:||iiiilifiaig REVISED SUGGESTIONS IN UNITED STATES HISTOEY AND GOVERNMENT HART LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. REVISED SUCxGESTIONS 0\ THE STUUV OK THK HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT UNITED STATES ALBERT BUSHNELL HART OjO^ CAMBRIDGE publi5be& bv? tbe TUniversitp 1895 COPYRIGHT, 1895 By harvard UNIVERSITY PREFACE. These suggestions are the result of twelve years' experience with classes in the history and institutions of the United States. While intended principally for the use of students in Harvard University, perhaps they maj' be serviceable to teachers and students in other institutions. The purpose is to explain in detail the different kinds of work which have been found helpful ; but it will be understood that no course in Harvard College combines all these kinds of work in one year. ALBERT BUSHNELL HART. Cambridge, September 1, 1S1)5. CONTENTS. i^ 8, ^ 9. .^ 10 § 11 § 12 § 13 I. PRELIMINARY SUGGESTIONS. I)e.scription of courses in history ami governiuent .... 9 Choice and succession of courses 11 Previous preparation 12 Time necessary for tlie courses 12 JNIethods emijloyed in the courses 13 II. MATERIALS. I^se of books 15 Libraries avaihibU' ... 15 Text-books 16 Small Iiistorical lil)raries 16 Special libraries on constitutional (juestions 17 Small descriptive libraries 18 Iiistorical books desiral)le to own 18 Descriptive books desirabh- to own , . 18 III. LECTURES. § 14. Character of the lectures 21 § 15. Attendance . . ' 21 § 16. Princi])les of note-takin} 36. Directions for tlie e.xercise in liistory oO § 37. Correction of the paper.; ol § 38. Directions for tlie exercise in g()\ I'nnncn; .■)1 § 39. Preparation for the papers .'jI § 40. Materials for the i)apers .'r2 § 41. Paper No. 1. — Us(; of constitutional authorities . . a2 §42. Paper No. 2. — Colonial government 54 § 43. Paper No. 3. — Is the Union ohler than the States . 55 §44. Paper No. 4. — Powers of the confederation . . . 5(i § 45. Paper No. 5. — Constitution making and amend- ment 57 § 46. Paper No. 6. — "Was the constitution a compact? . 58 §47. Paper No. 7. — Separation of ])o\vers 59 §48. Paper No. 8. — Protection Co §48. Paper No. 9. — Implied power.; 01 §50. Pa]jer Xo. 10. — Remedy for usurpation liy the federal govenunenl 02 §51. Paper No. 11. — Annexation of territory .... (14 §52. Paper No. 12. — Power to regulate commerce . . (>5 §53. Paper No. 13. — Internal improvements .... ()(» §54. Paper No. 14. — Impairment of contracts . ... (18 §55. Pa2)er No. 15. — International obligations . . (19 §56. Paper No. 16. — Aj)poinliuents and removals . . 70 §57. Paper No. 17. — Nullification 71 §58. Paper No. 18. — The general welfar.- 72 §59. Paper No. 19. — Taxation and surplus revenui' . 72 § 60. Pai)er No. 20. — Constitutional and economic status of slavery 73 §61. Pai)erNo. 21. — Free speech, free press, !jnd petition in ( 'ongress .... 74 §62. Paper No. 22. — Obligations of tlu^ States . . . 75 § 63. Paper No. 23. — Extension of tlie Constitution over territoi-y 7(1 KKADINlt I'ArEKS. § G-Jr. Paper No. 24. — Popular sovereignty . § 60. Paper No. 2;"). — Questions of citizenship . § 66. Paper No. 20. — Secession § 67. Paper No. 27. — ]Means of executing the laws § 6; 7;:). Teachers' course reijorts 87 § 74. History reports 87 § 75. Government rei)oris 88 § 7G. General directions for special rejjorts in history 88 § 77. Bibliographical sjjccial reports 91 § 78. Bibliographical subjects 92 § 79. Example of a bibliographical report . 95 § 80 Legislative special reports 97 § 81. Legislative subjects 98 § 82. Example of a legislative re})orl .... 99 § 83. Constitutional special reports 107 § 84. C Constitutional svibjects 109 § 85. Example of a constitutional report . . . 122 § 86. Statistical special reports 128 § 87. Statistical subjects 129 § 88. f^xample of a statistical report . . . 131 §89. (ieographical special re jjorts 132 § 90. Geogra2)hical subjects 135 § 91. Special reports on slavery 136 § 92. Slavery subjects 137 § 93. Biographical special reports • . 139 § 94. Biographical subjects 139 §95. General directions for special reports in government . . 140 §96. Example of a rejjort on government . 141 § 97. Special reports on political theory 14;* § 98. Special reports on constitution making .... 144 § 99. Special reports on fundamental riglits .... 145 § 100. Special reports on political methods 146 § 101. Special reports on state government 147 § 102. Special I'eports on local government 147 § 103. Special reports on the national legislature . . . 148 § 104. Special re{)orts on the national (executive . . . 149 § 105. Special reports on the national judiciary .... 150 § 106. Special i-eports on territorial functions . . . . 151 CON I KNT> <5 107. § 108. § 109. § 110. §111. Sjx'cial n'liorts on u-ciicr.'il welfare S))ccial I'eports on tiiiancinl funetions . Special rejiorts on eomniercial functions Special reports on forcii^n relations Sj)ecial r(^])orts on war powers . 15 1 152 153 154 15+ VII. EXAMINATIONS. § 112. Puriioses of exaniinalions § 113. Su<;ility to combine facts derived from them into a statement useful for other people, as shown in the special reports (§§ 71-111). (e) An ability to retain and to apply the principles gained from the work of the course, including the parallel reading, as tested in examinations (§§ 112-119). No one will receive a pass mark in any of the courses who abso- lutely fails in any one of the five de])artments. II. MATERIALS. § 6. Use of books. Inasmuch as the value of the course lies chiefly in the student's use of his own powers, it is expected that all students will acquire the habit of using many books. Brief text- books will be required, but must be supplemented by wide reading in the general literature on the subject ; and the courses are arranged with the expectation that students will read the most important chap- ters of several works rather than the whole of any elaborate work. The use of bibliographical helps will be enforced at the beginning of each narrative course by a bibliographical report (§ 77). Constitu- tional treatises are to be taken up as a foundation for the work on "papers" (§§ 13, 40). The sources will be used for some of the special reports (§§41, 80, 86, 91, '.17-111). Then throughout the course students will be expected to acquu'e then* knowledge of facts from a great variety of material. § 7. Libraries available. To make it possible to do work of the kind just described, generous library facilities are necessary. In the Harvard College Library will be found a special collection of books intended for these courses. In the Delivery Room of the library is the card catalogue, a practical knowledge of which will be one of the earliest requii'ements of the courses. The records of the debates of Congress for the legislative report will be found in the College Reading Room. In the Reading Room is also an alcove of reserved books on Colonial and United States History, which contains most of the standard books necessary for the com-se, many of them in duplicate or triplicate copies ; they are arranged alphabetically by ranges, the order being from the bottom upward. In another place are the books on government, arranged alphabetically by authors, for all the College courses on government. In the same room are the catalogues and other bibliographical aids, and the valuable collection of government documents and records, including a set of the Opinions of the Attorney General and of the decisions of the Supreme Court. In addition to the large CJollege Library there is in University 14 the Evans Library, a collection of about six hundred volumes, including 15 16 MATERIALS. [SFX'TS. duplicates and triplicates of the most important hooks. This is open day and evening to qualified stmU'iits. 'i'lu' instructor is always ready to provide additional copies of books, if needed, upon application of a suflicient iuuul)er of students. The Cambridge Public Library, on Broadway, near the College buildings, may be used b}^ any permanent resident of Cambridge. The Boston libraries, especially the Boston Public Library, the Athenaeum and the Massachusetts State Library may be conveniently used, especially for special reports. Of these the State Library is the most accessible and it contains valual)le sets of documents and State statutes. The Law School Library is not open for general work, but may be used for books which cannot otherwise be found. Bates Hall, in the Boston Public Library, is open in the evening ; there is a valuable set of United States public documents in this library. § 8. Text-books. In all the courses some text-books are neces- sary to serve as a foundation and to give an outline of the subject. In the brief courses these Revised /Suggestions on the iStudi/ of the History and Government of the United States will b«' a suflicient guide to parallel reading. In the Summer School and in the training course for teachers the text-books will be : Revised Suggestions on the Study of the History and Government of the United States (189o) ; Channing and Hart, Guide to the Study of American History (1S\) 5) ; Alexander Johnston, History of American Politics (18H.S) ; Epochs of American History, 3 vols. (1891-93). For History 13 and other general narrative courses the text-books will be : Revised Suggestions on the Study of the History and Govern- ment of the United States (1895) ; Channing and Hart, Guide to the Study of American History (1895); Alexander .Johnston, History of American Politics (IHS'i) ; Constitution of the United States (Am,erican History Leaflets, No. 8, 3d ed.) ; Epochs of American History, 3 vols. (1.S91-93). For Government 12 and the other geneial descriptive courses the text-books are : Revised. Suggestions on the Study of the History and (rovei-nment of the United States (1895) ; Albert Bushnell Hart, Outline of American Government (in preparation) ; James Jiryce, American Commomcealth, 2 vols., 3d ed. (1893-95); II. von Hoist, Constitutiori(d Jaih^ (1887). § 9. Small historical libraries. Every student who can afford to do so is advised to buy for himself a few select books, in addition to the text-books. Several fiiends may agree each to provide his quota of a little working library, the books that he furnishes to be /-H'.] TKXT-r.OOKS, LIintAUIKS. 17 his property at tht' end of the year. Tlie following will be useful for any of the narrative courses : See also Guide ^ §§ 38, 39. For $5.00. — The following volumes of the American Statesmen Series : H. C. Lodge, George Washington, 2 vols. (18(S9) ; Carl Schurz, Ileuri/ Clai/, 2 vols. (1887) ; John T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, 2 vols. (1893). For $10.00. — Edward Stanwood, Presidential Elections (1892); John T. Morse, Benjamin Franl-Jin (1.S.S9) ; John T. Morse, Thomas Jefferson. (1883) ; IT. C. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton (1882) ; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, 2 vols. (1, the following general works may be mentioned. S5 13a. Accounts and discussions. F. Uoutmv: E'udes de Droit Constitutionel (1885). (Also in a translation by Dicey, as Studies in Constitutional Imic, 1891). -lames Bryce : The American Commonwealth, 2 vols. (3d revised edition, l.S9;)-95). John V,'. Burgess : Political Science and Comjiaratwe Constitutional Law, 2 vols. Edward C'hanning : 7'ou-n and County Governmeut in the English ( 'loonies (f Ji'orth ^luicrini (l.S.si). ll-13b.] DESCKIl'TIVE AVORKS. 19 Alfred R. Couklino- : City Government in the United States (1893). .1. AW Crane and Bernard Moses : Politics — an Introduction to the Study of Contparatice Constitutional Laiv (1883). A. V. Dicey : Introdnction to the Study of the Law of the Consti- tution (1889). John Fiske : Civil Government in the United States (1892). Worthington C. Ford : A^nerican Citize^i's Manual (two parts boiuid together, 1886). Frank J. Goodnow : Comparative Administrative Law, 2 vols. (1893). Albert Bushnell Hart : Practical Essays on American Government (1893). Albert Bushnell Hart : An Litroduction to the Study of Federal Gorernment (1891). Harvard Historical Monographs, No. 2. B. A. Hinsdale : The American Government, National and State (2d edition, 1895). Henry Cabot Lodge : Historical and Political Essays (1892). A. Lawrence Lowell: Essays on Government (1889). Henry Sumner Maine: Popular Government: four essays (1885). Edward C. Mason: The Veto Power (1890). Harvard Historical Monographs No. 1. Elisha Mulford : The Nation ; The Fou)idatio)t (f Ciril Order and Political IJfe in the United Stales (1871.) Theodoie Roosevelt : Essays on Practical Politics (1888). Albert Stickney : TJenwcratic Government (1885). C. O. Tiedeman ; The Unwritten Constitution of the United States (1890). Alexis de Tocqueville : Democracy in America, 2 vols. (18:55, 1840.) Of the three editions in English, Bowen's is the best. Woodrow Wilson: Conr/ressional Government (1885). Woodrow AVilson : The State ; Elements of Historical and Practiced Politics (1889). (§§ 832-1120, on national and state government in the Ignited States, are reprinted separatel}' as a text-book.) § 13b. Constitutional treatises. W. O. Bateman : Political and Constitutional Law ?§ 112, 114). § 16. Principles of note-taking. p:vory student will find it to his advantage to take careful notes of the lectures and from authori- ties : the practice trains the mind to condense and to grasp principles ; and the note-l)ook should cement the parts of the eoui-se together, and should receive additions from the reading. The following sugges- tions may be found useful: See also Guide, §§ 22, 23. 21 22 LECTURES. [SECTS. 1. Have a regular syntem. 2. If you have worked out a system of your o>c» which satisfies you, do uot change it. 3. tShorthand is not a great convenience, unless tlie notes are afterwards put into a form which may be read by any one. 4. A sj^stem of recognizable abbreviations is desirable. 5. Take notes all the ti)ne during lectures. 6. A word-for-word reproduction of what you hear or read is nuich less valuable to you than your own condensed form ^ embodying th«' lecturer's ideas. 7. Distinguish in your own mind the heads of the lecture, or the analysis of the books as it proceeds, and paragraph your notes accordinglj'. 8. Aim to set down the substance of yenercd statements, in your own words, rather than to note a part of each sentence. 9. Practice getting the exact vords of significant i)hraseK or quotations. 10. If you miss something important, ask to have it repeated. 11. If you lose a lectnre, fiU y/) the /V^o* A" immediately, from llie note-book of a fellow student. 12. After each lecture, go over your notes, and clearly indicate the heads : (a) by catch words in the margin ; or (Ij) ])y underlining words (as shown in the italicised words of this paragraph). 15. Once a week review the notes taken since the previous review. 14. Make out a brief table (f contents, as you go along, referring to pages of your note-book. § 17. Suggestions for taking lecture notes. For courses in any sul)jeet, made up chiefly of lectures with parallel readings, the following specific system is recommended : 1. Use a note-book, or, better, loose sheets of note paper, ruled in three vertical columns : a narrow one next to the outer edge : about one-half of the width in a middle column : about one-third in an inner column. Let there be a broad horizontal line an inch or more from the top. 2. Enter your notes in the middle column; dates and headings (if desired in tlie outer column. .3. Do not reicrite the notes taken in class. 4. Enter abstracts or quotations from your later readinxjs in the inner column, each opposite the passage in the notes which it is meant to illustrate. 16-19.] NOTE-TAKING, GEOGRAPHY. 2o 5. Across the top of the page write a naming Jieading iu two, three, or four members, summarizing the matter on the page ; e. (/. " Methods : — Lectures : — Note-taking." 6. Begin to wiite on tlie right side of tlie opened book and bcr/hi each distinct general head on a new leaf. 7. Each leaf being thus complete in itself may at any time be de- tached and used in another connection ; or others may be interleaved without disturbing the logical connection. 8. Copy or reproduce tables, diagrams, or mai^s before the suc- ceeding lecture. § 1 8. Historical geography. An essential part of the work iu all the courses, particularly iu the narrative courses, will be a study of the historical geography of the United States : this will include a sketch of the physical characteristics of the country and their influ- ence on its history ; a general knowledge of the territorial growth of the United States, and of its more important subdivisions ; and especially an understanding of the relations between the slavery question and historical geography. The data will be furnished iu lectures, illustrated by maps ; and in special maps reproduced and distributed, or copied by students upon blank outlines. The things to be remembered are few and simple ; but they are very important, and no student will be passed in any of the courses if he fails on the geographical questions in the examinations. (§§ 5, 18, 110-119.) Students should furnish themselves with a few copies of the desk outline map of the United States, published by Ginn & Co., and should take rough copies of the more important maps used for illus- tration in class. In the brief courses the geograpliy will be largely illustrative only. In the Summer Coui'se the geography will be substantially the same as in History 13, but will be thrown into consecutive lectures. For the teachers' course particular pains will be taken with the historical geography as a suggestion for later work in schools. In History 13 the instructor usually I'e views the geographical questions in an extra lecture at the end of each half-year. In Government 12 the geography will come principally at tlie beginning of eacli half-year. § 19. Useful geographical works. The authorities on the his- torical geography of the United States are enumerated and described in the Guide to the Study of American History (§21). Labberton, Historical Atlas contains some historical maps, not entirely accu- rate; they have been republished, with corrections and addition^, in MacCoun, Historical Geograjyhy of the United States. 24 LECTlliKS. [SECTS. The historical maps in iSeribner's American History Series and the Loujiman's Epochs of Avierican History may also be found useful. The latter have been republished in a little atlas. Epoch Maps iJJn.s- trating American History, 14 maps, 1.S92. An excellent wall nnip of the United States, well mounted, may be had for Si. 25, post-paid, on application by letter addressed to tiie Commissioner of ]*iilijic Lands. Washington, D. C. § 20. Arrangement of lectures. In the historical courses, since the courses are devoted rather to developing the elements ^\ hich un- derlie and account for the historical events than to descril in<2j tlie events in their sequence, the lectures taken together do not nnywlu'rc form a complete narrative. Nevertheless the course of ninety lectures (§§ 25, 27) is intended to include the whole field, though many details maj' be omitted. The briefer courses of descriptive lectures are also rather selections of typical subjects than parts of a complete series. The more elaborate courses in government (§§ 26 and 28) are intended to cover the ground of American govei-nment in systematic form. In Channing and Hart, Guide to the /Stncly of American History, § 7, will be found lists of exercises including both Colonial and United States History. § 21. List of ten historical lectures. — History of the United States from 1789 to 1861. 1. (17Hl)j The land and the people: §§ :>2a, 32b, 8(io ; Guide, §5^ 7.s-,S(), 144, 145, isi. 2. (1789-1793) Organization under the new Constitution: ;?>; 32c, SGb; Guide, §§ 157-160. 3. (1793-1801) The Federalist system of government: {$ 32'-: Guide, §§ 161-166. 4. (1801-1811) Tl)e Democratic-Republican system of govern- ment: ^ 32c; Guide, §§ 167-172. 5. (1811-1819) The development of national consciousness: § 32c; Guide, §§ 173-175. 6. (1820-1829) Political development : § 32c ; Guid<\ ii^ \li\- 180. 7. (1829-1840) Slavery (juestions : ^§32r?, 55; Gnid,', i^i \H1- 191. 8. (1840-1850) Territorial slavery: ;?§ 32f/, 36/; (inid(\ §§ 195, 19H. 9. (1850-1860) The irrepressible conflict: |> 32r/ ; (hdde, §§ 199-204. 10. (1860-1861) The causes of the Civil War: ^ 32c; Guide, ii 205-2()S. l^-2ii.j lUMEF r(>rHsp:s. 25 §22. List of ten descriptive lectures. — Phases of national government. 1. Romaiici' of American historical geograph}' : § 36t. 2. The American people : §34. .3. American political inventions : § 36c. 4. American federal government : § 36f7. '). Biography of an act of Congress : § 36/. 6. Cabinets and cabinet-makers : § S6g. 7. The courts and the laws : § 367?. H. Uncle Sam's farm: § 36/. 9. Tariff machinery : § ;)67i-. 10. (lovernment :ind trnns])ortation : § 36/. § 23. List of twenty-four historical and descriptive lectures. — Elements of American history. [This list will be followed in tlu' SuniiiuT School course. The second refeicnces are to ('h;:iinin_u' and Hart, (Jiiide to the Study of American lli^inry.^ 1 . The litenitnre of American history and how to find it : §§ 6-12, 33-36; Guide, §§ 15-25. 2. The mnterials of American history and how to use them : §§ 6-13; Guide, §§ 26-35. 3. The physical geography of North America and its connection with history : § 11); Guide, § 7(S. 4. (1 4H 2 -LSD 7) The political geography of North America: Guide, § 79. 5. (1 775-1 «97) The political geography of the ITnited States: Guide, §§ 150, 194. (). (1607-1.S97) The people of the United States : Guide, i^ \a:,. 7. (1607-1775) The principles of Colonial government: §42; Guide, § 147. «. (1637-1 7.S9) The origin and development of federal govern- ment in America : § 43 ; Guide, ^^ 124, 142, 149, 154-156. 9. (17S<.)-l,S(;i ) Tile question of State sovereignly: §S 3."), 46, 57, Q>(\ \ Guide, § 156. 10. (1 7.s<.)-l>i'.l7 I The development of popular government : § 33c ; Guide, §§ 160, 177, isi, 1S2. 11. (1789-1897) The development of parties and political ma- chinery: § 33c; Guide, § 160. 12. (1789-1 8;)7) Conduct of public business, especially in Con- gress: § ;'>3/: Guide. ^ 157. 26 13. (17.S'.I-1S'.» 14. (1789-189 1.'). (1789-189 l»i. (178;>-189 17. (1789-189 18. (1 789-1 8<.l i;). (17.S9-1.S9 20. (1789-189 LKCni.'KS 7) The civil scivict' : Ji^ 3of/, .")(); (Ttddr, ? l.')7. 1(57, 1.S2. 7) The wars of the ruited States: {J-? IM'un, OS; Gui(h% §5^ k;!, 17;), 19G, 209. 7) Diplomacy of the liiited States: § .'5;)///, .').'>; Guide, H 1<")2, KM, 108, 179, 194, 212. 7) Naticiial l)aiiks: § 337r, 48; GnUlc. H 1 ;') 1 . ir).s, l,s;5. IS,-), 197,,211. 7) Public lands : 5? ."..■5/; Guide, ^jj ]')S. \7^>. is;;. 18;-), 197, 211. 7) Iiiti'i'iial iiii[)i()veiiients : ;^>j '.)'.], '>:) : diiidt', 55§ 17o, 18(). 7) The tariff and its administration : § '.V.\h\ 4s ; . Guide, i^ l.-)S, 17.'), ]S4, 19 7, 211. 7) The Indian ((uestion : Guide, S§ !•">*•, 18(). 21. (1830-18()1) The institntion of slavery : § 60 ; Gvide, §^ 148, 187, 188. •2-2. (1775-1861) Anti-slavery aoitation : Guide, §4j l.-)2, 178, 187-189. 23. (1835— 1860) The political contest over slavery : Guide, §§ 190, 1!)1, 195, 198, 200, 201, 204, 210. 24. (1865—1873) The eleir.ents of reconstruction : §69; Guide, H 215, 216. § 24. List of thirty historical lectures. — History of America. [This list is suitable for a teachers' course. 'I'lie second references iir<' to Channing and Hart, Guide to the Study of American History. ~\ 1. The materials of American histor}' and how to lind and use them: Guide, §§ 15-36. 2. The physical geograi)hy of the United States and its conn«(tion with history : Guide, § 78. 3. The colonizing nations : Guide, §§ 86, 88, 93. 4. (1492-1783) Political oeography of the Colonies: Guide, Part II. 5. (1607-1775) Characteristics of the Southern Colonics: Guide, §§ 97-103. 6. (1620-1775) Characteristics of the New England Colonies: Guide, §§ 109-130. 7. (1658-1775) Characteristics of the Middle Colonies : (iuide, §§ 104-108. 8. (1607-1775) Indian and inter-colonial wars : (ruide, §§126, 131. 132. 2:5-24.] SHORT LISTS. 27 9. (1607-1775) Development of popular institutions: Guide, § lol. 10. (1607-1775) Colonial governments : §42; Guide, ^ 147. 11. (1688-1775) Causes of the Revolution: Guide, §§133, 135. 12. (1775-1783) Characteristics of the Revolution: Guide, %% 136-141. 13. (1775-1783) Development of national government : Guide, i% 142, 143. 14. (1781-1788) Characteristics of the Confederation period: § 44; Guide, §§ 149, 153. 15. (1786-1790) Adoption of the Constitution: § 45; Guide, §§ 154-156. 16. (1775-1895) Geography of the United States: Guide, §§ 150, 194. 17. (1789-1895) Framework of the Federal government : Guide, § 157. 18. (1789-1861) National finances: § 49; Gtdde, §§ 151, 158, 175, 183-186, 197. 19. (1793-1812) Nentral trade and foreign complications : Guide, §§ 162, 170, 172. 20. (1793-1895) Growth of democratic government: Guide, §§ 147, 181, 205. 21. (1812-1825) Characteristics of the war of 1812, and the subsequent reorganization: Guide, §§ 173— 179. 22. (1619-1861) The slavery question: §60; Guide, §§148, 152, 161, 178, 187, 188, 199. 23. (1624-1861) Abolition: (^Mic/e, §§ 189-191. 24. (1844-1861) The territories and slavery: Guide, §§198, 200, 204. 25. (1820-1861) Causes of the Civil War: Guide, §§205- 208. 26. (1861-1865) Characteristics of the Civil War: Guide, §§ 209-211. 27. (1864-1873) Characteristics of the Reconstruction period: § 69; Guide, §§ 215-217. 28. (1820-1895) Development of the West. 29. (1829-1895) Intellectual and religious development of the nation . 30. (1861-1895) National finances : Guide, % 241. '2^ LECTURES. [SECTS. §25. List of sixty descriptive lectures. — American govern- ment, national, State, and local. [This is the list for Government 12 (§{? 1,2), when conducted as a two hour course. From the titles references will be made to the instructor's Outline of American Governmeni, when prepared.] lOUM (»K (JOVKHNMENT. § 25a. Basis of American government. [§§ 33a, 42-46, 84, 97.] 1. Methods and authorities. 2. Physical conditions and their effect on government. 3. The people and their capacity for government. § 25b. Fundamental rights. [§§ 33c, 65, 84c, 99.] 4. Political inheritance of the Americans. o. Citizenship, status, acquirement and loss. 6. Rights of citizens. 7. Duties of citizens. § 25c. Political methods. [§§ 33o, 100.] •S. The suffrage. 9. Political and party machinery, 10. The electoral system. 1 1 . Formation of constitutions. 12. System of limitations on government. 13. Division of government between the nation. States, and local governments. §25d. The States. [§§ 33e, 43, 57, 62, 66, 84e, 101.] 14. Colonial government as a precedent. 15. The States as members of the Union. 16. State constitutions and their formation. 1 7. State legislatures. 1«. The State executive and judiciary. .i; 25e. Local government, [ij)? 33/, 84/, 102.] 19. Colonial precedents. 20. Towns and townships. 21. The counties. 22. The cities. 23. Problems of city government. !:; 25f. The national government. [§§ 33(/-33?:, il , 56, 67, «4.7-S4/, 103-105.] 24. Congress in general. 25. The Senate and House of Representatives. 25-25].] DESCRIPTIVE. 29 2G. The committee system. 27. Legislative procedure. 28. The President of the United States. 29. Executive departments and executive business. 30. The civil service. 31. The national courts. 32. Political functions of the courts. FL'XCTION.S OK (iOVERXMENT. § 25g. Territorial powers. [§§ 33t, 51, (53, 64, 84j, 106.] 33. The acquirement of territory. 34. Exclusive control of national territory. 35. Internal boundaries, and admission of states. 36. The Indians. 37. Public lands. § 25h. Financial powers. [§§ 33/, 49, 59, 84j, 107.] 38. The budget; public property and accounts. 39. Taxation in general. 40. Administration of the customs. 41. Appropriations and expenditure. 42. Public debts. § 25i. Commercial powers. [§§ 33Z-, 52, 53, 84A-, 108.] 43. General principles of the control of commerce. 44. Immigration. 45. Railroad and other land transportation. 46. Shipping and other water transportation. 47. Post Office and telegraph. 48. Internal improvements. 49. Regulation of business; corporations and monopolies. 50. Coinage, currency, and banking. § 25 j. Foreign and war powers. [§§ 33/, 55, ()8, 84/, 109, 110.] 51. Foreign representation and negotiation. 52. The treat}' power. 53. Declaring and carrying on war. 54. The army. 55. The navy. 56. Pensions. 30 LKnritKs. [sixrs. § 25k. Miscellaneous powers. [S?) :^:lm, //, .')S, 70, H4m, 111.] i')7 . Prest'i'vatiou of oi'dcr. .").S. J^diication. ;")!). Religion. (id. The police power. § 26. List of ninety historical lectures. — Political and Con- stitutional History of the United States, 1781-1867. [Tliis is tlie list for History 13. as at ])rc\-c'iit condiu'tcil. The si'fond refer- ences arc to ('haniiin2-l.s'.l7) Tlie territory of the United States: Guide, § 7!t, 150, 1!)4. W('<'khi ii(ijtj 42. .] 26b. (1750-1789) Genesis of the Constitution. [?; 336; Guide, § 5()/j.] .S. (175()-17n1) Spirit of miion : Guide, § lot), '.I. (1750-17.S3) Si)irit of independence : Guide, ^ 136. Weekhi paper. No. 8: lathe Union older than the States/ § 43; Guid<\ ^ 142. 10. (177()-17H1) Formation of the Articles of Confederation: Guide, § 142. 11. (17.S1-1S02) Territorial questions : G^wjc^c, {?«} 150, 1(>] . 12. (1781-1 (''^i)) Finances of the Confederation : Guide, ^\7)\. Weeklfj paper. No. 4 : Powers of the Confederation : ^ 4i. 13. (17.si-17.S8) Disturbances within the States : Guide, ^ liiL 14. (1 772-! 7'.M' ) S'aveiT (iiu'slions : (ruide, § 152. 25k-2(5c.] UXITEU 8TATi:s, 1 T.'.O-INO 1 . 31 15. (1785-1 7>i 7; Foreign relations and failure of the Confeder- ation : Guide, § 153. WeoK-hi paper, No. 5: Constitution^ making and amend- ment: § 45. 16. (17-S(!-17(ijK'i\ No. 0: ll'c/x ///p Constitution a compact? §46. lit. (1781>) Social, economic, and political condition of 1 he United States: Guide, § 157. § 26c. (1789-1801) Organization of the Government. \^Guide, § 56r.] 20. (17.S1)-1HI>3) Oganization of Congress : (ruide, % Ibl. 21. (1789-lS9o) Organization of the executive : Guide, § 157. WeeMji paper, Xo. 7 : Doctrine of the separation of poivers : § 47. 22. (178tt-lH()2) Organization of the judiciary : Guide, §157. 23. (17.s;)-171)o) Organization of a financial system ; revenue, taxation, expenditure, and debt : Guide, §158. 24. (17S'.l-l'S()l ) Organization of a commercial system ; external and internal regulation, shipping and protec- tion : Guide, § 15J16(). WeeMji pajwr. No. !> : Implied poirers : § 49. 28. (179;>-17'.»7) "Washington's foreign policy: Guide, H 162, Kio. 29. (1797-lSOl) Adams's administration; downfall of the Federahsts : Guide, jj 1(14, 166. 30. (179.s-l,S()Oj \'iiginia and Kentucky Kesolutions : Guide, >j 165. Wf'<-lhi pdjicr. No. 10: Remedy fir usurpation />// tlie federal government : § 50. 32 LECTUREiS. [SECTS. § 26d. (1801-1817) Foreign complications. [Guide, § wOe.] 31. (1801-1809) Personal elements of .Jefferson's aclminstra- tion : Guide, § 1()7. 32. (1801-1«09) Jefferson's policj'; the civil serviee and the judiciary: Guide, § 167. 33. (1800-1.S()3) Annexation of Louisiana : Cr //<% {^ 168. Weekly paper, No. 11: Annexation of territory : § 51. 34. (1805-1 «09) Opposition to the administration; the Bun- conspiracy: Guide, § 169. 35. (1803-1809) Neutral trade and the embargo : (/uide, § 170, 171. 36. (1809-1812) Causes of the War of 1812 : (ruide, § 172. Weekly paper, No. 12 : Poiver to regulate comuierce : § 52. 37. (1812-1815) The War of 1812 : Guide, § 173. 38. (1811-1H75) Opposition to the war in New Enoland ; the Hartford Convention : Guide, >j 174. § 26e. (1815-1829) Growth of national sentiment, [(ruide, § 56.] 39. (1815—1^17) Financial and commercial reorganization : Guide. ^ 175. Weekly paper, No. 18: luternal improvements : § 53. 40. (1800-1830) ReHgious and philanthropic movement : Guide, § 175. 41. (1819-1821) The Missouri Compromise : Guide, ^ \1H. 42. (1703-1825) The great constitutional decisions: Guide, § 176. Weekly jKiper, No. 14: luijHii riueul nf coidrnrt.^ : {? .">4 . 43. (1808-1823) The Monroe Doctrine : Guide, ^ \1\). 44. (1824-1829) Administration of John (^uincy A(hiiiis : Guide, § 180. 45. (1828-1829) Jackson's accession : Gulilr, ^ \H2. Weekly jiajier, No. 15: l)deruati(>ii(d o/ilii/ofioiis : ^ 55. SKCONO HALF-YEAK. (1 .S2'.>- 1 NC)7. ) § 26f . (1829-1841) Administrative and economic questions. \_Guide, § 5().] 46. (1829) Social, economic, and political condition of the United States : Guidi-, i^ LSI. 47. (1829-1837) Personal elements of Jackson's administra- tion : Guide, {? lS-2. 26d-2(;h.] UNITED STATES, I.S01-1S48. 33 48. (1817-18;K3) The civil service : Guide, S^ 1S2. WeeMy paper, No. 16: Appointments and removals : § 56. 49. (1829-1833) Jackson's war with the United States Bank: Guide, >? 188. 50. (1819-1832) Tariff legislation : Guide, ^ 1>, 97.] 1 . ^Methods ; authorities ; analysis of the subject ; point of view. 2. Physical conditions and their effect on government. 3. The people and their character. Weekly paper, No. 1: Early immigration. 4. Principle of popular government. 5. Principle of division of powers between general and local governments. 6. Principle of distribution of powers among departments of government. Weekly paper, No. 2: Origin of the American theory of government. § 27b. Fundamental rights. [§§ 33j, 84c, 99.] 7. Personal freedom. 8. Civil rights. 9. Political rights. Weekly paper. No. 8 : Had the Colonists all the rights of Englishmen. 10. • Obligations of citizens. 11. Acquirement and loss of citizenship. § 27c. Constitution making. •[§§ 336, 846.] 12. Principle of limitations on government. Weekly jjaper, No. 4: Status of aliens. 13. Constitutional conventions. 14. Process of constitutional amendment. H() LErnitES. [SECTS. § 27d. Machinery of popular government. [§§ 33r, .S4r/, 100.] ir>. The suffrage. Weekly pa2yer, No. 5: LiimtatwHS on flic power to alter ro7istih(fions. 16. Party orgauizatiou and nomiuutiug uiaehinery. 17. Methods of voting. I'S. History of elections. WeeMy paper, JVo. : J^thics of bribery, r.». ■ The press. 20. Influence of public opinion. II. FOKM OK AMEKICAN GOVERNMENTS. § 276. The Commonwealths. [}?^ 33rf, 84e, loi.] 21. Colonial government as a precedent. Weekly paper, No. 7 : How far American opinion affect.^ (jovernment. 22. History of state constitutions. 23. States as members of the Union. 24. State legishitures. Weekly paper. No. S : Doctrine i>f secession. 25. Governors and other state executive ollicers. 26. State judiciaries. 27. Functions of the states. Weekly paper. No. 9: Defects in state (jorernmevt. § 27f. The localities. [Sf? 33r^ 102.] 28. Colonial precedents. 29. Towns and townships and toAvn meetings. 30. Counties and the county system. Weekly paper. No. 10: (Question of local representative (jorernmevt . 31. Mixed systems of local government. 32. American cities. 33. History of city government. Weekly jHijier. No. II : Foreigners in rities. 34. Functions of cities. 35. Problems of municipal reform. 27d-27j.] GOVERNMENT : PRINCIPLES, STATES. 37 § 27g. The national legislature. [§§ 33/, 84/, 103.] 36. Choice of members; apportionment, gerrymandering, and usual term of ser\ice. WeeMi I palmer, No. 12: Question of responsible mayors. 37. Characteristics of the Senate. 38. Characteristics of the House of Representatives. 39. The Speaker and other officers. Weekly paper, No. 13: Discussion of the Speaker's status. 40. The committee system. 41. Congress in session. 42. Preparation of legislation ; influence of the executive. Weekly papyer., No. 14: Discussion of the committee system. 43. Debate in Congress. 44. Procedure on bills. 45. Legislative activity. Weekly paper. No. 15: Methods of relief for Congress. § 27h. The national executive. [§§ 33^/, SAg, 104.] 46. Election of the president. 47. The status of the President, and the Cabinet. 48. Executive departments and executive business. Weekly paper. No. 16: The Cabinent and Congress. 49. The Civil Service and Civil Service Reform. 50. Administrative functions. § 27i. The National judiciary. [§§ 33^, 84A, 105.] 51. The United States judges and tlie national courts. WeeMy paper., No. 17 : Administrative control. 52. The judicial powers of the courts. 53. Political powers of the courts. HI. FUNCTIONS OK THE AMEKICAN GOVERNMENTS. §27j. Territorial powers. [§§ 33e, 84i, 106.] 54. Acquirement of territory. Weekly paper., No. 18: Delaring acts void. 55. Boundaries, external and internal. 56. The national territories and admission of states. 38 LECTURES. [SECTS. 57. National and state capitals, parks and reservations. Weekly paper, No. 10: Jurisdiction in national build- ings. 58. The Indian question. 59. The public lands. § 27k. Financial powers. [§§ 33A', 84j, 107.] 60. Public property and accounts ; public buildings. Weekly jmper, iVb. 20: Remedies for the Indian question. 61. Sources of revenue : land and poll taxes. 62. The history of the tariff. 63. The administration of the customs. Weekly paper, No. 21 : Proper system of valuations. 64. Excises and other internal revenue taxes. 65. Appropriations and expenditures. 66. State, national and local debts. Weekly paper, No. 22: Debt limits. § 27I. Commercial powers. [§§ 33^, 84A', 108.] 67. Coinage, currency and legal tenders. 68. National and state banks. 69. The movement of commodities ; exports and imports. Weekly paper, No. 23 : National vs. state banks. 70. Immigration and its regulation. 71. Railroads and other land transportation. 72. Shipping and navigation. Weekly paper. No. 24: Government railroads. 73. Internal improvements. 74. The post-office and telegraph. 75. Chartering and regulating corporations. Weekly paper, No. 25: liegulatinfj trusts. 76. Bankruptcy, patents, copyrights, weights and measures. § 27m. Foreign powers. [§§ 33w, 84/, 109.] 77. Foreign representation and negotiation. 78. The treaty power. Weekly paper. No. 26: Reform of the consular system. 79. Principles of our foreign policy. 27j-27().] GOVERN^MENT: NATIONAL, FUNCTIONS. 39 § 2711. War powers. [§§ 33w, 84??^, 110.] 80. Declaring and earryiiig on war. 81. The army and militia. Weekly paper. No. 27: Polk i/ of aimexat ions. 82. The navy. 83. Pensions. § 270. Police powers and general welfare. [§§ 33n, 84%, 111.] 84. Manufactures, agriculture and commerce. Weel-hi paper. No. 28: A standing navy. 6b. Education. 86. Religion. 87. Health and good morals. Weekly 2)aper, No. 29: The liquor question. 88. Repression of crime. 89. Public institutions for the delinquent and defective. 90. Preservation of order and suppression of insurrections. Weekly paper, No. 30 : Use of injunctions against rioters. IV. PARALLEL READING. § 28. Requirement of reading. In all the courses it it; assumed that the student is doing regular and systematic reading ; no one can expect in an}' other way to follow the lectures, to profit by the courses, or to pass the examinations. There is no requirement as to the manner in which it shall be done : the student may choose books at his discretion and read them according to his judgement (§ 28) ; or, if he desire to keep more closely within the limits of the com*se, he may read one or more references under each paragraph of the Guide as it is taken up in the lectures (§ 32) ; or he may choose groups out of the " general readings " given in the Grade (§§ 54-58.) The system reconnnended by the instructor is a coml)ination of the three methods : a few brief books should be read entire, — the Epoch series, and Johnston, American Politics, some of the Ameri- can Statesmen series, and Stanwood, Presidential Elections will answer ; then the general readings may be used and the student may go to special references in the Guide for important and difficult points. § 29. Consecutive readings. Vov the students who are willing to give most time to the coiiise, perhaps the best method is simply to follow out the standard books which most interest them, reading one after another and comparing them with each other and with the lectures. The books recommended in the small select li])raries (§§ 9, 10) are the l)est to begin upon ; but the student should also go through some contemporary narratives, especially on the slavery question. In using this method, which will be most useful in Government 12, attention should also be given to the topics upon which the student finds himself most uncertain or ignorant when they are touched upon in the lectures. § 30. General readings. The difliculty of getting the use of a large numljer of books at the same time is such that another method of keeping abreast of the courses has been devised, that of " general readings." Several lectui-es are thrown together into a period, and for each period is arranged a series of groups of associated books, 40 SECTS. 2S-;>-J.] (JEXEHAL SICCESTIONS. 41 or parts of books. Thus in thi' Gnkle, § 56d, will bo found a set of readings " for all" and ten groups of references. In connection with the '• for all" group, read eitlK^r Group 1 (Lodge, Winsor), or Group 2 (Ludlow, Lodge), or Group 3, etc. The groups aie roughly arranged in an order of preference, but there is very little difference in the value of the first half-dozen under each period. It will be well to use the books in the order in which they are printed in the groups, and so to choose thein in successive periods as to bring into use a number of volumes. The system is adapted to the small reference libraries (§§ 'J-ll). § 31. Topical readings. Arranged in the Guide will be found a series of topics covriing in general the field of the lectures. Most of them will be taken up in the lectures, although many points will be discussed, which are not dii-ectly included in any of these topics. An excellent way of following the course is as follows : after each lecture, to read up one or more of the references under each sub- division of the topic w^hich has been discussed. The references in each paragraph are loosely arranged in the order of preference ; Init all that are inserted have a value, although they do not always bear exactly upon the whole cpiestion stated in the topic. The topical readings are most valuable to students who can easily hold the thread of the narrative in their minds. One particular advantage of the system is that it introduces the student to a large number of books. § 32. List of general readings on United States history. For the ordinary student, and espe<'ially for students in the brief courses, the sununer school courses, and the teachers' courses, it will be four.d most convenient to use the elaborate lists of general readings printed in the Guide, § i){^. It must be understood that the system lacks the advantage gained by search in books to find passages most useful for immediate purpose. Such reading must, therefore, be sup- plemented by other parts of the Avork which give distinct meaning in the selection of material, especially the weekly pai)ers (§ 3(S) and the special reports (§ 41). !Many students have the commendable habit of keeping ahead of the lectures with their reading, so that they may have a basis of fact upon which to apply the lectures as they are delivered. But for the student who desires to keep a complete and consecutive abstract of his work it will probabl}' be found most convenient to take notes on the lectures in a systematic form, leaving space to be filled in with an abstract from later collateral reading. 42 PARALLEL KKAI)I.N({. [SECTS. § 33. List of readings on American government. These read- ings are not carefully arranged within the groups ; but in general the references toward the top in each group arc; the most serviceable. A few references appear to some of the jieriodicals most interested in questions of practical government. No attempt has been made to exhaust pamphlet and peiiodical literature; nor to analyze the contents of the Constitutional treatises (List in §§ 13, 14), in which there is often discussion of goveinmcut in practice. On any of tlic topics below, additional and detailed material may be found through Bowker and lies. Reader's Guide ; W. F. Poole, Index to Pen'odicals, and S7i2:)2>lemeiifs : .loiics, fnde.r to Legal Pen'odiral.s : Fletcher, -4. L. A. Index. § 33a. The general principles of American government. Woodrow Wilson, The State, §§ l-'JCT ; T. 1). AVoolsey, Political Science, part II ; John W. Burgess, Political Science, part II, book III; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Late, §§7-19; James Bryce, American CommonwealtJi, vhs. i, ii, iv, xxv-xxxv ; A. L.Lowell, Essays on Government, nos. i-iv ; C. G. Tiedeman, The Unwritten Constitution ; Henry Sunnier Maine, Popidar Government, especially ch. i, ii ; Crane and Moses, Politics: an Introduction to the Study of Comparative Constitutional Laic; A. V. Dicey, Lectures introductory to a Study of the Law of the Constitution, especially Lectures i, iii, iv ; B. A. Hinsdale, The American Government, Introduction; Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles of Constitutional Law, chs. ii, iii, vii; J. K. Hosnier, Anglo-Saxon Freedom, chs. xv, xvii-xix ; Worthington C. Ford, American Citizens' Manual, part I, ch. i. § 33b. Genesis of American government. II. >'on Hoist, Constifulional Law, §§ l-G ; AVoodrow Wilson, The State, §§ 832-884; Hannis 'I\iylor, Origin and Groivth of the English Constitution, Introduction; B. A. Hinsdale, American Government, part I ; James Bryce, American Commonwealth, eh. iii ; E. Boutmy, Stttdies in Constitutional Law, part II ; James II. Robinson, Origi- nal Features in the United Sla Wpublique Americaine, IV, livre XIV; Hampton L. Carson, Supreme Court of the United States (2 parts) ; Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles of Constitutional Law, cii. vi ; J. J. Lalor, ('yclopaedia of Poliliccd Science, articles on Judiciary (Elective), Judicary (U. S.), ^Mi'itary Connnissions ; John Fiske, Civil Gov- ernment, ch. viii, § ;') ; .lohu W. Burgess, Political Science, part II, l)ook III, div. \\ , ciis. i, v; B. A. Hinsdale, American Govern- ment, part II, chs. xxxiv-xxxix ; (I. X. Lamphere, The United States Government, 250-254; C. B. P^Uiott, The Legislatures and the Courts (Political Science Quarterly, V) ; F. P. Powers. Recent Centrcdizing Tendencies (Political Science Quarterly, V). § 33i. Powers over territory. J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, articles on Annexation, Capital (the national), District of Columbia, Natiomd Cemeteries, Ordinance of 1787, Popular Sovere'ghty, Pu])l:c Lands, Public Lands (Office), Territorial Waters, Territories; J. B. Vainum, Seat of Government; 33j2,-:>;)k.] NATION. \i- (;()\ ki;nmf:nt. 47 Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles of CotistitKlional Lan\ ch. iv, § 13, chs. viii, ix ; Sliosuki Sato, Ilistorf/ of the Ij((iid Question; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Lau\ §§ ol-o4 ; James B.yce, A^nerican Common u-ealtJi, eh. xlvn; Auguste Carlior, La RepubUque Ameri- caine, IJ, livie VI-\'III; IV, livre XV; A. 15. Hart, Practical Essays, No. x; B. A. Hinsdale, American Government, part II, eh. XXV ; Worthington C. Ford, American Citizens' Mannal, part II, 4.S-r)G ; E. C. Mason, T>fo Potrer, ^^ 45-51 ; G. N. Knight, History and Manaijement of Federal Land Grants for Education in the North- west Territory (Papers American Historical Association, I) ; James C. Welling, The States' Right Conflict over the Public Lands (Papers American Historical Association, III) ; Chas. H. Haskins, The Yazoo Land Companies (Papers American Historical Association, V). § 33j' Powers over citizens. John W. Bui'gess, Political /Science, part II, book II, chs. i, ii ; J.J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political /Science, articles on Bills of Rights, Cherokee Case, Drafts, Civil Rights Bill, Dred Scott Case, Ex-Post Facto Laws, Habeas Corjjns (U. S.) ; Homestead and Exemption, Jury (Trial), Personal Liberty Laws, Petitions, Slavery (U. S.) ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutionfd L^au\ §§ 72, 78, 84-87 ; B. A. Hinsdale, American Gorernment, part II, chs. xxviii-xxx ; Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles of Constitutional Laic, eh. iv, §§3, 14, chs. xii- xvi; E. C. Mason, Veto Power, §§ 38-44; Worthington C. Ford, American (^itizens' Manuid, part II, 1-19, 40-44. § 33k. Financial powers. F. AV. Taussig, Tariff History of the U. S. ; H. C. Adams, Public Debts; H. Von Hoist, Constitntional Lair, §§ 35-37, 06; Thomas ^I. Cooley, General Principles of Constitntioncd Late, ch. iv, § 1 ; Jolui J. Knox, United States Notes; J. I). Goss, History of Tariff Administration ; Pximnnd J. James, Some Considerations on the Legal Tender Decisions; E. C. Mason, Veto Power, §§ 18-20, 35, 52-81 ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Poliiiccd Science, articles on Bank Con- troversies, Banking, Bill of Exchange, Debts, Deposits, Distilled Spirits, Finance (American) Income Tax, Independent Treasury, Internal Revenue, Priority of Debts, Removals, Repudiation, United States Notes (two articles). United States Surplus ; F. L. Olmsted, The Tobacco Tax ((Quarterly Journal of Px-onomics, III) ; F. J. Goodnow, The Collection of Duties (Political Science Quarterly, I) ; H. C. Adams, American War- Financiering (Political Science Quarterl}^ I) ; E. J. Shriner, Hoiv Customs Duties Work (Political Science Quar- terly II) ; E. J. Renick, The Comj)trolh^rs and the Courts (Political Science Quarterly, IV) ; E. R. A. Seligman, The TaxcUion of Cor- 4S I'.\i;ai,i,i:i. i;k.M)IN<;. [skcts. poralioiis. (Political Scicnci' (Quarterly, \' i : !■".. .1. Koiiick. ('outrol of National Expenditures (Politicnl iScii'iici- (^Miaitcrly, VI): N. H. Thompson, Control of Natioiial Expenditaros (Political Science Quarterly, VII) ; C. F. Duul)ar, some Precedents fnlloired hi/ IlamiJ- ton (Quarterly' Journal of Economics, III) ; ('. F. DiiiiUar. the Direct Tax of /S6I ((^)uartorly .Tournal of Economics. Ill ). § 33I. Commercial powers. H. Vou Hoist, Constitutional Lair, iiv? ;i^i-42. 7'.i ; Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles (f Cdnstltiilioiial La/i\ cji. iv, ;j§ 2, 4—10; Kichmonil M. Smith, Enii(/rafinii and hiniiif/rdfioii : A. li. Hart, Practical Essai/s, No. ix ; Emory U. .loiinson. Hirer and Harbor Bills (Aunnlfi American Academy of Folitical ami Social Science, II) ; ,). .1. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political /Science, articles on American Merchant Marine, Chinese Immigration, Coastino- Trade. Coinaue, Corporations (LaAv of), Embargo (F. S.), Emigration and Immigra- tion, Free Trade, Internal Improvements, Protection (in the U. S.), Tariffs; E. C. .Mason, Veto Power, §§ 82-1)4; Orrin L. Elliott, The Tariff' Coidrorcrs)/ ; Worthiugton C. Ford, American Citizen's Manual, part II, ;>".-]<>, 1 1-4.S, r)7-(il ; A. .1. Hadley, JVorkimjs of the Interstate Commerce Lan- ((Quarterly .lournal of Economics, II); M. E. Kelley, Tariff Acts under the Confederation ((Quarterly .Journal of Economics, II); F. A. Walker, The Eleventh Census of the U. iS. (Quarterly .lournal of Economics. II); Cluiuncey Smith, ^1 Centuri/ of Patent Laic ((.Quarterly .Journal of Economics, I\') ; II. C. Barnaid, The Oleomargarine Laic (Political Science Quarterly, II) ; T. '\\'. Dwight, Legality of Trusts (Political Science (.Quarterly, III) ; ,1. W. Jenks, Development of the Whiskeji Trust (Political Science Quarterly. IV); F. P. Powers, linilrotiil Indeuuiili/ Lands (Political Science Quarterly. IV); E. Schuyler, Ifidian Jui inigration into the U. <'^'. (Political Science (Quarterly, I\') ; H. M. Smith, On. Census Methods (Political Science Quarterly, V); (leorge K. Holmes, State Control of Corporations (Political Science (.Quarterly, VI); .1. H. Noltle, Immigration (Political Science (Quarterly, Nil); Chas. M. Morris, Internal Improvements in Ohio, l.S2r)-l.sr)(» (Pajters American His- torical Association, III) ; AVilliaiii Hill, ('o/onnd Tariffs ( (^u.-uterly Journal of Economics, VII). § 33m. Foreign and war powers. H. Von Ilolst, Constitutional Lau\ j^jj 47, ;">(), a"), .")S ; Auguste Carlier, La Rej)uhli(/ue Americaine, \\\. livi-e IX, xii. xiii ; Thonuis M. Cooley, General J'riuciples if (\>iistit ntiomd Lini\ eh. iv, {j 12; J. J. Laloi". Ci/clojxiedia of Political Scieuce, articles on Army, Monroe Doctrine, Navy, Treaties, Treaties (Fishery), Treaties (U. S.), 33k-;U.] FUNCTIONS OF (U)VEI!NMP:NT. 49 United States Pension Laws; E. C. Mason, Vf to Power, §§21,30; E. H. Hall, An Indignity to our Citizen Soldiers; J. W. Bryce, Our Internationcd Kesponsibility, (Political Science Quarterly, VI) ; Worthington C. Ford, American Citizens' Manual, part II, 20-33; See also general Commentaries on international law, especially by American authors ; above all Francis Wharton, Dii/est of the Inter- national Lair of the JJ. S. §3311. Miscellaneous powers and amendment. H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laio, § 94-98 ; Philip Schaff, Church and State in the United StcUes, (Papers American Historical Association, II) ; H. V. Ames, Amendments to the Constitution of the United Stcdes, (Papers American Historical Association, V) ; John AV. Burgess, Politiccd Science, part II, book I, eh. i; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, of Political Science, articles on Amendment, Con- stitution of (U. S.), Convention (the Constitutional), Education (Bureau), Education (compulsory). Insurrection (U. S.), Mormons, Police Power of a State, Prohibition; J, W. Jenks, School Book Legislation, (Political Science Quarterly, VI). § 34. Memorizing. — The whole object of the courses is to teach students to reason rather than to teach them to remember. But, in order to reason, it is essential to have constantly in the mind certain fundamental data. Students are, therefore, advised to commit to memory so as to have always at command the following facts. The text of these extracts may be found in the Guide. § 47. 1. (1789-1890.) List of presidents with the dates of their administrations : Johnston's American Politics, 290-29(k 2. (1789-1888.) Presidential elections: the two leading- candidates in each : Johnston's American Politics, 290-29(1. 3. (1791—1890.) Order of admission of states (years only need be remembered) : Johnston's American Politics, 289. 4. (1790-1890.) Population of the U. S. in round numbers at each decennial period : Bulletin of the Eleventh Census, No. 3. a. (17.S7-1870.) Constitution of the United States; Art. 1, Sect. 8, Sect. 9, §§ 2-G, Sect. 10 ; Art. III., Sect. 2, Amendments 1, 9, 11, 13, and 15 : American History Leaflets^ No. 8. V. WEEKLY PAPERS. § 35. Purpose of the exercise. The weekly i)apers are brief written answers to questions put upon tlie board ; the answers to be Avritten in the last fifteen minutes of the lecture hour. In the list of lectures intended for History 13 (§ 26), and for Government 12 (§27), will be found stated after each set of three lectures a general subject connected with the work of the previous week. Upon this subject students are expected to read, so as to be prepared to form and express in writiuij; an oi)iniou with reference to some minor point which might arise under the general subject. Thus, under the ques- tion of the methods of annexing territory to the United States, the paper might ask for a discussion of the question whether Hawaii could be annexed by joint resolution without the consent of the Hawaiian government ; under the general question of implied powers might be asked the question whether the United States could constitutionally charter a government university. The purpose of the system is, therefore, to train students in applying what they have already U'arned to the formation of a judg- ment on a specific question which they have never before considered. This is believed to be one of the most important pai-ts of the course ; and every student who, for any reason, has failed to hand in two papers out of the fifteen rcijuired in each half year, may be considered not to have furnished the evidence that he is pursuing the course in a systematic iiKumer. and may, llierefore, be subject to hour examinations. § 36. Directions for the exercise in history. Tlie regular paper day in the History KJ course will be Thursday; the time, the last fifteen minutes of the regular exercise. Two questions, of the same general tenor, are conuiionly given out, one for students holding odd record numl)ers, and the other for holders of even record numbers, so that no two students sitting side by side may be engaged on the same question. The general subjects, under which (juestions are to be set is indi- cated in §§ 26, 27 ; and specimen (luestions will be found in §§ 41-70 :)0 SECTS. S5-39.] GENERAL, SUGGESTIONS. 51 below. It will be noticed that the thirty topics included in the list do not cover the whole field of constitutional law or government ; they are selected on account of their connection with the narrative lectures and history ; for instance, the paper on implied powers will come into the course just after an account of the creation of the first United States Bank ; and secession after a discussion of the crisis of 1860-61. In answering these questions students are allowed to have before them the text of the Constitution, and they are expected to refer to all the clauses of the Constitution which seem to them applicable to the specific question which they are discussing. For this purpose the text of the Constitution in tlie American History Leaflets Xo. 8 will be found convenient. They are expected, also, to apply whatever general principles they may have acquired in the course, as to the powers and limitations of the national and state governments. To facilitate the handling of the papers, students will ])e expected to use the miiform blank which will be pro^^ded, and to put on theu- record numbers. § 37. Correction of the papers. Papers (for which uniform blanks will l)e provided) are to be taken up by the assistant in charge of this Avork. He will read each paper, and endorse upon it his judgment and his suggestions. On Tuesdays the corrected papers will be found in the alpha! )etized boxes, ready for return. The assistant will hold stated conference hours to discuss the criti- cisms with any student who so desires, and to set special papers for students who have had absences excused by the college office. § 38. Directions for the exercise in Government. Papers in Government 12 will be called for on Fridays. The subjects will not usually be constitutional, but rather discourses of mooted questions in the practice of government. Authorities may be found in the readings on government (§ 83), and through the text-books (§ 8), treatises (§ 13), and weekly papers in history (§§ 41-70). § 30. Preparation for the papers. In order to ansAver the questions cogently students must learn to carry in their minds the general principles of the course ; and they must also read up for each exercise. A set of convenient references on tlie historical set Avill l)e found below (>}i5 40-70). Particular stress is laid upon the "• sources," and especially the '• cases." The use of such material is excellent pre- liminary practice in the Avork of the lawyer, legislator, and publicist ; and the judgments formed upon sources ai-e more likely to be original and pertinent. The reading done by AAay of preparation for the 52 WEEKLY PAPERS. [SECTS. "papers" Avill be found n valuable part of the general preparation for the courses. § 40. Materials for the papers. The reading for the weekly papers may be classified as follows : Sources. An account of the sources of United States History in general may be found in Channing and Hart, Guide to t/ie Study of American History §§ 27-35. Among them are the journals of Congress ; records of del)ates ; the Avorks of public men containing speeches and state papeis ; reminiscences ; the Statesman's Manual with Presidents' messages ; Statutes at Large ; Treaties of the United States; elal)orate biographies containing documents; proceedings of learned societies. A list of indexes to government documents will be found in the Guide ^ ^ 29. Cases. Reference is made below usually to United States reports, inasnuich as no sets of state reports are available for college classes. The ollicial reports of United States cases are descril)ed in the Guide, § 2.S ; and a full set is reserved for tlie use of the class. The most important decisions to 1S35 are gathered together in a volume entitled The WrifiiH/.s of John ^farsha/l. For class use the most available collection is .1. 15. Thayer, Cases on Constittdional Lair, of Avhich several sets are reserved in the library : this includes many state eases of importance, not otherwise available. CoxsTiTUTiONAi, Disdssioxs. A in'ief list of treatises may be found above, §§ 12, 4H; most of them are reserved in the " (ioverument " alcove of the libraiy. In liic lists below the most serviceable refer- ences are ])ut lirst. It is desirable to read two authors avIio write from different i)oints of view, so as to get a grasp of the dilllculties of the sul)ject, and the arguments jtra and 'o// ; one case is rarely enough for the statement of tiie principles at issue. Historical discussions, 'i'he historical discussions are in most cases accounts and criticisms of the historical events which brought out or applied constitutional (juestions. They serve as a con- nective between the narrative part of the course and this special constitutional work. No valuable judgment can be formed from this group of references alone; and the additional use of sources and cases will he enforced liy all the means in the instructor's power. Specimen questions. The (luestions appended to each topic illus- trate the kind of limited incjuiry upon which any student ought to be able to form and express a judgment, after going over the general ground through the references. §41. Paper No. i: Use of constitutional authorities. The first paper is intended to test and to train the habit of using books 39-41.] MATERIALS AND CONSTITUTIONAL. 53 iutelligeutl}'. The proper preparation is to make one's self familiar with the arrangement and character of as many of the books enumer- ated as possible. In § 10, will be found a description of small special libraries adapted the "papers"; for constitutional special reports see §§ 83-85. Sources. The Covstitntiou of the United States (verbatim text in American History Leaflets, JS^o. 8, od ed.). — Journals of Congress, contdiiiintj their iiroceedings (177-4-1788) ; Seeret Journals of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress (1 774-1 7, 2;;.] SoiRCK.s. Constitution a/ the United States, Ait. 1, Sect. 1, Sect. 7, § 3, Sect. «, §§ 17, IS; Art. II. Sect. 2. ?j 2; Art. IV, Sect. 3; Art. VI, § 2.— Treaties of LSI);), l.sil), 1.S4.S, isr,:',, 18G7, in Trea- ties and Conventions; extracts in Wliarton, Digest of the International Lan- of the U. S., §^ 14.S^, 154, 159, 161a. — (Question of Louisiana in Barb6-Marbois, Ilisloire de la Lonisiane, 247-341 ; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, II, 506-581 ; Thomas Jefferson, Works (edition of 1854), IV, 431-434 ; T. Donaldson, The Pnblic Domain, 81)-105 ; Debates in Annals of Congress, XIJI, 31-74 : in Benton's Abridgement, III, 4-20 ; in Fllliot's Debates, lY-. 462-4 (;<;. — Question of Texas in Niles's Register, LX1\\ 17.")-175; Calhoun's treaty of April 12, 1844, in Sen. Docs. 28 Congress, 1 Sess., No. 341, pp. 10- 13; Calhoun's Works, V, 322-327; Joint Resolutions of .Alarch 1, 1845 and Dec. 10, 1845, in StcUutes at Large, \. 797, IX, 108; Debates of 1844 and 1845 in Benton's Abridgement, XV, 142-146, 154, 170, 174-179, 1.S5-300; T. H. Benton, Thirty Years Viev. II, 600-624, 632-638. — F. Wharton, Digest <-2i\. — Soulard rs. United States, 4 Peters, 511; 9 Curtis, 169. Maps. Ejxn-h Mojks, Nos. 7. s. :i, 11, 12; same nui])s in A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union, maps, Nos. 1, 4; and Woodrow Wilson, Dirision and Rennioii, maps, Nos. 1, 2, 3. CoNSTiTiTioxAL DISCUSSIONS. 11. Vou Ilolst, Constit ntion(d Ij(nr of the United States, § 53 : W, O. Bateman, Political and Constit n- ional Laiv of the United States, § 249 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitu- tional Laiv (edition of ISSO) 169-171; (edition of 1891) 175-177; J. Tiffany, Constitutional Lan-, 37-40; J. Story, Commentaries (edition of 1833), §§ 12.S2-12.S8, 130.S ; (edition of 1891) §§ 1282- 12«9,i;520, 1324; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutiomd Lau\ §^ 488, 497-49>i, 673; J. Kent, Commentaries, Ji 258 ; T. Siugeant. Consti- tutional Law, 389 ; F. Wharton, Commentaries, § 4()2 ; W. A. Duer, Constitutional Jurisj)rudence, 338, 339. HisTomcAL DISCUSSIONS. (Sec Guide, §§ 16«, 195.) On Louisiana: Henry Adams, Ilistori/ of the United States, II, 25-50, 74-1 15 ; Ran- 51-52.] ANNEXATION OF TEUKITOUV. ii") dall, Life of Jefferson, III, 60-61, 75-85; Henry Adams, Life of Gallatin, 307, 310, 318; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional History, I. 183-193; J.T.Morse, Thomas Jefferson, 246-258 ; Heiny Adams. John Randolph, 85-95 ; R. Hildreth, History of the United States, V, 478-482, 486-488, 494-497; J. B. McMaster, History of the United States, II, 622-635 ; III, 1-10.— On Texas : H. Von Hoist, Constitutional History of the United States, II, 599-614, 625-643, 677-690, 702-714; John C. Calhoun, 222-260; Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, II, 223-267; H. Greely, The American Conflict, I, 147-173; E. N. Shepard, Martin Van Buren, 307, 343-348 ; J. Sehouler, His- tory of the United States, IV, 441, 448, 449, 457-460, 465, 470. 481-488; T. Sargeant, Public Men and Events, II, 259-263. Specimen questions. Do the former laws of an annexed territorv have any force after annexation? — May territory be separated from the United States by Act of Congress? — Was Congress obhged to make Louisiana a state because so agreed in the treaty of annexa- tion? — Could Congress constitutionally have made a condition thrit Texas must come in as a free state ? § 52. Paper No. 12 : Power to regulate commerce. [Cf. Paper No. 8.] Sources. Constitution of the United Stales, Art. I, Sect. 8, §§ ;;. 18, Sect. 9, §§ 1, 5, 6, Sect. 10, § 2 ; Art. IV, Sect. 2, § 1 ; Art. \l. § 2. — Thomas Jefferson, Messages of Oct. 27 and Dec. 18, 1807, in Statesman's Manual, I, 200-203, 204 ; in Annals of Congress, XA' 1 1 . 14, 50. — Embargo Acts of Dec. 22, 1807, Jan. 9, March 12, A-,. HI 25, 1808, in Statutes at Large, II, 451, 453, 473, 499.— Debates in Annals of Congress, XVII, 50-51, 1216-1220; in T. II. Benton, Abridgement, III, 640-644, 678—707. — Contemporary discussions in M. Carey, The Olive Branch, chs. xxiv, xxv ; in J. Q. Adams, Memoirs, I, 491, 535; in Edmund Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy, 127-130, 139, 183; in Thomas Jefferson, Works, V, 226-243; in Niles's Register, XXXV, 138 ; in W. Story, Life of Joseph Story, I, 165, 174-187, 223. Cases. Gibbons vs. Ogden, 9 Wheaton, 1; 6 Curtis, 1; ,1. 1>. Thayer, Cases, 730, 1799; J. Marshall, Writings, 287-315. — Brown vs. Mainland, 12 Wheaton, 419 ; 7 Curtis, 262 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1826 ; J. Marshall, Writings, 358-372. — Willson r.s. Blackbird Creek Co., 2 Peters, 245; 8 Curtis, 105; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1837. — New York vs. Miln, 11 Peters, 102; 12 Curtis, 357; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1840. — License Cases, 5 Howard, 504 ; 16 Curtis, 513 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1851. — Passenger Cases, 7 Howard, 283 ; 17 Curtis. 122 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1865. — Pennsylvania us. Wheeling Bridge G6 WEEKLY PAPERS. [SECTS. Co., i;3 Hoivard, oTH ; 1<) Cioiis. G21 ; J. B. Thayer, Case.s, 1889.— Welton vs. State of Missouri, i)l U. S. 275. — License Tax Cases, 5 Wal'ace, 462 ; .1. !>. Thayer, Cases, 787. — United States y.s, Dewitt, 9 Wallace, 41 ; J. B. Tliayer, Cases, 735-737. — Henderson vs. Mayor of New York, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 738-742. — Munn vs. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 743-752. — Head Money Cases, 112 U. S. 580; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 758-759. CoxsTiTLTioxAL DISCUSSIONS. Joseph Story, Coinmentaries (edition of 1833), §§ 1052-1097, 1272, 1284-1288; (edition of 1891) §§ 1050-1101, 1281, 1289-1293; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law (edition of 1880), 04-75; (edition of 1891) 63-79; F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 418-430; .1. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 321-3S4: H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laic, § 38; AV. O. Bate- man, Political and Constitutional Law of the United States, §§ 215- 225; J. Tiffany, ^1 Treatise on Government, §§ 359-380; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutio)ial Laio, I, 427-504; J. Madison, Writ- ings, IV, 120-129 ; W. A. Duer, Constitutional Jurisprudence, 245-264. HisToiiicAL DISCUSSIONS. (See Guide, §§ 172, 175, 197.) Henry Adams, History of the United States, IV, 128-475; J. B. McMaster, History of the People of the United States, HI, 276-339 ; R. Hildreth, History of the United States, VI, 36-44, 69-138; J. Schouler, His- tory of the United States, II, 156-204; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional History of the United States, I, 200-220; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, I, 772, II, 79, 85, 109 ; J. T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson, 286-320; J. T. Morse, Jr., John Quincy Adams, 52-57; (ieorge Tucker, History of the United States, II, 307, 321-325, .'>4]-342; Theodore Dwight, History of the Hartford Convention, .S3-106 ; George Tucker, Life of Jefferson, II, 248-250, 283-287 ; II. S. Randall, Life of Jefferson, III, 239-307; H. C. Lodge, Life and Letters of George Ccdjot, 367-372, 374, 382, 395 ; Henry Adams, Life of Gallatin, 365-381. Specimen questions. May Congress by stnlute i)iohibit importa- tion of goods? — iMay the States in any way regulate interstate com- merce? — May Congress prohil)it the exportation -of goods? — May Congress regulate commerce wliolly Avitliiu a State? § 53- Paper No. 13 : Internal improvements. [Cf. Papers No. «, I.S.] SouHCKs. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 8, §§ 1, 3, 7, 12 ; Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 2. — Debates in the Federal Convention, in J. Elliot, Debates, V, 543-545. — Hamilton's suggestions (1791) in Annals of Congress, III, lOLVlOlC. — Ohio Act of 1802 (Sect. 7, 52-53.] COMMEUCK. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 67 § 3) in Statutes at Large^ 11^ 175. — Cimiberland Rotid Act of March 29, 1806, in Statutes at Laiye, II, 357. — J^xtiacts from Jefferson's Message of Dec. 2, 1er's Magazine (November, 1879); N, C. Gilman, Jff-mes 3/o»rof% 239-48 ; Henry Adams, Life of Gallatin, 351-352 ; H. Von Hoist, John C. Cal- houn, 27-41; W. G. Sumner, Andrew Jackson, 191-194; H. G. Wheeler, History of Congress, II, 109-124, 145-159. Specimen questions. May Congress improve a waterway wholly within a vState, without the consent of that State? — May Congress 68 WEEKLY PAPERS. [SECTS. construct irrigation canals ? — May Congress construct an interoceanic canal across the territory of Nicaragua? — May Congress construct and operate grain elevators at tide-water terniiiials? § 54. Paper No. 14 : Impairment of contracts. [Cf. Papers No. 6, 22.] SouRCKs. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. ; J. Marshall, Writings, 188-210; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1564.— Fletcher V.S. Peck, 6 Cranch, 87; 2 Curtis, 328; J. Marshall, Writ- ings, 126-141 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 114. — Louisiana vs. IMayor of New Orleans, 109 U. S., 285. — Ogden ^^s^ Saunders, 12 Wheaton, 213 ; 7 Curtis, 132 ; J. Marshall, Writings, 624-680 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1590. — Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wallace, 457; J.B.Thayer, Cases, 2237. — Providence Bank vs. Billings, 4 Peters, 514 ; 9 Cur- tis, 171; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1623. — The Binghamton Bridge, 3 Wallace, 51; J. B. Thayer, Cctses, 1753. — Antonio vs. Green- how, 107 U S. 769. — Poindextor rs. (iiccnliow, 114 U. S., 270. CoNSTrruTiONAL Discus.'siONs. Joscph Story, (Jorninenlaries (1851 and later editions), §§ 1374-1400 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law (edition of 1880), 300-314; (edition of 1891), 311-327; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, 328-358; F. 'Whartou, Com- mentaries, §§ 477-498; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 538- 627; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Lear, § 7!» ; J. Kent, Com- mentaries, I, §§ 413-424. IIiSTOHiCAL DISCUSSIONS. H. C. Lodgc, Daniel Webster, 72-98; Van Santvoord, Lives of Chief Justices of the United States, 411— 413, 450-459; W. W. Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story, I, 321-322; G. T. Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, I, 162-171; W. G. Sumner, Andreiv Jackson, 128-130; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, III, 1129-1130. Specimen qiestions. May Congress pass a bankruptcy law ap- plying to debts contracted before the date of the act? — May a State revoke the charter of a railroad ? — May a State pass an act repudiat- ing the payment of its debts? — IMivy h State revoke a license to sell liquor before its expiration, if the holder has complied with its conditions ? 53-55.] CONTRACTS. INTERNATIONAl.. ()9 § 55- Paper No. 15 : International obligations. [Cf. Papers No. 11, 22.] Sources. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 7, § 1, Sect. 8, §§ 3, 10-15, 18, Sect. 9, §§ 1, 6, 7, Sect. 10 ; Art. II, Sect. 1, § 1, Sect. 2; Art. Ill, Sect. 2, §§1, 2; Art. VI, §§ 1, 2.— On the Monroe Doctrine : Extracts from Official Declarations of the United States on the Monroe Doctrine, in American History Leaflets, No. 4 ; Extracts from Official Papers relating to the Bering Sea Controversy, in American History Leaflets, No. G ; President Mon- roe's Messages of Dec. 2, 1823, and Dec. 7, 1824, in Statesman's Manual, I, 452-453, 460-461 ; in Congressional Debates, XLI, 12-23, XLIII, App. 2-8. — F. Wharton, Digest of the Liternatioyial Lcuw of the United States, §§ 57-61, 72; Treaties and Conventions of the United States, Ail (1850), 939 (1867); John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, VI, 163, 178-179, 186-194, 202, 207.— Thomas Jefferson, Works, VII, 315-317 ; James Madison, Writings, III, 339-354. — Ostend Manifesto, in American History Leaflets, No. 2. Constitutional discussions. F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 174 -175; W. B. Lawrence, Commentaire sur les Elements du Droit Liternational, II, 297-394; Daniel Webster, Works, III, 178, 201- 217; R. H. Dana, Wheaton''s Elements of Liternational Law, notes to pp. 97-112. Historical discussions. (See Guide, §§ 153, 162, 164, 170, 179, 195, 212.) On Monroe Doctrine: bibliography in D. C. Oilman, James Monroe, 269-272; G. F.. Tucker, Tlte 3Iouroe Doctrine; Richard Rush, Narrative of a Residence at the Court of London, ch. 23; Joshua Leavitt, The Monroe Doctrine; H. Von Hoist, Con- stitutional History of the United States, I, 412-423 ; D. C. Oilman, James Monroe, 156-174; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, II, 898-900; J. T. Morse, John Quincy Adams, 129-149; Freeman Snow, Treaties and Tojrics in American Dij^lomacy, Part II. Instances of application ok Monroe Doctrine. (See Guide, § 179.) 1824, Greek Question; 1826, Panama Congress; 1845, Texas and Oregon Questions ; 1848, Yucatan (Question ; 1850, Clay- ton-Bulwer Treaty ; 1850-1894, Balize and Mosquito Coast Ques- tions; 1854, Ostend Manifesto; 1865, French Intervention in Mexico; 1870, San Domingo Question; 1881, Nicaragua Canal Question; 1881, Chili-Peru War ; 1890, Bering Sea Question. Specimen questions. Was the attempt to construct a Panama Canal by a French company contrary to the Monroe Doctrine? — 70 WEEKLY r.M'ERS. [SECTS. Would :i British protectorate of Brazil be contrary to the Monroe Doctrine? — Would a transfer of Cuba to Gnat r.ritaiu be contrary to the Mouroe Doctrine? — Would an independent Canadian kingdom be contrary to the ^Monroe Doctrine? — May citizens of the United States enlist as Cuban soldiers? — ]May the United States sell its shij s of war to bellioerents in a foreion war? § 56. Paper No. 16 : Appointments and removals. [Cf. Pa- per No. 7.] SouHCKS. Co)istifiifioii of (lie Uniled jStnte,s, Art. I, Sect. 3, § 3, Sect. r>, § 1, Sect. (5, § 2, Sect. ,S, §§ U, 10, 18; Art. II, Sect. 2, §§ 2, ;5, Sect. 3; Art. Ill, Sect. 1; Art. VI, § 2.— The Federalisl, (Dawson edition), No. 76. — Amos Kendall, Autobwgraphy , 2!)7-;317. — John Quincy Adams, Memoirs, VIJI, 112, 138, 144, 150, 172, l7i). — House Reports, 52 Congress, 1 Sess., No. 1669. — Debates on Executive Patronage, in Niles's Re- gister', XLVIII, 384-302. — Reports of the United States Civil Service Commission. Cases. Marbury vs. Madison, 1 Cranch, 137 ; 1 Curtis, 368 ; J. B. Thayer, (Mses, 107. — \\'ood vs. United States, 107 U.S., 414. — United Slates vs. Ferieira, 13 Howard, 40; 19 Curtis, 373; J.B.Thayer, Cases, 160. — Ex 2)arte Hennen, 13 Peters, 230; 13 Curtis, 135. — Gratiot vs. United States, 1 Court of Claims, 258. — Opinion of Attorneys General, III, 188. Constitutional discussions. Luc}' Salmon, The Appointing Power (Papers of the American Historical Association, Vol. 1), chs. i, ii, \- ; Joseph Story, Commentaries (5th edition), §§ 1524-1559; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, § 58 ; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutio)ial Law, §§ 180, 642-661 ; F. AVharton, Commentaries, § 614; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Lotv, § 295 ; G. M. Lamphere, United States Governynent, 264-276. HisTOKiCAL DISCUSSIONS. (See Guide, §§ 157, 167, 182.) J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, III, 565-569 ; Lucy Saln.o", The Appointing Power, chs. iii, iv, v!-Niii; .1. X. Comstock, Ciril Service in the United States; W. G. Sunnier, A)ulreiv Jackson, 145- 149; T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, 159-163; James Par- ton, Life of Andrew Jackson, III, 206-227. Specimen questions. May Congress require the head of a depart- ment to state his reasons for a removal ? — May Congress create' an office to be held during good behavior? — May Congress require the President to appoint only persons who have passed a competitive examination? — ]M ay Congress bj' statute appoint specified j)ersons to any office ? 55-57.] APPOINTMENTS. NULLIFICATION. 71 § 57. Paper No. 17: Nullification. [Cf. Papers No. G, 10, 12, 26, 27.] Sources. Constitution of the United States. Preamble ; Art. 1, Sect. 2, § 4, Sect. 4, § 1, Sect. 8, § 15, Sect. 1-) ; Art. Ill, Sect. 2, § 23, Sect. 3, § 1; Art. IV; Art. VI; Amends. X, XL— Hayne, in Congressional Debates, I^, 42-58 ; Johnston, Amerirnn Orations, I, 213-227; Bcniton, Abridgement, X, 423-449. —Wel:;!rr, in Con- gressional Debates, L, 58-80 ; Johnston, American Orations, I, 228- 282; Webster, Works, III, 270-342, 449-505; A. II. Stephens, War betfreen the States, 1, 298-355. — Calhoun's Sontli CaroUna Exposition, in Maoris, VI, 1-58 ; Calhoun's Speech against Webster, in Johnston, American Orations, I, 196-212. — James Madison, Writings, IV, 18-20, 44, 80, 102, 196, 224. — Documents in Niles's Register, XLIII, Supplement. — Ordinance of NulHfication, in Pres- ton, Documents, 300-303 ; Niles's Register, XLIII, Supplement. Cases. Cnmmings vs. Missouri, 4 Wallace, 318, 319 ; J, B. Thayer, Cases, 1446. — Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wallace, 141, 142; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2376. — Lane County vs. Oregon, 7 Wallace, 76-78.— Texas vs. White, 7 Wallace, 720-726; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302.— Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wallace, 532, 533, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 22n7.— Ex jMrte Siebold, 100 U. S., 385-399; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 326. Constitutional discussions. H. Von Hoist, Constitvtional His- tory of the United States, I, 396-408 ; A. H. Stephens, War beticecn the States, I, 335-342, 422-430 ; T. H. Benton, Thirtij Years' View, 1, 334-362 ; Daniel Webster, Works, III, 448, 464 ; J. Story, Cow- mentaries (5th edition), I, Appendix. Historical discussions. (See Guide, § 184.) H. Von Hoist, John C. Calhotm, 96-103 ; J. J. Lalor; CyclojMedia. II, 234, 1050- 1055; III, 734; T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, 138-149, 167-180, 297-299; T. Eoosevelt, Thomas II. Benton, 88-105; N. ^SiYgeant, Public Men and Events, I, 169-174; II. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, 171-204; G. T. Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, I, 351-366 ; J. Schouler, History of the United States, III, 482-488; A. A. Wise, Seven Decades of the Union, 121-135 ; J. W. Draper, Civil War in America, I, 370-380. Specimen questions. May Congress under any circumstance annul a State statute? — Is it treasonable to refuse obedience to an act of Congress? — May a State constitutionally refuse to observe a national statute which has been held unconstitutional by the State Supreme Court? — INIay Congress compel a State Court to permit an appeal to the United States Supreme Coiu't ? 72 WKEKLV PAPERS. [SECTS. §58. Paper No. 18: The general welfare. [Cf. Papers Nos. «, 23, 30.] Sources. Constitution of the United States^ Preanibk' ; Art. I, Sect. 1, Sects. «, 9; Art. Ill, Sect. 3, § 2; Art. IV, Sects, 3, 4; Art. VI. •'? 2 ; Amends. I-XI. — The Federalist. CoxsTrriTioNAL nisrrssiONS. Josepli Story, Commentaries, §§ 907-032 ; S. F. Miller, Lectures on Constitxdional Law, 227-231 ; J. N. Poiiieroy, Constitutional Laic, §§ 273-270; II. Vou Hoist, Constitutional Law, § 3G ; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutional Law, I, 241-2r)0; J. Ordronaux, Constitutional Legislation, 455- 456 ; B. A. Hinsdale, The American Government, § 307 ; "VV. Hickey, The Coastilution of the United States, 8 ; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional Law, §§ 205, 206; J. Tiffany, A Trea- tise on Government and Constitutional Laic, §§ 337-340. Historical discussions. This subject came up in the debates on the first National Bank {Guide, §§ 158, 159) ; on the Annexation of Louisianna {Guide, § 165) ; on the Embargo (Guide § 172) ; on in- ternal iii)i)rovements (Guide, § 175) ; on the Legal Tenders (Guide, ^ 211) ; and on the Income Tax of 1894. Specimen (questions. iMay Congress appropriate money for a Xational University? — Mu}' Congress lay a tax on professions? — May Congress appropriate^ money fo'- the benefit of distressed authors? — May Congress appropriate money in furtherance of State t'ducation. § 59. Paper No. 19 : Taxation and surplus revenue. [Cf. Pa- ))ers Nos. 8, 13.] Sources. Constitidion of the United Slates, Art. I, Sect. 8, §§ 1, 12, IH, Sect. 9, §§4, 5, 7; Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 2.— Clay's Report of April 15, 1830, in Benton, Abridgement, XI, 446. — Opinion of Jackson in Statesman's Manual, II, 740, 788, 900. — Jackson's Veto of Dec. 4, l-S,"),'), in Senate Journal, 2S Cong,, 1 Sess., 21-31. — Distril)ution Act of June 23, 1836, in Statutes at Large, V, 52-56. — Debates in Benton, Abridgement, X, 583-586, 592-598, 601-607,613-625; XI, 444-457, 481-507 ; XII, 24-27 ; XIII, 61, 161, 182; XIV, 30y-361, 516-526. Cases. McCullough vs. Maryland, 4 Wheaton, 316; 4 Curtis, 430, 431 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 271, 1340. — Pacific Insurance Co. vs. Soule, 7 Wallace, 433. — Providence Bank vs. Billings, 4 Peters, 514; 9 Curtis, 171; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1623. — Veazie Bank tt.s. Fenno, 8 Wcdlace, 533; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1334. — Weston Vfi. Charleston, 2 Peters, 449-466; 8 Curtis, 171 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1346. — Gibbons vs. Ogden, 9 Wheaton, 1; 6 Curtis, 1; J. !>. f)«-r^().] GENERAL WELFAUE. TAXATION. 73 Thayer, Caser., 1799. — Cole vs. La Grange, 118 U. S., 1; ,T. R. Thayer, Cases, 1240n. Constitutional discussions. .1. Story, Com,)n,entaries (Cooley editior,), §§ 90G-9.S4, 958-992, 1000-1001, lOU; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 273-29;")c; T. M, Cooley, Constitutional Law (edition of 1880), 54-04; (edition of 1891), 53-();i ; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutional Law, I, 241 ; F. Wharton, CoDimentaries, §§ 404-415 ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Ijaw, § 30. Historical discussions. (See Guide, §§ 158, 180, 197.) E. G. Rourne, The Surplus Bevenu(\ ehs. i-v, xii ; H. Von Hoist, Consti- intional History of the United States, II, 180-188 ; E. S. BoUes, Financial History of the United States, II, 547—548 ; T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' View, I, 275-279, 302-309, 049-658; II, 36; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, II, 571; III, 1032-1038; N. Sargent, Public Men and Events, I, 205-208, 299; .1. Schouler, History of the United States, IV, 230. Specimen questions. May Congress lay taxes for the express purpose of distributing the proceeds among the States? — Might the States he compelled to refund the "deposits" made with them in l'S37? — May Congress lay a graduated tax upon the States, so as to secure more in proportion from lich States ? — May individuals refuse to pay taxes laid for the pui'pose only of accnimulating a surplus? § 6o. Paper No. 20 : Constitutional and economic status of slavery. [Cf. Papers Nos. 2, 4, 2(», 22, 29.] Sources. Constittdion of the (^nited States, Preamble; Art. I, Sect. 2, § 1, Sect. 3, Sect. ,s, <$§ 1, 3, 4, 10, 17, 18, Sect. 9, §§ 1, 4, Sect. 10, § 2; Art. Ill, Sect. 2, §§ 1, 3; Art. IV; Amends. V- X, XIII-XV. — Gov. McDuffle's message in American History Leaflets, No. 10. Cases. Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 19 Hoicard, 528 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 480. — Piigg rs. Pennsylvania, 10 Peters, 539; 14 Curtis, 417; J. B. Thayer, Cccses, 470. — Kentucky rs. Gov. Dennison, 24 Howard, GO; 4 Miller, 10; .1. B. Thayer, Cases, 195n. Constitutional discussions. (See Guide, §§ 187, 188, 191.) Economic discussions. Frederick Law Olmstead, The Seaboard Slave States (especially ehs. ill, viii, x) ; A Texas Journey (espec- ially eh. vii) ; The Back Country (especially ehs. ii, viii, x) ; The Cotton Kingdom (especially I, ehs. iv, v, II, ehs. v, vi, vii, viii. Appen- dix) ; Fanny Kemble, Life on a Georgia Plantation; Frederick Douglass, My Bondage and Freedom, and Life and Times; H. R. Helper, The Impending Crisis, ehs. i, viii, ix ; Nehemiah Adams, A South-Side View of Slavery; Bishop Hopkins, A Viev) of Slavery; 74 WKKKLY I'APEl.'S. [SECTS. L. INI. F; Child, Authentic Anecdotes of American Shireri/; Levi Cofliii, Rerniniscenses; Solomon Xortlinip, Tireire Years a iSlare ; J. 1). DtlJow. hi(J list rial Resources of the South and West; II. Von Hoist, Constitutional History of the United States; III, ch. xvii, V, ch. x; John C. Calhoun 124-1S;3; Chnrlcs Elliot, Sinfullness of Amerinni Slarerii, II, Pt. Y, clis. i, ii, i;i, iv, vi ; H. Greely, The Ameriran ConjUct, I, t-lis. i. vi, xvi ; ]M. G. .McDouoall, Fiujitire Slaves; W. Goodcll, Slavery and Aiiti-Slavery ; W. Cli:inJ;ors, American Slarery and Colour; Henry Wilson, Rise and FaU of tl.e Slave Fairer in America, I. Si'KrnrEN qiestioxs. Was the Federal ooveinnient hound to take cognizance of Die existence of slavery in some of the states? — Did vessels sailino- from southern i)orts Avith slaves on board carry with them the states' laws on slavery? — Could the oovernnient of the United States le.uaily hold slaves? — Was the slave of an ambassador of the United States free, if brought by his master into a free state? — Was slaveiT an advantage to the large planters? — Did slavery make more i-apid the opening of lands to cultivation? — Did sUivei-y produce more for the white race in genei-al than they would have received under a system of white labor? — AVas slavery opjjosed to the improvement of agricultuial processes on large plantations. § 6i. Paper No. 21 : Free speech, free press, and petition in Congress. [Cf. Paper No. 20.] SoiKcKs. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 5, §§1, 2; Art. VI, § r> ; Amends. I; IX; X. — John (Jnincy Adams, 3/e- moirs, IX, 350, XI, 109. — Jackson's Message of Dec. , in Statesman's Manual, II, !)11-912 ; in Congressional Globe, II, 10. — Calhoun's Report of Feb. 4, 1836, in WorTxs,\, \'^0-'-2Vi>^. —Wow- ton, Abridfjement, XII, 705-711, 752,-759, 771. — Kendall's Cor- respondence, in Niles' Register, XLIX, 7-9. — T. H. Benton, Thirty Years' Vleiv, I, 574-588, 610-024. —Gag Resolutions in Gree'y, The American Conflict, I, 143-147 ; in Benton, Abridgement, XIII, 24-29, 557-572, 702-707. —Debates on the Censure of John Quincy Adams in Benton, Abridgement, XIII, 266-299. Cases. I'nited States vs. Cruikshank, 92 U. S., 542. CoxsTiTLTioxAL DISCUSSIONS. J. Story, Co7)i?»,ewtorie.s' (5th edition), §§ 1880-1899; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, §§ 75, 76; F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 555, 556 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law (edition of 1891), 278-281, 283-293; Constitutional Limita- tions, ch. 12. Historical discussions. (Sec Guide, § 190.) H. Von Hoist, Constitutional History of the United States, II, 111-146. 2;;(;-267, (50-62.] SLAVEliY STATES. 75 284-289, 467-484; G. T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, I, 319-3r)7; Garrisons, Life of William Lloyd Garrison, I, 238-249; H. Voa Hoist, John C. Calhoun, 124-loO, ir,r)-184; H. Greely, The American Conflict, I, 143-146 ; H. Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, I, 307-343, 394-403, 423-427 ; J. Schonler, Histor;/ of the United States, IV, 216-229 ; J. T. Morse, John Quincy Adams, 243-262, 306-308 ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Politiccd Science, All, 167-169; N. Sargent, Public Men and Events, 1, 306-307, II, 51-r)3, 254-257; G. P. Julian, Life of Joshua P. Giddings, 51, 116-125. Specimen questions. Is it a right of a citizen of the United States to have his petition to Congress read in the house where it is presented? — Can the United States refuse to deliver mail on suspi- cion that it contains unmailable matter? — May Congress exclude specified classes of petitions from the treatment accorded to other petitions? — ^fa}' either house of Congress forbid all of its members to speak on a pending question? § 62. Paper No. 22 : Obligations of the States. [Cf. Papers Nos. 6, 10, 22, 29.] Sources. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 2, §§ 1, 4, Sect. 3, § 1, Sect. 4, § 1, Sect. 8, §§ 16, 17, Sect. 10 ; Art. II, Sect. 1, §§ 1, 3; Art. IV; Amends. X; XIII-XV. Cases. Prigg vs. Pennsylvania, 16 Peters, 539; 14 Curtis, 417; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 476. — Kentucky ^•s. Dennison, 24 Howard, 66 ; 4 Miller, 10; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 195n. — Dobbins vs. Commis- sioners of Erie, 16 Peters, 435 ; 14 Curtis, 370 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1352. — McCuUoch vs. Maryland, 4 Wheaion, 316; 4 Curtis, 415; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 271; J. Marshall, Writings, 160-188. — State Freight Tax Cases, 15 Wallace, 232; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1938. Constitutional discussions. J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 692-708, 1017-1043, 1353-1409, 1804-1813, 1836-1843, 1965, 1966; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 31, 103, 245, 252, 275, 308, 309- 312 ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laic, §§ 22, 35, 38, 81-84 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Laic (edition of 1891), 16-18, 31, 44-48, 69-74, 77, 78, 195-200; F. AVharton, Commentaries, §§ 409, 410, 420, 421 ; S. F. Miller, Lectures on the Constitution of United States, 573-600; J. Kent, Commentaries, 407-431. HisTOKiCAL discussions. (See Guide, §§ 143, 150, 156, 165, 174, 184, 191, 206, 208.) Specimen questions. Are the States bound to elect senators? — Is there a reiiunly if States i-efuse to extradite eiiuiinals? — May 7(! WF.KKI.V I'AI'EUS. [SECTS. Congress prescribe a duty to be performed by State ofHcials? — ^lay States make aureements for l)uilding joint railways? § 63. Paper No. 23 : Extension of the Constitution over Territory. [Cf. Tapers Nos. 8, 11, 24]. 801 la Es. Constitution of the United States, Preamble Art. I, Sect. 8, §§17,18; Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 2 ; Art. VJ, § 2 ; Amends. I ; VIII ; X.— Calhoun's resolutions of Feb. 1!), 1847, in WorTcs IV, 340-349, 498- 499 ; in Congressional Globe, 29 Cong., 2 Sess., 453-455 ; in A. H. Stephens' War between the /States, II, 1()6-168. — Walker's amend- ment in Congressional Globe, 30 Cong., 2 Sess., 5(il. Debate on Walker's amendment in Congressional Globe, 30 Cong., 2 Sess., App. 265-289 ; in Webster, Works, V, 302-312 ; in Calhoun, Works, IV, 330-396. — StephenA. 'Doi\g\siSs in IIar2)er's Magazine (Sept. 1.S59), 519-531; in Debates beticeen Lincoln and Douglass, 93-105; in Johnston's American Orations, II, 218-255, III, 17-27. — Abraham Lincoln in Johnston, American Orations, III, 3-17; in Debates hetioeen Lincoln and Douglass, 1—5, 14—24. Cases. Dred Scott ivs. Sanford, 19 Howard, 393; .1. B. Thayer, Cases, 480. — Tnited States vs. Gratiot, 14 Peters, 520 ; 14 Curtis, 106. — Americtiii Insurance Co. vs. Canter, 1 Pelers, 511 ; 7 Curtis, 685, J. B. Thayer, Cases, 1350. — Sere vs. Pitot, 6 Crunch, 332; 2 Curtis, 423, .1. B. Thayer, Cases, 349. — National Bank vs. County of Yankton, 101 U. S. 129. — United States vs. Bevans, 4 Wheaton, 337; 4 Curtis, 231. — Romney vs. United States, 130 U. S. 1. CoNS'irruTiONAL DISCUSSIONS. J. Story, Commentaries (4th and 5th editions), §§ 1317, 1324-1328; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laiv, §§ 52, 53; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Lan\ §§ 493-499; J. C. Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, §§ 531-537; T. M. Cooley, Constilutional Laio (edition of l-SSO), 30-37, 164-168; (edition of 1(S'.)1), 35-30, 170-171 ; F. Wiiarton. (Commentaries, §§ 375, 464, 405 ; W. O. Bateman, Political and Constitutional, Law, § 249; A. II. Stephens, War between the States, II, 100-108, 248- 202; James Bryce, American Commomoeallh. eh. xlvii ; T. Farren, Manual of the Constitution, §§ 418-429 ; J. Ordronaux, Constitutional Legislation, 509-519 ; S. Miller, Lectures on the Constitution, 638, 639; Timothy AValker, Lit rod ucl ion to American Lau\ ^jt 13-15. HiSTOKiCAi, DISCUSSIONS. (See Guide, §§ 150, 108, 178, 198.) H. Von Hoist, Constitutional History, III, 308, 322, 351, 385-401, 422-430, 442-455; J. T. Rhodes, History of the United States, I, 424-484; T. Donaldson, Public Domain, 50-88, 416-464; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, III, 914-920; N. Sargent, Public Men and Events, II, 31.S-321, 337-341, 353-355; Theodore (>2-(i-i.] TERRITORIAL SLAVERY. 77 Roosevelt, Thomas H. Benton^ ;U7-34:0; James Schouler, History of the United States, V, 97-100, 115-119, 157-190, 289-293; T. H. Benton, Thirtij Years' View, II, 696-700, 713-715, 721-726, 729- 736 ; H. Von Hoist, Johyi C. Calhoun, 288-307 ; H. Greely, The American Confiict, I, 188-193, 259-260; G. T. Carter, Life of Daniel Webster, II, 360-373. Specimen questions. Are the inhabitants of a territory entitled to all the privileges and immunities enjoyed by inhabitants of a State? — May Congress deprive a territory of representative govern- ment? — May Congress dissolve corporations created by territorial law? — May Congress prohibit the exorcise of a particular religious faith in a territory ? § 64. Paper No. 24 : Popular sovereignty. [Cf. Papers No. 8, 11, 23.] Sources. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 8, §§ 17, 18; Art. IV, Sect. 3, § 2 ; Art. VI, § 2 ; Amend. XIII.— Leake's Proposition of Feb. 17, IS-il in Congressional Globe, 29 Cong., 2 Sess,, p. 444. — Dickinson's Resolution of Dec. 14, 1847 in Congressional Globe, 30 Cong., 1 Sess., 21, 27, 54, 157—160. — Cass's Nicholson letter of Dec. 24, 1847, in A. C. McLaughlin, Lewis Case, 232-233 ; in M. W. McClusky, Political Text-Book of 1860, 462-465. — Doug- lass's Report of J:in. 4, 1854 in Senate Reports, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., Vol. I, No. 15 ; in American History Leaflets, No. 17. — Appeal of the Independent Democrats, Jan. 19, 1854, in Congressional Globe, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., Pt. I, 281-282; in American History Jjeaflets, No. 17. — S. A. Douglass in Johnston, American Orations, II, 218- 255, III, 17-27. — 8. P. Chase in Congressional Globe, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., App. 133-140; in Johnston, American Orations, II, 183- 212. — Charles Sumner in Johnston, American Orations, II, 212-218. — Jefferson Davis, Resolutions of May 24, 1860 in Congressional Globe, 36 Cong., 1 Sess., Pt. Ill, 2310-2335. Cases. American Insurance Co. vs. Canter, 1 Peters, 511 ; 7 Curtis, 685; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 350. — J. Marshall, Writings, 373.— Dred Scott vs. Saudford, 19 Howard, 393 ; 2 Miller, 1 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 4>!0 (especially the dissenting opinions of JJ. McLean and Curtis); M. W. McClusky, Political Text-Book of 1860, 173- 205. — National Bank ^I6•. County of Yankton, 101 U. S. 129. Constitutional discussions. H. Von Hoist, Constitutional His- tory of the United States, III, 354-358, IV, 291-402, especially 381- 389; J. C. Hurd, Laws of Freedom and Bondage, §§ 347-351, 502-505 ; A. H. Stephens, War between the Stales, II, 131-135, 248-262; Reverdy Johnson, Remarks on Popidar Sovereignty; J. 78 WEEKLY PAPERS. [SECTS. Story, Commentaries^ §§ 1322-1330; S. F. ^lillor, Lectures on the Constitution, 638-641 ; J.N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 394- 408. Historical discussions. (See Guide, §§ 198-204.) H. Von Ilolst, Constitutional History of the United States, 1\ , 280-461; J. F. Khodc's, History of the United States, I, 419-498 ; W. T. Young, Life of General Cass, 302, 321, 325, 363, 371; AVoodrow AYilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 81-90 ; H. Greely, The American Conflict, I, 224-2.")6 ; J. S. Landon, Constitutional History of the United Slates, 196-202; J. Sehouler, History of the United Stales, V, 280-289; .1. T. J>alor, CyclojMedia of Political Science, HI, 281-284; T. Koosevelt, Thomas H. Benton, 349-352; H. Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Poiver in America, II, ch. xxx. Specimen questions. Would a territorial law piohibitinji; the entry of free negroes have been valid under Douglas's doctrine of popular sovereignty? — Could a territory, in conformity with Douglas's doc- tiine of popular sovereignty, have prohibited the sale of slaves brought from other parts of the Union? — Under the principles of popular sovereignty should the people have elected their own governor? — Did the doctrine of popular sovereignty logically give to the people of the territories control of the public lauds? § 65. Paper No. 25 : Questions of citizenship. [Cf. Papers Xos. 20, 29.] Sources. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 2, § 2, Sect. 3, § 3, Sect. 8, § 4; Art. Ill, Sect. 3, § 2; Art. IV, Sect. 2, iJ 1; Amends. I-IX ; XIV, Sect. 1. — B. R. Curtis, Monoir of B. II. Curtis, II, 213-305. — J. Buchanan, The Administration of James Buchanan, 48-50. — .1. C. Breckinbridge in Johnston, ^Imerican Orations, III, 29-33. — S. A. Douglass in Johnston, American Orations, III, 17-27; iu Lincoln, Complete Worlds, I, 313-350. Cases. Drcd Scott vs. Sandford, 19 Hoioard, 393 ; 2 MiUer, 1 ; .1. B. Thayer, Cases, 480; significant extracts in American History Leaf lets, ]uhUcs, 523-528 ; in W. Hickoy, The Constitu- tion of the United States of America, ch. iv ; in Elliot, Debates, V, 319-335. — Contemporary Speeches in Johnston, American Orations, II, 46-135 ; III, 49-124. — Southern Arguments in A. H. Stephens, War between the States, I, 17-49, 441-452, 495-539 ; II, 5-15, 26- 34, 263-271 ; J. Davis, Rise and Fall of the Confederate Govern- ment, I, 168-176. — Contemporary Documents in Annual Cyclo- paedia (1861-1865) ; in E. McPherson, PoUticcd History of the Re- hellion; in Pike, i^/r,s< Blows of the Civil War; in F. J. Stimson, American Statute Laic, ?}§ 191. 192. so WEEKLY I'A1M:KS. [SECTS. Cases. Texas vs. WliiU'. 7 Wallace, 700; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302. — White vs. Hart, 1:3 Wallace, 64G ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 259.— Keith vs. Clark, 92 L\ .S., 461. — Sprott vs. U. S., 20 W^rtZ/ace, 459. Constitutional discussions. .1. Story. Commentaries (4th and 5th editions), §§ 351-357, 467-481 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law, 25-28; H. Von Hoist, Constihdiotial Latv, § 12; Constitu- tional History, 1, l-G.') ; .1. C. Hurd, Theory of our National E.vistence, 88, 105, 145, 286; J. Buchanan, The Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion, 86-98; W. O. Bateman, Political and Con- stitutional Law, 137-142 ; F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 374, 594n ; W. Rawle, A View of the Constitution, 295-310 ; S. G. Fisher, Trial of the Constitution, 160, 167; J. Kent, Commentaries, §§ 201-221; J. 1. C. Hare, American Constitutional Iaiw, 64—93. Historical discussions. (See Guide, §§ 205-208.) R. H. Dana, Wheaton's International Law, note 32 ; J. F. Rhodes, History of the United States, III; G. T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanan, 11, ch. XV ; J. T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, eh. viii ; H. Greely, The American Conflict, 1, ch. xxii; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, HI, 693-702; J. W. Draper, History of the Civil War, I. chs. xxvii, xxviii ; T. S. Goodwin, Natural History of Secession, chs. xxvi, xxvii ; Compte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America, I, 113-116; E. A. Pollard, The Lost Cause, 84-86; J. Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 1, 70-77, 168-177, 185-192; J. G. Blaine, Ttventy Years of Congress, 1. chs. X, xi ; J. Schouler, History of tlw United States, V, ch. xiv ; S. S. Cox, Three Decades of Federal Legislation, 101-108 ; H. Wilson, Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, III, 1-10, 109-126. Specimen questions. Had Texas any greater constitutional rii^lit of secession than South Carolina? — Granting the right of secession, did Fort Sumter revert to South Carolina? — Did seceding stales carry with them privileges gained by U. S. treaties? — Did Virginia reserve a riglit of secession in 1 7.S.S ? § 67. Paper No. 27 : Means of executing the laws. [Cf. Pa- pers Nos. 10, 28, 29.] Sources. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 4, § 2. Sect. 8, §§ ], 2, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, Sect. 9, § 6, Sect. 10, §§ 1-3; Art. IV, Sects. 2, 4; Art. VI, § 2.— T. Jefferson, Wriltngs, II, 165, V, 38-41.— Buchanan's Message of Dec. 3, ISCO in Con- (jressional Globe, 36 Cong., 2 Sess., Part 1, 294-295, Part II, App. 1-4 ; J. Buchanan, The Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion, 108-134. — .1. S. Black in O^yinions of the Attorney General, IX, ^)(>-(37.] COERCION. ,Sl 516—526. — Gen. Scott's views in J, Buchanan, The Admihistra lion on the Eve of the Rebellion, 99-10^^. — South C'aroUna Correspondence in Congressional Globe, 36 Cong., 2 Sess., 817-819. — Lincoha's Views in American History Leaflets, Nos. 12, 18; in A. Lincoln, Comjilete WorJcs, II, 32-33, 55-66 ; in Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 1 Sess., App. 1-4. — D. Webster, TForrcs, III, 448-505.— J. C. Calhoun, WorTis, II, 262-309. —Acts of May 2, 1792, Feb. 28, 1795, March 3, 1807, July 29, 1861, May 31, 1870, April 20, 1871, in Statutes at Large, I, 264, 424; II, 443; XII, 281-282; XVI, 140-146 ; XVII, 13-15. Cases. Martin vs. Mott, 12 Wheaton, 19; 7 Curtis, 10; J. 15. Thayer, Cases, 2290. — Luther vs. Borden, 7 Hotvard, 1 ; 17 Curtis, 1; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 192, 254, 2352, 2391.— Texas vs. White, 7 Wallace, 700; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302. — Houston vs. Moore. 5 WJieaton, 1 ; 4 Curtis, 535. — Marbnry vs. Madison, 1 Cranch, 137 ; 1 Curtis, 368; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 107. — United States rs. Dunn, 120 U. S., 252. — Kendall vs. United States, 12 Peters, 524; 12 Curtis, 834. —Prize Cases, 2 Black, 668; 4 Miller, 880; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2339. — 1 Opinion of Attorneys General, 180-181. Constitutional discussions. J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 4'.)(i- 492, 1404, 1564, 1799-1801 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional L'. Draper, History of the Civil War, I, chs. xxi, xxxi ; H, Greely, The American Conflict, I, ch. xxiv ; ,1. Davis, The Risr^ and Fall of Ihr Confederate Government, I, 177-180, 251-258, 325- 328; A. H. Stephens, The War between the States. I. 419-177; 62 AVKKKLV TAPEKS, [SECTS. .]. Schouler, Hiatonj of tin- I'nited States, V, 47'.l ; W. C Sumuer, Andre IV Jackson, eh. x. Specimen (^le-stions. Could Bucluuuin constitutionally have sent a force to disperse the Montgomery government in Fehrurary, 1861? — Was there any remedy for the suspension of the United States Courts in South Carolina in December, 1860? — Could Lincoln consti- tutionally have ordered Anderson to arrest Gov. Pickens for treason in April, 1861? — Could Lincoln have delivered United States mails in Virginia under armed escort in July, i()()-607 ; m Conxjressional Globe, 36 Cong., 2 Sess., 1433-1435; 37 Cong., 1 Sess., App. 1-4. — Speech of J. A. Bayard on Executive Usurpation in Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 1 Sess., App. 12-19. — Speech of M. S. Latham in Congressional Globe, 37 Cong., 1 Sess., 19-22. — Statute of July 13 and 22, 1861, in Statutes at Large, XII, 255, 268. Cases. Ex parte Merryman, Taney's Reports, 246 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2361. — Flemming vs. Page, 9 Howard, 603 ; 18 Curtis, 278. — United States vs. Eliason, 16 Peters, 291; 14 Curtis, 304. — Mississippi vs. Johnson, 4 Wallave, 475 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 196. — Kendall vs. United States, 12 Peters, 524; 12 Curtis, 834. — Martin vs. Mott, 12 Wheaton, 19; 7 Curtis, 10; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 2290. — Luther vs. Boiden, 7 Howard, 1 ; 17 Curtis, 1 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 193, 254, 2352, 2391. — Texas vs. White, 7 Wallace, 700 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302. — Houston vs. Moore, 5 Wheaton, 1 ; 4 Curtis, 535. — 9 Opinion of Attorneys General, 524. Constitutional discussions. J. Story, Commentaries, §§ 1329, 1564; J. N. Pomeroy, Constitutional Law, §§ 447-453, 662-668; II. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laio, §§ 11, 4.S; W. O. Bateman, Po- litical and Constitutional Laic, § 135 ; T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Law (edition of 1880), 100; (edition of 1891), 103; F. Wharton, Commentaries, §§ 378, 502-503 ; J. Kent, Commentaries, I, 283-284 ; S. F. Miller, Lectures on the Constitution, 154-156; J. I. C. Hare, American Constitutional Law, 905-940; J. Tiffany, A Treatise on Government, 328-329; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, \\, 131-136; W. A. Dunning, T lie Constitution of the United States, 67-n!).] RECONSTRUCTION. 83 in the Civil War, in Political ^Science Quarterly, I, 103-196; W. Whiting, War Powers under the Constitution, of the United States, 66-82, 15!)-216. Historical discussions. (See Guide, §§ 208-210.) J. F. Rhodes, History of the United States since 1850, III ; G. T. Curtis, Life of James Buchanayi, II, 3 3 0-3 G 5 ; J. C. Ropes, Story of the Civil TFar, I, chs. v-vii; J. T. Morse, Abraham Lincoln, I, chs. vii— viii; J. Davis, Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 1, 263-328 ; J. W. Draper, History of the Civil War, I, 558-567 ; E. A. Pollard, The Lost Cause, 103-111 ; H. Greely, The American Conflict, I, 428-458 ; A. H. Stephens, The War between the States, II, 34-44, 344-355 ; Compte de Paris, The Civil War in America, I, 140-148 ; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Yea,rs in Coufjress, I, 292-300. Specimen questions. May a President carry on military operations without a declaration of war? — Could the President have arrested and confined a member of Congress during the Civil War? — Could the President order the confiscation of property as a war measure ? — Could the President suspend the operations of law of a loyal state, on the ground that it was an impediment to military operations? . § 69. Paper No. 29 : Questions of reconstruction. [Cf. Papers Nos. 22, 26, 27, 30.] Sources. Constitution of the United States, Art. I, Sect. 2, §§3, 4, Sect. 3, §§ 1, 2, Sect. 4, § 1, Sect. 5, §§ 1, 2, Sect. 7, § 2, Sect. 10; Art. II, Sect. 2; Art. Ill, Sect. 2; Art. lY, Sect. 2, § 1, Sect. 3, § 1, Sect. 4; Art. V; Art. VI, § 2; Art. VII; Amends. IX ; X ; XIII-XV. — Lincoln's Proclamation of Sept. 22, 1862, in Wo7-ks, II. 239; in Aniiual Cyclopaedia (1861), 725-726; Proclamation of Jnn. 1, 1863, in Worhs, II, 287-288. — Contemporary Speeches in Johnston, American Oralions, III, 249-311. — Acts of April 9, 1866, July 16, 1866, March 2, 1867, March 23, 186.7, July 19, 1867, June 22, 1868, June 25, 1868, July 6, 1868, July 25, 1868, in Statutes at Large, XIV, 37, 173, 428; XV, 2, 14, 72, 73, 83, 193.— Johnson's Vetoes in Congressioncd Globe, 39 Cong., 1 Sess., 168, 279, 1024; 39 Cong., 2 Sess., 563; 40 Cong., 1 Sess., 98, 232, 240; 40 Cong., 2 Sess., 699, 759, 900, 931. — E. McPherson, History of the Recon- struction, Pts. I, II. Cases. — Mississippi vs. Johnson, 4 Wallace, 475; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 196.— W^hite vs. Hart, 13 Wallace, 646; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 259.— Keith vs. Hart, 97 t7. S. 461.— Texas vs. White, 7 Wallace, 700 ; J. B. Thayer, Cases, 302. Constitutional discussions. J. Story, Commentaries (Cooley edi- tion), §§ 1915-1975 ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Law, §§ 5 n., 13, N4 WEEKLY I'AI'EKS. [SECTS. 80; J. Tiffany, A Treatise on Government, 316-322 ; J. Ordronaux, Constitutional Legislation, 138-139 ; J. I. C. Ilaro, American Con- stitutional Law, 131, 509, 747, 948; 'J\ .AI. Cooley, Constitutional Zaw (edition of 1880), 172, 173, 197; (edition of 1891), 178, 179, 205; E. C. 3Iason, The Veto Foiver, §§30, 34; W. A. Dunnin.^, The Const it i(t ion of the United States in Reconsfructioti, in Political Science Quarterly, II, 558-002. Historical DISCUSSIONS, (i^ee Guide, §>J 215-217.) W. H. Barnes, History of the Thirty-Ninth Congress, ehs. iii, vi-xiii, xvii-xx, xxii ; Woodrow AVilson, Division and Reunion, §§ 124-142 ; J. L. Landon, Constitutioncd History and Government of the United Stcdes, 202-341 ; X. Johnston, History of the United States, 245-272; J. J. La'or, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, III, 540-556 ; E. Stanwood, His- tory of Presidential Elections, 236-276 ; S. Sterne, Constitutional History and Political Development of the United States, 200-207 ; E. L, Pierce, Life of Charles Sumner, III, cli. xxi ; J. G. Blaine, Twenty Years in Congress, II, 3-465 ; II. Wilson, Rise and F
: The leoislative histoi-y of ;ui Act of Congress : §§ HO-82. 8. Due April 1 : A constitutional inquiry : §§ 83-85. 4. Due May 1 : A study of some phase of slavery: §§91, 1)2. 5. Du(^ Juve 15: A statistical inquiry: §§ 86-88. § 75. Government reports. In the College course on government (Government 12), the special reports constitute a more considerable part of the year's work, inasmuch as the reading is more difficult to an-ange. Eight special reports will, therefore, be called for, four in each half-j^ear. As the students are more advanced and the topics more numerous and more closelj' related with the subject matter of the course, it is expected that great attention will be paid to the special reports ; but students are warned against trying to write elaborate and exhaustive theses upon these subjects. The topics will be as follows : 1 . Due November I : Some phase of American political methods: §§ 97-100. 2. Due January o: The actual workings of some part of the state government: § 101. 3. Due February 15 : The actual workings of some part of the local government : § 102. 4. Due December 1 : The actual workings of some part of the national government : §§ 103-105. 5. Due March 15: The actual workings of some territorial function : § lOCi. 6. Due Aj)ril 15: The actual workings of some financial function : § 107. 7. Due May 15: Some phase of the workings of the com- mercial system : § 108, )S. Due June 15: Some phase of the workings of the war power, treaty power, or police powers: §§ 100-111. Overdue reports will be received 0}ily with the Recorder's stamp, showing that the delay has been excused at the College office. § 76. General directions for special reports in history. For the convenience of the instructor in handling the repoits, and for the training of students in methodical habits of work, and in order to 74-76.] C40VERNMEXT. 89 accustom them to arrange their material for others' use, the following general directions will be found important. Students will be held responsible for following them out carefully. Particular directions and suggestions for each report will be found Ijelow : 1. Assignment. So far as possible the })reference of the student for a particular line of investigation will be consulted ; for this pur- pose students are required when they enter any of the cour-ses to fill out a blank form with an account of their previous study, and a list of preferred topics. Any student may exchange topics with another or may take up a new subject, by the consent of the assistant, — record to be made of every such change. 2. Authorities. Unless otherwise specified, students will be held responsible only for such information as may be had from the following collections : (a) The card catalogue and encyclopaedias and dictionaries, in the Deliver}' Room of the Harvard College Library. (6) The bibliographies and other aids, in the Reading Room. (c) The reseived books in Colonial and United States history ; and the general books on government, in the Reading Room. (cZ) Congressional documents and the records of the debates of Congress, in the Reading Room. (e) The Evans Reference Library in Ignited States history, in University 14. The usual arrangement of the books is alphabetical!}' by authors, beginning at the range farthest to the left, running up that range, from the bottom to the top, then passing to the bottom of the next range to the right, and so on. 3. Assistance. It is a principle of the whole work that the actual search for the books must be done by students themselves. No assistance or guidance will be tolerated in this exercise. When- ever, after a faithful attempt, students are not able to bring to light sufRcient information on their subject, or meet contradictions or difliculties which they do not know how to explain, they are expected to apply to the assistant. The library officials must not be appealed to to furnish material, or to show students how to use catalogues and other aids. The assistant will cheerfully help those who need his aid. It is not desired that a student should be discouraged at the outset for want of guidance ; nor that he should avoid the lesson which the exercise is meant to teach — the independent use of books and aids. 4. Conference. All students are required to report to the assistant whe^i they begin ivorJc ^ipon their topic, and at least once 90 SPECIAL UEPOKTS. [SECTS. during the progress of their work, so that he may know what they are doing; and in addition they must submit to liim tlieir notes or completed leport for his approval before handing in tlie jeport. These recpiirements are absolute ; no report will be credited to a titudent indes.s it bear the assistant's mimde of tioo conferences and approval. 5. Mktiiods. As one of the principal objects of the special report work is to train students in arijuiring information on any subject, with the greatest economy of time, and the greatest clearness of result, every student is urged to think out a metliod for himself. A very convenient way is to take notes on loose sheets, each piece of paper being devoted to some branch of the general subject; the information gained from different books is thus assembled in a classi- fied form, and when the sheets are arranged, the material for tiie condensed report is V)rought together in logical order. In all cases, exact referi'urcs to volume and x)age must support all important state- ments. No rei)orts will be accepted in which references are lacking or indefinite. PLxcept in the bibliographical report (§77) every reference must be to a book or passage which the student has seen himself. If there are serious discrepancies between authorities, thev should be pointed out. The effort will be made to assign only topics on which there is positive information ; but if a diligent search in the books suggested brings nothing to light, the work will be as readily accepted as though something had been found. The speci- men reports (§§ 79, 82, 85, 88) will suggest proper forms of reference. In giving authorities the author's name should precede the title. 6. FoHM OK TiiK uKi'oKT. All the reports are to be handed in on the sheets with jn-inted headings, on which topics are handed out. Dates should be entered in the naiTOw outside column ; subject mat- ter only in the middle, broad, column ; references in the inner column, next to the folding in the sheet. ( See § 82.) On the back of the page the text should still come into tlie middle column. Additional sheets should be of the same size and ruling and should be attached by mucilage or sewing, not by fasteners or pins. Do not fold the papers. Since one of the ol)jects of the exercise is to teach concise- ness, the lengtli of the report should not exceed the limits set by the topics. 7. Arkangk.ment. The matter should be logically arrang;'d, point by point, the heads indicated by catch-words in the date column, or by underlining. The amount of time spent should be noted. Students are warned against trying to write theses instead 76-77.] GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 91 of brief reports. Special notice will be taken of neatness of arrange- ment, precision of the references, nniformity of abbreviations and classification in different parts of the same piece, and accurate analysis. 8. The return of the report. Six hours of faithful work in each report is about the minimum ; if no satisfactory result is then reached, the notes may be shown the assistant and his approval asked ; or a new subject tried. No credit can be given for reports not handed in to the assistant by 5 o'clock of the day appointed, except by previous permission of the instructor, unless they bear the stamp of the Recorder of the College. 9. Specimen reports. Below will be found (§§ 79, 82, 85, 88), examples of good reports actually prepared by students ; and the assistant can always show similar finished reports in other subjects ; but students are expected to think out a good arrangement for themselves. § 77. Bibliographical special reports. [Cf. §§ 6-13.] Object. The first report is intended to teach students how to find books and articles, liow to cite references, and how to arrange results. Scope. To each student is assigned some person connected with the history of the United States. The report is to be a list of the printed books, pamphlets and magazine articles bearing on that per- son. No narrative is expected. No list of works by the person is desired. Authorities. Students will be held responsible for all titles which can be obtained through the following authorities : (a) The encyclopaedias and biographical dictionaries, in the De- livery Room. (h) The bibliographical helps, in the Reading Room. (c) The library catalogues in the Reading Room of the Library, including Leypoldt's American Catalogue. (d) The Card Catalogue of Authors in the Harvard College Library. (e) ^Y. T. Poole, Index to Periodicals ; Supplements to Poole's Index; Q. P. Indexes; Fletcher, A. L. A. Index; Jones, hidex to Legal Periodicals; and other indexes to particular periodicals to be found in the Reading Room. (/) Bibliographies of books relating to the person, in biogi'aphies, cyclopaedias, biographical dictionaries, or histories. ({/) Accounts in collections of biographies : so far as accessible in the " Ilistorv ].". Alcove" of the Reading Room. V'2 si'KCiAi, i;Ki*()irrs. [sects. Selection. Ouly those books are to be enumerated in which the whole, or a distinct or specific part is devoted to the person. Refer- ences to be nuide whenever there is a distinct chapter, section or article on the person, however shojt. Thus, under "Washington, it will not be necessary to enter books primarily on the Revolution, or on the United States, or on Virginia. But titles ought to be found in a collection of Lives of the Presidents, or of Great American Gen- erals, or Essays on Members of the Federal Convention. Hence it is necessary to Icnowwhat public station your subject has filled. Since, however, in n any cases the books, articles, and sections, devoted wholly to one man are very few, the student wlio has only a scanty lot, after exhausting the bibliographical aids, may then add extracts from general histories and biographies, not less than one parje in length, wholly given up to the man, Thi-y will be held responsible onl}' for books reserved in the Reading Room and Evans Libra IT. Methods. The most convenient method is to go through the bibliographical aids, setting down each promising title on a slip or caitl and keeping them arranged alphabetically ; then to arrange in some logical oider and write out consecutivel3\ Students arc not expected to draw out a long list of books from the Stack. Veuification. Students are expected to verify for themselves the titles of all books accessible in the open part of the Harvard College Library. The instructor will be ver}^ glad to have students search out books not in Cambridge, but to be found in the Boston Athenaeum, Boston Public Library or other Boston libraries. If a title be found ar.d the book is not in the College Lil)rary, set down opposite it a reference t(^ the place in which you found the title. Please iusert the Library number of all Ixioks. The precise form of the title of books, if publislu'd Itcfore IMTO, may usually be found for authors from A to S, in Sal)in's BibUotheca Americana. FoKM OF repokt. Titles should he arranged in eacli class alpha- betically l)y authors. References and abbreviations should be punctuated systematically. The title should be sulliciently full to identify the Itook ; the place of publication and date should always be given, the numl)i r of pagt's, and size of llic book when those particulars are foun.i. All references to parts of books must show the precise volume aial page: for a specimen see § 7'.*; others may be seen by applying to the assistant. § 78. Bibliographical subjects. The following list includes the greater number of the states nu'uupon whom bibliographical reports 77-78.] BIBLKXiUAIMIIGAL. 93 have already been prepared in the Harvard classes, with some addi- tional names. In making np the list the most distingnished men have been omitted, because experience shows that the material is so large that a disproportionate amonnt of work nnist be spent upon them. On the other hand it is important to choose persons who are not so insignificant that nothing has been written about them. The names are arranged by states. Maine. James (i. Blaine ; James P. Fessenden ; Hannibal Ham- lin ; Hugh McCiiUough ; Edward Preble ; T. B. Reed. New Hami'Siiihe. John P. Hale ; Isaac Hill ; Jeremiah Mason ; Franklin Pierce ; Levi Woodbury. Vermont. Ethan Allan ; George P. Marsh ; George F. Edmunds. Massachusetts. Charles F. Adams ; John Adams ; Samuel Adams ; Fisher Ames ; John A. Andrews ; X. P. Banks ; Phillips Brooks ; B. F. Butler ; Crcorge Cabot ; Rufus Choate ; Caleb Cush- ing ; R. H. Dana ; John Davis ; Henry Dearborn ; Samuel Dexter ; Edward Ph^erett ; William Lloyd Gai'rison ; Elbridge Gerry ; John Hancock; George F. Hoar; Henry Knox; Levi Lincoln; Henry Cabot Lodge ; Horace ]\Iann ; Harrison Gray Otis ; James Otis ; Theophilus Parsons ; Timothy Pickering ; Wendell Phillips ; David Porter; Josiah Quincy (the elder), Josiah Quincy (the younger); Robert Rantoul ; Wm. E. Russell ; Theodore Sedgwick; Robert G. Shaw ; Joseph Story ; Caleb Strong ; Charles Sumner ; John G. Whittier; Henr}' Wilson ; Robert C. Winthrop. Rhode Island. A. E. Burnside ; William Ellery ; Stephen Ho})- kins ; Oliver H. Perr}' ; Roger Williams. CoNNECTiCL'T. Mauassch Cutler ; Timothy Dwight (the elder) ; Oliver Ellsworth ; Nathan Hale ; Wm. S. Johnson ; Roger Sherman ; Jonathan Trumbull ; Fitz John Winthrop ; Oliver Wolcott. New York. .b)hn Armstrong; Benedict Arnold; Chester A. Arthur; John.l. Astor ; Jacob BroAvn ; John Brown; Aaron Burr; Benjamin F. Butler; Grover Cleveland; De AVitt Chnton ; George Clinton; Roscoe Conkling ; S. S. Cox; John A. Dix ; Reuben E. Fenton ; Millard Fillmore ; Hamilton Fish ; Gideon Granger ; Horace (Jreely; Alexander Ilauiilton; Winfield S. Hancock; John Jay; John Kelley ; James Kent; Rufus King; Edward Livingston; Robert R. Livingston; Samuel J. May; William L. Marcy ; Edwin I). Morgan; Levi P. Morton; Gouverneur Morris ; Charles H. Park- hurst ; Thomas Piatt ; Theodore Roosevelt ; Philip Schuyler ; William H. Seward; Horatio Seymour; Carl Schurz ; Gerrit Smith; James C. Spencer ; John W. Taylor ; Samuel G. Tilden ; Daniel Tompkins ; Wm. M. Tweed; Martin Van Buren ; Stephen Van Rensellaer; 94 SPECIAL REPORTS. [SECTS. James S. Wadsworth ; Gouverneur K. Waneii ; Thurlow "Weed : Charles AVilkes ; Silas Wri<;]it. New Jersey. Jonathan Dayton ; AVilliani L. Dayton ; George B. McCleilan ; William Pattc rson ; William Pennington ; Charles Stew- art ; Kic'iiard Stockton ; Robert F. Stockton. Pennsylvania. James Buchanan; Siinou Cameron; Andrew G. Curtin ; Alexander J. Dallas ; George M. Dallas ; William G. Duane ; Robert Fulton; Albert Gallatin; Stephen Girard ; Andrew Gregg; David ]M('M. Gregg; Robert C. Grier ; Jared lugersoll; Thomas McKcan ; George G. IMeade ; Thomas Mifliin ; Robert Morris; Frederick A. Muhlenberg; John P. G. JMuhlenberg; David D. Porter; David R. Porter; .lames 31. Porter; jNIatthew Quay ; Sanuiel J. Randall; Benjamin Rush; .lohu Sergeant; Arthur St. Clair; Edwin jM. Stanton; Thaddeus Stevens; David Wilmot ; James AVilson ; William Wilkins. Delaware. James A. Bayard; Thomas F. Bayard, John M. Clayton; John Dickinson; Thomas Macdonough ; Louis McLane ; Robert M. McLane ; Caesar Rodney ; Daniel Rodney. Maryland. Charles Carroll; Samuel Chase; Fred Douglass; Arthur P. Gorman; Robert G. Harper; Reverdy Johnson; Luther Martin; James McHenry ; William Pinkney ; John Rodgers ; Robert Smith; Roger B. Taney ; James Wilkinson. Virginia. James Barbour; John W. P^ppes ; John B. Floyd; William IL Harrison; Patrick Henry: David Hunter; Rolx-rt M. T. Hunter; Thomas J. Jackson; Peter Johnson ; John Paul Jones; Charles Lee; Robert E. Lee; Roltert H. Lee; John Marshall ; James M. Mason, James INIonroe ; Edmund Randolph; John Rando'ph ; Wiufleld Scott; Andrew Stevenson; (ieorge H. Thomas; James Turner; John Tyler; Al)el P. Upsher ; Bushrod A\'ashington ; George Washington; Heni-y A. Wise. North Carolina. Joseph Graham; William A. Graham; Na- thaniel Macon; Willie P. Mangnm ; Hugh AN'illiamson. South Carolina. Preston Brooks; Pierce liutler ; John C. Cal- houn ; Langdon Cheves ; AVade Hampton ; Henry Lawrence, (Jeorge McDuffie ; James L. Oi-r; James L. I'etigru ; Fiancis W.Pickens; Charles Pinckney ; Charles C. Pinckney ; Thomas Pincknc}' ; J. S. Poinsett; Edward Rutledge ; John Rutledge. Georgia. John C'aike ; Howell Cobb ; George W. Crawford ; Willia'U H. Crawford; Charles F. Crisp; John Forsyth; Herschel V. Johnson; Wilson Lumpkin; Montgomery C. Meigs; Alex. H. Stephens ; Robert Toombs ; George Troup. 78-79.] I'.ir.LKXJl.'AlMIICAL SIH.IKCTS. 95 Alabama. James G. Bii*ney James A. Campbell; Clement C. Clay. Mississippi. Jefferson Davis ; John H. Quitman ; Robert J . Walker. Louisiana. Jacob P. Benjamin ; William C. C. Clail)orne ; George Eustis ; John Slidell. Texas. Samuel Houston ; Roger Q. Mills; John A. Reagan. Kentucky. John Breckinridge ; John C. Breckinridge ; Benjamin X. Bristow ; William J. Butler ; John G. Carlisle ; Cassius M. Clay ; Thomas I.. Crittenden ; Richai'd M. Johnson ; O. MacKnight Mitchell ; . I o!m H. Morgan; John White ; Linn Boyd. Tennessee. George W. Campbell ; John H. Eaton ; David G. Farragut ; Felix Grundy ; Andrew Jackson ; Andrew Johnson ; Meri- wether Lewis ; Gideon J. Pillow ; Janies K. Polk ; Hugh L. White ; Benj. McCulloch. Ohio. Calvin Brice ; Salmon P. Chase ; Thomas Corwin ; Jacob D. Cox; William Dennison ; Thomas Ewing ; James A. Garfield; Joshua R. Giddings; Ulysses S. Grant; R. B. Hayes; Irvin McDowell ; William McKinley ; John McLean ; James B. McPher- son; Montgomery C. Meigs; William S. Rosecrans ; Phil. H. Sheridan; John Sherman; AVilliam T. Sherman; Allan G. Thur- man; Clement C. Vallandigham ; Benjamin F. Wade; Morrison R. AVaite. Indiana. Schuyler Colfax; John W. Davis; W. H. English; AVilliam H. Harrison; Thomas P. Hendricks; Michael C. Kerr; Oliver P. Morton. Michigan. Lewis Cass ; John H.King; Alex. Macomb; AVilliam H. Macomb; Return J. Meigs. Illinois. Stephen A. Douglass; John A. Logan; K. B. AVash- burn. Wisconsin. Cadwallader C. Washburne. Missouri. Thomas H. Benton ; Francis P. Blair ; Montgomery Blair; B. Gratz Brown; Dred Scott; Joseph Smith. Iowa. AA^illiam B. Allison. Kansas. James Lane; Charles Robinson. Utah. Brigham Young. California. David C. Broderick ; John C. Fremont; Leland Stanford. § 79. Example of a bibliographical report. The following report illustrates the system. The form of heading ma}' be seen in § 82. 9(i <1'K(I.\I. UKPOKTS. [SECTS. Elbridge Gerry. — Preiximl l)y B. X. Simi'son. '93. 1828- 182'.t 1859 18fi0 182!> 1842 1827 1827 Juni', 1828 Jan. 1821) Apr. 1885 1889 1887 1859 Books devoted entirely to his Life. .T;iiiR's T. Austin : The Life of Elbritlical account. For the analysis of the discussion anothei- set of loose sheets may be used, one for each important argument ; by going through the debate, and noting a reference to each particular point, on its appropriate sheet, tlu' student will have a body of classified references ; he can then go back and read the best speeches under each head, and from them make up his abstract of the argument. 6. Arka\(;kmkxt. ^Mucli stress is laid on an orderly and cogent aiTangement of the report, so that it may be easy to follow it, and to distinguish its various parts. 7. References. Exact references must appear, both to the Jour- nals and to the records of debate on each point. Otherwise no credit will be given. § 8i. Legislative subjects. The following are a few acts selected to show the general scope of the subjects chosen for legisla- tive reports : Admission ok each State into the Union. Fi'om Vermont in i7!H to Utah in 189;") ; thirty-two in all. See Guide § 47. Tariffs. The tariff acts of 17 ^^*- 1 1 ^ ^ aves 140. achncndnicut \ • ( noes 27. So the .<:nbstitNte as amended was adopted. So the committee, at its sixth sitting, rose •And reported the bill Ixiek with tiiis amend- ment in the form of a substitute. The right to insist on taking uj) the ne- glected items of Wxe, original l)ill was not sustained. An order for yeas and nays on the (|ues- tioii of tile jtnrions (///estiiin was sustained ( a3es 35, ( noes 100. ( Message from the Senate by its Sec, Mr. > ( McCook, on bill (II. R. 6637). \ ; previous (|uestion ordered ) •^^'"*'^ ' *" ( nays 64. Anieiidineiit then came up before House, yeas and nays ordered. Amendment \\ as not agreed to \ •^''^'^'"^ "^*'' ( nays 176, or: according to tlie II. Jour. !| -^ *''"^ ■*'*' I nays 176. Then the (piestion occurred on ordering the orUjinid bill (II. IJ. 10411)) to be en- rjrosaed and read a third time. Yeas and nays ordered, \ ^'^''^^ ^'^'^' X So I nays 88. S 82.] EXAMPLE OF LEGISLATIVE. 101 the bill was ordered to be engrossed and read the tliird time. Cotig. iiec.,io»4; Demand for the reading of the engrossed Jan. 27. ff. Jour., 392. ^.jj withdrawn. Yeas and nays ordered on its passage. The bill (H. R. 10419) passed \ ^*^^^ ^f*' ( nays 95. Mr. Willis moved to reconsider the vote last taken and also moved tliat the inoiion to re- consider be laid on the table ; which later motion was agreed to. II. Senate. Se)t.Joar.,2i9. Message from the House vf\shing the Senate Jan. 27. to concur in a bill (H. R. 10419). It was read twice by its title and was re ferred to the Committee on Commerce. Con;;, fiec. ,iso2; Mr. McMUkin was instructed by the Com- Feb. 16. Sen. .Jour., 342. mittee On Commerce to report the bill Avith an amendment in the nature of a .substitute, accompanied by a report (No. 1884). He asks that the amendment and report be printed ; and also gives notice that the Senate shall be asked to take iTp the bill next day. Mr. Coke submitted an ayncndment, which was referred to the committee and ordered to be printed. CoHg.Rec.,\90b; Senate sits US Co')nmittee of the Whole. Bill Feb. 18. St-H.Jour., 370. reported from the Committee on Commerce with an amendment to the House bill to strike out all after the enacting clause, and insert thereafter a substitute of their own based on the House bill. The bill was debated. Cotig. Jiec.,i9b2; The Senate in committee amends the com- Feb. 19. .^en.Jour.y 378. mittee's amendment, article by article, mak- ing slight changes in the amount appropria- ted. Mr. Cullam moved that the Senate proceed to an executive session. Lost 5^^-20. } nays 29. Small amendments added. Feb. 21. Cong, rtec, 1992; Their action was treated as one an)enament. .Se,,.jo„r.,m. rpj^jg amendment was ordered to be en- grossed, and the bill to be read a third time . 102 Sl'KClAL i:i:i'i)UTS. [:?E(T. The hill was read a lliird time and passed. Mr. ^McMillan's motion tliat the Senate insist on its amendment to tins hill and ask tov -A voufci'cucc with the House, was as^reed to. By unanimous eonsent th(^ President ^jj'o //. ,/bur., 684. tern, was authorized to appoint the conj'er- (')icc on the part of the Senate. lie ap- pointed Mr. McMUhtn, Mr. Conycr, and Mr. Ransom. III. House. Feb. 'j;!. The Speaker laid before the House the Cong. Rec.,2\2i; Senate's aniendincnt to the bill (H. R. 1U419), ^' '^''"'*" ®^*" and a messaye rec^uesting a confei'ence. Mr. Willis asked the House to non-concur in the Senate's amendment. Mr. Anderson made the /^oi»< of order that it nuist <:o to the Conmiittee on Harbors and Rivers. The point was sustained. The romniUlee referred back the bill with n.Jour., 703. the reeonnnendation to non-eoneur in the Senate's amendment. All points of order wei'e reserved. So the bill was ordered to be referred to the House in committee a7id to ha jjrinted. Feb. 20. Mr. Anderson demanded a seeond on his Cong. Rec, 23si. motion to snsjicnd the rules and agree to the eonfennuH^ asked by the Senate. But first the bill and the Senate's amend- ment was rc(cd. Message from the Senate by Mr. Simpson, ") one of its clerks, agreeing to bills li. R. I 6G87 and H. R. 2075. F:nrolled bill S. 372 signed. A second to the above motion was , ( ayes 189. ordered < ( noes 3. Under tlu' rules :^0 niintdes was allowed for debate. It was debated. Mr. Willis proposes to non-concur in the //. Jour., 73». Senate's amendment but to confer with the Senate and to report the measure back to the House for its linal action. 82.] EXAMPLE OF LEGISLATIVE. 103 Carried by more than a two-thirds , S aves 162, vote ^ -^ ( noes 32. Oong. Rec, 2335; Speaker announced as conferrees on the I/. Jour., T6Q. ^^^^ ^j ^1^^ y^^gg Messrs. Wilhird, Blan- chard, and Henderson. Sen. Jour., iiQ. A mc.s.NY/r/r of tlie result was .sent to the Senate. IV. Conference report in the House. Co7)(!. Rec.,i4S6; The committee of coiifercnee submitted Feb. 28. //. .four., 770. .1 . , • their report. The report and also a detailed accompany- ing statement were read by request. The House in conference receded from its disagreement to the Senate's amendment and concurred in the same with an amendment, being a new bill to which the Senate agreed. The House agreed to consider this re- port. Mr. Willis ordered the previous question . House divided < ' ^ ' ' ( noes 39. So the question reverted to accepting the report. Yeas and nays ordered. //. Jour., 773. The conference report was agreed to < yeas 178, ( nays 89. Mr. Willis' -motion to recotisider the last vote and to lay the motion to reconsider on the table were carried. V. Conference report in the Senate. Cong. Rec, 2473. The chief clerk proceeded to read the con- March 1 . Sen. Jour., 486, 606. » . ference report. The report was concurred, in. VI. Signed in the House. Mr. Fisher from the committee on enrolled March 2. bills reported that he had found duly en- rolled bill (H. R. 10419); thereupon the speaker sig?ied the same. 1"-^ SPECIAL rp:ports. VII. Signed in the Senate. March 2. A message to the Senat(! annoiuu'ed that the Speaker of the House had signed bill (H. Iv. 10419), and it was thereupon signed by the Ptrsidenf jiro tern. Mr. Burnen rejjorted from the committee that they had found (////// citnilhtl bill (II. R. 104 ID). VIII. President's action. There is no record of the President's sign- ing the Ijill. IX. Statute. Since the bill failed to become an act, it is not in the Statutes at Large. B. Contents of the Bill. I. The Bill as first reported. "Be it enacted, etc., that the following Cong. Rec.,i^Qa; sums of money are hereby appropriated, to '^'"" '^'""'" ^^*'' be paid out of any money in the Trea uiry not otherwise appropriated, and to be ex- pended under the direction of the Secretary of War for construction, etc., of the public works herein named : — " Then follows in See. 7. appropriation rtausrs for 136 harbors. " " " ll)() rivers. In See. 2. A clause to authorize the Secretary of War at his discretion to have surveyed and an estimate made on a list of /io places. In Sec. 4. That contracts should be economically awarded and after a pulslic advertisement, so as to give all bidders a chance. In Sec. o. That lot-al enquirers should first examine and decide that the place is worthy of im- provement by the General (Jovernment. In Sec. 3. The Secretary of War shall institute pro- ceedings in any court to condemn land in the name of the U. S. [SKt r. .S2.] EXAMPLE OF LEGISLATIVE. 105 II. House action. The House passed the l)ill as the committee presented it. III. Senate alterations. Cong. Rec, 2437. The Senate struck out all after the enact- ing clause and inserted a bill of their own, taking the House bill as a basis therefor. The Senate anundment contained every item of appropriation of the House bill without reduction in amount, but increased certain of its appropriations. The Senate inserted 29 new items. IV. Conference alterations. The bill was left the same, but some appropriations were reduced in amoimt. Cong. Rec, 2437. V. Amounts carried by the BiU. Amount estimated as necessary by Committi'c of Engineers, .f80,()0(),000 " the Secretary of War. 10.174,000 Appro, when it ])assed the House. 7,408,250 •' " inConi. on{ 'ommerce, 10,385,300 "it passed the Senate, 10,020.350 '• " " Com. of Con- ference, 1), 913, 800 " finally passed, 9,913,800 C. Argument on the Bill. The arguments on this bill (H. R. 10419) are of two distinct kinds : — I. those on the bill as a bill ; and II. those on the three principal appropriations ; viz. (a) the Missis- sippi R. ; {b) the Missouri R. ; and (c) the Hennepin canal. I. Against the Bill. Cong. Rec, 920. I. General objections, (a) The bill rep- resents only local interests so planned as to bribe representatives to vote favorabl}-, but Cong. Rec, Appen. 133. which would uot staud alouc. {!>) It only 106 .SPECIAL i;Ki'(ji;rs. [skats. ujjpropriaU's 30 per e-ent. of tlic iunount esti- mated by the Committee of Kii^riiuH-rs as neeessary. (<") There it^ stWl a s/irplus from Coiig.iiec.,2;Su->, .\/,/,.„. the last Oil/. II. isi; Cong. /{.,., i-a-. . Cong. liec, AppuL^z:). Mississippi River, (a) Levees and renet- ments are jtlaimed to jyroU'ct private ]>rnpcrly alon<; the shore, and not to render navigation easier. (/>) Chuise so worded, that, as in the last Ctmq. lUr., la.is. hill, all may be spent on the improvement of t\\o places, and not to better naviyation on the rircr. ((■) \o apjjropriation is in this bill for Coh^. AVc, 2:332. earryiii;:- on ihe work, already started, of the Hennepin canal, hxxt out ij for surveyiiig it. II. In favor of the Bill. I. (ieneral. {(i) A bill of appropriation Re/s. as above. must be had, and experience has taught that this is the only kind of a bill that will pass. (b) I^xperience has also shown that no Congress would appropriate a greater ]}cr- centage on what the engineers estimated. (r) This bill appropriates for the fiscal year beginning June .'50, 1887, and by that time the prrsrnt .surplus ivill have been spent and there will be need of more. II. Mississippi, (o) The levees, etc., Cong. Rec.,lo%. not only serve to mark out the chamiel to navigation, but, by narrowing the river, in- crease the current, and thus make the river dredge itself. Therefore the scheme is beneficial . {b) The objection was removed by au amendment that one-half the appropriation must be spent, at seven other places beside those in question, viz. : Kansas City and St. Jose|)h. (f) The ))lan is to have it Ihonmyhly sur- veyed, and (hen pas.s an appropriation in the next bill. As the l»ill was a necessity, it only needed to refute tlie objections as above, to pass. H2-83.] COXSTITITIONAL. 107 § 83. Constitutional special reports. [Cf. § 95.] Object. This report is intended, like the weekly papers (§ 35), to train students in applying to specific cases the general principles of the Constitution ; but instead of being asked to give an opinion off- hand and without the use of books, they will be expected to bring to bear upon their question all the authorities which they can command. Scope. Each topic will be a simple question in constitutional law, and, so far as possible, a very detailed question. The report is to be a brief statement of the conclusions which the student has reached, with the reasons for those conclusions ; but in the report it is expected that objections to the position taken will be stated and discussed, and the reasons for setting them aside will be made apparent. Students are cautioned against making these reports vague, and especially against copying opinions of other people with- out showing how they affect the results. A series of extracts from, or abstracts of, authorities is not considered a re^port^ It is expected that the subject will be logically developed in analysed heads, each worked out in arguments backed up by references to the authorities upon which the opinion is based ; and brief quotations may well be Introduced to show the character of the evidence. Special notice will be taken of a systematic analysis of the subject and a neat form of statement, in which the main heads of the argument are clearly stated. Authorities. Bibliographies of the Constitution will be found in Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History Yll, 255-266 ; W. E. Foster, References to the Constitution; Harvard Historical Mono- graphs, No. 2, §§ 33, 469 ; J. H. Barnwell, Reading Notes; and in the bibliographical introductions or head notes to H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Laiv, Fiske, Civil Government, and many like works. (See §§ 10, 41.) Students will be expected to refer to any parts of the Constitution bearing upon their subject, to study the constitutional treatises, to examine acts of Congress and other evidences of the practice of the government Avith reference to their subject, and to make use of Supreme Court Reports and other repositories of official legal opinions. The principal authorities on constitutional law will be found in the alcove containing books on government. Duplicates of many of these books will be found in the E^vans Library, and in any good public or private law library. The foot notes on these treatises should lead to other commentaries and especially to decisions of the United States Supn^me Court and other courts. Some of the trea- tises are enunu ratc-d in § 41 above. lOS si'KciAi, i;i:i'(>i;'rs. [sects. The followino- are some of tlie most recent uiid ini|)()rtaiit trea- tises, with which the student will do well to begin his woi-k ; but he is expected also, if tlie nature of his subject seems to require it, to consult the older constitutional treatises and general books descriptive of American government, such as James Bryce, American Common ivealth, and Carlier, La litpublique Ami'ricaine. (See also §36.) Joseph Story, Commevtaries on the Constitntion (5th edition, 1891) ; James Kent, Commentaries on American Law (12th edition, 1873) ; John N. Pomeroy, Introduction to the Constitutional Law of the U. S. (10th edition, l.SS.S) ; J. 1. C. Hare, American Constit^i- tional Laio (1881)) ; John Ordronanx, Constitutional Legislation in the U. S. (1891) ; H. Von Hoist, Constitutional Latv (ISS'd) ; Thomas M. Cooley, General Principles of Constitutional Law (2d edi- tion, (1891) ; Thomas M. Cooley, Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations (Qih edition^ 1890); Joel Tiffany, Treatise on Govern- ment and Constitutional Law (1867) ; S. T. Miller, Constitution of the United States (18H0). See also, §§ 11, 12, 36, and Hart's Federal Government^ § 469, for additional references. The Derisions of the United States Supreme Court will be found in the Reading Room, with the United Slates Documents. Here are also the Opinions of the Attorn ies General. The cases may be reached through the digests, of which co})ies will be found with the reports ; and also tiirough the four following books : Rol)ert Desty, Constitution '• a peaceful remedy"? 86. What remedy has the United States against nullification? 87. Is secession insurrection? 88. Is secession rebellion? 89. What are tlie constilntionMl remedies in case a State secedes? 90. What was the legal effect of secession upon the status in the Union of the seceding States? § 84f, National legislative department. [Cf. §§ 25f, 27g, 3;U", 102.] 91. What ]>()weis h:is the SeiKite which aic not possessed liy the Iloute? 92. What poweis has tlie llousewhicli iirc not possessed by the Senate? 93. Is the Senate bound by ]):iili:niicnt:u y decisions of the Vice- President ? 94. Could retiring Presidents constitutionally be made senators ex officio without votes? 84:e-84f.] CONSTITl'TIONAL SUBJECTS. 118 95. May the Senate refuse to admit a senator elect, because it does not like him ? 96. Is there a remedy if a State refuse to elect senators? 97. Does the Senate represent the States rather than the people? 98. Is a Senator bound to regard instructions by the legislature of his State? 99. Are territorial delegates members of the House of Representa- tives ? 100. Has the House the sole right to initiate appropriation bills? 101. May Congress by statute refuse to admit Senators and Repre- sentatives elected from a particular State ? 102. How far may the United States regulate elections to Congress? 103. Could a person not a member of the House be elected Speaker? 104. May the Speaker of the House be compelled to resign? 105. Has the Speaker of the House a right to count a quorum? 106. May the Speaker of the House vote as a member and again vote in a tie on the same question? 107. Are members of Congress legally bound to vote, if present? 108. May Congress inflict the penalty of imprisonment on its own members ? 109. May Congress compel the testimony of witnesses? 110. May Congress inflict any punishment on persons not members of Congress? 111. How long does the privilege of freedom from arrest of a member of Congress last? 112. May Congress by law determine the time of expiration of Con- gress ? 113. Could committees of Congress be required by statute to hold their sessions in public? 114. May the order of business of either House be fixed by statute? 115. Con a bill be carried through all its stages and Itecome an act. all in one day ? 116. Could either House of Congress by rule limit the {)rivileges of dol)ate to chairman of committees? 117. Is there any remedy if the Journals falsely state that a bill h;is been passed ? 118. Can either House recall a bill after it is passed and sent to the otlier House ? 119. Are petitioners entitled to have their petitions read in Congress? 120. Are Cabinet officials entitled to diaft bills lo be submitted to Congress ? 121. Is a joint resolution legally different from an act? 114 SPECIAL REPORTS. [SECTS. 122. May a Pivsidcnt siuii a l)ill after the adjoununent of Congress? ]2o. If Congress adjoiiiu for the holidaj^s for ten days, do bills held unsigned l>y tlie President become a law without his signature? 124. May Congress by statute assign to the President duties not specified in the Constitution? 125. May Congress authorize the President to make regulations with the force of law ? 126. May Congress under any circumstances forbid the President to exercise duties specified in the Constitution ? 127. Is thei'e any legal limitation on legislative " riders"? 128. May either House require the President to submit papers? 129. May the Houses by concurrent resolution require the President to submit papers? 180. Ma}' the House of Representatives refuse appropriations neces- sary to carry out a treaty ? 131. May either House b}' a committee investigate the acts of the President ? 182. Does a bill become an act at the moment the President aflfixes his signature? 133. May Congress get rid of judges by repealing the laws creating the courts to which they are attached ? 134. May Congress punish any person for contempt? § 84g. National executive department. [Cf. §§ 25f, 27h, 33g, 104.] 135. What is the remedy if a person under the legal age should be chosen president ? 136. May Congress require heads of departments to be responsible directly to Congress ? 137. Could Congress assign to the Interior Department the manage- mcMit of foreign relations? 138. Could the Vice-President be made a member of the Cabinet? 139. Are Cal)inet officers bound to obej^ the directions of the Presi- dent or else to resign? 140. Is the act of a Cabinet officer legally the act of the President? 141. What is a "department" in the nieauiiig of the Constitution? 142. May the President be summoned as a witness? 143. What is the remedy if the President commit an unlawful act? 144. Can the President pardon a man before indictment? 145. May the President delegate his executive powers to subor- dinates ? 84f-84g-.] C;ON>STITUTIONAL SUBJECTS. 115 14G. May the President constitutionally perform an act which the Supreme Court has held to be unconstitutional? 147. May an otlicialof the United States nt the same time hold office under a State or territory ? 148. May Congress impose any official duties it pleases on officers of the government other than the President? 141). May a suit be brought against a Cabinet officer on account of an official act? l.")0. May a suit be brought against the President on account of an official act ? 1.51. May the President appoint persons without salary to offices not created by Congress ? I ')2. May Congress designate persons to occupy public offices already created ? 153. May Congress in creating an office designate the person who is to fill it? 1.54. May Congi-ess by statute give to officials a term during good behavior? 15.'). May Congress by statute limit the term of i)ublic officials? 15<). Is the power of removal a part of the power of appoint- ment ? 157. May Congress by statute provide that the Senate shall partici- pate in removals ? f58. May Congress by statute order the promotion of a designated official ? 159. May the Senate require papers relative to removals, before con- firming appointments to fill the vacancies thus caused ? 1 <■)(). May Congress by statute require the President to state reasons for a removal ? f Gl. May Congress by statute require heads of departments to state reasons for removals ? 162. May Congress by statute remove officials by shortening the term of their offices ? 103. May Congress by statute require that appointments shall be made only from persons who have passed a civil service ex- amination ? 164. May Congress require that appointments to office be appor- tioned per capita among the States and territories ? 165. Could Congress by statute give Cabinet officers seats in either House ? 166. May the executive submit drafts of bills to Congress? 167. May the Senate censure the President? 116 SPECIAL REPORTS. [SECTS. 168. Have executive regulations for government employees the force of law ? 169. May Congress give the President power to withdraw duties on imports ? 170. May a President refuse to carry out an act of Congress on the ground tliat it is unconstitutional? § 84h. National judiciary. [Cf. §^ -I'yf, -iTi, :'.;'.h, 105.] 171. May Congress create a judgeship witli a limited term? 172. May Congress constitutionally abolish a judgeship without pen- sioning the incumbent ? 173. May a President be impeached for incompetency? 174. Can Senators of the United States be impeached? 175. Does resignation remove an official from liability to impeach- ment ? 176. Is impeachment a judicial process? 177. May an executive official be ivcpiircd 1)y a court to ))crfonn :in act forbidden by the President ? 178. Is a decision of the Supreme (Oint liinding on Congress? 179. Is a decision of the Supreme Court binding on the President? 180. Is there a remedy for an unconstitutional decision of the Su- preme Court? 181. Is there any limitation on the Pri'sident's power of pardon? 182. May Congress by law relieve from i)ciudties already incurred? 183. May the President pardon offences :igainst St:ite biws? 184. Have the United States courts criminal jurisdiction at common law ? 185. In cases of concurrent jurisdiction between State and national courts, which has tlie precedence? ISC). May Congress exclude particular kinds of cases from the de- cision of tlie Supreme Court? 187. Is the Supreme Court bound by its own previous decisions? 188. What is the tribunal for offences committed in United States public buildings? 189. What is the tril)un:d for offences committed in United States military i)Osts? 190. What is the tribunal for offences couunitted on board American merchant vessels on the high sea? 191. What is the tribunal for offences couunitted on board foreign merchant vessels in American ports? 192. What is the tribunal for offences committed 1)y civihans on American ships of war? 84g-84i.] CONSTITUTIONAL SURJECTS. 117 193. What is the tribunal f(n- offences by civilians on board foreign ships of war in American ports ? 194. May the Supreme Court render opinions at the request of any executive official? 195. May the United States courts issue writs of Habeas Corpus against State officials? 196. May State courts issue writs of Habeas Corpus against United States officials ? 197. Can cases arising under federal laws be tried in State courts? 198. Can cases arising under State laws be tried in federal courts? 199. Ma}' a State which has made coupons on its bonds receivable for taxes. 1)0 compelled to receive such coupons? § 84!. Territorial questions. [Cf. §§ 25g, 27j, 33i, 84h (ques- tions 188-193), 106.] 200. May States repeal acts granting exclusive jurisdiction to the United States over forts ? 201. Who has jurisdiction over a murder committed in a United States custom house ? 202. Has the United States constitutional power to plant colonies? 203. Who owns the bottom of the sea between high and low water- mark? 204. Who owns the bottom of the sea between low water-mark and the three mile limit? 205. May the United States forbid Americans to fish on the New- foundland banks? 206. In what jurisdiction are the Great Lakes? 207. May Congress erect the District of Columbia into a territory? 208. May Congress define the duties of a governor of a teriitory? 209. May an officer of the army be appointed governor of a ter- ritory ? 210. Can territorial officials be officers of the United States? 211. May territorial judges be removed? 212. Does the Constitution ipso fado extend to the territories? 213. Does a State by secession become a territory? 214. May Congress relegate an organized territory to the unorgan- ized status? 215. May Congress b}^ a special tax on property in the territories? 216. Maj' Congress annul the charter of a corporation granted by a territorial legislature ? 217. May Congress fix conditions on States at admission, which will hold good after admission? 118 SPECIAL i;i:i'()i{Ts. [sect. 21.S. Was the aduiiasioii of W*'st \'ii. May Congress regulate railroad rates? 286. May Congress take over and operate the telephone system on public account? 287. May the United States close m navigable river? 288. May tlie ITnited States open a new channel for sea going vessels without the consent of the State in which the channel lies? 289. Can foreign built yachts, the property of American citizens, be imi)orted without the payment of duty? 290. May ('ongress construct a canal outside United States terri- t(M-y ? 291. May Congress appropriate ))ubUe money to protect private property from the wash of rivers ? 292. May the States levy duties on vessels engaged in foreign com- merce ? 293. May Congress constitutionally paj' a subsidy to a steamship fine except for carrying the mails ? 294. May Congress tax vessels, to keep up a life-saving service? i\)h. May Congress pass a retroactive bankruptcy act? 84k-84l.] CONSTITUTIONAL SUBJECTS. 121 296. May Congress by statute provide that the government may use all inventions hereafter patented without payment to the inventors ? 297. May Congress provide for the granting of trade-marks? 298. May Congress pass usur^- laws? 299. May Congress regulate fire insurance? 300. May Congress regulate life insurance? .301. May Congress by statute compel people to answer the questions of census takers ? 302. May Congress constitutionally pass a general eight hour law? 303. May Congress constitutionally regulate wages? 304. May Congress create corporations which serve no public purpose ? 305. May Congress constitutionally regulate State banks? 306. May Cangress constitutionally regulate trusts? 307. Is a State charter of a lottery company a contract? 308. May Congress regulate the manufacture of cotton goods? 309. May Congress regulate the methods of mining copper? 310. May Congress constitutionally construct a system of irrigating canals ? 311. May the United States erect model farms at the public expense? 312. May Congress constitutionally appropriate money to be spent in causing rain storms ? 313. May Congress constitutionally prohibit the sale of liquor? 314. May Congress constitutionally forbid the transportation of liquor from one State to another? §841. Foreign questions. [Cf. §§ 25j, 27m, 33m, 55, 109.] 315. May the President withhold the exchange of ratifications of a treaty after it has been latified by the Senate? 316. May a treaty grant to a foreigner privileges not enjoyed by American citizens ? 317. May the President appoint foreign envoys without provision by Congress for their salaries ? 318. May the President refuse to submit to the Senate a treaty dul}' negotiated ? 319. Has the Senate a right to l)e consulted before the beginning of a negotiation? 320. Has the House of Representatives any constitutional power over treaties? 321. May a treaty be superseded by a statue? 322. May a statue be superseded by a treaty? 323. May a tariff be altered by treaty? 122 SPECIAL UEPOUTS. [SECTS. § 84m. War powers. [Cf. 2.")j, 27n, ;):?iii, C>H, 110.] 324. Can 11 President make Avar witliout a declaration of war? 325. May the property of individuals be confiscated, as a war measure ? 326. May martial law be declared in parts of the country where there is no war? 327. Are volunteers militia? 328. Are West Point Cadets officers of the United States? 329. May the President delegate his power of ccilhi/i the limits prescribed liy tlu; Constitution when it ex- 124 SI'KCIAL itKi'ours. [.SKCT. tends to foreign conmu'rce, over which there has never been u i|uestion as to who has the jurisdiction. I. The Constitution. The Constilulion contains no special refer- ence with regard to the reguhition of freight rates. The right of such regulation must be inferred from : 1. -'Congress shall have jjower to regu- late commerce with foreign nations and among the several States and witli the Indian tribes."! 2. '• Congress shall have power to make all laws that sliall be necessa?-!/ and projjcr for carrying into execution the foregoing powers. "2 II. Commentators. What then is the extent of this regulating power ? The earliest reference is to be found in the Federalist, where tlie power is generally dis- cussed in various j^laces. It is rt'garded as exclusive and as the necessary substitute for the inefFicieut control of th(> Confederation Congress. The constitulional writers are all agi-eed as to the extent of the power. One or two citations will suffice. Says Stori/ in his discussion of tlie powers of Congress: — "In regard to foreign na- tions, it is universally aduiitt('(l tliat the words conipreliend rrcrij spccii's of cornmci'- ciul i/ifcrconrse. . . . Coniiucrce as used in the Constitution is a unit, every part of which is indicated l)y tlie term." •' Says e/. /. C. Hair: "The jjowcr of Con- gress is coextensive with tlu; citlirc field of commerce, including not onl}- trallic, the sale and excii.ingf of coniuioditics l)ut the in- tercourse without which trallic would be im- practical)lc. . . . 'I'he power of Congress is exclusive as to transportation." ■♦ Says Mllli r: ••Tlie element of commerce which liiis Im'cii most fnn|ueiitly the subject ' Conxtitution of the U. .ST. Artidp I, Sec. 8, § .-i. * CoriKtitution of the U. S. Article I, Sec. 8, §18. •' Story, ('omriie/nturiem nil till- Confititiitiuti, § lotK, ; Miirsliall ill (ilhbou /■.«. Ofjdeii, 9 Whmton, 1. « J. I. C. Hare, Comti- tution of the U. S., 434, 478. 85.] EXAMPLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL. 125 Miller, l.ecturei oti tlit Constitution of tin u. s., 44;. of legislation and which has received most frequent consideration by the courts is what may be called ' transportation.' A large part of the transpor/afion of frright and pas- sengers in this country from the Pacific to the Atlantic coast, or vice versa, is done in one vehicle and by one continuous passage. It is my opinion that such traffic is subject to legislalion l)y Congress.'"^ 'iliese extracts will be sufficient to show : 1 . The poioer of foreign eommeree is ex- t'/nsive. 2. This power hence includes transporta- tion of freight. 3. This transportation is subject to legisla- tion bji Congress. Gibbon w. Ofrden, W'heittoit, 1. III. The Supreme Court. Opinions of the Supreme ('ourt, both di- rectly and indirectly confirm the right. The first important decision bearing on the point in question is that of Chief Justice Marshall in the famous case of Gibbon vs. Ogden, heard before the Court in 1824. Some extracts are : 1. ^'■Every species of co7nrnercial inter- course is comprehended in the power. . . . If Congress had the ])owerto regulate foreign commerce that power might lie exercised wherever that commerce went. 2. "To regulate commerce is to pre- scribe rules by which it shall l)e conducted. 3. " This power acknowledges no limita- tions."'" From these extracts from the first impor- tant judicial definition of commerce and its cxtint, the inference is direct, that, inasmuch as rules may be prescribed by which com- merce shall be governed, and as the; power acknowledges no limitations, tin regulation if freight rates is fully within the power of Congress. Hut later decisions place the power still more beyoml dispute. In Welton vs. State if is declared : " Commerce includes i\w. trans- 126 Sl'KriAI, IIKI'OIJTS. [SECT. Welton vs. State, 91 U. S., 275. " State Freight Tax. 15 IVallace, 2.32. » U. S. v.i. Railroad Bridge Co., 6 McLean, 517. 10 Brif,' Wilson vh. U. S. 1 Brock, 423. portation, purchase, sah; ami t'\cliaiiu:t! of commodities between the citizens of tlu' United States and the citizens and subjects of other conntries."^ Ajrain in the State Freij^ht Tax casc^ : ' ' The lirinjrinjr of goods from the l)nyer to the seller is commerce." In the same case we ha\-e a most direct reference to the subject under consideration, as we have here the word frei<^ht directly mentioned: "27ie Iransjjortation of freight or of the. fiuhjeclfi of commerce for the purj)ose of exchange or sale is a consliluent of com- merce.''"^ An}' numl)er of other cases might l)e cited. But tliey all interpret the Constitution the same way. All agree that " the e<)innier(;ial power can only be exercised and can-ied out by legislation, ""9 and that " Co)igr(ss has (he poivcr to regtdn'e ihe vessels as irell as the articles they bri/ig.'"^^ We have thus the authority of Congress most distinctly asserted in these various decisions. IV. Practice. The power then having been assertinl, the next (juestion is, has ( 'ongress placed its right or power still fui'ther l)eyonil dispute, by actual legislation? It has been shown that the right of al)solute and exclusive legislation has never lieen (jues- tioned as far as foreign co'nimcrce is con- cerned ; that wliile we liave souk; direct statements in decisions of the right as aj)plied to foreign commerce (see above, U. S. vs. U. II. Bridge Co. and T.rig Wilson vs. U. S.), our softest argument is by inference, assum- ing a(!lual legislation in interstate connnerce as the basis of that infi'rence. In the Interstnie Commerce J.a/r'^^ we find " Act of Feb. 4, i«87 actual reo-ulat ion of frei-ht charges; not in- '^'"'"'** "' ^-"''^"' ' ^ ■ t- ' XXIV. deed a specilic stalenu'ut (hat sucii charges shall be so much and no more, l)ut instead, the statement that the rates shall be reason- able. 8o.] EXAMl'LE OF CX)NSTlTUTIONAL. 127 1- The Interstate Com- nicrco Act, Sec. 1, § -2. Ibid. Interstate Commerce Alt, Ameudmeut to Sect. 6. YuV.S.Stat- iites at Large, xxv, 855. The statement verbatim as given in the first section of the Interstate Commerce Law as passed in 1887 reads : "All charges made for any service rendered or to be rendered in the transportation of passengers or j)roperty as aforesaid, or in connection therewith, or for the receiving, delivering, handling or storage of sucli property shall be reasonable and just, and every unjust and \mreasonable charge for siich service is prohibited and de- clared to be unlawful." i-^ The language of the act speaks for itself and needs no elucidation. In the amendviod x>ropo>ied and carried in 1888, we have the final link in the chain of evidence. Wliile embodied in the provisions of the Interstate Act it directly applies to for- eign commerce and hence makes our infer- ence still more valid. The important parts of the amendment are given in the following paragraph : "Any conunon carrier subject to the pro- vision of this act receiving freight in the U. S. to be canned through a foreign country to any place in the U. S., shall . . . print . . . schedules showing through rates established and charged by such common carrier to all points in the U. S. beyond the foreign country to which it accei:)ts freight for shipment.'" ^^ Of course these published rates as shown above must be reasonable. We have here then the legislative power of Congress exer- cised, and exercised in the reguUition of the rates of transportation. As a result then of working along these various lines of evidence (I have omitted a good deal of matter because it would be mere repetition) I reach the following : Conclusion. 1. The power of Congress over foreign commerce is exclusive, as attested by : («) constitutional writers ; (6) decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. 2. This power includes the regulation of 128 SI'ECIAt. K'Kroi.'TS. [SECTS. triuisitorfatioii of |mt-()iis aiiJ^ that these inii>t in all cases he reasonahh'. 4. Althougli tlic Statutes at Larjje give no instance of actual reguhilion of treiglit rates to and from foi'cign countries, yet from tlie above the inference is direct, lliut in full accordance willi the power vested h\- tlie Constitution — Congress may regulah frru/lii rdh s l» utiil from fo7'('i(/!i roitufrirs. §86. Statistical special reports. [i'W H «4i, H4j, 107, 108.] Object. It is very important that every student should learn where to find and how to use statistical material illustrating the his- tory and politics of the United States ; and that he should master tin- complicated system of the Public Documents. Scope. To each student is assigned a statistical subject covering a series of years. The report is to be made in the form of a statis- tical table, showing the total for each (fiscal) year, and the sum total for the whole period. No narrative is expected, and no additional infornnition, except such as may be necessary to elucidate the figujcs. Authorities. The following general authorities will be reserved in the American History alcove, or in the alcove in Political Economy, or in the set of reserved books on (ioverument. The Statist ic( (I Absfraet (17S'.>-1.S!);-)) ; Comjyendium of the Tenth Census (1 700-1. S80) ; Bulletins of the Eleventh Census (1890); Compendium^ and other volumes of the Eleventh Census ; Scribner, Statistical yl/Zas (1790-1880) ; A. R. Spofford, American Almanac (1789-1888); Francis A. Walker, Statistical Atlas of the United States (1790-1870); The Citizen's Statistical Atlas; E. C. Lunt, Key to the Publications of the U. S. Census (1790-1880) ; J. I. Lalor, Cyclopaedia (1789-1883); McGregor, Progress of Americn (1789-1844); Adam Scybert, Statistiad Annals (1799-1817); T. Pitkin, Statistical View ( 1 789-1 81 1!) ; 'l\ Donaldson, Public Domain (1789-1883) ; Edward Stanwood, President iiU Elections {1790-\H91) ; Alexander Johnston, American Politics (\7H9-\>^Hl) ; Whifj Abnanac, Tribune Almanac, World Almanac. Prui.ir Documents. The data for many of the topics must be sought in the pubhcatious of the government of the United States ; ; 1^*, 25rt, 2or/, 27a, 27/, 3;V, 84, 10(5.] Oh.tect. This report is intended to bring about three results : in preparing it students will learn wluit are the authorities on the geog- raphy of the United States and how they aie to be used: practice 1861. $ 369,470.00 1862. 704,942.25 1863. 867,329.00 1864. 1,053,294.50 1865. 677,781.75 1866. 1,524,402.25 1867. 1,569,034.19 1868. 1,723,268.02 1869. 2,141,358.14 1870. 1,907,317.88 1S71. 2,372,6il4.67 bS72. 2,684,226.66 54,927.00 1873. 2,353,010.82 1874. 1,998,446.42 1875. 2,014,911.84 1876. 2,175,014.91 1877. 2,445,387.70 1878. 2,669,115.55 1879. 3,063,992.93 1880. 4,063,794.22 1881. 4,147,799.98 1882. 4,837,215.85 1883. 4.990.!l(i5.32 1884. 5,278,813.21 1885. 5,055,590.76 1886. 5,740,984.05 1887. 5,700,4;!3.89 1888. 6,322,242.96 1889. 7,27'.t,459.72 88-89.] GEOGRAl'HICAL. IH:') will be given in map drawing and map coloring ; and the results will form a part of a series of maps which will be used to illustrate the lectures. Scope. Each topic calls for the solution of some problem in American historical geography which is to be submitted; (1) in a brief statement of results and of the authorities upon which they are based ; (2) in a small colored map ; (3) in a large map neatly colored, which can be shown before the class. Authorities. The principal authorities on the geography of the United States are the following ; all of them will be found in the alcove on American history, or among the atlases, or in the govern- ment documents in the Reading Room of the Library. Francis A. AValker, Sto/is'ical Atlas for 1870; Srrihner's Statisti- cal Atlas for ISXO; TJie Citizens' Atlas (selections from Scril)ner's Atlas) ; Townsend MacCoun, Historical Geography of the United States; Townsend ]\IaeCoun, Charts of (he United States (substan- tially the same maps on a larger scale for class use) ; N. S. Shaler, The United States ; Labberton, Historical Atlas (the American maps are substantially the same as tlu^se in MacCoun) ; Reports of the United States Census, especially volumes on Population frcjm the 'Jth Census (1.S70), 10th Census (1880), and 11th Census (18!)0). Many of the maps therein shown for 1870 and 1880 are reproduced in Walker's and Scribner's Atlases, Epoch Maps illnstrating American. History (a republication of the maps in the Epoch Series) ; jNIaps in Scribner, American History Series (three volumes pul)lished up to 1895) ; Elis6 Reclus, North America; Friedrich Ratzel, Die Vereinigten Staaten. The library also contains all the sheets published of the great map of the United States and the atlases of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Jersey. Other maps may lie found in the connnon historical atlases (Colton, Mitchell, etc.) In the stan- dard histories there are almost no historical majis, and those in the school histories, such as Barnes, Johnston, ]\Iontgoinery, Scudder, Sheldon-F>arnes, Fiske, and Tlumias are hardly to be relied upon. Many valuable maps on sjjecial subjects are bound in the series of government documents. (See §§ 18, 19, 51, lOG.) Verification. In every case l)ase your result upon the authority which seems to have an official character. Do not take au}^ map as conclusive, but try to find from the printed authorities whether the basis of that map is accurate. Consultation. You are expected to consult freel}' with the assistant and to submit to him a rough sketch of your map before you draw the enlarged map. 134 SPECIAL r.El'OUTS. [SECTS. Form. The maps are to be neat and to state clearlj'^ what they have to say, but great precision of drawing and accuracy of detail is not expected. They should be so clear that any intelligent person may understand them. The title of the map should be put upon the face near the top in plain k'ttering. The maps should not be confused by too much detail. Drawing. The work may be done in students' rooms, or in a room specially provided as a drawing room for the use of the course, in which tables, blank maps, stout manilla paper suitable for special maps and drawing instruments and materials will be found; the room will be open all day, and, when desired, in the evening. Coloring. Both large and small uia) s are to be finished in water colors, which give the best results in such rougli work. A little practice will ennble any one to distribute the tint evenly. Oils will spread a little wlien applied to the paper and colored crayons are almost sure to " crock." Please obsei've the following conventional tints. For maps of the geogra|)hy of America ; — Spanish ten-itory, yellow ; French, blue ; English, red ; Dutch, orange ; Swedish and Portuguese, green. For political maps ; — Federal party, blue ; Republican-Democratic party, red ; "Whigs, green ; Anti-Masonic, brown ; Liberal party, blue ; Peoples' Party or Labor Party, green ; Republican party, l)lue ; Dem- ocratic Party, red. Where there are splits and sub-divisions use shades of the general tints. For maps showing the distribution of votes use blue for the afhrm- ative, red for the negative, and yellow for those not voting. For the distribution of population use the following shades in order, the first representing the fewest people : yellow, green, blue, red, brown. In the special maps let the color of the paper represent land and lill in the water areas Avitli blue. Narrow red lines marking otT ilie internal boundaries between the blocks of color set off a mnp hand- somely. Distribution of votes. Presidential votes are veiy easily represented because the votes of the States are visually cast solidly. In cases whei'e the electoral vote of a State is divided, put a block of the color repi'esenting the minority vote in the interior of the State, making the size proportional to its relation to the total vote. In indi- cating the distribution of votes in Congress you are expected to find a test vote in which the yeas and nays were called. Unless otherwise indicated the decisive vote of the House of Representatives avIU be taken as the vote on the bill. In cases Avhere the "total vote" is called for, consider the Representatives and Senators as equally mem- 89-90.] GEOGKAPHICAL. 135 bers from the State which they represent, and divide tlie vote of the State accordingly. It is well also to put a figure in the middle of each State to show how many votes were cast. For such purposes" it is convenient to use the gummed figures which are furnished by the Dennison Manufacturing Company of Boston. Joint labor. Many of the geographical subjects may be assigned to two students working together ; in such a case they will be put on honor to divide the work fairly between them. In all cases the name of the person or persons who make the map is to be put upon the face of the map. § 90. Geographical subjects. [See also § lOG.] The following groups will illustrate the sulijects which may best be treated. State boundaries. External boundaries of any one of the forty- four States of the Union ; of these the most important are : New Hampshire ; Massachusetts ; Connecticut ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Maryland ; Virginia ; Georgia ; Texas. The easiest are the states admitted since 1850. North America. In 1550; 1600; 1650; 1700; 1715; 1740; 1754; 1763; 1775; 1783; 1789; 1800; 1805; 1820; 1840; 1850; 1865; 1895. The English Colonies. In 1585; 1606; 1630; 1640; 1670; 1688; 1700; 1740; 1754; 1763; 1775; 17.S3. The United States, on March 4th of the following years : 1777 ; 1784; 1789; 1801; 1804; 1811; 1817; 1819; 1821; 1831; 1841: 1845; 1848; 1851; 1855; 1861; 1865; 1867; 1869; 1871; 1881; 1895. Boundary controversies. St. Croix ; Maine Highlands ; Connec- ticut to St. Lawrence ; Great Likes ; Lake of the Woods ; Northern of Louisiana; Oregon; West Florida ; Texas; Gila River; Alaska. Special. The battle fields of Lexington ; Concord ; Bunker Hill ; Long Island ; Trenton ; Princeton ; Brandywine ; Saratoga ; York- town ; Lundy's Lane ; Plattsburg ; Bladensburg ; Ncav Orleans : Palo Alto ; Monterey ; Buena Vista ; Cerro Gordo ; Mexico ; Bull Run ; Malvern Hill ; Fort Donelson ; Pittsburg Landing ; Chancel- lorsville ; (Tett3'sburg ; Vicksburg ; Chickamauga ; Mission Ridge ; Antietam ; Cold Harbor ; Petersburg, Theatre of war. The Revolution : northern campaigns ; south- ern campaigns ; Yorktown campaign ; Canadian frontier. — War of 1812 : Blockade of the coast. — Mexican War : Northern campaign; southern campaign; Kansas. (1854-1858). — Civil war : Potomac campaigns ; western campaigns ; Mississippi campaigns ; Sherman's March to the Sea. 136 SPECIAL REPORTS. [SECTS. Special maps. Siege of Boston ; places in wliioh the Continental Congress sat ; proposed sites for the national capital ; Jefferson's plan for western states; the West Florida controversy; the Maine controversy ; the Oregon controversy ; the boundary between Hudson's Bay and the United States; FnMiiont's explorations; Lewis and Clark's explorations; the Caroline affaii-; John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry; the San Juan contioversy ; capture of Fort Sumter, defences of Wasiiington ; fortifications on the Atlantic coast ; govern- ment forts and posts. Distribution of votes. On the tariff bills : 1789; 1816; 1820; 1824; 182(;; 1.S2.S; 1832 ; 1833 ; 1842; 1846; 1857; 1861; 1883; ]iirp()sc of this I'cport is to make the student ac- (jiiainted wilii slavery in actual pi'actice, as a social and economic institution ; and at the same time to make liiju familiar with the literature of the subject. Scope. Kncli student has assigned to him some phase or event in the history or woi'kings of slavery ; on this subject he is to write a condensed narrative, freely introducing quotations from books or other autiiorities. Methods. A careful use of classified library catalogues, of the indexes and tables of contents of books, and of the special chapters upon till' subject in the standard histories is essential. Students who have family or other connections in the South, or among old aboli- tionists, are also advised to write to people who are likely to have some personal knowledge of the subject which they are studying, and to ask for information at first hand. All material ought to be classi- fied and the results stated in a logical form. 90-92.] SLAVERY. 137 Authorities. Some biographical aid may be had from Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America^ VII, .322—824 ; and from the notes to H. Von Hoist, Constitntional Historif ; J. F. Rhodes, History of the United States; J. C. Hnrd, Law of Freedom and Bondage; Marion G. McDougall, Fugitive /Slaves; Mary G. Tremain, Slavery in the District of Columbia; Jeffrey H. Brackett, The Negro in Maryland; Mary E. Locke, Anti-Slavery before 1808 (in preparation) ; W. E. B. DuBois, Negtdafion of the African Slave Trade (in preparation). The principal books describing slavery and the South in slavery times will be found in the College reserved libraries, with some dupli- cates in the Evans Library. The library of Radclifte College has an excellejit set of books of this kind^ The Boston Public Library is also rich in slavery and anti-slavery literature. For students who desire to go very deeply into the subject permis- sion may, in some cases, be had to use the rare slavery tracts pre- sented to the College Library by Thomas W. Higginson and by Cliarles Sumner. §92. Slavery subjects. [See Citide, §§ 14.S, 1.52, 161, 178, 1.S7-1')1, 199, 204, 210.] Colonial slavery. Treatment of slaves in each of the thirteen colonies ; also in Jamaica, Nova Scotia, Quebec, New Sweden, and New Netherland ; slave codes in each of the English colonies ; fugi- tive slaves in each of the Englisli colonies ; white indentured servants in each of the English colonies ; slave insurrections in each of the English colojiies. Slave holders. Average luiinber of slaves to one owner ; in- stances of very large slave holders ; instances of slaves held by physicians, lawyers, ministers, and college professors ; instances of very small slave holdings. Negro chakactek. Different African races in America ; white persons held as slaves ; highly gifted slaves ; musical capacity ; let- ters written by slaves ; religious life ; slave preachers ; negro churches ; negro ministers ; favorable Northern opinions ; dullness ; dishonesty ; improvidence. Free negroes. Status in each of the slave-holding States ; special tribunals for offences by negroes in each of the slave-holding States; legal penalties for inhuman treatment of slaves ; status in each of the northern States; instances of voting; instances of slave-holding negroes ; laws relative to negro testimony. Offences against slavery. Unlawful trading Avith slaves ; teaching slaves how to read ; unlawful religious instruction of slaves ; slave stealing ; unlawful assemblaae. 138 si'E("iAL KKPoirrs. [sect. CoNDiTiox OK SLAVES. Instaiices of kind treatment; slaves per- sonating Avhites ; clothing ; food ; annual cost of maintaining a slave ; attachment to whites ; marriage ; divorce ; biinging up of children ; recreations; diseases; old age ; mortality. Slaves at \v<)RK. Kinds of emplovmcnt; cotton plantations; tobacco plantations ; sugar plantations ; negro roustabouts ; slave fishermen ; skilled slaves ; slaves in factories ; overseers ; hours of labor; holidays; usual punishments; unusual punishments; fugi- tives ; hiring out. Manumission. Methods and practice in each of the slave-holding States ; refusal to accept freedom ; John Randolph's slaves. Sale. Slaves buying their own freedom ; slaves purchased to set free ; saU s of slaves ; advertisements ; private sales ; sales at auction ; separation of families ; usual maiket value ; very high prices ; sale for vice. Runaway slaves. Usual reasons; methods of escape; adver- tisements ; slave insurrections ; an account of one of the following insurrections: Northern Neck (1687), South Carolina (1740), New York slave plot (1741), Gabriel (l-SOO), Denmark Vesey (1820). Nat Turner (18:51), John Brown (1859) ; extracts from Southern writers on the danger of slave insurrections ; Dismal Swamp set- tlement. Slaveky defended. Example of Hebrew patriarchs ; New Testa- ment sanction ; ancient precedent ; the good of the Negro ; physical inferiority ; mental inferiority ; argument from TIayti ; good of the whites, necessary for Republican government, "a positive good;" defences by Northen writers ; disadvantages of slavery ; opinions of Northern travellers ; argument of natural right ; barlinrity ; effect on the character of the whites ; effect on the poor whites ; eifect on education. Economic conditions. Southern travel by land ; by steamboat : by stage ; southern railroads ; southern cities ; southern factories ; fisheries ; ship-building ; worked-out lands ; foreign immigration into the South ; average size of plantations ; phmtation buildings ; process of agriculture ; did the cotton crop pay ? Southern wealth. Interstate status. Extradition cases, (especially Williams. Schouler, lioston ; Isaac Gansey, AVilliam Largo) ; South Caro'inti seaman laws; Hoar's mission to Charleston; interstate slave trade by land ; interstate slave trade by sea ; State laws prohibiting iutei- state trade ; right of transit ; effect of residence in free States. Fugitive slave cases. (See Marion G. McDougall, FiHjilice Slaves, Appendix D.) Washington's slave; Prigg; Kennedy; 92-94.] BIOGRAPHICAL. 139 Ottoman ; Van Zanclt ; Drayton ; Douglas ; Walker ; Thompson ; Anderson ; Crafts ; Shadraeh ; Sims ; Burns ; Oberlin rescue. International status. Comet ease; Encomium case; Enter- prise case ; Hermosa case ; L'Amistad case ; Creole case ; question of returning fugitives ; ambassador's slaves. Slave trade. Report of 1790; acts of 1794-1«00; act of 180S ; act of 1819; Cruising Convention; final prohibition; methods of capture ; the middle passage ; average loss of life ; profits of the trade ; estimation of slave traders in the Soutli ; northern slave traders ; personal narratives of slaving voyages ; number of illegal importa- tions ; proposed revival in 1860. § 93. Biographical special reports. [See § 77.] Object. In the bibliographical special reports students have ah'eady learned how to find material about a public man ; in this report it is intended to make use of the material. The important personal element in the history of the nation is thus noted and the student learns to connect events and principles with the life of particular statesmen. Scope. To each student will be assigned some public man, usually the same upon whom he has previously prepared a bibliographical report ; the connection of this man with some particular line of pub- lic policy is then to be studied. The report should therefore, set forth the stateman's views at successive intervals and should show whether there have been important changes of opinion ; quotations may well be introduced. The discussion of Webster's position on slavery as set forth in H. C. Lodge, Daniel Webster, is an illustration of what is expected. Authorities. Students will be expected to use the biographies of their subject (§ 78) and the collections of his speeches and corres- pondence ; and if necessary to go to the records of debates ' in Congress (§ 80) to find what speeches he has made upon the subject. If they still fail to find sufficient material, they may go to the corres- pondence and journals of other contemporary public men. Methods. Painstaking search and the use of all available in- dexes and tables of contents are the only methods that can be specified. Form. Arrange the work neatly, jnit in all necessary dates and give specific references to authorities. At the end there may be a brief summary and discussion. § 94. Biographical subjects. The attitude of any of the statesmen mentioned below upon one of the following questions: the tariff; slaveiv ; national bnnks; internal improvements; appoint- 140 S1'K('IAI, UKI'OIITS. [SECTS. meuts and removals; tlu' \mh\\r lands; specie currency: Indians; foreign policy ; the Navy. James G. Blaine; Hannibal Hanlin; T. B. Reed; John P. Hale; Franklin Pierce ; Charles Francis Adams, Sr, ; Fisher Ames ; Fdward Everett; Caleb Gushing ; R<)])ert C. Wiutlnop ; DeWitt Clinton; S. S. Cox; Roscoe Conklinu ; AVilliain L. Marcy ; Carl Schurz ; Martin \'an Bnicn ; James Buchanan; Simon Cameron; Sanmel J. Randall; Edwin M. Stanton; Thaddeus Stevens; David Wilmot ; James Madison ; James Monroe ; Henry A. Wise ; George McDuffie ; Alexander H. Stephens ; Robert Toombs ; Jefferson Davis ; Robert J. AValker; John C. Breckinridge; John G. Cai-lisle ; Andrew- Jackson; Andrew Johnson; Salmon P. Chase; James A. Garfield; Joshua R. Giddings ; John Sherman ; Benjamin F. AVade ; William H.Harrison; Lewis Cass ; Stephen A. Douglas ; Abraham Lincoln ; John A. Logan; Thomas H. Benton; Francis P. Blair; Grover Cleveland ; Benjamin Harrison. See also § 78 for additional names ; but it is hardly worth while to make a study of less prominent men upon only a part of their activity. § 95. General directions for special reports in government. In tlie advanced course in government students are expected already to have acquired the methods of researcii, and ability to state results clearly. The reports are therefore intended to lead to an intimate knowledge of the sources and to give i)ractice in investigating the actual working of institutions. Assigx:mk.nt. Tiie whole set of eight reports will be assigned at the beginning of the year, and they will, in many cases, have a rela- tion with each (jther all the way through. The student's own prefer- ence will receive special attention. •Authorities. The reserved l)ooks on government are first to be exhausted. After that, students aie cxi)t'cte(l to draw from the Col- lege Library, and other available libraries, and to supplement their work, wherever it is necessary, by correspondence. AssiSTANOK. The instructor will himself take charge of the work, and will assign conference hours ; but it is expected that students will work for themselves, without much dependence on the instnictor. Methods. Each student is enjoined to use whatever method his own experience has made most valuabU- to him. In general the system of taking notes on single sheets, classified by subject, is most to be commended ; when the material have been gone over, the notes can easily be arranged in a logical order. Of course the references to authorities will be most careful and specific. 94-96.] fiOVEKNMENT. 141 Form. The form of the report will naturally vary according to the subject. In § 96 is an example. It is always desirable to put the references in a cohunn parallel with the text, and to set off the dates in a separate column. Retukx of the report. In order to keep the work up, it is essen- tial that reports be handed in promptl}-, at the time indicated in § 75. In the case of mature graduate students, Avho wish to have control of their time so as to do their work in long stretches, arrangements may be made with the instructor. Disposition of the report. Unless otherwise arranged the in- structor will keep all reports handed in, to go on the files of the course. Students are therefore advised to preserve a copy for themselves. § 96. Example of a report on government. Subject : Recall of iiills passed p.y one house and already sent TO the other. Prepared In F. W. Dallingek, ''93. Parliamentary Law. The National House of Representatives is governed, when not otherwise specified, by .Jeffm-son, Manual (if I'arliaiiicntanj Prac/iccA In this manual the nearest approach to this question is to be found in the following j^aragraph :'^ "0?2e House cannot send to the otlu r House an amendment of its own act, after it has i)assed the aet.''^ In sujjport of tliis statement he cites : 9 Gray, 353 ; 10 Gray, 240 ; 9 Gray, 470. In another place he says that after a House lias passed an act, there can be no furtlier alteration in any point. •* I looked up the s;in)e subject in many other works on pai'lianientury law and practice, but failed to find the least reference to the question in hand.-^ 1 then examined the Rules of the Senate and House of liepresentatires and the practice thei'ein as set forth in various manuals,^ but here again my search })roved fruitless. Finally as a last resort, I examined the House and Senate Journals, in order to find out what has been the custom and ^jrecedent in these bodies. Here I reached some defi- nite results. ' House Journal, 49 Cong., 2 Sess., Ap- penilix. Rule XLIV. ^ Jefferson's Manual, in Works, IX. 3 Ihid, p. I * Manual, p. 61 ; 9 Grei/, 235 ; 1 Blackstone, 1S3. '• Article in Lalor, i.'ii- cyclopaedia ; L. S. Cashing, Law and Practice of Legisla- tive Assenii/lies, pp. 864, 914, etc. 6 Especiall}' Smith, Manual. 142 Sl'KCIAL IMOrOHTS. [.SECT.-. Practice. Oh Muivli 2. ISST. in the .Sen- ate, on motion of ]\Ir. Plum!), it was oriicrcd " that the Secretary request the Honsc of Jir- presentatiirs to return to the Soiatc the bill (II. R. 679), to extend," eti-." On the same day, Mr. Symp.son, one of the clerk-s of Ihe Senate, delivered the following- iiiessaiie from the Senate; to the House: "Mr. Speaker, — I am directed to re vote Senate Joui-nul, 4'i Cong., 2 Sess., p. .V2.".. Iloii-ie Jnnrnul, 4!' C-oiifr., 2 Scss., p. 7.">:!. tloiisf ./iiin)i(il, 4'.i (-oiif;., -JScvv.. p.S-2.".. '" CongreKsional lirctiril, vol. 18, part III, p. 2673. " House Journal, 40 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 800, 80a. '^ Senate Jnurmtl, 4:i Cong., 2 Sess., p. .Viv, 795, 802. 96-97.] EXAMPLE OF GOVERNMENT. 143 '- CongressionaiRecord, by which the bill wiis amended. "i'' ill .short, o . , part ., p. jj^ ^m j^j^g cases of recall, the reason simply 2515. ' ^ •' is, that the House requesting the reedll has changed its mind, more or less completely, as the ease may be, in regard to the pro- visions of the bill whose recall is demanded. Conclusions. In conclusion it may be said, that while no decision has ever been given, so far as I can find out, on the consti- tutionality of the recalling of a bill by a House which has passed that bill and sent it to the other House ; and while nothing is said about such a proceeding either in manuals of Ijarliamentary procedure, or in the rules of the United States Senate or of the House of Representatives ; nevertheless, it is an unde- niaV)le fact that tlie thing has beoi done in actvdl practice repeatedly. In fact, it is a fixed custom, probably arising from mutual courtesy between the two Houses, for a House to whom a request is made by the other House to return a bill passed by the latter, to com- ply without debate with that request, prob- ably for the reason that the House making the request is alone concerned with the rea- sons for that request. Thus it has become an unwritten lair in the Congress of the United States, that a House can recall a bill passed and sent to the other House. §97. Special reports on political theory. [Cf. §§ 25a, 26a, 27a, 84a.] Object. These reports are intended to lead students to the sources in the study of political doctrines, and to state the result, in analytical form. Scope. Each assignment will be a political principle upon which the opinions of a designated body of writers are to be gathered and clearly set forth, with suitable extracts and references. The student is expected to summarize, but not himself to theorize. AuTHOKiTiEs. Tlie general books enumerated in §§ 13, 33, and in the Gxide, § 32. vVlso the treatises on government in general, such as Lieljcr, Hcrmeneutics ; Montesquien, E.sjyr it des Lois; Austin, jKrisprudence ; etc. Students will be expected to exhaust the material on their subject in the College Library. 144 si'Kci \i. i;i:i'<)i;rs. [sects. FoKM. Cure should Ix' t:ikiMi to refer not only to volumes and pages, but also to mciitioii fditions, in the ease of reprinted books. Sri'..JECTs. The followiuij; are a few topics which suggest the line of woi'k : 1 . Doctrine of eciuality of nian in jioliticai writers of the Eighteenth (•enturv. 2. Equality of man in State constitutions. .'5. Doctrine of the social convpact before the Revolution. 4. European writers on the social compact since 1788. 5. Divine right in English writers to 1775. 6. Doctrine of checks and balances since 1775. 7. Doctrine of sovereignty of the people before 1775. X. Doctrine of sovereignty of the people since 1775. § 98. Special reports on constitution making. [Cf. §§ 26b, 27c, ;-J3b, 84b.] Objkot. To bring out the actual woiking of the system of amend- ment prevailing in the United States, and to familiarize students with the records of constitutional conventions and the literature of the subject. ScopK. An examination into some special phase of constitutional amendment, state, or national. AuTHOitrriEs. Records of the Federal Convention ; proceedings of State conventions, usually published in extenso ; state statutes; con- temporary newspapers. Cieneral books are : Borgeaud, Constitutional Amendments; Jameson, The Constitutional Convention. Si'BjKCTS. 1. An account of the foimation of the first constitu- tion of one of the sixteen States admitted into the Union before 17'.»7 (see Guide, ^ 143). 2. An account of a State cf)nstitution sinci' 1850. 3. Contemporary theories as to who ratified tlie Federal constitu- tion. 4. An account of State ilraft constitulions which have failed of adoption on popular vote. 5. History of one of the giouj)s of amendments to the Federal (•(mstitution (I-X, X!, XII, XIII, XIV, XV). f). Suffrage amendments to State constitutions. 7. Account of amendments proposed to tlie Articles of Conf edem - tion. .S. Attempts to limit the scope of constitutional conventions. 9. Workings of the system of amendment of Avhich two successive legislatures nmst submit the same amendment. 97-99.] POLITICAL PRINCIPLES. 145 10. Origin of the idea of conventions assembled solely to frame a constitution. 11. Examples of constitutions set in force without the people's sanction. § 99. Special reports on fundamental rights. [Cf. §§ 2.ob, 27b, 33, 84:C.] Object. The purpose of this report is similar to that described in § 97. Scope. A study of opinions on, or the practice regarding, sonic personal rights. Authorities. (See § 33a.) The regular constitutional treaties (§ 13), especially in their discussions of the constitutional amendments ; Burgess, in Political Science Quarterly^ I, 109, V, 104 ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia ; James Bryce, American Commonivealih. Many special works. Subjects. 1. Instances of refusal to obey habeas corpus, 2 . Practice of State courts with regard to habeas corpus on persons held under the authority of Federal courts. 3. Practice of Federal courts with regard to habeas corpus on persons held under the authority of State courts. 4. Practice as to the suspension of habeas corpus. 5. State restriction on the holding of real estate by aliens. 6. Practice as to holding aliens for militia duty. 7. Cases of claims for protection in foreign counties by persons not citizens of the United States. 8. System of " protections " given by the United States dii)lomatic and consular officials in semi-civilized countries. 9. An account of usual naturalization proceedings. 10. Conferring of citizenship by special legislative acts. 11. Instances of permanent loss of civil rights as a punishment for crime. 12. Account of imprisonment for debts due to the United States. 13. Account of the old system of imprisonment for debt. 14. Instances of persons now confined for debt. 15. Instances of convicts treated as slaves since 1865. 16. Usual laws punishing offences of the press. 17. Instances of persons held by others in permanent illegal con- finement. 19. Practice of the States with reference to forbidding the carry- ing of concealed weapons. 19. State practice as to the waiving of jury trials. 20. Suggestions that a decision of less than the whole of a jury ought to be accepted. 14G Sl'ECIAL UEI'OKTS. [SEC^TS. § loo. Special reports on political methods. [Cf. §§ 2ae. 27cl, 33c, 84d.] Object. The puiposi- of this report is to familiarize students with the literature, wliieh deserihes and discusses the manner in which the orticers of governiiieut are chosen and the policy of administrators and legislators is determined. ScorK. Each report calls for a discussion of a characteristic poht- ical institution, usually such as are not created by law but have become the practice of otilcials or political organizations. Altiioiutiks. The general authorities upon these subjects may be found in § 12 aud § 3(5, especially in § 3(jc ; but much information is to be found in periodical literature, (see also § 36a) ; and much may be k'arned by personal consultation or correspondence with men actually engaged in politics. Form. Reports should be clear and well arranged; they may include copies of letters and of coustitutions, rules, accounts of polit- ical organizations, etc. Subjects. 1. Election riots in Colorado, or South Carolina. 2. Gerrymanders in some particular State. 3. Account of an election in New York, or Baltimore, or Phila- delphia. 4. Political caucuses in New York, or Boston, or San Francisco. 5. Early political conventions (1783-1800). 6. The Congressional caucus (1789-1815). 7. The suffrage in the English colonies. 8. Enlargement of the suffrage in State constitutions (1 789-1829) . 9. The organization of national political clubs. 10. Instances of legislators who did not live in their districts. 11. Property qualilications in one of the New England States. 12. Educational qualifications. 13. Comparison of votes cast with the population in one of the older cities ; or in any one State. 14. Party strength in each successive Congress during a term of twenty years. 15. A description of the political committees in some one State. IG. ^N'orkings of the registration system in some one State. 17. Workings of the requirement of an absolute majority in Rhode Island. 18. Comparison of the majoiities received by members of Congress at any election. 19. Instances of bribery of legislators. 20. Early instances of fi'aud in t>lections (17H1-1S29). 100-102.] 8TATE AND LOCAL, 147 § loi. Special reports on State government. [Cf. §§ 25d, 27e, 33d, 62, 84e.] Object. This set of reports is inteuded to he like the set on national government (§ 61) in general purpose and scope: the sub- jects involve questions of practice rather than questions of powers or of constitutional inter[)retation. Authorities. Some material may be found in § o(»d ; but on ques- tions of detail the students must use the constitutional treatises, especially those which, like Wharton and Bateman, include State law (see §§ 12, 48). The reports of State executive officers, and of investigating committees are often useful. The Secretary of State in each State is the usual medium of official information. 1. Supervisory power of State officials over local officials. 2. AVorkings of legislation without a veto in some one State. 3. Massachusetts claims against the Federal government (1781- 1861). 4. Workings of minority representation in Illinois. 5. State aids to education in some one State. 6. Increase in length of State constitutions (1775-1893). 7. State constitutions rejected by populai- vote. 8. The size of State legislatures. 9. Prohibitions against private legislation. 10. Limitations on the length of sessions of legislatures. 11. Instances of State governors who have served more than three terms. 12. Instances of judges failing of re-election on account of a judi- cial decision. 13. Number of statutes passed by all the States and territories in the Union for a period of five years. 14. Status of the " Secretary of State" in the States. 15. Instances of rival State governments. § 102. special reports on local government. [Cf. §§ 25e, 27f, 33d, 84e.] Object. These reports correspond very closely to those on State government (§ 64) and national government (§§ 60, 61). Ai'TiiORiTiEs. The material is less abundant and less digested, than on previously described subjects. Besides the references in § 101, aid may often be had from the treatises on municipal govern- ment, as Sidney Dillon, Municipal Corporations; and from the reports of city officials and departments. Local histories are enum- eratered in the Guide, § 23. 148 SPECIAL UEl'ORTS. [SECTS. Subjects. 1 . Humors of the colonial town meeting. 2. An account of the colonial town meeting in some particular New England town. 3. An account of a town meeting in some large New England town in the ten years previous to its becoming a city. 4. Description of an actual town meeting in some present New England town. 5. Town meeting in some particular Western State. 6. Present county government in some particular Southern or Western State. 7. Supervision of township government b}' county ollicials in some Western State. 8. Local management of the poor in some particidar State of the Union. 9. Number of counties in the States compared. 10. Working of the second chanil)er system in city government. 11. Does the United States government in any way recognize the legal existence of cities ? 12. The defects of the city goverinneut in some existing city. 13. The Gas Coinmissiou in some city. 14. The Water C'onnnissiou in some city. 15. The Fire Conuiiission in some city. 16. Tlie Park Connnission in some city. 17. Eates of local taxation compared. 18. Construction of City Halls. 19. Usual salaries of municipal executive otlicers. 20. System of [)aving and repaii's of paveiiiciil in large cities. §103. Special reports on the national legislature. [Cf. §r? 2.")f, 27g, :5;'>f. .s4f.] Scoi'K. Tliese ari' in((uiries into the practical workings of Con- gress and the Iavo houses ; and the relations betwe«'n Congress and the executive. Authorities. (See >j :!.)7.) The records of Congress (Guide, § 29) ; reminiscences of members of Congress (Guide, § o^c) ; con- temporary ueAvspapers, especially since l ; the Nation ; the regular Washington correspondents of the great dailies often relate interesting matters. Senators and Representatives will usually answer letters of inquiry from constituents on such questions. Special works about Congress and its procedure, especially the Manuals of the House and Senate ; McKee, Red Book ; Woodrow Wilson, Coiit/reNsioutd Government; Mary P. Follett, The Speaker; E. C. Mason, Veto Power, etc. 102-104.] NATIONAL (iONEHNMENT. I4il Subjects. 1. Instances of open hearings held by Committees of Congi'ess. 2. Number of bills introduced, reported, discussed, passed one House, passed the second House, enrolled, sent to the President, signed, vetoed, became law b}' ten days' rule, and pocketed, in any one Congress since 1829. 3. Correspondence between Committees of Congress and heads of executive departments . 4. Instances of the President affecting legislation by patronage. 5. Instances of errors in the engrossment of bills. 6. An account of a contested election controversy. 7. Working of the conference committees. 8. Instances of disorder in Congress. 9. Instances of long-continued filibustering in Congress. 10. Average length of service of members of Congress. 11 . Foi-eign criticisms of the " Congressional system." 12. Influences which determine the appointment of members to committees by the Speaker. 13. Instances of appointments of Senators to executive offices. 14. An account of the assignment of seats in the House. If). '' Senatorial courtesy." § 104. Special reports on the national executive. [Cf. §§ 25f, 27h, 33g, 84g.] Scope. The practice of the President, of heads of departments and subordinates, especiall}' in cases not distinctly covered by the Constitution or statutes. Authorities. Constitutional treaties (to some degree) ; debates on bills affecting the executive ; congressional documents, especially the reports of the departments ; Report of the Senate Committee in 1888 on the executive departments (^Senate Reports, 50 Cony., 1 Sess., No. 507) ; Report of the House " Dockeiy" Committee of 1893; E. C. Mason, Veto Power; Lucy Salmon, Aiypointing Power; literature of civil service reform (§ 16); lives of Presidents and Cabinet ofticers ; F. J. Goodnow, Comparative Administrative Law; contemporary newspapers . SuB.iKCTS. 1, Enumeration of officers having a four years tenure, 1821-18(51 or 1801-1893. 2. Instances of Vice-Presidents in confidential relations with Presidents. 3. How far are soldiers and ex-soldiers pief erred for government appointments ? 4. Later public ser^^ce by ex- presidents and vice-presidents. 150 SPECIAL KKl'OUTS, [SECTS. 5. Instances of forced resignations of Cabinet ollicers, G. important nominations which failed of confirmation by the Senate. 7. Instances of officers appointed without their office having been acknowledged by Congress. 8. Instances of dismissal of important officials for cause. 9. A description of the conduct of government business in a bureau at Washington. 10. An account of the President's Private Secretary. § 105. Special reports on the national judiciary. [Cf. §§ 2r)f, 271, 3:Ui, .S41.] Scope. Questions relating to tlie status of judges and other judi- cial officers, to the transaction of judicial business and to tlie character of the cases. In many instances a tabulation of results should appear as a part of the report. Authorities. To some degree the constitutional treatises and descriptive works (§ 13) ; Congressional documents (Guide, § 211) ; special books on legal procedure and on the courts, see Soule, Latvi/er's Reference Manual ; accounts of the courts, especially Car- son, Su]>reme Court; biographies of judges (Guide, § '2i')); debates on bills affecting the judiciary; periodicals (see Jones, Index to Legal Periodicals) ; The Nation . Subjects. 1. Usual length of service of the United States judges. 2. Instances of laws of a particular State held void by the United States Supreme Court. 3. Comparative table of the United States judicial salaries. 4. Instances of decisions of the United States Supreme Court re- versed by itself. 5. Instances of long protracted suits. 6. Instances of suits by a foreign State before the Supreme Court. 7. Annual number of decisions by the Supreme Court. 8. Important decisions of the new Circuit Court of Appeals. 9. Instances of resignations of Supreme Court judges. 10. Obiter dicta by United States judges. 11. Clerk's records of a United States Court. 12. Practice of United States Courts as to postponing cases. 13. Foreign commendations of the Supreme Court. 14. Workings of the retirement system for the United States judges. 15. Instances of mandamus on national officials by national Courts. 104-107. J TERRITORIAL FUXCTIONS. 151 § io6. Special reports on territorial functions. [C'f. §§25o;, 27j, 33i, 51, 68, 64, .S4i.] Scope. Inquiries into the practice of various autliorities, national, State, and local, with reference to boundaries, jurisdiction, lands, etc. The question to be decided is usually, not what may legally be done, but what is actually done. Authorities. (See § 33.) Treatises and descriptive works on the Constitution, and treatises on international law (sections on terri- torial powers) ; national and State statutes ; national. State, and local reports (Guide, §§29, 30) ; travels (Guide, § 24) ; periodicals (Guide, §§ 26, 27) ; monographs (Bowker and lies. Reader''.^ Guide, p. 24). Subjects. 1. Territorial government of the Northwest Territory up to 1802. 2. Admissions by the United States that foreign powers had jurisdiction over American merchantmen in their ports. 3. May the United States under any circumstances take State property for public use ? 4. Workings of the present local government in the District of Columbia. 5. Instances of jurisdiction claimed by the United States in enclosed bays. 6. Charitable institutions supported by the United States. 7. Coaling stations of the United States. 8. Some account of the State capitol buildings. 9. Governors of the territories. 10. The selection of the site for the national capital. 11. AVorkings of the Indian allotment system. 12. AVorkings of the desert land system. 13. AA^orkings of the land pre-emption system. 14. State parks and forests. 15. The water boundary of the United States. § 107. Special reports on financial functions. [Cf. §§ 25i, 27k, 33k, 48, 59, 84j.] Scope. To learn something of the results of the financial i)olicy of the nation. States, and locahties. In many instances tabulations will be necessary. Authorities. Special financial histories (Gidde, § 22) ; constitu- tional treatises and descriptive works (§ 13) ; reports of financial officers (Guide, §§ 29, 30), especially those of the Secretary of the Treasury and his subordinates ; general histories, in their treatment of financial discussions (Guide, § 20) ; statistical authorities, enumerated in §§ 86, 87 ; debates on financial questions ; periodicals (Guide, §§26, 152 SPECIAL REPORTS. [SECTS. 37), especially the i\ra^JO?t," BradstreeV s : The Economist ; Quarterly Jonrnal of Economics ; Political ,Science Quarterlii; xbinals of the American Acadeini/ of ^Social u)td Political Science : Chicai/o .foamed of Economics ; financial discourses in the great dailies; monooraph literature (see Bowker and lies, Reader's Guide^ pp. (ifi-72) ; Ring- wait and Jirookings, Debate Briefs, contains good l)il)liography. Srn.iECTs. 1. Cost of the ten largest United States post-office buildings. 2. Law and practice of minimum duties (1789-1893). 3. Instances of very small annual receipts from custom houses. 4. Detective service of the Treasury department. 5. Law and practice of ascertaining the cost of goods entered for duty. 6. Instances of State taxatioji laws held void by the Supreme Court. 7. Administration of the life saving service. 8. Method of accounting for military stores. 9. Instances of bril)ery of custom house officials. 10. Instances of large profits to informers of custom house irregu- larities. 11. Disposition of unchiimed goods at the custom liouse. 12. Fractional cturency not presented for redemption. 13. An account of the *' trade dollar." 14. Amount of notes of national banks now out of Itusiness not presented for redemption. 15. Probable amount of legal-tender notes nccideutnlly destroyed in the hands of the holders. 16. Approximate value of tiie i-eal estate occupied by the United States for public business. 17. Application of the oleo-margarine laws. 18. Power of the auditors of the treasury over payment of money. 19. An account of the income tax laid in 1895. 20. Financial control of State institutions. § io8. Special reports on commercial functions. [Cf. §§ 25i, 271, 331, 52, 84k.] Scope. Similar to tliat of tlie linancial reports (§ 107). AuTiiouiTiEs. About the same as in financial questions (§ 107). Bowker and lies. Reader's Guide, pp. 40-05, 83, 112, has an elaborate classified literature. Ringwalt and Brookings, Debate Briefs, con- tains digested references on such questions. On questions of foreign commerce, see treatises on international law, monographs on foreign trade ; Consular Reports. 107-]0!>.] FINANCIAL, COMMERCIAL. FOREIGN. 153 Subjects. 1. Amount of subsidies paid to steamer lines. 2. An account of money subsidies to railroads. 3. Account of immigrants excluded. 4. Instances of abandoned canals. .5. Congi-essional charters for incorporations. 6. State regulation of insurance companies. 7. Administration of light-liouses. 8. State pilotage systems. 9. History of the franking jirivilege. 10. State regulation of lotteries. 11. National regulation of lotteries. 12. Attempts of States to tax inter-state commerce. 13. Instances of worthless river and harbor improvements. 14. Regulation of sleeping cars. 15. Account of bounties paid by the United States to pro- ducers. § 109. Special reports on foreign relations. [Cf. §§ 25 j, 27m, 33m, 55, 841.] Scope. The practical workings of negotiations and treaty-making ; the protection of oonnnerce, and of citizens abroad ; and like questions. Authorities. Treatises on the Constitution and on international law; Congressional dootuncnts, especially i^or'^/( Relations; Trea- ties and Conventions; Senate Executive Journals; Contemporary newspaper discussions; Wharton, Digest of the International Law of the United States; monographs on diplomatic questions. The periodicals (Guide, §§ 2(5, 27), especially Niles's Register, Nation, Political Science Quarterly ; (V)ibliography in Guide, § 26.) Subjects. 1. Instances where the opinion of the Senate was asked before negotiations began. 2. Instances of unfit foreign ministers abroad. 3. Instances of unfit ministers of other countries in the United States. 4. Instances of unfit consuls. 5. An account of the consular reports. 6. Instances of mediation by the United States. 7. Cases of contested capture of merchantmen by United States cruisers (1861-1805). 8. Instances of the withdrawal of American ministers by theii' home government. 9. Instances of American neutrality. 10. Status of the United States as regards privateering. 154 SPECIAL liEl'OKTS. [SECTS. § 1 10. Special reports on war powers. Cf. §§ 25 j, 27ii, 33m, 68, 84in.] Sooi'E. Similar to the other groups ; the actual experience of Army and Navy life and administration. AiTiioKiTiES. Treatises on the Constitution, and on international law : military and naval histories (Guide, § 22) ; reports of tlie War and Navy departments; general histories (Guide, § 20), on the wars of the United States; maps may be found through § 19 and Guide, § 21. See Bowker and lies. Reader's Guide, p. 113. SiH.iECTs. 1. Instances of the appointment of army officers to civil oflice. 2. Instances of remarkably high pensions. 3. Instances of pensions granted but refused Iw the grantee. 4. Cost of educating a West Point cadet. 5. Pay and allowance of Navy officers. 6. Detail of Army officers to be instructors in college. 7. Assignments of Naval officers by political favor. 8. Desertions from tlie army or navy. 8. Retiring s^^stem for the Army and Navy officers. 10. The Naval Militia. 1 1 . Training ships for the Navy. 12. Life on a frontier army post. 13. Distinguished Army officers in civil life. 14. Character of the crews in the Navy. IT). The War College at Newport. § III. Special reports on general welfare. [Cf. §§ 25k, 27o, 33n, 58, 84n.] Scope. These reports apply principally to functions of the States and localities, including education, religion, health and the police power in general. Authorities. Constitutional treatises ; special works on the police power, as T. M. Cooley, Constitutional Limitations; Tiedeman, The Police Povcer ; rei^orts of the United States Bureau of lOducation, reports of the States and localities on all matters included within the subject; articles in the Politiccd Science Quarterly; ^binic.^ Explain five of the six terms following : — (a) Continental Congress. (b) Yazoo claims. (c) Little Belt. (d) Cohens vs. Virginia. (e) Rule of 1756. (/) Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 10. The repeal of the P^mbargo Act. U. The tariff of 1816. 12,13, 14, 15. This counts as four qitestions. Intended for students vho feel very sure of their ground.^ Write an essay in compact and logical form upon the following subject : The effect of the foreign relations of the United States upon the internal structm-e and policy of the government from 1776 to 1.S26. Group C. Optional. [Not to be substitided for any 2}^'(^vious questions. Intended for .students who have satisfactorily answered nine questions.'] 16. The West Florida question (illustrate on the outline map or by a sketch map). 17. The character of John Randolph. 18. Was the Union in danger in 1.S2()? llo-lKi.] MID-YEAR PAPERS. 159 § ii6. Specimen mid-year paper in government. Read the paper through before beginning to write, and observe carefully the following directions. [Take all the questions in (iroup A ; take four questions in Group B ; having answered nine questions, you are encouraged to try some of tlie optionals in Group C Arrange your answers in the order of the questions. Number the answers plainly Avith Arabic numerals. Students way use the text of the Constitution and ihe outline map of the Uniteil States.'] Group A. [To test the knowledge of principees.] All required. 1. Criticise James Bryce's treatment of American government, showing any reason for approving liis book, and pointing out aii}' defects in it. 2, 3. What would be the probalile effects on American govern- ment of introducing the following reforms into the electoral system ? (a) Prohibiting the holding of local, State, or national elections on the same days. (b) Allowing only native-born Americans to vote. (c) Disqualifying persons who have not voted in any of the two previous elections (with reasonable exceptions for illness, necessary absence, ete.) (d) Compelling each district to choose as its representatives to local assemblies. State legislatures, and Congress, persons not resi- dents of the district. (e) Passing the Lodge Federal Election Bill. 4 . Would it be an improvement to permit the passage of measures over the vetoes of governors and presidents, by a simple majority vote of both houses ? 5. Can you suggest any means of applying the general principles of the Civil Service Reform Act to postmasters of the better paid grades ? Group B. [To test independent readini;.] Choose four. 6. Usual method of nominating candidates in the United States. 7. The present condition of town government in New England. 8. Possible improvements in city government. 9. Filibustering in Congress, and possible remedies for it. 10. The character of Senators. Would it be improved by electing Senators by popular vote ? 11. The internal organization of the executive departments at Washing-ton. 1()0 K.\ A.MINA'l'lONS. [SECTS. (iuol 1- ('. ( )|'II<)NAI.. [_Not to be snhfifitiited for (my previous ques/ioitSc Intended for sttifJeiits who hare mtisfactorlhi answered nine (/nesfi'ons.l 12. Tlie Colonial sz;ov('ni()r. 18. An account of the present iioveinnient <>f some large city in the United States. 14. The place, duties, and dionity <>f tlie SecictMiy of State. § 117. Specimen final paper in briefer historical courses. Students are expected to use the text of the Constitution and the Outline Maps. The examinations are limited to two hours. 1. How would you set about to prcjjaie an elaborate thesis on the following; subject : The jjolitical influence of the chairmen of com- mittees in Congress? What Ixjoks would you consult? Upon which of them would you most rely? What would be your methods of putting your materials together and olitaining a result? 2. On the outline map of the United States point out scmie of the principal controversies which have arisen as to internal boundaries, and briefl}' describe those controveisies. 3. In what respects are the present governments of the States superior to the old colonial governments? 4. What improvements can you suggest in the prcvsent methods of appointment and removal of governuient olHcers? 5. Mention the three treaties formed ])y the United States which seem to you most important, and give the reasons foi" your <'hoice? 6. Take one only : (a) How far was Jackson's war upon the bank a public benefit? (p) Which of the great tariffs seems to you to have been the most meritorious ? 7. Choose some important event or episode in the anti-slavery struggle and briefly describe it. §. 118. Specimen final paper in history. Read the paper through before beginning to write ; and observe carefully the following directions. [Take all the questions in Cirou]) A ; take four questions in (iroujt 1$: liaving answered nine questions, you are eneourajjed to try some of the o))tionals in (iroujt C. Fold inajts and put your name upon the faee of each. Arranjje your answers strictly in the order of the questions, and numher them plainly with Arabic numerals. Students may i(se the teri of the Constitiitioii and the outline map of the United States."] 116-118.] FINAL PAPERS. 1(U Group A. [To test the knowledge op principles.] ALL REQUIRED. 1 . To what authorities would you go to find material for a special report on the following subject ? The effect of slavery on the methods of agriculture. 2, 3. [This counts as two questions. The outline map may be used, if desired. Do not spend disproportionate time on the question.'] Consider carefully the following hypothetical statement : — Wiswell Redd of Philadelphia owned a slave woman, Sally, to whom was born a son, Quick, in 1783. Three years later Redd took them both to what is now Cincinnati, and held them as slaves. In 1791 Redd took them with him to Natchez (East bank of the Mississ- ippi river, not far above New Orleans) ; in 1802 he took them to what is now Des Moines, Iowa; in 1822 Redd started to take Quick to Texas, but their packet was captured by pirates, one hundred miles off shore, in the Gulf of Mexico. Redd was killed and Quick was taken to Galveston by the pirates and sold to one Gomez. In 1837 Gomez took him to San Francisco, still holding him as a slave. Quick ran away in 1850 and shipped as a sailor to Charleston ; he was here arrested by the State, under a seaman law, and sold to Harris, a slave trader, who started to take him to St. Louis. On his way they touched at Cincinnati, where Quick claimed that he could not be held as a slave and was set free by the courts. He went to St. Louis and was there recognized by Arthur Redd, a son of Wiswell, in 1852 ; Redd claimed him as a fugitive, but the commissioner declined to hold him. Redd then had Quick arrested as a vagrant ; he was sold for his jail fees, and Redd bought him in. Redd took him to the country west of Missouri the same year (1852), thence in 1857 to St. Paul (eastern bank of the Mississipi). When the war broke out Redd enlisted in a Tennessee regiment and took Quick with him, but Quick in 1862 ran away and enlisted in the Federal army. In 1866 a national law was passed giving to all persons who had been illegally held as slaves a right to recover one hundred dollars for each year of such detention from any person who had so detained them, or from the heirs of such persons. Could Quick claim anything from Redd, Gomez or Harris? If so, how much in each case? Discuss the principles du-ectly involved. 4. Would it be constitutional for Congress to regulate the express business of the country in any one of the following ways ? (a) By enacting that no package of less than four pounds weight should be carried, except by the post office? 162 EXAMINATIONS. [SECTS. (b) By creating a National Express Company with a monopol}' of the business. ((') By enactin<>- that within each State express business should be regulated by an express board, consisting of the governor and State treasurer? ((?) By taxing the business of every express company 25 per cent, of its gross receipts ? (e) By fixing niaximuin rates which should not be exceeded by any company ? Discuss each of these plans liriefly, quoting such clauses of the Constitution as seem to you to apply, and explaining their application. In all cases suggest any historical parallels that occur to you. 5. What three speeches or public addresses delivered between 1829 and 1861 would you like best to have heard? How is each connected with the politics of the time ? Group B. [To test knowledge of events.] Choose four. 6. Show on the outline map the territorial changes brought about by the Compromise of 1850. 7. Very bricHy sketch the political career of one of the two fol- lowing statesmen : (a) jNIartiu Van Buren. (h) Stephen A. Douglas. 8. Jackson's relations with the members of his cabinet. 9. A defense of the Lecompton Constitution. 10. The formation of the government of the Southern Confederacy. 11. The breach between Andrew Johnson and Congress. 12. 13, 14, 15. \_This counts as four questions. Intended for stu- dents tvho feel very sure of their grourid.'] Show how far the history of the United States from 1829 to 1861 confirms or controverts the following extracts from the speech of Jefferson Davis on his retirement from the Senate, Jan. 21, 1861. Illustrate freely from political events : " I hope none who hear me Avill confound this expression of mine with the advocacy of the right of a State to remain in the Union, and to disregard its constitutional obligations by the nullification of the law. . , . Nullification and secession, so often confused, are two antagonistic principles. "The phrase, 'to execute the law,' was an expression which General Jackson applied to the case of a State refusing to obey the laws while j'Ct a member of the Union. That is not the case which is now presented. . . . You may make war on a foreign State. If it 118-119.] FINAL PAPERS. 163 be the purpose of gentlemen they may make wax- against a State which has withdrawn from the Union, but thare are no laws of the United States to be executed within the limits of a seceded State. ' ' It has been a conviction of pressing necessity ; it has been a belief that we are to be deprived in the Union of the rights which our fathers bequeathed to us, which has brought Mississippi into her present decision. She has heard proclaimed the theory that all men are created free and equal, and this made the basis of an attack upon her social institutions. ''I hope for peaceful relations with you, though we must part. They [peaceful relations] may be materially beneficial to us in the future, as they have in the past, if you so will it." Group C. Optional. l^Not to be suhstituted for any previous questions. Intended for stu- dents who have satisfactorily answered nine questions.^ 16. The Oregon controversy ; illustrate on outline map. 17. The outbreak of the war with Mexico. 18. The Thirteenth Amendment. § 119. Specimen final paper in government. Read the paper through before beginning to write ; and observe carefully the following directions. [Take all the question in Group A ; take four (lui'stions in Group B ; having: answered nine questions you are encouraged to try some of the questions in Group C. Arrange your answers in the order of the questions. Number the answers plainly with Arabic numerals. Stude?its may use the text of the Consti- tution, and the outline map of the United States.^ Group A. [To test the knowledge ok principles.] All required. 1. On the outline map show into what kinds of territory the Uni;ed States is divided; briefly explain the constitutional authority under which each is governed. 2. Can there be a citizen of a State who is not a citizen of the United States ? Can there be a citizen of the United States who is not a citizen of a State or territory? Discuss. 3. How is the rate of duty on imported merchandise at present ascertained? Give a brief account of the earlier practices of the government in this respect. 4. Suggest practical)le methods of shutting out undesirable immi- grants from the United States. Can the States assist in such exclusion ? 164 EXAMINATIONS. [SECT. 119. 5. What can 3-011 say of municipal debts? "Would any of the fol- lowing changes be a reform? (a) The submission of all propositions to create a local debt to a vote of the taxpaj-ers ? (b) The requu'ement that uo numicipal bonds shall be valid unless the State legislature votes that the State will guarantee them. (c) A provision that no loan in any one year shall exceed one per cent, of the assessed valuation. (d) The division of large cities into debt districts, each to borrow for its own purposes. Group B. [To test independent reading.] Choose four. 6. Would it have been better policy for the United States to dis- pose of the public lands in the way which would have yielded the largest revenue ? 7. Suggest any objects of taxations, not commonly taxed in the United States, which it would be desirable to levy upon for State and local purposes. 8. What kinds of business does the United States Post Office caiTy on? 9. The present relation of the States to internal improvements. 10. How far does the House of Representatives participate in treaties ? 11. Is there any part of any constitution or charter in the United States which cannot be amended? 12. 13, 14, 15. [_This counts as four questio7is.'\ Write a brief essay, in compact and logical form on the following subject : — The advantages and disadvantages of State control over the opera- tions of city government, as illustrated in American practice. Group C. Optional. [^Not to be substituted for any previous questions. Intended for stu- dents who have satisfactorily answered nine questions. '\ 16. The condition of the local goveriiment in your own town or city. 17. National aids to education. 18. Condition of the State militia. mm;'m^m^ff§^^