., Reed and Frank; Alexander was in Co. K, 83d P. V. I., and there con- tracted a disease which terminated in his death (he left a widow, Mrs. Georgia Jones Mc- Kee, and 2 children, Gertrude and Clara, to mourn his loss); Susan married Abner Powell, and with him and her 4 children — Anna M., George L., Thomas B. and Jesse E. — resides with the widow of oiir subject on the old homestead of 280 acres; Bennett married Matilda Moserbaugh, and lives on the home place. Mr. McKee was a Director of the County Poor House for 3 years; in politics^ was a Republican; a member of the Episcopal organiza- tion, to which his widow belongs. JACOB METZLER, farmer. P. O. Erie, was born Aug. 28, 1825, in Lancaster Co., Penn., son of Jacob and Nancy (Workman) Metzler, who came to this county in 1828, set- tling near the spot where our subject now lives. They are both deceased, ifhey were the parents of 3 sons and 3 daughters — Anne, now Mrs. Hammer; Jacob, married in 1853 to Rachel Weidley; Elizabeth, deceased; Mary, wife of P. Brubaker; John, man-ied to Bar- bara Gutekiinst, and Samuel, deceased. Our subject and wife have no familj' of their own, but have reared 2 foster children. Mrs. Metzier was one of a family of 10 children, 4 now living. Mr. Metzler has an excellent farm located in the west part of the township. JOHN J. MILLER, farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born in Lancaster Co., Penn., Nov. 13, 1818, son of Jacob and Mary (Manning) Miller, parents of 10 children, 4 now liv- ing — Nancy, wife of Christian Tomes, of Mill Creek, have 4 children; Fanny, wife of — Kinsley; Mary J., wife of B. Hershey, in Erie City, have 3 children; and our subject, who was married to MaryC, daughter of Matthias Brindle. By this union were born 6 chil- dren—Thomas C, married to Emma J. Lewis, have 1 child, James B. ; Jennie A., Hattie A., Curtis D. ; Emma, who died at tive years of age, and an infant. Mr. Miller owns a good farm in the western part of Mill Creek Township. He is a member of the Westmin- ster Church. HIRAM H. MILLER, farmer, P. O. Belle Valley, was born Dec. 14, 1830, in this town- ship, son of Ashel K. and Laura (Leonard) Miller, natives, the former of Connecticut, lat- ter of Massachusetts, and who came to Erie Co., settling in Belle Valley at an early day. They were parents of 2 sons and 3 daughters— Lucy J., wife of M. E. Low, of Erie, have 3 children — Frank, Jennie and Samuel; Emily, wife of J. McKinstry, in Cleveland, Ohio; Orson J., was a soldier in the late war; while on a steamer on the Mississippi River, the vessel struck a snag and sank, and Orson was drowned; Lovina, wife of E. Dunn, de- ceased; and our subject, who was married, March 30, 1858, to Emily, daughter of Moses Austin, a native of Ohio. To this union were born 8 children — Charles; Henry A., de- 128 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ceased; Frederick; Laura (deceased); and Lorin, twins; Sumner, Mabel and Walter. Mr. Miller is a member of the E. A. U., and of the Belle Valley Presbj'terian Church. In pol- itics, he is a Republican. ISAAC MILLS, farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born August 13, 1826, in Monroe Co., N. Y., son of Isaac and Jane (Roy) Mills, natives of New York, who came to this county in 1839-40, remaining for about 3 years, when they moved to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, where thej" ended their days. Isaac Mills, Sr., was twice married; by his first wife were 4 sons and 2 daughters— Peter, Aaron, John, Isaac (our subject), Jane and Eliza. The mother died before the family left New York State. By the second marriage, there was no issue. Our subject was married, Sept. 12, 1855, to Elizabeth, daughter of George Oxer, a native of Lancaster Co., Penn., who came to Erie Co. in an early day. Her mother was twice married, and Elizabeth is the eldest daughter by the second union, To our subject and wife were born 7 children — James, Mary J., Harriet, George E., Perry, Samuel and Lillie B. Mr. Mills owns a farm of 67 acres located on the west line of this township, 8^ miles from Erie City. THOMAS H. MOHR, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in Mill Creek Township on the farm on which he now resides, son of Daniel and Susanna (Thomas) Mohr, former a na- tive of Canada, who came to this county, settling in Mill Creek Township. Daniel Mohr was married, in 1846, to Susanna, daughter of Christian Thomas, a native of Maryland, and who subsequently settled in New York State. Christian Thomas was twice wedded; by his first wife had 7 children, bj^ his second, 1 child. Daniel Mohr died in 1848. Our subject, the only child, was married, Dec. 13, 1870, to Margaretta, daughter of Philip Zaun, of Erie. To this union were born 4 children— Charles D., Laura B., Catherine E. (deceased in infancy), and George A. Mrs. Mohr died May 1, 1882. Our subject resides on the old home farm of his father, consisting of 180 acres, with a handsome residence, lo- cated in the western part of this township. He is a member of Knights of Honor, Mystic Lodge, No. 99, Erie City; is an adherent of the Lutheran Church. He has acted in the capacity of School Director, Assessor, Tax Collector and Road Commissioner of said town- ship. ISAAC MOSHER, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born Oct. 15, 1819, in Montgomery Co., Penn., son of George and Maria Mosher, old settlers of that county, parents of 12 children, of whom our subject is the eldest living. The father died in 1833; the mother moved to this county in 1836, bringing with her part of her family and settling near Walerford. After remaining there several years, she moved to this township, where she spent the res- idue of her life. Her family have all passed away, excepting three, viz., Samuel, of Fairview Township, this county; Mrs. Marsh, also of Fnirview; and our subject. He was twice married; on first occasion in 1844, to Sarah Trout, who bore him 5 children, viz., William, deceased; Etta, wife of E. J. Evans; Mary, now Mrs. Miller; Sarah and Lydia. This wife dying, Mr. Mosher married in 1858, Mrs. Anna Harmon, daughter of Thomas H. Mohr (deceased), a widow with 1 child, who is now wife of Charles Mosher, a nephew of our subject. To this second union were born 2 children— Marilla, wife of W. E. Zuck, and Frank E. The family attend the English Lutheran Church ..of Erie. Mr. Mosher's farm, which is replete with all modern improvements, and well stocked, is lo- cated on an elevated piece of ground on the Ridge road in this township. ALBAN MOTSCH, farmer. P. O. Erie, was born in 1826 in Baden, Germany, emi- grated to America in 1856, landing in New York, and from there came direct to Erie City, where he remained for a time previous to renting the farm which he in a few 3'ears pur- chased of the Neeley heirs. He was married, Sept. 28, 1851, in Germany, to Carie Mut- terer, who bore him the following- named children: Mary, wife of Jacob Baker, have 3 children — George, Theresa and Mallie; Julia, wife of Adam Harman, have 2 children — Albert and Carie; Micheal and Theresa, at home. The farm of Mr. IMotsch is situated 2 miles ciist of Eric City on the Lake road. He is a member of the Catholic Church. DANIEL MYRES, farmer, P. O. Wesleyville, was born in 1834 in Lancaster Co. , Penn.. son of Nicholas and Elizabeth (Slichte'r) Myres, w^ho came to Crawford Co., Penn., in 1833; thence to this county in 1858, settling in Mill Creek Township 5 miles west of Erie City. They were parents of 11 children, 7 now living — Isaac, Andrew, Nicholas, Hannah (now Mrs. Erb, in Iowa), Susan, Elizabeth (now Mrs. Canslee,',has 13 children), and our sub- ject, who was married in 1867 to Ruth E.. daughter of James King, a native of England. To this union were born 6 children, 5 now living, viz., Lawrence L., Hattie B., James D., Robert K. and Herbert F. (twins). Mr. Myres came to this township in 1874, settling on his present farm of 40 acres, located on the Buffalo road. He at one lime navigated the Takes for a period of 2 years. One vessel he sailed on, the Riatto, plied between Cleveland and Saginaw, and Erie and Buffalo. Mr. Myres lost his arm while on the ship Adair, by being caught in the main rigging during a storm. JOHN E. NICHOLSON, deceased, was born Dec. 21, 1797, in Lancaster Co., Penn., son of John and Isabella (Nicholson) Nicholson, who came to Erie Co. when our subject was but an infant. John E. Nicholson was the eldest of a family of 8 children. He was married in 1828, the year his father died, to Nancy, daughter of William Dogherty. Five children were born to this union, viz., Eliza J.; John, who was an As- MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 129 sistant Surgeon during the late war, and died while in the service; Martha, residing on the old homestead of her father; George, and Wm. D., living on a piece of land which was at one time owned by his grandfather John Nicholson. Mrs. Nicholson dying in 1838, our subject married in 1839, Margaret J., daughter of Patrick Brooks, a native of Ireland, of Scotcli descent, who came to America in a very early day. There is no issue by this marriage. Mr. Nicholson died June 1, 1864. Mrs. Margaret J. Nicholson occupies the home farm in the south part of Mill Creek Township. ANDREW NICHOLSON (deceased) was born May 13, 1812, in Erie Co., and died Oct. 14, 1865. His father, John, was born in County Donegal, Ireland; came to Fayette Co., Penn., in 1797, and to Erie Co. in 1800. He married Isabel Nicholson, a distant relative, by which union were born 8 children, viz., John E., Jane, Isabell, Matilda, Re- becca, Andrew, Eliza and George, the 2 latter now living. The father died Sept. 18, 1828, and Isabell, his widow, whose portrait appears in this work, died Dec. 25, 1866. at the patriarchal age of ninety-three years. She mantained her mental faculties till within a few days of her demise. Our subject attended the district schools, and worked on his father's farm. He was married, Feb. 11. 1846, to Eliza Brindle, daughter of Matthias and Elizabeth Brindle, natives of Franklin Co., Penn., and who came to Erie Co. in 1803, set- tling in Springfield Township. To this union were born 4 children — John E. (born Dec. 1, 1S47, married Dec. 9, 1874. to Maria Hadley, in Crawford Co., Penn., have two children —Nellie E. and John E.), Perry M., Delia l". and George W. John E. was in the U. S. gunboat service for one year on Silver Lake. He and George W. run the old home- stead. Their sister, Delia I., married S. H. Willis. Andrew Nicholson's parents were members of the Presbyterian Church; he attended the Methodist organization; was a stanch Republican. He died and was buried on the farm on which he was born. Further particulars of the Nicholson family will be found in another part of this work. PETER E. NORCROSS, farmer, P. O. Belle Vailey,was born May 25,1821, in Mill Creek Township, this county, son of Andrew and Sarah (Erwin)Norcross, natives of N. J. An- drew Norcross came to Venango Township, this county, in 1802, purchased land, and re- turned to N. J. soon after. He then married, and moved with his family to Venango Township, and from there, in 1812, to this township, where they spent the remainder of their lives. They were parents of 10 children, those now living are — William, in Mo, ; Han- nah, wife of E. Curtis, both deceased; Nancy, wife of E. Bennett, of Erie Citj^ Jane, now Mrs. Wyatt, a widow residing in Wis.; Andrew F., who resides in Austin, Minn; and Peter E. John E., Elsie and Sarah A. are deceased. Our subject was married, Jan. 1, 1867, to Mary, daughter of Chas. M. Parry, and a native of N. Y. State. Her parents were born in England, came to N. Y. State in 1832-33, and settled in Oneida Co., where the father died and the mother still resides. They were parents of 9 children — John, deceased; William, Emma, deceased wife of Joseph Young; Charles, Harriet, wife of T. Smith; Elizabetli, wife of Lewis Dowley; Jane, deceased wife of J. Grant; Sarah, late Mrs. Limebeck; and Mrs. Norcross, wife of our subject, who had 2 children, Addie and Parry E., both at home. Mr. Norcross has an excellent farm, situated about 3 miles from Erie City. JONAS A. PARKER (deceased) was born May 15, 1821, in this township, son of Jonas Parker, who came to Erie Co., Penn., in an early day, settling in Mill Cr«ek Township, where he cleared a farm. He was twice married; had 6 children by his first wife, 8 by his second. Our subject was the seventh child by the last marriage. He was married, Jan 23, 1845, to Celia P., daughter of Col. Benjamin F. Norris. of New Hampshire. She was a native of Indiana, to which State her father moved and resided in for a few years. The family then came to Erie Co., settling in McKean, now Summit, Township, in 1824. C'ol. Norris spent his last days with his daughter, Mrs. Celia P. Parker, but died in Summit Township, and was buried on his own farm, his wife having preceded him several years. Col. and Mrs. Norris had a family of 6 children, viz.: Cornelia H., wife of W. A. Bean; Calista P., now Mrs. Graham; Cordelia A., wife of D. A. Taylor; Clinton; Franklin; Helen V., wife of William Liddell; and Celia P., wife of our subject. To Mr. and Mrs. Parker were born 10 children — Ashbell F.. in Erie, has 1 child. Clare; Alfred, in Nebraska, has 1 child, Olive Celia; Charlie A., in Erie, has 3 children— Maud, Clyde and George; W. S., deceased in New Mexico; Effie L. ; Ella R., wife of Wm. Arbuckle, have 1 child, Soott G. ; Edgar B.; Cora E., now Mrs. Valentine; Clinton N. and Bertha A. Mr. Parker died June 7, 1883, aged sixty-two years. He was a member of the Equitable Aid Society. His widow resides on the home farm, which is well stocked, with a dairy in connection. GEORGE REED, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born May 20, 1840, in this (county, son of Joseph and Jane (Grubb) Reed, who were married in 1837, former a son of Geo. Reed, who came to this county in 1800, settling in Mill Creek Township, where Joseph was born Nov. 17, 1805. Joseph "died Sept. 17, 1844, leaving a widow and 3 children, viz.: John, married to Eliza Blair; Mary A., wife of (!. A. Keyse, of Binghampton, N. Y. ; and our subject, who was married, Nov. 7, 1867, to Sarah E.. daughter of Jonathan Calvin, of Mercer Co., Penn. Nine children were born to this union, 5 now living— Calvin E., Will- iam G., Alice J., Lizzie A. and George. The deceased are Ida, Mary, Elda Hattie and Emma. Our subject's mother was a daughter of Hon. John Grubb, who was born June 8, g 130 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1767, in Lancaster Co., Penn. He was first commissioned as Captain in the 7th Battalion Lancaster Co., Penn., militia, Oct. 13, 1792, and Sept. 11, 1794, was commissioned as Cap- tain in the 2d Reg. Lancaster Brigade. In the spring of 1795, he came to this county m charge of a company, remaining until about 1798, in which year he went to York Co., Penn., and married Alicia, daughter of Thomas Cooper. Returning with his young wife, they settled in this township on the farm now occupied by his grandson, George Reed, our subject, where he died June 8, 1845. His family numbei-ed 7 children, 2 sons and 5 daugh- ters, all buried— father, mother and children — under a pine tree planted by Mrs. Grubb on the old farm, when they lost their first child. Hon. John Grubb was commissioned Major in the State militia Dec. 36, 1798; Justice of the Peace, April 15, 1797, and again May 16, 1801; County Commissioner, 1813 to 1815. and County Associate Judge Jan. 8, 1820, which last office he held till March 13, 1841. His wife was born in 1770, died Aug. 18, 1844. Benjamin Grubb, brother of the above, was born in March, 1777, married in June, 1800, and moved in that year'to this county, settling in McKean Township on the farm now owned by John Pfeffer, where he died in 1845. His widow, wlio was 3 years younger, moved to Mercer Co., Penn., ml856. She died at the age of eighty-six. George and John G. Reed, of Mill Creek Township, are the only descendants of Judge Grubb bow remain- ing in this county. Mr. Reed, the subject of this sketch, is a member of the Central Pres- byterian Church of Erie, in which he has held an eldership for 10 years. CHRISTOPHER RILLING, of Mill Creek Township, Erie Co., was born Feb. 7, 1830, in Southern Germany. He was a son of Stephen and Mary (Young) Rilling, who came to America with their family in 1834, and settled in this township. Stephen Rilling, by trade, was a millwright, he died March 13, 1864; his wife died in 1843. They were parents of 13 children, 5 of whom are dead and 7 now living — Jacob and Christina, of Waterloo, Mo.; Barbara, wife of S. Speidle, and Mary, wife of H. Sherman, both of Richland, Wis.; Catharine, wife of J. Welmer, and George, both of this township, and our subject, who was married, in 1846, to Elizabeth, daughter of Valentine Ackerman. He worked for some time with his father as a millwright, but he soon abandoned his trade to engage in the manufacturing of oil cloths, which business he carried on quite exten- sivelv for a long time, but finally abandoned to become a farmer. CHRISTIAN RIPLEY, merchant. Belle Valley, was born in 1842 in Summit Town- ship, this county, son of David and Annie Ripley, who came to this county from Lan- caster Co., Penn., in 1833, settling in Summit Township. They were parents of 10 chil- dren — David, in Greene Township, married to Mary A. Kuhl, have 7 children; Jacob in Erie City, married to Julia Barton, have 4 children; Sarah, wife of William Urch, of Greene Township, had 5 children, 3 deceased; Isaac, married to Elizabeth Robinson, have 2 children; Mary, wife of S. Kuhl; Elizabeth, wife of Jacob Shields, of Greene Town- ship, have 5 children; Abraham; John, in Erie City, married to Elizabeth Smith, have 2 children; Anna, wife of Charles Graham, have 6 children; and the subject of this sketch, who was married, in 1867, to Elizabeth, daughter of William Whiteford. To this union were born 6 children, 5 now living — Berdella J., William D., Edward C, Hattie E. and Minerva M. Mr. Ripley came to this township in 1881, locating on a piece of land in 1883. He has recently erected a commodious store in Belle ValleJ^ which he has stocked with every article requisite for a general country store, and in exchange for which he takes all kinds of produce. NATHANIEL WILLARD RUSSELL, the first-born of Hamlin and Sarah (Norcross) Russell, was born in Erie Co. March 11, 1813. His father came to this county from Con- necticut in 1802, and was married here in 1811. Our subject had very limited educational opportunities, and did not attend school after he was fifteen. He remained with his father (his mother having died when he was nineteen years old) until March 10, 1833, when he began to earn money for himself by working on a neighboring farm and teaching school. His first purchase of land was 40 acres from his father at $10 per acre. Oct. 19, 1836, he left for Harrisburg, Penn., where he had obtained a position as clerk and bar- keeper in Buehler's Hotel. In April, 1836, by the aid of Gen. Simeon Cameron, he was appointed a conductor on the railroad between Harrisburg and Philadelphia, and in June following was promoted to U. S. Mail Agent at an increased salary. During the winter of 1838, he was induced to return to Buehler's Hotel and given general charge of the house. This was during the period known as "the buckshot war," one of the most eventful in Penn.'s history. March 23, 1839, Mr. Russell was made Capt. of the packet boat, Thomas Jefferson, of the fast passenger line between Pittsburgh and Philadel- phia, a position he held for 4 seasons. During the entire term of his residence in the East, he made annual visits to his parents of a few days each. The winter of 1840-41, he spent with his relatives in Erie Co., and during this period was married to Miss Eleanor S. Osborn, of Erie. The date of this interesting event was Jan. 14, 1841. March 1 he resumed his place on the canal, Mrs. Russell accompanying him to the State capital, and spending the summers with Mrs. Buehler. While in Harrisburg she was seized with bill- ions fever, which terminated in quick consumption, and Mr. Russell was obliged to bring her back to Erie, where she died on the 6th of January, 1842. In November of the same year he resigned his place on the canal and returned permanently to his old home. Soon MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. iSl after he purchased a farm of 90 acres within 3 miles of Erie. Sept. 1, 1843, he was married to Miss Frances A. Hubbell, of Troy, N. Y., and they went to housekeeping immediately after. A son was born in July, 1844, to whom the name of Henry Buehler was given. Mrs. Russell died on the 30tli of January, 1849, and in January, 1851, Mr. Russell was married (for the third time) to Miss Emily Davison, of Mill Creek. Their only child is a daughter born May, 1853, who was named Ella Frances Russell. In April, 1855, Mr. Russell purchased and moved on the tract of land where he was born, and on which he still resides. The post office at Belle Valley was mainly established through his efforts. In 1849, he was appointed Aid-de-Camp to Gov. Johnston, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and, in 1868, he was elected Justice of the Peace, an office he has held continu- ously ever since. Mr. Russell is known in every part of Erie Co. as one of its wealthiest farmers and most intelligent citizens. He is remarkable for his wonderful memory, and is the standard authority on all matters connected with the early settlement of Erie Co. J. C. RUSSELL (decea.sed) was born May 13, 1827, in Belle Valley, this county, son of Hamliu and Sarah (Norcross) Rii3,sell, who were among the pioneer families of the county. Our subject, in his youth, united witli the Presbyterian Church of Erie City, Rev. Dr. Lyons being then pastor. Beginning life with a purpose, he lived an upright, useful and influential citizen. Mr. Russell married, in Fel)., 1856, Miss O. A., daugh- ter of James Chambers (see his biography). To this union were born 3 children, 2 now living — Albert L. and Ruth A. (Jur subject died Nov. 9, 1874, deeply lamented. He was a leading business man, and held the offices of Collector and Assessor, also School Direc- tor. Mrs. Russell occupies the home farm, which is well regulated and nicely located. URAS SCHLURAFF, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in Switzerland Nov. 18, 1818, son of Joseph and Maria (Stech) Schluraff, also natives of Switzerland, who had a family of 7 children — Catharine^ Mary Ann, May and Uras surviving. Joseph came to America in 1833, settling in McKean Township, where he purchased 310 acres of land, and died in 1840. His widow removed to Waukesha, Wis., where she died about 1853. Uras Schlu- raff, our subject, was married, Jan. 30, 1844, to Rosannah, daughter of George and Fanny Waidley, natives of Lancaster Co., Penn. ; 5 children were born to this union — Levi W., Sarah J., Louisa D. (deceased), George R. and Franklin S. Mrs. Schluraff was born Aug. 24, 1824, and died March 16, 1878. Mr. Schlura,ff,who is by trade a carpenter, worked at the same at intervals for 25 years. On the death of his father, he became owner of the home farm, which he sold in 1859, removing in 1860 to West Mill Creek, where he purchased his present farm of 75 acres, 8 miles from Erie, which is well stocked and has excellent farm buildings. Mr. Schluraff served as Road Commissioner of McKean Township 1 term, and of Mill Creek Township 3 lerms; he was also School Director of the former and Assessor and Auditor of the latter. For some time he was President of the Humboldt Trust & De- posit Co. of Erie. In politics he is a Democrat. Levi W., residing on the home farm with his father, was married, April 17, 1867, to Polly A., daughter of John and Hanuah (Burr) Buys, natives of N. Y. State and Penn. respectively. She was born July 20, 1846, and was the mother of Minnie I., Osie R., Maggie U. (deceased), Burr U., Orr L. and Wade Winfield. Levi W. Schluraff owns a farm of 63 acres in Crawford Co. He has held the office of School Director 3 terms and Assessor of Mill Creek one term. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. ; in politics is a Democrat. JACOB SHUE (deceased) was born Dec. 25, 1812, in York Co.. Penn., and came to this county with his uncle, Mr. Hinkle, in 1828. He married, in 1842, Anna, daughter of Jacob Rhoades, who bore him 4 children — William H. ; John, married to Margaret Waidley; Jacob C, deceased; and Tillie, deceased. Our subject died in 1877. He was a successful farmer of Mill Creek Township and had accumulated an excellent property, located in the central portion of the township, on which the surviving members of the family now reside. His widow has in her possession a German Bible over 100 years old, which she prizes very liighly, the property at one time of her great-grandfather. C. N. STARK, farmer, P. O. Belle Valley, was born at German Flats, Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1828, son of Jeremiah R. and Lucy (Champion) Stark, natives of Connecticut, the former of Scotch and the latter of English descent. They were the parents of 9 chil- dren, 2 sons and 7 daughters, of whom C. N., our subject, is the eldest now living. His early education was received in the State of New York, and in Sept., 1850, he was married to Dora, daughter of G. W. Turner, of Oswego Co., N. Y. He then came with his wife to Erie Co. and bought laud of the Population Co. Their family numbered 7 children, 5 sons and 2 daughters, of whom 4 are now living — Irving N., married Mary Smart, have 1 son, Thos. N. ; Edwin E., married Deborah Foutch. have 2 children — Jasper and Edna; Rosa- mond E., wife of Virgil Foote, have 1 child, Mamie; and Stukely A. ALEXANDER J. STEWART, farmer. P. O. Erie, was born Feb. 26, 1816, in this township, son of John and Eleanor Stewart. John, a native of the North of Ireland, came to America alone in 1809, and took up 800 acres of land in North East Township, this county, where he resided until 1816, when he moved to this township. His family numbered 9 children — Mrs. Mary Stewart; Mrs. Eleanor Browley, decea.sed; Mrs. Eliza McCreary, deceased; Jane, wife of William Browley, in Crawford Co., Penn., their sons are in Washington Territory, and wealthy; Margaret, a widow, in McKean Co., Penn. 132 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: (had 4 childrea, 3 now living); Charles, deceased, leaving 5 children; Archibald, in Wood- bury Co., Iowa, has 5 children; Samuel, in Battle Creek, Mich., has 11 children; and our subject, seventh child and third son. He was married, June 0, 18r)4, to Annie K. Mast, of Champaign Co., Ohio, daughter of John Mast, a native of Lancaster Co., Penn., who moved to Ohio, locating in Champaign Co., Ohio, where he brought up a family of 8 chil- dren, one of whom is P. P. Mast, of Springfield, Ohio, the celebrated " Ciiampion Machine King." Mrs. Stewart lost her entire family, 3 children, but has an adopted son, Willie H., now (1881) a j'oulh of fourteen, at school. After his marriage, and in the same year, our subject moved with his wife to Champaign Co., 111., where tliey remained till 18(51, when he enlisted, serving 3 years and 3 months, chietiy in the Western division of the army, in rear of Gen. Price. His wife accompanied him 6 months. On his discharge he re turned to Illinois, and came thence to this county in 1865, settling on the old home farm. CHRISTIAN THOMAS, farmer and miller, bo.\ 209, P. O. Erie^ was born June 26, 1817, in Conestoga Township, Lancaster Co., Penn., son of Christian and Maria (Myer) Thomas, who came to this county in the spring of 1834. Christian Thomas, Sr., was twice married, and had b}' his first wife 10 children— David, Anna, Elizal^eth, Christian (1st), Sancratus, Elias, Jacob. Christian (2d), Isaac and Rudolph, all now deceased except Anna and Chris- tian 2d, our subject. David, Anna, Christian 2d and Isaac came to this county. Our sub- ject was married, March 26, 1841, to Anna, daughter of Jacob and Mary Miller, and who came with her parents to Erie Co. in 1828, settling in this township. Mr. and Mrs. Miller, both now deceased, had 10 children, 4 living, Mrs. Thomas being the 4th in the family. Oiu' subject and wife are parents of 4 children, all living, and who have never required the attendance of a physician for sickness of any kind. Their names are Levi C, married to Susan Waidley; Sarah A., wife of C. H. Haidler, liave one daughter, Ida F. ; Mary J. .wife of Samuel Farver; and Amos M., married to Katie Schumacher, have one son. Burton E. Our subject resides on a portion of the 200 acres of land bought by his father at $5 per acre, now worth $80 to $100 per acre, which was divided equally among his children at his death. Mr. Thomas has actec} as School Director. He operates a feed mill, saw mill and cider mill. His father was a carpenter, millwright and machinist. The family name, Thomas, was formerly, in Germany, " Dumass." S. B. WAGNER, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born in 1816 in this township, son of Abram and Susan (Brown) Wagner, natives of PeniLsylvania; Abram Wagner came from Berks Co., Penn., to this couaty, settling in Mill Cre^^k, near what is now Wesle3'ville, where he died in 1849. He was the father of 2 sous and 2 daughters. Our subject, who is tlie eldest now living, was married in 1844 to Hannah, daughter of Anson Leland. To this union were born Myron L., Abram L., Cassius S.. Harriet E., Jos. A. (deceased) and Chas. O., married to M. A. Bliley, daughter of Chas. Bliley, have 2 children — Inez E. and George G. Myron married a Miss Cook, who bore him 2 children— Harry E. and Frank A. Harriet E. is wife of Marion Cook, have 6 children — Ross, Hannah and Anna (twins), Joseph, Leroy and Bernard. Cassius S. is a widower, his wife was Esther Parry. S. B. Wagner has been an influential School Director for many years; also Road Commissioner. PRESLEY WAIDLEY, farmer, P. O. Erie, is a native of this township, born Dec. 19, 1836. son of Jacob and Martha (Weis) Waidley, wiio came to this county in 1828, settling in Mill Creek Township. They were parents of 9 children, of whom are now living Pres- ley; Noah, in Fairview Townsaip, this county; Ealom; Joseph, in Kansas; Lsaiah; Jacob, in Tuscola Co., Mich; Susanah, in Janesville, Wis.; Caroline and Elizabeth having died. Our subject married, in 1857, Margaret, a daughter of Casper Doll, who was parent of 4 cliildreii, Mrs. Waidley being the oldest. To this union were born 8 children — Barbara A. and Martha A. (twins), Levi P., George E., Margaret E., John W., Willie C. and Harvey L. Martha A. is wife of S. E. Schuetz. Our subject began life with limited means, but ha-? saved a good competency. His farm is located in the west part of this township. CAPT. THOMAS WILKINS, deceased, was born in South Wales, Great Britain, March 4, 1794, and when but a lad of 11 years of age went off to sea, beginning sailor life on a sloop, on which he remained 2 years. He then sailed on a larger vessel for 1 year, at the expiration of which time he was bound apprentice to a trading ship, plying at first be- tween England and Ireland, in which latter country he saw, for the first time in his life, drinking and dancing on the Sabbath. From Cork he sailed to Loudon; thence to Dublin, Portugal aud other couutries, and in this way roamed tlie high .seas for several years. Visiting his father's house for the last time (his mother had died before he was apprenticed to sea), our subject came to America, where he obtained a vessel under his own command. He was married. May 4, 1821, to Annie Hentou, who bore him 2 children -Benjamin and Mary Jane. Benjamin was born in Erie City, this county: murried, Sept. 12. 1848, Annie, daughter of Joseph Ba^ku;, an early settler of Haroor Creek Township, this count}'. He was Captain of llie sailing vessels Cuyahoga, Ontonagon, and the" steamers Planet, Winslow and India. The early portion of his lake sailing was between Buffalo and Chicago, aud the latter portion from Buffalo to Lake Superior ports. He was edu- cated in Erie City; was an F. & A. M. He died Sept. 8, 1881; his widow still occupies the homestead on 21st street, Erie City. Their children 'are Joseph H., married to Nellie Nickerson, have 3 children— Benjamin, Ralph P. aud BirjaM. ; Thomas, married to Emma MILL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 13S Atchison, have 3 children — Ada and Nellie; Cleveland P., married to Catherine Waters, have 3 children— Clara B.. Percival and Alfred R.; CMara L., wife of E. Meloy; Mary J.; William D., and Sadie P. Our subject, Thomas Wilkins, lost his Ist wife in 1833. By his 2d wife were born George and Annie. He died Oct. 3, 1870; was a member of the M. E. Church. THOMAS WILLIS, deceased, was liorn July 16, 1795, in London, England, son of Thomas and Elizal)eth (Evans) Willis, who came to America in 1803, bringitigour subject with them. They were parents of 7 children, of whom but one now lives — Henry, in Michi- gan. Our subject was twice married. His first wife was Mary Weidley, who bore him 5 children, 4 of wliom grew to maturity, viz., Frank, Edwin, Matilda and Martha. On her death, Mr. Willis married, Aug. 12, 1841, Marilla M., daughter of Jeremiah Osborne, a na- tive of Nova Scotia. Mr. Osborne's family were 3 in number — Eleanor, the first wife of N. W. Russell, Esq.; Seth, in Kalamazoo, Mich., and Mrs. Thomas Willis, who had 2 chil- dren— Thomas D. and Seth H. Thomas D. was married, Sept. 26, 1876, to Annie J., daughter of John McKee, and to them were born — Gussie B., Thomas C. and Harvey M. He enlisted Aug. 22, 1862, in the 15th Penn. Cav., serving in the Cumberland division 3 years, when he was discharged. Seth II. was married, Nov. 6, 1873, to Adella, daughter of Andrew Nicholson, one of the pioneers of this county. B}^ this union were born Geo. A. and Florence M. The 2 brothers reside with their families on the home farm of their late father, located on the Ridge road, in this township. DAVID WOLF, farmer, P.O. Erie, was born Oct. 17, 1817, in Lancaster Co., Penn., son of Henry and Charlotte Wolf, natives of Penn. They came to Erie in 1832, settling in Mill Creek, where they reared a family of 9 children, 2 of whom are now liv- ing — Elizabeth, wife of EphraimBoyd, of Fairview Township, and David. The names of the deceased are Jacob, Cyrus, Catharine, Levi, Maria, John and Margaret. Our subject was married, in 1852, to Susannah Bochner, a native of Lancaster Co., Penn. She is third in a family of 7 children, of whom 6 are now living. Her parents came to this county in 1833, and settled in Fairview Township. To Mr. and Mrs. David Wolf have been born 9 children, of whom 5 are now living, viz.: Robert, married to Barbara Linegong, have 5 children — Emma, William, Maggie" Ida and Eddie; Hattie, Bertha, Ephraim and Maggie. Our subject has lived on the home farm since his father's death, and has prospered. ISAAC WOLF, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born March 17, 1828, in Lancaster Co.. Penn., son of Jacob and Catharine (Piatt) Wolf, who came with their family to this county in 1836, settling in Mill Creek Township, where theyspent the remainder of their lives. They were parents of 2 children — Elem, deceased in 1869, his widow is also since deceased; their children were — Catharine, Jacob, Tillie, Ida, Levi, Frank, Annie and Elem; and our sub- ject, who was married, Nov. 26, 1850. to Fannie L. Hidler, of Fairview Township, this county, a^daughter of Curtis Hidler, of Fairview Township. To this union were born 6 children, viz.: Curtis H., in Nebraska; Sophronia, wife of J. B. Burton, have 2 chil- dren — Hattie and Eda; John C, whose wife, Lillie, daughter of Amos Church, is deceased, leaving 1 child — Lillie; Charles A.; Hattie J., wife of F. Foote, have 1 child — Maud; and S. H., at home. Our subject is a member of the Lutheran Church. REV. W. S. WRIGHT, pastor of Westminster Presbyterian Church in this township, formerly the old Fairview Church, was born Aug. 7, 184(), in'La Fayette, Ind., son of Ed- ward W. and Henrietta M. (Swift) Wright. His father was a native of Lancaster, Ohio. They were parents of 6 children— J. E., pastor of Market Square Church of Philadelphia, married to Ellen M. Kerr, of Allegheny City, Penn.; Jane Etta; Edward E. ; Lucy H. ; E. P., married to Miss Whippo; Edward, married to Agnes Alston, all residing in Allegheny City; and W. S. Our subject was married, May 22, 1866, to Annie M., daughter of Wash- ington Davis, a physician of Romney, Ind. To this union were born 3 sons — Edward W., Henry H. and Will E. Rev. Mr. Wright received his education at Jefferson College and Allegheny Theological Seminary. He was a graduate of both those institutions, and w.as ordained Sept. 6, 1865, in Delphi, Ind., where he remained 3 years; then supplied the church at Clarksville, Penn., 1* years, and finally received a call to the Westminster Pres- byterian Church in this towhship. Mr. Wright's father was pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Delphi, Ind., for many vears. CAPT. W. G. ZIMMERLY, relired sea Captain, P. O. Kearsarge, was born Oct. 8, 1817, in Philadelphia, son of Isaac and Rosanna(Rindernecht) Zimmerly, natives of Germany, the former a tailor bj^ trade. They emigrated to America in 1817. There were 7 children in the family, 5 of whom are now living, viz.: Lydia, now Mrs. Moke; Eliza, now Mrs. Davis; Mary, now Mrs. McComb; Nancy, now Mrs. Jackson, and our subject. Isaac Zimmerly moved to Ohio, remaining in New Lisbon, and from there came to Pittsburgh, Penn., and in 1828 to Erie Co., settling on the farm on which Daniel Tracy now resides. From there he again moved to Pittsburgh, where he died in the fall of 1836. Our subject was educated in Erie, and in 1830 entered service on board the revenue cutter " Erie" on which vessel he remained 8 months. Afterward sailed on merchant vessels on the lakes until 1836, when he went on the Oiiio River. In 1837, he went to sea on the barque James Anderson, trading between the Rio Grande.New Orleans, Cuba, Philadelphia, etc.; follow- ing that, again went on the Revenue Cutter for two years. In 1844, he was appointed 134 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Captain of the schooner R. C. Mead, which lie sailed 3 years; then took charge of the Ef- fort, 3 years; the Colt, 4 years; the Signal, 3 years, and lost her; subsequently built the Arrow, and sailed her 6 years. His last vessel was the barque Excelsior. In 1871, our sub- ject retired from seafaring life, and settled on his present farm. Capt. Zimmerly was mar- ried, Dec. 8, 1845, to Susanna, daughter of Jacob Gintz. By this union were 4 children — Susan C, deceased; Samuel J. ; Annie E., wife of Dr. Garries; and Mary L., wife of Frank Shirk. S. B. P. ZUCK, farmer, P. O. Erie, was born July 10, 1815, in this township, son of John and Sallie (Ebersole) Zuck, who came to this county from Bedford Co., Penn., in an early day, settling in Mill Creek Township. They were parents of 6 children, 4 now living — Catherine, wife of Levi Gordon, have 3 children — John and Lucinda; Franah, widow of Levi Wolf, has a large family; J. C, and our subject, who was married, Aug. 24, 1837, to Mary A., daughter of John McLaughlan, of Lancaster Co., Penn. To this union were born 5 children, 3 now living— G. W., Mary E. and J. J. The deceased are Catherine A. and Sarah A. Mr. Zuck owns an excellent farm located near the court house, on an ele- vated piece of land overlooking the lake. C. W. ZUCK, farmer, P. O. West Mill Creek, was born Aug. 1, 1857, in Mill Creek, Erie Co., son of John C. and Martha (Fry) Zuck, former a native of Lancaster Co,, Penn., latter of this county. They were marrie'd, Sept. 22, 1853, and are parents of 4 children, 3 now living— Wayne E., married to Morilla Mosher; C. W. and Lester J., at home. One son, Willmm, is deceased. John C. Zuck, who resides in this township, is a son of James and Sallie (Ebersole) Zuck, who came to this county in 1802. Clark W. Zuck, our sub- ject, was married. Sept. 21, 1881, to Ocene, daughter of John McKee; they have 1 child— J. Floyd. They reside near the schoolhouse on the Ridge road, near the Grange Hall, this township. NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. DARIUS ABER, farmer, P. O. North East, was born Dec. 11, 1836, in Steuben Co., N. Y., son of H. C. Aber, a native of Pennsylvania, who had 2 children— Calista, wife of Mr. Sorrenson (they had 5 children), and our subject, who married Mary Alice, daughter of S. A. and C. A. Benedict. To this union were born 4 children— Roy, Amy E., Charles and Lela M. Mr. Aber enlisted in Sept., 1861, in the P. V. I., Co. D, under Col. Schlau- decker, of Erie. He was in several battles, including Antietam; was wounded in the leg, and lost an arm, for which he received a pension. W. F. ALLISON, proprietor of the Brawley House, North East, was born in 1829, in North East, son of David and Elizabeth (Mills) Allison, former born in North East, Penn., latter a native of Canada, and who came to the United States in 1815. The father of David Allison, William Allison, Sr., came to Erie Co. in 1793, settling near the mouth of Twenty- Mile Creek, and subsequently bought the farm owned by Mr. Urich, where he died. Da- vid and Elizabeth Allison had 4 children, 2 living— Harriet, married, in 1848, to Robt. O. Hills, who died in 1876; she has 4 children living— Frank H., Charles, Nellie and Caddie; and our subject, who was married in 1863 to Antoinette Brawley, daughter of Richard Brawley. To this union was born 1 child— Lizzie B. Mrs. Allison died in March, 1874, an excellent member of society and a good mother. Mr. Allison has been in the hotel business for sev- eral years, and tlie Brawley House is one of the leading hotels in the county. WELLINGTON T. APPLEBEE, farmer and machinist, P. O. North East, Penn., was born March 6, 1827, in Harbor Creek Township, this county, son of Thomas and Sarah (Ful- ler) Applebee, who came to Eric Co. in 1820, .settling in Harbor Creek Township. They were the parents of 12 children, 9 living, viz., Nancy, wife of A. Barrett (had one daughter Zoe); Sarah A., wife of R. Vrooman ; Laura R., wife of A. J. Culbertson; Jenny, wife of G. Soules; Malvina, wife of Jerry Stell (their children are Jennie, Dora, Eva, Hattie, Early, William, Thomas and George); Josephine, wife of John Abies (have 1 child, Nellie); Nellie, wife of B. D. Videto (had 1 child by her tirst husband, Madison Wells); John married to Maria Stell, and our subject, Wellington T. He is a farmer as well as practical machinist; is much sought after to do repair work, in which he gives great satisfaction. He is a mem- ber of Masonic Lodge, 399, North East. He was married, Nov. 27, 1851, to Mary J., daughter of John and Rebecca (Stafford) Butt, they have 1 child, Ella A. John Butt was a native of Va., and a son of Wendle Butt of German descent; had 3 children, 2 living— Mary J. and Daniel S., who had 3 children— Charles W., Carrie E. and Rose M. JAMES BANNISTER, brewer. North East, was born in England in 1833, son of Henry and Rachel Bannister. He came to America in 1864. and being a cloth fuller by trade', went to work in woolen mills. In 1866, he bought the brewery business of one A'-kerman, which he has since considerably increased. This industry he has carried on NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 135 for 17 years. The brewery is li miles from North East. Our subject was married in 1854 to Emma Grimshaw, sister to Benjamin Grimshaw, by whom he had 3 children, 2 living — Mary L. and another. Mr. Bannister intends soon to retire from active business. HUGH BE ATT Y, farmer, P. O. Northville, was born in 1814 in Union Co.. Penn., son of John and Catherine (Sax) Beatty. whose forefathers were natives of Ireland. John Beatty, was a widower when he came to Erie Co. in 1820. He was 3 times married, and his children were Mrs. Eleanor Ross, a widow, with a large family; Jacob, deceased: Jacob, second, deceased; William, a widower, has several children; Jane, wife of P. D. Ro.ss, has 5 children; John, deceased; Timothy N., deceased; John M.; Ann Eliza, wife of Wm. Loomis; Elizabeth, wife of O. W. Wheeler: Thomas S. ; an in- fant, deceased; Melvina, deceased; Eveline, wife of W. L. Shortman. and George O. N. John Beatty died Dec. 16, 1868, in North East. Hugli Beatty was married 4 times, his last wife being Mrs. Margaret DeLong, a widow. By his second wife was 1 child— Ella, born Nov. 8, 1845. By his third wife, were 3 boys— Isaac, John and Elbridge. Our subject has acted as Commissioner for one term; is a member of the Patrons of Husbandry; a member and Steward of the M. E. Church. His farm, consisting of 114 acres, has all modern im- provements, with the largest, best arranged barn in the county, and a productive vineyard. IRA T. BEECH ER, Deputy Collector Internal Revenue, North East, was born Aug. 22, 1837, at Clymer, N. Y., son of David and Electa (Campbell) Beecher, natives of New Y^'ork. Our subject came to Erie Co. in 1868, settling in the village of North East, where he engaged in the dry goods business with a Mr. Nason, under firm name of Beecher & Nason. This continued for two years, when Mr. Beecher sold out his interest to A. Short, and entered the drug business with Mr. Swarts, the title of the firm being Beecher & Swarts. He remained in this 7 years, when he sold to N. H. Clark, and entered his pres- ent occupation. He was married, Jan. 7, 1868, to Cornelia, daughter of E. G. Cook, of Panama, N. Y. They have 2 children— Frederick C, born Dec. 1, 1871, in Clymer, N. Y. ; and Maud Blanche, born Oct. 10, 1877. Mr. Beecher resides in North East Village, and has held the office of Notary Public 6 years, Assessor 2 years and Treasurer 1 year. He has also been a member of the Council 3 years; is a member of North East Lodge and Chapter, A. Y. M. MRS. SARAH A. BELNAP, North East, was born in 1820 in North East Township. Penn., daughter of Harmon and Sally (Hall) Ensign, natives of Connecticut, the former of whom came to Erie Co. in 1815, settling near North East Village. In 1855, he moved with his family into the village, and there died in 1875, his wife having preceded him in 1872. They left 2 children — William A., and Sarah A., who was married, Feb. 6, 1855, to Volney, son of Gilbert and Polly Belnap. To this union were born 2 children— Will- iam E. and Sarah E, Mr. Belnap was twice married. His first wife left him 2 children — Cornelia Antoinette, wife of Robert McCord, and C. L., now in the grocery business in North- East. Mr. Volney Belnap was Postmaster for many years in North East, and was a man of considerable influence. He died Sept. 6, 1881, aged fifty-eight years. S. M. BELNAP, grocer. North East, was born September 25, 1827, in North East Township, son of Gilbert and Polly (Gardner) Belnap. The former was a native of Penn- sylvania; the latter, who was a widow at the time she became Mrs. Belnap, was a native of Connecticut. They came to North East Township and settled there in 1814. Their fami- ly numbered 4 children, viz., Volney; Maria A., deceased; Nancy Jane, deceased when young; and our subject, who was married, Feb. 11, 1851, to Sarah E. Orton. To this union were born 2 children — Clara A., wife of S. O. Minegar, have 1 child — Anna L. (by his first wife, Mr. Minigar has 2 children — Charles L. and Clarence O.); and Mary E., wife of L. B. Hitchcock, have 1 child — Clarence. Mrs. Belnap dying Jan. 30, 1873, our subject married Eveline A,, daughter of Glover P. Wattles. Mr. Belnap has held some of the township offices. He is a member of the Knights of Honor. CLARK BLISS, retired farmer, P. O. North East, was born July 16, 1814, in Genesee Co., N. Y., son of Charles and Margaret (Holmes) Bliss, the former of whom came from New Y^ork in 1821 to Erie Co., settling in North East Township, where he died. He held several township offices and was regarded as a man of high literary attainments. Our subject was married, in 1843, to Angelina, daughter of Jesse Custard, and to this union were born 4 children, viz.: Margaret, deceased in infancy; Kate, wife of Thomas Pettit (have 1 child, Jessie A.); Charles L. and Emma (both deceased). A grandfather of Mr. Bliss came from his native State, Rhode Island, to this county in 1815, and became one of its earliest citizens. Our subject has held several county oflBces from School Director to Commissioner. He is a F. »& A. M. ANDREW BOYER, farmer, P. O. Moorheadville, was born June 16, 1834, in Chester Co., Penn., son of Samuel and Margaret (Supplee) Boyer, who had 10 children, viz.: Mrs. Harriet Graham (has 2 children); Lewis, in Allegheny Co., Penn. (has 5 children); Sa- bina (deceased, leaving 6 children); Mrs Rachel Dunlop (deceased, leaving 5 children, 1 died in infancy); Mrs. Mary Grube (has 4 children); Peter (has 8 children); Levi (deceased); Elizabeth (deceased); Mrs. Margaret A. Stony (has 8 children); and our subject, who was married, Dec. 18, 1858, to Louisa, daughter of Jacob Grube, and a native of Lancaster Co., Penn. To tjiis ui\\od, vfere b,orn 10 cEil(^ren, vi?i. : IJlam E. (deceased), Samuel J-. Anni^ 136 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: E., John J., Lillian M., Margaret L., Emma C, Mary E., Clara J. and Eddie G. (died in infancy.) Mr. Boyer works a rented farm. R. BRAN, plasterer and mason. North East, was horn Feb. 7, 1819, in the county of Kent, England, son of Thomas and Susannah (Osborn) Bran, the former of whom was married 3 times, and was the father of 14 children, 4 of whom are now living — David Bran and Mrs. Mulvihill, Erie: Mrs. McLauglin, Harbor Creek; and our subject, who was mar ried, Feb. 20, 1844, to Mary, daughter of Robert and Maria Lowrey" Caldwell. To this union were born Maria, wife of W. P. McClure; Nancy, wife of N. M. Cross, and Abbie, wife of W. M. Riblet. Mr. Bran possesses an elegant residence in North East Village. He is a member of the Presljyterian Church and the Equital)le Aid Union. REV. F. BRIODY. present priest of the Catholic Church, Nortii East, was born in 1851, in Ireland, son of John and Ann (Lynch) Briody. He came to America alone, in the interests of his church only, leaving father, mother and friends behind, and entered St. Bonaventure College, State of New York, from whicli he graduated, and in which he was ordained priest. From there our subject came to Erie, and was shortly a.ssigned by the Bishop fto the charge of the church at North East, whicii is compo.sed of 50 families, chiefly farmers. The church is in a prosperous condition, and the flock a quiet and con- tented people. TRISTRAM H. BROWN, farmer, P. O. North East, was born April 19, 1824. on the farm he now resides on, son of Lyman (born in 1800), and Lavina (Shadduck) Brown, na- tives of Connecticut. His grandfather came to Erie in 1778, and took up land at 50 cents per acre, the same land on which the family now reside, and where lie lived and died. Lyman Brown had 12 children, viz., Betsy, Lyman, Sewel, Lavina, Harriet and Henry (twins), Maria, Lydia, Eunice, David, Mary, and our subject, who was married, in 1847, to Rebecca, daughter of Joseph Dippo. To this union were born 6 children — Harvey L., married Sept. 25, 1872, to Kate Killhane, have 3 children — Katie, Annie and Hattie; Barnett W., married, in 1878, to Josepliine Ennis, have 2 children living — Bertie and MayE. ; Mary E., at home; Horace T., married June 4, 1881. has 1 child — Maude A.; Joseph D., married, June 27, 1876, Carrie Geibel, have 3 children — Lillie P., Carrie R. and Rosa T. ; and Hattie S., a most estimable young lady, killed by the cars at the cross- ing in North East Township. Mrs. Brown died in 1879. Mr. Brown's brother, David, served during the rebellion, in Capt. Dyer Loomis' company. AMOS BURCH, farmer, P. O. Moorheadville, was born in 1826 in Fort Ann, Wash- ington Co., N. Y., son of Benjamin and Phebe (Newman) Burch. parents of 5 sons- Clark, deceased; Henry, deceased; Reuben, deceased; Benjamin, and Amos, our subject, and 3 daughters — Clarissa, wife of Thomas Miles, decea.sed: Emeline, wife of Charles Moore, deceased, and Sarah, wife of Samuel Miles. Benjamin Burch, Sr., died in 1828. Our sidiject was married, Nov. 6, 1853, to Permelia, daughter of John and Sarah (Ham- mond) Jones, natives of England. To this union w^ere born — Frances, married to Clinton Shadduck, have 2 children — Jessie and Tamott; Emory, and Sarah, wife of Prof. Adison Chatley, have 2 children — Estella and Bertha. Mr. Burch served in the navy diu'ing the war of the rebellion, and was discharged on account of sickness. He is a member of a free Baptist Church; is owner of 300 acres of land. For a long time after he and his mother, brothers and sisters moved to this section, the only guide to their home through the woods was marked trees. Maple sugar was made in the frying-pan, tea kettle or other such vessel, and sold for 6 cents per pound. The nearest store was 7 miles dis- tant; their man,sion a rude log-hovise with a roof of l)ark, and floor of something like split rails. Two of our subject's cousins, Peter and Eli. sons of Eliet Burch, went into the woods one wintry November day to hunt up the cattle, and tiiey wandered about until the younger died. His brother then buried him in the snow, leaving his handkerchief to mark the .spot, and going a little further on laid down and died, no doubt of a broken heart, as, when found, his body was not frozen. Mr. Burch can relate many incidents of the many trials he had to undergo in his boyhood days, when he had to go miles to the nearest school without coat or shoes, and of the determination he made to be some day equal at least to those who sneered then at his poverty. CHAUNCEY CAMPBELL, retired farmer, P. O. North East, was born in 1803, in x| Ben.son, Rutland Co., Vt., son of John and Al)igail (Barlow) ('ampbell, natives of Massa- j chusetts, and who came to Chautauqua Co.. N. Y., where they died. They were parents of 5 children, viz. : Vincent, deceased, leaving 3 children — Chauncey, Electa and John; John, Jr., killed in a water-wheel, leaving 1 child— Laura A.; Mrs. Betsy Moses, deceased, leaving the following children: John, Anuisa, Frank, William Edward, Chauncey, Vin- cent, Emeline, Laura; Mrs. Electa Beecher, who has 3 children — Ira T., Eli and Emeline; and our .subject, who was married, September 20, 1832, to Leonora Abells, of Granville, Washington Co., N. Y. By this union were 3 children, viz. : L. C. (married to Frank A., daughter of Garrow Taylor, have 2 children living— Fred L. and Ruth L. ; Lou (de- ceased). John B. (married to Mrs. Mary Ett, daughter of Noble Remington, have 1 child — Noble C). and Abel B. (at home, having the care of his parents, who are now aged). He is a carpenter by trade, which he works at the greater part of his time. NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 137 E. E. CHAMBERS, oil producer and farmer, P. O. North East, was born in Harbor Creek Township in 1835, son of David and Mabel (Nash) Chambers, who came from Cham- bersburg, Pcnn. (named after tlie Chambers family), to Erie Co. about 1812-14, .settling on a 400-acre tract of land purchased from the Holland or Population Co., and which has been in possession of the Chambers family to the present time. They were parents of 10 children, 8 now living — Wesley, Norman, Cordelia (deceased). Mary (wife of Benjamin Bunnell), William, Robinson (decea.sed), Eliza, Martha (wife of John Gordon), John, and our subject. He was married, March 9, 1865, to Louisa, daughter of William and Rosanna (Crawford) Davis, natives of New York State, and who came to Erie Co. in 1790, settling on the Lake Shore road. By this union were 3 children — Mat)el Louise and Mary (de- ceased). Mr. Chambers received his early education in Harbor Creek Township. He studied medicine' 2 years under M. M. Moore, of Wesleyville, and during the late war was in the Medical Purveyor's office for a time, and subsequently was appointed Hospital Steward. He was discharged in 1864. Since then. Mi'. Chaml)ers has engaged in farming and producing oil in the vicinity of Bradford, Penn. FREDERICK CLARK, farmer, P. O. North East, was born July 22, 1839, in North East Township, son of Timothy and Calista (Atkins) Clark. The former, a native of Mass. ; came to Erie Co. in 1800, died in 1865"; the latter, a native of N. Y. State, came to Erie Co. in 1816, died in 1869. They had 7 children, viz. : Timothy (deceased). May F. (wife of Geo. F. Griffin), Elizabeth L., Levi (deceased in 1860), Benjamin (deceased in 1879, was married to Mary A. George, and had 2 children— Burtin and Blanche), Jonathan R. (deceased 1883, was married to Willia A. Wightman, and had 1 child — Walter Scott), and our subject. Mr. Clark served during the rebellion, and was present at the battle of Antietam. He lost an eye in the service, and was in consequence discharged. He owns a farm of 100 acres of fine land 5 miles from North East. He is a memb"r of the M. E. Church in Harbor Creek. MRS. KATE COURTNEY, farmer, P. O. North East, was born in Ireland in 1845, daughter of Michael and Bridget O'Shay. She emigrated to America in 1856, and lived for some time with L. S. Skinner, at Westfield, Penn. In 1863, she married Daniel Court- ney, also a native of Ireland, by whom she had 5 children — Mary A., James D., Kate, Margaret R. and Lillian A. Mr. Courtney died in 1875. Our subject and her husband came in 1865 to the farm she now owns and carries on, assisted by her son. The children are receiving a good education at the Union School, North East. From an elevated piece of ground adjoining Mrs. Courtney's hou.se, a magnificent view of Lake Erie can be had. MRS. MARY (ROGERS) CRAWFORD, Nbrth East, was born in 1807 in Orange Co., Vt., daughter of Zenas and Hannah (Annis) Rogers, parents of 6 children, of whom our subject is the only survivor. She was married in 1824 to James, son of Thomas Crawford, an old settler on the Lake Shore road. To this union were born 11 children — Mary, wife of A. B. Fuller, in Nebraska (they have 5 children — ^Nettie, Kate, Clyde, Maynard, Hat- tie); Martha, wife of Ephraim Jones, have 4 children; Ida, wife of Leroy Butt, have one daughter, Nellie; George, married to Mrs. Emeline Finch, have one child, Mrs. Kate Comstock, mother of 3 children, Carl, George and Ruth; James, now County Treasurer, married to Helen, daughter of Michael Mills, have 4 children, James M., Allison, Harry and Helen; Hattie, wife of W. O. Wing, had 4 children, Arthur, William, who died young, George and Mabel; Mrs. Ella Stone (deceased, leaving 1 child, Ella Zenas); Ellen Helen; Eliza; Warren, and one died in infancy. Mrs. Crawford's great-grandchildren are Edith, Lottie, Lizzie and Nettie, daughter of Mrs. Outhwait; John B., Mary and Nettie, chil- dren of Mrs. Freeland; Layton, son of Clyde Fuller and Gertrude, daughter of Mrs. Ira. ALEXANDER B. CRAWFORD, deceased, was born in North East township in 1831; son of William and Nancy (Blaine) Crawford, natives of Pennsylvania. Our subject was married in 1846 to Maty Symonds, daughter of Stephen and Prudence Symonds, natives of Connecticut. To this union were born— Charles E., married to Emma E., daughter of Henry and Cornelia Mclntyre, of New York State, have 2 daughters— Alice and RosaL. ; Rose M. ; Hattie, wife of J. Kendig, a merchant in North East, have 2 chil- dren, Charles D. and Mary; John C. ; William B. (deceased, March 23, 1857); Bertha and Annie B. Mr. Crawford, the subject of this biography, who had been a farmer in his lifetime, died in 1858. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers in this county. The widow and family are members of the Presbyterian Church of North East. MRS. SYLVIA CRAWFORD, North East, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., in 1828, only daughter of Henry and Almira (Lott) Terry, who moved in 1830 to Ripley, near Erie County line, and from there to North East, where they settled. Our subject was mar- ried, in 1851, to Robert M., son of Thomas and Mary (Custard) Crawford, and one of the leading farmers of North East Township. To this union were born 2 children — Leoua E., wife of E. Webster, Danville, 111., and Edith at home. At the time of his death, Avjiich occured in Sept., 1878, Mr. Crawford wTas owner of several farms. His death occurred in North East, at the residence where his widow now resides. CUSHMAN BROS., North East, Penn. (D. R. Cushman, L. B. Cushman, C. C. Cushman.) Danford Rockwell Cu.shman was born April 7, 1844, at Stafford Springs. Tol- land Co., Conn., came with his parents in 1856 to Plymouth, N. Y., and in 1857 to North East, Penn., and in 1860 to Fairview, Erie Co., Penn.; received an academic education at 138 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the State Normal School, Edinboro, Penn., studied law, and was admitted to the Erie Co., Penn., bar, and has since practiced law at North East, Penn. He was married Nov. 25, 1868, to Emma S. Brecht. They have 4 children— Cora Victoria, born Jan. 5, 1873; Leverett Elias, born Aug. 29, 1875; Danford Rockwell, Jr., born Aug. 12, 1878; Carlton Rider, born Sept. 10, 1881. Loren Benjamin Cushman was born at Stafford Springs, Conn., July 22, 1846; came to Fairview, Penn., in 1860; received an academic education at the State Normal School at Edinboro, Penn., and a commercial education at Eastman's Business College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Clayton Clay Cushman was born at Stafford Springs, Conn., July 2'S. 1848; received an academic education at the State Normal School, Edinboro, Penn. Cushman Bros, established the North East Sun Printing House Sept. 26, 1868, and have since been editors, publishers and proprietors of the same. During the past three years, C. C. Cushman has traveled extensively in the West. Herbert F. Cush- man, a brother of Cushman Bros., was born Nov. 15, 1850. He is a farmer at Fairview, Penn. He married Ijizzie Bradagum. Eliza A. Cushman, a sister, was born Feb. 15, 1853, married Adelbert Cushing, of Nebraska, in 1878. She died in 1881, leaving an only daughter, Edith. Emma L. Cushman was born July 25, 1855; was married to Fred. B. Brockway, of Ripley, N. Y. They have 2 children— Byron and May. Georgia A. Cush- man was born Nov. 25, 1857. She married H. E. Gardner, of Jamestown, N. Y. They have 2 children — Grace and Gertrude. Bertha May Cushman was born Aug. 27, 1866. She resides with her parents at Fairview, Penn. Leverett and Ann Cushman were the parents. He has always been engaged in farming, at which he has been successful, and they now reside on their farm at Fairview, Penn. They are natives of Connecticut, Leverett being a direct descendant from the Pilgrims who landed from the Mayflower at Plymouth Rock. EDWIN C. CUSTARD, farmer, P. O. North East, was born in Nov., 1833, on the farm on which he now resides, son of Robert and Vashti (Phillips) Custard, natives of Pennsylvania. Our subject's grandfather, Abraham Custard, who was of German descent, came to this county in 1796, and moved his family the following year, when there was but one cabin where the city of Erie now stands. He had a family of 7 children — Jesse, who served in the war of 1812; William, Polly, Sarah, Benjamin, Robert and Jane. Robert was born in 1797; was married to Vashti Phillips, by whom were 6 children — Dimmis, Elsie A., Abram, Sarah, Martha J. and Edwin C, our subject, who was married, in 1867, to Sarali E., daughter of F. B. Skinner. The old homestead on which he now resides was purchased of the Government by his grandfather. ALEXANDER DAVIDSON, farmer, P. O. North East, was born Nov. 4, 1808, in Pompey, Onondaga Co., N. Y., son of Andrew and Hannah (Hine) Davidson, parents of 6 children, of whom 2 survive — Mrs. Betsey Atkins (has 4 sons, who were all in the army during the rebellion, and 4 daughters), and our subject. Andrew Davidson was engaged in the war of 1812, during which he died of fever. The widow then, in 1816, moved with her 5 children from Buffalo, N. Y., to Erie Co. They came on the ice in a large sleigh drawn by 2 yoke of oxen, bringing with them also 5 cows. Mrs. Davidson then bought 200 acres of woodland, and in the course of time, by industry and thrift, acquired a good property. Alexander Davidson, her youngest son and the subject of this sketch, was mar- ried, Feb. 4, 1831. to Mary A. Andrews, who died in 1837, leaving no issue. Mr. Davidson then married Marrilla Curti,s, by whom were 2 children — Augusta, married to Wm. P. Taylor, of Buffalo; and Roscoe, station agent at North East depot. Our subject losing his second wife by death, married Mrs. Mary Messer, a widow with 2 children— Willis P. and Emma, a school teacher. By this imion there were 2 children — Perry and Mary E. O. W. DAVIS, Postmaster, North East, was born December 5, 1843, in North East Township, son of William and Rosanna (Crawford) Davis; the former, a carpenter and farmer, was a native of New York State, the latter of Pennsylvania. They came to Erie Co. at the same time, 1805 or 1806, the Crawfords settling ontheflake shore. Their family numbered 4 children -Louisa L., wife of E. Chambers, living in North East; Dwight, died in Colorado in 1882; Agnes, wife of John Pabod}^ living on the old homestead near the lake; and our subject, who was married in 1868 to Carrie, daughter of D. J. Hopkins, na- tives of New York State. To this union were born 4 children, viz., Fred, Arthur, Rosa and Agnes. Mr. Davis has held the position of Postmaster since 1869, and has served as Constable 2 years. W. A. ENSIGN, President of the First National Bank, North East, was born June 7, 1827, in that borough, son of Harmon and Sally (Hall) Ensign, natives of Litchfield, Conn., the former of whom came to Erie Co. in 1815 on foot, with a pack on his back, but in a .short time returned to Connecticut. On peace being declared with Great Britain, he again came to Erie C'o. where he spent the remainder of his days, dying in March, 1875. He left 2 children— Mrs. Sarah A. Belnap and our subject, who was married Oct. 14, 1856, to Miss J. Y., daughter of John McCord, and a native of Pennsylvania. To this union Avas born Charles A., now Cashier First National Bank, North East. OREN O. FARNSWORTH, farmer, P. O. Northville, was born in 1815 in the village of Greenfield, son of John and Sarah (Whitney) Farnsworth, natives of New York, and who came to Erie County in 1814, settling in "Greenfield Township, where they died, the former la 1834, the latter in 1858. Their children were Josiah, Thomas, John, Zuba, NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 139 Polly, Hiram, David, Titus, Lucetta, Eliza, Manander, and our subject, who was married in 1846 to Sarah, daughter of William and Mary P. (Brown) Ackles, natives of the North of Ireland. To this union were horn Mary (wife of George Taylor, have three children — Frederick, Bertie and May), Sarah A. (wife of Eugene Dudley, have four children— Vic- tor, Clyde, Charles and Lee), Emma (at home), Carrie, Nat and George. Mary was a school teacher seven terms; Sarah taught music. The family have all received good edu- cation with instruction in music. Mr. Farnsworth has a farm of 50 acres on the line of New York State, in a fine location and with every improvement. ISAAC R. FITHIAN, merchant, Buffalo, N. Y., is a son of Benjamin and Mary E. (Judd) Fithian, the former a native of New Jersey, the latter of Connecticut, who came to Erie Co. in 1800, settling on the Lake Shore road, where Thomas Crawford now resides in North East Township. They remained there till 1837, when they sold their farm and moved to Lockport, N. Y. Mr. Eastman, who bought the Judd farm, andCapt. Freeman Judd, Mr. Fithian's godfather, were founders of the paper mill now owned and managed by D. A. Swaney. Freeman Judd, Sr., came to Erie Co. in 1800, and died of cholera in North East in 1834. His daughter, Mrs. Haywood, has 3 children living — Alfred A., Stephen, and Margaret, wife of Thomas Youngs. Capt. Freeman Judd was a seaman, and he along with Benjamin Fithian bought the iron of the vessel sunk by Com. Perry in Lake Erie, and used it in the construction of the "Swiftsure," a trading ship plying between Buffalo and New York. Capt. Judd also built the "Navigator." Freeman Judd, Sr., was a Revolutionary soldier of 7 years' service. He and his 3 sons built the old block-house near Erie. His brother Philo, who was a Government Surveyor of lands in Michigan, contracted fever there, died and was buried in North East. Benjamin Fithian had 4 children — F. J. (attorney-at-law and Judge of the Court, New York), Harriet (who died in Erie), Maria (wife of R. M. Skeels) and Isaac R., who was married, in 1851, to Caroline Winchester, of Lockport, N. Y. To this union were born Frank (married in California), Kate (wife of William Martin, Buffalo, N. Y.), and Clara (at home). Mr. Fithian has for many years been engaged in mercantile buisiness at 163 Virginia street, Buffalo, N. Y. WILLIAM and FRANK FROMYER, carriage-makers. North East. Their father, who was a tanner by trade, came with his family to America in 1851, remaining in Buf- falo one year, and from there went to Versailles, N. Y., thence to Silver Creek, N. Y., and finally to North East. William and Frank came to North East in 1873, and bought the shop then owned by Sampson Short, and formerly carried on by French & Sons, and also by a Mr. Randall. Messrs. Fromyer are doing a successful trade, turning out the very best of work at remarkably low figures. They are credited with making the finest sleighs in the county. They are attentive to their business and popular in the community in which they reside. E. N. FULLER, retired farmer, P. O. North East, was born in 1809 in Madison Co., N. Y., son of Elisha and Rachel (Brainard) Fuller, natives of Connecticut, and parents of 6 children, of whom the only survivor is our subject. He was married in 1835 to Louisa Yeomans, a native of New York State. He came to Erie Co., settling in North East Town- ship on a farm now owned by Mrs. Griffith, on which he set out one of the finest vine- yards in the township. He remained on the farm till 1859, when his business called him into the borough of North East, where he has an elegant residence near the Lake Shore R. R. His children are: Mrs. Sophia Fuller (has 2 children. Lytic and Ella, now Mrs. Weaver, with one daughter, Mabel); Mrs. Melvinia Boice (has 2 sons, William and Lee); Elisha, married to Miss Shanklin (have 1 child living, William Newell); Leander Spar- row, married to Miss Betty Bennett (have 4 children, Carrie, Lulu, Newell T., Ella M.); Jenette, wife of G. W. Butt, deceased in 1872, leaving 1 daughter, Nellie. Mr. Fuller taught the first school in the township after the new laws came in force, and was School Director for many years. He is a Univcrsalist in religious belief, and is anxious that the creeds of the Evangelical Churches should be revised. Universalism is not known in Evangelical Churches. I. R. GAY, miller, P. O. Northville, was born of parents Henry and Clarissa Gay, of Her- kimer Co., N. Y. State, in 1830. His parents moved to Ripley, Chautauqua Co., N.Y., in 1832, where he resided until 1858, when he removed to a farm in North East Township, Erie Co., Penn. ; he removed from there to Washington Hollow in 1876, where he still resides. This is a deep ravine surrounded by an amphitheater, in the eastern part of the county; here in company with his brother-in-law, he ran 2 mills, a saw and grist mill. The site is the oldest in Erie Co., the mill having stood there 90 years. Our subject was married to Diana, daughter of Hezikiah and Rosanna (Rich) Mason, by whom were 3 children — Edith, wife of J. Bartlett, who has 2 children, Fannie E. and Allen P.; Bertha R., wife of M. H. Smith, deceased, have 3 children. Jay G., Ira R., Guy M.; and Cassius M. Mr. Gay has held the office of Road Commissioner; is a member of the Equitable Aid Society of Ripley, N. Y., A. O. U. W. in Ripley, also Royal Arcanum society J. L. GREEN, Justice of the Peace, North East, was born in Brockport, Monroe Co., N. Y., son of Lewis and Mary (Tew) Green, the former a native of New York State, the .attcr of Connecticut, They were the parents of 2 children— Martha A., wife of David 140 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Pease, of North East, had 7 (iliildren, viz.: L. E., in Iron "Works. Erie; James A., died in California; Mrs. May Bentley, also died in California; Lillie, in North East; Mrs. Martha W. Graham, in California; Nellie, deceased, and Eddie, at home; and our subject. lie was married in ISfil, to Mary, daughter of Seneca and Matilda Downer. To this union were born 2 children— one died in infancy, and George A., at home. Mr. Green came to North East in iiis tenth year. He holds the office of Justice of the Peace, and has been Clerk of the town several years. He is a member of the Masonic order. GEORGE HALL, farmer, P. O. Northville, was born Jan. 19, lo08, in New Haven, Conn., son of Harvey and 8arah (Hull) Hall, natives of Connecticut, and who came to Erie Co. from Washington Co., N. Y.,in 1821. They cleared land and lived near the village of Waterford. In tiie spring of 1881, they moved "to Ripley, N. Y., where they remained until 1851. They tiien removed to Erie City, where they died, the former March 2, 1863, aged eighty-three, and the hitter in 18fiS, aged ninety. They were parents of 12 children, 7 now living— jVIrs. Hannah Hood and Mrs. Olive Hood, widows; Harvey, Samuel, Luther, Peter, and our subject, who was married. May 4, 1834, to Rachel, daughter of AbijahHuU. To this union were born 4 children— Delilah L., MaryE. (deceased), Huldah M. (deceased), and Ottilia A. (wife of D. C. Boslwick). Mr. Hall has a well-regulated farm situated on the eastern line of tlie township and county, -where he first settled in 1834. He well re- members in 1814, standing on a bench to help saddle the horse for his father, who was called out at a moment's warning to meet the " Britishers" at Plattsburg. A. E. HALL, retired farmer^ P. O. North East, born Dec. 26, 1812, in Litchfield, Conn., son of William andTherina (Waugh) Hall, natives of Connecticut, who came to North East, then Burgettstowu, in 1815. William Hall, one of the first merchants of North East, lookup 400 acres north of the village, and also 10 acres within the same, on a portion of which he built the North East House (Brawley House). William Hall died while returning from Cuba, accf)mpanied by his son, A. E., at Grand Gulf, Miss., March 6, 1833, aged forty-eight; his widow died August 24, 1873. They had 9 children— Wm. L., born 1809, died 1883; Eliza- betli, born 1810, died 1845, married N. A. Lowry; Augustus E. ; Sally S., born 1815, died 1819; Susan, born 1818, married Joel Loomis; Lydia A., born 1821; Mary, born 1823, mar- ried Chas. Metcalf; Samuel AV., born 1825, died 1866; Sarah L., born 1828, married Will- iam Ross. A. E. Hall married Nancy B., surviving daughter of John and Mary (Harkness) McCord. Dec. 12. 1839; they have 1 child— William A., married to Burga Fry. have 3 children, John Mc, Mary E.. Nancy B. John McCord came to North East in 1800, and took up 400 acres, a portion of which is now the f;irm of Sampson Short. Mrs. Hall's 2 sisters, Peggy and Griselda, were burned to death when their father's house was de- stroyed by fire in 1819. A. E. Hall was Postmaster at North East from 1834 to 1842. L. G. HALL, physician. North East, was born in Saratoga Co., N. Y.. June 6, 1820; son of Justus and Rachel (Gibbs) Hall, who moved from Saratoga Co. to Genesee Co., N. Y., about 1825 or 1826. They remained in Genesee Co. till the winter of 1834, at which time they moved into Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. ; very much of this county was at this time a wilderness. Our subject remained with his parents 6 years, helping them to clear the fai^m, enduring the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life. At the age of twenty years, he left home and went to Lodi, now Gowanda, a village located partly in Cattaraugus, and partly in Erie Co., N. Y. Most of the following 3 years were spent in attending school summers, and teaching school winters. The Doctor commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Seth Fields in Gowanda, N. Y., in 1843, remaining in office one year! In 1^44, he entered the office of S. G. Ellis, M. D., as a student, and attended for a time medical lectures at Geneva, N. Y. In the term of 1845-46, he attended a full course of lectures at Willoughby, Ohio. On May 14, 1846, our subject commenced the practice of medicine and surgery in Tidioute, Warren Co., Penn., where he remained till the fall of 1849, and then went to the university of Buffalo (medical department) where he graduated in Feb., 1850. In the spring o. that year. Dr. Hall located in the city of Meadville, Penn., remaining till fall, when he removed to Wattsburg. where he practiced his profession for 10 years. Then moved to North East, where he has since remained, save a few years during and following the war of the rebellion, when he was in the city of Dunkirk, N. Y. Our subject was married, Sept. 13, 1848, to Miss Mary Ann Graves, daughter of Lester and Sophia (Ransford) Graves, of Perrysburg. Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. To this union were born 3 daughters and 1 son. The second daughter is married to J. J. Graham, farmer. North East, Penn., and the .son is a graduate of Baltimore College of Physicians and Surgeons. JAMES H. HAYNES, retired merchantr North East, was born Aug. 4, 1804, in Paw- ling, Dutchess Co., N. Y., son of Sauford and Hannah (Gould) Haynes, who were natives of Connecticut, and also parents of Mrs. Rachel Bently, Mrs. Sophia Webb, Mrs. Lucy Harper, Mrs. Rebecca Ingersoll, Hiram, Huron and Samuel— all deceased. The winter o"f 1812, our subject removed with his parents to a farm near Westfield, N. Y. At the age of fourteen years, he was left a honieless orphan, and engaged as an apprentice in a carriage manufactory. Success attended his efforts, and he remained working at his trade at the al)ove-mentioned place, where, in 1825, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Bently. To this union were born 6 children, viz.. Harriet M., wife of J. M. Mills, North East, Penn.; Anna, deceased 1863, wife of Burton Campbell, Baltimore, Md.; James S.; Charles E., NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 141 who was in Governmeut employ iu Denver, Colo. In 1861, went to Mexico, was robbed by Spaniards; then returned to Denver, where he was appointed Quartermaster, and served during the rebellion; was elected to the Lower House, and next to tlie Senate of Colorado. He was drowned by the great flood of Cherry Creek in 18(54; Byron, was clerk in his brother-in-law's store, and died in 1873; Josephine, wife of W. W. Pierce, hardware merchant of Erie, Penu. His first wife dying ^Nov. 1."), 1869, Mr. Ilaynes married, Jan. 12, 1871, Mrs. Eunice Welsh, of Plymouth, Ind. She had one child— Eva, wife of George Sterrett, Erie, Penn. Mr. H. came to Erie Co. in May, 183'J, and settled in North East, where he built a flouring mill, to which he subsequently attached the first smut machine used in this county. He was engaged in mercantile pursuits for 37 years, retiring in favor of his .son, James S., in 1863, who still continues the business. The large hotel on the corner of Main and Lake streets, known as the Haynes House, was built by him in 1853. He also built the Methodist Church, of which he has been an honored member for ;")5 years. About the building up of North East as a town are many enduring testimonials of the energy, perseverance, self-reliance and enterprising spirit which was ever characteristic of Mr. Haynes in all his undertakings. Life's battles he has bravel}^ fought, and now, resting in the satisfaction of acquired wealth, the once penniless boy is scarcelj^ to be recognized in the faltering step and gray-haired pilgrim of nearly eighty years. THADDEUS HISTED, farmer, P. O. North East, was born Oct. 8, 1833, in North East TowMiship, son of J. S. and Alziua (Perkins) Histed, natives of New York, and parents of 8 children, 3 now living, viz., Esther E., wife of C. O. Smith (have 3 children— Jay, Effie and Berzilla); Henry E., has 3 chddren; and our subject, who was married, April 18, 1866, to Emma J., daughter of Jeremy and Amj' Bird. To this union were born 4 children — Flora M., Nettie B., John E. and Charles B. Mr. Histed enlisted Sept. 10, 1861, in Co. I, 9th N. Y. Cav. ; went into camp at Westfleld, N. Y., drilled for a few weeks; then went to Albany Barracks; from there to Washington, and went into camp, drilling all winter. In the spring of 1863, he went to Yorktown, thence back to Washington, where the}^ were mounted and equipped for active service; crossed the Potomac; was in some slight skirmishes and at the second battle of Bull Run. In the winter of 1863, our subject was detailed at Brigade Headquarters at Hall's Hill, Va., to carry the mail to and from Wash- ington. In the spring of 1868, he was detailed as Forage Master for the regiment, and did duty in that capacity until May 7, 1864. When his train lay at Chancellorsville, Mr. Histed found his regiment near Todd's Tavern, Va. On the skirmish line, he asked the Colonel when he should come with the forage; his answer was, "God only knows." He remained with the regiment but a short time, before they were ordered to tlie left to support a battery near the Wilderness. When they arrived at the battery, the orders were to prepare to fight on foot, count off by fours, every fourth man to hold four horses. Our subject had no weapon except a Colt's revolver, so he asked a comrade, William Shad- duck, for his carbine and cartridges, and went into the fight. They drove the enemy back to their breastworks in the woods. While loading his carbine, Mr. Histed received a mus- ket bail through his right arm below the elbow, breaking the arm in splinters. His carbine fell to the ground, and in stooping to pick it up, received an explosive ball in the left hand, badly larceratino; the flesh. Before he had time to move, he received a charge of fine shot in the right hand, a revolver ball in the left arm near the shoulder, breaking the bone. He carried the ball in his arm 13 months before it was extracted. He had also a very bad shell wound in tJie left breast; a slight wound in the neck; had his watch struck' with buck and ball, which badly demoralized the gearing; was taken prisoner, but re-captured next day; was then sent to Washington, thence to Philadelphia, thence home, where he staid until Dec, and then went back to Philadelphia, thence to Washington, where he re- mained till Sept. 1. 1865. Mr. Histed was discharged, and returned horne a mere wreck of his former self as to health and strength. CHARLES A. HITCHCOCK, attorney at law, North East. was born Aug. 9, 1836, in New Haven, N. Y., son of Miron and Sarah A. (Wright) Hitchcock, natives of New York State, the former of whom came to Harbor Creek Township, and died in May, 1869, in Greenfield Township; the latter died March 10, 1877, in North East Township. They had 10 children, viz., Mrs. Helen Watson; Esther; Milton, a widower; Newton, married to Ellen Lewis; Mary, wife of William Addison; Sarah, wife of S. E. Mitchell; Annie, wife of William Burnley; Alice, wife of J. Spofford; Ida, deceased; and our subject. He was married, Oct. 13, 1859, to Hannah, daughter of Wm. P. and Elizabeth (Charlock) Edwards, former a native of Connecticut, latter of New York City. To this union were born Alice, de- ceased Jan. 9, 1863; Frederick E., deceased May 23, 1864; Emma I., deceased April 5, 1869; Josie L., deceased March 30, 1877; E. C. ; Sarah, married in 1869 to S. A. Mitchell, have 3 children — Anna M., Charles A. and Alice S. Mrs. Edwards, mother of Mrs. Charles A. Hitchcock, died Oct. 35, 1883, in the village of North East, Penn. Our subject was a Justice of the Peace 3 terms, and was twice elected Assemblyman. He was appointed Internal Revenue Collector, but resigned in order to give his time to an invention for sep- arating gold dust in the mines, and he is now in California operating the same. CLARK D. JAMESON, cabinet-maker, dealer in furniture, and undertaker. North East, was boru Aprils, 1833, in Hamburg, Erie Co., N. Y., son of Hugh and Susanna 142 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: (Moore) Jameson, the former of whom was twice married. His first wife was the mother of 7 children, three of whom survive — AVilliam W., in Genesee Co., N. Y., has four chil- dren; Helen J., unmarried; and our subject. His second wife was Mrs. Mahala Clark, a widow, who had four children— Susannah, Herrick, Ruth and Henry. Our subject was also twice married. On the first occasion, Sept. 7, 1848, to Eliza Henshaw, by whom he had 2 children— Grace A., wife of J. P. Goodrich, of Sherman, N. Y., has one child — Lo- rency G. ; and Lillie A., at home. Mr. Jameson's second marriage occurred Dec. 11, 1862, with Mrs. Lorency Stull, a widow with one child— James B., now at college. Mr. Jameson learned his trade in 1841, of Chappell & Perkstafif, of North East. He is a highly-skilled and competent workman, as his work will testify in his shop in North East, which is stocked with everything connected with his trade. / HORACE JANES, farmer, P. O. Northville, was born Aug. 23, 1825, in North J East Township, son of Oliver and Emily (Lee) Janes, the former a relative of the eminent Dr. Janes, and the latter a sister of the well-known Elder Lee, natives of Vermont; came to Erie Co. in 1816 with his father, Humphrey Janes, a soldier in the war of 1812, and a farmer of good standing. Oliver Janes had ten children, of whom are now living Mrs. Betsy Goodrich; Oliver, married to Ellen Philip; Hannah, married first to Moses Barnett, afterward to Mr. La Rue; Hiram, married to A. Tidd; Seth O., and our subject, who was married March 27, 1860, to Mary, daughter of Harry and Polly (Crawford) Rogers, the lat- ter a daughter of Thomas Crawford, an old settler on the lake shore. To this union were born 6 children, viz.: Emma L., born July 17, 1861, died Jan. 10, 1880; Addie M., born Jan 29 1863; Arthur H., born Jan. 9, 1865, died Sept. 1, 1883; Frank C, born May 9, 1868, died Jan. 10, 1869; Wm. H., born Nov. 18, 1869; Mary E., born Sept. 7, 1871. The deceased are Frank, Emma and Arthur. Mr. Janes is a strongly-built man, at one time weighing 267 pounds. He once lifted a 43 gallon pipe of liquor from the floor to the top of the counter and back again to the floor. JAMES S. JOHNSON, retired farmer and paper manufacturer. North East, was born in 1813, in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., son of Uriah L. andMahitabel (Sprague) Johnson, early settlersof Chautauqua Co., where they died. Theirfamily numbered 8 children, 4 now living — William in Omar, N. Y. ; Pari, in Laona, N. Y. ; Marilla, wife of Joel Day, of Springfield, Penn., and our subject. He was married in May, 1840, to Nancy B., daughter of Theodore Childs, who built the first carding mill in Erie Co. To this union were born 6 children, viz. : Caroline C; C. U., one of the propietorsof the Dispatch, Erie, married to a daughter of Mr. Mills, of North East, have one child — MaudHaynes; HattieF.,wife of Frank P. Taylor, West Liberty, Ohio, have 2 children— Ralph and Sprague; Helen May, wife of J. B. Parker; N._T-, wife of Frank Mills, of Erie; and Lulu, wife of Eugene T. Funk. Mr. Johnson was fore- man of a paper mill for 40 years, and is a practical paper manufacturer of 55 j^ears' expe- rience. He commenced the trade when a boy, first making paper by hand. On com- ing to Erie he engaged as journeyman with Wm. L. Hall, and in 1852 bought the mill from John Scouller, and ran it till 1883, when he sold to Cochran & Young, of Erie City. In politics, he is a Republican; his first vote was cast for Andrew Jackson. A. F. JONES, merchant. North East, was born in 1833, in Allegany Co., N. Y., son of Reuben and Celia M. (Partridge) Jones, natives of Connecticut, and who came to Erie Co. in 1835, settling on Walnut Creek, 9 miles north of Erie; the former died in 1842, the latter in Feb., 1881, aged eighty-four years. They had 4 children — Bradford, in Min- nesota; Sarah, deceased; Sophia: and our subject, who was married, in 1872, to Nellie, daughter of Joseph B. Moorhead. By this union were 5 children, 4 living— Frank H., Corinne M., Paul P. (died in infancy), Walter B. and Ruth M. (twins). Mr. Jones has been engaged in mercantile business for 30 years in Erie Co., chiefly in North East. He is now located in the Webb Block. He has served as Councilman; is a member of the K. of H. HENRY KENDALL, son of Abel Kendall, was born at Royalton July 19, 1816. He came to North East with his father, and settled on the farm which is now the old home- stead, and which comprises 100 acres of well watered and highly cultivated land. Our subject married Susan McCann Apr. 4, 1839. To this union were born 7 children — Mary 8., born March 25, 1840, married M. C. Putnam March 14, 1860, and had 4 children — Lizzie, Jennie, Eddie, Grace; Calista S., born Apr. 28, 1842, married D. Gifford March 22, 1882, and has 1 child, Clayton Randall, by previous marriage; William H., born June 11, 1844, married Roann, daughter of John Hardy, Feb. 27, 1872, and had 4 children— Carrie, Albert, Melvin and John; Charles M., born Dec. 25, 1846, married Mary, daughter of Marcus Col- by, Dec. 14, 1870, and had 1 child, Marcus; Byron, born May 6, 1850, married Alice, daughter of Storey, Dec. 27, 1873, and had 1 child, Harry; Hiram, twin mate of By- ron; Bertha G., born Sept. 26, 1861. E. H. KENNICOTT, merchant. North East, was born in Montgomery, N. Y., son of Joseph and Julia (Foote) Kennicott, parents of 8 children, of whom 6 are now living, viz. : Julia, widow of Noah Denton (deceased), she has two children — Frank and Edward; Har- riet, wife of E. Spire, have 5 children living— Lydia Ammon (killed m the Angola disaster in December, 1868), Ellen, William and Elizabeth, residing in Fulton House, Pennsylvania; S. A. Kennicott, now in Erie, has 1 child — Emma; Emily, wife of C. D. Butler, of Edin- burg, N. Y., have 1 child — Erwin; George, deceased in infancy; Martha, wife of Dr. Keis, NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 143 of Edinboro (she died in 1876, leaving 1 child— Anna); and E. H. Our subject was married in 1863 to Jennie, daughter of R. S. and Rebecca (Greer) Browley. To this union was born 1 son, William B., at home with his father. E. H. Kennicott has been enuaged in merchandising for twenty years, and probably carries the largest stock of any merchant in the borough. In 1879, Mr. Samson Short, and tlie firm of Short, Blaine & Co , succeedeil to an interest in the business, and the firm became as now known. Tlie capital is ample, and they are enabled to purchase goods on the lowest cash basis. Their stock embraces almost everything in the way of dry goods, notions, hosiery, underwear, groceries, pro- visions, flour and feed, and a considerable assortment of hardware, cutlery, glassware, etc., aggregating in value from $10,000 to $13,000. These goods are all sold at prices which cannot be discounted. Mr. Kennicott is a thorough merchant, and a good judge of what will best suit the demands of his trade. He enjoys in an unusual degree the confi- dence and respect of his neighbors, and occupies a prominent position among the business men of the town. ZENUS M. KING, blacksmith and wagon maker, North East, was born in 1835 iu North East, son of Earl and Persina (Brown) King (latter a daughter of Dr. Tristam Brown), who came from Rhode Island in 1798. They had a family of 11 children, 8 now living, viz., John, has 4 children; Peter, has 5 ciiildren; Rufus S. ; Martha R., wife of Norman Nash; Mrs. Dorcas Green, has 3 children; Mrs. Mary Cheney, has 1 child; Mrs. Phoebe Beshore, has 5 children; and Z. M. Our subject was married in 1854 to Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Horace and Hannah Rice. By tliis union there were 3 children— H. R., married to Agnes Barrett, and Eoline. Mr. King is a lifelong resident of North East Township, in which he has held some of the oflices. He resides on East Main street. North East Village. SAMUEL B. KINGSBURY, farmer, P. O. Moorheadville, was born in 1834 in North East Township, son of Samuel and Mary (Nutting) Kingsbury, who had 4 children — Caroline, deceased; Casper M., deceased; Mary M. Sadd, deceased; and Samuel B. The parents were married, Oct. 38, 1839, in Ware, Mass., and came to Erie Co. same year, set- tling in the western part of North East Township, where they resided until the death of the father in 1866. Samuel B. Kingsbury was married, Apr. 4, 1870, to Sara J., daughter of William and Saphronia (Brooks) Allen, of same township. EBENEZER KNAPP, farmer. North East, was born in 1834 in Port Henry, N. Y., son of Nezer and Eunice (Miller) Knapp, natives of New York State, and parents of 11 children, 4 of whom survive — Augustus H., in North East; Sarah, wife of J. Reynolds; Mrs. Emily M. Lewis, has 1 child, Mrs. Emma Miller; and our subject. He was married in 1856 to Mary Sophia, daughter of Dr. Richard W. Stockton, of North East. She died in 1875, leaving 3 children — Sarah E., Susan M. and James E. F. S. Mr. Knapp was a manufacturer of linseed oil for manj' years before the days of railroads in this section of the country, and this business he operated as well as his farm. He still owns and farms a fine property near North East, although he now resides in the village. DYER LOOMIS was born in 1810 on the farm on which he now resides. Was mar- ried in May, 1839, to Eliza M. Robinson. By this union were 3 children— Mary E., de- ceased; Joseph W., on the homestead; and George Lamartine, decea.sed. He formed a company of volunteers in 1863, of which he was Captain. His son, J. W., enlisted in Co. F, 111th Reg., in his nineteenth year. George Lamartine enlisted in Co. C, 145th Reg., his father's command, in his eighteenth year; he contracted the typhoid fever at Haiper's Ferry, and died 4 weeks after being brought home, in Nov., 1863; his sister, who nursed him, took the same fever and died the following month. Mrs. Dyer Loomis died Nov. 30, 1867. He was taken prisoner at the battle at Chancellorsville, and imprisoned in Libby Prison; was discharged from the service in Sept., 1863. He was elected a Justice of the Peace in 1845, and continued in office 35 years; is now a Notary Public. Was elected an Elder in the Presbyterian Church in 1849, and still retains thie office. His father and mother. Dyer and Nancy (Wood) Loomis, came to Erie Co. in 1796-97, the former a native of Connecticut, and the latter of Rhode Island, and settled on the farm occupied by our subject. He was the first Constable and Deputy Sheriff in what was then known as Up- per and Lower Greenfield. Dyer Loomis, Sr., died in 1843, leaving 13 children from a family of 15, 6 of whom are now living — Sally, a maiden lady in North East; Nancy, a widow in Batavia, 111.; Eliza Gilman, in North East; Mary Glidden, Kansas; William, in Pullman, 111., and our subject. R. S. LOOMIS (deceased) was born Jan. 80, 1811, in North East, Penn. He received his early education in the place of his nativity, and at the age of fifteen left home to seek some pursuit in which to engage through life. He chose the trade of carpenter, and after an apprenticeship and some time occupied as journeyman, he became a master workman. In 1838, he came to Erie Co., and carried on his trade in North East Village till 1830. He afterward purchased a farm, which he cultivated until his death. He was there ap- pointed Chorister iu the Presbyterian Church, a position he held for 30 years. He was married in 1833 to Sarah, daughter of Amos Tuttle. To this union were born the follow- ing children: Sarah A. and Susan A., twins, both deceased; A. T., married to Marion Colt, have 2 children— George C. and Mabel T. ; John J. and Ella May, at home with their mother; Mary Louise, deceased; Francis A., deceased. The subject of this sketch was a 144 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: man much respected ia the community in which he lived, and was greatly missed at his death, wliich occurred Aug. 13, 1873. He was a member and Trustee of the Pre.sbyterian Church for many years. Mrs. Loomis, her daughter and 1 son reside on the old home- stead built by Mr. Loomis many years ago. JOEL LOOMIS, Jr., farmer"; P. O. North East, was born in 1813 in North Ea.st, son of Joel and Susannah (Baird) Loomis, natives or Massachusetts, From that State the lat- ter moved to New York State, and from there to Erie Co. in 1798, bought land, and re- tm-ned to New York State, where he married. In 1800, he and his wife came to Erie Co., settling on the land bought. They had 9 children, 3 of whom .survive, viz., Jedediah, John, and Joel. Our subject was married in 1841 to Susan, daughter of Wm. and Therina Hall, of Connecticut, who came to Erie Co. in 1816, settling in North East Township. To this union were born 5 children — Mrs. Mary Loomis, Mrs. Anna Buckie, Charles M. (mar- ried to Ida Smith, have 2 children — Harriet E. and Catherine S.), Cora and Georgina. Mr. Loomis was a teacher in his earlier days. He and his family are members of the Presbyte- rian Church. D. D. LOOP, phy.sician and surgeon, North East, was born in Sherman, N. Y., in 1827, son of Peter and Sena Loop, natives of New York, latter a daughter of Rev. Orange Spencer. Peter Loop came with his family to Sherman, N. Y., in 1827, and in 1830 moved to Erie Co., settling 2 miles southeast of North East Village, where he died in 1855. His widow died in 1880, at the residence of her son, aged eighty years. ( )ur subject received his early education at North East, commenced the study of medicine when eighteen j^ears of age, and after attending 1 course of lectures at Buffalo, temporarily abandoned reading owing to ill-health. He began the practice of medicine in 1853, for that reason, and by the advice of Prof. Austin Flint. In 1864, in which year he graduated, he renewed study at Buffalo, and at the end of the cour.se was appointed Assistant Surgeon to the 145th Reg., but was prevented from serving owing to an attack of acute rheumatism. He was elected a curator of Buffalo Medical College, which position he still retains. He was married in 1850 to Rebecca, daughter of Cyrus Dolph. and a native of New York. To this union were born 2 children — Alice A., wife of A. Husted, Buffalo, and Carrie, at home. The Doctor has practiced medicine in North East for over 30 years, and is recognized as one of the leading physicians of the countj\ WILLIAM McCORD, Sr. (deceased), was born in Paxton, Penn.. July 29, 1797, and was brought to Erie Co. by his parents, Joseph and Elizabeth McCord, in 1798, settling on the farm now occupied bj' the widow of our subjei't. He was twice married, on first occa- sion to Jane, daughter of Thomas and Jane Moorhead, by whom were 5 children — Thomas M., married to Adella Durst (have 4 children— W. C, H. D., Fred M. and Helen A.); Kate E., at home with her stepmother; Joseph, deceased; William A., formerly a soldier during the rebellion, was married to Mary E. Backus, and had 4 children (he died in 1876); and Isaac, deceased in 1872. His first wife dying, our subject married Mrs. Sarah Cowles, b}'- whom there was 1 son — Montgomery C , deceased. At the time of her marriage with Mr. McCord, she (Mrs. Cowles) had an adopted son. afterward drowned in Lake Michigan. Our subject died April 24, 1883, aged eighty-six. He was one of the first settlers of the township, and lived on the same farm for 84 years. W. F. McCORD, farmer, P. O. North East, was born in North East Township in 1856, son of John and Catherine A. (Dada) McCord. John McCord was a son of Joseph ancl Elizabeth McCord, pioneers of Erie Co., coming here in 1798, and settling on the Lake Shore, where he died, aged forty-seven. The father of our subject was twice married, and by his first marriage had 4 children, viz.: Jane Y., wife of W. A. Ensign, have 1 son, Charles A.; James M., deceased; John C, married to Lizzie Downer, of Chicago (have 2 sons— Downer and John C); Joseph T., married to Mary Blane, have 2 daughters^ Florence and Ruth. John McCord was married, on the second occasion, in 1853, to Miss Catherine A., daughter of Nora and Sarah (Clark) Dada. The latter, who came to Erie Co. from New York, a widow, is a remarkable lady, and, though ninety-two years of age, still retains her mental faculties. Her family consisted of 5 children, viz.: Noah C, has 1 son, Winford E. Dada; William B., in Nebraska, married Laura Lyon, has a son, Arthur H. ; Edward P., married Rose Taggart, have 2 daughters — Lillian E. and Valma R. ; S. Maria, now Mrs. Thomas Moorhead, and Mrs. Catherine A. McCord, who is also a widow, her husband dying April 9, 1871, leaving 2 children— W. F. McCord, our subject, who mar- ried Miss Florence E., daughter of Dr. E. M. Bemus; and Caroline, at home. JOSEPH McCORD. farmer, P. O. North East, was born May 19, 1810, in North East Township, son of Joseph and Elizabeth McCord, natives of Dauphin Co., Penn., and came to Erie Co. in 1798, settling in North East Township. They came across the Alleghany Mountains on horseback with their 2 children, Eliza and William. There were afterward 5 children born to them in this county— Sarah, James, John, Nancy and Joseph, the sub- ject of this sketch, who still occupies the old homestead on the bank of Lake Erie. Our subject was man-ied, Sept. 6, 1838, to Amanda, daughter of Simeon and Hannah (Neeley) Leet. To this union were born 9 children, viz.: Hannah E., wife of George Selkregg, their children now living are Chassie, Mary and Anna; Simeon, married to Nancy M. Loomis, by whom he has 6 children — Margaret A., Ella, Joseph L., Frank H., Alice and NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 145 Andrew; Andrew, deceased, whose wife was Anna M. Tuttle; Robert, married to Nettie Belnap; Eliza, wife of Samuel T. Moorhead; Nancy M.; Anna, wife of G. A. Hampson (have 3 children — Helen and llattie, twins, and Alice); Joseph; and Susan, deceased in 1880, aged twenty- two years. Mr. McCord is the owner of 100 acres of valuable land; has held the offices of Road Commissioner and School Director, and is an Elder in the Presby- terian Church. He followed the lakes for 10 years, and was mate and master of several of the first-class vessels of that day. In 1842, Mr. McCord quitted the lakes and settled down as a farmer on the land where he still resides. WILLIAM E. MARVIN, retired farmer. North East, was born in March, 1814, in the State of New York, son of Elislia and Minerva (Prendergast) Marvin, the former of whom came to Erie Co. in 179G. He was a Land Surveyor for many years. Justice of the Peace for 9, and was connected with the Population Company for a considerable period. He purchased land largely, and was at one time owner of several hundred acres. He was the parent of 3 children — Elizabeth, a maiden lady, and W. E. Our subject was married in 1848 to Catherine T., daughter of Wm. Spencer, of Connecticut. Mr. Marvin filled the office of Justice of the Peace for many years in Greenfield, as well as several township offices. He is an old established farmer, and has accumulated a comfortable competency. JACOB MEEHL, farmer, P. O. North East, was born in 1843 in Boston, Erie Co., N. Y. ; son of Michael and Sallie (Follmer) Meehl, parents of 10 children, viz., Michael, Sallie, Kate, George, Christ, Christiana, Lena, William, Elizabeth, and Jacob. They were citi- zens of Buffalo, and the father, who is now in his seventy-third year, came to North East Township in 1865, preceded by some other meml)ers of the family. Our subjeet was mar- ried in March, 1867, to Mena Heiden. To this union were born Carolina, Charles, Mary, Elizabeth, John, Kate, Lena and Augusta. Mr. Meehl enlisted in 1863 uncfcr Capt. Geo. Wortz and Col. Veitrick, of Buffalo His farm is situated about 2^ miles from North East Village. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. A. J. MILLER, farmer, P. O. North East, was born July 24, 1838, in Fairview Town- ship, Erie Co., Penn., son of John and Elizabeth (Traut) Miller, natives of Pennsylvania, who had 9 children, viz., Amos; George; Susan, wife of C Rhusterhultz, have one child — Ella v.; John W., married to Jennie Turner, have 4 children — Claiid H., Edward, Gilbert and Bertha; Rebecca, wife of A. Weidle, have 7 children — Minnie, Sarah, George, Charles, Ida, Clyde, one deceased and Mary; Mary, wife of S. Zinn, have 4 childi'en — Floyd, Harry, Lillie and Elton; William; Henry; and A. J. Our subject was married Jan. 25, 1872, to Marj', daughter of Isaac Mosier, natives of Pennsylvania. To this union were born 3 chil- dren, viz., Anna E., George Elwood and Walter A. Mr. Miller served during the rebellion under Capt. D. B. McCrary, and was mustered out in 1865. He owns an excellent farm of 93 acres, 2^ miles from North East Village. J. M. MILLS, farmer, P. O. North East; was born in North East Township in 1823; sou of James and Margaret (Blain) Mills, the former a native of New Jersey, the latter of Penn- sylvania, who was brought, when two years of age, on horseback to North East Township, Erie Co., in the year 1811 from Cumberland Co., Penn. Their family numbered 5 children, of whom 2 are living — ^Margaret, wife of William A. Selkregg, and our subject. He was mar- ried in Sept., 1847, to Marania, daughter of J. H. Hayues. To this union were born 7 children, viz.. Royal James, married to Elwena Waldorf, of Monroe, Mich., he is with Adams Express Co. in St. Louis; Florence Margaret, wife of C. U. Johnson, one of the proprietors of the Dispatch, Erie, have one child — Maud Haynes; Frank Charles, married to Tillie Johnson, they reside in Erie; John Marcellus, married to Lizzie Beversou, of York, Penn., he is a physician and surgeon in Antrim, Tioga Co., Penn.; Annie Josephine, at home; Burton Campbell, telegraph operator on C. & A. Railroad; and May Elizabeth, at home. Mr. Mills has been Town Clerk and School Director for many years. He was engaged in mercantile business with his father-in law, J. H. Haynes, for several years. Tiie family are members of the Episcopal and Presbyterian Churches. BARNETT MOORHEAD, son of George and Matilda (Barnett) Moorhead, was born Jan. 17, 1822. The parents of George Moorhead came to this county as early as 1805, located land in Harbor Creek and North East Townships, where they subsequently lived and died. George Moorhead married Matilda Barnett, and with her reared his family on his farm in Harbor Creek, and there he died in 1861. He was father of 5 children — James, Barnett, Catherine Ann, Eliza Jane, and a daughter deceased in infancy. Their eldest son, James Moorhead, "died aged twenty five years. The others are living, married, and residents of this county. Barnett Moorhead owns the farm on which he was born, but retired from farming in 1869. and now resides in the village of North East. He has 2 children living — Rose E. and Victor Moorhead. His eldest son, George Harvey Moorhead, came to his death at the age of ten j^ears by being thrown from a wagon. Catherine Ann, now Mrs. M. Moore, has4 children living — George M. Moore; Anna (Mrs. J. Pettit); Lillie and William Moore, also 2 deceased in infancy; Eliza Jane, Mrs. Joseph McCarter, of Erie City, has 2 children- Cora B. (Mrs. Boyer), and William McCarter. Barnett Moorhead and family are members of the First Presbyterian Church, North East, C. J. Hunter, D. D., pastor. Matilda Barnett Moorhead died in 1874, at the residence of her son in North East. 146 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: H. L. MUNGER, faimer. P. O. North East, was born in North East, son of Stephen and Polly (Edmunds) Hunger, natives of New York State, and who came to Erie Co. 60 years ago. They were parents of 10 children, 4 now living, viz., Lemuel, a resident of North East, has 4 sons; Melden, also living in North East, is the parent of 3 sons; Eliza A., now Mrs. Leonard, has 5 children, and resides in Union Township; and H. L. Hunger. Our subject was married, in 1858, to Hiss Hatilda, daughter of Joel Pellor, and a native of Sherman, N. Y. Her parents, now residents of North East, had a family of 8, viz., Phebe A., Avife of Halden Hunger; Ellen, wife of L. C. Hart; James, who served in the 145th Reg. during the war; Diana, wife of Peter Brower; Joseph R., also serving during the war of the rebellion; Frank P.; Peter, deceased, during late war was a member of the 83d Reg.; and Hatilda, wife of our subject. To Hr. and Hrs. Hunger have been born 4 children, viz.. Belle, a teacher; Josephine, now Hrs. Alfred L. Short, have 2 children— Anna and a babe; Cora and Hark, at home. Hr. Hunger is a worthy citizen, and has a well-cultivated farm on the Buffalo road, on which is a spacious barn and other improvements. He and his estimable wife have been ambitious to see their children well educated, spending much of their means to further this end, and their labor has not been unappreciated by them. SYLVESTER J. NASH, retired farmer, P. O. North East,was born Dec. 10, 1819, in North EastTownship; son of Justin, Jr., and Haria( Underwood) Nash, natives of Connecticut and who came to Erie Co. in 1814, with Justin Nash, Sr. , son of Elisha Nash, of Hassachusetts, settling in North East Township on the Nash homestead now owned by Frank J., son of Sylvester J., son of Justin, Jr., who had the following-named children: S. J., our subject; Julia H., wife of S. Crawford, have 8 children; Hopkins J., married to Annette, daugh- ter of Judge Francisco, have 2 daughters; S. J. Nash was married in 1844 to Lina, daughter of Joseph and Hahitabel (Brown) Wolsey, of Ohio, the former of whom orig inally from Connecticut, was a Justice of Peace for manj'^ years in Cuyahoga, Co., Ohio. To this union were born 2 sons — Henry, married to Alice, daughter of S. C. Smith, and Frank J., who has been President of the Y. H. C. A. for the past 4 years. Our subject and his son Henry are members of the Hasonic fraternity. HENRY S. NASH, farmer. North East, was born in 1844, in Girard Township, son of S. J. and Lina (Wolsey) Nash, the former a native of Penn.sylvania, the latter of Ohio. They were parents of 2 children; Frank at home audH. S. Our subject was married Dec. 24, 1872, to Alice, daughter of Sidney C. and Julia (Valentine) Smith. To this union were born 4 children, viz.: Hartlia, Habel, Jessie and Lina. Hr. Nash is Justice of the Peace and has served as School Director. His farm of 126 acres is situated on the Buffalo road 1 mile and a half east of North East, in a delightful locality near the old residence of Hrs. Nash's grandfather. HRS. HARTHA R. NASH, North East, was born in Amity, Erie Co. Penn., daughter of Earl King, a native of Rhode Island, born in 1790. In 1806, he with his parents moved to Connecticut, and, in 1816, came to North East, this county, where he died Sept. 24, 1856. On Aug. 10, 1823, he married Persiania Brown, born Nov. 23, 1802, in North East, Erie Co. To this union were born 11 children, 9 now living, viz.: Zenas H., John W., Peter B., Rufus S., Hartha R., George W., Dorcas W., Hary S. and Phebe A. Hrs. Persiania (Brown) King, died April 7, 1883. Hartha R. King married, Hay 23, 1865, Nor- man, son of Justin Nash, of North East, Erie Co. He was a member of the H. E. Church, of which he had held most of the offices as well as those pertaining to the township. As a valuable citizen and a good man, he was held in high respect. He died Feb. 27, 1876, hav- ing had poor health for some years. His widow is comfortablj' settled in the North East Village, and a sister, Hrs. Dorcas Green, makes her home with her. E. K. NASON, Justice of Peace, and tanner. North East, was born July 19. 1833, in Otsego Co., N. Y., son of Northrop and Esther (Row.se) Nason, natives of Rhode Island, and who in 1835 came to Erie Co., residing in Girard Village 8 years, when they went to Ripley, N. Y., where they died. The former was an attorney at law, and Justice of tlie Peace for many years in Ripley. They had 10 children, 7 of whom are now living, viz.: Hrs. Henrietta Root, has 7 chiklrcn; Hrs. Lydia J. Hesler, a widow, has 6 children; D. O., married to Ellen Gifford, have 2 sons, one named Augustus, married to Elnora Brown, have 1 child; Sarah, wife of J. F. Strickland, one of the proprietors of the Spring Mills, Girard; Elizabeth, wife of William R. Hlles, have 3 children; and E. K. Our sub- ject was married, Dec. 4, 1851, to Caroline E., daughter of Ezra Burrows. By this union there are 3 children — Hrs. Caroline E. Howard, Ims one child, Nason; Cas.sius E. and Ella H. E. K. Na.son, was elected Burgess of the borough in 1868, and .served 3 years. In 1876 was appointed Justice of the Peace; was elected by the people in 1877, and served until 1882, in which year he was re elected. He was Notary Public for several 3'ears, School Director and Secretary of the School Board. He was engaged in the dry goods business for eight years, and is still carrying on the tannery he has been operating for many years in North East. He is a member of the United Workman, Knights of Honor, Equitable Aid Society, and is a Knight Temjilar. JOSEPH OTTO, miller' North East, was bora in Germany in 1851, son of George Otto. He came to America in 1873. His brother George, who is now a cooper in Oil City, NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 147 came in 1868. Our subject first settled in Union City, Erie Co., and tliere worked as a butcher. In 1874, he engaged with Croucli Bros, in their flour mills, remaining four years, and from there came to North East and took cliarge, as chief miller, of the mills now owned by Ezra ScouUer, 1 mile from North P^ast. The capacity of these mills is 75 barrels per day. Mr. Otto was married, in 1878, to Harriet Wolverton, who died in 1879, and our subject was again married, in 1881, to Alice M. Graham, by whom there is one son, George, and one daughter, Hellen. WILLIAM L. PALMER, dealer in land, bonds and mortgages, North East, was born Sept. 28, 1834, in Vermont, son of Tyler and Acenith (Varney) Palmer, the latter a native of Maine; tiie former, a farmer, a nativeof Vermont, came to Erie CDTth 1853, where he died a year or two after. He was twice married, his first wife being Lucy Champlain, who bore him 3 children — Daniel, Thomas and Rosanna. By his second marriage were 3 children — Amos (married to Mary Ball; have 4 children — Eunice, John, (Ellen, and Ira), Maryette (wife of Nathan Ball; have 3 children — Edwin, William and Alvin), and W. L. Our sub- ject was married, Aug. 9, 1846, to Irene M., daughter of Levi Babcock. To this union were born 4 children, viz.: William D. (married to Myra, daughter of John Peters; have 3 children — Pearl and Bertha I.), John L., Sarah (wife of B. T. Southwick; have one cliild — Glenn) and Frank B. Mr. Palmer came to Erie Co. in 1851, remaining in Greenfield Town ship, and in 1853 returned lo New York State. In 1854, he came a second time to Erie Co., and settled in Greenfield Township. In 1863, he again returned to New York State, and in 1863, for the third time, came to Erie Co., and finally settled in North East Town- ship. He is a member of the Baptist ('hurch. Mrs. Palmer's father, who is now an old gentleman, came to Erie Co. in 1806; her mother was Miss Sally Belnap, and W. L. Pal- mer is the only surviving member of her family. SETH PETTIT, farmer, P. O. North East, was born June 33, 1806, in Galway, N. Y., son of Elisha and Hannah (Rowe) Peltit, who died in New York State. They had 14 chil- dren, of whom are now Hving — James, in Minnesota; Elisha, in Wisconsin; Clark, in Me- dina, N. Y. ; Lavvton, at Lake Road, N. Y. ; Clinton, at Wilson, N. Y.; and Mrs. Hannah Nash, of Galway. N. Y. Seth Pettit was married to Nancy M. Mellon, of North East, Sept. 19, 1833. Their family numbered 10 children, 6 now living— Charles E. (married Nellie Wickwire; have 4 children— Guy, Ray, Inez and Cora), S. Alsina (married Capt. C. H. Culver; have 3 sons — Fred and Charhe), D. Clinton (married Phcebe Arnott; have 2 children — Bert and Stella), Thomas (married Kate E. Bliss; have 1 child — Jessie A.), Martin (married to Mary Seay; have 1 child— Bertha), Lillie Pettit (at home). Mr. Pettit has been a resident of North East for 50 years; is a member of the M. E. CUiurch. M. C. PUTNAM, farmer. P. O. North East, was born in 1836 in North East Township, son of Joseph and Joanna (Russell) Putnam. Joseph, who came to Erie in 1814, settling in Greenfield Townsliip, was a son of Col. Clark Putnam. He purchased a piece of land from the Population Co., and became one of tlie first settlers in the township. Col. Clark Putnam had 3 children— Mrs. Sarah Tuttle, Mrs. Prudence Ciilber, and Joseph, who was parent of 7 children, viz.: Clark, married to Mrs. Sarthom, have 1 child — Ella; Mrs. Theresa Rowley, has 3 children— Frank, Mary and William; Luciens, married to Miss Ellicot; Lorenzo, married to Miss Dlppenhaugh, have 1 child— Joseph; Mary, deceased; William, married to Eveline Allison; and M. C. Our subject was married, in 1860, to Mary, daughter of Henry Kendal, and to this union were born the following: Mrs. Elizabeth Brounell (has 1 child —Mary J.), Jennie, Edward and Grace. Mr. Putnam has a farm of 381 acres, situated within sight of North East Village. BURTON H. PUTNAM, physician and surgeon, North East, was born Sept. 13, 1849, in Westfield, N. Y. ; son of George W. and Alpa A. (Van Vleet) Putnam, the former a native of New Hampshire, and who came to Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1838; the latter a cousin of Gen. Van Vleet, of Gen. Grant's staff. Mr. Putnam traces his genealogical tree almost to the landing of the Pilgrims in 1634. George W. Putnam had 5 children, viz., Lillian F., wife of Dr. Meeder; Ida, deceased in 1879, wife of Horace Jones; Bradford V., pastor of First Presbyterian Church, Huntington, L. I.; Mary E., wife of H. R. Brown; and B. H. Our subject was married, April 17,' 1876, to FU)ra, daughter of Harvey Blowers, of Portland, N. Y. By this union were born 3 children— Cleo H. and George W. The Doc- tor received his early education In Westfield, N. Y., and was prepared for Amherst College by Prof. Wedge. Changing his mind, however, he weut to Buffalo Meitlcal College, grad- uating from there in 1876 with several prizes which placed him at the head of his class in surgerj^ and anatomy. He studied medicine with Dr. Strong, of Westfield, N. Y., and commenced the practice of medicine in April, 1876, in North East, where he enjoys a good practice. (Jur subject is a member of the Presbyterian Church; is Dictator of the Knights of Honor, and President of the Erie County Medical Society. J. H. REED, organ manufacturer. North East, was born Sept. 1, 1846, In Mill Creek Township, this county, son of James L. and Margaret A. (Grubb) Reed, natives of Penn- sylvania. James L. Reed's father, George, came to Erie Co., settling in Mill Creek Town- ship in 1800. The family of James L. Reed was 6 in number, 3 living — Rebecca, wife of Samuel Love, had the following children: Jane, Mary A., Martha, Thomas, Sophia, Josephine, Rosanna, Washington, James F., Charlotte E., one died in infancy; and James 148 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: L., who had the following children, viz.: William C. deceased in 1855; Emma A., wife of H. Y. Hart; they have 3 children — James P., Walter E. and Cora and Kate J., at home; and J. H. Our subject was married, May 7, 1874, to Emma, daughter of Theodore Sprague, of East Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y. To this union were born 3 children — Howard S., Margaret B. and Emily C. Mr. Reed has been engaged in the manufacture of the New Era Organ, in North East Village, for the past four years. This organ can com- pete well with any other, and is sold throughout the entire Union. He has been a member of the Council 3 years; is now Burgess ot the village. He is a member of the MaSonic fraternity, and of the A. O. U. W. N. C. REMINGTON, farmer, P. O. North East, was born Sept. 1814, in Pierpout, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, son of Seth and Asenath (Bisbee) Remington, natives of Connecticut, who went to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, in 1812, and afterward came to this county in 1817, settling in Springfield Township. Their children were one daughter and three sons, viz.: Lucy, wife of E. Phillips; Amos, married to Matilda Munger; Jonathan, deceased, and N. C. Our subject was married in Dec, 1837, to Mary, daughter of Thomas Munger, a native of Saratoga, N. Y., who died Jan. 8, 1878. To this union were born 8 children — Asenath, wife of Charles Barker; Mary E., wife of J. B. Campbell (have 1 son); Seth R., has 1 son and 1 daughter; Malissa; Luzerne, married to Sarah Linden Lilbern, died March 1, 1853; Bernice, died Oct. 39, 1866; and Amos C. Mr. Remington has a farm of 100 acres, situated 3 miles east of North East, on the Buffalo road. JOSEPH RHODES, manufacturer of cider and vinegar, P. O. Northville, Penn., was born in New Jersey Nov. 1, 1828; son of George and Anna (Vanderhoof) Rhodes, natives of New Jersey, and parents of 8 children, 4 now living, viz., Caroline. Joseph, Hosea and John. Caroline is the wife of Robert Clark, parents of 6 children — John, Lilly, Mary, Peter, Carrie and Hosea. Joseph was married, March 31, 1853, to Sarah Townsend, by whom was born 1 son, Marcus, married to Martha Merrill. They are the parents of 4 chil dren— Maria, Merrill, Joseph (deceased) and Sarah. Our subject is carrying on a large cider and vinegar factory, run by water and steam, in the gulf near North East. The capacity for cider is 5,500 gallons, or 2 car loads per day, and 3 car loads per week of vinegar. This mill stands at the base of the great amphitheater which surrounds the gulf, and is 4 stories high, complete in all departments, and equipped with everything essential to the business. In the basement are immense storage tanks; in the west flat, store rooms for the raw material used in the production of vinegar; and in the third flat are the engine, still, vats and press; fourth story for apple storage. On the outside of the building, stand ing on the table land, are huge tanks for cider. Mr. Rhodes is also a skilled machinist and draughtsman. He it was who planned and surveyed the docks at Buffalo and Dunkirk, and he is at present interested in a machine which it is calculated will soon be in domestic use by millions. FRANK SCANDLON, farmer and railroad contractor, P. O. North East, was borq Jan. 1, 1825, in the North of Ireland, son of James and Catherine (Keenan) Scandlon, also natives of Ireland. Our subject, who was a civil engineer in his native country, emigrated with his family to America in 1848, soon after locating near Rochester, N. Y. In 1863, they removed to Erie Co., settling in North East Township on a farm formerly owned by a Mr. Warner, one of the first settlers of the county. Our subject married Margaret Brogan, a native of Ireland, who bore him 9 children, viz., James, George, Mary J. (wife of D. Mc- Gaughey, of North East), Catherine, Margaret E. (wife of Patrick Hough), Robert F., Lillie, John J. and Etfia. Mr. Scandlon has been an extensive and successful contractor on various railroads in the States, and has accumulated a fine property, located in the eastern part of the township. EZRA SCOULLER, miller. North East, was born in 1839, son of John and Sarah (Andrews) Scouller, the former a native of Scotland, the latter of Pennsylvania. Their family consisted of three sons and one daughter, three now living— John B., Mary L. (wife of C. F. Ellis, of Erie), and Ezra. Our subject was married in 1863 to Joanna E., daughter of John Webb, a native of Pennsylvania. To this union were born 4 chil- dren — John W., Annie B., William and Esther. Mr. Scouller is proprietor of the mill his father built, having some time previously bought the mill built by John Scouller in 1844, and rebuilt in 1867 and 1883. M. L. SELKREGG, dealer in groceries and hardware. North East, was born in No vember, 1834, in North East Township; son of Osee and Harriet (Robinson) Selkregg. He was married, Oct. 20, 1865, to Carrie, daughter of B. T. Spooner, and to this union were born 5 children— Mary L., Clara H., Jennie B.. Edward M. and Funny P. Mr. Sel kregg's extensive business was founded by himself in 1858, and has ever since been under his able management. The salesrooms are the largest in town, occupying 3 floors and basement, each 40x50, and are filled with a very desirable stock of hardware, in shelf, heavy and novelt}^ goods. A full line of stoves is carried, besides a large assortment of farming tools and agricultural implements. In the grocery department he carries a com- plete line of such goods as are required to meet the wants of an extensive trade. A part of the second floor is set apart as a tin shop, and one skilled workman is engaged in sup plying the wants of the customers in this direction. NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. 149 CAPT. GEORGE SELKREGG, farmer, P. O. North East, was born in North East in 1838; son of Osee and Harriet (Robinson) Selkregg, natives of Connecticut and early set- tlers in North East Township. Osee Selkregg took up land near the village of North East. He died in 1883. Our subject was married, Oct. 30, 1866, to Hannah, daughter of Joseph McCord. To this union were born 4 children — Chassie, Mary, Annie and Laura. Capt. Selkregg enlisted in 1861 under Col. Schlaudecker in the 111th P. V. I. Among the principal battles he was engaged in were Cedar Mountain, South Mountain. Antietam, Chancellorsville. Gettysburg and Savannah. From a private lie rose to be Captain, and had charge of a company till his discharge at the close of the war in 1865. He is a member of the School Board, of which he has been Secretary four years; is a member and Trustee of the Presbyterian Church. The Captain resides on the old home- stead situated a short distance from North East Village. SAMPSON SHORT, son of John Short, was born at Chatham Valley, Tioga Co. Penn. He left home for Potter County, Penn., when sixteen years of age. He had few advantages of education, total attendance being 2 terms of district school. Early in life he turned his attention to lumbering, which has been his principal business. Re! moved to Horton Township, Elk Co., Penn., in 1860, and to North East, Erie Co., in 1867. Our subject married Olive Sherman, daughter of Geo. W. and Artmisa Sherman, of Sharon Township, Potter Co., Penn. They had 3 children, 1 boy, who only lived a short time, and Alfred, born Jan. 1, 1847, who now resides in North East. His wife dying, Mr. Short was married to Lucinda Wilcox, daughter of Simeon Wilcox, of Independence, N. Y. Only 1 child was born to this union, named Frank (deceased). His second wife dying, our subject was married again to Cate Nissell, daughter of Sebastian Nissell, of St. Marys, Elk County, Penn. Three children were born to this union — Anna, died in 1880; Geo. Sampson, born in May, 1875, and Mary Catherine, born in 1883. Mr. Short is present President of the North East Canning Co., limited, one of the largest stock-holders of the People's Savings Institution of Erie Co. He built the Palace hotel, which he now owns; is part owner with Alfred Short of the Handle and Heading Factory and Planing Mill and Lumber Yard in North East; owns a lumber yard at Pittsburgh, Penn., several line farms about North East; is interested in several oil and lumber projects and timber lands in Michigan and Missouri He was 1 of the founders of the banking firm of Short, Blaine & Co., who were succeeded May 14, 1883, by the People's Savings Institu- tion of Erie Co. ALFRED SHORT, son of Sampson and Olive (Sherman) Short, was born in Jan 1, 1847, in Sharon Township, Potter Co., Penn., where he attended the district school. He afterward attended Richburg Academy, Friendship Academy and Alfred Universitjr; removed to Horton Township. Elk Co., Penn., in 1860. He engaged in lumbering in 1867, and removed to North East, Erie Co., in 1870; was made Cashier of Short, Blaine & Co.'s Bank in May, 1872, and served in that capacity until Aug. 1, 1878. He served in the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, session of 1878-79. At present he is President of People's Savings Institution, and is interested in several lumbering and oil company partnerships in Pennsylvania. Our subject married Helen A. Horton, daughter of Isaac and Sarah S. Horton, of Ridgway, Penn., Jan. 1, 1872. Their children are Ida Olive, born June 10, 1873; Alfred Lee, born July 17, 1875, and Alice Lyle, born Sept. 18, 1882. Mr. Short was the Democratic candidate for Congress in Erie District in 1880, and was de- feated by L. F. Watson, of Warren Co., by a majority of 1,206. Garfield's majority in district same election was 3,886. Mr. Short is at present Burgess of North East Borough. ALFRED L. SHORT, farmer, P. O. North East, was born May 23, 1860, in Pennsyl- vania, son of Lovell and Harriet (Lovell) Short, natives of Pennsylvania. Four of their family survive— Anilla, Ellis, Mary, and A. L. Our subject was married Jan. 12, 1881, to Josie, daughter of H. L. Munger. To this union were born 2 children— Annie and Glenn. THOMAS SILLIMAN, farmer, P. O. North East, was born April 24, 1802. in Northumberland Co., Penn.; son of James and Mary (Hunter) Silliman, parents of eight children — Mrs. Nancy Cochran (deceased leaving 6 children), Alexander (deceased), James H., Asey, Mrs. May Smith, John (deceased), William (in Michigan) and Thonias. James Silliman came to Erie County in 1802, settling where his son Thomas now lives. He built the first brick house in the township. Our subject was married, in 1848, to Jane, daughter of John Shultz, and by this union had 3 children — Henry (married to Belle Bort; have 2 children — Thomas and Lorenzo), Frank (married to Alice Adams), and Frederick (deceased). Mr. Silliman is now in his eighty-third year, and is remarkably active for his age. He has a fine farm near North East Village, which has been in pos- session of the Silliman family for over 80 years. He has held most of the township offices, and has always been a leading man in the township. SIDNEY C. SMITH, retired farmer. North East, was born July 28, 1819, in the town- ship of North East, son of Samuel G. and Betsy (Arnaut) Smith, natives of New York State, the former born in 1791, the latter in 1796. They were married in 1813, and came to Erie County in 1816, settlingon what is now known as the Scanlan farm. They had a family of 7 children— Oscar F,, Sidney C, Mary A., Rosetta (deceased), Sarah Jane, Cornelia 150 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: (deceased) and Sophia. Samuel G. Smith was the first builder to any extent in this town- ship. He served in the war of 1813, and kept a hotel, built of brick in 1832, where the old homestead now is, from 1833 to 1836; then leased 2 years; was a public tavern from 1833 to 1839. Our subject was married May 10, 1847, to Julia A. Valentine, of Ogden Township, Len awee Co., Mich. To this union were born 5 children — Alice A., born March 10, 1848, mar ried to Henry S. Nash, December 24, 1872 (have four children — Martha, Mabel, Jessie and Lina); Samuel G., married March 26, 1873, to Nora Alexander; Moses H. (deceased) was married Dec. 31, 1873, to Bertha Ciay (had three children -Jay, Ira and Guy); Sidney H.. married Oct., 1883, to Mary Hagerty, of Bradford, McKean Co., Penn.; Frank L., in Bradford, Penn. CALVIN SPOFFORD, who is a legal descendant of the first John Spofford, who came, to America in 1640. and who was our subject's great-great great great grandfather; was born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., Felt. 17, 1807, son of Thomas Spoflford, who was born in 1775, mar- ried Bulah Ransom. Our subject was married in 1839, to Polly Rundell, daughter of H. Rundell. To this union were born 3 children — Jo^n K., Phebe and Helen. His first wife dying in Feb., 1843, Mr. Spofford married his second wife, Eliza Lamberson, Feb. 28, 1844, daughter of James Lamberson, Herkimer Co., N. Y. By this union was born 1 son, James L., who married Alice Hitchcock'(have 3 children— Edith, Calvin, James). Our sub- ject's other grandchildren are Jay M., John D., Charles C., Gertrude. Cassia and Mary. Cal\(^n Spofford settled in Mina, Chautauqua Co.,N. Y., in 1829, and moved to North East, Erie Co., Penn., in 1831, and is now living f)n the farm that he now occupies. He had been a teacher many years; is a member of the M. E. Church. THOMAS W. STEWART, farmer, P. ()., North East, was born Aug. 5. 1830, in Erie City, Penn., son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Ovington) Stewart, natives of New Hampshire, married in Erie in 1819. The former was born Feb. 3, 1794, in the house in which Hor- ace Greeley afterward first saw light. Mrs. Stewart died in 1862. At the age of eight years, Thomas Stewart was left an orphan by the death of his father, and he had to be content with such education as circumstances afforded him. He learned the trade of builder in Albany, N. Y., a business in which he met with much success, and in which he excelled. After putting up extensive buildings in Ohio, he went to Erie in 1819, when he married. He then moved to Pittsburgh in 1820, and there erected the Allegheny Bridge Penitentiary and other county buildings. He died April 20, 1878. He was elected Burgess; was several times Assessor; was for 10 years a Poor House Director, and was among the founders and builders of the First Baptist Church in Erie. He had 5 children — Mrs. Mary Moore (has 4 children — John, Annie, Stewart and Edson); Mrs. Hannah Williams (has 2 children — Frank and Mary); Mrs. Eliza Tage, deceased (had one child- Essie); Sarah, wife of Dr. J. T. Clark (have 3 children— Frederick, Nellie and James); and T. W. Our subject was married Dec. 25, 1859, to Sarah A., daughter of Dr. D. T. Bennett, of Venango, and a na- tive of Delaware Co., N. Y. To this union were born Bennett A., and Charles T. Mr. Stewart is a member of the Patrons of Husbandry and of the A. O. U. W. He has filled the offices of School Director and Township Auditor. Bennett A., a graduate of the Art School of Cincinnati, stands at the head of his profession as an artist. GEORGE B. STOCKTON, jeweler. North East, was born March 10, 1855, in Dunkirk, N. Y., son of Dr. G. B. and Catherine (Vassault) Stockton, who came to Erie Co. in 1860, settling in the village of North East. The former, a prominent physician, was a son of Dr. R.^W. Stockton, an old settler of the county. Dr. G. B. Stockton died July 4, 1880, leaving 2 children — Julia and George B.; another son, Charles, died in infancy. Our sub- ject was married, Oct. 5, 1882, to Hattie, daughter of Silas and Eliza (McLane) Kendig, of North East. He commenced the trade of jeweler with a Mr. Inglis, formerly propri- etor of the store which our subject now owns exclusively. He first purchased Mr. Dins- dale's half-interest and finally the entire stock. He has now a first-class stock of every- thing in his line, amounting to about $8,000, and enjoys a good patronage. D. A. SWANEY, proprietor of the Lakeside Paper Mill, North East, was born in 1846 in Allegheny Co., Penn., son of John and Matilda (McCkilly) Swaney, former a na- tive of Pennsylvania, latter of Maryland. John Swaney went to California, when his son, our subject, was a young lad, and was never seen by him after. In 1862, D. A. en- listed in the 6th Penn. Art., serving 2 years. In 1865, he was mustered out, returned home and entered the Duff Business College at Pittsburgh. H(! commenced learning the art of paper-making with C. P. Markle & Sons and continued with them 3 years, after which he went to Mumford Falls, Ohio, and was with the Cleveland Paper Co. for 1 year. From there he returned to Markle & Sons' warerooms in Pittsburgh, remaining 5 years. For some time afterward he traveled for that firm as salesman until he entered the new paper mill of Mannis Beer & Co., Garland Springs, Penn.; he next engaged as paper broker in tiie office of P. Duff & Co., Pittsburgh. A' few years afterward he entered into partner- ship with a Mr. West, as paper dealers. On Jan. 1, 1883, thev received into the firm Mr. A. A. Jackson, of the Pittsburgh Chronicle. Mr. West and Mr. Jackson soon after with- drawing from the firm, Mr. Swaney took the mill into his own hands Aug. 1, 1883, and is now sole proprietor. The capacity of the mill is 4,000 pounds of paper (chiefly manilla) per day. Our subject was married, in 1866. to Annie, daugliter of John Henderson, of Westniorelaqd Co., Penu., by whom he had 2 children— Robert and Corey (deceased). NORTH EAST TOWNSHIP. LSI DANIEL R. TAYLOR, retired farmer, P. O. North East, was born in 1812, in Green field Township, Erie Co., son of James and Anna (Reed) Taylor, natives of Virginia, and who came to Erie Co. in 1803, settling in Greenfield Township. In 1813, they removed close to the State line where they died, Mrs. Taylor in 1836, and Mr. Taylor in 1840. They had 6 children, 3 now living— Mary A., wife of" Isaac Morey, have 3 children— James O., Milton and Eunice, now Mrs. Hopper; and D. R. Our subject was married, in 1834, to Phoebe O., daughter of John T. Myers, of New York State. ' By this union were 2 chil- dren— Wm. P., married to Augusta M. Davison, have 1 child, Alice; and Clarence D., formerly relieving station agent on the Wisconsin R. R., now station agent on the West Shore R. R., at Clyde, N. Y. Wm. P. Taylor began life by peddling apples, which he car- ried in a basket, to the passengers on the L. S. R. R. This he continued until he was em- ployed, at the age of fifteen, as telegraph operator at the State line. Promotion quickly followed, first to train dispatcher, then to Division Superintendent on the L. S. R. R., and finally to the position of General Manager, Canada Southern R. R.. but has now abandoned railroad business and gone South for the benefit of his health. Our subject has acted as Assessor, Collector and School Director under the new law. In 1843, he moved to New York State, where he remained until 1875, in the spring of which year he returned to North East. He is a Democrat in politics. B. C. TOWN, of North East, Penn., was born June 16. 1820, in Grandville, Washing- ton Co., N. Y., .son of Bester and Betsy M. (Martin) Town, the former a native of New York, the latter of Vermont, who came to this county in 1834, settling in North East Township. They were parents of 8 cliildren, 6 now living — M. C., B. C, B. F.. John J., Joseph J. and Mary T., deceased, Wm. Martin and Geo. W. The father died Dec. 2, 1870, aged seventy-six, the mother in following year, aged .seventy-seven, having faithfully fulfilled their mission on earth, leaving an honored name and highly respected family. Mr. Bester Town, during his time, was engaged in farming, hatting ("though not a hatter by trade), hotel keeping and general merchandising, all being carried on .succes.sfully at the same time, each department servmg as a help to the other. Being a man of sterling qual- ities and of strict business habits, he held a leading position in mercantile trade. Miss Mary T. Town, a maiden lady, occupies the old homestead of her parents. B. (J. Town, om- subject, was married, Aug. 7, 1841, to Juliette, daughter of Wm. D. Burdick, and to this union were born Rollin H., Warren C, Geo. E., B. D. and Dennison, all of whom are now living except Rollin H., who died in infancy. Warren C. married Adda Ferris; Geo. E., Eliza Emtka; B. D., Ella M. Scott; Dennison remaining in single blessedness. Our subject has been connected with mercantile business since he became a young man. In 1843, he entered into partnership with his father and brother, M. C, in North East and Wattsbiu-g, under firm name of B. Town & Sons, After a time, M. C. withdraw- ing, the firm name was changed to B. C. Town & Co., who continued business both at Wattsburg and North East for 7 years, when the partnership closed, and our subject took a sea.son of rustication in collecting, farming, milling, and finally landed on the beautiful shores of Maryland, where he spent five years. Grim death taking away his father, re- called him to North East, where he is now engaged in the business harness. N. C. TYLER, tanner and currier. North Ea.st, was born Aug. 18, 1838, in Girard, Erie Co., Penn., .son of James S. and Hannah (Cass) Tyler, the former a native of Ver- mont (and who was in the war of 1813), the latter a native of Massachusetts. They came to Erie Co. about 1817-18. settling near Girard, where they died, he in 1869, and liis wife some years previous. Their family numbered 9 children, 4 now living, viz.: Mary A., wife of Geo. Winkler, have 8 children; James, married to Lydia Gleeson, have 4 children; Mrs. Eliza Trout, has 7 children; and N. C. Our subject was married, in 1856, to Ma- hala L., daughter of Wm. Jones. By this union there was 1 child — James W. Mrs. Tyler dying in 1865, Mr. Tyler was again married, in 1873, to Eliza McLain, a sister of Col. McLain. He, together with Mr. John Scouller, of North East, built the extensive tannery known as the Tyler & Scouller Tannery; it is run by steam, and does a large business. Mr. Tyler enlisted in 1861 under Capt. Richards, and served in the 6th Ohio Cavalry under Col. Lloyd, being engaged in all the principal battles of the Potomac. At the end of 3 vears' service he re-enlisted as a veteran under Gen. Steadman, and was discharged July 18, 1865. JAMES B. WASS, sexton and cooper. North East, was born in England in 1816, son of John and Sarah (Bedford) Wass, natives of Lincolnshire. England. They came to Rochester, N. Y., in 1823, where the father died. The children of John and Sarah Wass were Walter (deceased), Elizabeth, James, John, Sarah, Thomas, Jane and Charles. Our subject came to Erie Co. in 1841; was married, in 1844, to Laura, daughter of Bassett Cobb. To this union were born — James Franklin, married to Miss Ball, have 1 child — Murl; John, deceased; Mary E., wife of O. Hall, have 1 child — Laura; Charles A., married to May E. Page, have 1 child — Laura; and Colin P. SAMUEL P. WHlTEHILL, farmer, P. O. North East, Erie Co.. Penn.,was born in 1839 in North East, son of James and Sophia (Piatt) Whitehill. James Whitehill was a native of Pennsylvania, his wife of New York State. They came to Erie Co. in 1822, and settled \j\ Greeafield Township on a farm purchased of Judah Colt, and in 1830 they moved to 152 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHEG: North East, where they spent the remainiug part of their lives. They were parents of Mary, wife of E. H. Doolittle; Eunice, wife of L. P. Stephens, Anna, wife of H. W. Gleason; Helen, wife of E. W. Butt, and S. P. Our subject was married, in 1863, to Catherine S., daughter of Frederick Smedley; she was a native of Connecticut. To this unioq were born Jessie A., James S., John F. Mr. Whitehill's farm, which is the old homestead of his parents, is situated 2 miles east of North East Village, on the middle road between the Buffalo and Lake roads. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. HENRY WOLF, farmer and stock-feeder. P. O. North East, was born in Lancaster Co., Penn., in 1825, son of Cyrus and Mary (Piatt) Wolf, who came to Erie Co. in 1833, settling 4 miles south of Erie. They had 6 children, 4 of whom are now living, viz. : Isaac, near the State line; Margaret, wife of Henry Gingrich, in Erie; Kate, wife of Joseph Hen derson; and Henry. Our subject was married in 1847 to Caroline Hayberger, daughter of George Hayberger, who served as Lieutenant under Captain Perry in liis naval engagement on Lake Erie. He was one of the first settlers in Erie Co., having come about 1802 or 1805. To this union were born 7 children, 6 now living, viz.: Hannah, wife of William Woolsey, in Nebraska — have an adopted child, Mary C. ; Amanda, wife of E. W. Merrill — have 1 child, Nellie; Evelyn, now Mrs. Coon, has two children, Burney and Ralph; Presley C, married to Miss Bell Wolsey, have 1 child, Carl C. ; Marion, wife of Lida V. Graves, have 2 children, Mary C. and Henry F. ; and Ida May, wife of Henry E. Mosher. Mr. Wolf has served as Road C'ommissioner for 2 terms, also as Auditor and Judge of Elections, and has filled many other offices. He has been Director, Treasurer and Vice President of the Savings Bank, as well as a stockliolder. ISAAC WOLF, farmer and merchant, P. O. Northville, was born in 1827, in Lancas ter Co., Penn., son of Cyrus and Mary (Piatt) Wolf, who came to Erie Co. in 1833, set- tling near Walnut Creek Bridge, in Mill Creek Township, south of Erie City, where they died. They had 7 children, viz.: Henry; Mrs. Margaret Gingrich — her children are Mary, Etta, John, Charles, Willis, Lewis, Walter and Gertrude; Mrs. Maria Sherman, deceased, leaving 1 child, Alice; Cyrus, deceased, leaving 3 children — Horle5\ George and Wilber, Mrs. Catherine Henderson, had 4 children — George, Edward, Ross and Mary M. ; 1 de- ceased in infancy, and Isaac. Our subject was married Oct. 14, 1853, to Eliza, daughter of Samuel and Mary (Heiss) Myers. To this union were born Mrs. Clara Moore, has 1 child, Clyde; Perry, married to Flora Phear, have 1 child, Hattie; Willis, married to Elsey Woolsey; Ford; Edward, deceased in infancy; Frank, deceased; Nelson; Mary; Charles and Boyd A. Mr. Wolf has a farm on the east line of Erie Co., and he also carries on a dry goods store at Northville, Penn. He is a member of the Patronsof Husbandry and of the A. O. U. W. SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. AMOS BAKER, farmer, P. O, Conneaut, Ohio, was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., June 23, 1811, ninth child and fourth son of Elias and Irany Baker, natives of Massachu setts, who reared a family of 9 children (the lOtli died in infancy), 3 now living. The parents were consistent members of the M. E. Church. Elias Baker was a prominent farmer; he departed this life July 28, 1831, his widow following him Dec. 31, 1857. Our subject married, Sept. 21, 1837, Jane Sessions, a native of Broome Co., N. Y., and a daugh ter of Leonard and Azubeth Sessions. The latter died Jan. 9, 1860. The former, who now resides with our subject, is probably the oldest man in Erie Co., born July 26, 1787, in Mansfield, Conn. He settled in this county in 1876, and has always been engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was the father of 7 children, 4 living, and has about 70 grand- children and 1 great-grandchild. He used tobacco 60 years, but thinks he added to the length of his life by stopping it 12 years ago. He cast his first vote for James Madison, and, with the exception of the campaign of 1856, has voted at each Presidential election since. Mr. and Mrs. Baker have 4 children now living — Mary A., wife of W. H. Webb; Harriet L., wife of Ralston Harvey; Jerome A., who served 3 years in the 2d Ohio Bat. during the late war; and Lydia S., wife of Hiram E. George. Mr. Baker owns 77 acres of land situated in the northvrest corner of the State of Pennsylvania. In politics, he is a Republican. C. L. BARKER, farmer, P. O. East Springfield, was born in Glrard, Erie Co., Penn., May 7, 1835, son of Levi and Isabell Barker, the former a native of New York, and the latter of Penns}ivania. They are among the early settlers of Erie C^o., and reared a fam- ily of 8 children, 5 now living. Our subject is the 4th child in this family. Mr. and Mrs. Barker, now in their eighty-third year, are residents of Girard Township. Our subject was united in marriage, in 1862, with Lovilla, daughter of Wm. Luther, both natives of ^airview Township, this county. This union has been blessed with 3 children, 2 now SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. 153 living — Jennette, married, Nov. 28, 1883, by Rev. E. M. Kernic, to J. S. C'udney, and Harry. Mrs. Barker dying in 1869, our subject married a Miss Nancy Gibson, also a native of Erie Co., by whom he had 3 children, viz., Charles S. and Jennie, surviving. Mr. Barker is a member of the M. E. Church, his wife of the Baptist denomination. He owns 63 acres of well-improved land, and is a Trustee of the East Springfield Academy. His grandfather McClend was a soldier in the war of 1812, and one of the first settlers of Girard Township. Our subject is a Republican in politics. NATHAN BLICKENSDERFER, farmer, P. O. Conneaut, Ohio, was born in Tusca- rawas Co., Ohio, April 13, 1823, son of Jacob Blickensderfer. a native of Lancaster Co., Penn., who moved to Ohio in 1811. He reared 3 children; the oldest, Jacob, is now chief engineer of the U. P. R. R. Jacob Blickensderfer departed this life in 1856. Nathan, the 2d son, received his education in one of the Moravian schools of Lancaster Co., Penn., and in his younger days followed surveying in his native county. He studied law, and was ad- mitted to the Ohio bar in the spring of 1849. The following winter he gave up his pro- fession and came to Erie Co. Here he purchased 2 tracts of land of 3,000 acres each, in Spring- field and Le Bceuf Townships. He then engaged in real estate business in Erie City for 3 years. He made the purchase alone, but subsequently took a partner — Judge Miles, who had a third interest. This land he has sold until now he has but 325 acres left in this town- ship. In 1853, he moved from Erie to his present residence. He was united in marriage, in 1844, with Catherine M. Canfield, a native of Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, by whom he had 7 children — Ulric. James C, George C, William J., Mary H. (wife of G. T. Jordan), Charles E. and Susan A. Mr. Blickensderfer is now Independent in politics. JOSEPH BRINDLE, farmer, P.O. North Springfield, was born March 5, 1802, in Spring field Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of Matthias and Elizabeth Brindle, natives of Cumber- land and York Cos., Penn., respectively. Matthias, in 1800, took up 400 acres of land on the banks of Lake Erie, where our subject now lives. In the fall of 1800, he went to Franklin Co., and married Elizabeth Hossler, returning with his bride in the .spring of 1801. They settled on the farm, and reared 11 children, 6 of whom are now living. He filled some of the township oflfices, was a prominent farmer, and with the help of his boys finally cleared all his land. He was a consistent member of the Presbyterian Church, and one of the incorporators of the beautiful cemetery at East Springfield. He served in the war of 1812. His wife departed this life in 1840, and he in 1845. Our subject, the 2d child of this pioneer family, was the 1st white boy born in Springfield Township. He married, Oct. 5, 1826, Lodosska Putney, a native of Canada, daughter of Jewel Putney. This union has been blessed with 7 children, namely: Sarah E., wife of Adolphus Maxina; Frank lin M., deceased; Charlotte M., deceased; Louisa H., deceased; Martha, now living; and Willie J., deceased. Mrs. Brindle departed this life in Oct., 1880. Mr. Brindle owns 103 acres of well-improved land, a part of his father's old homestead. He is a member of the Christian Church; in politics, a Republican. P. M. BRINDLE, retired farmer, P. O. East Springfield, was born Nov. 19, 1820, in this township, twelfth child of Matthias and Elizabeth Brindle, natives of Frank- lin Co., Penn., who came thence to Erie Co. in 1801, driving a span of horses. They set- tled on the farm now owned by P. M., then a wilderness. Matthias was a soldier in the war of 1812, a prominent farmer, and held some of the township offices. He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church and the first cemetery in East Springfield. Mrs. Brindle went back to Franklin Co., a distance of 300 miles, traveling on horseback, with a neighbor, Sam'l Holliday, carrying her baby. Mr. and Mrs. Brindle were the parents of 13 children, 11 living to be men and women. She died July 20, 1840, and Mr. Brindle Oct. 10, 1845. Our subject was united in marriage, in 1846, with Janet, daughter of Sela and Eliz- abeth Walbridge, who came to this county from Vt. in 1828; she is a native of Vt. Three children were born to this union, 2 surviving — Adelbert H., and Charlotte E.,wife of A. W. Walker, of Erie. Mr. and Mrs. Brindle have been members of the Christian Church for over 30 years. He owns 100 acres of fine land, the original old homestead; is a member of the E. A. U. ; in politics, a Republican. WM. CROSS, farmer, P. O. East Springfield, was born in this township July 12, 1806, and is the eldest child of Oliver and Margaret^Cross, natives of Vt. and Washington Co.. Penn., respectively. 01iv"Sf"^oss came to Erfe Co. in 1797, driving a yoke of 4-year-old steers from Genesee Co., N. Y. Margaret, his wife, was a daughter of Wm. Porter. They reared a family of 7 children, 5 of whom are now living. One of the sons served in the war of 1812, Mr. Cross providing a substitute for himself. He was a prominent farmer. He departed this life in 1853, his widow following him in 1868. Our subject was reared in this county, with but few opportunities for acquiring an education. He was united in marriage, in 1842, with Emily, daughter of Ira Allen, who came to Erie Co. about 1830. Two children blessed this union, both dying in infancy. Mr. Cro.ss owns over 1,000 acres of improved land, most of which lies on each side of the Ridge road, in probably the finest part of the county. He is an extensive grain-grower, and buj's and feeds cattle extensively. He is a self-made man, acquiring his property solely by liard work. During the late war, he went out in answer to Gov. Curtin's call for minutemen and also contributed liberally to the Union. He gives liberally to the Presbyterian Church, of which his wife is a meni 154 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ber, and is one of the founders of the beautiful cemetery at East Springfield, which will remain a lasting monument to his memory. Mr. Cross is a prominent man of this town ship. In his day he filled all its offices of trust, and has also acted as Associate Judge. He is a Republican in politics. r JOEL DAY, East Springfield, was born in Bradford, Vt., June 22. 1810, and is the 4th "^ child of Elifert and Louisa Day. both natives of Conn. Our subject was united in marriage, Apr. 9. 1835. with Marilla L. Johnson, a native of N. Y. State, and daugh- ter of Uriah and Mehitable Johnson, natives of R. L; the former was a soldier in the war of 1812. This union has been blessed with 3 children, viz.. Oscar R. (deceased). Alice A. and Albert R. Alice was married, July 24, 1866, to T. B. Fickinger, who was a soldier in Battery B, Independent Artillery, and served 3 years in the Army of the Cum- berland; he was honorably discharged at the close of the war. Two children were born to this union, both deceased. Mr. Fickinger is now a conductor on the Canada Southern Railroad; is a member of O. R. Conductor's Association; was a brave soldier, and is a good citizen. Mr. Day purchased his farm of 114 acres over 30 years ago, and is one of the prominent farmers in his section. Mrs. Day is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. Day is a Republican in principle, as are all his children. ■ OSCAR C. DE GROODT, miller. East Springfield, was born Nov. 15, 1842, in East Springfield Township, second son of Peter and Clarissa De Groodt, natives of Madison Co., N. Y., and Mass. respectively. They came to this county in 1841, but in 1855 moved to Iowa; after a year, they went to Minn., where they now reside. They reared 2 sons. Our subject served nearly 3 years during the late war, enlisting in 1863, in Bracket's Minn. Cav., doing duty in the West. He participated in several skirmishes with the Indians, and was honorably discharged in May, 1866, and returned to Minn. He was united in marriage, in Sept., i868, with Laura V. Hurd, a native of this township, and daughter of Morris Hurd, a resident and one of the oldest settlers of Springfield Township. This union has been blessed with 4 children, viz.. Reuben H., Linnie L., Cortland M. and Myron B. The last mentioned was but an infant when Mrs. De Groodt died, Oct. 30, 1883. Mr. De Groodt owns 4 acres of land and a beautiful residence at Springfield. He has been engaged in milling for the past 18 years, most of the time in the Springfield Mills. He is a member of the E. A. U., P. M. of a lodge of F. & A. M., and a member of the Commandery at Conneaut, Ohio; also a member of G. A. R., Post No. 42, at Wells- burg, Penn. PERRY DEVORE, farmer, P. O. East Springfield, was born in Springfield Township, Erie Co., Penn., March 5, 1816, seventh child born to John and Elizabeth Devore, natives of Bedford Co., Penn., wdio came thence to this county in 1796, and reared a family of 14 children. 7 now living. John Devore was a prominent farmer in his day; he built the first frame barn, and filled most of the township offices. He was a man of strict honesty, and a consistent member of the Old-School Presbj^terian Church. During the war of 1812, he was Quartermaster of the minutemen at Erie. He departed this life in Oct., 1838. his widow in 1866. Perry, the subject of this sketch, married, Oct. 20, 1837, Marsha Walbridge, born in Vt., daughter of Selah Walbridge, who came to Erie Co. in 1827. She is a inember of the Baptist Church. Mr. Devore owns 125 acres of improved land, (Aie of the finest grain farms in the county, located on the Ridge road. He also does a large business in his general collection and loan office. He is a generous, upright man, who during the late war contributed liberally to the support of the Union army. He is a representative man of this section; in politics, he is a Republican. THOS. J. DEVORE, farmer, P. O. East Springfield, was born on the farm he now occupies in Springfield "rownship, Erie Co., Penn.. Sept. 6, 1827. thirteenth child of John and Elizabeth Devore, natives of Bedford Co., Penn., and a brother of Perry Devore (see his sketch). Our subject had fine educational advantages for his day. He married, Feb. 24, 1864, Emily C, daughter of Zacariah Thomas, an early settler and prominent man in this township, in which his daughter was born. To Mr. and Mrs. Devore has been born 1 daughter — Louisa E. Mr. Devore owns about 200 acres of improved land, and a fine residence near the village of East Springfield, besides other property. He has served as County Treasurer 1 term. He raises a large amount of grain, and buys and feeds stock extensively. HOSEA DeWOLF, farmer, P. O. East Springfield, was born at Luzerne, Washington Co., N. Y., Aug. 26, 1808, sonof Steven and Diobery DeWolf, who emigrated to Erie Co., Penn., in 1819. reared 6 children, only Hosea and a sister now surviving. Steven DeWolf was a son of a soldier of the war of 1776. He was a prominent farmer, and a professor of religion. His wife departed this life in 1840, he following her in the year 1842. Our subject was united in marriage, in 1836, with Eleanor Taylor, a native of Hadley, N. Y., and a daughter of John and Orella Taylor, who settled in this county in 1824. This union was blessed with 5 children, only 1 surviving — Louisa. Mr. DeWolf is the ownerof 78 acres of well improved land, a part of which was his father's old homestead. Politically, he is a Democrat. JOHN EAGLEY, farmer, P. O. North Springfield, was born on his present farm in [>pringfie}d Township, Erie- C'o., Fepn., PeC; 7, 1805. second spn of 4bralaarR ,and C^atb^r SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP. 155 ine Eagley, natives of Dauphin Co., Penn., who came to Erie Co., Penn., in Oct., 1803, taking up 335 acres of land, which he and his sons cleared and improved, and which is now one of the best farms here. He reared a family of 8 children, 4 now living. His wife died Dec. 26, 1842, aged seventy years and twenty-one days. He departed this life June 8, 1851, aged seventy-eight years two months and four days. He was a prominent farmer, hold- ing several township offices. Our subject's educational advantages were limited to what could be obtained in a new country. He was united in marriage, in 1842, with lantha May, of Kin^sville, Ohio, who departed this life June 21, 1851. On March 3, 1852, Mr. Eagley married Nancy F. Anderson, a native of Crawford Co., Penn. This union has been blessed with one son, John, born April 2. 1854. Mrs. Eagley is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Eagley's grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and was in active service during the Jersey campaign of 1776 and 1777. Our subject owns 280 acres of well-improved land, part of which was his father's homestead. He is a Re publican in politics; was elected County Auditor in 184S, and has filled various township offices. ABRAHAM EAGLEY, farmer. P. O. North Springfield, was born in Springfield Town- ship. Erie Co., Penn., April 8, 1809, sixth child of Abraham and Catherine Eag- ley, natives of Penn., who came to this county from Dauphin Co., Penn., in 1808, and settled on 325 acres^of land, part of which he cleared and gave to four of his sons. He had a family of 8 children, 4 deceased. Mr. Eagley, Sr., was a prominent farmer, and held some of the township offices. His wife departed this life Dec. 26, 1842; he died in June, 1851, aged seventy-eight years. Our subject was united in marriage, Nov. 14, 1843, with Sarah A. Gerred, a native of Vt., by whom he had 3 children— Henry C, Catherine, and Eunice, wife of Henry Weis. Mrs. Eagley departed this life Nov. 4, 1850. Mr. Eag- ley was again married, Jan. 9, 18.58, to Christiana S. Smith, a native of Ohio. This union was bles Warden was formed, and the business carried on in a warehouse on the Atlantic and P. & E. roads. Their present establish- ment, 20x100 feet, is situated on Crooked street; 60 feet will shortly be added to its length. The firm do a large trade in hay, straw, wool, butter and all kinds of produce. Mr. Smith was married in this county in 1858, to Maria Sherwood, a native of this county. Our sub- ject served one term as Burgess of this city, and is an active business man; is now Jury Commissioner. HAWLEY G. SMITH, grocer, Union City, is a son of Alpheus and Cynthia (Osborn) Smith, natives of Oneida and Herkimer Cos., N. Y., respectively, and was born in the former county in 1840. At the a2;e of seven, he came with his parents to this county, where he was reared on a farm, fn 1863, Hawley entered the naval service, serving be- fore the mast. He rose to the command of the merchant vessel "Highland Chief." He followed the sea 8 years, visiting various foreign countries. In 1871, he returned to this county, and opened a glass and crockery establishment in 1871, which he disposed of the following year. He then was engaged as salesman for houses in Erie, N. Y. and Penn. In 1881, he opened his present place of business. Mr. Smith was married in this county in 1875 to Roxanna Green, of Chautauqua Co., N. Y. Our subject is a member of the M. E. Church. He is a mason, having taken all the degrees in a Blue Lodge, Chapter, Coun- cil and Commandery, an I. O- O. F., Encampment, subordinate, and a Knight of Honor, and a Royal Templar, in all of which orders he is in good standing. He has been a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity for 12 years. J. W. SPROUL, attorney, Union City, was born in Summerhill Township, Crawford Co., Penn., in 1849, son of John and Jane (Woods) Sproul, both of Scotch-Irish descent. John Sproul entered land, and was a distinguished pioneer of Crawford Co., where he resided till the close of life. His widow, now in her seventieth year, resides on the home- stead. Five of their children are living — Catherine, William, Mary, Jennie and J. W. Our subject acquired his education in the State Normal School atEdinboro, Erie Co., and his mercantile knowledge with Bryant & Stratton, Meadville. He then, for a year, engaged in teaching school,. He entered the Allegheny College at Meadville. Penn., in 1870, and the following year read law with H. L. Richmond & Son, of Meadville. Nov., 1873, he was admitted to the bar, and the same year began practicing his profession in that city. In 1874, he settled in Union City, Penn., where he has since been practicing. He has t^yice been a delegate to the Republican State Convention, and is at present serving as City Attorney. Mr. Sproul was united in marriage in 1874, in this county, with Ida, daughter of Ezra Cooper, of this city. They are both members of the M. E. Church. PERRY G. STRANAHAN, farmer and stock-raiser, Union City, is a grandson of John Stranahan, a native of Scituate, R. I., born in 1737, and died March 23, 1798. In 180 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Sept., 1763, previous to the Revolution, be married Lucj' Buck and settled in Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. He was a man of intelligence and wealth, and lived to see his numerous family settled and prosperous. Gibson J. Stranahan, the father of our subject, was born in Canaan, Columbia Co.. N. Y., in 1786. He married Miss Dolly Devendorf, of Herkimer Co., N. Y., in 1807. He was a resident of Herkimer Co. for many years, and there followed the occupation of a farmer. In 1836, he, with his family, came West, and settled in what is now Concord Township, Erie Co., Peun. He entered a large tract of land, and imported 450 line-wool sheep. He became one of the largest stock-raisers of Erie Co. He died in 1869. His wife was born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., and died at the residence of our subject in 1862 or 1863. aged seventy-three years. She was a daughter of John Devendorf, a native of Herkimer Co., N. Y., where he was born May 28, 1764, and died March 4, 1813. He was one of the wealthiest farmers in his county. The parents of our subject- had the followinc: children: Daniel Y., a prominent physician, who died in "Warren, Penn., in 1874; Hon. John D., a farmer; James, a farmer; Perry G. ; Franklin B., a farmer; and Margaret E., wife of William A. Mead, a surveyor and farmer of Youngsville, Penn. Perry G. Stranahan, the subject of this sketch, whose portrait appears elsewhere in this volume," was born in Herkimer Co., N. Y., on the 12th of July, 1820. He devoted his early life to work on the farm and in teaching school, winters. In 1843, he was married to Miss Louisa, only daughter of P. K. Webber, of Columbus, Warren Co., Penn., who was one of the earliest pioneers of that place, and cut away the pines wiiere the village now stands. He and his estimable wife, Annie, reside with Mr. Stranahan, and have reached the respective ages of eighty-one and seventy-nine years. Mr. Stranahan studied law with Horace Hawes, of Erie, who was afterward appointed U. S. Consul to the Society Islands. On account of failing health, Mr. Stranahan was compelled to abandon the law. He then came to Le Breuf, bought a farm on French Creek, built and kept the Moravian Hotel for a number of years. In i859, when the P. & E. and A. & G. W. Railways were being budt, Mr. Stranahan saw the opportunity for advancement and purchased nearly all of the old Miles estate, consisting of several hundred acres of land, upon which a large part of the borough of Union City is now built. He immediately laid it out in village lots, established a real estate agency, and in connection with farming and stock-raising amassed considerable means, and became one of the enterprising and solid men of Union City. He was always foremost in any enterprise which promised the advancement of Union City. He was liberal with his means, and assisted the worthy in building up industries of the place. He lost large sums of money in the stave and barrel works of Union City, and as one of the projectors of the Union & Titusville Railroad he lost thousands of dollars. His name was a tower of financial strength, but the great losses sustained in these calamities almost over- whelmed him. In 1871 , he, with others, started the Casement Savings Bank, which did a successful business until 1778, when it succumbed to the general depression of business. A large credit had been loaned the bank, and the obligations could not be met. It may be said to the credit of Mr. Stranahan that he turned over his individual property, and the bank matters were honorably and satisfactorily settled, and without a law suit. He was the onlv man in the community that helped in the erection of the A. & G. W. Ry. ; and with this corporation he has been largely and prominently identified. Mr.Strauahan has held town and county offices, and is now in the autumn years of his life, and occupies his time in farming and stock-raising, his attention being mostly directed to Percheron horse- breeding, in which be has been very successful. In his intercourse he is pleasing, benevo- lent and cheerful, and inflects the philanthropy which is an innate characteristic of the man. He is happiest when doing good, and always has the interest of the city and local- ity at heart. He makes friends without attempting so to do; is bold and outspoken in his likes and dislikes, and never has a malicious feeling toward an enemy. A self-made man, he has earned the fruitage of his years by his own industry and perseverance; his integrity has never been impeached. He has been blessed with children, viz., Sarah M., wife of L. S. Clough, a large lumber dealer; Ellen, wife of E. G. Stranahan, of Cleveland, Ohio; Maggie L., wife of A. F. Bole, a prominent lawyer of Corry, Penn.; Belle L., youngest daughter; and William P., book-keeper, an adopted son, though as dear to Mr. and Mrs. Stranahan as their own children, as he has lived with them since he was a child, and has thus unconsciously, by his uprightness, made himself as one of their own children. A. H. SUMMERTOX, dece\ised, was born Oct. 28, 1815, in N. Y., and married. Aug. 25, 1840, to Amanda M. French, of Warren, Penn., by whom he had 1 son, Thomas, who died at the age of 3 years, and 1 daughter, Ellen, wife of Wm. Blanchard, of Union City, Penn., and mother of 4 children— Eva Belle, Gertrude, Charlie and Lottie, the first 2 of whom are dead. They adopted James H., now a resident of Tex. Mrs. Summerton died May 11, 1857. Mr. Summerton came from Ithaca, N. Y.; w-as one of the pioneer mer- chants, and built the first store in Warren, Penn. In 1853, he came to Union City, bring- ing a stock of goods, and opened in mercantile trade; also did a prosperous milling bus- iness. Mr. Summerton purchased and laid out in lots the tract on the southern boundaries of this city, called Brooklyn, now the most populous and wealthy portion of the Union. He w^as ever ready to assist public and private enterprises conducive to the public good; gave largely toward advancing church and educational interests. He donated the lot on UNION TOWNSHIP. 181 which the Catholic Church is built. Mr. Summerton married, for his second wife, Amanda M., daughter of James and Rhoda Brooks, pioneers of Chautauqua Co., who settled here in 1855; had a family of 11 children, and died at a ripe old age. Mr. and Mrs. 8ummerton adopted 1 daughter, Jennie B., who still resides with Mrs. Summerton in this city. By Mr. Summerton's death, Sept. 14, 1864, Union lost an estimable citizen and a public ben- efactor. A. C. TAYLOR, farmer, P. O. Union City, was born in Cuba, Allegany Co., N. Y., in 1834, son of Chauncy and Rachael Taylor, both natives of Mass. Chaunc}^ died in March, 1883, aged eighty-two years. Our subject went from his native county to the oil regions, and sunk the first well at Rixford, McKean Co., Penn., also at Tarport and Saw- yer. Two years later he disposed of his interest and purchased his present farm of 80 acres, where he has since made his home. Though comparatively a stranger, he has a neat, well-kept farm, and shows an active enterprising spirit. He was married, in his native county, in 1855, to Mary Dewey, who was born in Allegany Co., N. Y., and died leaving 3 children, viz., Willis A., Henry B. and Fred A. Mr. Taylor then married Lena Hibner, a native of Cuba, N. Y., Sept., 1873. He has filled various township offices, and the family attend the M. E. Church. ANDREW THOMPSON, farmer. P. O. Union City, is a grandson of Andrew and Martha Thompson, who were among the pioneers of 1778 to Union Township. Andrew purchased 200 acres of the Holland Land Co., which has remained a homestead to his de- scendants. He engaged in milling, and died in 1823. John, the father of our subject, was reared on the farm, and marri,ed Sarah Bracken, of Washington Co., Penn. The children now living born to this union are William, Andrew and James. Andrew was born on the homestead in 1813, and married, in 1833, Sarah Smith, who died in 1843, leaving 3 children — Lovina, wife of Levi Proctor; James S.; and Jane S., wife of T. Watson. He then married Sarah Berry, of this county, who died in 1857. Three children born to this union survive, viz.: Louis B. ; Emma A., wife of C. M. Terrell; and William B. Mr. Thompson's 3d marriage was with Lydia Boyce, of Washington Co., N. Y. , by whom he has had 2 chil- dren — Lucretia, wife of Edward Wise, and Charles J. Mr. Thompson served as Assessor and Collector manj^ years, also as Justice of the Peace. He is a consistent member of the Presbyterian Church — a member of the session. The family are among the old and es- teemed pioneers. JOHN W. THOMPSON, farmer, P. O. Drake's Mills, Crawford Co.. was born in Union Township Nov. 9, 1826, son of Joel and Mary (Mulvin) Thompson, and grandson of Abel Thompson, who settled in Union Township in 1797, locating on the farm now owned by Andrew Agnew, which he cleared and improved. He came from Fayette Co., Penn., though a native of N. J., of English descent. Mary Mulvin, wife of Joel, was a daughter of Wm. Mulvin, an early settler of Le Bceuf Township, and a native of Ireland. Joel was thrice married; his first wife was Margaret Smith, by whom he had 1 child, Nancy, now Mrs. Daniel Bunting. His second wife was Mary Mulvin, by whom he had 8 children — Will- iam, Margaret (deceased), Samuel, Jane J. (wife of David Coe), Caleb (deceased), JohnW., Lucilla (deceased, wife of Thomas J. Wilson) and Charles (died of diarrha?a contracted in the army); and his third wife was Elizabeth Wilson, who now survives him. Joel died Aug. 21. 1868, at the age of eighty-foiu-, and his wife Mary, mother of our subject, died Dec, 1868, at the age of sixty-six. The subject of this sketch was married, Dec. 25, 1855, to Mary J., daughter of Job and Mary (Annis)Tobey, by whom he has had 8 children— Dud- ley (deceased), Mary (wife of Orson P. Scott), Frederick, Abraham L., Gertrude N., Sam- uel G., William (deceased) and Cassius. Mr. Thompson was raised on a farm, and has al- ways followed that occupation. He located in Venango Township, Crawford Co., Penn., in 1871, where he has since resided. He was drafted during the war of the rebellion, and went out in Co. F, 163d Penn. Regt., and after 8 months' service was honorably discharged on account of disability. In politics, Mr. Thompson is a stanch Republican. Both he and his wife are members of the Baptist Church. J. S. THOMPSON, druggist. Union City, is a native of Union Township, born on the homestead of his ancestors in 1838, son of Andrew and Sarah (Smith) Thompson. He comes of a pioneer family; his great-grandfather, Andrew Thompson, was of Scotch-Irish extraction, but the time he located in the colonies is not known. Our subject was reared on a farm, remaining until twenty-four years of age, when he engaged as a salesman in the hardware trade. In 1869, the firm of Thompson & Wilkins was formed in the drug trade, continuing until 1871, when Mr. Thompson purchased Wilkins' interest, since which he has conducted the business alone. This is the oldest drug house in the city, and has a large, well-established trade. Mr. Thompson carries a complete stock of drugs, stationery, toilet articles, etc. Our subject married. May, 1864, Josephine, daughter of John K. Smith, of this county, and a member of a pioneer family of Wattsburg. Two children have blessed this union, viz., HarleyS. and J. Herbert. Mr. Thompson is a member of the Presbyterian Church; also ot the I. O. O. F. and K. of H. He is an active business man. and has a well-established reputation. THERESIA WAGER, proprietress of Union City Brewery, which establishment is managed by John and Michael, sons of Protasius and our subject, all natives of Germany. 182 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: The fami]}' came to America in 18G5, locating in Steuben Co., N. Y., and came to this county soon after. Mr. Wager purchased a brewery in Corry, which he operated 2 j^ears; then farmed in Tiffin, Ohio, until 187'3. Returning to this county, he erected a small brew- ery on the site of the present building, which he conducted until his death in 1875. His sons rebuilt the editice in 1881. The main building is 27x50, with ice-house attached 30x30, and 16 feet high, of frume and brick. The bottling house is 16x24. The brewery is run by steam, has all the modern improvements, and has a capacity of over 500 barrels. Their business exceeding this amount last j'ear, they w^ere taxed .f 100 more. It is built on one of the most beautiful locations in the vicinity, and has a spring of w^ater from which they use 15 or 20 barrels per day. John, the oldest son, born in Wittenberg, Germany, May 26, 1847, married in 1876 Caroline Stiefel, a native of same place. Their children now living are Amelia, Louis, Julius, John and Charles. His brothers and sisters are Josephine, Cornelia, Francis, Gebhardt, Michael, Hubert and Eupheamia. WILLIAM WARDEN, of Smith & Warden, produce dealers, Union City, is a native of Ashtabula Co., Ohio, born April, 1839, a son of Jonathan and Mary (Lovell) Warden, na- tives of England, who emigrated to this country in 1832, and w^ere pioneers of this county. Jonathan was a wagon-maker by trade, but farmed after coming to Crawford, Penn. He settled in this township in 1855, lived on a farm 2 years and then moved to Union City, where he died in 1864. Six of the 9 children born to this union are now living, viz., Jona- than, Elizabeth, Joseph, Thomas, Amelia and William. Our subject was reared on the home- stead until seventeen years of age, when he entered the store of Woods & Johnson as a salesman. In 1862, he secured a position in the office of the Atlantic R. R. Co., upon the opening of that line. After 2 years he returned to his former position, and in 1865 was admitted a partner under the lirm name of Woods, Johnson & Co., which ran 2 years, when Woods & Johnson sold out to C. W. Dabnej'; then it was Dabney «fc Warden 2 years, w'hen J. F. Laubender was admitted to the firm and then was Dabnej', Warden & Laubender till Jan. 17, 1879, when Warden sold out; then in Sept., 1879, thefirm of Smith & Warden w-as formed. Mr. Warden married in this county, in 1876, Ellen M. Gibbs, a na- tive of Chautauqua Co., N. Y. In 1878, he was elected to fill an unexpired term in the City Council, and was re-elected in 1880, and again in 1883, and he is still serving. Mr. Warden was also Assessor 3 j'ears. then re-elected in 1882. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and is one of the active, enterprising merchants of this community. DAVID WILSON, farmer, P. O. Union City, one of Erie Co.'s olde'st native residents, was born on the homestead in Union Township March 30, 1812, a son of Hugh Wilson, who was born Oct. 16, 1773, at Gray Abbey, Co. Down, Ireland, landing at Wilmington, Del., in 1792. Two j'ears later he joined Gen. Washington on his way to quell the whisky re- bellion at Pittsburgh. He was married to Hannah Frampton, born July 22. 1774, at Kis- hacoquillas, 3Iifflin Co., Penn. Mr. Wilson settled in Erie Co.. legally acquiring 200 acres from :Le Holland Land Co., and 400 acres of State lands. In 1798, he brought his wife 200 miles through the wilderness to her new home in Union Township. She was the mother of the first white child born in this township. They were the parents of 9 chil- dren, three now living — Nathaniel, married to Catherine Wethington, residing in Madison Co., Ohio; David; and Rachel, wife of John Smiley, this county. ]^rs. Wilson died Feb., 1852, aged seventy-eight. Soon after locating here, Mr. Wilson was commissioned Jus- tice of the Peace of the entire southeastern portions of Erie Co. He resigned in 1817. He helped to protect the building of Perry's fleet at Erie in 1813. He joined the Presby- terian Church under Amos Chase in 1820. Mr. Wilson was a well-read man, and died in the summer of 1851. Our subject, reared in the wilderness, with no advantages of educa- tion, began to study siu'vcying. In 1838, he obtained a practical knowledge of his profes- sion as axman witli the surveyors of the P. 202 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: in the following engagements: Lawrence Plantation, siege of Suffolk, Morris Island, S. C, Augusta, Fla., Drury's Bluff, Va., Cold Harbor, sieges of Richmond, Petersburg, Fort Fisher, N. C. This regiment made a brilliant record; at Cold Harbor it lost 300 men in 30 minutes, losing every non-commissioned officer. Our subject was one of the picked band of 100 men who were led by Gen. Foster, and captured a fort on an island in the siege of Suffolk. They killed 100 of the enemj", and took 400 prisoners. They were dis- charged in N. Y. City July, 1865. After his return, Mr. Whitney engaged in lumbering 1 year, in the grocery business 1 year, then farmed li j'ears in Illinois, and a year in Iowa. He was united in marriage, July 29, 1876, with Alice Johnston, of Bremer Co., Iowa, by whom he had 3 children — William, Warren and Edgar. Mr. and Mrs. Whitney went to Chautauqua Co., N. Y., in 1877, and in 1880 came to Erie Co., where they bought their farm of 81 acres. He is a Democrat in politics; a member of the G. A. R. He is an in- dustrious, energetic business man. ALFRED D. WIARD, farmer, and Justice of the Peace, P. O. Philipsville, was born Dec. 2, 1852, on the place he now occupies. His father, Stephen D. Wiard, a native of Chautauqua Co., N. Y., married Abigail Bently, of Rensselaer Co., N. Y., and came to this township in 1851; they were the parents of 2 children — Alfred D. and Mary M. Mr. Wiard died April 28, 1875. He was a soldier in the 102d Penn. Regt., served in the Army of the Potomac; discharged May 16, 1865. His widow resides with her son. Our subject was reared and educated in Venango Township. He married, Sept. 10, 1871, Sophia Chapin, born Jime 18, 1850, daughter of Norman Chapin. They are the parents of 1 son — Uriah D. Squire Wiard supports the Republican party. In Feb., 1882, he was elected Justice of the Peace in Venango Township, which office he has discharged creditably to himself, and to the satisfaction of others. He is a man of strict integrity, firm principles, and enjoys the confidence of the community. His wife is a member of the M. E. Church. BURTON P. WIARD, farmer, P.O. Philipsville, was born March 2, 1835, in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., son of LuciusP. and Mercy (Allen) Wiard, natives of Conn., and Rensselaer Co., N. Y., respectively. Thej' moved to Chautauqua Co. in 1831, and to Venango Township, Erie Co., Penn., in 1852, where they lived imtil their death. Mrs. Wiard died March 1867, Mr. Wiard in April, 1876. They left 4 children — George A., Stephen D. (deceased). Burton P. and Mrs. Minerva Brace. Our subject was united in marriage, Dec. 31, 1857, with Diana E. Butler, and has 1 son, Willie B., who is married to Eva U. Holmes. Mrs. Wiard died Jan. 8, 1865, when he married Lucy Jane Patterson Sept. 2, 1867; she was born Sept. 5. 1835, and is a daughter of Joseph and Alice Patterson. They settled on the Wiard home- stead, and have a place of 106 acres. IVIr. Wiard is a Republican in politics; he and his wife are members of the M. E. Church and of the Patrons of Husbandry. He is a man of strict intearitv and has much influence for good in the community. PHILEfUS H. YOST, farmer, P. O. Lowville, was born Sept. 2, 1839, in Venango Township; his father, William Yost, was also born in this township, being a son of John Yost, who came here from Luzerne Co., Penn., in an early day. William Yost married Ann Metcalf ; 5 of their children are now living, viz. : Mrs. Reed in Iowa; James H. ; Phil- etusH.; Mrs. Philena Rogers, of Portland, Ore., and Mrs. Amelia Stockton, of Humboldt, Neb. Mrs. Yost departed this life Nov. 4, 1868, and Mr. Yost March 12, 1873. Our sub- ject attended the schools of the home district and the Academy at Lowville. He was united in marriage. Sept, 24. 1862, with Laura Burnham. Their children now living are Arthur, Clark and Clayton. Mr. Yost is an industrious farmer; by his enterprise and good man- agement, he has acquired 400 acres of land. He is a member of the F. & A. M. ; has been a life-long supporter of the Republican party. JOHiSf YOUNG, farmer, P. O. LomcII, was born May 28, 1824, in Venango Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of Alcinous Young, a native of Vermont, who came to this county in a very early day. and was'^a-preacher in the M. E. Church. He married Mary, daughter of John Yost, whose family originally came from Susquehanna Co., Penn.; she was one of the earliest born citizens of this township. A. Young departed this life in Iowa City about 1876. Our subject was united in marriage Jan. 8, 1868. He had previously lived with an uncle. Mr. and Mrs. Young settled on their present farm, consisting of 186 acres, in 1871, and owned l)esides another tract of 50 acres in this township. They are the parents of 1 son — Daniel. Mr. and Mrs. Young are members of the M. E. Church; the former has been a life-long Republican, and is an energetic, successful farmer. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 203 WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. JOHN W. ANDERSON, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born iu Lewis Co., N. Y., April 12, 1828, a son of Elijah and Susanna (Williams) Anderson. Elijah was a son of Jo- seph and Hannah (Packard) Anderson, formerly of Mass. He, with his wife, came to this section of the country in 1838, first locating at Rockdale, Crawford Co., Penn., thence moved to Venango Township, where they both died. Our subject moved with his par- ents to Crawford Co., where he remained until 1863, when he moved to this township, where he has since resided. He was married, on April 4, 1852, to Mary Ette, daughter of Jared and Polly (Burr) Anderson, of Wis. Six children have been born to this marriage — Delos, married to Nettie Bates, lives in this township; EllaO., wife of Warren Perry, lives in Edinboro; Adella, wife of Delos Darrow, lives in Denver, Colo.; Rosell, married to Ella McGahen, lives in Dakota; Frank, married to Libby Wetsell, lives in this township, and Etta. Mr. and Mrs. Anderson are members of the Adventist Church. NATHANIEL C. AUSTIN, retired, Edinboro, was born in Chenango Co., N. Y., Sept. 25, 1811, a son of Seymour and Mary (Chapman) Austin, natives of Berkshire Co., Mass., and Washington Co., N. Y. respectively, who settled in this township in 1833. Our subject came with his parents, and Feb. 12, 1835, married Nancy A., daughter of Lot and Jemima (Garwood) Lewis, of Meadville, Penn., by whom he had six children, viz.: Wm. v., who served three years in the late rebellion; Emeline, wife of Robt. R. Burchfield, who enlisted in 1863, and died in prison at Florence, S. C, Jan 8, 1865, and left tliree children, two daughters and a son — Chas. S., who is now Justice of the Peace, elected in Feb., 1881, when only twenty-three years Of age; Edgar H., who enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. B, 145th P. V. I., and participated in the battles at Autietam, Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania, Chancellorsville, Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Petersburg and Gettysburg; he received a very severe wound in th*e head at Deep Bottom, Va., and in the thigh at Petersburg, and was honorably discharged May 31, 1865; he married, Feb. 13, 1866, Rachel S., daughter of Jacob B. Everett, of Welland Co., Canada; Sarah, Mary and Teresa, deceased. Mr. Aus- tin began life as a carpenter, which occupation he followed until 1881, when he retired. He has in all probability erected two-thirds of the principal buildings in Edinboro and vicinity. He has filled various township offices, and was Burgess of Edinboro two terms. CHARLES W. AUSTIN, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in McKean Township,. May 27, 1843, a son of William and Elizabeth (Osborne) Austin, natives of England, who settled in McKean Township in 1843. He was married, June 3, 1863, to Maryett, daugh- ter of Joseph and PhcKbe (Fish) Haggerty, by wiiom he has had one child — Elanson B. Mrs. Austin departed this life April 6."l879; Mr. Austin was in the late war, enhstingAug. 30, 1862. He participated in the battles of Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, Wilderness, Gettysburg, Cold Harbor, and in other important engagements. He was wounded at Gettysburg, and also at Grove Church, near Richmond; was discharged on account of dis- ability, July, 1865. QUINCY BIGGERS, livery, Edinboro, was born in Cambridge, Crawford Co., Penn., April 22, 1851, a son of Wm. P. and Sophia (Bishop) Biggers. Wm. P. was born in Le Bceuf Township, his father was one of the first settlers of that township; he spent most of his life in his native township, though was a resident of Crawford Co. a few years; he died in 1880, aged sixty-four years. He was the father of three children— Quincy, the only one now living. He was married March 17, 1877, to Jennie, daughter of Wm. and Elizabeth (Pinney) Towey, of Edinboro. Mr. Biggers has been engaged in the livery business since 1880. CHAS. BILLINGS, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., Aug. 23, 1823, a son of Ezekiel and Dimmis (Menross) Billings, who settled in this township in 1835, both natives of Vt. Our subject has been twice married, first on March 2, 1849, to Amanda, daughter of John Mallory, an early settler of this county. Two children were born to this union— Cyrus and Hulda (both deceased). His second marriage occurred on May 2, 1854, to Elizabeth Marble, widow of Warren Marble and daughter of Andrew and Isabella (Smith) Proudfit, who settled in Franklin Township in 1833. Four children blessed this union — Vernon B.; married Jennie Irish and has two children — Wilber and an infant; Frank T. married Marj' Mills, and also has two children — Inez and an infant; Archie H. and Hugh C. Mr. Billingshas lived on his present farm thirty-seven years, and is a repre- sentative farmer of his township. He has never sought or held an office. He is a mem- ber of the Christian Church; politically, he is a Republican. WM. W. CAMPBELL, farmer, P.O. Edinboro, was born in Washington Township, Erie Co., Penn., May 18, 1825, and is a son of Wm. and Hannah (Isherwood) Campbell, 204 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: who had six children, viz. : Elizabeth (deceased), James (deceased), Jane, residing in Erie; Francis, a resident of Kansas; John (deceased), and W. W. Our subject lives on the old homestead; he was united in marriage at Waterford, July 1, 1852, with Laviuia L., daugh- ter of William and Rebecca (Ishervvood) Waterhouse, of Le Ba?uf Township. The Isher- woods were early settlers of that township. To Mr. and Mrs. Campbell have been born >en children, six surviving, viz. : Alice, George, Effie, William, Grant and Lizzie. Alice married Lester Frow, and lives in the eastern part of the township. Mr. Campbell has served one term as Trustee of the State Normal School of Edinboro, and has been elected to the office of School Director of his township two terms. He and his wife have been members of the Presbvterian Church twenty-three years. He is a Republican in politico. CHARLES A. CRANDALL, merchant, P. O., McLane, was born in McKean Town- ship, Feb. 18, 1845, a son of Thomas and Lucy (Harrison) Crandall, who settled in McKean Township in 1840. Thomas was a son of Peleg Crandall, formerly from Northern N. Y. He had eight children— George W., Vigil L. (deceased), Charles A., Thomas H., Betsey A., Flora A., William C. and John X. (deceased). George W. and Vigil L. were soldiers in the late rebellion, enlisting in 1863, in Co. B. 145th P. V. L. the latter died of disease con- tracted in the army after three months' service. The former was wounded at Gettysburg, July, 1863, and honorabl}^ discharged on account of disability. Charles A. was united in marriage, Sept. 24, 1867, with Martha E., daughter of James C. Graham, of Mill Creek Township, and has one child— Thomas H. Mr. Crandall has been a resident of this town- ship eleven years, and has kept a store at McLane for the past six years. ANDREW CULBERTSON, farmer. P. O. McLallen's Corners, was born in Washing- ton Township, Erie Co., Penu., Oct. 22, 1821, a son of John and Mary (McClenathan) Culbertson, who settled here in 1799. John took up 400 acres of land, but his title was not perfect, and it was claimed Ijy a party named Fisher. The matter was settled 1)y Mr. Culbertson taking a deed of 150 acres. He had twelve children— six deceased, viz.: Robert A.. William D., Stephen, John, Lucina and Sylvester. The living are: Sarah, wife of William Clemmens, a resident of Crawford Co.; Jean, wife of Dow Allen, of Fairview; Mary A., wife of Charles Skinner, residing in Waterford; Susanna, wife of Sherwood Mc- Lallen, living in this township; James, married to Susan Mitchell, of Waterford, and Andrew. Our subject married, March 5, 1844, Fanny, daughter of Joseph and Tyler (Crossett) Giles, who settled in this township in 1818." One child, Annette, blessed this union; she is now the wife of Milo Adams of Oil City, and has two children— Fannie and Forest. Mr. Culbertson and wife are members of the Christian Church. He owns 256 acres of land, including the homestead farm. The Culbertsons are from Lancaster Co., Penn He has been School Director two terms. He is politically a Republican. EDWIN G. CULBERTSON, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born May 11. 1843, at Edinboro, Erie Co., Penn., and is a son of Augustus and Clarissa (Harrison) Culbertson. Augustus Culbertson was the first white male child born in this township, a son of William Culbertson, who came here in 1797, who was the first settler, and built the first grist and saw mill in this township. To this union were born six children, the surviving members residing at Edinboro— Harrison (deceased),Lewis, Johnson who enlisted in 1863 in the 211th Penn. Regt., and was honorably discharged at the clo.se of the w\ar; Porter enlisted in 1861, in the 83d Penu. Regt., was wounded before Richmond, and taken prisoner (after eleven months' confinement he was discharged, in 1863, and re-enlisted in the navy, serving till the close of the war); Emily and Edwin G. Our subject when but seventeen years old, enlisted, April, 1861, in the three months' service, in Col. McLane's Regiment. He re-en- listed Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. B. 145th P. V. I., and participated in the battles of Antietam. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Wilderness and in other engagements. On May 3, 1863, he was taken prisoner at the battle of Chancel- lorsville, and taken to Richmond, where he remained fifteen days, when he was exchanged and returned to his regiment at Coffee Hill. He was honorably discharged, near Alexan- dria, Va., May 31, 1865. He was Burgess of Edinboro in 1872, and is now a member of the Council. He married at Edinboro, March 24, 1868, Ella H., daughter of Joseph and Celestia (Calkins) Towns. Mr. and Mrs. Culbertson are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Republican in politics. WILLIAM W. DAVIS, farmer. P. O. McLallen's Corners, was born in this township on July 28, 1842. a son of Daniel and Polly (McLallen) Davis. Daniel's father was Zopher Davis, who settled in this township in 1816, coming from Vt. ; was the father of nine chil- dren, viz., Polly (now living, aged ninety-three), Lois, Daniel, Beulah, Dura, Phila, Abso- lom T., William and Sarah. Eight of the eleven children born to Daniel are surviving, viz., Zopher, Polly, Robert, Philena, George, Van Buren, Asenath and William W. Our sub- ject was united in marriage, April 11, 1867, with Emily, daughter of Alva and Rhoda (Wilson) Brownell, who were formerly of Jefferson Co., N. Y.. but have resided in Water- ford and Washington Townships, this county, since 1858. Mr. Davis was in the late war, enlisting in the navy Aug. 13, 1864, and was honorably discharged Julv 26, 1865. HAZARD P. DIRHAM, farmer, P. O. Edinboro. was born at Cambridge, Crawford Co., Penn., Jan. 23, 1827, a son of James and Mary (Fullerton) Dirham. James was a son of Richard Dirham, a native of Delaware who settled in Crawford Co. in 1790, locating la WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 205 Beaver Township, where he lived until 1808, when he moved to Rockdale Township, on French Creek, and in 1826 went to Cambridge Township, where he lived the remainder of his life. He was the father of ninechildren, viz., Hannah, Sarah, Polly, Elizabeth, James, Mary A., Jane, Hazard P. and Angeline. He departed this life March, 1864, aged eighty- five. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage, Oct. 25, 1848, with Hannah E., daughter of Ira and Amret (Case) Nichols, of Rockdale, Crawford Co., by whom he has had live children — Oscar H., Almar N., James W., Marvin W. and ArthurL. Mr. Dirham has resided in this township since 1869. He and his wife are members of the Baptist Church. He is a Democrat, politically. JOHN FELLOWS, farmer, P. O. McLane, was born in Livingston County, N. Y.. May 29, 1826, a son of William and Deborah (Fuller) Fellows, who settled in this township in 1H41. William had nine children— Guelma S. (deceased), Caroline, William A., Allif E., John, Mary M., Lucy, Charles and George. William, Sr., died Dec. 14, 1865. John, the subject of this sketch, was married, Feb. 11, 1858, to Elizabeth, daughter of William and Rebecca (Ore) Lander, who settled in this township in 1833. By this union there were four children, viz., Ida J., William C. (deceased) Frank F. and John B. Ida J. married Winfield McLallen. Mr. Fellows is a member of the Adventist Church. He has lived on his present farm since 1848. He has never sought or held an office. Is a Democrat, in politics. DEWITT C. GARDNER, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in this township, Feb. 19, 1835. a son of Nathaniel and Rhoda (Hammond) Gardner, who settled in this township in 1822, and were the parents of twelve children, seven now living — Olive, Nathaniel, John, Arnold, Hammond. Marcellus and Dewitt C. Our subject was united in mar- riage on Jan. 1, 1854, with Mariette, daughter of Alva and Dury (Davis) Gardner; he had five children, three now living, viz., Ada, Charlie and Harry. Ada married Roscoe Eth- eridge and has one child— Clare. Mr. and Mrs. Gardner have been members of the Christian Church for the last seven years. He resides on the old homestead, on which his father settled. DANIEL C. GIBSON (deceased), was born in this township July 10, 1820, a son of Jesse and Rachel (Daniels) Gibson. Jesse was of Quaker parentage, a native of Bucks Count}", Penn., and a son of William and Ann (Smith) Gibson, of Virginia. He settled in this township in 1815, and for a time was Mail Agent between Erie and Meadville, the service being performed on horseback. Jesse and Rachel Gibson had eight children — David, now residing in Woodcock Township, Crawford Co.; Daniel C, deceased; Mary A., deceased; Elizabeth A., deceased; Jesse O. and Nathan R., twins, both deceased; Thomas S. and Aurora C, residents of this township. Our subject married Mariah, daugh- ter of Origin and Mary (Butler) Conant, by whom he had seven children: Mary E., wife of Marian M. Anderson; Vincent D., a dentist in Edinboro, Union City and Cambridge; Marillie, deceased; Martha, wife of H. J. Alward; Reed L., married to Rosa McBride; Perry A., practicing dentistry at Edinboro. Union City and Cambridge, also an attorney at law; and Emmet C., professor of Latin and Greek. Daniel C. Gibson departed this life Feb. 13, 1859, in his thirty-ninth year. His widow married J. M. Smith, of Iowa City, and now resides there. MARTIN GILLASPIE, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Marcellus, Onondaga Co., N. Y., April 30, 1820, and is a son of David aiid Agnes (Van Alstin) Gillaspie. Our subject settled in this township in 1841; his brother George came here two years prior to this. Our subject married Geoi-giana, a daughter of Joseph and Rebecca (Blackmore) Taylor, of Canada, natives of England. Seven children have been born to this marriage — Horace G., married Ida Belle, daughter of Marvin and Mary (Austin) McLallen; George H. ; David E., married Fannie, daughter of John and Ruemma (Sherrod) Godell; Martin S., Flora P. (deceased). John C. (deceased), and Sarah A., the wife of William N. McLal- len. Mr. Gillaspie has been School Director and Road Commissioner. He is politically a Republican. LAYTON B. GOODELL, retired, Edinboro, was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. ¥., Aug. 4, 1808, a son of Samuel and Delanj^ (Woodworth) Goodell, formerly of Washington Co., N. Y. Mr. Goodell settled in what is now Washington Township in 1832, locating four miles northwest of Edinboro, and at that time was two miles from his nearest neigh- bor. He cut a road through to his place, and stayed there until he had cleared twenty acres of land when he moved to Edinboro in Jan., 1836. He was a blacksmith by trade, and after leaving his farm, he pursued this occupation until 1870, when he retired. He owns and looks after his farm of fifty acres southwest of Edinboro. He has been twice married, first on October 9, 1828, to ]\Iaiy. daughter of Ezekiel and Lydia (Carpenter) Goodell. and had five children — Caroline, deceased; John W. married to Rhuhamah Sher- rod, lives in Edinboro; J. Adolphus, married Chlorinda Webster, lives at Mattoon, 111.; George, married Nancy Gleeten, a resident of Edinboro, as is also his siste Martha D., wife of A. E. Waters. The present Mrs. Goodell, v as Emily J., daughter of John A. Lewis of North Collins, Erie Co., N. Y. The}* were married Jan. 12, 1881. Mr. Goodell is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He has been Burgess of Edinboro several terms. In politics, he was alwaj's a Repul.)lican, until 1883, when he voted the Prohibition ticket 206 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES! WILLIAM B. GOODRICH, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was bora in Otsego Co.. N. Y., Jan. 10, 1822. a son of Calvin and Hopa (Hawkins) Goodrich, who settled in this township in 1838. Calvin was a son of Calvin and Alma (Fuller) Goodrich, who still survives aged eighty. Calvin R. departed this life Sept., 1873. Our subject was married, Feb. 24, 1848, to Mary A., daughter of William and Margaret (Lee) Piatt, natives of Ireland, who settled in this township in 1836, and have two children surviving — Sarah J., wife of Alius A. Clemens, of Crossingville, Penn., and Mrs. Goodrich. Mr. and Mrs. Goodrich have been the parents of six children, viz., Jennie, Carson, Preston, Rose, Maggie and Carrie. Of these, Jennie married Charles Porter, of this township, and has four children — Ernest, Mary, ^Villie and Gemella; Car.son married Etha Proudfit. and has two children — Margaret and an infant. Mr. and Mrs. Goodrich are members of the Presbyterian Church, and have lived on their present farm fifteen years. CALEB M. GREENFIELD, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Cayuga Co.. N. Y., Jan. 14, 1818, a son of Sherman and Nancy (Lick) Greenfield, who settled in this township May, 1832. The former was a son of James and Margaret (Philps) Greenfield, natives of Herkimer Co., N. Y. Sherman and wife were the parents of six children — Perliua (de- ceased), Caleb M., Charles, a resident of this township; Willard, in Girard; Caroline, wife of Solomon White, lives in Edinboro, and Maria, wife of William Fellows, of Franklin Township. Our subject was married, Oct. 19, 1839, to Polly, daughter of Daniel and Julia (Mittmoyer) Sherrod, of this township; he has had seven children, viz., Melissa, wife of Luke Hotchkiss, resides at Elk Creek; Daniel, married to Mary Lewis, lives in this township; Jasper and Alice (deceased); Leon and Lillie (twins) the former married to Celia Judd, lives in Elk Creek; and Cora, wife of Albert Wood, also resides in this township. The oldest son, Daniel, was in the late war, enlisting in 1864, and honorably discharged in 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Greenfield are members of the Methodist Church ; he lives on the homestead settled by his father. In 1883, there was a family gathering, when it was resolved that hereafter there should be an annual re-union of the Greenfield family. Our subject has served his township as Assessor twice, and Road Commissioner, one term of three j^ears. JAMES GROGER, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Wyoming Co., N. Y., Feb. 5, 1821; son of Richard and Cynthia (Perry) Grogcr. w^ho settled in this township in 1833. They had ten children — James, Jane, Jennett, Juliett. Armintha, Corintha, Richard, Cynta, Nelson and Charles. Our subject was married Jan. 17, 1869, to Maggie, daughter of Leman and Margaret (Gillespie) Oatman, early settlers of this township. By this mar- riage, there are seven children, viz., Charles, Lulu, Jakie, Jimmie, Helen, William and Mary. Mr. Groger owns and lives on the farm first settled by his parents; he is, in poli- tics, a Republican. HENRY HITT, farmer, P. O. McLane, was born at Peru. Clinton Co., N. Y., Feb. 9, 1817; a son of Stephen and Phebe (Stafford) Hitt, who located at McKean's Corners, Erie Co., in 1831, but, after nine months, came to this township, living three years on the farm now owned by Homer Compton, which they subsequently sold. Then, after a residence of five years on the property now occupied by Lee Ensign, moved to Granville, Ohio. Henry, our subject, was united in marriage Nov. 1, 1841, with Rosa, daughter of Aaron and Polly Sisson, of Otsego Co., N. Y. Three children blessed this union — Fanny, wife of Alenon Harrison, and the mother of six children — Blanche, Mary, Susan, Frank, Hen- ry D. and an infant; Florence, wife of a Mr. Crandall, of McKean Township, had twO' children — Lynn and Henry N. — and departed this life, aged twenty-eight; and Frank F.. who died aged seven years. Henry Hitt and his brother Heman are the only members of his father's family now residing in this county. He has lived on his present farm since 1838; he served as Postmaster of McLane about twentj'' years; he is, politically, a Republi- can. JOHN W. HOTCHKISS, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Richmond, Crawford Co., Penn., April 28. 1836, a son of Cornelius B. and Lucy (Webster) Hotchkiss. C-orne- lius B., a native of Connecticut, was a son of Luke and Lovin Hotchkiss, of New Haven, Conn. Luke's father was John Hotchkiss, who came from England before the Revolu- tionary war. Cornelius B. lived in Crawford Co., from 1821 to 1845. when he came to Washington Township, settling on the farm now owned by his son. The children born to him were Asenath, Ann L. and Henry W. (both deceased). Hopa L., William W., Luke W., John W. and Julia E. Mr. Hotchkiss departed this life June 8, 1871, aged seventj'- two; and his wife Oct. 14, 1868, aged sixty-seven. Our subject was united in marriage Jan. 1, 1857, with Sarah M. daughter of William and Betsey (Lick) Lamb, of Town- ville, Penn., by whom he has had two children — Henry W. and Rettie. Henry W. mar- ried Julia Pulling, and has one child — Jennie. Mr. Hotchkiss resides on the old homestead farm, on which his father settled in 1845. SIDNEY B. HOTCHKISS, A. M., M. D., Edinboro, was born May 25, 1841. in Craw- ford Co., Penn., a son of Henry and Esther Hotchkiss. His grandfather, Joel Hotch- kiss, settled in Crawford Co. in 1807. Dr. Hotchkiss was raised on a farm, attending school only winters, the usual lot of farmers' sons in those days. He attended the Normal School at Edinboro in 1862 and 1863, and afterward taught two years as Principal of Mosier- WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 207 town Academy. He then went to Allegheny College at Meadville, where he graduated after a four years' course ; he then registered as a student of Dr. William Gamble, of Mosier- town, and graduated in medicine and surgery at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York City in March, 1871. He commenced the practice of his profession at Edinboro in November of the same year; he is a successful physician and surgeon and enterprising citizen. JOHN KINTER, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Washington Township, Erie Co., Penn., Nov. 30, 1836, a son of Philip and Susanna (Gross) Kinter, who sctthid in what is now Franklin Township, in 1799, and about 1807-8came to Kinter Hill, in this township, taking up 1,100 acres of land, and were the parents of ten children, five now living — Kate, wife of Abraham Blyston, residing in Crawford County, Betsey, wife of Jacob Le Fever, a resident of Edinboro; Caroline, wife of Walton Kenyon, also living in Edinboro; Aman- da, wife of William Skinner, resides in the Northern part of the township, and John, our subject. Philip Kinter died in 1852, aged seventy-five years, his widow in 1869, aged eighty eight years. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage with Annie McLal- len, by whom he had two children, viz., Ellen, wife of Albert D. Stelle; Ida A., wife of Adel- bert Port. His second marriage was with Elvira Crow, March 28, 1854, by whom he had the following named children: Philip, married to Ellen McGahan; George A.; Annie, Will- iam, married to Lavonia Philp, and Edna A. Mr. Kinter lives on the old homestead, where he was born and reared ; he is an enterprising well-to-do farmer. JARIUS A. KINTER, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, son of Henry and Elizabeth (Blystone) Kinter, was born in Washington Township, Erie Co., Penn., Aug. 22, 1837; he was married Feb. 18, 1858, to Martha, daughter of Thomas and Mary (Gleeton) Ethridge, of this township. One child blessed this union — Zela, who married Xerxes Gross, of this township, and has one child — Paul V. Mr. Kinter was in the l^ate war, being drafted in 1865; he served three months, and was honorably discharged in June of the same year; his brother, Christian, was also in the service, enlisting at Edinboro, Aug. 6, 1861; he was wounded in the thigh at Malvern Hill, and taken prisoner; after remaining in Libby Prison a month, he was exchanged and discharged on account of disability in 1863. CHAS. KINTER. farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in this township, Aug. 26, 1844, a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Blystone) Kinter. Henry Kinter was born April 15, 1811, was a son of Philip Kinter, one of the first settlers in this township, and had tlae following children: Jairus, living on part of his father's farm; Christian, a resident of Iowa, and Mary, wife of John Fertig, residing in Dauphin Co., Penn. He departed this life, April 24, 1882. His widow dwells on the old homestead, with her son Charles. Our subject was united in marriage, July 7, 1870, with Alma, daughter of Frederick and Eveline (Trow) Sherwood. This union has been blessed with two children — Alfred L. and Frank B. GEORGE LANDER, farmer. P. 0. Waterford, was born in this township May 29. 1834, a son of Richard and Ann (Broade) Lander, who settled in this t )wnship in 1833, and were the parents of four children — George, Mary A., Elizabeth and Joseph. Mary A. mar- ried A. H. Potter, and lives in Waterford township, Elizabeth married James Duncan, Jo- seph man-ied Nettie Way. resides in Waterford. George, the subject of this sketch, was united in marriage June 25, 1859, with Emma, daughter of William and Ann(Clutterbook) Mayo, of England. Of the six children born to this union, three survive— Clara, Hattie- and Frank. His father, Richard Lander, is still living, aged seventy-six. He is a native of England. WILLIS LE SUER, farmer. P. O. Edinboro. was born in Otsego Co. N. Y., Nov. 29, 1824, a son of John and Nancy Potter LeSuer. He was united in marriage, Oct. 26, 1844, with Sarah, daughter of Aaron and Mary Sis^on, of Unadilla, N. Y. Three children were born to this union, viz.: John, married to Elva Francis, living in Edinboro; Charles, mar- ried to Jane Lockwood, residing in this township, and Fred. Mr. LeSuer settled on his present farm in the year 1853. Himself, wife and two eldest sons, with their wives, are members of the Christian Church. He is now serving his second term as Road Com- misioner. He is politically a Republican. HENRY LEWIS, Postmaster Edinboro, was born in Meadville, Penn., Dec. 9, 1832, a son of Jesse and Sarah (Campbell) Lewis, who settled in this town.ship in 1833. The former was a son of Lot and Jemima (Garwood) Lewis, who settled in Crawford Co. in 1797. The latter was a daughter of John and Mary (Laughery) Campbell. John Camp- bell was a son of Jane Campbell, who settled in this township in 1798. Jesse's children were Mary J., Henry, John R., Sarah J., James A., Harriet A., Martha A. and William W. Of these. John enlisted in the three months' service in a Vermont regiment, served his time, and returned to Vermont, re-enlisting in the 5th Vt. Regt., raising a company and going out as Captain. He lost his left arm in the battle of the Wilderness; July, 1864, was transferred to the Veteran Corps, with rank of Colonel; was transferred to the regular army as Major, and finally retired with the rank of Colonel, and is now residing at Atlanta, Ga. James served in the three months' service, re-enlisted in the same yeai (1861) in the 83d P. V. I., and was killed at the battle of Gettysburg, July 2. 1863. Henry, our subject, enlisted July, 1862. in Co. B, 145th Penn. Regt., and participated in the battles of Fredericks- burg. Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, where he lost his left arm, and was honorably dis- 208 BIOGEArHICAL SKETCHES: charged Dec. 22, 1863. He was twice married, first on Jan. 13, 1856, with Frances Fry. of Franklin Township, by whom he had one child — Mary F., widow of Daniel F. Delow, by whom she had one child — Flora W. His present wife, whom he married Aug., 1866, was Catharine A. Shreve, of Pleasantville. Mr. Lewis is a member of the Presbyterian Church. He has been Postmaster at Edinboro since 1865. SHELDON P. MATTESON, farmer, P. O. McLallen's Corners, was born in Erie Co., N. Y., Dec. 18, 1827, and is a .son of Reuben and Experience (Potter) Matteson, who set- tled in this count}" in 1840. Three of their six children are living, viz.: Asenath, wife of Stephen Wait, and resides in LeBa?uf : Sherman R., married Jane Nichols, and is a resi- dent of Michigan; and Sheldon P. Our subject has been twice married; first, on Oct. 8, 1848. to Esther, daughter of Elisha and Rhoda (Matteson) Dibble, by whom he had six children, three survivmg — Ardelia, wife of Alex Swails, residing in LeBoeuf; Alwilda, wife of William Briggs, lives in Cheboygan Co., Mich.; and Amelia, wife of Fred Clark, and resides in this township. Mr. Matteson's present wife was Delinda, daughterof Calvin and Lavinia (Reed) Woodard, to whom he was married Dec. 9. 1860. Two children have blessed this union — Emery S. and Emma. Mr. and Mrs. Matteson are members of the Christian Church. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812. JOAN McGAHEN (deceased), was a native of Canada, and was a son of John and Rachel McGahen, who resided near Toronto. Our subject settled in this township about 1815, and was united in marriage, in 1816, with Lydia, daughter of Peter and Catharine Kline, who settled here about 1800. Of the twelve children born to this union, the follow- ing survive: John; Kate, wife of Henry Smith; Susan, wife of Henry Gross; Silas, an old bachelor, resides on the homestead; Lydia, wife of Jeremiah Colvin; and Ezra, who mar- ried Clarissa, daughter of Philip and Betsey (Rogers) Kline; he has five children — Winfield. John, Clyde, Murney and Edith; his brother, John, who is also a bachelor, re- sides with him. Ezra was in the war of the rebellion, being drafted in 1862 in Co. F, 169th Penn. Reg.; was quartered opposite Yorktown, Va., and was honoral)ly discharged after nine months' service. The McGahens are all Republican in their politics. John Mc- Gahen, the subject of this sketch, departed this life in the vear 1839. ROBERT B. McCLAUGHRY, farmer, P. O. Edinboro". was born in Washington Co.. N. Y., Nov. 23, 1833, a son of Matthew M. and Martha (Beattie) McClaughry, who settled in this township in 1834. Matthew was a tanner b}- trade, and worked at that business some ten or twelve years, when he purchased a farm, which he carried on for a time, and followed mercantile business for twenty j'ears at Edinboro. He was the father of seven children, all deceased but Robert B. and Margaret E., wife of Prof. J. W. Cannon, residing at Sharon, Penn. He died in March, 1882, aged seventj'-three j-ears. Our'subject bought his present farm in 1861, and was married, Feb. 17, 1862, in Oakland, Livingston Co., N. Y.. to Mary, daughter of Rev. Pliuj^ and Julia A. (Caulkins) Twichell, by whom he has had three children — Morgan M., Robert G. and Samuel H. DAVIS McLALLEN, farmer, P. O. McLallen's Corners, was born Dec. 27. 1827, a son of William and Philena (Davis) McLalleu, who settled here about 1815, and were the parents of eleven children, viz., Davis, Charles, Tunis, Marvin, Zilpha., Lucinda, Norman, Asenath, William, Aurelia and Celestia. The subject of this sketch was married, Oct., 1849, to Lucina C, daughterof Daniel and Adeline (L-ons) Williams. They had seven children, five living: Harrison M., married Eva A. Hotchki.ss, and has five children— Min- nie M., Stella Z., Loretta, Abbie and Anna; Marvin T., married Deda Colvin. and has one child — Bertha; Frances A., wife of Durant Crow, has one child — Lee; Eva A., wife of Barney L. Crow, one child— Murney; and Clyde O. D. Mr. and Mrs. McLallen are mem- bers of the Christian Church. He secured the mail privileges at McLallen's Corners in 1869, being a special route from that point to Mill Village and return, and was its Post- master for twelve years. The year 1873, he erected a fine building which is now occupied as general store and post ofllce. ' CHARLES McLALLEN, farmer, P. O. McLallen's Corners, was born Nov. 19, 1829. a son of William and Philena (Davis) McLallen, and grandson of Robert McLallen, an early settler in this township. His grandfather, Zopher Davis, settled here in 1816. ]Mr. McLallen was united in marriage, April 8. 1852, with Betsy, daughter of Alfred and Re- lief (Carter) Trow, who settled in this township about 1836 or 1837. Nine ciiildren have been born to this union, six living — Winfield M., who married Ida Fellows, of this town- ship; Eugene, married to Eva Port; Horatio N., married to Phena Trask; Lillie. wife of Thomas C. Clafferty; Alta and Glennie. Mrs. McLallen has been a member of the Chris- tian Church upAvard of thirty years. Mr. McLallen owns the farm first settled by his gi'andfather, Zopher Davis. MARVIN McLALLEN, farmer, P. Q. McLallen's Corners, was born March 24, 1884, in this township. He is a son of William and Philena (Davis) McLallen. early settlers of this township. Our subject married, Oct. 31, 1855. Mary, daughterof William and Elizabeth (Osborn) Austin, who were natives of Devonshire, England, and settled in McKean Town- ship in 1871. Of the four children who blessed this union, two survive— William N. and Ida B. William N. married Sarah A., daughter of Martin and Georgiauna (Taylor) Gil- WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 209 laspie. of this township, who has borne him two children, viz., Mary N. and Bernice. Ida B. was married, Feb. 31, 1884, to Horace S., son of Martin and Georgianna Gillaspie. Mr. McLallen resides on the farm owned bj' his father, on which he settled in 1834. He has been School Director of this township one term, but has never been an office seeker, prefer- ring to let those who crave official honors have the positions. NORMAN T. McLALLEN, farmer, P. O. McLallen' s Corners, was born in Wash- ington Township, Erie Co., Penn., Oct. 31, 1840, a son of William and Philena (Davis) McLallen, early settlers of this township. Our subject was united in marriage, Nov. 2, 1862, with Jane, daughter of Robert and Jennie (Dodels) Morrison, who settled in this township about 1833-34. Three children have blessed this union— John B., Jane E. and Cora B. Mr. McLallen has a fine farm, under a high state of cultivation, comprising 213 acres of land, a part of which was originally settled by John Culbertson. He has served his township as Road Commissioner, School Director and Collector. He is a Republican in politics. ELIAS McWILLIAMS, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, son of John and Hannah (Campbell) McWilliams, was born Oct 30, 1813, on the farm in this township where he now resides. John was a native of Ireland, and one of the first settlers of this township, coming here about 1800. His wife was a daughter of Jean Campbell, a pioneer of Washington Town- ship, settling here in 1798. To this union were born eleven children, viz., James, Jane, William, Rhuanna, Elias, Nancy, John, Robert, Job, Hugh and Joseph. The sur- viving of this family are John, residing in Edinboro; Job, in Oshkosh, Wis.; Hugh, in Le Bceuf Township, and Jane and Ellas, in this township. Our subject was married in this township, July 35, 1844, to Hannah, daughter of Job and Nancy (Campbell) Reeder, by whom he has had five children, three surviving— Jerome J., married to Ella, daughter of William and Catherine (Krider) Long, of Washington Co., Penn., has two children- Milton E. and Bernice T., and is residing with his parents on the homestead. Hugh, a resident of Edinboro, and Joseph E., who is living in Eau Claire, Wis. Mr. and Mrs. Mc- Williams have been members of the Presbyterian Church upward of twenty-five years. . DANIEL F-. MILSPAW. retired, Edinboro, was born at Scipio, Cayuga Co., N. Y., Aug. 8, 1806, a son of Jeremiah and Margaret (Waggoner) Milspaw. The former was born at Schenectady, N. Y., and the latter, a daughter of George Waggoner, was a native of New Jersey. Mr. Milspaw located in this county about 1850, living on a farm two miles southwest of Edinboro until 1877, when he moved to the village, where he has since re- sided; he has been twice married, first to Charity, daughter of John and Eunice Merchant, of Chautauqua Co., N. Y. This occurred in 1831. Three children were born to this union, viz.: Ann, deceased; Austin, married Mary Woodward; and Freeman M., married Anna Culbertson, both reside in this township. On Sept. 1, 1870, Mr. Milspaw married Eliza- beth, widow of William McLallen, and daughter of Washington and Sarah (Green) Hal- sted. the former a son of Samuel Halsted, and a native of baratoga Co., N. Y., and the latter a daughter of Benjamin Green, a native of Rhode Island, who lived many years in Luzerne Co.. Penn.. where he died. Mrs. Milspaw is a member of the Methodist Church. He has been Road Commissioner. He is politically a Republican. FREEMAN M. MILLSPAW, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., Sept. 18, 1833, a son of Daniel F. and Charity (Merchant) Millspaw. He settled in this township in 1849, and was united in marriage. May 4, 1857, with Anna, daughter of William D. and Mary J. (Graham) Culbertson; the former was a son of John Culbertson, who settled in this township in the year 18i)0. The latter was born in this township, a daughter of James Graham, who was' a native of Ireland. Mr. Millspaw has two children, LMlie B., the wife of David B. Pulling, of this township, married Oct. 2, 1883, and Willie D. He has lived on his present farm twenty years, and has been School Director. JOHN MORRISON, farmer, P. O. Edinboro. was born in this township May 35, 1843, a sou of Robert and Jane (Dodds) Morrison. Robert Morrison was a native of Ireland, coming to Erie in 1833, and settling in this township in 1834. He was the father of eight children, six living: Ann, wife of Wm. Chase; Margaret, wife of Henry Austin; Jane, married to Norman T. McLallen; John; Walter, married Belva Ethridge; and James, who is Principal of the Girard High School. Robert Morrison departed this :ife in 1845; his widow still resides on the old homestead. The subject of this sketch was in the late re hellion, enlisting Sept. 11. 1864, in Co. H, 199th P.'V. I. He was wounded in both legs at the battle of Petersburg April 3, 1865, and was honorably discharged Oct. 11 of the same year. GILBERT O. PERRY, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in this township July 38, 1834, a son of Samuel and Parney (Crossett) Perry. Samuel was a native of Massachu- setts; settled in this township in 1817. The subject of this sketch was married, March 34, 1852, to Ann R., daughter of William and Sophia (Marvin) Curtis. Four children were born to this union— Elwin P., Willis F., Emma A. and Sophia J. Emma is the wife of James P. Philp. Mrs. Perry departed this life Aug. 10. 1879; she was an active member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Perr\' has held the position of School Director several years. In politics, he was formerly a Republican, but is now Independent, and states that he will vote for no man for President or Congress, who is not in favor of paying the Na- 14 210 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: tioual debt at once. He is in favor of greenbacks for our National money as against Na- tional bank shin-plaster money, and is an advocate of free trade as a principle, and no tariff for special parties as a National policy. ALONZO PERRY, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in tliis township March 18, 1827, a son of Samuel and Parnely (Crossett) Perry. Samuel was a son of Eli and Eunice (Hunt) Perry, and with his brother Samson settled in this township in 1817. He married Parnely, daughter of Israel and Martha (Hamilton) Crossett, all of Salem, Mass. By this marriage, there were twelve children, viz., Stillman H., Gilbert O., Sarah, Alonzo, Martha, Eleanor, Darius, Hamilton, Mary, Harriet J., Horatio (deceased) and Eunice. Horatio was in the late war, enlisting in 1861 in the three months' service in the 83d P. V. I. He served his time, and re-enlisted in same regiment in 1863, and was killed at the battle of Fredericks- burg the same year. Our subject was married, Feb. 20, 1849, to Eunice A., daughter of Horace and Flora (Taylor) Powers, and had four children, viz., Willis, deceased; Warren, married Ella O. Anderson, has one child — Orris W. ; Odella E., married Elbin A. Perry; and Lillie F., the wife of Clement L. Damoe. Mr. Perry resides on the farm settled by his father-in law, Horace Powers. RICHARD PHILP, farmer, P.O. Edinboro,wasbornin Cornwall,England,Feb. 24,1819, a son of John and Grace (Cullis) Philp. Our subject settled in Darlington, Ont., in 1843; coming to Washington Township in 1848, where he married. Oct. 17, 1850, Jane, daughter of James and Lydia (McLallen) Port, who were among the early settlers of this township. Five children were born to this union, viz., John (deceased), Emeline, James, Mary J. (de- ceased) and Lavonia (wife of Wm. Kinter). Mrs. Philp departed this life Feb. 18, 1879, aged fifty-seven. Mr. Philp joined the Methodist Church at the age of sixteen, and has been an active member since. He settled on the farm on which he now resides in 1853, coming into the woods, which he cleared. By industry, he has acquired a fine property, comprising 150 acres. WILLARD F. PIFER, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in this township, June 5, 1855, a son of Davis and Elizabeth (Kline) Pifer. Davis Pifer was a native of Lancaster Co., Penn., and settled in this township about 1815, first locating on the farm now owned by G. O Perry; then lived on the farm owned by Alonzo Perry, and finally settled on the farm now owned by his son Willard, which he cleared, as well as portions of the other farms. He died April, 1882, at the age of eighty-two; he was twice married, and the father of ten children, six now surviving — William, Carrie, Mary, Alma, John and Willard F. Oursub- ject was united in marriage Oct. 25, 1873, with Kate, daughter of Dryas and Eunice (Her- rick) Rockwell, of Crawford Co., Penn.; one child has blessed this union— Dora. Mrs. Pifer is a member of the Presbyterian Church. JAMES PORT, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Johnstown, N. Y., May 20, 1819, a son of James and Lydia (McLallen) Port. James Port was a native of Ireland; came to America when very young; he settled in this township in the year 1821, first clearing a farm of fifty acres, to which he added until he had acquired a farm of 170 acres ; he was the father of eleven children, viz., William, who is residing with his mother on the home- stead; James, Jr., Jane, Henry, John, Margaret, George, Israel, Lavina, Lydia A. and Irwin. Of the six who survive, all reside in this county but Israel, who is in Kansas. James, Jr., the subject of this sketch, was united in marriage Feb. 18, 1845, with Alice, daughter of Samuel and Laura (Gibbs) Jewett, early settlers of Waterford Township ; four children have blessed this union — Adella M., wife of Fernando F. McLallen; Adelbert J. married Ida Kinter; Irwin W. and Alfred E. Mr. Port has never held or sought office; he was a Democrat in politics until 1860, when he changed his views and voted for Abraham Lincoln for President, and has been a stanch Republican since; with the exception of the years which lie spent in Wisconsin — going in the spring of 1845, and returning in the fall of 1854 — Mr. Port has resided in this township, settling on his present farm in 1868. MARTIN H. PRATT, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Crawford County, May 28, 1829; a son of John and Lydia (Herrington) Pratt, who settled in Crawford County about 1810. Mr. Pratt came to this township in 1845, and has lived on his present farm since 1852, which was first settled by Alexander Hamilton. He was married on May 6, 1851, to Hettie A., daughter of James and Polly (Taylor) Reeder, and grand-daughter of Job Reeder, who settlecl in Washington Township in 1798. Seven children have been born to this union, viz.. Rose A., wife of W. H. McClure; Mary, wife of Edgar Hotchkiss; Winnie, Grace, Isaac, Emma and Martha. Mr. and Mrs. Pratt and the four eldest daugh- ters are members of the Presbyterian Church. JAMES REEDER (deceased), was born in Washington Township, Erie Co., Penn., Nov. 17, 1804; his father. Job Reeder, came from Central Pennsylvania and settled in Erie County in 1798, and March 10, 1800, married Nancy Campbell, by whom he had twelve children — Joseph, James, Polly, Dorothy, Jane, Mary, Job, Eleanor, John C, Samuel, Hannah and Moses. The subject of this sketch was married Nov. 9, 1825, to Polly, daugh- ter of Isaac and Hettie (Gay) Taylor, by whom he had twelve children, viz., James O., Job D., Isaac T., Isaac R., Hettie A., John T., Mary J., Flora L., Sally D., Fanny Q., Polly A. and Eleanor J.; of these the surviving are — Hettie, wife of Martin Pratt; Isaac R., married Sarah T., daughter of Joseph andTyle Giles, and has two children living*— Charles WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 211 J. and Anna G. ; Flora L., wife of Charles Dale, of Franklin; Polly A., wife of James Martin, of Newcastle, and Ella J. Mr. and Mrs. Reeder were members of the Presbyterian Church; the former died in 1860, as?ed fifty-six years, and the latter is still livin.a; at the ripe age of seventy-seven. Isaac, the only surviving son of this union, resides in Edin- boro, and is engaged in farming, and manufacturing wood and chain pumps ; he is a mem- ber of the Presbyterian Church, and is one of the leading enterprising citizens of Edinboro. SAMUEL G. REEDER, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Washington Township, Sept. 14, 1831, and is a son of Job and Nancy (Campbell) Reeder, who settled in this town- ship in 1798. Job was a son of Joseph Reeder, anative of BucksCo., Penn., Joseph was ason of Ciiarles Reeder, a native of England, who came to America in 1734, settling in Bucks Co., Penn., where he reared a family of fourteen children, twelve growing tomaTihood and womanhood, married, and had large families, who are scattered all over the Union. James Campbell, the maternal grandfather, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, was taken prisoner by the British, and after three months of hardship and suffering was ex- changed. The subject of this sketch married, Jan. 5, 1843, Lydia A., daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Gillespie) Graham, by whom he has had eight children, five living — George H., a merchant, residing at Big Rapids, Mich.; Job P., a farmer in Elk Creek Town.ship; James G., attorney-at-law, at Columbus, Neb.; Lizzie and Milton, living at home. George H. served in the late war, enlisting Aug. 1863, at the age of eighteen, in Co. B, 145th P. V. I., and participated in the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, and was discharged on account of disability in 1863. Samuel G. Reeder has served as County Auditor one term, and Trustee of the Normal School four terms. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church, and reside on a part of the old homestead farm, on which his father set- tled. A sister of Jane Campbell (mother of Nancy Campbell Reeder) married the grand- father of Abraham Lincoln, in Bucks Co., Penn., went to Virginia, and afterward to Ken- tucky. Her descendants, the Reeders, Campbells, Lewises and McWilliamses are therefore second cousins of the late President Lincoln. Mr. Reeder is politically a Republican. The Reeders, Taylors, McWilliamses, Campbells, Twichells, Clarks, Lewises and Austins, are the principal founders of the Northwestern Normal School at Edinboro. MOSES REEDER, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, born April 19, 1836, the youngest son of Job and Nancy (Campbell) Reeder, who settled in this township in 1798. Nancy Campbell was a daughter of Jane Campbell who settled in Washington Township in 1798 taking up land on her own responsibility, and enduring all the hardships of pioneer life. Moses, our subject, was married, Jan. 39, 1848 in Elk Creek Township, to Sally J., daughter of Burr L. and Julia (Pierce) Pulling. They came from Saratoga Co., N. Y., and settled in Erie Co. in 1835. By this union Ihere is one child— Estella M., born May 19, 1868. Mr. Reeder lived on the old homestead where he was born until 1869, when he sold out and purchased his present residence the same year. The farm comprises 175 acres, 165 under cultivation, the balance timber. Mr. Reeder was a Trustee of Normal School when organ- ized, and gave $1,000 toward the erection of the building. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. MARTIN, SCRAFFORD, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Guilderland, Albany Co., N. Y., February 11, 1823, a son of Charles and Hannah (Gray) Scraffordof that place. Charles was a son of George C. ScrafFord. Our subject settled in Washington Township in 1843. and was married Oct. 13, 1847, to Mary A., daughter of Henr}' R. and Harriet (Loomis) Terry. By this marriage are seven children — Sylvester, Eugene, Lester (married to Elnora Stelle, and has three children— Grace. Mable and Frank), Charles O., Alice I. Hattie H. and Horatio S. Mr. Scrafford has lived on his present farm since 1851. He has been Trustee of the Normal School nine years; is a member of the Presbyterian Church, as is also his wife. He is a Democrat in politics. His children, Charles 0. and Alice L are graduates of the Normal School. For a scries of years, Charles O. was Professor of Historv and Higher Mathematics in the State Normal School at Edinboro. ANDREW E. SHEROD, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in this town.ship, Sept. 3, 1837, a son of Michael and Fanny (Morris) Slierod, who were theparentsof six childrerrviz.: Andrew E., John residing in Dakota; Sylvester, who, during the late war, enlisted in Col. McLane's Regt., Co. D, 83d, P. V. I., and was killed in the seven days' fight at Gaines' Mill; Rheuanna, wife of John Goodell, living at Edinboro; Cordelia, wife of Derwin Rey- nolds, a resident of Elk Creek, and Lewis, who also served in the late war, enlisting in the same regiment and company as his Ijrother, and losing his life at Petersburg. Andrew E. lives on a part of the homestead of his grandfather, Daniel Sherod, who came from Susquehanna, Penn., and was the first settler in his section of this township, taking up 400 acres of land on what is now known as Sherod Hill. Here he killed 107 bears. '^ He was the father of twenty-one children. He died aged eighty-six, and Andrew E.,his mother and sister are now the only representatives of this "family living in this county. Andrew E. married, Feb. 13, 1853, Abigail, daughter of William and Abbie (Warren) Bartlett, and grand-daughter of Guil Warren, who, with his four sons, was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill during the Revolutionary war. To this union have been born the following children: Rheuanna C. (deceased); Cordelia L. wife of David Barnes, lives near Crossingville, Crawford Co., Penn.; Lewis S., Maggie B., Nellie E., Hattie V. and Will- iam A. Mr. Sherod is serving as Road Commissioner of his township. 212 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: BURNET M. SHERWOOD, farmer, Edinboro, was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., March 22, 1810, a son of John and Rosanna (Miller) Sherwood, who settled in this town- ship in 1816. They were formerly of New England. Burnet M. was married, Jan. 7, 1830, in this township, to Eliza, daughter of Edward and Mahala (Brownell) Briggs. Ed- ward Briggs .settled in this township in 1822, coming from Yates Co., N. Y. Mr. Sherwood had fourteen children, seven now living, viz.: Halsey, Alanson, Tunis, Lucian, Joseph R., Edward B., Francis W., who served in the war of the rebellion, enlisting Sept., 1862, in Co. F, 83d Penn. Regt., and was killed in the battle of Fredericksburg; Jennie, Burnet, Minnie, Burnhara (now living on the homestead farm): Parker F., Rose and Lillie. Mr. Sherwood lived on t'he old homestead settled by his father, until the year 1866, when he moved to Edinboro. where he has since resided. ALANSON SHERWOOD, manufacturer, Cambridgeboro, was born in this township, July 22, 1832; son of Burnet M. and Eliza (Briggs) Sherwood, and grandson of John Sher- wood, who settled in Washington Township in 1816. Alanson Sherwood was twice mar- ried; his first wife was Louisa, daughter of Hiram Johnson, of Edinboro, formerly of Maine, to whom he was married Nov., 1854. By this union there were three children- Ada (deceased), William and Eliza B. His second wife was Emma Johnson, a half-sister of his first wife, to whom he was married Sept., 1878. The issue of this marriage was one child — Mabel. Mr. Sherwood began the manufacture of shovel handles in Edinl)oro in 1853, and carried on business there until 1873, when he located in Cambridgeboro, and en- gaged in the same business on a larger scale, and in connection with that, in company with his father, engaged also in flour milling, planing mill and hmiber business, which partnership lasted until 1881, when the fathei-'sold his interest to three of his sons; they in turn sold to Thos. H. Agnew, the same year, and the business has been carried on suc- cessfully to the present time, under the firm name of Sherwood & Agnew. Mr. Sherwood is now Burgess of Cambridgeboro, serving his second term. In politics, he is a Republican. BURNHAM SHERWOOD, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in this township, Jan. 1, 1852, a son of Burnet M. and Eliza (Briggs) Sherwood, and grandson of John Sherwood, who settled in this township in 1816. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage, Jan. 13, 1875, with Helen, daughter of Jeremiah and Susan (Kepler) Hatfield, of Cam- bridge, Crawford Co., Penn., by whom he has two children, viz.: Peter and Ned. MARTIN S. SHERWOOD, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in this township, Sept. 16, 1838, a son of John, Jr., and Sally (Hammond) Sherwood, and grandson of John Siier- wood, Sr., who settled in this township in 1816. John, Jr., was twice married; his first wife being Sally Hammond, by whom he had seven children, of whom two are now living — Martin S. and Arabella, wife of Lewis Thomas, of Edinboro. His second wife was Mrs. Mary Black, by whom he had six children— Caroline, Charlotte, Clara, Kate, John, Abra- ham L. Martin S., the subject of this sketch, was united in marriage, Oct. 9, i860, with Harriet, daughter of Cyrus and Harriet (Atwater) Sherrod. Two children have blessed this marriage — Marritt M. and John M. Mr. Sherwood was in the late war, enlisting Sept. 8, 1862, in the 18th Penn. Cavalry. He participated in numerous engagements, was wounded twice, and honorably discharged at the close of the war. Marlon M., a brother, was also in the service, enlisting in the lUth Penn. Regt., was wounded a't the battle of Lookout Mountain, and died of his wounds Nov. 7, 1863. JAMES H. SHIELDS, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., May 19, 1824, a son of Henry and Lucina S. (Pulling) Shields, who settled in this township in 1836. The former was a native of New York, and a son of James Shields, a native of Ireland. The latter was a daughter of Zalmon and Molly (Olmsted) Pulling, who were formerly from Danbury, Conn. The children of Henry and Lucina were ]\Iar- garet, wife of Alfred Green, living in this township; Nehemiah, married to Mary Graham, also living here, and James H. James H. was united in marriage, January 1, 1849, with Martha, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Gillespie) Graham, of this township, though natives of Ireland. Henry, the father of James H. Shields, departed this life in 1858, aged fifty-seven ; his widow is still living (Dec. 1883) aged eighty years. Mr. and Mrs. Shields are members of the Methodist Church, which is located on their farm. JAMES C. SIPPS, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Washington Township, Erie Co., Penn., Dec. 12, 1844, and is a son of Benjamin and Polly (McGahen) Sipps, and grandson of Mathias Sipps, who located in this township for about twenty years, coming about 1798. Mathias reared a large family, which in 1818 he took with him on a flat- boat, built at Waterford, down French Creek, Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, settling in St. Louis, where many of his descendants still reside. Benjamin remained here, married and had eleven children ; the deceased are Asa, who served in the 81st Mich. V. I. during the late war, dying in Michigan of a disease contracted whilst in the army; Elizabeth, Lewis and Harriet; the living are Mary, wife of Joseph N. Stafford, who resides in this township; George and Mathias, in Michigan: Daniel, in Edinboro; Electa, wife of S. Gil- bert, residing in Michigan; Lavern, wife of Adolphus Davis, a resident of Oil City, and James C. Our subject has been twice married, first on July 4, 1866, to Lucina, daugh- ter of John and Harriet (Haggerty) Smith, the mother of one child— Eva; his second mar- riage was on Aug. 13, 1873, with Jennie Gleeten, widow of Russel Gleeten, by whom he has WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 213 had two children— Ella and Warren P. During the late war. Mr. Sipps enlisted, Aug. 18, 1862, in Co. D., 83d P. V. I., and participated in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville ; he was honorably discharged Aug. 30, 1865. DAVID T. SLOCUM, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., Nov. 33, 1818, a son of Stoddard and Nancy (Hamilton) Slocum, who settled in this town- ship in 1834. Stoddard, a son of Peleg and Hannah (Stoddard) Slocum, formerly of New- England, had the following children: Wanton J., David T. andNancy Jane. Our subject has been twice married; first to Anna, daughter of Joseph and Tyla (Crossett) Giles, who settled in this township in 1818. This union was blessed with one child— Elvitia D., dying Feb. 12, 1866, aged eighteen, His second marriage was on March 8, 1864, with Mary S., daughter of Samuel and Parna (Crossett) Perry. She is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Slocum has served as Townsuip Treasurer two years. He lives on the old homestead, on which his father settled in 1834. In politics, he is a Republican. CHARLES F. SWEET, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., July 26 1823, a son of George and Hannah (Van Ostrand) Sweet, who settled in Washington Township, July, 1833. George was a native of Saratoga Co., N. Y., and the son of Reuben and Keziah (Babcock) Sweet, natives of Rhode Island. Reuben served in the Rev- olutionary war, and was a son of Caleb Sweet, who lived to be one hundred years old. Reuben Sweet lived to be ninety years. George served in the war of 1812, and was the parent of fourteen children, seven surviving ; he married Hannah, daughter of Charles and Hannah (Turner) Van Ostrand Charles Van Ostrand lived eighty-nine years; his father lived to be ninety-seven years old. Of the children, George S. married Nancy Jane, daughter of David and Abigal Hopkins, of Elk Creek, and now resides in Illinois; Chancy married Beatta Bower, a native of Germany, is now dead; Norman a bachelor and resident of this township; Harriet M. married Charles Greenfield, since deceased; Charles F.; Ben- ^v.^v,v.... ship, „.->. ^_., _._,_^^ _ .. - -. and his wife Feb. 23, 1876, both aged eighty-six at their death, and are said to be the old- est couple interred in the Edinboro Cemetery. Charles F., the subject of this sketch was united in marriage Oct. 1, 1851, with Ann E., daughter of William and Louisa (Buckley) Allen, formerly of Orleans Co., N. Y., descended from Col. Ethan Allen of Revolutionary fame; the hero of Ticonderoga. Four children have been born to this union— Harriet L., married Samuel E. Fuller, of Venango Township, April 12, 1876, and has two children- Charles H. and Eugene E.; George W. married DoraE. Stelle, of Harbor Creek, and resides in Elk Creek Township; Mary A. and Frederick E. Mr. Sweet has served his township as Judge of Elections and Auditor. He is a Democrat in politics. The family of George Sweet saw hard times in the pioneer life. Their advantages for school and church were limited. . ^ . , ^ , , ^, ^ CORNELIUS T. SWIFT, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Litchfield Co., Conn., Oct. 5, 1832, a son of Julius and Laura (Shove) Swift, who settled in this townishipjn 1844. Cornelius T. settled here at the same time, and has been twice married, first in 1851, to Mary Stocker, of Herkimer Co., N. Y., who had one child that died in infancy. His second marriage occurred on Dec. 22, 1857, to Lauretta, daughter of Calvin and Hopa (Haw- kins) Goodrich. Nine children blessed this union— Mary and Chauncy, deceased; Wm. R.,Nirum C, John, Seymour, Ruby, Leonard V. and Jennie. Mr. and Mrs. Swift are mem- bers of the Adventist Church. GEORGE W. SWIFT, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Otsego Co., N. \., May 10, 1835, a son of Julius and Laura (Shove) Swift, who settled in this township in 1844. Julius was three times married, and reared a family of twenty-two children, all of whom are now living but four. He died in May, 1875, aged seventy-seven. The subject of this sketch was united in marriage. May 8, 1861, with Lucinda A., daughter of Capt. John C. and Sarah A. (Cook) Graham, of Summit Township, by whom he has eight children, viz., Georgianna, Minnie E., Rufus W., Carrie, Anna, Lizzie, Emma and Fred G. Mr. and Mrs. Swift are members of the Presbyterian Church of Edinboro, in which he has been Trustee for the past four years. , ,. ^ ISAAC R. TAYLOR, miller, P. O. Edinboro. was born Feb. 25. 1813, in Franklin Co., Mass., a son of Isaac and Hettie (Gay) Taylor, who settled in Washington Township in 1818. Isaac, Sr., was a son of Abram and Molly (Leland) Taylor. Molly was a daughter of Moses Leland, a prominent citizen of Worcester Co., Mass. Isaac, the father of our subject, settled one mile and a half southeast of of Edinboro, clearing most of the farm on which he located, and which he purchased from Andrew Culbertson, one of the first settlers of this township, where he resided until his death. May 11, 1849. He died, aged seventy-three years. Isaac R. lived on the homestead farm from the time he settled there with his fa- ther in 1818, until 1877, when he moved to Edinboro, where he has since resided. He mar- ried, Nov. 2, 1837, Eleanor, daughter of Job and Nancy (Campbell) Reeder, early settlers of Washington Township. Nine children were born to this union— Isaac N., John M., Verniece, Job, George, Oliver E., James B., Joseph and Effie A. Joseph now resides on the old homestead. Isaac R. Taylor is now engaged in milling, flour business, and is inter- 214 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: ested in the planiug mill and pump factoiy, besides attending to his farm. He was Jus- tice of the Peace in Washington Township from 1850 to 1860, and is now serving his third term in that office in Edinboro. He has been a member of the Presbyterian Church for about forty years, a Ruling Elder in the church upward of twenty years. His second son, John, enlisted in the late war Aug., 1862, in the 145th P. V. I., and was killed at the bat- tle of Gettysburg July 3, 1863. JOSEPH TAYLOR, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Washington Township, Erie Co., Penn., July 30, 1855, and is a son of Isaac R. and Eleanor (Reeder) Taylor. Our sub- ject was united in marriage, in this township, May 23, 1877, with Kate, daughter of Alex- ander and Catharine (Courtney) McCoy, by whom he has had two children, viz., Fred R. and Eleanor C. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor are members of the Presbyterian Church. He re- sides on the old homestead, settled by his grandfather, Isaac Taylor, in 1819. HENRY R. TERRY, physician and attorney at law, Edinboro, was born in Sanger- field, Oneida Co., N. Y., April 36, 1811, and is a son of Henry and Rebecca (Jewell) Terry. Henry, St., was a native of Connecticut. Our subject settled in what is now Edinboro in 1837, and S'hortly after began to practice medicine, being a graduate of the Jefferson Med- ical College of Philadelphia. He was admitted to the bar of Erie Co. about 1850, and since then has been admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the State and District and Circuit Courts of the U. S. Mr. Terry has been thrice married, his first wife was Harriet Loomis, of Madison Co., N. Y., by whom he had one child— Mary A., wife of Martin Scrafford, living in this township; his second wife was Elizabeth Tanner of this township, the mother of eight children, six now living— John, a resident of Kansas; Juliet, wife of John Walker, of Paw Paw, Mich.; Marilla, wife of John Sherrod, of Dakota; George; Emmet, attorney at law, of Illinois; Harriet, wife of Dr. B. E. Phelps of Corry, and Reed, married to Almira Blade and lives in this township. Mr. Terry married his present wife, Feb. 11, 1866, Mrs. Luciua M. Stevens, a daughter of Burnet M. and Eliza (Briggs) Sher- wood, early settlers of this township, and widow of Alpheus, a son of Daniel Stevens, also an early settler here, who lived on the farm now owned by Charles Drake— one child, Mary E., dying in 1863, crowned this union. Mr. Stevens departed this life in 1863. Mr. Terry has been Justice of the Peace for fifteen years. He was appointed to that office for life by Gov. Ritner, under the old constitution; that law was afterward repealed, and he was elected by the people for two terms. He is a Trustee of the Normal School. He is a Re- publican in politics. WILLIAM TORRY, retired farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Crawford Co., Penn., Oct. 2, 1816, a son of James and Margaret (Alexander) Torry, natives of Ireland, who came to America in 1796, locating in Loudon Co., Va., and in 1803, settled in what is now Ve- nango Township, Crawford Co., and were among the first settlers in that locality. James had ten children, but four of whom are living— Archibald, David, Mary and William. Our subject was married on Oct. 6, 1846, to EHzabeth, daughter of Elisha and Rachel Pinney, of McKean Township, formerly of Massachusetts. Three children have been born to this union, viz.: Jane E., wife of Quincy Biggers: Delphene R., wife of Thayer Robinson and has two children— Kittle and Leah; and Ella, wife of George Cole. Mr. Torry resided in Venango Township sixty-three years, and for four years has been a resident of Edinboro. His wife departed this life Jan. 6, 1883, aged sixty-one. She was a member of the Method- ist Church thirty-eight years. BENJAMIN TROW, farmer, P. O. McLallen's Corners, was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., March 31, 1838, a son of Alfred and Relief (Carter) Trow, who settled here about 1836-37, coming from Chautauqua Co., though formerly from Massachusetts. Alfred was a son of Benjamin and Rachel Trow, and the father of eight children, five deceased— Re lief, Lucy, Christina, Lester and Eveline. The living are: Benjamin, Otis, married to Anna Davis, and Betsy, wife of ("harles McLallen. Our subject was united in marriage, Nov. 34, 1850, with Lucina, daughter of Robert A. and Rachel (Holmes) Culbertson, by whom he has five children, viz.: Benjamin F., married to Mary E. Tjder of Erie; Abbie Arminta, wife of George Port, of this township; Lester A., married Alice Campbell of this township; Effie and Alfred. Mr. and Mrs. Trow are members of the Christian Church, in which he has been a Deacon fifteen years. He lives on his father's old homestead; has been School Director two terms; is a Republican in politics. EDWIN W. TWICHELL, merchant, Edinboro, was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., May 11, 1819; is a son of Evi Twichell, who settled in Erie Co. in 1833, and who was married in Athol, Mass., to Irene Whitney, by whom he had seven children— Charles W. (now re- siding on the homestead, two miles from Edinboro) Edwin W., Louisa V., Arathusa, Pierce, Enos M. and Lewis J. Our subject was married, Dec. 1, 1839, to Polly, daughter of Dyer and Phebe (Kellogg) Walker, of Washington Township. Two children blessed this union— Henry C. and Mary B., both residing in Edinboro. Henry C. during the late war enlisted Aug., 1861, in Co. B, 145th Penn. Regt., and participated in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Petersburg, Gettysburg and the Wilderness. He was Avounded at Gettysburg, and discharged near Alexandria, May 31, 1865. Edwin W. Twichell settled in Washington Township with his parents in 1832, and followed the trade of carpenter and joiner up to 1846, when he entered mercantile business, in which he WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 215 has continued up to the present tinae. He served two terms in the State Legislature; for twenty years has been Trustee of tlie Normal School, and was one of the main instigators in locating this school in Ediuhoro; and has held some local offices in his township almost continually for thirty-five years. He has been President of the Edinboro Savings Bank since 1876, when it was organized. In politics, he has always been a Kepublican. WILLIAM H. VAN DYKE, photographer, Edinboro, was born at Castile, Wyoming Co., N.Y., April 27, 1827, and is a son of Henry andNancy (Weller) Van Dyke, who settled in Crawford Co. in 1834. The latter was a daughter of William Weller, of Schenectady, formerly of Holland. The former was a son of Peter Van Dyke, of Germany, who lo- cated in Dutchess Co., N. Y., about 1795, subsequently moving: to Schenectady, where he died. Henry moved to Ashtabula, Ohio, about 1867, and departed this life July, 1879. The subject of this sketch came to Erie Co. in 1850, locating in Elk Creek, and engaging in farming, which he continued until 1870, when he came to Edinboro and bought out a pho- tograph gallery, which business he has since successfully conducted. He has been thrice married, first on Dec. 25, 1851, to Cynthia, daughter of Hiram and Elizabeth (Colton) Bradley, of Crossingville, Penn., by whom he had one child— Cynthia, who married Asa Sturtivant, and lives in Crawford Co. His second marriage, on Jan. 4, 1854, was with Jane, daughter of Reuben Tower, of Crossingville, Penn. Two children blessed this union- Inez, wife of Arthur Hopkins, and lives in Warren Co., Penn.; and Izora, wife of Ferdi- nand Hall, who resides at Chicago. Mr. Van Dyke was united Jan. 27, 1859, to his present wife, Alfreda, daughter of John Smith, of Chautauqua Co., N. Y., and six children have crowned this union, three living, viz., Lizzie (wife of Charles Lloyd, living in this county), Henry and Frank. Mr. Van Dyke, wife and son, Henry, are members of the Presbyte- rian Church. He has been a Trustee of the Normal School for the past nine years. He is a Republican politically. FRANCIS C. VUNK, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Charleston, N. Y., Nov. 18, 1818, and is a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Reese) Vunk. He was united in marriage in Cortland Co., N. Y., Feb., 1849, with Sarah J., daughter of Abram Carson, Esq. Two children were born to this union — Virene, wife of Dr. George F. Cole, residing at Lincoln- ville, Crawford Co., Penn.; and Henry, who resides with his parents. Mr. Vunk settled in this township in the year 1849. He has a farm of 150 acres under good cultivation, and is an enteiprising farmer and worthy citizen. JOHN.T. WADE, planing mill, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Welland Co., Ont., Aug. 10, 1844, a son of Wm. W. and Margaret (McDade) Wade. He came to this township in 1865, and worked in the planing mill of Wm. Lewis until 1876, when he, in company with his brother, Robert J., bought the planing mill and saw mill adjoining, and have since carried on the business. Mr. Wade was united in marriage Aug. 21, 1867, with Ida I., daughter of Wm. and Juliana (Walker) Lewis; the former born in Meadville, came to this township in 1839. Mr. and Mrs. Wade are the parents of five children, viz., Wm. W., Margaret M., Chas. T., Lillian J. and Ida E. They are both members of the Methodist Church. ASA WELLMAN, farmer, P. O. Edinboro, was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., Aug. 9, 1825, a son of William and Azubah (Benson) Wellman, who were formerly of Vermont. Wm. Wellman died in 1827, and his widow married Robt. S. McClenathan, and came to Washington Township, Erie Co., in 1837, bringing Asa with her. She died Nov. 2, 1873. Our subject was married, April 17, 1851, to Melissa S., daughter of Joseph and Tyla (Cross- ett) Giles, early settlers of this township, coming here in 1818, from Franklin Co., Mass., with an ox team, and were six weeks on the road. They located a half mile east of Edin- boro. They lived here till death. Tyla Giles died Nov. 17, 1844. Joseph Giles died June 10, 1859. Asa Wellman was the father of six children, all deceased but Melvin M., who married Lodema Baker, and Wm. A. Mr. and Mrs. Wellman have been members of the Presbyterian Church for eleven years, in which he has been a Ruling Elder for four years. He has been elected School Director of his township five terms, and has been Trustee of the State Normal School at Edinboro, fifteen years. In politics, he is a Republican. NATHANIEL WHITE, practical mechanic, and manufacturer and dealer in furni- ture and cabinet organs, was born in Moravia, Cayuga Co., N. Y., April 18, 1826, a son of John and Barbara (Greenfield) White. The former a native of Massachusetts, was a son of Nathaniel White, whose father, John White, came from England during the seven- teenth century, settling in Massachusetts. The father of our subject, with family, settled in Edinboro, Sept. 29, 1844; he was a practical mechanic, and manufactured scythe-snathes and grain cradles. His children were Benjamin (deceased), Esther (deceased), James, residing in Moravia, N. Y. ;Levi, in Michigan; John and Sophronia, residing in Ohio; Salmon, in Edinboro; and Nathaniel, the youngest and subject of this sketch. He married, Jan. 7, 1847, Fanny Taylor Powers, daughter of Horace and Flora (Taylor) Powers, who settled here in 1820, and were the parents of two children — Fannj' Taylor and Eunice A., wife of Alonzo Perry. To Mr. and Mrs. White have been given six children, viz. : Hor- ace (deceased), Olevia Lyola; Eunice, wife of John E. Torry, and living in Edinboro; Sarah Corrinna, wife of Theola K. Lewis, living in this township; E,sther Sophronia, wife of Evi B. Twichell, also of this township; and George, the youngest, and lives in Richmond, 216 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Ind. Our subject, with wife, is a member of the Second Advent Church. He has served as Trustee of State Normal School about fifteen years, and still holds that office. JOSEPH C. WILSON, physician and surgeon, Edinboro. was born at Meadville, Penn., Nov. 15, 1827, a son of John and Elizabeth (Himmelwright) Wilson, who settled there in 1827. The former, a son of Francis Wilson, was of Irish descent, and the latter was a native of Philadelphia. Joseph C, our subject, has been twice married, first to Margaret, daughter of Wynant, and Mary (Nodine) Stone, of New York, whom he married May 15, 1851, and had two children — Wynant S., married to Miss Nellie H. Mantland, of LeMars, Iowa; and Mary E., wife of Andrew McGill, of St. Paul, Minn. Dr. Wilson's present wife, was Mrs. Harriet E. Bates, daughter of Dr. Ezra and Laura (Worden) Day, of Saratoga Co., N. Y. By this marriage is a daughter — Annie Laurie. Dr. Wilson is a graduate of Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, receiving his diploma Feb. 22, 1851. He settled in Edinboro in 1856, and has been in active practice here since. WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. CHARLES W. S. ANDERSON. Justice of the Peace, Waterford, was born July 20, 1827, in Waterford, Penn., son of Willian and Nancy P. Anderson, natives of Northum- berland Co., and Erie Co., Penn., respective!}', latter a daughter of Capt. James Pollock, who came to Erie in 1800. William Anderson came to this county with his parents in 1802, had but few educational advantages and passed through all the hardships assof;iated with life in a new country. They were the parents of three children, two dying young. Our subject was the second child. William Anderson died in 1875, his wife preceded him in 1870. Charles W. S. Anderson was united in marriage May 15, 1853, with Miss Mary- etta, a native of Erie Co., and a daughter of Benjamin Leland. Seven children blessed this union, one dying in infancy. The living are: Virginia A., wife of B. D. McClure; Charles W. S., Jr.; Mary K., wife of L. B. Thompson; Harry R., Perry L. and Grace. Mrs. An- derson and daughters are members of the P. E. Church. Mr. Anderson owns ten acres of fine land, and several lots in the corporated limits of Waterford. With the exception of one year, he has served as Justice of the Peace since 1866. He is politically a Republican. JOHN T. BANKSON, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born Feb. 6, 1829, in Auburn, N. Y. He never saw his father, but was adopted by his mother's brother, Coonrod Baukson, and came with him to this county. Our subject was united in marriage, Oct. 20, 1852, with Elizabeth R. Strong, born March 23, 1833, in Erie Co., Penn., daughter of Chancy B. Strong, a native of New York State, who came to this county about 1881. He retired eight children, six now living. He was a carpenter by trade, but for over thirty years was an invalid. John T. Bankson and wife have had a family of four children, three now liv- ing — Emma G., born Sept. 6, 1854; died Sept. 12, 1865; Helen H., wife of Charles Bowen; Elliott R. and Wilber L. Mr. and Mrs. Bankson are members of the F. W. Baptist Church. The former, a prominent man in his section, owns fifty-seven acres of well-im- proved land. In politics is a Republican. GEORGE H. BARNETT, farmer, stock dealer and hay presser, P. O. Waterford,, was born Nov. 3, 1839, on the farm south of his present residence, in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of William Barnett, a native of Ireland, and an early settler of Erie Co. He raised a familj^ of five children (our subject being the second son), four now liv- ing. He died in 1873. G. H. Barnett married, July, 1864, Miss Emily Van Sise, a native of Waterford and daughter of B. W. Van Sise. This union has been blessed with two children— Jessie May and William R. Mr. Barnett is one of the principal raisers of Dur- ham stock in Erie Co. He has a fine herd of short-horn cattle of which he makes a "specialty, and a number of draught horses in which he takes great pride. He owns one of the finest stock farms in this section, consisting of 240 acres of well-improved land, a half mile from Waterford. He also deals extensivelj- in hay, and owns a hay press. He buys, presses and ships 2,000 tons of hay annually. He is also a prominent stock shipper of Erie County, having engaged in this business for over twenty years. Mr. Barnett is a member of the A. O. U. W. THEODORE W. BARTON, physician and surgeon, Waterford, Penn., was born in Weston, Windsor Co., Vt., July 22, 1834, son of Ira and Mary Barton, latter a native of Vermont. Ira Barton was born in Hoosick, N. "Y., TVIarch 24, 1706, and is a son of Timo- thy S. Barton, a native of Massachusetts, and a soldier of the Revolutionary war. Ira is a graduate of the Medical College at Castleton, Vt. He first practiced a few years in Western Vermont, then moved and practiced for five years in Massachusetts. In 1836, he came to Erie City, where he practiced four years, and finally to Waterford, where he fol- lowed his profession forty years. His brother Leonard, who had been a prominent man WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 217 and a Doctor several years in Waterford, died soon after bis arrival. Ira has three chil- dren now living: a son who is a dentist in Waverly, Iowa; a daughter, now the wife of W. L. Kelley, whose biography is in this work; and Theodore W., who obtained his med- ical education in Buffalo College. In 1862 our subject commenced to practice his pro- fession in Hartstown, Crawford Co., Penn., where he remained until 1865, when he moved to Waterford, Erie Co., Penn., and followed his profession in partnership with his father. The latter retired from active business in 1872, and his son has since continued alone. Dr. Barton is a universal favorite. He married, Oct. 4, 1864, Miss Emiline, daughterof Dr. James White, of Hartstown, Crawford Co., Penn. This union has been blessed with four children, three daughters and a son. Mrs. Barton is a member of the U. P. Church. Dr. Barton is a member of the firm of Barton & Kelley, druggists, wlio have the finest business stand in the city, under the Opera Hall. He is a member of the F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. societies. JEHIEL BOOTES, farmer and dairyman. P. O. Le Boeuf, Erie Co., was born Oct. 9, 1821, in Seneca Co., N. Y., son of Joseph Bootes, who died when he (Jehiel) was but six years old. Mr. Bootes came to Erie Co., Penn., in April, 1845, and settled where he still resides, in Waterford Township; he has been married twice, first to Miss Diana Newman in 1845; one child, Abraham C, blessed this union. Mrs. Bootes was a native of Steuben Co., N. Y., and died in 1848. Mr. Bootes married for his second wife, in 1850, Miss Mar- garite Port, a native of Erie Co., and a daughter of James Port, one of the early settlers of Erie Co. To them have been born a family of five daughters, all living— Sophrania E. (widow of E. Middleton), Emma A., Eva. J., Josephine, Jennie M. Mr. Bootes is a self-made man, and has educated himself and family in a highly creditable manner. His three oldest daughters have taught school to some extent. They all have attended the Academy at Waterford, the second daughter graduating at Edinboro. Eva J. graduated in music from Hillsdale College. Mich. Our subject owns 100 acres of well-improved land. He and his wife are members of the F. W. Baptist Church. He is a Republican in prin- ciple; a P. M. of the Grange; also a member of the I. O. O. F. CHARLES C. BOYD, Assistant Postmaster, Waterford, was born in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn., Sept. 16, 1808, son of John Boyd, a native of Maryland, who brought his wife and three children on horseback from Northumberland Co., Penn., in 1802. He raised a family of ten children, two of the three still surviving are residing in Erie Co., and one living in Titusville, Crawford Co., Penn. Mr. Boyd was a farmer, and served as Justice of the Peace for about thirty years, and County Commissioner for one terra. He died in 1854; his wife preceded him six years. Our subject is the fourth son of this family. His educational advantages were only such as a new country afforded; he was mar- ried in 1839 to Miss Louisa, daughter of Elijah Hitchcock, of New York State. This union not being blessed with children, Mr. and Mrs. Boyd adopted a baby girl, who is still living, with them. Mr. Boyd was one of the contractors, for about three jj-ears, when the first railroad was built through Erie Co. He has also engaged for about ten years in the mer- cantile business at Waterford, and farmed about the same length of time in the same township. He served as County Commissioner three years during the war, when the position was an important one, for arrangements had to be made, in order to pay bounties, that Erie Co. might keep to the front. He was found equal to the occasion, and retired from office with honor to himself and satisfaction to others. He is now acting as Assist- ant Postmaster. Mr. Boyd has been a strong supporter of the Republican party since the breaking out of the war. HARVEY BOYD, farmer and dealer in lumber, P. O. Waterford, was born Feb. 21, 1815, on his present farm in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn. He owns 200 acres of well-improved land near the village of Waterford, on which he has a sawmill, run by water, with a capacity of 3,000 feet per day. Politically he is a Republican. BENJAMIN BRIGGS, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Cortland Co., N. Y.. May 20, 1809. eldest son of Edward Brlggs, also a native of New York, whose father was a soldier of the Revolutionary war. Edward Briggs, who was a farmer, came to Erie Co. with his family in 1824. He raised ten children, six probably now living. He took con- siderable interest in church matters in the latter part of his life; died Oct. 8, 1870. Our subject married, March 20, 1834, Miss Sarah, sister of Wm. Davis. This union has been blessed with nine children, seven now living, viz.: Matilda, Almira, wife of John J. Wil- son; James P., a soldier in the late war, serving about six months and receiving an honor- able discharge at the close of the war; Lois M., wife of Frank Thomas; Eliza, wife of Barton Gardner; Edward and Harriet J., wife of Elmer Thomas. Mr. Briggs now owns 150 acres of well-improved land, which he has obtained by his own industry. In 1875, his barn was burned, and he sustained a loss of about $500. He is a member of the Ad- vent Church. In politics, an Independent. EDWIN BRIGGS, farmer and insurance agent, also local preacher, P. O. Waterford, Penn., was born in Stephentown, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., May 16, 1813; third son of Fran- cis and Betsey Briggs, natives of New York State, who had a family of nine children, five now living. Mr. Briggs was a prominent farmer; he took much interest in the Baptist Church. He died Nov. 26, 1844, aged sixty years; his widow died Jan. 21, 1867, :igcd 218 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: seventy-nine years. Our subject was united in marriage, April 19, 1843, with Miss Harriet H. Hill, born in Vermont, daughter of John and Laura Hill. This union has been blessed with eight children, viz. : John F., a soldier in the 145th P. V. I. (at the battle of Freder- icksburg he received a wound in the leg which never healed; he returned home after his discharge in 1863, and died March 12, 1868); Theron, was also a soldier in the same regi- ment, and after the battle of Spottsylvania he was reported missing, and has never since been heard from; Myron F.; Laura E.; Ellen L., wife of William Nesbitt; Charles C; Mary H., and Delia C, who died Dec. 19, 1870. Mr. Briggs is greatly interested in the M. E. Church, in which he has preached since his ordination in 1849, and to which his wife and children (excepting Myron F.) also belong. He owns 112 acres of well-improved land on which he settled when he came to this county in 1851. He is Independent in pol- itics, but never votes Democratic. SAMUEL G. BROTHERTON, banker, Waterford, was born in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn., March 14, 1817; son of Robert and Dorothea Brotherton, natives of Franklin County, Penn. Robert Brotherton, who was born Dec. 25, 1760, came to Erie County in 1797, and settled in Waterford Township, where he built the Brotherton Grist and Saw Mills; he reared a family of five children, of whom Samuel G. is the only one liv- ing; he was a prominent man in Ir'ittsburgh, and died Nov. 20, 1844. Our subject married Mary R., daughter of John Marvin, a prominent business man in Waterford and Erie County from 1826 to 1863. This union has been blessed with five children, viz., Henry W., in Denver, Colo.; Mary A., wife of W. E. Clark, of Union City; J. Rawle, an attorney at law; Blanche H. and Robert L., who is operating his father's saw-mill and factory, man- ufacturing butter tubs, etc. Mr. Brotherton formed a partnership in 1874, under the firm name of Benson & Brotherton. Theirs is the only bank in Waterford, and is doing a flourishing business. Our subject owns 300 acres of land, on which Waterford Station is erected. He is a sociable, influential gentleman. SAMUEL R. BRYANT, dentist, was born in Washington Co., N. Y., Jan. 22, 1837; son of A. C. Bryant, a native of Massachusetts, and a cousin of Wm. C. Bryant, the poet. A. C. Bryant came to Erie County from New York State with his family in 1847; he car- ried on the carriage making business in Waterford until his death, which occurred in 1863; his widow followed him in 1872. Our subj.ect, who is the youngest child, learned dentistry in 1868, and has since practiced the same in Waterford; he, however, is naturally an in- ventor, and has made a success as such. Dr. Brj'aut married, in 1874, Miss Alice G., daughter of David Boyd, one of the first settlers in the county. This union has been blessed with one child — Florence. Mrs. Bryant is a member of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Bryant met with reverses in the oil regions in 1865 and 1866, but since then has been gradually gaining financially, and has been successful in business; he is a very moral man, a strong advocate of prohibition. MATTHEW CAMPBELL, farmer, Waterford, was born in Crawford Co., Penn., Dec. 8, 1828; third son of James Campbell, a native of Pennsylvania, a tanner by trade, and a soldier of the war of 1812; he raised a family of eight children, four now living; he de- parted this life Jan. 8, 1846. Our subject came to Erie in 1853, and married, in 1856, Sarah, daughter of Thomas Moore, an old settler of Waterford, and now living. This union has been blessed with four children, viz., Martha E.; Benha J., wife of Marshal Hood; James M. and George W. Mrs. Campbell and two daughters are members of the U. P. Church. Mr. Campbell is a self-made man, having accumulated 130 acres of well-improved land, with good buildings, by hard work; he keeps a small dairy, and sends his milk to the Waterford cheese factory. Mr. Campbell is a member of the A. O. U. W. ; a true Repub- lican in politics. F. L. CLEMENS, physician and surgeon, Waterford, was born in Crawford Co., Penn., March 13, 1856, second child of A. A. Clemens, a native of Erie Co., Penn., who is now living with his wife in Crawford Co., Penn. Our subject obtained his education in the Crawford Co. schools and at Waterford Academy. In 1877, he commenced to study medicine with J. W. Bowman, M. D., Waterford, and graduated in the Jefferson Medical College, Phila- delphia, Penn., March, 1881. Since his graduation he has been successfullj^ following his profession in Waterford, where he enjoys the confidence and patronage of the general pub- lic. He is also a member of the firm of Clemens & Patten, successors of Bowman & Smith. They have a nice drug store, and do a good business. Although young. Dr. Clemens has a bright prospect before him. He is a member of Mt. Olivet Commandery No. 30, of Erie, also of the I. O. O. F., of Waterford. WILLIAM O. COLT, proprietor of bus line and livery stable, Waterford, was born Sept. 25, 1832, in the village of Waterford, Erie Co., Penn., son of Henry Colt, Jr., a na- tive of Pennsylvania, who carried on blacksmitliing and wagon-making in Waterford many years, and died about 1842. Our subject enlisted, April, 1861, in Company E., the old Erie regiment, and served three months. In July, 1861, he re-enlisted in the 83d P. V. I., and soon received the appointment of Second Lieutenant. This regiment was in the 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac, and was as distinguished as any during the war. Its first Colonel, McLane, was killed at Gaines' Mill; S. Vincent, its second Colonel, lost his life at Gettys- burg; then Col. O. S. Woodward took command; he lost a leg in the battle of the Wilder- WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 219 ness; after which the regiment was re-organized, and C. P. Rodgers was appointed Colonel, and our subject Lieutenant Colonel. He commanded the regiment at Hatcher's Run, and passed through all the battles in which his regiment engaged during the war, and filled everj^ rank from Second Lieutenant to Lieutenant Colonel. He had charge of the 16th Mich. Regt. at Boydtown Road, where he repulsed the enemy; he commanded the same regiment the day before the battle of Grand Forks. The chief in command of the corps knew Col. Colt was a man to be depended on, and placed him where there was the hardest fighting, and always found him equal to the occasion. He received a wound in his head at Malvern Hill, and at Bethesda Church was again wounded in the same place. He held the extreme right of the entire line, with the 16th Mich. Regt. ; at the battle of Five Forks repulsed three charges of the rebels, and captured a regiinent of the enemy's infant- ry. He returned home as Lieutenant Colonel, and was honorably discharged July, 1865, when he settled down as a peaceable citizen in Waterford. . J. L. COOK, builder and retired farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born Jan. 28, 1811, in Buffalo, N. Y., son of Robert and Lodima Cook, natives of New England. Robert Cook was accidentally shot in 1811, while sitting in a hotel in Buffalo. His widow moved to Chautauqua Co., N. Y., and bought a farm; she was subsequently married to Samuel Trusdel; she died in 1827. Our subject, until he was twelve years of age, remained Avith his mother; he then lived with a Capt. John Tracy one year, and was afterward ostler at H. G. Davice's hotel. Being an orphan, he was literally kicked from post to pillar, until he learnt the cabinet-making of John Boyd, at which he served five years. He married Belinda, daughter of John Boyd, and a sister of Charles E. Boyd, by whom he had follow- ing named children: Laura M., wife of John Brian; Ella, wife of D. V. Minor; Julia, wife of Dr. H. A. Spencer, of Erie, and Edwin; Lee died, aged nineteen, and Boyd when two years old. Mrs. Cook departed this life Sept. 1, 1877. Our subject kept the Cook's Hotel for about fifteen years; at the same time was engaged in the carpenter's and joiner's busi- ness, employing from three to five men most of the time. He was one of a company who constructed the Lake Shore Railroad from New York State line to North East, including the building of a bridge over Twenty -Mile Creek, 580 feet long and 300 feet high, and the railroad buildings at North East. He then engaged in building three miles of plank road from Waterford to Marvin's Mills; piers and abutments across the Wabash at Vincennes, Ind. ; graded about twelve miles on the O. & M. R. R., and about twenty on the N. M., in Maryland, and erected twenty buildings. He then returned to Waterford, bought the Eagle Hotel, which he conducted two years; then sold out and went to Cameron, Penn., and opened the " Biddle House," which he ran in connection with his trade for about four years. He then erected, himself, a large hotel, a block of buildings and a fine residence, which he presented to his daughter Laura. In fact, he built the greater part of the town of Emporium, and was probably worth at that time $180,000. But reverses came, and his buildings burned down, which were worth over $80,000. He then engaged in the hotel business in the oil regions; was burned out, and returned to Waterford, where he erected the Park Place Hotel, located in the beautiful park, in which he had set out most of the trees twenty years previously. Mr. Cook now owns a well-improved farm of about seventy acres. Though over seventy years old, he is a healthy, energetic man. He served as Commissioner in Cameron County, and as Postmaster for four years in Waterford. He is a Republican in politics. JOHN R. CROSS, farmer and stone mason, P. O. Waterford, was born Nov. 17, 1818, in County Tyrone, Ireland, and emigrated to this country in 1846, bringing his wife and five children. He worked at his trade, that of stone mason, to support his family and buy his farm. He married, in Ireland, Nov. 28, 1837, Miss Ann Hayse, a native of same place, who bore him nine children, five now living— Eliza A., wife of James D. Gourley; James H., a soldier in the late rebellion, serving his country three months; Richard, whose biography appears elsewhere in this work; Thomas D. and Alfred. Mr. Cross is one of the promi- nent farmers of Waterford. He owns 180 acres of well improved land, with nice build- ings on same, and makes his dairy a specialty. He and his wife are members of the M. E. Church . RICHARD CROSS, carpenter and farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn., April 26, 1848, son of John R. Cross, a native of Ireland, born in 1818, who came with his family to Erie in 1847. He reared five children, our subject be- ing third child, all now living. One son served three months in the late rebellion. Rich- ard Cross was united in marriage, inl878,withLillieRice, a native of Erie Co., and a daughter of William Rice. This union has been blessed with two children — Clyde D. and William L. Mr. Cross works principally at his trade, that of carpenter, and is well skilled. He is owner of thirty-five acres of improved land. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. ; politi- cally, is a Democrat. "WILLIAM DAVIS, retired farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Rutland Co., Vt., Nov. 27, 1812, son of Zophar Davis, a native of Long Island, and who came to Erie Co., , / Penn., with his family in 1816: aiid died June, 1858. He was a soldier of the war of 1813. / Our subject was the fourth son in the family. He married March 16, 1837, Miss Louisa, sister of Joseph Thomas, whose biography appears in this work. This union has been 220 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: blessed with eight children, seven now living, viz., Thomas M., Minor M., Stoton W., Montillo W., Oscar P., Anna M., wife of Otis Trow, and Louie L., wife of Harvey Clute. Mr._ Davis began with nothing, but by hard work has accumulated 100 acres of fine land, besides giving much to his children; each of his sons received $1,000 from him. He has held the office of Constable; has always been a Democrat. ELIPHALET G. DAVIS, cheese manufacturer, McLain, Erie Co., was born in New York Aug. 31, 1841, youngest child of Henry and Mary Davis, the former a native of New York State, the latter of Massachusetts. They reared a family of four children. Our sub- ject enlisted, in 1863, in Bat. A, 1st N. Y. Lt. Art., and served on the borders of Maryland. He was in the battle of Chambersburgh, Penn. After serving two years and ten months, he was honorably discharged in 1865. and returned home. Mr. Davis married, in 1866, Emily J. Burrows, a native of New York State. This union has been blessed with two children — Edith and Bertram. . Mr. Davis made cheese four seasons in New York State; came to Erie Co. in the fall of 1881, and worked the first season in the Draketown Cheese Factory, in Washington Township. In the spring of 1883, he was employed in the Sharp's Corners factor}-, located in Waterford Township, which he now operates alone. That the factory is well patronized is proved from the fact, that though running in competition with another factory of the same kind only half a mile distant, in one season, the first, the milk of 200 cows was consumed. Mr. Davis is a Democrat in politics; was a good soldier, and is a good citizen. F. F. FARRAR, retired, P. O. Waterford. The gentleman, whose name heads this biography, is not among the oldest settlers of Erie County, but one whose talents and abil- ity have prominently identified him in the business interests of the county. He is a native of Vermont, born Aug. 24, 1822; his father, Oliver, was a native of Massachusetts, and his mother, Polly, of New Hampshire. The father was engaged many years of his life in the milling business; was for several terms a member of the Legislature of Vermont, chosen by the Democrats; he also served the people of his resident county in Vermont as a Justice of the Peace. F. F., Franklin and A. W. are the only survivors of his thirteen children. Our subject was brought up in his father's mills and upon the farm. His educational advantages were good, being the common schools and the Hancock Academy in New Hampshire; he taught one successful term of school about the time of reaching his majority. In 1843, he removed to Waterford, this county, and with his brother, A. J., conducted a mercantile bus- iness until 1853, when he withdrew and engaged in farming and the hotel business at Forest Home, Erie Co., continuing nearly four years with good success; he then entered a partner- ship with L. Phelps in the grocery line at Waterford. In one year he sold out and engaged under the firm name of Gray & Farrar in the wholesale gi'ocery business at Erie with his usual good luck, up to 1867 or 1868, when he sold and turned his entire attention to the restoration of sulphuric acid at Pittsburgh, in which enterprise he had invested prior to this time ; he subsequently took the principal management of the branch business at Titus- ville and was very successful. At a period during his busy life, he was compelled to lay away his first consort, the mother of four children, three of whom are living, viz., Charles W., W. T. and Mrs. Minnie Arbuckle; he was again married to Mrs. Marj' Day, the result being Joe; his estimable wife is a member of the Episcopal Chui-ch, while he is a worthy element in the A. F. & A. M. fraternity. During the war he was Mayor of Erie, and discharged the duties of that office with efficiency and satisfaction; he was ardently attached to the cause of the Union, was ever opposed to slavery, and is to-day an enthusi- astic .Republican. Sociall}% we find him a genial, pleasant gentleman. He is the artificer of his own little fortune, and is indeed fortunate beyond the common lot of humanity, in being surrounded by all that makes life pleasant, yet now, in his declining years, is some- what troubled with the asthma. REV. P. W. FREE, pastor of the United Presbyterian Church, Waterford, was born in Crawford Co., Penn., in 1839; son of Richard Free, a native of same county. Our sub- ject enlisted in 1862, in the 145th Reg. P. V. I., and served in Hancock's Corps, Army of the Potomac; he participated in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellors- ville, where he was taken prisoner, but exchanged at the end of four months, returned to his regiment and was through the battles of the Wilderness and in the siege of Petersburg; he was honorably discharged as Captain at the close of the war. Our subject was united in marriage, June 16, 1870, with Sarah, daughter of Jacob Rodgers, of Crawford Co., Penn., who has borne him four children, viz.: J. Clark, who died May 13, 1879; Ina S. ; George G. and Lytte R. Mr. Free commenced his ministry in the United Presbj'terian denomination in 1870, and has since been located in a congregation in Waterford, organ- ized in 1812, whose first pastor, the Rev. Robert Reid, remained until June 1, 1841, when the Rev. John J. Findlay took charge until Nov., 1853; the next was Rev. Thomas Love, who was succeeded May 3, 1864, by the Rev. H. P. Jackson, who was released Sept., 1869. The congregation is in a flourishing condition, the church property worth prob- ably $10,000, with a memljership of 140 persons, among whom are some of the wealth- iest residents of Waterford. Our subject is the owner of a fine residence in Waterford. GEORGE FRITTS, retired farmer and stock-dealer, Waterford, was born in Rens- selaer Co., N. Y., Apr. 3, 1811; son of Peter Fritts, a native of New York State, who came WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 221 to Erie Co. with bis family in tbe spring of 1825 and located in Waterford Township: he raised a family consisting of eleven children (our subject being second child) four now liv- ing He died, aged eighty-one, in 1871; his widow died in 1880, aged ninety-five. Our subject married in 1832 Miss Lucy Ann, daughter of Lewis Thomas and sister of Josephus Thomas, whose biography appears in this work. This union has been blessed with four children, viz.: Darius P., Clinton G., Isadore (deceased in infancy) and Delia I., wife of W. L. Brown. Mr. Fritts has lived on a farm the greater part of his life, and has accu- mulated a nice property by honesty and hard work. He sold a farm of 250 acres and moved to Waterford in 1874, where he, has lived a retired life. He has dealt quite ex^ tensively in cattle for many years, and during the war shipped a great many head of stock from Canada. He has served as Director of the Poor one term. In politics is a Republican. , ^ _ ^„„„ . JAMES D. GOURLAY, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born Sept. 19, 1836, on the farm he now occupies in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn., and is the youngest child of John and Elizabeth Gourlay, natives of Scotland, where the former manufactured linen and cotton goods. He came to Erie Co. in 1832, and engaged in farming. He was a member of the Presbyterian denomination, and took great interest in all that concerned the church. After being an invalid fifteen years, he died Jan. 2, 1855. His widow, aged ei.o-hty-nine, is living with her daughter, Mrs. William Lee. Our subject served three months in McLane's Erie Regiment. After his return he was drafted, and served as 2d Lieut, of the 169th P. V. I., where he remained ten months. He came home again, and later was commissioned as Captain, and appointed recruiting officer in 1864. He raised 144 men in Waterford and joined the 211th P. V. I., where he received the command of Co F attached to the Ninth Corps of the Army of the James. He participated in the battle' of Fort Steadman, and in the capture of Petersburg, where he was wounded in the head. After an honorable discharge June 2, 1865, he returned to his home. July 3, 1866, he married Miss Eliza A., daughter of John Cross, whose biography is in this work. Five children, three living, have blessed this union— Steen F., May J., Mary (died March 23, 1884), Lee W. and Margret H. Mr. Gourlay is one of the proprietors of the cheese factory located at Davis' Corners. This factory, which has been opened one season, consumes about 5,000 pounds of milk per day, is well patronized and gives perfect satisfaction. Our subject owns 151 acres of well improved land. He is a member of the F. & A. M. and of the Republican party. DAVID C. GRAY, tanner, Waterford, was born in Crawford Co., Penn., JNov. 28, 1842; second child of John and Hannah Gray, natives of New York State. John Gray was a miller by trade, at which he worked nearly all his life. He raised a famdy of four children, three now living. He departed this life Sept.. 1850; his widow died June, 1877. David C. Gray enlisted Aug. 10, 1861, in the 83d Reg. P. V. I., Co. E. Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac. He took part in the siege of Yorktown, seven days' fight on the Penin- sula, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, second Bull Run, Gettysburg, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and in the siege of Petersburg, including some very hard fighting in cap- turing the Weldon Railroad, and finally in the capture of Lee's army, besides many minor engagements. At the battle of Gaines' Mill he lost his knapsack, and, m 1866, a bible, given him by his mother, was returned to him by the rebel who had secured the knapsack, and in which he had found the bible. Mr. Gray now p^rizes this book as a sacred relic-. He served his country nearly four years, and was honorably discharged June 28, 1865, and returned home. He is now employed in the tannery business. He is a Republican in poli- tics, and cast his first presidential vote for A. Lincoln. Is a member of the I. O. O. F. and A. O. U. W. societies. . . . ^ , CORNELIUS HALEY, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born m 1830 m County Cork, Ireland. He emigrated to America in 1849. Mr. Haley worked four or five years pn the railroad, and accumulated enough money to buy a farm of ninety-five acres, which he now owns in Waterford Township. He bought the farm cheap, but has improved it and made it into a splendid home. Our subject married, in 1850, in St. Patrick's Church, Erie, Miss Nora Austin, a native of County Clare, Ireland. This union has been blessed with four children, two dying young. Those now living are Daniel (married and living in Dallas City) and a daughter, Maria (residing with her parents). The entire family are members of the Roman Catholic Church at Waterford Station. Mr. Haley has been a hard worker, and has now a nice property. JAMES HARE, farmer, P. O. LeBoeuf, was born Oct. 22, 1815, in LeBoeuf Township, Erie Co.. Penn., second son of John Hare, a native of Pennsylvania, who must have come to Erie Co. about 1800, and whose father was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and also served in the French war. He witnessed the defeat of Braddock, and shouldered his musket to go forth in the war of 1812, when over eighty years of age; he died in 1843 at the patri- archal age of nearly one hundred and si.xteen years. John Hare reared a family of thirteen children, five now living: he died in 1854. Our subject married, in 1835, Harriet Preston, a native of New York State, and a daughter of Jeremiah Preston. To them have been born seven children— Amos W. ; Stephen W., who served twenty-one months in the late war. and was honorably discharged; Silas H., a soldier in the 83d P. V. I., and died in the hospital 222 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: at Alexandria in 1862; Martin E., a soldier in the 83d P. V. T., was missing at the battle of the Wilderness and never since heard from; Mary J., widow of David Cottrell; Lydia A., wife of S. B. Stoke, and Aaron L. Mr. Hare is descended from one of the oldest a"nd most respected families of the county. He owns eighty acres of improved land— a part of the old homestead. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church. In politics he is a Repul)lican. AARON M. HIMROD, farmer and proprietor of saw mill, P. O. Waterford, was born in Waterford, Erie Co., Penn., Jan. 23, 1823, son of Moses and Nancy (Lattimore) Himrod, the latter a daughter of James Lattimore, a native of Northum1)erland Co., Penn., a sol- dier in the Revolutionary war, and one of the first pioneers of this section. Moses Himrod was also a native of Northumberland Co., Pa., and came to Erie Co. in 1800; his father, our subject's grandfather, was also a soldier in the Revolutionary war, participating in the battles of Princeton and Trenton, besides other engagements; he received a pension in his latter days. Moses Himrod reared a famil}' of eight children, seven now living. He was a Captain in the war of 1812. He was a prominent farmer, held nearly all the town- ship offices, and died in 1865. Our subject married, in 1853, Miss Mary 'J., daughter of David Cook, of Venango Co., Penn. They were parents of seven children, viz.: M. L., a promising young man, married but nine months to Miss Mary Mitchell, when he died; Eva A.; Alfred C, died at the age of twenty-one; Lee, Frank H., Belle and Carl. Mr. Himrod owns 120 acres of well-improved land, which he has mostly cleared himself, and on which is his saw mill, which is operated nearly all the time, and doing a good business. Mr. and Mrs. Himrod are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Repul)lican in politics. MRS. NANCY HIMROD, widow of Aaron Himrod, Waterford, was born in Erie Co., Penn., Aug. 21, 1834, second daughter of George Smith, a native of Erie Co., now living in Waterford. Our subject married, Dec. 31, 1861, Aaron Himrod, eldest son of Simon Himrod, a native of Pennsylvania, and one of the early settlers of Erie Co. He raised a famil}^ of eight children, only one now living, viz., Martha, wife of Alfred Lamb, of Pleasantville, Penn. Mr. and Mrs. Himrod were blessed with 1,wo children, viz., Reid S., born Jan. 20, 1863, and S. Steele, born April 22, 1864; both sons'reside with their mother. Mr. Himrod was a farmer, but during the last two years of his life was engaged in the grocery business. He accumulated a nice little property, which he left to his widow. He and his wife were members of the U. P. Church, to which the latter still belongs. He took quite an interest in church matters. He departed this life Feb. 15, 1873. Mrs. Nancy Himrod owns a fine residence on Third street, Waterford. She is descended from one of the oldest and best families in the township. GEORGE HIPPLE, miller, Waterford, was born in Perry Co., Penn., in 1831, and came to Erie Co., Penn., in 1854, wliere he engaged as miller in the old mill at Waterford, located on the spot of his present place of business. After remaining about five years, he moved to Erie City, where he worked fifteen years, when the old Waterford mill burned dowB, and he moved back and built the present mill on Le Ba?uf Creek, about a half mile south of Waterford. He was then associated with T. P. Judson, whose interest is now owned by his son, T. N. Judson. This is one of the best mills in Waterford Township; has four sets of buhrs and a set of rollers, run by water and steam, and has a capacity of 100 bush- els of wheat per day. It is under the immediate control of our subject, and is doing a first-class business. Mr. Hippie married, in 1854, Miss Julia, sister of David Kinaman, whose biography appears elsewhere in this work. Three children were born to this union, viz., Ida, wife of Marshal Moore, Anna and Sadie. Mr. Hippie is a member of the A. O. U. W. ; an Anti-Monopolist in politics. OSC^AR J. HITCHCOCK, harness maker, Waterford, was born in Erie, Erie Co., Penn.. May 14, 1841, son of Julius Hitchcock. Our subject enlisted, in 1862, in Co. E, 83d P. V. I., 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac. After serving about one month, and while on the march from Falmouth to Warrenton Junction, in crossing a stream on a log he was so severely wounded that he received his discharge at Harrisburg for disability, and is now a pensioner. Mr. Hitchcock married, in 1881, Miss Sarah A., daughter of Robert Johnson, a native of Ireland. This union has been blessed with one child— Merril L. Mr. Hitch- cockhas worked at harness-making, principally, since the war. He was a good soldier, and is a good citizen; politicallv. he is a Democrat. WILLIAM HOOD, farmer,' P. O. Waterford, was born Oct. 25, 1828, in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of George and Hannah Hood. The former was an early settler of Erie Co.. coming in 1800 with his father, who received a large tract of land from the Government for services rendered as a soldier in the Revolutionary war. The father of our subject raised a family of seven children, all living. He departed this life in 1874. Mr. William Hood, Jr., married Miss Dorcas King, a native of Erie Co., daughter of Robert King. This union has been blessed with three girls— Mary, wife of Charles Burns; Emma J., wife of Jacob Schlosser (whose biography appears in this work), and Harriet I., wife of John Smilley. Mr. Hood owns fifty acres of fine land near the station at Waterford, a part of the old homestead. He is descended from one of the first pioneers of Erie Co.; is Dem- ocratic in politics. WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 223 ADAM H. HOVIS, blacksmith, Waterford, was born in Venango Co., Pa., Feb. 27, 1831, son of Ernest Hovis, also a native of Pennsylvania, and a soldier of the war of 1812; he died in 1S66; his widow, aged ninety-one, is still living. Our subject came to Erie Co. in 1859 with his family. He married, in 1843, Miss Polly Suttly. This union has been blessed with four children, viz.: Horace D. ; Emma J., wife of C J. Borah; Margret, widow of William Jurdan; and Mary E., wife of M. J. Blackwell. This wife dying, our subject married, in 3Iarch, 1856, Miss Susan A. Wheeler, a native of New York. Mr. Hovis enlisted Oct. 1, 1862, in the 14th Penn. Cav., Co. I, and served in tiie Army of Western Virginia. He was captured by Moody's guerrillas at Bolivar's Heights June '29, 1863, and remained prisoner over four months in Libby Prison. He acted as company blacksmith during his service, and washonorably discharged Oct. 1, 1865, having served three j'ears. He is a member of the F. & A. M.. Ct. A. K. and of the Andersonville Associative Survivors, of Chicago, 111. He has worked at his trade forty-five years, and has accumulated some propert5\ Politically, he is a Republican. His son, Horace D., enlisted in 1861 in the 111th P. V. I , 12tli Corps, in the Shenandoah Valley; then the 11th and 12th Corps were consolidated, and called the 20th, by Gen. Hooker principally, and attached to the Western Army. Horace D. was in the battles of Cedar Mountain, White Sulphur Springs, second Bull Run, where he was injured by a wagon running over him; he went to the hospital, and after recovering joined his regiment at Harper's Ferry, where he was taken ill, and if he had not been cared for by an old lady (Mrs. Kennedy) would have died. He was dis- charged at Chester, Penn., on account of physical disability, but, in 1863. re-enlisted at Waterford in the same regiment and company, and participated in the battles of Resaca, Dallas, Pine Knob, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek and in Sherman's march to the sea. His regiment and the Sixtieth New York were the first to enter Atlanta. In June, 1865, he returned home, where he has since been chiefly engaged in blacksmithing. He married, in the fall of 1868, Miss Lucy O. Luke, a native of Ohio. This union has been blessed with six children, viz., Mary M., Alice H., Laura O., George A., Bertha and an infant. He is a member of the G. A. R. and I. O. O. F. He is a moral, upright citizen, and a first-class mechanic. FRANCIS A. HOWE, carriage-maker, Waterford, was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., Sept. 14, 1838; son of G. A. H. Howe, also a native of New York State, who came to Erie Co. with his family in 1840, and has been manufacturing wagons since in Wa- terford. He has a family of three sons, all now living, our subject being the second child. He enlisted July 29, 1861, in the 83d P. V. I., serving in the 12th Corps, and was wounded in the battle of Gaines' Mill by a ball passing through his arm. It lodged in a testament he carried directly over his heart. He has the book and ball still in his possession. He was in the army eighteen months, and was discharged for phj'^sical disability in Dec, 1862. Mr. Howe married, Nov. 19, 1869, Miss Rebecca, daughter of P. E. Judsbn, of the Eagle Hotel, Waterford, Penn. One child, Florence, has blessed this union. Mrs. Howe is a member of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Howe has worked at carriage-making for the past ten years: he owns a nice little home in Waterford. He is a pensioner, a member of the A. O. U. W., and G. A. R. ; in politics, a Republican. JULIUS A. HULL, farmer, contractor and proprietor of saw mill, P. O. Waterford, was born in Summit Township, Erie Co., Penn., Jan. 2, 1841, eldest son of Lucians A. and Margret Hull, the latter a native of England. Lucians A. Hull, a prominent farmer, was born in Summit Township, Erie Co., Penn, where he reared a family of eight children. One of his sons, William M., enlisted in the 145th P. V. 1., was wounded in the leg, and died dur- mg the war. Mr. Hull, Sr., died in 1880. Our subject was united in marriage, in 1862, with Sophia M., a native of Erie Co. and a daughter of Eli Osborn. Two children have blessed this union, viz., William H. and George J. Mr. Hull learned the carpenter's trade while young, and has worked more or less at it ever since. He moved to Waterford Township about 1860, and engaged in the saw mill business; has also been building exten- sivel3\ He erected several of the township schools and a number of private residences. He attached a planing machine to his saw mill in 1871, and does quite an amount of cus- tom work. He is the owner of ten acres of well-improved land, on which stands his resi- dence and saw mill. He is a Democrat in politics. DANIEL W. HUNT, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born March 12, 1834, on the farm he now lives on in Waterford Borough, son of Simeon and Aseneth (Tracy) Hunt. The latter is a daughter of Capt. John Tracy. Simeon Hunt, who was a native of Vermont, came to Erie Co. about 1814, and built and operated Waterford's only distillery. He was a prominent farmer; bought the farm now occupied by our subject from old Gen. Martin. He served as County Auditor several terms. He reared a family of six children, four now living; he depared this life April 2, 1874, his wife having preceded him in 1854. Our sub- ject was married. Dec. 14, 1876, to Adeline, youngest daughter of Scjuire T. Trask, who was a native of Massachusetts, born in 1797, and when only two years old came to Erie Co. with his parents. He was a prominent farmer, and died Oct. 9, 1866. His widow re- sided with Mr. Hunt the last four years of her life and died Nov. 19, 1883. This union has been blessed with one child — Reed Tracy, born Feb. 6, 1880. During the late rebellion, our subject responded to Gov. Curtin's call for minute men. He owns 195 acres of fine 224 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: land, well improved. He possesses one of the finest bred stallions, "Triffle." in this sec- tion of the country. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. ; in politics, a Republican. WASHINGTON JAMES, farmer. P. O. Waterford, was born in Oswecro Co., N. Y.. Feb. 7, 1834, son of Able James, a native of Vermont, who came to Erie Co., where he was a prominent farmer, when our subject was about three years old. He raised a familj' of nine children, all now living. He died in 1873, aged eighty years. Washington James enlisted in 1861, in the 9th N. Y. Cavalrj', serving in the Army of the Potomac under Bu- ford. He participated in the siege of Yorktown, battles of Cedar Mountain, White Sul- phur Springs, second Bull Run, Gettysburg, Fredericksburg and in several minor engage- ments. Whilst making a charge in 1863, he was hurt by a horse falling on him, from which injuries he has never fully recovered. He served three years; was engaged in over twenty conflicts with the enemy, and honorably discharged in the fall of 1864, and re- turned home. Mr. James married, October 17, 1872, Miss Clara, daughter of Sidna and Elizabeth Doe, natives of Erie Co., Penn., the former a manufacturer of oars, was a prominent man. They were parents of nine children, seven still living. Mr. Doe died in April, 1882; his widow resides in West Springfield, Erie Co., Penn. Mr. James owns a well-improved farm of fifty-eight acres. He is a member of the M. E. Church, is P. G. in the I. O. O. F., and is Officer of the Day, G. A. R. Politically he is a Republican. WILLIAM JUDSON, retired merchant, Waterford, was born in Woodbury, Litchfield Co., Conn., Sept. 7, 1807; son of Seth Judson, who came with his family to Erie Co. in 1823; reared four children and departed this life in 1856, his widow following him in 1858. Our subject, who was the second child in this family, married, February 12, 1839, Clarissa King, daughter of Thomas and grand-daughter of Robert King, a prominent man and one of the first settlers in Waterford; he and a Mr. Black being probably the first to bring their families to Erie Co. Mr. King received from the Government, for making certain favorable negotiations with the Indians, 400 acres of land located in Waterford, known as King's Flats, now in Le Bo-uf Township. Mr. and Mrs. Judson have had five children, viz.: Mary, wife of S. Gu.stine Snowdcn, M. D., Franklin, Penn.; Alice F., wife of Charles Himrod, of Chicago; George D., who enlisted in Co. E, 83d Reg. P. V. I.; after a month's service, he lost his life in the second battle of Bull Run; Alfred, died in infancy; and Jessie K., wife of Robert Lamberton, Esq., of Franklin, Penn. Mrs. Judson and her daughters are members of the Episcopal Church. Our svibject has served as Burgess of Waterford several terms; Trustee of the Waterford Academy since 1847; is owner of 480 acres and a fine residence in Waterford. Politically is a Republican. WALTER L. KELLEY, druggist and Burgess, Waterford, born in Crawford Co., Penn., Dec. 5, 1855, son of J. L. Kelley, a native of Crawford Co. also. Our subject came to Water- ford in 1879, where he engaged in the produce business two years, with M. H. Terry, when he became partner for one year. In 1880, he commenced business for himself, but in 1881, went into partnership with Dr. Barton in the drug business. This firmhave built a fine brick block, on the corner of High and Third streets, Waterford, which is an honor to the township. They use the first floor for their large drug store, and a stock of boots and shoes. The Park Opera Hall occupies the second floor. Mr. Kelley married, April 5, 1879, Miss Hellen, daughter of Dr. I. Barton, and sister of our subject's partner. This union has been blessed with one child — Theodora, a bright little girl born October 29, 1881. Mr. Kelley is now serving his second term as Burgess of the village of Waterford. He is a member of the F. &A. M. also I. O. O. F. ; he is one of the most enterprising young business men in this sec- tion. DAVID KINAMAN, miller, P. O. Waterford, was born in Trumbull Co., Ohio, Sept. 21, 1846; son of David Kinaman, a native of Pennsylvania. Our subject enlisted in the U. S. Navy in 1864, and served on the gunboat Benton, on the Red and Mississippi Rivers, for fif- teen months. He participated in the siege of Vicksburg, battle of Grand Gulf and in several other engagements. He held the position of Quarter Gunner; he was honorably discharged in 1865, and returned to Waterford, where he has since been engaged in the business of miller. He has been employed by Dewey & Williams as first miller for nearly seven years. Mr. Kinaman was united in marriage, in 1866, with Miss Marj' M., daughter of P. E. Judson, both natives of Erie Co., Penn. This union has been blessed with one child — Grace. Mrs. Kinaman is a member of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Kinaman is a sociable gentleman; a member of the G. A. R. and the A. O. U. W. Politicall}\ a Republican. ROBT. F. LATTIMORE, farmer and proprietor of saw mill. P. O. Waterford, Penn.. was born on his present farm in Waterford Township, Erie Co., June 13, 1850; son of John and Hannah (Fretwell) Lattimore. The former was also born on subject's farm, Oct. 27, 1819, where he married March 4, 1847. John and Hannah reared a family of seven chil- dren (Robt. F. being second child), all now living. He died June 21, 1880, his wife preced- ing him on May 2,1879. His grandfather Fretwell enlisted during the war of the rebellion, was taken prisoner at Shiloh, and died in the rebel prison at Macon, Ga.. and was buried there in 1863. Our subject's great-grandfather, James Lattimore, came from Northumber- Jand Co.. this State, at an early date (about the year 1800) and he and family .settled upon above farm, and were among the first to buikf a flouring and saw mill here. Robt. F. Lattimore received his education in the academy at Waterford. He was united in mar- WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 225 riage, June 5, 1883, -with Nell W. Kiagsley, daughter of Benjamin and Mary Ana Kin^sley, the latter a native of Connecticut; the former was born in Massachusetts. Mr. Lattimore owns a fine farm of 160 acres, part of the old homestead known as the Wexford Tract. He is of the fourth generation of Lattimores living on same farm; he is a Republican in politics. W. G. LE FEVRE, editor, Waterford. was born Nov. 17, 1861, in Erie Co., Penn.; son of Jacob and Hettie A. (Given) Le Fevre, w^ho were early residents of this county. He was permitted to attend the county schools and at Cambridgeboro, Crawford Co., until sixteen years old, when he began learning the printi;r's trade with D. P. Robbins, editor of the Cambridgeboro Index. Some time subsequent Mr. Robbins bought the Union City Times, and Mr. Le Fevre continued in his employ. Later he served a period with the Economy Printing Co., of Erie. He owned one-third interest in the Union City Times before April, 1883, when he bought the Waterford Leader, now a six column quarto 44x33 inches, with a circulation of 700, which he edits with marked ability for a young man of his age. He is well equipped for doing all kinds of job work on short notice. He is In- dependent in politics, and devotes the columns of his worthy publication to the local news of his borough and surrounding country. He was married, Sept. 26, 1883, to Miss Jen- nie Shreve, the result being one child — Mary S. LUCIUS LOCKWOOD, retired farmer, P. O. Waterford, Penn., was born in Spring- field, Addison Co., Vt., June 1, 1817; eldest son of Henry Lockwood, whose father was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Henry Lockwood died in 1861. Our subject was united in marriage Jan. 2, 1842, with Louisa Wattenpaugh, a native of New York State. To this union have been born eleven children, viz.: Celestia, wife of Wm. Anderson; George R., a soldier in the 142d P. V. I. (lost his life at the battle of Gettysburg); John H.; Plumy E., wife of Benj. Anderson; Levi A.; Emeline V., wife of George Spawn; Luella M. (de- ceased); Lucretia D., wife of Jerome Post; Mary L., wife of Jeff. Post; George R. and Lucivis B. Mrs. Lockwood died March 5, 1879, and our subject married for his second wife, Ded. 1, 1881, Miss Aurelia H. Boyd, a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Lockwood has long been a prominent farmer of Erie Co., to which he came in 1869; he owns 112 acres of fine land. In politics is a Republican. ISAAC Y. LUNGER, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Montgomery Co., Penn., Jan. 5, 1822; youngest son of Jacob and Elizabeth Lunger, natives of Pennsylvania, who came to Erie Co. in the fall of 1822. They raised a family of eleven children, seven now living. Jacob Lunger was a shoemaker by trade, and in those early days went from one farm house to another, making all the shoes the families wore; he accumulated enough in this way to buy a farm in Waterford Township. His father was a soldier in the Rev- olutionar}^ war. Jacob died in 1858, his wife having preceded him in 1855. Our subject has been twice married; first, in 1843, to Elizabeth Burger, a native of Erie Co.; eight children were born to this union. Mrs. Lunger died in 1880, and in the fall of 1881, Mr. Lunger lost his oldest sou — Charles — a promising boy, who died of congestion of the bowels. In 1881 Mr. Lunger married his second wife, Mrs. Anna Miller, widow of Greekson Mil- ler. In 1857 Michael Dangler was convicted on charge of setting fire to Mr. Lunger's three barns, by which the latter lost $2,000; at the same time, a barn belonging to Adam Boyd, another to a Mr. Clark, the Methodist Episcopal Church of Mill Village, and a big pile of hemlock bark, the property of Wm. Bryans, of Le Boeuf, were destroyed by fire, evidence pointing to the same incendiar}'. Mr. Lunger now makes a specialty of raising shorthorn cattle, and is the owner of the celebrated bull " Senator," bred by George Bar- nett; is also owner of a well-improved farm of 170 acres; he educated all his children in the Waterford Academy; he is a representative man of his section; in politics is a Democrat. HENRY LYTLE,' grocer, Waterford, was born in Erie Co., Penn., Jan. 11, 1842; son of Andrew Lj^tle, also a native of Erie County, a tanner by trade, who engaged in farming and operated a tannery on his place for about thirty years; he was a prominent man in his day; he cleared a farm of 150 acres; he departed this life in the fall of 1876; his father was a soldier of the war of 1812, and his grandfather a captain in the Revolutionary war. Our subject enlisted in 1862 in Co. E. 83d P. V.. and served in the 5th Corps, Armj^ of the Potomac; he participated in the battles of second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chancellors- ville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, and was wounded in the right leg at the siege of Peters- burg, Sept. 30, 1864; he received an honorable discharge July, 1865, at the close of the war. Since 1876 he has engaged in the grocery business at Waterford, Penn.; he was a good soldier, and is a good citizen. JOHN McGONNELL, apiarian, P. O. Waterford, was born in Sunbmy, Penn., March 8, 1837, son of Patrick McGonnell, a native of Ireland, who came with his family to Erie Co., Penn., in 1838. He died in Illinois in 1857. His widow, a native of Crawford Co., Penn., is now living with her daughter, Mrs. Susan Sanny, at the ripe old age of seventy- seven. In 1863 our subject started an apiary. He manufactures and sells a large number of bee-hives, of his own invention, which have proved a success. He makes the raising of the Italian bee a specialty, and ships queen bees and large quantit'es of honey all over the United States. He is an expert apiarian, doing more to advance the bee culture by inven- tions, etc., than any man in Erie Co. Mr. McGonnell married, in the fall of 1873. Miss 226 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Emma, a daughter of Marvin St. John, an old settler of Erie Co. This union has been blessed with three children, two sons and a daughter. Mrs. McGounell is a member of the Christian Church. Mr. McGounell had a brother, Samuel, killed in 1862, in Virginia. He was a member of the 8th 111. Cav. Our subject is a man of some property and ample means. Politically he is a Democrat. TRUMAN MALLORY, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born April 23, 1825, in Le Ba3uf Township, Erie Co., Penn., son of John and Annie Mallory, the latter a native of Erie Co., N. Y. ; John Mallory was born in Erie Co., Penn. His father came to Erie as earh'as 1795; was a soldier of the Revolutionary war and one of the first settlers of the county. The father and mother of our subject are probably the oldest married couple of Erie Co. Thej' are residing in Le Boeuf Township. Truman Mallory married, Dec. 31, 1846, Miss Lydia C. Phelps, a native of Waterford and a daughter of Theodore Phelps, one of the first settlers of Erie Co.; they have six children, viz.: Lewis E., Frederick E., Emma J., wife of S. D. Chase; John F., Sydney T. and Lvdia A. Mr. and Mrs. Mallor}^ are mem- bers of the Christian Church at Draketown. He owns a fine farm of about eighty acres. In 1852 his house and its contents were burned, by which he lost about $500. The fire was supposed to be the work of an enemy. In politics he is a stanch Republican. THEODORE H. MARSH, lumber manufacturer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., March 14, 1835, son of James and Jane (Thompson) Marsh, mentioned in the biography of John Marsh. Mr. Marsh married, Feb. 2, 1862, Almena born April 21, 1835, daughter of Hiram and Julia (Grant) Sedgwick, of Waterford Township. By this union there are five children, viz.: Archie C, Julia J., Ernest A., Effie L. and Henry H. Arcliie married, Jan. 16, 1883, Emma Davis, born Ma}^ 1, 1863, daughter of Robert and Sally (Colvin) Davis, of McKean Township. Mr. Marsh has a proprietary interest with Mr. William Marsh, of McKean Township, in an excellent steam saw mill, located on the McKean Township line, on the former's property, and which turns out large quantities of lumber, laths and shingles. They make a specialty of bill stuff, which is hauled to Waterford for shipment to Eastern markets. They have also a good trade in hemlock building lumber, which is hauled to Erie to order of builders in that city. Their custom sawing is large, the business is in a flourishing condition, and highly creditable to its en- terprising proprietors. Mr. Marsh also engages in farming. He owns three fine proper- ties in Waterford Township, two well improved and one timber lot, aggregating 181 acres. The home farm consists of sixty-eight acres, well stocked and with fine buildings thereon; it is a dairy farm, situated on the McKean Township line. His cattle are cross-bred with, pure Holstein. Mr. Marsh is a Granger, and politically a Greenbacker. JAMES M. MIDDLETON, retired farmer, Waterford, was born in County Down, Ireland, June 10, 1803, son of Samuel Middleton, who came to America about 1835, money being sent for the purpose by our subject and his brother John, who had emigrated to this countiy in 1828. Samuel Middleton died about 1838, and is buried in the Waterford Cem- etery. James M. worked first in an iron ore bed in New York State, after coming to this country; then went to the lake shore and dug ore during summer seasons, and worked in the furnace during winters. Finally he came to Erie Co. and married, about 1833, Miss Mary A. Middleton. This union was blessed with one child, Samuel Robert, who lived until about seventeen years of age, when he was accidentally shot one 4th of July. Mrs. Mid- dleton died in 1866, and Mr. Middleton married Miss Amanda Hannery, a native of Water- ford. Our subject spent many years on a farm after coming to Erie Co., and amassed quite a fortune by hard work and economy. He sold his farm and moved to Waterford, where he has since lived a retired life. Mrs. Middleton is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Middleton is a liberal man, having paid much money toward the support of the church; he gave his brother John at one time fifty acres of excellent land; he has done much toward clearing and making Erie Co. what it is. Politically he is a Republican. MRS. NANCY MOORE was born in Erie Co., Penn., April 29, 1806, daughter of David and Jane Boyd, natives of Pennsylvania, and a cousin of Charles C. Boyd. David Boyd was one of the first settlers of Erie Co., and a prominent farmer in his day. In 1824 our subject was married to John Moore, a native of Ireland, eldest child of James and Elizabeth Moore. They raised a family of ten children, viz.: George, William B., James B., Robert G., Wilson, Jane (wife of Henry Putnam), Eliza S., Nancy, Hannah G. (wife of J. W. Willard) and Mary E. (wife of S. E. Dewey). Nearly all the family are lo- cated near Waterford. Mr. Moore was a devoted Christian, a member of the U. P. Church. He departed this life Oct. 2, 1882, at the ripe old age of nearly eighty. He left a nice farm of 115 acres and a fine residence to his heirs. His widow is living in the residence with her married children and one grand-daughter, Sadie E. Moore. Mrs. Moore is a member of the U. P. Church. Her father was a soldier of the war of 1812, and a son served about nine months in Co. F, 169th P. V. I. in the late war of the rebellion. THOMAS MOORE, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Ireland April 3, 1813, fourth son of James and Elizabeth Moore, who came to America with ten children in 1821. They were the parents of twelve children, six now living. James Moore and wife were earnest Christian Church members; the former was a prominent member of the U. P. Church at Wa- terford. He settled on a farm, on part of which the subject of this sketch now lives, cleared WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 227 and paid for same, with the aid of his sons, and at his death left it to his children. He died in 1842, his widow following in 1845. Thomas Moore has been twice married, first to Martha, a native of Erie Co., and a daughter of Aaron Himrod, one of the early settlers of this county. To this union were born five children, two living — Ralph, who served in the 83d P. V. I. three years and three months, passing through jill the hardships with his glorious regiment, and receiving an honorable discharge; and Sarah, wife of Mathew Campbell, whose sketch appears in this work. Prcssly, who died in 1883, also served in the 83d P. V. I. Mrs. Moore departed tliis life Feb., 1860, and in Sept., 1863, Mr. Moore married Isabell Powell, a native of Crawford Co... Penn., and a daughter of Thomas Pow- ell. Three children blessed this union, one dying in infancy. Tlie surviving are Albert L. and Anna E. These, with Mr. and Mrs. Moore, are members of the U. P. Church. Mr. Moore owns 205 acres of fine land, part of the old homestead. AH his children have attended the academy at Waterford. He is a prominent man of this section; a Republican in polities. JAMES A. MOORE, proprietor of livery stable, Waterford, was born in Canada, May 8, 1838, and is a son of William Moore, who came to Erie Co., Penn., with his family about 1860, and is still a resident of Waterford Town-ship. Our subject served nearly three years during the late war, enlisting in 1863 in the 83d P. V. I., 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac. He participated in the battles of Antietam, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wilderness, the siege of Petersburg and in several other eugagemeuls of minor importance. He received an honorable discharge as First Lieutenant. Mr. iMoore has been engaged in the livery business for about seven years; is now conducting the principal stable in Waterford, and has the mail route between Waterford and Mill Village, running a hack daily. He was married. June, 1879, to Margaret Irwine, a native of Centre Co., Penn., by whom there is one child— Alice E. Our subject is a member of the A. O. U. W., John Rice Post of Waterford; in politics is a Republican. B. E. PHELPS, physician and surgeon, Wattsburg, was born in Herkimer Co.. N. Y., son of Benjamin Phelps and Sarah {nee Greenfield) Phelps; the former, a farmer, wa.s born in Connecticut; the latter was a native of New York. Our subject having been parti}' educated in the common school, entered the Fairfield Academy. At sixteen years of age, he became a student at a medical college; at twenty-two years of age, at Castleton, Vt. ; then attended the Albany, N. Y. Medical College; thence to college in Buffalo, N.' Y., where he obtained the degree of M. D. He practiced, first in Crawford Co. five years, thence went to Erie Co., Penn., practicing in Union Township a short time, and in 1865 came to Corry, where he has been very successful, and has obtained an enviable reputation as surgeon. Dr. Phelps married in 1846, Luvilla Sweezy. a resident of Her- kimer Co. N. Y. ; their son, a talented young practitioner, will in time take his father's place in the profession. Drs. B. E. Phelps, Sr. and Jr. are now located at Wattsburg, Erie Co., Penn.. following their profession. LAFAYETTE F. PHELPS, farmer and Tax Collector, P. O. Waterford, was born April 29, 1835, in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn.; second son of Drayton Phelps, a native of Connecticut, who came to Erie Co. with his brother Jason in 1815. He reared a family of seven children, four now living. He departed this life in 1854. Our subject married in 1851, Miss Sarah J., daughter of James F. Benson, a descendant of one of the first families of Erie Co. This union has been blessed with eight children, .seven now living— Sarah S., wife of Seth Feedler; Charles B., Madora M., wife of Henry xillen; Jessie J., wife of Fred King; James B., Harriet E., wife of George C. Judson, and Lena B. Mr. Phelps isaprominent man in his section; is now Collector of Taxes; he acted as special agent for the Provost Marshal for two years during the war; he has held nearly all the township offices. Our subject owns a well-improved farm of about thirty-five acres. Politically he is a Republican. HIRAM RICE, farmer and dealer in agricultural implements, Waterford, was born March 3, 1843, in the house in which he now resides; son of Henry Rice, a native of New York City, and who came to Erie Co. about 1833. He raised a family of ten children, eight of whom are now living. He was a prominent farmer, but has retired, and with his wife is now living in the village of Waterford. Our subject enlisted July, 1864, in the U. S. Navy, serving in the North Atlantic Squadron 'on the gunboat " Pontoosuc," and was in the coast service; was engaged in both battles of Fort Fisher; in the bombardment of Fort Darling, and several minor engagements. After serving ten months, he was lionorably discharged at the close of the war and returned home. He is now Commander of the J. F. Rice Post, No. 345, of Waterford. This post is named after his brother, who was a member of the 83d P. V. I. and killed at Malvern Hill. Mr. Rice married Oct. 6. 1868, Miss Henrietta A., daughter of H. R. Whittelsey, a native of Connecticut. This union has been blessed with three children, viz.: Lena E., Anna and Edward R. Mr. Rice is engaged in farming, and also in the sale of agricultural implements. He makes a specialty of the Buckeye Mower, Reaper and Self-Binder. Politically he is a Republican. GEORGE ROBBINS, shoemaker and farmer, Waterford, was born in Crawford Co., Penn., Aug. 19, 1825; third son of Josiah and Betsey Robbins, natives of Connecticut. Josiah Robbins was a soldier of the war of 1813. Our subject came to Erie Co. in 1855, 228 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and settled in Washington Township. He was united in marriage Jan. 1, 1848, with Miss Mary J. Giles, a native of Erie Co., Penn. and daughter of Joseph Giles, a native of Massachusetts, and one of the first settlers of Washington Township. This union has been blessed with five children, viz.: Rosetta, Arthur C, Martha, Vernon and Ernest. Mr. Robbing has been a shoemaker nearly all of his life, and has worked at the same in Waterford for nearly two years, doing a good business. He owns a well-improved farm of sixty-three acres, in Le Boeuf Township, on which his family reside. He served in the Union army three months, during the war of the rebellion. Mr. Robbins has made all he now owns by industry and economy. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church. He is a first class mechanic, in politics, a stanch Republican. STEVEN ROBERTS, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Erie Co., N. Y., Feb. 14, 1824; second son of Dorsey and Edith Roberts; the former, with family, drove a team from New York to Erie Co., Penn., in 1835. They reared a family of eleven children, five now living. Mr. Roberts, Sr. was a cooper by trade, at which he worked earl}' in life. He died in May, 1863, and his widow in June, 1872. Our subject was united in marriage, Oct. 7, 1847, with Miss Lavina Osborn, a native of Bedford Co., Penn., and daughter of Jerret Osborn, a native of Maryland, who came to Erie Co., Penn., in 1827. To this union have been born six children, five now living, viz.: Jarrett F., Agnes R., Eli N., Harriet E. and Charles N. Mr. Roberts served three months in the 202d P. V. I. during the late war. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812. Our .subject owns fifty acres of well-improved land, fruits of his industry and economj'. In politics is a Repul)lican. AMOS ROBERTS, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Evans, Erie Co., N. Y., Dec. 29, 1826, third son of Dorsey and Edith Roberts, both natives of Massachusetts, who came to Erie Co., Penn., in 1836. They reared a family of eleven children, five now living. Dorsey Roberts was a soldier in the war of 1812; he worked at his trade (coopering) after coming here; died in 1862, his widow followed him in 1872. Our subject married Jan. 1, 1852, Miss Helen C. Heath, a native of Collins, N. Y. ; her grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. They have four children living— Alice V., Mary L., wife of Jason Woods; William M. and Herbert V. (one is deceased). Mr. Roberts enlisted in Aug., 1864, in the U. S. Navy,_and served on the gunboat " Gen. Buruside," on the Upper Tennessee. After a year's service, he was honorably discharged at the close of the war, and returned home. He is a member of the G. A. R. Bates Post, No. 83. Mr. Roberts owns fifty -five acres of well improved land, a part of his father's homestead. He and his wife are mem- bers of the M. E. Church. Politically he is a Republican. JAMES S. ROSS, f aimer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., July 22, 1812; son of Jq.Iixi and Lucy Ross; the former born in Vermont, was a soldier in the war of 1812; the latter was a native of'Gonnecticut. They died in Erie City about 184.5. Our subject married in 1836, Sarah Ann Wilson, of Whitehall, N. Y. They had a family of six children, five now living. Mr. Ross came to Erie Co., Penn., in 1838. Mrs. Ross died in 1865, and in 1868 Mr. Ross married Miss Rachel, daughter of John Alcon, both natives of Venango Co., Penn. Mr. Ross has always engaged in farming, is a self-made man,_ and has accumulated what he has bj' industry and economy. He was Captain in the militia in an early day, and has served as Collector one term. He received a sun-stroke in June, 1873, from the effects of which he has never recovered entirely; he is an honest, in- telligent citizen. In polities he is a Republican. L. M. Ross, our subject's oldest son, was born Sept. 2, 1841, in McKean Township, Erie Co., Penn. He married Jan. 13. 1863, Miss Nancy J., daughter of Isaac Y. Lunger, a native of Pennsylvania, and one of the old settlers of Erie Co. This union has been blessed with two children, viz. : Hattie E. and Fi^ed E. Mr. Ross is the owner of seventy-five acres of well-improved land; is con- nected with George H. Barnett, and doing an extensive business in ha}' pressing and threshing; he and his wife are members of the M. E. Church. Mr. Ross has served as School Director six years, and Assesor one term. Is a member of the A. O. U. W. He believes strongly in prohibition, and always votes the Republican ticket. JACOB SCHLOSSER, barber and tobacco dealer, Waterford, was born in Syracuse, N. Y., May 7, 1853; second son of Charles and Kate Schlosser, natives of Germany, who have lived in this country about forty years. They raised a family of five sons, all living. Our subject came to Erie Co., in May, 1875. and settled in Waterford Township May 1, 1876, where he has since engaged in business. Mr. Schlosser married Oct. 2, 1879, Miss Emma J., daughter of William Hood, an old settler of Erie Co. This union has been blessed with two children— Walter H. and Charles W. Mr. Schlosser not only runs a first- class barber shop, but keeps in connection with same a cigar store, where he sells the best tobacco and cigars manufactured; he is a fine workman and gives satisfaction to all; his wife is a member of the Episcopal Church; he is a member of the I. O. O. F. and the A. O. U. W. ; in politics is Independent. HIRAM SEDGWICK, retired farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., July 16, 1803; eldest son of Aaron and Betsy Sedgwick, former a native of Massa- chusetts and brother of Louis Sedgwick, whose biography appears in this work. Our sub- ject came to Erie Co. with his parents {in 1825; he married Jan. 28, 1830, Miss Julia A., eighth child of Benjamin Grant, a native of Connecticut, who came to Erie Co. in 1800, WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 229 with his wife and three children; he worked at an early day at blacksmithing and reared a family of ten children, five now living; he served one term as Poor Director. Two of his sons, Benjamin and William C. were soldiers in the war of 1812; he died in 1849, aged eighty years. Seven children were born to this union, five now living, viz.: Solyman, who received an honorable discharge, after serving nine months in the Army of the Potomac, during the late war; Almena, wife of Hardin Marsh; Bertram, Louisa, Efiie; Arthur died in his eighteenth year. Mr. and Mrs. Sedgwick are among the landmarks of the county, having lived together more than fifty years. The latter has been for over ten years an invalid. The former spends many hours of his old age fishing, a recreation he is very fond of; he is the owner of his father's homestead, consisting of 108 acres of well- improved land. LEWIS SEDGWICK, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., Aug. 28, 1813; son of Aaron Sedgwick, a native of Massachusetts, who came to Erie Co. with his family in 1825; he raised ten children, six now living; was a prominent farmer and an honest man; he died in Waterford Township, in 1854. Our subject married, Aug. 15, 1839, Emily H., born in Erie Co., and daughter of Reuben Sharp, a soldier of the war of 1812, a native of England, and an old settler of Erie County. This union lias been blessed with four children, three surviving, viz., ElminaM., wife of Wilson Mar.sh; Eu- gene v., who lost his life at the battle of Cedar Mountain (he was Second Sergeant in the 111th P. Y. I.); Jermaine B. and Claude D. Mr. Sedgwick has helped his children to some extent; he owns a nice property; has served as Constable, Collector and Assessor; is a Republican in politics; his grandfather Upham Avas a soldier of the Revolutionary war. LEE A. SEDGWICK, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born Oct. 19, 1850, on the farm he now occupies in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn. ; son of John and Louisa (Rock- well) Sedgwick, latter a daughter of Jonathan Rockwell, one of the first settlers of Erie Co. Jonathan Rockwell was a prominent farmer, an early settler of Waterford Township. He died March 4, 1875. Louisa Sedgwick died March 17, 1884. Our subject was married Dec. 21, 1876, to Miss Ella M. Smith, a native of Waterford, and daughter of Charles Smith. This union has been blessed with three children, viz. : Bessie, Wilmer C. and Roy. Mrs. Sedgwick departed this life Oct. 28, 1881. Mr. Sedgwick is an enterprising young man. Owns 140 acres of well improved land, a half mile from Waterford, and one of the finest residences in the township. Is a member of the F. & A. M. ; Republican in politics. REUBEN SHARPE, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born July 16, 1822, on his present farm in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn.; second son of Reuben and Louisa Sharpe, the latter a native of Vermont. Reuljen Sharpe', Sr., an early settler of Erie Co., was born in North Walsham, Eng. ; was in the U. S. Navy in the war of 1812 under Com. Mc- Donough, and was wounded at the battle of Plattsburg. In early life he was a sailor; he settled on the farm now occupied by his son in 1816, and reared a family of five children. He died in 1851, his widow following him in 1875. Our subject enlisted, first for three months' service in McLane's Regiment of Erie; then, in Aug., 1861, he re-enlisted in the 83d P. V. I., Co. E, and served in the 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac. He took part in the seven days' fight at Yorktowu, Sharpi^burg, Gettysburg, and in a skirmish at North Ann River was wounded in the right foot. He also participated in the battles of the Wil- derness, Chancellorsville, and many minor engagements. He was honorably discharged in 1865 at the close of the war. Our subject married, in 1866, Mrs. Emma A., widow of Richard Cross, who was a Captain in the 111th P. V. I., served about one year, and died in the fall of 1865. Mrs. Sharpe has two children by her first husband — Louis G. and Katie B. Mr. Sharpe owns forty acres of well-improved land, a part of his father's old home- stead. He is a member of^the F. &A. M., and theG. A. R. ; he receives a pension from the Government. GEORGE SMITH, retired farmer, Waterford, was born in Erie Co., Penn., Nov. 21, 1807; son of James Smith, a native of Ireland, who came here about 1803. He raised a famil;^of eight children, our subject being the fourth child, three now surviving. He took great interest in church matters; was instrumental in establishing a U. P. Church in Wa- terford, of which he was a member. He died about 1829; his widow survived him nineteen years. Our subject married, in 1831, Miss Mary, daughter of John Barnes, of Luzerne Co., Penn. This union has been blessed with seven children, viz.: Robert R., who en- listed in the 83d P. V. I., and lost his life at the battle of Gaines' Mill, June 27, 1862; Sid- ney, wife of John Lytle; Nancy, widow of Aaron Himrod (whose biography appears else- where in this volume); Elizabeth, wife of Robert Lytle; James N.; Marv. wife of William Moore; and George A. Mr. and'Mrs. Smith are members of the IT. P Church. The for- mer in early life worked at the carpenter's trade, but later was a farmer. He accumulated a nice property, and moved to Waterford about 1873, where he has since lived a retired life. He is one of the oldest and most respected citizens born in Waterford now living. Politi- cally he is a Republican. WILLIAM STANCLIFF, farmer and painter, P. O. Waterford, was born in Erie Co., N. Y., March 12, 1821; third son of Timothy Stancliff, who drove his team and brought his family here in 1836. Timothy was drafted by the British in the war of 1812. He reared a family of twelve children, nine now living; he was a prominent farmer, and 230 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: died when ninety-three years of age. His father was a Revolutionary soldier. Our sub- ject married, Dec. 31, 1843, Miss Delia Whitney, a native of Clinton Co., N. Y., daughter of Leonard Whitney. Eleven children were born to this union, six now living— Leonard T., Winfield W., Olan D., Eva A. (wife of Harry S. Crandle), George E. and Mertie E. Mr. Stancliff has worked at painting for over forty-five years. He has a well-improved farm of forty-tive acres; is a member of the I. O. O. F. ; in politics, a Republican. ALDEN STANCLIFF, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Collins, Erie Co., N. Y., Aug. 30, 1823, third child of Thomas and Mary P. Stancliff, the former of whom, a na- tive of Canada, came with his family to Erie Co. in 1835. They were the parents of six children, five now living. Thomas Stancliff was a prominent farmer. He was a member of the M. E. Church, and took a great interest in church matters. His father was a soldier of the Revolutionary war. Thomas Stancliff died in May, 1848; his widow, aged •eighty-six, is living with her daughter, Lorina Stancliff. Our subject is a painter by trade and also worked for many years manufacturing handles. He married, in 1846, Miss Emily Brooks, a native of Collins, Erie Co., N. Y., and daughter of Enoch Brooks. This union has been blessed with four children, three now living— Emma A., wife of M B. Vancese; Jackson, and Minnie M., wife of H. C. Stackhouse. Mr. Stancliff owns twenty acresof well-improved land. He has been Road Commissioner and School Director. Politicall}'- he is a Republican. AMOS S. STAFFORD, farmer and cooper, P. O. Waterford, was born in Peru, Clinton Co., N. Y., June 6. 1811, son of Edward Stafford, a cooper by trade, and a soldier in the war of 1812, who came with his family to Erie Co. in 1835. Four of his eleven children are living. He belonged to the M. E. Church, in which he took special interest; he died March 3, 1861. Our subject married, in the fall of 1833, Miss Martha M., daughter of Aaron Sedgwick, a pioneer of this county, and a sister of Lewis Sedgwick, whose biography appears in this volume. This union has been blessed by the birth of Andrew W. and Clara, wife of O. D. Rider. Andrew W. enlisted in the Ulth'P. V. I. and served three years and three months in the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battles of Cedar Mountain, South Mountain, second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg and several minor engagements. He was honorably discharged at the close of the war, and returned home. Mr. Stafford is politically a Reputilican. FRANKLIN STOUT, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born February 25, 1839, at White Haven, Penn., son of Thomas Stout, a native of Easton, Penn., and a nephew of the cel- ebrated Dr. Gross, of Philadelphia; he died in 1869. Our subject at an early date en- gaged in lumbering. He enlisted Sept., 1861, in the 67th P. V. I., serving in the Sixth Corps, Army of the Potomac. He participated in the battles of Opequan, Cedar Creek, Fisher's Hill, Winchester (where he was taken prisoner, remaining forty days in Belle Isle, when he was exchanged). Wilderness, Petersburg and capture of Lee's army. After nearly four years' service, he was honorably discharged in Aug., 1865. In 1867 he mar- ried Miss Helen S., daughter of Chancy Moore, now deceased. " Mr. Stout owns 140 acres of improved land, jind keeps good stock, and has in connection a small dairy. Mr. Stout is a member of the A. O. U. W. ; in politics, a Republican. FRANCIS D. STRONG, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born on his present farm in Waterford Township, Erie Co., Penn., April 4, 1814, and is first son of Martin and Sarah Strong, both natives of Connecticut. Martin Strong, a surveyor, came on foot and alone from Connecticut in 1795, bringing his instruments with him. He was a Captain in the State militia, and worked at his profession the greater part of his life. He surveyed much of the land southeast of the Susquehanna River, also for the Holland & Population Co., besides doing a good local business in same line. He was twice married, first to Miss Han- nah Trask; they reared one daughter only to die when eighteen years of age. His second marriage, in 1811, was with Miss Sarah, daughter of Francis Drake; she was a native of Connecticut. This union was blessed with five children, three now living — Sarah Ann, "Widow of B. B. Vincent (deceased); Francis D. and Martin, who occupy the old farm. The deceased are Lydia Webb, wife of Col. T. B. Vincent; Dr. Laudaff. Mr. Strong ac- cumulated a large property; he died March 24, 1858; his widow survived him until Janu- ary, 1867. JOHN TAYLOR, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in County Armagh, Ireland, Feb. 24, 1831, and is a son of John Taylor, Sr. His parents died when he was small. Our subject came to America July 4, 1853; he earned the money and brought three of his sisters and a brother to America. He first worked on public works and then on a farm for seven years, then bought a farm for himself, and as the results of his hard labor and econ- omy has now 111 acres of fine improved land. Mr. Taylor married in 1857, Miss Sarah, daughter of John Gillespie. She was also a native of County Armagh, Ireland. Five chil- dren have been born to this union, viz.: Lizzie M., John Jr., Triphena L., Samuel and Clyde. Mr. Taylor and his wife attend the M. E. Church. John Taylor entered the ser- vice in 1865 in the 98th P. V. I., serving under Gen. Wright, 6th Corps, Army of the Poto- mac, and remained until the capture of Lee's army. He was honorably discharged June 22, 1865. He is an adherent of the Democratic party. WATERFORD TOWNSHIP. 231 C. C. TAYLOR, Waterford, was born near Coopersiown, Otsego Co..N. Y., July 9, 1882, and moved to Erie Co., Penn., with his parents in 1835; his father, John C. Taylor, was a blacksmith by trade; he took a deep interest in church matters, and in the latter part of his life was a preacher in the M. E. Church. He died at Waterford in July, 1864, and Mercy Taylor, his widow and mother of C. C, followed him in 1866. The subject of this brief sketch was thrown upon his own resources in early life, and his opportunities for acquiring an education were limited. He, however, acquired an academic course. In 1851, he married Miss Lovina J. McGee, daughter of John J. McGee, one of the early set- tlers of Elk Creek Township, moved to Mt. Pleasant, Penn., and commenced teaching school. Subsequent to this he attended Mt. Pleasant College, and graduated at Iron City College in 1859. He taught in Mt. Pleasant until 1864, when he returned to Erie Co., and engaged in mercantile business. In 1867 he took charge of the Wellsburg schools, and in 1869 was elected Superintendent of the public schools of Erie Co., and served three conse- cutive terms, or nine years in that capacity. Since voluntarily resigning the Superinten- dency in 1878, Mr. Taylor has been engaged in the introduction of school and college text books. He has succeeded in acquiring a very pleasant home. He now owns one of the best farms in Waterford Township, and his residence is perhaps not excelled in the county. JOSEPH THOMAS, retired farmer and Collector of Taxes, Waterford, was born in Erie Co., N. Y., July 20, 1812, son of Lewis Thomas also a native 'of New York State, who moved to Erie Co., Penn., in 1818. He raised a family of eleven children, nine now living. Our subject was the oldest child, and married in 1834, Miss Mary, daughter of Aaron Sedgwick, an old settler of Erie Co. Seven children have been born to this union, viz. : Helen, wife of William Sharp; Charles A.; Cynthia, wife of Josiah P. Osbunna; Francena, wife of Ervin Port; Betsy, widow of Frank Gardner; Ella M., wife of George Comer, and Maggie, wife of Hanford B. Skinner. All are living near their parents, who have eighteen grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren. Mr. Thomas when a j'^oung man worked at carpentering, but settled down to farming, in which he has been successful. He moved to Waterford in 1873, where he owns a fine residence and other village property. He is a self-made man, has educated all his children well and accumulated a large property. He has served his township as Assessor, and is now Tax Collector of the Borough of Water- ford Politically he is a Republican. E. M. THURBER, proprietor of cheese factory, Waterford, was born in Franklinville, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1855; son of David and Adaline Thurber. In early life our subject taught school, but in 1876 moved to Waterford, where he bought an interest in a cheese factory, established in 1868, now the largest in the township, and one of the largest and best in Erie Co. The milk of 500 cows is consumed, and as the cheese is a superior article, the factory is well patronized, and its products bring the highest market values. It is under the im- mediate supervision of Mr. Thurber. Our subject married, March, 1876, Miss Rebecca McAffee, a native of Canada. Three children have been born to this union, viz. : Ray, Edith and Addie. Mr. Thurber owns a nice residence in Waterford. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and A. O. U. W; in politics a Republican. His grandfather was a soldier in the war of 1812. WILLIAM VAN ANDEN, farmer, P. O. Waterford, was born in Schaghticoke Valley, Rensselaer Co., N. Y., Jan. 2, 1828, son of Barney and Clarisa Van Anden, natives of Ver- mont. The former was a soldier in the war of 1812, and died in 1837: the latter departed this life in 1868. Our subject came to Erie Co., in 1852, and engaged in mercantile busi- ness; was also postmaster at Wattsburg for about eight years. He married for his first wife, Sept. 27, 1854, Miss Mary J., daughter of D. D. White, of Wattsburg. This union was blessed with three children, all now deceased. His wife died May 4, 1874, and Nov. 21, 1876, Mr. Van Anden married Mrs. Maryett. widow of Philip Akerly (who was raised in Erie Co. but died in Ohio), and daughter of John L. Way. Both grandparents were among the first settlers of Erie Co. Mr. Van Anden owns a splendid farm of ninety acres, with fine buildings. He is raising the Holstein grade of cattle, of which he intends to make a specialty; was Adjuster for the Lycoming Insurance Co., Muncy, Penn., for many years. Is a member of the K. of H. In politics is a stanch Republican. HENRY R. VINCENT, retired farmer, Waterford, was born Jan. 28, 1811, in the Village of Waterford, Erie Co., Penn.; son of the Hon. John Vincent, who was born in Essex Co. N. J., in 1772. The latter was a son of Cornelius Vincent, a native of New Jersey, born April 15, 1737, and grandson of John Vincent, also a native of New Jersey, born Jan. 26, 1709, and great-grandson of Levi Vincent, who was born in France, April 10, 1676. The Hon. John Vincent came to Erie Co. about the 1st of June, 1797, and married Miss Nancy Boyd, in 1802. One child blessed this union — B. B. Vincent, a prominent business man in Erie for several years, now deceased. Mrs. (Boyd) Vincent died March, 1806, and Feb. 1, 1807, Mr. Vincent married Miss Nancy Anderson. Five children were born to this union, viz.: John A., Pheba W., Henry R., Cornelius H. and James P. He came to Erie Co. from Northumberland Co., Penn., on foot, in company with Wilson Smith, both carrying knapsacks on their backs all the way. He was appointed one of the Associate Judges in 1805, by Thomas McKean, then Governor of Pennsylvania, and one of 232 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Mr. Vincent served with distinction for about thirty-three years, until chan.