Pfl 2165 .D3 Copy 1 J TERMINATIONAL DICTIONARY OF LATIN SUBSTANTIVES, IN WHICH THE WORDS ARE ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR ENDINGS. BY BENJAMIN DAWS ON, B.A. AND WILLIAM RUSHTON, M.A. LATE UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. LONDON : LONGMAN. BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMAN, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1850. S" LONDON: JAQUES AND SON, PRINTERS, KENTON STREET, BRUNSWICK SQUARE. PEBFACE. The design of this work is to assist the student of Ety- mology in ascertaining the true derivation and composition of the words of the Latin language. That such an object is important will be readily admitted, and our only care need be to prove that our book is calculated to further this end. Until recent times the most distinguished scholars would seem to have, viewed Etymology as a kind of literary puzzle, wherein every one was to exercise his ingenuity and make the best guess he could. Mere resemblance was taken as a guide, without any consideration how such resemblance arose. Thus what is manifestly a termination was often taken for a root. A few examples of the ety- mologies offered by the scholars of former ages will clearly prove this, and whilst amusing by their absurdity, furnish a strong argument in favour of a work constructed on such a principle as this now put forth. Aestimare or Aestumare. This verb is referred by Vossius to aere r^av (timan) ' to put a money value upon anything.' This explanation is rejected by Forcellini, who adds some useful observations about the termination, which he compares with the adjective endings timus or tumus* Ager ' a field/ according to Varro, is derived from ago 1 I do or act/ " quod in eo agatur, because in it something is done." Fatisco < I gape or split/ is said to be from fatim hisco ' I gape abundantly.' Hera we have a good example of IV the error referred to. Sco or isco is not unusual as a verb- ending, tremiscOj &c. Hisco itself is an example, the root is hi, as seen in Mare ' to yawn/ in Greek ^* (chi), or %at (chai), x aim ' I yawn.' What the root fat really is, is quite another question and one not easily answered ; there is however nothing to justify a reference to fatim. Formica, according to Isidorus, is an amalgamation of "quodjfera£ micas f arris, which bears the grains of corn."* Fretum is supposed to be a contraction of fervetum, because " in straits the waves are always agitated," in spite of the difference of quantity. 2 Fur ' a thief/ is derived by Varro from furvus { dark,' because " thieves steal in the dark ; " but it would be just as reasonable to say that furvus was from fur, because whatever is thievish is concealed and therefore dark. Graculus * a jackdaw/ was supposed by Varro to be from the word grex, gregis ' a flock,' because they fly in flocks gregatim. Festus refers graculus to the verb gerere, and supposes it was originally geraculus, because "they carry the corn seeds," or because tc they carry off from the olive yards two olives in their claws and one in their mouths." Indutiae or Tnduciae ' a truce/ is explained by some to be inde uti jam joined into one word, for the following reason : " quod sit pactum, ut ante certam diem ne pugne- tur$ ex eo die postea uti jam omnia belli jure agantur, because an agreement is made that before a certain day 1 This is contrary to fact; but the absurdity of the etymology does not depend upon this, the ancients universally believed that ants did eat corn and lay up a store for the winter. 2 But a reference to p. 60 will show that the termination etum is joined to the stems of substantives and not to those of verbs, hence the imaginary word furv-etum is formed upon a false analogy; and if it is proposed to divide it furve-tum, p. 59 will show that there is no such form as a derivative from verbs of the second conjugation. there is to be no fighting ; from that day forward all things as heretofore are to be upon a war footing." Others suppose the word to be " from initus or introitus, as though it were initiae, because during the truce the hostile parties yisit (ineant) one another's camp." Well may Forcellini re- mark that this is grammatical trifling. Others, he proceeds, wish to read induciae, and refer it to in and ducere, because " the soldiers are not led against the enemy." Recipero or Recupero. The explanation of this word found in Forcellini, which is not refuted, but appears rather to be received by him, is re and paro, the syllable ci after- wards changed to cu, having been inserted. 1 Can the student deduce any general principles from an examination of these examples ? Undoubtedly not. All is bewildering guess-work — no principle can be discovered — there is no rule to guide us. Sensible men therefore, seeing the folly and absurdity of such fanciful conjectures, have often abandoned the study of etymology entirely, as childish waste of time. But instead of being deterred or led astray by the nonsense of which we have given a few examples, let us see if we cannot advance towards the certainty of science. " Like Botany or Zoology, the science of language is founded upon natural causes, and if it were studied upon the same principles which have been so successful in the hands of Linnaeus and Cuvier, it would be found to present results equally certain and regular." 2 First then we would observe that the principle upon which all scientific investigation depends is Comparison. It is only by comparing resemblances and noting differences that we 1 But why should it not be a compound of re and cap of capere ? Reciiperare is ' to get again.' That er is a common verbal termination will be seen from the lists on p. 86, toleratio, &c. from verbs in erare, 2 Quarterly Journal of Education, vol. 1, p. 89. VI can arrive at a safe conclusion. The more extended the comparison the safer will be the conclusion. We should if possible, have all the facts before us, then indeed the liability to error is sensibly diminished. The process is mathematical and might be mathematically expressed, it is however at the same time common and easily comprehended, viz., the com- parison of two things one with the other, that it may at the same time be seen what is common to both and what peculiar to each. The business of the etymologist will therefore be to collect and classify words for the purpose of Comparison. ( ' A general classification, embracing the whole vocabulary of the Latin, or any other language, ancient or modern, would be at once the safest foundation for the inquiries of the phi- lologist, and the most powerful aid to the beginner." 1 The question will then arise, upon what principle shall this classification be made. In which part of the word is the similarity to be established, in which the difference. The Greek and Latin, and many other languages have been arranged according to roots. The Dictionaries of Scapula, Gesner, Salmon, &c. give all the derivatives from each simple word under that word itself. And on exactly the opposite principle we have, in Greek, Hoogeven's work ; in English, Walker's Rhyming Dictionary ; French, Italian, Spanish, German, and other modern languages have all been so arranged, but no Latin Dictionary upon this plan has, we believe, ever yet appeared. To supply this want then we now offer the following pages, in which words having the same termination are classed together. We do not propose ours as a rhyming dictionary although it is one, but whatever value may attach to the rhyming dictionaries of modern languages, independently of their importance to the verse-maker, must surely attach to this. The plan of 1 Quarterly Journal of Education, vol. 1, p. 89. Vll collecting together all words which contain the same root is highly useful and important; it is manifestly suited for ascertaining the meaning of the root. But if the object be to determine the force of that part of the word which pre- cedes or follows the root, this system of classification is useless unless combined with another; since conclusions drawn from solitary examples are generally fallacious. It is therefore obvious that before the signification of any ter- mination can be ascertained — nay even what the termination really is, — lists more or less copious, of words in which it is found, must be prepared. And this is our object — to aid the student in determining the terminations of Latin words, and what is their distinctive meaning. There are it is true many words which present no difficulty, in which it may be seen at a glance how much is root, how much termination ; but this is not always the case, we have already noticed some instances where grammarians have mistaken a mere ending for a separate word, and when doubtful and difficult words are met with the value of these lists will be felt. Take for example the word specula ; there are two words so spelt, specula and specula ; the use of ula as a diminutive is very common ; cula also has the same force ; — spes ' hope/ spe- cula i a little hope / but in specula there is no diminutive signification, and moreover there is no substantive spec or spe from which this word, denoting ' a watch-tower or other watch-place,' could come. The difficulty is removed by a reference to p. 16, where we find that ula, though fre- quently a diminutive and affixed to substantives, is also joined to verbal roots and signifies an instrument. Still more striking is the result obtained upon p. 18, where it is seen that subula 6 a needle/ ought to be divided su-bula and referred to the root su of su-ere ' to sew/ the termination hula denoting an instrument. There are many other ter- vm minations which have a different meaning according to the part of speech to which they are added, e.g. ina, p. 21. It would be moreover interesting and useful to know what was the original force of the terminations ; whether, at any period of the language, they were independent words ; how they have become altered in process of time, &c. For all such inquiries it is absolutely necessary that the words be classified according to their endings. In the English language the variation is slight, and we can easily recognize the origin of many of the terminations ; the word full for instance is seen mjoy-ful, beauti-ful ; like remains unaltered in god-like, and appears (modified according to the regular principle observable in tracing modern languages from their parent tongues, the dropping of gutturals) as ly in godrly, love-ly, and so on. But in Latin, change of letters is more common and old forms become obscured, so that it very frequently happens that the meaning of a termination can only be ascertained by a comparison of several words in which it occurs. Take an example, what is the meaning of arius ? p. 33 gives us argentavius l money-dealer/ co- lumb-arius l dove-keeper/ &c. There are many instances where arius is equivalent to our 'keeper' or 'dealer.' Again avium, p. 50, api-avium 'bee-stall,' carn-arium 1 meat-rack or stand,' pom-avium l fruit-garden or store,' &c. where avium plainly means ' a place where anything is kept.' It may at once be answered that avius, avia, avium were originally adjective endings ; but what force have they with adjectives, and what is their origin ? Such questions our book is intended to raise ; we do not undertake to answer them, we only prepare the way, we furnish that without which investigation could not safely proceed. Nor can such questions be properly answered, except by a comparison of the terminations in the Greek and other languages. IX This mode of comparison not only ascertains what are the terminations and what their signification, but also assists in determining the roots. The two processes it is manifest are closely connected, if it is known how much of a word is root, it must be evident how much remains to be accounted for, how much is termination ; and on the other hand, if we have ascertained how much is termination, we have before us the remainining part as the root, or rather in very many instances as a modification of the root. Not only is it important to know to what parts of speech the terminations are added, but also to what forms of the words they are affixed. Our dictionaries and grammars, pre- sent every substantive to our notice, in the nominative case of the singular number, and every verb in the first person of the same number. 1 It therefore necessarily follows, that these forms assume an undue importance in our eyes, and it would be but a natural consequence if the student should suppose that the terminations were affixed to these all important forms. In fact, some words have been thus explained by the learned. 2 Before, however, entering upon this question, it will be well to explain the meaning of certain terms. By the Root, we mean the simplest element, the ultimate origin, of a word ; thus, due is the root of due, duc-tum, e-duc-are, &c, and in the same way reg is the root of reg-o, reg-alis, cor-rec-tor, &c. Roots, if we knew them all in their simplest form would probably be found to be monosyllables. 3 If you take a verb or noun, whether of two or more syllables, and remove all case and tense endings, you arrive at a form 1 Absurdly enough, the first person singular is given in Latin and the infinitive mood in English, and a learner sees that amo means ' to love;' either the Latin should be pinnted in the infinitive mood, which would in fact save room, or the English should be given in the first person. 2 See Abdomen, p. 73. 3 "The element or root is generally a monosyllable." Long's Cicero's Cato Major, &c, Preface p. 15. which is common to all parts of that verb or noun, you arrive at what has been called by some the Declinable Form, by others the Crude Form, but which we have preferred de- signating the Stem. Our term is, at least, as intelligible to the uninitiated, and keeps up the metaphor of that universally applied to the primary element, viz., the Root — a root by acquisition becomes a stem or trunk. In short words it often happens that the stem and root are identical, but in the majority of instances the stem is a longer form than the root. An example will serve to make our mean- ing clear — we know that ped is a root, we can trace it through many languages, our foot is exactly the same word ; in pes, ped-is, ped-i, &c, the root and stem are the same ped ; on the other hand in pedit-em, pedit-es, &c, we have the same root ped, but the stem, that which remains when the case endings have been removed, is pedit. The stem is readily perceived when it terminates in a con- sonant ; when it ends in a vowel more difficulty would be experienced : we have prefixed to some of the declensions the reasons why they are said to terminate in a, o, i, u, and e. 1 To return then to the subject of junctions. To what form of the word is the termination affixed ? Or, again, in the case of compound words, where two distinct words are joined together, to what part of the former word is the latter at- tached ? We have already said it is not the nominative case. Is it then the genitive ? We have heard words so explained ; but let us look at a few examples, take the compounds matri- cid-ium, tyranni-cid-ium, &c, if tyranni is the genitive of tyrannus, matri must be the dative of mater, and why should 1 Professor Key's Latin Grammar is written on the crude form system, and in the preface a dictionary on the same principle is promised. Mr. Kobson's Constructive Latin Exercises and Dr. Allen's Greek Exercises are on the same plan. To these works the student is referred for further particulars concerning the system. XI the genitive be used in one case, the dative in another ? Per- haps it may be answered in the words of that notable rule for the formation of comparatives and superlatives, because it is " the first case that ends in if but what reasonable explanation can be given for such a singularly arbitrary law ? And again, even this convenient rule would be of no avail in cav-aedium or silvi-cola. But why should these words be in any case at all ? Even in English, in the only real case, the Possessive — we find the contrary to be the rule. The school grammar before us says, " when two or more nouns are so closely connected as to form one complex notion, the apos- trophe and s is added to the last word only, as Ward and Tyndall's shop." The truth of this sentence no one will deny. In compound Latin words exactly the same principle is ob- servable. The words we have mentioned are in no case at all. No case is needed ; if any were it would be the ac- cusative. What then are the forms in question ? There is but one solution, and that is reasonable and undoubtedly the true one — the stems or crude forms. All junctions must happen under one of the following con ditions, the two parts must bring into juxta-position, either (a) two vowels, (0) two consonants, (y) a vowel and a consonant or (£) a consonant and a vowel. In the first case, if a ter- mination is affixed to a noun, the latter drops the final vowel, as anima, anim-ula ; in verbs compounded with a preposi- tion the vowels generally coalesce, as co-ag-o, cogoy though in manv in stances there is a diaeresis, as c'dactus. In the second case, (j8) both consonants sometimes remain, as soror-cula, often subject to euphonic changes, caused by the attracting power of the initial letter of the root, particularly the case in words compounded with prepositions, as sup-pos-itus ; in other instances the two parts are connected by a vowel, which is invariably i the thinnest and that which can be most rapidly Xll pronounced when it occurs in the middle of a word; 1 in other instances the final consonant of the former part is dropped, thus from ration we have ratio-cinium not ratio-i- cinium. In the third case, (y) in the composition of verbs the vowel of the preposition remains, as de-fer-o ; but if the former word is a substantive or adjective the vowel of the stem disappears and the connecting % is substituted, as magn- i-fic-entia, aequ-i-noct-ium, where the stems are magno, aequo ; so also from versu there is vers-i-culus. In the last case, (^) no change takes place, as per-utilis. As to the explanation of these facts there may be difference of opinion. The question is whether when the stem ends in a vowel, that vowel is as a general principle elided, and the j)arts joined together by i f or whether as a rule the vowel of the crude form remains and appears in compound and derivative words in the corrupted form t. The majority of instances would seem to lead to the former, whilst some particular words such as primo-pilus, spe-cula, febri-cula, &c, favour the latter explanation. This is the theory held by Professor Key. But till the terminations have been fully investigated we can hardly feel certain on the point. Mr. Key explains dimnus as divo-inus, pomona as pomo-na or pomo-ina, but is he justified in so doing ? is there not a termination ina, ona, &c. ? The theory that the vowel of the stem is dropped is reasonable enough, that vowel is affixed to make the word declinable, that the case endings may be attached, for when the stem ends in that kind of consonant which allows the case endings to be joined to it, no vowel is used. The practical difference caused by 1 The reason of the invariable use of i in such cases, will be seen by observing the natural order of the vowels as established by Mr. Willis, viz., i, e, a, 0, u, or u.o,a,e,i, according to the continental pronun- ciation, which is the sound always given to i when it does not by itself form the first syllable of a word. See Cambridge Philosophical Trans- actions, 3. 231, and Key's Alphabet, p. 22. xm the two opinions in a book like this is that Professor Key would probably print our lists ina, ina, and ona as one, and perhaps he is right; another is, that he would divide thus, navi-cula, api-cula, instead of nav-i-cula, ap-i-cula, but we consider it more important to show the root than the stem. These then are the advantages we contemplated in the compilation of a Latin Terminational Dictionary. 1. To ascertain what the terminations really are ; 2. what is their signification ; 3. to what parts of speech they are affixed ; 4. to what forms of the words they are attached ; 5. whether a termination has always the same force, or whether it varies according to the part of speech to which it is added \ 6. to compare one termination with another, to see which were common in the older authors, which in the later ; 7. to raise conjectures as to the origin of the terminations ; 8. to assist in determining the root, and 9. to show the philosophical construction of language, that it may be studied philo- sophically, and so its value as a system of training increased. EXPLANATION OF THE METHOD OF ARRANGEMENT. For convenience of arrangement we have divided all words into two classes, (I) Simples and (II) Compounds. By Simples we mean words containing one root and a termination, whether the word be a primitive or a deriva- tive 5 or in other words, whether there are or are not letters or syllables between the root and the final termination. By Compounds we mean words in which more than one dis- tinct root is seen, or in which there is one root and a prefixed preposition. The Simples are arranged alpha- betically, according to the initial consonant of the word ; the Compounds on the same plan, but according to the initial consonant of the last element or root of the word. In each declension the terminations are arranged alpha- b XIV betically, beginning from the end, thus a, then ac, aci, then ae, and so on, always beginning at the end; they are however printed the direct way, a, ca, ica, ea, &c. AnnuluSy for example, is of the Second or O Declension and masculine gender, it must therefore be sought some- where between pp. 28 and 42. Now spelling the word backwards we have sulunna ; if therefore the word is not found under su, or us as it is printed, it must be looked for under sul or lus ; if not there, under sulu or ulus, where annulus will be found, p. 36. It will often happen that the student knows at once in which list to expect a word. We have given the Nominative or Genitive, as well as the Stem, for the convenience of all parties. We do not profess to give the roots, but we have en- deavoured to assist the student and to excite investigation by subdividing the words. This would have altered the character of our book, for no work should attempt to give Latin roots without explaining at length the euphonic changes which each undergoes ; nor would a work of this nature be complete unless it compared the roots of the Latin with those of other languages. It may happen that our mode of subdividing some words will cause surprise ; some too which are commonly con- sidered simple words will be found amongst Compounds. The scholar also may not always agree with our division. We have not ourselves always placed the words in the lists to which we believe they properly belong ; we thought it undesirable to give at length our explanation of such words, and therefore submitted to custom and generally received opinion rather than adopt a division which without ex- planation, would seem unreasonable and erroneous. Some might have wished the lists still more minutely classified ; this the tutor will find a useful exercise for his pupils. The XV method adopted by Hoogeven is clearly objectionable ; he arranges not according to suffixes, but according to the letters in which the word happens to end ; thus o&* {odd) ' an ode/ is, according to him, a word ending in da. We do not profess to be always consistent in our sub- division of words, we have not aimed at it ; perfect con- sistency in a work of this kind is unattainable without first determining all the roots. A greater degree of consistency however was undoubtedly attainable, but we considered it unimportant, or perhaps with respect to the younger student positively injurious. But let us not be misunder- stood on the subject of derivation. It will be seen for instance, that consequentia is thus divided con-sequ-entia ; but by this it is in no way meant to be intimated that the word is formed from sequ-entia by prefixing the preposition con. This error must be carefully guarded against. From sequor we have sequens and hence sequentia, and again from sequor we have consequor, hence consequens, and from that consequentia. The student who has been well taught will be in no danger of falling into error on this subject. We have marked the quantities throughout in order to impress them upon the memory. In etymology quantity is of great importance, and the common practice of pro- nouncing upon an English system of accentuation should be carefully avoided; wrong ideas of quantity are thereby engendered, which either in studying the etymology of words or in analysing verses are great hindrances and often lead to error. We would further caution against the common method of dividing words in scanning verses. We extract these lines from Carey's " Latin Prosody Made Easy;" the same error will be found in other works : Trahunt | que sic | cas ma j chinas carl J nas Hor. Msece | nas ataviis | edite re | gibiis Hor. XVI These examples are taken at random, and it would be easy to find others if possible still worse. Surety it cannot be more erroneous to write hin-gly in English than re-gibus in Latin, reg is the root and not to be divided any more than hing. We would therefore recommend the teacher always to require his pupils to divide the words ety- mologically, as well as with reference to the laws of metre ; it will be found an improving exercise, thus, Trahunt j que sice J as mach [ inae carin j as Maecen | as atavis | edite reg | Tbiis Our work has been compiled from the Lexicon of For- cellini. We have omitted words which are not found in classic authors, but most of those used by Pliny and Columella are introduced. We had indeed digested the whole of the Lexicon of Forcellini according to our plan, but the press of more urgent engagements has induced us to publish nouns only. For the quantities we have consulted the il Thesaurus Poeticus Linguae Latinae" of Quicherat, and the edition of Forcellini by Furnaletto, 1828-33. To the peculiarly suggestive method of teaching pursued by Mr. Long while he so ably filled the Latin chair in University College, London, we owe the idea of this book ; two years ago we found each had independently com- menced it. We are moreover indebted to him for one or two practical suggestions since going to press. Professor Key's kindness we would also acknowledge. To other distinguished scholars who have inspected some of our proofs, and to Mr. Robson, we tender our warmest thanks. An Index of Terminations will be found at p. 129. Explanation of marks : — * Of Greek origin. f Found only in the old writers, or on inscriptions. X Of rare occurrence. FIRST OR A DECLENSION. FEMININES. Nominative ends in A. Stem ends in a. The letter a is used to denote the Feminine Gender. i. Simples. aboll-a calig-a *crapul-a acerr-a jCalth-a crepid-a agn-a calv-a cret-a al-a cas-a cup-a 6 alap-a JcassTd-a cur-a alaud-a caud-a *cymb-a alut-a caul-ae de-a ans-a cell-a dic-a aqu-a cer-a dir-ae aquil-a cetr-a equ-a ar-a 1 *chart— a eruc-a *aul-a *chord-a fab— a aur-a cicad-a fal-a bacc-a *cist-a fer-a barb-a *cithar-a 4 F15r-a bet-a client-a ford-a 7 blatt-a coen-a form-a 8 Jbo-a columb-a fug-a bracc-a 2 com-a fund-a bucc-a 2 _ *conch-a tgalb-a fbulg-a Jcop-a 5 gall-a bull-a coqu-a *gaz-a bur-a 3 cost-a gemm-a cal-end-ae cox-a gen-ae 1 There is an old form asa. 2 These words are sometimes written with one c. 3 Also burls. 4 Whence perhaps guitar. 5 Or cu r pa. 6 Sometimes written cuppa. 7 Anciently horda. 8 Forma is perhaps the same as the Greek morfe {(j.o^ri) B FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. Jgerr-ae gibb-a gleb-a gul-a jham-a har-a hast-a heder-a her-a herb-a Jhir-a hor-a hosp-it-a *hydr-a Ir-a jiib-a laen-a |lam-a lan-a lapp-a le-a len-a *lepr-ae lim-a lingu-a lir-a tlor-a 1 lun-a lup-a lymph-a *lyr-a maen— a mal-a mamm-a mapp-a Ive ends in a. Stem ends in a. marr-a parr-a mass-a penn-a | matt— a *per-a mend-a pern-a merd— a *petr-a raerend— a pic-a merg-ae pil-a met-a pil— a mlc-a pinn-a *mlin-a *plag-a *mm— a plag-a mm-ae plant-a 2 *mitr-a *poen-a mol-a *pomp-a mor— a porc-a mul-a praed-a *mus-a *pror-a musc-a {pu-er-a *myrrh-a V pulp-a nass-a |pup-a Non-ae * pur-pur— a norm— a fpus-a not-a rall-a niig— ae ran-a * nymph— a rhed-a obb-a fric-a *obruss-a rip-a off-a ros-a oll-a rot-a 6r-a rag—a *orc-a fruni-a 3 pal— a rata pall-a sag-a Parc-ae sagitta parm-a Jsann-a 1 Also lorea. 2 It has been suggested that the same root is traceable in the follow- ing words : pal(m)-a the flat of the hand, pal-am openly, pa{n)d-ere to lay open or flat, pla{u)d-ere to strike the flat of the hands together, pla-nt-a the flat or sole of the foot, pla{n)-us flat. 3 Besides this form we find also rumis and rumen n. FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in a. Stem ends in a. sap-a jsard-a spir-a spond-a turm-a ftur-und— a satur-a 1 *squam— a vacc-a satyr-a 1 * squill— a 6 valv-ae Jscaev-a seal— ae steg-a stell-a vapp-a ven-a *scen-a stiv-a vesp-a *schem-a 2 *stol-a vi-a *schol-a Jstren-a vill-a scop-ae scrof-a *stupp-a 7 sur— a virg-a vitt-a *scytal-a s ser-a taed-a talp-a uln-a ulv-a serr-a taur— a ul-iil— a serv-a tens-a 8 umbr-a set-a terr-a und-a slc-a tesser-a Jvol-a sTli'qu-a silv-a *tiar-a 9 tog-a Jup-up— a urn— a *sospit-a 4 trah-a 10 uv— a *spath-a 3 tric-ae vulv-a 11 sphaer-a ftru— a *ze-a spic-a s tub — a *zon-a spm-a turb-a Corruda as the name of a herb occurs in Cato and Columella. There are two curious words mus-cerda, su-cerda, which sig- nify the excrements of mice and swine. Whether the word eerdo (stem cerdon) has any connection with this form cerda, may be worth enquiring. Suada, or Suad-ela, means ' the goddess of persuasion.' With this compare Epona 'the goddess of horses/ Lua 'the goddess of purification/ and Morta an epithet applied to one of the Fates. 1 Very probably the same word. 2 There is also schema, atis, n. 3 TheJjrcek case endings are also found, e, es. 4 Perhaps a compound from a-w; (sos) 'safe' and pit 'come/ a root which appears as bit in some compounds in Plautus, perbitere, adbitere, &c. 5 There are also spicus, and spicum. 6 Also written scilla. 7 Also written stupa. 8 Or thensa. 9 There is also tiaras, ae, m. i0 And trahea. n Also written volva. 4 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in a. Stem ends in a. ii. a. Compounds. Man}'- of these are little more than feminines of adjective forms. pro- cell-a idi- cm— a tibi- cm-a Jin- cumb-a semi- de-a prae- f lc-a vene- f lc-a JcalcT- frag-a ossi- frag— a in- ful-a 1 privi- gn-a 2 semi- hor-a sesqui- hor-a Jab- lg-a b- ig-a 3 quadr- ig-ae 3 sub- lic-a jbi-sulci- lingu— a noctT- liic— a re- mor-a | sesqui- op-er— a primi- par— a JcentT- ped-a decern- ped-a Jmille- ped-a puer- per-a re- pet-und-a sanda- pila X sesqui- plag-a fa- plud-a 4 domi- port-a co- piila | pro- sed-a | re- sed-a haru- spic-a anti- stit— a sangui- sug-a in- sul-a 1 paen-in- siil-a 1 Ovid has a word variously read subnilba and succiiba. j3 Greek Compounds. am-plior-a cleps-ydr-a meta-plior-a cata-st-a 5 ep-i-stol-a i. Simples. aurig-a 6 and 7 dam-a 7 lix-a nep-a 8 MASCULINES. pop-a scrib-a scurr-a tat-a tiar-as 9 vern-a 7 1 Most probably, infula from in-fud, insula from in-sed, cf. consul from con-sed-ere. 2 This is probably a compound formed of primo the stem of primus, and the root gen ' born/ and signifies ' one born of a former marriage' — the change of m for v, and the reverse, is not without example, thus pro- mulgare from stem vidgo (vulgus). 3 Ulpian uses a word triga ; compare the masculine auriga. 4 Or applauda. 5 The a seems to be both root and termination cf. ensifer, &c. 6 We do not know what to do with this word. Whether it be a simple or a compound we leave for the student's consideration. 7 It is sometimes feminine. 8 And nom. nepas. 9 Also tiara, p. 3. FIRST OR A DECLENSION, MASCULINES. Nominative ends in a. Stem ends in a. ii. Compounds. (Used for both genders.) The verb-stems which appear in these words are worthy of notice: as, cid (from caed) 'cut/ 'kill'; col 'till/ 'dwell, cherish' gen 'born/ begotten.' cibT- fratri- homl- lapi- ligni- matri- parri- sorori- tyranni- ao agi-i- amni- coeli- in- latebri- marti- monti- plebi- cid-a cid-a cid-a cid-a cid-a cid-a cid-a cid-a cid-a col-a col-a col-a col-a col-a col-a col-a col-a col-a Popli- I'uri- sacri- Jsilvi- neri- luci- lucri- per- trans- aheni- angui- auri- draconi- Graju- Jani- igm- indi- col-a 1 col-a col-a col-a fiig-a fusr-a filg-a fug-a ftig-a gen-a gen-a gen-a gen-a gen-a gen-a gen— a gen-a 2 marti- Nlli- nubT- ruri- serpenti- tem- uni- col- foffici- agri- legi- vesti- flagri- ulmi- ad- con- con- gen-a £en— a gen-a gen-a gen-a gen-a gen-a leg-a perd-a pet-a rup-a 3 spic-a trib-a 4 trib-a 4 ven-a . ven-a viv-a Perenticida is used by Plautus for " qui peram caedit." Umbraticola is found in Plautus, and servilicola in a doubtful passage of that author. Scrupeda, 'one who walks painfully/ occurs in Varro, and a fragment of Plautus. 1 Also, Publicola. The uncontracted form would be Populi-cola. 2 Indi is the old preposition indo or endo, which appears in the form endo-perator, an antiquated form of imperator. 3 The forms, nom. legirupus and legirupio occur. 4 Found in Plautus. 6 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in ca. Stem ends in ca. ca seems to be originally an adjective termination ; at least the words in ica and tea would lead to that conclusion. amur— ca es-ca 1 fur-ca juven-ca clo-aca aca lingul-aca Ipastm-aca al-ica * arithm-et-ica 2 brass-ica ica * gramm-at-ica 2 lucan-ica 4 man-icae sciit— ica tiin— ica vill-ica -} can-icae fab-r-ica fala-r-ica for-ica 3 mant-ica ped— ica pert-ica Jrid-ica vom-ica *dia-lec-t-ica 2 is the only compound. am-ica form-ica lec-t-ica ica lor-ica rub-r-ica ves-ica urt-ica sali-unca unca spel-unca labr-u-sca mar-i-sca sea Jmoll-u-sca po-sca carr-uca fest-uca ilea lact-uca mastr-uca 5 *samb-uca verr-uca fist-uca Pliny has the words verbenaca and porcilaca names of plants* Respublica is an instance of two declinable words written toge- ther : we have not put it in the list. Publica is nothing more than an adjective ; a contraction of populica. 1 The root is ed ' eat/ hence we divide es-ca ; below we write po-sca horn 2)0 'drink.' 2 These words are also found with the Greek case-endings e, es. 3 The root for appears in n. pi. foria, which according to Nonius means { stercora liquidiora.' Compare the uncommon words foriolus and conforio. 4 A feminine of an adjective form derived from the proper name Lucanus. So we find Liburnica or Liburna ' a pinnace' ; and Gallicae i a kind of slippers.' 5 Also written mastruga. FIRST OR A DECLENSION,— FEMININES. MASCULINES. Nominative ends in da. Stem end* in da. The following words end in ida, in imitation of the Greek ter- mination t$ng% They occur chiefly in Plautus. i. Simples. rap-ac-ida 1 «toIc-ida ii. Compounds. cruri- crep-ida plagT- pat-ida FEMININES. Nominative ends in ea. Stem ends in ea. This termination does not seem to convey any meaning different from that conveyed by simple a. ador-ea gal-ea paus-ea 4 al-ea gan-ea pic-ea aran— ea glar-ea fsculp-on-eae ard-ea fgran-ea sirp-ea 3 ar-ea thirn-ea sol-ea *baln-eae *!d-ea stor-ea 6 bax-eae lanc-ea tal-ea bract-ea laur-ea taur-ea capr-ea lin-ea tm— ea castan-ea *nau-s-ea trab-ea cav-ea 2 Jnau-t-ea trah-ea *chor-ea 3 ocr-ea *trochl-ea *cochl-ea 61-ea vin-ea fov-ea 2 *ostr-ea Jvm-ac— ea 7 fram-ea pal-ea 1 Or rapacides, ae. 2 Probably cavea fr om the root cad (i: af. cadere) ' fall/ and fovea from fod {ini. f ode re) ' dig.' 3 More generally found with e long, chorea. 4 And pausia. 5 Also written scirpea. 6 Also storia. 7 There is also vinacea, oru/n. 8 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, — FEMININES. Nominative ends in ia. Stem, ends in ia. The termination ia, when added to adjectives often, answers to our ness, as audac 'bold/ audacia 'boldness,' ; added to nouns to our ing or y, thus, custod ' a guard/ custodia l guarding/ victor ' a victor/ victoria * victory.' I. Simples. fac-ia tgram-iae rmp-t-iae ang-ust-ia grat-ia pat-r-ia *antl-ia *harm-on-ia Jpell-ac-ia *arter-ia J hern— ia per-It-ia fasc-ia *hist-or-ia pliiv-ia aud-ac— ia I hor-ia quisquil-iae av-ia host-ia X ra-ia bar-bar-ia 1 *hydr-ia reg-ia best-ia infer— iae \ riib-ia Jcaec-il-ia Ir-a-cund-ia ser-ia *cas-ia flab-iae tsetan-ia caus-ia lac-in-ia sim-ia ciiped-ia 2 lasc-iv-ia *spong-ia cur— ia lix-iv-ia Jstlr-ia cust-od-ia lud-ia super-b-ia div-it-iae mac-er-ia 3 *taen-ia fac-et— iae maler-ia 3 X tam-in-ia fa-cund-ia man-ub— iae ften-ac-ia fall-ac-ia mater-ia 3 tib-ia fam-il-ia mem-or-ia lil-ia fasc— ia mll-it-ia ven-ia fer-iae | rnin-tit-ia ver-e-cund— ia fer-oc-ia mis-er-ia Verg-ii-iae fid-el-ia mod-est-ia vic-ia fid-uc-ia m6l-est-ia vic-in-ia fil-ia miir-ia vic-tor— ia ffiam-in-ia naen-ia 4 vioj-il-ia fur-iae noc-s-ia 5 unc— ia glor-ia nun-t-ia 6 - Bo- •ia has l. * Mastigia is masculine. 1 Also barbaries. 2 See note on cupedia, orum. 3 Of the Fifth or E Declension also. 4 Also written nenia. 5 Written noxia. 6 See note on nuntins; it will he found under Compounds in ius. FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 9 Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in ia. ii. a. Compounds. Jin- an-iae Jpro — av-ia J sue- cid-ia lus- cin-ia con- cord-ia dis- cord-ia miseri- cord— ia so- cord-ia ve- cord-ia ex- cub-iae in- cur-ia vin- dem-ia Jvirgi- dem-ia vin- dic-iae in- ed— ia In- ept-ia in- ert-ia sol- ert-ia 1 Jin- fac-et-iae in- f am— ia Jef- fic-ac-ia per- fid-ia Jmillg-fol-ia of- f ue-ia i- gn av-ia i- gno-mm-ia Jin- grat-ia in- jur-ia de- lic-ia J col- lic-iae 2 J de- lic-iae 2 r£- liqu-iae a- ment— ia de- ment— ia J sub- min-ia im- mod-est-ia Jtri- mod-ia Jprae- m5l-est-ia c- 6p-ia* In- 5p-ia im- per-it-ia sup- pet-iae J cor- rig-ia in- san-ia X ve- san-ia pro- sap-ia in- sci-t-ia ec- sequ-iae Jec- s¥c-ia 4 Jin- sic-ia 5 de- sid-ia in- sid— iae in- somn-ia prae- stig-iae in- temp-er-iae per- tin-ac-ia con- tiim-ac-ia con- tum-el-ia contro- vers-ia per- vic-ac-ia Jdi- vid-ia in- vid-ia pro- vinc-ia sem- unc-ia Jsesc- unc-ia | ax- ung-ia /3. Greek Comp. astro-16g-ia astro-nom-ia com-oed-ia colocas-ia 6 lau-tum-iae f strang-iir-ia trag-oed-ia The Greek compound elegia has l. We find attegia used by Juvenal in the sense of ' a hut : ' Is it at-teg-ia ? We find a phrase infitias ire 'to deny :' Is it in-fit-ia ? In reduvia, induviae,X exuviae, we can trace a relation to induo (ere) and exuo (ere), and perhaps the v is part of the termination. Though in other words in via, as pluv-ia as well as in the deri- vatives from lav and lu, (luv), we take v as part of the root. Also found colliquiae and deliquiae. 1 Also written sollertia. 3 Contraction of co-op-ia. 4 Also ac-sic-ia ; written axicia and exicia. 5 Also insicmm. 6 Sometimes written colucasia: there is also coloeasium, ii. 1 Sometimes latomiae. 10 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in ia. Under the heading ia., we place those words in which we find a participial or adjectival stem immediately before ia : and as they are numerous, we keep them in a list by themselves, subdividing them into antia and entia. These terminations answer to our ance an&ence; with this simple change many of the words become English. Again we have subdivided entia into e-ntia and entia, i.e. into those coming from verbs which add an e to a root to make a decli- nable stem (Second Conjugation), and those in which the e is only a connecting vowel joining the termination ntia to the root (Third and Fourth Conjugations.) We have, in the lists, printed the entia without subdivision, merely for convenience ; they might have been printed aud-e — nt-ia, &c, and aud-i — e-nt-ia, &c. So also err-antia, &c. might more strictly have been divided err-a — nt-ia. a-nt-ia 1. Simples. ferr— antia flagr-antia haes-It-antia tjac-t-antia Jneg-antia pet-ul-antia prop-er-antia temp-er-antia JtTtub-antia Jtol-er— antia var-i-antia -antia Vlg-ll- 11. Compounds. Jin- dis- m- i- e- re- ar- ob- Jin-ob- per- Jcon- dis- con- re- cog-Tt-antia crep— antia fie— antia f-antia gno-r-antia leg-antia pugn-antia rog— antia serv-antia serv— antia sever-antia slder— antia sim-iil-antia son-antia son-antia tab- jcircum- con- in~con- di- |ex- Jin- prae- Jsub- ex- in- in- ab- red- st-antia st-antia st-antia st-antia st-antia st-antia st-antia st-antia st-antia sup-er-antia temp-er-antia tol-er-antia und— antia und-antia FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 11 Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in ia. e-nt-ia i. Simples. aud-entia Jhab- -entia poen-it-entia Jcand-entia lic-entia poll-entia dec-entia J Liib- -entia 1 fval-entia ffav-entia ii. Compounds. X con- dec-entia Job- tic-entia Jin- dec-entia re- tic-entia in- dulg-entia abs- tin-entia in- dol-entia con- tin-entia co- haer-entia in-con- tin-entia ind- ig-entia e- vid-entia e- min-entia in- vid-entia fim- min-entia pro- vid-entia 2 pro- min-entia pr- ud-entia 2 in- noc-entia im-pr- iid-entia 2 J grave- ol-entia re- ver-entia im- pud-entia ir-r£- vSr-entia in- s5l-entia i. Simples. aud-i-entia clem-entia 3 Jcre-sc-entia ess-entia fid-entia fraud-iil-entia ent-ia frequ-entia jloqu-entia 4 pat-i-entia pest-Tl-entia pot-entia sap-i-entia sc-i-entia Jtem-ul-entia Jtriic-ul-entia Jveh-em-entia vin-61-entia vi- ol-entia 1 Or spelt with an i. 2 Prudentia is a contraction for providentia ; u and v are the same letter, — write the word with a u and the difference is little, prouidentia. 3 Unless it he cZe-ment-ia ; compare a-ment-ia, de-ment-ia and vehe- ment-ia. 4 This word occurs in a passage of Pliny : " A liud eloquentia aliud loquentia" a passage worthy the attention of public speakers. 12 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in ia. ii. Compounds. Jex- cand-esc-entia e- loqu-entia ex- cell-entia m agni- loqu-entia {ac- cid-en tia X stulti- loqu-entia pro- cid-entia X suavi- loqu-entia in- clem-entia fsuperbi- loqu-entia Jcon- cre-sc-entia ftoluti- loqu-entia Jde- cre-sc-enia vanT- loqu-entia ob- ed-i-entia ad- ol-esc-entia bene- fic-entia 1 im- pat-i-entia ef- fic-entia ex- pe>-i-entia raagni- fic-entia ap- pet-entia male- fic-entia im- pot-entia muni- fic-entia con- sc-i-entia con- fid-entia in- sc-i-entia dif- fid-entia ab- s-entia dif- fer-entia prae- s-entia taf- flu-entia con- sequ-entia tpro- flu-en tia lob- sSqu-entia in- frequ— entia in- sip-i-entia tcon- gru-entia de- sip-i-entia Jprod- Tg-entia per- spic-i-entia dl- lig-entia tpro- spic-i-entia in-di- lig-entia Jde- spic-i— entia intel- lig-entia bene- vol-entia neg- lig-entia 2 male- vol-entia fblandi- loqu-entia con- ven-i-entia Jbrevi- loqu-entia Lucr. (Bk. 3, v. 864) has a line in which occurs a word repe- tentia, or retinentia, according to the various readings of the margins ; whichever is read, the sense taken is ' memory. ' 1 Also written beneficientia. 2 Compounded of nee and leg, the root of lego, &c. ' choose.' FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 13 Nominative ends in ia. Stem ends in 1&.. calum-nia cic-oma col-onia ma oma \j — acr-i-monia aegr-i-monia al-T-monia cent-u-ria dec-ii-ria i. Simples. aer-ana ant-iqu-aria argent-aria calv— aria monia caer-T-monia cast-T-monia fals-i-monia pec-u-ma thistr-i-onia Jmorb-onia pars-T-monia 1 quer-T-monia sanct-T-monia na fim-b-ria lux-ii- indust-ria ISutpenuria or paenuria has u. -ria^ aria 3 coil-aria glabr-aria libr-aria nav-i-cul-aria ad-vers-aria frastr-aria sell-aria verr-iic-aria ves-ic-aria ii. Compounds. We find in Plautus Mostell-aria, name of a play, and also tlie words casteria (?) and versoria, or vorsoria. bland-itia dur— itia 2 jus-t-itia laet-itia laut-itia mal-itia moest-itia u. Compounds. in- lm-ic-itia in- jus-t-itia it-ia* moll— itia 2 mund-itia 2 no-t-itia 2 pigr-itia 2 prim— itiae piid-ic— itia pu-er-itia im- mund-itia im- piid-ic— itia saev-itia 2 scabr— itia 2 segn— itia 2 spurc-itia 2 stult-itia trist-itia 2 vafr-itia 2 im- pur-itia ne- qu-itia 2 1 Also written parcimonia. 2 Forms in e are also found : as pigritie (stem) — pigrities, ei. 3 Cf. the corresponding masculine and neuter terminations. C 14 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in la. Ste m ends in la . i. Simples. cor-ol-la liil-lae 1 med-ul-la sel-la l stel-la 1 stil-la 1 te-la trich-i-la tru-l-la ii. Compounds. as- sec-la 2 ela ela in some instances denotes the result of the action of a verb. i. Simples. cand-ela client-ela loqu-ela lu-ela must-ela JnTt-ela quer-ela su-t-ela tu-t-ela ji. Compounds. cor- rup-t- -ela Job- sequ-ela ella These are chiefly diminutives, and the former I has resulted from an I, r, or n of some other termination, or perhaps of the root itself. (Compare Key's Latin Grammar, § 202.) Thus, asella is- asin-ula, capella capr-ula, opella oper-ula : in other words, we perhaps have a twofold diminutive form, as turbella for turb- ul-ul-a. Cf. p. 35. as-ella fem-ella proc-ella bucc-ella fen-est-ella pu-ella cani-ella fisc-ella scut-ella cap-ella Jlam-ella sit-ella cat-ella 3 mat-ella sjDort-ella cist-ella mit-ella tab-ella clit-ellae |num-ella tess-ella eolum-ella 6f-ella Jturb-ellae jculc-it-ella 6p-ella umb-ella dex-t-ella Jpag-ella vols-ella fa-b-ella pat-ella 1 The roots seem to be respectively Mr, sed, ster, stir. 2 Generally masculine. 3 This word has two senses, 'a little whelp' (catulula), 'a little chain' (catenula). FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 15 Nominative ends in la. Stem ends in la. ilia anc-illa angu-illa *arg-illa arm-ilia ax— ilia 1 icav-illa fav-illa furc-illa mammilla max-illa 1 tmell— ilia pap-illa pistr-illa pup— ilia scint-illa tons-illae tur-tiir-illa ola These words are diminutives ; ola being the same as ula (Com- pare Key's Latin Grammar, § 201), and it is added to substantives whose stem ends in ea, or ia : hence, with one exception, these words end in eola and iola. Most of them are of rare occurrence. vi-ola ar-eola aran-eola fcract-eola i. Simples. best-iola fasc-iola fil-iola glor-ioia har-iola 2 e-ola laur-eola mat-eola i-ola hor-iola lec-tic-ar-iola luscm— iola mem-6r— iola sent-ent-iola naus-eola tal-eola sep-iola ser-iola vic-tor-iola unc-iola ii. Compounds. vin-dem-iola de-lic-iolae c-op-iola 3 J According to Cicero, (Orat. c. 45) axilla became ala taxillus became talus maxilla ,, mala venillum „ velum. 2 Donatus thinks that this was originally far-iola, just as forda was an older form of horda ; but the root be refers to, is fa, and we have no right to bring in the r of the infinitive fa-ri, besides, compare the root of haru-spic-a, haru-spex, &c. 3 Copiola, from copia, which is generally allowed to he co-op-ia. 16 FIRST OR A DECLEKSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in la. Stem ends in la. ula Most of these are diminutives, formed from feminine nouns in a, as barb-ula from barba, form-ula from form-a : or from nouns of the third declension, and chiefly from those whose stem ends in c, as cervic-ula, cortic-ula, falc-ula. Besides this ula when added to a verb-root, seems to denote a thing which performs the act denoted by that verb, as reg-ula, ' a ruler' or instrument for ruling lines ; so spec-ula, teg-ula; so perhaps fer-ula ; similarly sec-ula ' a sickle,' that is 'a cut-ter' mentioned by Varro, and rad-ula , enna ant-enna trans-enna ona An old feminine of adjective. Observe the proper names Orbona, Pomona. ann-ona col-ona matr-ona caup-ona cor-ona patr-ona Persona. What is to be done with this word? The old Gramma- rians said, persbno was the related word, in spite of the quantity : and indeed, the alternation of quantity between verbs and substan- tives in Latin, is not unusual, just as we alternate the accent, in rebel, rebel, &c. erna cav-erna lac-erna luc-erna Jcist-erna lat-erna 1 tab-erna There is a word nasiterna, or nassiterna, a 'pail/ ' bucket/ in Plautus. una ' fort-una lac-una There is a goddess Vacuna, who presides over leisure. Some MSS. in Plautus read lanterna. FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 23 Nominative ends in ra. Stem ends in ra. i. Simples. *anc-6-ra aur-o-ra cap-ra ii. Compounds. rupi- cap-ra *cith-a-ra *mach-ae-ra *panth-e-ra bra *phar-et— ra *sta-t-e-ra vol-uc— ra *cath- ed-ra The termination bra, denotes sometimes an instrument ; sometimes a place ' where.' i. Simples. col-u-bra dol-a-bra fi-bra lat-e-bra li-bra palp-e-brae sal-e-bra scat-e-bra ten-e-brae ter-e-bra vert-e-bra ii. Compounds. e- lec-e- il- lec-e- per- lec-e- -bra 1 -bra 1 -bra 1 bi- se- sesquT- li-bra li-bra 2 li-bra adult-era 3 fare-era cam-era ciAm-era era dec-st-era 4 litt-era mater- t-era op-era pat-era *phal-erae vesp-era vip-era i. Simples. fen-es— tra mag-is-tra tra min-is-tra mulc-tra *palaes-tra scu-tra 5 ii. Compound. ad- min-is- -tra - 1 RootZac, 'draw,' 'entice,' which is found in il-lic-ere, de-lie-iae, &c. 2 Sometimes with e. 3 The derivations proposed for this word are most unsatisfactory ; some of them as "ad alteram," are absurd : the word means a mistress, a paramour, and may be related to adula-ri, to l caress' ; though that is by- no means certain : if it could be shown that the a was merely a prefixed syllable, we should be disposed to say the root was dul of dulc-i, (nom. clulcis) sweet. 4 Written dextera. 5 Perhaps x VT ? a (chutra). 24 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, — FEMININES. Nominative ends in ra. Stem ends in ra, cens-ura ura sura fig-ura The terminations sura and tura, (the variation between s and t is merely euphonic) are added to verbal roots, or stems, and may be called participials, inasmuch as they are subject to similar rules of formation with participles : they express the act of a verb ; or the result of such action. i. Simples. fu-sura sal-sura men-sura scis-sura pen-sura ton-sura pres-sura ver-sura ra-sura u— sura cae-sura cur-sura fis-sura flec-sura 1 fluc-sura 1 fos-sura ii. Compounds. circum- ci— sura con- ci-sura in- ci— sura con- clu-sura ad- mis-sura com- mis— sura in- ver— sura di- vi-sura tura Most of these words are of somewhat rare occurrence. I. Simples. aper— tura coel-a-tura calc-a-tura cap-tura carp-tura 2 cer-a-tura cinc-tura coc-tura cond-i-tura corp-6r-a-tura cub-T-tura cul— tura cur-a— tura curv-a-tura dic-ta-tura fac-tura far-tura fe-tura 3 fic-tura fla-tura form-a— tura frac-tura fric-a-tura ful— tura gen-T-tura glad-ia-tura jac-tura junc-tura litt-er-a-tura li-tura merc-a-tufa mis-tura 4 na-tura 1 Written with an x ; x stands for cs in these words. 8 Used by Varro. 3 From the root foe, fu ; according to Etymology, it should be writ- ten foe-tura. 4 Also written mix-tura. The root varies between misc, and /ouy (mig) as seen in (j.iyw(At (mignumi), &c. FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 25 Nominative ends in ra. Stem ends in ra. pic-tura pis— tura pol-I-tura pos-T-tura prae-tura 1 quaes-tura 2 runc-tura scrip-tura ii. a. Compounds. co- ac-tura con- cil-ia— tura agri- cul-tura in- dic-a-tura red- em-p-tura con- fec-tura prae- fee— tura sculp-tura sec-tura sep-ul-tura sign-a-tura sta-tura * stra-tura stric-tura struc-tura con- fla— tura con- jec-tura pro- jec-tura al- lio;-a-tura pol- luc-tura 3 com- pac— tura com- pos-T-tura su-tura tem-per-a-tura tex-tura tri-tura vec-tura ven-a-tura unc-tura vice- quaes-tura di- rec-tura |con- si-tura in- sec-tura de- sul-tura in- sul-tura con- trac-tura Architectura is a compound word from Greek roots, but with a Latin termination. Nominative ends in sa. Stem ends in sa. This termination is joined to verbal roots : some of the words be- low are mere feminines of passive participles 5 others are words formed independently, and are active. i. Simples. cap-sa cau-sa cer-us-sa fos-sa men-sa noc— sa 4 pau-sa 5 spon-sa ton— sa ur-sa 1 Perhaps this is really a compound word, prae-it-ura, for the old sense of prae-tor, was ' leader,' ' commander,' and was given to the officers, who afterwards were called consuls. 2 Tacitus has the form quaesitura, 3 Used by Plautus, in the sense of a ' splendid feast,' though with a various reading pollinctura : the verb pollucere means ' to make a liba- tion': so Cato R. R. il Jovi dapali culignam vini quantum via polluceto." 4 Written noxa. 5 This seems formed from the Greek root tt«u l stay, ' stop,' D 26 FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in sa. Stem ends in sa. ii. Compounds. of- fen-sa re- pul-sa 1m- pen-sa The words used by Columella brisa and samsa or sansa are worthy of notice ; the former appears to mean * crushed grapes/ and the latter ' bruised ^olives/ In Plautus we find a masculine, mad-ul-sa 'a drunkard.' Nominative ends in ta. Stem ends in ta. Ta, name of female agent, as Segesta, Goddess of Corn, Vesta, Goddess of Fire, also denotes a state, asjuventa, senecta ; it is also fern, of perfect participle passive. i. Simples. al-u-ta gen-is-ta am-i-ta juv-en-ta lac-er-ta lib-er-ta 16c-ns-ta 2 ar-is-ta ^ball-is-ta 1 cic-u-ta corb-i-ta cos-ta cris-ta crus-ta *cryp-ta cu-curb-i-ta culc-T-ta *di-ae— ta ful-men-ta *margar-i-ta 2 *metr-e-ta mon-e-ta 3 mulc-ta 4 nup-ta orb-i-ta pit-m-ta plac-en-ta ii. a. Compounds. vin- die— ta | of- fer-ument-ta col- lec-ta in- sti-ta pol-en-ta por-ta rub-e-ta sagit-ta 5 scrib-ll-ta 6 sec-ta sem-T-ta sen-ec-ta I spor-ta tes-ta {trac-ta 7 vi-ta |us-ta (3. Greek Comp. cata- pul-ta cata- rac-ta 8 1 Also balista. 2 Also margaritum. 3 ' Money 3' said to receive the name from the temple of Juno, Moneta, where first it was coined. * Often written mult a. 5 This is a difficult word ; we have, therefore, put it under pimple a also (p. 2). 6 This word is variously read scribilita, scribillita, scriblita, striblita, and streblita. 7 And tracta, orum, n. 8 Also cataractes, ae, m. FIRST OR A DECLENSION, FEMININES. 27 MASCULINES. Nominative ends in ta. Stem ends in ta. ^athl-e-ta 1 ham-io-ta nav-i-ta 2 ^com-e-ta 1 *Td-io-ta 1 *pelt-as-tae *dan-is-ta lan-is-ta *po-e-ta FEMININES. Nominative ends in ua or va. Stem ends in ua or va. noct-ua ol-i— va sal-i-va stat-ua bell-ua cater-va ging-I-va lar-va cer-va cla-va di-va jan-ua mal-va END OF A DECLENSION. 1 The Greek form of the nora. is also found; cometes, ae, &c. 2 The contracted form nauta, instead of nauita, is more common. SECOND OK O DECLENSION. MASCULINES. Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in o. Reasons for saying that the stem of substantives of the second declension ends in o. I. The corresponding declension in Greek has o both in masculine and neuter, xoyo; (logos), £iAov (xulon.) II. The older Latin MSS. and Inscriptions read o in many instances, where later copies give u, as servom, divom, for servum, divum. III. It is probable that the older forms of the nominative mas- culine were servos, dominos, and in the plural, servoi, dominoi ; so also in the dative plural servois, dominois. This will explain why is of the plural is always long, contracted from ois, and in the a declension from ais. An old MS. of Virgil gives ab oloes for ab illis. In the other cases the stem is apparent : servo, servorum, and servos. IV. The tendency of the Latin language was to change o into u ; so the older forms volgus, poplicola, became vulgus, publicola. V. Some vowel or other is wanted before the case-endings, s, m, rum, &c. ; and as we have a in the first declension, u in the fourth, and e in the fifth, so it is almost un- deniable that we have o in the second. * abac-us aev-us 2 Jan-us *acanth-us agn-us arm-us ac-m-us 1 an-im-us av-us ac-us ann-us *bol-us There are also acinum, i, and acina, ae. 2 More frequently neuter. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 29 Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in o. *bol-us * bomb-us * bulb-us *caball-us X cacab-us cad-us cal-am-us *calath-us * camel-us camp-us *canthar-us Jcanth-us carr-us 1 cerv-us *cest-us chor-us cib-us cipp-us circ-us cirr-us *clathr-us clav-us *cliban-us cliv-us *colaph-us collyb-us columb-us col-us 2 cont-us coqu-us corv— us *c6rymb-us *cothurn-us * croc-us ciic-ul-us culm-us cyath-us *cycn-us *cylindr-us De-us disc-us dol-us diim-us * elephant-us equ-us fav-us fim-us 1 fisc-us flocc-us foc-us ffor-us fuc-us fum-us fund-us fung-us gall-us tgibb-us glob-us tgrab-at-us gutt-us *gyr-us haed-us ham— us *hellebor-us 1 Ihinn-us hirc-us fhost-us * hyacinth-us 3 *hyal-us *hydr-us joc-us 1 junc-us labyrinth-us lemb-us limb-us loc-us luc-us lud-us lumb-us ltip-us lychn-us * mag— us mann-us merg-us *mim-us mod-us morb-us mucc-us 4 mull-us mul-us mund-us mund-us 5 mur-us 6 musc-us naev— us nan-us nas-us 1 nerv-us nid-us nimb-us nod-us numm-us pag-us palm-us pal-us 7 * 1 Sometimes neuter. 2 Also of the U Declension. 3 Sometimes declined after the Greek model. 4 Sometimes mucus. 5 A ' woman's ornament' ; sometimes neuter. 6 The older form is moerus, which appears in the compound pomoerium. 7 Accoi'ding to some this word is contracted from paxillus; and in like manner talus is for taxlllus. See p. 15, n. 1. 30 SECOND OE O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. Nominative ends in us !. Stem ends in o. *pan-us riv-us *taur-us pann-us rog— us *thalam-us Ipapp-us rub-us *thesaur-us *petas-us sacc-us tof-us 2 pic-us scap-us tor-us pil-us scirp-us *triumph-us *plan-us serv-us trunc-us *pbl— us socc-us I tub-us pore— us sorun-us *tyi'ann-us proc-us son-us turd-us pull-us spar-us vall-us X pup-us stil-us 1 vic-us fpus-us stomach-us vill-us qual-us 1 succ-us unc-us rac-em-us i sulc-us urs-us ram-us sii-surr-us iir-us rem-us tal-us vulg-us 3 Pultiphagus or pultifagus a 'pottage-eater' is a hybrid word ii. a. Compounds. fun- amb-ul- us privi - gn-us 5 ab- av-us pro - m-us 4 at- av-us J sup-pro - m-us 4 pro- av-us - JcaprT - mulg-us . ttrit- av-us Jscrofi - pasc-us |urbi- cap-us primi - pil-us 6 Jlaudi- coen-us pinni - rap-us con- d-us 4 con - serv-us seniT- de-us tper-enni - serv-us vene- fic-us /3 Greek Compounds. apo-log-us a-tom-us epT-log-us arch-i-tect- -us cithar-aed- -us para-sit-us a-sil-us crocodll-us poly-p-us astro-log-us dia-log-us 1 Or stylus. 2 Also written tophus. 3 The older form is volgus. 4 From con and da the root of da-re, and similarly we have promus, from pro and em the root of em-ere ' take' ; and so condus is e the man who stores or puts up,' (the primary meaning of do seems to be ' put '), promus e the man who brings out.' — See Key's Grammar, §§ 542, 544. 3 From primo and gen. See p. 4, n. 2. Some, however, connect it with the adjective privus. 6 Also written primopilus. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 31 FEMININES. Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in o. i. Simples. aln-us alv-us arb-ut-us 1 *balan-us bux-us 2 carb-as-us 3 *cedr-us •cer-as-us 1 citr-us 1 c5l-us 4 corn-us 1 *cytis-us *fag-us fic-us 4 frax-m-us hiim-us laur-us 4 lent-isc-us mal-us 1 mor-us 1 myrt-us 1 and 4 nard-us 5 *coryl-us orn-us *cupress-us 4 pamp-Tn-us 6 ii. Compounds. caprT- fic-us *papyr-us 7 pln-us 4 pir-us 1 pom-us 1 popiil-us *prun-us 1 Jsambuc-us 8 | sorb-us 1 Jspm-us tax-us Jvann-us ulm-us juni- per-us MASCULINES. Nominative ends in cus. Stem ends in co. i. Simples. bub-ul-cus ii. Compounds. juv-en-cus {a-verr-un-cus rem-ul-cus 9 *crit-icus med-tcus Jsic-il— icus vill-icus vitr-icus icus and ucus, ico and uco am-icus |mand— ucus umb-Tl-icus Jlumbr-icus 1 The tree is us, i, f., its fruit urn, i, n. 2 Buxus is properly the tree and buxum ' box-wood ;' but the dis- tinction is not strictly observed. 3 Also carbasa, orum. 4 Sometimes of the Fourth or U Declension. 5 Nardus and nardum are used loosely. 6 Also masculine. 7 Also papyrus, m. and papyrum, n. 8 Or sabucus. 9 Also neuter. 32 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — MASCULINES. Nominative ends in eus. Stem ends in eo. ac-ul-eus alv-eus aran— eus balt-eus 1 caduc-eus 1 calc-eus cas-eus cer-eus *clyp— eus 1 ciil-eus 2 cun-eus equ-ul-eus Jhinn-ul-eus laqu-eus mall-eus nucl-eus pll-eus 1 pliit-eus 1 put-eus urc-eus Nominative ends in ius. Stem ends in 10. This seems to be an adjective termination like the Greek to? : it appears in the Roman gentile names, as Tullius, Fabius, Sempro- nius. The corresponding neuter, ium, is more common, for it is largely used with verbal stems ; such is not particularly the case with ius, though we may notice an epithet of Jupiter, mentioned by Ovid, Fast. 3, 327, namely, Elicius,, which that poet derives from e-lic-ere. I. Simples. cong-ius JerTc-ius 3 fil-ius fliiv-ius Gen-ius ii. Compounds. se- mod-ius sesquT- mod-ius nunt-ius 6 glad-ius 1 *gob-ius 4 Ian— ius lud-i ius" 1 inter- nunt-ius 6 re- nunt-ius 6 milv— ius 5 mod-ius patr-ic-ius rad-ius ses- ter-t— ius ter- unc-ius 1 Also um, i, n. 2 Also spelt cullues. 3 Also ericeus. 4 And of the Third or Consonant Declension, the stem ends in ion, m. 5 More commonly milvus. 6 This is supposed to he a contraction of novi-vent-ius, and it would appear that the spelling, nuncius, is not so well authorized as the other form. It is well known that in derivatives novem slides down into non: and the word nundinae may be compared with a full adjective form, which appears in Horace's Epod, 17, 48, " JYovemdiales dissipare pidveres." If so, nuntius is the ' new-comer,' hence the ' news- Similarly, it is thought, nov-it-ius contains the root it, Cf. p. 11, n. 2; p. 19, n. 2, and p. 25, n. 1. bringer ' ' go ' compounded with novo. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — MASCULINES. 33 Nominative ends in ius. Stem ends in 10. arius, drio A question might arise, whether this termination should be put down as rius or as arius. Since it is added to substantives, it happens that many of those substantives have a stem ending in a : that is to say they are of the first declension, as ampull-a-rius, piscin-a-rius. Whereas, if the stem belongs to substantives of the third declension, we have a clear termination arius, as api-arius, falc-arius. If we have a word derived from the second declension the o of the stem is dropped, argento, argent-arius. We have concluded to say that arius is the termination in every instance, and that when the stem ends in a or o, the vowel is dropped. The meaning of arius is ' a man who has the care of anything,' as arment-arius ; or ' one who deals in anything/ as argent-arius. Similarly it will be seen that arium means ' a place where anything is kept.' Several of the words in this list are merely the masculine of adjectives ; and perhaps the same explanation might be hazarded for them all. Compare the adjective endings aris and alis ; and the Greek erios (ipto?). Some of the words denote things, and not persons, as sextarius ; and in Pliny or Columella you may meet with pult-arius, 'a porringer' used to hold 'puis,' (stem pult.) i. Simples. ac-tu-arius amp-ull-arius ann-iil-arius 1 "aqu-arius arc-ul-arius arg-ent-arius arm-ent-arius av-i-arius Jaurig-arius fcaep-arius jcap-s-arius cast-ell-arius cest-arius cet-arius cin-er-arius columb-arius cor-i-arius Jcov-in-arius Jcrust-ul-arius cultr-arius essed-arius falc-arius |fals-arius Jflamm-e-arius fug-i-tiv-arius Jhelci-arius horr-e-arius lat-ern-arius lec-tic-arius jlib-arius jlib-i-tm-arius libr-arius 16c— arius Or anularius. 34 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. Nominative ends in ius. Stem ends in 10. lor— arms mac-ell-arius mar-mor— arius Jmell-arius fmist-arius nav-i-cul— arius not-arius Jnumm-ul-arius ost-i-arius paus-arius Jparm-ul-arius Jpig-ment-arius pisc-m-arius Jplag-i-arius Jplum-arius pom— arius pore-In— alius pull-arius ret-i-arius ror-arii sel-1-iil-arius sex-t-arius sic-arius sol-e-arius tab-ell-arius tab-ern-arius tab-ul-arius Jtign-arius Jturd-arius vas-cul-arius Jvect-i— arius Jven-en-arius Jverb-en-arius vec-sill-arius 1 tvic-t-Tm-arius vi-61-arius utr— arius ut-ri-cul-arius Plautus (Aulul. 3, 5, 39) uses a word diabathrarius a ' slipper maker/ from diabathrum, an old word for a ' slipper / and in Epid 1,1, 35, scutarius a ' shield-maker / molochinarius also is is found in the Aulularia. Pliny, 3, 6, has a word doliarius a ' cooper,' ' wine-cellar j ' and in Caius so also Dig. 18, 1, 35, doliarium occurs, a laterarius a f brick-maker/ lateraria a l brick-kiln/ the latter found in Pliny, the former in Nonius. n. Compounds. in- cend-i-arius 2 {in- dusi-arius 2 bene- fic-i-arius 2 ef- frac-t-arius quadr- Ig-arius t super- ju-ment-arius ad- mis-s-arius e- mis-s-arius com- ment-arius pr- 61-et-arius con- sili— arius 1 ad- ver-s-arius erius and urius, erio and urio cant-erius long-urius sold-urii 1 Written with x. 2 These are all from neuters in ium, stem io, incendium, beneficium, &c. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 35 Nominative ends in lus. Stem ends in lo. General Observations on this Termination. Most of these words are diminutives, that is, they denote "a little one of the kind;" the terminations which have this force are ulus, cuius, olus, ellus, illus. See Key's Grammar, ^§ 198-209. The change of o and u presents no difficulty, and the syllable which is the groundwork of all must be ul or ol, cul or col; the forms ellus, illus, result from combination as will be shown. In English the termination appears as le and cle in words de- rived from the Latin ; but our own diminutive ending is kin, the same as chen in German — it has passed out of common use, and is seen chiefly attached to proper names, to which it gave a tone of endearment, Perkin for Peter, Wilkin for Will, Tomkin for Thomas, &c. But the Latin ulus and cuius have not always this force, some- times they denote merely an agent, as sacri-fic-ulus, though it will happen that some cases look as if an old diminutive had lost its force and become a general expression ; and in the cognate terminations ula, bula, culum, bulum, we have the full sense of an ' instrument.' ellus, ello Some of these words are formed by ulus added to substantives whose stem ends in ro or no, the vowel is dropped and the r or u becomes 7, thus agri-ulus gives agellus, asinulus gives asellus, and sometimes both forms coexist in the language : others result from ulus put on to a word which had already received that termination, these may be called secondary diminutives, as locellus for locululus ; in one word we find a tertiary forma- tion, or diminutives three deep, namely, agellulus ; so in the first declension we have puellula. The words in illus may be accounted for in like manner ; and among them might be reckoned the proper name Camillus, it is said to be Etruscan, and to mean a ' Minister of the Gods.' ag-ellus ang-ellus 1 t aust -ellus agn-ellus ann-ellus jbot-ellus jam-ellus as-ellus canc-elli 1 Angululus is found. 36 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — MASCULINES Nominative ends in lus. Stem ends in lo. cat-ellus cult-ellus fisc-ellus lib-ellus cap-illus cat-illus cod-ic-illus jfnt-illus haed-illus cuc-ullus loc-ellus 6c-ellus pop-ellus pore— ellus illus, illo lap-illus lup-illus X past-ill us X pax-ill us Jpug-illus ullus, ullo cul-ullus pu-ellus Jrast-ellus vit-ellus pulv-illus pup— illus quas-illus 1 ftax— illus Jvert-ic-illus len-ullus e-oluSy e-olo These are derived from substantives which have e, and the next list from those which have i, as part of their termination . alv-eolus ciin-eolus pil-eolus 1 calc-eolus mall-eolus urc-eolus capr-eolus fpasc-eolus I. Simples. fil-iolus ffor— iolus har-iolus i-olus, i-olo II. Compound. i. Simples. abac— ulus am-ic-ulus ang-ulus an-im-ulus mod-iolus Jpet-iolus 2 ses- ter-t-iolus ulus, ulo ann-ulus bac-ulus 1 calc-ulus 3 Jcal-ic-ulus 3 Jrad-iolus sim-iolus cal-yc-ulus 3 cap-ulus cat-ulus circ-ulus 1 Also neuter. 2 Afranius, quoted by Nonius, has pediolus. 3 In these words the c before ulus belongs to the stem of the primi- tives from which they are formed. SECOND OE O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 37 Nominative ends in lus. Stem ends in lo. elav-ulus cliv— ulus ciim-ulus dig-Tt-ulus Jequ-ulus fam-ulus Jfic-ulus fig-ulus foc-ulus for-uli glob-ulus haed-ulus ham— ulus hinn-ulus hire— ulus hort-ulus joc-ulus lec-t-ulus Jleg-ulus loc-ulus Jmann-ulus mod-ulus nep-ot-ulus nerv-ulus nid-ulus nod— ulus numm— ulus 6c-ulus pess-ulus pop-ulus porc-ulus pu-er-ulus Jpup-ulus ram-ulus ii. Compounds. sacri- fic-ulus scutT- ger-ulus 3 ad- 61-esc-ent-ulus reg-ulus riv-ulus sacc-ulus *scop-ulus l serup-ulus serv-ulus JsTt-ulus socc-ulus stim-ulus 2 tit-ulus tor— ulus Jtub-ulus tum-ulus vent-ulus vic-ulus vid-ulus vit— ulus con- volv-ulus Jin- volv-ulus As to the words bacidus and graculus it may be doubted whether they should be classed in this list or under cuius. cuius, culo Most of these words are derived from substantives of the third de- clension. The i before cuius is worth notice, it is sometimes the vowel of a stem which itself ends in i, as amni, igni ; sometimes it is a mere connecting vowel, as font-i-culus from the stem font : at other times it has arisen from u, as versi-culus from stem versu. We have, notwithstanding, in all cases separated it from the root. aes-culus Jbu— cuius ens-i— cuius am-a-tor-culus can-ali-culus fasc-i— cuius amn-i-culus caul-i— cuius flos-culus angu-i-culus Jcinc-ti-culus foll-i-culus ans-er-culus coll-i-culus font-T— cuius art-i— cuius *cun-i-culus frat-er-culus 1 Greek c-%oTtt\og (scopelos) ; e is changed to u ; in crapula , from xp«i7raX»j (craipale), a is changed to u. 2 And stimulum, i, n. 3 A similar word muneri-ger-ulus occurs in Plautus. E 38 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. Nominative ends in lus. Stem ends in lo. fun-i-culus pen-T-culus tsta-tT-culus Ign-T-culus pisc-T-culus sur-culus tlac-us-culus 1 pont-T-culus test-i-culus lat-er-culus Jport-is-culus tin-tinn-a-culi lep-us-culus pulv-is-culus vent-rT-culus lint-rT-culus }quaest-tT-culus verm-i-culus inar-culus rum-us— cuius 2 vern-a-culus orb-i-culus tsangu-r-culus vers-T-culus Jpann-i-culus tscrob-i-culus ungu-T-culus pass-er-culus jsens-i-culus utr-i-culus 3 ped-i-culus sirp-T-culus JVult-T-culus un-ciilus, un-culo The words ending thus, are mostly derivations from substantives having the stem ending in on : but four of them (avunculus, furunculus, lembunculus, and ranunculus,) actually have the ter- mination unculus ; hence we make a separate list. av~unculus horn— unculus petas— unculus carb— unculus latr-unculus pug~i-unculus cent-unculus Jlemb-unculus ran— unculus curcul-i— unculus len— unculus serni-unculus fur— unculus pect-unculus tir— unculus pulus, pulo We offer as a conjecture that the termination pulus, found in the following words, is analagous to the neuter termination bulum. i. Simples. disc-T-palus man-i-pulus 4 ii. Compounds. com- man-i-pulus con- disc-i-pulus On one occasion when comparing discipulus with muscipula, we were tempted to try and force an analogy between them, and to say that as mus-cip-ula a l mouse-catcher ' (that is ' a mouse- trap ; ) was formed from mus and cap, so perhaps discipulus might be compounded of dis and cap ; but though the stem disc, l teach/ is not a root in simple form, yet it is not right to assume that dis is the root : it might be die, or it might be di; and, on the whole, we have thought it better to hazard a termination pulus. 1 This word is remarkable; . the termination is added to the nomi- native case. Pulvis-cuhis is not a similar example, for the is of the nominative is seen as er in the oblique cases and is part of the stem. We should have expected laciculus. 2 From rumor • or changed to us, cf. lepusculus, &c. 3 Some MS. have uter-culus. 4 And by Syncope maniplus. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 39 NominoAive ends in nus. Stem ends in no. In many instances this is merely an adjective or participle ter- mination, and may be compared with the Greek mg (inos), tmg (einos), and y-wog (menos). cachin— nus cin-cin-nus tfur-ims pug-nus Jstur-nus tor— nus trib-u-nus vet-er-nus I. Simples. pll-anus publ-Tc-anus ii. Compounds. ante- pil— anus anus, ano Jsil— anus silv-anus Yule -anus ante- sign-anus -ac-mus 1 as-inus mus, ino cire-mus dom-inus tnc-inus ter-m— inus i- Simples* cam-inus cov-inus llber-t— inus n« Compounds. |con- ciib-inus inuSj ino liip-inus medi-ast-inus puly-inus Jsap-inus sobr-inus con- sobr-inus al-umnus umnus. unino- aut-umnus i. Simples. col-onus ii. Compound. co- epul-onus 3 patr-onus 1 Also acinum, i, and acina, ae. 2 We may also notice the proper names Picamnus, Portumnus, Ver- tumnus ; and an old word pisinnus, quoted from Labeo by a scholiast upon Persius " Crudum manduces Priamum, Priamique pisinnos" 3 And stem co'epulon, (coepulo, onis). 40 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES, Nominative ends in r or rus. Stem ends in ro. i. Simple. vir ii. Compounds. centum— vir 1 decem-vir 1 clunm-vir quatuor-vir 1 quindecim-vir fse-vir 2 quinque-vir tres-vir 3 semi-vir viginti-vir 1 septem-vir erus, ero hesp-erus hum-erus nuni-erus iit-erus 4 vesp-erus Galerus 3 a e kind of hat ' has e. er or erus, ero Some little difficulty is presented by masculines with nomina- tives in er, as ager, magister, &c, and according to theory the nominatives would be agerus, magisterus, like numerus, humerus ; this supposition is borne out by the fact that compounds from fer and ger are found both ways, that is, we find armiger and morigerus, although it generally happens that the form in us is used as an adjective. The difficulty is removed by admitting that the Romans could allow er to stand for a nominative, and preferred it to the longer form erus; while in the oblique cases agri, agro, &c. the e was often dropped, but the same case-endings used as in any other substantive whose stem was in o. ei\ ero i. Simples. ag-er fab-er lib-eri ap-er cap-er coltib-er fib-er gen-er gibb-er 6 pu-er Jscomb-er soc-er *cong-er 5 llb-er 1 These are generally, perhaps always, used in the plural. 2 Or sexvir; t one of a commission of six.' 3 Tresviri, orum ; the more common word is triumvir, which is used in the singular. 4 Also neuter, i. 5 Also congrus, i. 6 Also gibber, eris, and gibbus, i. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 41 Nominative ends in R or rus. Stem ends in ro. ii. Compounds. ar- bit-er lucT- fer 1 con- soc-er aquili- fer 1 armi- ger 1 pro- soc-er furcT- fer 1 pro- gen— er We find also the Greek word on-ager and on-agrus. I. Simples. ter, tero au-s— ter mag-is-ter 61-e-as-ter calam-is-ter 2 mm-is-ter % pin-as— ter cul-ter *• ii. Compounds. ludi- mag-is— ter ad- mm-is-ter Adulter. See remarks upon ' adult era, ,' p. 24, note 3. Nominative ends in sus. Stem ends in so. This is a participle termination. i. Simple. - fu-so ii. Compound. ac- cen-si Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in to, Tus is a participle termination. i. Simples. *bol-e-tus hor-tus lib-er-tus cub-i-tus lacer— tus mar-i-tus dig-T-tus leg-a-tus ven-tus fas-ti lec-tus if. Compounds. prae- fec-tus 3 juris- per-i— tus col- lib-er-tus juris-con- sul-tus com- mar-i-tus ad- voc-a-tus Stem ends in yo. Nominative ends in vus. acer-vus dl-vus 4 mil- vus 5 * aed-it-uus fug-iti-vus pat-r-uus card-uus llt-UUS 1 In these four words there is, properly speaking, no case ending, but a bare verbal stem concludes the word. 2 And calamistrum, i. 3 Properly an adjective. 4 Properly an adjective. 5 Milvius is also found. 42 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. NEUTERS. Nominative ends in um. Stem ends in o. The ending um, like v in Greek, appears in the nominative of neuters belonging to what is called the second declension ; we say- that the stem ends in o, as regn-um stem regn-o, for the reasons assigned at page 28. We would not, however, be quite sure that m actually is the mark of the neuter gender ; according to the theory maintained by the advocates of the new system we have (taking the older forms of the Latin languages) MASCULINE NEUTER Nom. xoyo-g (logos) domino-s Nom. |iAo-v (xulon) regno-m Ace. xoyo-y (logon) domino-m Ace. fiAo-v (xulon) regno-m A.nd from a comparison of other declensions we are forced to conclude that, for the masculine gender, s is the mark of the nominative, and m that of the accusative. In the third declension many of the neuters have no distinctive mark at all, and end in the bare stem, as th-^s (teichos) for r«x s ? (teiches), where the s is no mark of the nominative, seeing that it appears also in the accusative ; sometimes even a letter of the stem is dropped in the nominative, as a-w^a (soma) from stem c-w^aT (somat). If we could admit that m denoted gender, we could at once account for both cases being alike, without any distinct case- endings at all ; but upon these minute points it is very difficult to arrive at a certain conclusion. i. Simples. ac-in-um 1 bon-um *citr— um *acbn-It— um bux-um cocc— um aev-um Jcael—um coen-um alb-um cael-um 2 coll— um *amom— um call-um 1 col— um *anetk— um carbas-a 3 corn— um *ams-um carr-um 1 * cost-urn arbut-um cav-um 1 *croc— urn 1 arm-a Jcicc-um 1 *crystall-um aur-um *cinnam-um di-um 4 1 The masculine forms in us also occur. 2 Plural caeli (m) ; Ennius and other old writers make the singular masculine. The word is written coelum in some MSS. 3 And carbasus m. and f. 4 Sometimes divum. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 43 Nominative ends in um. Stem ends in o. dors-um 1 Jessed-um 2 ferr— um fll-um foen— um for— um frag-a fret-um Jgaes-um 2 Jgalban-um 2 *gar— um tglast-um Jgless-um 2 *hibisc— um fhil-um jug— um larid-um 3 lib-um lin— um 16r-um lut-um 4 lut-um mal-um mend— um ment-um mer-um *metall-um *mor-um myrt— um *nard-um nauc-um *nitr-um oppid— um 5 *ostr-um sag-um 1 sal— um sarrac— um sax— um *schoen-um 1 scut-um seb-um 7 ser— um sin— um 1 sol-um sorb-um J spar-urn 1 fspic-um 8 stann-um suppar-um 9 tab-um 1 tel-um terg-um tesc-a vail— um verb-um vin— um visc-um 1 vol-em— a ov— um tpalp— um *papyr-um Jped-um pil-um pir-um plumb-um pom-um pond-o 6 porr-um 1 prim-urn Iquadr-um rap-um rusc-um 1 Jusjurandum, in English we might hyphen two declinable words together, but we should not write them as one. The etymology of the word is plain. We leave the word remidcum ' a towing-barge ' or ' towing- rope ' to the consideration of the student. Two neuters occur with a nominative in us. vir— us volg— us 1 The masculine forms in us also occur. 2 These are foreign words. Glassum is supposed to be the same us our ' glass/ German glas. 3 Contracted lardum. 4 And luteum. 5 Supposed by some to be from the Greek word simt^oy (epipedon) i plane ' as opposed to arx the e citadel.' 6 The stem pondo alone is found without any case-endings ; so in the compound trepondo. 7 Also written sevum. 3 More commonly spica, f. 9 And masc. supparus, said to be from the Greek cwpapo; or anrapag (siparos) ; compare crapula and scutula from the Greek xpatTraAn and s-nvra'Kn (craipale, and scutate). 44 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. Nominative ends in um. Stem ends in o. it. a. Compounds. bi- du— um quatri- du-um tri- du-um com- mod-um in-com- mod-um /5. Greek Compounds. a-syl-um chiro-graph-um ttre- pond-o angT- port— um com- pit-um pro- tel-um 1 inter- vall-um bi- vi-um 3 quadrK- vi-um tri- vi-um melT-mel-a Nominative ends in cum. Stem ends in co. can-t-ieum class-icum icum, ico *tox-icum trit-icum Nominative ends in eum. Stem ends in eo. i. Simples. ador-eum aran-eum *aul-aeum baln-eum 3 cad-uc— eum 4 cast-5r-eum citr-eum 5 ii. Compounds. inter- flamm-eum gan-eum 6 liord-eum horr— eum lint-eum lut-eum must-ac-eum 7 61-eum ostr-ea 6 pll-eum 4 *trop-aeum trull-eum 4 vm-ac-eum 7 an— ea° *soli- ferr-eum 1 This word seems to mean ' a pushing forward/ and the verb pro-tel-a-re signifies ' to drive away, to protract.' Compare telum •' a missile.' 2 A word ambivium occurs in Varro as quoted by Nonius. 3 A fuller form balineum occurs. 4 Also masculine. 5 ' The fruit of the citron tree ; ' the tree itself is citrea, or more com- monly citrus, &c. 6 Also of the A declension. 7 Aceum is the neuter of an adjective termination, and must-aceum is a 'wine-cake;' compare Cato R. B. 121. " Mustaceos sic facito : farina e siligineae modium unum musto conspergito." The word is, as in this passage, sometimes in the masculine form. 8 'The inwards' or 'intestines;' aneum seems a termination put on to the word inter or intus, which signifies ' within.' In Pliny a word subtegulanea occurs in the sense of * pavements under cover.' SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — NEUTERS. 45 Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. The termination ium is put on to the stems of verbs, sub- stantives, and adjectives ; it may be compared with the feminine termination ia. With verbal stems it denotes an act, or a state, and often corresponds to our ing as foeni-sic-ium ' haycut-ting/ melli-fic-ium ' honey-make-ing,' homi-cid-ium ( manslay-ing.' With substantive stems it often has a collective force, as bi-noct-ium ' the space of two nights,' bi-du-um l the space of two days ; ' so bi-enn-ium, &c. Sometimes it is a matter of question, whether the stem is from a substantive or from a verb, as judic-ium ' judging/ augur-ium ' augur-ing 5 ' although as the verbs, judic-a-re, augur-a-re, are themselves derived from substantives, like numerous other verbs of the first conjugation, it is possible that the words in question are formed by affixing ium to the substantive-stems. 1. Simples. *absintli-ium adult-er-ium all-ium ap-ium arbitr-ium atr-ium aug-ur-ium auc-sil-ium 1 bas-ium brach-ium *carclies-ium cil-ic-ium eil-ium cis-ium *conchyl-ium cor-ium Jcrem-ia crep-und-ia cyb— ium dol-ium dom-m— ium fast-id-ium 2 fast-ig-ium 3 flam-in-ium fol-ium gland-ium grem— ium tgurgust-ium her-ed-ium hosp-it— ium jejun-ium jurg-ium tlam-ium lan-ic-ium 4 laut-ia lic-ium lil-ium 161-ium tlo-t— ium liid-i-br-ium 5 mag-ister-ium man-ubr-ium 5 med-ium mend-ac-ium I mil— ium mm-ium mm-ister-ium mun-ia 1 Written auxilium. 2 Is this word connected with fastu, now., fastus 3 Cf. vestigium. 5 In these words we have, properly speaking, a termination brium ; it will be seen further on that brum means an instrument ; and it is 1 pride ' ? 4 Sometimes spelt lanitium. curious that as the English for candelabrum is l candle-stick,' so for ludibrium it is ' laughing-stock,' and in German stock means ' stick.' 46 SECOND OH O DECLENSION, — -NEUTERS. Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. nasturt-ium ^obs-on-ium 1 od-iiim ost— ium 6t-ium pall-ium pec-ul— ium praec-6n-ium praed-ium praem— ium prae-tor-ium prand-ium pret-ium proel-ium sac-erdot-ium *sand-al-ium serin— ium se-min— ium sen-ium «il-ent-ium sol-ium somn-mm spat— ium spol— ium *stad— ium stiid-ium suav— ium 2 taed-ium vacc-in— ium vest-ig-ium 3 vit-ium There is a curious word cupedia, which also is found in the feminine cupediae, and signifies i nice dishes/ or i a fondness for dainties/ If it were not for the quantity of the e, we should say it was compounded of cupi i desire/ and ed ' eat ; ' but inedia has the e short. Laserpitium occurs ; the name of a plant. Vituperium is read in some doubtful passages of Cicero : the root pit is to be seen in con-vit-ium. 11. a,. Compounds. |cav- aed-ium in- cend— ium dis- cid-ium ex- cid— ium Jgeli- cid-ium } still!- cid-ium 4 jfordi- cid-ium homi- cid-ium matri- cid-ium parri- cid-ium tyranm- con- domi- siiper- Jsemi' man- muni- {parti- prin- post-prin- cid-ium cil— ium cil-ium 5 cil-iura cinct-ium cip— ium cip— ium cip-ium cip-ium cip— ia 1 Also written opsonium. 3 There is a verb vestlg-a-re. 2 Also savium. But its derivation is uncertain. The student would do well to inquire what the termination Ig means, (ef. fastigium.) it occurs by no means so frequently as zg, which is generally from dg ' drive.' 4 Cato, quoted by Festus, has a word stiricidium in the same sense, ' the falling of drops of water, &c.' 5 The cil in this word is curious. Is it merely a termination ai'ising from some diminutive of domus ? SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 47 Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. oc- prae- tbi- *tri- domi- inter- X prae- con- au- in- c- prae-ju- in- bi- quadri- quinqu- sex- tri- aedi- arti- bene- maie- melli- of- X pani- sacri- vene- con- Jde- ef- ppo- $ quinque- jtri- in- Jlumbi- nau- suf- identi- oon- cip-it-ium cip-it-ium clln-ium clm-ium coen- ium col-umn— ium cord-ia ciib-ium cup— ium dic-ium dic-ium dic-ium dii-s-ium enn-ium enn-ium enn-ium enn-ium enn-ium fic-ium fic-ium fic-ium fic-ium fic-ium fic-ium fic-ium fic-ium fic-ium fin-ium fliiv— ium fliiv-ium fliiv— ium f 61— ium fol-ium fort-un-ium frag-ium frag-ium frag-ium fric-ium fiig— ium dif- ef- per- re- regi- suf- trans- lati- in- lit- nav- prod- rem- com- ex- in- con- per- col- privi- sacri- aequi- J de- til- post- de- ob- al- col- e- tmulti- tpanci- jstulti- Jveri- di- inter- pleni- di- re- fug-ium fiig-ium fiig-ium fug-ium fiig-ium fug-ium fiig-ium fund— ium gen-ium ig-ium ig— ium ig-ium ig-ium it-ium it— ium it-ium jiig-ium jur-ium leg-ium leg— ium 1 leg-ium libr-ium lic-ium lic-ium Hm-in-ium liqu-ium Hv-ium loqu-ium loqu-ium loqu-ium loqu-ium loqu-ium loqu-ium loqu-ium lud-ium lun-ium lun-ium luv-ium med-ium 1 This word has two senses: one points to privus (stem, privo). another to primus (stem, primo). 48 SECOND Oil O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. com- merc-ium op- probr-ium dl- mid-iura pro- pud-ium 5 com- mil-it-ium re- piid-ium trT- mod— ium tri- pud-ium po- moer-ium 1 prae- put-ium inter- mund— ium prae- sag-ium aeqm- noct— ium Jdent!- scalp-ium bi- noct-ium post- scen-ium ' -ttri- noct-ium Itri- scurr-ia inter- nod— ium |foenT- sec-ium con- nub-ium 2 Ibi- sell-ium nunt-ium 3 sub- sell-ium inter- ord-Tn-ium ob- sequ-ium ex- ord-ium dis- sid-ium piim- ord-ia prae- sid-ium neg- 6t— ium ob- sid-ium bi- pal-ium sub- sid-ium com- pend-ium de- sider-ium dis- pend-ium con- sil-ium 6 im- pend-ium ex- sil-ium 6 sti- pend-ium 4 in- somn-ium sus- pend-ium con- sort-ium puer- per— ium au- spic-ium im- per— ium exti- spic-ium & sup- plic-ium haru- spic-ium Jcom- pliiv— ium igni- spic-ium im- pluv-ium lecti- stern-ium tre- po-t-ia J u " st-it-ium JassT- pond-ium sol- st-it-ium % centum - pond— ium su- spir-lum maim- pret-ium con- tag-ium. Also written pomerium. It is derived from po, which appears in post and pone, and moerus (stem moero), the old form of murus. 2 Sometimes connubiuffi. 3 See note on nuntius, in Compounds in ins. 4 This is the usual derivation, hut possibly endium may be a termina- tion ; if so, it should be divided stip-end-ium ; compare crepundia, n. The % is common. 5 The quantity of the o is common. 6 The root sil in these words is supposed by some grammarians to be no other than sed ' sit ; ' if so, consilium is ' a sitting together.* SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 49 Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. con- tic-m— ium 1 inter- tign-ium con- tub-era— iiim di- verb-ium pro- verb-ium tveri- verb-ium Greek Coinpounds. ■e-16g-ium em-por-ium per- vTg-il-ium con- vit-ium 2 con- vlv-ium di- vort-ium sub- urb-ium horo-log-ium pro-oem-ium Among the words which end in ium, are found a few which end in cin-ium and mon-ium. The latter looks like a mere termi- nation ; but in two of the words which have the former ending we have a reference to can, the root of can-ere ' to sing ; ' there can be no doubt about the word galli-cin~ium, which means the ■ f cock-crowing/ though there might be some dispute as to the word vati-cin-ium ; except however we take can in the sense of 6 playing a part/ that root will not apply to latro-cin-ium, ratio-cin-ium, &c. Note further, that from the stems' latron, ration, we ought to expect latroni-cin-ium, rationi-cin-ium — w r hereas the n of the stem is dropped. However, as the lists stand by themselves, the student may speculate upon them. Jgalli-cinium latro-cinium leno-cinium patro-cinium ratio-cinium tiro-cinium vati-ciniuui Compare the feminine mon-ia. Jal-T-monium merc-i-monium matr-i-momum patr — Tmonium test-i-monium vad-i-monium 1 The syllable in is difficult to account for; compare the word sterquilinium, 2 More commonly written convicium. 50 SECOND OR, O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. Nominative ends in ium . Stem ends in 10. This denotes the place where anything is kept, as aer-arium 1 a place where money is put/ avi-arium ' a place for birds/* ros-arium ' a bed of roses." Sometimes it denotes ' thing,' 'stuff/ as igni-arium ' fire-stuff* or c touchwood,' sub-arium 'a thing to wipe off perspiration/ ( a napkin ' or e handkerchief, sol-arium "' a sun-dial.' The termination is properly the neuter of an adjective, and, as before seen, the masculine arius means a person who has the care of anything. The feminine aria is rare. See p. 13 and 33. Some of the stems belong to the a declension, as rosa, corolla, tabula ; we have supposed the a to go out before the termination. i. Simples. ac-et— aria aer-arium aes-tu-arium alb-arium alv-e— arium ap-i-arium arm-a-ment-arium arm-arium auc-t— arium av-i— arium bell— aria brev-i-arium Jcalc-e— arium -calend— arium carn-arium cer— arium cet— aria clav— arium cochl-e-arium t column— arium columb— arium cong-i-anum coroll-arium di— arium don-arium fust-u— arium 1 Jglh— arium hon-or— arium Jign-i-arium lep-6r— arium lib-r— arium jloc— arium J m ell— arium mill-i-arium mort— arium J muse— arium jnub-il-arium os t-i— arium ostr-e— arium pan— arium 2 plant— arium pul-m ent-ariu m Jrat-ion-ariuni ros-arium sacr-arium sal-arium se-m in— arium sig-ill— arium sol-arium spol-i-arium sud— arium tab-iil— arium tep-id— arium J turd— arium vap- or— arium vas— arium |vel— arium vi- 61— arium vir-id— arium Jvit-i-arium 3 viv-arium ulm-arium pom— arium Dicterium in the sense of a sharp saying occurs in an epigram of Martial. Slparium has a. A cudgelling.' There is no stem fustu ; but fusti, nom.fustis. 'A bread-basket,' from stem pant, nom.panis: the vowel i disap- pears before the termination , whereas in igni-arium it remains. i ( 2 3 ( A place of vines, from stem viti. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 51 Nominative ends in ium. Stem ends in 10. ii. Compounds. com- ment-arium 1 e- rais-s-arium ad- ver-s-arium Generally signifies l a place where/ and is put on to participial stems ending in to or so ; the vowel of the stem disappears ; in fact, the words, with one or two exceptions, might be arranged cinder the headings torium and sorium. The word auditorium, besides meaning a 4 lecture-room/ de- notes also i a collection of hearers ; ' and for that sense of the word, it might be with greater propriety divided, auditor-ium. i. Simples. aud-it— orium 6per-t-orium port-orium ii. Compounds. |se- clu-s-orium con- dl-t-orium ol- fac-t-orium sud-at-orium tec-t-orium dir- ibi-t-orium 3 Jad- ju-t— orium pro-, mont-orium ten-t-orium tterr-it-orium 2 jre- pos-it-orium di- ver-s— orium 4 Hum and itium, tio and itio This termination may be compared with itia and ities ; it seem> i denote a state, as calv-itium 'bald-ness,' serv-itium 'slavery.' r.- Simples. calv-itium fcap-itium ii. Compounds. ex- erc-itium sol-a-tium flag-itium serv-itium sod-al-itium con- serv-itium 1 Also masculine. 2 Used in the sense of ' a district near a town,' according to Varroj who adds " quod maxime teritur." Whereas Frontinus says, "Territo- riuin est quidquid hostis terrendi causa constitutum est " (?) 3 Some would divide it di-rib-it-orium ; it is a difficult word. 4 And deversorium. 52 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. Nominative ends in lum. Stem ends in lo. Under this termination are many diminutives, as may be seen from the words ending in ulum, olum, ellum, and ilium ; the same remark applies to most words in culum ; but several substantives of the latter termination signify an instrument, as po-culum ( a drinking-cup,' fer-culum ' a tray ; ' a similar explanation may be given for nearly all those in bulum ; this termination may be com- pared with brum, when we consider that the liquids I and r are liable to be interchanged, as dexter, dextella. Cf. the cor- responding masculine and neuter terminations, i. Simples. *cymb-a-lum pre-lum tem-p-lum a *id-6-lum sib-i-lum 1 ve-lum 3 *nau-lum sorb-i-lum ii. Compound. ex- em-p-lum* ettum, ello This and the following termination are forms which result from contraction 5 for either ulum has been put on to a word which had received that ending already, as po-culum, stem po-culo, and then po-cul-ulum, contracted into pocillum; or else part of a stem ending in ro, no, or lo, has coalesced with the termination idum, &sJlag~ro, Jtag-rulum, fiagellum. 1. Simples. b-ellum 5 lab-ellum frut-ellum cast-ellum liic-ellum* sac-ellum cer-e-b-ellum mac-ellum scab-ellum 1 fl-a-b-ellum plost-ellum scalp-ellum 1 flag-ellum rost-ellum 11. Compound. tper- du-ellum 1 Also masculine. 2 Properly ' the space marked out for the purpose of taking observa- tions in augury, &c. ;' compare the verb ' contempla-rL' 3 Root veh ' carry.' 4 From the root em ( take ;' e a thing taken out/ c a specimen,' 'ex- ample ;' p is often inserted after m, as hiemps, templum, sumptus, $c* 5 Anciently written duellum, from duo i two ; ' perduellum* fi That is lucrulum l a little gain.' SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS, 53 Nominative ends in lum. Stem ends in lo. bac-illum bat-ilium 1 os-c-illum 2 pen-Tc-illum 1 ilium, illo pist-illum 1 po-c-illum sal-ilium si2:-illum spec-ilium teg-illum tig-ill um vec-s-illum 3 Villum for vinulum t small wine ' is found in Ter. Adelph. 5, 2, .11. olum, bio Is a diminutive like ilium ; it is put on to substantives whose stem end in io or eo. The final o of those stems is dropped, as the final a went out before the termination ola. e-blum, e-blo baln-eolum lint-eolum pil-eolum 1 tflamm-eolum i-olum, i-blo i. Simples. ac-tuar-iolum dol-iolum arm-ar-iolum tost-iolum atr-iolum 6t-iolum brach-iolum pall-iolum ii. Compounds. Jde- lic-iolum | com- ment-ar-iolum ulum, iilo Cf. the corresponding masculine and feminine terminations. i. Simples. oppid-ulum post-Tc-ulum prat-ulum Jrap-ulum sag-ulum saec-ulum sax-ulum |neg- de- pan-ar-iolum praed-iolum suav-iolum tec-tor-iolum ot-iolum ver-sor-iolum cap-it-ulum fcoc-ulum crust-ulum eb-ulum ep-ulum 4 erg-ast-ulum 5 jac-ulum jug-ulum 1 scu-t-ulum spec-ulum spic-ulum strag-ulum 6 teg-ulum fung-ulum vinc-ulum 1 Masculine forms in us occur. 2 That is os-cul-ulum ' a very pretty little mouth. 5 3 Written vexillum. 4 Unless this is e-pulum from ed i eat;' but the e is short, which is rather against that conjecture. 5 From the Greek stem erg-asta ' workman.' Lucilius, quoted by Nonius, uses ergastulus for ( a slave confined in an ergastulum.' 6 Is this stra-gulum from stra ' strew ' a root seen in stra-tus, stra- men. &c. ? 54 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. Nominative ends in lum. Stem ends in lo. ii. Compounds (in ulum). co- ag-ulum am- lc-ulum re- pag-ula mus- cup-alum 1 di- luc— ulum fin- strag-ulum 2 bulum, bulo Signifies an instrument, vessel, and is added on to the stems of substantives or verbs. I. Simples. acet-a-bulum pat-T-bulum tri-bulum 4 cun-a-bula rut-a-bulum tur-i-buluru lat-i-bulum Jsess-i-bulum ven-a-bulnm Jmend-ic-a-bulum sta-bulum vest-T-bulum pa-bulum 3 tin-tinn-a-bulum voc-a-bulum II. Compounds. con- cil-ia-bulum JniicT- frang-T— bulum in- cun-a-bula Jin- fund-i-bulum Identi- frang-T-bulum J ex- or-a-bula culum, culo Culum is sometimes a diminutive j at other times it means an instrument. It is often contracted into clum. Many of the words are merely the neuters of adjectives used substantively. i. Simples. Jasser-culum 5 corp-us-culum cub-i-culum coen-a-culum crep-ita-culum curr-i-culum cor-culum 6 crep-us— culum tfoen-us— culum corn-i-culum Jcrus-culum fer-culum 7 1 Also mus-cipula. 2 Is this stra-guluni from stra ' strew,' a root seen in stra-tus, stra-men, &c. ? 3 Root pa 'feed; so fod-der means ' that which feeds/ 4 Root ter, or tri e rub ;' whence ter-o, tri-vi. 5 Sometimes masculine. 6 This word is peculiar, the root is cord {cor, cord-is), analogy there- fore would, have led us to expect a diminutive cord-ulum, since cord- culum would have given an unpleasant collocation of consonants. 7 'A course of dishes at table ;' or rather the ' tray upon which the dishes are carried;' from the rooter 'bear.' SECOND OR O DECLENSION, — NEUTERS. 55 Nominative ends in lum. Stem ends in lo. Igal-eri-culum gen-i-culum giib-erna-culum hlb-erna-culum jec-us— culum jent-a-culum fjus-culum lat-us-culum mell-i-culum mir-a-culum mun-us-culum 61-us-culum 6p-er-culum op-us-culum 6r-a-culum os-culum per-I-culum pi-a-culum po— culum pond-us-culum tpug-na-culum raud-us-culum ret-i-culum 1 rld-i-culum sar-culum 1 spec-ta-culum ii. Compounds. re- cep-ta-culum Jcircum- -j-dis- cern-i-culum sus- sub- lig-a-culum re- ad- min-i-culum - con- per- pend-T-culum e- pro- pug-na-culum di- de- rid-i-culum spir-a-culum tstat-i— culum tab-erna-culum terr-i-culum tom-a-culum tor-culum tub-er-culum tus-culum vas-culum veli-i-cuflum tver-culum ulc-us-culum umbr-a-culum spir-a-culum ten-ta-culum tin-a-culum 2 ven-ti— culum verr-T-culum vert-T-culum A phrase subiculum fiagvi occurs, Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 13, and is explained by l qui flagris subjicitur ;' if that is the true reading we would divide the word sub-tc-ulum, and say that the root was ic, an old form of jac, which occurs in ic-tus, am-ic-ulum ; but some read sudiculum. Redimi-culum is ' a thing to bind round,' ' a band j ' there is a verb redimi-re, but its derivation is obscure ; the preposition red in the same sense as re occurs in many words, red-i-re e to go back,' red-d-ere 'to put back; but what is im-il It is not improbable that red is an older form of re, and prod (in prod-est, &c.) of pro ; if the ideas of ' back ' and l round ' may be referred to the same conception, for indeed going round is the act of constantly going back to the point you started from, then we may compare red with rot-a 'a wheel,' and perhaps with our rou(n)d. 1 Sometimes masculine. 2 There is no verb retina-re, but retine-re j' and according to analogy the word should be retinicidum ; but that form presents so many short syllables together. 56 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. i. Simples. ah-e-num da-m-num do-num fa-num fre-num 1 ii. Compound. i. Simples. bucc-inura 2 fasc-inum 3 Nominative ends in num. Stem ends in no. sig-num gra-num lig-num pru-num reg-num scam-num inter- reg-num inum, ino stag-num tig-num *tymp-a-num \j — ven-e-num tpast-inum ii. Compounds. tri- nund-inum {succ-inum Jtri- pat-inum mum, ino fcat-inum 3 lup-inum 3 alb-urnum Compare the feminine ina, p. 21. pist-tr-inum {tab-1-inum 4 {terg-inum sal-inum urnum, tlab-urnum urnum, urno vib-urnum Nominative ends in rum. Stem ends in no. This may be compared with pov {ron) in Greek, which is the neuter of an adjective termination. *ast-rura fulc-rum sac-rum *cent-rum lab-rum scalp-rum 5 flag-rum prob-rum s tup-rum The derivation of caliendrum l an ornament for the head/ and the Greek word barathrum is uncertain. 1 In the plural, masculine also. 2 There is also buccina. 3 Sometimes masculine. 4 A contraction for tabulinum which some read ; * a place where re- cords are kept.' 5 Celsus uses scalper, pri, m. also. SECOND OR DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 57 Nominative ends in rum. Stem ends in ro. brum, bro This and the following termination signify an instrument. i. Simples. fla-brum vol-iita-brum mem— brum vent-Tla-brum cand-ela-brum cer-e— brum cri— brum ii. Compounds. de- lu-brum An old word pollubrum, which signifies a e basin to wash the hands or feet in ;' the root lu means 'wash/ and pol may be for per, or for the old preposition por. i. Simples. amb-ula-crum lu-crum ii. Compound. i. Simple. crum, cro sep-ul-crum in- vol-u-crum erum, ero jug-erum sim-ula-crum ii. Compounds. Jse- mi-jug-erum Jsesqui- jug-eruru trum and strum It is sometimes difficult to say whether the s of words ending in strum belongs to the stem or to the termination ; the corresponding Greek endings are -rpov (iron) and c-rpov (stron). They are added to verbal stems and denote 'an instrument,' as ara-trum, apo-rpov (arotron) ' a ploughing-thing,' l a plough ;' or a locality, as thea-trum l a seeing-place.' *an-trum ar-a-trum trum, tro claus-trum 1 *elec-trum fer-e-trum Jfulg-e-trum 1 Perhaps the s in these words (plaustrum, &c.) has been changed from d of the roots claud, plaud, rad and rod. 58 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. Nominative ends in rum. Stem ends in no. haus-trum 1 mule— tram 2 plaus-trum 3 *plec-trum ras-trum 3 and 4 ros-trum 3 tru-trum scep-trum {tal-i-trum *tlie-a-trum trans— train ver-a-trum ver-e-trum vi-trum *alab-a-strum 5 tap-i-a-strum ca-stra 6 *can-i-strum strum, stro cap-i-strum col-o-stra 7 tlig-u-strum lu-stram mon-strum Jsal-Tc-a-strum *si-strum Nominative ends in sum. Stem ends in so. The words in this list are neuters of participles. They signify the result of the action of the verb. i. Simples. au— sum mul-sum jus-sum pas-sum mor-sum pen-sum In purpurissum the termination seems to be issum. sen-sum vi-sum ii. Compounds. con- ces-sum in- ci-sum ad- mis-sum com- mis-sum corn-pro- mis-sum pro- mis-sum re- spon-sum 1 From the stem hauri e draw,' (inf. hauri-re.) 2 From mulg-e-re to e milk.' 3 Perhaps the s in these words has been changed from d of the roots claud, plaud, rad and rod. 4 In the plural, more frequently masculine. 5 And alabaster, tri. m. 6 The singular castrum occurs in good authors in the sense of ' a fort.' The derivation is doubtful. 7 And of the A Declension. SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 59 Nominative ends in tum. Stem ends in to. i. Simples. ac-ta arbus-tum auc-tum bus-turn car-ec-tum 1 cer-a-tum 2 coep-tum con-a-ta cred-T-tum crus-tum dic-tum err-a-tum far-turn fa-tum fil-ic-tum 1 frus-tum Mostly neuters of participles. frut-ec-tum 1 fur-tum le-tum 3 lib-T-tum lup-a-ta mand-a-tum marm-6r-a— tum mer-i— tum mon-T-tum 4 mus-tum pac-tum pal-a-tum 5 pecc-a-tum petorr-i-tum 6 pos-tula-tum pulp-i-tum punc-tum sal-ic-tum 1 sci-tum scor-tum scrip-turn Jscrii-ta sep-tum ser-ta 7 spii-tum tab-iila-tum tec— tum tes-tum ver-u-tum virg-ul-tum 1 vo-tum pra— tum Vervactum is ' land ploughed up after lying fallow/ especially in the early part of the year, and is said to be derived from ver and ag-ere ; if so, this points to vag as the original form of the root ag, perhaps the same as our wag, wag-on, &c. i. Compounds. - in- cep-tum bene- fac— tum prae- cep-tum male- fac-tum re- cep-tum an- frac-tum 4 Jin- ces-tum jde- frii-tum Jde- coc— tum de- lie— turn de- cre-tum pol- luc-tum ac- cub-i— tum com- men— tum bene- die— tum pro- mer-T-tum e- die— tum ad- mon-i-tum inter- dic-tum e- nunt-ia— turn 8 male- dic-tum pro- nunt-ia— turn 8 ef- fa-tum X contra- pos-i-tum 1 Compare the termination ttum. 2 Or cerotum. 3 Or lethum 4 And of the U Declension masculine. 5 Sometimes masculine. 6 A foreign word, meaning ' a chariot or carriage ;' either from the Gallic pedicar 'four,' or from the old Greek niropsg {petores). 7 And serf a, ac f. See p. 32, n. 6. 60 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. Nominative ends in tum. Stem ends in to. Jinter- plebi- prae- pro- con- Jdis- in- con- punc-tum sci-tum sci-tum sec-tum sep-tuin sep-tum stit-u-tum stra-tum con- os- por- prae- con- e- in- sul— turn ten-turn ten-tum tex-tum ven-tum ven-tum ven-tum Exta is derived, according to Festus, from ex and sec, and is a contraction of ex-sec-ta (?) Lumectum occurs in Varro for ' a collection of thorns ; ' and as carec-tum is formed from the stem carec (nom. carex) we might look for a stem lumec ; but the word which is found in Varro in the sense of ' a thorn' is luma. Senatus-consultum is an example of two nouns being written as one ; so also paterfamilias. etum, eto Etum signifies a collection of things, or at any rate a place where things are collected, and by good authors is almost in- variably put on to a plant or tree, as quercetum 'an oak grove,' pin-etum ' a pin-ery.' Cicero, however, uses sax-eium for ' a place full of rocks.' ac-etum aes-ciil-etiim arund-m— etum cal-am-etum Jcorn-etum eor-yl-etum ciipress-etum dum-etum fic-etum jfim-etum frut-Tc-etum tfun— etum Iglabr-eta Senti-cetum is used by Plautus for f a place where brambles grow ; ' he is attempting a pun on the word sentis : " non enim es in senticeto : eo non sentis." Capt. 4. 2. 80. Veminetum i a place where osiers grow' is used by Varro. 1 And murtetum. There is also myrteta, f. 2 'An oil press ; also trapetus (m.), and plural trapetes (stem tra- pet). Perhaps it should rather be divided trap-et-um. il-ic-etum ljunc— etum laur-etum Jmas-cul-etum mor-etum myrt— etum 1 61— etum 61-iv-etum palm-etum pin-etum Ipop-iil-etum Jporc-ul-etum querc-etum ros— etum riib-etum Jsax-etum Jsep-ulcr— etum spln-etum ftem-etum *trap-etum 2 |tuc-etum virg-etum vin-etum Jvir-etum \ SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. 61 Nominative ends in tum. Stem ends in to. arg— entum 1 carp— entum en-turn, en-to flu— entum pil-entum *tal-entum ungu— entum men-turn, men-to This termination is put on to many verbal stems, and appears in English as ment, e. g. armament, firmament, fragment ; it corresponds to the termination men, and many words appear in both forms, as conamentum and conamen, levamentum and lev amen, tegmentum and teg men. See under men. i. Simples, aer-a-mentum al-i— mentum a-mentum arg-u— mentum ar-mentum arm- a— menta aug-mentum aequ-a-m entum atr-a-mentum auc-tor-a-mentum bland-i-mentum cap-ill-a— mentum cae— mentum 2 calc-e -a-mentum jcon- a-mentum cond-i-mentum cor-ona-mentum cruc-ia— m entum doc-ii-m entum dur-a— mentum ele-m entum 3 ferr-a-mentum fer-mentum fi rm- a-mentum form-a-mentum fund-a-mentum fo-mentum frag-mentum fru— mentum J glu-tina-mentum hon-est-a-mentum hor-ta-mentum I host-i-m entum lm-ita-mentum ju-mentum la-mentum lax-a-mentum len-i-m entum lev-a-mentum lib-a-m entum lib-ra-m entum lin- a-mentum ' lme-a— mentum 16 c-iil- a-mentum mach-m-a— m entu m med-ic-a— mentum med-ita-m entum m 61-1— mentum mo— mentum m on-u-m entum m un-i— m entu m I md-a-mentum nut-ii-m entum 6d-6r-a— m entum 6-m entum op- eii-m entum orn-a— mentum pal-ud-a-m entum pav-i-mentum ped-a-meutum tpen-Tcula-mentum Jpi-a-mentum pig-mentum plac-a-mentum pol-i— menta pul-m entum 1 Probably from the root arg ' white,' or l bright,' which appears in arg-illa ' clay,' and in several Greek words. 2 Perhaps from the root caed ( cut.' 3 Some say this is L M N-tum i.e. el-em-en-tum, as in Shakespere's King John. l< And then comes answer like an Absey book," i.e. ABC book. G 62 SECOND OR O DECLENSION, NEUTERS. Nominative ends in tum. Stem ends in to. pulp-a— mentum purg-a— m entum ra-m entum rud-I-m entum sac-ra— mentum sal-s-a— m entum sar— mentum Jsci-ta-menta sed-i-m entum ii. Compounds. co- ag-mentum in- can-ta— mentum ci-sa— mentum ci-ta-mentum ci-ta-m entum cre-m entum cre-mentum di-ta— mentum gno-m entum 4.XC- con- in- ex- in- ad- co- de- hon-est-a-mentum e- jec-ta-m entum m- tt-ia— mentum ad- ju-m entum de- lec-ta— mentum ob- lec-ta-m entum 1 de- len-i-m entum al- lev-a-mentum de- lir-a— mentum seg-m entum sep-i— m entum splr-a-m entum spiss-a-m entum sta-bili-mentum stern-uta-m entum stra-m entum | strig— mentum teg-m entum e- ir- in- ante- itn- Iprae- ex- com- ex- sup- in- in- in- de- tob- in- a- tem p-er-a— m entum ten-ta-m entum test-a— mentum to-m entum tor— mentum turb-a- mentum tut-a— mentum Yel-a-m entum vest-i-m entum mol-u— mentum rit- a-m entum stru-mentum pag— mentum ped-i— mentum ped-i— mentum per-T-m entum pie— mentum pie— mentum ple-ni entum qum-a-mentum stru— mentum teg-m entum tii-m entum tur-a— mentum vi-ta- mentum voc-a— mentum Nominative ends in vum or uum. Stem ends in vo or uo. ar-vum {er-vum i. Simples. febr-ua don-at-ivum ii. Compound. inter- pen-s-ivum END OF O DECLENSION. pasc-uum ol-ivum 1 Also ending in men, minis. THIRD OR I DECLENSION, We divide what is usually called the Third Declension into two parts : I. Substantives whose stem ends in I. II. Substantives whose stem ends in a Consonant. It will be seen that the second division is the more numerous, and that most of these substantives have a consonant immediately before the case-endings, as reg-is, reg-em ; so mont-em, lapid-em, ration-em, parent-em, &c. ; or as we express it, that the stem ends in a consonant. But the question is, are there any whose stem ends in a vowel ? In the first declension a predominates, in the second o, in the fourth u, and in the fifth e is perceptible ; it remains then to inquire whether or not we can establish an I Declension. If so, it would really be better to make a sixth declension. Take the substantives of which the nominative ends in es or is, and which do not increase hi the genitive, as nubes, navis. Now if you say that the stems are nub and nav, you may perhaps find no great difficulty in accounting for the other cases, but you must add es or is to form the nominative. But the analogy of the language seems to show that the nominative is either(«) the same as the stem, as musa, error, pater, imber, to say nothing of the neuters, fulgur, cadaver, &c. ; or else that it is(/2) formed by the addition of s, as hiem-s, princep-s. But there are peculiarities both ways. a The last letter of a stem is often dropped in the nominative, as stems ration, sermon, nom. ratio, sermo ; or there is a difference of vowel, as stem pectin, nom. pecten; or both together, as stem imagin, which is supposed to be equivalent to imagon, nom. imago. $ The nominative in s is often not recognised at first, by reason of euphonic changes; thus it sometimes unites with c or g and forms x, as from stems luc, pac, reg, we have the nominatives lues, pacs, regs ; obscured by the common orthography lux, pax, rex. At other times 64 THIRD OR I DECLENSION. the final letter of the stem is lost sight of, as from the stems lapid, custod, mont, frond, we have the nomina- tives lapis, custos, mons,frons; and occasionally a two- fold instance occurs, as with stem noct, where in the nom. you lose the t and find nox (noes). Still there is a strong probability in favour of s alone being the sign of the nominative, and as our theory gives us dominu-s (for domino-s), gradu-s, dies, so we believe in a stem navi, nom. navi-s, vi nom. vi-s, &c. Similarty, we think that the stem is nubi, although the nom. is nubes. For the vowels e and i are much confounded in this declension, the better MSS. give, for example, abl. sing, navi, nom. and ace. plur. navis, where the printed books often read nave and naves. Again, looking at the accusative singular we find evidence of an I Declension. If we are right in saying m is the sign of the accusative case, or in other words, what is added to form an accusative, as in penna-m, domino-m, fructu-m, and re-m, then such forms as ovi-m, turri-m, (and the ace. in im is the older form,) give us stems ending in i. And in the ablative singular we have ara, servo, gradu, spe, and, what again is the older and sometimes only form, turri, vi, &c. ; so that again we are led by analogy to an I Declension. We assume also that the neuters in e have a stem in i, mari, reti, &c. It often happens that a word has two stems, one ending in i, and another ending in a consonant, as plebi nom. plebes, and pleb nom. plebs. The first division then will contain those words which we suppose to have a stem ending in i> and they will be arranged under the following headings : — Stem i > i { Fern, and Masc. om. es }■> is a Us om. e » le z> re ll Stem i li y Neuters. ri ' THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 65 EEMININES. Nominative ends in es. Stem ends in i. :. Simples. aed-es lu-es sep-es caed-es mel-es 1 sord-es clad-es mol-es sti'ag-es caut-es nub-es stru-es crat-es pal-umb-es 2 sud-es 1 fam-es pleb-es tab— es fel-es 1 pub-es |veh-es l fid-es l rup-es vulp-es 3 lab-es sed-es i. Compounds. amb- ag- -e 4 com- pag- -es prae- sep-es' ind- 51- -es 5 fpro- pag- ■es 6 Icon- tag-es sob- 61- •es 5 MASCULINES. vat-es 8 vepr-es 9 verr-es The following occur in the plural number only i. Simples. lant-es Jgerr-es Man-es ii. Compound. m- aur-es 1 And nom. in is. 2 Also palumbus ; supposed to be a variety of coluniba. 3 Older volpes. Nom. vulpis occurs. 4 In the singular only the ablative is found ; the plural is more common. 5 These two words are from root 61 i grow/ which appears in ad-ol-escens ; ind or indo is the old form of in, sob is sub, and indeed the form sub-oles is often fouud. 6 Propago, inis, is more common. 7 Also praesepis, f., praesepe, n. praesepia, f. and praesepium, n, 8 Sometimes feminine. 9 Sometimes feminine ; the Dictionaries give us a nom. vepris also. 66 THIRD OR I DECLENSION. FEMININES. Nominative ends in is. Stem ends in i. I. Simples. ap-is av-is aur-is *bas-is bil-is J bur-is *cannab-is * cinnabar— is class-is clav-is clun-is 1 corb-is cut— is feb-r-is gru-is 2 riid-is mephit— is scob-is 3 mess-is sec-iir-is 4 n av-is se-ment-is 5 Jnep-t-is sit— is • -f-ningu-is J triad— is 6v-is turr-is pell-is tuss-is pelv-is vall-is 6 pest-is vest-is pupp-is vic-is 7 rat-is v-is J r av-is vit-is rest-is ii. Compounds. in- aur-es tpro- nep-t-is JquadrT- rem-is quinque- rem-is Jundecim- rem-is tri- rem-is con- vall-is The following occur more commonly in the plural, though singular forms of them may be met with now and then. for-es lact-es nat-es grat-es nar-es 6p-es We leave the word dmussis tor consideration. 1 Sometimes masculine. 3 And nom. scobs, stem scob. 2 Also nom. grus. 4 Probably from root sec ' cut.' 5 From root ser l sow,' as se-men, &c. 6 And nom. voiles. 7 The genitive ; the nom. sing, is not found. THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 67 MASCULINES. Nominative ends in is. Stem ends in I. i. Simples. amn-is ens-is pen-is, angu-is fasc-is pisc-is Jant-es fin-is 2 post-is ass-is 1 foil-is scrob-is 6 call-is fun-is sent-is can-is 2 fust-is test-is cass-is Iglan-is *tigr-is 7 caul-is 3 host-is 5 Jtorr-is civ-is 2 ign-is torqu-is 2 coll-is mens-is vect-is crm-is orb-is verm-is cucum-is 4 pan-is ungu-is ii. Compounds. per- du-ell-is {cent- uss-is 8 |oct- uss-is sem- iss-is Tdec- uss-is Quiris or curis is an old Sabine word for e a spear,' (See Ovid, Fast. 2, 477,) and is also found as the sing. of Quirites. The words tr-ess -is, vig-ess~is, to express ; three ass-es/ 1 twenty ass-es/ are of rare occurrence. Nominative ends in lis. Stem ends in li. i. Simples. alis, ali aequ-alis 2 fet-i-alis 9 sod-alis 10 can-alis 2 ii. Compound. con- tiibern-alis elis, eli pa-tru-elis m. and f. ilis, ili mug-ilis 11 m. strig-ilis f. I And fein. also written axis. 2 And feminine. 3 In older authors written colis ; from this, probably, we have our cole ' cole-wort,' &c. 4 The genitive cucumeris is also found. Cummer is in French concombre, just as numer-us is nombre. 5 The old form was fostis according to Festus ; and fostia for hostia. 6 And nom. scroh-s, stem scrob. 7 And feminine; the stem tigrid is also found, as gen. tigrid-is. 8 This and the following words are compounded from the stem ass (nom. as), a word used by the Romans to denote weight, or money value. 9 Sometimes written fecialis. 10 Probably from the root sed, ' one who sits at table, &c. with you.' II And nom. mugil. 68 THIRD OR I DECLENSION. NEUTERS. Nominative ends in e. Stem ends in i. i. Simples. Il-ia mill— e ret-e 2 man-e 1 moen-ia Jsirp-e mar-e ii. Compounds. con- clav-e prae- sep-e 3 in- sign-e 4 There are two compounds of doubtful etymology, in-sil-ia (n. pi.) supposed to be from the root sal, from which we have sal-ire to ' leap ; ' it is used in the sense of a ' treadle in a weaver's loom.' In-cll-e l a trench for conveying water/ is perhaps from the root caed ' cut/ d being changed to I, as in sella l a seat.' The word viridia i greens ' is the neut. pi. of an adjective. Nominative ends in le. Stem ends in li. ale, all There is not much to be said upon the meaning of the termina- tions under this division ; alis and His, ale and He are properly adjective endings and denote resemblance ; some have referred them to our word like or ly, Anglo-Saxon lie, German lich, in such words as God-like, good-ly, cwen-lic i queen-like/ lieb-lich 'love-ly/ &c. Aris and are do not appear to differ in meaning from alis and ale. dent-ale Jmag-alia ram-ale foe-ale map-alia t sec-ale 5 front-ale nav-ale 4 spond— alia fun-ale penetr-ale Jventr-ale gen-u-alia 1 This form alone occurs ; it is used as an ace and as an ablative, more frequently the latter. 2 The form retis, m. and f., is rare. 3 Also praesepes, v. p. 65. 4 More commonly used in the plural. 5 A sort of corn ' rye,' perhaps the origin of the French seigle. THIRD OR I DECLENSION. 69 NEUTERS. Nominative ends in le. Stem ends in li. The following names of feasts occur only in the plural. Bacch-an-alia Forn-ae-alia Portumn-alia Consu-alia Matr-alia Robig-alia Fer-alia Pag-an-alia Saturn-alia 1 Flor-alia Par-ent-alia Vm-alia 1 ele, cli Man-tele or mantile, which also appears as man-telium or mantelum, is said by Varro to be a form of manu-terium. lie, ili lit-ens-ilia, neut. pi. ; the root is ut i use ;' the syllable ens appears to be a participial or gerund ending ; li or ili is originally an adjective termination. lie, ili Many of these words denote places to keep anything in. anc-ile equ-ile mon-ile bov-ile 2 foen-ile ov-ile capr-ile hast-ile sed-ile cub-ile baed-ile Pal-Ilia ' feasts in honour of Pales ;' the termination alia, n. is more common with this meaning. Cato has mol-ile ' an instrument for turning a mill,' and Columella su-ile i a pig-stye. Soli-taur-ilia (n. pi.) is a sort of atoning sacrifice, supposed by some to be derived from solus (stem solo) ' entire/ and taurus (stem tauro) ' a bull/ By others it is thought to be a corruption of the fuller form su-ove-taur-ilia or su-ovi-taur-ilia, and to mean * a boar-ram-bull-offering,' that is, a sacrifice where each of those animals was offered. The latter is the more probable. Nominative ends in re. Stem ends in ri. alt-are alv-e-are 3 coil-are stre, stri apl-u-stre seg-e-stre 1 Also of the Second Declension. 2 Also written bub-ile by Cato. 3 Also nom. alvearium, stem alveario. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, In this division of the third declension, containing substantives which increase in the genitive, very many words will be found which have no termination, in which the root and stem are the same, the root being used as a stem. We have therefore, arranged the words according to the final letter of the stem, or, in other words, according to the letter immediately preceding is of the genitive ; and for the convenience of those to whom such a plan would be strange, we have headed the pages with the genitive case instead of the nominative, at the same time printing the words in the lists in the nominative, and giving before each list the last letter or letters of the nominative, the "genitive, and also of the stem. FEMININES. Genitive ends in bis. Stem ends in b. b-s, b-is, b plebs scrobs 1 urbs scobs trabs Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in c. x i. e. c-s, c-is, c calx 2 fax 3 mere calx {floc-es nex 3 crux 3 frac-es nux 3 faex lanx pax 4 falx lux 4 prex 3 fauc-es *lynx vox 4 1 The nominative scrobis is also found. 2 ( The heel j' sometimes masculine. 3 The vowel preceding c in the oblique cases is short. 4 The vowel preceding c in the oblique cases is long. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. *J1 MASCULINES AND FEMININES. Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in c. The following words, in all of which verbal roots are seen, are both masculine and feminine ; the vowel in the oblique cases is in every instance short. The roots are respectively die, due, fdc, jdc, lac, sec, and spic ; and it is worthy of observation that as far as the following words are concerned a always becomes i, but other vowels remain unaltered, except in the nominative case. i. Simple. dux ii. Compounds. in- clex 6pT- fex e- ITc-es ju- dex ponti- fex tfoeni- sex re- dux ob- jex 2 J re- sex tra- dux il- lex exti- spex carm- fex pel- lex 3 ham- spex 4 for- fex 1 The compounds of the root unc (seen in unc-id) are always masculines. de-unx sept-unx quinc-unx sesc— mix 5 Supellex shows the stem supellecttl in the oblique cases j we know not what to do with the word. We cannot decide about vindex, or say whether it is vind-ex or vin-dex. ax i. e. ac-s, de-is, dc forn-ax f. lim-ax m. f. Cato has a word fort-ax, which is explained to mean i the lower part of a furnace.' ex i. e. ec-s, ec-is, ec verv-ex (m.) The stem alec, which is sometimes written halec has generally the nom. alec, but sometimes the nom. alex ; the former is neuter, the latter feminine or rarely masculine. 1 See note on forceps. 2 This is the older form of the nominative ; more frequently written obex. 3 Some grammarians derive it from the Greek word 7ra.Wax.r1 {pcdlake), and not from lac ' draw.' 4 This word is not used in the feminine, for there is haruspica, ae. 5 Or sesqunx. 72 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. MASCULINES. Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in c. ex i. e. ec-s,. ic-is, ic cim-ex Jirp-ex pum-ex cod-ex 1 lat-ex ram-ex cort-ex irmr-ex rum-ex ciil-ex pod-ex sil-ex 2 frii-t-ex poll-ex sor-ex Jib-ex pul-ex vert-ex 3 imbr-ex Columella has dent-ex, a kind of fish. There is a plural pant-ices ' paunch,' used by Plautus and Martial. Sen-ex makes its oblique cases from the root sen, as sen-is, sen-i, sen-em, fyc. cal-ix forn-ix ix 1. e. ic-s, ic-is, ic var-ix- FEMININES. ex i. e. ec-s, ic-is, ic car-ex il-ex ix l. e. ic-s, ic-is, ic cox-end-ix *lar-ix stru-ix 5 fil-ix sal-ix *tom-ix 6 fiil-ix 4 I. Simples. ix i. e. ic-s, ic-is, ic cerv-ix Jjiin-ix nutr-ix corn— ix 16d-ix rad-ix cot-um-ix matr-ix *sand-ix 7 ii. Compound. vivT- rad-ix The Greek stems bomb-yc and cal-yc have the nominatives bomb-yx, cal-yx. Spad-ix, stem spad-ic, is masculine. The stem vibic makes the nominative vib-ex. 1 An older form is caudex. 2 Also feminine. 3 Often written vortex. 4 Also fulica. 5 The more common word is strues, stem strui. 6 Also written thomix. 7 Frequently written sandy x, yvis. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 73 FEMININES. Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in 0. trix i. e. tries, trie-is, trie This termination denotes a female agent. In very many in- stances it looks like an adjective. I. Simples. bell-a-trix can-trix cic-a-trix tcist-ella-trix cre-a-trix cul-trix dic-ta-trix dom-m-a-trix dom-i-trix tdur-a-trix Jes-trix fau-trix Jfic-trix gen-e-trix giib-ern-a-trix Jheb-et-a-trix jac-ul-a-trix II. Compounds. Jind- ag-a-trix inter- Jsub- ag-Tta-trix Jcon- Jre- bell-a-trix Job- tprae- cep-trix % de- re- cep-trix Jcol- Jdis- cep-ta-trix Je- con- cil-ia-trix com- Jcon- cit-a-trix e- Ipro- cre-a-trix im- Jnemori- cul-trix Icom- Jsilvi- cul-trix :J; ex- it pro- ciir-a-trix 1 com- e- diic-a-trix |sup- Xex- erc-Tta-trix |ex- ef- fec-trix Jex- jan-i-trix im-ita-trix laud-a-trix mer-e-trix mm-istr-a-trix mod-er-a-trix Jmol-i-trix Jna-trix Jnov-a-trix 6r-a-trix orn-a-trix Jpi-a-trix fpil-a-trix Ipisc-a-trix pis-trix Jpop-iil-a-trix Jpo-trix rec-trix {regn-a-trix sal-ta-trix sal-ut-a— trix fsarc-Tn-a-trix jserv-a-trix spec-ta-trix spec-iila-trix spol-ia-trix Jstim-iil-a-trix Jsud-a-trix tex-trix tons-trix ven-a-trix vic-trix ul-trix fec-trix jec-trix latr-a-trix le-trix lec-trix 16c-u-trix mend-a-trix mend-a-trix per-a-trix pet-i-trix plic-a-trix po-trix pos-trix probr-a-trix pul-trix 1 Pro is sometimes long, sometimes short. H 74 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in cis. Stem ends in c. cor- rup-trix con- sec-ta-trix con- serv-a-trix tcircum- spec-ta-trix ob- ste-trix Jin- stlg-a-trix tprae- stig-ia-trix con- con- con- per- Jex- in- ■ suas-trix • sul-trix ■ templ-a-trix ■ tem-p-trix ■ turb-a-trix ■ ulc-er-a-trix ■ voc-a-trix ox i. e. oc-s, oc-is, oc cel-ox Genitive ends in dis. Stem ends in d. i. Simples. fraus f. frons f. glans f. s, d-is, laus f. pes 1 m. d praes m. f. Yas 1 m. f. ii. Compounds. in- cus 2 f. semi- pes 1 m. subs- cus 2 f. sesqui- pes 1 m. ju- glans f. ob- ses 1 * nd 3 m. £ libri- pens m. prae- ses 1 and 3 m. f. com- pes 1 f. Cor, cordis, n. the stem and root is cord. as, dd-is, * lamp-as ad » f. i. Simples. her-es m. f. es, ed-is, ed merc- -es f. ii. Compounds. co- her-es m. f. ex- her-es m. f. i. Simples. bat-is 5 m. f. cass-is f. is, id-is, *cenchr-is f. cusp-is f. id ib— is 5 f. 1 The vowel of the root, i. e. the vowel immediately preceding d of the oblique cases, is short. 2 The u is long. 3 Is not directly a compound of prae and the root sed seen in sed-ere > but comes from praesid~ere. So also obses from obsid-ere. 4 Also lampada, ae. 5 Also of the I Declension. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. *J5 Genitive ends in dis. Stem ends in d. 11. a. Compounds. pro- muls-is f. 0. Greek Compounds. en- drom-is f. tri- et-er-is f. os, od-is, od i. Simple. cust-os m. ii. Compound. sub- cust-os m. us, iid-is, ud its, ud-is, ud ys, yd-is, yd pec-us f. pal-us f. *chlam-ys f. Genitive ends in gis. Stem ends in g. I. Simples. x i.e. g-s, g-is, g. frux 1 and 2 f. lex 2 f. strix 3 f. grex 3 m. rex 2 m. ii. Compounds. con- jux 3 and 4 m. f. inter- rex 8 m. il- lex 2 m. JRemez m. is from the stem rem-ig ; ig is a form of ag l drive.' Se-jicg-es or se-jug-i, m. pi., is applied to e six horses yoked in a chariot/ or ' a chariot drawn by six horses/ Genitive ends in lis. Stem ends in l. i. Simples. l } lis, I sal 3 m. n. sol 2 m. ii. Compounds. ni- hil 5 n. ex- sul m. f. con- sul 6 m. prae- sul m. pro-con- sul 6 m. Z, U-iSj 11 fel. n. mel n. 1 The nom. sing, is very rare. 2 The vowel of the root is long. 3 The vowel of the root is short. 4 Also conjunx. 5 Also stem ni-hilo, nom. ni-hilum, literally e not-a-hair ;' Mlum. 6 Connected with sed of sed-ere. 76 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. NEUTERS. Genitive ends in lis. Stem ends in l. al, al-is, al Compare ali, p. 68. The termination al is a contraction of ali ; and ali is properly the neuter of alis, an adjective termination. The complete form in ale is seen in some words. In the words Bacchanal ( a place where the feasts of Bacchus were solemnized/ and bidental ' a place blasted with lightning/ al signifies a place ; all the other words, it will be observed, denote tangible things of every-day use, as cervical ' a pillow/ toral l a carpet.' i. Simples. an-Tm-al cub-it-al {quadr-ant-al Baech-an-al J Mmerv-al 1 tor-al 2 cap-it-al Jmm-ut-al trib-un-aP cerv-ic-al piit-e-al vec-tig-al ii. Compound. bi- dent-al il, il-is, il mug-il 3 m. pug-il m. Genitive ends in mis. Stem ends in m. m-s, m-is, m Hiems, often written hiemps, hiemis, f. is the only word. Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. i. Simples. n, n-is, n lien 3 m. ren-es 4 m. Cctr-o, carn-is, f. has the stem cam. ii. Compounds. The following words are compounds of the verb can c sing or play.' It is observable that a modification of a verbal root, without any addition, is used as a stem: see the compounds of fer and^er, p. 41. Of the tendency of a to become i the following list gives us examples j so again the compounds in c, p. 71. corni— cen m. liti- cen m. tibi- cen m. fidi- cen m. os- cen m. tiibi- cen m. 1 * A teacher's fee.' 2 The nom. in ale occurs. 3 Also of the I Declension ; mug-ilis, is, lienis, is. 4 No singular form occurs. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 77 Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. \j • \j en, m-is, in lim-en n. pec-t-en m. poll-en 3 n. ungu-en n. \j • L/ flam-en 1 m. glut-en 2 n. ingu-en n. ts, in-is, in sangu-is f. Delphin, Inis, m. has I; delphinus } i, is also found, It is a Greek word. NEUTERS. men, min-is, rriin Compare mentum, p. 61. It sometimes denotes an instrument, as lu-men (from luc-ere) 'that which lights/ teg -men 'that which covers ; ' sometimes what results from an action, as f rag-men ' that which is obtained by breaking ;' so olsofarcimen 1 a sausage.' I. Simples, ac-u-men ag-men Jaug-men Jcael-a-men Jcan-ta-men car— men cer-ta-men Jclm-a-men col-ii-men con-a-men cri-men cul-men cur-va-men Jdoc-u-men 4 diir-a-men farc-I-men Jfirm-a-men fl-a-men 5 flu-men for-a-men frag-men fulc-i-men ful-men fund-a-men ger-men ges-ta-men X glom-er-a-men gra— men hor-ta-men lm-T-ta-men Jjuv-a-men Jlaet-a— men lev-a-men lig-a-men 6 Jlibr-a-men jliqu-a-men luc-ta-men lu-men med-ic-a-men mod-er-a-men mol-i-men Jm5-men mun-i— men no-men 7 nu-men 1 ' A priest;' to be distinguished from fla-men * a breeze/ 2 Also glutinum, i. 3 And poll-is, inis, f. m. A Sometimes docimen. 5 ' A puff of wind j' flamen, m. ( a flamen' is under en. 6 Sometimes ligamentum is read. ? It has been already indicated by the manner in which we have divided ignominia, ignorantia, Sec, that we consider the root to be gno not no ; this is plainly seen by comparing the root gno seen in yt-yyw-c-* w, «-yvo-£-w (gi-gno-sc-o, a-gno-e-o), and our word know, for g in Latin and Greek appears as h in English according to the canon established by Grimm, 78 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. NEUTERS. Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. o-men 1 tplac-a-men purg-a-men put-a-men reg-T-men sag— men se-men tsim-ula— men sol-a-men spec-i-men fspir-a-men sta-meu stat-u-men stra-men Jspec-ta-men -fsta-b ill-men su-men te°:-men 2 ten-ta-men tor-mina tu-ta-men vel-a-men Jver-mina vec-sa-men 3 vig-men {voc-a-men vol-u-men 4 Ldteramen ' an earthen vessel/ which occurs in one passage of Lucretius (6, 232) seems to give us a termination amen. ii. Compounds. ex- a-men 5 Job- dis- cri-men Je- }suf- fi-men prae- Jsuf- fla-men Jre- co- gno-men 6 ir- lec-ta-men liqu-a— men no-men 6 nov-a-men ri-ta-men Iprae- seg-men X re- seg-men %yq- spir-a-men sub- te— men 7 re- voc-a-men Abdomen is generally derived from abdo e I hide ;' but if this work is of any use at all, it will show that substantives derived from verbs are not formed from the first persons of those verbs. The root of abdere ' to hide ' is da ; and as that root sometimes assumes the form do, e.g. in do-num, do-nare, it may in ab-do-men. But at all events it is wrong to derive the word immediately from the first person of the present tense. alb-umen Jbit-umen umen, umm-is, umin cac-umen leg-umen feiT-umen 1 Varro gives an older form os-men ; cf. os-cen ' a singing bird.' 2 Older forms are tegumen and tegimen. 3 Generally written vexamen. 4 From volv ofvolv-ere volu-tum c to roll ;' u and v are the same letter. 5 For ex-ag-men. Hence it signifies ' a swarm of bees,' and also ' the tongue of a balance ' which is driven out of place when the balance inclines. 6 These words have the same root gno } both are compounds of nomen. 7 Sometimes written sub-tegmen. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 79 Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. o, in-is, in i. Simples. card-o m. marg-o f. turb-o m. grand-o f. ord-o m. vir-g-o f. hom-o m. f. ii. Compounds. semi- hom-o m. pro- pag-o f. com- pag-o f. a- sperg-o f. To these may he added the adjective pronoun nemo, com- pounded of ne and homo. FEMININES. do, din-is, din arun-do hirii-do hirun-do edo, edin-is, edin This termination seems to have gone out of fashion in later times, for in many cases we find in the older authors words ending in edo, whilst in the later writers they end in itas, as gravedo, gravitas ; this rule has its exception in dulcedo, dulcitas, the latter is used by Accius. The state or condition expressed by the root is the meaning conveyed by this termination • it corresponds with the Anglo-Saxon nes or nys, which we have as ness. i. Simples. *alc-edo 1 dulc-edo - *ter-edo cap-edo ffrig-edo torp-edo ciip-edo 2 grav-edo iir-edo ii. Compound. inter- cap-edo Absumedo is a word used by Plautus in the sense of * waste/ from absum-ere, with a play upon the syllable sum, " quanta sumini absumedo !" Capt. 4, 3, 3. 1 Sometimes halcedo, inis, and alcyone, es. 2 Sometimes written cuppedo. 80 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. FEMININES. Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in N. idoy ldin-is f idin It is observable that with the exception of crepido, which, if the etymology given in the note be correct, need present no difficulty, the words in this list denote a mental state, whereas most of those under edo denote a physical condition. crep-ido 1 form-ido liib-ido 2 cup-ido udoy ildin-is, udin i. Simple. test-udo from test-a ' a shell/ ii. Compound. in- qui-et-udo tudo, tudin-isj tudin In the same way as edo seems to have been preferred by the older writers, and itas by the later, *so tudo gave place to tas and itia or ities. The termination tudo is generally affixed to ad- jectives, but, as in the case of tabitudo, sometimes to other parts of speech. It denotes quality ; in English we have tude its derivative, and ness the Anglo-Saxon affix with the same force. We consider the i to be merely a connecting vowel. i. Simples. aegr-i-tudo fort-T-tudo nec-ess-T-tudo talb-i-tudo grav-i-tudo tnigr-i-tudo alt-i-tudo hab-i-tudo pingu-i-tudo am-ar-i-tudo lat-i-tudo plen-i-tudo ampl-i-tudo lass-T-tudo pulcr-i-tudo tar-i-tudo len-i-tudo Jsals-i-tudo beat-i-tudo lent-i-tudo sim-Tl-i-tudo Jcel-er-i-tudo lipp-i-tudo sol-T-tudo clar-i-tudo long-i-tudo Jtab-T-tudo crass-i— tudo moest-i-tudo turp-i-tudo Jdulc-i-tudo moll-i-tudo val-e-tudo firm-i-tudo mult-i-tudo vic-iss-i-tudo 1 Probably from the Greek stem x$ywi$ (crepid), nom. xpwrtg (crepis), the vowel being shortened. 2 Also written libido. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 81 FEMININES. Genitive ends in arcs. Stem ends in N. ii. Compounds. Jcon- cinn-i-tudo ab- sue-tudo cle- sue-tudo sol- lic-i-tudo 1 as- sue-tudo man- sue-tudo 2 dis- sim-il-i-tudo con- sue-tudo in- val-e-tudo veri- sim-il-i-tudo The following occur only in older authors. i. Simples. anx-i-tudo mis-er-i-tudo squal-i— tudo cast-i-tudo orb-i-tudo suav-i-tudo gem-Tn-i-tudo part-i-tudo tard-i-tudo frac-Tl-i-tudo poen-i-tudo temer-T-tudo ll-ar-i-tudo sanct-i-tudo tetr-T-tudo hon-est-i-tudo saev-i-tudo van-i-tudo laet-i-tudo sev-er-i-tudo vast-i-tudo macr-i-tudo sord-T-tudo ii. Compound. in- ept-i-tudo As to the division of perperitudo, prolixitudo, there might be some doubt. ago, agin-is, agin This termination seems to be joined on to substantives in the majority of cases ; it is not clear what is its force. It has been suggested that ago, tgo, and ugo are virtually the same termina- tion ; if this be the case, perhaps the observation just made will not hold good. cart-il-ago im-ago 3 sart-ago Jcor-i-ago Jmilv-ago vir-ago farr-ago J plumb-ago vor-ago Suffrago is 'the joint of an animal's hinder leg, the pastern joint/ Lappago, plantago, and tussilago are names of herbs. Indago i hunters' toils, nets, &c.' is a word of doubtful etymology. * Sometimes written solicitudo. 2 This syllable man is supposed by some to be from the old adjective manis l gentle.' Nonius says that it is from the stem manu, (nom. manus,) and maybe compared with the Greek %upo-n9~ns (cheiro-eth-es), said of animals that will ' feed out of the hand.' 3 It has been suggested that im-ago, im-ita-ri, and sim-ilis, and probably sim-ius ' an ape ' too, contain the same root. OZ THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. FEMININES. Genitive ends in nts. Stem ends in n. IgOj igin-is, igin i. Simples. cal-igo 6r-igo scatur-igo ful-igo porr-igo sil-igo lent-igo priir-igo tent-igo 161-igo Ipull-igo vert-igo mell-igo rob-igo 1 Jul-igo jment-igo ii. Compounds. Jde- pet- -igo im- pet-igo inter- tr-igo Ab-6r-igin-es, which means as it has been defined "people coeval with the land which they inhabit/' or at least 'people of whose migration to their country there is no trace/ has been generally explained to be from ab and or-igo (or the root of or-iri) ; but in the Political Dictionary it is suggested that this may not be the etymology. Esiirigo ( hunger ' is quoted by Nonius from Varro ; esuries is the word generally used. Consiligo tlae-sio pen-sio sua-sio tlap-sio Jri-sio Ju-sio lu-sio |r6-sio vi-sio 11. Compounds. oc- ca-sio . prae- cur-sio in- cen-sio 2 con- cus-sio re- cen-sio 2 dis- cus-sio abs- ces-sio per- cus-sio ac- ces-sio }re-per- cus-sio ante- ces-sio J sue- cus-sio con- ces-sio de- fen-sio de- ces-sio of- fen-sio dis- ces-sio con- fes-sio inter- ces-sio pro- fes-sio se- ces-sio Icon- fi-sio sue- ces-sio in- flec-sio 1 eon- ci— sio tsuf- fos-sio de- cl-sio con- fu-sio ex- cl-sio dif- f ii— sio in- cl-sio ef- fii-sio oc- cl-sio Iper- fii-sio prae- ci-sio pro- fu-sio con- clii-sio suf- fu-sio ex- clu— sio \ trans- fii-sio in- clu-sio ag- gres-sio inter- clii— sio di- gres-sio 3 con- cur— sio %e- gres-sio de- cur-sio in- gres-sio ex- cur-sio J prae- gres-sio in- cur-sio pro- gres-sio J per- cur-sio trans- gres-sio 1 For the words whose nominative end in xio, we have resolved the x into cs ; the letter c belongs to the root, and s is like what we find in the participial forms, missus, &c. 2 Incensio is ' a burning,' from the root cand of candeo. Hecensio is < a review,' from the root which appears in censere, census. 3 Degressio occurs as a various reading. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, 87 Nominative ends in nis. Stem ends in n. pro- lap-sio ir- ri-sio e- li-sio le- ro-sio col- lu-sio Ja- scen-sio il- lu-sio con- scen-sio pro- lii— sio de- seen-sio Jre- man-sio ex- scen-sio :di- men-sio 1 Jin- scen-sio a- mis-sio tpro- scis-sio com- mis-sio as- sen-sio de- mis-sio eon- sen-sio dl- mis-sio dis- sen-sio e- mis-sio prae- sen-sio im- mis-sio as- ses-sio inter- mis-sio Jcireum- ses-sio manu- mis-sio ob- ses-sio per- mis-sio pos- ses-sio praeter- mis-sio a- sper-sio pro- mis-sio re- sper-sio jre-pro- mis-sio re- spon-sio re- mis-sio dis- sua-sio sub- mis-sio per- sua-sio trans- mis-sio in- ten— sio con- nee— sio 2 eon- tu-sio tpro- pen-sio a- ver— sio per- pes-sio anim-ad- ver— si© €om- plec-sio 2 eon- ver-sio sup- plo-sio €- ver-sio # com- prehen-sio 3 in- ver-sio de- prehen-sio 3 r£- ver-sio com- pres-sio di- vi-sio im- pres-sio pro- vi-sio op- pres-sio a- vul-sio sup- pres-sio €- vul-sio de- pul-sio Jre- vul-sio im- pul-sio Jab- ii-sio 4t 1 In a doubtful passage demensio is read. 2 For the words whose nominative end in xio, we have resolved the x into cs; the letter c belongs to the root, and $ is like what we find in the participial forms, missus, &c. 3 The orthography of prehendo is disputed, and its etymology is uncertain ; very possibly the syllable hen is the root. It is often con- tracted to prensio. 88 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, Nominative ends in nis. Stem ends in n. tio, tion-is, tion. See under sion. i. Simples. ac-tio lec-tio ra-tio aper— tio lo-tio rec-tio auc-tio 16c-u-tio sa-tio cap— tio men-tio sanc-tio cau-tio tmin-u-tio scrip-tic > coc— tio mo-tio sec-tio cre-tio na-tio sol-xi— tic > da-tio no-tio spec-tio dic-tio op-tio sta-tio » duc-tio pac-tio tac-tio em-p-tio par— tio tinc-tio fac-tio pas-tio Jtrib-u— tio fic-tio pd-tio Jvec-tio func-tio por-tio Jven-tio ges-tio Jpunc-tio ul-tio junc-tio quaes-tio unc— tio la-tio Jrap-tio Jus-tio For demptio and sumptio, with their ( tompounds, see under Compounds ; we take it for granted that the root in these words is em } and that hence we have the verbs de-em-ere ' to take away,' and sub-em- ere, or by contraction summere or sumere, i to take up.' ■ ii. Compounds. tad- ac-tio ex- cep-tio ad- di-tio Jco- ac-tio in- cep-tio con- di-tio ex- ac-tio inter- cep-tio de- di-tio Jper- ac-tio per- cep-tio e- di-tio sub- ac-tio re- cep-tio per- di-tio Jex- ac-ii— tio sus- cep-tio dis-per- di-tio co- auc-tio {con- coc-tio pro- di— tio con- cen-tio ac- cre-tio red- di-tio Iprae- cen-tio con- cre-tio tra- di— tio ac- cep— tio se- cre-tio ven- di-tio 1 con- cep-tio agri- cul-tio ad- dic-tio 1 We have adopted Professor Key's explanation. See Latin Grammar, ^ 542. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 89 Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. bene- contra- e- in- inter- male- prae- ab- aquae- circum- con- de- tdi- ih- intro- ob- pro- re- se- sub- tra- ad- co- d- ex- inter- red- su- as-su- con-su- prae-su- ad- ex-cal- Ipate- satis- af- con- dic-tio dic-tio dic-tio dic-tio dic-tio dic-tio dic-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio duc-tio em-p-tio em-p-tio em-p-tio em-p-tio em-p-tio em-p-tio m-p-tio m-p-tio m-p-tio m-p-tio ep-tio fac-tio fac-tio fac-tio fec-tio fec-tio de- ef- inter- per- pro- re- Jcon- af- con- in- per- per- con- di- }e- a- co- ab- ad- con- de- e- pro- re- sub- tra- ad- con- dis- Jse- ab- col- de- di- e- pro- re- fec-tio fec-tio fec-tio fec-tio fec-tio fec-tio - fic-tio flic-tio flic-tio frac-tio fric-tio func— tio ges-tio ges-tio ges-tio gni-tio gni-tio jec-tio jec-tio jec-tio jec-tio jec-tio jec-tio jec-tio jec-tio jec-tio junc-tio junc-tio junc-tio 1 junc-tio la— tio la-tio la-tio la— tio la— tio la-tio la-tio sub- Jsuper- trans- fde- col- e- neg- se- Jcircum- Jde-re- al- circum- col- e- inter- dl- im- ad- per- ta- ad- com- per- re- Jprae- ad- com- Jim- tde- jex- pro- Jinter- con- cor- dl- la-tio la-tio la-tio le-tio lec-tio lec-tio lec-tio lec-tio lT-tio lic-tio lic-tio loc-u— tio 2 16c-u-tio loc-u-tio 16c-u-tio 16c-u-tio mm-u— tio 3 mm-u-tio mis-tio 4 mis-tio mo-tio mo-tio mo-tio mo-tio mo-tio no-tio nup-tio op— tio pac-tio pac-tio pas-tio pie— tio por-tio punc-tio ques-tio rec— tio rec-tio 1 Sometimes read dijunctio. 2 This and the following three words are often written with c ; c and qu are pronounced alike, and many words are written both ways, as cum, quum, &c» 3 Also deminutio. 4 Also written admixtio. 90 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. e- rec-tio tpor- rec-tio con-sur- rec-tio cor- rep-tio e- rep-tio ab- rup-tio cor- rup-tio dl- rup-tio e- rup-tio ir- rup-tio ta- scrip-tio 1 con- scrip-tio circum- scrip-tio cle- scrip-tio ift- scrip-tio Iper- scrip-tio prae- scrip-tio pro- scrip-tio sub- scrip-tio con- sec-tio lex- sec— tio Jinter- sec-tio con- sec-u-tio 2 sec-u-tio 2 sec-u-tio 2 sen-tio ser-tio ser-tio ex- per- as- as- Jde- Jcon- sT-tio in- si-tio ab- sol-ii-tio dis- sol-ii-tio ab- sorp-tio circum- spec-tio in- spec-tio Jsu- spec-tio tin- sti-tio super- sti— tio di- stinc-tio ex- stinc-tio in- stinc-tio Jre- stinc-tio con- stT-tu— tio de- stl-tu-tio in- stT-tu-tio re- sti-tu-tio {a- stric-tio con- struc-tio de- struc-tio ex- struc-tio in- struc-tio Job- struc-tio sub- struc-tio con- tem-p-tio at- ten-tio con- ten-tio in- ten-tio Jre- ten-tio con- tor-tio dis- tor-tio at- trac-tio con- trac-tio de- trac-tio dis- trac-tio re- trac-tio at- trib-u-tio dis- trib-u— tio ad- vec-tio circum- vec-tio in- vec-tio praeter- vec-tio sub- vec-tio trans- vec-tio con- ven-tio co- n-tio 3 in- ven-tio con- vie— tio in- unc-tio tper- unc-tio de- vo-tio Je- vol-u-tio ad^ us-tio amb- us-tio a-tio, d-tion-is, a-tion In the lists we print the termination without subdivision ; we are confessedly inconsistent, and have assigned our reasons in the Preface. The a is the final letter of the Stem or Crude Form. There seemed some advantage in keeping so large a class by themselves, or they might of course have been printed with those ending in Hon only. i. Simples. tac-erv-atio adulter-atio 4 aegr-ot-atio 1 For ad- scrip-tio. 2 Often written con-sequu-tio, Sec. 3 This is often written concio, and derived from con and cio or cieo; but the better spelling is contio, which is most probably a shortened form of con-ven-tio * a coming together,' * a meeting,' ' assembly,' &c. Cf. Note 2 on p. 19, and 6 on p. 32. * See adultera, p. 23, n. 3. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 91 Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. aem-ul-atio aequ-atio aes-tim— atio ag-Tt-atio al-i-en— atio alt-erc-atio am-atio amb-ul-atio an-im-atio apr-ic-atio aqu— atio ar— atio arct-atio ar-en-atio arg-u-ment-atio Jarg-u-t-atio ar-iet-atio ar-tT-cul— atio aug-ur-atio aurig-atio aus-cul-t-atio Jbacch— atio bas-i— atio | each-inn— atio X calig-atio eap-Tt-atio cap-t-atio cast-ig-atio " castr-atio cat-en— atio cav-ill-atio *cel-ebr-atio cert-atio ces-s-atio cir-ciil-atio clar-ig-atio claud-Tc-atio coen— atio col-ostr-atio con-atio cre-atio crem— atio cri-min-atio cub-atio cunct— atio cur-atio curv-atio damn-atio tdec-uri-atio dic-atio dign-atio div-in-atio dom-in-atio don-atio diib-it-atio ej-iil— atio ep-iil— atio equ-it-atio err-atio fabr-ic-atio fasc-in-atio fat-ig-atio fen-er-atio fest-in-atio fig-ur-atio Jfist-uc— atio flag-it-atio fluc-tu-atio form-atio Jform-ic-atio fraud-atio tfrequ-ent-atio Jfric-atio fru-ment-atio frustr-atio Jfru-tic-atio fulg-iir-atio ful-mln-atio Jfund-atio Jgel-atio gem-in-atio y-f \j gen-er-atio ger-min-atio ges-t-atio ges-ticiil-atio |glom-er-atio glor-i-atio grad-atio grat-ul— atio giib-ern-atio gns-t-atio hab-it— atio haes-it-atio fhar-iol— atio {heb-et— atio hort-atio J hum— atio jac-t— atio jac-iil— atio lm-ag-Tn-atio Tm-Tt-atio joc-atio lt-er-atio jjiig-atio _ lac-er-atio lacr-ym— atio la-ment-atio Jlap-id-atio lav-atio laud-atio leg-atio lev-atio X lib— atio lib-er— atio ITc-it-atio lign— atio lit-atio loc-atio luct-atio liic-ubr-atio lustr-atio lymph-atio mach-in-atio 92 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in wis. Stem ends in n. med-Tt-atio X mell-atio X met-atio migr-atio I m in— atio X mir-atio mis-er-atio mod-er-atio mod-iil-atio mon-str-atio mulct-atio mur-mur-atio mut-atio mut-u-atio narr-atio neg-atio Jnic t-atio no-min-atio no-t-atio num-er-atio Jnut-atio obscur-atio occ-atio 6d-6r-atio 6p-er-atio op-in-atio opt-atio or-atio ord-in-atio os-cul-atio 6v-atia pa-bul-atio palp-it-atio pamp-in-atio past-Tn— atio peri-clit-atio X pi-atio plac-atio pop-iil-atio Iport-acio pos-tiil-atio po-t-atio praed-atio prec-atio prens-atio priv-atio prob-atio prop-er-atio publ-Tc-atio {piig-il-atio pul-s-atio pulv-er-atio purg-atio put-atio quass-atio Jquir-it-atio rog-atio X rog-i t-atio ror-atio riim-Tn— atio runc-atio rus-tic-atio sal-1-atio san-atio Jsauc-i-atio sed— atio sim-iil-atio spec-t-atio spol-i-atio st— atio sterc-or— atio stim-ul-atio stip-atio stip-iil-atio strang-iil— atio siid-atio X sug-ill-atio 1 tab-iil-atio tax— atio temp-er-atio ten-t-atio {ter-ebr-atio ter-min— atio X tert-i-atio tes t-atio tit-ill— atio ti-tub-atio tol-er— ation trac-t-atio trep-id-atio triic-id-atio tiim-ultu-atio turb-atio X turb-in-atio vac-atio Ivac-ill-atio Jvag-atio vap-or-atio X var-i-atio "vast-atio Jveot-atio vel-it-atio X vell-Tc-atio ven— atio ven-er— atio Jvent-il— atio Jverb-er-atio X verm-icul-atio verm-in-atio vern— atio ver-s— atio vec-s-atio vi-ol-atio visc-er-atio 1 Sometimes written suggillatio. THIRD OB, CONSONANT DECLENSION. 93 Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in s. ulc-er-atio vol-iit— atio vuln-er-atio vit-atio vit-iiper-atio Comissatio ' a revel/ is derived by some from the Greek XW| uo; (comos) ■ by others it is written com-essatio, and derived from com and ed-ere ' to eat.' The quantity favours the former de- rivation. Inddgatio is supposed by some to be from the old preposition indo and ag-ere ; but this is dubious. %Meri-di-atio is formed from meridies, and signifies ' a noon- day sleep, a siesta/ Nundin-atio from nundinae. See p. 21, note 3, Vitruvius has the following words : — libr-atio mor-atio nod-atio line-atio ii. Compounds. co- ac-erv-atio dis- cep-t-atio ex- aequ-atio con- cert-atio Jsub- a^-it-atio Jde- cert-atio co- ag-ment-atio con- cess— atio Jper- agr-atio con- cil-i— atio Jco- ag-ul-atio re-cori- cil-i— atio ab- al-i-en-ati Jlatro- cin-atio }de- amb-ul-atio ratio- cin-atio in- amb-iil-atio vati- cin-atio ex- an-im-atio anti- cip-atio co arc-t-atio man- cip-atio tco- ass-atio e-man- cip-atio |ex- aug-iir-atio re- cip-er-atio in- aug-ur-atio re- cip-roc-atio de- b-ilit-atio 1 con- cit-atio de- cac-umin-atio in- cit-atio Jinter- cal-atio os- cit-atio tex- cav-atio re- cit-atio 1 Debilis appears to be contracted from de and habilis. 2 Also written recuperatio ; the absurd etymology proposed for this lvord is noticed in the Preface. 94 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. ac- clam-atio ab- con- clam-atio de- de- clam-atio in- ex- clam-atio J G " re- clam-atio di-ju- suc- clam-atio prae- Jnomen- cl-atio vin- de- clar-atio tde- de- clln-atio in- in- clin-atio ven- con- coen-atio e- Jagri- col-atio per- Jper- col— atio ex- de- col— or-atio ab- per- cont— atio |inter- re- cord-atio prae- in- corp-6r-atio con- tde- cort-ic-atio tef- tpro- cras-tin-atio de- pro- cre-atio af- |dis- crep-atio of- ac- cub— atio VOCl- in- cub-atio aedi- con- culc— atio ex-aedi- oc- cult-atio m-aedi- ac- cum-ul-atio ampli- nun- ciip-atio grati- oc- ciip-atio lQdi- Jac- ciir-atio Jmodi- pro- ciir-atio 1 paci- con- cur-s-atio purT- oc- cur-s-atio sacri- per- cur-s-atio signi- pro- cur-s-atio testi- in- curv-atio veli- ac- cus-atio versi- ex- cus-atio J Icapri- in- ciis-atio re- re- ciis-atio Jtrans- dic-atio dic-atio dic-atio dic-atio dic-atio dic-atio dic-atio dign-atio dign-atio di-t-atio duc-atio egr-m-atio erc-it-atio err-atio f-atio f-atio farr-e-atio fasc-in-atio fat-ig-atio fec-t-atio fen-s-atio fer-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio fie— atio fic-atio fic-atio fic-atio frig-er-atio fig-ur-atio Pro is sometimes long, sometimes short in procuro. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 95 Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. af- firm-atio co- hort-atio con- firm-atio ex- hort-atio in- firm-atio co- g-it-atio 1 con- fl-atio ex-co- g-it-atio in- fl-atio Imit- lg-atio Isuf- fl-atio nav- ¥g-atio lef- flag-it-atio Iprae-nav- ig-atio con- flagr-atio Ipraeter-nav- Kg— atio de- flagr— atio Irem- lg-atio in- flamm-atio ex- ist*im— atio af- flict— atio con- jec-t-atio con- flic-t— atio ob- jec-t— atio suf- foc-atio lob- Ir-atio con- form-atio con- jug— atio de- form-atio ab- jur— atio in- form-atio con- jur-atio re- form-id-atio e- jur-atio suf- frag-atio ob- jurg-atio lef- fren-atio col- lacr-ym-atio Jre- fren-atio de- lacr-ym-atio Isuf- fren-atio ab- laque— atio Jre- fut-atio col- laud-atio Icon- gel— atio re- lax-atio Icon- gem-in-atio de- lec-t-atio pro- gen-er-atio ob- lec-t-atio ag- ger-atio ab- leg-atio ex-ag- ger-atio al- leg— atio Ifami- ger-atio de- leg-atio fmori- ger-atio re- leg-atio Ire- germ-in-atio lal- lev-atio con- glob-atio e- lev-atio con- glut-in-atio de- llb-er— atio co- gn-atio Iper- libr-atio i- gno-r-atio pol- lic-it-atio con- greg-atio sol- li'c-it— atio ex- Jia.1— atio lal- 1 ig-atio an- hel-atio col- lig-atio lex- her-ed-atio ob- lig-atio ad- hort-atio Ire- lig-atio Compounded of the prefix con or co, and ag the root of ago. 96 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. de- lir— atio co- opt-atio Job- litt-er-atio ad- 6r-atio col- 16c— atio p£r- 6r-atio X inter- luc-atio ex- orn-atio col- luc-t-atio ex- os-ciil-atio il- lu-str-atio neg- 6t-i-atio Ja- mand-atio pro- pag-atio prae- med-it-atio ap- par-atio com- mem-or— atio com- par-atio com- mend-atio prae- par-atio e- mend atio se- par-atio com- ment-atio r£- past-m-atio di- mic— atio sup- pgd-it-atio com- min-atio ap- pell-atio e- min— atio com- pell-atio ad- min-istr-atio inter- pell-atio ad- mir-atio com- pens-atio com- mis-e>-atio dis- pens-atio ac-com- mod-atio im- pens-atio im- mod-e>-atio im- petr-atio im- mol-atio ex- pi— atio de- mon-str-atio {com- pll-atio com- mor-atio ex- pil-atio rfe- mun-gr-atio J pro- pin-atio 3 com- mun-ic-atio Jcom- plan-atio ad- mur-miir-atio ex- plan-atio pro- mulg-atio 1 ap- plic— atio com- mut-atio du- plYc-atio im- mut— atio con-du- plic-atio per- mut— atio ex- plic-atio trans- mut-atio im- plic-atio e- narr— atio re- plic-atio e- nod-atio sup- plic— atio an- not-atio com- plor-atio r£- nov-atio de- plor— atio Jdi- num-e>-atio 2 ex- plor-atio e- num-e^-atio im- plor-atio m- oc-iil-atio de- pop-ul-atio 1 The etymology of this word i9 explained, p. 4, n. 2. J Or denumeratio. 3 The quantity of the preposition is common. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 97 Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. ap- Jas- com- fde- ex- ex- jcircum- Jcom- Xper- de- Jcom- de- im- inter- ap- com- im- ex- ap- re- de- ex- im- op- pro- co- pro- sup- ex- am- com- dis- re- con- in- ir- ir- cor- de- ab- ar- port-atio port-atio port-atio port-atio port-atio pos-tiil-atio po-t-atio po-t-atio po-t-atio prav-atio prec— atio prec-atio prec-atio pret-atio prob-atio prob-atio prob-atio probr-atio prop-inqu-atio pud-i-atio pugn-atio pugn-atio pugn-atio pugn-atio pugn-atio pul-atio puls-atio pur— atio purg-atio piit-atio piit-atio piit-atio piit-atio quas-s-atio qui-et-atio rig-atio rit-atio nv-atio riv— atio rog-atio rog-atio e- inter- ir- pro- te- con- tper- fex- con- ob- as- con- in- as- re-prae- dis- con- ob- as- con- de- as- con- de- as- dis- in- in- dis- con- dis- con- tin- de- ex- in- de- a- |de- a- con- rog-atio rog-atio rog-atio riig-atio rug-atio sal-ut-atio sal-iit-atio scre-atio seer— atio secr-atio sec-t-atio sec-t-atio sec-t-atio sen-t-atio s-ent-atio ser-t-atio serv-atio serv— atio sev-er-atio sid-er-atio sid-er-atio sign-atio sign-ation sign-ation sim-ul-atio sim-iil— atio sim-iil atio sin-u-atio sip-ation soc-i-atio soc-i-atio sol-atio sol-atio spec-t-atio spec-t-atio spec-t-atio sper— atio spern-atio spic-atio spir-atio spir-atio 98 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION, Genitive ends in NTS.. Stem ends in n. ex- spir-atio re- trac-t-atio inter- spir-atio con- trec-t-atio re- spir— atio de- trec-t-atio su- spir-atio ob- trec-t-atio re- stagn-atio Jde- trunc-atio in- staur-atio Job- trunc-atio con- stern-atio ex- tub-er-atio Jdi- still— atio con- turb-atio in- still— atio dis- turb-atio de- stin-atio per- turb-atio ob- stin-atio ad- iil-atio 2 a- stTp-ul-atio J ex- ulc-er-atio re- stip-ul-atio ad- umbr-atio con- sul-t-atio Jab- und-atio ex- sul-t-atio J ex- und-atio in- sul-t-atio in- und-atio con- sum-m-atio Jred- und-atio con- tab-iil-atio ie- va«;-atio J re- tard-atio Je- vap-or-atio in- teg-r-atio 1 prae- var-Tc-atio con- tem-pl-atio nu- n-ti-atio 3 in- ten-t-atio de-nu- n-ti-atio 3 os- ten-t-atio e-nu- n-ti— atio 3 sus- ten-t-atio ob-nu- n-ti-atio 3 ex- ten-u-atio pro-nu- n-ti-atio 3 de- ter-min-atio r£-nu- n-ti-atio 3 de- test-atio a- ver-s-atio ob- test-atio con- ver-s-atio con- tign-atio tergi- ver-s-atio con- tin-u-atio in- vest-ig— atio per- trac-t-atio per- vest-ig-atio 1 Forcellini gives the etymology of integer as in and tago, an old word supplanted by tango. This is the explanation of the word ; but it is not in any way confirmed by the existence of the word tago, for the n of tango is no part of the root, and the student has probably long since learnt that it is the root that is found in compound words. The root is t, a short vowel, and g ; we find it either as teg, tag, or tog. 2 This is the way Professor Key divides this word (v. Grammar, § 981, note* ); he gives as the primary meaning ' to wag the tail at/ and connects the syllable ill with cauda ' a tail.' Cf. p. 20 ; n. 2. 3 See p. 32, n. 6. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 99 Genitive ends in nis. Stern ends in n. Jin- vet-er-atio J per- vTg-il-atio +de- vit-atio Je- vit-atio in- vit-atio a- voc-atio ad- voc-atio con- voc-atio e- voc-atio in- voc-atio pro- voc-atio re- voc-atio jS Greek Compound. para- sit-atio Infitiatio, sometimes written inficiatio, is a difficult word. See p. 9. Scarificatio 'a lancing, * scarification,' (printed by mistake scarifictio, in Bailey's Forcellini,) is a Greek word. Obscuratio a derivative through obscwo from obscurus • which Forcellini says "has been explained as from ob and an unused adjective scurus, perhaps for c-xtt-pos (skieros) 'shady.'" I. Simples. Igumm— itio mon-itio ii. Compounds. co- erc-itio de- b-itio 1 in- hib-itio ad- mon-itio com- mon-itio ab- 61-itio i. Simples. aud-itio cond-itio dent-itio dorm— itio esiir-itio fm-itio i~tio, i-tion-is, i-tion pos-itio sorb-itio ap- par-itio ap- pos-itio com- pos-itio de- pos-itio dis- pos-itio J ex- pos-itio l-tio, i-tion-is, i-tio llg-ur-itio 2 mol-itio mun-itio Jmut-itio 3 part-itio tu-itio vom-itio im- pos-itio inter- pos-itio op- pos-itio prae- pos-itio pro- pos-itio sup- pos-itio pet-itio pol-itio Jquaes-itio Jsarr-itio sort-itio 1 A contraction of de and hob of hab-ere. 2 Sometimes written ligurritio. 3 Sometimes muttitio. 100 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. ji. Compounds. ex-in- an-itio com- mun-itio con- quis-itio suf- f-itio prae- mun-itio dis- quis-itio de- fin— itio ex- ped-itio in- quis-itio ^in- fin-itio im- ped-itio e- riid-itio de- len-itio 1 ap- pet-itio prae- sag-itio de- mol-itio re- pet— itio sub- sort-itio circum- mun-itio ex- pol-itio The Greek word heros, hero-is ( a hero/ stands alone. Genitive ends in pis. Stem ends in p, ps, p-is, p i. Simples. daps 2 f. stips 2 f. stirps m. f. *hydr-ops 3 m. Gryps, gryphis, m., or sometimes gryphus, i, is a Greek word. Siremps is a curious word. ii. Compounds. The following words are compounds of the root cap of cap- ere. The vowel found in the stem is i. They are adjectival in character, and of either gender. tcommunT- ceps man- ceps parti- ceps for- ceps 4 muni- ceps prin- ceps Genitive ends in nis. Stem ends in n. i. Simples far 5 n. fur 3 m. f. lar 2 r } r-is, m. r ver 3 n. ii. Compounds. tri- fur 3 m. ag- ger 2 m. 1 Also delinitio. 2 The vowel is short in the oblique cases. 3 The vowel is long in the oblique cases. 4 For-ceps means ' a pair of pincers or plyers/ for-fex ovforf-ex ( a pair of scissors j' in later Latin the word forpex is used in the sense of forfex. Is ceps from cap and fex (fees) from fac ; if so, what is the meaning of for ? 5 The r is double in the stem. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 101 Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in R. s, r-is, r aes n. j ug land2 n# pus 1 cms 1 n. mas 3 m. ros 1 m. flos 1 m. mos 1 m. rus 1 glis 1 m. miis 1 m. f. tiis 1 and 4 n. jus 1 and 2 n. 6s 1 n. Hir is used once by Cicero (2 de Fin. c. 8). It is neuter and indeclinable, and is explained as for x"P (cheir). It signifies * the palm or hollow of the hand used in tasting wines/ NEUTERS. ar, ar-is, ar tbacc-ar 5 luc-ar *nect-ar jiib-ar 6 The indeclinable instar is a difficult word. ar, ar-is, ar Some of these words look like the neuters of adjectives in arts, and some are found terminating in are also. The terminations al and ar are closely related. i. Simples. calc-ar laque-ar piig-ill-ar 7 Jcochl-e-ar lup-an-ar -f-sol-i-ar col-umb-ar pal-e-ar torc-iil-ar 8 lac-iin-ar ii. Compound. ex- em-pl-ar i. Simples. er, er-is, er ac-er n. carc-er m. cic-er n. cad-av-er n. 1 The vowel of the stem is long. 2 The one signifies ' right,' the other ' broth.' 3 The vowel of the stem is short. 4 Also written thus. 5 Also baccaris, is, f. ; sometimes spelt bacchar. 6 Rarely masculine. 7 More commonly pugillares, m. pi. 8 Also torcularium (stem torculario) and torculare. 102 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in ms. Stem ends in r. imb-er m. pass-er m. Jtiib-er m. lt-er 1 n. pip-er n. tub-er n. las-er n. proc-er— es m. ub-er n. lat-er m. sil-er n. verb-er n. lint— er f. sis-er n. vesp-er 2 m. mul-i-er f. sub-er n. voni-er 3 pap-av-er n. -ii. Compound. | act- pens-er 4 m. The Greek words aer, m. and aether, m. have c long. er, (e)r-is, (e)?' 5 tit-er m. ter, t(e)r-is, t(e)?^ i. Simples. fra-ter m. pa-ter m. ven-ter m. ma-ter f. sequ-es-ter 6 m. ii. Compound. ac- cip-i-ter The Greek words clyster, m. and crater, m. liave the genitive in teris. is, er-is, er cm-is m. f. pulv-is m. f. NEUTERS. us, er-is, er In the last list we saw words with a stem ending in er having the nominative in is ; in this list er is seen in the nominative as us, and in a following one or also will appear as us. The inter- change of r and 5 is very common ; in Latin in er-o esse, ger-o ges-si, s-crib-is scrib-er-is, &c. ; in German and English in hase hare, &c. ; but see Key's Alphabet, n. ac-us JglSm-us 7 6n-us foed-us lat-us 6p-ns gen-us ol-us pond-us 1 In the oblique cases the stem it-in-er is used. 2 And of the O Declension. 3 Also vomis, eris. 4 In Festus aquipenser is found. 5 The genitive ends in trls ; we include an e in a parenthesis to in- dicate that trls is a contraction of teris. 6 Also sequester, ti\, rn. 7 And stem glomo, nom. glomus, m. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 103 Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in n. fraud-us 1 sld-us *ulc-us riid-us vell-us vuln-us scel-us visc-us 2 There is an indeclinable opus ( need/ and in Terent. Andr, 1, 5, 30, per opus occurs. or, or-iSy or ad-or 3 m. arb-or f. *marm-or n. aequ-or n. cast-or m. NEUTERS. ur, or-is, or eb-ur jec-ur 4 rob— ur 5 fem-ur us, or-is, or I. Simples. corp-us litt-us 7 pign-us dec-us nem-us sterc-us fac-in-us pec-us temp-us fe-n-us 6 pect— us terg-us frig-us ii. Compound. de- dec-us There is a masculine lep-us, stem lep-or, l a hare. 5 1 Also written rodus and rudus. 2 More frequently used in the plural, vise-era , &c. 3 Sometimes the form ad-or occurs. 4 In the oblique cases the stems jec-in -or and joc-in-or are found, as well as the stem jec-or. 5 The nominative appears in older Latin under the following forms also : robor, robus, robos. 6 Also foenus. The root is foe, as we see it in foe-tus, foe-cundus, Sec, and means ' to produce.' So the Greek word is tox-o; \toTtos) from the root tsx (tek). 7 Often written litus. 104 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. MASCULINES. The masculines in or are derived from verbs and adjectives ; they are abstract nouns, as am-or 'love,' dol-or 'pain/ err-or c wander-ing.' It is worth notice that for many of these words the nominative is found in os as well as in or, honos, labos, lepos ; aud in older Latin, amos, colos, and some others, which after- wards always had the nominative in or. Jac-or fulg-or plang-or aegr-or fur— or pxid-or alg-or hon-or Ipiit-or Jam-ar— or horr-or Jputr-or am-or huni-or rig— or ang-or lab-or riib-or ard-or langu-or riim-or Jcald-or lent-or sap-or cal-or lep-or l son-or cand— or lev-or 2 sop-or can— or liqu-or splend-or clam-or liv-or squal-or clang— or Jlur— or strid-or Jclar-or Jmad-or Istring-or col-or Jmarc-or stiip-or crem-or moer-or sud-or cru-or Jnruc-or ten-or fcurv-or nid-or tep-or dec-or Jnigr— or terr-or dol-or nit-or tim-or err— or 6d-or torp-or fav-or 61-or trem— or ferv-or Jpaed-or tiim-or foet-or pall-or vap-or frag-or pav-or vig-or frem-or Jpigr-or TJdor and uvor are met with in Varro in the sense of ' moisture ;' the former however with a various reading, sudor. Soror and uxor are feminine. '&5 1 More commonly lepos. 2 Strictly laevor. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 105 Genitive ends in kis. Stem ends in r. sor, sor*is } sor Sor and tor are affixed to verbs and signify a male agent i one who — s.' The Saxon er has the same force. Strictly speaking in English, er should never be added to a word of Latin origin, nor or joined to Saxon roots j but the rule is sometimes broken. I. Simples. cen-sor mes-sor ses-sor cur-sor Jo-sor spon-sor fos-sor - plau-sor sua-sor lu-sor tpran-sor ton— sor men-soi Jri-sor Jvi-sor ii. Compounds. ante- ces-sor col- lu-sor ob- ses-sor de- ces-sor pro- mis-sor pos- ses-sor inter- ces-sor tap- plau-sor con- spon-sor suc- ces-sor com- pran-sor re- spon-sor Joc- ci-sor op- pres-sor jcon- sua-sor ante- cur-sor re- pres-sor dis- sua-sor ex- cur— sor de- pul-sor a- ver-sor prae- cur-sor ex- pul-sor anim-ad- ver-sor per- cus-sor im- pul-sor de- ver-sor 1 Jex- e-sor ar- ri-sor e- ver-sor de- fen-sor de- ri-sor Jsub- ver-sor pro- fes-sor Jir- ri-sor di- vi-sor t circum- fos-sor as- sen-sor Jpro- vi-sor Jper- fos-sor con- ses-sor XI- vul-sor re-pre- hen-sor tor, tor-is^ tor i. Simpl es. ac-tor da-tor fic-tor {al-tor doc-tor Jges-tor auc-tor due-tor lec-tor can-tor em-p-tor lie-tor carp-tor fac-tor Jm5-tor cau-tor fau-tor pac-tor cul-tor far-tor par-tor With a various reading diversor. 106 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in ms. Stem ends in r. pas-tor pic-tor pis-tor po-tor quaes-tor 1 rap-tor rec-tor rup-tor sa-tor % sane-tor Jsar-tor scalp-tor scrip-tor sculp-tor sec-tor sec-u-tor spre-tor sta-tor struc— tor su-tor tec- tor tex-tor tor-tor tri-tor tu-tor vec-tor ul-tor unc— tor us-tor Praetor is generally allowed to be a contraction of prae and it the root meaning ' go,' 'the one who goes before;' so ' leader, * general.' There is a compound pro-praetor. There is also a word circitor 'one who goes round to see all is right,' used in later Latin. Whether the t in these words is termination or root will be seen by comparing the words in or with these in tor. ii. Compounds. co- ac-tor ex- ac-tor J trans- ac-tor ac- cep-tor in- cep-tor inter- cep-tor prae- cep-tor | re- cep-tor de- coc-tor agri- cul-tor con- di-tor ere- di-tor per- di-tor pro- di-tor tra- di-tor ven- di-tor con- due-tor de- due-tor per- due-tor re- due-tor tra- due-tor con-stf- m-p-tor ex- em-p-tor 3: per- em-p-tor red- em-p-tor male- fac-tor con- fee-tor de- fee-tor ef- fee-tor in- fee-tor inter- fee-tor per- fee- tor Ire- fee-tor con- jec-tor laf- flic-tor J sub- jec-tor ad- ju-tor X ad- junc— tor legis- lat-or Jal- lec-tor ob- loc-u-tor tsub- mo-tor Jpost- par-tor re- per-tor com- po-tor pro- quaes-tor cor- rec-tor X cor- rep-tor e- rep-tor cor- rup-tor Jvitl- sa-tor a- scrip-tor circum- scrip-tor per- scrip-tor ' tpro- scrip-tor sub- scrip-tor . lex- sec-u-tor as- ser-tor de- ser-tor con- si-tor in- si-tor in- spec-tor ex- stinc-tor in- stinc-tor in- sti— tor Icon- sti-tu— tor An old form is quaes-itor. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 107 Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. re- sti-tu-tor in- struc— tor con- sul-tor de- sul-tor con- tem-p-tor con- tor-tor ex- tor-tor Jde- trac-tor con- vec-tor t ad- ven-tor in- ven-tor inter- ven-tor con- vic-tor re- unc— tor Pollinctor ' the washer of a corpse/ offers matter for conjecture. Many of these wor 1. Simples. aem-ul-ator Jaen-e-ator aes-tim-ator ag-it-ator al-e-ator alt-erc-ator am-ator amb-ul-ator aqu-ator ar-ator Jarb-or-ator aus-cult-ator aux-ili— ator Jbaln-e-ator Jbas-i-ator bell-ator bucc-in-ator 1 cad-uce-ator cael-ator Jcal-ator Jcalc-ul-ator cal-umn-i-ator can-t-ator cap-t-ator Jcap-ul-ator cast-ig-ator Jcav-ator a-tor, a-tor-is, a-tor ds are only found in one or two passages. cav-ill-ator cess-ator circ-iil-ator clam-ator clav-ator cre-ator cri-mm-ator cunct-ator ciir-ator dic-t-ator dom— ator dom-in-ator jdorm-it-ator jdu-ell-ator fabr-Tc-ator fa-biil-ator jfell-ator fen-er-ator firm-ator |fist-ul-ator flag-Tt-ator form-ator fraud-ator fren-ator frond-ator frii-ment-ator Jfulg-iir-ator fund-ator gen-er-ator ges-t-ator glad-i-ator tgliit-in-ator Igrall-ator grass-ator grat-ul-ator gub-ern-ator hab-it-ator haes-it— ator hort-ator jac-t-ator jac-iil-ator im-it-ator joc-iil-ator jur-ator 1-ator lap-Id-ator latr-ator laud-ator lib-er— ator libr-ator lic-Tt-ator lign-ator lit-Tg-ator 2 tlitt-er-ator 1 Sometimes written bucinator. 2 The ig in this, and many, if not all the words in which it appears is ag of ag-ere; the word might therefore, with more strictness have been placed amongst compounds. 108 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. luct-ator mach-in-ator Jmact-ator mall-e-ator Jmand-ator merc-ator met-ator min-istr— ator nilr-ator mod-er-ator mod-iil— ator mon-str-ator mor-ator narr-ator na-t-ator Jnav-i-cul-ator Jnav-Tg-ator niig-ator obs-6n-ator occ-ator occul-t-ator Jo-mTn-ator 6p-in-ator 6r-ator orb-ator ord-in-ator pa-bul-ator pac-ator Jpalp-ator Jpamp-Tn-ator patr-ator pec-iil-ator ii. Compounds. lex- ag-it-ator > tex-co- g-it-ator +sub- ar-ator de- bell-ator con- cert-ator pign-er-ator pisc-ator pop-ul-ator porc-iil-ator Ipost-ul-ator po-t-ator praed-ator praed-i-ator prec-ator prob— ator proel-i-ator pug-n-ator piit-ator quadru-pl-ator reg-n-ator rix-ator rog-ator runc-ator sal-t-ator sal-ut— ator sarc-Tn-ator sci-sc-it-ator scort-ator scre-ator scriit-ator sec-t-ator se-imn-ator sen-ator serv-ator sign-ator sTm-iil-ator Jsol-ator somn-i-ator spec-t-ator spec-ul-ator Jspic-ul-ator spol-i-ator spu-t-ator stim-iil-ator stip-ator stip-iil-ator stupr-ator siid-ator siip-er-ator temp-er-ator ten-t-ator test-ator trac-t-ator turb-ator vast-ator ven-ator Jven-er-ator {vent-il-ator vest-ig-ator vet-er-ator vex-ator vi-ator vi-61-ator Ivirg-ator Jvit-i-ator vit-iiper-ator voc-ator {vulg-ator dis- cep-t-ator re- cep-t— ator con- cil-i-ator re-con- cil-i— ator ratio- cm-ator 1 1 See remarks on p. 49. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 109 Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. vatT- cm-ator prae- gust-ator con- cinn-ator Jan- hel-ator con- cit— ator ad- hort-ator re- cTt-ator com- iss-ator 3 nomen- cl-ator ex- istTm-ator Ide- clam-ator con- jiig-ator tpro- clam-ator con- jiir-ator fde- clar-ator ob- jurg-ator pro- cre-ator legis- 1— ator ac- cum-iil-ator trans- 1-ator ac- cunct— ator de- lib-er-ator re- ciip-er-ator sol- lic-it-ator pro- cur-ator 1 al- lig-ator con- cur-s-ator JvTtI- lit-ig-ator Jpro- cur- s— ator com- mend-ator ac- eiis-ator e- mend-ator Jsuc- cus-ator ad- mir-ator con- demn-ator ad- mm-istr— ator prae- die— ator J sub- mm-istr-ator Jpro- dic-t-ator Jim- mol-ator Jven- di-t-ator de- mon-str-ator e- diic-ator prae- mon-str— ator Jper- egr-in-ator Jan- not-ator ex- erc-it— ator in- 6c-ul-ator af- fec-t— ator ex- orn-ator of- fen-s-ator neg- ot-i— ator lin- fes-t-ator J pro- pag-ator aedT- fic-ator Jde- pec-iil-ator ampli- fic-ator decern- ped-ator |ludT- fic-ator ap- pell-ator paci- fic-ator inter- pell-ator con- firm-ator dis- pens-ator in- fit-i-ator 2 fendo- per— ator pro- flig-ator im- per— ator re- form-ator J ex- pil-ator suf- frag-ator ex- plan-ator Jfami- ger-ator ex- plic-ator 1 The quantity of the pro is common. 2 Also inficiator. 3 Probably a compound of ed of ed-o e eat,' and com ; ' a boo: companion.' 110 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. sol-ator spol-i-ator stern-i-ator stig-i-ator stim-iil-ator stip-ul-ator stupr-ator sul-t-ator tem-pl-ator ten-t— ator ter-mm-ator trec-t-ator trec-t-ator turb-ator var-Tc-ator nt-i-ator 1 nt-i-ator 1 nt-i-ator 1 nt-i-ator 1 vest-ig-ator vic-i-ator 2 viv-ator voc-ator voc-ator Vindemiaior is from vindemia, a word composed of the toots vin and dem, the latter of which is supposed to be compounded of de and em 'to take/ whence dem-ere ' to take away.' Indagator is left for consideration. ex- plor-ator Jcon- tde- pop-ul-ator Jde- de- prec-ator Jlecti- Jap- prob— ator prae- com- prob-ator ex- ex- probr-ator a- ex- pugn-ator con- op- pugn-ator prae- pro- pugn-ator con- tcom- put-ator OS- dis- put-ator ex- im- put-ator tde- Jir- rit-ator ob- con- secr-ator con- ad- sec-t-ator prae- in- sec-t-ator co^ as- sent-ator |nu- con- serv-ator +de-nu- tob- serv-ator pro-nu- in- sid-i-ator in- de- sign-ator con- ob- sign-ator con- tcon- sil-i-ator e- dis- sim-ul-ator tpro- i. Simples. Iciib-itor dora-itor ffav-itor Jfug— itor i~tor } i-tor-is, i-tor fund-itor gen-itor jan-itor mon-itor port-itor Ipos-itor vin— i tor Jvom-itor 1 The etymology of these words has been already explained. See p. 19, n. 2, and p. 32, n. 6. 2 Explained as con and voc of vox, vocis. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Ill Genitive ends in ris. Stem ends in r. ii. Compounds. ex- cub-itor Jdir- lb-itor 1 com- pos-itor ex- ere— itor prae- b-itor 1 jim- pos-itor pro- gen— itor ad- mon- itor in- sti-tor co- gn— itor ap- par-itor ad- vers-itor de- b-itor 1 l-tor, I-tor-is, l-tor i. Simples. aud-itor ]ig-ur-itor pun— itor cond-itor mol-itor quaes-itor cup— itor mun-itcr Jsarr-itor dorm-itor pet-itor Jsort-itor te-siir-itor pol-itor Jsta-bTl-itor fin-itor ii. Compounds. ar- cess-itor tde- mol-itor con- quis-itor - suf- f-itor com- pet-itor in- quis-itor de- len-itor Ire- pet-itor ur, ur-is, ur per- quis-itor aug-ur ra. gutt-ur n. turt-ur 2 m. fulg-ur n. murm-ur 2 n. vul-t-ur 4 m. furf-ur m. sulph-ur 3 n. us, ur-is , ur - tell-us f. Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. s, t-is, t i. Simples. cohors 5 f. dens m. fors f. cos 6 f. fons m. frons f. 1 The words debitor, &c. are explained as compounds of the root hab of habere. 2 Or is it mur-mur, tur-tur 1 3 Also sulfur. 4 Sometimes written voltur ; it is explained as from vol, the root meaning ' fly.' 5 Or chors ; it contains the same root as x°£ T0 ? (chort-os). 6 The root is cot, the same as is seen in cautes, caut. 112 THIRD OR, CONSONANT .DECLENSION. Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. gens f. mons m. pons m. lens f. mors f. puis f. lis 1 f. nox 2 f. sors f. mens f. pars f. spont-is 3 Dos, dot-is, f. c a gift,' is connected with dare, donum, &c. j the root is probably do. Frit, an indeclinable word is found in Varro (de R. JR. I. 1, c. 48) signifying ' a small grain at the top of an ear of corn/ Git or gith is ' a kind of seed, gith/ Lac, lact-is, n. l milk/ stands alone, in the way of forming the nominative. ii. Compounds. com- es m. f. inter- pres m. f. prae- stes m. im- pes m. ante- stes m. super- stes m. f. as, at-is, at There are a few words ending in as, e.g. infimas £ a person of the lowest class/ summas ' one of the highest/ and so optimates often found in Cicero. Compare the adjective forms nostras^ vestras, cujas. Penates i household gods/ FEMININES. ' I. Simples, tas, tat-is, tat aes-tas maj-es-tas sobr-ie-tas ae-tas 4 Jmed-ie-tas soc-ie-tas anx-ie-tas paup-er-tas temp-es-tas ebr-ie-tas pie-tas var-ie-tas eg-es-tas pot-es-tas ub-er— tas fac-ul-tas propr-ie-tas ven-us-tas hon-es-tas pub-er-tas vet-us-tas jiiv-en-tas sat-ie— tas vol-un-tas Jib-er-tas sim-ul-tas 5 vol-up-tas 1 The vowel of the stem is long ; the old orthography was stlis. 2 The stem is noct ; in the nominative the t was elided, and cs were then written together x. 3 No nominative is found. 4 The fuller form was aevitas. 5 This is explained to be ' a secret grudge/ and is derived from simu- lare ' to feign'; though Cicero says, "multas simultates partim obscuras, partim apertas suscepi." It is more likely to be from simul ' together,' like crv(j.-(?>o\-ri (sum-bol-e), which signifies ' a coming together,' and so ' a hostile encounter': although the Greek word is often used of coming together with friendly intentions. THIltD OB CONSONANT DECLENSION. 113 Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. ii. Compounds. dif- fic-ul-tas im- pie-tas in- sat-ie-tas fn- 61-un-tas 1 i-tas, i-tat-iSy i-tat This termination is in many instances affixed to nouns and. signifies a collection, as civis ' a citizen/ civitas ' a state / in others it is added to adjectives and denotes quality, as acerbus c sour/ acerbitas ' sourness;' it has this same force in some cases when affixed to substantives, as virgo (stem virgin) 'a maid/ virginitas ' maidhood.' Many words will be found with both the termination Has and itia. Compare edo, tudo, &c. i. Simples. ac-erb-itas caec-itas dir-itas aequ-itas cal-am-itas dlv-m-itas aequ-abil-itas call-Td-itas diu-turn-itas ^ aequ-al-itas cap-ac— itas doc-il— itas ae-tern-itas cap-tiv-itas fduc-tabil-itas ag-il-itas car-itas dur-itas al-acr-itas cast-itas ebri-6s-itas am-abil-itas cel-ebr-itas ed-ac-itas am-oen-itas cel-er-itas em-ac-itas Janil-itas civ-itas extr-em— itas ant-iqu-itas J ciiv-il-itas f a-bul~os-itas apr-ic-itas clar-itas fac-il-itas ardu-itas claud-itas Jfa-cund-itas ar-id-itas com-itas fam-Tli-ar— itas asp-er-itas crebr-itas fat-u-itas Jatr-itas cred-ul-itas 2 faust-itas atr-6c-itas J criic-iabil-itas fe-cund-itas auc-tor-itas crud-el-itas fel-ic-itas av-id-itas crud-itas fer-itas aus-ter— itas ciip-Td-itas fer-ac— itas Jau-tumn-itas cur-ios-itas fer-6c-itas brev-itas dens-itas fer-til-itas beat-itas dex-ter-itas fest-in-itas ben-ign-itas dic-ac-itas ffic-itas bon-itas dign-itas fid-el-itas 1 From nolo, a contraction of non or ne and volo i.e. uolo. 2 This would strictly come amongst Compounds, for credo is a com- pound of do 'I put or give.' 114 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. firm-itas foed-itas form-os-itas fraar-il-itas | frater-n-itas fmg-al-itas fur-ac-itas fut-il-itas garr-ul-itas gen-er-os-itas gent-iil-itas germ-an-itas fgnar-itas grac-il-itas . grand-itas grav-id-itas grav-itas hab-Tl-itas . her-ed-itas hil-ar-itas hosp-Tt-al-itas host-il-itas hum-an-itas hum-il-itas jej-un-itas ju-cund-itas laev-itas larg— itas Latm-itas lax-itas len-itas lev-itas lib-er-al-itas long-inqu-itas 16qu-ac-itas fluc-ulent-itas fmagn-itas fmag-sini-itas 1 mal-ign-itas mat-ur-itas med-iocr-itas mend-ic-itas mo-bil-itas Jniord-ac-itas mor-os-itas mort-al-itas mul-ier-6s-itas mut-abil— itas necess-itas Jnerv-6s-itas Jmt-Td-itas no-bil-itas nov-itas fol-e-itas Jol-iv-itas 6p-ac-itas 6p-im-itas op-ulent-itas orb-itas parc-itas parv-itas pauc-itas fpest Tl-itas Jplac-abil-itas fpleb-itas pop-ul-ar-itas -fpond-er-itas prav-itas prob-abil-itas prob-itas proc-ac-itas proc-er-itas prop-inqu-itas prosper-itas proc-sim-itas 2 puer-il-itas pugn-ac-itas fpulcr-itas qual-itas quant-itas rap-ac-itas rap-Td-itas rar-itas Jrauc-itas Jriv-al-itas rot-und-itas rus-tic— itas sag-ac-itas sal-ac-itas sal-ubr-itas sanct-itas san-itas sat-iir-itas sed-ul-itas Jsegn-itas ser-en— itas sev-er-itas sicc-itas fsim-Tl-itas sincer-itas Jsm-ister-itas sod-al-itas sol-id— itas sol-itas spiss-itas fsqual-itas sta-bil-itas ster-il-itas Jstren-u-itas stup-id-itas suav-itas Jsurd-itas tac-iturn-itas tard-itas tem-er-itas temp-estiv— itas ten-ac-itas Written maxim-Has or maxumitas. 2 From proximus for propsimus. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 115 Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. ten-er-itas ver -itas vit-al-itas ten-u-itas vern-i L-itas vit-i-6s-itas tim-Td— itas vic- In- -itas viv-ac-itas Jtorv-itas fvTc- ■iss -itas un-itas tranqu-ill-itas vid -u- •itas vol-iibTl-itas vac-u-itas vil- -itas |vor-ac-itas v an-itas vir- gin-itas urb- an-itas vast-itas vir- •id- -itas ut-il— itas vel-6c-itas vir -11- itas ii. Compounds. m- aequ-al-itas in- fid-el-itas fgrand- aev-itas af- fin-itas in- an-itas in- f In-itas aequ- an-Tm-itas -j-con- firm-itas magn- an-im-itas in- firm-itas un- an-Tm-itas |siiper- flu-itas im- bec-ill-itas 1 de- form-itas de- b-il-itas 2 in- gen-n-itas ex- cels-itas i- gno-bil-itas con- cinn-itas in- hosp-it-al-itas in- con- cinn-itas in- liiim-an— itas ac- cliv-itas fprod- Tg-itas de- cliv-itas amb- lg-u-itas pro- cliv-itas ex- lg-u-itas in- col— um-itas in- iqu— itas •fcon- cord-itas in- jii-cund-itas dis- cord-itas il- lib-er-al-itas se- c€ir-itas aequT- libr— itas in- dign-itas sub- lim-itas |in- dulc-itas fde- lir-itas fin- dulg-itas im- man-itas per- egr-in— itas im- mat-iir-itas per- enn-itas im- mens-itas af- fa-bil-itas ad- mlr-abil-itas in- fe-cund-itas com- mod-itas in- fel-ic-itas in-com- mod-itas tdif- fer-itas im- mort-al-itas ef- fic-ac-itas com- miin-itas Also iribecillitas. 2 See p. 93, n. 1. 116 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. im- mun-itas per- spic-u-itas im- nmt-abil-itas in- st-abil-itas e- norm-itas in- suls-itas per- pet-u-itas in- teg-r-itas Jim- pigr-itas prft- ter-v-itas sim- plic-itas con- tin-u-itas im- port-iin-itas ad- ver-s-itas op- port-iin-itas di- ver-s-itas im- prob-itas per- ver-s-itas im- pun-itas uni- ver-s-itas im- piir-itas con- vec-s-itas 1 con- sangu-m-itas de- vec-s-itas 1 in- san-itas ad- unc— itas as- sid-u-itas sub- urb-an-itas per- spic-ac-itas in- ut-il— itas The following words present some difficulty with regard to division : — exil-itas obscen-itas pernlc-itas obes-itas obsciir-itas subtil-itas obliqu-itas The first and last are from the adjectives exili (nom. exilis) and subtili (nom. subtilis) ; the latter is said to be from sub and tela, which is a mere guess ; we are inclined to refer both to the -adjective termination His, and so we shall have sub-t-ilis from the preposition sub, or the stem subt which appears in subter, subtus; unless it be preferable to suppose a termination tills, and then we have at once sub-tilis and sub-tilitas. Perhaps the same may be hazarded for ex-ilis and ex-ilitas. We must however confess that the meaning of the words cannot easily be deduced from this etymology. Obes-itas, from stem obeso (nom obesus) is said by Facciolati to be from ob and ed ' eat/ whence a participle ob-e-sus l eaten up/ so 'thin/ and by contrary signification 'fat' (?). Obliqu-itas, from obliquo, (nom. obliquus) ; some divide the adjective, ob-liqu-us, others o-bliqu-us, and compare the Greek word ■n'kay-iog (plag-ios). Obscenitas and pernicitas are from obscen-o (nom. obscenus) and pernio (nom. pernix). But the derivation of those adjectives is doubtful. Obscuritas, see p. 99. J Written with $. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 117 Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. ma, mat-is, mat These are all Greek words ; ma in Greek has the same force as men in Latin. See p. 20, 61, and 77. 1. Simples. cer-o-ma n. dog-ma n. 11. Compounds. di- plo-ma n. po-e-ma n. stem-ma n. stig-ma n. en- thum-e-ma n. ab-i-es f. par-i-es f. 1. Simples. *cel-es m. *leb-es m. es, et-is, et seg-es f. es, et-is, et f magn-es qui-es f. teg-es f. *tap-es 1 m. * trap-^etes 2 m. 11. Compounds. tin- qui-es re- qui-es For the word indigetes several derivations are proposed ; the most likely is ind or indo, and ag. I. Simples. al-es m. f. caesp-es m. equ-es m. fom-es m. gurg-es m. hosp-es 3 m. II. Compound. es, it-is, it merg-es f. mil-es m. palm-es m. ped-es m. popl-es m. satell-es m. com- mil-es m. sosp-es 3 m. f. n. stip-es m. Jtarm-es m. Jterm-es m. tram-es m. vel-ites m. 1 Also tapete, is, and tapetum, i, n. 2 In the singular we find trapetus,m. and trapetum, n. (stem trapeto). 3 Hospes and sospes are very possibly the same word ; another expla- nation will be seen under hospita p. 2, and sospita p. 3, n. 4. \ 118 THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. lit, it-is, it i. Simple. cap-ut n. ii. Compounds. oc- cip-ut n. sin- cip-ut n. is, it-is, it - Quir-ites 1 as, ant-is, ant i. Simples. *eleph-as m. *gig-as m. ii. Compound. *a- dam-as m. ans, ant-is, ant i. Simples. Jbal-ans m.T. sext-ans m. Jtetr-ans m. dodr-ans m. [i. Compound. in- fans m. f. n. ens, ent-is, ent i. Simples. cli-ens m. or-i-ens m. riid-ens m. leg-ens m. f. par-ens m. f. tri-ens m. med-ens m. ii. Compounds. oc- cid-ens m. faedi- tu-ens 2 m. ad- ol-esc-ens m. on, ont-is, ont *bis-on m. f. 1 See also p. 67. 2 Occurs in Lucret. 6, 1273 ; aedituus is more common. THIRD OR CONSONANT DECLENSION. 119 Genitive ends in tis. Stem ends in t. os f ot-is, ot i. Simples. nep-os 1 m. sac-erd-os m. ii. Compounds. ab- nep-os m. pro- nep-os m. us, iit-iSf lit sal-us f. tus, tut-iSj tut Tus and tas are essentially the same termination . sen-ec-tus f. serv-T-tus f. vir-tus f. Genitive ends in vis. Stem ends in v. bos 2 m. nix 2 f. END OF CONSONANT DECLENSION. 1 ' A grandson. 3 We think that nepos in the sense of ' a profligate/ may he ne-pos * worth-less,' from the root pot which denotes ' power/ or ' value'. 2 The vowel of the stem is short. FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES. Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in u. The Fourth Declension is called the U Declension, because in it the letter u is used to connect the case endings to the former part of the word. It will be seen that in many cases there are two words with the same signification, one in us, us, m., the other in io, ion-is, f. See under sion, p. 85. i. Simples. ast-us t cast-us t Tt-us lac-us port-us sm- us curr-us di-u l grad-us met-us pen-us 2 spec-us 3 ton-itr-us 4 ii. Compounds. in- cest-us 5 co- Tt-us 6b- Tt-us ab- lt-us ex- Tt-us red- Tt-us ad- Tt-us in- Tt-us trans- Tt-us amb- lt-us inter- Tt-us im- pet-us circu- lt-us intro- Tt-us angT- port-us 6 1 Occurs only in this form. 2 And fern. ; also penu, n. There are also peno (nom. penus), m., and peno (nom. penum), n. j also penor (nom. penus), n. 3 And feminine. Also specu, neuter. 4 And neuter tonitru. Also stem tonitro (nom. tonitrum), n. 5 Also of the Declension, neuter. 6 Also stem angi-porto (nom. angiportus). FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 121 FEMININES. Nominative ends in us. Stem ends in u. port-Tc-us querc-us socr-us trib-us A Compound pro-nu-rus occurs in Ovid. A word Quinquatrus, fern, plur., as well as Quinquatria, neiit. plur., is found, signifying ' a feast of Minerva ;' perhaps so called from having lasted five days; and Varro gives similar words, Triatus, Sexatrus, Septimatrus. ac-us man-us an-us 1 myrt-us 2 col-us 2 noct-u 4 dom- us 2 nur-us id-us 3 pin-us 2 NEUTERS. Nominative ends in u. Stem ends in u. corn-u fpec-u test-u 5 gel-u sex-u ver-u gen-u MASCULINES. Nominative ends in sus. Stem ends in su. i. Simples. au-sus luc-sus 6 fquas-sus ca-sus mis-sus ri-sus cen-sus mor-sus sec-sus 7 cur-sus nec-sus 6 sen-sus 8 flec-sus 6 ni-sus spon-sus fluc-sus° or-sus Jsua-sus gres-sus pas-sus fton-sus jus-sus plau-sus ver-sus lap-sus pres-sus vi-sus lii-sus pul-sus ii-sus An old form of the genitive is found, anu-is. 2 Also of the O Declension, feminine. 3 Used only in the plural. 4 Found only in this form. 5 Indeclinable. Also testo (nom. testum). 6 Written with x, 7 There is also sexu, n. 8 It might be a question whether the s belongs to the root or termi- nation, whether it is not a substitute for the t seen in the imperfect tenses sent-io, sent-iam, &c. j on the other hand the participle sensus might be a contraction for sent-sus, or the t might have joined itself to the root like the d in tendo, M 122 FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, — MASCULINES. Nominative ends in sus. Stem ends in su. ii. Compounds. oc- ca-sus abs- ces-sus ac- ces-sus con- ces-sus de- ces-sus dis- ces-sus ex- ces-sus pr5- ces-sus re- ces-sus se- ces-sus sue- ces-sus Jin- ci-sus ac- cur-sus con- cur-sus de- cur-sus dis- cur-sus ex- cur-sus in- cur-sus inter- cur-sus oc- cur-sus prae- cur-sus pro- cur-sus re- cur-sus trans- cur-sus con- cus-sus inter- per- re-per- fsuc- in- Jof- Jcircum- Jin- Jde- Jin- ag- con- di- e- in- pro- re- ttrans- Jad- al- lil- e- Jinter- per- Jtrans- cus-sus cus-sus cus-sus cus-sus cii-sus fen-sus flec-sus 1 flec-sus 1 fos-sus fii-sus gres-sus 2 gres-sus gres-sus 3 gres-sus gres-sus gres-sus gres-sus gres-sus hae-sus lap-sus lap-sus mer-sus mis-sus mis-sus mis-sus |an- tcon- e- ex- am- % circum- com- Jim- com- op- ap- im- re- de- ir- a- de- te- as- con- con- a- dl- pro- Jab- nec-sus 1 nec-sus 1 nic-sus 1 or-sus plec-sus 1 plec-sus 1 plec-sus 1 plec-sus 1 pres-sus pres-sus pul-sus pul-sus pul-sus ri-sus rl-sus scen-sus scen-sus scen-sus 4 sen-sus sen-sus ses-sus sper-sus vi-sus Vl-SUS ii-sus Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tc. I. $i??iples. ac-tus caes-tus coep-tus aes-tus can-tus coe-tus 6 ar-tus 5 cap-tus cul-tus auc-tus cinc-tus da-tus 1 We have divided the x to make the derivation more evident. 2 And an old form aggrettus is found. 3 Some read degressus. 4 Found only in the ablative singular. 5 Only used iu the plural ; perhaps the root ar is the same with ap ( fit/ 'join,' in the Greek «p w (ar-o), &c. 6 Perhaps a form of co-it-us. FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, — MASCULINES. 123 Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tu. cluc-tus fas-tus fe-tus 1 fle-tus flic-tus fluc-tus fruc-tus ges-tus gus-tus haus-tus jac-tus ic-tus tlinc-tus luc-tus mix-tus 2 ii. Compounds. ad- im- co- Jsub- |ad- con- toc- con- re- pr5- t de- li: con- in- |in- aquae- Jinter- ac-tus ac-tus ac-tus ac-tus auc-tus cen-tus cen-tus cep-tus cep-tus cinc-tus coc-tus cre-tus cul-tus dii-tus duc-tus due— tus mo-tus na-tus 3 nu-tus or— tus par-tus pas-tus planc-tus p5-tus quaes-tus ques-tus rap-tus ric-tus ri-tus rue— tus sal-tus Jin- co- pro- su- tol- af- de- ef- pro- con- an- Ja£- iisus- tag- con- sug- duc-tus m-p-tus 6 m-p-tus 6 m-p-tus 6 fac-tus fec-tus fec-tus fec-tus fec-tus flic-tus frac-tus fric-tus fruc-tus ges-tus ges-tus ges-tus 7 sa-tus sing-ul-tus sT-tus sta-tus Jsuc-tus tac-tus teg-s-tus 4 Jtinc-tus tor-tus trac-tus tri-tus tiim-ul-tus vic-tus Junc-tus vul-tus 5 am- |ad- con- de- Jdis- te- Tn- inter- ob- pro- tsub- tra- Jre- Jcol- de- il- ic-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus jec-tus la-tus lec-tus lec-tus lec-tus 8 2 And mis-tus. 4 Written textus. 1 Older foe-tus. See p. 21, n. I. 3 Used only in the ablative. 5 And older, vol-tus. 6 See p. 88 for the explanation of these words. 7 Also stern suggesio (nom. suggestum), neuter. 6 In this word, lee is from the root lac 'draw' which appears in e-lic-io, il-lic-io, &c. 124 FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES. intel- neg- Jil- ab- Jco- tex- Jsiib- |con- Jin- a- circuin- con- de- in- pro- re- su- Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tu. lec-tus lec-tus li-tus or-tus or-tus or-tus or-tus ques-tus si-tus spec-tus spec-tus spec-tus spec-tus spec-tus spec-tus spec-tus spec-tus Itran- spec-tus prae- tec-s-tus 1 Jdi- stinc-tus in- tinc-tus Jex- stinc-tus con- trac-tus in- stinc-tus ob- tu-tus Jsub- stra-tus at- tri-tus tin- struc-tus Job- tri-tus as- sul-tus Jad- vec-tus . Jin-con- sul-tus |e- vec-tus at- tac-tus Jin- vec-tus con- tac-tus Jsub- vec-tus con- tem-p-tus ad- ven-tus tdis- ten-tus con- ven-tus tin- ten-tus e- ven-tus ob- ten-tus inter- ven-tus os- ten-tus pro- ven-tus con- tec-s-tus 1 super- ven-tus Jin- tec-s-tus 1 con- vic-tus a-tus, a-tu Not only is atus added to verbal roots (as already mentioned, p. 120 and 85), but in one or two instances it is affixed to ad- jectives and denotes a dignity, as prim-us, prim-atus, ' the prim-acy.' i. Simples. aem-ul-atus aes-tim-atus X an-im-atus arm-atus aug-iir-atus Jaux-Tli— atus bal-atus Jcael-ib-atus calc-e-atus tcalc-itr-atus cent-iiri— atus I cent-urion-atus cib-atus criic-i-atus jdec-iiri-atus fdec-urion-atus dom-m-atus tdiic-atus ej-ul-atus equ-it-atus err— atus fam-ul-atus fflam-m-atus fl-atus Ifric-atus jfrustr-atus germ- in— atus gest-atus gust-atus hi-atus hort-atus jac-t-atus lan-i-atus latr-atus luct-atus lymph-atus Jmac-t-atus mag-is tr-atus mand-atus me-atus med-ic-atus mem-6r-atus Written with x„ FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES. 125 Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tu. merc-atus ped- lt-atus sen-atus 2 narr-atus pell- ic-atus splr-atus nutr-ic-atus pisc- -atus X strang-iil-atus Jobs-6n-atus Jplor- -atus X summ-atus od-or-atus 1 pos- tiil-atus trac-t-atus X op-m-atus pot-i mt-atus trib-un-atus fop-tion-atus prlm-atus trim-atus \ 6r-atus pug- ll-atus ven-atus orn-atus X quadr-im- atus verb-er-atus Jpalp-Tt-atus rep-1 ;-atus ul-iil-atus par-atus rog- atus voc-atus Jpast-m-atus sal-t -atus vol-atus pec-ul-atus Jscre- -atus vol-ut-atus X ped-atus 2 ii. Compounds. ar- bit-r-atus tal- leg-atus Jcon- cil-i-atus eom- me-atus prin- cip-atus ap- par-atus { de- clin-atus ex- plTc-atus it con- ciib-in-atus ne- pot-atus 3 F- dic-atus de- spic-atus tcon- disc-ipul- -atus su- splr-atus af- f-atus con- siil-atus {VOC1- fer-atus pro-con- sul-atus pontT- fic-atus con- tem-pl-atus signi- fic-atus prae- teu-t-atus af- fl-atus decem- vir-atus in- fl-atus duum- vir-atus tper- fl-atus i quinque- vir-atus Jpro- fl-atus septem- vir-atus re- fl-atus trium- vir-atus tef- flag-it-atus vigintT- vir-atus Jre- fut-atus jin- vi-t-atus com- lt-atus ad- vol-atus com- lt-i-atus tin- vol-atus 1 Connected with ol-ere to ' smell ;' there are many examples of the interchange of I and d. 2 Of the Second Declension also. 3 See p. 119, n. 1. 126 FOURTH OR U DECLENSION, MASCULINES Nominative ends in tus. Stem ends in tu. i. Simples. crep-itus cub-itus Jdom-itus frem-itus gem-itus ii. Compounds. con- cub-itus Jin- cub-itus J re- cub-itus se- ciib-itus ex- erc-itus i-tus, i-tu hab-itus hal-itus mon-itus pos-itus an- hel-itus ad- mon-itus Iprae- mon-itus ap- pos-itus Jdis- pos-itus son-itus spir-itus strep-itus vom-itus inter- pos-itus op- pos-itus su- spir-itus con- tu-itus i. Simples. aud-itus Jbarr-itus bull-itus grunn-itus hinn-itus ii. Compounds. ac- c-itus ar- cess-itus i-tus, Itu mug-itus pet-itus Jprur-itus quaes-itus Jsuf- f-itus sort-itus tinn-itus vag-itus vest-itus ap- pet-itus END OF U DECLENSION. FIFTH OR E DECLENSION, FEMININES. Nominative ends in es. Stem ends in e. i. Simples. di-es 1 r-es 2 sp-es 2 fid-es J scab r-es ii. Compounds. men- di-es 3 quoti- di-e 4 Nominative ends in ies. Stem ends in ie. This termination should be compared with ia (p. 8) ; several words are used both ways, as barbaria, barbaries, &c. i. Simples. ac-ies gl ac-ies rab-ies bar-bar-ies luc-siir-ies 5 . san-ies cae-sar-ies fmac-er-ies scab-ies car-ies m ac-ies ser-ies e-siir-ies mat-er-ies spec-ies fac-ies paup-er-ies temp-er-ies ii. Compounds. con- ger-ies col- liiv-ies %svh- luv— ies siiper- fic-ies e- liiv-ies per- nic-ies ef- fig-ies di- liiv-ies fpro- sic-ies pro- gen-ies il- liiv-ies -fde- sid-ies in- gliiv-ies tpro- luv-ies in- temp-er-ies al- liiv-ies 1 Also masculine. 2 The stems are re and spe. Ennius has a nom. pi. speres. 3 Always masculine. Cicero has medi-dies. 4 Found only in the ablative ; it is sometimes written cotidie. 5 Written luxuries. 128 FIFTH OR E DECLENSION, — FEMININES. Nominative ends in ies. ^ Stem ends in IE. it-ies, it-ie Compare the termination itia (p. 13). Lucretius and the older writers seem to prefer ities to itia. i. Simples. Jam-ar-ities }am-ic-ities av-ar-ities calv-ities can-ities dur— ities flan-ities moll— ities mund-ities no-t-ities pigr-ities plan-ities X pull— ities saev-ities scabr-ities segn-ities spurc-ities ftard-ities trist-ities vafr-ities I vast-ities ii. Compounds. im- baln-ities ne- qu-ities END OF E DECLENSION. INDEX OF TERMINATIONS. FIRST OR A DECLENSION. CA aca ; tea ; tea ; unca; sea', aca-. DA ida. EA IA antia, entia, entia ; nia, onia, monia ; ria, aria ; itia. LA cla ; eZfo, z'Z/«; oZa, eo/a, iola; ida, ediila, bula, cilia, uncula. PAGE 1-6 6 7 -14 14-20 PAGE MA 20 na 20-23 ena, lena ; ina; ina; umna; enna; ona'y erna; una. ra 23-26 bra ; era ; tra ; ura, sura, tar a. sa 25-27 ta 26-28 ua or va 27 SECOND OR PAGE us 28-32 cus 31 teas ; leus ; ileus. etjs 32 ius 32-35 drius; erius; urius. lus 35-39 ellus, i/lus, ullus ; eolus, iolus ; ulus, cuius, uncidus, pidus. DECLENSION. PAGE nus 39 anus ; inus ; inus ; umnus ; onus. r or rus 40-42 erus, er ; ter. sus 41 TTJS 41 vus 41 um 42-45 130 INDEX. Second or Declension (continued). CUM. EUM. IUM cimum i monium ; avium ; orium ; tium, itium. LUM. ellum, ilium; olum, eolum, iblum ; tilum, biilum, ciilum. PAGE PAGE 44 NUM 56 44 inum; Inum; urnum. RUM 56-59 45-52 brum; crum; erum; trum; strum. SUM 58 52-56 59-63 etum; entum,mentum. 62 ivum. THIRD DECLENSION. Not increasing in the Genitive. I Declension. es and is PAGE 65-68 67 68 LE PAGE 68-70 LIS ale ; ele ; tie ) He. alis ; elis ; His. 69 are; stre. Increasing in the Genitive. Consonant Declension. Genitive ending in BIS bs-bis. CIS wis; ix-icis, trix- tricis ; ox~ocis. dis s-dis ; as-ddis ; es- edis ; is-idis ; os- odis ; us-udis ; us-udis ; ys-ydis. GIS x-gis. PAGE 70 70-75 74-76 75 LIS l-lis; l-llis; al-alis, il-ilis. MIS m.s-mis. PAGE 75-77 76 nis 76-101 n-nis ; en-inis, is- mis ; men-minis. umen- o-inis, do-dinis, edo- edinis, ido-tdinis, udo-iidinis, tudo- tudinis ; INDEX. 131 Third Declension (continued). PAGE nis (continued) dgo-dginis, igo- iginis, ugo-uginis; on-onis ; io-ionis ; mo-mdnis ; sio- sionis, tio-tionis, dtio-dt'ibnis, itio- itidnis,itio-itionis. pis . . . . ps-pis. 100 bis 100-112 r-ris, s-ns PAGE ar-dris, er-eris, tris, eris ; or-oris, ar-dris ; er-ris, ter- is-eris, us- ur-oris, us- ens-entis ; on- ontis, os-otis ; us-utis, tus- tutis. TIS oris ; s-vis ; x-vis. bis (continued) or-oris, sor-soris, t or- 1 oris, ator- atoris, itor-itoris, itor-ltoris ; ur-uris ; us-uris. tis 111-120 s-tis ; as-dtis, tas- tdtis, itas-itdtis, ma-mdtis ; es-etis ; es-etis ; es-itiSy ut-itis ; is- itis ; as-antis ; ans-antis, 119 FOURTH OR U DECLENSION. PAGE us 120-122 u. sus 121-123 TUS dtuSf itus ; itus. PAGE 122-127 FIFTH OR E DECLENSION. ES. PAGE 127 IES . . . ities. PAGE ,127-128 ERRATA, Page 2, Column 3, dele sagitta, it is found under ta. 3, „ 1, read sosp-it-a instead of *sospit-a. Cf. hosp-it-a, and see p. 117, n. 3. 8, „ 2, dele materia. 8, „ 2, read mater-ia instead of mater-ia. 9, „ 1, insert \ef-fig-ia. 18, „ 2, dele miracula and the note. 19, Note 2, read provintia instead of provincia. 40, read er, ero instead of er or ems, ero. 66, Column 1, insert conch-is. 67, insert bes, bessis, with tressis, &c. 71, insert Mix. 77, read sanguis, m., for sanguis, f. 89, „ 2, insert re-co-gm-tio. The difficult words ampulla, indutiae, and cdballus have also been unintentionally omitted. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 062 192 A ♦ «M & LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 062 192 P *