K Co Thi: Qass. Book. m ^ /Sj^J^ J I» e. '/ /^77^ rc^J 1^7 J. /< ^vr / J^^/f, YOUNG GARDElfER'S ASSISTANT, IN THREE PARTS COKTAIKIKO CAT4L00UJE8 OF OAilD^ AND rLOWIR 8ZXD^ PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS UNDER EACH HEAD roB TBS OOLTITATIOW Or ^ j CULINARY VKCETABLES AND F ALSO, DrBECTIONS FOR CULTIVATING FRUIT TREES, THE GRAPE \1NE, &c TO mOOi U AitBKD, A CALENDAR TO EACH PART : \9ii TIIK WORK XBCK.1SA.Br TO BB DCMB l!« TBB VAIMOUS DCTAnTMOT^ BACU UO.TTII or TUB YBAB. 9mM WBOX.a ADArrSD to tub CLIUATB OT TEB TTWITBD tTATBI NEW EDITION, WITH AN APPENDIX, 00>TAIxt>0 RCMAUKA OX TUB ALLEGED UIKEASR OV THE rOTATO, tTO. BY THOMAS BRIDGEMAN. aAKOsna, ■BBoauAit. avd n/jurr. NEW YORK: FOR 3ALE BY TUE AUTHOR, •koaomtat, cobxiib or Biainr(B!rni-«TBitT, AND EDWARD WALKER, 114 Fl'LTON-STREET, 1' ^>^\ xN. \ ^ ^xj^N, ^^\ ^ >. s i^ y [Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year Eighteen Hundrcfl and Forty-seven by Thomas Eridgeman, in the Clerk's OflScc of the Dis- trict Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New-York.] ±jy transfer PREFACE TiiK primary object in first publisliing Tiir Yoi'no Gar- DrNRR'fi A>«»l«T \VT, was to enable our ruspectablo uct'ilsmon, whilo funiUhiiig a catalogue nf need fur tlie usu of tlie Kitchen and Flower CiarJen, to affnrd instruction, at a trifling I . to such of their customers as had not a regular ., and thereby save tlieiiisclvet thu blanie (if t)ir tho interest they have taken in circulating tho bfes8rs. Thorburn, of New York. Tho Bers, that seteral copies of your Yoi'no GARnrvrR's Assistant were given as PRr.Minws by the State Agricultural Society.* Mr D. B. Slingerland and myself were on tho • Tho Amrnmn In*titute wiil olhrr S.vicIip* bavr t\*o awar«lpd wvrral ^ni^a (if tho w.'tV i« nrrmmms I'lr mir iTior «'x-«-iiiiori(NlicaLi, ttnd id many of tbi»4- ' ' 'iirul and hurticullurul pun<. ' other rounirics ; and tiic Authur may bore bo ailnwcd to state, without incurring t' ' •' uf \anily, that llic American Institute, at tlicir r . Annual Fair, ex|>n.-!WK^-d their appioliution of the work in the mo«t emphatic manner by awarding it a uolu Mr.nAi.. As iho aimplicity of cultivating the soil may load many to think tliat a "wayfaring man, though a f•••■ •!• ■•• — !,/' it may Ikj neconeary to remind Buch, that the productiorui of tiio earth, bcinf^ iiativc.H of varioua •oiljt and climates, require peculiar managemenl when culti- vated in climates dilFurcnt from those in which nature first pnxluced them ; and that, although many apecica of planta in common use with us will endure the heat of our suniinem, otliera can only bo raised in perfection during mild and temperate woatiior, and iu>me require artificial moans to be UM-d out "'' '' . ncas4^>ns for gardening operations. In the : , . ,^o9, no cHbrts have been spared to impart useful inforroalioD in the several branches of horti- .'.c. The ' ;-> for the cultivation of vegetables are : i-Ault of tv. .r years' asttiduous practice and obser- vation as a market gardener ; and it is presumed that tbo .' "' ■ ience in other departments of gardcnini^ haa :o warrant him in this attempt to instruct those who are not acquainted with the art. llie Author does not r ;-!=iider it dcrogatorj- to ackmiwledge, lliat ho ha« frequently I jiured hid ideas with those of other authorii, and that he bos in »omc instances availed himself of the benefit of their in^tructioiM ; but he is not aware that in so doing be has adopted any ideas merely sficculativc ; to avoid which be has invnrinl)1y submitted such manuscript to the scrutiny of expe- rienced gardeners of his acquaintance, and the result has generally lM?cn such as to confirm him in his original positions. It must appear evident to tho reader, on a review of Uiis Vt. PREFACE. work, that the Author, in adopting the catalogue form, has been enabled to give, in a condensed form, as much informa- tion as is necessary to the cultivation of each particular kind of vegetable ; whereas, had he pursued the course most of his predecessors have, his book would have been considerably larger, and the reader must have been at the trouble of perusing the greater part of it at I^ast twelve times in the course of a year. The Author, however, being aware of tiie convenience of a Monthly Calendar, has in this edition annexed one, which he presumes is well calculated not only to assist the memory of the gardener, but to show him, at one glance, the work necessary to be done in the various departments of gardening in every month of the year. The Author, having shown his primary object in adopting the catalogue form, presumes that his readers will not be disappointed if they do not find there the names of all the species or varieties of plants they may wish to introduce into their gardens, the mode of culture of such being generally alike. If a catalogue of this kind was essential, it would occupy more space than is allotted to this book ; besides, it would be impossible to keep pace with our enterprising hor- ticulturists and florists, who are continually introducing new species into our country. When, also, it is considered that there are a number of indigenous plants at present unknown to us, it will appear evident that the most extensive catalogue would not be perfect in this respect for any length of time; the Author, therefore, thought it unnecessary to attempt any thing more than is essential to the attainment of a tolerable share of the products of the garden, by ordinary exertion. How far he has succeeded in this respect, must be left for the reader to decide. THOMAS BRIDGEMAN. YOUNG GARDKXER^S ASSISTANT. 7^ A T: T T. VEGETABLE DEPARTMENT. CONTENTS. GCNERAL RF.MARKS ON* THE MANAGEMENT OF A KITCHEN UARDCN. (I ' i:{ A ..i, - - - - U M {HoU) - - ... 15 O J i^varioiM 'il i»n sowing •eotl early, - 1 G Tfi'^ -^^'io ' H\ -« irinlf, nr») 34 ' r.I.l.Mr.., („o/f, 55) 54 Beanj>, Dwarfs) 30 ; or CoUards, • 57 B«an», .i.v.i.. , Dwarfs) , I ..,,...,,(,«, - 58 (note) *. - - 4l||CaiTot, 68 B«ans, ( Pole or Running) '■' ' ' ' n,-, (note, C>\ i - GO BMtJS (hoU) 1 Salad, or Fotticus, r,3 BorDC/«) - 65 Brocooli, {mole, 49) 45 . Chives, or Cives, - C6 X. CONTENTS. Egg-plant, [nole, C7) Endive, Pago. - 60 - OS Peas, - - - Potato, Pace. - 83 - 85 Horse-vadish, - 09 Potato, (Sweet,) - - 86 Indian Corn, 70 Pumpkin, - 87 Jerusalem Artichoke , - 70 Radish, (nole) - 88 Leek, - - - - 71 Rocambole, - 89 Lettuce, {nole) - 72 Rhubarb, - 90 Melon, Melon, (Water) - - 74 - 75 Salsify, Scorzonera, - 92 - 93 Mustard, - 76 Sea-Kale, - 94 Nasturtium, - 76 Skirret, - 97 Okra, - - 77 Shallot, - 97 Onion, {note, 78) - - 77 Spinach, or Spinage, - 98 Parsley, {note, 80) Parsnip, (nolc) - 79 - 81 Squash, Tomato, - 100 - 101 Pepper, - . - 82 A Catalogue of Aromatic, Pol Turnip, [nole, 104) ., and Sweet Herbs, - 102 - 106 Annual, Biennial, and Perennial Plants defined, - - 106 Plants cultivated for Medicinal purposes, - - 107 Directions for the cultivation and preservation of Hei'bs in general. Representation of a Hot-bed with four sashes, - Observations on Forcing Vegetables, - - - - Forcing Asparagus in Hot-beds, . . - . Forwarding Broad Beans, or English Dwarfs, Forcing Kidney Beans, ------ Forwarding Broccoli and Cauliflower, - - - Forcing Cucumbers at an eai'ly season, - - - Forwarding Cucumbers in April and May, - - - Forwarding Lettuce for use in the winter, - - - Forcing Mushrooms at all seasons, - - - . Forwarding IMelons on ridges under hand-glasses. Forcing Peas in Hot-beds, - - . . . Forcing Potatoes in Hot-beds, - - . . Forwarding Radishes and other vegetables. Forwarding Rhubarb for use through the winter, Forwarding Salad, Herbs, Small Plants, &c., Forwarding Tomatoes, ---._. Forcing various kinds of vegetables, - - - - Method of cultivating the Hop, - - - - - Observations on the weather, as influenced by changes of the moon, ....... 144 coirram. 4B A laKl* fi>r j»r»Hm««tiV«Mn«r tli« wrcathor Uirougli ^11 ih« f""*** - - - 146 loti' V ('n)rnflnr, with diioctions liow to :, ... 147 jA.M'AHr.— S lit <.f tinio in ivl' 'ion on t . ■ . 1 ■ : :!)»— Mniiurr nixi II. triirlinfi ii|'iiifi«ctJi. — Diitliti" " V "'icii implfinoniH in goiH^rnl, ry for tho Wijrk to bo performed ■A tho »« iriM«?fl, • - - - • 148 FtBurABTw— I ' ffif j>mvirlinjf hot-lxvl framen, forr'- itonais to Im' uiio«i for fiirciTi(r and forv If*, tciwariN tho » nil of thr moiit)i —A ,1. . . . . . J49 March- on vnriouii •ul>jrtanre of iliis montli to an inilustrious ffanli'ner exomplifuvl — who is recommcndontinr — to attend to lj>e apniig tlrcaAing of hia hods of Artichoko, Asparat^m, Khuharb, Sea-Kale, tec. — nm) to tho Transplanting of variouj kinds of plants in 2 Mat.— l)jn» ; but as we bare noc always a choice, I would recommend the reader to that which in within his reach, and ought to 1m> the object of erery man. namely, to make tho most of what he has. To this end, ho may form a bordctf round the whole gar^ den, from five to ten feet wide, accordin*^ to tho Kizo of tho pieoe of land ; next to this border, a walk may bo made from three to six feet wide; tho centre part of the ganlcn may be divided into s«|uarei«, on tho sides of which a lx>rder mav l>o laid out three or four feet wide, in which the various kinds of horhs may bo raised, and also Gooseberries, Currants, If _ . I __: ^- — ,1 „j ,,^ ^^ yijp centre l>eds may Ihj p'. .* kinds of vegetables. The outside onrdcrs, facing the east, south, and west, will l>e uvrful for raising tho rarlii-nt fruits and vogrtables ; and the north l>or- der, being shady and cool, will serve for raising and pricking S 14 GENERAL REMARKS. out such young plants, herbs, and cuttings, as require to be screened from the intense heat of the sun. It may be necessary to state farther, that though shady situations are useful for the purpose of raising Celery, Cab- bage, and other small plants, slips, &c., in the summer season, all standard trees should be excluded from a Kitchen Garden for the following reasons : First, their roots spread so widely, and imbibe so much moisture from the gi'ound, that little is left for the nourishment of any plant within the range of their influence ; secondly, when in full leaf, they shade a large space, and obstruct the free circulation of the air, so essential to the well-being of all plants ; and, thirdly, the droppings from trees ai-e particulai'ly injurious to whatever vegetation they fall upon. Previous to entering on the work of a garden, the gar- dener should lay down rules for his future government. In order to this, he should provide himself with a blank book, in which he should first lay out a plan of his garden, allot- ting a place for all the different kinds of vegetables he intends to cultivate. As he proceeds in the business of planting his grounds, if he should keep an account of every thing he docs relative to his garden, he would soon obtain some knowledge of the art. This the writer has done for more than twenty years, and he flatters himself that a publication of the results of his practice wiU be!*interesting and useful to his readers. If gardeners would accustom themselves to record the dates and particulars of their transactions relative to tillage, planting, &c., they would always know when to expect their seed to come up, and how to regulate their crops for suc- cession ; and, when it is considered that plants of the Bras- sica, or Cabbage tribe, are apt to get infected at the roots, if too frequently planted in the same gi'ound, and that a rota- tion of crops in general is beneficial, it will appear evident that a complete register of every thing relative to culture is essential to the well-being of a garden. One important point to be attended to, is to have a supply KSMAKKB. K tf good old awnure. atid other coropoau. ready to incorpoir r»t0 whh Um r I rUao a portitm co diiac, and lime, ■ ; trpoiie of 8o^\ ^ . .^ in dry woatber, to deatroj iiuecui, which aotnotiuica cut off I irod every year, as it Aoald b«*, it is of primary importance that thiwo vegetables bo provide' '< h moitt tit ' ire. A ixtumU of the Oatalofiic le the y<' »>itcr to judge of tiio kinds of fpird<*n products %vhich require it most. Lest I sliuuld not have lM2on expHrit enough in this ]>articular, I would inform him that f^ood rich maiiun* ia iitdis|)cn.saMy no- eoaaary for t)ie production nf Broccoh, Cauliflowur, Cabbapfe^ Lrtture, Spinn(^, Onions, Kadij*ho«, and Salails in j»oncnil. In tlie event of a scanty supply of mtinuro, those kinds of Vei^ntnbles whicii are raised iii hills or drills, may l)o pro> Tided for by disposing of the manure immediately under the Mod or plants.* ' important matter is to have tiio ground in suita- b. ........jn to receive the seed. I winh it to be understood * A« sooM nUtfTSlOfs, bjr tlwir in<-< •< nwnure, ahow that tbcy ha«« vrrjr crroocotu mScw m to it* r i utility, I would mnind Mtch, thA manure •bouM be a % r aacd. In on!> iro ai ■ " ■'..■"' .; ■'!.,'.■> .!i'* 'r;^>rair.i v ,:ri iho r^ ;. \'. • : :■ :« \i*f<\ in hllll ot fn a i-.T i "1 .1 J uf ::• '. i:. 1 M !• 1 with the earth so aa to tana ■ •« rrmarlui a, , :\ < <, r. ,.i\ to »tioDg ani- OMU Bnr;"~ - '' r-^*!". :i< ..• > ! • ' • - i ...m-t'., ,nJ gloa Di' I . .' 're, OfSlC, %^:. - r . , . f^ ■■r ba aoirti .; it. or audi ■Mourrj a\A. Jr.; 1.4. They aboul'l "f thnn Wfll dr.' « ob)«ct. Msay gwdan< it uacd •uong coa>- p.>*t M a nv c grrms of the aecd, a 'iie ng* prrtnaiurriy ; atul ii li aotortooa that a r ii( cropa la occsaioDcd by aa iq)odlGiOQS iDods sf aamg oMkuur* 16 GENERAL REMARKS. that I am an ajdvocate for early sowing and planting, even at the risk of losing a little seed, provided the gi-ound be fit to receive it. A light, sandy soil v^^ill be benefited if vv^orked when moist, as such treatment will have a tendency to make it more compact ; on the contrary, if a clayey soil be worked when too wet, it kneads like dough, and never fails to bind when drought follows ; and this not only prevents the seed from rising, but injures the plants materially in their subse- quent growth, by its becoming impervious to moderate rains, dews, air, and the influence of the sun, all of which are necessary to the promotion of vegetation. Some gardeners, as well as some writers, recommend certain fixed days for sowing and planting particular kinds of seed; I think it necessary to guard my readers against being misled. The failure of crops may be often attributed to the observance of certain days for sowng. If some kinds of seed be sowm when the gi'ound is wet and cold, they will become chilled in the ground, and seldom vegetate. If they be sown in very dry weather, the germinative parts of the seed may become injured by the burning rays of the sun, or the young plants may get devoured by insects as fast as they come up. To obviate these difficulties, I have generally allowed a week or ten days for sowing the seed, intending the medium as the proper time for the vicinity of New- York. With this clearly borne in mind, the reader who observes the difference in the degrees of heat and cold in the different parts of the country, will know how to apply these instructions accordingly. Much depends on the manures used on particular kinds of soil. The great art of improving sandy and clayey soils, consists in giving the former such dressings of clay, cow dung, and other kinds of manure, as will have a tendency to bind and make them more compact, and consequently, more retentive of moisture ; and to the latter, coats of horse dung, ashes, sand, and such other composts as may tend to sepa- rate the particles and open the pores of the clay, so as to cause it to approach as nearly as jjossible to a loam. t. RK MARKS. ]7 Thn n*mr*r Um qmtinil approorhca to a tandy iioil, tho Iom ivCent •' ; tho more to a rloyny, tho long«r .. :1a' finer the partiflo8 ahoukl fail, this would render it necessary, if the season bo fiu" ■dTmnrod, to risk a farthrr plnntini^ of »crd, even if tho wwuber bo hot and the i^oun«l dry. If this l>e planted a Halo deeper, it may escape the ^nolent heat of the sun, ami In t* - • *■ - r'.jwer, the qround won!! ' ^ T;- rii : it up; whereas it son. .9 dwt seed ^nwn after a whowrr dcx»» not vei^tato until alter the w o n is too far advanced to bring the crop to ]>erfoction. Tbo work of drilling by those who have no machine, may bo performcil in %Tirions ways ; in tsomc cases a plough is used, in o(her.4 a small hoc, or a dibble drawn along the edge of a board or lino ; it is of little cAnse()uence which way the work is done, if !• Irnrr tomako hi.i own . .1 . .^, ■ : -i lie bo prttridod with two or three drilling machines ; these, ercry handy man ran make for himM>lf; they should l>e in the fonn of a garil«-n rake, with a st«»ut, heavy hack, and five teolh, aliout two iiKhes broad, and tapered so as to enter tlte 18 GENERAL REMARKS. ground, and leave drills two inches deep. If one be made with the teeth eight inches apart, another twelve, and another fourteen, they will be useful in making drills for the various kinds of seed ; and drills thus made sene instead of strain- ing a line when transplanting Cabbage, Lettuce, Leek plants, &c. ; the line being stretched at one edge of the bed, and the drilling machine drawn straight by the line, makes five drills at once. If they are straight, they may be kept so, by keeping one drill open for the outside tooth to work in, until the ground be all drilled. Gardeners practice different methods of covering up seed; some do it with a hoe, others with a rake or liaiTOw ; some draw a portion of the earth to the side of the bed, and after sowing the seed, return it regularly over the bed ; in some particular cases a sieve is used, in others a roller. Rolling or treading in seed is necessary in dry seasons, but it should never be done when the ground is wet. There is nothing that protects young crops of Turnips, Cabbage, and other small plants, from the depredations of the fly, so well as rolling ; for when the surface is rendered com- pletely smooth, these insects are deprived of the haiboui they would otherwise have under the clods and small lumps of earth. This method will be found more effectual than soaking the seed in any preparation, or dusting the plants with any composition whatever ; but as the roller must only be used previous to or at the time of sowing the seed, and not even then if the ground be wet, it is necessary that the gardener should have a hogshead always at hand in dry weather, containing infusions made of waste tobacco, lime, soot, cowdung, elder, burdock leaves, &c. A portion of these ingredients, or any other preparation that is pernicious or poisonous to insects, without injuring the plants, thrown into a hogshead kept filled up with water, if used moderately over beds of young plants in dry weather, would, in almost every case, insure a successful crop. Saltpetre is pernicious to many species of insects ; it is L RfMAKKS. 19 ■Im) «n e«r«Ilrnt mnnifrc, Bn ... ..i,„. 1 ..» * :>. ...1 >.. lit, applied ahrniiitriT, haTo heen known to pronon-e Melon and Cucum- ber rin*"* from tho ravnt:*^ of the yrllow fly, l>tu»B, blight, tcr., and to ki'op the plants in a thriving condition. Aa liquid, however, cannot bo conrcnientlj uitcd on a lartre pi- if in'*<*ctfl are ' -, in 111 du«t, BO<»t, n- ••, or the diwt of charcoal, in tho proportion of half a buiihcl per act. ' ■■ , ■ ■' n th. i . ; eti^t hours. Cabbaft* seed ought to come up within a week aft' • ' J'tit it wunetimes hapiH-ns that tlie whole is d*- ■ a i)lnnt i.n rveix nlxivc ground; the 8eeds> man, in ihti* emus, k often blamed, but without catino.* \ ' '- ' 'It hnn communicated tho re.tult of nn cxper- in)« 1 for jiri'venting the attacks of flies or fleaa on Turnip*. He «»ay!», " Steep your iiced in a pint of wann Water for two hourv, in which is infused one otmco of salt- petre ; then dry the sce«l, and aild currier's oil sufficient to wet the whi»le; at>rr whirh mix it with pla.<»ter of Paris, so M to aeparate and render it tit for sowing." Fish oil is * As (^-^ ' »lsce. That one oance of prwenUon i« of more vb1u« tltj •*. i« \rry i^ettmlly adiniUcd, I noulJ rtn.ni). ■Kt. ' ' < « bed for llic purj.. Ca' h olhrr plants an ar« - HLk il.'i.w'iMi.; the K round il w« . •■ < ' . •■, M dried • turf ■ •■ Mi«t, or r»< I ttw» ; . i;« on th« '■ I bur'■ 1 »-i^^ i'i<~ «<^- • -^ . .» .U not ; i'.o rvdil --: '.■ ■ - — ■■■- . -• - :«-l« r-.rr) f.iji.ii^ u.'U.I ttts ■IV tn fun l««f. Tius is an mfalltbte rrmedjr. 20 GENERAL REMARKS. known to be destructive to ants and various other small insects, but it is difficult to apply to plants. In the summer season, Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower, &c., are particularly subject to the ravages of grubs and caterpillars ; to prevjnt this wholly, is perhaps impossible, but it is not difficult to check these troublesome visitors ; this may be done by searching for them on their first appearance, and destroying them. Early in the moi-ning, grubs may be collected from the eaith, within two or three inches of such plants as they may have attacked the night previous. The approach of caterpillars is discoverable on the leaves of Cabbages, many of which are reduced to a thin white skin by the minute insects which emerge from the eggs placed on them ; these leaves being gathered and thrown into the fire, a' whole host of enemies may be destroyed at once ; whereas, if they are suffered to remain, they will increase so rapidly, that in a few days the plantation, however extensive, may become infested ; and, when once these arrive at the butterfly or moth stage of existence, they become capable of perpetu- atins: their destructive race to an almost unlimited extent. The same remarks apply to ail other insects in a torpid state- Worms, maggots, snails, or slugs, may be driven away by sowing salt or lime in the spring, in the proportion of two to three bushels per acre, or by watering the soil occasionally with salt and water, using about two pounds of salt to foui" gallons of water ; or the slug kind may be easily entrapped on small beds of plants, by stroAving slices of turnip on them late in the evening ; the slug or snail will readily crowd on them, and may be gathered up early in the morning (before sunrise) and destroyed. Moles may be annoyed and driven away, by obstructing the passage in their burrows with sticks smeared with tar. First insert a clean stick from the surface through the biir- rows; then dip others in tar, and pass them through into the ■floor of the burrows, being careful not to i-ub off the tar in the operation. Tar is also an effectual remedy against smut 4HMUL RRMAMCf. 21 ia wbMit : ftAor being heated in a kctUo until it becomes thin, it may bo stirred in among tho grain until it beconiea mUuihUnL Tlio wlnrat should aAcn%-ard bo mixed with a MilBeient quantity of wood ashcit to dry and render it fit for aowing. To prevent depredations from crows, steep com in strong Hkpetro brino, »«>w it over tho land, or steop your heed com ; and if the cniws onco get a taste, they will fornake tho field. Perha|M the next imp)rtant po attended to is tho inott pru|>cr rotation of crop*. Virgil, who was a philoao- pbttr aa w«*II a^ a pt, very justly ohsoncs, that " the trcb MVOaB or Till: cartii is a ciUNr.i: op its PRont ctions." It if % curious fact, tliot a plant may bo killed by tlio pnfaon which it has itself secreted, as a vij>cr may bo de- atroyed by its own venom. Hence it has been very gene- rally noticed, that tho soil in wliich some particular ycge- n, and into which fhoy have discharged tho ; roots, is n'n«"< A-'iv, .111 il fur <-iil!iirir\ .■* in gvnenil. 'I : j,'ovi rnment : r.. ....,' 1 with tnp or t«berous nwted, and rtc« versa. 22 GENERAL REMARKS. Plants which produce kixuriant tops, so as to shade the land, to be succeeded by such as yield small tops, or narrow leaves. Plants which during their growth require the operation of Stirling the earth, to precede such as do not admit of such culture. Ground which has been occupied by Artichokes, Aspara- gus, Rhubarb, Sea Kale, or such other crops as remain long on a given spot, should be subjected to a regular rotation of crops, for at least as long a period as it remained under such permanent crops. Hence, in all gardens judiciously man- aged, the StrawbeiTy bed is changed every three or four years, till it has gone the circuit of all the compartments ; and Asparagus beds, &:c., should be renewed on the same principle, as often as they fail to produce luxuriantly. In- deed, no two crops should be allowed to ripen their seed in succession in the same soil, if it can be avoided ; because, if it be not exhausted by such crops, weeds will accumulate more than on beds frequently cultivated. Manure should be applied to the most profitable and ex- hausting crops ; and the succession of crops should be so arranged, that the gi'ound may be occupied by plants either valuable in themselves, or which may contribute to the. in- creased value of those which are to follow ; and the value of the labour required to mature vegetables, and prepare them for market, should be always taken into consideration. Many kinds of seed, such as Asparagus, Capsicum, Celery, Fetticus, Leek, Lettuce, Onion, Parsnip, Parsley, Rhubarb, Salsify, Spinach, &;c., will not vegetate freely in dry weather, unless the ground be watered or rolled ; where there is no roller on the premises, the following contrivance may answer for small beds as a substitute : after the seed is sown, and the ground well raked, take a board the whole length of the bed, lay it flat on the ground, begin at one edge of the bed, and walk the whole length of it ; this will press the soil on the seed, then shift the board till you have gone over the whole bed. |t» t>w» ftlmmre of bnardit, trrml in th« My»d wifli yotir fp^r, at iitiikr on the l>c«l wieli ilio hnrk of your upado or nhovel ; but thU nliouUl not \w (lono when tlio grouml in wot. If it l>o nrrcMttry nt nny time to row seed in extremely dry wenther, it in rrromnicndrd to nonk the *voA in wntor, nnd dry it with sulphur. This practice, with nticn'i'" »••.>...-- iog, mil cauno the seed to veirctato Hperdily. If it »houId bo r« -.t nny thint; wlu-n tha ground i« dry, the : ,....;...^ . ;1J always h<; dntio as noon %M the earth is turned orer, and the root« of the plants, I y arc set out, should bo steeped in mud made ul : riipOSt. I hare, in most cases, recommended seed to be so^vn in (! " * * " I rt, in preference t' ti be more easily destroyod by means of a small hoe, which, if properly used, greatly promotes the growth of young plants. The following table may bo useful to the gardener, in •bowing the numl>cr of plants or trees that m.iy be raised on an aero of ground, when planted at any of tJio unJcr-mcn- tiooed distances : Dm< aac« aiurt. No of f*l«o(«. 9 feet 537 12 feel 302 15 feet 193 18 feet 134 1 - :'i ! 21 feet 99 -.;-J 24 foot 75 1.742 27 feet 59 1,210 I 30 feet 43 • n» a guide to 5nrli as nra . . _; out a gnnlcn, ns it shows ■t one view many proportions of an aero of land, in sqttarM I fuut U feel 2 feet 2\ feet 3 feet 4 feet A feet 6 feet T\ not c^ , IJ.-. ■' G,969 24 GENERAL REMARKS. of different dimensions. The last line, for instance, sliows that, if forty-eight trees be planted on an acre, each thirty feet apart, there may be forty-eight beds of thirty feet square, or thirty beds of forty-eight feet square, formed from the same quantity of land. An allowance of about one-eighth must, however, be made from the above calculation for walks and paths. The table may also sei've to show the gardener how to dispose of any given quantity of manure, that may be allotted for an acre of ground. If, for instance, it requires three hundred and two trees to plant an acre when placed twelve feet from each other, it will require as many heaps of manure to cover the same quantity of ground, if dropped the same distance apart. It therefore follows, that if one hundred loads be allowed to the acre, each load must be divided into three heaps. If seventy-five loads only be allowed, every load must be divided into four heaps, and so on in proportion to the quantity allowed. But if the gardener should choose to drop his heaps five 2")aces or fifteen feet apart, he may make such distribution of his loads as to have one hundred and ninety-three heaps on the acre of land ; in which case by dividing each load into four heaps, he will require only forty-eight loads to cover the acre, and he may decrease the quantity still more, by allowing greater distances from heap to heap, or by dividing his loads into smaller proportions, so as to accommodate himself to whatever quantity of manure he may allot to any given quantity of gi-ound. As it may not be generally known that some kinds of seed are apt to lose their vegetative qualities much sooner than others, the following hints are subjoined as some rule for the gardener's government, provided the seed is carefully preserved, and not exposed to excess of heat, air, or damp ness: Panuiip. Rhubarb, and udicr light, scalc-Ukc ncctU, cannot Bru: ipsiriim, Cam»f, CitMH. Lock, Naattirtium, Okrm, Onion. SaUiiy, Sc9ni«ineni, nd amall HctI» mt•' ■ • -. igo, Culcry, Kale, Kadittli, ami Turnip imhhI, wili ki-op fimr yriim, if |»n»|>crly attcndtrd to. Beet, Cucumber, Ciuunl, Melon, Piitiipkiii, and .S<|iiaNb, ■Im), Humot, Cheml, and Sinxd Hced, have Ih'cii kiKiwn to gn»w frctdy when five ond'even »cven yeoin old ; but it is not jmulrnl to venture wed in the garden. <•'' 'I"- •-'lundncHS of \vli;« h we are not certain. In order to put nurh on their guard as may attempt to raise Mc*d either for their own use or for the market, I would alMien-e that srrcat care is nece?uiar)', oa it id an indubitable Ti • - ,.r, d. . . . .It for any one man to raiso all sorts of seed, good and true to th. K' defective, they are unfit for Mr«l, as the annexed fact will show. I onre planted for seed •onto beautiful orange-coloured hmiLh of Carrots, but as they hid been previously gnjwn wltli some i>f n lemon-colour, they pHNluccd seed of a mixed and spurious breed ; and as this is not a solitary in.Htance of .; y from the like cause. I have come to the con^lu^^ is In the animal frame, so it is in the vegetable system — ilisottlers very fre- quently lay dormant from one generation to anotlicM*. and at length bn-ok out with all their vigour; I would therefore •drise sct-tl inDwen not to attempt to " bring a clean thing out of an unclean," but if tliuy find a mixture of %'aribtics among their seetl nK>ts, to reject the whole, or they wiD in- Ikllibly have spurious seed. 3 36 GENERAL REMARKS. TABLE AND EXPLICATION. *^* In order to aid the novice in gardening, the following brief classification of such species and varieties as comprise our catalogue of vegetable seed is submitted, and it is pre- sumed that the connecting links, and explication of this table, Avill not be altogether uninteresting to the experienced gar- dener and seedsman. CATALOGUE. s IK s i •a c c - O ^1 el o J"? n3 z Most 1 essential 9 Nutriment. 1 3 '5 ..0.. ..0.; ..0.. ."tl:: ..0.. ..0. . ..0.. . .0.. . .0. . . .0.. Beet . .0. . . .0.. . .0.. 0.. . .0.. . .0. . ..0.. ..0. . ..0.. ..0.. ..0.. ..0.. ..0. . ..0.. ..0.. . .0., . .0. . Celery ..0.. ..0.. ..0.. ..0.. ..0.. ..0.. Egff Plant ..0.. . 0.. ..0.. ..0.. ..0.. ..0. . ..0.. ..0. . . .0.. . .0. . ..0.. . .0. . Lettuce ■■ ..0.. ..0.. Rlelon (musk) . .0. . . o! . . .0. . ■n . .0. . Okra ..0.. . .0. . . .0. . ..0.. ..0.. 0. ..0. . . .0. . .0.. ..0. . ..0. . PevLS ..0. . .0 . ..0. . ..0.. Salsify . .0. . . .0.. .. .. Tomatoe Turnip ..0.. ..0.. ..0. . . .0. . (1 ^^^^ In explication of the table, it may be necessary first to premise, that in the classification, as regards the germinating powers of different kinds of seed, it is conceded that if some of those denominated medium were jDut upon an equal foot- ing with some of the class denominated quick-growing, they would vegetate in about the same time. For instance, Peas JHHBAt lUMAMUt. ^ «t i>uly s^>wing such seed at the ».. "■ ' ■■ « anoiui. Th. IxH'k. Ponley, Onion, Pantnip, Spiuorh, Jlt., until r. render tLoui»elvo« liablu to disap|>l«Ur« t4 the flrrt term mlumn* wm in type preriout . la the ilitfti4iir- — irtlmn flhwtTattTr of ihnr r>»>jr»-t |vr.p!f> in c^nmd. from not ron- MdennK th f : native* of tiic vanouii cli> Btalea of tl. nt. CTpcrt t'^ r»i«» wtmtcYer VhtJ nmf wi*h i': ■ .n. l!> rrfcrrinc to i iiion to lh> itahth and > "lojr will \» at oncn r<>! ifteir rfT'>r, a* il ^ .t |!.iit cuch vrxrUt!' will IfTtw hr«t • V.\n»c whiiap mo ;il it liKtt«ti)f' •• • •••r in .;>• fir Of aoliimn. Ii ■ |i> rrTii ■ .• : 1. r t). i', !• Ml ('.. \inpnnui apring )• can f- ':•• ■>; ; • - .. - our • " ^r r , t- ■ u»*^ . nnder . 4 ■ ■ < ■ for tb« -li-Nsr;.; -- — 1, .. - ..-,.:- laToka By rmian l« MllMre alrict' > 88 GENERAL REMARKS. frequently subjected early in the season. Some species of plants tliat, in an advanced stage of growth, Avill stand a hard winter, are often cut off by very slight frost wdiile germinating, especially if exposed to the heat of the sun after a frosty night, or while in a frozen state. Cabbage, CaiTOt, Celery, Turnip, and many other gi'owing plants, which survive the ordinary Avinters of England, are here classed as half-hardy, for the reasons above stated. The third class, or most tender sj)ecies, frequently perish from excess of rain. Lima Beans, for instance, have often to be replanted three or four times in the month of May, before any will stand. Melons, Cucumbers, Egg-plants, Tomato plants, &c., are also often cut off by variableness of the weather; indeed, it is unreasonable to expect natives of tropical climates to thrive or even live in a climate adverse to that in which nature first produced them, unless protected or nursed in unpropitious seasons, as recommended under the head forcing vegetables. Those who plant tender things in open gardens early in the season, must reconcile them- selves to loss in the event of unfavourable w£>ather, instead of throwing blame on the seedsman. The fourth class, embracing such species and varieties as, from their nature, are apt to vegetate quickly, are very liable to be devoured by insects before they make any show on the suiface. Turnip seed, for instance, will sprout within forty- eight hours after being sown ; and under favourable circum- stances, most of the species of this class will come up within a week ; but if insects attack the seed beds in dry weather, a total loss of crops will be the consequence. Every expe- rienced farmer is convinced of this fact, by having frequently to sow his Turnip ground three or four times before he can get any to stand. Sometimes a sudden shower of rain will cause plants to grow out of the reach of insects, but every good gardener should have his remedies at hand to apply to seed beds in f riMmil, and esprrially to ihoso in which plant« ore raijKMl ftir tli« pur) IImmo ';•' XI the ftflh and aixth eolumnM, oArn laku from tu-o lu thn>o or fuur weclu to vogo- Inr. . iblo •ca«oi»». lf«l l>y c«'. . \ec«« of dn time*, •00(1 nmy fail to vegotato for wont of \n< In iho 0\. ■■ ' • '• • ' JS oi . r untoward rirruin*tanrcii, which can ncithor bo controlled or accounto«I for, «ron )>y thu mixit aaiiiduou.s aii\vi*vt, Aolitory plantit will perish, they not huvin^ MifTicicnt «trL*ngth to o{)cn tlic jMircs of Uic earth, and vcrv frequently injudirious manngomcut in ma- nuring and preparing the soil will cau^c defeat. I have been induced to expatiate, and to detsignate, in the $tvtmth range of ihe precedinj:; lahl(, such planLn an are gene- rally cultivated fint in need lieds. and oAerward traniiplunted for th«- '■: ited with .space to mature io, wit ■ I' the thousand and one quesUons aaked by inex|>crioDccd cultivators, at my counter. S '■c of the nature and object «»f rai , _ :. awk for {>ounulil require from four to 5ix pound.n of seed. To prevent any altcTcation on this subject, I would «>b(icrvc, in conrlusion, that many other vegetables will admit of being trarjHplunted bc<»ide« tluwe designated in our table ; but as there is considerable risk and trouble in^cparablo from 3' 30: GENERAL REMARKS. the operation, it is needless to apply it, unless there are para- mount advantages to be gained, the reverse of which would be the case, under ordinary circumstances, with the gene- rality of those plants not thus designated. Instead of ans^vering any more queries, I think I shall for the future follow the example of the tj'uly eccentric Aber- nethy, and refer all enquirers for information to my books, which contain an answer to every important question that has been put to me on the subject of gardening since I became an author. T. BRIDGEMAN. *^* Previous to the commencement of our Catalogue, it may be necessaiy to remind the reader, that the directions which follow are founded on the results of practical exj)eri- ence in the vicinity of New- York City, where the soil is generally susceptible of gardening operations toward the end of March. These directions may, however, be applied to all other parts of the United States, by a minute observ- ance of the difference in temperature. In the extreme northern parts of the State of New- York, as well as in all other places similarly situated, the directions for the beginning of April will apply to the latter end of the same month, with very few exceptions. In our Southern States, the directions for APRIL, which may be considered as the first gardening month in the Eastern, Wes1"ern, and Middle States, will apply to Janu- ary, February, or to whatever season gardening operations may commence in the respective States. In the varied climates of each j)articular State, if the same rule of application be pursued in accordance with the Calen- dai. Success is certain. CATALOGUE, ARTICHOKE. Articuaut. C'tjnara, v.uuirrica. CjTMn ScoljiDitt, or Frmcn. I Cyoara ItortMuia. or Globe. Tme garden Articlioko ia a natiro of iho South of Europo, and much cultivnti-d fur thu London and Pom markcLH. It u a pcmmial plant, pnxlucini^ from tho root annually ita luTf^o aquamoeo heuda, in lull gTi>\%l]i, trom Junu or July, until October or November. Thu Globe Artichoke, which pn>duccn lar^ glob';'-— ' 1", is l)csl for goncml culturr, ibo heads being co:. . larger, and tho eatable jMirtB mora thick and i>Iump. Both nort* may be raijwd from 8eoo light and moiiit, not such as i.t apt to become bound up by heat, or that, in consequence nf * On* oonc* of asad wtU produce about tix hundred ilaaU 32 ARTICHOKE. containing too lavge a proportion of sand, is liable to Lecome violently hot in summer, for this is extremely injurious to these plants. After the plants are up, they should be kept free from weeds, and the earth often loosened around them. The business of transplanting may be done in cloudy or wet weather, at any time after the plants are from nine to twelve inches high. Having fixed upon a proper soil and situation, lay on it a good quantity of rotten dung, and trench the ground one good spade or eighteen inches deep, incor- porating the manure there-wath ; this being done, take up the plants, and after shortening their tap roots a little, and dressing their leaves, plant them with a dibble, in rows five feet asunder, and two feet from plant to plant, leaving part of their gi-een tops above gi-ound, and the hearts of the plants free from any earth over them, and give each plant a little water to settle the roots. The winter di'essing of Artichokes is an important opera- tion; on it depends much of their future success. This should not be given them as long as the season continues mild, that they may have all possible advantage of growth, and be gradually inured to the increasing cold weather ; but it should not be defeiTed too late, lest by the sudden setting in of hard frost, to which we are subject in the Northern States, the work be neglected, and the plants consequently exposed to devastation and loss. In the first place, cut all the large leaves close to the ground, leaving the small ones which rise from the hearts of the plants ; after this, line and mark out a trench in the middle, between each row, from fourteen to sixteen inches wide, presuming that the rows are five feet apart, as directed. Then dig the surface of the beds lightly from trench to trench, burying the weeds, and as you proceed, gather the earth around the crowns of the plants to the height of about six inches, placing it in gently between the young rising leaves, without burying them entirely under it ; this done, dig the trenches one spade deep, and distribute the earth equally IBTimoKK. 33 Iwrwvrn ■nd on oarh mdc of the plants, bo an to 1«vr1 the Hdfea, givinf^ thrm, at the name time, a neat rounding form ; fiiii ' ' "' ' <-l ihi' \tntnc enrth out of the br»(' "ViTthe riilgfrs, in onlor that ihr wntiT rx-ri-iDinxl hy henry rnin«, &c., may iinmodiatoly nin -•' •■ ■•. liM'h account the trenrhea oii^ht to have a f^cn- flc a» the lodirment of wntrr alM»ui the rr»ot.H in winter i« till' ■ • • vil nnd dtmgrr towhirli t)u>y nrprx|K)!i- ed, even gn.'u:* r ili.iit the mcMit ncvcte fruats to which wo are •abject. The hcd« are to remain *o, nntil thrre in an nppcnmnce of ban! fmm, whrn thry nhould Iw covt^rcd witli lijjht dung, Htter. k»Tea of tTo«T». or the hke, the better to pn*Hon-e tlio cr*'" T-. In tliirt manner, the roots m!! .. , — :_. ..;i the winter. An soon as the rery aorere fmats are over, the bods must be uncovered, and wh' •■' iK-jrin to npprnr nl)Ove p^ . .: _ -; -L- or two inches up, tlien, and »< tin then, piDceed to level down the beds, throwing lh<' '••%•» or trcnrhes, and nninil thrm in a Be ■ : >; in the short manure, and lof>«K'n all the earth around tlie plants. At the same time, examine the nunfber of n' -.kjI, and s<'lcri thr. the stmnge^t •■» every »t<»<-d prepared in the name manner as directed far the yount; plants, takinc^ care, at the same time, to cIo5o lh« earth about the crowns of the roots, and draw it up a Uttlo to the r - !orc-d<">(-vil>ed state, whetlicr that hnp]>i>ns In 8 dS ASPARAGUS. February, March, or Ajiril, occasioned by the clifFerence of climate, in the respective States, or by the earliness or late- ness of the spring. The gardeners near London generally take off the side suckers, or small Artichokes, when they are about the size of a hen's egg. These meet with a ready sale in the mar- kets, and the princijDal heads that are left are always larger and more handsome. The maturity of a full-gro^vn Arti- choke is apparent by the opening of the scales ; and it should always be cut off before the flower appears in the -centre; the stem should be cut close to the ground at the same time. Artichokes are esteemed a luxury by epicures. To have them in perfection, they should be thrown into cold water as soon as gathered, and after having been soaked and well washed, put into the boiler when the water is hot, with a little salt, and kept boiling until tender, which generally requires, for full-gi'own Artichokes, from an hour and a half to two hours. When taken up, drain and trim them ; then serve them up with melted butter, pepper, salt, and such other condiment as may best suit the palate. ASPARAGUS. AsPERGE. Asparagus ojjicmalis. VARIETIES. Gravesend. l Large Battersea. Large White Reading. [ Large Green, or Giant. This plant is a native of cold climates, and is found groAv- ing wild in Russia and Poland, whei'e it is eaten by the cattle the same as grass. It will endure the severity of our winters, and produce its buds, when the weather gets mild ; but as garden products are generally scarce after a hard winter, the gardrner wlio ikiu(li«*fl hw intcroflt w\\\ make iho mnat of iho tprinff »ca»ttn, nod rmiiio all he can befure Uio market J ' " ' • •' end. In* U rccoiumrndcd to pivpare : k\ OB MNtn oa lliu coUleMt of the vrintor is paal. {Hwe orhcit om Forrint^ Vtf^ttabU^.) Anpanit^iB may Iw miMil i>y tMtwini; .be m^cU in tho fall as acXMi aa ripo. or in March aiitl tho oaiiy port of April. I will priHiucc aUmt a thuu.<(anil plaiitA. It .- , ; tliu |jc«t gruuiul in the garden. Tho seed may be sown in drilln, ten or twolvo inches anunder, and m\<- •:t nn inch with liijhl earth. When the planta an? ; , . :. y will nerd a careful hoeing, and if well culti- vated, and kept free from weedn, they will l>o large enough H year old. S>nie keep them in no two years old. A plantation of A«para^Uit, if the lieds arc projierly dressed evei ills for twenty yearn or more. N IS may be mode in autumn, or bcfuro tho bud.^ gel far advancod must nut be wet, nor too stroag or stubliom, but such as is moderately light and plia- ble, sn tli-- • ■' ' ' '"ill to pieces in digging or raking, ■ad in n ys the ftdl myr the wh«)le surface, and dig the ground over again eight or ten ii: ' this top dressing, and incoqx>- nuing it v. .. :.,■ , ..yAi. In fiimily gardens, it is customary to divide the grvtuad thus pn-pan-d in' ■ '..r every four rowa of plant"*, wit I ■.vide Int ween each bed. Strain jottr lino along tho bed si.x inches from 3o ASPARAGUS. the edge ; then, with a spade, cut out a small trench or drill close to the line, about six inches deep, making- that side next the line nearly upright ; when one trench ic opened, plant that before you open another, placing the plants upright ten or twelve inches distant in the row, and let every row be twelve inches apart. The plants must not be placed flat in the bottom of the trench, but nearly upright against the back of it, and so that the crown of the plants may also stand upright, and two or three inches below the surface of the ground, spreading their roots somewhat regularly against the back of the trench, and at the same time drawing a little earth up against them with the hand as you place them, just to fix the plants in their due position until the row is planted ; when one row is thus placed, with a rake or hoe draw the earth into the trench over the plants, and then proceed to open another drill or trench, as before directed ; and fill and cover it in the same manner, and so on till the whole is planted ; then let the sui'- face of the beds be raked smooth and clear from stones, &c. Some gardeners, ■with a view to have extra large heads, place their plants sixteen inches apart in the rows, instead of twelve ; and by planting them in the quincunx manner, that is, by commencing the second row eight inches from the end of the first, and the fourth even with the second, the plants will form rhomboidal squares, instead of reclangidav ones, and every plant will thus have room to expand its roots and leaves luxuriantly.* *The above directions are intended for family gardens. Those who may wish to riiise Asparagus in large quantities for market, should prepare the ground with a plough, and plant two rows in each bed, which may be carried to any length required. If several beds are wanted, they may be planted in single rows four or five feet apart, in order that the plough may be worlced freely between tliem. Frequent ploughing will cause the roots to spread, so as to widen the beds, and the winter dressing may be per- formed in a great measure with the plough. After the Asparagus is cut, the ground between the beds may be ploughed, and planted with Cabbage, Potatoes, or any other vegetable usually cultivated in rows WINTRR DRtUISING OP ASPARAGUS BEDS. About ibe bog^nnint; of No%'cmt)cr, iftliu ntalkii of Aitpar- •gua turn relloM-, which i» a ftign cds must have an annual dressing of gooa manure; lot "ver lliu be»L», two or tlireo iorliea thick, .. .a fork made for the puquxic, (which should have three flat tinea,) dig in tho dung quito t.H, by wli' ' the rooL* .'' wiutrr I wa.nli tho manure iluwn among them. It is the practice witli somo 1 dressing, and : ly be done for th« first two years aficr the beds are made, but not oAerward ; a<, when the plants are in f." '!i. their roots and crowns extend inli> the alleys, autl tlu-m up frtMpjently de- stroys plants, or renders them too weak to produce buds in perfection. The lK«ds will be greatly iK-nefitcd if covered to tho depth of s^'Neral inches with leavr-^, foa-weed, or lung litter from the livery stables. Thoscodi:-- ^ ■ -■'•■ -lid aU.ua>. .. '•■'• '•■ :-'^. that is, dear :^, and then s]>: ^ orer it, to tlie depth of one or two inches, to defend the crown of tho plants from frost. SPRIXO DRESSING OF THK nF-DS. This work should be dfine from al»out the latter end o| March to the middle of April, or just before the buds begin to rise. Aft« ' "' ,' litter, or whatever may encumber t)>' oit ilung over tho whole furfare, and dig it in : if the alleys be dug at the same time, it will be very beneficial to the plants. Care must be taken at thi4 season not to wound the rmwns with the tinea of die ^irk, but forking the beda should not be neglected, as admit- 4 38 ASPARAGUS. ting the sun and rain into the ground, induces the plants to throw up buds of superior size ; to promote such a desirable object, tlie ground should be kept clear of weeds at all sea- sons, as these greatly impoverish the soil, and frequently smother the plants. The gardeners of England raise Asparagus in gi-eat per- fection, and sometimes have buds weighing from three to five ounces each. Loudon says, in his Encyclopaedia of Gardening, that one grower alone has eighty acres entirely under this crop for the London market. Asparagus plants will not produce buds large enough to cut for general use, in less than three years from the time of planting, but in the fourth year, when the shoots are three or four inches high, they will bear extensive cutting, which should, however, be discontinued when no large buds are throv\Ti up. The best way of cutting is to slip the knife down perpendicularly close to each shoot, and cut it off slan- tingly, about three or four inches beneath the ground, taking care not to wound any young buds proceeding from the same root, for there are always several shoots advancing in different stages of growth. Asparagus is considered a wholesome vegetable, and should not be kept long after it is gathered ; after being well washed, it may be tied in bundles of about a dozen buds each, and boiled in water slightly seasoned with salt, until tender, which will be in about twenty minutes ; take it up before it loses its true colour and flavour, and serve it up on toasted bread, with melted butter, &c. BEANS, vt^nglwh l)v. • ^ Fcrs OB MAAAls. I'icia jaba. TAKICTICfl. Kmrty Mnafin. tarty LUtnn. lUrt^r I.nn« Pod. I iMir. ^•ndwirh Dran. OrMfi Cf^o*. Dwarf riu»UT. Wl. • Cr.. I. SwutU Lung i'ikI- Tiic ])riucipal tu;..* of Oicso gnnlcn Bcana not nuccccJ- inif wull in tlu5 country, m tbo summer heat overtaking them ! y nro poJileil, whicli causes the blossom to ilrop c-.. , ;ujt;ly; to obviate lliia tlifliculty, they should bo pluu(oo planted in the open ground, as soon in tho season as it can bo brought into good « ion, &■ ■ . _ lut- ings may bo repeated every ten dap of tho first spring rr. -•' ' ■ • : - ty fppjjj those that arc planted early that u • c can bo expected, aa lliey Iwcomc defi- cient in quality, as wi-ll as in quantity, on tho approach of ©xtrrmo warm weather. In the Stuthom States they may be planted in succession tkroaghout tho autumn ami winter months, which will cause them to licar early in tho ensuing season. Tho best mode of planting is in drills, dra^^'n two inches deep, in which llio seed Beans may be dropped two or throe 40 BEANS. inches apart, according to their size, and the drills may he from two to three feet asunder. A strong cbyey soil is the most suitable ; but they often do well in moderately light ground, provided it be well trodden, or rolled, after the Beans are planted. As soon as the Beans are three or four inches high, they will need a careful hoeing ; and if some earth be drawn up to their stems, three or four times in the course of their growth, it will greatly refresh and strengthen them. Wlien they aiTive at full bloom, and the lower pods begin to set, the toj)s may be broken off. If this be done at the proper time, it will promote the swelling of the pods, as well as their early maturity ; for having no ad\ancing tops to nourish, the whole effort of the root will go to the support of the fruit. Broad Beans are particularly subject to green bugs. To- bacco watei", or salt water, will sometimes destroy them, but the most certain way is to watch their first appearance, and pick off that part on which they first settle, and bum it ; or if such plants be cut dowoi close to the ground, they will produce fresh shoots, which may bear a good crop. One quart of -'seed Beans will be required for every sixty feet of row, allowing the smallest sorts to be planted about two inches apart, and the largest four inches. The beans should be gathered young, and shelled while fresh. After having been washed, let them be boiled in plenty of water v^dth a little salt and a bunch of green parsley. They take from thirty to forty minutes to boil, according to age, and may be served up with melted butter, gravy, &c. ; but they are very good when cooked and eaten with fat pork, or good old-fashioned Hampshire bacon, BCAXf . i I BEANS. (KiUnoy Dwarfs.) IIaricot. PhoMohu wmlgarit, tie. TARimrji. Kiriy n?wk Ptr.irf. W Kartjr D«ainark. Bwty Moliawk. Esfty Valmtrrr. ijUAkrr. > i( I I. -ilt^l l> Oil*. I giuil'a tlrad. i ' i. y ■ iv ' ii>'). I hi') 11 1'" ■»'* IV iijiiry. Of French. Tnr-ii: ^ iiktIi-i nf !' ' . f India, ^^ America, nn.l ..lii. i \s • uluro tin- ■ cokl, and it is theroforo aiways hazarduus to plant them in th0 open fpvund until Mntled warm weather. Tlio cm ' ▼WMCies, if planted toward tho cud of April or the fin>t \ in May, will cfimo to perfoctiou in from six to eight wcok« aAcr planting. Simc of the latrr varieties will keep long-cr in beorinjf, ami are esteemed by eonio on that account. Thc«e. with mirno of the early varieties, may be planted in tbo mnnth.4 of May and June ; and if a rt*^lar succession of youuf^ l>cniM be required tliruughout tho summer, some of the varieties should b« planted every two weeks, from tlie last we<>k in April until the beginning of August.* These I{(>ans re<)uire a light, rich soil, in which they should be plan' • four in a hill, or drilU about two inches d^. ... i .:u« two or three inches fmra each ochcr ; the drills may be from two to three feet apart TIio Refugees d<> itl^. As the Iteans pro- gress in grtty- dly hood, drawing some • goms gmt s B s w . aosioai to ^- - raily. am spt • ' |0O aoon in Um ansae, and rrry -mt iMr Ar-: ka raODllartML that tlwM BcaiM •{>- ..... ;. ( neambprt pvda ItiKScrona, awl wtU tKray* pow quirkcr arxl \ planting br >Jr:.«\ r.i unt.l irtllrd arann wrallirr. II.. Dw ; auoowd wc oT A !«*•>• the I . Ill* and at I V 42 BEANS. earth up to their stems at the same time, which will causo them soon to be fit for the table. One quart of Kidney Beans will plant from three hundred and fifty to four hundred hills, according to the size of the Beans, allowing four Beans to each hill, or from two hundred and thirty to two hundred and sixty feet of row, allowing six Beans to every foot. These Beans should not be suffered to get old and tough before they are gathered; be careful in trimming them, to strip off the strings. To effect this desirable object, break them across ; and, in order to preserve their greenness, soak thein in salted water for a short time, then put them into the water while boiling, which should be previously seasoned with salt. When they are tender, which will be in from fif- teen to twenty minutes, take them up and drain them through a collander, in order to render them capable of absorbing a due share of gravy, melted butter, &c. BEANS. (Pole or Running.) Haricots a rames. Phaseolns Limensis. VARIETIES. Large White Lima. I Speckled Lima. Phaseolns JMultiflortis VARIETIES. Scarlet Runners. White Dutch Runners. Dutch Case Knife, or Princess Asparagus, or Yard Long. London HorticulturaL French Bicolour. Red Cranberry. White Cranberry. These species and varieties of Beans may be planted early in the month of May and in June, either in hills three feet distant from each other, or in drills about two inches deep, and the Beans two or three inches apart in the drills. BBANS. ^ Tlir polot «houI(l Im eight or ton frot long, and may Ikj BxcJ in llio gT'' * ' "I. The vni Iw j>laniceans should lx> tho same as for Dw:r • tlio Lima, which require richc-r tn^und than other sorts. A sh<»velful of rich lii;ht compost, i; ...:!» tho earth in each hill, wouhl be liemficial. If any Tarietios are wanted before tho ordinary' seasons, !'■ 1 in flMWi-r-|x)ts, in .Aj)ril, :■ Mn ft ^ ^ irden frame, and In'ing^ ini: ^ i in May, with 'the balls of earth entire, will como into bearing ten • ' ;hoso. In rojto of tho fiuluru of crops, or of unfavourable weather in June, Beet ». ' ' ■ ' '' <• finit wrck in July will somctimen priKluco \ii • root-H, which may l»o prcMcr\t;d for winter use. 'rito most Buitublc ground for Boctx iit that which hoM l>cvn well monurcd for previous cmps, and requires no fresh ma- nure, provided it Ijc well pulverized. It is always Ix'st to thin IJceta while young. If the tops are used as a vegetable, they should not be lefl too long for thin purpoAo, or they will greatly injure the rootji of those that nn« to stand. Hi-ds that arc to ptand through tho sum- mer, should l>c kept clean by repeated hocings ; and tho root5 intended for winter use should bo taken up in October, or rarly in N 1 stoweil away, as directed in the cala'ndar t- • ■<. Allowing Boot seed to bo planted on tlic gardening plan, it will rrquim at tho rnto of ten jxiunds for an acre of land, which is two |M>un'vu each row, one half the quantity of s<'ed will Imj suthcient, or even less, if sown regular. If it l»o an object with the cultivator to save his sord, ho may dro|i s«»mo in each spot 'vhero a plant is rc<]uirc necesMiry to add, that one pound of Uv^i r^-vil will fnoa^un' aliout two quarts, and as each ctqwule contains four or five ^mall seed, thinnint^ out the surjtltis plants is io- dispoDsablc to the production of good roots. 46 BORECOLE, on KALE. BORECOLE, OR KALE. Chou FmsE Vert. Brassica oleracea, etc. VARIETIES. Green Curled, or Scotch. Dwarf Brown, or German. Purple Fringed. Jerusalem, or Buda. Cesarean Kale. Thousand-headed Cabbage. There are several sub-varictics of this genus of plants besides those above specified, most of which have large open heads, with curled wrinkled leaves. The Dwarf Curled, or Finely Fringed sorts, are much cultivated in Europe for the table ; and the coarse and tall-growing are considered pro- fitable for cattle. The Thousand-headed Cabbage, and Ce- sarean Kale, grow from three to five feet high, and branch out from the stem, yielding an abundant sujiply of leaves and sprouts in the winter and spring. For the garden, these several varieties may be treated in every respect as Winter Cabbage. The seed may be sown fixjm about the middle of May to the first week in June, and the plants set out in the month of July, in good rich ground. They are never so delicious as when rendered tender by smart frosts ; they are valuable plants to cultivate, particu- larly in the more Southerly States, as they will there be in the greatest perfection during the winter months ; they will also, if planted in a gi'avelly soil, and in a sheltered warm situation, bear the winter of the Western States ; and may be kept in great perfection in the Eastern States, if taken up before the frost sets in with much severity, and j^laced in trenches, u^) to their lower leaves, and then covered with straw or other light covering : the heads may be cut off as they are required for use ; and in the spring, the stems being raised up, will produce an abundance of delicious greens. One ounce of good Borecole seed will produce about^four thousand plants, and may be sown in a border four feet by ten, or thereabout. nnc»9tXM armovra. 47 BIirsSKLS SPKOLTa Cuou DB ItRt-xr.t.Liut AcKTS. Brouica oltracta. Tui« plant frequently erovra from tlireo to five feet hiqh, n- all heads rest -i'B iii :_. ,;..... one to two iiii '..i UT. Tbo top of the plant ., the Savoy, when planted late. *I vwiitrr grpfiw, and lliey bccomo Tl: . - J by the frost. The seed may bo aotm about the middle of May, in tho aamo mnnn«'r bj» B*-! r o»it with a dili- ble early in July. i ■ ^ ■ ■■ wui i,;u f Ik- in •rery respect aa for Borecole. " ' ' a view to fnmi5h thu .Nuw i(jik w y in the ^>ring sea-son, when vegc- tablca in general arc scarce, cultivate the common Kapo, {Brasnca Rapu* ;) it Im!- • ' •ute for nnis-scls Sprout j», which arc not ni it a hard winter. If Hai>e aced bo sown early in September, the plants will ail' " ■'*''■ -Its c I _ . . • ;.fl- ble of cultivation in tho Bj)rinfi^, aay the last week in March. 1" ' ' ' ' .t while young, an ■ ' ns then c- , J".Tid nrT« n»'tro p?l i when far advanced in growth. It may bo necoJWiry t<» ann t.-nf, in ron^iu'^ nir^o ."nrtttjfs, as ol««i Kale, Colcwort, and greens in general, they should bo put into hot water, seasoned with salt, and kept boiling br' ' ' "'1 tender. If it be an object to prcsorvo therr ii .ir, put a small lump of j>earl:i-sh into the water, which al.nlinaMHi : the Irack •od roof may be made of r. * ' 'tiJier, which l)cini» nfter- frani eorcnrJ %rith frr^h m.. . will k€>cp out the fnwf. The plar«« nllottr«l for Capo linxcoli and CauJiflowor iihould have a ^laz<•o made to tako off in mild wroaihcr, hut they ahould he nlwaya kopc nhut in noTrrc coUl wpftthor, ami covcrnd with mritii, or boardii. litU'r, &c., no oflrrtually an to keop out th«' fniMt. Tho hanlv kiiwU of BrocroH may \m prvM^rvcHl without eUuM, hv ^itittrn* prnvifh'd to slido ov«t thr fn)nt in •itTBint' I ..:lior, which may bo covered over witli fresh •table dnns; or other litter. If theso planta get frozen, it will he nccen.^ar)' to tthade them fr^Hn the full rays of ihc sun until they are lhawcy Hliakui.' ;i little •Umw on tho bed aa thoy lay. It nuiv !lv un»l«i">tc the meejM of saving tlio pUmta. Tho proper time for sowing tl>o aced of Purple Cape Broccoli It from tho tenth to tlio twenty-fourth of May : * who intend to prorido a place for tlie winter keeping •I' <^U, ttut t»i« rurpio Capa Brorr my oUmt vnrirly ; i'"' iil»o, r< (ardrtt in erowth II ia, lh<»r«»fiir*, irn 'i I* «>aarntial to •■ „■, .'. - .-■> I-.. ......K.:* «>r M«f . or ao rn;.. •mT* kt (\ill [ruwtli la the h<««t of •luaoMr, and thrrrby 5 4 50 BROCCOLI, of the other kinds, may sow seed of the most esteemed varie- ties at the same time, or in two or three separate sowings^ a week apart. In order to insure good stout plants, let the seed at this season be sown in a moderately shaded border. It is best to sow it in shallow drills, drawn three or four inches apart, in which case, one ounce of seed will occupy a border of about four feet in width by twelve in length, and produce about four thousand strong plants. (See article Cabbage.) In the beginning of July, or when the plants are of suffi- cient size, they should be transplanted into exti-aordinarily rich gi'ound,. which should be previously brought into good con- dition. This being done, plant them in rows two feet and a half apart, and two feet distant in the rows. As soon as they have taken root, give the ground a deep hoeing, and repeat this two or three times in the course of their growth, drawintj some earth around their stems. Some of the Cape Broccoli, if attended to as directed, will come to perfection early in September and in October ; the other kinds will produce their heads in regular succes- sion throughout the winter and spring months, according to their different degrees of earliness, provided an artificial cli- mate be provided for them. These, of course, with what- ever may remain of the Cape Bi'occoli, will have to be taken up early in October, and laid in carefully, with the roots and stems covered with earth as far as their lower leaves. Those who have not a place provided, may keep a few in frames, or in a light cellar ; but every gardener and countiy gentle- man should have suitable places erected for a vegetable that yields such a delicious repast, at a time when other luxuries of the garden are comparatively out of our reach. stunted, they generally button, instead of forming perfect heads of flowers, and are consequently of no use but for cattle. In some of the Southern States, late planting of Broccoli and Cauliflower succeeds better than early, because the winters are calculated to mature these vegetables, from their not being subject to injury from slight frost, in a late stage of their growth. cAVLtruowxM. m CAULIFLOWKR. r'MMl ri II H 7?i-imiV'i .Irrnrrn t'i'lifftit. Urty What. I Ute White. Ilmnljr Red. or Parpie Cauli/lower. Tnin U a finU rnto regc^tablo, to obtain which, great poinn most be token in erorj stage of iu growth, ilio cxtrorocs of heat and roUl being very much agmnut it : which circum- •tanre ar*- •'- ''t good Cauliflowcnt Iwing scarcely attain- able in 11 14 Reoantui, ami which the no\-ico fuUvIy attrihui<*fl to >. >'M of the seed. To product ' ... . . '■ .uiUflowcr, the need should bo sown bo- twoen the sixteenth ond twenty-fourth of September, in a bc«l of clean, rich earth. In al>out four or five weeks after- trard, the plants should l)e pricked out into another l)cd, at the distance of four inches fVom each other every way ; thia ! ' ' ■• encompassed >vith garden frame*, covered .. — . , -unhes, and boanls or shutters ; the plants should bo watered and shaded a few days till they have taken root ; ! ••••nvard r- -td air everj' mild day <• %vinter ; ios of tJie frames miul be ao lined and secured, and the toiie of tlie bcdd so covered, aa t" " T; <• well ottended to until the tirao of transplanting in the spring ; and those who have not hand or bell glasses, so as to enable them to set some out by the latter end of March, should bavo a &ame ready about the hu>t week In February, in order that they may be imnsplanted to tho dUstanco f»f ri ' * 'no inches opart ; this wouM prevent tfaem from !•>> t growing up weak; if this bo not done, some of tho strongest plants should be taken out of the beds uwl planted in flower poU, which may afU.>rward be placed in a frnn»e or greenhouse, until tho weather be warm and settled, which may be expected soon aAcr the middle of ^ CAULIFLOWER. April. They should then be turned out nath the balls of earth entire, and transplanted into a bed of the richest earth in the garden, at the distance of two feet and a half fi'om each other every way; the residue may be taken up from the frame the last week in April, or earlier, if the season proves mild, by means of a garden trowel, and transplanted jla above* The plants should afterward be well cultivated, by hoeing the ground deep around them, and bringing some earth grad- ually up to their stem, so as to push them forward before the approach of warm weather. When the soil has been drawn up to the plants some little time, fork the ground between the rows lightly over, which will promote their growth. They should be liberally supplied with water in dry weather; those out of flower tAvice a week, and those in, every other day, which will contribute to their producing veiy large heads. As the flower heads appear, the larger leaves should be broken down over them, to defend them from the sun and rain, in >)rder that the heads or pulps maybe close, and of their nat- ural colour. Plants from the autumn sowing are generally allowed to succeed best; but good Cauliflowers are sometimes produced from seed sown in a hot-bed toward the end of January, or early in February. Great pains must be taken to have the bed in good condition to receive the seed ; when the plants are up, they must have air evei'y mild day, and as they pro- * Many persons are apt to forget, that the successful cultivation of Cau- liflower depends on the particular seasons in which the plants are raised and set out ; and, consequently, instead of raising their own plants in the right seasons, apply for them at the seed-stores and gardens, in May and June. Now, it sliould be recollected, that if early Cauliflower do not ar- rive at, or near perfection, by the end of June, tfie plants get stunted by the heat, and seldom yield any thing but leaves, except the summer should prove mild, in which case, some of the early plants may flower in autumn ; but it is needless to risk the setting out of early Cauliflower plants later than April for the sake of such chance, because plants raised from seed sown about the middle of May, and transplanted in July, are by far the most likely to produce good fall Cauliflower CAt'urLoirrit. n gTTM in H[Towth, they »houI(l have n» much air •« poanible, ■\fitioiit Htil the ItoiK ' ' lippt ' Iting Oil there ii» : ■ r of fnmt, Wbrn the pianU are tlireo or four inches high, they mmit \tr pri«-kr«l mit thn«o or four inches npnrt into another Uil. BiiJ by thr latter eu«l of April tlu'y mny bo tmu«planti-d into ilio f^rmind, and tirated in every rcupoct tho »arae a« ihe other. In tho early part of May, Cauliflower seed mny bo sown in the o|Mo prirke<1 out in June, and • i;uod ground early in July, to flower in lat aro uc»l hkely to flower by the la«t of October, should be taken up and provided for in the manner :ntino the steam. Take them up Oil •«>on OS the fork will cuter tlie stems easily, which will \<*> in from ten to twenty minutes, acrording to thfir size , drain them »o as to make them HUKceptiblo of ab- --.. ...^ a due pn)j)ortion of ifmvy, melted butter, &c. This reodem ihcni a palatable and dainty dish. 64 CABBAGE. CABBAGE. Chou. Brassica oleracea, etc. VARIETIES. Early Imperial- Early Dwarf Dutch. Early York. Early Sugarloaf. Early Emperor. Early Wellington. Early Heart-shaped. Early London. Market. Early London Battersea. Large Bergen, or American. Late Flat German. Large Green Glazed. Large Late Drumhead. Red Dutch, for picMing. Green Globe Savoy. Large Cape Savoy. Green Curled Savoy. Turnip -rooted, in varieties The early sorts of spring Cabbage may be raised in vari- ous ways. Some sow the seed between the tenth and twenty- fourth of September, pricked out and managed the same aa Cauhflower plants, only that they are more hardy, and may sometimes be kept through the winter, without sashes. Some prefer sowing the seed in a cold-bed, covered by a garden frame with sashes. If this frame be placed on a ■warm border, and kept free from frost, and the seed of the early kinds sown the latter end of Januaiy, or early in Feb- ruary, these plants will be better than those raised in the fall ; as they will not be so liable to run to seed, and they will be more hardy, and full as early as those raised in hot- beds in the spring. Or, if a heap of fresh horse manure be deposited on the gi'ound intended for the raising of early plants before the fi'ost sets in, the same may be removed some mild day in January or February, and temporary frames made by driving stakes in the ground, and nailing planks or slabs thereto. The ground being then dug, the seed sown, and covered up with sashes, will soon produce plants in perfection. The frames should be well protected, by placing the manure around them, and covering the tops with mats, boards, &c., as directed for hot-beds in the Calendar for February and March. CABl, Tt U runtomary with pmlcncri abmit New-York to rauw? til. U. In or ' 1 U> • 'ot\ in B t V Index.) io M to I»o mo#ly to receive the •ceH by the laiirr r»i! — • . . ,. . .,. . , plant oUtiit the tnitldle of April, and sliouM bo cnrrfully pjT ' • !l ill' <^ h\ • «1 ol'tiMi, will proclure good Cabbngo* in June. If -I . .1 "I the lar(»e enHr kind« lie itnwn in n warm Ixinler, ettrfr in April, they will prolanr*« fit to tmn^plant in May, which will moke jjoot! Cablmges for eummer imc* Tlie wfd *»f Hvt\ Ciibboge may be sown toward the end of April or early in May. and that of Saroya and late ral>- baire in ijeneral, may he nnvm at two or thri*o diffrrrnt timeji, between the middle and the end of May, in frcsli rich groimtl. The most certain way of routing good strong plants in tho rammer season, is to sow the seeag(> 19 &tVbtt 0*n«r»J RonarW". ■ ;al way of •avin? pinnt* ftoM jnit»-wonB«. is not t - n^ tho mnnth of June. SMd bsris tn wry — M o m aii^ ,. :« protected bjr dicctnc tmtdiM tr ., ■SkSO. SQuMIMlt lO pr^""' "■" \.^irmm Hi tnf ^vnrni'. il ». < ■ ; cr T.iri- o«s kudi ba tamn •' rcooiiDcodcd. Um rarljr Tarirtu-* will b* mi ftr •.UifM-c ! ri .• lA . _ .. :.^ gn)*^» ..,,,.,,...' , . . <_, . . ■ <> r j m !>• UM lal« Kmi ,1 Wot • #•«•. brrauM* lhr\ ■id by Uw midiiM o, A* d«ig«r fhtcn cru' Mi 0«Dsnl RsBMrlUk psg* 2a 56 CABBAGE. may not produce so many good plants, as the one ounce on the plan recommended. The Bergen, and other large kinds, should be transplanted the second and third week in July, in rows thirty inches asunder, and the plants about two feet apart in the rows : the Savoys and smaller sorts may be planted about the same time, but from four to six inches nearer every way. Cabbage succeeds best in a fresh rich soil, and the ground should be deeply hoed or ploughed, at least three times, during their growth. The Brassica Rapa, or Turnip Cabbage, produces its bulb, or protuberance, on the stems above ground, immediately under the leaves. It is eatable when young, or about the fiize of a g^arden Turnip. The seed may be sown in April or May, and the plants afterward treated the same as Cabbage, only that in earthing up the plants you must be careful not to cover the globular paxt. They are much more hardy than Turnips. In England the bulbs often grow to upward of twenty inches in circum- ference, a,nd weigh from ten to twelve pounds. They are cultivated for the feeding of cows and sheep, as well as for table use ; in either case they treat them as they do Cabbage, oi' sow them like Turnips, and afterward hoe them out to proper distances. The Brassica JVapus, or Tuniip-rooted Cabbage, has an oblong thick root in the form of a winter Radish ; it is ex- tremely hardy, and will survive very hard frosts ; the seed should be sown in rich ground, and treated in every respect as Turnips, observing to thin the plants with a hoe to the dis tance of sixteen inches apart. Their z'oots will be much lai'ger and better when treated in this way, than if trans- planted. The Brassica JVapus, variety esculenta, is sometimes culti- vated as a salad herb. It is held in gi'eat esteem by the French as a culinary vegetable, and is called the Navet, or COtrwoRT, OB COLI.ARDI. fB. Frrnrh Turnip. In Fmacu, m well u in (Jcrmany, few gTvat dianeri mro ton-vil up withuut it, in Bomo shape or utber. COLEWQBT. OR C'OI.LAKDS. Cman TCBT. Jinunca oUraeea, ~ Apociofl of ('ultltagu \\)i '.•n younjj; it • . roaoniblM t)u< cnrly kii... ' ^>-, that it is •ohivui rullivaUxL Thu Eui^Uitii froquonlly i*o\v tho M?eKc Oil a ttuLmtitutc, \vliic)i lu'iiig (1< M>«S4intn their gardens e\ery day in the ytsar. TUia ia n<>C altainaMu hvm, on account of the oxtremoA of bool and cold ; but (.\>Uardit woultl prttvo vi-ry vultmlilu and accaptahlo, iu tho event of on unfavouroblo season for full Cftbbage. "If tiio seed of Early York, Early Dutch, or other early kind« of r'abbnt^-, U; sown in Juno, July, and Au(nt.' eiahtecn inrht'S apart, tlio first planting would niako g< :m' ; nnd the plants of late sowini^n, if Ira;. , - ... ~^ , ii ml»er an«l October, in a warm border, would produce tender, sw(<«t-e<'iting grvcns for use in tho early part of winter; the latter plantincTH may be plocee easily abehercd on the appniach of ser^ro weather, without l>eing taken np. Tlu' cultivation of C'ollards is well adajtted to our Southern Status, as iheru th«-y need no protecliuu in winter. 58 CAUROT. CARDOONS. Cardon. Cynava cardtinculus. The Cardoon Artichoke, a native of Candia, is much cul- tivated in Europe for cuhnary purposes, such as for salads, soups, stews, &c. The stems of the leaves being thick and crisp, are the eat- able parts, after being blanched. They are in perfection in autumn and winter. The seed may be sown in a bed of rich earth in the month of April ; and one ounce will produce about six hlmdred plants : when the plants are up strong, they should be thin- ned so as to leave them four or five inches apart, to prevent them from becoming weak. They may be transplanted in June, at the distance of four feet from each other every way ; observe, before planting, to dress their tops and roots the same as Celery. As they advance in growth, they are to be earthed up for blanching, keeping the leaves close together ; this may be done with bass or matting, as practised with En- dive ; they are afterward to be earthed up gradually from time to time, until whitened to a sufficient height. As win- ter approaches, Cardoons must be taken up and laid away like Celery, or they may be preserved with sand in a cellar. CARROT. Carotte. Daucus carota. VARIETIES. Early Orange. Long Orange. Altringham. Long Lemon-coloured. Blood Red. Long White. The Carrot is a native of Britain, and grows by the road- side in many parts. As a cuhnary vegetable, it is much used in soups and stews, and forms a dish with boiled beef, &c. The coarse sorts are cultivated as fodder for cows, sheep, oxen, and horses, and are considered profitable, as CARROT. 19 U»pv fnHjuenlly yicM upwnni of four hutttlrcd buAlicla to an ■err, when cukivatvJ on ihr ' tn. For iho gnrJrn, the Early t :. ..;. hc»ulJ bo culiivaled for tprini; ami Hummrr uao ; but tbo I^ong Orahffo is rooro suit- •bln for main cn)|>ii, on ncroiujt i>f Ha bri'.' ■ 'jr, w well as ffir itfl great bizo at»J length. ' ^ to gTDat porfuction in a rich loamy soil, and may bo raised in drilb drawn about •' ^'T- A small bed may ) . : tor •n early cmp, and from iliat timo to the end of May for suc- c aas ivo crops ; * ' ' :op nliould not bo aowti too •oon, as tho eu. >{>t to pnxlum Ko<*d-Htalks, and, conMH|ueQtiy, stringy and umoIcm ruou. The most suitable ground for lato Carrots, u that wliich has been well manuffd for jirevious crops, and reijuircs no fresh manure. If the seed l)c sown in June, and tho plants t!;inn€'d out to tho diittanco of five or six inches from each crlii I when young, and kept lioecing token up in autumn, and prescrxed cither in sand in a cellar, or rovcrrd up in pits in a garden, as directed in tho Calendar for N A1:j. ■<.. i .trmt sre i ever)- |Milo, perch, or rod, or twenty ounces for a rood of land. On light ground, tli "r would be iM'nofirial in dry weather, •xceas of mental to tlie germination uf Carrot, as well as of all other hght seed. i6Q CELERY. CELERY. Celeei. Apiiim graveolens, VARIETIES. White Solid. i New White Lion's Paw. Red-coloured Solid. | North's Red Giant. Celeriac, or Turnip-rooled. This vegetable, so much esteemed as a salad, is known in its wild state by the name of Smallage ; and is found in great abundance by the sides of ditches, and near the seacoast of Britain. The effects of cultivation are here strikingly exhi- bited, in producing from a rank, coai'se weed, the mild and Bweet stalks of the Celery. This circumstance should stimu- late the young gardener to aim at improvement in the culti- vation of plants in general. It is customary with some gardeners to raise their early plants in hot-beds ; but as plants thus raised are apt to pro- duce seed-stalks, it is much safer to cultivate them in cold- beds, prepared as directed for the raising of early Cabbage plants. The seed for a general crop may be sown the last week in JNIarch, or early in ApriJ, in rich, mellow ground, and in a situation where the plants can be protected from the parching heat of a summer sun (a border against a north aspect is the most suitable). Some sow the seed broad-cast, but the plants will be much stouter if raised in drills. The drills may be half an inch deep, and six inches apart, so that a small hoe can be worked between the rows ; and if pro- perly attended to, every ounce of seed so sown will produce ten thousand strong plants or more. The early sown plants should be pricked out in a nursery bed of cool rich earth, as soon as they are two or three inches high, there to remain about a month, after which they will be fit to transplant into the trenches. Choose for this purpose a piece of rich ground, in an open exposure ; mark out the ti'enches by line, ten or twelve inches wide, and allow the space of three feet between them, which mmr. €t XK |»lnntntioti». Ditj lants in winter, will l»c found extremely conwrnicnt, besides a greater quantity can bo raised on a given piece of ground. Lay out th«' i^>und into Iwds four feet wide, with alle}'3 between, three feet ; dig the beds a spade deep, tlirowing tlio earth on tho alleys : when done, lay four or five inches of gO(^l, ■• ' over the Iwttom of the lied.s, dig- and ini-.., .: ....;. :Le Khuo earih, and cover tho whole with an inch or two of earth from the alleys ; plant four rows * Somv f vt dentn are Meustomrd to rultirate Celery on the level Kroand ; olbrrii, aftrr nakinc their trcnrhr* in tt>« luuiJ way, go to t' -^ . - -- of carting pmihar •oil- from a dmUncr, with whirh thry r < ir imldlgl, tmlil r>...irU' l.)',. h'.vn i.iir.n.wl I ).« ' . ,y IkMtbr^ f- ■>• (> •■•.■.' I .r I'' At! a lit »i . Of furrown nrorkeO oi.° '-in« they v.. od aoil to plant in, ■ntl ai* • >> atac* the- r ".vi niu«t be ttom fbor to t«e frr< ■t\g briwrm them would pronoto tbe ffOKlb oi tfic punia. 62 CELERY. in each bed at equal distances, and from six to eight inches apart in the rows ; after which, give them a plentiful water ing, and shade then. The plants must be hoed occasionally, until grown of suf- ficient size for earthing, which is done with the assistance of boards, by laying them along the rows, to support the leaves while you are putting in the earth from the alleys, and le- moving them as you progress in the business. The earthing should never be done when the plants are wet, as this is apt to make the Celery rusty, but should be performed gradually in fine weather as the plants progress in growth, repeating the earthing every two weeks ; at which time care should be taken to gather up all the leaves neatly, and not to bury the hearts of the plants. Wlien they are grovra two feet high, and well blanched, they are fit for the table. As Celery will gi'ow three or four feet high in one season, it will be necessary to delay the planting of that which is in- tended for winter use until the latter end of July, but the trenches should always be got ready soon enough to avoid a serious drought, which often delays the planting till too late in the season. The blanching of Celery for winter use may be delayed until October. By market gardeners who raise Celery on a large scale, the trenches may be worked out with a plough, and finished with a spade or hoe. The ground may also be plouglied between each row of Celery previous to earthing it up ; this will save much labour. The Celeriac, or Tumip-rooted, may be planted either on level ground or in shallow drills ; the root of it swells like a Turnip, and may be preserved in sand through the winter. The Fiench and Germans cut it in slices, and soak it a few hours in vinegar ; by such simple preparation, it becomes mellow as a pineapple, and affords a delicious and veiy nour ishing repast. •"•V -M. iU, OR rETTICCf. Yf CX)RN SALAD, OR KETTICUS. MAcns ov DoiccTTB. VaUriana loctuta. TAwmr. — 0/i7oria. Thw plant gro\v» spontancouidy in the com-fiuldfl of Enj^- Itnd, hf*nee it is called Corn Salad ; and from its bcintr suf r ■ • - - ■ :ly It it cultivated a* a salad for winter and early spring' use. T" ' "an gruund, ilic latter end Some garJenem sow the Mcd in bcdii four or five feet wido, witli ■ *' ' — n each bed, just suHicient to admit of room r> . ..jf ; but it will vegetate more freely if lowo in dnild halt' an inch deep, provided it bo carefully covered. The drilU may bo about six inches apart, or just suflicicnt to admit a small hoc to work between the rows ; for if tho plants arc nut cleared of all weeds wLile young, they will bo more plague than profit. Fetticus iimAt be covered up witli straw at tho approach fif tcvcro weather, to prcservo it in good condition for uso iu the eatly part of the ensuing spring, as tliat is tho season which most amply remunerates tlio cultivator. The M'c'd (if Fetticus is small and light, but it will admit of l)eing so^vn tiiick, soy at tho rate of frorii f-'ur t'. -^ix liounds to an aero of land. 64 CRESS. CRESS. Cresson. Lepidmm sativum. VARIETIES. Curled, or Peppergrass. I Broad-leaved Garden. Cress is a small salad herb, and is generally used with Lettuce, White Mustard, Rape, Chervil, &c. It may be sown very thick in little drills, as should salad seed in gene- ral, and cut before it comes into rough leaf. A small quan- tity in the salad season, which is spring and autumn, may be sown every week in rich ground, free from weeds. CRESS, (Water.) Cresson de Fontaine. Sisymbrmm nasturtium. The Water Cress is a creeping, amphibious perennial, and is gi'own very extensively for the London Markets. Loudon says, in his Encyclopoedia of Gardening, that " The most suitable description of water is a clear stream, not more than an inch and a half deep, running over sand or gravel ; the least favourable, deep, still water, or a muddy bottom. It is highly advantageous to make the plantations in newly-risen spring water, as the plants do not only thrive better in it, but, in consequence of its being rarely frozen, they generally con ■ tinue in vegetation, and in a good state forgathering, through the whole winter season. The plants are disposed in rows parallel with the course of the stream, about eighteen inches apart. When these plants begin to grow in water one inch and a half deep, they soon check the current so as to raise the water to the height of three inches above the plants, which is considered the most favourable circumstance in which they can be placed. It is absolutely necessary to have a constant current, as where there is any obstruction to the stream, the plants cease to tlmve. After they have been cut about three times, they begin to stock, and then the oftener they are cut the better. CUCITMHKR. CoNcoMMC Cueumi* $tUittu, tic. ' ><«. Lone Cnm. 1 Chutm. Ritr* l.. urkey. I y. Wl. ^n>Ki iiiraljT. Wrsi iiKiia, iir tilicrkin T.--f -.-rii,,oiii tij», or . ,v ,1 r. i« n native of Um- . . •■«. aiul ofutM. ..ty OH tliu viiie. It WM iocnxiuci>il iutu Eugiaiid iu 1673,' aiul u rxivimivcly rultirairtl in furciti^ fnuncn, and in the open air. In March, Uh-'J aru aolJ in thu London Markela for a guinea a do/.cn ; and in Augtuit and Sc|>tcnit>cr for one pi>nny i>er doacen. Am Cucumbera aro much u«ed in Now- York, it nhould ))0 an object with gnrdeners to have tlicm in the market early ; directionii for raising them oat of the ordinar)* peoAon, aro thcrvforo given in a future page, under Uie head Forcing VcTgctablcfl ; to which tlio reader is referred. Cucumbers niaj be rni«"o riaMHl in the iiamo man- wr, anit tmntplnntr*! into pot« in May; or if aorao of tlic »m.\ lie nown in a warm •iruatiun the fimt week in May, the*** mav r«»nie lu |»«»rf«»rticin in the course of the summrr. This variety, though ••.•"••r.nv r..if.v..»,.,1 r..r ,.iii-.i,,..i,f ;^ f^ood when cooked. An Ki;'; pInnlH \«ill itot i;r>iw ii> tix; opi't) i;ri>uiiJ until nct- Msd warm weather, and arc apt to perish from beinir trans- pbntad too early, tlie gardener should be proWded with email pota. in onler that «' 'in early in Mny, ami j' itil tfw 6r«t wpvk in June, at which time, if they are turned out ail' '<■ halls of earth entire, tlioy will soon take n ► iSeloct the fruit when at maturity; rut it into slices, and pariioil it in a ateivpan ; when softened, drain off the water; it may then be fried in batter made with wheaten flour and an cmf, or in fri>ah butter with broad i^tcd tine and sea* aoocd before it is put in the ]>an, with }>epper, salt, thyme, •od auch other herbd as may be^t suit the palate. Some us4^ Marjoram, Summer Savory, Parsley, Ouion, ice. * ffn jiJMll mmA will not fwlli ftvdy wilhont aubaUnlial b« '«' Ir- t .!..\v Sam* far'* nd tmrh nibrr l.y >n- ^ . .;/ he r.if 38 ENDIVE, OR SUCCORr. ENDIVE, OR SUCCORY. Chicoree des jardins. Cichorium endiva, etc VARIETIES. Green Curled. I Golden Yellow. White Curled. I Broad-leaved, or Scarolle. The Cichorium endiva is a native of China and Japan, and is uch used in salads and stews, and as a garnish for the table. The proper kind of seed for early sowing is the Green Cilrled. A small quantity of this may be sown at different times in April and May, by those who would have it early. These crops will be very apt to run to seed ; for this reason, it will be best to delay the sowing of seed for general crops until June, or July. If a small quantity of each esteemed variety be sown two or three times in these months, they will produce a plentiful supply for use in Autumn and the early part of Winter. One ounce of good Endive seed will produce about five thousand plants. When the plants are three or four inches high, they should be transplanted into good ground; at the distance of a foot from each other, and immediately watered ; or if they are set out in cloudy or wet weather, it will save this trouble. The plants will requrie to be hoed and attended to in the same manner as Lettuce, until grown to a moderate size, when they must be blanched. Select the large and full-hearted plants, and with bass or other strings, tie them a little above the middle, not too tight, previously gathering up the leaves regularly in the hand. This must be done when the leaves are very dry, otherwise the plants will rot. The Cichorinm intylms grows spontaneuosly in many parts of Eurcipe and America. In France it is much cultivated ; the tops of the plants are considered profitable for cattle, and the roots are taken up in Autumn, and dried. The aromatic and volatile qualities of coffee are, by the combination of this root, ren- dered more mellow and full upon the palate, and its fragrance greatly increased, producing an agreeable tonic, and most exhilaratino: beverap^e. ' ■MHMLtmiin. OP Sow Um »eed in April in ilHll« half an inch deep, an<] al>out eigfat0«a inchm apart ; lliin (lut t? , ' * to nix or ri^lit iochc* in the row. The plant pnMln' . .I'lil blur flowem, ami is wortiiy of a place in the flower garden. The roots when dncxl, roasted as coffer, and ground, niny l>e mixed in t)iu pru{N>rtion u[ two ounce* of the |Mj\vdcr to a pound of coifuo. IIOK.".• ''out two inches long, or by oflket-s, or ot: ^ t.i, fnmi the nidrs of the main root, re- taining the crowns or top shoots in as many parts as possible. These ^' '"' ' ! ily in the sprinq iw practicable, in ro\\ ^ ;\ '>r ri'^'lit iiichrs firim each other in the ^ou^. ^ ' " ' r the ImmI n gix.tl (i«-j)tii m m);i, and such as will rt I irc, manure it with well-n>tted dung, plough or dig it deep, and with a drilUng machine or other convenient implement, drow drills a foot apart ; tlien plant with a dibble, cuttings as aUive descril>e«l, in every alternate drill, fntni two to tiin*e inches deep. The intonnodiate drills niny l>e planted with iievt or Carrot seed, or tliat of any other root, but Tur- nip liceLs are the most suitable to cultivate between the rows, as they will :!id can bo pulled out wiliiout dis- turbing the I : The ReeU must of cotmie bo thinneed, in which oeM, if, in tak:n(f up the roots, some oflitets Im; left in the ground, they will pr«^l '. for future yean. 70 JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. INDIAN CORN. Mais. Zea mayz. VARIETIES. Early Button. Cobbet's Early Normandy Early Tuscarora. ^outlicrn Horsetooth. Early Canadian. Early Golden Sioux. Sweet, or Sugar. Mottled and Curious Pearl. The different varieties of early Corn intended for boiling when young, or others as curiosities, may be planted in the garden the last week in April, or early in May, in hills four feet aj)art, or in drills. If some of each esteemed variety be planted in separate beds at the same time, they will come in for the table one after the other in regular succession. After this, if any particular variety be preferred, it may be planted at different times in the month of May and June. If the ground be poor, mix a shovelful of old manure with the earth in each hill before the seed are planted, and after the plants are up strong, scatter a tea-cup full of wood ashes around each hill. This, with attentive hoeing and hilling, will cause it to produce ears early. Deep digging or plough- ing between the hills is very beneficial when the com is about eisrhteen inches hisfh. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. PoMME DE TERRE. Hdianthxis tuberosom. This plant is a native of America. The tubers of the root, which are generally abundant, were, before Potatoes became improved by cultivation, in great esteem, and are yet considered a fine flavoured and nutritious food, when boiled and mashed with butter. They may be easily 23ropa- gated by cutting the roots into sets, with two eyes in each, and planting them in the same manner as Potatoes, in March and April. To have them in perfection, they should be hoed frequently, hntl tho gmnn<1 krpC Ioom around th«m. In dig ipnt^ them for um), care thould bo taken to gather them oul clean, aa lb« lea.^t particle left will gniw tho year following, and encumber tho ground, iritliout pnxlucing a crop worth ftandiog. LEEK. Poiaar.Ai'. JHIinm pcrrum. TARJKTIES. Sflolch, or Fbc- I Largs London Tma ia a wfaokMome and useful herb, and is so hardy as to endure tho extremes of heat and cold without injury. The •eod may Ikj sown in March, or early in April, in a bod of rich earth, in drills al>out an inch deep, and a sufficient dis tanc« apart to ailmit of a' small hoc iH-'ins; worked between the rows, allowing one ounce of seed for every three thou- MUtd plnnts that may be rc<]uired. If ! • loose and clean around tho plants, they v.... . , j.'lant in June, or early in July, and ahould bo act oat in good grmmd, in ro%v9 twelve inches mull-' "F six inches apart in the rows. Tboy ' Tjn iKinler, %vliich at this season is nseleaa for many kinds of vegetables. After the plants have taken root, they should be frequently hoed, and kept fiw fmm weeds. Those who wish to have Leeks blanched, may plant them in tn" ' ' ' ' ' ilrcp, and as tlio plants in- croa-" 1 bo dra>vn by a hoo into tiie tivnchM. 12^ LETTUCE LETTUCE Laitue. Lachica saliva crispa. Large Green Head. Dutch, or Cabbage. Tennis Ball, or Rose. Madeira, or Passion. Large Green Curled. Loco Foco. VARIETIES. Early Silesia. Imperial, or Sugar Loaf. Pale Green, or Butter. Grand Admiral. Large Summer Silesia. Paris Loaf Coss. ■ It would be easy to furnish a more extensive catalogue of Lettuce, as the varieties are numerous ; but as this is one of those kinds of vegetables that can only be raised in perfec tion during mild and temperate weather, it is needless foi the gardener to plant any in the open ground, but such as have been tested, and found to stand a tolerable degree of warm weather, which generally prevails in May and June, and consequently cuts short the salad season. Those who nave been accustomed to raise head Lettuce in any quantity, know the trouble of prepai'ing the ground and planting, and the loss they would sustain if several thousand plants should run to seed just as they appeared to be perfecting for market. As this is often the case, even vsdth the very best attention, I would caution gardeners to test such plants as they are not acquainted with, before they set out any quantity with a view to their heading.* The six varieties inserted in the first column of our cata- * It may be necessary here to remind the gardener, that moisture is the most essential nutriment of Lettuce, and that the very best varieties may run to seed without forming heads, in the event of extreme warm weather. Those who put off the sowing of seed until May and June, instead of sowing it in March and April, as directed, may procure head Lettuce from some of their strongest plants, by transplanting them into rich ground as soon as they are an inch or two in height, and the remainder, if left thin in the beds, may produce small heads, by stirring the earth around them with a small hoe, or weeding hook ; these are as good for family use as larger heads, and those persons who are fond of Lettuce may raise such through- out the summer ; but market gardeners seldom attempt it, unless they have a tract of moist, loamy soil, peculiarly adapted to the growth of head Lettuce, in any thing like a propitious season. LKTTUCS. 73 logue haTO been kno\rti to <»taiicl our ' nd mnv )»« •own rmm the fine to the mitldlr ut , •■r, in rich ground, frre rrom woedii ; they tnAWor very well when iiown %«■•" " '>- pt. . . ' wann burden, or in tho open ground, as early in March u» the weather will permit, \rill produce fine heads early in tho month of May. The licst u( the tender kinda of Lettuce should be Bo\%-n in modem- ' ■ ' i - x» i and if ti ' • ' '.i good g; ', >^ill ]'ru>. ii beibre the approach of warm weather. Such kindji a« aio known to produce boodii in hot wrathor, and al»o fiucli un aio intended to bo cut as a email salad whili; young, niay be .sou u in wann borders in March uud April ; but thu^u dcaiguc ' - of tho plants and tying bass round them, V. .cclinn. If Huad L<>ttuce bo re<{uirod at other seasons ^han tho •pting, it may \y ' " -■ ' '-. ' . -iig sM-ed in Au- giMt, or in the \%.. luchand glazoU [&« aHicis on Forcing yegttaUes \ MELON. MELON. Melon. Cuctimis melo. Green-fleshed Citron. Murray's Pineapple. Green-fleshed Persian. Green-fleshed Nutmeg. VARIETIES. Large Yellow Cantcleupe, Pomegranate, or Musk Scented Skillman's Fine Netted. Snake, (curious.) The Melon is an exotic plant, growing wild in Asia. It is cultivated in all the warm countries of Europe, and also in Africa and America, where its salubrious and cooling fruit is generally esteemed. For the varieties of the Musk or Canteleupe Melons, pre- pare a piece of rich ground early in May ; manure it and give it a good digging ; then mark it out into squares of six feet every way; at the angle of each square, dig a hole twelve inches deep and eighteen over, into which put about six inches deep of old rotten dung ; throw thereon about four inches of earth, and mix the dung and earth well with the spade ; after which draw more earth over the mixture,- so as to form a circular hill about a foot broad at top. (For a de- finition of the term " hill," see article Cucumber.) When your hills are all prepared, plant in each, toward the centre, six or eight grains of seed, distant two inches from each other, and cover them about half an inch deep. One ounce of good Melon seed will plant about one hundred and twenty hiUs. "VVlien the plants are in a state of forwardness, producing their rough leaves, they must be thinned to two or three in each hill ; draw earth from time to time round the hills, and about the roots of the plants. As soon as the plants have spread into branches, stop them by pinching off the top of the first runner bud ; this will strengthen the plants, and pro mote their perfecting the fruit early ; after which keep the ground perfectly free from weeds by frequent hoeing. There are many varieties of the Melon, highly esteemed WATER MKLOIV f§ in Eum|>c, whirh do nol iiucccf«l in thU country ; the gar- dener ftliouUl, tlirrffuro, plunt only such as have boon ietiled and found to produce good fruit here, or our superior old ■arti may l>ecoino drgcncrato. Aftrr a jn' 'crtifin is made, if cantion bo not used to plant tht ■. at M^nh remoto from oadi other, and from Cacurabore, Squashes, an8 j they uUo prepare a conserve or mmrmalado from tlii^ fmit, which in a good sub^litute for •ynip or treach- In order to hnvr \\ .jtcr Melons in j>orft'ction, you must fix ujwn a piece of \cry rich light luiil ; prvpure, plant and manage it in every respect as is directed for Mu^k Melon, only, let the hilhi bo scv. !it fort di.stant every way. One ounce of seod will i>. forty to fifty hills. 76 NASTURTIUM, OR STURTION. MUSTARD. MouTARDE. Sinapis. VARIETIES. White. I Black. The Alba, or Wliite Mustard, gi'ows spontaneously in the fields of England; it is also cultivated as a small salad, as well as for seed. The seed yields from every hundred pounds, from thirty-three to thirty-six pounds of sweet mild oil. White Mustard Seed is much used as a medicine, and per- sons subject to disordered ^tomachs often derive great benefit by taking a spoonful of the dry seed, two or three times a day Some use it in pickles, to which it imparts an agreeable fla- vour, and renders Cucumbers in particular more salutary. The JV7gra or Common Mustard, is also a native of England. The condiment called Mustard, and in daily use at our table is prepared from the seed of this species. The seed, of each variety, may be sown in clean rich ground in April and May; and for a fall salad in September in shallow drills. NASTURTIUM, OR STURTION. Capucine. Tropceohim. This is an annual plant, a native of Peru, and is highly deserving of cultivation for the sake of its brilliant orange and crimson coloured flower, as well as for the berries, which, if gathered while green and pickled in vinegar, make a good substiute for capers, and are used in melted butter, with boiled mutton, &:c. TiiR seed should be sown in April, or early in May, in drills about an inch deep, near fences or pales ; or trellises should be constructed, on which they can climb and have support, for they will always be more productive in this way than when suffered to trail on the cnround. OKiojc. 77 OKRA. QoMBo. /libtMCHM t»adtntu». Tirr. grern capsules of thU plant arc u«ccl in aoups, stevm, hc^ to wliirh flwy impntt a rich flavour, and are consiilrnJ nutHtiouA. Itii ripo »cc«l, if bunicti nnJ ground IIV" i-..rr.-.., can vrarccly ho iIiHtini^ii«hep lh«' . jit itichi'H from each olb«r, or rather drop two or three in each place, lest the ono ind cover them nearly an inch drop. As the : 1 gniwth, thin thorn out, earth thorn up two or three times, and tliey will prot^uco abundantly. ONION. OlG.No.v JiUium cepa, tie. etc. VjiHlCTlIU!. New KM^aui WbHti I T«ilow Datrh. Larv* Rad. 1 StiMlmrgh, or Flandrr*. Y«tto«r. or Silver Skinned. I Madnn. Or the several rarieties of Onion*, the Yellow or Silvor Skinned. ~ ' f ^^e Hee well prrporeH by digging in some of tho uUest and stn>ngeAt manure that can be goL The earlier this be done in the spring, the bettor, and the planting shouU 7' TS ONION. not be delayed longer than the middle of April. The seed may be sown moderately thick, in drills one inch deep and twelve inches apart* Those "who cultivate Onions for the sake of their bulbs, may use at the rate of four or five pounds of seed per acre. As market gardeners, in the vicinity of large cities, find it most profitable to pull a great proportion of their Onions while young, they generally require at the rate of from eight to ten pomids of seed to an acre of land. When the plants are up strong, they should be hoed. Those beds that are to stand for lipening, should be thinned out while young, to the distance of two or three inches from each other. If a few should be required for use after this, those can be taken which incline more to tops than roots ; and if the beds be frequently looked over, and the small and stalky plants taken away where they stand thickest, the remaining bulbs will grow to a larger size. The plants should be hoed at least ihree times in the early part of their growth ; but if the season prove damp, and weeds vegetate luxuriantly, they must be removed by the hand, because after the Onions have begun to bulb, it would injure them to stir them with a hoe. When the greenness is gone out of the tops of Onions, it is time to take them up ; for from this time the fibrous roots decay. After they are pulled, they should be laid out to dry, and when dry, removed to a place of shelter. The small Onions may be planted in the following spring. Even an Onion which is partly rotten will produce good bulbs, if the seed stems be taken off" as soon as they appear. * Onion seed may be sown at any time from March to September, but those only can be depended upon for ripening:, which are sown in the first and second spring months. It is a singular fact, that Onions will not ripen later than August or the early part of September, however warm the weather may be ; they can, however, be preserved in the place where they grow, by spreading some short dung over them in autumn, just sufficient to prevent their purging out of the ground in winter. Onions thus pre- served, often prove more profitable to market gardeners in the spring, than crops which ripen ; because ripe Onions are then scarce, and green ones prove a good substitute for Shallots, Welsh Onjons, Leeks, &c. TAMBttr. 79 Tlio JiUitrm fuiuhimm, or WoUli Onion, U cultiraiod for qniog Aalatl; it funns r>< > '' lnu ia very hardy. If the bchhI bo town early in . r iu rich ^rouiul, ahhougli thn Uip« mny diu down iu thu winter, yut tlio ruou will con- linuo MMiod, and put up new Icuvom early in tbo spring. Tho ."iUtutn cepa, ur ciinnnon Wiiito and Hed Oniuiu*, arc I. ni OS a substitute ti>. .... _, -.-..., ...._, .v.d in tho spring ■nd autumn niontlis, tiio pruduct of which is pulled and sent to tho market whilo young, and generulty meets with a ready Tho Jllium jfroliferum, or Troo Onitiii, is propagated by planting t!.< i autumn, either the riKjt bulbs, or tbuM} I - ']> of tlio stalks ; thu latter, if planted in tho spring, will produce fine Onions. These may t» ' ' ' ' ' • .' jjjjQ jj^ Shallots. 'i, d(.>cs not produce ■eed as other Onions, but it increases by the root Que sin- g! ' ' ' ' -' . d, will produce six or seven in a Cl itld. The bulba are generally planted in tho spring, from twelve to cij;' ■ lies apart, but they will yield 1>. -n pluitr . :m, OS tiiey will sun'ivo the wint> :ly covered with dung, litter, or leaves of treed, Sec. PARSLEY. Pmi^ii . .?pit(m ptlrn^ftinum. vARimes. Dwarf CarM. I 6incl«, or Coram' n. Citn Curled. | Large Rooted UaujUiis. Parslrt is a hardy biennial plant, and gro^vs wild in motnt climates, but has lM:en greatly improved by cultivation. Tho le«ve« of the Common Paralcy are used as a pot herb, and 80 PARSLEf. those of tlie Exh'a Curled kinds make a fine garnisli. The Large Rooted are generally cooked for the table in autumn and winter, like Parsnips. As Parsley seed, sown late in the season, is a])t to lay in the ground some time before it vegetates, and often fails in dry weather, the general crop should be sown in a cool situation by the early part of April, in diills an inch deep, and one foot asunder, allowing at the rate of about six or seven pounds of seed to the acre, or two ounces for every three perches of land.* After the plants are up, let them be kept clean by freqvient hoeing. The Large Rooted Parsley should be thinned out while young, and managed the same as Carrots and Parsnips. In order to have Parsley green through the winter, the old leaves should be picked off in September. If some of the roots be taken up early in November, and laid in a frame, or light cellar, the leaves will keep green a long time ; tne remainder may be covered up with straw in the place where it grows. If Parsley seed be sown in frames in spring or summer, it may be preserved for winter use without the trouble ot removing it. * It frequently happens that Parsley seed will remain in the ground three or four weeks, without showing any signs of vegetation, and in the event of extreme dry weather, is apt to decay for want of its most essen- tial aliment — moistuhe. A few grains of Long Radish seed, sown about an inch apart in each drill, are well adapted to promote the growth of Parsley ; because Radish seed being quick in germinating, will open the pores of the earth ; and the plants, as they progress in growth, will create a shade, sufficient to protect the Parsley from the full rays of the sun. rAftaNtr. 81 PAILSNIP. pAXAm. Paatinaea aa/ira. VARIKTim. Lottf GtKrn^y Cup. | Luge Dutrh, or Commoo. This in a hardy biennial plant, rnmmon in calcareous mI* ; it lioA lung been an iniuaiu uf Uio ganlini, and fortoa a Tvgotable di'di in iho wintor, with salt meat, salted ii.'le retjuin'S a Ixng seu.4on to grow ia, tho suooor the avvd is planted the better. Pars- Dips grow boct in a deep soil, which has been well manured Um pri- I. Sow the seed thick nlonir the drilKn, at tho nUeof ! \ poumU per aero, and rnko them in evenly.* When tho plants aro two or tfareo inchea high, Uiin them to tbe dist ■ 't inclies in the Tttwn. They •hould bo k , N, by regular hneing through tho aumroer, and in autumn tlicy will he fit for use ; but they ill: ' " ' ■ ' Wen frozen, and will enduro ill Seo Calendar for November. Paranipa requiro from thirty to forty minutes boiling, ac- oonUog to their size and age. Somo boil them in water »e— oned with salt, until tentler; but they aro l)Ctter when boiled with salt pork, and aAerward ma. icut to promote and prtwwK p iw tPlWm in on r^rly *tj^c of culturr In nrdrr to gyre Iho Mvd • fair flkanVt It iHould b» ptented In Kftnind •UMfpliMr of moirturr. and not Bp( to anenial wljcn dry. Ttic acr.! •.■,o dnlb, sn^ ***« eovOTvd. aa aintlc or • n fiattmwiat mtttidtnt mnn§fh to opm i....- ,.»<..■■, • ^ anal ot droocM aodi ptaals dla off pcwMtowljr. 1 1 ptmmi. it akoald bo roQod or pfoontf immrdiairiv ^rii r Uionta. bat Ihla aboold not ba doito « oC Looc RMltati aawd. aown tn oacb •. ^ pcovo bMMikMl to Parmipa. S2 PEPPER. PEPPER. • PoivRE ou piMENT. Capsic'um. VARIETIES. Grossum, or Bell Pepper. I Long Red, ®r Bird's Bill. Tomato-shaped, or Squash. | Cherry, or West Indian. Sweet Spanisli; used as a salad, has a very delicate taste. Tins family of plants are natives of the East and "West Indies ; some of their capsules, or pods, are yellow, and others red, when at maturity ; they are much used for pick- ling, and should be gathered for that pui-pose before they are fully rij^e. The seed of the different kinds of Capsicums may be sown in a hot-bed in March, or on a warm border, early in May. One ounce of seed will produce about three thousand plants. When the plants arrive at the height of from one to two inches, they should be transplanted into good rich ground, from eighteen inches to two feet distant from each othei*. Those who do not want Peppers early in the season, may sow seed in the open ground in May, in drills two feet asun- der, and half an inch deep. When the plants are gi'own an inch or two high, thin them to the distance of fifteen' or eighteen inches in the rows. The ground should be after- ward hoed deep round the plants, and kept free from weeds by repeated hoeings. The Capsicum Grossum, or Bell Pepper, is perennial, and will keep in perpetual bearing in warm climates. In Eng- land this species is considered supen'or to all others, on ac- count of its skin being thick, and also pulpy aftd tender ; the plants are therefore frequently preserved in hot-houses dur- ing the winter and spring, and kept in the open air in settled warm weather. PEA. I'oiR I'imtm M/tvum. rARirTiMi. r •• Harm, 3 ; It. 6 feet I T fret. ' K w. C fret lli«r»>[ • t. K '3 feet Dwarf •, 6 feet nwirf .-, ........ \ X., : (.^x. I Umrty RMiAto Dkk, 3 ft>«t i I" r. et Dwmtf BliM Imperial. 3 to 3 feet. T> . t. Waterloo BhM, 4 CmC French liouquct or SQgu, 3 to 4 ft Albany Field, In varieties. Turn aboro list and description of tho most esteemed kinds of Poo arc taken from tbo catalogue of Mr. G. C. Thorbuni. If tlicy at. ■ ' ' ' ' '. ' ,',\\\ grow to diflercnt huightA. n< 11. Tiiid dcscriptiuD, however, may serve as a gtiide for tho gardener in planting. T' " " '• '- ' '■ inco between row and row, U I. lis. I'ianting tiio cariy kinds of Pea should commence as soon iu thr -■••■••• •■- '1 -'itid can bo brouglit into gixxl condi- tion : IS well as tho curly, will answer fur » n which, a few of iJic most esteemed v„. .V . , u d ut the same time every two weeks, from March until tiie end of May. Persons desirous of h ' i< nit tho summer nnd autumn, may plant a ; . ^. and August. In dr)' weather tho Peas •boold bo soaked iu soA water five or six bourn before plant- ir ' tbo ground be very dry, it should be watered in til' Ganlencrs practice difierent mcMlos of planting Peaa. .*^- " :i ridges, ■ ' ilrills. so' .'lo T>- 'ir ; some . for tli»' cing of "fich extensive utility, various expedients have been contrived willj a view to find out the best melliod of preparing the seed. In many parts of England, (where Potatoes equa) to any in the world are raised.) tlie farmers •eldom plant them whole ; they take the Potatoes as they come to hand, and in cutting them, take care to have two good eyes in each set ; the small Potatoes are deprived of the apmut or nose end, as it is generally considered that a redundancy of eyes exhausts the set, and produces weak plants, which are not calculated to yield a full crop. I have frcl:iiit in highly tlo.'wninR of cuhivatinn, particularly in new i««'tllrmentii ; the lari;o iM»n« nrr profitaMo for ratflp, ■A toioo of tlio mamuiuth trilm h«va been kuu«iii to v\^gtt upward (if two huuilrL'tl |m> i ; tho other kimln arc «Uo ver)' proJuctivu, and m rd on any wo-tte land. provided it will odniit uf div il sjiotii, of tho diinen< ■OM of one or t\« > r y tcu nr tv '. for the kin*, and tbo ra«ic uned bct\%'uen tlie plants until tlicy begin to run, which will save much labour. The finest cjuality of Pumpkins are known to make good pic5, and . after l»cing boiled, Ihj worke«l up with wheaten :. - . j bread, for which puq>o?e ihcy arc fully equal to Indian meaL The knowledge of this fact may prove ■dvaatagcoiM to farmers livini; at a diAtanre f <••*,%» diey may finil a market for their grain or nio:' than Hat their Pumpkins. 88 TCASISH. RADISH. Radis ou Rave. Raphamis sativus. VARIETIES. Long Scarlet. Long Purple. Scarlet, Pear-shape. Scarlet Turnip. White Turnip-rooted. Long White Naples. Purple Turnip. Yellow Turnip. White Spanish. Black Spanish. The different varieties of Radish are extensively cultivated near large cities, chiefly for their roots, which are considered a luxury after a hard winter, and prove acceptable as warm weather approaches, provided they can be obtained in per- fection. The plant is also cultivated for the sake of the seed leaves, which are used as a small salad ; and even the seed pods, if pickled while young and gi'een, are considered by some a good substitute for Capers. Those who may be desirous of having good Radishes early in the spring, should have a warm border prepared in the very best manner, so as to be ready to sow some of the Short Top Scarlet by the middle of March. If the ground ehould not be in good condition to receive the seed at this time, let it be delayed a few days ; and by the first of April, have another bed prepared in the open groimd, by digging in some good strong manure. The seed may be sown broad- cast, and raked in evenly, or in drills drawn about one inch deep, and a foot apart.* If you wish to have Radishes in regular succession, sow seed of the most esteemed varieties every two weeks, until the middle of May : if any be sown after this, it should be the kinds described in the second column of our Catalogue. * In the seasons for planting Carrot, Parsnip, Parsley, Leek, Celery, and such other seed as are tardy in germinating, a few grains of Radish seed dropped in each drill will produce good roots, and this crop will prove beneficial to those above enumerated, because the rows can be traced by the Radishes, which being of quick growth, may be pulled by the time the other plants are in full leaf. - •ocAiraoi.r. 9 TImm vrfll enduro lh« b«at bettor tlian the otkcni, and may |j^ . i-.ii . ;.. n . . .:.• .1 - .1 . .1 . Ull n K»M-n in rcgutur i uU liie tini ol Uciubur. Market gmnlcDrra may |m. !•.>•. i.io gnmnd with a plough, and cuvcr •uch aeod aa may b« ttowu hnMul-ca«t with a horruw. Fur early npring crti|Mt, ihu »vcd may bv S4iwn liruad-t'a»t, at tiiu rato uf fruro twulvo to fuurtccti |ioundH to Uio aire, •ml alMtut half that (|uantity will Iw sufficient, in driUa drawQ ■ ! Of llio lor^u lalu kin< ! nuLi to the aero Mi.. .. jgh, il'suwu regularly iu j , _^ directed. It may bo necca»ar)' hero to remind the gordonur of the noccMti' fit, sout, auhc«, Ace, over his mhmI U ^ , or ho will find it diihcult to raiao Radi«he« in unprojiitiou^ seodona. [6'ee article Turnip, 9U0 pog$ 19 of the UeHtral Itemark$.] n(X'AMBOLE. Ail D'E«p.(cxe. ,iUium scorodoprasmm. Till* and the .Wiwm $atirnm, or common Garlic, are raised in ^^ r tlic Rocanilxilc to \n' 'i.irlic, but tbu bullwi are not «o large. Tl>c ; ' •■ ver)* hardy, and will i;n>w in alino.st any •oil or They may Imj pnjpagati.-d either by iho rooCs or aecd ; the former ought to be separated and planted at '' . and in the some manner, as Shallots. 1 I seed, they may Iks sown in drills, either shortly alter the seed is rijHj, or in tlic succeeding spring ; they require only to bo kept clear of weeds, and in the fol- lowing autumn may bo taken up, ilio bulbs j»arted, and planted as Iwforr. 6« 90 RHUBARB. RHUBARB. Rhubarbe. Rheum. Rhubarb is a genus of exotic plants, comprising seven species, of which the following are the principal : 1. Rhaponticum, or Common Rhubarb, a native of Thrace and Syria, has long been cultivated in British gardens for the footsalks of the leaves, which are frequently used in pies and tarts. 2. Rheum undulatum is also cultivated for the same use. 3. The Palmaium, or true Officinale Rhubarb, is a native of China and the East Indies, whence its culture has been introduced into Europe : it produces a thick, fleshy root, externally yellowish brown, but internally of a bright yellow colour, streaked with red veins. It grows to great perfection in Scotland, as far north as Perthshire, (lat. 56,) and in Eng- land, Turkey, and various other j^arts of Europe. When the importance of this rgot as a medicine is considered, it is a matter of astonishment that it has not been more generally introduced into the United States.. The several kinds of Rhubarb may be propagated by off- sets taken from the roots early in the spring, or from seed sown late in autumn, or in March and April, in drills one inch deep and a foot ajDart. The indispensable points to the production of good roots of the Palmaium, are depth and richness of soil, which should be well pulverized before the plants are set out. Prepare beds of fine mould eighteen inches deep ; in these put in the plants from the seed-bed, ten or twelve inches apart; this must be done when they have attained the height of four or five inches, and have thrown out as many leaves. The first season is the most critical, and miich care is ne- cessary. If the weather be hot, the nursery must be shaded, and at all events frequently watered; for water, though hurtful to old plants, is now of the first importance. Wet weather is the most proper time in which to plants The boda must bo kept fxvc (rom weoutt of vim and in the beginning oT April tbc plouu roust be iransplantctl into (ptmnd •! ' ' : ucted fur A«paragu#. Tboac wl / ,i4»i fur tlto fake of tlic Toota, »l round two ur thri'o spades ducp, and place iLt j.i im-' iiiii.1 '.'■■' -: ever)' \%'ay. As to the other varieties, it is not so { . . , only the plants) must Imvu room in wbicb to grow, in thu early |»art of November, the leav(» being tbpn decayed, tlio l>«.-ds lUiuuld bo covered with «irjr litter; before thi.t is dune, a litilu earth should l>c drawTi round thu crbwus of the plunts. If there be any danger of water lodging, make trcncliesi to carry it off. In Uic month of Marcb, tbc beds should bo stripputl of tboir covering, and tbo gT«)' •< d of wced.s. The 1 .:..-!- :;iu»l not be taken up until six or seven years old. The stalks of the otlier kinds may bo cut loaves are expanded. 1 . ' '^ ^*"' "•'^ oarly in llio spring, they may be obtained by placing flour ImutoIs or deep tut>s ovi ' ' ■ ' 'up with fresh •tu' L'd out in the aiticlo under the head of Forcing N'egctables. The stalks of t! 'for pics and tart^. After being stripped o: . ' . covering, and div4.-&ted of tbe small 6brcs, or slringincss to whidi the plant is Uable, in n- '- -ircd stage of growth, the stalks should bo cut tra: .uto very small pieces, and U>en parboiled willi sugar, and such spices as best suit the palate. Rhubarb will keep this way tbe same as other preserves, and may be u~<-(] noc only in pies and tails, but it makes an excellent pinM.!.^. which is done by flattening a suety cnist with a rolling-pin, then spreading on the fruit, rolling it up in an c>val shape and boiling it in a cloth. rre|>ared in this way, tlie fruit mains its virtues, and the pudding may be sorted up hot, in S8 SALSIFY. slices of from half an inch to an inch thick, with butter anJ sugar spread between the layers. Some boil the stalks to a juice, which being strained through a colander, will keep for years, if well spiced and seasoned with sugar. In England, large drying houses have been erected for the pui-pose of curing the roots of the Palmalum ; but this busi- ness may be done in this country as it is done in China : by the heat of the sun. After the roots have been well washed, and the small fibres cut off, they are to be cut transversely into pieces about two inches thick, and dried on boards, turn- ing them several times a day, in order to prevent the escape of the yellow juice, on which its medicinal qualities depend. In four or five days they may be strung upon strings, and suspended in a shady but airy and dry situation, and in two months afterward they will be fit for the market. SALSIFY. Salsifis ou Cercifis. Tragopogon iiorrifolius. This plant grows spontaneously in the open fields of Eng- land, and is by some highly valued for its white edible root, and for the young shoots rising in the spring from plants a year old ; these, when gathered while green and tender, are good to boil and eat in the same manner as Asparagus. Some have carried their fondness for this plant so far as to call it Vegetable Oyster. It requires the same kind of soil and management as CaiTots and Parsnips. The seed maybe sown at anytime in April and May, an inch deep, in drills twelve inches apart. When the plants are two or three inches high, they should be thinned to the distance of six inches from each other, and afterward hoed. The ground should be kept clean and loose round the plants, by repeated hoeing ; in the autumn they will be fit for use. The roots be takan op loie in autumn, and Mcured in moiiit aanfl r ntr i or aufferiNl to romoin out, aiul dug up when \' A* the aoed of Salsify do not all n|)on uniformly, it ahnuld ' foodermtcly tiiick. To iiiituro a logular cn>p, fivo 'loda may bo nlKmod for an aero of ground, or two ounce* for every three perches. TImj mode of rookinff nn'ommcndtMl by nii American au- th«»r iii, " To cut tho root* imnsvrrsoly into thin pirrcs ; b«)il thorn in water, nr milk and water ; wIumi boil(>d noft, nwAh them, and thicken the whole with flour to aoniu degree of atifliMMa ; liton fry tliem in the fat of aolt pork, or butter , tboy ara a luxury." Id England ilie topa are considered excellent fcMxl when boUcd teodor, and scr^'od up with {H)achcd eggs and mclte«l butter. They are by s«ime considered salutary for |)er»on.H inclined to cututumption. ThiMc afllictcd with any symp- turns indicating the approach of that complaint, cannot harm themselves by eating the tops, when ihcy arc to be got, which is in tho month of April; and if the rooLi arc eaten when attaioablo, they may, |>erhap«, answer a still better purpose, and eveti 1 may poeaeas of I int. SCORZONERA. ScoBSoNr.ar.. Srorzonera Hitpanica. This phint has long been rai'^od in liriti.Hii gardrn.<<, for culinary puqnittcs, and especially as an ingredient in soups/ on account of its palatable and nourishing mots. Some boil and rat thrm like Carmts, Ace.; in which ca.4C they should bo deprived of their rind, and immersed in cold water for half an hfiur, or they will Iks bitter. They are raised pre- cisely in the same manner as Salsify. If tho seed bo soMm in 94 SEA-KALE. April, in a good Jeep soil, the roots will attain perfection in autumn, and continue good all the winter. They last from three to four years, according to the quality of the earth and the care bestowed upon thern ; but it is better to raise a few from seed every year. SEA-KALE.' Chou MARIN. Cramhe maritima. This plant is found on the sea-shore, in the southern part* of England, where it grows sj)ontaneously. As soon as it appears above ground, the inhabitants remove the pebbles or sand with which it is usually covered, to the depth of sev- eral inches, and cut off the young and tender leaves and stalks, as yet unexpanded and in a blanched state, close to the crown of the root ; it is then in its greatest perfection. When the leaves are full grown, they become hard and bit- ter, and the plant is not eatable. It is cultivated in private gardens, and for sale, in various parts of England. Cultivators have differed widely respect- ing the mode of ti'cating this plant ; many conceiving that stones, gravel, and sea sand are essential to its growth, have gone to the expense of providing them : but it has been dis- covered that it will gi'ow much more luxuriantly in a rich sandy loam, where the roots can penetrate to a great depth. The seed of Sea-Kale may be sown in October, or as early in the spring as the ground can be brought into good condi- tion, in drills an inch and a half deep, and fourteen or six- teen inches asunder ; the plants should afterward be thinned out to the distance of six or eight inches from each other in the roAvs, and kept clear of weeds by frequent hoeing through the summer. When the plants are a year old, evciy third row may be taken up, and also eveiy other jjlant in each row, leaving them fourteen or sixteen inches apart ; these mmf be trtatpUniocl into good {^unJ preparct] u diroctod fcr Aaparagin. I" ' ' ruwit in cnch t ' < • . - 'htccn InflMMI UMIt; ti)(- lA In inuko tw iicIich devp, and with a dibiilo set in llio plants tit'tocn or nixtecn incbcw from each utlivr; ^vh^n tht^iio drills aro filled, tho cnnma (*( tho plantit will be cnrcrud nearly two inches, Imt Aay will soon push llirout^li the cartii. Tho plants left in the seod-botl may fumi a |>omiancnt bed, which should l>c forked or du(( Itetwoen the rows ; prm'ious to this being done, lay on an inrh or two ' 'ten manure, and incorporato it with tho catth orou:... :.. , iiiits. tvimo make now plantations of tho old roots, which should bo cut up i t two inches in lent^th, and planted in M « , , ■ o or fimr iialics dicp, at tin- distance before directed for the plants. At tho aj>'. '•■•'' . , aiiil disappear. • . ' ^^'>t^> dung, leaves, or searwoed; tlib will not only protect tlio 'unu frust, but will > '' -in to shoot up early in iig. A.i mam as t , . out of tlio ground, this may bo taken oflf, or, if well rotted, it may bo mixed up with tlir * - 'ho crowns of tho plants should then bo covcrc«l to . u( tcMi or twelve iuchus for blanching. Uuucii it by licapiog on it sea sand ; sorao common - II, I .11.1 CT-- ' - ' "' rs %vith large garden pots, inverted aixl }.l;iri.(l . '.er the plants. If tlteso pots Im.» covon> dung, it will forward the shoots in ffniwtli, and make tliem sweeter and more tender. Wiifti y«»ur plants hnvo been co^-cred in either method tlin-e or four weeks, examine them, and if you find that the stalks hove nhot up three or four inches, you may boj^in cut- ting ; fthould you trait till all tho sbooiii arc of con.siderablo length, your crop will come in trxi much at once, f.ir in this plant there U not that siiccosssivc growth which there is in Asparagus ; you may continue cutting until you see the heads of Bowers lN*gin to form ; and if at this time you uncover it 96 SEA-KALE. entirely, and let it proceed to that state in which Broccoli is usually cut, and use it as such, you will find it an excellent substitute ; and this greatly enhances the value of the plant ; as Broccoli does not stand our winter frosts, and can only be had when carefully protected, as recommended when treat- ing of that vegetable ; but Sea-Kale is sufficiently hardy to bear our winter frosts, without much injury. You are not to weaken the roots too much by over-cutting, for in that case it would injure their next year's bearing : some of the shoots should be allowed to grow, to carry on a proper vegetation, and strengthen and enlarge the roots. Great care should be taken in cutting, not to injure the crowns of the roots by cut- ting the shoots too close to them. Sea-Kale should be dressed soon after it is cut, as the goodness of the article greatly de- pends on its not being long exposed to the air. If you choose to force Sea-Kale, dig a trench all round a small bed, about three feet wide, and thiity inches deep ; fill it with hot dung, and as it sinks, raise it. This will make the plants grow ; and if hand lights are set over them, it will accelerate their growth. To have this rare vegetable in perfection, it should be cooked as soon as gathered. Let it be first soaked in water, seasoned with salt, for half an hour ; then wash it in fresh water, and put it into the cooking utensil ; keep it boiling briskly, skim clean, and let off steam. When the stalks are tender, which may be expected in from fifteen to twenty-five minutes, according to size and age, take it up, dish it, and serve it up with melted butter, gravy, and such condiments as are most agreeable to the palate. ntAM-OT. Vt SKIRRKT. Crrrvim, oc GmoLK. >Siiim «ijc»l to rni.Ke a ■ . a.1 tho roots grow lunt^et than tho«o miitod fmm »\\ft«, and arc 1cm liable to he sticky. The •ecd w • ' ' " "■> tho laltor part c)f March, or early in Aj.. lie same a^i Salsify, Puninip, ice. In autumn, when the Icavf.t lM>gin to decay, the roots are (it to nac, and continue »o till they l>o^n to shoot in tho spring. Skirrets should Iw planted in a lii^ht, moist soil, for in dry land the nxit."* nrci»enerallyflmnll, unless tho 8<»a.Hon pn»veswet. The root of tho Skirrel is c«»mp»»cd of several flei»hy tubers as large as a man's finger, and joined together at tho top. Thoy nre eaten Ujilod, and stewed with butter, pepj>cr, and salt, or rolled in flour and fried, or else cold, with oil and vinegar, being finoiled. They have much of the taste and flavour of n Pop»nip, and arc by some considered a great deal more palatable. SHALLOT. EcuALOTE. ,mium asealonicum. Tam true Shallot is a native of Palestine, and is considered to powew the most agreeable flavour of any of the .•Utinm g^nus ; it isconsep«ffnte«l iWt."*, in the fall of the year, which may be set out with a dibble, in rows twelve incbea apart, and from four to six inches di.^iant in the rows ; or they may Ih« pisred in drill,", two or three inclu'.s deep, ■ad ooreret* up with a trowel or hoe. The ganlcwm about New- York plant largo rpianlities of tho bulb* toward the end of Augu.it, and early in Septera* 9 7 J8 SPINACH, OR SPINAGE. oer ; Ly this means they are enabled to supply the market in April and INIay with a mild Allium, which while green meets a ready sale. Those intended for seed may remain in the ground until June or July ; after the tops have decayed, the bulbs must be taken up, and the offsets divided : these should be kept in a dry place to plant the ensuing autumn. It will require at least four bushels of bulbs, if measxired when first taken from the ground, to plant a quarter of an acre ; because after they are trimmed and deprived of their seed stalks, the bulk will be reduced one half. SPINACH, OR SPINAGE. Epinard. Spinacia. VARIETIES. Large Round-leaved. | Holland, or Lamb's Quarter Broad-leaved Savoy. | New Zealand. The Sjnnaeia oleracea, or common Spinach, is very hardy, and consequently a very important vegetable for cold cli- mates. It merits attention from its being extremely whole- some and palatable, and from its keeping green even after having been cooked. It makes a delicious dish when served up vidth the gravy of roast meat, melted butter, &;c. As Spinach is the only vegetable that can be raised to ad- vantage the latter end of the year, the gardener should, to- wards the end of August, prepare such gi'ound as may have been occupied by summer crops, and by having it well ma- nured for this crop, it will be in good condition for Beets, . CaiTots, Parsnips, Turnips, &c., the spring following. If the gi'ound be got ready, so as to have several beds sown in succession, from the first to the end of September, the most forward of these, if covered up with straw at the approach of cold weather, will furnish greens for the table when other vegetables are scarce, and the later crops will nctvrrr fhr rfleels of a liard unritor, and produce a whole- •oii 'le curly in thu upriiig. ir .-|>iii.i>ii M*on iMiwn in rich ground in March tod April, it will grow frrvly, but it rount he cut Inrforo tho ap- pruaili of hoc wradicr, or it will nin to seed. To raise it in |>crfcctiiin at tluo nown in drills about a fiut apart, aiul bo fn>({ui>ntly h«)ctl ; tliiii will keep it in a gn-" .anil, loii.H.-ijurnily, prevent its running up to ■ecu , k ns it otherwise would. It u altoffvthcr uscIom to sow Spinach seed in poor ground ; •icr, nneforo it in dished. The New Zealand S[)inach, or Tetraf^ona erpanta, is not marh cultivated in this country ; its nature seems to l)e op- ■nrh, ns it will endure tho heat • . »y be obtained in the Rummer, by planting the seed iu April and May. Ik>ing of luxuriant ; lant«'d in hills three f • and I. The leaves will Iw i liur ing th« summer, and until late in the autumn. 100 SQUASH. SQUASH. GrouRDE GiRAUMON ou PoTiRON. Cucurbita melopepa. VARIETIES. Early Bush Scollop. [ Vegetable Marrow, Green Striped Bush. Winter Crookneck. Early Crookneck. I Lima Cocoanut. ' Large Cushaw. I Acorn, or California. The several varieties of Squash are very useful in this and other warm climates, as they can be grown in perfection ii> the summer, and therefore prove a good substitute for Tur nips, which cannot be raised in perfection in hot weather They should be planted in May and June, in hills, prepared in the same manner as for Cucumbers and Melons, and theii subsequent management is the same in every respect. The bush kinds should be planted three or four feet apart, and the running kinds from six to nine, according to their nature, as some will run more than others. It is always best to plant five or six seed in a hill, to guard against accidents ; as when the plants are past danger, they can be thinned to two or three in a hill. One ounce of Squash seed will plant from fifty to a hundred hills, according to the sorts and size of the seed. The fruit of the Early Summer Squash is generally gath ered for use before the skin gets hard, and while it is so ton der as to give way to a moderate pressure of the thumb nail. The Winter Squashes should be suffered to rijien, and collect- ed together in October, in the manner recommended in the Calendar for that month. All kinds of Squashes should, after having been boiled tender, be pressed as close as possible between two wooden trenchers, or by means of a slice or skimmer, made of the Bame material, until dry, and then prej)ared for the table in the same manner as Turnips. TOMATO. 101 TOMATO. ToMATS, ov PoMMC d'amoi'r. Solanum lyeoperncwm. TARICTIU. tut* R*^- I PMr-flhapM. L4tf(« Y*Uow. I C berry -ciMpod Tnc Tomato, or /x>re 'Ipyle, U much cultivntoJ for its fruit, which id used in noups and naucoii, to whicli it imparts ■a agriMablo acid flavour ; it \» al«o stewed and dressed in TarioQf waja, and is considered ver}- wholewime. The w«d should be sown early in Miirrh, in a slight hot- bed, and the plants set out in the open g^und, if settled wArm weather, in the early part of May. In j)rivato gar- dens it will bo necessary to plant them near a fence, or to prurido trrIliM.*s for tlicm to 1h) trained to. in the manner rx'comna'ndcd for N"a»turtiumji ; Uiey will, however, do very well, if planted four feet distant from eoch other every way. Toroatoett may bo brought to |>crfectioD luto in tlic Hum* mer, by •'jwing the iieed in the open ground llie first week in May ; these plants will be fit to trau-nplant early in June, and the fruit may rij>en in time for preserws, or for caLsup. One ounce of gufxi Tomato seed will produce upward of four thousand plants ; and a single plant has been known to yield upward of a bushel of fruit. Tomatoes may be preserved iu a stone or glazed earthen poc, fur use iu the winter, by covering them with water in which a sufllt ' tlty of itolt ha^ ' ' <1 to make it strong eno . ir an egg. Si rij>e l^er- 'riea, and cover the pot witii a plate in such a manner that it praase* ap^m the fruit without biuising it. Previous to cook- ini^ theiM) Toniatanng thin delicious re- gecable for the table, it mas ! <' j :> i-n-ed in sugar, and used either as a di?Mort, or on the tea-table, as a sultstitulc for Fraches or otiuT Awoetroeats. It also makes excpisito {lies ami tartjt, and excellent catsup. 102 A celebrated writer obseiTes, that " the common Tomato made into a gravy, by stewing over the fire, and used as a sauce for meat, has been known to quicken the action of the liver and of the bowels, better than any medicine he ever made use of," He states farther, that " when afflicted witla inaction of the bowels, headache., a bad taste of the mou straitness of the chest, and a dull and painful heaviness the region of the liver, the whole of these symptoms are removed by Tomato sauce, and the mind, in the course of some few hours, is put in perfect tune." To make them into catsup, use one pint of salt to one peck of Tomatoes ; bruise them, and let them stand two days ; then strain them dry, and boil the juice until the scum ceases to rise, with two ounces of black pepper, the same quantity of pimento or allspice, one ounce of ginger, one of cloves, and half an ounce of mace. TURNIP. Navet. Brassica rapa. VARIETIES. Large English Norfolk. Long Tankard, or Hanover White Flat, or Globe. Yellow Maltese. Yellow Stone. Dale's Yellow Hybrid. Long Yellow. Russia, Swedish, or Ruta Early Garden Stone. "j Early White Dutch. | Early Snow Ball. J Early Red Top. ! ^ Strap Leaved Red Top. Early Green Top Yellow Aberdeen. Long White. This is a wholesome and useful plant, both for man and beast, and highly desei-sdng of cultivation. It being the last esculent vegetable in our catalogue, that is raised from seed sold at the various seed stores, I shall endeavour to stimulate those of our yeomanry who have hitherto neglected the cul- ture of this field as well as garden production, to exertion and diligence, by inserting a few extracts from a paper th^t now lies before me. rvnstr. 103 •• r«//rrrf of Tumtpn. — T'nfil the l>c{»inninj^ of the oij^h- Irontli rontury, thU vnluablo rrjot \rnn cultivatrd only in gnr- ilcnd. or other mnall ii{)nC]i. for cuHnnry pnq>o)icii ; but Lor«l I ! Kini^» pradiially spread «»\ '■ ' ' ' *" N' folk, nnd has made it.s way into e ud. Some «»f the fiiirst (rmiii cropd in the world arc now ifrownj^ upon land, which he- fore tho introthiction of the Turnip hushandr)', ]>roduced a very scanty supply of grass for a few lean and half-stan-cd rmbhitA." Mr. Colquhoun, in his ' 5/o/u/iVa/ Retrarchtf,'' estimated the value of the Turnip crop annnnlly j»Tf)wini^ in the I'nited Kingdom of (treat Britain and lrrl.inounds sterUnt;, (equal to upward of mixtv millions of pol- LAW.) But when wo farther recollect, that it enahlefl the B !id. whirh, without its ai' . , r nntuml harrenness : that it leaves tho land clean and in fine condition, and also inmires a c ' - y . ^.^ ^^j ^ j^j^^j p|g,jj ^^ Clover; Aod that til a mr>st excellent pieparalive for Wheat, it will appear that tho subsequent a It mu^t, howe%-er, l>e ij^anted, that •O0M soils na:unilly suit particular kinds of vegetables better ckaa others, and tliat, in general, exotic plants will suocoed 104 TURNIP. best In such soils as are neai'est like tlieir own native soil. As we have not always a choice, I would inform the Young Gardener, if he has a very light soil, which is not suitable for vegetables in general, he may sometimes got two crops of Turnips from it in one year, by sowing seed for the first crop in March, and that for his second about the middle of August. For general crops, it will be better to have ground manured with short rotten dung, or compost containing a considerable proportion of coal, wood, peat, or soapers' ashes. Ground that has been well manured for preceding crops, and also ground fresh broken up, will do well for Turnips. It is important that particular attention be paid to the time of sowing the seed ; for if the first crop be not sown soon enough to be gathered early in July, they are seldom fit for the table, being hot, stringy, and wormy ; and if the crop in- tended for autumn and winter use is sown before August, unless it be a very favourable season, if they even escape the attacks of insects and reptiles, they often get so defective, that they seldom keep through the winter.* To have Turnips in perfection, they should be hoed in about a month after they are sown, or by the time the plants have spread to a circle of about four inches, and again about a month from the first hoeing, leaving them from six to nine inches apart. They will yield the cultivator more profit "when treated in this way, than when left to nature, as is too frequently done. * Previous to sowing Turnip seed, the gardener should procure a suitable quantity of lime, soot, or tobacco dust, so as to be prepared for the attacks of insects. It should be recollected that Turnip seed will sometimes sprout within forty-eight hours after it is sown, and that very frequently whole crops are devoured before a plant is seen above ground. A peck of either of these ingredients, mixed with about an equal quantity of ashes, or even dry road dust, scattered over the ground, morning and evening, for the first week after sowing the seed, would secure an acre of ground, provided the composition be used in such a way that the wind carry it over the whole plot ; and as the wind often changes, this end may be effected by crossing the land in a different direction each time, according as the wind may serve. If gardeners who raise Radishes, Cabbage, and such other vegetables as are subject to the attacks of insects, were to pursue this course, they would save themselves from considerable loss. * Ttnunr. lOi It u gononilly admiUfd that oiio |)otiiKl of Turnip %pct\ U UDply •ufncirnt for oil acre of ground, vvt iK>iiiu will uao connidtTably more, bocau«o of the JifTiculty of di»tnlmting ho •mall .1 Tliiit diflit ulty it, bo^^ , III drilU ; and al- Uiougfa it may scom a tedious procoM to tlio«o who bavo no €»t' * >lmn by hand, tho fucitlties thtu af- f > ;i the rn\v. iiinrr tlinn rdiiiiHrnsato fur tlio extra labour. I onco inducrd a tm-iid <iii each other ; another hoeing win bo nooeasary in fire or aix weeks aAcrward. This will moke •' T ' " ' in the field, frequent plougii ' iicficial. The Turnip is a fiivourito vogotablo with some, and in ^ ' ' ' '' Mitton and caper sauce is considered by a diith without majtlied TumipH. To hare them in perlcction, they nhould, after having been de- prived of their r; V ' '.'dbycu:;- ' " : trans- Tcrscly in the C' i, after b« . Icr, let tbem be taken up, and pri>ssod as dr)* as po.s8ibio; at Uie somo time, let a lump of butter and a due pro]Ktrtion of Cayenne pepper and fall be added, and bo beaten up with (he Tumijis until pmiHTly mixed. Use tho natural grovj' (rxim tlie meat unadulterated, and such condiment as may be most esteemed. 106 AROMATIC, POT, ANB SWEET HERBS. AROMATIC, POT, AND SWEET HERBS. Graines d'Herbes Aromatiques, OJDORIFERANTES Et A l'usage de la cuisine. Angelica, Garden, Anise, Basil, Sweet, Borage, Burnet, Garden, Caraway, Chervil, or Cicely the Sweet, Clary, Coriander, Dill, * Fennel, Common, * Fennel, Sweet, Marigold, Pot, * Marjoram, Sweet, * Mint, Spear, * Mint, Pepper, * Mint, Pennyroyal, * Sage, Common, * Sage, Red, Savory, Summer, * Savory, Winter, * Tarragon, * Thyme, Common, * Thyme, Lemon, Angelica ati-opurpurea. Pinipinella anisum. Ocymum basilicum. Borago officinalis. Poturiuni sunguisorha, Carum carui. Scandix odorata cerefolium. Salvia sclara. Coriandrum sativum. Anethum graveolens. Anethujn faeniculum. Anethum dulce. Calendula officinalis. Origanum marjorana. Mentha virides. Mentha piperita. Mentha pulegium. Salvia officinalis. Salvia clandestinoides. Satureja hortensis. Satureja montana. Artemisia dracunculua. Thymus vulgaris. Thymus serpyllwm. Aromatic Herbs are such as impart a strong spicy odour and savoury taste ; many of them are used as small pot herbs, and for sauces, stuffings, and other uses in cooking. As only a small quantity of these are necessary in private gardens, a by-corner may be, allotted for them, and such medicinal herbs as may be wanted in a family. It may be necessary to explain, as we go along, that there are three principal descriptive names given to plants, namely, Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials. The Annuals being but of one season's duration, are raised every year from seed. The Biennials are raised from seed one year, continue till the second, then perfect their seed, and soon after die; some of these should also be raised every year from seed. The Perennials may be raised from seed, but when once raised, they will continue on the same roots many years. Those MCOICtNAL BCaM. Mr tnarkc•*, may aow. the seed of any nf the tlifTvrent kintl.t in April ur May, in il " ' ■ " 'Ton inch deep, and twelve inches npart, each k The plants may oArnvtird \*ci tran.Mplantcd into separate )>ed« ; or, if a drill fur each kind bo drawn two (' ■ ' -1 may bo sown in thorn, and the jilants ;: 'It to proper dintancctt, according to thu natural gruwth of tho different kinds of plants. PLANTS CULTIVATED FOR MEDICINAL AND OTHER PURPOSES. GR.%i!*op. hton..- I..: ■. Lormg; •.M allow. Mmh, /. . A L' R 8,r..- Pof :- r > iJ<...r-i.:rr, Ru; 1 .-.., n A- Mumejeac ! uticum- • Mo(hprwi>n. • Patintr* Dock, • Pinkmot. rarolina. Foprr Opium, (anaosl.) iaea- '>! I'.irtliea. ' !•! /' -um. • RoMtnary, • Ro*, CariJm, '.1 •]'.--r.r:li3. 1 ' ' ' -1 • daffmo. Baatard, FkuUcap. or Mad [>og Plnl. ftnakrrC Virginian, •Sorrrl. • '-; lularia. ■eiota. 108 AROMATIC HERBS, ETC. * Southernwood, * Speedwell, Virginian, * Spikenard, * Tansy, * Wormwood, Artemisia abrofanum. Veronica Virginica, Aralia racemosa. Tanucehim vulgare, Arlendsia absinthium. The generality of Aromatic, Sweet, and Medicinal Herbs* may be raised from seed sown in April and May. The greater part of the above-mentioned plants are Perennial, and will multiply from the seed they di'op, or from paitings from the roots. The offsets, roots, or young plants thus raised, should be planted at suitable distances from each other early in the spring. The beds should afterward be kept free from weeds, and as the herbs come into flower, they should be cut on a diy day, and spread in a shady place to dry, for winter use. The best way to preserve them after they are diied, is to rub them so as to pass them through a sieve, then pack them in bottles or boxes, each kind by itself; they should be after- Ttvard kept in a dry place. In the month of October, the heib beds should be exam- ined. Lavender, Rosemary, and other tender plants, should be taken up, potted, and placed in a frame or greenhouse for the winter. Thyme, Hyssop, Winter Savory, Southern- wood, Sage, Rue, and the like, will require their tops to be neatly dressed ; and Pot Maijoram, Burnet, Tarragon, Tansy, Pennyroyal, Sorrel, Chamomile, Fennel, Horehound, Mint, Lovage, and other kinds of hardy Perennial Herbs, should be cut down close to the ground. After this is done, it will be proper to dig lightly, and loosen the ground between the roots of the shrubby plants ; but the beds of close-growing running plants, such as Mint, Running Thyme, and all other creeping herbs, will not well admit of digging ; therefore, after the stalks are cut down, and the beds cleared of weeds, dig the alleys, and strew some of the loose earth evenly over the beds ; and if the ground be rather poor or light, a top dressing of very rotten dung will be of considerable service. rLAN ur ■roll, rrc. 1I9 Tliia (InsMinv will giro proper niirturo and protrrtinn to .l)i' 'ttnlon, and ill ^ ^ ■ , iir. Ilaviiii; finuhcU tho Catalo),pic, I will nuw proceed to givo (iii ,' tho m«»j«t t>f n pirro of gmuiid w«!ll H) • i>>{Mi. In tho general din-t-tiouH ut the commoncomcnt, I olwvr^'ed that ro

an«, Cucumbers, Toma- too*, r - - ' ■ •^, or other tender plantJi, lie may raise Ka- diahoft, . Lettuce, or other itmall saladii on it, by leav- ing a Mpaco tor his hilU or drills ; or HadiMh seed may bo •own lightly over the beds of licets, Carrots, Parsnips, &c., but they must not bo sufTered to run to seed, as this would irijuio the other plants. When the first crops arc galliiTed, it requires a little ciiiisidi-ration before a second is planted, in order that a suflicient quantity of the best ground may be roscr\'cd for tlie m!c varieties of vegetables. That I may Vhs ut. :. I have adopted the f<>llo%%-ing plans, rcpros^fnting beds of earth ; this will answer the same poipoae as bringing my readers on the ground. No. 1. The following lines represent drills six inches apart. MMdi td.— Sow PwBl0y. Union, or other •mall M«<1. Mack U.-4ew RadUi «*d. MurliU— How hratojr. Onion. or otitcr •roan tfriL The Ra«lishe« being pulled early in May, leaves the inter* mediate ground fiir the othrr plants. 10 110 PLAN OP BEDS, ETC. No. 2. Drills ten inches apart. April 1. — Sow Spinach, or Radish seed. April 15. — Plant early Cabbage Plants. April 1. — Sow Spinach, or Radish seed. By the time the Cabbage requires the whole of the ground, the Spinach or Radishes may be gathered. If this bed be cleared of the second crop by the middle of July, it may be planted with Celery, Turnip, or Black Radish seed. If the Cabbage be of the late-heading kinds, the ground may be reserved for the first sowing of Spinach, Fetticus, Lettuce, &c., in which case it will require a fresh coat of manure No. 3. Drills twelve inches apart. March 20. — Plant slips or cuttings of Horse-radish. March 20- — Plant Turnip-rooted Beet seed. March 20. — Plant slips or cuttings of Horse-radish. If required, a light crop of Radishes may be raised on this bed, which should be pulled while young. Hoe and thin out the Beets as they progress in growth, and when full grown, they may be gathered, without disturbing the Horse-radish. [See article Horse-radish.] TLkn or BSDa, rrc. 1 1 1 Ko. 4. R«iw«, or drilb, fuuitocn inrbcfl oimrt. 1i. Tl" I fd ; tlii.i may 1" • ""O- iii I by tho lime tho [■ _ njj, the Lettuce will bo fit to cut IfthcKO mots are well attrndod to, tbi . ' ' ' a o fall Cab- bige, i .Vc. No. 5. RowB, or drilU, sixteen ]: :iU March 25.— Plant i . Mit» fa.— FlMit haray Lmntm pSJuT April SO. — PUdI TmIj York Cabbafe plants, either between tho rowi or iMwera the L«(taor. As toon as the Lettuce is off, hoc tho Cabbage, ami it will a... .:ul. In) suitable for a crftp of any of tho va- rieties above mentioned, except Cabbage, the roots of which aT< lefectiTe, if tbo a»me gnmnd be planted with C in saccQMion. 1 ho above, or prccoding plans, prettent a fair specimen of vvtel maj be done on a small piece of good ground. If tho 112 HOT-BEDS. young gardener takes the trouble to keep an account of his transactions, he will soon make discoveries of still greater importance. If not sufficiently acquainted with the different varieties of Cabbage plants, for instance, so as to distinguish the one from the other, by making a memorandum at the time of sowing the seed he will soon get acquainted with the different varieties of plants ; he will also discover the differ- ence in the growing of his seed, and know who to blame if any particular kind should not come up. The following represents a Hot-bed with four sashes, sowii March 1 : nnn Early Dwarf, Early York, or other spring Cabbage Seed. Early Battersea, Drumhead, or other summer Cabbage Seed. Early Lettuce, Tomato Seed, Peppers, &c. in shallow drills. Egg-plant Seed, &c. partitioned off as directed in note to article Egg-plant. It may be necessary to remind my readers of the neces eity of being always prepared to sow Cabbage, Lettuce, To- mato, and Egg-plant seed in hot-beds the last week in Feb- ruary, or early in March ; for this purpose, let some fresh stable dung and rich compost be engaged beforehand. Some gardeners make their beds on the level ground, but it is always safest to make them in pits from eighteen inches to two feet deep;* in order to do this, the pits should be dug * When durable heat is required for forcing vegetables, the beds should be made on level ground, in order that linings may be applied to the out- side of the frame, which, by frequent renewal, will enliven the heat of tlie bed, and thus bring tender vegetables to maturity, which would otherwise suffer from a decline of the heat. For particular directions, see Observa- tions on Forcing Vegetables ; albo, article on Forcing Asparagus. ■OT*BKIHI. 1 I 3 in •utiimn. or ■ hc«p of dimi; may l»o rlcpocitci] on tJio ground iutendcd for l\m Im»«1« l^'forr tho fnwt M?t» in. nml go»i«| corth may bo ul>taiiM*il from tho \mn without any difli- cully. The fnimm Khoultl l>«< mado of t^ooe necesMurj' to stir iho mould Wforc tho seed bo sown, to provont tho growth of young weeds that may l>e germinating ; tlien sow the •ord cither in shallow drill.t or broad-cast, as equally a^ pos- sible, reMTNJng a small ({uantity of tho warm mould to be •own lishlly over U»o seed. Tho bods shouhl aAenvard ho •ttcndtHl to, OS directed for Broccoli and Cauliflower, Tl'' "fa hot-l>ed 'lA intcndetl expressly fur tho f** ^ I -.' Cabbage, Lettuce, Tomatt>c!*, and such ocber planta as may bo required for early planting, lieds made earlier in tho seaMm, or for forcing, will require a greater quantity of manure. f.SVf Cnlrmlar for Januarv, Ftlirmanf, and March.] 10' 114 OBSERVATIONS FORCING VEGETABLES Before I commenced, preparing tins work for the press, I intended to have written largely on the subject of forcing fruits as well as vegetables ; but when I considered my motto, and that I was writing for young gardeners, I con- cluded to occupy my pages in such a manner as to effect the greatest possible good at the smallest expense. Of- the seve- ral branches of Horticulture, some are of gi-eater importance than others ; and as the products of the kitchen garden form important articles of food for the bulk of mankind, it should be our first care to treat largely on the subject of this most useful part of gardening. Next to this is the cultivation of fruits, and the production of ornamental plants and flowers, each of which will be noticed in their respective dej)artments. As I stand pledged to offer some remarks on forcing, or rather forwarding vegetables, by artificial means, I shall en- deavour to confine my observations to such points as are of primary importance ; and in order to convince my readers of the importance of this subject, I shall first endeavour to show the utility of an artificial climate suited to the various species of useful plants. In Eiigland, a regular succession of vegetables can be obtained from the natural ground every month in the yeal", and the fruits of that country, from the summer heat being moderate, are of longer continuance than with us, and yet the English make gardening a science, and employ the elements, as well as the ingenuity of man, in the production of fruits and vegetables out of the ordinary season. 00 wtmam rcarrABLBs. 11.5 I tlitU not • trcnt of ihir cultivation of Pinc- •ppkw, (Jrmpntk. - , or other fruita grvwu in forcing- bouMa; iKtr wtNild it bo ailvisublo will] ua to un«lertako to r ' holll til* BC- \. t be acknow- icJged, that tho cxtrooie heat of our aummcra ia aa detri- r • ■ • • • •• -u.la .,: ml for iheau rcoaona, arti6cial aid is mora ueccaanry hero in tho u • • • • .' . ' 'J- • . i,i. ' ' iea of Artichokoa, lintad Ucaoa, Borecole, liroccoh, Caulitlowor, K ' T , Radidhcii. Hhubarb, Spinach, Tumip«, and » il, a great part of the year fnuii ihcir kiu-hun ganloua, whcreaa, if wo wore to attempt to nupply our mar- kr--" ••': rulinar)' vegetables at all times, in any tiling like li !)r«i that ihcy Imve them tlicrc, wo mu.st, out of the t . jx^rationo, turn our attention to I: ...^ 4, OA wellastlio forcing Rystem, 1 proceed to show tho method of forcing vegeta- \i . for rao to remind my reailers, that ju ,- , ... - -I climate, they should consider tho nature of the phiota they intend to cultivate, and endeavour t- 1 to nourish L-. , , ,1 . :' this work, eodcavuurusl to show, that beat, light, air, and moisture, arc •• ' ' ' ' ' , ' ' ' ; K.« bUp- l __ 1 es. la the midat of our Nortbem winter, ivhich ia ilie uaool t. ' ' * , '' ' ' ' abject to north>woat *'■ ^'. Now, a.1 wo havo not yet ciutcovrrvd how to make an artificial air, it will not \>f aafe fnr '^ ' - Irner to rai«? a iMittom hent undrr any kind of vc ii(il such time aa he can impart a lolo- nblu share ot . air, as the heat without air will aoon deairoy thi .- ^i bia labour. • 116 ON FOnCING VEGETABLES. Perhaps ihe safest time to commence forcing in frames, is soon after the middle of February, and the early part of March. I before hinted, that the depth of heating materials must be regulated by the season of the year at which the work is commenced, and also to the purposes for which the hot-beds are intended. Beds used for the purpose of raising half-hardy plants, or for procuring seedling plants late in the spring, may be made in the manner recommended for the common hot-bed ; but if substantial heat is required to be kept up, the beds must be so contrived as to admit of linings as the heat decreases ; and the dung should undergo a regu- lar process of preparation, according to the use it is intended for. Compost heaps should also be provided, in order to furnish suitable mould to the different species of plants ; for this purpose, all the old hot-bed dung and mould, leaves, tan, turf, sand, and other light manures and decayed animal dung, should be collected together. In some cases, when a slight hot-bed is recommended for forwarding hardy plants, if it should happen that a seedling Cucumber bed be at liberty, it may answer every purpose for Radishes, Lettuce, or other hardy plants ; or such a bed may be spawned for Mushroons, if required. If the forcing be commenced before the coldest of the winter is past, great precaution must be used, lest the plants be injured by cold cutting winds, or destroyed by heat for want of air. To prevent the former accident, warm dung should be placed around the frames, and the sashes covered with mats and boards every night. If full air cannot be ad- mitted in the day time, the sashes must be slidden down to let off the steam ; at the same time mats may be laid over the aperture, to prevent cold air entering to the plants. If the bottom heat in a bed be too violent, which is some- times the case, means must be used to decrease it. This is generally effected by making holes in the bed with a stake sharpened at the end, or with a crow-bar ; which holes should be filled up when the heat is sufficiently reduced. In lining 117 iNM-bcds, if tho hcnt i« rcductH) in tht* Ixxly of the bods, holeg nuty be car< ' ' 'it from the fresh linings, ■o aa to enhv .1. A Fakronhcit thcmKimoter should alwajs bo at hand at tho limo of ' ■>» he used, wfi- " tu the heat in < . and lh(< \vui« l- tin;^ plants in frames, should bo waiincd to tho trmporattira of ' ' ' ' ' ' ] for the various kii I inexcd articles. FORCING ASPARAGUS IN HOT-BEDS. As Asparagus is apt to grr)%r weak and slender by exiictnc bottom heat, it is forced with greater success, and witli less trouble, in HuihI pits in a hot-house, than in dung hot-lteds, because tlic heat from tan w moro ret»iilar ; but a vcr}* suita- ble bed mi\y be formed in a deep hot-bed frame, made in tho uaoal way. If dung alone, or a mixture of dung and leave!), be used, it should be in a state past heating violently before it is made into a ImmI ; but if tho gardener has no choice of* materiala, lie m:i 't-lKnl in tho usual way, and if the drpch of hr '. , - bo two feet, he may lay on a foot of old hot-bod dung, tan, or any light compost, that \viU ttl * ■ -• heat pn "it. I •■ noceaanr ncr, that though too much bottom heat should bo avoided, heat is necessary to the pn>- doction f'f tho vegetable in a miKl« :io- raDj effrrfrd in a month or nix w< • mo- ment of the operations. For tho puqKMe of keeping up a regular heat, a lining of hot dung should be opplicd around tho framo, and changed as ocranion rerjuires. Provide plants from two to four, or even six years old, trim their riN>(4, and place them in row-s on tho beds; when one row ii laiil. strew a little mr>uld among the roots, then proceed in the same way witli one row after another, kcop- 118 FORCING ASPARAGUS. ing them on a level, as the surface of the becl at first lay^ till you have fini.shed planting them ; then lay among the Luds and roots some fine vegetable or other I'ich mould, work it in among them with your fingers, and cover the beds over about an inch thick; and upon that, lay three inches in depth of vegetable mould not very rotten, old tan, or p other light compost that will admit the water to run quic' through. If there be a stT'ong heat in the bed, slide down the sashes till it begins to decline. The temperature at night should never be under 50°, and it may rise to 65" without injury ; when the buds begin to appear, as much air must be daily admitted as the weather will permit. In two or three days after the beds are planted, the heat will begin to rise : the beds should then have a moderate supply of water, applied from a watering-pot with the rose attached ; repeat such watering every three or four days. When the buds are up three inches above the surface, they are fit to gather for use, as they will then be six or seven inches in length. In gathering them, draw aside a little of the mould, slip down the finger and thumb, and twist them off from the crown : this is a better method than to cut them ; at least, it is less dangerous to the rising buds, which come up thick in succession. An ordinary-sized frame calculated for three sashes will hold from three to five hundred plants, according to their age and size, and will, if properly managed, yield a dish every day for about three weeks. On the above estimate, if a con- stant succession of Asparagus be required, it will be neces- sary to jjlant a bed every eighteen or twenty days. Rhubarb and Sea-Kale may be, and sometimes are, forced in the same manner as Asparagus ; but the most general mode is to excite them where they stand in the open garden, by the application of warm dung. i FORWARDING HRUAD BEANS, OR ENGLlisH inVARFS. Is tbo article BniaJ neans. ( Fieia faba,) I have alrca^ly urged l\w • that a full cxuj) moy i . , m weather ; but a« the ground u oAon frozen at the time thcj ouglit to U • V .-.••' ..... ^,.^^ at, _ ill March. If tbo plaota tbua raised be not made too tender, I;. ' ' ! into the < iiid the latter end «ii i !f them t ■ Uicir fruit early iu June. Or if a hi-uji <'t ni.iiiiuc iM- >j,n<.nl thick on u |iu-ot and protected from exUt;mo cold, the •eedlings may \hi raiHed therein, and ti-ansplanted into tlie garden, as directed in article, page 39. Those who have not the convenience of hot-l>ods or frames, mar. in the month of February, plant some of the seed about l\' _ t in the cellar, or in earth on li.'- ., . , - . .- u plants fit to traiL^plant in the o[iou garden toward the latter cud of March or early in ApriL FORCING KIDNEY BEANS. Tht. mo*t dwnrfiAh kindn of Ki-^ 'io •.tonm be let off". In •«' sufHrient hent to brini» them into • bearini^ state, the plants may bo fintt raif>ed in small potx pfamfad into ■ hot-bed, or a amall bed may be prepared. 120 FORWARDING BROCCOLI AND CAULIFLOVTER. earthed over with light rich compost, six inches deep, and tlie Beans planted therein, and covered one inch. The second hot-bed should be earthed over to the depth of eight or nine inches, and the Beans transplanted as soon as they are two or three inches high, in cross rows twelve or fifteen inches apart, by three or four inches in the rows, or in clumps a foot ajDart. When the season is so far advanced that one bed, with the help of linings, will bring the plants well into fruit, the seed may be planted at once to remain for podding ; or if the gardener should choose to mature his crop in the open ground, he may raise his plants in boxes or pots in the month of April, and plant them out in a warm border early in May. Beans raised in hot-beds will require considerable atten- tion. Cover the glasses every night with mats and boards ; admit fresh air every mild day, give occasional gentle water- ings, and earth them up carefully as they progress in growth, to strengthen them. FORWARDING BROCCOLI AND CAULIFLOWER. In treating of the method of cultivating this family of plants, in the articles under each head, I recommended an artificial climate to be provided for them, so as to induce them to arrive at full perfection in tlie winter and early jDart of the spring. Gardeners who have provided frames for the purpose of making hot-beds, in the spring, may make use of them through the winter, in protecting Broccoli and Cau- liflower ; and as the frames will not be wanted until the se- verity of the winter is past, such plants as are left at that season may be protected by a covering of boards, straw, or litter, as occasion may require. If Cauliflower be required early in the summer, the plants raised in the preceding autumn should be transplanted from the beds into the open ground, in the month of March, and CPIiimMM 121 be protect' would in.'turo their lifucling bcforu ihu --, , - M.iiin u.itli.i, which it Triy iiijunutu tu CouJiflowur. FORCING CUCUMBERS. To pruduco Cucunibors at an curly iicaj»on, should be aD object of eiuulation with every gardeuor. Tho bufliiicas of b. .Id bo nuMMl to pruvido for accidents. Some choo«e tho Short v.. pi to run to V1UO.V The seed ifl generally n.^^n m jm.;^ m r(.\c.t i.f light rich mould, and placed in a h<>t-l>ed ; and Home how the seed in tho caith of a small bod prepared for the pur]>oHc. In cither caao, as soon a« tho plants have fully expanded their two •eed leaven, thoy may l>o transplanted into ]>ots, putting throe plains in each |M)t; when this is done, apply water wwiued to tlio tcnipvraturu of tlio bed, and shut down tho glaMes. kocpins them a little shaded by llirowing a mat over the gUas, t .-ii root. When they arc ■bout a ro«>: ' > ti .tii>ii].itit into the rriilt- ing bed. To ; . 15 ut" llji :- tJUlce i:. :m1 if not li ' is made into a bod, it caunot bo done oAcrward. as it reipiires turning an i " nd •wectly. I . H», tumc«l three times, and well mixed with a fork ; if any ap- pears dry, i? ' ' M..> made Wot, a! ' '•■.,, .q the two rx' wet and dry. ' ivo a regular fenncutatiun. A dry situation should bo chosen un wiiich to fonn \>vi]a^ 11 122 FORCING CUCUMBERS. SO that no water can settle under tlie dung. Tne substance of dung from the bottom of the bed should be from three to four feet, according to the season of planting, and the mould should be laid On as soon as the bed is settled, and has a lively, regular-tempered heat. Lay the earth evenly over the dung, about six inches deep ; after it has lain a few days examine it, and if no traces of a burning effect are disco- vered, by the mould turning of a whitish colour and caking, it will be fit to receive the plants; but if the earth appears burned, or has a rank smell, some fresh sweet mould should be provided for the hills, and j^laced in the frame to get warm ; at the same time, vacancies should be made to give vent to the steam, by running down stakes. After the situation of the bed has been ascertained, and the heat regulated, the hole should be closed, and the earth formed into hills ; raise one hill in the centre vmder each sash, so that the earth is brought to within nine inches of the glass ; in these hills, plant three seedlings, or turn out such as may be in pots, with the balls of earth about their roots, and thus insert one patch of three plants in the mid- dle of each hill. The plants should be immediately watered ^^^th water heated to the temperature of the bed, and kept shaded till they have taken root. The temperature should be kept up to 60*^, and may rise to 80*^ without injury, provided the rank steam be allowed to pass off; therefore, as the heat begins to decline, timely linings of well-prepared dung must be applied all round the frame. Begin by lining the back part first ; cut away the old. dung perpendicularly by the frame, and form a bank two feet broad, to the height of a foot, against the back of the frames ; as it sinks, add more ; renew the linings round the remainder of the bed as it becomes necessary, and be care- ful to let off the steam, and give air to the plants at all op- portunities. Give necessary waterings, mostly in the morning of a mild day, in early forcing ; and in the afternoon, in the advanced ■nMa nf hnc Kunny wpathor. Some um) water iropret^ntrd *;■■ .!. •ii' . _ ■ 1- ini; up the earth around them, fur which purpose a supply nf k*, after which Uicy prnonilly put forth l%vo »hrratiiin in recommended by Alwrrnmibie, Phial, and other writers, aa eH.sential to the pHnlurtion of a full crop of f'ucumlwrs unmale hloMotns distinctly on the same plant. The lat- I,.. ' ■ •■ ~ '■ * ■ • - • • • 1^^ ci _ ; ro k nerer any in the males ; but these are placed in the vici- nityofthe*" ' rid are altsolutely i ' ' :;s- pension of • ,.i, to impregrjate : u ; the fruit of which will not otherwise swell to its ftill size, nn«1 th. - • - " ' - * -rTvo. TIjc early plants v ' '^«, not ha it of natural air, nor tli- ..e c»f l>ec< and other winged insects to convey the farina, the artificial aid of the cultivator is necessar)- to efTrct the im- pregnation. At the time of fructification, watch tlie plants daily ; and a* soon as the female flowers and ^nnie malo binasoms are fully nxjiandeil, prriceed to set the fniit the aaroe day. or next mommg at tarthest. Tnke off a malo blo«iom. detaching it with part of the footstalk. Hold this 124 FORWARDING LETTUCE. between the finger and thumb ; pull away the flower leaves, or petals, close to the stamens and antheree, or central part, which apply close to the pistil in the bosom of the female flower, twirling it a little about, to (discharge thereon some particles of the fertilizing 23owder. Proceed thus to set every fruit, as the flowers of both sorts open, while of a lively full expansion ; and generally perform it in the early part ol the day, using a fresh male, if possible, for every impregna tion, as the males are usually more abundant than the female blossoms. By this management, the young fruit will soon be observed to swell freely." Cucumbers attain the proper size for|ffathering in from fifteen to twenty days after the time of setting; and often in succession for two or three months or more, in the same beds, by good culture. FORWARDING CUCUJNIBERS UNDER HAND GLASSES. If it be desired to have Cucumbers in the open garden at an eai'ly season, the plants may be raised in pots as before directed, and planted in a warm border either in the earth, or in hot-bed ridges. A hand-glass should be provided for each hill, which must be kept close down every night and in cool days, taking care to admit air when practicable. The plants may be hardened by degrees, by taking off" the glass in the heat of the day, and as the weather gets warm they may be left to nature. FORWARDING LETTUCE FOR USE IN WINTER. Head Lettuce may be cultivated for use in the \^ inter season by means of gentle hot-beds, or in cold-beds made in the manner recommended for the raising of early Cabbage 125 planu. See. (S00 arriclo Cabltago.) For such Head Lcttuc« ai* 1 uiie before Chriatnias, tlio Hardy (Jrrcn, till . Com, are the most »uital>lo kincU to •ow ; and pbnts may bo nuM*fl in the open tmrtlrr by tow* ing ikhhI two or ihrt-o times bftwecn the inidillo f»f Au(;iiAt and. the Bmt week in SoptenilMT. The planlK from thoMJ •oH-in({» rosy l>e sot out, about six inches apart, in cuM-bcds, wlien (hoY arc one or two inches high. In St-ptrinU'r and early in October, some of the Silenia, Sugar Loaf, Huttcr Lettuce, or any other enteemcd skirls, may Iw Mown in a cold-l»ed frame, which, %vith the aid of Miabca. will produce planb in from a month to six wo<>ks ; tbeae !• in Novoml»or and Dccemb . , l .1 1, until a j)lentiful sup- ply can be obtained from the open borders. The same at- tention ia necaaaar}', nn re«j>ecte the protectirin of those beds, as fur other halfdiardy planta. FORCING MUSHROOMS \T \LL SEASONS. Tnt *' — ' " is aaid to bo iln- u.k-^i extensive genus in tbe vev'' .^'dom. The 8|>ecics are d«'tcmiine>lc Muntimora. Loudon MjB, it ia roost readily distinguished when of a middle size, by ita fine pink or flesh-coloured gills, and pleasant smell. In a more advanced age, the gills become of a chocolate colour, and it is then more apt to l)c confounded with other kinds of dubious quality ; but that species which m«>?t nearly reaetnhles ir, is slimy to the touch, dcsiitut.- ..f Tni. .Ml,.iir, and has a ditntrreeable smell. Again: ti "^nw in woixls, whil«i lln; ituo Mushroom "^i ; ' j. in ojM-n pruttunv*. aiul should be gathered only in such place**. Uowbolcaome/Hn^' will sometimes spring up un arulicial ir 126 FORCING MUSHROOMS. beds in gardens ; thns, when the spawn begins to run, a spurious breed is often found to precede a crop of genuine Mushrooms. The poisonous toad-stool, ^Igaricus cirociis, may generally be detected by the presence of a sickly, nau- seous smell, though some hurtful kinds are so free from any thing disagreeable in the smell, as to make any critei-ion, drawn from that alone, very unsafe. The wholesome kinds, however, invariably emit a grateful, rich odoui-. The Jiga- ricus campestris is most generally cultivated. Dr. Witherin"- mentions other eatable varieties, which grow considerably larger, but are inferior in flavour ; he says " that a plant of the variety Georgia was gathered in an old hot-bed at Bir- mingham, which weighed fourteen pounds ; and Mr. Stack- house found one fifty-four inches in cii'cumference, having a stem as thick as a man's wiist." Mushrooms may be obtained at any season of the year, by a proper regulation of the time and manner of forming the beds. A good crop is sometimes collected without ma- king a bed on purpose, by introducing lumps of spawn into the top mould of old hot-beds. The methods of procuring and propagating spawn, and of forming Mushroom beds, are numerous. Indigenous spawn may be collected in pasture lands in September and October, or it may be found in its strength and piarity in the paths of mills worked by horses, or in any other horse-walks under shelter; it is frequently found in old hot-beds and dunghills in the summer season, and Mushrooms of good quality may often be seen beginning to form on the surface, like large 2:)eas ; when these are absorbed, it is time to take out the spawn, which is generally in hard, ciry lumps of dung, the spawn having the api^earance of whitish coarse pieces of thread. The true soit has exactly the smell of a Mush- room. If spawn thus collected be required for immediate use, it may be planted in the beds at once, or it will kee]> three or four years, if laid to dry with the earth adhering to it, and afterward placed in a warm, dry shed, where there roBciNu MiMniiooMft. iS7 U a current of air; but if it bo not ronij)Iotcl)' dilod, die •fMtMU will oxbuui' ^^'1' ••■'' '" t il... exuvrnpa uf beat, Oilil, ur inuutuit). Suf:h of my rcatlrni as may buvo bitlicrt/> been uuac- qnatntiHi v^"'- "--- <-iillivalion uf Muitbuxjins, niUBt pcrcuive, from dio I irmarLi, that u Mu-Hbruom bcnl itt aiinply a Ik iji <•( . 841 ti-mjKTctl Od lu bo ca- jmMr of j.: ^ „.... ,.;i ,...;j^ spawu ; but in urdur to bnvr fniitful npawn at all times, it abuuM bo »o fomiod as tf> Ik- v«h luinu- •-.. , , ^ — - tJ ; add to this ono tbird of cuw dunu, and a Kmull jwrtiun uf !• "the wholt! iutu a t: ^ a it in tlio i»ha|)C of bricka ; wbich being done, set Uicm nu odgo, and froqueut- ly tiini th. •■■-•' I wiiU a dibble i ' ■ or two hffli'n . il in each ho ' < uf apatvn the oize of an rgg : the bricks should then be laid when; they can dry {^dually. ^Vheu dry, lay dry horse dun;; on a level ttwtr, six ur ci^ht incheit thick ; on ihiit, pile the bricks, the spawn side uppcrnioeL When the pile is •ougly for'^- ' - ■ rr it with a small portion of fresh warm bor<« dun it in quantity to protluce a gentle glow lhr>ii(;h t: . Wlieii the spawn bos spread itself tUruuxh eiuiv \>uii of the bricks, tlio process iit ended, and tbey may bo laid up in any dry place for use. Mu&hroom 0p«wti, made according to this receipt, will pre.sor\-u iui ve- gvcating powers for many years, if well diied Wforc it is laid up ; if motat. it will in'ow. and soon exhauAt itself. Manliro M fonned in ridges in the open air, covert . ; mats, so oa to prevent Uea>'y nuna exciting a fennentation ; and sometimes in ridttes of the ■ame at lit under cover, oa in -cs. They are also made in cltm; i in bittUMM built on pnrpoae, called Muiihruom-bousoa. A mo- dermlely worm, liglit cellar is jicculiarly suited for the pur- 128 FORCING MUSHROOMS. pose in the winter season, as no fire is necessary, and but little water, the application of which frequently proves inju- rious, when not judiciously managed. Mushrooms may also be raised in pots, boxes, hampers, &c., placed in warm situa- tions ; in old-beds, in pits with glazed frames, and in dark frames or pits. The general way of making Mushroom beds, is to prepare a body of stable dung, moderately fermented, about a yard in thickness, more or less, according to the size and situa- tion in which the bed is to be formed ; when the strong heat has subsided, an inch of good mould may be laid over it, and the spawn planted therein in rows five or six inches apart ; after this is done, another layer of mould, an inch thick, may be added, and then a coat of straw. Beds well constructed will produce Mushrooms in five or six weeks, and will continue to produce for several months, if care be taken in gathering, not to destroy the young ones. As Mushrooms are gathered, from time to time, the straw should be spread carefully over the bed. Beds made in a convenient place, where there is space all around, may be formed so as to make four sloping surfaces, similar to the I'oof of a house ; this, by being spawned on the four sides, will yield abundantly. The celebrated Mr. Nichol makes his beds without spawn. The following are his directions, taken from Loudon's Encyclopocdia of Gar- dening : " After having laid a floor of ashes, stones, chips, gravel, or brick-bats, so as to keep the bed quite dry and free from under damp, lay a course of horse-droppings six inches thick. These should be new from the stables, and must not be broken, and the drier the better. They may be collected every day until the whole floor or sole be covered to the above thickness ; but they must not be allowed to ferment or heat. In the whole process of making up, the bed should bo as much exposed to the air as possible ; and it should be carefully defended from wet, if out of doors. When this vm MMn is quite dry, and judged to b« past a ttato of r<>rmon- tation. co%or it to ihr thirkno«»-^ of two in ■. «lry earth; if aandy, •« much the bolter. It i .;. . whe- ther it b« rich or not, the only u«c of earth hero luMng for •patrn (" mo.vi in. Now Iny another rournc of ilr<>ji- pingn, ai thorn ov<^r a-* almvc, whon j)aHi o «tar«' t-f frnnpDiatitin : then a third course, which, in like manner. earl' T" •■ • •• • very •tr«>i ird. " OlMrr\'p, that in forming tlie bed, it should be a little ruundctl. in onh-r that t\w c^intrc. may not Ik; more wrt or moiflt thnii tlu* -iili-s. Thin may !><• done in fonnin^ tin? nolo or floor at first, and the bed would then be of equal strength in all port-t. If it l>o madn up atrainAt a wall in a cellar, stable, or shed, it moy have a nhtpo of a few inches from the back to the front, leas or more, acconling to its breadth. I hare aoroeiimcs been contented witli tsvo courses as aliove, instead of three ; onil often, when materials were scarce, have made them up Kliijliter, thus : three fuur-inrh courses of dn»pping^, with one inch of earth between each, and a twivinch c«»Terin(r at top. Such ft bed as this, I have had twelve ' 'f; hut \cry much v.. , :.ito of thr ;.. .: — 1 on the cnn- »:<^»<-n in making it up. also on the after management. •* The ' -of hard' only are usiful. Those of borae- ^ • i gitjen i , <>( lhem.'»elve'«, produce few or no mushrooms. I have made up beds from farm ' ", " * 'ly on green food, and I if irely on corn and hay; treated them in the same way in every respect ; and liove found, not oil ' * ! lie latter most productive. 1 s niay be pro- cured at the public stables in towns, or at inns in the coun- try, any time «»f t' and if the mipply l>c plentiful, a bed of con^i'li-ni' ions may l>e made and finished witliin fK'c or oiv ' In as many more week^, if in t 130 FORCING MUSHROOMS. Stable or dry cel'.ar, or afluetl shed, it will begin to produce, and often sooner ; but if the situation of the bed be cold, it will sometimes be two or three months in producing Mush- rooms." It may be necessary to state farther, that exti'emes of heat, cold, drought, and moisture, should be avoided in the culti- vation of Mushrooms. If the temperature keeps up to 50° in the winter, the beds will be safe, and the heat in the beds may rise to 60' or even 70° without injury. Air also must be admitted in proportion to the heat, and 60° should be aimed at as a medium temperature. Water, when given a little at a time, is better than too much at once, after the spawn has begun to spread ; and the water for this purpose should always be made blood warm. A light covering of straw may be used to preserve moisture on the surface ; and if the beds are made in open frames, or otherwise subject to exposure, the straw^ay be laid thicker than on beds made in a cellar. Should beds fail in producing Mushrooms after having been kept over hot or wet, it may be inferred that the spa\vn is injured or destroyed; but if, on the contrary, a bed that has been kept moderately warm and dry, should happen to be unproductive, such bed may be well replenished with warm water, and a coat of warm dung may be laid over the whole. If this does not enliven the bed after having lain a month, take off the earth ; and if, on examination, there is no appearance of sj)awn, the whole may be destroyed ; but if, on the contrary, the bed should contain spawn, it may be renovated by covering it again, especially if any small tuber- cles be discernible ; if the heat should have declined, the spawn may be taken out and vised in a fresh bed. If beds De formed in hot-bed frames under glass, some mats or straw must be laid over the glass to break off the intense heat of the sun. Although only one species of edible fungi has yet been introduced into the garden, there are several eatable kinds. ntnwxnnnta Mrtnvii trvom niVTMn.AMn. ISl In Polwvl ".nA F»!*^n fhorr> nro nl>ovo thirfr kincl* in rnm- mon MM ■ y. TIh-v nri« pnfli«*r«»<>ini^ htinj^ nit, and dried in y*, form n pnrt of thoir winter Mr>rk ... ,. u....; caution ia ncwsnary in collrcting MitiihriKim* for food, and none but tlio Imionifit should eathor 'Pd* PI 1\Y. I ....-- .-.. , ; e lliorough; . ; - . uted befoTB ibey are token into the stomach, aa this greatly le«Kcns t' tlio ^ort hnppen, itul then tlu" vogo table arid* nlifiuld bo pvrn, either vincpnr, lemon juice, or ■ • ; after v' ' 'ht an«l m :' 'kHc -ti»p the rv ing. Infii ,'all- uat. oak bark, and Peruvian bark, are recommnndcd as capa- * ' '" " , t),j, poiwmouA principle of MushroomH." i itafcst way not to oat any but the well- known kinds. rnnwAnniNT; MnLoxsT'NDER hand glasses. .\i TM'ii I. II i'i;r « iii/«"ti'< li;i\<' iiti oiMMii 1 umi > m in ' >• m ilr^ Mclonii \« ithout artificial aid, yet, 05 their continuance is itliortt it may nut bo aroiM to remind llic gardener that the direc* tierB under gloAS will ■ pply to Mclonii, with very few exceptions ; care, however, ■. thol thoy bo kept away fmin each othi-r al iho ... :......ug, OS instancuit uftcu occur of wiiulo cm])* being cniirt'ly ruined, by plants of tlio some genus being •la ordir to »" " -■-r-'-^ ■ntmX apprarto bs Moslmwirf: '"'■'' In* cdtblfl kin«!> 4lt om Ui« innrr or •pont> • thort tiDM •tUc, . . Ji. Otef sra UQwIiolcsome ; Uwy oMy bs eem U mtd m f iaa l as Mi 133 POKCING PEAS IN HOT-BEDS. raised too near each other. Those who wish to fonvard Melons, may prepare a hot-bed in March or April, to raise plants in ; the beds may be formed and the j^lants managed in precisely the same manner as is directed for Cucumbers. If the ridging system be adopted, and a hand-glass applied to each hill, JMelons may be obtamed one month earlier than the usual time. Gardeners raising Melons for the supply of city markets, may gi-atify the public taste early in the season, by pursuing the forwarding, if not the forcing system. Ridges may be prepared in the following manner : In April or May, a trench may be dug in a warm border, about two feet deep and three wide, and of sufficient length for as many hand-glasses as are intended to be employed, allowing three feet for every hill. Some good heating manure should be laid in the pits, managed the same as a common hot-bed ; to this must be added good rich movild to the depth of eight or ten inches for the plants to grow in ; as soon as the mould is warm, the seedlings may be planted, three plants in each hill, after which the hand-glasses should be set on, and shaded. After the plants have taken root and began to grow, the glasses should be raised in fine days, and propped up so as to admit fresh air ; and as the warm weather progi'esses, they may be taken off in the mid-die of fine days so as to harden the plants gradually to the weather ; and by the latter end of May they may be left to nature. FORCING PEAS IN HOT-BEDS. The best kinds of Peas to force, are those that are the most dwarfish, and the seed is better for being two or three years old, as they will bear earlier, and make less straw. Peas run less to vine by being transplanted, than when they are sown where they are to remain ; the plants may be raised in a gentle hot-bed, either in the earth of the bed, or in pots roTAToss. 133 Thry do not roi{uirc excoMiro heat ; Ui« tcmpc- : bofpniiin^ at about 50' for the QUXYu to GO' or Cut' for fruiting. Wliea iIm leaviM of the plants are fairly oxpandcfl, tliey may be timnaplanteU into rown ft<>i ' ' ' > n iiHrhcs apart; o baenrp, the earth in the i i )x) from twvlve to eighteen tnchen in depth. At thr V' '.tIi. the oonh should bestir- red ; ami niuU Htiiks mny be applied, •o that the tendritts of the i'eaA iiiay easily take hold ; and they ' ' ' ' r- moulded at the Ixittotn to ouablo them to sujv port ••«. When thoy are in blossom, nip the top off; tliis greatly promotes Uic forming and filling of the pods ; they will rc- «|uiro to l»c regularly watered, and as the spring advances they moy be exposed to the weather, taking care to sneuui them in the e\»"' '-r > Hudden change. FUKCl.NG POTATOES IN HOT-BEDS. PoTAT«HJ» may l»c forced in a great variety »»f waj h. Hioae who attempt to mature Potatoes in frames, will of course prorido such of the earliest kituLi as are not inclined to pro- duce large tojwi ; t) • ''Um Dwarf, Early Mule, Nonpa- reil, the Oak, and t ■ aved, are of thi.s description. Potatooa may be forwarded in giowth previous to being [ " " ■ ■ ■ ' ' "u a warm, damp cellar. , and aAerward mature them in a hot-bed ; others plant them in the bed at once, in which case the IkhI should be moulded from fifteen to twenty inches deep, and the heating materiahi tihtmld Ik* fiutruient tu keep up a modnrato heat for two or three months. l*erha|Ni the most convenient way to force Potatoes in this elima'c, is to provide pots for the pur[XN«e ; plant one set in each pot in Januar)-, and set them in a warm cellar, till a bed 12 134 FORWARDING RADISHES, ETC. can be pi'epared in Febiuary, in which put the pots. While the tuberous roots are forming, and before they fill the pots, prepare the beds for maturing them, and then bury them in the mould with the balls of earth attached to them. The beds should be kept free from frost, and air should be given at every opportunity. The common round Potatoes may be forwarded, by laying them thick together in a sliglit hot-bed in March, and when they are planted in the borders, a quantity of comb-maker's shavings may be deposited in each hill ; this will greatly promote their growth. FORWARDING RADISHES, &c. Radishes may be obtained early in the scoring by means of a moderate hot-bed. The earth in the frame should be a foot in depth, and air should be admitted every day after they are up, or they will incline more to tops than roots. If they come up too thick, they should be thinned to one or two inches apart. Give gentle waterings as occasion re- quires, and keep them well covered in cold nights. For raising early Radishes without frames, hot-beds may be made in ridges, and arched over with hoop bends, or pliant rods, which should be covered with mats at night, and during the day in very cold weather. In moderate days, tiu'n up the mats at the warmest side ; and on fine mild days, take them wholly off, and harden the plants gradually to the weather. Turnips, Carrots, Onions, or any kind of salads or pot herbs, may be raised in the same way, by sowing the seed in drills and keeping the ground clear of weeds. KMWAROmo KHOaAMk 136 FORWAnniN'G nrn'RAnn. TnoiiB who tnny dctiire to have thiit oxcollcnt Bubsiiluto fnr fruit 0' -ooMjn, mny prtK-urr it witluiut mtirh tToublc. It u ru . . with soma persons in tho southern parts of Enslnnd, to koop this plant gromng in their kitchoiui, so that th' It for u»« at any time. They havo strung n< '•• for the purp»K«M', alntut three feet deep ami two witlo. aiul in length acconling to the demand, from four ti. . " ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ . o ol \o Khelvefl over them in imitation of a kitchen drosHer. Tho pi 1 ' . • • ' . • winter, are pi ' 'in Ik", with their crowns level : ami s«>mo aand licing thrown over, suf- firient to (ill up the interstices, and to cover tho crowns about half an inch, finishes tho n|Mrration. No further trouble is necessary, except to give a little water, just to keep the rotits moist, as tlicy need no light at all ; and if the roots be planted in the garden when spring o|>ens, they will, after having taken root, vegetate as strongly as before they were removed. Koots of Hhubarb taken up in the autumn, packed in sand, 0' '"d in a warm cellar, will prrKlure t^talk.s earlier tit... , ! in the garden; and if placed in hot-l)cdn they will yield abundantly, and that at a rcry early seasrjn. Tho coti 'in the British metropolis may be jud, ; extract from the London Gardener's Magazine : " Rhubarb, which has for some yean been < ''t of in«'. f, and more)' i an ever. ■ tMny, DO leM than eight wagon loads, each weighing at leoxt a ton, wi' , lantity in smaller projxirtions, were »r fruit a in«>nth or six wcok* •arlicr Uian Uicmk) cultivated in the ordinary way. FORCING VARIOUS KINDS OF VEGETAnLES. Tub fuUowing simple method of forcing %'egctablni on a tnnD Kale is recomroeiulcd by a corrcApundcnt of a London mafurhio : " Mufthnioms in winter I obtain by a very simple, thmigh U' ■ ■ *n. Provide 1m»xi*s ihrre fret loni;, and nno fix ■ , ' deep; a quantity of lior»u droppintrs, per- fectly dry ; some sfmwn and some light dry soil. Fill the b«'^ rid Sf)il, which must br ^ . triple layers till the boxM are full, nnd all trodden firmly together. " Four such Ixixea at work are sufficient for a mixlrmto demand ; and of a dozen, four brought in at a time, and placed upon a flue of a green-house stm-e, will produce a fine supply. T! *" ' -' - " ' • ],e c»nerctl with a . y, watered. It is not ab»«iiu(ely necessary that they be set on the flue of a grvcn-houso ; a warm stable, cellar, or any other similar place, will suit equally well. Tliis plan in alno con- venient for il stock of superior Hpown. " TIh) sai... .: ...11 also do for Asporagua ; but fur thi« burposo a sufficient stock of ihrcc-ycar-old plants must l>o at hand ; aUo eighteen Ixtxcs, four of which arc tho Docesiuir)' set to bo forced at one time for a middling family. Half fill tho boxes with decayed tanner's bark, leaf mould» or any ! : on ihb«, pack tho niots a.t thickly as poasibi- . , tlio boxes with the bark, A:c. Anyplace io a forcing-house will suit them : on the flue, under th« stage, or, in short, any place whore they con enjoy the 00* 12* 138 FORCING VEGETABLES. cessary degree of licat. Besides Asparagus and Mush- rooms, Sea-Kale, BuJa-Kale, Angelica, small salad, as also various pot herbs, may be raised in the same manner." Those who have not the conveniences recommended in a green-house, &c., may place the boxes in a hot-bed. The glasses being laid on, and the beds covered at night, will soon promote the growth of the j^lants, and produce vegetable luxuries at a season when garden products in general are comparatively scarce. It is unnecessary to show of how much value such pro- cesses may be in minor establishments, or in a young country. I wish it to be understood, that in order to the successful cultivation of some of the rare vegetables I have treated of, great pains must be taken in every stage of their growth. If the advice I have given be attended to, I flatter myself we shall soon obtain a supply of many of these luxuries of the garden. My directions are founde.d on the success attending the practice of some of the best gardeners in this country. I have also had sufficient experience to waiTant me in this attempt to contribute my mite toward the attani- ment of this kind of useful knowledge. MimnMB or crLTtTATimi nre nop. If^ METHOD OF CULTIVATING THE HOP. Hoi°oi.n.v. Ilianulitt lupnluM. Altuocoh ilio Hup U Dot a culinary vrgulablo, yet, as it u more or leas uacJ in every i>art of our country, it may not I - — '■ ' ■ • *■•'-, re. It i« I -^ !. that, in pro- j iuco aro i ., oiir cili/unv will have roc«iun»o to Ituer b« a wlioU^somo beverage ; and as a pn-rit lu ihoiio whu c1k>om^, to pruptiro ; My infi»miat!"M I-i «-.>M..--r--.l .LL-ny r,,.t,, V..u.'\,,u\ I'.tu y l<>|>.i .!. 1 of Plant "The Hop has lx*en ciUti. utctl in J:Iuit>)>o uu uuLiiwwn l.i.'.'ih of time for itii flowers, which aro u.-'nl fur.prci>rr\ing Itit culture wa« introduced from Flandcre in the reign «<: Iliiiry the Kiirhfli ; ' Ixitli in Scotland and Im-UmiI, it in littlo < . '"untrlrs, owing to the bumitlity of their autumnal soaMjn. Like other plants • •f " ' • " • ■ ' '• ■■ , ijulividuala ; \: ■ ■ ited. There are soTcral varieties grown in Kent and Surrey, utulor the name of Fleni; ' ' ' " i^)ury, GoldingTi, ice. ; the firnt is the mont hnrdy. li. .::lo from tho Wild or Hedge Hop; the ( • an iinjinivcd and highly productive variety, but ii.-'x n.,,.jt>ct to blight tlian the other.* •• Th«» Hop prefon* a deep loamy soil on a dry bottom ; a 'ion, but at the same time not so confined an t-^ I .. .;i-u circulation of air. Tho soil rcijuiren to bo Well pulvfrize arc picked, or thej aro apt to fUMiain canitidcrqblo doni- • ' ■ < • f \.,iir, if allowed to nrmain l«»«i;; ■ ihry arc picked. In very vrnnn wrailicr, and \vhfn tliuy aro picked in a moist state, xhry «i!l '"• ■ ' • in five or six liours ; for llii» reason, llic kilf.< lu.- iiitly at work, l»otli i»i;;lit and duy, from tlm conif : to the conclusion of the I lop-pickin;:^ season. •• I i„ . J . ...lion cif drying Hops is nut uiateriall)- different fioni that of dryint; molt, and the kiln<< arc of the name con- ' •truclion. The lIop« an* spread on a hair ckiih, from eight •n twelve inches deep, according us the season is dry or wet, or the ]lo|i« ripe or immature. When the ends of the Hop ttalks l)C< (1 und «lry, they are token off the kiln, u !i«i fl,ii;i.> cod. wlien they ore put into bag?*. " The l>iij»jpng of Hop4 iH thus ptrfurnRd : in the flour of the room where Ho]m arc laid to anA, there is a round hole or trap, equal io size to tlie mouth of a Hop-bag. After tying a handful of Hops in each of the lower comers itf a largo bag, %%-hich sor\*c after fur handles, the mouth of tl»o bag is fixed securely to a strong hoop, which is made to rest on til- ' •" •' ' ' or tnip; ond the bog itself being then '. '• hole, the parkirrs go into it, when a person who attends for the purpose, puts in the Hops in tmall qu.nntitii's, in order to give the packer on op|>ortnnity of parkiii-,r and trampling them as hard as potisible. When the bag is filled, and the Ho])** trampled in so hard that it will hold DO mtire, it is drawn up, unloosed from the hoop, and the end tewed up, two other handles havinc: l>een pro- ^ ' II the comer?* in the manner mentioned nl)ovo. 1 , uhI finc5l coloured Hops are put into |)ocketa or fine bagging, and the brown into coarse or heavy baggiog. The r ' used for brewing fine ale, and the latter , vera. Hut when Hops are intended to be kept two or throe yean, they are put into bags uf strong cloth, and firmly pressed so aa to exclude the air. 112 METHOD OF CULTIVATING THE HOP. " The stvi2:)ping and stacking of the poles succeed to the operation of picking. The shoot or bind being stripped off, such poles as are not decayed, ai'e set uj) together in a coni- cal pile of three or four hundred, the centre of which is formed by three stout poles bound together a few feet from their tops, and their lower ends spread out " The produce of no crop is so liable to variation as that of the Hop ; in good seasons an acre will produce 20 cwt., but from 10 to 12 cwt. is considered a tolerable average crop. The quality of Hops is estimated by the abundance or scarcity of an unctuous clammy powder which adheres to them, and by their bright yellow colour. The expenses of forming a Hop plantation are considerable ; but once in bearing, it will continue so for ten or fifteen years before it requiz-es to be renewed. The Hop is peculiarly liable to diseases ; when young it is devoured by fleas of different kinds ; at a more advanced stage, it is attacked by the green fly, red spider, and ottermoth, the larvce of which prey even upon their roots. The honey-dew often materially injures the Hop crop ; and the mould, the fire-blast, and other blights, injure it at differ- ent times toward the latter period of the growth of the plant." It appears from an article in the ' Genesee Farmer,' that the culture of Hops is becoming an important branch of hus- bandry in the State of New- York. A correspondent observes, that " as fine samples have been grown in Orange and Ma- dison counties as in any part of the world. The Hop is con- sidered somewhat precarious ; but when the season is good, the profit is very great. The average product may be stated at 700 lbs., though it has reached 1,600 lbs. to the acre ; and in the latter case the^ expenses amounted to sixty dollars. The ordinary, or average price, may be stated at eighteen cents per pound. The profits on an ordinary crop, accord- ing to these assumed data, would be about seventy dollars to the acre. It often falls materially short of this, however, from the want of knowledge and care in gathering and dry- ing the crop. MSTOoo or cvLTtTATixo TOB nor. 143 "'I -.h- f' • -■• i. . . .., :... . ^ ... , . ...; en r it 2.300 bales, or 50.000 lU.. which, had iml many •' '. would I- ^ ^ . _. :..uU8aiul doUan. But of tho 2,300 lialcs ihcio woa not moro than i-' \v(\ tho ci' _ J i.Ctl t(K> ••rly, bofura tho matter that tini>aru to ihuu liieir valuo wa« t- ' * ' " ■ ',od in 1 _ : :i;ir- acter uf our itopt abroad, aud tlioy aro no longer purchased by the Phi' ' ' ' ' .•.er». TI; '' > fotin an im- {lurtnnt ui .'i.iftlit'ii us ruUcd by caru iu Uicir culture and drjing, and a rigid iuspcctioo." ■'"' - ' '•< of both wild and cultivated Hops aro oj Very whulcsonic, aud aro frcM*rva- tionitof" and on t • fert, especially among lliose who had not been obliged, liko mr. • ".. llmt what was so noco-wary to llio yVliir tint he .■^jioilod by the wrnthcr before it wan housed. *• Many a rimi*, even in ti-ndcr youth, I have wnlrlictl tho baaTem with anxifty, uxanunrut twenty years ago, a table purporting to be tho work of the late Dr. Herschel, was variously publi-slu'd, pro- fearing to perform prognostics of the weatlirr, by the timea of change, full, and quarters of the mo«»n. I have carrfully conmilled this table for year«, and ^vn^ amazed at hi^ general •cctiracy t for though long, as you ha%*e soon, engaged in tho •tudy of the weather, I never thought tliat any rules rould lie deriaed, liable to to few exceptions. I have matlc a little al- teration in tho arrangcmentJ, illustrated it uHth further ob- serv -^al you may insert it, aa it h i : i.ly t«) a fow almanacs. " • 13 10 146 TABLE AND OBSERVATIONS. A TABLE For telling the Weather through all the Lunations of each Year, for ever. This table and the accompanying remarks are the result of many years' actual observation ; the whole being constructed on a due consideration of the attraction of the sun and moon, in their several positions respecting the earth, and will, by simple inspection, show the observer what kind of weather will most probably follow the entrance of the moon into any of its quarters, and that so near the truth as to be seldom or never found to fail. SIC; 3 r^- o m s- w^-H — o'-3»HS"'-3HB'rt O D n> 2^ a -> 5 ^ P p 55 S.' B J5 Sen to 33 P o 3 C6 CTP §5- CO w cr5 ?3 CD O 5:j^Op 3 ^ p ^ ?t " '^'t? 3 n Sir*- »^H S' -"Co :2 3s -D ^ ^ \?- ^ < p o =? ^ 3 3 O g5 3^ p o-cg. g 3- p" _^ _^ §■£2 " 3' 3" 3" S 3 5 n> p Cfi ^■i S3 B-2, 3 3 c^ 3- CD 3^ in 1-^ o o < o 3"- ^ CD m' 3* en m2 ■-^•^ o 5.P g S.3 3 2 re S -. 3 2 CD — Sj ^P==? ?g'S3 CD H CD O ?::33 I— 3 o =" *b 3:t« 3 re 'T O c5 3 ^ 3:- - o C 3> 3*3 2-''' re CD 3 "" ^ ""' 1=^ S3 £? CD o sr £3' CD /f the New Moon — the first Quarter — the Full Moon — or the last Quarter, happens 3 G. HJ O CO 05 *>. »0 S 3 ppj^pPpppcSS. 33p333H3„ — p.p,S-p.p-CLB,o,3 ^. C5 ^ "^ ►tl 1T3 2 W O CO Ol *. 3 P::;-^hHP 3-cD ;5 3-^. p o — ■ 2: ~ ^ 3' p -! 2 p 3 — • tr' ^./v^j OPS. ^3'<5>33 CO 2' O ^ 2 ^ C 3 Op3i2»TiHriai(yDr)Cow o 3' p p p 3 3 O ' p ^ ^ X, o 3. 3 o „. P '-^ g p re — g. 3. p i-n 3- 3 wi 3 £ 147 I N T II ( ) D U C T I " V TO THK MONTHLY CALENDAR. Tiir. .>l>jcct of tbu CaleiKiiir is to aMist tlio memory of the „'nnl.'iiir, atid lo •ho»v him, at ono glance, that lio may ft'"' n Romo of tho dopartmrnH of ^nlenini; iti •- ^1 tho year. Tho figures roftsr to tJie jiaptii in whidi farther Jircctiuiu may be found, reUuivo tu iho opentiuna advortcd to. In page 30 it haa been sho>vn, that tho directions arcom- paoying our CataJogue may be applied to all the climates of the Cnited Statca, by a minute ob$ervance of tho differenco of tem{>cnUure. It may bo here observed, that the soil is susceptible of cul- tivation three mo! '-r in tho remotest South, than in tho coldest part - < 'rthcm territory ; lljc Calendar, therefore, for March, may bo applied to the middle of Janu- ' n wanne-' ■ ••, and to tho middle of April in • *t; som«> • nn to this nile raiut, however, bo taken in tho Southern State* aAer t)io three spring months, fur tho following reasons : 1. As watm weather at the South is of longer continnance than in the North, plantations of those species of vegotablca ' '^-- } •• • '.'r in tho table, pngn 26, may be made in ::<>m March to Au(n">t> 2. Kxtrcmo heat b«"ing detrimental to the cultivatinn of , I -.t.-i ..,,]y y^gg(j,i,i... -..-h KM Broccoli, Cauliflower, ry. Lett' li. Turnips, ice., these can only be cultivated in pt?rf"eciiiiri in spriuij and autumn, tho latter cn>p«, therefore, should not bo planted till Aut^ust or September. [S<«e note to article Broccoli, page li) ; also &2, 79. and 104] 148 MONTHLY CALENDAR. 3. Many of the half-hardy class, as also those designated Jiardij in our table, may bo cultivated throughout the winter months, by forwarding such as are required for early spring use, after the summer crops are taken off. [See table, expli- cation, &c., page 26 to 29 ; also page 115. In the Eastern, Western, and Middle States, the annexed Calendar will answer in the order it stands, by applying the directions to the beginning of the first spring month in the warmest climates, and to the latter end in the coldest cli- mates, bearing in mind that where summer is short, the main crops must follow the early in quick succession, with a view to their maturity before winter. JANUARY. " Prognostics foretoken most truly some things, Of summers, and autumns, and winters, and springs ; By them from the pasi we may all ascertain The future, respecting the winds and the rain." It is customary, at this season of the year, with all prudent men, to look around them, and endeavour to ascertain the results of their industry throughout the past year, in order to make improved arrangements for the future. The mere gardener, having no complicated accounts to adjust, may occupy his time to valuable purposes. If he be not a book- reader, he should be a book-keeper, (see page 14,) and he should frequently take a survey of his former practises and those of his acquaintances, with a view to improve on every thing he has done, or seen done. If he consults vsriters on Horticulture, he should do as the author has endeavoured to do in preparing this little work for the press ; not adopt the mere theory of a subject, nor indulge in speculative ideas, nor even tread in the steps of others, but endeavour to erect his edifice of knowledge upon a good settled foundation. In all his pursuits, whether he attempts to follow the example wmmur cauk*vam, lit of prarticml and exemplary n)«n, )icar lecture*, or conAuIt •utJion ou the Milject, he rIiouIU Ju an every •<^nsiblo nmn tluc« at bta daily mcuU, take that which suitii Liin bent, uiul Wavo the reaulue for othere. If this little work should bo cun*iderod wcirth oii auuuol ponuuil, ho may ruad liic Gcuo- rul Bcnarkj, in this month, (Juiiuar)*,) a»d make a munio- rmmlum of «uch tiling* an may bo (jbtnittrcl in mitmunr« of IiUurc, 'iico to putting it ciflf till it ia wanted. I »itall v:. lu mako my Calendar Bcrv-o a» an iiidux to the book, and in pureuit of my object, slioJl begin at the Qeneral Remark*, pa L' h lui^gL'st, that if a man has % garden to form, he v . : , . . : iH>Ioa ur rods fur the suppoi; ..; Peas, Boans, or other climbing plants he may intend to cul- tnrate ; and if ho 1 ! , or forcli he should mako i . iii{KMt on . ^ materials, in time for tiie work to bo performed in the next muntl). If he depends <>n this book for information, ho may read tho Geuoral Remarks, from page 13 to 30; and also from page 112 to 122, on Forcing Vegetables. FEBRUARY. * A enM. sour autQmn. thry ■trntly maintain, A toof. wvrrv winter will brine m lU train ; If mramcr and •ulumn \v both dry and warm, Csta opens tbe wiatsr, tt elotts in alonn." Altbocoh strni winter, with its ice-U*un ii- ani bustneiu nt this season is to ct< .:y <>f maiiiK-; nexi to this, the gardener, who intends to raise early plants 13' 150 MONTHLY CALENDAR. for forcing or otherwise, should see that his hot-bed frames are in good repair and ready for use ; he should also repair his sashes, and make straw mats with which to cover them. In preparing dung or other heating materials for hot-beds or forcing-pits, let it be kept secure from heavy falls of snow or lain, and frequently turned over preparatory to its being made into a bed. With a view to give all attention to cul- ture as the season advances, the gardener should look over his hardy fruit trees and hardy vines, and commence pinning them, by cutting off all dead and superfluous branches ; he may also clean trees from moss and canker, and search for the nests of insects, with a view to destroy them while in a torpid state, to prevent their spreading. If he has trellises, or any implement of husbandry out of repair, he should em- brace the most favourable opportunities of putting them in good condition, and of repairing his fences, &c. Previous to making hot-beds, select a situation that is well protected by a close fence or wall, and not in any way con- nected with any building calculated to harbour rats, mice, moles, &c., which are very apt to take up their abode in wai-m duug, to the great injury, and sometimes the destruc- tion, of the beds. It is necessary that the foundation for the beds be dryly situated, and not liable to be inundated wdth water from melted snow, &c. When all is prepared as di- rected in pages 112 and 113, begin to sow Cabbage, Egg- plant, Lettuce, and Tomato seed, 112 ; force Asparagus, 117 ; Kidney Beans, 119; Cucumbers, 121; plant Peas, 132; Potatoes, 133 ; sow Radish seed, 134. In cold-beds, well protected, j^lant Broad Beans, 119; sow Cabbage seed, 54. After the seed is sown, the beds will require constant attention ; cover them up well in cold nights, and give air at all opportunities, taking care to regulate the heat in the beds, as directed under the different heads, from j^age 112 to 138. If the heat be excessive, it must be decreased as directed in page 116 ; and if it should become necessary to let off steam in cold weather, care must be taken to cover the aucrtures MCVrnLT CAtRXDAK. 151 •ttflicirntly to keep out fVonty air. Give air at all opporty- ii ' Huch othor plant* MARCH. "IrUwtun •uffoumlwl with hirir, And hi« di-. '. i«nn Lr a utorm" Tuia month afTorda conaiJeraMe employment to nn inJii4- irious gardener. Manuro may bo dra%vn on tliu pjound and distributod in hcap^ ready to e neccwory, or fresh trees,- no». Sic., n- r.l, these things should l>o obtainfHl and planted this month, if possible. Begin tho w«)rk of the kitchen garden as sofin as the earth ran be brought into good condition, and transplant hanly Lettuce plants, 73; dress Artichoke beds, 33; Asparagus, 37; Rhu- barb, 91 ; Sea-K ' "' ' : .lare to make new planta- tions of theso \ • Rnmd Bean;", '.VJ ; Heet Mcd, 41; Rape, 47; plant Cauliflower plants under hnnd- glasaea, 51 and 120; sow Cabbatro seed, 55 and 112; Car- rol, 59 ; Celery, 60 ; plant Chives, G6 ; Cucuml>er, in frameo, 121 ; sow Egg-plant seed, 66 ; plant Horse-radish, G9 ; I..eek, 152 MONTHLY CALENDAR. 71 ; Lettuce, 72 ; plant INIelon seed in bot-becls, 132 ; sow Onion, 78 ; Parsley, 80 ; Parsnip, 81 ; Pepper, 82 ; plant Peas, 83 ; Potatoes, in frames, 133 ; sow Radish seed, 88 and 134; plant Rocambole, 89 ; Rhubarb, 90; Sea-Kale, 95; Skir- ret, 97; sow Spinach seed, 99; Tomato, 101 and 112; Turnip seed, 104; prepare to make Hop plantations, 139; sow Herb seed, 106 to 108, Plant esculents for seed, beginning with the hardiest kinds ; raise up and plant Cabbage stumps, &c., to produce gi'eens early for the table. In the course of this month, every thing should be forwarded relative to the cul- tivation and preparation of the ground, by levelling such as may have lain in ridges through the winter, and by manui'ing and digging the soil generally, preparatory to sowing and planting it early in next month. In the event of unfavourable weather in March, the plant- ing of some of the articles above enumerated may be de- layed until the early part of April; but it should be borne in mind that if the hardiest kinds can be planted early, more time will be afforded to other important business, as the sea- son progresses. APRIL. " The state of the ivind augurs rain, as they say, When restless in changes, now this, now that way. Or hollow, comes whistling plaintively by, The rain it betokens is probably nigh." This is certainly the most important month in the year for gardening operations. Finish as early as possible the planting of esculents for seed, and see that all plants of the same genus are remote from each other, or they will adul terate. All the soil of a garden should be dug or ploughed this month if possible, and some of the early crops sown last month will require hoeing and weeding. Great care should be taken to have good sound seed^ as Mo.puiii(ubl cru]»s whvD too late to aow again. It ia aliK> a nmlcriul conAiilc ration to havu tlio bout %'aneticft U>(h of seotl aiiil plants uf tlicir ro- •]>cctivo kiniU. Svo page 2J. If Dot Juno Ia»t month, mako plantatiuna of Artichukc«, 31 ; AnparaifUfl, 35 ; IWans, Viciafnhn, 39; towards the end of the niontli, plant Beann, Phatevlus, 1 1 and 42 ; iJcet seed, 4 1 ; aow hito kinda of Broccoli aeod. 48 ; not Cape Broccoli ir ■" " ■ -,• ■ - ' " -n, cumWr in frames, 121 ; sow Endive, G8 ; plant Horse Kadish, 69; Ii. " : u, 70 ; J» " Iiokcn, 70; sow Lock aood, '• 1 'CO Koed, . , ; ; sow Kuiliiih seed, Sb ; plant Rocambole, SO ; Rhubarb, 90 ; Salaify, 92 ; Scorzonera^ 93 ; Sea KaJe, 94 ; sow Skirrct, 97 ; Spinach, 99 ; Tonialo, 101, 112, and 13G; Tuniip seed, 104; Tunup-roill, Fennel, Pot Marigold, Sweet Marjoram, I'atience, Dock, Sorrel, Summer Savory, Small- age, Thyme, Bene, Bonoset, Catnep, Celandine, Safiron, and auch other Anmiatic, Sweet, and Medicinal Herbs as may be rrquiri^. Also separate and transplant nil kinds of Pe- rennial Herb roots, such as Mint, Penn^-royal, Sag*.*, Winter Savory. Tarragon, and Medicinal Herbs in general, as do* •cribed pago IOC to lOS. If nut done lost montli, attend to the spring dresaiog of Artichoke beds, 33; Aspanigiw, 37; Rliubarii. 91 : Sea Kale, 9.0. Botiidet* ■ of sowiuL' .^ kind* of seed ai>< nicratcd, a^. ^ ^ . f Cab> bagc, Caulifkiwer, and Lettuce, must be taken from tho IkA- boda and frames, and transplanted into the regular beda ia 154 MONTHLY CALENDAR. the open garden. Attend to such other business in this dje- partment as may have been left undone last month, and see that the gajden be kept neat and free from weeds. MAY. " Much dew on the grass portends, as all say, That day wiiich succeeds will be a clear day ; But when no dew moistens the grass on the plain, Kind Heaven requites it by sending it rain." As the warm weather progresses, the gardener should be on the alert, in order to conquer the various kinds of insects. Burn damp litter, stubble, leaves, weeds, &c., near fruit trees, and sow ashes over the ground. Attend to plantations of Cabbages, Cauliflower, &c. ; hoe them frequently, and draw earth -to their stems ; look out for and destroy grub worms, caterpillars, and other insects, 18 to 21 ; thin out the early plantings of Beets, Carrots, Parsnips, Salsify, &:c., and de- stroy weeds, to prevent their seeding the ground. Plant an.d sow svich kinds of seed as were omitted last month ; the sowing of Celery, Leek, Onion, Parsley, Parsnip, Salsify seed, &c., should be attended to without farther delay. Transplant Cabbage, Lettuce, Tomato, Egg-plants, &c., from the hot-beds and warm borders. Plant Beans, 41 and 42 ; Beet, 44; Borecole, 46; Brussels Sprout seed, 47; Cape Broccoli, 49 ; Cauliflower, 53 ; Cabbage, 55 and 5G ; Car- rot, 59 ; Cress, G4 ; plant Cucumber, 65 ; sow Endive, 68 ; plant Indian Corn, 70 ; Melon, 74 ; Water Melon, 75 ; BOW Mustard seed, 76 ; plant Nasturtium, 76 ; Okra, 77 ; Pepper, 82 ; Peas, 83 ; Potatoes, 85 ; Potatoes, Sweet,. 86 ; Pumpkins, 87 ; sow Radish seed, 88 ; Squash, 100 ; Tomato, 101 ; early in this month finish sowing all kinds of Aromatic, Pot, Sweet, and Medicinal Herbs, 106 to 108. Some of the old hot-beds may be spawned for Mushrooms, but it is best to form new ones. Uncover productive beds once a week. 155 tLthl i^tlicr i)ie produce ; clear them of wcccLt and wet litter, •nd put a little dr^* hny or straw next the twd. i'rcjMire frenii upawn, Sec, 1:^.'. t.» 130. NS'aloring will now fre«juently l>e requiroth by hand and hf>e ; fur na wecda (»t«>w luxuriiuitly, it \B noceiwary to eradicate lliem bcfuro they iipread too far, a*, by neglect, tbcy will not only impede the growth, but eventually smother th(* plants. Toward tlio end of the montli, top such of the English Broad Beans as may be in bloa«om, to promote the swelling of the p(Mb, as well as their early maturity. [See |>nqe 40.] Tho«e who have young familicn should not fail sowing some Bono-plant seed, as the plant, by being steeped in a glam of water, pnxhires a i^hitinous ri(|iiid, which is an effi- cacious remedy for the summer complaint. It may be sown in drills and managed the same as salad or Parsley. [See Herbs, 107.] JUNE. "Tf** tky i i- - '- ' ■•> i portend* U)« n«i' >Stiti A florcB tngrr rr.:;. .., Aod Untm the doucU, u a token of storm." Tick principal sowing seasons for general crojw may be cotisidercd a5 pa.tt, but there are many kind.s of socd which may be sown ihit month ; and the gnnlencr should ascertain the success of his former ])lantiD^, in order to make up any deficiencies from failun^, before the season l>e too far ad- vanced. By this time some of the early cn»ps will bo cleared off, and such ground as was manured for the early crops of 156 MONTHLY CALENDAR. Lettuce, Radishes, Spinach, &c., will be excellent for late Beets and Carrots. Hoe and thin out all standing crops, and clean vacant gi'ound, to prevent weeds from running to seed. If the ground be dry, frequent hoeing will be bene- ficial. Use means to destroy insects ; read pages 18 to 21 for information on this subject. Plant Kidney Beans, 41 and 42 ; Beet s^eed, 44. If the seedling plants of Broccoli, Cau- liflower, Cabbage, &;c., failed last month, sow again early this month. Water the beds frequently, and sow tobacco dust, soot, ashes, &cc., or use the liquid recommended, page 19. Transplant Cabbage, Celery, &c., for summer use; transplant Cardoons, 58 ; sow Carrot seed in drills, 59 ; plant Cucumber seed in hills, 65 ; sow Endive, 68 ; plant Indian Corn, 70 ; transplant Leeks, 71 ; Okra seed may be planted early in this month, 77 ; plant Peas, if dry weather, soak them five or six hours in water, 83 ; plant Potatoes, 85 ; Potatoes, Sweet, 86 ; Pumpkin seed, 87 ; sow summer Radish seed, 89 ; plant Squash, 100, As the herbs come into flower, they should be cut on a dry day, and spread in a shady place to dry for winter use, 108. Conduct Hop vines to the poles, and when they have reached the top, nip off the tops to strengthen the stems, 140. Hoe between the Artichokes, and in order to have the main top fruit attain its full size, detach the small suckers, or lateral heads. [See page 34.] Early Cauliflowers, which will now be progressing toward maturity, must be watered in dry weather ; and as the heads begin to exhibit themselves, break down some of the large leaves over them to protect them from the rays of the sun, and from rain, 52. Keep Asparagus clear of weeds, and also Onions ; and give those beds that are to stand for ripening, a final thin- ning, as suggested in page 78. CALEXDAB. Wt JULY. ■■ \Vh«n /hufTt low»nl rTnunc ihmit bioMoma rxpuid, Aad bHk in Um> vunUpBm*. thrrv's no rain tt hAnd i B«l Wlwa thry rtoM Up •■ if ninftw pf fmr. Tb«7 Mi(ur iu conuiic— It no ilouU k oaar-" Tina u a Tcry important mnnth for transplanting Cabboge, Cardoona, Culcry, Endive, Locks, Pepper plaiitj, Sec, for fti" T. i-ro harmlcas, !>5. If Beets and Carrots have failed, tlio ««*oJ niny pro<]utc good niots by autumn, if planted early in the month ; plant Deans, 41; Cabbage seed may be sown now for Collards, 57 ; plant Cucurolicr seed for picklors, 6G ; sow Endive •eod, and transplant the former sovring, G8 ; if Peas be planted now, they should be aoakcd in s«if\ water five or i>ix hours, S3 ; Potatoes may bo planted early in this month, b5 ; and Pumpkins, if not done last month, 87. Sow summer Radish seed in drills, 89 ; sow Tuniip-rnoted Cabbago need, m varieties, •'>6 ; this is a good season for Huta Ilaga, or Hus- sian Turnip, 105 ; and tlie common kinds of Turnip aeed ni " 1 tlie end of this month, 101. Attend t«> . 1 .•■«, 140 ; whatever hcrlw may Ik; n>«|uired for winter use, stiould be cut off and dried as they come into flower ; Humet, Chervil, Fennel, .>Iint, Parsley, Sweet Mar juTum, Tarragon, Thymo, Winter and Summer Savory, may month, 106 to 108. U 158 MONTHLY CALENDAR. The business of sowing and transplanting will be more successful if done in moist or showery weather, or on the approach of rain, or immediately after, especially for preca- rious seed, and young seedling jilants. Attend to the Mush- room beds, and give light waterings, or expose them to warm moderate showers occasionally, 130. AUGUST. " When clouds slow dissolve, as if turned into air, And vanish from sight, the next day will be fair; But when, in succession, they darker appear, With watery aspect, then know rain is near." The planting season being nearly over, now is the time to hoe around the plants and clear the ground of weeds and stubble. Dig or plough vacant ground ready for fall Tur- nips, Spinach, Shallots, Fetticus, &c. As the ground for the latter crops may require manure, it will be greatly improved if ploughed before the manure is drawn on, which should be afterward spread and ploughed under. Plant Beans for picklers, 41 ; sow Cabbage seed for Col- lards, 57 ; earth up Cardoons, 58 ; do. Celery, 62 ; sow Corn Salad, or Fetticus seed, 63 ; the early kinds of Cucumber may produce picklers if planted early in this month, 66 ; ti'ansplant Endive, and prepare to blanch the early plantings, 68 ; sow Lettuce for autumn use, 73 and 125 ; sow Onion seed to stand the winter, 78 ; Peas may be planted thus late, if desired, S3 ; sow summer Radish seed, 89 ; prepare for planting Shallots by the end of this month, 97 ; sow Turnip seed for full crops, 104 ; attend to such herbs as were not gathered last month ; cut off and dry Sage, and other late herbs, 106 to 108. Hops will be ripe this month ; choose a dry season for gathering them, and attend to them as direct- ed, page 140 ; this is a good season for preparing to make Mushroom beds, in close sheds, cellars, or pits ; if the mate MOXTULT CALKNOAIU %i0 nals I. 1 ihu mouth, i ^ npawn mny l>o col* Ir- •- ' '1 io thai t«.. |-.x>.io i>]>avvii may nrnko li. , or they may purauo Mr. NichorA plan, Artichoke* will be in perfection tbid month, and Bhuubl b^ cut for nae u stHin oa the scule« of llio licaJ uxpnml, aittl Ik ';i>art fi^r t^ : and an you cut llii ;. -- uiB to pi ' growlii of root ofliMMii, 34. Id dry weather hoo and plough between such ▼cgetable* as n: ' ". which will not only deattuy Wi' . . ih of the plaiiLit. FrvqucDt boving in dry weatlier will bo more beneficial than the wa-. .1. Eat ' )iiion0, being now of mature growtli, and full bulbed, fthould bo pulled up in dry weather and exposed to llie Bun to ri|>cn ; frequently turning them, that tlicy may baidcu etjually for keeping ; then clear them iwrn the grow part of the stalks, and loose outer skina, cartli, &:c., and re- in ' 1 to • place of shelter, 7S. to gather seed of all kinds as they ripen, and prepare vacant ground for late crops ; such as Spinach, Shal lot, Ouion. Fctticus, ice, 0**. SEPTEMBER. " Li(i>t vapvun o'er vallcyi and nvcnst ni(bt, KorHokrn the nrxt day mIu' non* nml bn To Xiac up Umj bill (Klra, an . ■■ m. " Altiiocgii the sowing season is nearly over, the crops ou the gTTMind riH]uire attention constantly. Endive may still be trn ; for wihtcr tiso. II«>o Cabbapr nnil other Ycgct;:. . attend to the earthini; of Celery n» it pro- grosses in growth. Tie up Endive plants for blanching, 68 ; •ow Rape, 47; Cauliflower seed, 61; Cabbage, 54; Com 160 MONTHLY CALENDAR. Salad, or Fettlcus, 63 ; Cress, Rape, &c., every ten days, for a salad, 64 ; sow Mustai'd, for the same purpose, 76 ; sow Lettuce, 73 and 125 ; Onion, to stand the winter, 78 ; Radish, for fall use, 89 ; plant Shallots, 97 ; sow Spinach seed every week or ten days, 98 ; Turnips will sometimes come to ma- turity if the seed be sown the early part of this month, and those sown last month will need hoeing as they progress in growth, 104. Continue to gather, dry, and pack Hops as they ripen, 140 ; also all Aromatic, Sweet, and Medicinal Herbs, 108 ; this is a g(jod season to make Mushroom beds in sheltered situa- tions ; they may be spawned with indigenous or artificial spawn, as may be most convenient. [For directions to pre- serve spawn. Sec, see pages 126 and 127.] Toward the end of this month, or early in the next, is a good season to increase all kinds of herbaceous plants, by parting the roots, but it should be done in cloudy or wet weather ; at the same time, such herbs as were raised from seed sown in the spring, may be transplanted into separate beds or borders, 106 to 108. In this month must be finished all the principal sowings and plantings necessary this year; on this account such ground as is intended for principal crops next year, should be well manured previous to planting it. [See Spinach, 98.] Cucumber vines should be looked over, and the fniit gathered as it becomes fit for pickling, as a very slight frost will destroy Cucumbers, 66. 161 OCTOBEK. "A warm, ofirn wintvr.dolh uft«n i A iM>( umI dry mimiorT, by lUJ 'iM aftmtd ; A twiU. rruaty winirr lU ngoor rataliM, And iioU* SBoU* apnnc in iM «old iry dMUU." Tmk ! !<•«!, it will bo nece<»- •«rj It' i . >-'•{ some uf tlio fall riupft. Wuvd out Futticiu, Spinach, ice. Hue ami earth up Cclurj ; do it iu dry wcallier, oiid not evcu wiiile tiio dvvr i» un it, G2. Tuward the end of tliu tnontb, framfM liiu*t Iw pnividcd fur tliu protvctiun of I'onley, Lettuce, and of such Cabbage and Cauliflower plants an were raised from •ced iMi>ro loot month. Begin to dig and itecuro ull kindu of vrgetablea fuxin enough to get the whole placed away l>e- foro the end of tlic next month. Take up Potatoes and bury them in pits, so as to secure them from wet and front, or put them in a worm cellar. Proceed to take up other roots ; begin witli tlio most tender kinds, or do that which is re* quired to be done in dry weather, while it is so. Collect Pumpkins and winter ^Hjuashes, and expose them to the wind and air on a dr}' benrh, or Icfl^e, before they are stowed away. Dig up lieets, and secure them in pits, or pack them in sand in a cellar. Aromatic, Pot, and Metlicinal Herbs, should now have a thorough cleaning and dressing ; by destroying all weeds, cutting away all decayed Htalks, diuffini» Iwlween such plants ■s will admit uf it, and npreudiii(r eatth over ()ther<«, at nug- gestcd, page lOS. Tie up f live every week in ilry weather, f«>i 'U, as required, 0^. Horso-radish mmj vow be dug for use as wanted, by iri 1 ■ ' -e for winter consumption, 71. li* 11 162 MONTHLY CALENDAR. NOVEMBER. "When nuts are but few, and the}' small and hollow, A cold and wet harvest, there's no doubt, will follow ; But when they are plenty, and fjood, 'tis agreed, A rich, golden harvest is sure to succeed." Endeavour to avoid having your garden products frozen fast in the ground. Begin in good earnest to secure them ; in fine weather dig up Beets, CaiTots, and as many Skin^et, Salsify, and other hardy roots as w^ill be required for winter use, and pack them close together in pits ; give them a coat of straw, and afterward heap on as much earth as will keep out the frost, or stow them in a cellar. Toward the end of the month, Turnips may be secm'ed in the same way. Take up Celery in dry weather, and strike it in close together against a ridge, which should be previously formed in a straight line, about a foot above the level of the surface ; throw up earth from the trench sufficient to cover them about an inch, and then plant row after row as close and upright as it can be placed, with just sufficient earth between every row to keep the roots and stalks from touching each other. The whole being covered up with earth, some long dung or litter may be thrown over it, sufficient to keep out the frost ; and by heaping a good layer of manure against the last row of Celery, it may be taken out at any time in the winter for use. Some erect a board shed over to protect it from wet ; a small quantity may be kept in a cellai'. Cabbage must be taken up and laid in rows against a ridge, so as to form a square, compact, close-growing bed, the roots and stems being burled up to the lower leaves of the Cabbages. The beds may afterward be covered with straw, or a temporary shed may be erected over them. Cabbage will keep for some months in a cellar, if connected with their roots. For the management of Broccoli and Cauliflower, see articles, pages 48, 51, and 120. Borecole, Brussels Sprouts, and Col- lards, may be taken up and stowed away like Cabbages. ■■■rBLV cxxjuokUk 103 CanJiKina may l^e laiJ in liko Celery, or prcAon'cd in und in a .- I. ' - » , •-' ij up anj |ni9. It tho iaikt ruw b<* |iriitoctcy a cuat uf •tabic dun^. tiii-y cau Lw taken out when required fur use. Curn S:ii(td, Sjiinacb, and Lettuce, may bo proteclod hy a eovcring of straw, aalt bay, or cedar bru.nb. Fur tbo man- agemcni of Articboko beds, aoo page li'2 ; Aaporagus, 37 ; RhuUrb 91 ; ScaKalo, 96. Dig up moU uf Horse-radish in tbo manner recommended \%U roonib, to presorvo in aand or pits, for ujm when tbo ground it froson or ico-bound. Do tbo like by Jorusalcni '. which arc now in their full j»erfcction. At tbo >■ ■ take up tu many Parsnips and other hardy ruots, a« vriil be n}i|uired for uao tbo next three months. Spread •butt hoit» ' .er the Onions that were sown in August tod Sc|Xtu i.ch will protect them ihniugh the winter. I DECEMBER, ' A wrt. miltry rommcr, pro)(no«tirs »fi\rm. A lx>i*t'roiu lututnn will brine m lU turn | A eotd, sour sutumn uid fuinincr portend A winlrr •«»«* fron) tjr^ininni: to rnd." if • 1 dune e attended to, and if the weatbcr continuca open, some <:* ' : . Ikj ploughed or trenched, to receive the 1 iVoals. Collect all your Poa-sticks and IteaD'poles togctlier, and place them under cover to prevent x) -- ■n^. Turn over compost heaps, and proxnde manure J . year. TiuMM) who are de^irnua of having CucumWrs or ^^e1onfl early in the ensuing spring, and have not the convenience 164 . MONTHLY CALENDAR. for forcing thern in the ordinary way, may dig a few grass Bods or turfs, before it freezes hard, and stow them away out of the reach of frost, through the winter. These being placed on the top of a hot-bed, in March, or early in April, with the grass downward, and Cucumber or Melon seed planted in the earthy part thereof, early plants may be pro- duced, which can be removed with the turfs without dis- turbing their growth, and cultivated either on the ridge sys- tem, as recommended in page 132, or in the open ground, provided they can be kept growing in frames until settled warm weather. This is also an excellent plan in early forcing, as it saves trouble as well as risk in transplanting seedling plants into the fruiting beds. If not done last month, dress your Artichoke beds, and cover them as recommended in page 32. Defend Mushroom beds with dry straw, or long stable litter, and cover such as may be exposed, with mats, as security against cold. In all moderate weather during the winter, give air to Cabbage, Cauliflower, Lettuce, and such other plants as may be in frames, being careful to cover them every night with mats, boards, litter, &c., as necessity may require. As the year is drawing to a close, I would solicit the gar- dener to review the results of his practice throughout the past season, that he may be able to judge how to act for the future. In sketching a plan of his garden for the next year, he ought to make provision for a full supply of such vegetables as are best calculated to sell, and yield a fair profit; with this object in view, I would suggest that he take a retrospective view of his previous management, and also of the directions given in the preceding chapter relative to the preparation ot the soil, by ploughing, trenching, pulverizing, manuring, &c., as circumstances may require ; bearing in mind, that although clayey soils may be benefited by fall ridging, light sandy ground should lay flat through the winter. Tm YOL i\G GARDENER'S ASSISTANT. PART II. ■ FLOWER DEPARTMENT. » CONTENTS. OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOWER GARDEN. On Uyin? *>iit th*» eT»>nm1— AfHptntion of each species p*^ oV rit, - - - -13 8uggf- irmmmfKlausplantB * r«, . - 11 The c«i • • Ladies. — In i»4>wmif 1)1' »ccy tying ti.! ... ..lut poles or ruds, oi ;icm over irellia-work, A:c. — Attention di -— "^-wnlks, Iawn.t, gravel-walks, box- e{jii«^ of Annunl !'!o\v«t S«>#^«1, - 18 Sugge n- n: ' ' '^ ■ ■ . . ■''- iti Icn implements, labels, suitable S4. . .. - - - - - - 22 Directions for sowmi^ flower seed in lK)rilers, flower- pots, l>ets and stalks of plants, 28 Frequent renewals of tLo roots of perennial plants recommended, ...-.--29 A Catalogue of Biennial and Perennial Flower seed, - 30 CONTENTS. Directions for cultivating biennial and perennial flow- p^g^ ers from seed, offsets, layers, cuttings, &c. — Also, for propagating green-house plants, and for arrang- ing intermixed flowers to advantage, illustrated by notes and annotations, - - - - - 33 Introduction to the Catalogue of Flowering and Orna- mental Shrubs. — Observations on the adaptation of dwarf shrubs for hedges to a flower garden, also on training creepers or climbers to the best advantage, 38 A Catalogue of Dwarf Flowering, and Ornamental Shrubs, 39 A Catalogue of Climbing Ornamental Shrubs, - - 45 Directions for the propagation of Ornamental Shrubs by various methods, -...-. 49 Directions for transplanting, pruning, and training Orna- mental Shrubs, 53 Beauties op April and May — Showing the order of the flower tribe throughout the summer season, with poetic pieces illustrative of the different genera, 54 OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS ROOTED PLANTS. On the introduction and multiplication of the above de- scription of plants, ------ 63 Bulbous and Tuberous Roots defined — Soil suited to bulbous roots in general, - - - - - 64 Directions for forming the beds to contain bulbous and tuberous roots, also for preserving the bulbs and tubers when in a dormant state, - - - -65 BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS ROOTED PLANTS, Practical directions for the cultivation of wliich will be found under each head. Amaryllis, - - - 67 Ixias, - 82 Anemone and Ranuncu- Jonquil, - - 83 lus, - - - - 68 Lachenalias, - - 83 Crocus, in numerous vari- Lilies, - 83 ties, - - - - 69 Narcissus, - 85 Crown Imperial, 69 Ornithogalum, or Star of Colchicum, - - - 70 Bethlehem, - 85 Cyclamen, - . - 70 Oxalis, - - 86 Double Dahlia, 70 Paeony, - - 87 Gladiolus, or Sword Lily, 79 Tulip, - - 88 Hyacinth, . . - 81 Tuberose, - 92 Iris, or Flower de Luce, 82 Tiger Flower, - 93 co?nrrvr». a ▼ATlOJCi OM THE CULTIVATION OF BULBOUS ROOTS IN P1)TS AND GLASSES. Ctction l yAm OTer-wat«nQg bulbuus plants at parti- fm*. ... ... . . .94 On 1 looU fur cultivatiun in a grccn-houBO or light rviutu, .-.-... 95 OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT OP GREEN- HOUSE PLANTS. The peeaUaritiM of oxotic plants doflDty], -97 Brief dtrectioiM for the management of green-house plants, 98 iliuts furnished by an amateur for tlie keeping of plants in rooms, 99 An attampCio prove that Light, Heat, Air, and Moisturo are eaaential to the preservation of plants, and iliat water should be applied in proportion as heat and air are attainable, ...... lOO Suggaationa for providing suitable compost, to b ) used in re-potting the various species of plants, - - 101 Catalogue of Chrysanthemums, with directions for their cwdTition, 102 IntioductKm to the Catalogue of Green-house Plants, wherein the reader's attention is directed to vari- ona snbjacta, - 103 De" atalogue of the most esteemed species of : ants, 104 OUTLINE OF THE FIRST rRLNCIPLES OF HOTICVLTURE, ETC, Whidi cnfarwes madi (merml infumiaiion under the foUowinc bnds : L General nature of P VIII. Fruit,. . - 131 Plants, II. Root, . HI. Stem, IV. Leal' Buds. V. I^eavca, VI. Flowen. VII. Sexea, - 120 IX. St«ed, - - - 1.33 - 121 X. Sap, - - - 131 - 123! XI. Air and Lipht, - 13.') - 124' XII. Pempiration, - 137 - 127 I XIII. CuttingM, . - I.-IS - 12s 'XIV. S.icns. - - i:{9 - 130 XV Transplantatiun, - 140 X. rOKTENTS. MONTHLY CALENDAR. January. — Reasons given why temperance in the use p^gg of water should be observed in the cultivation of plants during the winter season. — Directions for regulating the temperature of the room in which plants are kept. — A brick flue recommended for the pui-pose of heating a small green-house, &c., - 142 February. — Directions for cultivating Camellias or Ja- pan Roses — Also, for the management of such bul- bous roots as may be in progress of blooming. — Several perennial plants enumerated, which require attention this month. — Information given how to make a hot-bed for the purpose of raising early plants, 143 March. — The Business of this month consists in attend- ing to IMonthly Roses, Primroses, Polyanthus, Au- riculas, English Spring Flowers, Schizanthus, &c. — In sowing; in hot-beds the seed of Dahlia, Micr- os ' o nonette, Primula, and such other sjoecies as are designated thus § and thus f in the Catalogues, pages 18 and 30. — The roots of Dahlia, Amaryllis, Gladiolus, Tiger Flower, Tuberose, &c., may be planted in hot-beds, to forward them in growth, - 146 April. — Recommendations on various subjects — as, at- tention to box edgings, gravel-walks, flowering shrubs, herbaceous plants, bulbous rooted plants, Dahlia roots, green-house plants, &:c. — It is sug- gested to cultivate all the ground of the garden this month, if possible, and to sow all the different kinds of seed that the season will admit of, - - 148 May. — As the warm weather progresses, the gardener is directed to conquer the various kinds of insects — to provide awnings for the protection of choice flowers — to set out green-house plants — and to in- crease their number by propagation from cuttings, suckers, seed, &c., as adverted to in the Calendar, 149 June. — It is recommended to water green-house plants frequently in dry, warm weather, to shade Hydran- geas, Daisies, Polyanthus, Primulas, &c., from the noonday sun — to remove decayed plants, and to replace them with vigorous ones from the nursery bed — to ti'ansplant annual flower plants. Dahlias, &c., 151 rtm. ir , .'. .1. . ■ - AUo, lor budding t>nini»o nnd Lemon ircfs — for layioff Camaliona, Pinka. I*an!«ie«, Kunnincr Vcrljo- DM, tee., wiili a view to their nropapation — for dcntmying weeds, to prevent ibcir Bccdiug in the pri'iiinl. Sec, ....... 153 Af«i NT. — Attention is dirertcil to (j^ccn-houso plants, which will nec«l wateriinr often — and toward the en»l of ' 1 1! to bo replcn- iiilud \ -tted. — Also, to the l> . Oi^iigu and Lciuon trees, if not don.' ! 154 SBTTrMnrR. — li ii bu^'^jt- • '-rand half-hardy plants an u ' of the 6 oW0 > beda in the spring, with a view to tiieir l>eing pnmed and rc-|Hitted. — Also, to plant such bulbous roota as are dcscril>cd in the (Calendar, - - 1G5 OoToara. — In lliis month the florist is reminded of the importance of housing all tender exotic plants, ton- dor buH>uus and tuberous niots, Ace. — Also, to the Slanting of tho hardy species of bulbous roots, in ower beds, l)cfoio tho approach of severe frost, - l'/6 NoTEMBEa. — During tho continuance of mild weather, it is re- ■ ■ •.. give air at all opportunities to gn-. -i. — Also, to place half-hardy Elaiits in timncH, and cover up flower beds with )aves, Ktrnw, nr li:rht Viru-r, with a view to their prescr. ■ r, - - - - 157 DtCBMBEB.- . ntion is recommend- ed to the situation of green-houses or rooms in which plants arc kept, which should bo sr> sccuro as to prevent the intrusion of cold air, or the es- cape of warm air in tho night season, • • . 129 Tbe Matrimoxial Garden, wherein tho tempers and dUiMwilions of the mind are compared to plants, which require careful cultivation, - 160 OBSEKVATIONS THE FLOWER GARDEN. Prnmoni to forrnint; a fleds, but in the adap- tation of each species to its peculiar element, soil, and situ- ation, taking into consideration, that the inmates of a garden, cnniitituting as thi-y do a mingled group, collected from all the different climates and soils of the vegetable creation, re- quire each its moet oascotial aliment, to promote a luxuriant growth. 14 OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOWER GARDEN. Neatness should be the prevailing characteristic of a flower gai'den, v^^hich should be so situated as to form an ornamental appendage to the house ; and, where circumstances will admit, placed before the windows exposed to a southern or south- eastern aspect. The principle on which it is laid out, ought to be that of exhibiting a variety of colour and form, so blended as to produce one beautiful whole. In a small flower garden, viewed from the windows of a house, this effect is best pro- duced by beds, or borders, formed side by side, and parallel to the windows whence they are seen, as in that position the colours show to the best advantage. In a retired part of the garden, a rustic seat may be formed, over and around which grape vines, or honeysuckles, and other sweet and ornamental creepers and climbers, may be ti-ained on trellises, which will afford a pleasant rural retreat. In extensive pleasure grounds a rockery, formed of rough stones, and rich light soil, may be erected in imitation of a mountain, on which may be cultivated various plants natives of mountainous distiicts, and such indigenous plants as are calculated for the situation ; also herbaceous plants, pi'ocum- bent and trailing, such as Mesembryanthemums, Climbing Cordydalis, the various species of Sllene or Catch Fly, Gyp- sophila, Lotus, Ricota or Syrian Honesty, Godetia, &c. These being interspersed with dwarf plants of different species, as Mountain Lychnis, Violets, Daisies, &c., and so arranged as to cover a great proportion of the rocky surface, must ne- cessarily produce a very pleasing effect. Although the greatest display is produced by a general flower garden, that is, by cultivating such a variety in one bed or border as will insure an almost constant blooming ; yet bulbous rooted jilants, though essential to the perfection of the flower garden, lose something of their peculiar beauty when not cultivated by themselves. The extensive variety of bul- bous roots furnishes means for the formation of a garden, the beauty of which, arising from an intei mixture of every variety of form and colour, would well repay the trouble of oamaMfAjiom om t«b wlowwm oabdmi. 15 cuhivatitin, ! y, iib l>y a jmlicious Rclcrtion ami man- •gomciit, a i. .....a of bl«Miin may be kept up for iMmio leiKfth of linic. An. howoTur. bulUiiu flowers lo«o ihoir richest till- ' V tlu-ir Ix-aiify, ihi:. ...;. ..c :. . ..,..: .»;. . .1 _ j :. ;. l iho latter being traiuplantcd into tho bullmua bcda, so that tho o|>onin^ bl(MH •nms of tho Aimn ■• ju«t withoretl, ami cotitinuu to ' ^ ^ ^ all the guyety and fplendour of the floral kini^tloni r -•■'-. • • • ITJt ' . ' ti'u' avnAtanco of a labourer to prepare the grouud, may turn ,1 l>;iiii-fj w.-uitj' into a ^ ' '^ ' ;i with hor own hautl"*. S^iwjui; ihc m . •''•{?. 'H'J train- ing the pUints, tyin^ tlicm to sticks as propd, leading tiiem over tnjlU*-work, and ijnlhering their seed, are all suitable feminine occupations, and from their aflording motives for oxerciso in tho open air, tlicy contribute greatly to hcaltli and tramiuillity of mind. But tho taste of the florist will be exercised to little pur- pose, in the selection of Flowers, if strict attention is not paid to the general atato of the (garden. If there are lawns or (fraaa walks, llicy should be fre<{uently trimmed, and mora i and rulled, to prevent the graiis from intur> ^ . — >vcr-bcds, and to give the whole a neat, regu- lar, carpct-ltke apftearance. If there are gravel walks, they •hould bo fn- '■•aned, replenished with fresh gfavel, and rolled. > . : other edgings, should bo kept clear of woeds, and neatly trimmed ovory spring. Decayed plants \\i"' from tho aur- ^ . ^ ^ ^ ■< d by neat pole* or rtid-« ; and all dead stalks and leaves frum decayed flou. ' ' ' . ]. I. r insects must be timely dosm>yod, and in tho ercnings of worm days, the flowers will require frcqucut watering. 16 INTRODUCTION CATALOGUE OF ANNUAL FLOWER SEED. To raise your flowers, various arts combine ; Study these well, and fancy's flight decline. If you would have a vivid, vigorous breed Of every kind, examine well the seed : Learn to what Elements your plants belong, What is their constitution, weak or strong ; Be their physician, careful of their lives, And see that every species daily thrives ; These love much Air, these on much Heat rely, These, without genial Moisture, droop and die. Supply the wants of each, and they will pay For all your care through each succeeding day. With a view to render this work more generally useful and interesting, a classification and definition of the various species and varieties embraced in the annexed Catalogue, are attempted to be given. Precision, however, in the per- formance of this task is impracticable, as it must be evident that the vegetable family, having been collected from every variety of climate and soil, will diffej* as to height, colour, time of blossoming, and in many other essential points, when cultivated out of their natural Element. Some seed germinate in two or three days after having been deposited in the earth ; others will not exhibit signs of vegetation in as many weeks. These and other distinguish- ing features arise, in a great measure, from their having originated in various soils and climates. Natives of cool or temperate climates and moist soils, are generally tardy in germinating when cultivated in a warm climate and dry soil, for want of a due share of their most essential aliment, Moisture ; and natives of waim climates and light soils require artificial culture in cool seasons and unpropitious climates, in order to their being accommodated with their ANfCTAL rtOWKI SCCO. 17 natural an«l mcxit iin|>«jrtant alimrnt, Heat. Aib aliU) in a mora necMMry alimrot tn Rome uperioa than to otbcn, but thctc three element* mller tivcly, constitute tlu* Tik^kI of pinnta in f^Bcral. It may nl«o !« obnenTtl tliat ilio atlnptaiiun of plant* to a S4mI congenial to thorn xa of tho utmo!«t import- ance; aa p1ar.ta rrlU not thrivo wvll when impn>i>cr fiNKl ia abaorbed by thoir nvits. Under fuv«-,nible circumstnnrw, anmiolM, in gcneml, will produco theit flower buds %%-it)iin two montlis from Uie period of ' "'.n aecd. Some specirs, soon after • • ' the: ' blusaoma and ripening their seed, •; , , ', while other* emlwlliali the borders with a succesaion of flow en» •" ' *. An avsortmrnt of wrc dra\m in tbia particular ; an attempt, however, ha.s been made in the annexed Catalogtio, to deArril>e the various Hpecios a9 Dearly aa poMible, which may fter\-e as a guide to the gardener in planting ; tho rao»t dwarfish lieing adapted to the fn>nt or outer edge of the l>order», and others in n*gular gradation. Tlioao apccies marked thus § are tender. Thoao marked thua • should bo sown in the njx>t where they nie intended to blocaora, as tlicy are apt to droop and die by being tran.H- planted. A few are marked thus f. These, though cultivated aa annu '' ' and rijx'ning tboirsc«.<: . * li.d, a.«« arc also ■ome other varieiiea from warm climated, uanally denominated but as nu ' ■ ■ ■ " • V. .'. ■• no roi"'!' .r •erere winters, they may with groat propriety be treated u annuals, by lowing the seed every spring. 2* 12 18 A CATALOGUE OF ANNUAL FLOWER SEED. Graines de Jleiiercs anmielles. § Denotes tender, t Perennial. * DiiHcult to transplant. Feet Higli. t Ageratum, Mexican, blue, Ageratum Mexicana, 1 to 2 Alkekengi, or Kite Flower, lilac, Airopa pkysaloides, 3 to 4 fAlyssum, Sweet, white, Alyssum maritima, 1 § A maranthus, three-coloured, Amaranthus tricolor, 2 to 3 * Argemone, or Prickly Poppy, yel- Argemone, Mexicana, grandi- low, cream-coloured, and white, Jlora, ochrolenca, etc., 2 to 4 Aster, Chinese and German, white, Ader,C!iinensis,var.alba,7Ubra, red, striped, purple, &c., striata, purpurea, etc., 1 to 2 § Balsams ; three species and nume- Balsamina hortensis, Mastersia- rous varieties, scarlet, striped, pur- na, cornuta, coccinea, striata, pie, crimson, white, &c. purpurea, alba, etc., 1 to 2 § Bartonia, the Golden, Bartonia a.nrea, 2 to 3 Bladder Ketmia, buff, dark centre, Hibiscus trwnum, lto2 Blue Bottle, Great, Centaurea cyaiius, major, 3 to 4 Blue Bottle, Small, Centaurea cyanus, minor, 1 to 2 Blumenbachia, white, Blumenbachia insignis, under 1 §Browallia, or Amethyst, blue, white, Browallia data, alba, etc., 1 to 2 § Caealia, scarlet, Cacalia coccinea, 1 to 2 Calliopsis ; Druramond's Coreopsis, Calliopsis Brummondii, 2 to 3 Calandrina, Annual, crimson, Calandrina, speciosa, etc., 1 to 2 t Calandrina, rose and purple tinged, Calandrina discolor, etc., 2 to 3 * Candytuft, white and purple, Iberis alba, purpurea, etc., 1 * Catch Fly, purple and red, Sllene purpurea, muscipula, etc.2 to 3 * Catch Fly, dwarf pink, spotted, &c., Silene Armeria, picta, etc 1 to 2 * Caterpillars, Hedge-hogs, & Snails, Medicago circin7iata, intertexta, curious, scutellata, etc, 1 to 2 Centaurea, or pink Sultan, Centaurea Americana, 2 to 3 China Pink, of every shade, Bianthus, Chinensis, annuus, 1 to 2 § Cleome, rose-coloured, white, &lc., Cleome rosea, S2nnoca, etc., 2 to 3 Chrysanthemum, white, yellow, and CJirysantliemuni coronarimn, three-coloured, alba, lutea, tricolor, etc., 2 to 3 Clarkia, rose, purple, white, &c., Clarkia elegans, pulctiella, 3tc., 1 to 2 § Clintonia, elegant blue, Clintonia elegans, 1 to 2 § Cockscomb, crimson and yellow, Celocia cristata, lutea, 2 to 3 § Collinsia, lilac, white, two-coloured, Collinsia hetropfiilla, bicolor, 2 to 3 i-Commelina, blue-flowering, Commelina coelest's, I * Convolvulus, dwar*^ ^jariegated, &c.. Convolvulus minor, bicolor, etc. 1 to 2 Coreopsis, Golden, Ofirk centre, Calliopsis tinctoria, 2 to 3 § Cotton Plant, cream, Gossypiuni, herbaceum, 3 to 4 Crotalaria, purple, yellow, and white, Crotalaria verrucosa, etc., 1 to 2 Cuphea, Mexican, scarlet, variegated, Cuphsa lanceolata, silenoiues, 1 to 2 + Dahlia, Mexican, various, Bahlia superflua, 3 to 6 ArrtVAL rxj^wKU nrn. 19 IVvil to xhm Buab. or L««« iit a MUt, »j.., v,ii..-, iiarpl*, white, ke., • Mm*, «an. dwarf annua), whil*. yvliow. red. Aec. * Evming Phmroar, laric« yellow. * EvrnHif I'nmroM. wUJow-lcaved. fmUm tinm. * Floa AdwnM.ar PhcMant Ejr«, red, t Fraocv*. pink and purple, f Oalardla, orance and crimaon. GatwMli. StfHIs hkr. Gilia, Nu'- • "xat**!. k«*.. ^GIutaA rimaon, whitr, ^. purple, iiinual, '. aiiti *pottrd, ■ id wliite. H» >:>d rrd. ^ I! • !'';«lltfw, le, 1«, spotted, lu^ iV. • Atiitr.hJoe. rolour*. . * mlourii, while, . - •, n. irniial. fellow, pur- 'ired, Ite., >, ktnem. yfVfom, ovaafi, luridiim. la, ^ndiculatiL, ''I, ■fllattnim, :. /ri,-..'/>r, etc. 2to3 llo2 I, I to 2 I 2 to 3 2(oS rnrmdii, tie., I to 2 2to3 3 to 4 1 ('• 2 1 to 2 1 to2 I (o2 1 to3 1 to 2 1 to3 I 3 to 4 2to3 :ua.rle., 1 to 2 'jsot I to 2 1 to2 2(o3 i,2to3 . 3 to 4 ; .t . 2 to 3 ', alba, cant- V, I to t ' •. 'fr., ■'. flc, ra^ 2 toX tto6 I to 2 1 to2 len»\fionu, bu ■■■imnafa. .Xf, Tagrtr$ crttta. 1 tot ato3 3'to4 I tot 3to4 20 ANNUAL FLOWER SEED. § Denotes tender. + Perennial. * Difficult to transplant Feet high. Marigold, French, variegated, Tagetes patida, 2 to 3 Marigold, sweet, yellow striped, Calendula officinalis, 1 to 2 § Marigold, Fig, yellow, Mesembryanthemum annuus, 1 Martynia, or Cuckold's Horn, Marfynia proboscidca, 2 to 3 t Marvel of Peru, or Four O'Clocks, Mirabilia jalapa, lutea, rubra, white, yellow, red, striped scented, striata, longiflora, etc., 2 to 3 + Mignonette, sweet scented. Reseda odorata, tinder 1 ^ Monkey Flower, yellow, scarlet, Mimulus moschatus, cardinalis, rose, &c., variegated, rivularius,roscus, etc., lto2 § Nierembergia, several varieties of Nierembergia intermedia, viola- various colours. cea, pficenicia, etc., 2 to 3 Nolana, in varieties, blue, Nolana paradox ia,prostrata, etc 1 to 2 * Oats, animated, green, Avena sensitiva, 2 to 3 t Pansy, or Heart's Ease, purple, Viola tricolor, grandiflora, afro, blue, yellow, and numerous shades, purpurea, ccerulea, lutea, etc., variegated, u)ider 1 Pentaptes, scarlet, Pentaptes Phoenicia, 1 to 2 Phlox, annual, rosy red, &c. Phlox Brummondii, etc., 1 to 2 Pimpernel, blue and scarlet, Anagallis indica, arvensis, 1 * Poppy, large white and scarlet, Fapaver somniferum, coccinea, 3 to 4 * Poppy, dwarf, scarlet, white, yel- Fapaver rhceas, nudicale, Persi- low, striped, Persian red, &c., cum, rubra, striata, etc., 1 to 2 Portulaca, two var., purple, scarlet, Portulaca splendens, coccinea, 1 Prince's Feather, crimson, Amaranthus hypocondriacus, 2 to 3 Rocket Candytuft, white, &c., Iberis coronaria, etc., lto2 Rose Campion, annual, dwarf red, Agrosiemmacoell,rosea,githago, purple, white, striped, &c. lacta, etc., 1 Salpiglossis, variegated, purple, &c., Salpiglossis, atro purpurea, 2 to 3 Saphonaria, or Silene, rose, Saphonaria vaccaria, 2 to 3 ■\ Schizanthus, in variety, orange, Schizanthus retusus, pinnatus, wing-leaved, &c., obtusifolia, etc., ^ Sensitive Plant, red, Mimosa sensitiva, Shortia, yellow, Shortia Californica, (j Stevia, Vanilla scented, white Stevia serrafa, Stock Gilly, Virginian, lilac, Malcomia maritima. Strawberry Spinach, red fruit, Blitum capitatum, Strephtanthus, rose-coloured, Streptanthus obtusifoUus, Sunflower, yellow, Helianthus annuus, Sunflower, dwarf, yellow, Helianthus minor, nanus, Sun Rose, spotted, Belianthemum guttatum, * Sweet Balm, blue, Melissa odoratum, * Sweet Basil, blush, lilac, Ocymtim basiliacjim, Sweet Sultan, white, yellow, purple, Centaurea moschata, etc., * Ten Week Stock, scarlet, purple, Mathiola annua varieties white, &c., ca, tenella, etc, & Tobacco in varieties, scarlet, yellow, Nlcotiana, tabacum, rustica, Touch me not, yellow, [&c.. Noli mi tangere, Trefoil, crimson and scented, Trifulium incarnatum, etc., lto2 under 1 lto2 lto2 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 6toS 2 to 3 1 to 2 1 to2 1 to2 lto2 f grce- lto2 'ca, 3 to 4 1 'c, 3 to 4 I Ascnxi. rvown. wrro. 21 rr«4 kttk * Tanai't Lo*kiiit-OlMi, Mac, Campanula fpfeulum, 1 u> 2 T«tcwta. la twiaUM, jrallow, Fr« 3 t T«fb«Mk la wtoUtii, MirM, r«M, FcrMM ouMefte. ftcmaH/twi*. War, blM. pink. k>. -"ilekeUa, ete^ I to 3 ZianM, armrlM. yellow, violrt'OalouT- ZinnUt it$a, grxpidl- •d, rad, ke^ /ora. . , S to 3 The follomng ara climbing ami trailing plants, which abouUl be planted in Mtuationt where tlicy can be supported by poles, twiiM, or trellise*. Hie taOeat growing rincs and creepers are best adapted to the coTcriog uf arbours, to create sliade, or conceal any mwightly object ; the procumbent trailing and low climbing ^anls, such as the Nasturtium, LooAa, Petunia, Sweet Pea, See,, may bo trained on trcUU-work of on ornamental form, as that of a fan, lialliKin, or pyramid, which shouM be on a scale correspoDding to the situation and extent of the garden. BaOeoa Vine, or Love in t Puff*, Cardiotftermum Kalietuabum.orfr 10 ^ BalMiD Appto tod FMf. Momorihea baltnmina, r>rrr 10 Bc«n 11) ATinth, whits sod parpK DoUtftot alba, purpurea, om- 10 ^ B««n. ararlrt flowrrinc Pka$enlus multijlorut, ovrr 10 ftosn, Cwtor Oil, or Palm* rhriiti, JtiHniM mmmufit*. 5 to 6 (, CypecM • r ottr 10 (.^or 1. M .'c mado from the altovr calaluguo, to suit the tai«tc of surh as m.iy bo so situated ; and amateurs, who cultivate on a larger scale. 22. ANNUAL FLOWER SEED. can obtain such additional sorts as may be desired at the different seed stores, under their vaiious names. Previous to providing annual flower seed, the cultivator should lay out a plan of his garden, and in making allotments of ground for any particular purpose, provision should be made for a select assortment of such bulbous, tuberous, and perennial plants, as may be deemed most worthy of attention, not forgetting to leave room for some of the choicest varieties of the Dahlia, the qualities of which will be described hereafter. Another consideration is, to have at hand suitable imple- ments, so that the work may be performed in a skillful man ner, and at the proper season. A spade, rake, hoe, trowel, drilling machine, and jjruning knife, may be deemed essen tial; and in order to have the beds laid out, with the edges straight and even, a garden line should be in readiness. If labels should be required, they may be made of shingles, which being split into strips about an inch wide, and sharp- ened at one end, will serve for marking distinct kinds,. either in pots, or on the borders. In order to have the names or numbers written in legible characters, the labels should be painted on the smooth side with white lead, and then marked with a black lead pencil before the paint gets dry ; inscrip- tions made in this way will be as durable as the label itself. The next, and perhaps the most important consideration, is, to have the ground in good condition to receive the seed. In order to attain this desirable object, let some good rich compost, or very old manure, be provided and well mixed with the soil ; dig it a full spit deep, pulverizing every parti- cle. It would be an advantage if the ground could be dug to a great depth at the clearing up of winter, and then again at the period of sowing seed in the Spring : " I come, I come — ye have called me long — I come o'er the mountains with light and song! Ye may trace my steps o'er the wakening earth, By the winds which tell of the Violet's birth, By the Primrose-stars in the shadowy grass, By the green leaves opening as I. pass." I A!orvAi. rtotnai tmt»» St- A nK^lktw loam, M-hirh m a mcdiam ennh hctwvcn the r*t' 'lanuro or iilants; groand, Imwerer, of a bogi^ nnturo, coinprtwd of black 0ttrth, <' ' ' * ■'-. nnd in a low situntion, i» oflscn* rial to ; :)i iif amphibiouit plantn, as Water Liito!!, iris, Lobctia. and tho like; but as tho cultivator has not ahvays n rhoicp, ho may jwlcct such planta only an arc moat rnnt;pnial to his peculiar soil and situation. Pie%'iiiu* to «lii»?;injf flower Iwds or iKirdrr*. raro must be taken that they are so arrang^ed that the gtuud^ may l)0 a litr of a rr<' "f water, as well as to iho exhibition of plants to tht ^ . ! possible advantage. All kinds of annual flower seed may bo sown in tho months of ' ' M borders or beds of pulverized earth ; th- . veiled, and the !>eod sown cither in small patches, each kind by itself, or in drills, from an eighth to half an inch d< ■ -' to tlo size or nature of tho aecd. Lupins, i ' ild bo planted alK)ut half au inch deep. Those who would have their plants flower early, ahsnild sow •' ' V ' " ' ' ' t week in March, or early iu April, i i thus f, and thu.s §, may b0 lown in boxes, or pota of light earth, at tho same time. T1.' • d to the sun every day, and sheltered in Co' Ikj forwarded in g^rowlh, and be fit to trans- phuit early in Juno. I*ho9o marked * may also l>c sown in smn" - • : and as these plants will not bear transplanting, th. . be turned out of the i>«Jts with tho balls of earth entire, and placed in tho ground where they are intended to flower ; or, if the seed be sown in a l>ed vrith other kinds, they should be carefully tran.tplaiited with a trowel, williout disturbing their rfM>(s. The mo^t rli'^ible way to obtain early flowers istopieparo a sli^'lit liot )'« •! for tlio tender kinds, (see Calendar for Janu- «ry,) and eitlter plunge the poLs therein up to their brima. 24 ANNUAL FLOWER SEED. or SOW the seed in the earth in shallow drills, not more than a quarter of an inch deep. It may be necessary to state, that although, in favourable seasons, flower seed in general "will come up in from one to three weeks after it is sown, the seed of the Cypress vine Avill not grow until settled warm weather, unless in a hot-bed ; it should be soaked for about half an hour in moderately warm water, previous to being sown. If some of the hardy annuals be sown in September, they will grow large enough to survive the winter, if slightly covered with straw or litter; and if plants thus raised be transplanted early in the spring, they will produce very early flowers. The following are some of the hardiest : Alyssum, Sweet. Evening Primrose. Coreopsis, or Calliopsis. Larkspur, in varieties. China Aster, in varieties. Pansy, or Heart's Ease. Catcli Fly. Poppy, in varieties. Chrysanthemum, in varieties. Rocket Larkspur. To prevent disappointment, I would recommend that great care be taken to keep the seed beds as clear from weeds as possible. It cannot be denied that young plants are apt to get smothered, and sometimes pulled up with weeds. To obviate this, I Avould suggest that the seed be sown in shallow drills, each kind by itself, and that an account be kept of the contents of each drill in a book ; also of all seed that are sown at different times ; and by being particular in the dates, you may always know when to exjject your plants to come up. Those persons totally unacquainted with plants, will, by this means, be enabled to identify each particular kind, and thus become familiarly acquainted with them.* In order * Lest the reader should think that the author is here shifting his own duty and responsibility on the cultivator, it may be necessary to observe that a definition of all the peculiar qualities, forms, attitudes, and habits of growth, of the numerous species and varieties of plants embraced in au extensive catalogue, with minute directions for the most appropriate culture of each, would alone occupy more space than is allotted to this treatise ; and that to expatiate on all the various features of the floral kingdom is a k AinrvAL rLowms aBSD. tl iImmI llua BMy ha l«ild«re.,t- i,i|,l fix in ibo open grouud : AprU to, Mtnd flowar MMi in pMv Pot iitarLrxl A, or I. ' ..ot. B. or 3. i f. or 3. » I», Of 4. K« l'l«nu ** K, or &, Icr PiMii. F, or 6, Miptuitcttfl. The • either marked with 1« on the < . . wur with tliu buuk, or i. ts, aiid ctitnud •oooniinglj. A pril 30, MwH flowor aord In driOc, m nuder : No. 1. BfaMldv Kounia. " 3, CoraopMs TiDctoria. •* 3, Yellow KtrrnkI Klower. " 4, Globe Amaranthiu. " 6, rnncw* Fcathor* " 6. I.arkjipur, bnuichin(. If these numbere be continued to 100, or even 1,000, there can be no mistake, provided the ro>r8 aru all mai ked accord- ing to the entry in iho lxx>k ; or it' No. 1 bo noted, plain ■ticks wiU answer aAcrward, if one bo stuck at each end of every row. In tiiis com) it would bo wi>ll to loaTo a npaco •very ten or twenty rowii, and nuto the number of rowa ; by tkuB means, thoy can be moro easily traced. tmk which DO Mthor Iim eror attoDpted ; not ctn any library be found coolaiolnc aoeh a deaideralom. Tha cokivaMr of a anall lardcn may, however, by meana of a memo- Taodon book, daaenb" "x* tii'ii.ir (.■-<« •.(' unrii iLilu im ri>ti.r lit. irr hta •penal care, aa ap- ' r- alallHd. he r bareooa. ' :. I a iia uf a Iheaame, or atoular phmta. advantancFounty in nKTrrttinK \mf ; and R aaal ba adaiinatf that a ttm flowera. ariected ao lai to harmnnin> in and laMIs of irrowUi. niltitatol with pr^namn. m tpaperla egmial lo Umo). and lminr pet form Uiia bosiiieM ii«, aAor having pulverized tlio s^iil, to ;■ - ■— :lar tlrilln in ilio »urfuco wiih the rim of a flo. .. may be largo or amoll, arrording to fancy. By sowing tocti in bucIi circular drilUi, the planiA can Itc more easily trmced than when acattcrvd promiiicuouitly over the grcMUid, and iho woods can bo tk'Ktn)yud with Icm risk and trouble. Such kinds as aro marked in tho 'C'atnlo(rue thus * may remain as sown, ur, if parted, they should be removed with a sctMip trowel in a careful manner, in small tufU ; and this buaineaa, as well as ' - tl, should always be dune imnifdiati n. and in cloudy wcatiier.t Herbarco ; not lluwti v. ell il ^i .•. n ill cluikten ; ■ _ • , bo thinned or iim-- plaoted into tlio regular l>ods, at all favourable op|Xirtunitie9, ai*t< ' -I inch in height ; and n^i there iii a1^^ :\ ail not taking nnit, it is safci^t to pi.;!.' i few of each sort every time, taking care to diversify the cok>urB, and also r ' i few plants in tlic seed beds, for the purpose of SU' in the room of such plants whose period of flowering may be over; as is the case generally with early Perennial plants and bulbs, at about tlio season that the last of the Annuals aro fit to remove. The transplanting may \>o done with a small trowel, or a neat dibble made (ur the purpose. o e— ion. snd m rarh h^ i '.hrrc sasorUnmla of In ' • < of lJ>* ipirdm. which will : I.' Ml" rhnnrr with rrxsrd to t^ .t •Uom Urt •.^ft. By prr.,i»iiiK Ote \mt*. iiw ■\ nnmhrr <--i f-u-h, will br<- !> Ihry *»' '.'iCTaii a ISTir or f (II 1:1 tcx.r 28 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS TO THE CATALOGUE OF BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWER SEED. The remarks preceding our Catalogue of Annuals will, with few exceptions, apply to that of Biennials and Peren- nials; and it may be observed farther, that the circulation of the sap in the roots and stalk of plants is influenced by like causes, and subject to the same vicissitudes, as the germin- ation of seed, which pi-inciple is exemplified by some plants of various species putting forth their leaves and flowers at a later period than others in the same location, as if veaiting for nature to replenish the earth with food adapted to their respective requirements; which, by the gradual changes from cool to temperate, and from that to warm weather, is effected to that degree as to enable all the various species of plants, collected from every climate and soil under the sun, to reward the industrious cultivator by a gradual exhibition of their fasci- nating blossoms, and a distribution of their odoriferous sweets, throughout the three propitious seasons of the year, i. e„ spring, summer, and autumn. In distinguishing between Biennials and Perennials, I have only marked such as are apt to die after once blossoming, and which can only be renewed from seed. Some of those species, frequently classed with Biennials, as Jlquilegia or Columbines, Diantlius, &c., are in reality Perennial, and may be easily perpetuated from year to year, by suckers, lay- ers, or any of the ordinary methods of propagation ; and here I would observe, that frequent renewal of the roots of Per ennials is absolutely necessary to their prosperity or very existence; and also that many species are by nature best I ■Japtod fur pntpagatiun at the fiMitstallu. frum ihclr yii-Uitig littlo (ir no ■eed at the top of tbo plauL Thin i« particularly the ca.40 with choice doulilo-nowcring plaiitit, tho motJi of which, in iDonycoiicii, cunntitutothc scvJ; thc>M;,conA«<}Ucntly, tniut bo perpetualoJ by root ufijiota, cutting*, ice. Tbo anncxetl Catalogtic cnihracvs a great pru|>ortion of thm moot d— iimble of what are termed (ibrouA-rooted herba- ceous pUnta ; tlic seed nr uhjIa u( which may \*v obtained at aced atoroa and ouraoriea. Tlic eatimatcd height applies to •• will arrive ' ilian rivaled inagi' .and oven in o|>en grouiul culture the some plants will vary con- Milt-i ' ^oil or situation in which they nre gros^ • however, allliuugh unavoidably imperfect, m iiidc to tho gardener in arranging ! ■* ■ rii.irkod thus f, l>cing tender and half . ' ;iou io the winter; thobc marked tiius || are Kionnuil; those marked thus* yield little or no seed. There are also many other species of which the seed ia un- attainable, frum its being suffered to scatter by tho wind, and in some ca.M?s, from the climate being unfavourable to its ripening ; tliesc, as will bo shown hereafter, may be j>cq)etu- ated by other roetliods. 30 A CATALOGUE BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL FLOWER SEED Graines de Jleurs bisanmidles et vivaccs. t Denotes tender. Biennial. * Seed unattainable. Adonis, Spring-flowering, yellow, Alpine Columbine, purple, Alyssum, yellow, Asclepias, orange, purple, &c., Asiatic Globe Flower, yellow, fAuricula, variegated, tBalm cf Gilead, fragi'ant, Bee Larkspur, blue and brown, Bergamot, crimson, blue, *tCanary Aster, purple, t Calceolaria, various colours. Campanula Peren., blue, white, &c., UCanterbury Bells, blue, white, tCaper Tree, green, Cardinal Flower, in varieties, scarlet, Cassia, Maryland, yellow, tCarnation Pink, various colours, *+Celcia, red and yellow, variegated, Chinese Imperial Pink, variegated, f Chinese Primrose, lilac, white, fCistus, yellow, IClandanthus, white, fClerodendron, scarlet, Clove Imperial Pink, crimson, tColutea, scarlet, 'Coreopsis, Perennial, in varieties, yellow, *tCoronilla, yellow, *Coronet, or double Lychnis, scarlet, llClary, purple-topped. Columbine, various colours, *tDaisy, Garden, various colours, Dragon's Head, bluish pink, Dragon's Head, purple and striped, European Globe Flower, yellow, ||Evening Primrose, yellow, ''Eupatorium, blue, white, IJFox-glove, purple, white. Feet high 2 to 3 lto2 1 2 to 3 3 to 4 under 1 1 Adonis vernalis, Aquilegia alpina, Alyssum saxatile, Asclepias incarnata, etc., Trolllus Asiaticus, Primula auricula, Bracocephalum canariense, Delphinium elatum, Monarda Kalmiana, didyma. Cineraria amelloides. Calceolaria variabilis, Campanula persicafolia, etc. Campanula medium, Euphorbia lathyrus, Lobelia cardinalis, etc., Cassia Marylandica, Dianthus caryophyllus, Celcia orientalis, Dianthus Chinensis, Primula Chinensis, Cistus guttatus, Clandanthus arabicus, Clerodendron speciosum, Dianthus hortensis, Sutherlandia frutescens, Calliopsis grandijiora, lanceola- turn, auriculata, etc., 2 to 3 Corunilla glauca, . 2 to 3 Lychnis coronata, 2 to 3 Salvia sclara, 1 to 2 Aquilegia vulgaris, 1 to 2 Bellis perennis, hortensis, under 1 Dracocephalum Virginianum, 3 to 1 Dracncepthalum argumense,etc. 1 to 2 Trollius Europceus, 2 to 3 (Enothera biennis, 3 to 4 Eupatorium cerulea, etc., 2 to 3 Diaitalis purpurea, alba, . 3 to 4 4 to 6 2to3 1 2 to 3 2 to 3 2 to 3 2 to 3 3 to 4 3 to 4 lto2 1 to 2 1 to 2 under 1 1 to 2 2 to 3 4 too lto2 2 to 3 BUMNlAt. A.M> rCRKKMVI. FLOW 81 b RnntMUk. rad, whU», CmiOmi. pwpK y«Uow. wbiUi Crtit an. fM>rrrI«in-A»«rrr>l. ii G. H ■•'. pnrpl«», lloii) :,■- i. Kn^ttati, of |lioo«««)r, or . !>iu«;>, fUMlian Shot. lirt, tilpoaoiMu. -.^... .. . Ivy-lniTrd To«d FUs. pink, Jaot'.i'a t.:kMrr Kue. i; lit, L» ■I'lc. pink, *L»atri«. Inn( ipikoJ, purple, •Lily >'<■ thf Valley, whilo, f Lotus, brown, tl ^ II bloc, whit«, •I.).' ■• ■■ ». • •In ■- V V Lcn :-, ; ■ '. ■■ - tl !. .r: •r- r. fi r fi I- p •g... •ll..V-r roM, itcar, roM. white, V and •picodid, H. yrllow, "■•w, •4ur, rubra, alba, 1 lo 2 irpurea, lutea, de^ 1 f«rr»i,/r.iJ. Sto3 Sto3 Sto3 unifer 1 ,«|irriatu4. f/f. 3 to 4 3 urn, -Km, ^ I.infr'.t f^^'xala. eUgant, etc, ( fnajatli, I 'UM, 2to3 3 to 4 1 2 to 3 3 to 3 r Virricmn Phlox, lilar. '•'ionuj, '<, mutabilis, 2to3 r*pots. aikl sholicrtNl f>itlier in a gardcn-frnmc, gr w- D'hcninc, plnnts wifli tiil)rmna mou, auch Mr.- ;. anil aluo somr othen of th« Hean and IVa tribe, may he cut Hnwn late in the au- tuint * " ,ni«j maiiii ■ ■ ■ : ^ Tit*, of which I ahail treat hereafter. H I ' "" * • V 1 flower •■ ' 'wn in il» A tlrilln. 1 l>o perftirniec here ol>»erved that Biennials seldom Hurvive tho •eco; T» perfection, unless they ore renewed by c_: : , :.-i, young flower »talks, or casual oflT- fl«is, layers, &c. It will bo unnecessary to take this trouble, unless with some extraordinary double-flowering plants. Some of the Perennials may be incrca-sed by rcK>l oflscts detached from the old plants, and planted in spring or au- tumn ; oilirm by )• " ms of toj> shoots, Inyrr^, pipings of V' •, Sweet Willinms, Pansies, and double Violets, also Periwinkle, or running ^! ' ' ' ' ' ' •*. may lie increased by :i or two under the cur- face, in July and August. After roots have formed, which may be r^ ' ' n six or eight weeks, each tuft or plant may be ti 1 into thr^ Ixirders. Many aorta ol" lii' id Perennial flower se^d may be 13 34 BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL PLANTS. sown in September, or as soon as rijie ; and if the plants get strong before winter sets in, some of them will flower the ensuing summer. The following are among the hardiest : Adonis, Spring-flowering. Lychnis, in varieties. Alpine Columbine. Larkspur, perennial. Alyssum, yellow. Rose Campion, in varieties. Bee Larkspur. Rocket, in varieties. Columbine, in varieties. Scabious, in varieties. Evening Primrose. Valerian, Garden. Fox-glove, in varieties. Veronica. Fraxinella. Everlasting Peas, Hollyhock, in varieties. Virgin's Bower. > chmbms , 3 It may be necessary here to remind the reader of those species of beautiful double-flowering Perennial herbaceous plants, which do not produce seed ; some of these are in- cluded in our Catalogue ; they may be obtained at the nur- series, and should be introduced into the regular flower-beds, either in autumn or early in the spring ; the best mode of increasing these, and all double-flowering Perennials raised from seed, is by layers, cuttings, offsets, &c., detached from the old plants.* As the earth in the flower-beds will require to be fresh dug and replenished with good compost or manure once in two or three years, it may be necessary to take up all the Perennial plants at such times. Such roots as are overgrown should be deprived of their surplus offsets, and either planted in a nursery-bed, or returned with the parent plants into the * It may here be observed, that the most certain method of obtaining dou- ble, flowers, is by propagation from Perennial plants. Many seed custom- ers leel disappointed if they do not in every case procure flouble flowers from seed, which is unreasonable, because, although seed will, under ordinary circumstances, reproduce its species, it will by no means uniformly pro- duce the particular variety by which it was borne. The experience of numerous amateurs will corroborate this fact, who frequently, after saving seed from their most perfect flowers, have the mortification of witness- ing such degeneracy the following season as would lead them to doubt .ts identity, had the seed been obtained from any other source. Seed gath ered from double Balsams, or Lady Slippers, for instance, will frequently produce semi-double and single flowers the ne.'ct season. AL AND rKHRNVtAL PtANTff. tf regular flowrr-twd* ; thoy iihould b« intuited a little deeper dMii before, aad ibe fine lre«b eartii distributed well BlM>ut Um fibma. In removing pUnts into tlio beds wbero they are intended to bloMom, p*^ ' ■ ; should bo taken to preserve some of tbo oartli lu i. Thu ground hIiouM l>c previously bmagfat into good comlition, so that they may strike freely, and produce their fluwern in perfection. The plants nhould be s<> Nrrangod that lliuy may all be seen, tlio most dwarfish iced in front, and the taller kinds in regular grada- i. •'•>•• >x iiind ; or the tallest may be plante«l along the middle of (h<^ \huU, nnd the others on each side, according to their vari< ' i and colours. 1 i >i part of gardening which requires so much the exercise of taste and fancy, as in setting off* a border or < advantage. In a.ssooiatiotj with . -.'. kinds of hardy bulbs may bo pUntod in small clumps of six, seven, or eight inches in 'ive, or more roots in each, : 1, and these at suitable distai^ i each other. Likewise observe to diversify the kinds and " -i bloom, the greatest poesi- ■ . L-tS. If green-hotisc plants bo plunged into the flower borders ■ . tend to . I u«I bll)SS4)I:i roots win raceiTe a more uniform supply of moisture, than i^ ' \iHj«od to tlio sun and wind : care should, ' '" .S}^'^ ^^^ difTercnt species a situation suitable lot ihcm. Hydrangeas, Primulas, Daisies, Olcan* >: *' "■-"», China !* - ! ' 'f-hardy plnnts in ecno- • i'l n n: ! BIENNIAL AND PERENNIAL PLANTS. or Ear-drop, Passion Flower, Heliotrope, Carnation, Petu- nia, running Verbena, &c., will, if layed in June or July, exhibit their blossoms in j^erfection, and yield young plants, which being preserved through winter, may be used to re- plenish flower-beds the ensuing spring.* * In some countries the wealthy have changeable flower gardens, which are so arranged that their productions can be changed at pleasure, so that whenever any plant, or group of plants, begins to decay, it can be removed, and its place supplied by others coming into bloom. To effect this, a largo reserve-nursery is requisite, in which the plants must be kept in pots, and removed and plunged in the borders as wanted. Sir W. Chambers informs us that the Chinese excel in this mode of gardening ; and that he has known a mandarin (or noble) to have the whole furniture and style of his parterre changed in a single night, so as to present next morning not only a different description of flowers, shrubs, and dwarf trees, but a different arrangement of the beds and compartments. Something of the same kind is practised in the gardens of the Tuileries, in Paris ; in some of the im- perial gardens at Petersburgh, and in the vice-royal gardens at Monza. Gardens of this description admit of a very perfect arrangement of the flowers, whether in the mingled manner, in select groups, or according to the natural method. It is only with such resources that a flower gar- dener can "paint his way," as Sir W. Chambers says the Chinese artists do, " not scattering their flowers indiscriminately about their borders, but disposing of them with great circumspection along the skirts of the plant- ations, or other places where flowers arc to be introduced. They reject all that are of a straggling growth, and of harsh colours and poor foliage, choosing only such as are of some duration, grow either large or in clus- ters, are of beautiful forms, well leaved, and of tints that harmonize with the greens that surround them. They avoid all sudden transitions, both with regard to dimension and colour, rising gradually from the smallest flowers to those of the boldest growth; and varying their tints, by easy gradations, from white, straw-colour, purple, and incarnate, to the deepest blues, and most brilliant crimsons and scarlets. They frequently blend several roots together, whose leaves and flowers unite, and compose one rich, harmoni- ous mass ; such as the white and purple Candytuft, Larkspurs, and Mal- lows of various colours, double Poppies, Lupins, Primroses, Pinks, and Carnations ; with many more of which the forms and colours accord with each other ; and the same method they use with flowering shrubs, blending white, red, and variegated roses together, purple and white lilacs, yellow and white jasmines, altheas of various sorts, and as many others as they can with any propriety unite. By these mixtures they increase considera- bly the variety and beauty of their compartments. In their large planta- tions, the flowers generally grow in the natural ground ; but in flower gar- dens, and all other parts that are highly kept, they are in pots buried in the ground, which, as fast as the bloom goes off, are removed, and others are brought to supply their places ; so that there is a constant succession for almost every month in the year ; and the flowers are never seen but in the height of their beauty.'' — Loicdviis Encydupvudia of Gardening. «tB?rmAL Attn penRBrvTAt. PLA^m. 97 h mty h« obarnred fanhcr, timt cstahliithcd plants will * ■ ■••r ii. tho .:.!, there- fore, be an object with ganlcneni to do the business of fonn- ' iy Pcren- 'riie haitly bu1t>ous roots roust also bo planted in October «.r Nov««n»bcr, wlT ' ' ' ' ' *i the wiiitrr, will « r early and Fiarr Flowem. • 1; ttOM, If. Ail !.<• row and TiJe, \ ih« abowcra. 1 by Utepkle'* In my preliminary ob9cr%-ations, I directed the attention of my n'adcr* t<» some important points rcspectinij walks, rdgings. &c. Although Ujx is superior to any thing else for rdirinir*. yet, in extensive gardens, dwarf plants of vari- •»Uit ' ■ K' u.Td for «urh purpose. Tlirift is the neat- r»t • :gn'en next to box ; but Violets, Pinks, Peri winkle. Pansy, Iris, Stone Crop, or even Parsley, Thyme, StrnwlM- ■ ^ 1 fur the sake of diver- sity. 1 ■ ^ ■ ^ watering and trimming, and the Tlirift, Jcc, should be soroctiroos token up, divided at t* ' ' Tited. 1 '. » require frequent pruning and trim- ming ; and once in from fM»ven to ten years tho whole may lie • ' . iHvided. ^ ' Vintod. and the surplus ."lips mav <-d in a tr> I, in rows alM)Ut af)Mit npart ; thene will be suitable for making edtjings the year fiillowing. F' " - ^ \* should l)e kept free from weeds, and watered 3cr.i .:i the .'»ummpr. In the nutumn they should be covered with leaves, straw, or light litter; this should be 4 38 FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. taken off in the spring, and tlie ground hoed and dressed iu such a manner as to enliven tlie earth around the roots of the plants, and to give the vphole a neat appearance. FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. Arbrisseaux d'Orneinent. Shrubs are so closely connected w^ith flowering plants, and, indeed, so many of them are embellished with flowers, that they may be considered as essential to the completion of an ornamental garden. They are all Perennial, and are divided into two classes, deciduous and evergreen ; the for- mer lose their leaves in the winter, the latter only shed them when others are ready to supply their places. Shrubs are not only necessary to the embellishment of a flower garden, but many kinds are eligible for hedges to it, and may be planted at a trifling expense. These hedges should be frequently trimmed and trained, the sides cut even and the tops sparingly clipped, so as to make them orna- mental as well as useful, and also to increase the vigour of their growth. When hedges become open or naked at the bottom, they should be plashed down ; this is done by cut- ting the branches half through near the ground ; they will then bend easily, and may be interwoven with the adjoining branches. When shrubs, creepers, or climbers, are j)lanted against walls or trellises, either on account of their rarity, delicacy, or to conceal a rough fence, or other unsightly object, they require different modes of training ; some attach themselves naturally, as the Ivy, and merely require to be occasionally guided, so as to cause a regular distribution of their shoots ; others must be treated lilce fruit trees, trained thinly, if blossoms are the object, and rather thick, if the intention bo to show the foliage to the greatest possible advantage. jam MBMIOBfTAL MOU'DS. 39 Omrini. " ' ' - ' ' >w from oim5 f<»ot to twelrc or mom foeC in hi. >' lurli an planted for omrimrnt, t}io liri'^'lit Iff rsrh plant, wh«"n full gT«»\vn, shoulcl )>c conni(lere tb« motlo of trrnHlh, that cvvry ono maj bo no planted aa to iJiow to aJ^'antnt^o, obaemn;;^ that tho tall- growioi^ kinds nhould bo plunif-d in tho bark port of tho bonioni, and tbiwo of hnv gro\vt)i in front; but if they are required to bo planted in dump*, tliey abuiild be au armnt^d a ■;) tlio sidea to tho middle, and be a:: . -: , : J. Sbruba require an annual pruning, at which time, cut out n I down luch t- , 'i«'«. Apply Makmt to auch aa need aupport, and hoo that tho low-growing (NMt d "thcr, or interibre with Other dwarfs tab pi > Many kinds of ahrubs may bo raised from (teed aown early in the Hpring, but are more commonly prnpat^tod by auckent, liiyer.-*, or cuttings. Like other plants, they require A good aoil, which should be manured every two or threo yeara, and sohie of the tender kinds should have some pro* teetkin in winter. TIjo followjnjj lint, taken from ' Tho New- York Farmer,* fumi!ihc- tained at the nunories at t,,..,l,.r-i(,. pricoa. CATALOGUE, flee. Amorjiha fmlicona. Indigo shnil», produces hnndsome bunches of puqdo flowers in June and July. jimnfe;daltu nana, Dwarf double-flowering Almond ; a very beautiful ahmb, about three feet high ; bloaaoou early in ApriL 40 FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. Jlralia spinosa, or Angelica ti'ee, about ten feet high; flowers in very large bunches, and continues a long while in bloom. Cytisus Laburnum, or Golden Chain ; a most elegant shrub, producing long racemes or bunches of yellow flowers in Jime and July ; there are two kinds, the English and the Scotch Laburnum. The Scotch is the largest, forming a pretty large shrub ; the English kind is greener, more com' pact, and by some thought to be the handsomest ; they ought to be in every garden. Calycanthus Floridus, Allspice,, or sweet-scented shrub, a native of the Southern States ; the flowers are of a very dark chocolate colour, and the ft agrance very much resem- bles ripe strawberries ; easily kept when once introduced. This shrub generally grows about five feet high in gardens, and blossoms from May to August. Ceanothus Americanus, Red Root, or Jersey Tea Tree ; a plant or two in the collection, as it flowers in profusion, is worth having. Cercis siliquastrum, or Judas tree. The flowers appear very early in the spring, before the leaves come out, and make a fine appearance ; as it grows, rather tall, it is calcu- lated for the back row of the shrubbery. Colutea arborescens, or Bladder Senna, having bunches of yellow flowers in June and July, which are succeeded by seed in a kind of bladder; calculated for the back or centre row of shrubberies. Cratcegtis oxyacantha, the Hawthorn. It makes a pretty appearance planted out singly in the back or centre row ; the flowers are very fragrant; it is sometimes called the Pride of May ; the double white, double scarlet, and single scarlet Hawthorn, are 'very beautiful, and ought to be in every plantation. Hawthorn hedges are much used in Eng- land, where they look very handsome when clipped ; but they do not answer so well in this country, the heat of our summers causing the leaves to fall off" early, often in July j AID cmiumtatTAh ■nsvaa. 41 on thnt arcount thry arc not much ummI. Wc have toTeral iLii, ■. v\|iicli are bvUcr c&lculad-J fur that ]mr|KM«. kia Japoniea, or VyrxiM Japonico. a very beautiful i.-w.^., ._.=.. _ _ ... . ;. mad cootinucs a lung time iii bluoni. A »ecootl fluwcring tokoa placv ° ' a tor part uf the ■uninier. It U every way a Jc«ir.: Daphne mtzrrion, oDO of our roost early flowering »lirub<«, which blixmw fre« ' "ill and May, u;. ' y •Mrcvt-«ccntetl. It i» ru ior in Miuie but will stand our ordinary winters very well in a sheltered situation. Dtrca paltulris, or Leather Wood ; a pretty little shrub, grO¥ring very regular in sha[)0, and has tliu ap]>earancc> uf a largo tree in miniature ; it is a native of our N'orthcm States ; the flowers, which ap|>car very curly in the spring, are yellow, and come out lioforv the leaves. GtfiHHocladiu Canadensit, or Kentucky Coflce tree. The bcrrieai bear a rcAeniblance to coflce, and are said to be a g^^ • 'r it ; however, it ia a beautiful tree, with bait ....^ red leaves, and mokes a fine contrast with othert. It should be planted in tlie back or the centre of tin- ' 15 vi-ry lianly. /' , (, and Haletia tttrapUra, two-winged and four-winged Silver Bell, or Snow-drop tree. They are both iia'- liul are |>crffctly li our .t injure them. 'J i r kind flowers in April, and tliu latter withholds its blosMims until May. " ' -lirubs. Htbistms > , the double-flowering Allhe« frutex, of which there are several varieties; llio doubla ¥r\.'.' ' ' lo red, double red and white, and Btri|>cd, are th<' vvy ; they l>cgin to flower late in July, and con- tinue until Autumtu The aingla kind, of which there are many Tarieiies, are Karccly worth cultivating, the double 42 FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. ones being raised quite as easily, and are equally hardy. These are indispensable in every plantation, Hypericum frulescens, Shrubby Hypeiicum. There are several species of thi.s small but beautiful shrub, all natives of the Southern States, but perfectly hardy here. They all flower profusely in the summer, and continue for a long time. They should be planted in the front row. Kerria Japonica, or Corchorus Japonica, yellow Japan Globe Flower; although a native of Japan, like many other Ja- panese flowers, it is perfectly hardy here. It flowers in the greatest profusion at all times, except in the very dead of winter, and veill grow in almost any soil or situation. Kczlyeutcrlapanicidata, Japan Bladder tree, or Kcelroterius. This is another hardy shrub from Japan, It has long race- mes of flowers, succeeded by a bladder-like fruit, and is worthy of cultivation in every good collection. Ligusirum vulgare, virens, large European Privet, a very handsome evergreen shrub, flowering profusely in June, and producing bunches of black round berries. It bears slip- ping well, and is therefore veiy suitable for hedges, or to enclose ornamental plantations. It grows quick, and is well adapted to our climate ; when planted in a hedge-row, and kept clipped. The American Privet makes a beautiful hedge, and ought to be in more general use, Philadelphus coronarius, or common Syringa, is very orna- mental, producing its sweet-scented flowers early in the spring, and in abundance, Philadelphus inodorous, and P. grandijlorus, Garland Sy- ringa, are both natives of the Southern States, but quite hardy here. Their flowers are large, and continue for several months, in wreaths or garlands. They are well calculated for the centre row, and also to hide unsightly objects, and have a beautiful effect when mixed vidtli monthly honey- Buckles, &c. Persica, or Amygdalus Persica, fl. rosea pleno, or double flowering Peach, is very beautiful in shrubberies. It bloa- 4* rtowBiuiia AKD oaxAMCMTAL nniirM. 43 •ufiu «arlj, sad soinrtiinrA bears fruit, but it it caltivatod entit' • ■ • ■ • • > ^ fg^ trt'ca of ihi; Chi- Deno ' "* tpectabiltB) have aUo a brnutii'ul < ' KAmj ro/ifi, 1 . >!• i.iii Sumach, Aaron's Itoard, somctimm rallod fringe tree, is a fitiu shrub, colculaieil for tho ccntru of llie clump or shruMfvry. Its large branchea of fringo rnnain all tho summor, and "■• • •• i curious and striking ethct. Rthta J\fiM»omriensi$, or Mi»-Miuri Currant ; there are two •pc«i(?« of tills Tory ornamental shrub iVum Muvsouri, intru- durt>d by Lewis ami Clarke : tlicy are quite hardy, and flower pnifii Hi' ^ . ^:. . /.' ,tia hif])itia; tiic former a pretty lanre ahrub, producing fine bunches of flowers in great I' ■ 'Ut the stimmei ; tho latter is a smaller fi -i are. Imwrvor, wurthy of a place in large collection ->. /." ■ ur Veiiow i^dcust Tree.* This Id B^ nid of wo«\ij time ;iftiT the common Lilac Tatnarix GalUca, or Th 1 Unarix, and tho Tumarix a ermaniea, German Tamanx, an- two pretty Bhrubs ; tho leaver and branche^t are small and slender, pro the other parts of I iiery. ytbtirnum o/>u/uf, or Guelder Rose, otherwise called Snow- b.il" ' ' ' ' ' ' • balls of snow- wi e««nry to every shrubbery. Viles afftr . or Chnsto Tree, a j-nu^ and singular shrub, floWL-: . most part of tlic summer. CLIMBING PLANTS. Awtflopfi* kedtracta. This plant, on account of the largeness of its learee and rapidity of its gro\vth, is well »tllrtir^ for corering walls. I'hero arc several sjiccics, all lesembling the vino in habit and 6owcr. ,'lriMtoloclua tipho, Hirthwort, or Dutchman's Pipe. A Tery curious blooming plant, with exiiaOTdinarily large foli 4m CLIMBING ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. age, well calculated for an arbour; affording a dense and cooling shade. Atragene alpina. A free-growing deciduous shrub, with small pinnated foliage, and large blush-coloured flowers, which continue from May to July. Bignonia crucigera is a desirable evergi-een, being of a luxuriant growth. It will cover in a few years an area of fifty feet, and bloom from May to August ; colour orange. Bignonia radicans, or Ti'umpet Creeper, produces large bunches of red trumpet-shaped flowers in July and August. Bignonia grandijiora, is much like the former in habit and appearance, but the flowers are much larger. It is said to be a native of China, and the former a native of this country. They are both perfectly hardy, and will climb up brick work or wooden fences, without any assistance. Clematis, or Virgin's Bower. There are several species, some of them tender, or not sufliciently hardy for our severe winters, without protection. The Clematis azurea, bicolor, and jiama, are splendid varieties. The Clematis Virginica, Viorna, Viticelli, and Vitalba, are perfectly hardy, and blos- som throughout the summer. Glycine Sinensis, or Wistaria Sinensis, is a handsome Chi- nese Creeper of recent introduction from China, and is not yet common in our nurseries. It is a beautiful vine, running to a great height, and loaded with long racemes of purple flowers throughout the summer. Glycine frutescens, or Wistaria frutescens. This beautiful brother of the Chinese kind is a native of our Southern States, grows much in the same way as the others, and is, perhaps, not inferior. Although this fine creeper has been long known in England, we have not heard much about it by English wiiters ; the conclusion seems to be, that it does not flower well in England. In fact none of our Southern plants do well in that country, while those from China do very well ; here, however, it is quite the reverse. I have the Chinese Wistaria Sinensis, from fifteen to twenty feet high, OaXAMUn-AL »M«CM. 47 wad Um Aomt: T}«e CbioM« (loo* IK' crican brvllicr. Tho Aniohcan H'utaria should bo planUtd in every gvdvit I lui up the trcctf in shrub- bariaa. iU H€iUra Jieits, Imh Ivy, u a dufirablc evergreen fur cover iot; nokwl wall . .< : ' ■' , objecU The leaves are itl* a lively ;. > five angled. Tliero arc itc-ver.il vanciieii of' it, all caicuiuted fur growing in con- fined, »li.iJy !«ituation.H, whrre pl-uiLt in general will not thrive. JiMiJtiMiiiii ojjl'tiiunl*, (iatJi'ii Ja^IIline. This delicious climbing ithmb ha.i ftoin time iininumorial been CfJtnmon in Kur<>|>o fur covering arl>ours. Its delicate white fmgrant flowerii render it very desirable; but it xa rather tender for our Northern winters, unlens well protected. In the Soutli- ora k>lates, llii« plant, and ako tiie yellow Ja.sminc, (r le-* ; it i-, how- ever, detoitute of sconu /. - ; Fraseri, oiao T.- ^- unO tl.: '••! in nlmo«t < r, tJiis being 48 CLIMBING ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. beautiful honeysuckle from the Northwest coast ; the flow- ers are large, and of a bright copper colour, inclining to orange. They are all perfectly hai'dy. Lonicera jlexuosa, Chinese Honeysuckle, of late introduc- tion ; it is pe7'fectly hardy, withstanding our most severe frosts without the least injury ; it is a very sweet-scented honeysuckle, grows rapidly, and to an immense height. It flowers in pairs and threes all up the branches, covering the whole plant completely with flowers. It blossoms in spring and autumn, and is a very valuable acquisition to our gar- dens and shrubberies. Lonicera Japonica, or Japan Honeysuckle. This bears flowers in great profusion, which are white, afterward be- coming of a light yellow. It is not so hardy as the Chinese, and requires a little protection in the winter. Passijloya, or Passion Vine. There are several hardy species, but the best is the Passijiora incamata; this, although it dies to the ground every winter, will, during the summer, grow from twenty to thirty feet, and yield abun- dance of beautiful purple flowers. Periplaca grcBca, or Silk Vine. A prolific climber, wood slender, twining and elastic, leaves smooth, ovate, lanceolate. Established plants will grow thirty or forty feet in one sea- son, and yield flowers in clusters, of a brownish yellow colour, from May to July. I shall only add to the above, the running kind of Roses j although there are many other things which might be men tioned, Rosa muliiflora, from China, is pretty well known, pro- ducing thousands of small double red roses in bunches. It requires a sheltered situation from *ome of our keen north- westers. Rosa multiflora alba, from the same country, is of late importation, but as it increases readily, may be obtained at about the same price as the former ; the bunches of flow- ers are white. Rosa Grevillia, a running rose, also from China, the flowers of various colours. Rosa rubifolia, Hasp- rBoriOATioif or oniiAMcifTiL ittRtrM. 4f herry-learrtl llote, frum our Nurthern fnmticrn, and extend- ing; ' WiMtern • ., > . .^ P-' ..••• largi- •updU on tho namo bunch, exactly liko ihc I'urmcr i. -'.■;'I 15 aniithcr instance of tho similurity of the ::. lilt* to thoM) of our country. Ho»t» canina,jl. yltno, English double Dog Utjec, is a very pretty littlu tlouble ri>«o, and will run to a greut height. Ro»a Itanktii, Lady Uanks's double white China running Roao ; it run.n up < Is much : it may be easily known (rum othcn *i( lln .^ ^ vines, by itii Itcing entirely dcsti* tuto of prickles. Rosa .%oiM//e, and Champney's, ore said to baTo boon reiMMl from China seed in Camlina ; they nre not itnody running roocs, but as tlicy ^row tall, aru fine omamenta fur the shrubbery, flowering during tho whole of the 1^, The Madeira Ilo^«• ITS throughout the summer oud autumn month<4, and is therefore well adapted for ;' liota < ' ' "1 tlm Xonde- icrii Uo60 ; tl.' :y larj;e, being nrbito, with yellow centre. This is a running rose, growing rcry bigfa around treea, ice. Rota mbiginosa, or Swectbriar, is too wcU known to need l«acriptior. PPMi. \.; \'r iMV OF FLOWERING SHRUBS. Flow I ritcd by slijw, cut- liagv, la^ :". 1 alMuit the plants to l>e ojk'- rnted on to a go<>d deptli ; then with a sharp ktiifo cut !>«•- twrcn two joints half through the stalk or hmnch on iho under part, turn the edge of the knife upward and niiikc a -!;', . in_\iti,' it i>'-t the fwsi joint lialf way to the next alnAf ; make a Imlluw In the ground, and insert llic cut part fbim one to three incheH deep, according to tlic nature of the plant oj)erated on, keeping the branch peq)endicular, and the Bllt «ipen. Each layer .ctunfc improved varieties. Ilud- ding may be jwrformcd on roses of different descriptions, a« tho White Mo8s, fniqac. Tuscany, and other fine varieties, u]H>n such \\ 'fa strong habit. The best time n)r pen ^ • , 'ion is toward the end of July or early in August, as the buds are then generally matured lO that »■ " 'y from the woorrAL tuKUM. d forked in, ao m to mauun- t]ii' jilanu, ami thiLt elvo vii7> u.i to their rikini< shout*. Decid': i at any timo u:\t i thoj laaK' '•■> lM.'i;tii to cx])u:iJ ill •pring, provided tho f^^und can be brought into gwtd .',] lio dug < ■ :i'^ llic'in, <*! . eaith, woU pulverized, must be thntwn e<|uaJIy among tho ill) bi^ well sliukuii, and iLo jilanLH, until brought to tho < tcl n3«]uin*hm1 tiiouM .siioul.l l>.' ]>io\idcd to fill in with. Tlie spring pruning of shrubs and vines should be attended to Iteforo tlio buds begin to rise ; say March in the Xortliem, and JanuoT)- in tho Southern States. In j)erfonning this business, use a sharp knife, in order tliat all amputations aiid wounds lie rut nnd pared MnuHitli, and ir. a slanting manner. Divest the plants of all dead wood, superfluous branches, which cross each other. Regulate the plantation ... manner, that the natural form and habit of each plant may bo retained as much as possible, and train tho '»ramKcs so t' :;« can have free occess to ever)* pait ; b««ring in m;:. nts thrown «»ut in the Introduction m our Catalogue. Some shrub* and vines will need a summer pnmiog. • ^loots, superfluous wocd. Arc, and 54 BEAUTIES OF APRIL AND MAY. The following article is subi.iittecl, as being well calcu- lated to afiTord amateurs mental recreation while engaged in rural pursuits ; and it is presumed that the practical gar- dener will not view the insertion of this article as a digres- feiou, as it exhibits the beauty and order of the flower tribe in propitious climates, or when cultivated at the proper sea- son, in a truly appropriate and amusing light. APRIL. " Descend, sweet April, from yon watery bow, And liberal strew the ground with budding flowers, With leafless Crocus, leaf-veiled Violet, Auricula, with powdered cup. Primrose That loves to lurk below the Hawthorn shade." It is generally admitted that the month of April gives the most perfect image of spring ; for its vicissitudes of warm gleams of sunshine and gentle showers, have the most powerful effect in hastening the universal springing of the vegetable tribes, from whence the season derives its appellation. Next comes the favourite month of the year, in poetical description, MAY. " For thee, sweet month, the groves green liv'ries wear ; If not the first, the fairest in the year; Thou dost afford us many pleasant hours. While Nature's ready pencil paints the flowers." The pious Hervey, in his Meditations on the Flower Gar den, has furnished us many sublime ideas respecting the order, variety, and beauty of the flower tribe.* It is in vain to attempt a catalogue of those amiable gifts. There is an end- * Those who have read Hervey's Meditations on the Flower Garden, wiil discover that the pious author's phraseology, and several of his sublime ideas, are interspersed through this article, which, from being blended with other matter, could not be designated in the customary way. IBklpiimw or Armn. ano mat. M Um muUipUcUy of thoir cbarscton, yet an tnTariable order in '' rm»ch«i. Kvory n; ' ' ~ ' ' ''■■^ ilt omamcuts ; n<>i ^^ a its prwlocOMiors, but furmiiiK. sull tunning, and miU oxucniing, ■OHM new doaia^ ; to lavuih u the fancy, yet bo oxact m tlie p t ot i CM of Nature. Were all iho fli>wcr tiibo to exltibit tbemarlvos «t uno particular hvoaou, thuro would \>e at onu« a promiacuoua thmug, and at nnco a total privotion. Wo »liouUl scarcely have an opportunity of adverting to tbe flaiuty qualities of hall', and mu.tt soon li*eM3 tlio ogrceablo coopany of tb<'m oil. But now. ninro every aperies has a mtpmxtMm poat to occupy, mid a distinct interval for ap|>earini;, wc can take a li-isurely and minute Rur\ry of cuch succcihI- iog s«t. Wo can view and n'view their fonn*, enter into a more intimate acquaintance with their charming accoroplish- roenta, and receive all tlioae plco^ting son&atiuas which tliey are ealculated tu yield. Deforo the trees have ventured to unfold tlieir l'«aves, and while ♦ 'Mr lioune:}. the Snow-drop l>reak.H ^ ' : u soil, feurlesn of danger. Next pe<*pe out the Crocus, but cautiously and with on aii of • She ^" ^'-s ci«> ler bumh'.' iie ahining craltajuiy, which, with all the embcUishmcntii tliot w> " " ' !ur." •56 THE BEAUTIES OP APRIL AND MAY. The pious Hervey, In his admonitions to those who indulge in sloth, has thrown out the fohowing- subUme ideas : What sweets are those which so agreeably salute my nostrils 1 They are the bi'eath of the flowers, the incense of the gar- dens. How liberally does the Jasmine dispense her odorife- rous riches ! How deliciously has the Woodbine embalmed this morning walk ! The air is all perfume. And is not this another most engaging argument to forsake the bed of sloth ? Who would be involved in senseless slumbers, while 80 many breathing sweets invite him to a feast of fragrancy, especially considering that the advancing day will exhale the volatile dainties 1 A fugitive treat they are, prepared only for the wakeful and industrious. Whereas, when the slug- gard lifts his heavy eyes, the flowers will droop, their fine sweets be dissipated, and instead of this refreshing humidity, the air will become a kind of liquid fire. With this very motive, heightened by a representation of the most charming pieces of morning scenery, the parent of mankind awakes his lovely consort. There is such a deli- cacy in the choice, and so much life in the description of these rural images, that I cannot excuse myself without repeating the whole passage. Whisper it, some friendly genius, in the ear of every one, who is now sunk in sleep, and lost to all these refined gratifications ! "Awake! the morning shines, and the fresh field Calls you : ye lose the prime, to mark how spring The tended plants, how blows the Citron grove ; What drops tlie Myrrh, and what the balmy Reed , How Nature paints her colours ; how the bee Sits on the bloom, extracting liquid sweets." How delightful is this fragrance ! It is distributed in the nicest proportion ; neither so strong as to oppress the oi-gans, nor so faint as to elude them. We are soon cloyed at a sumptuous banquet ; but this pleasure never loses its jsoig- nancy, never palls the appetite. Here luxury itself is inno- cence; or rather, in this case, indulgence is incapable of ex- or Ariui. Arm mat. 9¥ MMi TliM balmy rnl(*naiDmriit not only rp^alcll tho koiwa, but rht^ofv the Tory soul ; and, instoatl of clogging, elotM its powers. " Thfl aoft KTvm gnm ^a growinf 0*«r meadow and o'm date t Tbfl Mlv'ry fount* wa llowin( Upon «^- •■' ' ■• ' » ••'• • Tb« pale "«»nj T" ^'.- m; I Th< m, T .<; A« ^ "So Ui*" •!awii "C Inim.iii tifr I ltd Like Uif siiuw . iir. An I l:kr thi- 1 -wcct. But I Kure l ■ rcUciU" Our subject m so onchnniing, that we )iac1 inadvertently wandered frum tho path we first entered. We now retrace miT Ntfjw, rr ' ' ' " The rjcld-H I.M.'k - i »ifr.KJil bow it spreads it.4clf to the wind ! Tho leaves of Honey- suckles Ix'^^in to expand, llie Lilacs, or S' . of various huefl, unfold their bud<. Tho Almotul < > rosy clus- ters, and tho Corckorus its golden balls. Many of tlie low- lier plants exhibit their yellow and puq)le colours, and tho bods of Lilies, and other Porrnninl plants, prepan* to hIiow tbcmsolvcs. If we turn our attention to the orchard, we behold iho .\---- - • V. r-tnrines, and Poaches, lead flio way in Wossomii illowed by ll«o Cherry and the I'lum. These form a mont agreeable spectacle, as well on account of tlieir Itcauty as of the promise they give of future l)ene- fits. It is, ho%vcver, on anxious time for the possoMor, as the fairest prospect of a plentiful iocrcaso is oActi blighted 53 THE BEAUTIES OF APRIL AND MAY. Shakspeare draws a pathetic comparison from tliis clrcuiD- tance, of the delusive nature of human expectations : " This is the state of man : to-day he puts forth The tender leaves of hope ; to-morrow blossoms, And bears his blushing honours thick upon him ; The third day comes a frost, a killing frost, And nips his root." But now we return to the garden. Before we have time to explore Nature's treasures, many disappear ; among these are the humble Daisy, which shrinks from the intense heat, and the several varieties of Primulas, or early spring flowers. The various grades of Polyanthus desei've a close inspection; these, for a while, exhibit their sparkling beauties, but, alas ! soon disappear. Scarcely have we sustained this loss, but in connes the Auracula, and more than retrieves it. Arrayed she comes in a splendid variety of amiable forms, with an eye of crystal, and garments of the most glossy satin. A very distinguished procession this ! the favourite care of the florist ; but these also soon disappear. Who could forbear grieving at their departure, did not the various sorts of bulb- ous flowers burst their .bands asunder, or rather expand so as to exhibit their fragrance and beauty. "Fair-handed Spring Throws out the Snow-drop and the Crocus first. The Daisy, Primrose, Violet darkly blue. And Polyanthus with unnumbered dyes. Then Qomes the Auracula, enriched with shining meal, O'er all their velvet leaves." Wliile we reluctantly dispense with the sweet perfumes of the Hyacinth and Narcissus, we behold the Tulips begin to raise themselves on their fine wands or stately stalks. They flush the parterre with one of the gayest dresses that bloom- ing Nature wears. Here one may behold the innocent wan- tonness of beauty. Here she indulges a thousand freaks, and sports herself in the most charming diversity of colours. In a grove of Tulips, or a bed of Pinks one perceives a differ- TUB UBAVrUM or APBJt AXD MAT. m cuc« in olmott erery itklividual. Scarcely ony two arc tumod ariil tiritod •»«.•' ' ' What colour*. ^\' ire hrrv ! thcao to ! 1, ntul iIumk) (m> di . I! What a glow u enkindled in Mimu f what a gi<«9 ohinet U|x»n othcrn ! With what a m • • ■ '• kill is every one of tho varying tint* diA|>aMKi • Herf • . to Ik; thrown on with an exiy dash of security and frecdoui ; lliere lliey are adjiiMted by the nicest touche» of art ami accuracy. Tho«o colours which form tho ground arc always nn judiciously chosen, as t ' tho su|ieraddi>d fitpires ; whilo tho Vi ; :... ...., .i.'Ut, or idiadings of llie foliujje, im- |>ait Dotr livulineas to the wholo. Fine, ininiitaMy line, 'ia V -of iho web on which these .Hhinini; trea-sures are li , , What ara tlio laboura of tho I'cr.'tiuu hxirns ; what all tho gay attire which the shuttle or tlio needle can f '••d with Nature's works \ One cannot for- b' in this place, on the too prevailing huiuourof being fond and ostentatious of dress. What an abject and mista''v is this ! Iii»w un worthy the dignity of man, ^i :ii of rational beings! Es]>c( ially .since thaa« little productions of the earth have indi 1 in such outward embellishments. "Briglit TvLir*. wc do Know, Yc bad your oominx hilh^r, . And tbduif UiiM doth show, Tttsl y« must qutciJy wiUier. •• Yoar ■ W w hnm l may itsy. A I >r an hour, B> ' die away, K rn a* tnr meanest Hower. "Cu., • ..■ Pw( ii»*i iifcf iiH-««" — i«iii iw Aa Ume kad never known ya." But let us not forgnt tho fragrant, the %'ery fmgmnt Wall •nd Gilyflowen ; some of these regale us with ilieir ner- W) THE BEAUTIES OF APRIL AND MAY. fumes thi'ougli various vicissitudes and alternations of the season, while others make a transient visit only. "I love thee, lone and pensive flower, Because thou dost not flaunt thy bloom In pleasure's gay and garnish'd bower, Or luxury's proud banquet room ; But on the silent, mouldering wall Thy clinging leaves a fragrance shed, Or give to the deserted hall, A relic of its glories lied. " These wreaths, in vivid freshness bright, Methinks the fluttering herd portray. Who bask on fortune's golden light, And wanton in her joyous way ; But thou art like that gentle love, Which blooms when friends and fame have pass'd. Towers the dark wreck of hope above, And smiles through ruin to the last." In favoured climates arises the Anemone, encircled at the bottom vi^ith a spreading robe, and rounded at the top into a beautiful dome. In its loosely-flowing mantle, you may observe a noble negligence ; in its gently-bending tufts, the nicest symmetry. This may be termed the fine gentle- man of the garden, because it seems to possess the means of uniting simplicity and refinement, of reconciling art and ease. The same month has the merit of producing the Ranunculus. All bold and graceful, it expands the riches of its foliage, and acquires by degrees the lovliest enamel in the world. As persons of intrinsic worth disdain the superficial arts of recom- mendation practised by fops, so this lordly flower scorns to borrow any of its excellencies from powders and essences. It needs no such attractions to render it the darling of the curious, being sufiiciently engaging from the elegance of its figure, the radiant variety of its tinges, and a certain superior dignity of aspect. JUNE. "Now have young April, and the blue-cj^ed May, Vanished awhile, and lo ! the glorious June (While Nature ripens in his burning noon) Comes like a young inheritor." Tiir. »r.\iTir.» or Arnii. .\m> m\v. Gl I 1 of . . . . ^ tioiM. I lor latost atrukcn aro tlio tnoet maAtcrly. To crown Uii ■' '' ' ■ ' 1 ou: r •ODM iritt) o profusiuo of oxquuite odours. Thin single tlowcr ka ' «Iflhop«:' f all djo prorcr<':'i*« 1% » .iidri o'er lix' laixl : TtMM <;■ 'lP«, And (kr •<<, TIm brawl CAanAtioii*, nay Mitl •|n>iu<4l Cmka, An aliowarad prufuM aUMi( Uic nvere' briiilu." The ficlj we have ontercJ is so extensive and no enchant- \rk^, that we cannot extricate ourselves without taking a cur- sor ' it the airs and habits, tho attitude and lineamontJ», of < :ict cln^fl. Soo tho Piponia of China, splondid and b4*autifuUy grand ! A'icw the charming Rose, deliratc and lar.^ ■ ' - '■ *' 'r! and while you inhnlo its balmy swcctnoss, Tot. .uincd to admire it, notwithstanding it-1 thorny •ppeodagea. "Rowl thou art th« nrMtrat flower TItat erpr drank thr amt^r •howrr ; Roae! thou art th« fondrat child Of dimpled Sprinc! the wrvxJnymph wild ! Reaplendant Roae ! if ' tlowera, WboM farrath perfun:' bowerai Whoae virgin biuah. uf ri>;i--t< n d dya, Bachanta ao much our mental c) e." Heboid all the pomp and glory of tlie parterre, whcro Na- ture's paint and perfumes do wonders. Some roar their heads as with a miji'stic mcin, and overlook, liko sovereigns or no- bles, the whole paiterro. Others seem more mtKlest in their aims, and n) seoiion. The Hyacinth is •ko an estimable flower for its blrjoming complexion, as well M for its moat agreeable {>erfume and variety. "Thr I •■•. «nd bjue, Wh 1 iiwrrt peal anew, (>f nut"!'- mt iirimtr, »..u, iritrriM*, It waa frit like mix otlour within tJic •rnnc." Tho Double Dalilia, in ita numerous varieties, is incon c« ' ' ■ lid. It \- nt the latter end of the ci "urj" that I i" these, which wore .siiiple, mn introduced into Europe from Mexico. Double Dahlias of three colouni were first known in tho year 1^02, and since that time the varieties have increased •o rapidly, that those which a few years ago were considered beautiful, are now thrown away to give place to tlie more splendid Mirts. I have grKnl authority for stating, that upward of twenty thmisand seedlings are raised yearly in Knt^land, only a few of whicli are introduced into the collcriinns of ■mateurB. to take tho place of such old sorts an may from time to time Ik? rejertnl. This is tlono, in order tliat none but the very choicest may be retained in such colleciiotia. 64 BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS-ROOTED PLANTS. In some gardens in Holland they cultivate, by distict names, about eleven hundred varieties of Tulips, thirteen hundred of Hyacinths, and six hundred of Ranunculuses and Ana mones, some of which are sold as high as sixty dollars the single I'oot. It is stated in the travels of Mr. Dutens, of his having known ten thousand florins, equal to 5^4,000, refused for a single Hyacinth ; and Dodsley says, in his Annual Regis- ter for 1765, that the Dutch of all ranks, from the highest to the lowest, during the years from 1634 to 1637 inclusive, neglected their business to engage in the Tulip trade. Ac- cordingly in those days, the Viceroy was sold for <£250, the Admiral Lief keens for 6£440, and the Semper Augustus at from ^£500 to dfil,000 each ; and a collection of Tulips was sold by the executors of one Wouter Broekholsmentser for d£9,000. It is stated that in one city in Holland, in the space of three years, they had traded for a million sterling in Tulips. As a full catalogue of all the varieties of bulbous and tube- rous-rooted plants would occupy a number of pages, without affording much general interest, I shall content myself by de- voting a short paragraph in describing some of each particular species, which will be accompanied with directions for their culture, in a brief, and, at the same time, explicit manner. It may here be necessary to define the difference between bulbous and tuberous roots. Those designated bulbous have skins similar to Onions, or the Allium tribe ; and tuberous roots imply all such as produce tubers something similar to Potatoes. The soil for bulbous and tuberous roots in general should be light, and yet capable of retaining moistui'e ; not such as is liable to become bound up by heat, or that, in consequence of too large a portion of sand, is likely to become excessively hot in summer; but a medium earth between the two ex- tremes. As many city gardens do not contain a natural soil of any depth, a suitable compost should be provided in such cases, which may consist of equal parts of sand, loam, rotten manure, mould, &c. When ready, the beds may be laid out, from three to four •CLBOCS AKO TCaCROl S-ROOTCD ri-ANTf. 66 §t&t wide, and thoy •hould be rataed two or three inches •hnre the If ^», whirh will give an opjKirtiinity fur all tupcs: . .;u to nin ufT. Let the \H*6n thtis fomiod be pulverised to the de|)th uf BAcon or eightern iln ' ', let a nm " f be I •>«■ or tn:: 1 for the ruots to grt*w in, lM)th iK'forc and aflor placing them ih.:. • • - • • • .\ t try, and »heItored ftom the nortlnvoct wind«, it preferable for nio«t bulbs. But Anemones and 1' ' isea should be in some measure sheherod from tl. heat of notm. Beds of hurdy buiiious and tulwrous roots should be cov- ered on the approach of winter with litter, leaves, straw, or •uch earth a* is formetl by the decay of K-aves, to the depth of two or throe inches, as it prevents any ill efTcrts which a •evero aeason may have on the roots ; but it should bo care- fully raked off in the sprint^. Bulbous ntois in general should be taken up in about a month or six weeks after the bloom is exhausted, or when the foliage is alwiut half decayed. If fine warm weather, the bulbe may be dried on the l)eds they grow on, by placing them in separate rows, l)cing careful not to mix the several varieties. To preTont such an accident, labels may be affixed to, or pla' I'ach bulb. They will keep mvic , ' lully ; to this end, a little dry earth may bo shaken orer tliem, to screen them from tho heat of the sun. If it should rain l>cf«»re they g«* ' •• them in, or cover them with l)oards ; when drj*. . i of the fibres and Mems, and then put them away in dry sand . or ;" ' ' ' ■ -• kept in boxes or dmw er> _ irns. Tl)e tender tut>eroui mots, such as Dahlias. an«l the like, will hare to be taken up I>ef«»ro the colil In . As the Dahlia exhibit.^ iut flowers in all their >! nipped by tho frost tlie toots ought, in tho e>*ent of a very 6» 15 66 BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS-ROOTKD PLANTS. sudden attack, to be securod fi'om its blighting effects. They are not apt to keep well if taken up before they are ripened ; the tops should therefore be cut down as soon as they have done flowering, and the ground covered around the roots with dung or litter ; this will enable them to ripen without being. injured by frost; and in about a week after being cut down, or on the appearance of severe weather, they should be dug up and packed in dry sand, and then stowed away in a dry place out of the reach of frost. The temperature suited to keep green-house plants will jDreserve them in good order. Some people complain of the difficulty of keeping Dahlia roots through the winter. I am of opinion that they are often killed from being taken up before they are ripe, and then put in a confined, damp place ; or are by some, per- haps, subjected to the other extreme, and dried to a husk. I keep mine on shelves in the gi'een-house, and seldom lose one in a hundred. If it be an object with the cultivator to have the names perpetuated from year to year, each plant should have a small label affixed to the old stalk, by means of small brass or copper wire, as twine is very apt to get rotten. Cape bulbs, and such tuberous loots as are cultivated in pots, on account of their tenderness, should be kept dry after the foliage is decayed, until within about a month of their period of re-germinating, at which time they should, after having been deprived of their surplus offsets, be re-potted in good fresh earth. There are some descriptions of bulbous and tuberous roots that need not be taken up oftener than once in two or three years, and then only to deprive them of their young offsets, and to manure the ground. These will be described here- after under their different heads. In the articles which follow, I have named the preferable season for planting the various kinds of bulbous and tuberous roots ; but as some bulbs will keep in good condition several months, there can be no objection to retaining such out of the ground, to suit any particular purpose or convenience. 67 lHUECli">> I "U i I IK CULTIVATION i> r ULLBOUS AND TUBEKOUSROOTED PLANTS. AMARYLLIS. Or this genua of flowering bulbs thoro aro about eighty •|mh:iv<«, ami upward of (hiu huiulrcil voricticit; they arc imtivea uC South Aiuurica, and in Eun>(>ti aro gcncnilly kept in the hut-huujM) ; some of the varictioa aro hybrids, produced by cullivatitMi ; these succeed very well in the green-house, and in thi« country we frcijuently have %'ery perfect Howers ia the liorders. A few of the choicest varieties ore as follows : « .lutica, or Cn)wncil Amarj'Uis, ia one of the most h*" . t produces four flowers, about seven inches in diameter, on an erect stem, about two feet and a half high, with kix petaia of green, crimson, and fme transparent red colour*. . 1. Ballola pnMluces three or four rich scarlet flowers on i^ ' I ; there are two :id. .'/. John»onitnsu. The stem <»f this variety rises about two feet, and exhibits four l)cautiful scarlet flowers, with a white •trvnk in (ho centre of each petal, each flower a]>out six inches diameter. It An-colotared petals, which have a _. .. c for the eye to rest upon. Tlie .f . Lttitn produces its bright yellow flowers in Octob*^ CS ANEMONES AND RANUNCULUSES. in the open air ; but the bulb requires a little protection in winter, or it may perish. The most suitable soil for the Amaryllis is a clean new earth, taken from under fresh grass sods, mixed with sand and leaf mould ; the latter ingredient should form about a third of the whole, and the sand about a sixth. Some of the varieties may be planted in pots during the month of April, and others will do very well in the open ground, if planted early in May, in a sunny situation. The bulb should not be set more than half its depth in the ground ; as, if planted too deep, it will not bloom ; the plant deriving its nourishment only from the fibres. When the bulbs have done flowering, such as are in pots should be watered very sparingly, so that they may be j)erfectly ripened, which will cause them to shoot stronger in the ensuing season, and those in the ground should be taken up, and preserved in sand or paper. ANEMONE AND RANUNCULUS. These are medium, or half-hardy roots, producing beau- tiful little flowers of various hues, and are highly deserving of cultivation. The bulbs should be planted in a fresh, well pulverized, loamy soil, enriched with cow dung. If planted in the garden, the beds ought not to be raised above one inch higher than the alleys, and the surface should be level, as it is necessary for the prosperity of these plants, rather to retain than to thi'ow off" moisture. The plants will generally sur- vive our winters ; but it is always safest to plant them in such a manner that a temj^orary frame of boards can be placed over them when the weather sets in severe ; and if they are to be shaded while in flower, the posts intended for the awning may be fixed in the ground at the same time ; these wU se.rve to nail the boards to, and thus answer two purposes, Anemones and Hamuiculuses may be planted during Octo- ber or November, in drills two inches deep, and six inches cmocTf aho motnr rMpntut. (m ftpMt ; tho nttttn shouM be ]»Iacc<] uith claws downward, about fn:- - ' - ,Iivelopmcnt of tlioir beautiful bkjMoma io ordinary tcasona, oven when shaded. CROCUS. Tnrae are hardy little bnllm, jioid to l>o nntiTea of Swit- zerland. There are in all about fifty ^-aricties of this humble, yet beautiful plant, embracing a great variety of hues and compU*xion5, and their hardinew, and earlincss of flower, oflfer a strong motive for their cultiNTition. Tho bulbs may be planteed!', they may bo placed in ranks of distinct colours, nlxiut four inches apart, and from f)no to two deep, which will afTord to their admirers considerablo amuaeracnt ' 'iit at a very earlywiason. They are £< • ^ , 'H early in .\pril. I CROWN IMPERI.VL. Tuts is a itpecies of tlie genus Fritillana, of which there are about twenty species and varieties, chiefly natives of Persia. These squamoee bulb*) ^ ' t. ill, luxuriant stems, embcllinhed with green glossy : "l fl'iwers of various hues ; but there are only a few of the mot*, curious cultivated, perhaps on account of their odour, which to some persons i* disagreeable. They arc, however, vcr)' hardy, nud pro- duce singular ami fthowy flowers in April and May. suited to make ^-ariety in the fli»wor borders, in which they may be planted in Au?u«t and .S«'pteraber, from three to four inches deep ; tliey nc>i>d ni»t be taken up ever}' year a.s other bulbs. 70 COLCHICUM, CYCLAMEN, AND DOUBLE DAHLIA. and when tliey are, which may be about every thkd year, they ouglit not to be retained too long out of the ground before they are replanted. COLCHICUM. This cui'ious little bulb, being planted in the month of June, about two inches deep, produces its flowers in Octo- ber ; it then dies, without leaving any external appearance of seed ; they, however, lie buried in the bulb all the winter, and in the spring produce a stalk with seed, which get ripe by the first of June, just in time to plant for flowering in the ensu- ing autumn. How wonderful are the provisions of Nature ! CYCLAMEN. There are several species of the Persian Cyclamen which are worthy of cultivation in pots ; the varieties Coum and Pei-sicum will bloom in a green-house, or warm room, from January to April, if jjlanted in good light compost early in September. The foliage of these plants is of a dark green velvet colour ; and the flowers of the variety Coum are of a dark crimson colour ; those of the variety Persicum are of a delicate French white, tipped with pink, and their fragrance is similar to that of the wild rose. DOUBLE DAHLIA. This may with propriety be denominated one of the most important perennial tuberous-rooted plants that can be intro- duced into a garden, and from the circumstance of its having become so fashionable of late years, I have felt anxious to furnish in this work a catalogue of all the choicest varieties attainable ; I therefore applied for this purpose to Mr. G. C Thorbum, who, from a regular corres£)ondence with connois- DOl'ltLC UAIILIA. 71 ' ' ■ • ■ ' ' • -ii kitiiily fumUlMHl a lut nmi (ioscription of about ono bundrcd, including the rhoir«'i»t Aocullintjs of tho Iiwl two ycam, which w'll bo cuNvnttnl foi tho first time in Atncncn, in hi* gnrden at Astrjrin, next yonr; pinnlii fioni which will bo fur Hale at No. la, Juhn fttrocL To thuso I hnvu odded almut ono htin- drrd and twenty varieties, inn«tt of which I have had under « in my o%vn garden, and which may 1>e justly « :<-d proH-niincnl. In making thi« avluction, sovoral superb varieties arc <> •■ they arc under\'niu<><], but for the sake « 1 a work of this kind must \h3 consulted. r!i«.^? markocrhapA, fifty mom in this Cataloipie not far l)oneath them, but none are marked except those which, from having been tested in thi.erfect bloomers. The choicest !•' f lo-st year which have l>ecn purchased in England at fnim fifteen nhillingn to five {tounds sterling each, arc marked thus §. It may be necessary to obscr\-c, that many of our choice old varieties, as well as several of the new nnes hereinafter descrilKul, have not been offered in comj>c- tition at public exhibitions ; these aro, tiicreforc, not to be undervalued for want of the star or asterisk, and it is pre- sumed that the brief description pven of tho difTerent shades will be sufTicirnt to t,"ivern amritcurn in tlicir rlioirc. CATALOGUE OF DOUBLE DAHLIAS. t Denotes American Seedlings. • Free Bloomers. § New Varieties. * Admiral Stopford, TrcnifieWs, very dark, cupped petals ; fine formed flower. Alba Purpurea, Young's^ white, edged with purple. Alexander, Miller's., bright orange buff. Alphonse, Bavais''s, primrose, edged with violet. Alkffinig, light scarlet ; extra large flower. ^ Andromeda, Collisoii's, primrose, tipped with carmine. Andrew Hoffer, Holmes''s, bright maroon, cupped petals. Antler, Keynes''s, vivid scarlet ; fine formed flower. * Antagonist, Bragg^s, pure white ; excellent formed flower, •f Apollo, Schmitz''s, clear golden yellow, cupped petals. * Arethusa, Brown''s, bright violet purple ; very fine. * Asmodeus, very dark puce ; novel and pretty variety. Athlete, Chereaii's, beautiful lilac ; extra fine shape. Beauty of Chelmsford, WicJc's, white, edged with lavender. Beauty of the Plain, Sparrifs, white, deeply margined with rosy purple. Beauty of Wakefield, Barrett's, white, edged with light purple. * Beauty of Sussex, MitchelVs, delicate pink, edged with cherry colour ; a free bloomer. § Berryer, Turner'' s, black ; extra fine dark show flower. * Beeswing, DrummoniVs, rich crimson, splendidly cupped, t Black Prince, Kcnt''s, extra dark maroon. ^ Bohemian Girl, Proctor''s, white, edged with purple ; fine form. Bridemaid, BrouirCs, white, edged with purple ; free bloomer, •j- Brooklyn Rival, KenVs, beautifnl light orange ; fine shape. Burnham Hero, Church's, superb deep crimson, t Caleb Cope, Schmttz''s, mo-ttled rosy lilac ; free bloomer. § Captain Warner, Girling''s, light purple, elegantly shaped. Charles XII., Miller'' s, plum colour, tipped with white. Charl-es XII., Pampliii's, fine rosy crimson. * Cheltenham Queen, Hodge''s, white, round petals, finely cupped. Cinderella, Duhras''s, beautiful cherry colour, tipped with white. * Cleopatra, AtwelVs, beautiful light yellow ; a fine show flower. ^ Cloth of Gold, Edivards''s, extra bright golden yellow ; superb show flower. DARLU CATALOOOI. 79 • Coionrl B«ktr» datk cbr«t ; fin« form and rr«« bliNiin^r. • Coiuunlia, Cos'*, white, braunrully ithai!riwQ of Da' ' ily fwrmed flnw«r t I)Md«n> '!i roiiy lilac. iJoooa It whit^. • I>o«rm^- r.o'.vcr. Durhr Duko < ed. ^ Kaniaitii, MtfUitz's, bright yellow, cd(fcd with acarlct Faront«, Dodd'iy white, lipfied with roay crimaon. Yr---' ' ■• "»•■•■• 1 with purple. ^ K rimwin ; extra fine form. fCi' ■i\\<- . fiiK- rri«> bloomer. ^(I« ' • . -;• • M i.'l flower. (; .1. ^(I mcy Tarioty. (• iiiuii ; line formed flower. <•• •Gr- i'. '"I .''i, I .1.. «. extra line ahadcd crim*«n. Grtai \V catcrii, IJ u::i;'t, li^jht purple, mottled with crimsoo. • tiarlequin, [hdd'a, white, deeply margined with acarlct. • Henry ♦ '-• ^■''nifi'i, dark claret, beautifully cupped, t Hero f. 1, Kenl'a, light acarlet, dark centre. t H' '«, roay carmine ; finely formed. • II i'«,dark critn»un ; conical form ; very fiuc Aiium :'.viucr. ^ Hon. Mr llr-T^M-rt, Ilroten^t, bright aalmon colour; exquiaiie furin . ."» fr<''' Moomer. Hope, A'rrii'.r'f, > xir« fine foooeoloar ; free b)oom*r. 74 DAHLIA CATALOGUE. t Denotes American Seedlings. * Free Bloomers. § New Varieties. * Illuminator, Keynes^s, white, edged with scarlet ; similar to " Painted Lady." * Indispensable White, Tassart^s, French white ; flowers of im- mense size. § Isis, Salterns, nankeen, edged with white, interspersed with brown ; a fancy variety. Ithiiriel, IIarrison''s, bronze, delicately shaded with pink. King of Lilacs, Girling''s, beautiful lilac ; free bloomer. * liady Ann Murray, Caileugh''s, white, mottled with purple. * Lady Antrobus, Spany''s, white,- tinted with scarlet lake ; fine form, and free bloomer. f Lady Ashburton, RusseWs, pure white, elegantly tipped with car- mine lake. § Lady Cornwallis, Whales^s, blush white ; extra fine form. Lady Catharine Jermyn, white, mottled with crimson. § Lady Featherstone, Sparry^s, white, margined with purple. * Lady Sale, SmitJi's, yellow, edged with brilliant scarlet. § Lady Stopford, Trentfield''s, lake crimson ; fine form and free bloomer. * Lady St. Maur, white, delicately tipped with lavender. f Lady Stewart, KenVs, white, lightly tinged ; fine formed flower. * Lady Von Brendenstein, Degoi's, white, tipped with violet. § Lady of the Lake, Keynes's, white, beautifully margined with rosy pink. * La Lione, Salter'' s, creamy white, elegantly edged with scarlet. * La Tour du Auvergne, orange scarlet ; large cupped flower. Le Grande Bourdain, Loiv^s, rosy lilac, centre tinged with bright yellow, f Lutea Grandiflora, Kenfs, light yellow ; free bloomer, f Lutea Perfecta, Kenfs, sulphur yellow ; finely formed. I Lutea Speciosa, Sc/unitz^s, extra fine shaped ; yellow. * Madame Chauviere, Girling''s, light crimson, tipped with white. Madame Ilignou, buff, tipped with pure white. Madame Villabois, white, beautifully tipped with vermilion. Madame Wallner, Girling''s, dark maroon, tipped with white. * Marchioness of Exeter, WidnalPs, peach blossom ; fine form, cupped petals. * Marchioness of Ormonde, Bourne''s, white, tipped with violet-pur- ple ; fine show flower. Marshal Soult, FAphinstone'' s , delicate lilac, tinted with red. ^ Marquis of Aylesbury, Sparry''s, purple ; very fine show flower. DAHLtA CATALOOVS. i:> % tUm VMMik* I &Mi • >M '/'•"-ti#rVc, ' \,'etl with 1 ^ M • ; < .. ..,1,. « ..i» ii.u, •• iui. iancjr show i'..'"- .. Maru. Whtflrr't, deep rose ; cuperb form, free bloomer. ^ M ..... , . . ,^.^j ^-jj^ whiio. ^ ^, : with bright purple. t Mm. • lilly shaded with ItUc. f Mr* It ;«tit..n, ffi-irt't, while, tipped with rose; a free bloomer. * M 's, rosy lilac ; fine furm and free bloomer. I N ' I'.irk pure ; a goud show flower. .N t ri-d, tijipvd with white. N ... , ....i Tunn and free bluoiitcr. N ' 'r's, ruby scarlet ; first-rate form, and showy. ( . . J .«, fine yellow, sometimes lipped with crimson. * < ' ;ie scarlet crimson ; a |)crfcct and free bluomer. ^>, i/rfirn'.«. pale rosy lilac, uf fine fonn and habit. ^ I'antnl.M.n, Ax/.r.*, a fin»l-ralc show flower, and free bloomer. i' ' lt> ; fine furm ; a good show flower, t r ■ ■ , edged with bright red ; very shovry. \ r !c. Games' s, white, edged with crimson; fine Pnnccss Knyat, /f^incoinfs, fine primrose ; good form. Prince of Wales, Dodd's, fine yellow, cupped petals, i'rrsidrot of the Wcftl, dark erimson ; fine form. INinch, l)oJ t.un iv. I Purpurea Perfects, Kenl't, light purple ; Tery compact ; a free bloomer. ^ Queen of the Fairies, Cook's, delicate pink, deeply margined with white ; Tcry fine. * Queen of I^r|xcrfect formed flower. Queen uf Hoses, WtJnairs, pale rosy lilac ; rery fine. ^ Queen of .^heba, WtHtnson'*, pure white ; elegantly formed. * Queen, UWiia/fi, peach blossom, finely cupped ; superb show flower, and free bloomer. Qitren of Tri:mj'<. white, edged with rosy lilac. It.ki')ii<-I, II, :;i>"ii tr.'i rr;iuM)n; a good show flower. r •■ • • ..1. 1 „'c ; very fin* 76 DAHLIA CATALOGUE. t Denotes American Seedlings. • Free Bloomers. § New Varieties. I Rival, Sch>nitz''s, maroon, shaded with red. Rienzi, WidnaWs, crimson and puce mottled. § Rose d'Amour, Broion's, extra fine dark lilac ; free bloomer- Rose Superior, Girling''s, delicate rose colour ; well formed. Scarlet Defiance, Cowderifs, superb dark scarlet ; great bloomer. § Scarlet Gem, Turner''s, vivid scarlet ; an extra fine show flower. Sir E. Antrobus, Keynes\s, fiery crimson ; a fine show flower. Standard of Perfection, dark crimson ; good-formed flower. Striata Formosissima, Bates^s, blush white, striped and spotted with crimson. Suffolk Hero, GirUng''s, fine dark maroon ; a good bold flower. Sulphurea Elegans, Jones's, sulphur yellow ; large bloomer. Surprise, Oakleifs, bright scarlet, tipped with white. f T. C. Percival, Schmitz's, large dark crimson, round petals; fine formed flower. Trafalgar, lung's, peach blossom pink ; good form and showy. Triumph, Milliez''s, white, tinted with bright purple. * Ultimatum, Bavais''s, bright red ; elegantly formed. * Unique, AnselVs, light yellow, beautifully tipped with red. * Victory of Sussex, Stanford's, dark maroon ; fine show flower. Victor, WidnaWs, bright primrose, edged with crimson. * Violet Perfection, Keynes's, purple, with bright violet shade. * Viscount Ressigneur, Dubras's, purple, tipped with white. ^ Yellow Standard, Keynes's, the most perfect flower of its colour, t Yellow Victory, Schmitz's, brimstone yellow ; free bloomer. DOtrSLB DAOtU. 77 Am Homo ainatoura are apt to funcy that tho mcMt economi- cal mcthuj of obtaining a aupply of Dalilioji in their gartloiu, is to nii»o thorn fn»m •ce«l, it may hv ncccwary to remind auch, that tho trouble and ox{tef)iie of raising any (juantity of acetJlingB, it equal to thnl attending tlio cultivation of tlie aamo number of tlio choicest varieties ; and when it is con- sidered tiiat '■' ■ it pn»|>orti(»n of a plantation may bo single, and ac:... .. '.'■.•, ond that but few double flowering plants can bo cx[>ectod, equal to those above described, it mu-' lit that it ij) tho interest of such ] • df"!-' • ■ :r gardrn.t unencumbered with j -. aro not calcuhued to ornament* tho same, to procure plants or roots of such varieties as have been tested, and hii^lily ivcnmmonded, OS is tlie cane with all those dfscril»ed in tho preceding Catalogue, and also those which are generally sold ■ ■ ■ ' ■ . But as I am wrilinj; for younq gar- >Hary to state, that although new vjirie ties are usually raised from seed of the finest double flowers . •oroo successful propai;aton» prefer that pn>cured from neml double Tarictics, Sow seed toward tlie end of February, or early in March, in pot^, and plunge thom in a moderate aot-l>cd, or seed may be deposited in the earth of tho beds, n shallow drilb, and the l>ed.i attended to as directed in thn Calendar for February and March- Nothing is more simple than the cultivation of Dahlia rooCs. In March or April, they will, if properly kept through the winter, begin to sprout annind the old stems and tubers. To forward these sprouts in growth, the roots should cither bo buried in light earth on tho top of a moderate hot-bed, or else potteil, and then set in a %%*arm room, or green-house, and watered. As s^jon as the shoots have grown to tho length of two or three inches, the roots may be divided in such a t! to have a good strrmg shoot attarhod to a piece of ', or «»ld stem ; each of these will, if pro- pet ly managed, moke a plant. Those who may commence cttkirating at an early sc&vm, should put the plants thus 7* 78 DOUBLE DAHLIA. separated into small pots, and keep them in a growing stafe until about the middle of May, at which time they may be turned out of the pots with the balls of earth entire, and planted in the open borders, from three to four feet from each other * Let the ground be well pulverized, and enriched with good old manure, before the plants are set out. If the top soil be shallow, and the subsoil inferior, it would be bene ficial to the plants to dig holes to the depth of from a foot to eighteen inches, and -then replenish the earth with good rich compost, consisting of two thirds of fresh loam, and one third of well-rotted manure. Many cultivators have found late planting to suit better than early ; and I myself have had more perfect flowers from plants set out about the middle of June, than from those planted in May : this is easily accounted for. In July and August the weather is generally hot, which brings the most forward plants into bud at an early season, and in the event of a continuation of hot, dry weather, such buds fail to pro- duce perfect flowers ; whereas those plants which are set out late, keep growing through the hot weather, and produce their buds just in time to receive all the benefit of the au- tumnal rains. From a consideration of these circumstances, I think early in June the safest time to set out Dahlia plants; and if those persons who have no convenience to force their roots, set them out in May, in ground prepared as before directed, they will generally succeed very well, provided they take care to cover them in case of a cold change of weather. The roots may be thus cultivated, entire, as is frequently done; hn'c if it be desired to Jiave them parted, this business can be easily accomplished without disturbing the roots, and tlie offsets may be planted in the ground separately or potted. » In order to obtain an extra number of plants from any choice varieties, cuttings arc frequently taken from the shoots when about three inches in length, which are planted in nursery-pots, and cultivated in hot-beds ; they require to be shaded from the sun, by mats, for the first fortnight, after which they may be gradually inured to the air, and treated as plants raised in the ordinary way. OLADIOLCI, CO«>C>n.Aa, OB IIWORO LaT. If ProviuiM m seuiiig out tlio ]>laiit«, it will bo nccenarj to pnjviiU' fur thoir ; ■ '• • '' • • ''i the varie«l changes oi tlio MOjMin, or • ^ i may destroy the expcc- tationn of a year. Tho bninchos uf lliu Dahlia arc cxtreini ly 6rittlo, ami, thcrufuro, a giKxl stout pole, or nuat stake, sliouKl be dtivcii tlitwti near each ruot, of a sililablu height, so tlial tho branches, as they progrcjw iu growth, niay bo lied thcretu at oveiy joint, which may bu done with shrcdn of matting or twine. If the polos Ite in readiness, they are much more easily fixed at the time c Tp' ! ; but it may bo dune at any t . " ^ itcucd by rmin, provided it bo not delayed too long, so as to subject thfi pUots to risk. F < a few forward bud.t of the Dahlia* will exhibit i '^ tnaturo l>cauiies to the lM;am8 uf a July and August sun ; but their lustre is quickly dim- med. Thr * nes all October, and part of ' m all its glory; and d\%'arf plants, cultivated in pots, will sometimes blrwsora at ' " ' < juiro more than ordinary care, at a ^ Aili. GLADIOLUS, CORN -FLAG, OR SWORD LILY. Or I'l ^. .. . . , ...- ■ ,^ of the t _ ... '■ ous colours, in August and September, and ore well worthy tho attention of those who cultivate tender exotic ]>lant8. They may bo planted in September or October, about an inch deep, in pots, which mu.^t Iw kept in n grcen-hou.<;o or li-' and watered sparingly until they begin to crrow. 1 . rig are known to be MU{)erb species and varieties : G. aiaius, or Wing-Flowcrcd, producing bright orange coloured flowers. G. blandus produce* Qowen of a beautiful blush rose colour. 80 GLADIOLUS, CORN-FLAG, OR SWORD LILT. G. Byzaniinus, or Turkish Flag, has large delicate purple flowers. G. cardinalis. This variety produces very large flowers of superb scarlet, spotted with white. G. jiorihundus, or Cluster Flower, produces large flowers ^f white and pink colour. The Gladiolus JS^atalensis, or Psiitacina, is perhaps the most desirable to cultivate of all others. It blossoms freely, and the colours are exquisitely beautiful. In its progress of blooming, it exhibits variable coloui's, as vermilion, red, yel- low, gi'een, white, crimson, &c., which brighten, as the flower arrives at perfection, to the brilliancy of a rainbow. Another good quality displays itself in the bulb, which, if properly managed, will yield an abundance of offsets ; these being cultivated, will flower the third year in perfection, and thus continue to multiply jierpetually. I have named September and October as the time for planting, because it is considered the preferable season for most bulbs; but if these be preserved in good condition through the winter until early in April, and then planted in a soil consisting of about one half fresh loam, equal parts of leaf mould, and sand, well mixed, they may be forwarded in a warm room, green-house, or moderate hot-bed, until settled warm weather, and then turned out of the pots into a border, where they can be shaded from the sun at noon- day ; this will induce each of them to throw up three or four stems, from three to four feet high, each stem producing five or six gorgeous blossoms, in great perfection. Those planted in the autumn or winter, may also be turned out of the jiols in June ; and, from the fibres having taken substantial root in the soil before transplanting, such plants may be taken up again in August, or early in September ; and on being planted in large pots, they may be removed, so as to perfect their bloom, within view of the j^ai'lour or sitting-room, which will afford considerable amusement and gratification ■TACfirrii. 91 HVACINTir. -II. ^t Mill ■lllilr Atli And bu»M r'n Th-- ' - • Hi . r I And cold kfltictton'a Winter tlr." Tnr.RK are, n» hM Iw>cn alreaHj stated, al»out thirteen humlrtHi vnriotic* of thi< fnniiiy of plant.", coniprisinc^ nil the vnrious hiioii, lu wliiio, pink, rp«l, yollow, blue, purjilr, rrim- ■oo, kc, and some of tlioM) with rarious coloured eyes. They bo(^n to prnducu their flowers in the oj>on Inmleni early in April, on short erect litems covered wiih florcLi or •mall lM>n.earance, provided tlicy •re well attended to. In planting them, which should bo in tlin mtmths of (Jrtol>er or NoxTmU'r, care should bo token to hare tho colours so dirersitied as to suit the fancy ; they may bo placed in short rows acmes the bed, about eight inches ^part, and from three t<» f«»ur inches deep, mea.HUiiiig fri>m tho top of the bulb, and covered up at the setting in nf win- ter, as before recommended for bulbs in goneml. T' " > may have a fine collection, should lia\e an »wti •••d in the spring, to screen thorn from the rhill ing blast, and also frrim drenching rains and the noonday •uo ail ? ' * ' : ' ' ■ .1 over as soon a.^ thry ntikt* their api i. to see if they are nil piM !- . i and regular ; if faulty or iuferior bullm should appear to Imvo been planted in a coiispicuous part of the bed, by nrridrnl or mistake, they can l>e tnkr-n out, and by shortrning the rows, others may l»o substituted with a trowel, ^^'h^n all •re reflated, luuk over ihem frequently, and a.s the stcma 82 IRIS, OR FLOWER DE LUCE. IXIAS. slioot up, tie them to wires, or. small rods, with shreds of bass matting or thread, being careful not to injure the florets. In about six weeks after they have done flowering, the bulbs may be taken u]), and managed as recommended for bulbs in general, in a former page. IRIS, OR FLOWER DE LUCE. There are two distinct species of plants cultivated under the name of Flower de Luce, each consisting of several varie- ties. The bulbous species and varieties are designated as English, Spanish, Chalcedonian, and Ameiican. These, if introduced into the flower borders, and intermixed with perennial plants of variable colours, have a very pretty appearance when planted in clumps or patches. This may be done in the month of October, by taking out a spadeful of earth from each place allotted for a plant, and then insert- ing three or four bulbs, about two inches deep. If the ground be poor, some rich compost may be dug in around the spot before the bulbs are planted ; and if several sorts be planted in the same border, let them be of various colours. The tuberous-rooted are of various colours, as blue, yellow, brown, and spotted; they are easily cultivated, and flower freely in a loose soil inclining to moisture, if planted in March or April. IXIAS. These are tender, but very free flowering bulbs, producing on their stems, which vary in height from six inches to two feet, very delicate flowers of various colours, as orange, blush, white, purple, green, crimson, scarlet, and some have two or three colours blended in the same plant. There are, in all, upward of twenty species, which may De cultivated in the green-house, by planting the bulbs in pots in September or October, and placing them near the light, and watering them sparingly until they begin to shoot. lONvnu— >LA«niKiui.tAN — LtLtu. p^ JONQUILS. Tint u • hardy ncc of bullw, ami prrxlucos very deltcata yrll'nv H.. '' "" ■• arc difT'; iMim«« «>f 1^', and i. Their fragranco U very grateful, being similar to that «f ' <. Tlj* hun»< mny In? plantcil al)oui two inches •\io nr.H, in Octol)cr, or l)oforo ibo M'tting in of winter ; ihoy flower better the second year than in the fint, and, thcrrforc, should not bo moved and replanted oAcncr thou unco in three years. I LACIlENALIAa Thuk are tender little buIlM, nativod of ilie Cape of Good Hope. There are supposed to bo in all al>out forty species '•'ties. Those most cultivated with us arc the Lack- •idricolor, and L. tricolor, which arc very beautiful when in full bloom, exhibiting flowers of various colours on a stem of fn»t: ' •■» a foot in height, and much ir. ibo chamclci ■ The colour!*, which ore yellow, •carict, orange, green, ice, are very pure and distinct. L. '. L. orehoide$, L. pttnetala, and L. rnbida, arc all • species, and worthy of cultivation. They may he planUNi from one to two -inches deep, in small pots, in the months of -\ui^i9t and September, and watered but sparingly until they begin to grow. LILIES. TaaaB are several plants under tliia name, of diiferoDt ^nera, some of which are indigenous. The Canada Lily, with yellow spotted droopinf^ flowers, may be seen in wet meadows toward the last of June, and early in July. The Philadelphia Lily blooma also in July ; its flowers are r«di 84 LILIES, There are some pure white, and others yellow, growing m various parts of the country. Among the foreign genera are several species. Of the Martagon, or Turk's Cap Lilies, there are some beautiful varieties; as the Caligula, which produces scarlet flowers ; and there is one called the Crown of Tunis, of purple colour ; beside these, are the Double Violet Flamed, the White, the Orange, and the Spotted ; these are all hardy, and may be planted in various parts of the garden, by taking out a square foot of earth, and then, after manuring and pulverizing it, the bulbs may be planted therein before the setting in of winter, at different depths, from two to four inches, according to the size of the bulbs. Some of the Chinese varieties are very beautiful, as the Tiger, or Leopard Lily, and the dwarf red, Lilium con- color. There are others with elegant silver stripes, which are very showy, and there is one called Lilium swperhum, that has been known to have twenty-five flowers on a single stalk. Beside those above enumerated, there are some others which are generally cultivated in green-houses, as the Calla, or Ethiopian Lily; and the following, which have been known to endure our winters, by protecting them with dung, &c. : Lilium longijlorum, in two varieties ; these pro- duce on their stalks, which grow from twelve to eighteen inches high, beautiful rose coloured flowers, streaked .with white, which are very sweet-scented. These roots are sometimes kept out of the ground until spring, and then planted in the flower borders, but they should be preserved carefully in sand or dry mould. Lilium Juponicum : of these there are two varieties, which produce several stalks at once, yielding very showy flowers. One of the varieties is blue flowered, and the other produces flowers of the purest white. KABCMWOtw— OANITIIOOALOa, OM VTAK OT BrTHI.nnEM. 85 NAKCI> Ths itjiectM tkOfl variotica of Uim plant are ouraorotK. The ituomparabU U perfectly luirtly, any immo pasehe, or paiu fluwerw, by Dtlu'm, butter and c*gi;A ; jHs l>ccauso thuir bright yclluw p<-tahi are surniunJi'd with largu whito ones. Some iwntuns (liAliko tlie smell of these, ami it is said tliat the oduur has a [ !•* efltHt ujM»ii iljo ner^'es ; but the whito fragrant V. , .u well OS the Roman, aiid Pulyautiiiu Nurcissus, are free frum tliis objection, being of a Tory grateful and agreo- aro justly held in great esteem - - . - .- xi for tlieir varied colours. The Grand MoHarout four inches with eartli, and l>eforo the sotting in of winter, it i.H a^lvinable to cover the bods witii straw, leavea, or litter, to the depth of six or seven incites, and to uncover them al>out the middle of March. ORXlTHO(.iALUM. OR STAR OF BETHLEHEM. TmwB are almut fifty varieties of these bulbs, natives of the Cope of (»im«.1 Hope, some of which are from three tn five inches in diameter, and shaped similar to a j>car; oiben 8 86 OXALIS. are much like Hyacinth bulbs. Among those cultivatetl in America are the 0. lacteum, and the 0. aureum ; the former produces fine white flowers, and the spike is about a foot in length ; and the latter produces flowers of a golden colour, in contracted racemose corymbs. The 0. mariiimum, oi Sea Squill, is curious ; from the centre of the root rise seve- ral shining glaucous leaves, a foot long, two inches broad at the base, and narrowing to a point. If kept in a green-house, these are green during the winter, and decay in the spring ; then the flower-stalk comes up rising two feet, naked half way, and terminated by a pyramidal thyrse of white flowers. These bulbs are generally cultivated in the green-house, and require a compost consisting of about one half fresh loam, one third leaf mould, and the remainder sand, in which they may be planted in September. When cultivated in the gar- den, they should be planted four or five inches deep, and protected with dung, &;c. They produce their flowers early in June. OXALIS. The Oxalis is a native of the Cape of Good Hope ; the species are numerous, and their roots are very small bulbs, articulated, jointed,. or granulated, in a manner peculiar to this genus. They produce curious flowers of various hues, yellow, purple, rose, red, white, striped, vermilion colour, &c. The bulbs should be planted in very small pots, in August and September, in a compost consisting of about two thirds loam, and one third leaf or light mould, and treated in the same manner as other Cape Bulbs. They increase in a pe- culiar manner, by the parent bulb striking a fibre down from its base, at the extremity of which is produced a new bulb for the next year's plant, the old one peiishing. These plants will flower freely in a green-house. fjtojrr. IP ** P»oiua round neb Aory rtn( unfurl*. Harp* to Utc nunn'i bright U^e her Mnipiine niiU.'* Or tliU f(enu« of •plondul planu there aru knowu to be •buui Cw-euiy ftpocieis and as many varietiea. It U said that iho /V I moil (luuMo red Puouy, waa itii; _ ^ lid of two cciilutics agi», at which titno it waa sold at an enonnuud price. It has ainco bccrb species have of late years bean bruught from China, a few of which may bo Bolicod, with some others which arc in very great repute. Paonia alba Chinensit it one uf the finest of the herbaceous sorts. The flowers are white, tinged wiili i.ii.~ ••» tl... l^.t- tom of the jH'tals. i*. edulU tehitliji has also white flowet:>, wliich aio very Iftrgu and nplendid. 1*. tJuitM J'ra^raM, is a fine largo double scarlet variety, and pnM)(i<-efl flowers (lerfumo*! like the rose. /*. humri lia.i U^auliful laiu'e doul.U- daik Ijltlsh-colourcd flowers. /* .'.a jiriniuces liiiigoti ii')ui>ie red iiuwits, w'l. ful. '1 in«Mj are ail hardy, and may Ihj j>lanted alK)ul four inches deep in the >;ardcn, in Octolier or Novcmlwr. Tlio flowers exhibit th4«m*»'Ivi»'» to tl>o l)e.Ht advantage when planted on a b** i ■■•d, and of a circular fomi. 1 ..- ^ are half hardy and half shnibby ; theso have beca known to survive the winter by being well pn>^ tc< ■ ' In-tter in ' ' >' al- f'» ero.it. n Mtposcd to l\u*. full f>t p. mcmtan Ff(ink»li<, •>r 1 rrv P;i-t tho fonry for Tulip* waa ao pnuluniiuant, that in Uio autumn of 1832. ho Wu ' ' * • ' ' ' ' '*ir one nn- gh l>j* tt iK'ttcr definittuo of what cooaUtutoa the profHsities uf a gtKxl Tuhp, coukl n ' ' - - rti than a dc«cri[>tion nf thtJi " preciiius gem, or Urxv. . Tuli|>«;" but, lest nij readcnt hhoulil con- clude that tho old nion was in his dotage, I would inform them tluu this fuvuuritu bulb was purchoMrd of tlic executors of tiie late Mr. Clarke, with whom it nriqinatud, and that it bad nut only been tlie pot of its owner, but had excited tiio envy and admiration uf all lliu oraatuuni who went to view it. " This prcciuu« gem, a btjbloemen Tulip, was raised from one of Mr. Clarke's secdli; "ko into colour U>rce years ot;o ; it has p; .: : .: li since, and is adapted to tho second or third row in tho bed; tlte stem is finn and elastic ; the I- and bn>ad, of a lively green ; the cup large, and vl i form; the white pure and wholly free from stain ; the ]>encilling on the petals is beau- tir." ■ ■ ■ ". ' ' •' '■ ' '■■■^ ut». _ o outer leaves nut sinking from tlie inner ; in a word, it is con- aid- '-'•-•'' .• -jj, gjjjt^ an J ti,c i,cst tliat has ever b.-. ..1." The article in the work already alluded to, on the culti vation of Tulips alone, occupies ninety-six pages; I, ihere- fure, cannot attempt any thing mure than an abridgement of the author's ideas on some important points. Thone of mj readers who may desire full information, are referred to tho work its*?lf. which may be obtained of Mr. G. C. Thorbura. The • vem the rli. lice of ama'. . ire, in geii.-ral, c1«aM«l and distinguished as follows: Flamed liizarres, Futthered liizarrUf Flamtd nubloetnenty Fealhertd J3^6/os« 8* ^0 TULIP. mens, Flamed Roses, Feathered Roses, and Selfs, or plain coloured. A Bizarre Tulip lias a yellow ground, marked with pur- ple or scarlet of different shades ; it is called /?o»iecZ when a broad or irregular stripe runs up the middle of the petals, with short abrupt projecting points, branching out on each side ; fine narrow lines, called arched and ribbed, often extend also from this broad stripe to the extremity of the leaves, the colour generally appearing strongest in the inside petals ; a Tulip, with this broad coloured stripe, which is sometimes called beamed or splashed, is, at the same time, frequently feathered also. It is caWed feathered when it is without this broad stripe; but yet it may have some narrow lines, joined or detached, running up the centre of the leaf, sometimes branching out and curved toward the top, and sometimes without any spot or line at all ; the petals are feathered more or less round the edges or margin inside and out ; the pencilling or feath- ering is heavy or broad in some, and light or narrow in others, som.etimes with breaks or gaps, and sometimes close and continued all round. A Bybloemen Tulip has a white ground, lined, marked, striped, or variegated with violet or purple, only of various shades ; and whether feathered or flamed, is distinguished by the same characters and marks which are pointed out and applied to the Bizarres Tulips. A Rose Tulip is marked or variegated with rose, scarlet, crimson, or cheiry colour, on a white ground ; and the Feathered Rose is to be distinguished from the Flamed by the same rules as described before ; the Rose is very often both feathered and flamed. A Self, or plain-coloured Tulip, properly so called, is either white or yellow, and admits of no farther change ; other plain-coloured Tulips, whether red or-pui-ple, are called breeders, and are hardly worthy of being exhibited. Mr. Hogg informs us, that c£100,'say $500, judiciously expended •Tvx.fr. H ftt tk« prM«nt time, trill ^ve a modprate-sizcd liek, ond that tJioy should l>e so cla.i«ed tut to have the varied colount ahow advnntaciMiiisly ; to this ond, the talle«t should bo allot- ted for tile middle of the bed, nnd utiiers in regular graila- tiun, so as tu have the most dwattlsh on the sides. The buliw must be covereil witli g(M>d mould to the depth of throe iuciies from the top of the bulb on the sides of the bed, and aUmt four imhes in the mitldlo. Lot a small 8|Mxinful of clean drift sand be used amund each bulb, and see that tho \h ' ' itjd from the middle to the edges. Ti i.Htand that no un.siglitly tuUics, or Dumber aiicks, are to distinguiith the Tulips ; but that he in ' a sort of gnjund plan, dividing the whole Inrd ill! ■i" seven bullts acruas ; for example, write down tlio names and plares of the Tuli|M io tho first row, and con- tinue the same form all through to the otlier ond of the bed. R..W ri:.;. No. 1. Fen< I'll. tliis is a Dybhicmcn. 2. Duchess of Clarence, - - " Rose-coloured. 3. Charlemagne, .... " Byblocmcn. 4. Louis the Sixtrontli, - - " Byblocmon. 5. Memnoi ... " Bizarre. C. Volnoy, *' BybltH-men. 7. Lody Crowe, " Rose-coloured Good fn'*h loam, takon from under healthy gnuv sods, is the momi suiinblo wiil for Tulips to grow in ; under which fthould l>e liuricd, to tho depth of a Imit, about two incbea' thickness of well-rotted cow or hrj^rse dropj)ings. Tho roaaoo for placing tltc dung lo low is, that tho fibres may get down S3 TUBEROSE. to it, (wlilcli tliey will do,) and that the bulbs may not be injured by it, as is apt to be the case if too much dung is used around them. The best time for planting the bulbs is early in November, and the beds should be made a fortnight previous, in order that the earth may become sufficiently settled. If severe frosts set in after the Tulips show themselves above ground in the spring, some protection should be given ; single mats placed over hoop bends answer very well ; and at the time of blooming, an awning should be erected over them, to screen them from the intense heat of the sun, which awning should be sufficiently spacious to admit of persons walking under it, to view the beautiful flowers to the great- est possible advantage. TUBEROSE. This fragrant and delightful flower has been cultivated in English flower gardens for upward of two centuries ; there the bulbs are generally cultivated in pots early in the spring, and transferred to the flower borders as soon as it becomes settled warm weather ; for they are very tender. They generally succeed very well here, if planted at once in the open border toward the end of April, and produce flowers, which are pui-e white, and highly odoriferous, on a stem three to four feet high. The bulbs produce a number of offsets, which should be preserved with the parent plants through the winter, and then parted off and planted by themselves, in April or early in May, to produce flowering roots for the ensuing year. These roots thrive best in a light rich soil, well pulverized, in which they should be planted about two inches deep, not forgetting to take them up again before the approach of winter. Tiam nowuL fm TIGER FLOWER. PcRii«rt thern ui no flower treated of in this work that in nioro beautiful than »<»nio of the spccioi of ' » Tif^Hta, Liko all Mexican buIlM, tlirdo arc t« : i •boukl either bo cultivated in the grcen-houao, or carefully pn- " ' ' tud then planti'd in giX' :i. A bed of theso beautiful Howen would afford aa much gratification to some amateurs as a l)vd of Tulip*. The Tt^ridia tonehifiora is of a rich yellow colour, tinned and •|H>tlin ; the colours are very vivid and finely contrasted. The Ti^idia paronia is (»f tjic brightest scarlet, tinqed and spotted with brilliant yellow. The corolla, which is al>out ftmr inches in diameter, is com- posed of six petals ; the outer {>ctaLt arc thrown backward, and exhibit the blossom in all ita splendour, which cxisLn only ay'. ' ; but o-t if to compensate for its transient viait, e.i will pn>duco a numl)er of flowers ; and where a bed of them can bo collected, they will amu5c their admirers for several weeks from July to September. In such case the bulhs'may be planted about two inches deep, say nine by • lies apart, toward the end of Ai)ril, or early in May, : . . i\ up again in October, to pre9tT\o for plant- ing llie ensuing year. 94 OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTURE OF BULBOUS R60TS, IN POTS OR GLASSES, IN THE WINTER SEASON. The culture of bulbous roots in a green-house, or light room, during the winter, is comparatively easy, provided two points be attended to : the first is to keep them near the light, and turn the pots or glasses round frequently, to prevent their growing crowded ; and the second is, when the plants have done growing, to give them little or no water ; for want of attention to these points, bulbs have been known to produce foliage year after year, without showing any sign of blossoms. All bulbs, at a certain period of the year, are in a dor- mant condition ; this, in a state of nature, is invariably after the seed has ripened ; but as, in a green-house, many of this family do not ripen seed, the cultivator should watch the period when the leaves show indications of decay ; at which time, the supplies of water should be lessened, and shortly afterward the earth should be suffered to get dry, and remain so until the season returns when the bulbs re-germinate. Many sorts of bulbs will keep best in pots, under the soil, in a dry, shady place, and in the same temperature as that in which they are in the habit of growing ; but others, such as the Hyacinth, Tulip, Narcissus, &c., may be taken out of the soil, and preserved as before directed, until the return of the proper season for replanting. Dutch bulbous roots intended for blooming in pots during the winter season should be planted during the months ol CULTVBS or BU1.B0CI BOOTI IN !:•>.. m^. ^ Ootult \ ■ '■ ...... uuiW it Legia.-> ••, or in •kAXMn, oApqxd tu llio aun. Xhuy will ocod occaaiooul tno- dv - ' -' ' w ; then lljcy •houlJ h.> . Mill plenty u( water frum ihe aaucvm uodorncnUi the pots, while in a growing Mole ; and slumM be cxy ■ ' ': n!« |M>Psil>lo to thusun, air, •04I )ii;ht, to prexcut ti growing Vto long, or U 1 |. ...... . , r^.iii;!^ ll>.i. ii.iii-., ui.ii .-CI. .. uH are desig- nate*) fuilii'At among the double, are tu be {irufcrrod. Sin- gle II; :e by some held in Ic^i^ c.-«toein than double uuc.t ; i:.^ .. ur*, htiwuvor, aru niuro vivid, and their bclb, lhoui;b smaller, aru muru nuiueruuit ; some of the finer sortj ai :ful ; tlicy are preferable for flowering in . . iho double ones, as Uiuy bloom two or throe weeks earlier, and aro very swcet-scentotL Roman N ils, Polyanthus Narci.stjus, double K ;: . ' . , also mnko a fine appearance in the parlour during winter. It is a temarkable circumstance of " '" .■ • •. Jji-epa its petals expanded durinir tole- m" .pf lamp light, in the same manner as it doefl during the Hght of the sun. If t)ic candle bo removed, til'" ■ " ' li-n when a cl' i.'il lii^ht is restored, thoy open again, as they do with tlie return of the d; I other bulbs intended for glasses should bo placed in them about the middle of NoTeml)er, the glasses Ix-' •'•••'. r(|j pnro water, so that the bottom of 1 1 the water ; then place them for the first ten days in a dark room, to promote the nhootingof llic rooLs ; after which c\; *' m to the light and sun as much as |M>fv.ttblo ; they v. \n without the aid of the sun, but the colours of the flowers will bo inferior. The water should bo changed as oAen as it becomes imptir« 96 CULTURE OF BULBOUS ROOTS IN ROOMS. draw the roots entirely out of the glasses, rinse the fibres in clean water, and also the glasses inside ; care should be taken not to suffer the water to freeze, as it not only bursts the glasses, but often causes the fibres to decay. Whether the water be hard or soft, is of no great consequence ; but soft, or rain water, is generally preferred, and it must be perfectly clear. Forced bulbs are seldom good for any thing afterward ; however, those who wish to preserve them, may immerse them wholly in water for a few days ; and then, having taken them out, and dried them in the shade for a short time, they may be planted in a good soil, in the garden, where they will sometimes flower the next year. It does not clearly appear in what way the water operates when the bulb is wholly immersed ; but it is certain that bulbs so treated increase in size and solidity, and have an incompara- bly better chance of flowering the second year, than those which have not been so treated ; most probably their total immersion enables them to obtain a greater proportion of oxygen from the water. Nosegays should have the water in which their ends are inserted changed, on the same principal as bulbous roots ; and a much faded nosegay, if not dried up, may often be recovered for a time, by covering it with a glass bell, or cup, or by substituting salt water for fresh. Very fine Hyacinths have been grown in a drawing-room, in the following novel manner. A quantity of moss, classi- cally called hypniim, and vulgarly fog, was placed in a water- tight box, about eight or nine inches deep, into which the bulbs were placed, at the end of September, without mould, and duly watered ; the result of this experiment was highly favourable. ST ORSKKVATIONS GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. Hatixg already exceeded my limiui, I am compollcd to bo bri> r " ' 'iLi on Burh omamciitnl jdimlH oa aro gcii" .1 licit and gret>n-li<)U54.'fl. TliU drwcrip- tioD of plants ombracot those which are collected from vari- oiM climates, and thrive l>ost in a temperature and soil simi- lar to thiit in which nature first pnalucud them : hrnre thnse who pnipai^to exotic plants must provide suitable cnrnprists, and alAo »<-parato departments, where the different de(;roes of heat may \>o kept up, according to their nature aiid doAcHption. Sime of these are raised from seed sown in the spHnc:, others by layers, suckers, and ufTsets detached from the old plants, and many by 8li|)fl or cuttings, planted at difTorent seasrius of the year, according to tlieir various natures and state of the plants. Many kinds re<|uirc the aid of glaas coverings and bottom beat, created by fresh horse dung, tan, ice. [See Calendar and Index.] Were I to attempt to give directions for the propagation of all the varieties of useful and ornamental exotic plants colt) ' ' various parts of our country, it would require •etn .<-s. The catalogue of green-house plants alone, kept by tl>e enterprising proprietor of the Linnasan lk»tanic (tardeii. at I'*lu>liiiisj, ••• flf\y pages of close matter; it Would. ilic . ■• to do justice to the subject without dividing upward of two thousand species of plants into claMcs, and treating of them under dii>tinrt heads ; I •hall, thereftirc, not attempt in ibis edition to wnlo largely OQ the subject. 9 ^' 98 MANAGEMENT OF GBEEN-HOUSE PLANTS. In orJer to render this work useful to those who may wish to avail themselves of the plcasui-e of nursing some of those beauties of nature in dwelling or green-houses during the most chilling days of our severe winters, and to afford amusement to the ladies at a season when our gardens are deprived of their loveliest charms, I shall notice some essen- tial points connected with the management of green-house plants in as explicit a manner as possible, and subjoin a brief catalogue of such species as are most generally cultivated, of which there are innumerable varieties ; descriptions of which, with illl the varied features of the floral kingdom, may be found in the voluminous works of Loudon, Sweet, Chandler, and other English writers* The generality of those denominated green-house plants, and which are kept in rooms, should be placed where they can have the light of the sun, without being exposed to frost. Air, heat, and moisture are essential to the growth of plants; but these should be given in due proportions, according to circumstances. In frosty weather they should * All the most popular English books on this subject, are imported by Thorburn & Co., No. 15 John street, among which are the following : ' Loudon's Encj'clopredia of Plants,' illustrated by engravings and with figures of nearly ten thousand species, exemplifying several individuals belonging to every genus included in the work. Completed in one large volume, 8vo. — $20. • Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening,' comprising the Theory and Practice of Horticulture, Floriculture, Arboriculture, and Landscape Gar- dening ; including all the latest improvements. A new edition, in one large volume, Svo., closely printed, with upward of 700 engravings. — $12, 'Chandler (of London) on the Camellia;' containing ample directions for the cultivation of this fine plant, with a superb plate of all the present known varieties in England. 1 vol. 4to. — $45. ' Hortus Brittanicus ;' a Catalogue of Plants cultivated in the gardens of Great Britain, arranged in natural orders. — $6. ' The British Flower Garden ;' containing coloured figures, and descrip- tions of all the most ornamental and curious plants ; with their scientific and English names ; best method of cultivation and propagation ; tho heights they generally attain ; or any other information respecting them, that may be considered useful or interesting. By R. Sweet, F. L. S., &c, ; the drawings by E. D. Smith, F. L. S. In 5 vols., Svo., calf, and continued in monthly numbers. A splendid work. — $100. MKxiKtn.ianrr or ommmmmb n.Afrri. 99 bo \*«j>t fr«»m iho oxtrrnni tiir, and wnti^nul %pnr npnrincly. When trairr is nocnunry, it hHouUI bo appliud in tho morn* h»g of a mild Kunny day. TUv plnntH ahouUl l>e kcpi free fn»ni dccayod Iravm, and tl«r vanh at tlio top of ilio pota ahiHild bo anmi'linics IcKiacnod to a inndemi<' •Imtli. mid reploniahoil with a portion of rich coinfMiiit. Plnnl.<« li« •• 'miuwoh nro nftcu killr.l \vul» kind- neaa. The : , f a r«>ofn in winti-r nord not bo noro than ten dej^reea aUive frvozinfr. If planta are healthy. • by attt'nttun to tho proct-d' iy ariiwJi from thoir iM-injj »'i i the extrvmoa of beat, cold, or moisture, or from total neg- In order that the ideaa aboro advanced may be duly con- aidernd. it may be untial, that there can be no colour without it; witncaa the blanching of celery and en- dive, whctt} the parts doprire Th« pUnU aro pl»cr. wnieh in modcrata weather ia krpt m nrnr ' < as p oMJ M i In eold «««t)Mr IM nmofaa the laltia into the t. t9Qm. and i^acM a pail ot walar ooar (>-- - «oeaid«i« it a xraal miatoka lo aappoa^ ^oif* mnrh irr hrmi on ih« contrary, t.4 o( r»M ■' ifiU much batter than a very H«. U»*». n.-r-t'caa trt attrmpt lo krrp ; 1 room. Ih« win •* tJM north. A •oiiihr««trm. or evm •MUm n p-xii 'f-.m-.t uny flrc. rscrpl m vrfv f.'l wea- Ihft. It may !•- ..;«.;%. ,i. Ja/i mitc mo:«t i norp ItMn droucht, at>f! th^at pli ,il do not r> . ] Iha vorfjca ot the varth la tb* pota u moiat. 100 MANAGEMENT OP GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. a plant in almost any situation, it will invariably show a ten- dency to turn to the light; the sunflower is a sti iking exam- ple of this singular fact. As the leaves supply the plani with air, and the fibres of the roots with nourishment, to strip off the leaves or destroy the fibres is to deprive it of part of its means of support. Having shown that air and water are essential to vetje- tation, and light to its colour, experience shows us that heat, in a greater or less degree, is not less necessary to the growth of plants ; it is therefore requisite, that in taking plants into our rooms, we should attend to these par- ticulars. The internal structure of plants consists of minute and imperceptible pores, which serve the same important pur pose in the vegetable, as veins in the animal, system ; they are the medium of the circulation of the sap in the former, as the veins are of the blood in the latter ; but it is by no means settled as yet by physiologists how the food of plants is taken up into the system, and converted into their con- stituent parts. From the foregoing considerations and facts, it is evident, that, as air, heat, and moisture are each essential to vegeta- tion, water shoidd only be given in proportion as heat and air are attainable. In the summer season, green-house plants may be exposed to the open air, from the early parf of May until the end of September, by being placed on the ledges of windows, or on a stand erected for the purpose, or, in the absence of a nursery bed of flowering plants, they may be introduced into the regular flower-beds, to supply the place of such plants as may wither and die in the course of the summer, by being turned out of the pots and planted, or plunged in the earth with the pots. In the heat of the summer season, plants generally re- quire water every evening, and in the absence of dews, the earth about their roots may sometimes need a little in the mo7"ningj but experience shows, that the roots of plaiits or onrrxnotrfr rtAvr*. 101 more frwiurnily jfot injurctl from b«tng sojdcnccl with wa- ter "■ 'v. 1 1 , / mtJi will generally thrive best in a tcmpernttiro and soil similar to that in which nntttre f: ' ! thrm, it may ho ii' 1 the rotiu ..i\*u tho mrann nf i composta from our own soils, and fmm snnd, decayed leaves, rotten dn ' various kin ' ♦' it, boir, and rock mould ; these ii. > bcinij j . . inix(.>d and prepared, may bo suited to all the various kinds of plants, and should 1h) used as occasion rv(}uirc.s. As the mots of plants make considerable gTO\%-th in fne course of a summer, it will Iks necessary lo examine ilicra by tuniinif thom out of tho jiots ; this may be done in the latter part of Aui^st or early in September, at which time all • '-d rooM should bo parrd off, and tho pin:.: . ;or jM)ts, which being filled with suita- ble compost, and watered, will l>e ready for removal into the house on the approach of cold nights, which b generally early in Octolicr. Green-house 'plants require an annual pruning, and should be ofc« ■ "" ■ ■ ' ' .\vn, in order that tlwi- 1 appear.!' 'ved ; the l)ost time f(»r • , ■< is toon after they have dune flowering, and while they are in . •<•. II . oured to furnish my readers with the arti- ficial means of presorring tender plants in a climato foreign to that in whirlf nature first proe to havo biiNhy plantji ; but if ahowy plants are tiMired, one of each of the varied eolouni maj )n» selected for each p^H, which aIiouIiI ho •ufBcieody capacioax to hold them without cn>wdinr^ them, aa this will caiuo the plants to ^row weak and alrndor. If • ". ■ " " V jTrowth may ho pt ... , ' bloom in great jwrfection in tlieir usual scxvin. INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE OF GREENHOUSE PLANTS. To promote brority and avoid tautology, I hero subnrit t) ' i.-nt: ii« accompanying our catalogue of An- nual, Biennial, and Pcrcnniol Flower Seed, will apply to e. ' in the green-bouse department as are ordinarily ra I aeed. That tho directions annexed to the catalogue of Flower- in - ' '^''r^namcntal Shrubs, including propagation by cut- Li H. Arc, are applicable to a great portion of the piant.n hereinaAer dcscril>ed, and that the exceptions are shown in the monthly calendar. That such Bull»ous roots as are generally embraced in grecn-hou*e catalog\ie«, from their l>eing adapted to artificial culture, have l>oen already trcate«l of, under each head, in numeroos articles ; to which tho reader is referred. That, with tho exception of hot-house plants, which re- qnire a uniformly warm climate to perpetuate tln'ir oxis- teace, all such ether tender and half-hardy plants as need protection in winter, may coma under the denomination of green-hou'M? plants; S4tme species however, may, notwith- ■tmnding. be pmerved in frmoMa, pits, cellars, or warm 104 CATALOGUE OP GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. That many of those species designated thus § and thtis f in our first two catalogues, are of such description ; and as they have been treated of in tiie chapters thereto annexed, the following catalogue and explication will be necessarily brief, when compared with one general catalogue of exotic plants. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. Acacia. Of this and the JSlimosa, which are by some con- sidered as one genus, there are upward of a hundred spe- cies and varieties, suited for artificial culture. The blossoms, which are generally straw colour and yellow, except the most tender, some of which are crimson, succeed each other from Februai'y to June. Agapanthus. A beautiful species of Lily, producing large blue flowers from April to June ; some varieties have striped leaves and delicate white blossoms. Aloe. Of this genus there are numerous species and va- rieties, some of which are very curious, being possessed of all the varied forms and figures peculiar to succulent plants. Some species flower annually from March to September, and all, except the Century Aloe, blossom frequently ; the colours are generally yellow, pink, and red. The singular figure and habits of these plants render them desirable for green-house culture. Alstnemeria. Of this genus of plants there are several species, which have tuberous roots. The flowers of the va- rieties are of different shades, as rose coloured, scarlet, yel- low, red, &;c. ; and some are variegated, as the JUstrcemeria psittacina, which is red, yellow, and green, and the A. tri- color, which is black, white, and yellow. They are beauti ful plants when kept in good order. Jirhuius, European Strawberry Tree. A half-hardy ever- green shrub, of which there are several species and vaiie- CATALOOfB OP MHHMRKTSB PLAlflS. 105. liaa, producing crimson and pink bloaooM, and fruit which n?» time. • ' I ' is generally cuUivatorl u a hot-houM) plant ; and if kept in the grocn-houae, should be placed in itinn. There arc several Bp< prodttcillg ui ii'oveii, pinkflo\vrr«, nnd rv>\ rwa, which are rery ornamental. ^ster arffophtfUiu, Musk Plant. A j>iant <.i" un irif^'it boauty, but esteemed by some for its rau.<«ky fmt^ranre ; leaves ovate, lajiceolato, and silky boncnth. JtmaAu Japoniea. A half-hardy shnib, with pnle ^ri'en leeTea apotted with yellow. It produces Hmnll purple liloii- loma, but is desiraMe ff>r its fuliagc only : to prctorve wliich in gooti condition, shado in the summer is absolutely nc- oeasar)'. .■iznlea. Tlie Chinese species of Azalea are numerous and beautiful, prrxlucint; blossoms of various hues, as white, puq)le, scarK't. yellow. Ice., and some are striped and spot- ted, wh J each other from February to May, under good cu.: • liankaia. A genus of plants named in honour of Sir Joseph Bankn, of which there are over twenty upccie^, till curious in flower, and varinlile in foliage; c«»lours, yellow and green. They generally blossom from May to August. /' i . are two species of thih In^nuliful shrub, yie: . ^ . ; pink flowers from the sides of their •talks, from .May to July. /' " 'ririi*. Dai^y. This half-hanly dwarf .r wli. uro several varieties, as reconletl in <• ti nial Catalogue, arc worthy of farther notice, from their yield- • A akilAil doctet. Mr. Williwn RiMwU, hM wmim li>lirid< trhirh h« fMnd. bf crosMM bHwam Um diflaraol spacicsor Azalcsiian- Um ■■Nils and wpto scs all Um (ood qnaliliM of '■* to prop^at* U^t"^^ rxrc pUala tat talc, at hu o»'. . , n, L«ig Island. 106 CATALOGUE OF GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. ing thousands of button-formed flowers from January to July, or until checked by the summer heat, from which they should be screened, by being planted in a shaded border in the spring. The colours are white, red, and variegated, atid some, called Hen and Chicken Daisies, grow in clusters. Bletia Tankervilli. A delicate plant, producing spikes of purple flowers, similar to the Hyacinth, from April to July. Bouvardia. Mexican Bouvardia. A beautiful plant, pro- ducing brilliant scarlet flowers from May to September, when carefully cultivated. Baronia. There are several species of this plant, natives of New Holland ; the flowers of some are star-like, rose- coloured, and sweet-scented ; in perfection in April and May. Brunia. This species of plants have foliage similar to the .Erioa, but the leaves are three-cornered; the plants when young are very handsome. Brunia nodifiora produces chaste white globular flowers in abundance. There are several other varieties highly esteemed by amateurs. Bnmsvigia Josephince. This cape bulb produces splendid rose-coloured flowers in large umbels, on a stem about two feet high. There are several other species, some of which produce scarlet, others purple, and variegated blossoms, in perfection, when cultivated in a warm green-house. Buddha madagascariensts. This plant, when properly cultivated, will blossom freely during winter, producmg spikes of orange-coloured flowers, of an agreeable fragrance. Biionapartea juncea. This is a curious low-growing plant, with long narrow leaves, and spikes of small blue flowers, which, when cultivated in a warm situation, will continue sometime in bloom. Burchellia. A dwarf evergreen shrub, producing orange- coloured flowers in large terminal clusters, from March to June. Cactus. Of this family of plants there are numeiuus species, supposed to be of different genera, from the varia- tion of their character and habits. Some are denominated CATALOqOB ar OTHMMK>rilK PLANTi. 107 C*f*ti», otlioni / '•*, yiittniUnrioM, He. The night hh - '■ ' ''i:ilom or g«»«Hl grern- hoiiM*. Srjtnn nn; inmiLHl into erect pyrainitU, otlium arc uf • trailing habit ; ami all pmthtco frum the sideA o( thoir suc- culriit ilallu and leavo.n. beautiful crimsun, scarlet, white, or p; ■■<, from Mnrch to Au'^wt. ( la Of thiA species of delicate ilwarf pluiiLt, there are soYoral Aplendid varieties annually raised from •ei^>tl ; ■ r red, yellow, aiul orange-colourrd flowers from A, uigxist, when sliaded fn»in iln? ikh.hiIuy sun; thry will otherwise suflTer from heat. ( ' " iii»«. A i ■ .rrucn ^l»rul>, Minilar to a d\\ ^ , produciii -oms from iho ohl wckmI, from April to November. Cnlluom.i ■ .'I'rt. A i»onulitul plant, proor to May. Cheirauthtu. Under this title have l>cen generally cm- braced all thoautiful blossoms and delicious fragrance of thesMj families, fri>m Fcbniary to Juno, entitle them to mure than a passing notice. Their perfumes arc exquisite. Ciiuraria emtnia. Canary Aster. A dwarf Iialt'-slirubby pi'.' ' "1 and May. ' I. i;^ort, or Powdered Beau. A white plant, producing bright yellow globular flower* from April to Juno or July. 108 CATALOGUE OF GREEN-IIOUSE PLANTS. Cishis. Rock Rose. A half-hardy dwarf shrub, of which there are upward of twenty species, natives of Europe ; the flowers, which are white and purple, multiply abundantly in May and June. Citrus. Orange, Lemon, &c. This genus embraces the Orange, Lemon, Lime, Shaddock, &c., of each of which there are several varieties. They are indispensable in a good green-house, for their handsome evergreen foliage, and odor- iferous blossoms, and beautiful golden fruit, which by careful cultivation may be kept constantly on the plants. Those varieties with variegated, yellow, and green foliage, are very generally admired. Clethva arhorea variegata. A fine sweet-scented shrub, producing spikes of white downy blossoms ; the leaves are oblong and serrated, having a gold-coloured edge, Correa. A genus of dwarf shrubby plants, consisting of several species, producing their orange, white, red, and green blossoms frequently in the winter; and sometimes in May or June. Coronilla glmica. A desirable green-house dwarf shrub, yielding numerous sweet-scented yellow flowers in clusters, from January to April. There are other varieties which jlossom in summer. Cotyledon orbiculata. Cape Navelwort. A succulent plant, producing finger-like suckers and successional joints, which blossom annually ; the cuiiosity of the foliage, however, is its chief recommendation. Crctssula A species of dwarf succulent plants, producing scarlet and variegated wax-like flowers from April to June or July. Crinum amabile. A large beautiful flowering bulb, of which thei'e are several species, chiefly calculated for hot- house culture, where some varieties frequently yield three stems of beautiful crimson, purple, or white flowers in a year. Cypripedmm insignis. This species is known by the name OATALoovi or oftBCM-norra rvAttrn. 109 gf I r plant; Uic flowon, which arc green ami pui, . .-.j.xy a{>|N:arniicc, and ore »iniilar in hhHjK) to an luUian ahoe. It thoulJ be cultivalod in a warm, moiiil •ituaiiuo. Vaphmt odora. A beautiful dwarf evergreen shrub, yioltl- iog white fragrant bloaaom* in many-flowercd terminal heads, from December (o March. Thrro are uthcr npociiii and rarietio*. one of which has 'x\a leaves edged with yellow. DiaHtkut. Under tlii* name are embraced the admirable •IK'civ.H . ■'■ r ~^\vfi'i \Villijim«, &c., rccordi • : ; . ; and which are in univonval ofttcvro for tJie fragmnco and beauty of their flow- era, wh;. ' 1 Mny to Ani^iHt. They ■ro all (. ' .iiid I'icotro tiilH.>«, wliith are well deserving green-house or frame culture. Diatma. A dw *' '" ' ' loaved shnibs, jnoduring numerous small •■ colour from Mnrcli to May. Some of the variotios are sweot-aconted. Ihynmdma. To this genu.H Iwlong Roveral species, ;;iniil:ir to the Banlcnai ; they are delicate plant.i, prrxlucinir orange and straw colourtMl thistle-like flowers in abundance. Erhtreria, This genus of succulent plants are notivfs of Mexico and California. Some of the species prrxluce grorn and red bl«»w>ms; the flowers of the variety ptUrenUtnta are rad, and the foliogo i" r..v. r..,1 wirl, powder, which gpves it a beautiful appoaranco. Eparrit. This is a native (»f New South Wales, of which tiicre are scrcrol species, mostly erect-growing plants, vary- ing from two to four feet; the leaves ore small, and the bluMoma. which, in different ^ are crimson, pink, puq»le, and white, are, under g' ■ ition. abundant from January to June. /' '«Mi. Tliis species belong to the hot-liou***, and wi "^r in perfection without plenty of he.a. The EramlhemHm pnlchtllnm produce* flowers of a fine blue colour to April ; and the Eranlhemwa bieolcr will 10 110 CATALOGUE OF GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. yield purple and white flowers from April to August, under good cultivation. Erica, Heath. Upward of five hundred species and vaiie- ties of this plant are cultivated in Great Britain, where a continued succession of bloom is kept up from January to December ; the most pi'ominent colours are white, scarlet, purple, yellow, and red. They are desirable plants to culti- vate in any country, as they furnish material for the bouquet in winter, but they must be screened from the noonday sun in summer, and only moderately watered ; as extremes of drought or moisture are destructive to this family of plants. Erylhvina, Coral plant. There are several species of this plant, chiefly adapted to the hot-house, producing long spikes of crimson or scarlet flowers. Some keep them in good condition in a green-house ; they must, however, be well attended to, and frequently re-potted, which will sometimes induce them to bloom two or three times in a year. Escallonia. There are several species of this plant, some of which will survive the winters of our Southern States. When cultivated in a green-house as half-hardy shrubs, they yield their red, white, and pink flowers through- out a long season. Enonymus. This plant is called by some the variegated Camellia ; the flowers are not very showy, but the silvery and golden edged foliage of the different varieties, render them very attractive. They are natives of China. Euphorbia. There are several species of this plant adapted to the green-house, some of which are beautiful, especially the E. splendens, and Poinsett's scarlet, or Euphorbia Pain setti. They flower freely from December to May, if kept in a warm part of the house, Eupaiorium elegans. A dwarf plant, producing white sweet-scented flowers early in the spring ; to promote bushi- ness, the plant, after blossoming, should be closely pruned. Eutaxia myrlifolia. A beautiful little evergreen shrub ; foliage small, but very neat, furnishing numerous red and CATALOGl'K ur (.1(1 !.> Hot sr. ri.iVTi. Ill joUt»w'-cuiuurcil bloMoms fruin March tu May, utulcr gcMxl cuhuri*. FicuM tiasiica, Itulia-rubbcr tree, and Finu a*ulrali$, ar« I ■ ' ' ' ,ily in a jjrceij- li' , in pink on tlio undar ndv. I'tctUt I . «raturo adapluti tu the Uraiigo tree, will fiiiit (xoclj, and ripen two cro|t« a year. Fufhutt, Lad)''.n ICar-dro]!. Of this beautiful slirub there are ac^oral variutica, producing clu.ttcnt of small scarlet flowcm, iho stamens of which arv encircled wiili a petal of puq>li* ; in blo«tm from April to Septemlter. (jardtHiti, Cayns Jaaininc. A very ]M(])ular evergreen plant, producing white fragrant rotte-liko (luwcrs from May to AugusL Thero arc several species and varieties, some ufwhicliar , but all arc desirable. (itUenui'. ,' A beautiful climb- ing ovenn'ceD, producing in the munih of May large yellow tt I) blossoms, of deli' ' •>. '' < A desirable hci ; ;, of which tlioro aro several varieties, yielding beautiful showy flowers; ooluurs, bl'. Cnapkair >wcr. Of this plant there aro MVeral sftecios or varieties, some of which yield clusters of yellow flou' ' ' 1. from March to June. GHidiOf 1 . I. A dwatf shrub, of which there are sovoraJ varieties, furnishing pretty tubular and corymlnj^e »traw-colourcd flowers in the winter and .<«pring. Gmillea. There arc several species of this evergreen dwarf shnib, whicli aio very handsome in flower and foliage. The fltiwors of some gruw in racemose spikes, and <>f others on flowering broncbcs; llio colours aro white, rose, green, and Htraw or light yellow. They yield seed, and aro easily cultivated. 112 CATALOGUE OP GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. Heliotropium, Peruvian Heliotrope. A species of soft slii'ubby dwarf plants, which, when cultivated in a warm situation, will yield abundance of delicate blue or purple flowers from January to September. Hehjchrysum, Eternal Flower. There are several species and varieties of this plant, producing soft downy foliage and durable flowers, which, if cut before they are too far advanced, will retain their splendour several years. Hihhertia. A species of climbing evergreen shrubs, which yield fine yellow flowers in succession from May to Septem- ber, under good culture. Hibiscus Chinensis. This half-hardy herbaceous plant is worthy of a place in the green-house, as some species will yield flowers six inches in diameter, if well attended to and frequently watei'ed ; the colours are crimson and blush. Hovea. This is a pea-flowering evergreen shrub, of which there are several species, natives of New South Wales. The Hovea celsii is a beautiful runner, yielding numerous blue flowers. Hoya, Wax Plant. A fine climbing species, adapted to the hot-house ; the leaves being succulent, green, and fleshy, they require considerable heat and but little water. Some produce pink flowers, and others white, in April and May. Hydrangea hovfensis. The Hydrangea is a well-known deciduous, half-hardy, soft-wooded shrub, producing large pink balls of blossom, when cultivated ia a shaded border, from May to October; and by mixing iron dust from a blacksmith's shop with the soil, or by growing the plants in swamp earth, or mould from decayed leaves, the flowers will become blue. Hypericum, St. John's Wort. A half-hardy little plant, producing yellow flowers from April to June. There are several species, some producing scarlet blossoms. • Jllictim, Aniseed Tree. A dwarf sjoecies of shrub, the leaves of which, when rubbed, smell like anise ; some pro- duce red, and others yellow flowers, in March and April. cATAtoom or annoHtomm rtkxn. 113 tndi-^oftrn, Ifuli^n Trco. A free flowcrinij nhmh. of which Ujrr ' <|M?<-icn ; the flnwrrw, which )tfTow in long |»it ■ !, Yrlhiw, ami pink. Jtuarandma. A gonus of cvcrj^non slinjlw, of ca.Hy cul- turt- - "ving fivu upocieii, m«mt of whirh pnwlur** hluo or jiui -4, on looMi brnnrhincr pannirlcut an inch in diameter, ami eatable. There arp • '^recn, or MTU' TIx'V •re of euy cultm J<-- ' ' 't till •• m'lmH tlurc aro •evr itimis coi: ; The Cntnlonian Jumine. or J frrandijiorwn , produces white fragrant blo»- xtmn in winter; tho Indian Jn.Hmine, or J. odoralisaimum, and mUt* the J. rerolulum, yieM very sweet-scented yt-lldW flowon from April to June, and the J. officinale, a climbing plant, bliMMims through the nummcr. Jiu.'iria. The plants of thi^t genus are generally cultiva- ted in the.hot-houMJ ; some produce scarlet flowers in large terminule spikex, from December to Morch, and others purple. h'tnnrdia. A beautiful evergreen climlwr, of which there are several'sperieji, producing bloH.ss, which being culti- rated in tin- ■•, or a warm green-house, will yield their bloii54ims in April and May; the species arc of Ta> rious colours ; yellow, orange, pink, white, pur]ile, and va- riable. Lmurma nobilit, I,aarel. This evergreen shrub is by soom »ined for iu fragrant leaves ; tlicre are several specie* 10* 18 114 CATALOGUE OF GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. distinguished as sweet bay, royal bay, &c., and some species are without scent. Lavendula, Lavender, A species of soft-wooded, half- hardy plants with narrow, scented leaves, yielding spikes of fragrant blue flowers in May and June. Lechenaullia formosa. A dwarf plant with heath-like foliage and bright scarlet blossoms ; in bloom a long season, under good culture. Leptospermum. This genus is somewhat celebrated from the leaves of the species L. scoparmm being used by the crew of Captain Cook's ship as a substitute for Tea, the leaves having an agreeable bitter flavour ; the blossoms, which are small, are white. Leucadendron, Silver Tree. A neat evergreen shi'ub with silver-like foliage, of which there are several species, all admirable for their beauty. Linum, Flax. Two species of this plant are worthy of cultivation in a green-house, where they will bloom in Feb- ruary and March. The Linum trigijnum produces large yel- low flowers in clusters, and Lintim ascyrifolium yields spikes of blue and white flowers, which are similar to those of the Convolvulus. Lobelia. There are several species of this plant, which are generally herbaceous ; they produce an abundance of little flowers of brilliant colours. The Lobelia* crinus is a pretty trailing plant, yielding numerous blue flowers all the summer. Lychnis coronatd, Coronet-flowered Lychnis. This half- hardy plant, embraced in our catalogue of Perennials, is worthy of protection, from its furnishing trusses of beautiful orange scarlet flowers, from June to August. As it yields no seed, the roots should be taken from the grou^id in autumn, and returned the ensuing spring. Magnolia. Most of the species of this justly-admired genus are hardy, and blossom in the summer; there are, however, some of the Chinese varieties, which, cultivated CATALoat'B or (MMMMM'*! rLAirra. llTt \m • {rrevn-litMiM, wtU pruiluc« iticir bcnutifiil piiqilo, yel« low ' '.ti0 btotooi. ' ' ;.rjl. 1' «. A Iw i ii.ilivofl of New HnUiitui : tlio (ii\-vii>iiy ot' thoir loUago aiul sinf^lariiy of iluwrn, Mwne of wliirli aro »cnrlct, and iibnut from iho wood like fhngt>«, midcr tLoin worthy of good culliva- rion. JMemtttuu Thin i» a dotirnhle clinilx*r, of wliich Uiere are ■evenil iipecio« ; Mjine {miduce vn negated nuwvra, odicis br: "t, and the variety cordijlora is curious as well \l' r, tttmanlbttHHin. A genus of succulent plants, con- •' *|»ecir» ond varieties, chii-fly natives <>l • , i H«i|)c. They vary prcatly in thrir forms, attitudes, and liabits of growth ; some are upri<;ht, otl- ' iriH.'tcr or slcn- dci y of them beau- tiful. The colours of the flowers, which are of every shade, am "Kim May to August; some species and TBI •>i\ as annuals in the flower garden, where ibey prove a great acquisition. MtlrvnHero*. eiea uf which ar« ^ their cones of worlet or white flowers from March to May. }f '-- *!■ •' ' •rius of dwarf evergreen shrubs, of \'. Kj>ecics and varieties; tlio foliage is chiefly glos»y and ("rngrant, yielding numerous small flow MV. There are some species known as Ca\K'. Myrtles, or Manimra, which alto yield abundance of white and purple flower* from March to May. ^andiiia domttiiett, Ja|ian Nandinn. A hnlf-hardy evor- g l—n shrub ; lea%-es supraHlecompound, %vith entire lanceo> latr a kind of foliage tiiat is very rare. .^ , ' Jlrandur. A well-known and admired shrub, yielding clusters of rose-like flowers from May to i>epteTn* ber. The AVriMin tpUndtnt is ibo most cetccmed of the red 116 CATALOGUE OF GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS varieties; die true double white and striped are very rarej but some of those cultivated for sale, pi'oducing semi-double flowers, are by no means desirable. Oka fragrance, Dwarf Olive. This variety of the Olive recommends itself to notice, for its dwarf habit of growth, and from the foliage and white blossoms being highly odo- riferous ; from March to May. Pussijtora, Passion flower. Of this celebi-ated genus of climbing plants, there are several sj^ecies and varieties, which produce splendid flowers of various colours, red, blue, white, purple, scarlet, &c., beautifully contrasted, and some species yield fruit. They generally blossom from May to September, and some will flower in the hot-house in winter. . Pelargonium, Geranium. The species and varieties of this beautiful genus is supposed to exceed a thousand, which are of every character, colour, and lineament, and some so beautifully blended as to astonish the beholder; the agree able fragrance also, of which many of them are jiossessed, will always render them favourites to amateur florists. The best blooming season is from April to June, or July. Pittosporum. A Chinese evergreen shrub, with handsome glossy foliage, yielding numerous white clusters of flowers in April and INIay, which are of delicious fragrance. There are several species, one of which is variegated. Plumbago capensis. Cape Plumbago. A beautiful dwarf plant, with oblong leaves, yielding numerous spikes of showy blue flowers nearly all the summer. Polygata corduti. Heart-shaped Polygata. A beautiful little plant, pi'oducing abundance of rich purple flowers nearly all the winter. Protea. A beautiful race of plants, the foliage of Avhich is very diversified, and the flowers also; being red, white, straw, brown, green, and purple, and most of these colours are frequently to be seen on the same plant ; in flower from March to June. Prinmla. In this genus are embraced all the varieties of •ttovM rvAtm. 117 ike PrinciMe, Puljnuithiui, Auricula, Caw»Iip, OxKp, kc., already tntrt' >1 nnd IVrmnial catalotrtir^. The fluwei*. - ; in Hprini?, am tnnstly rwoct- •ceaied, aad of Tariova orHoun, rod, white, yellow, lilar, piiq>le, erimaoa. ice, which in s^mio are l>eautifuily v gated. The abore are nolivcn of Knt^lnnd ; l»o*i»let v. are two rarirtitM, white and pink, nativcA of China, produ dag tttabela of flowora from Jaiinary to May. Pynu Japoniea alba, or Cydunia Ja|K»nica. Ono of the •arliest flowerini^ dwarf nhrulM uf the garden, prrKlucing boanrifiil hiuah ik>weri ; there is nnothcr van«?ty, which pro- duoea aoarlek Uaaaoms, already deecribed in our catalogue of ahruba. tt»»tiiay Migaonotte. This fragrant littlo plant has been already treated of aA an annual ; it may, however, be kept nodar evktvatiaci from January to December, by Sftv^nng ■eed at difleront seowiuii in a green-hou.Hc or worm room. Hhododtndron, Rose Bay. A boaatiful genuM of plauLn, chirfly native* of India, " ' ' ^ of flowcra of vari'HiA nhades, aa purple, ;, and tijeso va- riegated in spots and flakes ; in flower from March to May. Rtmu, Roae. This Queen of Fhnrent, so univciTtally ad- BUrad, nature seems to have distributed over the wliole cmlixed %Torld ; and varieties have been so multiplied of laia years, as to render it difficult to make n judicious choice ; ■May of the new vaiit>liei«, however, lieing shy bloomers, are not so desirable for greea-house culture as tiic common China Rose, a select a.cr. RotmarintiM, Ri»M'mary. A fragrant, half-hardy, s'uuder- Icaved plant, which has been held in great c»to<'m for aires. lu S4inM) parts of Europe it is customary to distribute ^^]•Iig• among the gue«ts at •• ' riU, RutUa. A deniral .. , '.i there are Hcveral species; they produce pur]>Ie oc acarlet tUDliel-»ha|>ed fluw- •la from December to March. 118 CATALOGUE OF GREEN-HOUSE PLANTS. Salvia, Mexican Sage. A free-bloomlng plant, produr cing in the different species, scarlot and blue flowers in spiked whorls ; cuttings of which, if taken from stock plants in the green house early in spring, and planted in good gar- den soil, will embellish the borders three or four months of the summer. Sempervivwn arboreum, Tree House Leek. A succulent plant, similar to the common house leek, on a dwarfish stem ; by some admired as an evergreen. Stapelia. A genus of dwarf succulent plants, producing beautiful purple, striped, freckled, and star-like flowers, within six inches of the surface ; in its varieties from May tc of plants increasing in variety annually, and which olrcndy vinhmce o\'cry nhadu of colour, ncarlet, hliie, ro«o, hloc, white, pink. ice. IMuntcd in the flower border*, thoy impart beauty and variety Uirou'^h the •umincr, and cultivutetl in the grccn-hou»e, they cnihcl- Hall it a great part itf the winter. 1*1^101)11111 tintu, Latirustinuii. A much-admired half- h' 'lib, pnidiirini; cliistrnt of wliito blo«- •-.:; •■» May. There are other .tjM'cios very •imilar in habit, and one tviih (itn|>cd leaves. I'lo/a, Violet. Of thi'-. 'n, some of which are denominated ' le arc up- ward of a hundred 8|>cH:icJ) and varieiiea. Tlio early Violets are highly fragrant, ami the variety and beauty of the Pan- •ey tril«e almost exceed de-trription or conception. As these •plendid dwarf plants decorate tlie green-house and flower borilent from January to December, they arc worthy of care- ful cultivatioo. Yurra alor-folia, and its beautifid variety, raries^ala, ore deairablu plants to cultivate, from their niugular appearance, ronlrasied with other plants. Their blossom.'*, which aro vvint.-, ^^•>^v in .spikes, but the plants do not flower much uuUl suvotai years old. The foU<>i,\iiii; tcd as an «|ipeiMlage to tliis department of the work. 120 AN OUTLINE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF HORTICULTURE. I. Genreral Nature of Plants. 1. Horticulture is the application of the arts of cultivation, multipli- cation, and domestication to the vegetable kingdom. Horticulture and Arboriculture are branches of Agriculture. 2. The vegetable kingdom is composed of living beings, destitute of sensa- tion, with no powrer of moving spontaneously from place to place, and called plants. 3. Plants are organized bodies, consisting of masses of tissue that is per- meable by fluids or gaseous matter. 4. Vegetable tissue consists either of minute bladders, or tubes adhering by their contiguous surfaces, and leaving intermediate passages where they do not touch. 5. Tissue is called Cellular when it is composed of minute bladders, which either approach the figure of a sphere, or are obviously some modi- fication of it, supposed to be caused by extension or lateral compression. 6. When newly formed it is in a very lax state, and possesses great powers of absorption ; probably on account of the excessive permeability of its membrane, and the imperfect cohesion of its cells. 7. Cellular tissue, otherwise called Parenchyma, constitutes thesoft and brittle parts of plants ; such as pith, pulp, the spaces between the veins of leaves, the principal part of the petals, and the like. 8. Succulent plants are such as have an excessive developement of cel- lular tissue. 9. It may be considered the most essential kind of tissue, because, while no plants exist without it, many are composed of nothing else. 10. Tissue is called Woody Fibre when it is composed of slender tubes, which arc conical and closed at each end, and placed side by side. 11. Woody fibre is what causes stiffness and tenacity in certain parts of plants ; hence it is found in the veins of leaves, and in bark, and it con- stitutes the principal part of the wood. 12. Vascular Tissue is that in which either an elaftic tough thread is generated spirally within a tube that is closed and conical at each end ; or rows of cylindrical cellules, placed end to end, finally become continuous tubes by the loss of their ends. 13. The most remarkable form of vascular tissue is the Spiral Vessel, which has the power of rolling with elasticity when stretched. ■noT. IS I 10 \ wruiM liaM* of other kliMW to eonfliMtl to Um root. •<• r toBtoB. pctatoi, aad otlMr porta eonpoMd of tomvoo. It to not r 17. TlMooouBoa oAcoof tbo ttoMM to to eonrty lloid or su »■ i M Urn iinoplf to of MCrctMNM. |.V ( rt.uUr ti*>u<^ n>fiv>>\a doMa In oU tiirrrti.iiia. &'•• ittfn With (TTat n|< adhooioiu ' <'lw«en coo- HfU' it ro-rplar!' • r. 19. AdtHMon wilt takr miik momd, wbMi tbo caUotor tMooM i>i . rrn; pinnu, to kopl ftir aooM Ua%» in cuitUi-i , Uii mi. ' •* •■■M aatara will adb^r*. rraftinK ami bm' ■dboilan of c»i. t vartatMaof tbr tiMn only wbrn >nr . ■M plaoad la eootaci. to. W.-''"— ... ;. ;„;......... :..^ OMi and : •yateoi, and acta aa a prutection to apirml ■nd oitf C t air. : uiU whrn younic. and air when old. 2 e ia composed arr prrfectly Kimple, or' .'.wb^n rlonmlwl.ttcif twopitrwiji- Ur> ''< mat- ter ' ^rraod iathrm »' ■; will Krow. 14. A • y be »o(Vaa pulp ; Ot r. ir I. 3« ; 2S. With rrcard -. t4 of planta ihould b« cun««drr«d uiutrr : xillOi i^/ Buds (IV.): Uatts IV.) i Floweri (Vl.) ; Sfxet (VII.) j Fruit (VIII.); and Sfei IV , II. Root. t6. Tha Root to tho part that aUikea into the earth when a w^ hnrina to pvBlnala^ and which aAerward continues to lenxthen ben< > t7. It to atoo tha part which to •omvtiinea eniilteil tiy th<- par. ■orfaint nuuitoant fton tho atmoaphare; aa in l^y, .\ir- Pto ^r. it. It :• .•tinxutohe*! (Wmb tho atam by the abacnea of learea in any alalo. of recTilar le«r-bu\) m the Croma. are not roota. M. Tha oAca of the root to to abaorb ibod in a fluid or saaeoua atal* i ■ad atoo to As the plant in tho aoil, or to aoma Una aopport. n 122 ROOT. 31. The latter office is essential to the certain and regular performance of the former. 32. It is not by the whole of their surface that roots absorb food ; but only by their young and newly formed extremities, called Spmigiijles. 33. Hence the preservation of tlie spongioles in an uninjured state is essential to the removal of a plant from one place to another. 34. A Spongiole consists of very young vascular tissue (12) surrounded by very young cellular substance (.5). 35. It is therefore one of the most delicate parts of plants, and the most easily injured. 36. Hence whatever is known to produce any specific deleterious action upon leaves or stems, such as certain gases (298) and mineral or vegetable poisons, will produce a much more fatal effect upon the spongioles. 37. These organs have no power of selecting their food, but will absorb whatever the earth or air may contain, which is sufficiently fluid to pass through the sides of their tissue. 3S. So that if the spongioles are developed in a medium which is of an unsuitable nature, as they will still continue to absorb, they cannot fail to introduce matter which will prove either injurious ox fatal to life, accord- ing to its intensity. 39. This may often explain why trees suddenly become unhealthy, with- out any external apparent cause. 40. Plants have the power of replacing spongioles by the formation of new ones ; so that an individual is not destroyed by their loss. 41. But this power depends upon the co-operation of the atmosphere, and upon the special vital powers of the species. 42. If the atmosphere is so humid as to hinder evaporation, spongioles will have time to form anew ; but if the atmosphere is dry, the loss by evaporation will be so much greater than can be supplied by tlie injured roots, that the whole system will be emptied of fluid before the new spon- gioles can form. 43. This is the key to Transplantation (XV.) 44. As roots are destitute of leaf-buds (IV.), and as leaf-buds are essen- tial to the multiplication of an individual (108), it should follow that roots can never be employed for the purpose of multiplication. 45. Nevertheless, roots when woody have, occasionally, the power of generating adventitious leaf-buds (IV.) ; and when this is the case, they may be employed for the purpose of multiplication ; as those of Cydonia Japonica, &c. 46. The cause of this power existing in some species, and not in others, is unknown. 47. It is therefore a power that can never be calculated upon, and whose existence is only to be discovered by accident. 48. Although roots are generated under ground, and sometimes at con- siderable depths, yet access to a certain quantity of atmospheric air appears indispensable to the healthy execution of their functions. This is con- stantly exemplified in plants growing in the earth at the back of an ill- ventilated forcing-house, where the roots have no means of finding their way into the earth on the outside of the house. 49. It is supposed by some that the introduction of oxygen into their system is as indispensable to them as to animals. M. Ill mJ frMi upon. 61 . II »• at tr*rt r«^aln th«< th<» rrrftr^f'^n of t«'T fr*»m Ifv roof* wf!1 ■Iwt)* in-n dftr )') fir othrr*. fc 6- ' indiapmaaK Ua to (OAU) plAUU. uid hiiiv) ' I J so few ; for in Um forinrr CMC UicapoogiQlai wi. .i>n> to their plonf- alMa* and will eoaaaqaaatly ba mniiiuitnv i< iv, . Mrhrre tlim •aHMMatttteas malf !■ d»poail«d i while in t!.' . Uia rererar will oerar. • III. Stem. 67. The Slrtn la that part of a plant which is d«rrck>pcd abor« froand, and which took an upward direction at tl>« period of Kenninaliniv 6^. It conaiaU of a woodjr aits, coTrrnI by iMirk havmi; Ktotniita (I SI) on lU turf)K». branny Iravea with leaf.boda, in th«r axilU), and produdnn flowar* and fruit- 69. TiM poinu whara te«trf« are boriM are cmlled Ifodl ,• th« apaoM he- X mwt u Mm leavr*. are IntfrruMa, 60. The more ervrt a •tern frow*. th* more ▼inoroua it ie ; and the mora M deviate* ffooa iMa tfliMlkw to • hortioolal or paodulooB poaiUoo, tho teaa la it viforoua. •1. Boom aUow ■• derrloped under iproand, aoch aa Iha Tnben of tbe P«Mo Hid Iho Cann«» >>f tiw ( r.>.-ti« . but they are known fttim ronu by Um p wwnw of lairr . upon their lurfare. %t, Mraw tinfwai ' tX KlUwr by the acMition oi new - r'le ouUido of the wood ■od the tn«Mle of the hark ; when Ihrs „.ii.• , .1 -•;. f(, 1 .- • '■ • ■ ■ '■; '. ••• •: ■ lerhniral T\^• ■ •7. The heart wood w»«. ^« .-, Albnmum. and aftTw-xr I Ckooct'd Its nature tl 1S3 ti. Tk^r M* offMM flipalilc of propafrtiat Um tDdivldual ryom whirh lo th<*ir nouhth- W. TiMy w* al AM iiouriali»<' •rtkMtvh fVrr ifM^nwlvM ■ ft>inini. I«r f •«>ii^ downward. ft •taf d*v«lopMncnt will ho In proportion t rotiMqoMiUj. wbrn it !• wi«lienMM« fbr ofM rfMol only all itie fi-xi iiMi <^<>ui to^ , ''lOMd bjr awOTal. fi .•«■»! 91. Wlwn iMinaoata! ' 93 T^ tari »i 95. In ' Wicalljr III i ■p>d— ■ 9« \VN"< callMl /'k r:. In . ^i ... . r. » ,x^ .. •■'«i>on in pnifi'" • '■• •">••>'"• ti-" mil Iwn ' , 1 ail tl»e ol( . V i.i f-Niiti iffow. thi>T ili^fti-.f^ In thnw dlrvrtiona j the one • wnward. • 'I (u the cdlular tyttetn of th* nia are conAnrd to the woody tbry rraemble aeed ; from which they dilTer pby«lo> nUividual, whila seed ean only propagate the .1.. «•..>.„ II,.. .t„n that beara them, they are • I from it* Mem. will in^ow and a new plant if placed In arrumauncca favourable to the preKrration •f Ita Tital piiwera. fS. Hut thit property aeema confined to planta haring a firm, woody, p— MUial atrm. 99. Such buda, wban dalacbed ttom their parmt atani, aend roola down- wwd MM ■ iCaoi QpwanL 100. Bat if tha buda are not • ' •ram the plant to which they Mong. the mallet they arnd dou iira wotxl and litrr (•>•>), and ikt tUnnm they arnd upward bcroiix' i>r iii< i.r*. Hence it i« uid that wood ■id Hbir are formed t>y the roou of leaf-hud*. 101. If no Icaf-buda are ralletl ■■•' • t- -i, there will be no addition of wood I aod, eooaeqaenUy, the dr- i^wence of Icaf-buda it orroni- paniad by the •'■•< ' <-■• f « oo<| ; _ . , I by a nh^x)!, the upprr !>u(l« of whidi an df l the lower allowed lo dcvclope. Tho lower part of the •ho-'. ' ue in diameter; the upper will rrmajn of ita original diroenaiona. 103. The <)uanlily of wood, U ww Otr a, drpenda upon the quantity of laaT-budt that davalope^ lOS. It la of the grralMt Importance to bear thia in mind in pruning Ikibir irooB > A>r excoMiva pnining must neceaaarily be injurioua lo the ^oanlHy of produce. 104. If • cut' ' Iraf.bud on it be plare<1 • ':. ! lo the devekipr !4llrr, it will crow an-! 105. If lki« In; .'• 1' - ■ ■■ ■' '" '■'■". njc i< marrtri m t;.'- < iMn. liir iicw la aoid by (•rdcncra / >.'> vtcn bottom. 126 LEAF-BUDS. 106. But if it happens wlien the cutting is applied to the dissevered end of another individual, called a stock, the roots are insinuated into the tissue of the stock, and a plant is said to be grafted, the cutting being called a scion. 107. There is, therefore, little difference between cuttings and scions, except that the former root into the earth, the latter into another plant. lOS. But if a cutting of the same plant without a leaf-bud upon it be placed in the same circumstances, it will not grow, but will die. 109. Unless its vital powers are sutiicient to enable it to develope an adventitious leaf-bud (119). 110. A leaf-bud separated from the stem will also become a new indi- vidual, if its vital energy is sufficiently powerful. 111. And this, whether it is planted in earth, into which it roots like a cutting, or in a new individual, to which it adheres and grows like a scion. In the former case it is called an eye, in the latter a hud. 112. Every leaf-bud has, therefore, its own distinct system of life and of growth, 113. And as all the leaf-buds of an individual are exactly alike, it follows that a plant is a collection of a great number of distinct identical systems of life, and, consequently, a compound individual. !14. Regular leaf-buds being generated in the axillse of the leaves, it Is there that they are always to be sought. 115. And if tiiey cannot be discovered by ocular inspection, it may nevertheless be always inferred with confidence that they exist in such situations, and may possibly be called from their dormant state into life. 116. Hence, wherever the scar of a leaf, or the remains of a leaf, can be discovered, there it is to be understood that the rudiments exist of a system of life which may be, by favourable circumstances, called into action. 117. Hence, all parts upon which leaves have ever grown may be made use of for purposes of propagation. lis. From these considerations it appears that the most direct analogy between the Animal and Vegetable kingdoms is with the Polypi of the former. 119. Adventitious leaf-buds are in all respects like regular leaf-buds, except that they are not formed at the axills of leaves, but develope occasionally from all and any part of a plant. 120. They are occasionally produced by roots, by solid wood, or even by leaves and flowers. 121. Hence roots, solid wood, or even leaves and flowers, may be used as means of propagation. 122. But as the developement of adventitious buds is extremely uncer- (ain, such means of propagation can never be calculated on, and form no part of the science of cultivation. 123. The cause of tlie formation of adventitious leaf-buds is unknown. 124. From certain experiments it appears that they may be generated by sap in a state of great accumulation and activity. 125. Consequently, whatever tends to the accumulation of sap in an active state may be expected to be conducive to the formation of adventi tious leaf-buds. I V. Lc\TKS. IM. l.^aTM ur f-tp«n»i<»n« of {•rk, tnivrr»H by vrin*. t?7 TH<* Tr-ri* r-.f!- •• .^f •^rnl rr**!-'* rrH t.r-1 tn womljr (ihre j \hty •' \ arr ronneclcd 1^ k> inic •If. • .'1 I!.. . . ■ ,fn. P- ■ :. 1 t;..- 1 >« arrmncrd ao m to IrtTe numrrou* op niabiM thrm ta npoaa the ar«a|> •it ' • ■ ■ rr. •m prat lanaiiona 111 trmjirratiirr, anii tiir will paaa mdiljr. ISft. TMr aloaala tn poraa Uiat are ri , .!.>■ ■•lloQ ; tar wbieli tbty aia wHl adaptMl bjr a powrr t ' tUf or rliMin* mt rimiiii(tann-« mnv rmuirr. MtMion of atr, »h. !. i37. • -'.rf, it ta ■Hrar* ^ . ;. doubta ■• anloftAaMU ot Um aUto «>!' Ums alitM»i»U:(« Mtttdi a paiucuiar apedaa Bisr rn't'" '■c«, or at lra«t If. .'If leave* art A«itl>>>r.|. Ml. And B ' (>(i« upon upcviik vital powcra gp.^■..-.'. r. .ir 1-.,! Il.l.-l''. I !!4l.1 BrtiOn Oi, ilao foj* I. n to lb« qu ■< .v.:ni or d. :.-. o Icavra, ta redu<« rnlaii;!-, to riltcr thnr caloa ta . or to chaasa UMr appear ancr b)- trsnifornialiun and niultipliradon at %h»tt parts, whanawf Ihrjr have bean raurd (torn ared for acvrral gene- 164. Th*" ■ ij*. Uit bpinc rntircly uahiMHin, X- lira in (1owrr« can bo Uid down. ' .1 167. It < ', producm flowera diffrrfnt fVoni tllOM' ; - - "rr\ ■ tpcrt. 165. A* I prinripto ;)|]) abu.; ■ ..,, ..I ..Vidua], the wbola of whoM> t : th« »port 169 Conan)U' '"'v be made pcrm^ nani, if th* plant 'S). 170 At flowr: ilttj, Um gTMter tb« abundanrv of Uiia prvparcd (bod. Iba more perfect wtll be their de«el> opvmenl. I *? I . Or the l^« 'r•onari^• ' they will ar^eraltT i^^^f t- . an ? t' <- '<•. 17; .an aNin- dant • '>i]>oT by bulh- 'I br ,4 lu caUM< t.'.tkC !•) Ut» >'P< rjtion. \'X lh' • tiil« ujvnn tbrir frrc rxpoiurc to light n (im. and their coloura .SI). i ' d aituationa ar* ,ly. 1 wn.rn ; 'rmffrtrmfd . or the ar; I. Thry • . ■:.. Mil. ).-.( w.wi t ruit/trvus {l-'ji, .. I "tnyi-unii ..,,1. „ . .--..•. r, ...i^ f... It,- ^,...1 ' ,wrM can '. tendency 177 111 : ■ ih« "iy in aarti plania iliaft double MWfra oerar, when tr • v.. : J,, 130 SEXES. 17S. It is, therefore, in sucli plants that double flowers are to be princi* pally expected. 179. In proportion as the sexes of flowers habitually become few in number, do the instances of double flowers become rare. ISO. Double flowers are therefore least to be expected in plants with fewest stamens. 181. Whenever the component parts of a flower adhere by their edges, as in monophyllous calyxes, monopetalous corollas, and monadelphous, or di-, or poly-adelphous stamens, the tendency to an unnatural multiplication of parts seems cliecked. 1S2. Therefore, in such cases, double flowers are little to be expected • they are, in fact, very rare. 183. Proliferous flowers are those in which parts that usually have all their axillary buds dormant, accidentally develope such buds ; as in the Hen and Chickens Daisy, in which the bractete of the involucrum form other Daisy-heads in their axilloe ; or, as in certain Roses, in which tlie capillary leaves develope leaf-buds in their axillae, so that the flower becomes a Lranch, the lower leaves of which are coloured and transformed, and the upper green, and in their ordinary state. 184. Discoid compound flowers are those in which the central florets of a flower-head acquire corollas, like those of the circumference, as m the Dahlia ; the cultivated variety of which should be called discoid, and not double. 185. These last two are so essentially different from double flowers, that whatever laws may be supposed to govern the production or amelioration of double flowers, can have no relation to proliferous or discoid compound flowers. VII. Sexes. 186. The sexes consist of two or more whorls of transformed leaves, of which the outer are called Slanie?is (188), and the inner Pisfillum (191). 187. They are known to be modifications of leaves, because they very frequently are transformed into petals which are demonstrably such (149) and because they occasionally revert to the state of leaves. 188. The stamens bear at their apex an organ, called the anther, which contains a powder called pollen. 1S9. When the anther is full grown it opens and emits the pollen, either dispersing it in the air m consequence of the elasticity with which it opens; or depositing it upon the stigmata (191) ; or exposing it to the action of wind, or such other disturbing causes as may liberate it from its case. 190. The pollen consists of exceedingly minute hollow balls, or case."?, containing myriads of moving particles, which are the fertilizing principle of the stamens. 191. The pistillum has at its base one or more cavities or cells, in which bodies called ovula are placed ; and at its apex one or more secreting sur- faces called stigmata. 192. The ovula are the rudiments of seed. 103. If the fertilizing pow^r of the pollen comes in contact with the stigmata, the ovula in the cells of the pistillum are vivified, and become seed. 131 ' <1oM not take plan, Uw ovnia cannot poMibly be »n^ j*r»«h. lUi. 1 :«: t I'lftmriicniiu ■-•'■, plan m conaequrnrv of Iha <» ■ '■ H I «t • pMtiMt af Uf • (190) of tha pmuM>oc»aMnt of fuiuc« planU. iiala ia uaoally actad upon only by Um poUen of t ' il. « TividMl Will, when Bown, produce nrw in<' ' from Uiat by wbicb Uiey were ibetO' •- -Tf for Um moat part multiplied ttom gfft" f, » .--.I .- , - -- ; . .^^-, ^vlatiooa fV«a thia taw, by artiflctal I*"'. If t'lr «i.iT!i-n of '•!<* •;w<-t«-« !k- ti!iiiT rain thrm. ioi. lii«y h*«e ljtM« i I ; but lltey may. if woody, be | < . , Kioita fnx Tb«r<>f»r«L, n» bybrida bat aoch aa are of a woody perennial char- •eur ;: that the hybrid lias th« constitution and fencral ••{ ' ' ifluenced in Mcondary charac- ltr< Suj I II • ■iiuui I < rncw hybrid plajjt*. M6. Really hybri : tfi nuch luiirr upti- fteaa. la cooe e qua n . ■ .. two vahoUca of Um MOW apacMa, and Dt ' ua. tOI. Uyfand plani ., . laaiion b>' leed, are oAea more abundant How* SOS. Thia ia. pro' . >ii«UluUoiial debility (162). VIII. FBtlT. 909. Frtiit. «fr*rtly cTt^kinic. i* the pictillum arrived at maturity. ' tberea to the pialilluro, and growa with it to ma' inftritw ; aa the Apple. >il .:u'. «« •- bcinic no adheirion to il on ibr ;>ift "i r ; aa the Peach. 213. i .!.c llowi-r. or MiDtt part of trncc \ and cooae- qOr- ■• therefore Ihe aam« at t , '•. . !• .1>-- »^ . ' •' • -•'••M. !y of one, or of ■■ '»"» '^f meu ..- ■ ■■■' \\i i H I'rara. I 'e to k(bt i t. . > ' - tM It ta Ik* pro| wc ■rid when triiJ, U •eqiilf* •wmUm-w wt.' ">«ir and. tST. ThM yiwIaWf •run nom luo ■ugmrounon at Um oellttiv (iMoe, wMdi p iM rt <|r Hm • pwltr pMNr Umm woody or vMcolar tlwue of moMo tat in tlM Ibraaltoa of ausar. 934. Aa a oarWn qnanliif ol add la oaaaatial to ttndet (hiit i^;rrrabi« to Uw polMO. an<< &• < • 'he propady •'' <-<>i(mt'H by the aaine niran* aa tho fruit ; and, like ti. will br more or Iraa perflwtly fomed, aooordlnf to tho aboadanoo of iia BOtnmrtit. t44. The p!< rmbryo ia the aeed, will be in al •Montia] partir< r<«, 144 I nl*— •'? (204). t4A Put «•• umatanoea. rrpro- dor*- t Wi!l '•) ii'j ni.juit uHjiriiily rrnroiuoe the particular > It waa bom«. '" I'fopcr meaM of propafBting varictiea. • 1 >r biennial planta. bo meana can be em* p|o)r |. ...,..«,. ;. ricept the aeod ; and yet the variety to t4ff. TbU to seeonpltohod aokly by the (raat caw of the cultirator. and tatppaaa tiMia i aa. AliHoagh a aoad will not altootately pmpaicale the individual, yet M 8 Mv*! Will paftate aMM of tho aatnrv of lU actual parent thtn of any ihinc rlw>. It* pi ui er . y may ho cipoelcd, a* really hap|ien«. to r<>M-ni*>i«> the aonHy fn>m whtrh ii apoiag, mora thoa any other rahety o( ■ tftl. Pro«i.kNi rt* purMy haa not been coataminated by i.' Ion of other ranrtiea. tftt. By a careful eradtoaliaa of aO tho vahetic* fhmi the noicti!»urhoo.•«.■ , fMM>n, RMtSl* 'y li wm l—< la < «MMwbylV, la a rtu J •(<(<' _ ^, , .;.._..„;.....» In •iiM of tlw motJon of the tap U tha aUnMiJon of the leaf- bunic •eld ('*''' -^ thpfn i It** (pace «»<•"•' 'huaa motion (ndlM]:^ - ft. *fi' ' : '^ tm: 111 thcbranehea HMllWt fO- I- - .•^.-•■... >*!.•.!.... .i .. j ...iii -.1 -j^rtH to ■ hirh trmpm tun in WMtmt, will grow while lU •t^m U expoacd to > Trry low tempera tor*. ''tanr«Mi will not be lone maintained, or:' :iir!i of fr-^ I ; for, if frozen they canncH mn. ati'l wi'i ■ ' c nap of whieh the •tom I* emppia«nie th# «n, irach n ■ dry and h«^ed ■lmo*p?;rrr. <.r .iti . • or a irreat deeompomiion of rmrboni<- ami, by ' . propertT of causing ex- rr«« . . ■ • ; rd. C" the nap, nirh •• •> T -'-It ai-rti- w '>f car- be* _ , .^ , . „. ..., and an nc ■*. - " • ! »n;> !«. therrfore, a itre«t cauae of fertility. tij. A I, not twin. ' i« a ifrrat eaoi>e of ateriltty. 176. 1 >n of Mp t kinds of aefretion i« clTtTted by tfaa eoitiUucU action of Air [\l.), Li^fhi [\l-], aod TemptrUure. XI. Air and Lioht. T".' '■'•'■•■ ■■ ' ■■• formed within it« intrcumentf, It « u* < t. aa aoon aa it brKin* t 4 in the day* Un\r 1. rtion to tbr ii •• > . oliua vf carinnie aad, the estriOBtion of 136 AIR AND LIGHT. oxj'gen, and the acquisition by the plant of carbon in a solid state ; fl-om which, modified by the peculiar vital actions of species, colour and secre- tions are supposed to result. 281. For it is found that the intensity of colour, and the quantity of secretions, are in proportion to the exposure to light and air, as is shown by the deeper colour of the upper sides of leaves, &c. 2S2. And by tlie fact that if plants be grown in air from which light is excluded, neither colour nor secretions are formed, as is exemplified in blanched vegetables ; which, if even naturally poisonous, may, from want of exposure to light, become wholesome, as Celery, 283. When any colour appears in parts developed in the dark, it is gen- erally caused by the absorption of such colouring matter as pre-existed in the root or other body from which the blanched shoot proceeds, as in some kinds of Rhubarb when forced. 284. Or by the deposition of colouring matter formed by parts developed in light, as in the subterranean roots of Beet, Carrots, &c. 285. What is true of colour is also true of flavour, which equally de- pends upon light for its existence ; because flavour is produced by chemi- cal alterations in the sap caused by exposure to light (229). 286. The same thing occurs in regard to nutritive matter, wliich in like manner is formed by exposure of leaves to light. Thus the Potato when forced in dark houses, contains no more amylaceous matter than previously existed in tiie original tuber ; but acquires it in abundance when placed in the light, and deposites it in proportion as it is influenced by light and air. Thus, also, if Peaches are grown in wooden houses, at a distance from the light, they will form so little nutritive matter as to be unable to support a crop of fruit, the greater, part of which will fall off. And for a similar reason, it is only the outside shoots of standard fruit trees that bear fruit. Considerations of this kind form in part the basis of pruning and training. 287. Light is the most powerful stimulus that can be employed to ex- cite the vital actions of plants, and its energy is in proportion to its intens- ity ; so that the direct rays of the sun will produce much more powerful effects than the diffused light of day. 288. Hence, if buds that are very excitable are placed in a diffused light, their excitability will be checked. 289. And if buds that are very torpid are exposed to direct light, they will be stimulated into action. 290. So that what parts of a tree shall first begin to grow in the spring may be determined at the will of the cultivator. 291. This is the key to some important practices in forcing. 292. This should also cause attention to be paid to sliading buds from the direct rays of the sun in particular cases ; as in that of cuttings, whose buds, if too rapidly excited, might exhaust their only reservoir of sap, the stem, before new roots were formed to repair such loss. 293. As plants derive an essential part of their food from the air (280) by the action of light, it follows that in glass houses those which admit the greatest portion of light are the best adapted for purposes of cultiva tion. 294. The proportion of opaque matter in the roof of a glass house con- structed of wood varies from one third to one seventh j that of an iron house does not exceed one twenty-third. 106 ThtrHotw. tnMi>rao>wn t\»»»- S9ii. rotMMMNW gaaM III >i graat rnrnnr. A t^n ttwuM >l lo t' mmI h»ut.9 Ui« «Uimu ui «, an: > of maVinK i^iy tpcocs , f kauw* ttcatnl by cuai Ana, or ui larfs Umna. XII. PcKaPIRATtON. iw. I' u the nalu : e (rov> ■■ , II will p«r • fluid. aU : - ■ , . , ir«liiin ■I'l !!w carboniMd matter tlut la produced fur tbe peculiar aaci' iOt. Kor ll» N. it i* indinprnaablo that Iba fttpplr nf •' .1 nn^ tin^nlcrrupled. J u lo (.litt- J "ail It can be «D(i : from the • will be dncd •p - .^inirtion nf aponctolea. an iiMufflcicnt quantity '•■« to oocaaional dryncaa, Die evil wnaaqumcai of or dimtnialiinf arapora* ■ mrly humid. iKMiphrre be* r>it: r<< • ' - !■ neoecaary (■>•"'• ^ waller upoa itttrailiMMim aieiUiv i>i«nla(MMi in dry weather, everxreena, or plants in leal^ «- the aponctolea are dealroyptj, or ao far iniiirni in lh« ^ onaMe lo art. whilr the lea»M nt^rr rei«*e ii> (XTupire. it haTr been (Tow« itfi;i.« or 11. -.MN (ranaplanled < explained b>- tl.c ncreMity of ki»> 138 CUTTINGS. XIII. Cuttings. 311. When a separate portion of a plant is caused to produce new roots and branches, and to increase an individual, it is a cutting. 312. Cuttings are of two sorts: cuttings properly so called, and eyes fSlO). 313. A cutting consists of an internodia, or a part of one, with its nodi ^59^ and leaf-bud. 314. When the internodia is plunged in the earth it attracts fluid from the soil, and nourishes the bud until it can feed itself. 315. The bud, feeding at first upon the matter in the internodia, grad- uallj' enlongates upward into a branch, and sends organized matter down- ward, which becomes roots. 316. As soon as it has established a communication with the soil, it be- comes a new individual, exactly like that from which it was taken. 317. As it is the action of the leaf-buds that causes growth in a cutting, it follows that no cutting without a leaf-bud will grow ; 318. Unless the cutting has great vitality and power of forming adven- titous leaf-buds (119), which sometimes happens. 319. An eye is a leaf- bud without an internodia. 320. It only differs from a cutting in having no reservoir of food on wliich to exist, and in emitting its roots immediately from the base of the leaf-bud into the soil. 321. As cuttings will very often, if not always, develope leaves before any powerful connection is formed between them and the soil, they are peculiarly liable to suffer from perspiration. 322. Hence the importance of maintaining their atmosphere in an uni- form state of humidity, as is effected by putting bell or other glasses over them. 323. In this case, however, it is necessary that if air-tight covers are employed, such as bell-glasses, they should be from time to time removed and replaced, for the sake of getting rid of excessive humidity. 324. Layers differ from cuttings in nothing except that they strike root into the soil while yet adhering to the parent plant. 325. Whatever is true of cuttings is true of layers, except that the latter are not liable to suffer bj' evaporation, because of their communication with the parent plant. 326. As cuttings strike roots into the earth by the action of leaves or leaf- buds, it might be supposed that they will strike most readily when the leaves or leaf-buds are in their greatest vigour. 327. Nevertheless, this power is controlled so much by the peculiar vital powers of different species, and by secondary considerations, that it is im- possible to say that this is an absolute rule. 328. Thus Dahlias and other herbaceous plants will strike root freely when cuttings are very young ; and Heaths, Azaleas, and other hard-wooded plants, only when the wood has just begun to harden. 329. The ft)rmer is, probably, owing to some specific vital excitability, the force of which we cannot appreciate ; the latter cither to a kind of torpor, which seems to seize such plants when the tissue is once emptied of fluid, or to a natural slowness to send downward woody matter, whether for wood or not, which is the real cause of their wood being harder. 12* iCIONS. IM If Ht« poM an : 5.. . ton.- c«tt...,. IS3. A- 111 Xhttn, M uv n- • S34. It M lo Bvot.: flbr tiM nMMi part rviu I.«»ur tiy Itio ortiofi til It. M*«ianr<>« are ■'.r rooting of 'i^« with wh«t r«rr« nil a Arrl •r . • r.vit III I'r r.-i. Illy thlin *Urh \tefl rmdera ■< are tuualljr ,-tu«d. 3- \ • plaii^ V '■ !■ XIV. Scions ■ ■ (311) which la c»u»r«i ti) Rrow upon auotiirr ..... >.>r1a : ariona properly aontled, and burU (354). i-r i» true of cutting* ia true alao of (dona, all nrcum- 13S. W lit tlM H' 339. lU lenT-bu'Sa ttiua r MBd wiKNty matter downw 340. At the a»me lnm'. tlu' o adbetwa (19). •" •• '■■» f'»nn n rm 841. Thew.v cvllolar aubitn' would have hr^n i>cni ;><-.: the atork ilM^f. 3:- ■ •-' •'■- 34.. ....: ;.. o««r Um wood ' which h>« etr! plant, it attract* fluid from it \ r:iti feed thrmaclTca. ward into bnmchea, and ... to root*. ..tt' of the anon ind ita « .'c it ocrupica the aain. .4 atcr Bupplied by buds (<>'; .itiu to wo. fnrr. "■- .4.,* the wood of the itock with new '•f new root*. tv.... Iv tiinltrT iu.nt rfi.U'n l>V t^.\o mrmf\ ••'.'•■ _ • ■... : • " ■■.:■.:-■ r ll.C II alwajr* raouuB apparently tiM aame. although it ia I without being able to traoa* - two takra place bf tb« rfect that a aii^iit 344. home anuna will grow \ lit anv w-v^'r m-ittrr tnto it ; •^ frd by their woody matter, which afaaorrw ir.< i*. ' x-k at the point where the adheaioii iaa ocrorTe « l , mcniing in diameter. 1* flnally orar* pown by the ...... S47. When, in auch litalaneea, tba eoauaaoioatlon batwaan tba alock 140 TRANSPLANTATION. and the scion is so much interrupted that the sap can no longer ascend with sufficient rapidity into the brandies, tiie latter die ; as in many Peaches. 348. This incomplete union between the scion and its stock is owing to some constitutional or organic difference in the two. 349. Therefore, care should be taiien that wlicn plants are grafted on one another, their constitution should be as nearly as possible identical. 350. As adhesion of only an imperfect nature takes place when the scion and stock are, to a certain degree, dissimilar in constitution, so will no ad- hesion whatever occur when their constitutional dillerence is very decided. 351. Hence it is only species very nearly allied in nature that can be grafted on each other. 352. As only similar tissues will unite (19), it is necessary, in applying a scion to tlie stock, that similar parts should be carefully adapted to each other ; as bark to bark, cambium to cambium, alburnum to alburnum. 353. The second is more especially requisite, because it is through the cambium that the woody matter sent downward by the buds must pass ; and also because cambium itself, being organizing matter in an incipient state, will more readily form an adhesion than any other part. 354. The same principles apply to buds, which are to scions precisely what eyes (319) are to cuttings. 355. Inarching is the same with reference to grafting, that layering (324) IS with reference to striking by cuttings. 35G. It serves to maintain the vitality of a scion until it can form an adhesion with its stock ; and must be considered the most certain mode of grafting. 357. It is probable that every species of flowering plant, without excep- tion, may be multiplied by grafting. 35S. Nevertheless, there arc many species and even tribes that never have been grafted. 359. It has been found that in the Vine and the Walnut this difficulty can be overcome by attention to their peculiar constitutions ; and it is pro- bable that the same attention will remove supposed difficulties in the case of other species. XV. Tkansplantation. 360. Transplantation consists in removing a plant from the soil in which It is growing to some other soil. 361. If in the operation the plant is torpid, and its spongioles uninjured, the removal will not be productive of any interruption to the previous rate of growth. 352. And if it is growing, or evergreen, and the spongioles are uninjured, the removal will produce no fartiier injury than may arise from the tem- porary suspension of the action of the spongioles, and the non-cessation of perspiration during the operation. 363. So that transplantations may take place at all seasons of the year, and under all circumstances, provided the spongioles are uninjured. 364. This applies to the largest trees as well a^ to the smallest herbs. 365. But as it is impossible to take plants out of tne earth without destroying or injuring the spongioles, the evil consequence of such acci- dents must be remedied by the hinderance of evaporation. MS. TiMii|iliiilrtliin iboald Ibarvlbrr nn\y wh«n plant* ■» lorpM. and «b»a Umkt rwpinaory orr^- ■ ii'«-t.t , or. i( ihry ttt^miof thorn 0tamm,mmt%ver- >itDoaphrTO jr.: M9. ru- • .'If MdreuaMtv - ' •pro* iMtod front "Vfm, b« tnHMptanled at ail acaaoDa without •or dancn INTRODUCTION MONTHLY CALENDAR Tnt object of tbo foHowing Calendar in to furnish, in a con- dctued fonn, montlily directions for the ctiltnro of some plants not ]■ ''i\ in this work; and also to direct the rrati- '• rcjcrnlar manaqcment of such plants M have h«cn heretofore treated of In pursuit of tho latter object, roforcnrcs will be made to former pages, so as to exhibit, at one view, the busineM of the garden in ench month of the year. The figures indicate the pages in which farther dirortions may be found relative to the operationa referred to. J 43 MONTHLY CALENDAR. JANUARY. Winter's white sheet now covers earth's cold bed ; Pride of our home, the lovely Flowers, are dead ; Some early venturers would the aspect cheer, The first-born children of the dawning year. Having shown, in page 100, that heat, air, and water are the food of plants, and necessary to the preservation of their health and life, if given in due proportion according to cir- cumstances, I would, at this season of the year, especially, salute the gardener with " Be ye temperate in all things." Temperance in the use of water is of the utmost import- ance in the winter season, for several reasons which may be given. In the first place, water will atti'act frost, and, there- fore, should be used very sparingly in frosty weather; another consideration is, that in the absence of heat and air, plants cannot absorb much moisture, and, consequently, must become injured from excessive watering; and it may be observed farther, that it is not prudent to keep plants in an extremely vigorous state, until the season arrives when the external air is soft and salubrious ; they can then have a due proportion of heat, air, and moisture at the same time. Perhaps the next important point to be attended to at this time is, to see that the green-house, or room, in which plants are intended to be preserved, is calculated for the purpose. The room should be light and airy, and yet so secure as to prevent the intrusion of external cold air, or the depaiture of warm air in the night season. A Fahrenheit thermometer is indispensable in a green- house, or room, where plants are kept, and the temperature should be always kej^t up as nearly as possible to forty degrees, in the absence of the sun. If the gardener retire to rest in this variable climate, leaving the mercury much below forty, he may expect to find his plants frozen in the morning. A good brick flue is better calculated for heating a small green-house than any other contrivance ; because, after a sufficient fire has been made to heat the bricks thoroughly, MOJfTBLT CALKXDAK. ] 11 thrv \% . . • ■ ti ;;.' /!<• \'- .n iron It. %<• \\::ii it-- i!i< t li _ i\T, and oxpoM) the platiU tu cold towanl inoroiug, which i» t)>o time '' t nrcd pi Thu huitl ftotn iron is, ronreo- liry and ; , while an evaporation or aalubrioun ttoain may bo raised from bricks, by apiiukhng the fluo occaAtonatly, which wuuld operate on phiutii similar to healthful dow-dru|Mi. At tbia season of the year, sitting-rooms, or parlours, ara generally heated in tlio i! ' '* M twenty degrees higtier thaji what is necvasars ■ \ ation of plants ; conse<{urntly, as the heat decreases in liie night season, pU... ...... .... ;-"ircd, unless a fire is kept up. Air must b< i kept in thi:i way, at all opportunities; and mora water will !<■ in ( • v^ary for such plants, thou llioso kept in a groon-houso wuuKl rctjuiro. Fur the management of bulbous roots in pols or glosses, tlic reader isrefcncd to page 94. FEBRUARY. Liks ■hiTMinf orphani on the wide world ( :' ■ ■ " . ,- . .. I'J Bil rikt'i caire, khare. V iuthoprrv- • inth discussed some important p lUve tu ti.. . caro of plants, I now pnjcei-d to nonce a few uf those kinds that require attention at this J, - ' - >(>a-«on : . or Japan liosa. There arc numerous varieties of thii valuable clasa of plants, exhibiting c%'ery shade of (<■■' • •■ ' ' ■ -jMrn to the purest white ; in some li. I others strikingly contnibtcd. They ara unnvaiied ubjecu of beauty from October to May, being ftet in a fine gloMy foliage. 144 MONTHLY CALENDAR. Double Camellias are generally propagated on stocks of the single, which are procured by planting cuttings of the young shoots in light mould under bell glasses ; on these, when grown to a sufficient size, are inarched the finer kinds of double. Sometimes these latter are also struck by cut- tings ; but as their progress by such method is generally slow and uncertain, it is seldom resorted to. These valuable plants are too often injured by amateurs, from misapplied care bestowed upon them, so that their whole compensation and enjoyment is reduced to the mere possession of a hand- some green shrub. Destined, from the extreme beauty and unrivalled delicacy of their flowers, to become the chief pride and ornament of the green-house and drawing-room in the winter season. Camellias should have a fair chance given them to exhibit their fine bloom in perfection. It should be observed, that Camellias are by no means tender shrubs, but require to be kept in a medium, even temperature, and they generally succeed best in a green- house, where the atmosphere is damp. As the buds begin to swell, they will require more water than at any other time, which may be applied from the rose of a watering-pot, or syringe, while in bud, but when in blossom it should be ap- plied to the earth. If Camellias be kept where there is a dry air, occasioned from fire heat, they must have plenty of the natural air at all opportunities, or the buds will become brown and fall off; and if they are exposed to extreme cold at night, which is too often the case when kept in rooms of an uneven temperature, premature decay of the buds will inevitably be the consequence. To preserve Camellias in a healthy condition, they should be kept in a fresh, moderately light soil, consisting of sandy loam taken from under grass sods, and leaf mould well mixed ; nothing being more injurious to them than over- potting ; they should not be shifted into larger pots, until the projection of their roots show evidently that they are in need •f it. Fow plants bear priratiofi of sunshine in summer better than those ; t* > •• • ^^^^ tituation. where the; ir. •Surh bulbous mots as may be in proj^M of bl«ioming, will require attention tliin month ; rum them frcqurntly to the light, as rvcommondud in pnqo 0>^, and incrftiAi' the sup- pliea of water as they advance toward pcrffrtion. Attend to Cmnpannla PyramidaltM, Ifepalicai, Mimultm, S*maciat, and bcrbaccfius plants in general ; those not in bud should be watered %-ery itparingly. Shrubby plants, espe- cially those which bud and blossom in winter, and the early part of sprinff. as the sorera] varieties of the Acacias. Aza- l«'as, * I ( DiiphnrH, Diosmas, Kupa' ' . .lias, Hcath.i, Laurus- tinuscs. Lemon trees. Rhododendrons, Orange trees. Sec, ^^ "" •'- water onro or twice a week, according to cir- < • ■*, and air should be given at all opportunities, or the plants will not blossom in perfection. For the benefit of such as may wish to raise cnrly plants from seed, or to force Dulilia or other nK>is, I subjoin the following brief directions for making a small hot-bed : In a border expoM'd to the morning sun, let a pit be dug about thirty iaclif<» di-t-p, five feel wide, and six lone; this %rill admit of two saahes, each three feet by five. A frame of suitable dimonatons may l>e made of plank ; the bnck plank may be t%vo feet %vidc, ami the end ones .«1oped so as to make a fifteen-inch plank do for the front The frame being made, set it over the pit. and then get a load of horse dung, freah from the livery stables, (not such as has lain long, or may have been soddcncd with water,) spread it evenly in the pit until full, then put into the frame rich light mould, or compo*t. to the depth of ten or twelve inches, and the seed may Uj sown as soon as it gets %varm. It may be neocsaary to obM>r«-e, that in making hot-beds, the quantity of top mould should be regulated according to the <
    stance of the manure in the pit. and this may \'ar)' occonltng to the 13 20 146 MONTHLY CALENDAR. use the beds are intended foi% or to other circumstances. After the seed are sown, the beds will require constant atten- tion ; cover up warm in cold nights, and give air at all oppor tunities, to prevent the plants from growing weak. As we are subject to northwest winds at this season, which produce extreme freezing, it will be better to delay the makin-g of hot-beds to the first week in March, at which time opportunities will fiequently offer of giving plants a tolera- ble share of salubrious air, which is indispensable to their preservation. MARCH. The " Yellow Crocus" in her simple dress. And the '^pale Primrose," chaste in loveliness, Though the fierce Storm King rides upon the gale, Foretel of Spring, 'midst snow and cutting hail. As the spring progresses, the external air will be soft and salubrious ; at which time it should be freely admitted to plants kept in rooms and green-houses. In proportion as the plants get air, they should have water applied from the rose of a watering-pot. Monthly Roses will require attention this month. It should be recollected, that it is from the young wood of these plants that buds are to be expected ; their growth should, there- fore, be encouraged, by admitting sun and air at all oppor- tunities, and water when necessary. Primulas. There are several species of plants under this name, which exhibit their blossoms in March and April ; some of which are very beautiful, as the Polyanthus, English Spring Flowers, Auricula, &c. ; but I would now direct the reader's attentio-n to the Chinese varieties, some of which are pure white, and others of a lilac colour. They are first raised from seed sown in the spring, and will keep two or three years. k PlMnt* lliat are AiIl grown, will commence bIoocic« and varieties of itrnd may be sown tliis month !t {irf|)aru4.1 a» tlirvctvd uiulcr tbo bcatl February, t -•< Auricula, Polyanthus, and all other species of Primula »<'c«l, fliduM n<»w lio sown. ttc, Ton Week Stock, ami I>iihlia mxt«, and care should be taken, when the plants are up, that th««y " " " ■ ' ' ' Mire. 1 . ■ ^ • s of tho Schizanthus '.viiK h deserve attention at an early season. They are rather '; >n in poin;» apt to suffer by excess ' ; and oAeti, when in full bliKim, die off suddenly by decays at the bottom of tho stem. No plants will, how. :■' amply repay nil tho care and trouble that may > vod on tliem.-tiian those of the elegant genu* Schizanthus. The best soil for them is loam and leaf moulil, with a smalt ]K>rtion of sand. They Hhoiild l>e ro> |M»ited nA oAen as the pots are filled willi roots, till they come into full flower. All the difTerent vnrietic!* of tender annuil, biennial, and perrnnial flower seed, detticrnnlod thus § and thun t in our ' ■«, pages 18 and 30, may Imj sown this month in 1,.; .-..'. or in • ^'■•^t in the i»reen-houso. Hyacinth*. ^ , and other bullm in (glasses, must have the • '•' through the winter, mny now bo planted in pots and kept in a green- house or light room, or else plunged in a hot-bod. Thoaa 148 MONTHLY CALENDAR. who have no such conS'eniences may, however, delay the planting of sound bulbs, until the weather will admit of their being planted in warm borders. Dahlia roots should now be plunged in a hot-bed, to for- ward them, with a view to their being separated, as soon as the eyes are discernible, 77. APRIL. As Nature feels the sun's life-giving rays, And genial showers now mark the lengthen'd days, Buds and sweet blossoms, redolent of Spring, To meditation soothing moments bring. This is the most important month in the year for gardening operations. If not done toward the end of the last month, the covering must be taken from hardy flowering plants early in this month, and the beds and borders attended to as directed, pages 22 and 37 ; at the same time, clip edgings of box, and clean, re-lay, or make new gravel walks, &c., 15 ; piune and transplant flowering shrubs, 39 and 53 ; trans- plant also hardy herbaceous plants, 34 and 35. Sow flower seed ; the hardiest may be sown in the open borders, and the tender in hot-beds, 23 and 33. All the soil of a garden should be dug this month, if pos- sible, and pulverized as directed, 22 and 65. It will be necessary to look over all the gi'een-house plants in the early part of this month ; let them be deprived of dead wood, if any, by a careful pruning ; at the same time take off" all yellow leaves ; the earth at the top of the pots should be loosened, so as to admit the sun and air to the roots of the plants, 99 and 101. If insects prevail on Roses or other jolants, a fumigation with tobacco will be necessary. Bulbous roots will require some attention this month; those in bloom in the garden should be tied up to wires or Mnwmi.T rAt.BifDtfH 149 ymaH «tick« ; am) thoM» kept iiwide should! bo (n«l air. I.ily, ami the different varietiM u( ItbndodemlittiM, will ncod frequent watering while in bud and )t|i«i IkhI of manau> ■■■i rootn, sco page 77 ; prepare to plant tender bulbous rooca toward the end of thia, ur oarly in the next month. The followini^ should be for- ward^ in potfl, whirh may l>o kept in a qroeu-liouse or warm room, or thry may bo plunged in a hot-bed : Amaryllises, 67; Gladioluses, 80; Liliea, 81; Tuberoses, 92 ; Tiger Flowers, 93. Hydrnngpos, Pomt-gninatcs, Vcrlwnas, and other decidu- ous shrubby plants, should be cultivated early in thia month, to promote thu production of leaf and fl(iwer-buds. Hiennial seed, surh ns Wall Flower and Slock (JillyFlower, also all kinds of tender perennials, should bo sown thia month, if not previously done in the green-house, or in hot- beds. '*3, ">3. For an >ii of the order of the flowering tribe in this month and the next, the reader is referred to an article, entitled * The Beautiea of April and May,' pages 54 to 62 MAY. TIm blofl ty'd May. rrjoidnf in h«r train, SpTMKl* bar RTWii aiaDlto o'er the trore and plain i From beds of VioUt* greleful odour* riM I n f rafrsot inonwa to benignant akics. As the warm weadiar p r o gw et, the g:r ' ' 1 be tto'ihe alert, in order to conquer dM Tariou «-ta. Bum tobeceo leaves in the green-house, so as to fumigate 13- 150 MONTHLY CALENDAR. the plants well, before they are removed into the open gar- den ; and such plants as may show any indications of being infested with the eggs of insects, should be sponged with soapsuds, and afterward well syringed and watered. Fre- quent sprinkling from the rose of a watering-pot will pre- vent insects from accumulating ; especially if the water be impregnated with tobacco, by a bag of the leaves being steeped therein a few hours previous to using it. Choice Geraniums will need attention this month, in order that they may exhibit their flowers to advantage. When in full bloom, care should be taken not to wet the foliage or flowers ; but this may be done freely before the buds are expanded. If awiiings were not provided last month for the protec- tion of choice flowers, it should be attended to early in this month, 69, 81, and 92 ; jolant Amaryllises, 68 ; Double Dahlias, 78 and 79 ; Gladioluses, 80 ; Lilies, 84 ; Tuberose, 92 ; Tiger Flowers, 93 ; sow annual, biennial, and perennial flower seed in the open borders, 23 to 33. Attend to the walks, edgings, &c., and see that tall plants are neatly tied to sticks, wires, or stakes, 15, 21, 79, and 81. Procure and plant such perennial plants as may be necessary to malie variety in the flower beds, 34. Green-house plants may be set out about the middle of the month, and it should be done in cloudy weather, in order that they may b^ prejaared gradually for the shining of the sun upon them. A situation exposed to the sun for only one half the day is preferable for most plants, especially if they can be shaded at noon, 35. Many plants, such as Coronillas, Pleaths, Aucubas, Myr- tles, Oleanders, and several other sorts, are subject to be in- fested with white and brown scaly insects ; if these cannot be effectually taken from the plants by v/ashing and spung- ing, let the plants be headed down early in the month of May, and if they are well attended to, new branches wiH shoot out on the old stem. MOTmir rALEfTOAm. 151 Such Ornnifo tree* m were hud»loe oxpoAod to the o|M>n air, in the flower hordoni Tulip«, which will Iks in full |>crfection by the middle of thu month, will require constant attention. Surh groen-houMj plants as may have done blossomint*' may be pruned this month, and if the cuttings be planted at this time they will strike freely, 101. Cuttings of > ' '•itlenf and ful-ztna will produce strong plants for ' m.; in August, if pinjjted early in thia month. Chrysanthemum cattinKS should now be put down, and the ^• ' 'rited fiingly in bor- d«n, or in jwta, f ^ mm, 102. JUNE. Tbs Mosbinc {lory and th« pride of Jnne, Bloofna the rrA R-^*' — why thould it (at\t wo sooQ t E'mi ibe 'lui* a rival hrrct Tltou|ii t warm, drhcatr, and e\eu. The principal sowing sea-^on may be considered aa past ; bat if any failures should have happcn«'d of former sowings, seed may be sown the early part of this month, which, if kept watered occasionally, will grow quickly. (ircrn-houM» plants will need waterinj? every pvenintr, in dr)' wnnn weather; and in the absence of dcwH, Home sorts may need a little in the morning at sunrise, 100 ; Hydran- geas, Dai^iiM, I'lilyanthus, Primulas, &c., should bo kept shaded from the noonday sun, or they will drtK>p, and some may die. Carnations and Pinks will need fre<|ucnt waterings at the rooCa, aod the branches should be tied neatly to mda 152 MONTHIY CALENDAR, Such flowering shrubs as may have been planted late in ■ the spring season, should be regulaily watered in dry weather. Give frequent waterings to the flower beds, in general ; cut down dead flower stalks ; remove decayed plants, and care- fully replace them with vigorous ones from the nursery bed. .Transplant annual flower plants into the regular beds with a small trowel, or neat dibble, 27. Plant Colchicums, 70 ; finish planting Dahlias, and pro- vide poles for their support, 78 and 79 ; water them occa- sionally in dry weather. Many sorts of bulbous roots will be ripe by the end of this month ; these should be taken up and dried as directed, page 65. Those cultivated in pots should not be watered after the foliage is decayed, until the period of re-germina- tion takes place, 66 and 94. Numerous beautiful flowers exhibit themselves this month, some of which are noticed in an article, entitled ' The Beauties of April and May,' page 54 to 62. There are, however, several othei's worthy of notice, which are omitted in that article. The several species of Phlox are remarka- bly showy plants, and very desirable to cultivate, as they blossom in their several varieties the whole season. Beside these, are the Splendid varieties of Roses, Pinks, Lychnises, Sweet Williams, Fox Gloves, Snap-dragons, Perennial Lu- pins, Verbenas, Veronicas, Valerians, &c. These should all be attended to, and their branches tied to neat stakes, so as to enable them to exhibit their flowers to the greatest possi- ble advantaofe. o Dahlias that are intended for blossoming this year should be planted by the middle of this month, if not done before, 78. JULY. - to *i«W, 'M* ; \r Uemtt. Alt'! Grcen-liuuso plabu will dcihI daily coro at this sea«on ; r in tlry woatlicr. Such ^ ^o and unwiuldly, should now bo pruned, in urdcr Uiat Uioir •ize and appearance may U- : -1. • ■ % having done flowering for the aeaaon, •hould also be pruned. Cut out all old exhausted wood, and where it ia too tlii' ' i < • iHuchnliK •« Bowered. to a g< r hud, a< > <1 with a healtliy leal'. All wood that grows aAer this pruning will ripen perfectly, and produce largo fluweni the ensuing year. If dry warm weather, it may be necessary to water such ftjwcring nhruhs and Roses as were planted in the spring; and if Dahlia plants could be watered two or threo times a week, it would Ih; beneficial to tlieir growth. Give regular spr-- ' '■ — from the rose of a watering-jKit, or syringe, to •h; its in general, but particularly Camellias, Oruiigo and Lemon trees, ice, in order to keep tlicm in a healthy Mate. Such bulbous roots in pots, whose foliage has witliered, should bo kept tb-y until the period of re-germination, CG and 94 ; others may bo token up as soon as ri|>e, after which the ofljwts may bo ported off, and both those and the porcnt bulbs unJ the pot. noUiint^ more b Docu4Mary tban lo rub uA* a little of tiio outnule mould, and thrn to MibMituto frc»h rcim|>oat for the rootJt to run in. Such planta Oii may havu l>ccume pot-biiund, und wIioao roou are mattotl anjund tho |Kit, will, in inauy cii»o«; In-ar redtaetng. If tho mnttcd root* are carefully pared off, and the plant* »'' i^fHMl fr(.*»li cotnfxiat, tiivy mil wjtm take root, and i^t , ; but it will be noccflaary to prune off all nurplus branrhce of tho plants pre^-ious to ro-potting iliom, and to ).ii:i.i- ' '\-n. I'h-.i » ..: — i >o laid o%-or the aper- ture at tho bottom of tho pHa, to enable tho surplus inui»turo lo >' 'V of tho ruobt will suMtain injury. . t-r IkhIh will need attention this month. Water Dalihas and otlier choice plants in dry weather; cut down al! ' ' *' - • " lA s4M)n 03 tlio seed is gathered, and pi. uM) to flowor. i'iant (ixaiises in small ]>ots, 8G, and prepare compost for other tender bulbs to he planted in pots next month. Koso shrubs. Orange, and Lemon trees, Sec, Sec., sliould be budded early in this mouth, if not done before. SEPTEMIJEU. MB SOOM wftll TlKoar Tift th<-ir ]<>r>1Iy Imputing vp'' ' beked over, and if they have taken root, they should be cxpoeed gr the sun. and watered Dv In dry weather. 1 ^ !ie green-boose plants i>< ^'d in the flower beds, tbey should he taken up and pruned early in this month, and then put into suitable sizc4 ))ois. 35. 156 MONTHLY CALENDAR. Half-hardy perennialg, sucli as Carnations, Daisies, Pri- mulas, Lilies, Hydrangeas, &c., should be taken up, divided carefully at the roots, and then put into moderate sized pots, and attended to as before directed for green-house plants. Many hardy kinds of flower seed may be sown this month, 24 and 34. This is a good season to propagate all kinds of hardy perennial plants, by parting the roots ; and those that were raised from seed in the spring, may be transplanted into regular flower beds, in cloudy or wet weather, 27 and 35. Plant Crown Imperials, 69 ; Persian Cyclamens, 70 ; Ixias, 82 ; Lachenalias, 83 ; Lilies, 84 ; Ornithogalums, 86 ; Oxalses, 86. Such Chrysanthemums as are intended to be protected while in blossom, should now be taken up and planted in moderate sized pots, 102. Seeds of Schizanthus, Ten-week Stock, Mignonette, and such other species as may be desired to decorate the parlor or green-house, should be sown this month, 103. OCTOBER. Ling'ring and lonely on their trembling stems, Surviving yet, are Flora's latest gems ; Their hour arrives, brown Autumn's parting breath Sighs o'er the Dahlias and proclaims their death ! In the early part of this month, preparation must be made for the housing of green-house plants. Previous to this being done, let the room or green-house be whitewashed with lime, which will prove peniicious to insects, and prevent their generating among the plants. Begin the first week in this month to place all the shrubby plants, such as Orange and Lemon trees, on the back shelves; others should be so placed that they can be cultivated to advantage, and they should all be arranged in regular grada tion, so as to have' the low-growing or dwarf plants on the front shelves. • S ;•. potted, uiii .,1 I ru<»t. Such DahliA planu ob have been cultivated in }>oU should be abelti ' >ir, and those in the ground wiU nec-.i Ptoparo the gruuud for ail the hardy kindii of bulbous '* -^tn, C4 and tyU. Toyvard the end of tlio month plant > •'-• For tlio inunugt-nient of bulbous roots in pots and i;I > >o pai^cs 94 to 96. Prune fltiworing shrubs, and make i^ * iituns of ihom, Chrysanthemums should bo neatly tied up to small sticks, •od walortMl -nlly with liquid manure, to promote tlMtr blossom. .1 {>erfoction. Th<»sc in potM intended to be protected tor late floworini^, should l>e watched and taken in, on the appearance of a frosty niq^lit ; they may, however, Iw exposed to the air as much as possible when it is soft and salubrious, as should all other half-hardy plants, 101 and 102. NOVEMBER. A* th« fwcot flowrni — men flourUh snd decay ; Howc'cr th«r ahine ttiry quickly psM away ; ir Virtue blMc'd thrm in Ihnr mortal lot, Kacb tMM an epiUpli, " Forget me not" I' • of mild weather, p^cn-hou5e pla: 'I opportnnilip^, and wafer in pro- {Mirtion as heal and air are attainable, 99 and 100. BuUhius itX'! nnd glas. Wall Flowers, Carnations, rriroulos, Hydrangeas. Daisies, Sec, must either be placed in frames or in a grcea-booae ewljr in this month. 158 MONTHLY CALENDAR. If Dahlia, Tuberose, and other tender roots were not taken up last month, let it be done in due time this month, 65 and 66. Cover up flower beds with leaves, straw, or light litter, 37 ; finish planting bulbous roots before the frost sets in. Plant Anemones and Ranunculuses, 68 ; Crocuses, 69 ; Hyacinths, 81 ; Irises, 82 ; Ixias, 82 ; Jonquils, 83 ; Lilies, 84 ; Narcissus, 85 ; Pceonies, 87 ; Tulip, 88 to 92. These, and all other kinds of plants, will need protection before the setting in of the winter, 65 and 66. Flowering and ornamental shrubs may be planted in mild weather, 53 ; lay long litter round the roots of them, and also of the Grape vines and other tender plants, shrubs, &c. Before the winter sets in severely, let such Chrysanthe- mums as may have been cultivated in pots be planted in the garden, or as soon as they have done blossoming, 102. Plant Gladioluses in pots, 80 ; also such other bulbous roots as may be required to be kept in rooms, page 95. Mignonette, and other tender seedling plants under pro- tection, will require attention at this season ; they should not be over-watered, or the plants will perish with mildew. Camellias should be frequently syringed while in bud, or watered over the foliage with a rose attached to the water- ing pot, as should all other shrubby plants. DECEMBER. Descending snow, the yellow leaf and sear, Are indications of old Time's career ; The careful florist tends his sheltered plants. Studies their nature, and supplies their wants. If all was not done as directed last month, there is now no time to be lost. All kinds of tender plants in pots should be set into frames or pits, and plunged in old tan or light mould ; and in the event of severe frosts, coverings of mats, straw, &c., must be laid over them. MOIfrtlLV <-4i.i.si \n. 159 (f rvoi>lw>uiie pUii' m. When w«tor ui ncrt- . -9. In cue of acddentA happenioK fmni Cnnt, I wuuIU remark, that tho wi '«■« tie- itructiv* t.. , 1 "U, and c4Uiaot bo M:rc<;ncHl fnitn the rays of tlio sun, tlioy should bo \\ ■ ■ '' '": o ihcy begin lo Uiaw. li uavo iho lumporaturo of iho house riao gradually at ilto water is sprinkled over the leaves, it may be a moaus of preserving plants that would otlicrwiAo bo deslrnyod. See that Uio grvonhouso, or room, in which plants are kept. Is so secure as to prevent tho intrusion of cold air, or the dv{>arturD of warm air in tlio night seostm. Collect from heaths and rocks such kinds of earth as are suited to the difTurunt species of exotic plants), and gather up leaves of trees. If you intend to make hut-beds of them, they should be put togollier dry ; but if you intend tlicm fur compost, tiicy may be laid t«igethcr as wet as pu(«:iiblc, in order that they may rot, fur use in succeeding years. 160 THE MATRIMONIAL GARDEN. The Author has appended the following aiticle, entitled The Matrimonial Garden,' under the impression that it was appropriate to the subject treated of in this work, and would prove acceptable to most of his readers, especially to the fair sex. THE MATRIMONIAL GARDEN. Man is formed for social enjoyment, and if it be allowed that " It is not good for man to be alone," it may be justly Infeired that it is not good for woman to be alone ; hence a union of interests indicates a union of persons for their mu- tual benefit. By this union, a sort of seclusion from the rest of our species takes place ; and as a garden is a retired apartment, appropriated to culture and improvement, the married state may not inaptly be compared w^ith it in many respects. It is good and honourable for the human species, pru- dently and cautiously to aj^proach this delightful enclosure. Its enti'ance is usually extremely gay and glittering, being strewed with flowers of every hue and every fragrance cal- culated to charm the eye and jjlease the taste ; but they are not all so; and as there are many persons who may wish to enter this garden at some time or other, who are yet stran- gers to its various productions, their attention should be di- rected to the cultivation of those plants which are beneficial, and to the avoiding or rooting up of those which are injurious. let And fint, let roo raution adveoturera in tlib garden not to drram nf ptrmantnt )itt|i]>iitcm ; if yim should lo drnam, •\|)crii>nro will •>x>n make you winor, 05 hucIi Imppiness never oxutad but in the hoadj of risionaries. If you are dr* you all tlip l»li«w of whirh it «■> , \..u that uxcrlliMil flo\v«T called Good HtMot'a, which, uf all the flowers of nature, is tbc I ; do not drop it or l<»(»c it, as ■Mil ^ tliu garden; it is a truosuro tlifl lom of which nothing can supply. Whun you get to the end of the first walk, u ' ' 'it tliirty »»t««pH,f coni- inouly called "The li .' you will fiml the garden upon into a vast variety of views, and it is ncce»*ary to caution you to avoid many productions hero which are •OKious, nauseous, and even fatal in their nature and tcri- deitcy, especially to the ignorant and unwary. There is a low, small plant, which mny be seen in almost every path, called I.Nnirrr.Rr.'Vcr. Though this is not perceived f»n enter- ing, you veW\ alwayn know where it grows, by a certain cold- new in the air which surrounds it. Contrary to the nature of plants in general, this grows by cold and dies by warmth ; whenever you perceive this change in the air, avoid the ploco as soon as you can. In the same path is oden found that baneful flower calltHl Jkaloust, which I advise you never to look at, for it has the strange quality of smiting the eye that beh«>lds it with a pain that is seldom or never got rid of. Jealnuay is a deadly flower ; it is the aconite of the garden, and haa marred the happiness of thouHandn. As you proceed, you will meet wilh many little crooked paths. I advise you, as a friend, never to go into them ; for although, at the entrance of each, it is written in large Untera, I am aioirr, if you do enter, and get to the end of thero, you will find the tnie name to be PERvrRsr.i«rKsa. TheM? . is difficii. ^ ■, . j t TbMgr 4qr^ U' 21 162 THE MATRIMONIAL GARDEN. them altogether, lest, as sometimes happens, a total separa- tion be the consequence, and you take different paths the rest of your lives. Near this spot you will meet with a rough, sturdy plant, called Obstinacy, which bears a hard knotty fruit that never digests, and of course must injure the constitution ; it even becomes fatal, when taken in large quantities. Turn from it ; avoid it as you would the cholera. Just opposite to this grows that lovely and lively shrub called Compliance, which, though not always pleasant to the palate, is very salutary, and leaves a sweetness in the mouth ; it is a most excellent shrub, and produces the most delicious fruit. Never be without a very large sprig in your hand ; it will often be wanted as you go along, for you cannot be happy without it in any part of the garden. In one of the principal compartments stands a very im- portant plant, called Economy ; it is of a thriving quality ; cultivate this fine plant with all your care, for it adorns and enriches at the same time. Many overlook it, some despise it, and others think that they may never want it ; it is gene- rally overlooked in the gayety and levity with which people enter this place, but the want of it is generally deplored with bitter repentance. There are two other plants of the same species, which are very closely connected, called Industry and Frugality, and I must take leave to tell you, that unless both the male and the female partake largely of their branches, very little success can be expected ; in this they must both unite. Take care that you provide yourself and partner with a supply of each as soon as possible after you enter the garden. There are two or three paths which run much into one another ; in them you will find growing interspersed three plants, which deserve the closest attention of the softer sex ; these are called Regularity, Exactness, and Simplicity.! Do not think, as some do, that when you have once got into the garden, you may be neglectful of these plants. Remem t In deportment as well as iu dress. Q%RI>K.V. 163 b«r that your ooropanion u'ill m»o your nrgluct, which will aflcT' cart. U«etow a largo •han- , II, u aooD M you outer tho i^irden. fur when you are odc« fairly iu, you ore in fur 1; ' ■ ''ft tljcm at an early I- 'J. Near tiioso walk* is to be fuuud that modest plant, called UVMIUTY : II to Um Violal, •' bom to Uu«h nnwrn. And WMto iu •wartiifM on Ibo drsert tir." It ;ii>|>oan of linlo Worth in ilsi-lf, but when joiiu-ii to otiicr «irtuot, u adds a charm to life, and nprciuld a fragranco aruund its wearer. Cultivate, then, with all your care, this •wert ' --' - ' ;nt, and you will find it prcvuut the growth uf all p4. I ltd uoxiuuji wucdd. Allow mo aUo to drop a hint «»n the auljcct of Clltitation, as connected with r»nrAUATio.\, tu tlmi most prx^bably will bo yuur emplwyment in this garden, suuncr or later. Should you have tho rearing uf a yuung plant, remember that it ia frail in its nature, and liable tu bo destroyed by ever)- bloat, and will demand all your caro and attention. Should yuu witncM^ a bl;i.Hl on ilfl dawning l>cautic», O ! how your fond heart wUl bleed with tendcnicM, affection, and sympathy ! The young shoot Hnll naturally twine aruund all tho fibres (>ur finih'tt hopos. Be e%'cr mindful that this is a trist for which both parties are accountable. W" ' Ivation, what can you expert hut ihe mo-' . of unruly opj>ctilcs, which, in time, \%-ill break furth in all manner of disgraceful irregularities 1 What, but that A.vacR, like a prickly tlmm, will arm the temper with an untractable moroscness ! That PrKTi»HXE«5, like a stinging nettle, will render tho conversation irksome 1C4 THE MATRIMONrAL GARDEN. and forbidding] That Avarice, like some clioaking weed, will teach the fingers to gripe, and the hands to oppress ] That Revenge, like some poisonous plant, replete with bane- ful juices, will rankle in the breast, and meditate mischief to its neighbour? While unbridled Lust, like swarms of noisome insects, taint each rising thought, and render " every imagination of the heart only evil continually." Such are the usual products of unrestrained nature ! such the fumi ture of the uncultivated mind ! By all means, then, pay due attention to culture. By suitable discipline, clear the soil ; by careful instruction, ira plant the seed of virtue. By skill and vigilance, prune the unprofitable and over-luxuriant branches : " direct the young idea how to shoot," the wayward passions how to move. The mature man will then become the chief ornament of the garden. Around him Charity will breathe her sweets, and in his branches Hope expand her blossoms. In him the personal virtues will display their graces, and the social ones their fruit ; the sentiments become generous, the car- riage endearing, the life useful, and the end happy and peaceful. YOUNG GAIlDl-NEirS ASSISTANT. I PART in. FRUIT DKPARTMENT. CONTENTS. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORCHARD AND FRUIT GARDEN. SuggO«tioD« 1, 7 Ofthebetti: s Direction* for transplanting fruit trecfl, A com I : II from a friend, showing his plan ot n-, u'o*, - - - - - - -11 HinU uu tbo arningeraent of trees, with a view to ob- tain »'. I cri»ps of fruit. — DifTcrent soils Jc9cri'' ■ f<» the vnri'Hin kituls of fruit, - 12 OBSfcK> Ai K'.Ns I'N J>^Ki 1^ AM) lUSKASES TO WHiLlI FRIIT TREF.S ARE LIABLE. Ppmcdios for the prevention ontl destruction of insects, 1.3 The best mcthixis of curing diseases in fruit trees, - 11 Compodition to bo used oa a wash for fruit trees, at tl 16 Some.; -. ,• insert* and reptiles described, 16 An earnest appeal to all agriculturista and horticultu- ri' 'nj the importance of encourogiiig the in: uf cities to preserve their ashes and aoot in a dry state, for use on the land, - - 17 OBSERVATIONS ON TRAIMVO AND PRINING FRUIT 'I • ■ ■ -^ Tl)e primary object • 1. - - 21 Several methods described of pruning and training the vine, ice. 22 The beoeBui Misiog from judicious pruning, 23 N«OMMry ImpleroeDls for pruning, dec - 24 n CONTENTS. BUDDING AND GRAFTING FRUIT TREES. Page. Information respecting the time and manner of budding fruit trees, --------25 On the choice of scions, and mode of preparing the stocks, 27 Cleft Grafting, Side Grafting, and Whip Grafting ex- plained, -----..-28 Saddle Grafting, Root Grafting, and Grafting by Ap- proach, defined, -------29 Directions for making Forsyth's composition, - - 30 Kecipes for preparing liquids for washing the stems and branches of trees, ..-.-- 31 Instructions for making grafting clay and composition, 32 ON THE CHOICE OF FRUlT TREES IN THE NURSERY. Rules for judging the qualities of fruit trees, - - 33 Directions for the management of Stone Fruits, to pre- vent their gumming at the roots, - - - 34 A guide to the selection of distinct varieties of fruit, - 35 Apple. Its history, cultivation, propagation, &c. - 37 Seventy-six of the choicest varieties of Apples described, 39 Apricot. The best method of training, pruning, &c. explained, --------46 Select descriptive list of Apricots, - - - - 49 Almond. Its history, mode of culture, &c. - - 50 Cherry. The various kinds enumerated, with direc- tions for their cultivation, 51 Thirty-one of the most esteemed varieties described, - 53 Chestnut. Its durability and other peculiar charac- teristics adverted to, - - - - - -56 Cran'BERry. Its adaptation for garden culture exem- plified, 57 Currant. The best mode of cultivation show^n, - - 58 Select descriptive list of Currants, - - - - 60 Fig. a fruit well calculated for cultivation in the United States, 61 m Hm operation oCGixdVing or Ringing Trees explained, C2 SfV' f the bosl varietirs iif Fi^B describod, - G3 Go DcAcriptiun uf (iAy-cighc of the mo6t co)«brmtod varieties, ... - . CG An improved mcthiKl of rr*' ?}ic (Ii><>»iiAN<;r, LsHOM, Sec. The scTeral «j>eci«'s oC this fruit enumenitr|>agaiion of trec5i, »liruii«, and viues, by cuuingn. laycni, (^aUiu?. and other mothixls, - l-Ol May.— T' ' '•'•ncr in remirulrd of the im|>ortance of 6ii \rorlc that wan left undone la«t month wilhiiiii i'urther dtOay ; antl of ti» the do- Mraction of inaectn while in a t. ...... . :.^:c, and thu pre«enration of the Gooseberry «nd other fniita from mildrw. Hy cultivniin;* Ha»j)berri«>.'i and Strawberries a» directed in April and June, such fhiita may be produced at a late season, - • 163 JoNC. — The bucnsity of some persons to neglect old inmates of the garden for the sake of trying other varieties, merely because Chej are new, 160 \t CONTENTS. October. — It is suggested that attention be paid to the careful gathering of fruit, while in a perfect state; also to the preservation of Grapes, &c. Directions for planting the pits of Cherry, Peach, Plum, &c., and the kernels of Apple, Pear, and Quince ; also for preparing the ground for the reception of all kinds of hardy fruit trees on the decline of the sap, 16^ November. — As winter is fast approaching, it is recom- mended to protect tender vines, trees, shrubs, and plants, including Raspberry, Fig, Strawberry Plants, &c.; and to plant hardy fruit trees while ' the land is susceptible of being tilled, - - - 163 December. — At all favourable opportunities during this month the gardener is directed to prune hardy fruit trees, to scrape off all the moss and canker, and to wash the stems and branches with a liquid pre- pared according to a recipe given, - - - 164 An Address to the People op the United States on the subject of an alleged discovery on Terra- Culture, submitted to the attention of the 25th and 26th Congress, 165 A summary view of estimates, furnished with a view to aid the Seedsman and Gardener in making out a bill of seed, for the purpose of planting any given quantity of ground, under the regulations suggested in the vegetable department of the Young Gar- deners Assistant, -..--. 170 OBSERVATIONS FRUIT GARDEN AND ORCHARD. N the proliminary obscnratioiu on tho subjects already treated of, I am awaru that it may ap{>car to somo tliat I have not ''' ly urged tho im|H)rtanco of a judiciuua •eloctiun ■ >n, oxjMuuro, a5|)oct, soil, ice. My object in not ituiuUJiig on a strict attention to theso important points was. l>ocau«o I know that, though gotnl land is abundant in lliid cxtenaiv c country, it is imjxi^iblc for every one to cliooao for hirnMcU'; and rather Utan any disadvantages in tlicso res))ect)i sliould discourage propriotom of land from attempt- ing to raiM) gaidon products, ho nccusttary to the comfort and convenience of every family, I have endeavoured to show llMin bow to uao to advantage whatever land may surround their pUcea of abode. As, however, some have a choice, it may bo neoeasary to ofler somo fartlier remarks on the MibjocL The situation of an Orchard or Fruit Garden should be ooe tliat bos tho advantage of a free circulation of air, and is oxp . ■ ,. . , J. jj^^ - it i« particularly ileairabte to promote tho gmwth of, Hhould bo bnj«* ' - - ■' — - •■* 'oap, undiluted \vi'' • ; tbin ' .iipss to the trcoM ■ the < 'n »>f any one who has not witn«'jwrd iii* rtlcci. 8hi>iert. many lo«e a large portion of their trees duH' ' »«'••• J^ <»1" fniit trees treated on in this work, as may raqu.. 1 _:. . oilier than good ordinary soil, may be- supplied, * T ' b]r Um Author whik he mm prv- p«rii Ihit work : •• In r. I .■!,• 1 ;: ■■ ■ risnlinc TrrM. and " that r^-- • -- work ■t Ihr titnr ol iliKKitig up liii* Inr, n ni itk nr «ftuth Biile of thr frrr -. nrt:! en r«-;>Nntir:j • eround mi- " a* It nrc' )<.r; I ihrrein. it H> *;.t - - - r.- - • •* Your* wtlb Mtcrn, Joum Clowies, C. E." 12 ORCHARD AND FRUIT GARDEN. by judicious management ; and if a proper attention be paid to the situation and aspect in arranging a fruit garden, each kind may be so accommodated as to promote its fruits' ripen- ing earUer or later than the ordinary season, by varying the aspect ; but Grape Vines, or other tender fruits, should not be planted where the sun's influence does not fully ojjerate. Where there is a great extent of close fencing or wall, it is advisable to plant trees of the same kind against different aspects. Such as one or two May Duke Cherries against a southern aspect, which will ripen earliest ; next, against either an eastern or western ; and lastly, against a northern aspect; by observing this method with Dwarf Cherries, Plums, Gooseberries, Currants, &c., the fruit will ripen in succes- sion, and thus a supply is considerably lengthened. The early blooming fruit trees will sometimes need protection in warm aspects ; for which arrangements may be made by keeping awning, matting, netting, &c., at hand, to shelter them with in threatening weather, or to screen them from the intense heat of the sun after a frosty night ; this, with a sprinkling of water, as the air gets warm, will often prevent any serious consequences from slight frost. Those who have various soils, should suit them to the dif- ferent kinds of fruit. Apples and Pears require a strong loam, but the Pear rather the lightest. Apricots, Cherries, Peaches, Plums, and Nectarines, a good deal lighter than the Apple and Pear. Such fruits as may require peat, bog, or any other extraordinary kinds of earth, will be noticed as we proceed. 13 OBSEnVATTOVS OV IN'SECTS, DtSCASCS TO WHICH FRUIT TREES ARE LIABLE. Mi'cn may bo written relative to tiio various diaeasM to which fruit trees are liable, and aUo to the prevention and de"' nml innecla, which TeT) , . , "it« of our garden. The prerentive opomtions are those of the best culture. ' worms, prubs, the larva? of Ml frimt of our winters, nnd the mo>] ■ of salt, lime, ashes, &c., are beneficial. In»« ' ' i<>9 tlieir complrto dew'; _ _ 1«, lye, tar, turpen- tine, sulphur, popper, soot, decoction of elder, walnut leaves, r bitter an ' "' ' ; but perhaps 1 way of , .» most p<'nii- cious kinds of insects under, is to gather up such fruit as mny f.ill fii.ni tlw ' ' Tiiro the inserts have an opportu- nitv of escaping i. irtli, or to other places of shelter ^\^le^e trees are planted in a bad soil, or unfavourable dltuntions, they often l>ecomo diseased ; when this happens, ilin l>est remedy is pon«l pruning, and keeping the trees clean by a free use of soop and water. If that will not do, - - ' « - 'f.,1 down, or removed to a better situation. ..^casc are generally produced by the bad quaiitios at tne earth and air, by a want of water, or by th« inroads of insects. These incidents generally show them* selves in the early part of the year. Leaves and shoots of any culotu* but tlie natural green ; curled and ragged leaves? 14 OBSERVATIONS ON INSECTS, branches in a decaying state ; shoots growing from the roots, instead of from the stem or trunk ; the stem diseased in its bark, the gum oozing from various parts thereof, are all proofs of the existence of disease. The Peach tree is sub- ject to a disease called the yellows ; and the discoloured leaves and feeble branches are often ascribed to the worms Avhich so frequently attack the root ; where these ai'e found, they may be removed by a knife or chisel ; but if it should appear that the tree is diseased, it should be removed, to prevent other trees from being infected. The Pear, and. also the Quince, and sometimes other trees, are subject to the fire blight; this malady may be completely checked on its first appearance, by cutting off and immediately burning the injured branches. Generally speaking, careful jirunlng, cleaning the bark all over witli a brush, applying soap or tobacco water to the leaves, and occasionally putting good earth and good manure to the roots, will remedy most dis- eases in fruit trees ; removing them from a bad to a better soil will, of course, effect this, where it proceeds from a poorness of land ; for the old adage, " Remove the cause, and the effect will cease," will be here exemplified. To cure the oozing of the gum, nothing more is necessary than to cut away the diseased parts of the bark ; and by thus assisting nature in casting out the excrementitious, or nox- ious juices, a complete cure may be effected. When a tree is affected by mildew, let it be immediately sprinkled with soapsuds, and then be dusted over with sul- phur and tobacco dust, or snuff; at the same time, dig around the tree, and examine the soil and subsoil ; if it be wet and cankery, it should be taken away, and replaced with good healthy soil, and the ground drained ; if, on the con- trary, the ground be dry, give it a plentiful watering; the same remedy may serve as a preventive of the extension of blight, if apjDlied in time. "When any canker is observed, the part affected must, at the time of pruning, be cut clean out, and the part thus dressed be pared, so that no water AXD DtMAVci or rni'rr TUia. Ifr ctn Inilifo in iba wuund : when tliis is done, let a quantity roaj be plaatmvd orer all tho wounth that have Wen pruned. Thr ' " ' ■ ■ • . ■ 1 tho WOU: :i tho ^<»<»t and oil pruniotv vr^ftation. When trees are cankory fmn» htt\- ' - ' ' ' it ill in >Tiin to apply any remedy till «h« . . dmiiicd, nttmo fresh soil mixed with tin- II itiinl noli, and tho tree replanted. When trees ntr knuv%'u to l>o »4> situated a/i to bo particularly liable to the uttarka of instHrta or diiwiuie, they Hhoiild bo attended to at I'TTining, in order to de- Tbe follomu? compositions have been known to protect • - insoct.H, by beinj :t«'r pruning. Tho constitution of some trees will bear a much stronger mixture ■ '" ' ' ' 1>ut tlio projwrtions, a.** hereafter :<)ii9 to any, but will bo rfTcrtunl io tiie destruction of tho lame of insects. For .Ipricol, .WrfariNr, ond Ptach Trees, To ci^iit gal- lons of wQtrr add one pound of soft soap, two pounds of con^.- 'ir, and half an ounce of black i>eppcr. f\ -^ I . . < herrxj. Pear, and PItun Trees. To four fn^llons of water add one pound of soft soap, two pounds of com- bar, two ounces of tobacco, and one ounce of black For Fi<^ and Vina. To four gallons of water add half "ouiid of sulphur, and a quarter All these ingredients roust be Ixiilcd together for twenty ^'--'- -' . « 1 . . .|jj state, applied to i. .• * I \ ''lii wkksh frcqurnUr aUarka tha Appl«» xa wr.i «. ■ • 'ted whalo> 16 OBSERVATIONS ON INSECTS, The most destructive enemy to our fruit is the Curculio; this insect passes the winter in the earth in a chrysahs state, and if suflered to remain unmolested by the gardener, will be ready to commence its attacks at about the time the blos- soms appear on our fruit trees. The eggs are deposited in the Apple, Pear, and also all stone fruit, at a very early stage of their growth ; these eggs soon hatch, and small maggots are produced, which exist in the fruit, causing it to drop off prematurely, with the little enemy within. If this fruit be gathered up, or immediately devoured by hogs, geese, or other animals, a check may be put to their ravages in suc- ceeding years ; but if suffei'ed to remain on the ground, they will supjily food to myi'iads of their destructive race, which may not be so easily extirpated. The canker-worm is another enemy to our fi'uits, for the destruction of which many experiments have been tried. Some apply bandages round the body of the tree, smeared over with tar or ointment, to annoy or entrap the females in their ascent to the tree ; but as these tormentors are fre- quently on the move from November to the end of June, this must be a very tedious as well as uncertain process. As this insect is supposed to exist within four feet of the trunk of the tree, and not more than three or four inches from the surface of the earth, good culture, and a moderate use of lime, ashes, or any other pernicious ingredient, is the most likely way to destroy them. The bark-louse is another pernicious insect ; they resem- ble blisters, and are so near the colour of the bark as to be imperceptible ; they often prove fatal to the Apple tree, by preventing the circulation of the sap. These insects may be conquered by washing the ti'ees' with soapsuds, tobacco water, lime water, or brine, or a wash may be made of soapy water, salt, and lime, thickened to the consistency of cream oi paint, with sifted sand or clay, which may be applied with a brush to the trunk and limbs of the trees ; this should be done at the latter end of May, or early in June, and the cracks in the bark should be completely covered- AND DWBAnS OT rmVIT TKKEt. 17 TTi'- "o bofor w »niJ !o tlc'po«lt •• 'h tho flii:: :iio soil, and tho worms arc •': .nj in the apring of the year, by digging round tho tree, and r!' '.ay tho eanh to tho nxits, an ■ * 'io fniit of our lalumr, I en;. ' ' ar d:: 'II of our citizens t«» tho im: >>f saving all kinds of ashes. If all agriculturists and horticul- turists woru to offer an inducement to the Inhabitants of largo cities, to save their ashes in a dry state, they would bo supplied not only with a valuable manure, but an anlidoto for many kinds of insects ; and our citizens would l)c at less risk from fire, by havinif a brick vault on their premises for safely keeping them. In England, a private dwelling is not cnr-' '••• ' '.leto without an ash-vault; and o gcKnl farmer w with his bam, rather than l>c destitute of an ttsh-housc. I have known farmers to supply the cottagers with as much peat as they could bum, on condition nf their nving them the ashes ; and thero are some that will keep men under pay throughout tho year, burning peat for tlio samo purpoAo ; and any thing that has po-sscd the fire is so valuable, that a chimney-sweep wU frequently clean chim- neys for tho sake of the soot, which is conveyed miles into the country, and sold at a price sufficient to reward tho col- lectoni. besides paying all expenses; even the house-keep- e!- a marketable article at nil times, bring- iii„ : •y-five cents j«er bushel, when kept dry and clean, and a guinea a load wnt formerly tho common price iti the viHagos uf Berkshire and Hampshire. 18 OBSERVATIONS ON INSECTS, While on this subject, I would urge the importance of a spring dressing of ashes. If cultivators wei-e to prejiare " turfs from tanners' bark, peat-earth, coal dust mixed with clay, cow dung, &c., and get them dried in the summer season, these, by being preserved through the winter, may be burned around fruit orchards, while the trees are in blos- som, and if the fires are properly managed, a smoke may be kept up by heaping on damp litter every night ; this will prove pernicious to such insects as may reside in the trees, and the ashes being spread on the ground, will serve as a means of destruction to others. An orchard thus managed every year, will need no other manure. The smoking should be effected first on one side of the plantation, and afterward on the other, or heaps may be prepared in different parts of the orchard, and fire applied according as the wind may serve to carry the smoke where it is most necessai'y. I know a gardener in the neighboui-hood of New-York, who saved his Plums and Nectarines by burning salthay, after its having been used as a covering for his Spinach ; and I have no hesitation in recommending it as an excellent reme- dy for securing fruit trees from insects, especially if some coarse tobacco could be procured to add to it. The damper the materials are, in moderation, the more smoke they will create ; and if a little tar, pitch, sulphur, or other pernicious combustible be sprinked among them, it will be beneficial. This subject appears to me of the utmost consequence to the farmer, as well as to the community at large ; I, there- fore, cannot forbear offering some farther observations. It must be acknowedged that, although this country con- tains an abundance of wood, coal, and peat, as well as almost every other description of fuel, yet the poor of our large cities, in general, suffer greatly from cold ; and if all the tales of wo could be sounded in the ears of a sympa- thizing community duiing our severe winters, I am persuaded they would arouse them to the consideration of a remedy. It is an acknowledged fact that the poor of Europe are A.xo DuuucM or rai/rr rmrrji. 19 cIirTjM ' :»!• ! I tlinn ll>>>«K' €if ilit« C'l'iii-'.i. 1.. -- . . ^ >iij, fruni ihc circutn- itancu uf Mke* bein^ iiuIJ in high estitnaiion by afrncukur- ut- •., li.v, ^ ,t" lli« coat of a wiutor's fui I. " " " " ;i U lliut > U* '. y nro in ■ .n beat of the Rutnnior miut certniuly engender iiutcctJi in equal if I ■ .11', it must \tv >uy than it it in the denacly peopled countries of i!luro|x;. Perfaapt ■OOM nuqr B'' ' nru already u.*if(I liy uur culti- ttton to a « :; b^t I wuuUI roniiiid hucIi, that from the circumntanco of their being mixed up with utV - - md cxpmed t(» all sorts »»f wcatlier, (as ia oii: ^e their virtue, so that a load may not be MTortb mor^'than a bushel would bo, if kept dry and clean. The fanners uf Kuro|>e conoidcr peat :ishcs of muro value than any otbcnt, and I am persuaded that, could they be &irly tested by stime of our best cultivators, grrat good would result to the community. If the farmers in England can afford to keep men under pay, (>cr|>ctually buniini; peat for the sake of the ashen, it is natural to suppcxie that tiie poor of our community may be placed in easier circumstances as respects the article of fuel. Thousands of acres of land are to l>o found i' Xew-Vurk and New-Jersey, and within a few : : city, which abound with peat earth ; and the owners of such have already begun to ex* pl«>' "f this description, (;ot used to any better puqMise than other ashes have hitherto been, it is the cheapest fuel known. I am persuaded that this subject ia 20 OBSERVATIONS, ETC. worthy of serious consideration, and if the editors of the different papers would arouse the pubUc attention, so as to direct some of our most active citizens to a consideration of this subject, incalculable good would I'esult to the commu- nity at large. If the public authorities of our cities, and all those who distribute fuel among the poor, gratis, would give them peat instead of wood, it would be much cheaper, and would answer every purpose to the consumers. Twelve bushels might be given in the first winter month to each of the ap- plicants, instead of wood, with a strict injunction to save their ashes in a dry state, in order to their being taken in exchange for a future sujjply of peat. It could be easily ascertained how much ashes twelve bushels of peat would make ; and if a strict attention be paid to the conditions of exchange, it would soon be discovered which of the appli- cants was the most entitled to the distributor's bounty. The same sheds which it would be necessary to provide for hous- ing the peat, could be used as a deposit for the ashes. If such sheds be conveniently constructed to hold each a mode- rate quantity, the first which is emptied of peat may be filled with the first ashes that are returned in exchange for a future supply of fuel, and they could all be used for the same pur- pose as they become empty. These ashes, when fairly tested, may become a merchantable article as in Europe; and it is very probable that farmers may be induced to take them in exchange for futui'e supplies of peat ; they could, however, be conveyed into the country at a trifling expense, and would, no doubt, meet with a ready sale. 21 OBSERVATIONS TR.MMMi AM) TRLMNG FIILIT TREES AND VINES In ttaining and pruning fruit troo* and ^-ines. panicular af < required. To nupply a tree with a nufficioncy of -^ , .-. !e juicoa, there must neccsanrily bo livinir hark utd wood in an uninterrupted succeMion from the root to the ex' I'f the hranrhe* ; prunintr, therrf«»re, is use- ful to [ ny defect, as well as to take off superfluous wood, and pnj%cut unnecessary waste of the sap. Pruning m ■ )ns of th*^ year, according l«« shown under each head, as we proceed. In t: ■ fill not to destroy ll>e gi-: ^ . ' vc all unsen'ice- •blo sprigs. In the %%'inter season, make your selection from the wooti shoots of the preceding year ; keep tho<«e which Bp|N*ar the most healthy, and cut away those which seem redundant. n<*ginncni had better prefer the spring, as the buds will then be a guide for them to go by ; but this busi- ness miMt not l>c delayed ton late in the season, ns some kinds of trees and vines are apt to bleed from being pnined untimely. When the sap rises in Grajw Vines, ice, l>efbro the wound is healed, bleeding ensues, and it is not easily •loppeil. When this happens, sear the place, and cover it with melted wax, or with warm pitch spread upon a piece of bladder ; or peel off the outside bark to some distance from thr {tlare, and then press into the pores of the wood, a compojiiiion of jmunded chalk and tar, mixed to the coo- •istonce uf putty. Vitics will bleed in autumn as well M in 22 ON TRAINING AND PRUNING. spring, ibougli not so copiously. The best pi'eventive is timely or early pruning in the spring, and not pruning until the wood is thoroughly ripe in autumn. ■ With respect to the manner in which vines, and some particular kinds of trees, should be trained, opinions are at variance. Some advise training the shoots in a straight and direct manner, others in a horizontal manner, and others again in a serpentine form, &c. If vines be trained on low walls or trellises, the horizontal or zigzag manner of training may be adopted. Horizontal training is that in which from a main stem, lateral branches are led out- horizontally on each side. It has been remarked, that in order to be a good trainer of vines, a man must have some forethought, and be capable of making his selection, as the plants shoot. He must pre- determine how he shall prune, and where he shall cut at the end of the season ; and so, as it were, fashion the plants to his mind. He has this more effectually in his power, with respect to the vine, than any other fruit tree, on account of its rapid growth and docility. In pruning vines, cut generally two inches above the bud. tSome cut nearer, even as near as half an inch, which is apt to weaken the shoot of next season, and sometimes to pre- vent its vegetating at all, the buds being very susceptible of injury, on account^of the soft and spongy nature of the wood. In cutting out old wood, be cai-eful to cut in a sloping direc- tion, and to smooth the edges of the wood, in order to pre- vent its being injured by moisture. The pruning being finished, let the loose, shreddy, outward rind on the old wood be carefully peeled off, observing not to injure the sound bark, and clear the trellis of branches, leaves, tendrils, &;c. Let the shoots and branches afterward be regularly laid in, at the distance above specified, particularly the young shoots that are expected to bear next season. As to others, it is not so material how near the young shoots be placed to the old, even though they sometimes cross them. Choose ON TRAIMKO AXD nit'XI^fa. H Mrmmla iif frosh insttint^. or pack thread, tn tie with ; and obtenra to lc«v« sufficient rcKim fur tho swelling of the slioots •nd knoclMS next s«nson. My sitendinc; to tho proper trsinint^ of fniit trees, erery olJ.. _ _ _ . ■ , - .1 in oTery part rif the troo, so that it will bosr down to the rrt . ' ' ' ■ ' ■' . ■ * ' ■ .,r tl.. . „. duetTe to tho beauty and welfare of tho tree. While trees •re joun;^, it u Becoesory to lay a itimhI fuundutioii for a sup- ply of Itoaring wood in futuru y<>ur«, fur when thi« is nog- lected, and tbey beontnc naketl, it is sometime before a sup ply can bo recovered. In nhortonint^ a branch, always take care to cut in a direction a little ftlupini^, and the middle of all standard trees should Ihj kept as open as ponsiblo. Il is requisite to have a very sharp knife, that the cut may not be ragged, but clean, ond in tho operation be careful Uiat the knife does not slip, so that another branch be cut or damaged. l*be general pruning of fruit trees is iudid'erently per- formed by many {lenwns at any time from autumn to spring, oil ■ so, and the Wood bo well ripened. Although it may t>e advantageous to prune trees early in the winter, when the wrxnl is well ripened, yet, when tho wood is green and the buds have ntjt arrivod at a mature state, it is requisite in such caM*s to defer pr' '<', however, lliat it is perform- ed , sap. The noccsttiiy of this uvnt from the circamstaoco, that as tlic wood is not ripened in autumn, ' • tlien in an active state, and will con- tinue 90 ur.r "«t, ice, cause it to become stagnant ; ■od if the shoots were shortened while tho sap was in mo- ti..' •■■,,.■■■.-■•.• • •• • ,.„ Wr ■ ■ ■ . :.'r hj the severity of winter, and when the pruning is deferred 24 ON TRAINING AND PRUNING. until spring, all such parts as may have been affected by the "weather, can be removed to the extent to which the damage has been sustained. As the piuning of such unripe wood in the autumn would be injurious, so it frequently is when it is done during winter, and the nlore so according to its severity; because, whenever a cut is made on such gieen wood, the frost generally affects it, as the Sap is not so dense, nor the wood so firm, as to be able to resist its intense- ness. Whatever method is adopted in training trees, care should be taken to keep the two sides as nearly equal as possible ; this may easily be done, whether they are trained in the fan or horizontal method. For espalier trees, the horizontal method has many advantages over any other ; the small compass within which the ti-ees are obliged to be kept, requires such a direction for the branches, in order to make them fruitful ; and were very high trellises formed, so as to admit of the trees being trained in the fan method, such would be very objectionable, by reason of the shade they would cause, and the trees would also be deprived of the benefit of a warmer temperature, which those less elevated receive. As some young gardeners may not know what is meant by espaliers, it may be necessary to explain, that espaliers are hedges of fruit trees, which are trained up regularly to a frame or trellis of wood-woik ; they produce large fruit plen- tifully, without taking up much room, and may be planted in the Kitchen Garden without much inconvenience to its other products. For espalier fruit trees in the open ground, a trellis is absolutely necessary, and may either be formed of common stakes or poles, or of regular joinery work, according to taste or fancy. The implements employed in pruning, and the manner of using them, are matters of moment. If the operation is commenced when the tree is young, and judiciously followed up, a good knife, a small saw, a mallet, and a chisel fixed 00 fmamtia, ok i^octxAxiMik w» on a ftix-fool hsiulie, to trim the top* and extrcnutto« of tho 1 :*!<• toolii tirat arc required. A Fargo saw \'. V wanted ; but an axo or liotchot should never be employed, an they fracture tho wood, bruise and '-•ar the b«rk, and disfiguro the tree. UL'DDING AND GRAFTING rUUlT TIUIES. Budding 811 : ■<, are operations that ef|ually dc^ , .. ihe pro|Hjrty that buds poMOM of shooting roots downward, and stems up- ward ; but in the»c praclicen, tho rootj* strike Initween tho bark and wood of llio stock, instead of- into the i;arth, and form new layers of wood, instead of subterranean fibres. The'* vever, depends upon other caasf< <• tho growili of cuttings. It is necessary that an odhcsion sliould take placo between ti. ■ . ■ ■■ ' ■■ ■ .' ,•'■'■:■• '"''res .,: ..... _ :. ■ . 1 uf the stock, tliey may not be liable to subsetjucnt separation. No ono can 'have studied the economy of tho vegetable kingdom, witliuut liaving remarked that there is a strong tendency to cohesion in bodies or parts that aro placed in cuntact with each other. BUDDING, OR INOCULATING. To bud trees, let the following method be adopted : Pro- cure a knife which has a tliin blade, and a sharp ivury han- dle ; the use of the blade is to prepare the bud:*, and the handle is used to raise the bark of tho stocks, so that tho buds can Ik* «>aAi!y inserted. Ilavo stimc l ' ' ^-iss in readinevi, and then take some good tl>: ^.'ra liealthy trees of the sorts you intend Co propagate. Whea 3 26' ON BUDDING, OR INOCULATING. all is ready, make a cut in the bark of the stock transversely, and from the middle of this cut make another downward, at least two inches in length, so that the two cuts may be in the form of a T ; then from one of your sprigs proceed with expedition to take off a bud ; this is effected as follows : Insert the knife a little more than half an inch below tho bud or eye, force it into the wood, drawing it under the bud, and cut the. piece off across the shoot; then immediately let that part of the wood which was cut off with the bud be separated from it, which may be readily done with the knife, by placing the point of it between the bark and wood at one end, and, holding the bark in one hand, pull off the woody part with the other, which will readily come from the bark, if the tree from which it was taken be in a vigorous con- dition. Examine the bark, so as to be satisfied that the bud remains perfect ; if there is no hole in it, let it be im- mediately inserted into the stock, which is done by raising with the handle of your knife the bark of the stock downward on each side from the cross cut, and thrusting the bud in be- tween the bark and the wood, applying it as close as possi ble. As soon as the bud is put into its place, bind it securely with bass, beginning a little below the cut, arid proceeding upward, till you are above the cross cut, taking cai-e to miss the eye of the bud, just so that it may be seen through the bandage of the bass. About a week or ten days after the stocks have been budded, they should be examined, when such as have united will appear fresh and full, and those that have not taken will appear decayed ; in the former case the bandage may be left off, and in the latter case, the stock may be budded in another place, provided the first operation was done in the month of July or early in August, as these are the two most preferable months for budding fruit trees in general. Budding is, however, often attended with success, if done early in September. Scallop Budding is performed by cutting fiom a small stock a thin narrow scallop of wood, about an inch in length, '•M out 9m^ taking fron • twig a thin scallop of wood of tho samo IsBv*' '. ' 1 filled p«TfLTlly al lop Mkl un its BidiA, and tirmly boutui with wet b«M tnattio^. Thu may bo porfurmed in tb« tiMing, and if it fniHi. it mny l>o dune again in tho montli of July. TIm} French practicu thia mode on Kostct. OrmAing u tho taking a akont from one trco and inaerting it into anoUier. in auch a manner tlint both may unite closely, and Iwcome one tree. Thoae ahoob* are rnlled M*iun.s oi graAa, aod iu tho choice <>f iheni, and tho mtxlo of preparing •omo descriptiona of Blocks, the following hinia will bo uaefiU: Thoae acii>na are best which are taken from the lateral ur koriaoutal, rather than from the strong i>erpcudicular shoota. The ali04u taken from healthy tnm late* in autim. "lu tho buds Itegin to Hwell in the •pring. aud buried half of their length in the ground, or in % oool and tlry cellar ; tlioro to remain until the season of fiBfting. For some descriptions of trees, the stocks are headed i* -r - - Tr to the ground. In nurseries. Apples intended : . inU are generully grafted alxjut nine inches high only, allowing them to grow up standard high, and forming tiiatr heads u|>ou iJie second year's ttbuuts. In cider coun- ties, tiie stock i* (generally trained up standard hii;li ; nnd when grown y largo for the puqMise, it is grafte(h, »lt»ll p«rfecily coinciJo, ami then securely bound with l»a»"> i[»o- »i«i«ni. A '.•riin vers .'ck.i. Tho upju-r part •if ihm ttock is preparod in the furm of a wedge, by two no on each siJe. Tito scion is pnjpart'd by ad, aiitl paring out tho iniddlo part on each •ido to a poinL When the stock and scion are of equal MS0, tho n ' .t may bo mado perfect; but if unequal, ooo side ■ tly meet. Tho whole is securtnl by a ''trwit^ of bass matiin(^, and covered with composition or clay ; but the string niuat bo removed ua soon as a perfect utiioti has taken place. Root tia-irriNo. This operation is often performed on Gr«{>e vine^, just l»elow the level of the surface, by tho usual nc'uld be gradually shortened, but not suddenly close-pruned th. y are essential f * : ■ * ri/then tho trunks, am. I., ilie upright and . .. ..t" the tree. 8Bi. FORSYrn's cobiposition. DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING COMPOSITION, GRAFTINGT CLAY, ETC., FOR USE ON FRUIT TREES. The British Parliament gave Mr. Forsyth a vahiable pre- mium for the following important directions for making a composition for curing diseases, defects, and injuries in all kinds of fruit and forest trees, and the method of preparing the trees, and laying on the composition : Take one bushel of fresh cow-dung, half a bushel of lime rubbish of old buildings (that from the ceilings of rooms is preferable), half a bushel of wood ashes, and a sixteenth part of a bushel of pit or river sand ; the three last articles are to be sifted fine before they are mixed ; then work them well together with a spade, and afterward with a wooden beater, until the stuff is very smooth, like fine plaster used for ceilings of looms. The composition being thus made, care must be taken to prepare the tree properly for its application, by cutting away all the dead, decayed, and injured part, till you come at the fresh sound wood, leaving the surface of the wood very smooth, and rounding ofi' the edges of the bark with a draw- knife, or other instrument, perfectly smooth, which must be particularly attended to ; then lay on the plaster about an eighth of an inch thick, all over the part where the wood or bark has been so cut away, finishing off the edges as thin as possible. Then take a quantity of dry powder of wood ashes mixed with a sixth pait of the same quantity of the ashes of burnt bones ; put it into a tin box with holes in the top, and shake the powder on the surface of the plaster till the whole is covered with it, letting it remain for half an hour to absoi-b the moistui-e ; then apply more powder, rub- bing it on gently with the hand, and repeating the applica- tion of the powder till the whole plaster becomes a dry, smooth surface. I WAin roR Tifc rrsMi or rnriT tkbcs, btc. 31 Tf aoj o( the tja »p— it iow be lef\ for • future occamon, it ^' ;' I ' .1 tub or otliiT VfMol, nnti < ired • n .: -■> •>. : ihr iiurfac«', nchprwts« thi- loro will If ready hurt the ofTiracy of the applicntion. Wh«n lime rubbi*h of ol 1><) taken, wlien that happcn\ ruin), that ; i may \xs kept whole, to prevent the air and wot penetrating into the wound. *- •' ^ best way of using the composition is found, by o, to bo in a lio reduced to the fonM«tence of a pretty thick paint, by mixing it up with a nufTicient quantity of urine and soapsuds, and laiil on with a painter's brush. The powder of wood ashes and burned Inmcs is to bo applied as before directed, patting it down with the hand. A Wahu roa the Stems or Fhvit Trees. Take a peck of Ax'sh cow-«luni», half a |>eck of quick lime, half a |>ound of flour of sulphur, and a quarter of n |)ound of lampblack. Mix the whole together unth as much urine and soapsuds in a ' • ite as will form the ingredients into a thick paint. i .... ^wra|Ki«ition may bo applied to the stems of young standard trees when planted out in the orchard, to prevent their rrd by the depre••■.,•••' ,.,i •t'. . , ;,y, have always a smooth, clean, shining bark ; such as aro momy, or ha%'e a rotijh, wrinkled bark, or aro tlr aflWrlod l»T rnnker, should lie n'jccloo transplanted with safety, even when for advanced in growth. ^V^leu trees of four or 6Te years' growth, after having been headed down, that aro healthy, and well fumi-nhed with fniit-l»enring woo«l close up to the centre of tho tree, can Iw obtained, they will do very well ; but BTreat care is requisite in taking up, removing, and plantini; stich. Let the tree be taken up with as greol a portion of tho roots as poasiblo, taking care not to bruise, •plit, or damage tfiem ; for want of attention to these |)omts, trees c»fti«n " Ui to bo produced. If a lra« tbat hoii licon uiidur training for onu or l>vo years, •huukl only bavo one gocnl •trung Ivadiug nhoot, and two or thnM weaker unet wbicb do nut |)roc-(.>(Hl from it, let tbo weak abouto be pruned clean away, and »)iorten tbe ntrong one, from wbicb a bandflumo bead may aAerward bo formed. Fur fartbor diructioiui as roapocls pruniiij; or planting fruit treea, ice, ibo reader i.n referred to tbe piecodin){ uiticlos OD tbesc KubjeciA ; and a» respoctii any ^pi-cir.i uf fniit in par- tictilar, directioiui will L>o found under its di»linct bead. In ordor to ajaiat tbo reader in making a judicious selet^on of ' • deHcription of such •J" pute for every good quality. Preuoua to making tbiit selection, I carefully peruftod ' Prinro's Pn: il Manual,' ' Kenrick's Ameri- Mn Orcbardiftt,' ' Lin. • lule to tbe Orcbard and Fruit GRrdcD,' and ' Manning':! Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits ; ' be- ' •' ■ ' ' • '■ ■*, I bad llie select ■ ' ' ■ s of ' I' mc, and bave 1 1 .■ h only as bave been roosi generally rccummcndi^l. in doing tbis, I have bad difficullins to contend with, of tbe nature of wbicb, none but tboso who bave duly considered tbe subject can form any idea. Tbe facility witb wbicb seedling plants are raiiMul, and tbe paternal fondness witb wbicb [>eop)c ore apt to regard tbeir own seedlings, bave occoftiunoil bundrcds of nami*« (o appear in tbe various catabigue;), wbicb tend not a little to swell tbo largo and increasing list of fruits. In many iustanccA, tbo Englisb, Frcncb, Spanisb, and otbcr names, provisi)' '. and barbantus, arc given to tlie same variety; €<■:. . ,.. ;.:ly, some fruitn ap|>ear in tbe diflereut catat•>^ulTS under all tbe varied names; and tbo patience and labour ucccssarily re'iuisito for ascertaining Ol> CHOICE OF FRUIT TREES IN THE NURSERY. which are really distinct varieties, and which are most worthy of cultivation, are correspondingly great. To exemplify : Suppose from a catalogue of Peai's the fol- lowing names should be selected by a person wishing to plant as many varieties in his orchard, namely. Brown Beurre, Jjejtrre Gris, Beurre Rouge, Buerre Dore, Buerre cZ' Anjou, Buerre rf' Or, Buerre d' Ambleuse, Buerre iV Jlmhoise, Poire t/' Amboise, Isambert, Red Beurre, Golden Beurre, Beurre du Roi. White Doyenne, Doyenne Blanc, Doyenne, Beurre Blanc, Bonne-ante, Saint JVIichael, Carlisle, Citron de Septem- bre, Kaiserbirne, Poire a court queue, Poire de Limon, Valen- cia, Poire de J\''eige, Poire de Seigneur, Poire Monsieur, White Beurre. Here is a list of twenty-nine kinds, as the pur- chaser supposes, but when the trees produce their fruit, he finds, to his great disappointment and mortification, that he has only two varieties, namely, the Brown Beurre and the "White Doyenne. In making out the descriptive lists, I have generally adopted the names given in the catalogues of the most cele- brated nurserymen, as a heading ; and have caused the synonyraes, or names by which the same variety is known, or has been called, to be printed in italics ; thus, my lists of about four hundred varieties of the various species of fruit, will embrace. what has been deemed by some as different varieties, perhaps to the number of nearly two thousand. In preparing the following articles, the object has been to furnish information which would entertain, as well as instruct the reader. Besides the authorities quoted, I have gleaned from those inexhaustible treasures to horticulturists, Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants, and that of Gardening; but on account of the brevity necessarily observed through- out this work, it has been found impracticable to give many entire extracts ; suffice it to say, that the historical facts are generally collected from these sources. APPLK I'oMMiER. i'yruf nioViu. Til' • ith our want.H nml enj"_N • I the cnlalogiie of our fruitji. The Apple Orcbanl b, in truth, the nnnyard of ' tt can be obtained t' :il fruit being cal- culated to cheer the inralid, as well as to stroTiRthen the 1 ' * H it to li' " " T .• of oui <■ • fruitfl, oil': ^ : 'imllzcd to our soil ; none can be broui^ht to so high a degree of per> fiiti.ii \\I:!i •«•> I'ttlf tniublu; and of no other are tliore «o III itiv i\< illi-iit \.'tnitii*H in general culti%'ation, calculated ft*r aiinoKt every soil, situation, and climate, which our coun< try affortN. The Apple tree in supposed by some to attain a great age : Hallcr mentions some trees in Herefordshire, England, that were n tlu.iir9 two humlred years as the ordinary duration of a healthy tree, grafted on a crab stock, and planted in a stn>nt;, tenacious soil. Spocchly mentions a tree in an or- chard at nurtonjoice, near Nottingham, al>out sixty years oKl, with bmnrhes extemling fn»m seven to nine yards round the b<»le, which in some seasons produced upward of ;■ Imn- dred bushels of apples. The Romans had only twenty-two %-arieties in IMny'a time. There are upward of fifteen hundred now rultivated in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London, under nnrn." ; thi' rntalogue of the Linnn^'on Kotnnir TJarden at KliiHiiin^ ruiiiains about four hundred; and one of our en- 'erjirising horticulturists, Mr. William Coxe, of Burlington, N ' .Ired ond tliifty-tliree kinds r . >me yrnr.H niji>. They are UH illy divided int baking, and cider fruits: the S8 APPLE. first, highly flavoured ; the second, such as fall, or become mellow in baking or boiling; and the third, austere, and generally fruit of small size. Besides this division, Apples are classed as pippins or seedlings, pearmains or somewhat pear-shaped fruits, rennets or queen-specked fruits, calviles or white-skinned fruits, russets or brown fruits, and some are denominated burknots. The Apple may be propagated by layers, and many sorts by cuttings and budding, but the usual mode is by grafting on seedling stocks of two or three years growth, and for dwarfing, on stocks of the Quince or Paradise Apple. All the principal varieties ai'e cultivated as standards in the orchard, and should be planted from thirty to forty feet from each other, or from any othei' spreading trees, in order that the sun and air may have their due influence in maturing the fruit. Many of the dwarf kinds may be introduced into the Kitchen Garden, and trained as espaliers, or dwarf standards. An Apple Orchard may be planted at any time after the trees are two years old from the graft; and as trees from young stocks will not come into full bearing until ten or twelve years old, they will bear removing with care at any time within that period. Old Apple trees may be grafted with superior varieties by being headed down to standard height : most commonly, in very old subjects, the branches only are cut within a foot or two of the truiik, and then grafted in the crown or cleft manner. In all the varieties of the common Apple, the mode of bearing is upon small terminal and lateral spurs, or short robust shoots, from half an inch to two inches long, which spring from the younger branches of two or more year's' growth, appearing at first at the extremity, and ex- tending gradually to the side : the same bearing branches and fruit spurs continue many years fruitful. Pruning. — As, from the mode of bearing, Apple trees do not admit of shortening the general bearers, it should only LWT or ArrLM. w be pr linary cases. If iroos have not tho iBcwt . . ■.... .. ..» u three or four years oKl, tbey ithouUl be J II.. nineU to prumoto rcmilar spreaJiiig brancboa. Ill •iiiiual |iiuiiing, the main br nM not be rut, UaloM in caa«« of decay ; but all b., ih cntsa brancbca ■nd doad %%-ood should l>o taken out, and the suckcrB eradi- cated. Etpaliors require a Bummer and winter pruning. SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF APPLES. St'MMCR rni'iT. AaiaiCAii SvM«ca Psabiiadi, Earif Summrr Prarmain. Thi« ip- pic la of tikol.uiii *.ir ana u'.iion.- turiii : i!.<< mK.tir Kncht red on the tunny •t^r, a: Uhcil witJi rod ; lit* flr«h I* ' ' t. It ripena cwly in AucMl. aiHl m good eit; ■ a ut lor cooking. Tree • good b«*W f . Dk!(0!ii. Fniit of mrdiuia mrr. furm round and rriruUr ; the flwh yrl- !•», Iu«b flavourrU. and eirrllcot i it ripen* in July and AugiwL "TiM tTM boaia waU." aaya Mr. Manmog, *'and ahouid be found in every good y -< • on, Sirftt d . lU coloor fl««u i> . Baa aiaa an r«lt ta to airr. ^ Tho »ru of thin fhiit rari*** from ra*" ^ , lU form obionf ; iu •km •moolh ; ...... . .v....ut ilipriis rarly lo Augutt '•4 PeaeA Appl^. An Inth apple, of thr middle .( nil nlur errrn Coluur, IDUCh Tanr(;aUHl With . It eateeined for thr dcaaert, and i . ' ii« in Augurt. The irec grows mtU. ind !• not apt to ranker. K t«i T H »«Tr»T. Priitct'i Yellow Harrett, Pomme ittt, July Pippin. A *<'r\ ' ' Kit medium ai/e ; bright atraw roluur ; fleah while and tan Wt . lively. an.| rery fin** The tree brara young, and makes a fine o' >> •••;.al»cr; r.; . July and Auxuat- llABtT K»P Jt'HCAT '/, Early SJriped JuneaiiMg, lttrauf>trry. .' ini below the middle a le. akin grveniah >ri ' "^\ \r. i^.-d with derp red; Il<-«h while, jU.ry,Urai.: -.1. i. ^... .., Auggat Toart a. m of lb* Re*. Satn .. .. large, ot oMoOK • the deali Aas, •priKht . Rao Aara sr Aa. Thia braulil'iil appie la of me>tiiim Mie. .init mtindiah ; Iba akin t< dirk rt^ mrprrd wiUi Ihirk bioom like a plum ; the flesh is wbits, tr ..J. At perfection early in A oguaC 40 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF APPLES. Red Quarendon, Devonshire Quarenden. Sack Apple. A much es- teemed Devonshire apple ; of medium size ; skin of a uniform deep rich crimson, with numerous green dots intermixed ; flesh of a brisk, pleasant, and peculiar flavour. A very desirable dessert apple: from August to Oc- tober ; tree very productive. Summer Pippin, Pie Apple, This fruit, in size and shape, resembles the Fall Pippin ; it differs in having a little more red on the sunny side, and in arriving at maturity about a fortnight earlier. It is a very popular apple in Neve Jersey. Summer Queen. A large oblong apple, striped with red on a yellow ground ; the flesh is yellow, very high flavoured, and excellent. The tree is of vigorous growth, says Mr. Manning, a great bearer, and ripens its fruit m August. Summer Rose, Harvest Apple. A very beautiful and excellent fruit, of moderate size and roundish form ; the skin is yellow, striped and mottled with red ; the flesh is sweet, juicy, and fine : in July and August ; tree a great bearer. WiLLiABis's Early, Williams's Favotirile Red. This apple originated in Roxbury, Mass. ; it is of medium size ; oblong form ; the skin a bright and deep red; the flavour pleasant and agreeable. The tree is a great bearer, and its fruit commands a good price in the Boston markets : in Au- gust and September. AUTUMN FRUIT. Alexander, Emperor Alexander, Aporta. Fruit very large, somewhat cordate, smallest at the crown ; of a greenish yellow colour, striped or mar- bled with red; pulp tender, sweet, rich, and aromatic: ripens in October, and lasts till Christmas. American Nonpareil, Doctor Apple. A beautiful apple of medium size and roundish form ; its colour yellow, streaked and stained with red on the sunny side ; flesh firm, juicy, and agreeable. A very fine market apple in October and November. Tree a great bearer. BoxFORD. A very superior variety, says Mr. Manning ; which was first cultivated at Boxford, Massachusetts. Fruit roundish, of medium size ; skin striped with red and yellow ; the flesh, yellow, rich, and good. The tree is a great bearer, and ripens its fruit in October. Cumberland Spice. A fine dessert fruit, large, rather oblong; of a pale yellow colour, clouded near the base ; the flesh white, tender, and of fine flavour. It ripens in autumn, and will keep till February. DowNTON Pippin, Ellon Golden Pippin, Knighfs Golden Pippin. The Downton Golden Pippin is a most abundant bearer, and the fruit extreme- ly well adapted for market; it is rathei* larger than the common Golden Pippin; skin nearly smooth ; yellow, sprinkled with numerous specks; flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich, sub-acid juice ; specific gravity 10.79. Ripe in October and November, and will keep good till Christmas. Drap d'Or of France, Cloth of Gold. This apple is very large and handsome; its form globular ; its colour a fine yellow, with dark specks; its flesh white, firm, and rich flavoured. The tree bears well, and should be fonnd in every good collection. Fruit in perfection from September to November. ononrmrK list or ArruuM. 41 WWty ; • ( r*tt Pir <"". VRtfCgnt. '>*"' •"•p*""'* Hrvtftlr. Ca- mwir 1 1:1 tfi'^ '■'»* cU«« of •»»• t . akin ■mooth, ^, •;», and trndrr, wiiii • «rfy rMti, augmfy jutes. Il iip«u« in (»ct»ijcr, . . na, a- , _ .,. , ; -'.UC- t in 1 r !ni'ri««r 1 : of • jHIowUh fnen r : I: ripen* In Ortoher, ■rrMi' my, and ia conaidcrad Um br«t U rxi'ft •t>|>i« in ttkat couiilf y. Kriaairk'* P. rr» A»rt *!?«. A native app!*» of 1«r«i«h dim<«n«iona, raiaMl bf John K«-' 'f NVwion. Ma.- • er«?n in tt» abad*. t next the aim. m - red ; the flartl whila, auinr>i more or l<' ' ' . irn ii-r. juiry, aim nrh, with an ipvMbte aQb>acidflavoar: hi iMn BMfkrt' -*er eoooty. Mat^^i - ^ ■- - ; ibe •kin yellow. alrtp«d with rad t the 9e*h is yellow and high (lavoared : tram t*|4ra)her to NoTvaibvr. Moaiintrii rirrm. inty, Nsw Jrr»cy. 1 1 i» abixr red; lleail Sm. and of pisw < <*<■*' "( '•'•'' ii>'>*t aaleable mtf ptododlwvat 1 kMp food till aAerChnat* Bua. Obahoc Sw e kti w o. Yettmo Htvetthtr. OoMen thfeHing. Thia Tsrlrty la aiMll eolttVBlad naar llartr ' • for the Boston. Providence, nd Phitodalpbta OMrketa ; tl Tice. flattened ot tia base and flaoim" "- — ■ -"'-nv, or »■<•••,• . ...... ..ly awcct and excetleott ftona 8«p(e- RKu .:-- r»t.ral<> df%ntt\ annlr*. of modium atie. and brl(ht yellow «*- Knijlii. Prmi'lrnl of tha l.ondoi 42 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF APPLES. Seek no Farther, Rambo, or Romanite. This apple is much culti- vated in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Its form is flat, resembling the V andervere in appearance, but is a more juicy fruit ; the skin pale yellow, streaked with red; flesh tender and sprightly during the autumn months. Stroat, Straat. A fine autumn apple, introduced by the late Jesse Buel, Esq., of Albany ; in size medium ; form rather oblong ; skin yellow- ish green ; flesh yellow and tender ; juice rich and lively : in use from Sep- tember to December. Yellow Ingestkie. A beautiful apple, raised by Mr. Knight, President of the London Horticultural Society. The size is small, form round and regular ; the colour of the skin golden yellow, with some black spots ; the flesh yellow, firm, and delicate. The tree is an abundant bearer, and ripens its fruit in October. The late Judge Buel considered this variety as likely to rival the Lady apple as a fashionable fruit. York Russeting. A very large russety apple, well known about Bos- ton, Its form is rather oblong ; its flesh pleasant and agreeably acid ; an excellent apple : from October to December. WINTER FRUIT. .ffisopus Spitzenburg. a beautiful apple ; large and oval ; of red co- .Dur, covered with numerous white specks ; the flesh is yellowish ; slightly acid, and of the finest flavour : ripens in October, and continues good till February. Baldwin. No apple in the Boston markets is more popular than this 5 it is rather above medium size ; its form round ; its colour bright red, streaked with yellow ; its flesh is juicy, rich, saccharine, with a most agree- able acid flavour. The tree bears fruit abundantly, which ripens in Novem ber, and keeps till February or March. Barcelona Pearbiain, Speckled Golden Reinette, Reinette Rouge, Reinctte Rousse, Reinette des Cannes, Glace Rouge, Kleiner Casseler Ro- inette. This variety is said to be a very productive and excellent dessert apple; fruit of medium size; oval, not angular; colour brownish yellow in the shade, deep red next the sun ; flesh firm, yellowish, with a rich aro- matic agreeable acid : from November till February. Beauty of the West. A large, oblate, beautiful fruit, of yellow and red colour ; its flesh juicy, rich, saccharine, and firm. A good marketable apple from November until March. Bell Flower. A very large and beautiful apple ; its colour bright yel- low, with an occasional blush on the sunny side; its form oblong ; the flesh tender, juicy, rich, and finely flavoured, and is alike excellent for the dessert and for cooking. It ripens early in November, and will keep all the win- ter. It is a valuable market fruit. Blenheim Pippin, Woodstock Pippin, Blenheim Orange. Fruit large, roundish, of a yellowish colour, tinged with red next the sun ; pulp sweet and high flavoured : ripe in November, and keeps till March: a very supe- rior dessert apple. Blue Pearmain This variety is well known about Boston as a large apple, of red colour, covered with a dense blue bloom, and of a delicious flavour ; good as a dessert or for cooking : from October to January Tl» tree grows strong, and is very productive. irriTK LWT or im.KS. 41 P<'i ' > An «•• "i; Umcd> IMT ytUom, m food 4mI «o««fMl with (u:i uu . a t* ui a t.. rruil krrpa Ull February or Mardl. Tbr ! L> • ret, Danrera Sweeting. TMa «•• -.Jiu* ; w....... . l« A, I... •..eUMi« winter ■pplo, o/nwdiom sis* and gram* •im bioldMs t tbfl flcab ia Juicy, tandv, r»T fhiil from th* . flMh firm ; jaio ii^, n.Ut • gootl prt>|>urt. A demutTt •ppir, not Urt'r thnn th« w, wilh a fliuh of ml. and pmhroiilcri(ir •po- '<'> ; it ia y cloae Icxtura, !ill April Of >■ -n . -, Orem If'i/i/rr Siceet. Thi« apple ia ir .. .,1 „,..,i ,.,„ . ,^- iiv, akin duU It poa> > ">r Juno. ■■ «frii. A larce appi* of lUobular furro > red and ^ mi b(otfh«d ; the Oemh la juicy and of rzrrllrnt IUfnrn^ tfApi. Fruit amatl. flat ; of pale yellow colour, tinc'' 1 'rr--< rr < . ,n iiie aide; fleah crisp, apnghtly, and pleaaant: ri|«i iilinuca tiU April. It la a Tery aaleaUe fruit on a<-'- 'v. LjiPiri' SwaaTiwo. H'inirr StreftirtK. Thia apple ia above medium itoa. eonlcal ; akin yellow, •trraked. and mottled with red ; llrsh juicy, awert. and hich flaroured : fVom Notremher to May. Lavm* Prrriw An old and mneh exteeroed draaert apple; of meiium atea ar. > I !ioth in form and colour. hatrinK a Itnn ( »f acid : from OrtoWr to Marcik Tr»» h»n ■■ Maivkji 1. Fniit lar^e, round iah : akin, pal* gnvniall )e. - ■'^- -^->- --»••- trnder, juiry. and acid ; and the fr tchen purpoarat tn Keptoroher an ' ..- : , j.... , MAtcAaiK, I ' '. Mr/d Carta, Pommt FitimU. A 44 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF APPLES. fruit. In tlie climate of Italy, this is supposed to be the best apple in the world. It is cultivated extensively in the territories of Genoa, as an article of export and commerce to Nice, Barcelona, Cadiz, and Marseilles The fruit is rather large, its form inclining to globular. Its beautiful waxen skin is a little marbled with a very faint green near the eye ; its colour in the shade is a pale yellow, tinged with flaming crimson next the sun ; the flesh is white, tender, delicate, sweet, with the fragrant perfume of roses. It ripens in September, and will keep till spring. Menagere. Mr. Manning pronounced this to be the largest apple he had seen; the form is flat like a large English tutnip; the skin of a light yellow ; the flesh pleasant, but more adapted to the kitchen than the des- sert : from October to February. It bears well trained as a dwarf. Minister. A native apple of large size, and oblong shape ; the skin a light greenish yellow, striped with bright red ; flesh yellow, light, high fla- voured, and excellent. Mr. Manning considered this as one of the finest fruits that New England ever produced. It ripens in November, .and will keep till after Christmas. Monstrous ViTTit^, Baltimore, Gloria Mtindi, Ox Apple. Fruit of enor mous size, often weighing twenty-flve ounces or more ; of a pale yellowish green and blush colour, with white spots ; ^nd of a sprightly flavour ; ex cellentfor cooking : ripens in October, and continues fit for use till January Murphy. This apple in appearance resembles the Blue Pearmain ; the shape is more oblong, the size not so large ; the skin pale red, streaked or blotched with darker red, and covered with blue bloom ; flesh white, tender, and good. Raised from seed by Mr. Murphy, and introduced to notice by Mr. Manning. Newtown Pippin, American Navfown Pippin, Yelloiu Newtotun Pip- pin. This variety, when perfectlj' matured, is considered by some the finest apple in our country; its skin is green, changing to an olive yellow at ma- turity, having a thin russet covering the greatest part of the base ; flesh pale yellow and firm ; juice saccharine, and possessing a rich and highly aromatic flavour : from December to April. Newtown Spitzenburg, Matchless. A beautiful apple of medium size; skin streaked, and tinged with red and yellow ; flesh yellow, rich, and high- ly flavoured : from October till February. Norfolk Beaufin. Fruit middling size, flattish, of a deep red and pale green colour ; the flesh is firm and savoury ; the tree hardy, upright, and a good bearer ; fruit excellent for use in the kitchen, and highly esteemed for the dessert. It ripens in November, and is frequently to be obtained in England in July following. Ortley Pippin, Ortkij Apple, Vandyne, Woolman's Long of Prince. A fruit very much resembling the Yellow Newtown Pippin, but a little more oval ; skin olive yellow at maturity, partially covered with pink and rus- set ; flesh yellow, crisp, and breaking; very juicy, with the same pine-apple flavour which distinguishes the Newtown Pippin : good from November to April. Pennock's Red Winter, pelican. Fruit very large and compressed ; of deep red colour, streaked with yellow ; flesh tender, juicy, and of a sweet and pleasant flavour : ripens in November, and will keep good till March. It is a evry popular apple in the Philadelphia markets PuJiPKiN Sweet, Ramsdel's Red Pumpkin Sweet. A beautiful frait, MMBirrirg list or applu. \5 WW roMllMI iki^NMl#taiitor ' of • dark r«d foloar, eoTprvd mtV\ 'V )«• b^3« t^oom! tUtttUn ■, I iwrrt. It ri|>pn* in Nu««tn> tor. Umt pwHttjinw crofML I i«nr" Mwl (Wpn— li ; Bkin iit ma- lur ■ ifi« AnMl flavour : ri{wii« la ^ ' mabi* apple fur cuoIuuk a* «> h .. Trarer'M Apple, Glory qf York. Fruii •'• !•••<•.'. •.^iiy depmaed ; of a pale jrellow eoloar, Uoftd v .nd of Aim flavour : ripcna in KovrmVr .t. ' . ., .. . '. . . j no of Uw iiUMl popuIaT deaaeft •PI K • 1 Ruffrl, Pinfiipt-'' n>i'!iit. TM« v«rifty !• caltnalrO r«lr< poft«t-nn. Tf- r. inti' jUM'> , (tci), •ut*-«c<«l, Ue4iti (or uar . 'un<>. bw^Aa ArrLU. s 'mo paru of Kaw York and Srm lUvour and rteteaaa; akin of ■ frrrnian yrijow. i :iir<^i v\iiii ! i« very pradMUva^iod hifjbtf daMrrtaf cultiTaUon in every cuUecUon of ane fiuiL Good till MarciL VAUPCvcar. An apple of mediam aize, tlM< form flat; nkin pair rrd, wiUi riMi/rh \ri!..wi«h Mntrii^a fli-.h vellow and tender i juicc plentiful, ndi. inuary. \". / Tliii variety ia ezteoaively nil- Ht*'. ity, Ohio, wrhere it ia e«te«-ined abova all othrra of t; ■ «. It i< a'love the m;i! !|p «tze, of a (re«ni*h ycltaw iu..>u(, cu\t.te^ Mith ru»«- ' I the winter. WMirr \Vi«Tra r»irii»r. ' tntt Carre. .\'>w, iiiiijrd with red i it : from November to frUtter Rcd^ Fine Winter. A *»• r.[. . ■ <'■'-•■'■' I!" fruit w large; of »<■ , A :r *r\y ; itJi rtp«h i* fKh. »r.T; •) ■ The tree beara yoMig andatiuii > :' v rinr.i» rnciT. pvoportjo- 1 GaAII>l|w;purs rising on the two or thiee yeai's' old fruit branches. The Moor Park bears chiefly on the last year's shoots, and ou AmtcoT. 47 clote «pun forme^l on tho tn-o year old woftd. Tho l)oarin); •!)• t the blo«oin builn imn ' •■ eyc« ml<' '!«•, and the buds have < ug ap- peanince. Apricot trr*«» mi\y lx« piniitrd at any ■ t the head It feriDcd : soinv hviiil (linn down in i y bed, and remoTe tliom to tbvir destined pUccs whun fivo or six years «ld. Standards will require only oocn«ional pruning, to regulato ■och branches as may bo too nuioerouj, too extended, or cmaa formt-d, and to remove any casually unfruitful parta and dead wofMl ; but the regular branches, funning the head of tho tree, should not be shortened unless necessary. The general culture of the wall Apricots comprehends a summer and winter course of regulation, by pruning and training. The fan methtjd is generally adopted, but some prefer training horizontally. With y«»ung trees some con- trive to fill tho wall by heading down twice a year. Tho winter, or early spring management, comprehends a general regulation both of the last yoar's shofits and the older brandies. A general supply of the most regularly situated young slMiots must bo ever}* where rcLaiocd, fcr leader. Let the shoots rolamed for bearers be moderately shortened ; reduce strong shoots in the IcaM proportion— cutting off one fourth or less of their length ; from weak bhootn take away a third, and soroclibr. ■taa i of • (bwp ^ • mi' 1 br I obkmc It ' July lUT AraicoT. .-) fn- ■'•I •Met. A very I lu' fruit of ■ mrdium : or dark purple next iIm !, an J Will flavoured; not pwfcrUy afVea ' -1; of » 'Iclicata ■ '"" "i" '■' ■•"•> Freeore, Abricvt de St- Jean, ' {tfXitn'lrif. Kruit «omrwhat red; rtoih omncr, juiry, and uliMt of all aprirotN ; in Franoa >t4 name of A. de SI- Jtan. '« T" ' •. Thr tr«* i« ofTieo- ' it rery lanr*; of • .i< ran ; ileab oraoga •n; In •hap* round 5 of a V -1 pulp, throuch i<> : rij>cn» in rcAcii AraifoT. vtMrof Peeke, A'frieot de Naney, Imperial Anannt. TWa la a Ant-ralr f ' "- - , • .. . . .,.„y dottojr I Ibwn ealo ' ' ; p„t.,,..n-. "»*tiJno. V .. ... ..,ia» A; linr. of a rot. ran '.ru:t% A ^ri.<-f. A ''irnt An/rmi ' ' VinWt, Black 1 1. a littlr oNone; o( m paJc rfd c^ '. the nin : l^f^h pale red, but onafli •t, ' TT/e. Kart)f Mateu- ; the fruit of whirb ia aaaU, ' i th« pulp i* tender ; the tree a food brarrr, arvl IIm* truil eaeevncd Tir it« rarlinew and tart taate; ripcna a Joty- 50 ALMOND. Royal, Abricot Royals. This fruit is next in size to the Moorparlc ; rather oval, compressed ; of dull yellow colour, slightly red ; flesh pale orange, firm, juicy, sweet, and high flavoured, with a slight acid : ripens early in August. Turkey, Large Turkey. A superior apricot; fruit of a medium size; deep yellow colour, with red blotches next the sun; form globular; flesh firm, juicy, rich, and excellent: ripe in July and August. White Apricot, While Masculine, Abricot Blanc. Fruit, in size and figure, similar to the Red Masculine, Skin nearly white; flesh white, very delicate : juice sweet, with an agreeable peach-like flavour. Ripe in July. ALMOND. Amandier. Jimygdalus. Although Almonds are not much cultivated in this part of our country, they are entitled to notice. The species are fruit trees, or ornamental trees and shrubs, both much es- teemed for the gay colour and early appearance of their flowers ; these vary in their colour from the fine blush of the apple blossom to a snovv^y whiteness. The chief obvious distinction is in the fruit, which is flatter, with a coriaceous covering, instead of the rich pulp of the Peach and Necta- rine, opening spontaneously when the kernel is ripe. It is a native of Barbary, China, and most "eastern countries. There are twelve sorts described in the catalogue of the Linngean Botanic Garden at Flushing ; some of which are represented as new varieties from France and Italy, where they are cultivated extensively for their fruit. In France, they have above a dozen species or varieties, besides a hybrid, called the Almond Peach. The common and bitter Almond are only to be distinguished by the taste of the kernels of their fruit, which is the only part used. The tender-shelled is in the greatest esteem, and next, the Sweet, and Jordan. The bitter cuticle or skin of Almonds is taken off by immersion in boiling water. The sweet Almond and other varieties are used as a des- sert in a green or imperfectly ripe, and also in a lipe or dried •Ui(«. They are much uaed in cookery, confectionary, I..- ?^ ■ .•. l^'ate(l by seed for varieties, ur fur •tuck« ; and by budding on it« own, or on Plum ntocks, for ** • ■ ■ - - varieties. The Almond tree boar« chiefly on the ) 1 of the previuuit year, and in )>art upon small •pur* or minor bnincheii ; it u therefore pruned like the Aprtcut and Peach, and it« culture in other respects is the tame. CHERKY. Cerisicii. Pmmu eerattu. Tub Cherry, of ilie cultivated varieties, Li said to have l>ecn first It ' :ir 73, from a town in Pontus, in . ' i* its specific name; and it was introduced into Britain one hundred and twenty iiad eight species in Pliny's time, red, black, tcndur-fleshcd. hard-fleshed, small bittor-flavourcd, and heart- ahapcd. There are now upward uf two hundred in cultiva- tion. The French divide their Cherries into griottes, or tcudcr-fleshcd ; bigarrcau, or heart-shaped ; and guignes, or small fniit. The fruit of many varieties is .-■ ' ' heart- shaped, whence they arc called ox-heart, w\:. . black- heart, &c.; why some sorts are called dukes, is not so ob- vious. Th" " . ' ■ , .y different from the other varieties, !• .»i)a;i i.l, ri-l. l. l'. i i \\ .V.. ji:il*T ; tmh > ',er, and awrcL It htan wWl a« a ktanlartl, and ■:e, Criotfe 4t PoHuital, Portucal Duke. A lance flobuiar-iormro rr*! rnrrry ; like th* Mav ' ' " ■ ' - ' ' ■ --. hot tb0tf«« grows mofVTifomudy than thai % :>ce of fV«H. whk* »-"— - > ' ■• ' I'y. Bkii t ti ' w y\ i.- tmr\ Ai'fKX* ,.-'.' ,; iinrn:!^- rr '.'I Willie apou, and atwuodiog in add ; tbIo* at- -.ifv (Aai>\Ti' fr, and CfrUe de PmiuKil, of thirrn-rtT I -ne. and Griotte At Villrnt^, of I - .r; ne»h Ann, "rUh a »cr>' good t-. «, and U Kooo for Ihe table in Jul). Doirwca'a Lati Rco. DtMtmer't FarrurUe. A larfe round rhfrry, dc^ •^rrint a plar. ' ' ~ ~ " -trr, >tM*arhiiM<1' iir ; rij'*nin ■ ■' iir. mi Miir.i .irr., ijiit Uiia ▼anri% Kr« • '• " nn May, T^ng Stem ja^nf" ' ' rinc*' Mv* that other Tanrt« • T!n- f-i;t nf ihia vanri) •• r>' .nt fbr Ihr USIr 1 : V vfa- Uwr. in Jone and Joljr. Lara Di-ac. Crri^'r iir'nt^f frtrrtire. Pilr^tf nrurrffr, Trn'.X lane, thoy* lh# •U' of - ' ■ ' n a abinlng daf k rrd ; .red. Tfw a ffctt brawT, «n,! r.|xu» »U fruit in Jul). Uki ViKt, Earlf Duke, and CmM Gmifnt o( Downlnf. BW' 54 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF CHERRIES. man^s Bul-e, Jioie Buke, Grwfie de Portugal, and Royale hntive, of Prince. Fruit of medium size, roundish, growing in clusters; the skin, when fully ripe, very dark red ; the flesh is sott and juicy, with a very pleasant acid This excellent variety ripens about the middle of June. MoRELLO, English Morello, Milan, Cerise du nord, Griotte du nord Fruit of medium size, round ; of a dark red colour, nearly black at matU' rity ; flesh deep red, tender, juicy, and blended with an agreeable acid ; ripe in July, and hangs some time on the tree. This variety is excellent for preserves, and for Brandy. Plujistone Morello. A tree of moderate size, of the Duke or Kent- ish species ; a very large, dark, round cherry, nearly black ; of a rich acid flavour. The stone is very large, and resembles that of a plum ; a native of Virginia, introduced by William Prince, of the Linnaen Botanic Garden, Flushing. Waterloo. A largo, roundish, dark cherry, inclining to black at matu- rity ; the flesh is firm and of an excellent flavour; raised by a daughter of Mr. Knight, and so named from perfecting its fruit soon after the battle of Waterloo. The tree is of strong but irregular growth, and ripens its fruit in July. HEART-SHAPED AND BIGARREAUS. American Amber, Early Amber New Honey. A beautiful heart-shaped cherry, of medium size, and dark pink or amber colour; flesh, rich, sweet, and excellent. It ripens early in June. American Heart, Ardeti's While Heart. A medium sized cherry, of pale yellowish colour ; obtuse heart shaped -, flesh tender and palatable, but not high flavoured. The tree, which ripens its fruit in June, is very productive. Bkli.e de Rocmont, Bigarrcau de Rocmont, Cosur de pigeon, Flesh Col. Bigarreau. A beautiful heart shaped fruit, of pale yellowish and red colour, marbled and glossy ; flesh firm, white ; juice sprightly and of an agreeable flavour : in June and July. Bigarreau, Black. Manning's Black Bigarreau. This variety is con- sidered highly deserving a place in every good collection ; it originated in Mr. Manning's nursery at Salem ; the fruit is large, colour black ; flesh sweet and of peculiar rich flavour. The tree grows handsome, is very productive, and ripens its fruit in JulJ^ Bigarreau, Graffion, Turkey Bigarreau, Yellow Spanish, White Bv- garrenu, Imperial, Guigne Ambree, White Orleans, Very large, obtuse, heart-shaped ; yellowish amber colour, but fine red next the sun ; flesh firm, white, sweet, and well flavoured ; a beautiful and excellent fruit : ripe in June and July. This variety commands the highest price in market. Bigarreau White, White Ox Heart, and Harrison's Heart, of Down- ing. White Bigarreau Tradcscatit, and Bigarrcau blanc le gros, of Prince. Fruit large ; obtuse heart shaped ; of pale yellow and white colour, mot- tled with red ; flesh white, firm, and well flavoured : ripe in June and July. Black Eagle. A beautiful variety, raised by Miss Knight, of Downton Castle, 1S06 : fruit of globular form, and middle size ; skin dark purple, or ntarl/ black ; flesh very tender, rich, and of excellent flavour. The tree grows strong, very upright, and ripens its fruit early. Dftaciurrtrc lmt or curMurs. dA V ■ 'r o Fr*iU mo4r. Fruit rsthrr ■ ihapH i d»' • • N-wfc (il maUmtr ; (lr*h > nctor, of •I' >:cs. > ^ Tartarian, Black Kv: .1 H "• . , . . _^ Of ' ' •' ' .11 K !■ 1 • I- *.. . uljr. Jhr !..:.._. ». T Hi «. n. . J- rrnS m» on* of c . ■■ vr.t n. : :;, •-■ ; ^ n. The fVUll U of ITMHllll u • /.-, r.r^rt alltp-l. . t , ttrutl Arm. ami of ■ {)lr»»«nt aui^-arkl davour. It npena • week or ten days earlier Uian th« May Duko. CLkM'iax. Blatk Oxhtarl, TVorf/-- -arrfou gro$ notr, Largt Biaek Btfomau. A Ur(F, K . -hcrry, well auited t« hear eamava to markH ttom thr i.tunuu c( lU deah. Thi« varietf npena Um Moaad and tbirU wrck in July, when other kioda arc acaroe. — iPrOtet.) Cltoii. TMa •leanent variety waa ralaed by Mr. Knicht in 1606 i tbm 'Um town ' ' ' ticart-ahapcd ) pate f la* > .c-xt Utc aun ; fleahflrr' Ftomt rr)- i of a yellow ambrr colour, •afUr.i ' '. red next the aun ; lleali lolcr- alW) < ml of June and in July. (■> iruit of medium aize, which originated oo tile iarin oi . , w<^ Huklniry, near lioaton ; the colour ia black. the Oeab Arai. . . .le flavour: in July. The troc growa vigoroiu, ■Ml ta very pr>MiucU«e. . Khiomt'* K*aiv BLArv. T)mi hi n aa nm a of thia variety appear very •ar^ 'i dark hue i ila fieab ia All: of June. Mtr/' md ia culti- " ' -' - in ■banrtati' prina|tal t ' 1 Ibr the I • •■'■ 'h<" »;■. ^»t adapted i ula on. Kafoi • / 'iiarin, Gro* BUfOr' rtou lie ! 1 he tree of tnia Tandy la remarkable for the vigour ■nd beau 'owth i it producea a Ane lance while fruit with rad apou : tbe lioii la ramarkably white, aolid. and of a sweet, i^eeable d»> voor • early in July. V. >aaKAi-. Mr. Mtnninx repreaenia ihi* a« onr of the larKcat ■!>■ -riea known. The form la otituar. heart^almped : (kin pala yelioi*. •• 'j- vouted potation a '.in- daaee of .ahle to li^iary ftoM. •.,.-, ...,:.. -,,-... ^...^ ... - i u( ail-^ ttvation. VVuiTK IlKAar. /^ ^ iikUt Jhart. Late IV kUe Heart. A ntoda lata aiMd cherry, o( plaaaant davow ; chtady valuable fwr its very lata bw 56 CHESTNUT. turity, being towards the end of August. It is said to have originated in Rhode Island. White Tartarian, White Transparent Crimea, Fi-aser's White, Guignt de Riisiie blanc A beautiful cherry, pale yellow, approacliing to amber next the sun ; a much admired fruit, of excellent flavour : a good bearer, ripening early in July. CHESTNUT. Chataigner. . Castanea. The Chestnut is Avell known as a large tree, spreading its branches finely where it has room, but planted closely, will shoot up straight to a great height. It is supposed to have been originally from Sardis. It is so common as to be con- sidered a native of France and Italy, and some consider it as naturalized in England ; it is also indigenous in America. The London catalogues contain the names of thirty-two sorts under cultivation. The Chestnut is, like the Walnut, both a timber and fruit tree ; some of the oldest trees in the world are of this species.* The American Chestnut differs so little from the European, that no specific distinction can- be drawn. It is one of the largest trees of the forest, the wood being extremely durable, and in high esteem for posts and rails to construct fences ; and the nuts are very delicious. The Castanea jmmila, or Chinquapin nut, is a small tree, or rather shrub, growing to the height of thirty feet in the Southern States, but seldom exceeding ten in cold latitudes ; the fruit is very sweet and agreeable to eat. There is a variety with striped leaves, which is very orna- mental. The most esteemed of the French kinds are called Marron. Some excellent fruit-bearing varieties are culti- * At Fortworth, in Gloucestershire, England, is a large tree, fifty-two feet round, which in 1150 was called the " Great Chestnut of Fortworth." Marsham states that this tree is 11 00 years old, and that the timber is al most incorruptible, and more durable than oak. Its durability is commen- surate with the long life of the tree. riLi!«naaar. 37 vri!. . '. ' ' • cr l-v . . .'Ilg in iho UMial mclhodii, but tho plutitji for coppice wood, or t ■ 1 fir t: ■ . ■ • . ^ ■ .^IVO been fixrd on, i»r prq>ctUoteounds' worth ure 5oId each market day, for five or six wecLs logutber, in the town uf Longtown, on the borders of Curobcrlaud. 58 CURRANT. Nicol says, the American species is more easily culti vated than the English, but is inferior to it in flavour. There is reason to believe that the quality of- fruit of each of these species is subject to variations, which have not yet been prac- tically distinguished. Their cultivation is now so well un- •derstood, that both may be considered with propriety as in- mates of the fruit garden. Some raise them from seed sown early in the spring; but it is best to set out plants, and lay tlie runners as they progress in growth. It is customary in England to prepare beds on the edges of ponds, which are banked up so as to admit of the wet getting underneath them ; bog or peat earth is considered essential for the roots to run in, but it has been discovered that they can be cultivated in damp situations in a garden, with a top dressing of peat or bog earth, and if they are once suited as to the soil, the plants will multiply so as to cover the bed in the course of a year or two, by means of their long runners, which take root at different points. From a very small space a very large quantity of Cranberries may be gathered ; and they prove a remarkably regular crop, scai'cely affected by the slate of the weather, and not subject to the attacks of insects. Sir Joseph Banks gives an account (in Hort. Trans., 1. 71) of his success in culti- vating this fruit. " In one year, viz., 1813, from 326 square feet, or a bed about eighteen feet square, three and a half "Winchester bushels of berries were produced, which, at five bottles to the gallon, gives one hundred and forty bottles, each sufficient for one Cranberry pie, from two and a half squai-e feet." CURRANT. Groseilleu a grappes. Ribes. This is a genus of well-known shrubs, much cultivated for their fruit. It is a native of the Northern parts of cvuturrr. 19 Kuropr, an*! found in hedt^ca and wcntdft in Kni^land ; and tli«ro are horm apecira indii^f'noti^ in Amrrica. The fruit, bein^ of an agreeablo aub-acid laatc, ia giincrally relished InmH aa a daaaort and in piea and tarta ; it in aJso much uaed in r'> M*?, and in jjn)wn to a coruii«lpral>lu extent for that ; , ti 10»<«««x, Kent, and about Ponihorp, in Wor- c««lcnhiro, England. There are ten apeciea cultivated in the ^' ' M. romprininq tidi of black, Uigelhrr with a cliampagne, mountain, rock, upright, Penn- . Sec. .^ '■•« of the red and m plants in an open situation, but they will grow under the shades of walla or trees, and either as low buc cut to within two or three buds of that where it originated. After the f.lants arc furnished with full heads, thoy pnxluco many superfluous and irregular shoots every summer, cm-A gonoml bearers, so as to require rejTiilafing and I . 1>'>'f> HI tho young growth of the year, and in older woo«l. Tlie priiirip.kl pait of the work may \>c dono in winter, or early in spring ; but a preparatory part should be pcrf«>rmcd in summer, to eradicate suckers, and thin the supcrfluoua •boot* of the ' >-y arc an crowded as to exclude the tun and n ,f. In training c red roloor, which brill. •« It t> '«< gcoarally artiiiui«d m « Jaw rt fhiiL It !• » I.. ' ' •" - - •'•'- • ' "- V . .« of the red ffu ! itid pruned, jtrov ir^f berrieu. \\ •■ brrrje* of »bi' „ ; ; boDce iU ntme. Wnirr Ti t< ii. ThW vsriHy (« h^-td In rrpat ntrrm fir difTrrent pur- rt>lour, and tjranchri of t ' l/i.l tcai- u.l. HSANr. T tinct (h>m Um ordinary • able darour, they ■n. icvrM Rrti. (V/vrki, and Orrn i Tho aboTo aro the moflt celebrated species of Carrants. S|M»rli<»n of wliich are, probaMy, a repetition of the samn fniii. Where tho Currant is cultivated for the purpose of !• ■ ' the \\liite and Red Dutch are to be pre- fcrr- :-«. For the dessert, tho White Crystal and Champagne aro great favourites, on account of their trans- patent clearneca. FIG. FlociBR. FicuM enrirn. TuEKB aro many species of the Fi^', which are all natives of wrarm climates. In some parts of Asia, and in tho .South of Europe. ihoT are aUvays grown an standards ; and tbe fnr' ied. forms an imjionant part of tho food of '.: - .'-.--'*. The London Horticultural catalogue containn tho names of serenty-fivo sorts ; and Messrs. Prince, of Flushing, have about forty names in their catalogue. It '6 62 PIG, is cultivated in England as a fruit tree, and, in warm situa- tions, will ripen its fruit in the open air. In Sussex, on the sea-coast, it ripens its fruit on standards. Some of the best in England are at Arundel Castle ; and there is a Fig or- chard of one hundred trees at Tarring, near Worthing. Those at Arundel are planted six or eight feet apart, and from a single stem allowed to continue branching conical heads, pruning chiefly irregular and redundant growths, and cutting out decayed or injured wood. The Fig tree may be propagated from seed,, cuttings, layers, suckers, roots, and by grafting ; the most generally approved method is by layers or cuttings, which come into bearing the second, and sometimes the first year. No tree is more robust or more prolific ; even plants in pots or tubs kept in a temperature adapted for the Orange tree, will fruit freely, and ripen two crops a year, and by being taken care of through the winter, will go on growing and ripening fruit without intermission. Mr. Knight has obtained from his hot-house in England, eight successive crops in a year, by bending the limbs in a position below the horizontal. The trees will produce tolerable crops in the second year if rung or decorticated ; and by this process maturity of the fruit is accelerated, and its size increased.* Its maturity is also has- tened by pricking the fruit with a straw or quill dipped in olive oil, or even by slightly touching the fruit with oil, at the finger's end. In Fig countries the fruit is preserved by dipping it in scalding lye, made of the ashes of the Fig tree, and then dried in the sun. • Girdling, decortication, ringing, or circumcision, as it is sometimes va- riously called, consists in making two circular incisions quite round the limb, through the bark, at the distance of about a quarter of an inch asun- der, more or less, according to tlie size and thickness of the tree ; then by- making a perpendicular slit, the ring of the bark is wholly removed to the wood. Ringing or decortication is applicable to every kind of fruit tree, and to the vine. Its operation is twofold. First, in the early production and abundance of blossom buds which it induces ; and second, in increasing the size of the fruit and hastening its maturity, according to the season in which the operation is performed. urr or rroa. V When Fi^ are cultirmcd in a j»«nlrn, a pfooj kiamy «>>! *'■ ; • -,. p^jiy 1^, tmiruMl to rloMj firnccn, ii; :; . . .: ..itionn. At the approach of win- ter th«y mittt be protrctod ; thoM trained to c\otM fences may ho •ee- raled from the trellis, and laid down cloM to the gTotxnd, ■■■■■■•" •■ ■• ' '"ay 1 ■ • ^ ■ ■. i.oa, which should be faatenc*! down with hooked pe^, without < ' ' 1 : such of the stronq; central branches na will ' V be enveloped in litter. They should be pruned before they are laid down in November, and on lieini^ raised again in April, they may l>e trained sia before. Fig* may be cultivated in private gardens oh easily aa th« vine. SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FIGS. Avacimt-i, Cnueaurrlte Blanrhe, Mrlilta. Fnift rmth«r tmall, ;pynaudal; akin jr»no«r, oxHilo-' •• ••, «> i,.; pujp white ; M«d tinfcd wMl tad. la UM iwialtbowhood o; vartotj produeea two crop* ■nnoaOy; Um Ant is MoaOy tbio. ' >nd very abundant and ex* eaOant Black Italiak. Prait fman ml rnond: pulp very delidoua. Mr. Fonyta wad to nihivaie thi« '•. and it la recorded tbat be has IBthawd ftom oTH> phnt two * Aar. Btca OB < ' PurpU Fruit Urge, ■k T l>ulp Atrp red, and of •id proliflr- Kruit of a pyramidal '— * inl fweet. nually. I "f " • } woit*. This ".r. Forvyth aa being rulliTatcd bf fi ■kin pala 'laboured. o lice b a vreat bearer. 7%« Bond .Vii/, and the Lambert Au/ are of '[»e, and very p- irers. The /■'/ ! I - .= esteemed. It . lul when in the huak, and ita flavour is very similar to that of the llhile Fttbert ; the shell uf which is also thin, and its kernel sweet and fine. All the difl*eront kinds may be grown as dwarf standards; or they will bear very well if planted in clumps : but as they prtnluce an abundance of suckers, these should bo parteon small shoots which proceed from the bases of side branches cut off the precedintj year. The leading shoot is ovcrj- year to bo shortened, and every shfwt that i'^ left to prrMlnce fruit should be clipped ; which prc- vunls the tree from being exhausted in making wood at the end of the branch. Such branches as may have Inirne fniit, mtist be cut out every year, in order to pmm-.fi- tlir crowth c£ ft supply «f young fruit-bearing branche.v 66 GOOSEBERRY. GOOSEBERRY. Groseiller. Ribes grossnlaria, tiva, crispa, etc. The Gooseberry is a native of several parts of Europe, and is indigenous in America, as far north as 68*^. It is cultivated to greater perfection in England than in any other part of the world. In Spain and Italy, this fruit is scarcely known. In France, it is neglected. In Lancashire, Eng- land, and some parts of the adjoining counties, almost every cottager cultivates the Gooseberry, with a view to prizes given at what are called Gooseberry Prize Meetings ; of these, there is annually published an account, with the names and weights of the successful soits, in what is called the Manchester Gooseberry Book. The prizes vary from ten shillings to five and ten pounds sterling. There are meet- ings held in the spring to " make up," as the term is, the persons, and the conditions of exhibition ; and iu August, to weigh and test the fruit, and determine the prizes. In Lindley's Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden, seven hundred and twenty-two varieties are described; from which the following are selected, as in most repute for size, flavour, and other good qualities : British Crown, Boardman's. This variety is noted as being a fine fla- voured fruit, especially for tarts. Thirty-three prizes had been awarded for it in 1S29; the largest berry weighing IS pennyweights and 10 grains. Champagne. The fruit of this variety is held in great esteem for its delicious flavour ; the berry is of medium size, somewhat oblong and hairy. Capper's Top Sawyer. This is a late fruit, of oblong shape, and hairy near the base. One hundred and seventy-one prizes were obtained for this in 1S3S and 9 ; the heaviest berry weighing 22 dwts. 17 grains. Crown Bob, MelHng's. This variety won eighty-five prizes in two sea- sons ; the largest berry weighing 21 dwts. and 12 grains. It is a late fruit, of oblong shape, bright red colour, and hairy. Early Red, Wilmofs. This variety is considered by Mr. Wilmot ns first rate of its colour. It has a thin skin; is of large size, very early, of excellent flavour, and incredibly productive. Huntsman. This variety, which originated with Mr. Bratherton, took 87 tiro handrad tad •Mmo pra» to I8SS Mid 1 1 Um tmrimA bmrj wii«lwd I cc Lad. Har/>Aom'«. Oo« bondrad nd : r /«• ircr* ■ - jivMiciy In twojTMn: liMbMvlMt hart) :i dwu. I! r STArroBD. Knight'*. ThU inudi « ■< — n wd l«t« TBiiHjr ia Ita ,.......- t...^M ,-.! ^..1 .,,. nnd dclicKMM flavour. 'lUtt for AuBiljr laar -, Ihr bMrW* ■r>^ ' vorilmt tat pnmtnin% w sdom tovry ;*m, an .to. Ovta-Att. / t.iok ••vanty-roor priaaa in two aaaaonc, ih« •««<•(• M«igta of ite UfTwa bein( SO dwla. li w a hisbljr aal nui fd fVuiL PtovaiiaoT. Thia la a aadiain ataad aarlj fhtit. In srcat rrjnila for Us liilinoM aaroor and prodimhwaaa PaiMca RioKur. BoaHmmm't, Thla varietjr won ona bondrcd and tety-oo« pniM U> iwo acaaooa i Ute boarieat brrry wnKhing ii dwu. 1 1 grato*. RoAamo Lmii. Farmtr't. In 1S3S lhrr<> hundred and foUy-ninp pritea ««ra awantod Ibr Utia vanaCy t and in IS29 it won four hundred and tUtj' llraa pttoai, iba latttal barry waifbint 19 dwt«.; Mnrr which ijine. ber- riaa ba*a bacn known !•> i«r eh ovrr an oonrr and ■ half. RlAatrrABe. S .«rro aw•rd^d for this variety in two aaa- i; iha average « • ' bemea were about 20 dwi«. It la a greal 9f JoMit CoToBATS, Bralkerttm'*. Thia vvrirty took tbrca hnndred aad fofty-lhrM pnaaa In two aeaaona > tba bcavioit barry weigbins S5 dwta. t graina. Tan MrHAtrT. D*^n^'». Thia ia a nwdiom aized rariy berry, weinhing aboot IG dwu. It la conatdcrcU Mjuai in '{uoJity to any gooaeberry of ita WAaamaroK. Thia ia a ftroanta fruit for pnnUa Kardrna -, the berriea ar« of m<--!.>"i> •,>« t.. h t1a*oar«d, and ripen graduaUy without do> Mhofatii.. YELLOW. Bt 5ETii*« TTtt I . CLrr^-r't. Two bundrad and trn iM'm werr awarded Ibr r * , the haaTic«t berry t> • <. i !>■ t« nntnl for Ita rarlii ir. Tt • about 18 dwu. ' • tv won on«« hnnilr^land Ihirty-tbrae pr,/ ' ipaob- Ion.' . .rvc. • ■ • //^l. early tnt ' -'-nt, and ibr ©S GOOSEBERRY. Invinciblk, Haytvooifs. This celebrated fruit is of medium size, weigh- ing about 18 dwts; skin thin, transparent; pulp saccharine and deli- cious. KiLTON Hero, Hamlefs Kilton. One of the best early yellow fruited gooseberries ; fruit oblong, slightly hairy, excellent for cooking while im- mature, and delicious eating when fully ripe. Regulator, Priiphcfs. A very fine fruit, of medium size and rich acid flavour; good for bottling, being firm, and not liable to crack. RocKwooD, Prophet's- The fruit of this variety is very early ; it is of a roundish, oblong shape, and slightly hairy. It won three hundred and three prizes in two years ; the largest berry weighing 21 dwts. 3 grains. Sovereign, Bratherton's. Two hundred and two prizes were obtained for this variety in two seasons; the heaviest berry weighing 22 dwts. 17 grains. Viper, Gordoti's- This is an early smooth fruit, and won eighty-seven prizes in two years ; the largest berry weighing IS dwts. 5 grains. GREEN. Angler, Collier's. Three hundred and sixty-five prizes were awarded for this variety in two seasons; the heaviest berry weighing 20 dwts. 1 grain. Early Green, Hairy. This variety is described in the Pomological Magazineas a very early fruit; it is round, hairy, of a deep green colour and excellent flavour, but not large. Favourite, Bates's. Two hundred and thirty-five prizes were given for this variety in two years; the heaviest berry weighing 18 dwts. 20 grains. Greenwood, Berry's- This variety obtained two hundred and four prizes in two seasons ; the largest berry weighing 17 dwts. 4 grains. It is a deliciously flavoured fruit. Green Gagt,, Fitniasfon's. A beautiful berry of medium size; skin pale green, smooth and transparent ; will hang long- on the bush, and retain its rich acid flavour when fully ripe. Green Myrtle, Nixo7i's. A fine late gooseberry of large size, oblong shape; skin smooth, of pale green colour; pulp saccharine, juic}^ and of peculiar rich flavour. Heart of Oak, Massey's. Fruit of medium size, early ; skin smooth, green, with pale yellow veins ; pulp rich, and high flavoured even when fully ripe. Independent, Bigg's- One hundred and twenty-one prizes were given for this variety in two years; the largest berry weighing 16 dwts. 4 grains. It is an early rich fruit. Jolly Tar, Edwards's. Fruit early, of medium size ; skin smooth, green, with yellow veins ; average weight about 1.5 dwts ; good to preserve while immature, and of delicious flavour when fully ripe. Laurel, Parkinson's- Fruit of medium size ; skin pale green, very downy ; an excellent dessert fruit, in great repute. Lord Crewe, Cliitton's. This celebrated variety obtained ninety-six prizes in two seasons; the heaviest berry weighing about 23 dwts. It is a prolific bearer, and worthy of general cultivation. Ocean, Wainman's- This variety won two hundred and seventy-eight loar nf Hid RBOolfi. 'r pii»r« wfrr takm for thU .< 17 dwu 13 Kraiiwk > (.1.1 u( rnrdim *iu>. pair creen eo- • llrnl for ptrarrTM. and whm fUUy rip* il tat driiriau* (InMrft fni.t. B««iirT Lam. Carper' ». priiM In two ■<>•• ■war ' Uirrr J r tr-* , L»6» or •r«*>n«. Ihr ■Mrrm for .' Till MA.nf hundrad and ■iitjr-arven "I dwu 10 Krains. I ir\.f%x rorletiM, and flavoured. , riua waro • ■ year-" . Il;r largest Ijcrry wci,;!».n(C 24 dwta. Thia varirty took two hundrpd and flfl]r« t>M> h4^Ti«at berr) 6 icralna. Thi« tarirly won « in two -' ' -i; 20 dwla. 1> Kram* a !• iirld in Mum varirtjr in two aeaAoni Q-rr obtong ahape. akin thin, tranapareot; ■ lUa. !rt Ur(> wii^!i.n( 18 dwta. 32 graina. "•icellent for tarta. I 111* i« a amall rarly bcrrv, wriichinK about and the fruit la fully njuaj to any gooaebcrry The Goo^cIm. ., i...., ... {.ropagntcil by all the motlca ap- plicabln (n treos or aliru))*, but that by cuttings is usually •larrcrr)', only six or right of which are left on a bush ; thia is technically called suckling. There are others who ling some of the branches ; this is done by cutting out small circles of bark round them ; and by pinching off a great part of the young wood, tho strength is thrown to tho fruit. Unripe Goo" -nay be preserved in bottles against winter: some, a... i ug the bottles in a dry state, stand tbem in a slow oren, or in hot water, so as to heat them g- will keep a w;. ^ :^ - :..;.:.. . ;id cold. The GooAeberrj may be forced in pota or boxes, placed in pita, or in the peach bouse or viuery. " Hay plauts in "72 GRAPE. pots in November, removes to the peach house in January, and has ripe fruit in the end of April, whicli he sends to table growing on the plants." — Hort. Trans, iv. 415. GRAPE. ViGNE. Vitis, vinifera, vuJpina. The Grape Vine is described by Loudon as a trailing deciduous hardy shrub, with a twisted, irregular stem, and long, flexible branches, decumbent, like those of the bramble, or supporting themselves, when near other trees, by means of tendrils, like the pea. The leaves are lai'ge, lobe^d, entire, or serrated and downy, or smooth, green in summer, but when mature, those of varieties in which the predomi- nating colour is red, constantly change to, or are tinged with some shade of that colour ; and those of white, green, or yellow Grapes, as constantly change to yellow, and are never in the least tinged either with purple, red, or scarlet. The breadth of the leaves varies from five to seven or ten inches, and the length of the foot stalks from four to eight inches. The flowers ai^e produced on the shoots of the same year, which shoots generally proceed from those of the year preceding : they are in the form of a raceme, of a greenish white colour, and fragrant odour, appearing in the open air in June ; and the fruit, which is of the berry kind, attains such maturity as the season and situation admit, by the middle or end of September. The berry, or Grape, is generally globular, but often ovate, oval, oblong, or finger- shaped ; the colour green, red, yellow, amber, and black, or a variegation of two or more of these colours. The skin is smooth, the pulp and juice of a dulcet, poignant, elevated, generous flavour. Every berry ought to enclose five small heart or pear shaped stones; though, as some generally fail, they have seldom more than three, and some varieties, V n^jtt M tUv AacuIwii, or Sultana i_. _ .>f • barry dcpemlfi not only oti il« •tze, but on the thtckncM uf iu akin and tcxturo of ll>o flath. tlie liK^test beinv ^. m the Sweet W«t«r or M • rer upward of i iturics, and Miller tells ua that a vineyard a hundred years old is reckoned young. no, in certain situations with its pro<^luce and ■oik In the hedges of Italy, and woods of America, they • " ■ • ' • , • ' ' jiuJ I row of bou.«c» in Northallerton, covered a space, in 15Sd, of one hundred and thiry>«c 'en square yatds ; it was then abote 7 74 GRAPE. one hundred years old. That at Hampton Court, nearly of the same age, occupies above one hundred and sixty square yards ; and that at Valentine, in Essex, above one hundred and forty-seven square yards. The size to which the trunk, or stem, sometimes attains in warm climates, is so great as to have afforded planks fifteen inches broad, fui-niture, and statues ; and the Northallerton vine, above mentioned, in 1785 measured four feet in circumference near the ground, and one branch of the Hampton Court vine measures one hundred and fourteen feet in length. Vine timber is of great durability. The varieties of the Grape in countries where it is grown for the wine press, are as numerous as the vineyards ; for as these for the most part differ in soil, aspect, elevation, or otherwise, and as the vine is greatly the child of local cir- cumstances, its habits soon become adapted to those in which it is placed. When it is considered that a vineyard once planted will last two or three centuries, it will readily be conceived that the nature of a variety may be totally changed during only a part of that time. The varieties mostly in esteem for wine making are small berries, and bunches with an austere taste. The Burgundy, as modified by different soils and situations, may be considered the most general vineyard Grape of Fi-ance, from Champagne or Marne, to Marseilles or Bordeaux. The best wine in Italy and Spain is also made from Grapes of this description ; but in both countries many of the larger- berried sorts are grown on account of their producing more liquor. The sweet wines, as the Malmsey, Madeira, Con- stantia, Tokay, &c., are made from sweet-berried Grapes, allowed to remain on the plants till over-ripe. That wine is the strongest, and has most flavour, in which both the skins and stones are bruised and fermented. The same thing is the case in making cider ; but in both processes bruising the stones or kernels is neglected. The vine was formerly extensively cultivated in Britain for the wine press, oftArc 78 Init itA culture U now confwictl to Ujo garden u t demnt fniit ; u!( ' ■— >"»vu in that country not only tlio bo«t varie- lies, l)ij! V the fruit to a larger *i«e, and of a liifhor flavour, limu is Jono any wlirro cUe in llio world ; this i« owing to the |X!rfection of tliuir artificial climates, and the great attention paid to anil and itulwoil, and other pointii of cahure. Tlio fruit i« produrod in M>mu vincrien durini^ every maoUi in the year; and in tiiu London marketJi (generally) it ia to bo had in iho highest degree of |K;rfoction front March to January. The vino will thrive in any soil that haa a dry bottom; and io auch as are rich and deep it will gro%v luxuriantly, re of largo fniit ; in Hhallow, dry, lis, it will produce lev* fruit, but of brttcr flavour. Speechly recommends dung reduced to a iiul dirt of road.-*, the offal of animals, iiorn shuvingH, old mgM, shavings of leather, bone dust, dung of deer and sheep, human excre- men' ' ' ' ' ' ' . lime, a winter's frost, and rep' < rombie nays that dung out of a cnw-bouse, petfoctly rotted, is a fine manure for the Yinr : ' ••nds drai: ' <" ■'"•'.] OTiM :»ce in tn, the buds rvne, till the fruit is sot, and that fresh horse dung be spread over the ground in autumn as a manure, and also to pmcect the nMiis from the inolonienry of thn weather ; some, however, disapprove of manuring high, as being cal- culatetl to produce wood m*'-- •'•■■•i fruit.* The general mo«!o of pr the vine is by cuttings, citlicr a foot or more long, with a |M>rtion of two year old * It bw litcn proved by rspsated rxpenmmu that the bcfet msnurs fer TiBM, IS the brsnrim pruned ttota the vines thiMnM-tvr*, r«it : i<> >ma|| tilstss snil mivH with the soil bjr mean* of a rardm hoc. I - hia 'Orcanir ( Sriiiatrr.* OMQlMms eeTenl inatanor* of Tinc« N :i r from ten Io thirty yrara by iho tnmminf* of vines . «raa made b>- poor peaaonu, wiio could not aKord to laty Um ofdiiMry liiads of m s Bww . 76 GRAPE. wood, or short, with only one bud, or one bud and a half joint, &c. Vines are to be had at the nurseries, propagated either from layers, cuttings, or eyes ; but plants raised from cuttings are generally preferred ; many are of opinion that it is a matter of indifference from which class the choice is made, provided the plants are well rooted, and in good health, and the wood ripe. A mode of very general utility is to select the plants in the nursery a year before wanted, and to order them to be potted in very lai'ge pots. Varie- ties without end are raised from seed, and it is thought that by propagating from the seed of successive generations, some sorts may ultimately be procured, better adapted for ripening their fruit in the open air than now known. A seedling vine, carefully treated, will show blossoms in its fourth or fifth year ; say that it produces a fair specimen of Its fruit in the sixth year, then a new generation may be obtained so often ; but seed ought never to be sown, except for experiment. The following method of grafting the vine is recommended by Mr. Loudon : Select a scion with one good eye ; pare it beneath the eye and on the opposite side, in the form of a wedge. Select from the stock to be grafted on, a branch of the preceding year ; cut this off a little above the second eye from its base; then with a sharp knife split it down the centre nearly to the old wood. Out of each half of the stock, but chiefly out of that half which is opposite the bud, pare off as much as is necessary to make it fit the scion, which must be inserted with its eye opposite to the eye which is left on the top of the stock, and bandaged together carefully with bass matting. Some use grafting clay, others composition ; in either case, a small hole for the eye of the graft, and another hole for the eye left on the stock, must be left open. Tie over a little moss, to be occasionally sprin- kled with water. It is very essential that- the young shoot on the top of the stock should be allowed to gi'ow for ten or fifteen days ; then cut it off, leaving only one eye and one DBScRirrtrv urr or oaircn. 77 lattf to draw the up and kerp alive tho circuloiioo, till both •riofi ' " ' *' "'v united. \\ 1 hi* Trvatiso on tho Vine, pub- !•';•• I :n I*".;'", enumerated aUiut fire hundre_ I <»u- tain* tome of tho most esteemed table Grapes of alt colours and fla^'ours, wliich will rijicn in succession. bLLLLl Di.:3LKIPTIVi: Ll.> i ui .NAilVE t; RAPES. Albsahoks. C«mtfantia(if Vewof, Madeira nf York, Pa^ Winne, Sckufl- tut Mmttai ' . - - '- . ^ . — " .rki«h colour, and ol>> iaattttm: - baurr. 9tmv, li^:.' -■— .'..'jcrrt. J'wrtL A psio r««l c^vp*- of !■*■* . A mr< ■>( purpl<> roloar and •rar; tt u. rrU a> well adaptsd Hat wiar, brine tmhn puofCPl, wry juicr. an4 pulpicaa. 78 GRAPE. Catawba, Red Muncy, To Kalon. A fine variety, above medium size, of dark red colour, in form round, in flavour delicious for the dessert, and highly productive ; it ripens soon after the Isabella. CuNKiNGHABi. A native of Prince Edward's county, Virginia; the ber- ries are round, black, of medium size, and not liable to rot ; they are said to resemble, in taste, the Nigrillo of Madeira, and are considered good for wine as well as for the table. Elsinburg. Fruit small, round, of purple colour, and delicate musky flavour, v^'ithout pulp ; good for wine, and as a dessert fruit ; the vine is very hardy and productive. Hide's Eliza. Berries large, oval, of violet colour, and excellent fla- vour ; alike suited for the dessert and for wine. Isabella. A well known and highly estimated variety. Fruit large, oval, of rich purple colour, covered with bloom ; skin, under good cultiva- tion, thin ; flesh juicy, rich, and vinous ; an excellent dessert fruit. LuFEOROUGH. A sweet fox grape of large size and round shape; skin, dark purple ; pulp dissolving in a saccharine musky juice; good for wine Maddox. a good wine grape, not liable to rot ; it is of medium size ; roundish ; of a brownish red colour, and a brisk vinous flavour. Norton's Virginia Seedling, Longwort£s Ohio. An early fruit of medium size and dark purple colour; it ripens in September ; makes ex- cellent wine ; it is also generally approved as a dessert fruit. Pond's Seedling. A large purple grape of rjundish form, thin skin, and of rich pungent flavour ; adapted for wine, as well as for the table. ScuppERNONG. This species is very prolific; the berries are large, round- ish, and of a colour varying from brick red to black; makes peculiar Mus- cat wine, and is highly esteemed as a dessert fruit. Warren, Madeira. A round fruit of medium size and dark purple co lour ; it is considered by some as the most luscious of all native grapes ; it makes excellent wine. Woodson. A small round black Virginian variety, from Prince Edward's county; it is celebrated as a very proper fruit for the manufacture of sparkling wine; it ripens later than most other varieties, but yields abun- dantly. The above list comprises the most esteemed species of Native Gi'apes under cultivation ; the greater part of which, with the best of the foreign varieties, may be purchased at the Commercial Garden and Nursery of Messrs. Parsons & Co., Flushing, Long Island, near New- York. Previous to planting vines, care should be taken that the ground be well pulverized and prepared for some distance around for the roots to spread. The soil should be deep and dry, and some rich compost, or vegetable mould, should be used around the roots in filling in ; a handful or two of wet OKArs. TV to each plant u recomtncndod by Mr. Loubat, as bene* 4eUl ; at ' ' ' (hv planting to bo doDa to th« Mooth ot It April. There are Tanous motbods adopted in training and prun* lag tlie v: ! it tppcam im|Hj»-'' ' ' iv down rulea to aoit (--. vator. The vino I .« utltur trees, a taodency lu pmduco itj roost vigorous shoots at tho eX' tremitirs of the branches, n: ? •••-:'■— 'y go nt tha^e which are situatrd hii^hi^nt, it gem- . when it i.'ines are cultivated together with Mulberry trees, and are allowed to mingle and hang in fes- toons ; thus itilk nnd wine are produced on the snmo t 80 GRAPE. face ; and he disapproves stopping the shoots before the fruit until early in July. Mr. William Wilson, of Clermont, leaves his foreign vines their whole length at the time of trimming in October. In November, they are laid on the ground at full length, fastened down with pins, and covered lightly with earth ; in this state they lie all the winter. In April, as soon as the weather will permit, they are uncovered, and left lying on the ground ten or twelve days : by the first of May, the vines are trained to stakes or poles of the length of ten feet and upward ; and by the middle of June the stakes are entirely covered by new shoots of the vine, and with plenty of fruit, which ripens in September. Mr. W. says, that until he pursued his present course, his fruit was frequently blasted and mil- dewed, but that he has now vines twenty or thirty feet long, which run up the fruit trees adjoining ; others, being carried up eight or ten feet, are stretched horizontally. It is seldom he gathers fruit within three or four feet of the ground, and he has never any blasted or infected with mildew ; he keeps the ground cultivated by frequent hoeing ; but he says he has used no manure for ten years or more. Edward H. Bonsall has a vineyard of American Grapes at Germantown, Pa., in a high state of cultivation. In page 331 of Prince's Treatise on the Vine, is a letter to the au- thor, containing some valuable information, from which the following is extracted as appropriate to our subject. Mr. Bonsall's vineyard is situated between the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, four miles from the former, and eight from the latter, at an elevation of three hundred feet above their level; has an aspect facing S. S. E., with a substratum of light isinglass soil, and seems well suited to the purpose. He says, " from my experience, both on my premises and at other places, it is my opinion that we should reject almost all the foreign varieties, especially where our object in culti- vating them is to make wine." He has upward of thirty varieties of American vines under cultivation ; he recam- oKAri. SI fDendn preparing tlie pt)utii1 hy plnu{»liint» with t«ro pl(»uffh^ wi"' ' ' . iK'liiiul llio «>tlier, in tho ga; i» ; iinfiiy, with l>etter surrens than at any previous time. " In this ca-ne the slips should Ihj kept in a cool, damp place, where vegetation may be held in chock. To injure their fre«hne«is, sprinklo tlicm • v witli water. Previous to planting cut them a pr< ; ^ii, and place them with their lower ends three or four inches in water, in a ^ " • u-o or four dnys. -ly to be mich as to spur veeetation at onco into healthy and vigorous action. The autumn, or early in the spring, is preferable for rooted plants. In the autumn of the first Tear, aAor the frost has killed tho unripe part of the young §h. ' ' iild l>o pninrd down to the mature, film «. with a hoe hilled over with the surrounding •oil, t Mr. I i ]\su nciw upward of twenty acroa of theso grapoa, cbicHy of tbo former, un- der tbo in<«t auccoftitful cuUivation. Hu »ays tbat tbo Isa- bolla Cini|>o ripona twu or tbrco weeks earlier tban tbe Ca- tawl>a, and tbat tbe«« two variuiies are, in bis o»tiination, the be*l a.l ■ * ' *" r general purposes; tbe former yielding with bini a : .able crop tban any other \%-itb wbicb bo is ac- quainted, iie says tbat tbe quality of tbis fruit bas improved Tory much witbin a few years, tbe clusters and l>ernt*H l>eing much larger and swector ; and that tbey are capablo of still greater improvement by high cultivation. Tbe following extrat-t-i are from Dr. Underbill's commu* nication to tlio editor of the ' Cultivator,' published January 28tb. lHi:J: " In tbis latitude, (south i^ tlio highlands of tbe Hudson,) I find tbat tbo Inabella Grape ripens quite as well when planted in a level fi> ' -: tbo north and west winds by wikkIs or In .^ . . :. :. ,..\itie«. Several of my vineyards are tlius located, and, as far as I can perceive, tbe fruit ri|>enfl at 1 irt of tbo samo quality as tboM ^ . ^ ■>. I think, bow- ever, tbat Dortb of the highlands, sido-bills would be prefer- able. To ! .:.il 'fur a vineyard, i" ■•ay is to turn •' ■no surface soil fv. i to eighteen inches in doptb, early in tbe spring, by ploughing t\\ ' Tbui will place llir ' ;irt oi wbere it will give tbe l uj>- ply of nourishment to the vines. Few vineyards iii Uiia countiy have b< : ired in tbis way ; ■ ' ' st is so •mall and the •■« bo great, tliat i' •' done wherever there are no rocks or largo siuucs to prevent iC* 84 URAPE. The following observations on the destruction of the Rose- bug, were also published in the ' Cultivator,' Sept. 13, 1842 : " I observed that when the rose-bugs first appeared on the vines, they were so feeble as to be unable to fly even for a few yards. Having surmounted all other difficulties, I was determined not to be defeated in the vineyard cultivatiou of the Grape by this insect, and consequently resorted to the following means for its destruction. I directed ray men to take each a cu2t, with a little water in it, and go through the vineyards every morning, removing every bug from the vines ; and this was done quite rapidly by passing the cup under the leaf and merely touching it, when the bugs in- stantly dropped, and were received in the cup containing the water. When the cup was full, they were soon destroyed by pressing the foot upon them on a hard surface. This plan was persevered in every morning as long as a bug could be found, and was attended with such success, that they have given me very little trouble since. I also tried plough- ing my vineyards just before winter set in, so as to expose to the weather the insect in the larvae state, which will certainly destroy the young tribe that have not descended below the reach of the plough. For two years past the number has been so small that I have omitted this process for their destruction. — R. T. Underhill." Although the inan of taste and capacity for improving on the improvements of others, may have gleaned ideas from the above extracts, sufficient to enable him to cultivate the vine in his own garden, it may be necessary to diiect the I'eader's attention to the different methods of cultivatino- this o excellent fruit in varied situations. A vine may be trained horizontally under the coping of a close fence or wall, to a great distance, and the borders in an east, southeast, and southern aspect of large gardens, may be furnished with a variety of sorts, which will ripen in great perfection, without encumbering the borders ; or the plants may be trained low, like currant bushes; in which CMC, ihre« or more Rhoom, oightccn inche* or two foot i * ' V ilivpnfp fnim tli- il, to ; wtMxJ niiiiii.'illy 1 ■ iiijor pruning eonNtiitii in ivmnving shiKtiji which have no fruit, or irp I. • ^ ' f'>r the sucoooir' ' ■ • • . fnii: '■*, and alsn i whrn uicnnvenientiT long and straggling. For as, by thifl mo«lr, (ho shiNita doalined to bf>ar aru all cut into thrvo or four cyrH nt iho winter pruning, no inconviMiicncc arises frutu their thmwing out lutoraU near the cxtromitivs, which top- ping will grnerally cause thcMn to do. In traininif rinrn a« ntandnrdii, the single stem at the hot- toni wed to rxcccd six or ri^ltl inches in height, and two or three sh«Mit« aru trained, or lied to a •ingle stake of three or four feet in length. These spools ) 'x two or ihn-e hunrhcs, within a fixK or eii;htecn u. ' : the gnniud, and they are annually succeeded by others which sprini; from tiieir base, that is, from the crown or !•■ In stem. This is the mode practised in iii< > ' and in Germany; in the South of France and Italy, the ba^o or main stem is oAen higher, and f ' ' I with sido sh(»ots, in order to afford a i'p'X «■: ,' w»l, wliith in tied to one or ii. ^ > of grraier height. The summer pruning, in this case, is nearly 1 tho laj«t. In tht? winter i ' •■ <»(m1 I .'• is cut out, nnd tho new w i, in c«»ld situations, to three or four eyes, and in warmer places, to six or eight eyes. Nicol olMcr\'rs, that " Mn«t of the summer pruning of rines may l>o {performed %vith tlie fingers, without a knife, the sh«M»t.< to l»o Hi-- ' ■ ! ' -'ing easily rubl>ed c)fr, nnd those to lx» shortened, b< . are readily pinched asunder." AftiT ••'liTting tho shcMJts to be trained f«)r tho production of • ciop next season, and others neccnsary for filling the trellis from tho iMiltom, which shoots should ceiierally be laid in at the distance of a foot or fificon inches from each other, 8 86 GRAPE. rub off all the others that have no clusters, and shorten those that have, at one joint above the uppermost cluster. For this pur])ose, go over the plants every three f)r four days till all the shoots in fruit have shown their clusters, at the same time rubbing off any water shoots that may rise from the wood. Train in the shoots to be retained, as they advance. If there be an under trellis, on which to train the summer shoots, they Jnay, when six or eight feet in length, or when the Grapes are swelling, be let down to it, that the fruit may enjoy the full air and light as it advances toward maturity. Such of these shoots as issue from the bottom, and are to be shortened in the winter pruning to a few eyes, merely for the production of v/ood to fill the trellis, may be stopped when they have grown to the length of four or five feet. Others that are intended to be cut down to about two yards, and which issue at different heights, may be stopped when they have run three yards, or ten feet, less or more, accord- ing: to their streng-th. And those intended to be cut at or near the top of the trellis, should be trained a yard or two down the back, or a trellis may be placed so as to form an arbour ; or they may be placed to run right or left a few feet on the uppermost wire. The stubs or shoots on which the clusters are placed will probably push again after being stopped, if the plants be vigorous. If so, stop them again and again ; but after the fruit are half grown, they will seldom spring. Observe to divest the shoots, in training, of all laterals as they appear, except the uppermost on each, in order to provide against accidents, as hinted before, in training the newly-planted vines. AVhen these shoots are stopped, as directed above, they will push again. Allow the lateral that pushes, to run a few joints, and then shorten it back to one, and so on as it pushes, until it stops entirely. WheJi the proper shoots get ripened nearly to the top, the whole may be cut back to the originally shortened part, or to one joint above it, if there b« reMon Ut fvar Uiat iho u|)|>cmiu«t biul uf Uie proper sliout w ' lie plaols of all damped and decayed leaves as they appear, u such will sometiinvs occur in continued hazy weatK- ' ' ; ' ' ' raulioiw not to injure the Iraf that ji. f.ir if that \n l.«t, tlii- fniit will be u( itiile value. " Kvery one of peiHtiation ami tli-trrrnnn'iit, .Niioi <>1>- •erros, " will admit the utility of thinning the lH>rrics on bunches of (trapes, in order thai they may haTo room to •well fully; and, farther, that of support in i» the shoulders of •ueh clusters of the lar^o growing kindn as hung loosely, and require to be suspended to the trellis or hmnches, in «»rder to prevent the bad effects of damp or mouldincss in very moi.nt seasons. Of these, the Homburgh, Lorobardy, Hoynl Muscadine, Raisin, St. Peter's, Syrian, Tokay, and others, should have th«ir shoulders suspended to the trellis, or ti> the branches, by strands of fresh matting, when the berries arc about the size of garden peas. At the snrac time, the clusters should be regularly thinned out with narrow pointed scissors, to the extent of from a fourth to a third J The other cl«»»e-growing kindx, as the 1; _ . . ;^s. Arc, should likewise l>o mcKlerately thinned. obaor>'inK to thin out tlie small seedless berries only o* ^' ~- ■ ' Water, nnd P ■ ■ .ured Tokay. Ii rue bunches un illc«l iHiriies may Iw obtained ; but more so, if the clusters or over-bur- d< %o moderately thinned oway. Indeed, r . 'Ts, to a certain extent, of plants over- loaded, and pushing weak wood, are the only means by which lo cause them to pt. ' ' - f't to bear fruit next year; and this should b<' i to, s«> hnig an the future welfare of the plants is a matter of importance." The preceding observations may l>e con.tidere*! ns falling short fif what may bo ex|H>cted on the culiivotion of so im- portant a fruit as the Grape ; but it is introduced into thia 88 MULBERRY. book only as a dessert fruit. The modes of training in vineyards and vineries are alike suited to tjie garden. Low training may be practised in borders or hedge rows, in large gardens ; and high training in sheltered situations, on high trellises or arbours. By proper management, the vine may be elevated to the middle story of a house by a single stem, and afterwards trained to a great height according to the taste of the proprietor. As the vine is often trained near buildings, an awning may be conveniently foi'med over the tops so as to admit of fumigating the vine with smoke from tobacco, &c., as may be necessary in the summer season ; or a sort of movable tent may be made of light boards, and cheap glazed linen, or an old sail, &;c., capable of covering the vine while a smoke is created underneath ; this will effectually destroy such insects as may annoy the vine, and may prevent mildew and other diseases. MULBERRY. MURIER. JV[07'IIS. There are several species of the Morus or Mulberry. The white kind is commonly cultivated for its' leaves to feed silkworms, though in some parts of Spain, and in Persia, they are said to prefer the Black Mulberry. In China, it appears that both sorts ai'e grown for this purpose. The most esteemed variety of the white is grown in Italy, and especially in Lombardy, with vigorous shoots, and much larger leaves than the other. The Moms muUicanlis is cul- tivated in many parts of France, and is by some preferred to all other varieties. It is said that a less quantity of foliage from this variety will satisfy the sillcworms. The late An- drew Parmentier, Esq., was the means of introducing seve- ral choice varieties from that country; and our nurserymen in general, have of late years, turned their attention to the r. m ( ' '"^t adaptcil lu Mlkvvumu!, wliich 1. ■ ^ ■ III Fraocot the wbtto Mulberry ib gruwn u {Millard Elms are in KogtauJ. In LombarJ}', it i« gruwn in low, mantliy gruuutl. lo China, it i» also gruwn in nioittt, loamy soil, and both iJiuru and in tliu East Indies, a» low butthea, and the plaitl.v' ' : • 1. 1 every three or four )cai.-«. lii ^ .<-5 are wanti:d for the wormn, iliey aro •tii|>|H'd ott' the young sliootfl, which are li '^ ' ' t on tlio tree; in otlivr places, the Ahoots are cut i> M uol «u injurious to the tree, while the points ol tiic M.o. ,:-,, a« well as tlio leaves, are eaten by the worms. Titc plants are sometiincs rai^ted from ^ccd, and one i»unce of seed will produce five thousand trees, if sown in rich luainy soil in tiie latter end of April, or early in May ; but tbo young plants will re<{uiru proteclii>n the first winter; they aro more commonly propagated by layers and cuttings, put down in the spring. The Italian variety is frequently grafted on seedling stocks of the common sort, in order to prescr\-c it from degenerating. In the East Indies, the plants aro raised from cuttings, three or four of which are placed togctlier where they are finally to remain. But Mulberry trees are valuable for their fruit; and in T ick find ' ■ csreem, and 1 .1. The : :ry is white, and less acid than that of the black species. The black is ii r tree than tl " * ■ fruit is of a r so prepp'vd, the Mirotjt nf paper are p«Mirr«l fxit one by one, and when prc5«ed the operation is finubod." " The juice of this tree in Bufliriently tonariou!* to bo tised in China at a ijliir. in . ' ' ' • p«j>rr. The fiiimt and \vlii(<-'rticultural Garden of London under name. It i« crenerally allowed that their failure here i$ occasioned by t'- of insecfs. The most efficarious method that I ha\. ... of for securing any thing like a crop of Nec- tBrine*, is to fumii^te the trees in the evening, when the air is calm n- i when the fruit is ready to •el. Tot ._il antidote for these insects; but • friend of mine collected a quantity of salt hay that ' ■ " '.rh the preceding winter; with t t on one side of his plantation, and aAerward on the other, by which means he obtained a • " " ■ ' • . ■ ■ • Mr. the EnglUh plan, namely, in trainittg his trees against a cloao 92 NECTARINE. fence ; and it has Dean discovered by others, that the Nec- tarine, like the Grape vine will yield best in sheltered situ- ations. That eminent horticulturist, Mr. David Thomas, observes, that "A vast quantity of fruit is annually destroyed by the Curculio, which causes the Plum, Apricot, and Nec- tarine prematurely to drop from the tree. To prevent this loss, let the tree, after the blossoms fall, be frequently shaken by a cord connected with a swinging door, or with a work- ing pump-handle, &c. ; or let the bugs be jarred from the tree and killed. Or keep geese enough in the fruit garden to devour all the damaged fruit as it falls. We know that this last method is infallible." As some may object to shaking or jarring fruit trees, for fear of disturbing the fruit, such are here reminded, that if the blossoms set more fruit than can be supported, it will not come to full perfection, and the trees may be injured in their future bearing ; for these reasons, when fruit sets too thick, it should be thinned in an early stage of its growth. The Nectarine, as also the Peach tree, is subject to injury by an insect different from the Curculio species, which feeds on the sap beneath the bark, principally near the surface of the earth ; but if not checked, will commit ravages on the trunk and root, so as eventually to destroy tlie tree. The egg is supposed to be first deposited in the upper part of the tree ; and in the months of June and July, it becomes a very small maggot, which drops to the ground, and approaches the tree near the surface. If the ground be kept clear around the roots, as it ought always to be, the worm can readily be detected by a small speck of gum, which appears on the tree after it has made its entrance, which gumminess will increase in quantity as it progresses ; but if the trees are thoroughly examined about once a week or ten days, and the gum, wherever found, removed by means of a small knife or pointed wire, the worm may be at once defeated from mali- ing any havoc on the trees. An orchard of several acres may be kept free from worms by going over it a few times. NrcTTAtiira. OS After a idK>wrr of rmin U • gnoj time, tu tho gtiro can then Im mor ' ' ^ ' J — hrn il u rvmovrd, the wound wji; ! is ovpr, proviclcuiKl tho trees, and tho collar, or that IMirt fmiii >^ 'II' c near the nurfaco. Tilts i« nn important precaution, and should bo attended to at the lime «»f tmnsjtlantint^ all dejieriptiona of tree* and •fTTT'" ■' ■ ' ■■•• ■ '-^ ■• •'-'■• r'lnlins^ prevents tho e&scntial cifi on their re^lar and natural courBv*, and, consequently, cnii5o« dinea-ne and premature dealji ; and i( mast be admitted], tliat from tho circum»tanco of this fruit heinjj j»rnorally raised on standard trees, and in a lii;ht soil, our cultivators am apt to plant too deep ; and thus act cbntrary to sound judgment and philosophy, with a view to save tho trouble and expense of staking or othenrise •opportlni^ their newly-planted trees, which precaution is •baolutely necessary to their prcser\'Otion, even in less tem- pectuous climates, and in stiff aa well as in light soil. Salfp«*tm di*sftlvee5t !• ■ .lious kinds of inserts; it i-, 'i and learned physiologistii to contain the mast essential nutriment loalldi--' ' K-esor snii"" ••*. when j . ' used. < ' . •< are rec' I to be :i_ the destruction of these insects around fruit trees, besides ': as. dissolved potash, coal tar, sul ■ I. \'inegnr, soapsuds, &c. Culture, upon correct principles, will, howover, in general operate not only as a radical cure, but as a preventive to all defects in trer* and plants ; which, to l)e healthy an«l pnKluctive, •bould be so managed that the sap and nutrimuntal juices can cirrnhte through every pore which nature has desi'-r-f- ! for their jx-rpetuity. (S«o article on the choice of I ; ..: Trees in the Nuraery ; also, article Peach.) 94 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NECTARINES. The Nectarine is generally budded on stocks of the same species, or on the Peach or Plum, two or three years old. Knight recommends growing Almond stocks for the finer kinds of Nectarines and Apricots, as likely to prevent the mildew, and as being allied to the Peach. Dubreuil recom- mends a Plum stock for clayey soils, and the Almond for such as are light, chalky, or sandy. The same opinion is held by the Montreal gardeners. The Flemish nurserymen graft both the Peach and Nectarine on the MyrabellaPlum, a very small cherry-shaped fruit. The budding may be performed in July or August, in the side of the stock, which will, if properly managed, shoot the following spring, and attain the length of three or four feet the first year. After the budded trees have ripened their first year's shoots, they may either be planted where they are to remain, or retained in the nursery for two, three, or four years, till in a bearing state. Whether the plants be removed into the orchard at a year old, or remain in the nursery, the first shoots from the bud must be headed down in a judicious manner, in order to promote the most desirable form. In annual pruning, thin out superfluous branches and dry wood, and shorten the bearing shoots. Nectarines may be trained to a close fence, or wall, iu private gardens ; in which case, such plants should be chosen as are budded low. (See article Apricot.) SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NECTARINES FREESTONE NECTARINES. Aromatic- A middle sized, rather globular fruit, skin pale straw colour with deep red or brown next the sun ; flesh pale straw, but red at the stone ; juice of a rich vinous flavour ; ripe early in August. Boston, Lewifi's Seedling. A fine native variety, raised by Mr. Lewis, of Boston ; fruit of medium size; heart-shaped; colour bright yellow, mottled with red ; flesh yellow, firm, pleasant and peculiar in flavour ; ripe in September. DMcairmrB lwt ow nbctarimk«. 96 jiiry. nrb «id Mgk ivroarad; ripiM CMty in AuicuM. y, •- v,--r •^••- • '-——•I- hul amall ; of Klobulv.thap«>, y*l 1 , ttmh yellow, not jiury, but 1 • ii<>, raWd by S. V,. P«r^ . .« t'o^l*' • «>lour bhflrt yvikow, -^ IF BlU* ; Omkt trader, Juicy tnd bif h •avoarvd; n{» FlTMAtTOJl't OaA»bl>. ▲ » lir, klmoct bMrt>«hape• ■wMiiw. 1 u-utL s. r .1 '« uiiiful loarlet eolr •' rN-nh aeparalea tnuk ... Vsaai (Iter of Noall ttxc, and round- M form 1 i* of a Trry deep red colour ■•I ( and o( a creeniah hue on tt>« other aide ; fleah while, rich Mall , it ri.jtijr.u .n Au^iiHt. \ Ijrrd StlMey'$ Elrttge, Ltr, ,':iedium ; pale yrllowiah grari . ;^ur;jli: auii rc4 iicii Uie auii , lleah melting, juicy, rich ■ad ' ' pe in July and Au^utL W MIT I . ' a Ki AHtx ' ■' V •' - ' -, S*aU't H'kUe. A n I with red nett t^c lun . :.> ».. \i :, ., . au i j>i.' ) , .m..i a i.i.i- ».ii.;un i.j»uui ; npe M Aucuat cLixorroxr.*!, ob rAries. Bao«»oii VioLKT Mcaqt'K. Brugnon Mumptt. Fruit Ur^e, of a deep f«d and yellow colour ; akin very amooth ; fleah yellow, but red at the •too*) MCCtiarine, vinoua, muaky , at mainnly in Aupirt and September. RaatT NKwinorofi, l^arge h infrfon, t.ueomht't Sttdlin^. Fruit bek>w the ro*Jdl« aixe, o«a^ crcen, and on the aunny aide of a ' 'xdered b)' aome aa the ba»i '«r. I. e colour, delicately aiut haatr ivee to it a clear waxm ■l>pc : Jiie, and bia a poifoaot, ndi ttavnur ^ r ; <• r. Rcbli Ht* ''lit Neciarlnr. of lance rise; UM t . - aide ; OaMh • •■ when ftUly II pe. Ill Aukutt aiiU ^■ 9cAaicT Nr«i»bToa, //i//. Thia variety i« mod , tlM fruit U l»Ji^ ol i bcjuuful nU colour next Uw aan, tad 96 ORANGE, LEMON, ETC. of a fine yell'ow or amber on the other side ; its quality is excellent, being rich and juicy ; early in September. Tawny Newington. Fruit large, somewhat ovate; tawny-coloured, marbled with dull red or orange next the sun ; flesii pa-!e yellow, but red at th^ stone ; very juicy, sugary, and of the most delicious flavour ; ripens in August and September. This, in England, is considered one of the best of clingstone Nectarines. ORANGE, LEMON, &c. Oranger, Citronier, etc. dims. Notwithstanding this fruit, and also the Lemon, Lime, &c., are attainable at all seasons of the year, by supplies from our Southern States, the West Indios, and the Soutli of Europe, yet the plants are entitled to our notice on ac- count of their being so easily cultivated, and from their affording an ornament by exhibiting their fruit the whole of the year. The Orange, as well as others of the same genus, are generally cultivated as green-house plants, but may be kept in a light room throughout our severe winters, providg^ the temperature is not suffered to be below the freezing point, 32 degrees. Its recommendations are, handsome evergreen, shining, tree-like form ; most odoriferous flowers, and bril-. liant, fragrant, and delicious fruits, which succeed each other perpetually, and aie not unfrequently seen on the tree at the same time, in two or three stages of growth. A work has recently been published at Paris, edited by Messrs. Kisso and Poiteau, which contains engravings and descrip- tions of one hundred and sixty-nine varieties. They are arranged as sweet Oranges, of which they describe 42 sorts ; bitter and sour Oranges, 32 sorts ; Bergamots, 6 soits ; Limes, .8 sorts; Shaddocks, 6 sorts; Lumes, 12 sorts; Le- mons, 46 sorts; Citrons, 17 sorts. All the species of Citrus endure the open air at Nice, Genoa, and Naples ; but at Florence and Milan, and ofteu OHiM.I , l.rMOX, ETC. Vt ttP' K' winter, nnJ, and mtion. The directions for tlic management of green- hoiiMe pl.i; '. alno to this family of plant.-*, to which I n-fft my : A friend of mine, who is a native of Roaen, in Normandy, informs me, that a Mr. Valeo, of tbai c** . ' '■ ■ ' • twelve thousand francs per n I ) . ... trees, which are distilled 98 PEACH. Pecher. Jlmijgdalus Persica. It is generally considered that the Peach is of Persian origin. In Media, it is deemed unwholesome ; but when planted iii Egypt, becomes pulpy, delicious, and salubrious. It has been cultivated, time immemorial, in most parts of Asia; when it was introduced into Greece, is uncertain. The best Peaches in Europe are supposed to be grown in Italy, on standards. * The list of Peaches in the London Catalogue, contains about two hundred and fifty-names, fifty of which are deno- minated American Peaches. Several attempts have been made to class the varieties of Peaches and Nectarines by the leaf and flower, as well as the fruit. Mr. Robertson, a nur- seryman at Kilkenny, has founded his arrangement on the glands of the leaves ; and Mr. George Lindley, o£ London, has, in a peculiarly distinct manner, arranged no fewer than one hundred and fifty-five sorts of Peaches and Nectarines in well-defined divisions and sections. There are various instances on record, (Hort. Trans, vol. i. p. 103,) of both fruits growing on the same tree, even on the same branch ; and one case has occurred of a single fruit partaking of the nature of both. The French consider them as one fruit, arranging them in four divisions ; the Pcches, or freestone Peaches ; the Peches lisses, or fi'eestone Nectarines, or free- stone Peaches; the Pavies, or clingstone Peaches; and the Bfognons, or Nectarines, or clingstone smooth Peaches. Although this fruit will thrive in any sweet, pulverized soil that is properly prepared, a rich sandy loam is the most suitable. Next to the selection and preparation of a suitable soil, a choice of good healthy trees is of the utmost import' ance. The seed for stocks should be selected from the vigorous growing young, or middle-aged healthy trees ; and the buds should be taken from some of the choicest fruit- bearing Irotm tlm( can be found. Let liio tUKkii lAs fuirly te»(ril iH.'fura ihoy nru buJclod, and if any infectUm oxUt in llto xt'diui, or in the vicinity uf where the choice of buds muy I'all, reject thoin if you wi^ii to rear a heiiltliy progeny; as more dupcMii) < iii><>m i)ic«c partinil ir jMiliit' tli m many arc aware of. In this count! y, lire I'racii i« generally butldud on stocks of its own kind ; but in England it is often budded on damask IMum stocks, and some of the more delicate sorts on Apricot stocks, or old Apricot trees cut down ; or on •codling Peaches, Alroomls, or Nectarines. (See article Nectarine.) Cobbett says, " There are thousands of Peach trees in Knglaiul and I 'itj fifty yearn old, and that arc still in vigorm. " Ho attributes the •«inft decay of the Peadi tree here to their being grafted on Mocks of their kind. Mr. .Michael Floy, of the Ilarlwm Nursery, in u note, page 3<>4 of the American edition of Lindloy's Guide to the Orchard and Fruit ' ' ' . < o admitteil that they too often come to decay with almont the sat- A question hero will naturally wise on this su.^ i.al can Ixi done to remedy this ? I answer, yirs/, I think the Peach stock is defective; it is not •nfBciently strong and Ia.nting to make a permanent tree; the roots are soft and delicate, very liable to rot in cold heary ground, particularly if suflcred to stand in a sod, or where tlie grou^ is not kept clean, dry, and manured every 100 PEACH. season. Secondly. Supposing that the trees are planted in a warm free soil, (which is the proper soil for the Peach,) they are liable to the attacks of the worm, which eats into their roots, and barks tire trees all round, until they com- pletely destroy, them. No better method of destroying these worms has been discovered, than simply digging round the trees, and examining the infested plants, and where gum is seen oozing out, there the worm may be generally found and destroyed. " I think an effectual remedy against this intrude-r may be found, by budding Peaches and Nectarines on the common bitter Almond Stock. The worm does not like this stock. Peaches will take on it, and grow nearly as free as on the common Peach stock. Thirdhj. The Peach stock causes the Peaches and. Nectaiines to grow too rapidly, making very strong shoots, these producing secondary or lateral shoots ; and the fruit of the following summer is produced on the top of these lateral shoots, instead of being produced on the principal or first shoots ; this causes naked wood at the bottom, and a straggling, unsightly tree, whose bi'anches being heavy at the top with the fruit, ai'e broken down by high winds. Fourlhhj. In addition to all this, the trees are of late yeais subject to what has been deemed a disease called the yellows, from the circumstance of the trees having a yellow and sickly appearance. Much curious philosophy has been spent on this subject without arriving at any satis- factory conclusion." Mr. Floy, after discovering that the Almond stock is susceptible of injury from our Northern winters in extreme cold weather, farther recommends the Plum stock in cold latitudes, and the Almond for our Southern States. Hear him : " The Plum stock is undoubtedly the best for Peaches and Nectarines in the JYortheni and Eastern States, but especially for open dwarfs or espaliers, for which I give the following reasons : First. The Plum stq^c prevents the 101 loo npul gruvrtli uf the •IkmjU, and caujwi* the priuci|i«U to bear (ho fruit tho following iiciui.t<'r\o, that a tree brought inti> a state of dii>ea.s(!, by which the i-irculotion uf its nutrimcntul juices is impeded, and its liark injured, is very ftimilurly situated to a timber post in- serted in tho soil : which every one knows will rot between earth and air, however sound its other parts may be. In venturing a c vegetable and animal matter, I would fim: i to article Chestnut. where I have shown that a chestnut trco has been known to ^live over a thousand years ; and that its timl>or, cut in pmpcr •eason, is supposed to be in durability commensurate with the age of tho growing tree. It is also recorded in history, that animal subjects preserved on the Egyptian principle, 9* 1^ PEACH. have been known to keep as long as the most durable tim- ber; while daily experience shows, that corrupt animal and vegetable substances, not on-ly become a prey to the most noxious insects and reptiles, but will generate them in incal culable numbers. It is also evident, that a tree deprived of hs functions or means of growing luxuriantly, is in a sin>ilar situation to a diseased animal. If disease be not checked before the juices of the tree become putrid, it will n-ot only die, but will contaminate the earth in which it is planted, to the destruc- tion of its neighbouring inmates of the garden or field. All experienced nurserymen admit this to be the case with dis- eased Peach trees, and some have actually abandoned their Peach orchards, and chosen fresh ground for new planta- tions. It is precisely the same with smaller vegetable plants. A diseased Cabbage, for instance, by its excremental and cor- rupt juices being spent in the ground, will render the culti- vation of the same or allied species a casualty ; and daily observation teacheth, that young and thrifty plants often fall a prey to worms and reptiles which were generated by a previous crop. It is, moreover, evident that all those enemies of the veget- able family feed on the same descriptions of vegetable mat- ter which first generated them ; hence the Peach insects feed on its fruit in embryo, as well as in a state at, and even beyond, perfection ; the Cabbage worms prey on plants of the same genera or species; and I have no doubt but the cotton worms prefer the same description of vegetable mat- ter which gave them birth, and that when these insects and reptiles cannot obtain the parts which are the most palatable to them, or congenial to their nature, they will feed upon diseased trees, plants, or any other matter which contain similar juices or nutriment. I again repeat, that the best security against their depredations is health and soundness. A good sound healthy tree, planted and cultivated upon cor- rtAcn. 103 r»ci principle, may bo jostlj coonderod an inmlnorablo to tbo utt !e«, as any spccios of hoallhy animnl • At I haro beoif more familiar with tlio cultivation of vegot- a\>\v than fiuilH, I w. i.iy views rchitivo to tbe Cal»btti;e triUj. < i.I, iit the vicinity of the citjr, it b custoinary with gardonore to cut thoir Cabbage* gliMlually at tlvev ; "" - ' o tkeir roots »tanund, the cnltiNntor would have been rewarded a hundred fold. T ' ' ' • • • • • ' . . ,y iiiinible opt I <' nre the causes of moat of the nd failures of fruit u^-ca ; and 104 PEACH. in tliis way I account for Peaches being less plentiful than they were when left almost to nature, which was the case, I am informed, in the beginning of the present century. That this malpractice in horticulture is very general, the most superficial observer may discover, by comparing the thrifty growth of those trees scattered by nature in our highways and byways with many of those aided by the art of man. If any of my readers should requii-e proof of my assertions, I can show them from the window of the room where this article is being written, scores of living, or rather dying evi- dences of the evil of deep planting. All the varieties of the Peach produce their fruit upon the young wood of a year old, the blossom buds rising immedi- ately from the eyes of the shoots. The same shoots seldom bear after the first year, except on some casual small spurs on the two years' wood, which is not to be counted upon. Hence the trees are to be pruned as bearing entirely on the shoots of the preceding year, and a full supply of regular grown shoots must be retained for successional bearers. Cut out the redundant shoots, and all decayed and dead wood, and reduce some of the former bearers, cutting the most naked quite away. A Peach Orchard may be planted at any time after the bud is established, until the trees are three or four years old, which may be placed from fifteen to twenty feet from each other, or from any other spreading trees. The dwarf kinds may be introduced into the kitchen garden, and trained against fences, as directed for the Apricot, or as espaliers, or dwarf standards. DMCium rB MiiT or rr.Acnr». lii. SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST OV PEACUES. rRCUTO.NB FKACHKH. AtT"« .An#t«*ll«'n» ♦sririy, itnrinmiinn in Ih* Hly of N*>w.Yofk | Um - end of \' lit ' /omi lai« Red Rarrripe. Fruit very Ur.-'-, — .. .- — ... - . -. 1 (V«h flrm, ju •. . iieera, of .N! : • ■ ... Um> end ol > ■ ■ '•I ■ f vi.'rv. A Unr« f' . ' . :r nrd it.c sun. on n • > ycllowuti w . \ ' 1 lift with ro 1 a\ t?.i- ■, . .)•, tn-oct, r^ rf/» MontrruiJ. Sn%offth I ■ >ua anJ productive ; •w, and on the aunny r . ;iow, Tcry melt- l; . i'*T. ' " r"*'**! •inic vviih lor Pctch, r«twd by a T-York ; tkin ol ■ din;;y white colour, wiU> 1. rich, and augary ; ripo by the Buldla bf AugiMi. CoLi-MBiA. Kruil of m^flin'n •tf ; tkin rongh and thin : onlour dull rwi ; Anil jrollow. (Ibroi ll'le, juiry and ricb. It >• aoppoHd that thia i>«a<-: >x. It i« a •intoilor variety. Coolkdck'* Ka\ ■ md- ■ooM irlobular fri; mi^ JOICy. and of dellCiou« n i>'jur, m .\u^uit- i nc ill (' IS ^.n-'^' t . Ca ( r. Fruit very large, round; akin yel- low 81 ')>(*)', and eicvllcnt. It U highly rati- llMi«BLr;ii t)r (fnn 5. ^t . H'i ifa«■ Nrrr, ■--- -^ - - -a rie»«i.>TTC, Quftn Charlotte, Sew Early Purple, Kew - Vemrh, rather above medium •tJf, »kin pale • d oeit Ibo fuo i flesh Kreeniah while, rich and •trifp. Vtfnrifrr-* Af Prinee and Winlrr. The l:tc ^ 1.5 . (Vuit Urce. luimrwhat n^tL, of n tdea: palp imrv. rich. Mid III AlU'D't 1. I at Bedr< Ua r " 'oyndlnli. *■!' 1 .1 ■ •km pale jrcllowi«h . •bi^« — .- - ..jU i a flnrt rate Pi^- . . , i September. PamcK'a Lara Yillow FaBSaroiic. A beautiful fruit, of ■ frf MNiM dacoMd pr»r*r«bl« to lli« v^uiin-p. Tlie tne U very pri>> r ■ Jlodman'f AaI. unW Jt^<> I t>riri r . ^ . i)teraber. roiiGBK«« 1 1 <*• lhi« u • rtne large roand Paacli ; • - :Ui red ; flcah mrlunK, jak7, ricll an*! enrJWnl i in .*««*plrnilirf. K«Kir Nr-.ri!«oTo?t. &*/iii7A'« SnrviKtan, Nrto-York Early Sewington. A I'. 1 fru.t ; lU r'>! *ii:i»rou» and pro- durti«^r. Th4> fruit w lari;r • white. wiUi rod chM>k ; llcah Hivit ' ^w<«t. vinoua. aiiU c;kc»i.uii ; it ripcoa in October, and wiU 1 The fruit of thia tttr- .>w colour, ■ii^'lrl wiu. ilow : juioe ausary •n>l -' br liM «ml of i>«pUBbtr. 10 110 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PEACHES. MoNSTBous Pavie ok Pomponne, Gros Melecotun, Gros Perseque Rouge, Pavie Monstreux, Pavie Cvrnu. Fruit very large, roundish, with an ob- tuse nipple ; skin downy, of a fine red and greenish white colour : flesh white, deep red at the stone, juicy and vinous, excellent for preserving; in September and October. New-York White Clingstone, Williams's New-York. New Newing- ton of some catalogues. Fruit large, round, with a pointed apex ; skin white, tinged with rose ; flesh yellow, melting or soft, but adhering closely to the stone ; juice very plentiful, sweet, luscious, and high flavoured ; ripe in September. Old Mixon Clingstone. Of all clingstone Peaches, this is considered the most delicious ; the skin is yellow, with a bright red cheek, marbled ; flesh red at the stone, rich, juicy, sweet, and high flavoured ; the fruit ripens gradually in September. This variety is cultivated in Massachu- setts, under the above name ; but Mr. Manning says that he has cultivated this fruit with the Old Newington, and the Catharine, and could never per- ceive any ditference in the fruit or trees. Old Newington, Newington- The fruit of this variety is large, rather globular, of a fine brigiit red and pale yellow colour, marbled with dashes and streaks of a deeper colour ; the flesh is yellowish white, but red at the Btone ; also juicy, rich, sweet and well flavoured ; the tree is very pro- ductive ; in September. Okange Cling, Round Alberge. A beautiful native Peach, of round shape, and bright yellow or orange colour ; flesh orange colour, aromatic, rich, and juicy. The tree is a great bearer, and from the beauty of its fruit, which ripens in September, is entitled to extensive cultivation for the market. Pavie Madeleine, Pavie Blanc, Melecoton, Myrccoton, Merlicoion, Persiqiie a Gros-Fruit Blanc. The fruit of this variety is of medium size, somewhat broadly globular ; skin pale yellowish white and marbled red ; flesh yellowish white to the stone; juice sugary and of an agreeable flavour ; towards the end of August and September. Prince's Climax. Fruit very large, oval; skin yellow, mottled with crimson ; flesh yellow, and of rich pineapple flavour ; ripe in September, and good in October. Selby's Cling- Fruit large, highly esteemed ; skin white and red ; flesh melting, juicy, and of peculiar rich flavour ; ripe in September and October. Smock's Clingstone. Fruit very large, oblong; skin yellow and red ; flesh juicy, rich, a little acid ; it ripens in October at Middletown, New- Jersey, and is considered one of the most productive and profitable late market fruits. Tippecanoe Pf.ach, Hero of Tippecanoe. This vfiriety originated with George Thomas, of Philadelphia, and the fruit has been much ad- mired at the Pennsylvania Horticultural exhibitions; it is of large size, of a beautiful yellow colour, with a fine red blush ; flesh yellow, firm and juicy, possessing an agreeable acidity ; it ripens late in September. A faithful description of this fruit, accompanied by a beautiful colourerf. plate, taken from nature, may be seen in HolTy's Orchardists' Companion, No. 4. Ill PEAIL PorniER. Prjnu. Turn Pour treo, in ibi wild ttato, is thorny, with uprit^ht brottduM, tending to the pyramidal form, in which it difTcni ''>mth«A: The twijfji, or •p! i-^ • live* art' ' . uhtu»o, serrate ; ti :■< io t<*nninating, villoae corymlw, produced from wood of the pivoedit il •hoots, technically called spurs. It w found in a wild state in Kugland, nod abundantly in France and Germany, as well as in t>ther partjt of Kiirofw, nut excepting I{us»ia. as (u north as latitude 01. It grows in almost any soil. The cultivat«Hl tri*e diflerti fmm the Apple, not only in having a toodeucy to the pyramiduJ fdrin, but alau in b<>in^ more apt to send out tap tuoIa ; it being, as a Hcedling plant, longer in Cuming iutu bearing ; and when on its own riMt, or graAcd on a wild Pear stock, much longer lived. In a dry soil, it will exist fur centuries, and ntill keep its health, productivo- Desa, and \iguur. The Koniaus liad thirty-nix varieties in Plinjr's time : there are now several hundreds in the French and British nurseries ; Uio London II." In nornr Pforn. Knipht obMrvM, " tho . ...ly on the initidrf of thcwo brunches which aro 0X|icMA ded in ' I^tudon's Enryclop4i.*tlia,' that the .'iulumri litr^amot for iiiHtanco, has boon cultivated and highly esteemed in Kir^Ianil ninco tho time of Julius Cresar, nearly ninelten c«n- kurits. This fact is my a|><>loi2y for retaining such of the old ▼arieties of tho different ftuits in my descriplivo list, as have been most celebrated. Tlie following extracts aro fmm tho ratil'T'i*' "{' Mc«srH. Winter Sc Co., proprietors of tho old Litm.iau litit.iii"' (I 11. 1.11 .'iiiil \*iir-..Mii-i. T'lusliiii r. T.rtng Island : " '1 ■■ u( Uio fiiio old vajieiics uf lltu IV. ii have deter. . .a itomc parts of the country, is unquestionable; thia i» ascribed to varioas causes ; firti, that the varieties have rtin mil, as it is termed ; ttcond, to the u.ho of cliscaaod stocks, or scions from diseased, or aged, or unthrifty trees, or both ; ikird, to the deleterious influence of tho salt air, II. • " " ird; fourth, to the want of proper attention t" uro. Wo cannot suliAcribu to the soundness of the reason first assigned ; there are too mnny instances of of fruit wboia origin is so remote that it cannot bo 10* 114 PEAR. traced, Still continuing in full vigour; and the kinds which bave deteriorated in some sections of the countiy, still main- tain their celebrity in the interior, and more especially in the virgin soil of the west. Which of the other causes as signed, has tended to deteriorate the fine kinds alluded to, we will not undertake to determine ; one or more of them may have had their influence, but we think that proper attention to propagation, soil, and culture, may in general, if not in every instance, restore the valuable old varieties to their pristine excellence ; and in this vicinity there is deci- sive evidence of the improvement of that superior old variety the White Doyenne, Saint Michael, or Virgalieu." The last line of the above extract leads me to remark, that so celebrated has been the Pear therein alluded to, that it has been cultivated throughout the civilized world for centuries, under numberless different names. In ' Lindley's Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden,' fifteen synonymes are added to the general head, White Doyexne ; some of which names are still retained in the catalogues of those who profess to denounce the old fruits as " outcasts." In fact, the various catalogues are become so complicated from the above causes, that I have, to avoid discrepancy, occa- sionally adopted some of the names as synonymes, of what, to me, appeared to be distinct varieties ; and with a view to lead the reader to judge for himself in such cases, I have appended the names of the different nurserymen to the articles, who being practical men of good judgment, and integrity, are entitled to such distinction. These remarks are intended to apply, not only to Pears, but to other species of fruit in the various descriptive lists. MtcftipTiTB urr or rzAnm. US SELECT DE.SCUII'TIVE LIST OF PEARS. Sl'UMBH niCIT. Am* .V » I -ii'f.'i i'"-' ..,if. .,'...•. I i.v I 1! \f I ..f BliMrotncOa • I » 1 Awtm . , Mr Man* n>n< ■• aiii > ;"irtii>n of rr«l ; rtr«!» ^^ ,, m July, MUtii'- • u (lav our. X' A Itf CiM-x-V. „ AUk'U«I. ' • r......e by J. B. '• '«». in ' HulTy's I ' ■ r.i'.mr ^ n, 1 rrv ^^^il•>t'D^ooD Pi li'urrr. Fruit larp* i fonn nrsrly oral ; >kiH • dull yriiow. o^ Ijfk riiMct spotai ttcth Icmler, mrltinc, and pl^«Miiil. Mr M . '■ It ri>ine« early into bearing and produoM a m Aui;uat" ' r.l. A One rarly Srotdi Prar, o( mediom • !. ' .; at the atrm ; II '\ of t 1 ' \' • i liT. and Rood. '■ < Uial len of the I. - -'.wth; ff'i ■• ^ in a r»'»'- ruaact tpota ; at niaiiiriiy it turn* to a driicata yriiow ; doab tery melung, and ot the ftnrsi Haruur ; m AUKU«t. Zamlv KotrnzttiX, HoiumM katif. I Thia la a aniall p«^r w'lh n t-nf 'Mrre.! neck ; akin ) *h ruaart ; fl«ah « ^ Havoarvd; in August ouU i>cpunibcr. Tb« tre« ) II .••! W rtfv. Thia Pear in - • caefD. Wn t 1 . >c:! .\r. witti a larip* y- ih« 0rah ■ Mr. Manning aaya tlte tm- ijr.-u« young, aarf Hda I Jak — ....> — , Utau Prttenf, Saint Sttmj»>m,Gmve fMaM ■c 8mUtt Lambert. Pa)n dn Th'-Um dm P'tnffi. Kimt ratlMr p, 6Uaag.o( a pale (raen colour, a little inirkt^l witli rr I flrah malli , )ak7i with a allgMljr acid, ridi and afreaablt da«o«r. It npaoa «arl/ 116 DESCRIPTIVE LIS'* OF PEARS, in August, is one of the most productive of all Tears, and the very best in its season. Julienne of Coxe, V Archiduc cVEtc, Summer Beiirre, Summer Buy- enne, Summer St. Michael, of Boston. Bloodguod Pear of some col- lecfions- Fruit medium size, smooth, bright yellow a-t maturity, with a faint blush next the sun; form rather ovate, tapering toward the stalk ; flesh perfectly melting, rich, and juicy. The tree bears young, and most profusely, and matures its fruit in August and September. Madeleine, Magdalene, Citron des Cnrmes, Early Chaumontelle. This Pear is of medium size, pale yellow, with an occasional blush next the sun ; flesh white, melting, perfumed. A fine early fruit, ripening in July and August. Mr. Manning considers this a very good Pear; he says the tree bears well every year. RoussELET DE Rheims, Musk or Spice Pear. Fruit small, pyramidal, greenish yellow at maturity, but brown red next the sun, with russetty spots ; flesh half beurre, fine, very perfumed. Good to put in brandy, and to dry ; in August and September. Sabine d'Ete, Bellissime d^ Amour, Epargne of the French. English. Red Cheek. This Pear is of pyramidal form, terminating in a round blunt point at the stalk ; colour yellow, but fine scarlet next the sun ; the whole surface smooth, regular, and polished ; flesh white, melting, juicy, and highly perfumed ; the tree is an abundant bearer, and ripens its fruit in August. Stevens's Genesee Pear. A specimen of this Pear was fnrnished the Orcliardists' Companion, from \Vm. Reid's Nursery, at Murray Hill, New- York. It appears by the plate, to be a beautiful Pear, of large size, and rather of an oblong form ; its colour is mellow green, with russet blotches ; its flesh is represented as white, juicy, and melting ; flavour sprightly, rich, and very delicious. Time of ripening, toward the end of August. Skinless Pear, Poire sans peau, Fleur de Guignes. A small oblong Pear; the skin, which is very smooth and thin, is pale green, marbled with red and yellow ; flesh crisp, sweet, and of pleasant ilavour. The tree is very prolific, ripening its fruit in August. Summer Francreai:, Francreal d'Ete, Fondante, France Cannel, Gros Micet d'Ete, Milan Blanc, Prebles Beurre. Fruit above medium size ; shape oblong; thickest about one-third from the eye ; skin yellowish green; flesh melting, rich and excellent; ripe early in September. Summer Melting, Summer Beurre, Fondant d'Ete. An excellent summer Pear, of pyriform shape ; colour yellow, tinged with brownish red ; flesh soft, melting, and sweet. The tree bears young, and ripens its fruit in August. Summer Rose, Thorny Rose, Epine Rose, Poire de Rose, Rosenbirne Kraft. A Pear of medium size, in form resembling an Apple ; the skin is dull yellow, spotted with russet, and marbled with red ; a very produc- tive variety, ripening its fruit early in August. Mr. Manning pronounces this a beautiful fruit, and the tree a great bearer. Willams's Bonchretien, Bartlct. Williams's Early, Autumn Superb of Prince. This fruit originated with a Mr. Wheeler, at Aldermaston, in Berkshire, England, but was subsequently extensively propagated by Mr. Williams, near London; hence its name- The fruit is large, oblong; the stalk thick and fleshy, an inch long; the colour at maturity yellow iPTiTB LMTT or nuMk 117 Wilb radi flnh whill«h, Tvry inrll>n«, and AITCMN mriT. AaDBRWt. >(nwir|r, GiSmm, I dull ml rt»<>rk . (trail nirliiiK. MprNvnU il •• " • «rr>' vaJuab!' Ripe in Kaptrmbrr an 'vimr 1, 1 Sep* tf.i \«ith crrrn, wilh • ■ I. Mr. Maiimnc Hi4 tU fiuil early boU abun- MtU diM il at Um ■Um; Um •km la . 3ti'! i'-'A. Mr. Maiiiunx •< >.t r.iiiti.! il II. • 1 ' npcna in Vr*. Jf-^-Tnr und (Tu/f. Grorifuar. Fruit : iivc, and Uir fruit 'iilcr ihc rrroncoua ' i"- lir i^e:.'^ awl UergaiU/llc Crus- •C Automne. A brautirul Klemiah Tear | at l^« alalk ( akin yellow, uli^tuly rua- ('•••h III. Ilii-v ,A.-.t nn-! ■kill I * > *r. thii ( •(MM Uwc. fniil larce anU very loHK : Iprniiiiatrd r«-«> inrhr-t in diamHcr ; aninewhat ailabaali-r>nno^o!ier. u- Pfar */ Wintrr and of ■ yellow ■.•it, niuaky, and ' ' "•■•rrtdu i'Am- , < • ■ ' . !>>n. Kfuil •■f 11 ' lion : llrah yellow . and October. Thii nrlety la 118 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PEARS. Capsheaf. a medium sized Pear, much cultivated near Providence, Rhode Island ; the shape is rather globular ; skin a light cinnamon russet; flesh white, melting and juicy. The tree bears well, says Mr. Manning, and the fruit ripens in October. Charles d'Autbiche, Gracieuse. Charles of Austria. A fine and beautiful fruit, large, three and a half inches long, and three inches broad ; colour greenish yellow, with brown spots, and partially russettcd; flesh white, melting, juicy, and delicious ; ripe in October, and good in Novem- ber. Cumberland. A native fruit from Cumberland, Rhode Island, of large size and oblong shape ; skin orange colour, with bright red cheek ; the flesh melting, juicy and good ; ripe in October. The tree is of vigorous growth, says Mr. Manning, and bears abundantly. CusHiNC- A native fruit from Hingliam, Massachusetts ; of medium size and oblong shape ; skin, when ripe, smooth, of a light yellow, mottled with dull red on one side ; flesh white, melting, sprightly and good. Mr. Manning says it comes early into bearing, and produces plenty of fruit in September and October. Delices d'Ardenpont, Belices (tHardcnpont de Toulouse. Beurre d'Ardenpontofsome. Fruit above medium size ; oblong, pyramidal ; skin yellow at maturity, and partially covered with a thin cinnamon coloured russet ; flesh yellowish white, nearly melting ; juice pleasant, sweet, and abundant ; in October and November. The tree is a good bearer. Dix. A native variety originating in the garden of Mr. Dix, in Boston ; fruit large, oblong; skin, when ripe, yellow, with a blush of red; flesh melting, juicy and rich ; in October and November. Doyenne Santelete. A new, fine, handsome Flemish Pear ; fruit above the middle size, pyramidally oblong ; skin pale green, speckled with grey russet ; flesh white, a little gritty, but tender ; juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. The tree is hardy, and ripens its fruit early in October. Duchess of Ancout.eme, Diichesse d'Aiigouleme. A Pear of first-rate excellence. Form roundish, oblong, tapering towards the stalk ; skin dull yellow, with broad russet patches ; flesh white, rich, melting, very juicy, and high flavoured, with a most agreeable perfume. Specimens of this fruit have been shown in England, weighing twenty-two ounces ; at per- fection in October and November. Flemish Beauty, La Belle de Flanders. Imperafrice de la France. Brilliant, Bosch, Bouche Nouvelle. A fine Flemish Pear in great repute ; it is of large size, obovate, obtuse at the stalk ; greenish yellow russet, tinged with crimson ; flesh rather firm, yellowish white, sweet, rich, and excellent ; it ripens in October. Freiierick of Wurtebiberg, JJoifZe Wurtemherg, Capiaumont of some collections. A large and splendid Pear, of pyramidal form and fine yellow colour, covered with beautiful crimson on one side ; flesh melting, and of delicious flavour. The three bears while young, and very abun- dantly. Fulton- A fine Pear of medium size, raised from seed by Mr. Fulton, of Topsham, Maine; shape roundish turbinate; skin dark yellow; rus- cctted ; flesh melting, juicy, and of delicious flavour ; ripe in September, DMCMmrt urr or rEAU. 11^ TtM m« la ■ (raat uid coiulant tMwrcr, and hi(bl]r /...■. I luciuog i Ht.^BT danUjr. L>o«o G» my itMt I Tfiii raririjr wm fmr>«rlH from Diltwi, %Mi. Fiuit jalchoa of lul rear Ue«, • • •upe- til grry or . , iu>fl, »ac- • nat. Th« 11 to wci^ '.PAmAaLK. SurfuUc SetiUin^. Doumham Stef Win» •■ tree i« a ' ) in ' * • 1^ - ». ... :- - , :-^r of If. This Tiricty it ?:i-!lv prised um aizc i obloii. '. thA <.mUi rcdi Iloh ^' .• and • !. . ., id/rr. Fruit of medium t'ru ; oblong , . icJ MiUt bruwn anJ f;r«vn ; flnh yellow, rather .{. with a peculiar rich llavour : ripe in September Mr. ^laobtoc aays lh« tree bear* while young, aad abun- r ^ w ... . ,. Mr Mannlnf •n )» very long j . . K... ».. . ..^ 1 rich (InToared >roua {Towth. bears well, and the fruit is ripe in Septea- U. ... Mabic boUi eiida ; lowtah K'*' ■ad riefa. IM MM o n . Moo> Fowl Rao. rniit nrthv ■nian. clobalar. ovale swollen in tb* ) akin onng* brown D*it Uw aon, with spola of ruaacl i d«ali y«l> •inf. Fruit oblonx, taperiDK towarda :.(i[ii t.> large, akin ne»rly tmooth, yet- . tleah white, meltinK. juicy, . sod It on ciccilent fruit in 120 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PEARS. lowisli white, a little srittj', but tender and mellow, juice saccharine, a little perfumed. This is a hardy Scotch variety ; ripe in September, and good in October Napoleon, Medaille, Sauvagcon Liart. Roi de Rome, and Wurtemburg of Prince. Fruit large, form of the Colmar; skin smooth; colour bright green, but at maturity pale green ; flesh very melting, with an unusual abundance of rich agreeable juice. At perfection in October and November PiUNCESSE OF Orange, Princess d^Orunge, Princess C'jnquettc- The fruit is roundish ; the skin bright reddish orange russet ; flesh yellowish white, sugary and rich, in some seasons perfectly melting, but occasionally a little gritty. A beautiful Pear, and of good quality ; in October. Seckle, New-York Red Cheek, Red Cheek Seckle, Sycle. An excellent native fruit, in size rather small ; colour varying from yellowish to brown- ish russet, but bright red next the sun ; flesh melting, spicy, and of a most extraordinary rich flavour. This fruit grows in clusters, in great abun- dance, and is at perfection in September and October. Swan's Egg, Moor Foiul Egg of Boston. Fruit small, of an oval, tur- binate figure ; colour yellowish green, and dull russetty brown ; flesh tender and melting, with a rich, saccharine, musky flavour. An excellent fruit ; ripe in October. Tlie tree is remarkably tall, upright, vigorous, and pro- ductive. IjRBANisTE, Beiirre du Roi. The fruit is of medium size, pyramidally ovate ; skin pale green, inclining to yellow, with green streaks ; flesh white, but reddish yellow next the core ; it is quite melting, juicy, and very sweet, with a little perfume; it ripens from the middle of September to November. Washington. A native fruit from New Jersey, of medium size and oval form ; the skin is light yellow, covered with small brown spots, with a tinge of red; the flesh melting, and of excellent flavour. Mr. Manning says the tree bears well, and is worthy of general cultivation ; fruit ripens in September. White Doyenne, Doyenne Blanc, Beurre Blanc, Bonne ante, St. Mi- chael, Carlisle, Citron de Septembre, Kaiserbirne, Poire a coiirte queue, Poire de Linion, Poire de Seigneur, Poire Monsieur, Valencia, White Beurre, Virgalieu of some collections. Fruit pretty large ; roundish ob- long; skin pale citron yellow, with cinnamon russet, speckled; flesh white, juicy, very buttery, and delicious ; ripe in September and October. An old, and once celebrated variety, still admired by many, although excluded from some nurseries, or cultivated under new names. Wilkinson. A native Pear from Cumberland, R, I. The tree bears young, and is very fruitful ; size above medium; form oblong; skin yel- low, with a brownish'blush near the sun ; flesh white, juicy, and melting ; at perfection in October and November. AVINTER FRUIT. Beurre d'Aremderg, Beurre d'Arembert, Due d'Aremberg, Poire d'Aremberg, Beurre Deschamps, Beurre des Orphclins of Veschamps, Colmar Deschamps. The English and French writers speak of this Peai.^ nr^' Rirrin: i.imt or prARs. Uf ' rf« YeUe, .' ii.* \ • , , . t 'u»rt ; ltr«h rk«r whitf>. incilinf, ^ fr^rn V'lvrmSrr to J«nu«ry. Ui -t. Thiai«M>• •xrrr \ fruil mid- '■ « , Hmh Krem, > iJ. It thnvelf «/. A moat excvllrat pear, •omrwhat ' ■...-. -• ... .<..tj i^nvn. roT»r«l wlUl ''-«'' twcH and agrtMbly La : witb r*d; : 'ittinK P«W I iruDi rticn* of thia variety luitra b««il known Ij v t •< \- - iUiU, Poire de ChnumontrlU, Bewrt /i '1 ■ a fntit var>"m« firrer de BruX' nroa. Of !.' Fniit < r, aii I « ..1 kixp till (rvj ap«clw i tf«aa roduof , juicjr and dcttaoo* ; from l>t 122 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PEARS. Glout Morceau, GIoux Morceaitx, Beurre ifAremherg, Roi de WurU emburg, Gloria. Colmur (Vhiver of Prince, and Eeiirre de Hardenpont of JDoivning, A very large Belgic variety, of sreat excellence; fruit of ovalish form, pale green colour, inclining to yellow, with russetty specks and blotches ; flesh whitish, firm, very juicy and excellent; in perfection from November to March. Lewis. This variety originated on the farm of Mr. I. Lewis, of Roxbu- ry, Mass. The size is medium; form somewhat globular; skin, when ripe, a greenish yellow; the flesh is white, very melting, juicy and excel- lent; from November to March. The tree grows quick, and bears abun- dance of fruit. Louise Bonne de Jersey, Louise Bonne d'Avranches. A large Pear ; oblong; a good substitute for the old St. Germain; skin yellowish green, sometimes tinged wilh rod ; flesh extremely tender, and full of an excellent saccharine, well flavoured juice. A first-rate fruit, from October till after Christmas. Newtown Vergaleau. A large Pear, of a yellow colour, with a very short stalk ; tlie tree grows very crooked and of an irregular form, bending by the weight of its fruit, which is excellent to preserve, or for baking ; from November to January. Its productiveness renders it desirable in an orchard. Passe Colmar, Fondante de Panisel, Passe Colmar Gris dit Precet, Poire Precel, Passe Colmar, Epineiix, Beurre Colmar Gris dit Precel- Beurre d'' Argenson, Present de Malincs, Colmar souverain. Chapman's A most valuable Pear, of medium size, conical, flattened next the eye; skin at maturity yellowish, sprinkled with russet, a tinge of red next the sun ; flesh yellowish, melting, rich and excellent. The tree is a good bearer, and the fruit is in perfection from November to February. Pound Peak, Black Pear of Worcester, Parkinson's Warden, Grande Munurque, Livre, Groote Mogul, Gros Rateau Gris, Love Pear. Winter Bell of Doioning. Fruit very large, of a roundish turbinate figure ; skin rough, covered with dull russet ; flesh hard and coarse, but excellent when baked or stewed in winter. Grafted on a Pear stock, the tree bears so abundantly, as to bend like a weeping willow. A specimen of this variety was exhibited at the sixteenth annual fair of the American Institute, Octo- ber, 1843, weighing 33 oz. Prince's St. Gerbiain. Fruit about medium size ; form obovate ; skin russetty yellow, with dull red cheek ; flesh melting and good. Mr. Man- ning says that its abundant bearing, and its ripening gradually in the house during winter, renders it a very valuable market fruit ; good till after Christmas. Surpasse Marie Louise, Pitfs Prolific Marie, Pitt's Marie Louise. A large Pear ; oblong or calabash formed ; green, covered with brown yel- low russet ; flesh melting and rich flavoured ; ripe in October and Novem- ber. It is a very prolific bearer. Surpasse St. Germain. Fruit of medium size; round at the crown, tapering to the stem : it is of very irregular form ; the skin is rough ; cxjlour yellow, mixed with dull brown ; flesh coarse grained, sugary, and high flavoured ; good from November till January. Surpasse Vergaleau. Fruit large, oblong, some specimens nearly round ; the skin smooth, its colour yellow with a light red cheek ; flesh pcjicRirriTB Lurr or rt\UM. US M^ Jakjr. ai tfriMni •" ohet Md Soreml*t. Mr. Manninc ■■fi Ite ln» Imm yawic. .• - „•' crops uid m worthy of eiUiuit* CttlUvftliOO. UvmoALl'* tr. Ck*hai». Btite dt Jtr$tff. A lartp (\nt> pyrtrnrm Drll P«ar. of • hrmmisli (ram miour, wilh rui*r! ><..(i ruiMHly > v oolour -' • r ., . .^.. • , . I . r, J.. .1 , ., ...„n Do. .uifs I '.•,,•. >\ , ■, .iivation, tor - '»*r. Uprttuie- All ac- ' Prar \ lu size ia aSove ■N--: 1 ruMrtty, full of fTnr doU ; flr^ 1, wilh ■ muaky perfume ; at parfcction in L>rceuibci anJ Jiinury. pkrhy pr.Mifl. fi'Bi »«n Tfi.« ««rir!» i.m.l .'. mm. rr,.m ih<> orifHoal tr«», jcTowinir in 1 : md. The fruit laamall- Wi. Mih tpey. It i« Ucviuod ncdlrnl (of prrry. ,\y ol it< jure* 1070. Houioar Krut • it, akin of adioQr y«lk>wi«li Krern, linitrd witii r« 14 utadr o( thta variety in Herefurdahire, Knc> land. f>\ 'V ofiUi iuxv inAA, HvrrcAr l -^arinc thia name, but the bnl perry u n.j p. The fruit i« middle eoed. of pale (rr<'!i c>iour. markt-u nriiii f^tcy ru«aot. fcpeciilc (ravity of Me J«k» 1070. MovAarn- ^ • **'— >■ '* ' »•« *'- «■--.,.,. .. -,...._... ^ ^,^ The trre la of r • in rx- traordinery mu« ^ ^ . aIso fur Um table: from iuary. Ot.»rirLi>. t »r pale (ften colour, with ntaaetiy aiMtta Ann .raTity of il« juice 1067. FfWn titia vwtety U i I rrry. L«abLAai>- Fruit vcx> x Swan'a Er in ahape; aktn bricbi (idd odour, im > niaactty litrly onutfei epadfle vramy of ii< tro.- i* bondaome and uprifhl, and ■acliniiuvainl in li< rry. T' - ' ■ • • , ma- xired asat**. ' made 'X in ..._ i ti««e t24 PLUM. PLUM. Prunier. Prunus. The Plum tree lises fifteen feet in lieight, branching into a moderately spreading head ; the leaves are ovate, serrated, and on short petioles ; petals white. The natural colour of the fruit is generally considered to be black ; but the varie- ties in cultivation are of yellow, red, blue, and green colours, and of different forms and flavours. There are several good sorts that grow wild in the hedges of Britain, and also in America, but its original country is supposed to be Asia ; and according to Pliny, it was taken from Syria into Greece, and from thence into Italy. There are many varieties cultivated in France ; and in the London Horticultural Garden there are about three hundred sorts kept under name. The Green Gage is considered the best dessert Plum, and the Egg Plum for sweetmeats ; but the Damson is the best baking Plum. The Plum is said to succeed best in a lofty exposure, and may yield well in the mountainous parts of the United States; it yields well near Albany, but the fruit is by no means plentiful in the vicinity of the city of New- York. Like the Nectarine, it is subject to the attacks of the Curcuho, and other insects. It has been obsei'ved that Plum trees growing in frequent- ed lanes or barn-yards, are more generally fruitful than those cultivated in private gardens, or secluded situations ; this circumstance is by some attributed to the jarring of the trees, by cattle and swine rubbing against them ; thus caus- ing the defective fruit to fall on the ground. Geese kept in orchards or fruit gardens, often prove beneficial ; as they, by devouring the defective fruit and other corruptible matter, prevent the possibility of insects getting into the ground, so as to perpetuate their existence, or multiply their sjiecies. Cobbett attributes the scarcity of Plums in New- York to PLUM. 12^ In hU Amorican Gardoner, paragraph 320, he •aIui, " !r fuw I' ' ii, when iho markclii are supplivU with • a chilly, ahady, aod blighty country aa Engianti {" I ' ' '' ■ i«'ry by infunning the n-;icnr, timt Uii out couiiiry, with a view tu derive iho lull licnclit oi'the sun's mya for the cultivation of IMuins, Peachca. N< — ~- — . and such other fruit as require extra heat, train ; ■ agninat wallii, fences, or trollis-work ; and fnmi their having these means of .support, gardonera Iiave no inducement to plant them deeper than in necessary; whercOA, from tlie circumstance of the Amoiican climate beini^ sufficioDtly warm to ri|>en those fruits on staiidard tree*, they are generally so cultivated. Many pemon!*, to aave the trouble of staking, or otherwise sup^Ktrting their tre<^, plant them too deep, and thus defeat the operation!* of nature. That this is a prevalent cirur, has been shown in the article* Nectarine and Peach, to which the reader is referred for a more conrise view of the subject. Kewr varieties of the Plum are produced from seed ; and the old kind« are generally propagated by budding on stocks of ' ! ' " - " (J P1-; . , .'o made in them. All the aorta produce their fruit on small it the en<1 " * >ng the sides of the . two, or t': ^ -a' growth. In most aorta, new fruit branches are two years old before the spurs bear. The same branches and ^purs continue fniitftil, in prnjvirtinn 'i the timn whirh tlicy take to ci>ine into bear- in •/ t^' .i>' ii.t.i ix-iii inij. Standards roust be allowed to expand in free growth, ncca- ai»»r.-" ' - ' -- --' ' ' - ' - i, Tular croas branches. In ut oway worn out bearers, and ail decayed and caokcry wov->in an *i(hUi oflwe loehM in rndk^itmrnt IfeiiMa U of • ao* dBtk parpk- ^^ ' - -,-: ImtWi pww, rtB^ y»t«y, m^ of pl fio t flavoor t pfMTT^M. ir ratiMndia AofiMli tia grwl defect u ^a :.:, if lift r trw« I i-a. Son* ronsktor lhi« m Um UrgMt Plum known; iU miam t t* • «iMk pmpW ; to fenn W mrmMM ihc ^aicnatn llonurn. tnit ita i— wr la «Mi«*«VrM nttwr •tipmor ; it ri(>raa in .SapUcnber, ■ml ihr flr«h Tha mm, wtudi growa ri^oroiuly, ori- KAKland. OMrai' ^ "■ . :rt (iMa WM*' 11 iiir Surarry o( A J. I'owmng, K v. r laUt Plum, of motlium ait*, iliapad •■' aim dark yrllow, and vrry tliiu ; Ibaflaali n . ^ „'< flavourad aadity ; at prrfection la nctodfv •< T. I>m*r I ' \ tif GoU, MynbeUe DouhU. Yellow Perdrigim r/ H^ialir 4 Uk a aaall ff aa a looa plum, of a roundiab form, and briicbl fttktm anla or. BMrUad with r«d ; rteab yeUoar, tender; jutco augar)' uid rvrrilmt; hp« In July and Aafuat. DvAac'a FacocM I'lan r. hame Aubert Violet. Purple Magnum Wmtmm and pu <. A very aupcrior clmgatona Mm. of ktffr '>in dark purpl«; OmIi aweet, Jatay, rteti aoU rtiTunit; nix- m ^•■ptriiiLirr. Tbia Tarirty, fVom being impoctad bjr Mr. Duanc, of New York, waa named after him. aa be bad loat Hip (>nv,n«l n^.iw. \ ' .r. Vt/njietir Halt/. A tll# ' ■- . ' mill; Ita aalure deep i coloardark pur|>t«t, ' 'teniah yellow, of M Brtli m iavaur t »t.. n'!) «*r><'«M«. and vcrN •< ; npe at the end of July. El rar. f'renek Cooptr A native rlinz*tone Plum, highly in PaaaayKania mi ' - - - •. -• „ ^^d qtMlHi«ai the fruit ■■ and ^ytl rji>« <-,>). Mir- Ilri irrv «. 'tzrn. Tb' »nd la fruit below the miiKiio tizr ; of an yrllow ; juioe awrct, with a ali(ht \VilmoC$ late Orleans. Thia : r.iur ouncra ; the akin la a I'.rcp rtrm. and well flavoured. Ujt n t .« a great hearer, and Iha fmU 128 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PLUMS. Green Gage, Great Queen Claude, Dauphine, Grosse Heine Claude, Abricot Vert, Verte Bonne, Gros Damas Vert. A middle sized round fruit, of a yellowish green colour, and purplish rnssetty red next the sun ; the flesh is of a greenish hue, melting, with an abundanceof very sweet and highly perfumed juice, of an exquisite taste ; it arrives at maturity toward the end of August. Horse Plum, Large Sweet Damson. Fruit of medium size, oval, with a deep sature in the middle ; skin dark red, inclining to purple when ripe ; flesh greenish yellow ; juice acid but agreeabte. Qua'ntities of these I'lums are sold in the New-York markets in August and September, for sweetmeats. The trees are generally raised from suckers; and Peaches, Apricots, and Nectarines, will bud and thrive well on such stocks. Hui.ing's Superb, Keyser's Plum. This Plum is of monstrous size, and has been known to weigh nearly four ounces ; it is of roundish form, and of a greenish yellow colour ; the flesh is sweet and excellent. It was raised from seed by Mr. Keyser, of Pennsylvania, and brought into notice by Dr. Wm. Hulings, of that State. Imperatrice, Imperatrice Violefte, Blue Imperatrice. Simiana of some collections. One of the best of late clingstone Plums ; fruit medium size, oval ; skin rich deep purpte, covered with bloom ; flesh yellowish green, a little firm, very sweet, rich and juicy ; the fruit hangs long on the tree, and is at maturity in October and November. Imperial Diadem, Red Imperial, Red Diaper. A fine fruit, admira- bly adapted for culinary purposes ; shape oval ; colour pale red, but dark when mature ; flesh yellow, and separates from the stone ; juice plentiful when perfectly ripe, which is early in September ; it is of good flavour, and highly perfumed. Italian Damask, Damas d^ Italic. This fruit is of medium size, nearly round, a little flattened at the base ; its colour blue or violet, and covered with a purple bloom ; its flesh is yellow, rich, and juicy, and the tree, which matures its fruit in August, is very productive. Kirke's Plum. This variety is said to be as hardy and prolific as the Orleans, as handsome as the Damask, and as good as the Green Gage ; fruit large, roundish ; sfiin covered with a close, firm, azure bloom, through which appears a few golden specks ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, juicj' and rich ; in perfection the early part of Septemter. La Royale, Royale. A large and excellent freestone Plum, of a homely dull red colour, but concealed by a thick violet or azure bloom ; flesh fine, yellowish green, firm, juicy, high flavoured and delicious 5 a superior Plum ; at maturity early in September. Late Purple Damson, Purple Winter Damson, Blue Damascene, Blue Damson. This variety is in great esteem for preserves, and generally commands a high price. It is of a dark purple colour, covered with bloom ;. the flesh has rather too much acidity for a table fruit, but this tartness gives it an agreeable flavour when cooked, and if the fruit remains on the tree until November, it becomes sweet. Lawrence Gage, Lawrence's Favourite. A large round freestone Plum, of a yellowish green colour, tinged with red ; flesh firm, and of deli- cious flavour, similar to the Green Gage. The tree is very fertile, and yields an abundance of fruit in August and September. Lucomee's Nonsuch. This Plum is large, compressed at the sumiait irrnre t.i»T or rLCMs. Ibrni. rv«rmUr thr tmpmal. Um akin al ni . OmIi jrrllnwish, o !( 1 \>mmuAo( A OcT«>»r» ' i; ■ — wltirh liM !• !••. . 1 ■■:> . . . : i ti> • \ anil •xTcraWr , UBLKAnt i'Loa. Re4 Uan known anU piiMlucliT* Plum Ito akin a dark red. ■;< r Aaalt ?*Uow, Arm an4 c(v> ' ■lotir at maluntjr. M wdl M lU •trvaini mih )rllo«; drab Ann, .'I i lrr« a KrMxl lirarer. K~t.r-ir. Tfir frrtit l« rrry lMf«, » ita flcab. . and very namoMcxu. Black Maroeeo. Earif "■■• beat of early : middle tixcd, . ....... ..V..,^ ; lat. >»'$ .di tm( and «l a raild. I'uif^.c iit^'HU/-, Hreroart'i Purple —•A from a •'^•l of i(alm«ir'» WaaJuug- . luc (tafa, in : ftcah our, a.'ui aiiiwrm (u uto aiouc ; rii>e toward* A braoliful ntrtiTn fhiit, a dninrini( of \irr. and may Iw found in " liojry'gorrhard- .'iioiitiin Ki7< ; form oblong; colour dark lU'ftii lirin and Juicy -, 1U> '!«r. . ■ . / 'It H'tuKt, Mnnsirur. A well .1 tirr. and aotncwiiat oval form ; with a lliin Muo Uooro ; I Um atfine ; ri(K< in Aufuat. :.im, K-k, »; *rt». 1 I.I' Urv .^wii w ou'ii'.'iui crup«. f r-». .f I . t-y .1 nTd of II nt nM> . of of Imdid .• llavaur , ttfM tit A^.i^Okl. H^ :ul fruit, which w never attacked ti. -v, Willi a > ri '«r. II in . Awcuot . ai inaiurtly In h«t'C»^f- I'ai^ck'* I'a^^cr Hoc A Inrri" rium. ul •«»! form, and of pr turn > wMs abundant rropa of '. K\ < many kioda ara. <*K. SuMuina. Frune^AHtate, htotuitur Tani*/, Swim Prunt. ff\. I o«d: colour ^ ' i fark^bt amber lo Ar^p rr.l. ami rovtT<«1 with aturv Noora : An' .aoiia. meiUaCt a»4 rloavJy adharaa to the atooe; joioe ver)- . An asotUal Ihiil i riprnin{ in SepUoibv. 130 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PLUMS. PuRPtE Gage, Blue Gage, Reine Claude Violette, Die Violetfe, Konigin Claudia. This fruit is of medium size, almost round, and may be con- sidered as one of the finest varieties; its sldn is of a violet purple colour, with pale yellow dots, and covered with a light blue bloom ; flesh greenish amber, rich, saccharine, and high flavoured : at maturity in August, and good until October. Queen Victoria, Sharp' s^Einperor, Dennyer's Victoria. An excellent freestone Plum, as large as the Red Magnum Bonum ,- of a roundish oval form, and red colour, covered with a fine bloom; the flesh is firm, rich, juicy, and delicious. The tree grows very strong, and yields abundant crops in September. Red Diaper, Diapree Rouge, Roche Corhon. One of the most beau- tiful Plums known ; form oval, above medium size ; colour bright red ; flesh greenish yellow, soft and sweet, separating from the stone ; the fruit makes excellent prunes, if gathered early in September, and like the Impe- ratrice, will hang some time on the tree. ' Red Magnum Bonum, Red Imperial, Imperial Violette of the French. Purple Egg of Prince and ot tiers. A large, oval Plum, of deep red colour, covered with blue bloom ; the flesh, which parts from the stone, is harsh and acid; consequently good for cooking, preserves, &;c.; in September and October. Red Perdrigon, Perdrigon Rouge. An excellent Plum, of the first class; of medium size, oval shape, and fine red colour, with gold coloured dots, and a fine bloom; flesh bright yellow, transparent, and separates from the stone ; juice sweet and delicious ; ripe early in September. It makes excellent prunes, not inferior to the White Perdrigon. Red Queen Mother. The Plum is of medium size, its colour bright red and yellow, somewhat spotted, and covered with pale bloom ; its flesh is yellow, sweet and excellent, ripening early in September. A very pro- ductive variety, and highly deserving of cultivation. RoYAi. DE Tours. The tree is of extraordinary vigorous growth ; its principal stem rises vertically ; the fruit is globular, of medium size; red violet colour, and covered with azure bloom ; flesh yellow, fine, good ; juice abundant and sweet : ripens early in August. Saint Catharine. A medium sized, oblong fruit; skin bright gold colour, spotted with red at maturity, and covered with bloom ; flesh yel- low, lender, sweet, and fine flavour ; ripens early in September, and will hang some time on the tree. A good market Plum, for which purpose it ia much cultivated. Smith's Orleans. This variety is held in great esteem as a market fruit; the trees are free from gum and insects, and yields abundant crops of large freestone Plums, of an oval form and purple colour. The fruit ripens gradually in September. " Surpasse Monsieur. A large fruit, of oval form, and of a dark red purplish colour, raised by a Mr. Noisette ; it is said to be more beautiful and perfumed than the Monsieur, and the tree yields suckers, which pro- duce fruit in all their beauty and excellence ; in September. ViRGiNALE, White Virginal. This fruit ranks among the best of Plums ; its shape is round ; colour yellowish, touched with violet or rose, and covered with dense bloom ; flesh melting, juice abundant, and very agreeable ; it adheres to the stone ; ripe in September. Kffwcs. 131 WA«Miii*roii. * ' Bolmar'M '< A enmk>n •p«rka. ro«c:*^ v-.t:. ' rnaa wmcImU over tNir ouocm i >: u* ; la Au(iia(. Tt»* varirty oricuiair^! m ^^»•^ I'f an old rooi, lb* lrv« o( wliii-h tkoil bcrn •ome tim« pr< : (>]r ii(bt» nine. \\ Mirt MAfiHi-M Hont'H. Ytltotp Magnum Bvnum, Grot Luuante, Jm- prrUif B^ar-'-- ' - V •»*..' " - ' i« '^ H.,llafuL T>»i« fruit i«i ofrtiraonlK Moom ) lh« ilrvh yd- tow. niii.. . it. PertrtKon Btane. A middle aiMd, oblonx fhiit, of • pal* )• rrcd with while Moom; (Irsti yellow, rtcb. a^ . , '« ftuui U>c kluuvi il np«n« m Augunl QUINCE. CniaNAvsiER. Cytlonia, Tiir. Qiiinco is «)f low growth, much branched, and geDO- rally cr(H>ked and diiiturtvd. Tho leaves are roundUh, or ovoto, ontiro, abovo dusky green, underneath whitUh, on short {K'titilcs. The flowers aro large, white, or palo red, •nd appear in May and June ; tho fruit, a p>mo, varying in »ha{>e in tho diffurent varieties, globular, oblong, or ovale; it ha.4 a |N*cuIinr and rntlier diHOgreeablo smell, and austere loate. The fruit takes its name from being a nath'o of tiio ancient town of Cydon, in tho Island of Crete ; some sup- jxi**' il to l>o n corruption of ^Maini colonea, by which tho Latin.n ile.nigiiutod tiiu fruit. It is uscd as a marmalade for flavouring applo pies, and makes an excellent sweetmeat; n ■ ■ : he advantage over many other fruits for keepings It ^ ^. managed. Uf tho aovoral sorts, the following arc in greatest esteem : 1. ' ' ' ' I'car Quince, with ovate Icavo.i, and an «'; ' iicd al the ba.He. 2. Tin> AppU* Quince, With ovate leave*, and a rounder fruit. 3. The Portugal Quince, the fruit of which is more juicy and leM bamh thai 1^2 RASPBERRY. the preceding, and tliereforc the most vahiable. It isi-ather a shy bearer, but is liighly esteemed, as the pulp has the property of assuming a fine purple tint in the course of being prepared as a marmalade. 4. The mild or eatable Quince, being less austere and astringent than the others. 5. The Orange -Quince, a very handsome fruit of peculiar rich fla vour. 6. The Musk or Pine Apple Quince, very large and beautiful. The Quince produces the finest fruit when planted in a soft, moist soil, and rather shady, or at least sheltered situa- tion. It is generally propagated by layers, and also by cut- tings, and approved sorts may be perpetuated by grafting. In propagating for stocks, nothing more is necessary tha.n to remove the lower shoots from the layer, so as to preserve a clear stem as high as the graft; but for fruit-bearing trees, it is necessary to train the stem to a rod, till it has attained four or five feet in height, and can sujipoit itself upright. When planted in an orchard, the trees may be placed ten or twelve feet apart. The time of planting, the mode of bearing, and all the other particulars of culture, are the same as for the Apple and Pear. The chief pruning they require, is to keep them free from suckers, and cut out decayed wood. RASPBERRY. FnAMBOisiER. Rubiis, elc. There are several species of the Rtibus found wild in various parts of Asia, Europe, and America, some of which have upright stems, others prostrate ; the American Stone Bramble, and also the common Blackberry, Dewberry, Cloudberry, &c. are of this family. The Riihns itlaeus, or common Raspberry, grows spontaneously in the province of ftAsmrBirr. 133 Krw nnmswick, and in various parts of tho l*Dilotl Siatea, but niiist of tho rultivati'd vniiftic<» nn- ftu])|>(t«e(l lo have orifpnaled in Hnglaiid. Loucl•». It is frn:»rant, nulvacid, nnd coolin ^ I • 1 thirst. It in much unod in diHtilliiig. "I. ^ v •yrup is next to tho Strawberry in dissolving the tartar of r , like tlint fiuit, it does not underiro the :i->n in iho stomach, it is reconinu-mled to gouty aikl rheumatic patients." >>" ■ . ' ' • •■•>« of the cult; , , . rniice, (ir Bramble ; in the latter is included the American Hcd and Black Ka»pl>erry, tho F.ong Island and Virginian Rnspbcr- ry ; also tho Ohio Ever-Uoarinir, and tho Penusylvaiiia Kasplierry. The English varieties are, early Small White; Largo White; Lorgo Red; most Largo Rod Antwerp; Lnrgo Yellow Antwerp ; ('ane, or smtxtth-slalked ; Twice-beoring White; Twice-bearing Red; Smooth Cano, twico-l)earing; Woodward's Raspberry; Monthly, or Four Season; Dwarf Red Cane; Victoria Rasplierry ; Large Red Frnnconia; Mason's Red (Muster; McKeen's Scarlet Prolific; ChiK Red; ConiUh Rod; Cox's Honey; Brentford Red; Brent' lord White; Flesh-coloored ; Bamct Red; Bromley Hill; 134 RASPBERRY. Cretan Red; Prolific Red; Canada Purple; Rose-flower- ing, &c. The varieties can be perpetuated by young sucker shoots, rising plenteously from the root in spring and summer; when these have completed one season's growth, they are proper to detach with roots for planting, either in the autumn of the same year, or the next spring, in INIarch or early in April. These new plants will bear some fruit the first year, and furnish a succession of strong bottom shoots for full bearing the second season. New varieties are raised from seed, and they come into bearing the second year. Some of the American species are cultivated by layers, which pro- duce fruit the same year. Raspberry beds are in their prime about the third and fourth year; and, if well managed, continue in perfection five or six years, after which they are apt to decline in growth, and the fruit to become tmall, so that a successive plantation should be provided in time. Select new plants from vigorous stools in full perfection as to bearing. Be careful to favour the twice bearers with a good mellow soil, in a sheltered situation, in order that the second crop may come to perfection. When Raspberries are cultivated on a large scale, it is best to plant them in beds by themselves, in I'ows from three to five feet apart, according to the kinds. In small g&,rdens, they may be planted in detached stools, or in single rows, in different parts of the garden, from the most sunny to the most shady aspect, for early and late fruit of improved growth and flavour. It is requisite to cut out the dead stems early in the spring, and to thin and regulate the suc- cessional young shoots ; at the same time, the shoots re- tained should be pruned at the top, below the weak bending part, and some rotten dung worked in around the roots of the plants. Keep them clear of weeds during the summer, by hoeing between the rows ; at the same time eradicate all DCAciurTiTc uwT or BAsracnittM. 13J wpcHluotu suckeni, but be csroful to retain enough for •fork in •ucce< ' -r^. Thr Antwci; :. or tender variericfl cifiho Raupbcrry ■rr liable to ho more «»r lew injurr«l \»y the ncvcrity of our winiem; to pn»vpnt which, they JihouM ho pnitrrted by bemlinif ihem down to the ground late in autumn, and coTerini' ilirm with earth five or six inches, sloping it off so as to prevent injury from rain or snow. bLLi.(jr L'L.^LUIPTIVE LIST OF RASPBERRIES. Am*' .... , . of •ni«lli«h •!». ind npens Ju.. *- - l. Thl« rartrty ia murh Ct; ' imp and July, aurrrwively. ''« /.' .' ( i' r^rp. Hurlry. 1 t f>c Jicnt il ^ Ml is larg* ■nd brautiiul. ot >,■ >tir, anU quilr tra^trant ; iri Juiip an J July. AnTwtBp \Viii7 • Xnlwrrp. This la also Undrr or half hardy, bol ^ry prollflr ; v.^ fru.t is lancr. of a pale yellow colour, and nrach «toMn« nnd July- Barhkt, < ' ;, .'. This ia con* ■Iderad a Or.- I July. irri>iurni ciy >i«««r*. rt intrr k Co.. of Um I hmi. TlM fhiit is lar|«, of round aiupa * ,.\ . ■<^»\. A hardy and hichly prodactiTe Tariety, } I!.- I r. rr,.-. ,r. Iiitir ni> f Inly. ; j-ciea ia »cry proUflr, r- '"•• rKctr. A new Taricty. im- P i t la deacribcd aa an highly f. uiety ia in (crrat repute ft>r fts p .a a:i>1 U» Ciiijic&j uf lU Uu>t, whtrh ripena icradually in July. oa FoiB ScAtoat. Prrfxiual Bftriiif. Thia aproca, if p' ) •* xiy ntuation. will produce nicrtasional rropa throoftHMlt «)<• . 1. • ■< t. There sra serrral *p4'i»ntanc'(»u»ly, •a well by auckeni frum Uie pareut atcm, lu by uumcruua ! • r whicli, riMitiiisr mul forming a pluul at every ^ . , only remuval tu a tpot wbero thoro U room fur them to flourish. If taken ofl*. and planted in ruws in August ni " lowing !>. ^ i aummer; sumo, however, prefer spring planting, which an«w- iier. A ^ ^ _ I he same year that it is made. The Wood and the Alpine are often cultivated from seed, w! ' ' fruit. The other apocios are ui.. . ^, except tlie iuten* tion be to try for new varieties. The Alpine and Wood ' : ' " 1 in situations rather cri)r ricli flavour, which npena aarljr to Junr. \ ^i-ry Uritf ; f.>rm hmrt ifsjw.l, or • t i fl«h rtrm. ro«y rrdi flavour v«t\ rr4'>;r A brautiful clrawinic of Uita fruit U » '• Companion," fruin vttt«nc« Ute above Gaova Kap ScAStar. Alkinmm'i SemrM. A ar«dhn( raiaod bjr Wm. AU" »• • ' '- >■ ■ ' ^' ■••. v'jona, lo JS20; ^■■ • ' •■'•', of a Iric' ilav.iur ; rip« b> I' ._ uril* varirty *ra« n. ,,y It • Fruit very large , Ova'- •?. 111-.: rrJ, paler in ' t, •■tf flm. I. ani high flavoured juice, not aur- pMMd b) ' V in July. lici>«oa\ UiH. A ■ (I, I'tltrt Srarlft, Larift Hudton. Kruit larcp. of ovale fbroti -by Mr. DownmK a« th« brat for market ; •artf in July. MoariiLT Rkd ALrms. Fruit of medium aiie, and conical form ; con- Uouaa bpj' ' :i.Mlerat«ly from Jun<* tlU wintrr. Mtatt 'iv%xn. Th* fruit of thia rcJrbratrt] variety ia aaid to htfof BKNwx '»> •<« , in form roundiab, and in quality flrat-rate : about UwoUddk of July. Mtatt'* Piac A mrdium aixrd f^uit of ovate form, and very rich da- TOarad ; nprmnit in July. Pai^cK AiacBT. A new variety lately raiaed in London, repreaented ■a a targe fhiit of ovate furm, very aplendid in appearanoe, and delidoua in flavoor : rtpe in July. Paiaca't .Naw Pma. An eirrllent aerdlinc vanrly of lance aixe and ovale (hrm. Ralaed by Wm. R. Prince, of KluahinK j ri{>c early in July. Ro«aacaaT MoarcviDCo. Monlerideo Early Srarttl. An improved American •redlmx. from the rommon Roaeberry : of large aizc, conical IbriK '• early in July. S Thia variety ia described aa larKe. ovate, and tixhr »rt> ..r.i I, i»i ij , .■i-'ninf one crop early in June, and a recond crop VicToai*. Hifgins't Seedling. The fhiit of thia variety ia ercaUy •alaeaMd: it ia eitra larje, of roundiah form, and eiquiaite fljrour ; early a Jahr. WABkUi'a ^ I. Thia ia rrpreaeoted aa ■ peealtar firu't. *■ ■ nearly flat : it ia moreover of • rieli pine>app)e ^^vw, aad y»elda abundantly throughout the month of )«ly. Whitc Rrtn Aipisir. r««l«'d. ii .ind Other w»r ■ I . . tnl on tl.< I loft there, MBoy nM>lee, or macerated in warm water, nflurd a liquor wlii ' "■ lumroy them. '^'' ■ *"!iiit li nued in nu«di- «ii»< i< parpnve of . >rmii in tlio liunmii badj. Pliny navH, "Hie more Walnuts one eots, with the mnrv eane will he drive W)>mi9 nut of the stomach." Tlw-" tiralter i« connidured lii»htcr, in pru|K>rlir)n to its utmigth nnd elasticity, than any other, and therefore com- monly used in Kngland (or ^nin stocks. It is uncd in cabi- net Work in most parts of Euri»|>« ; the younj? timlicr is altnwe«I to make tlie finest coloured work, but the old tn be finest varirgalcd for onmmcnt- When pp)pa)5^atod for tim- ber, the nut is sown ; but when fruit is the object, inarching from the branches of fruit- bearing trees is preferable. Bud- ding is also practi.sed by some ; the buds succeed l)cst when taken from the base of the annual shoots ; ordinary sized buds from the upper part of such shoots generally fail. Walnut trees that have n«»t been grafted or budded, may be induced to produce blosaoms by ringing the bark, that is, cutting out a ^treak of the bark around the body or main branches of the tree- Walnut trees seldom yield much fruit until fifteen or twenty years old ; it is produced on the f\f' ' ' ' ' •>. The trees should sta: _ ^ _ ::iay be permitted to branch out in their natural order. Tliey need but littlo pr': ' 'lie any ca-sual disorderly growth, til : . 'ranches, and to prune up the low straggler*. Lfst any of our native Walnuts should l>o n«'i»lectcd or abandoned liv 3?5v, I annex a description of the diflcrent kinds : Jiij/aiJ < . ' . .'. n under the name n( Hutter- nut, Oilnut. . . '• i. .i ; these nuU are used by the Indians as a medicine. 142 WALNUT. Juglans nigra, the black Walnut, is a tree of large size j its fruit is known to be excellent. Juglans olivceformis, Pecan, or Illinois nut, is delicious. The nuts of Juglans sulcata, which is called thick shell bark. Hickory, and Springfield, and Gloucester nut, are large and well-tasted. The shell bark Hickory, shag bark, or scaly bark Hickory, Juglans alba, is so called on account of its bark, which is torn lengthwise in Jong loose strips, as in J. sulcata. The Juglans tormentosa, the Mucker nut, white heart Hickory, or common Hickory, and most of the other kinds enumerated, are worth preserving; or cultivating where there is none, for its timber for mechanical purposes ; and that of the Juglans glabra, or Hog nut, is useful for brooms, &c. 143 CALENDAR AND INDEX. JANUARY. Tai dmt kdcia itiln« In the ran'a bint bram, C«acMl«d la Om riw. Ihv lake, and Um atraam, TiM mw tn «U tantlaaa. wliilo aaUen wind* roar, And Naiura benombod, aMota bet tkU to daplora. As tho weather it this season of the year b generally tmfiiTcmrable to any employment in the Orchard or Fruit Oftftlen. I cannot ocrupy a fc\r paijcs moro appropn:it<-!y than in «lir<»rlinj» tho reader's attention to stihjprts connected with impfovements in tho several specien and varieties of Fruits ; for it murt bo admitted tiMt there is no kind of fruit, however dolicioun, that may ikU he dtleriorattd, or howerer worthless, that may i\« be ameliorated, l)y particu- lar modes of m' ^ ; so tliaf aAer a piven variety shall haN*© been r; - merits may l>e either elicited or deatmyed by the cultivator. In this plarn those practices only need be con»idere fertili- sation «rtll not tako place at all, < : '.'-en dif- ferent apeciea, ualeaa these apecies aro nearly related to earh a(l>or * ' it the ofiapring of two •! x^eiea ia itM'lt' if it poaaeaaeathe power ntiitned. It is therrforo to the intermixture of the most valuable existing varieties of fruit thai ' ■ iKI trust for the amelioration of their stock. ]>j 11 tlie Pears that are in <>titing in the spring have been rendered as delicious and as fertile as those of the autumn ; and thcte is no apparent reason why those very early, but worthless sorts, such as the Muscat Robert, which usher in the season of Pears, should not be bioaght to a siinilar state of perfection. 146 CALENDAR AND INDEX. Lindley recommends the operation of cross fertilization to be performed early in the morning of a dry day ; about sun-rise is a good time to begin, and before the blossom is entirely expanded ; the pollen being at that time humid, is closely attached to the anthers. The blossoms must be care- fully opened and the anthers extracted by delicate scissors, care being taken not to wound the filaments or any other part of the flower. This being done, the matured pollen from another variety must be carefully placed on the blossom which it is intended to fertilize, and from which the anthers have been extracted ; and this operation must be repeated twice or three times in the course of the day. By shaking the blossoms over a sheet of white paper, the time when it is peiiectly matured will be ascertained. It is necessary to protect the prepared blossom from bees and other insects with thin book-muslin, or gauze, till a swelling is perceived in the germ. When the process has been successful, the pollen which has been placed on the stigma becomes so attached that it cannot be removed with a hair pencil ; it changes form and colour, and soon disappears, and the blos- som will soon wither and fade ; but when the process has been imperfect, the pollen is easily detached from the stig- ma, its appearance is unaltered, and it remains visible with the duration of the flower, which will continue a long time. For further information on these subjects, see Outlines of the First Principles of Horticulture, paees 120 to 140 of the Becond part of this work. CLACmitB AVD IKOEJC. 147 FKHRL'AKY. Within we bav« on*- I yam, rr«>n for pruning fruit trees and Tines com* in ihu variiius pnrtx of our country at diflTercnt p eri oda. occonlini; to the climate, I woultl «uhmit a few geoi ' i-ct, witli a view to prepare the ganl - . . :.- , :.co of the work in a akilful man- ner, ami at the proper seajion ; for bo it remcmbcro«; rral i»l>jcct of tho operation. II ■ cultivation of iho van. . ^ I :i'ntl tho novice to peruM* every article before be enters u[>on tlie work of the gartlen ; he will there m moiut and canker, ftko search for the nests of insects, and destroy them while in a toqiid state. This will assist the natural eflurts of the trees, in casting off the crude and undit^extrd juices, which if confined in them will in a short time destroy tliera, or of their branches. At aooo aa the sererity of the winter is over, tho hardy 148 CALENDAR AND INDEX. and half luircly grape-vines should be judiciously pruned, by cutting out old branches which produced fruit the preceding year, as well as all superfluous and wejfli young shoots, leaving the strong summer shoots for bearers the coming season, which should be judiciously trained as recommended in articles, pages 21 and 72. In jiruning all desciiptions of trees, some general rules may be observed. In cutting out defective branches, prune close to the healthy wood, and also shorten such shoots as have been injured by the winter, to the full extent, or even a few inches beyond, where damage has been sus- tained. In pruning healthy young trees the limbs should not be too closely pruned, because this would occasion more lateral shoots to put forth than is beneficial to the tree ; which, if not rubbed off in the summer, while quite young, and as it were herbaceous, they will form crowded branches, which may not yield good fruit. In doing this disbudding, how- ever, care piust be taken to leave shoots in a suitable direc- tion, sufficient for the formation of an open and handsome head to the tree, according to its kind. It may be observed, farther, that in the event of young trees, taken from the nursery, being deficient in fibrous roots, as is sometimes the case, close pruning may be neces- sary to maintain a proper equilibrium between the roots and the head, but it should be boj'ne in mind, that foliage is as essential to the maintenance of the roots, as roots are neces- sary to the promotion of the growth of the head ; because the secretion of plants being formed in leaves, it follows that secretions cannot take place if leaf buds are destroyed. As vegetation makes rapid progress in our climate after the frost is out of the ground, the gardener should employ himself in unfavourable weather, in providing implements and materials for the performance of the work of the gar- den every fine day, in order that his pruning and planting may be done before the too rapid advance of the sap. CALRXOAK AND OOWZ. HO liy such inBnt^rincnt, ho will not only promnCo ihe wel- faru uf l.i* fruit gnrilcn, but will save himM^lf mu< ' aimI labour m ibn aca-ton pru>;roftsc4i. For wnnu it. bint«, relative to tiie omploytnpiil of thi^t month, soo tlio Calendar for January ami Fubruary, in tho fintt [)art of this work, pagos US and 1 19, aU«> page 63 uf tlio svcond part, and pa({cs 21 and Ul uf the Uiifd part. Toward tho latter end of this month, it will bo time to prune and troiu gra|>o Tinea in many situations. Provido abrvds or stripn of wuollun cloth alnjut half an inch wide, or list from broad cloth, which is still b<>ttcr ; also small sliarp- pointed nails tu uso in tnuniug vines and such fruit-trees as 1: ^ i!t are contemplated, or if fresh trees or viuas are required, arranKements should )>c made to have tliero planted as soon : ' iiitr> good condition. See page> ; 101 to 101. If the kernels of the Apple, Pear, and Q.uincc, and tlie pits of t' ' ' '" ' . and Plum wero not planttil Usi l*e done as soon as tho uarih can be brought into tillable condition, because exposure to fruet is oasential to their vegetating. MARCH. The Card'iMt »t work, en tb« birds pipe > tune, » rnnancn to prun« i Ttf 'iM or root, Ttui iij_ .11 or iitr in the fhiit Ii iliu weathoi uu tu.nl this month, considerable work inay be done in the fruit garden and orchard, before tho l^Huid can bo brought into suitable condition for ploughing, 4iggio9t ot planting. Prune grapo vinos early in* this month, if not done last I, but withhold the knife until you have surveyed the 150 CALENDAR AND INDEX. plant, and selected a full supply of the last summer shoots at regular distances from each other, for bearers the coming summer ; cut out the superabundant, with most of the last year's bearers, and naked wood. Prune so that a young shoot will terminate each branch, and shorten the reserved shoots ; the smallest to three or four joints, and the strong ones to ten or twelve. Fasten the vines to trellises as soon as pruned, with list, or shreds of woollen cloth, arranging the general branches from ten to twelve inches' distance, more or less, according to the size of the vines and space allotted for them to grow in. Preserve all strong shoots to make cuttings with, to be planted next month, which will produce vines fit to set out next year. See Observations on Training and Pruning, page 21 ; also, article Grape Vine, 72 to 88. Prune Apple trees, 38; Cherry, 52; Pear, 112; Quince, 132; also, Currant bushes, 59; GoosebeiTy, 71; cutting out all crowded branches, worn-out bearers, and decayed wood. If not done in the autumn, plantations may be made this month of all the above species. Cut out and destroy all the old stems of Raspberry shrubs, reserving three or four of the strongest young shoots on each stool ; shorten them at the top, and take away all others, the strongest of which may be transplanted to form a new bed. Lay the trailing varieties for propagation, 134. In transplanting trees, care should be taken that the col- lar, or that part from which emanate the main roots, be not inserted too deep in the soil, as this injures the bark, and, consequently, impedes the natural circulation of the juices. A medium sized tree may be planted one inch deeper than it was in the nursery bed, and the largest should not exceed two or three inches, 9, 93, 101 and 125. Plant cuttings and suckers of Goosebenies and Currants, also, of such fruit trees as produce them, in order to raise stocks to bud and graft upon ; fruit stones and kernels may also be planted for the same purpose. Young trees, shrubs, and vines may be obtained at public CAUMDAK AMD HflMB. 101 I, in diflviT'nt sta^r* of gruwth, stiitrd for general pkuMtog; snJ uihen AufficivnUy advanced for imrncdiote beareti ; theao thuuld be carefully taken up, and replanted. Foi ' udur i.4 roffrrcd to ibc . s in tlio N'uisciy,' p«g«32. 'I ' . ' ■ tin- Hi J>rtJ)aro for : _ . brsl iit a wot ioil, but will grow on almost any land, by giving it a top- draHtog ■ '' ' ' A» bottn oj 8u< ' I €•11 b* i -n, gel plants : produced from layers of the la«t season, and set tlicro out in rows about two feet apart ; they will soerry, 90; NecUrine, 91; Peach, 101; Plum, 125; not forgetting such trees, vines, and shrubs as may have been left undone lost month. At the same time manure and dig tlie ground around every fruit tree tbat requires it Prepare the ground for planting, by digging, trenching, and manuring, cither generally, or in such particular placM ■a are allotted for lh« trees to bo planted in, page 9. 152 CALENDAR AND INDEX. This is the most proper season for planting the Apricot, Almond, Fig, Grape, Mulberry, Nectaiine, Peach, and all such fruit trees, vines, or shrubs as originated in warm cli- mates. Apple, Cherry, Pear, Plum, Quince and other hardy fruit trees, may also be planted with safety early in this month; but autumn is considered the most favourable season for planting all trees, vines, or shrubs of northern latitude, 10, 93, 101 and 125. Those who have a variety of soil should accommodate all the varied kinds of fruit to that which has been proved to be the best adapted to its culture; and due attention should be paid to situation and aspect, in planting a fruit garden o . orchard, 12. Use means to destroy insects while in a torpid state, to prevent their spreading, and also the larvae of insects ; direc- tions for which will be found in the article headed, ' Obser- vations on Insects, and Diseases to which Fruit Trees are liable,' 13. Grafting may be performed on fruit trees in general, 27; prune and plant Currant bushes, 59; Filbert, 65; Goose- berry, 70; Raspberry, 134. Plant cuttings and suckers from these shrubs ; also of such trees as produce them, in order to get a supply of stocks to bud and graft upon, as well as some for bearing. Fruit stones and kernels of various kinds may be planted for the same purpose. This is a good season to plant cuttings of Grape Vines, and the vine may also be propagated by layers, that is, by bending a young shoot down into the earth a few inches, and pinning it down with a forked stick. The top may be tied to a small stake, to keep it perpendicular; 76 and 81. The tender vines that were laid down in autumn, should be taken up, and fastened to trellises or stakes. Uncover and raise up the Antwerp and other tender varieties of the Raspberry, and prune them, before the buds shoot, at the same time cultivate the ground around them, and drive in stakes for their support. In order to obtain a CALBNU4B AITD llfDCX. Ift) go ' ' <»f I{a«|>lHTTicfl in the autumn, « ul il o( ^ it>«utug v;tricties clcMO U) titu gtounJ, V 1 oec««on ftmag suckers to aliooC up, that will yield an abun- dant criip of fruit at a acaaon whou otlior varietiea aro not alUinaMr, 134. Strawborry bcda that were protected with leaves or litter through the winter, aliould be uncororcd, and the plants carefully cultivated ; some lay o on the aJcrt, in order to cou<|Ucr the varitius kinds of insects, iium damp littor, stubble, leaves, weeds, &:c., near fruit trees, aiul sow the ashea over the ground, IS and 91. MAY. TlM Oo cm b t ii ff gntn the flnrt tmH of the year. In padding or pM, afford* exquiailr chr«r, But r'm ihrtttld the aesson their plra«urr forrfend. In nich sdiU-mna, gntn Rhu^rb'i ■ (Viend. FiNiiui planting trees, vines, and shrubs as early in this month as |x)ssiblo ; tboae planted last month should bo kept watared in dry weather, and stakes should be applied to •nch as may be ex[xiscd tu the wind, 93, 101 and I'J't. Finish grafling early in tliis month. Apples, Pears, and oUier late-shooting kinds may still succeed, 27. Stmwberry bcd^ may be made early in thiit month, and if the transplanting is well done, and the plants frequently watcicd, they will produce some fruit tliis year, and a pleiH tiful supply the next 8cas4)n. Hovoy's American >Seedling ia Worthy a place in every giNjd collection for its ]troductive« naaa, and the superiority of its fiuit. The Mcthvon Scarlet, and MullxTry or Pino, are large and yield plentifully. Kean's " 'he Downton, are of superior fla- vour, li.^ ....... -^^^..^giSouthburough Seedling, MyaU't 154 CALENDAR AND INDEX. Seedling, and Bishop's Orange, are in great repute where cultivated. The old Scarlet, being one of the earliest, should not be forgotten. The "Wood and the Alpine Straw berry will produce fine fruit from seed sown in the spring. For names of other varieties, mode of planting, &c., see article, page 136. If frost prevail when fruit trees are in blossom, those trained on trellises, or against walls and fences, may be pro- tected by hanging matting or sheets of tow cloth over them; Borae defend them by sticking bunches of evergreens be- tween the branches, as cedar, laurel, pine, &c. The object in doing this, is not so much to keep out the frost, as to break off the sun's rays in the morning after a frosty night, because the sudden transition from cold to heat does more injury than the cold itself. Propagate Fig trees by layers, cuttings, suckers, and by grafting, 62. If any webs or larvae of insects appear on the leaves of fruit trees and vines, pluck off and destroy such leaves before the insects become quickened, which may be a means of preventing any depredation to the advancing leaves and buds. The trees of Plum and other stone fruit are very apt to gum and canker at this season of the year : in such cases the defective parts should be pruned closely off, and whale oil soap applied to the wound. A little soot also should be rubbed on while wet. In large fruit gardens and or- chards, means should be used to destroy insects by fumiga- tion, washing, &c. For various remedies, see Observations on Insects, and Diseases to which Fruit Trees are liable, page 13; see, also, article page 30. Divest young budded and grafted trees of all shoots from the stocks, below the bud or graft, as they appear; also rub off all useless buds in early-shooting wall trees, as Nectarine, Apricots, &c., 48. To protect Gooseberries and other fruits from mildews sprinkle the leaves with soap-suds j and while they are wet, CALKKOAR A.VO IXDKX. 155 •ow tiilpliur liglillj over ihere. Thii may l>e done two or thrro limr« a V. • r lo u»o a little of tli« ingrrdieiii^ ii onco. A »nlution matle of Miliwtrv and ttnne lime 10 alto a good remedy ; bur it must be UA«d with caution. See pagos 14 and 71. JUNE. Tb» Ckirry, th* Currani. tnd Straicbrrry ml. T* lh« rich and lh» poor th«ir rvOMhrnml lm»c Wicd ; poiTMMM ha* Ksttor'd ii«r btaMinci •t)n»ts and hud«; nnd also to thin the* yeanng next year. Nip off curled and deail loavc<«, and destroy insecta, 23 and 8C. Kig Trroa at^ainnt frncea or on trelli.-ies will require at- tention ; train up aa many yount^ ahoota aa will be required for Warera next year, and if the leavei* arc thick, take Homo ofl*. with ■ view tn expf>9e the fruit to the influence of tho aun, which is caaontial to ita ripening with grnxl flavour, G2. Toward the end of this month is the projwr aeaaon for buddini^ the Nectarine, Peach, Plum, and other a[>ccics of ■liNie fniit. The I ' k ia often hiid«lod when only a ye«r old, but tho i. ; ia gfMi.-niily ki-i t in l]ii< ntii- or ihrco yeai' , ift.-f Peach, -Ncclariuc, and (lia.i k.iiiia of V -^ary at this 9ea5«»n. To prevent tho long, straggling growth of limlMi which are frequently baro • ' ' "* ' '" '1 the botly of the tree, such !i will cauAo the production of' lateral shoots. An annual summer pruning ia csaential to the V " ' - <■ - • -o, aa by ' • ' t tho wood of tho prTi • rh, a «yi '. tree containing a giMnJ Mupply . wood may bo formed. By this treat inont tho h»nv'* <", ... u tree will be promoted, prnxidod tho work is done with judgment and care, so aa not to render the tree .to the influence of iho sun and air ; for, be it rent^ ..J, that the head of a tree muat always bo kept moderately open, for the pnrposos of gi>'ing the fruit tlw best poastble chanco of ripening perfectly, 21, 34 and iS. 158 CALENDAR AND INDEX. AUGUST. The Peach, plump and ripe, brings us excellent fare, Let the Nectarine, too, in this eulogy share — Their flavour how grateful — their juices how fine, Tlnequall'd in taste by the fruit of the vine. Finish all that remains to be done of summer pruning of all trained fruit trees and vines, as in the last two months ; destroy all irregular and unnecessary after-shoots, and train in a requisite supply of well-situated shoots, for bearers next year, 48 and 86. Examine the fruit trees that were inoculated last month, and wherever a bud has failed, insert another upon the smooth part of the bark. Budding generally succeeds well if done by the middle of this month, 26. Keep Raspberry beds clear of all straggling suckers ; tie up such shoots as are adapted for next year's bearers to neat slakes, and keep the ground clear of weeds, 134. Strawberry beds should be kept clear of weeds, and the runners may be taken from some kinds to make new planta- tions with, 137. If dry weather prevail, as is generally the case at this sea- son, hoe frequently between such young trees, shrubs, &c., in the nursery beds, as are well rooted ; and water those which were recently transplanted. As numerous species of insects are engendered by the excessive heat which generally prevails at this season of the year, efforts should be made to destx'oy them. By a general search every morning and evening, the increase of some species may be checked, and by perseverance, they may be totally eradicated. See pages from 18 to 21 of the first part, and pages 13, 30, 84 and 156 of the third part, for directions how to proceed. Many of those reptiles that take up their abode in the earth may be annoyed by frequent sowings of compost over the surface of the land. The various kinds of bitter and CALEMixK Aim motx. Ifl •rriil •ulMiUnrM r«c(>mmcnJo ofthnm in tlii« way, will produce an incalcula- ble benefit to the laud, and in many coaos procludo tho aeceaaity of unini? any other manure. I ! roconnist of aahes, charcoal dust, plo: . < iluiit, lime, ttalt, soot, pepper, pot- •ab, Baltpotre, cnufT, and sulphur. The proportions may bo M follotv*: Of the first four artit leii, half a bunhel of each; of the Dozt three, a pock of each ; and of tho last five, say one pound of each ; which vnW make together three bushels of compoeL As all land possesses inorganic matter, which contains more or \cm of the elements comprised in the above reme- dies, and as ^-^me Ianertinpfl the salt may bo l>ent:ficial ; but it is presumed that in most cases a com]H>st made of all, or as many of tho diflTerent articles as are attainable, would produce a lasting benefit to land in general, by sowing, say at the rate of a bushel per acre, oncu a week, at those sea- sons of tho year when it will a^-ail most in the destruction of repdios and inserts; and as the primary object of using tlie compost is to prevent our fruits from being destroyed, it would prove most effectual if sown out of a wagon, from which, io passing between the trees, the leaves could bo dustod. See pagw 19, 99 and 104, of the first part. 160 CALENDAR AND INDEX, SErTEMBER. The Peach and the Pear tree have still ample store, And the Plum, most inviting, " makes urchins adore ;" A bountiful feast is spread over the land, For great is the Giver, unsparing His hand. PLANTATIONS of Strawberries may be made this montli, either with runners or seedhng plants, 137. Protect your Grapes and other fruit from wasps and other insects ; either decoy them with honey or sugared water, or hang nets over the fruit ; some take the trouble of putting the bunches into crape or paper bags. Grape Vines and espalier trees in general should be attended to, as directed in the previous summer months ; by depriving them of all useless shoots and suckers, training in those branches intended for the next year's bearers, and destroying the eggs of insects, curled leaves, &:c., 85. Stone fruit, which will now be continually ripening, should be gathered while in full perfection, and not suffered to get over-ripe, so as to lose its peculiar flavour. Ground allotted for the planting of fruit trees and vines the coming autumn, should be prepared this month, by dig- ging, trenching, and manuring, where necessary, 8. With a view to conquer the various kinds of insects and reptiles, persevere in the use of the remedies recommended last month. Gather up all fruit which falls from the trees, or turn geese enough into the orchard to eat it up, by which means the reptiles and their food are devoured at once. Hogs are the best scavengers, but they are too apt to do injury by rooting; they may, however, be let into the orchard a few hours each day, and watched, 13 and 124. Besides the ingredients already recommended, there are others which may be used in various ways. Some may be dissolved in a hogshead allotted for the purpose, which on being kept filled with water, makes a solution well calculated to sprinkle on the leaves of trees, by means of a syringe ojr CALENDAR AXO IKOU. ICl • ■ ■ ..f tho C«' .... . '"'** "f tro«a With • bnish ; and norne may 1ms mado into a compo- sition, and uiied as an ointment at '' ' ^ -. Tho articles alluded to are U^ctwax, T ■ . dung, decoctions of elder, lamp-black, ley, soap-suds, soft-soap, tar, tallow, tuq»<»ntine, urine, rinr^r, walnut leaves, and wtiale oil soap, to which may l>o added such of iho dry ma- terials in our previous list as are dissoli^blo. Sco page IS of the first part, and page 30 of the third part. If any of my readers, fr«)m the prevailing prejudices aJloded to in page 113, »hould feel di.ti>oscd to abandon or root up any of tho fruit trees which have been nurtured and etteeroed by their forefathers, they are recommended before doing so to apply some of the preceding remedies, ond also to follow the advice given in chapter the 13lh and verse the 8tb of Sl Luke's CifMpol, in reference to the barren fig tree, namely, "dig about it, and dung it.'* If after this, it should be necessary to "cut it down," get some scions of the samo Tarioties from vigorous and healthy trees, and in-giofl them on .1, by which means tho old fruits wi .-as tho new varieties : but it will be generally admitted that a new broom sweeps clean, and that old thi' ■ ) apt to bo neglected. I would here 1 ilunity of remarking, that •o strong is Uie pro|>cnsity of some persons to adopt novel- lii ' ' ' ' ' (»f tho best productions ot" I for other planLn, merely because they are new, and which they cultivate with pecu- liar care ; whereas, if the .• IMDBS. NOVEMBER. A- II Ai: ' .\. •. ■ ■ .' , • v.- woald wi. ArrLB, Pear, IMum, (.'licrry, Chestnut, Mulbeny, Quince, Walaut, and other hardy fruit trees may now bo planted ; SM caution not to injure thrm in taking up or removing them; let holes be dug nomewhat larger than is sufficient to admit the nxit-i in tlieir nntural position, and of sufficient depth to allow of some good rich compost or pulverized earth to Iw thrown in before iho trves are plantc-atioos OQ the Choice of Fruit Trees in the Nursery.' page 32. Finish gathering late varieties of Apples, Pears, Grapes, fcc; do it in dry weather, and stow them nwnv "iit ..f t),e reach of frost, as recommended last month. CranlxTTy, Currant, FillxTt, (Too5el>errj-, ami Ka.*pberry •brub^ may \h3 planted tlii.4 month ; at tlio same time cut out all crowded branches, superfluous suckers, worn-out bearer nd 131. 8tm ■ j'temlwr, as well as those of greater age, may be covered up with leaves, 1: " " ' ly, or otli' ^ where ! !•« and cuttings were planted last month, by a covering of light manure, compost, OT r trees. vnining may ho performed this month on some •pecies of hardy trees, shrubs, vines, ice, and continued at a" • • • ■:. 83. as the Antwerp and other half-hanly llaspbcrry Shrubs, must bo protected from the efltjcts of frost, which Is done by l>cnding them down to the ground and covering tbcm with earth five or six inches, which should be sloped so as to carry ofl^ the rain. Some of the trainei! Vines and Fig Trees may be protected with wickets uf straw ur malting, 03, &0 and 135. 164 CALENDAR AND INDEX. DECEMBER. Let sober Reflection, the Tiller employ, The sound seeds of Virtue will spring to his joy ; ' • To tlie Ruler of season's, let gjatitude's voice, In His love and His wisdom for ever rejoice. If any of the work recommended to be done in the last month was not accomplished, let it be done with all jiossible des2:)atch this month, as we know not what a day may bring forth. Protect the stems of newly-planted trees. Cover with litter the roots of Grape Vines and Figs against walls, and cover the branches with mats, &rc. In temperate climates prune Apple, Pear, Quince, and other hardy fruit trees ; cut out rotten and decaying branches, 23 and 63. To destroy insects on the fruit trees, and prevent them from creeping up and breeding on them, do as follows : — Take a strong knife with a sharp point, and a sharp hook- like iron made for the purpose; with these scrape clean off all the moss and outside rough bark, and with the knife pick out or cut away the cankered parts of the bark and wood, in such a slanting manner that water cannot lodge in the sides of the stem of the trees. Having cleared the trees in this way, make up a mixture of lime, soot, and sulphur; put these ingredients into a pot or tub, pour boiling water upon them, and with a stick stir and mix them well together When this strong mixture becomes cold, and about the thickness of white-wash, take a brush, dip it in the mixture, and apply it to the stems and large branches of the trees, dabbing it well into the hollow parts of the bark. The pruning of hardy fruit trees and hardy shrubs may be performed at all favourable opportunities through the winter,' 21 to 24. For farther information on the winter management of Fruit Trees, the reader is referred to the articles oorumenc ing pages 7, 13, 21, 30 and 32. lU TO THE PEOPLE <>r THt UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. rKLLow-cmzcNH : Ana; Ui •otr • "i. ■' k, OK A»Ot'r A Mit.t.U>|i iM>LLAK« »f Vwi K ftfctvl kt. fc«, lu U'*-' i ' -Ul UnpfOtetl K)*!*^! of " Trrrii'T'ilturt," U f which *^ . • Ftaai IIm PayfbkMial* Ca(la. of JanoMy », IMO. PRKSKRVATION OF FRl'IT TRKKS, PLANTS, kc GRKAT DISCOVKRY. • 7 "" ' - .- :'f Com' m:' • inrl by Ihr ' ita C.T- -r of! •'!« 0^;■ -'-« lO f , : . . ;.I,t memtirri Of the pmrnt •nd (mat ratuot al itrxDirDi or mil* ttom or DAT*' LA»(>VB. AXD BC THAW ALL TdB DMCOVr- miK* or t»r rKWKjfT aob coaBtncD— rnt ArrLicATTOif or rriAM HOT nrrrrrn. - of the poMic I«ndii more fVtrlf or , !'»rt nf tt}nm4> l^nrla. of Ih^ prO- er» -'S tic- ihe »t^, tnd for Ihc hllrrrst an>i r i . . . .. -,j (Jjn^^j. very wWdi nt^' rh prr- »«>•*"—'»" -■.. Mrarched twr wiih Uw di«oovcrcr Ibr diarorrrin u bH, hn r al to Um 35Ui Con* IGG 1st. " That various diseases, universally supposed to be destructive to plants are only symptoms that a particular error in cultivation has been committed ; and that many other injurious effects have been produced by the same error, which are attributed to other causes. 2d. " That the error is universally committed, to a greater or less extent, throughout the States, and that he has seen an excess of it where- ever he has been, which is in the Atlantic States, from Georgia to Massa- chusetts, inclusive. 3d. " That the Peach and Nectarine are more easily injured by tha error than most other Fruit trees, and the cause of their being more easily injured by it ; and that this error causes them to be barren, or short-lived. 4th. " That the application of two known laws in nature demonstrate the reality of his discovery and its application to the whole vegetable king dom ; and that by them, his discovery, (if publicly known,) must be per petuated, and his practice more easily introduced : and that by these two laws the occasional success of common remedies is explained. 5th. " That the said error is the obstacle which has discouraged experi- menters, and lamentably retarded improvements in the science and practice of agriculture ; and that he has discovered facts and made himself acquainted with knowledge sufficient to reduce them to practice." We are farther informed, " that it is neither climate, nor soil, nor insects, nor worms, that are tlie cause of many of the disastrous effects that have been attributed to them, but that those effects are produced by error in cul- tivation, which diseases the smallest plant or largest tree." Our modest and pairiuiic felluiv-ciiizen admits, in the course of his preamble, "that the practical part of his discovery is so extremely simple and economical, that it costs no more to prevent the diseases than it does to produce them ; and that it is so different from the established theories and habits of the people, that unless a large amount be appro- priated, many will be unwilling to try it, and therefore the public good seems to require that a large amount should be appropriated." He more- over asserts, that "there are two known laws in nature, by which the reality of Ins discovery, and its application to the whole vegetable kingdom, are demonstrable in less than thirty words." That this invaluable secret, whatever it may be, is not strictly speaking an?w discovery, is demonstrable by numerous living witnesses which have inhabited the fields of the old world for over a thousand years ; and our discoverer freely admits, and in very emphatic language, that there are thousands of trees in our own country on which, what he terms "the com- mon error " has never been committed ; and also, that several of the fifteen gentlemen to whom he communicated his secret, "confidently fur ever," have Bome such trees on their own domains. Hear him — "The Senator from Missouri, (Mr. Linn,) said, that the most flourishing and healthy Peach tree in his possession had nevei had what I call the common error in cultivation committed upon it." " The Senator from Pennsylvania, (Mr. McKean,) said, that he had long supposed that what I call the common error, was an error, but that he had no idea of such extensive evils arising from it." "The Senator from Maryland, (Mr, Spence,) said, that in his district it was a universal custom to commit wnat I call the common error in cultiva- tion, on the fruit trees, and that it was common to have no Plums perfect 167 on ■ frw of III*, on whidi llM MMV •V trnr« \f r:rT , ill ! thoM fblT (fbW) - rot 1 1 M-tioa of eVOT trr.-4. but that tM : nm Indebted •nl of ih.- 1 *. (Mr. John • y diHOTrry WM p«fi«ily c. law* of tiiturc; and ^whru Otacrvinic a frw Irrrt nrai i had been Injured by Ihe error, and wttm recoTennxj farther t€tamikv%i. Utal my theory wa* eaaentiaUy cor* rart and otrtMtif (■■> iHe m'>»t • ' bjr an rT Uut mn '< or ^•on,) aaid, that he had reared I an exrn a« mankiod Uk« «a interest in tb* - :'{ thi« inTatuable remedy nhould bo withbdd ' jnt of lb« action of the Untied SUle« f'liniraaa. >f the particular points ' uniJrr the heada, Necta- • - .I'l 1 1 . i 111 iiie third part of the prenent r'a Aaaiatant i and I would furthermoro tiona harstofore Kiven in ttii< and prcvioua t aceordsnoe with the namr (!<>rtrinp : and !■> is sdmiUed to hsTc licen very fencrallf iny writer hs« ever tauKhi or encourafsd t ; I <■ mfe*". howcrcr. thai I hare been ' -uliure fh>nt Uis sufaiect -lied l«f lalstora «r Utaas my Tolontar? dl«elAaare« •houM prnve to hare no bsarinf nd for Its reeaptloQ . aa Ihe on/y sq^ e oin(i<>rrni Bppiira'>i«* In in.< niiiiTation iff aU tkt WtHtd whkh eoBprlM "tb« wbols vcflrtaMs tUaffdMn." In 1G8 articles page 26 of the first part, and pages 16, 2S and 97 of the second part, I have shown that the various species of plants which occupy our gi-cenhouses, gardens, and fields, require each their peculiar aliment — they having been collectecl' from all tlie diversified regions, climates, and soils through earth's remotest bounds ; they consequently comprise natives of mountains and rocks, as well as of plains, valleys, and water courses. The most essential aliment for natives of warm climates and dry soils being HEAT, artificial means are used in cool seasons, and unpropitious climates to produce it. Natives of temperate climates require salubrious air, hence they are cultivated to the greatest perfection in our Northern States in spring and autumn ; and in our Southern States in tlie winter; seepage 147 of the first part; and natives of humid climates, as also amphibious plants in general, require a more than ordinary share of moistuke, and grow best in wet soil; but these three elements collectively constitute the food of i^lants in general, and should be judiciously imparted to the various species, in due proportions, according to circumstances. See pages 49, Gl and 67 of the first part, for a more precise view of this subject. I have also shown that the roots of various species of plants require each their peculiar aliment, which is not to be found in all descriptions of land; this is demonstrated by roots of trees being frequently discovered spreading beyond their ordinary bounds in quest of salutary food. Although it has been admitted that excessive deep planting of trees and plants is injurious, and in many cases fatal to their very existence, it does not follow that all annuals and biennials are injured by the same means ; on the contrary, the earthing up of particular species of plants in a late stage of growth is calculated to promote early maturity, which constitutes the most essential art in gardening for the market ; because the earliest crops arc always the most profitable. It is moreover a necessary practice in climates where the seasons for gardening are short — as without such practice, many kinds of vegetables could not possibly be matured in due season for gathering before winter. I would here take the opportunity of proving this last position, by reminding the reader that the effects of deep planting, the Peach tree for instance, is discoverable soon after the error is committed, by its fruit ripen- ing prematurely, and this is often the case for a year or two prior to its final decease, and should operate as a salutary lesson against planting perennial plants and trees too deep. In conclusion of this article, which is intended as an appendage to my works on gardening, I vi'ould urge gardeners and cultivators to consult the operations of nature in all their rural pursuits ; and with a view to aid them, I subjoin the following rules, which are farther illustrated under the different heads : 1. In transplanting fruit trees, let the collar, or that part from which emanate the main roots, be near the surface. A medium sized tree may be planted an inch deeper than it was in the nursery bed ; and the largest should not exceed two or three inches. See pages 93, 101 and 125 of the third part of the present edition of the Young Gardener's Assistant. 2. In the cultivation of such plants as are transplanted, or grown in hills or clusters, as Indian Corn, Sic, keep the earth loose but level around them in their early stages of growth, by frequent hoeing, ploughing, or culti- 160 r t' ■ n Dull, n^ in•<.. 29, 1840. inrm Au /, modtU - duperior A • 1 have hoc \tcw uf liic ^uL^clL Articboka; an our. — ' • - •• - .-----.. A«para(ua; oim ov 'la- P*a». 31 3d 40 B< • .'. •> . ■ . . Aarfi on« qoart of aMd will plant from 350 to 400 hUb^ or fmiB S30 to 260 (cct of row, 4S 170 RETROSPECTIVE VIEW. Page. Beans Pole, or Running ; one quart of Lima, or large running Beans will plant about 300 hills, or 250 feet of row, .... 43 Beet ; one ounce may be allotted for every perch, or pole, . . 45 Borecole, or Kale , an ounce will produce 4000 plants, - • 46 Broccoli ; one ounce is sufficient for 4000 plants, - . • .60 Cauliflower ; an ounce of this seed will produce 4000 plants, « 53 Cabbage ; one ounce will produce 4000 plants, .... 55 Cardtton Artichoke ; an ounce will produce 600 plants, - - 53 Carriit ; half an ounce may be allotted for every pole, ... 59 Celery ; an ounce of seed will produce 10,000 plants, ... 60 Corn Salad, or Fetticus ; one ounce of seed will sow about two poles of ground, -.-.-.....63 Cucumber; one ounce of seed is sufficient for 200 hills, . . 65 Egg Plant ; an ounce of seed will produce 4000 plants, - . 67 Endive, or Succory ; an ounce will yield 5000 plants, - • • 68 Leek; orbe ounce of seed may be allotted for 3000 plants, - - 71 Lettuce ; an ounce will produce, say 10,000 plants, ... 73 Melon ; one ounce of seed will produce from 120 to 150 hills, - 74 Melon, Water ; an ounce will plant from 40 to 50 hills, - - 75 Onion ; one ounce of seed may be allotted for every pole, - . 78 Parsley ; two ounces may be allowed for three perches, - . 80 Parsnip; two ounces may be allotted for three perches, . - 81 Pepper; one ounce of seed will produce 3000 plants, ... 82 Peas ; one quart will plant from 150 to 200 feet of row, • - 84 Potatoes ; from twelve to sixteen bushels may be allotted for an acre, 85 Potatoes, Sweet ; half a peck of seed, properly managed, will produce 15 bushels, 86 Pumpkin ; one quart of field Pumpkin will plant from 500 to 600 hills, and one ounce of the finest kinds will plant from 50 to 80 hills, 87 Radish ; four ounces will do for every three perches, if sown broad- cast, and about half the quantity if sown in drills, - - . 89 Salsify ; two ounces of this seed will plant three perches, - - 93 Shallots; four bushels of bulbs will plant forty poles, - - > 9S Spinach ; if cultivated in drills, four ounces will plant five perches of land. If broadcast, it will require double the quantity, - - 99 Squash ; an ounce of seed will plant from 50 to 100 hills, according to sorts and size, . - -'- - - - . 100 Tomato ; one ounce of seed will produce 4000 plants, - - 101 Turnip ; one pound of seed is sufficient for an acre of land, - 105 QUANTITY OF GRASS SEED SUITABLE TO THE ACRE. Clover, sown alone, . - 12 pounds. Timothy, - 1 ptck. Herds Grass, 1 bushel. Orchard Grass, - Rye Grass, - - - Lucerne, .... 2 bushels. 2 bushels. 8 pounds. For a pasture for grazing, the following mixtures of seed would be found excellent, viz : 6 pounds of clover seed, 1 peck of herds grass, and half a bushel of Orchard grass seed — or 6 pounds clover, half a bushel of rye fcrass, and half a bushel of tall meadow oat seed. 171 COMMENDATORY NOTICES. -Tfc« «wl •dWon of -Thii V .r- '-.-n >y Bottrad In Knnee : — dt tlnttitu'r Hut tl „-t,^.'r .>■ ^ ,. ,,,,,,|^ ciiy. Tho cum;t»«ii .a... trroMk. ' — .S*w lork tormur, Litrart of • revl«w oftlii* work in Ihe Macazlne of Ilortiru.uirc. lioiany, kc publisttMl by llorey h Co., Doaton : •TIM work !« ■ ■ • "0 yowic Mftnim •vvnlottw n\^ It i« ADArriD to oi-m ci : i works, ihe noTKV m not I :.. ..,.4 Ihct* bud down, m b« c")'^ ..f ihc latter. W« r*pr«l, UmI m far m I' i. oriient or iktIMILAm CH^HACTKH THAT HATK CrtR BCK^ rVlLIIHCD IK Tlltl COVII- TUT ; sod lU ciMspncMi ^iMuld pUoe it in ir>e h«nd« of all new be«innrr»." " No work etcr publi»h«d ha* hern to ctutliouiily written to pve pUin ■MlVil InfonaaUoa By twinit arrvncrd in th« form of a ralalo, you OMi lam In a roonient to any nam« you doirr, whrre th«> time of Mwin;, 4iptli. •oil. after Irri'mrnt. Kr Kr. r« rlr.irlv ^U••'v.r^ fir fnl. ii.lnrml iBd. towdMOftic •fwlMlbawr' 'c IWWllHNl ; n irirtirn, ' a profnonon •ndaaeni; r too low.'" — Genf$ttt Farmur. •It win, w* MW p«na4Ml, be Iband. what th« writer intendi it ahall be. 'gMMnlly oacAil to aacta « may wuh to sap<>rint«nd. or take the mana^ ■Mil af Ikair own (ardoiM.' Mr. Bridyemin ia a itardonrr him«elf, in tba Biomvrf road, oad hta dircctiona are therrfbrc aapliaUe to our dimai« — an •draolagi of 00 l«(tl# room«nt." — American. •AiDont the vation of which 'The Youns r.ordcner'< A«'«tifit' «^'f ' ■'* a mim!xr of ni!'nT\ \ ■ ■ • 1' I<« ii'i grn' •.;-■. 1-. -. T" I •• ■ fal I . ■ ' : '■ .'Ti \>-.> '.»•<"* o'! I ■ .r V^ e r If Ti-l.Tnoe, in Mr. Ilr of r -1.1 f:i^, mam :t ! •; » "I' *■■ 1- tn i; ^•;'' > ■ I .: ,an'J W'juld acrTo •• an oroaaMot forUM iiowcr gaiv:*u. — .Smv yowtli. 172 COMMENDATORY NOTICES. "Bridoeman's Gardener's Assistant. — The fourth edition of this useful little manual is published, and is rendered of increased value by the addition of several matters not contained in either of the former editions. Among these is a short and convenient calendar to assist the gardener's memory." — Eveni7ig Post. "No work on the subject of Kitchen Gardening ever published in this country has met with so very general approbation and extensive sale. Mr. Bridgeman is well known as one of our best gardeners, and writes from his own experience." — Daily Express. " That work which teaches us how to create and to improve this most innocent and useful source of pleasure, is surely worthy of applause and patronage ; and such we consider 'The Young Gardener's Assistant.' " M'jrniiig Herald. " The work is calculated to be of immense service to those engaged in Agriculture, 'far from the busy haunts of men,* and to the disciples of Flora, in the city. Mr. Bridgeman is a practical gardener and seedsman, and has lived many years on both sides of the Atlantic." — Old Countryman. "From what we gather from the tenor of Mr. Bridgeman's book, we Bhould suppose that he paid but little attention to the mere on dits or die- turns of any, but that he pursued that course which his judgment pointed out ; and in this particular, we value his book — leading the young gardener to depend more on his own judgment than on the rules of custom." American Farmer. "All those who are desirous of a work on the subject of Gardening, and one which will convey the best information on the management of Hot- beds, Asparagus beds, best mode of raising all sorts of Esculent Vegetables, Pruning, Grafting and Budding Fruit Trees, Training the Vine, Preserving the Fruit from Mildew, &c., should procure this. No work on the subject ever published in this country has met with half as extensive a sale, or decided public approbation, as this valuable compendium. Mr. Bridgeman fully understands the subject on which he treats. The very rapid sale of the eight former' editions is quite a sufficient recommendation." — G. C, Thorium, in the Evening Star. " We can assure gardeners and farmers that they will in times and ways almost without number, be amply compensated by purchasing the'book. Mr. Bridgeman bestows great labour on his productions of the pen, not only as to practical mattjr of fact, but to the various excellences of style particularly to clearness, and the avoiding a redundancy of words. The amount of useful information in the book constitutes its value; and all this information is adapted to this country, and its climate and its soil."— - American Gardener's Magazine. " From the cursory examination we have been enabled to give ' The Young Gardener's Assistant,' we should judge that it embraces a greater amount of practical information, applicable to our climate, than can ba found in any similar work. The list of fruit trees has been selected from the best authorities, both foreign and American, and is sufficiently exten- sive for any cultivator in tliis country." — Newark Daily Advertiser COMillUVnATOBT NOTICSA. 173 iroc >' r, wlMtlMr oM at ':i>. unttor ■pproprikU bcMila. •. it inu«ltM>«o tin .' ij- M« OMaU" ii4 ihfl mana^eiurM of Kxtrart nf « irttrr from AVx'r W«!ih, E«j,, Liiuinbors: t^ft f' ■ "•'• New-York Kamtcr. if j-oa f>«»* n«^ Ihst iM'Tcrml copi« of lh« 'im«, Ij th« ^UU) : wrr« on Ui« cnm- •• Wnlt«n with a » I i!r«I of practiral knowIrJrct on ^" ' " • .: rrrtion« (riv.Ti. lh« i " , are Ute re«ult of •i-. 111 1 wr I'arr to na . .'i ■ufamilird in an 1!Ti; .nr:- . i, r i :'ti, i:ry Will l«» fotlllil •• tWciii;, ii ii 'i more aO, Ihail tlKM0 In mora roatly and eip^nrire worka."— CWWrr «t Rnquirer. ..,..- -1 Othr- tnta y* a;^;'i;;'iii tii b;i i;.r r...'iin;i « in i; r i ii:ir 1 Matci. — S \- ."•■.• i. " Tluil lhi« i« • ua^fiil work ia evidrnt fmtn the number of etlitiona (iuoufh w' I. There ia ncarrvly any employment in life inor* pie:> >a(iun of a Garden with Fruit4 and Flowcra. Thoae who i>a«c \ur oj>{^ttunlty to indulge tbcmaelrea in thia Kraliflcation, we have no doubt wiO defir* much aaalatance from t*iia publication." — X. - . ' 'lal nillivatea ■ garden ahould poaxeaa the work, aa it it a conii ■ - -^ f" <^''«ng brginnera in the delightful Arid of Horticul- lure." — M' •oeale- -So * • -v^r ....'.1 nhed in thi* '.'."'rv » — ^--i " :>h half aaei' rolalion. n- dium. y. '< I'-;:! • •u^}rrt on r » r r \ rn ■ jii'i iuiiy make* lkUo><' at a* steam) on the ; 'i. to make known to vim made to the 25th < umiU in Amrrira, ■n. The pfc«rnt • thoucht to be a of Fruit Trrf-f. of theae I ni(ruppo»cd laa t l n aa kaaalM a««i4Ml tillM a^Uaawaik aa i 174 COMMENDATORY NOTICES. author of the discovery a sum equal to five cents from each individual in th» United States— or about a million of dollars. Mr. Bridgeman has clearly proved this discovery from his long observation of the course of nature and treatment of Trees and Plants, and which only occupies some four or five pages of the work." — N. Y. Commercial, by G. C. Tliorburn. •'The Florist's Guide. — A deliglitful littlebook, which we advise every body to purchase — at least every body that has the least liking for the pleasing occupation on which it treats." — Courier ^ Enquirer. "The Florist's Guide," like its companion, " The Young Gardener's As- sistant," is a useful work, which every Gardener and Florist may consult to advantage. It gives minute directions concerning plants of various spe- cies; the names and characters of each being alphabetically arranged, makes it an invaluable manual for those who may wish to superintend the management of their own gardens." — Newark Daily Advertiser. " This is one of the best works on the subject ever published in any country : it contains Practical Directions for the Cultivation of Annual, Biennial, and Perennial Flowering Plants, of different classes, Herbaceous and Shrubby, Bulbous, Fibrous, and Tuberous-rooted, including the Double Dahlia, Greenhouse Plants in Rooms, &c. &c. "A work of the above kind has been long wanted ; hitherto, it required an expenditure of some three or four dollars to get any kind of readable directions for -small gardens, window gardening, plants in rooms, &c., which, when procured, were so full of botanical foppery, that plain, honest people, after wading tlirough some three or four hundred pages, were as wise as to knowing how to set about their gardening, as when they com- menced their book. The present little work obviates all these difficulties. The author is well known as one of our practical gardeners, and it may be truly said he has rendered the ladies in particular (for whom the woric was projected) an essential service ; the directions for tlie care of the Camellia Japonica, the Double Dahlia, the sowing and treatment of Annual Flower Seed, &c., are alone worth double the price of the book ; so is tlie Calendarial Index, which, by the untiring industry of Mr. Bridgeman, is made to include in some half dozen pages, more valuable information than is to be found in some ponderous octavos on the same subject." — G. C- Thorburn, from the N. Y. Commercial. " The style is free, and the language appropriate ; the plan is judicious, and the contents embrace much well arranged practical information, unen- cumbered with disquisitions foreign to the object of the work. We very cheerfully recommend it to our readers as a cheap and useful book." Gardener's Magazine. The Florist's Guide has al30 been very favourably noticed by the editors ot many other very respectable periodicals, as a work eminently calculated to promote a love for the cultivation and correct management of flowers — tlie study of which, remarks one of these writers, " refines the taste, and imparts just and ennobling views of the wise provisions of nature." 173 LINES no BT TIIC A^r.%RD r>r A OOt.D MEDAL TO Till AUTUOR or 'TneTocN'oaARiiCNER's absistakt,' at the POUBTEENTII ANNCAL FAIR OF TIIC AMERICAN INSTlTim, 1841, FOR IT* QRCAT PRACTICAL t'TILITT. BT D. MITCHELL. Ai Valob'i need, and Ilonor'i bciKhtart iMt, I've •r«n • Mioal on t Wtrrior'* brcaat; Bat to mjr mind it broact>t «d m>ow to view — The ■wwpinc CKraa«e of rvd Waterloo— Th i orpbmn'a trar — lh« widow'a drooping head, For aUochtcr'd hcroea on fUae glory'a btd — Tteavtb made dMohlc, iu f^iu dupotl'd, Bjr nad AmbiUoo. fcarlen and onfoU'd ! fC o( M the Token thou ha«t gained (Vom PMot, ThoQ loT'ft to an* fair Nature'* wide incraaaa. And t^M " YounfCard'nrr," in thy frrtile book, • tn " Aaaiatant " not to be miatook ! ' i« the pleaatnK art to culurate. Kill rientjr'a horn, and belter man'a eatat« ; Thine ia the wiah the Cotter'a life to mend. And Irarh him that a garden ia hia fhend : That Viftoe amilaa ahoda bleaaingi on his bead, An>l makca him bappy In hia hombla abad, U ^ > teoda hia " UtUa patch " in well apent hour*, \\:\.\ biakiichan traaaorta and hia flowrm; That Viea wfm mara a loraly aeana like thia — The eonauranalioa of tlM poor man's bliaa ! Health, mjr firm fhend. long bfe and health to thaa. Health to the adona tnm the parent trc« : WaO may thjr trophy be a aouroe of prida, May thay praaarra H, wbalaoa'r betida i 'T>a a BaaMBte ibr lip wt la t p>oA^ Mora noMy woo than that for abaddiog blood t A r !' V. N T) I \ . eorrinirati acMAiiki ox tuk alujuU) uLakxti; or nic roTAia A« i bsvvwK in -4 •«lory. I wo«U bcr I in Britain, brGrruvl, the Enj^'.ioh B'>'.-uii«t. in 1590, u wsrU rr^-omn-- '- ' '■•■ "^ir Walter I{alcii(h ana nu;.;. bat a!(h -t i|»»ii . .inner** «s' ' t of ike t^tttiy rcceptit> N. Y. Fannff an«! Mcrtia.-. ;:i Coo- Mcticul.mriy in the ISih rrnior)*, ami iMirrhaM'il a fnrtn nmr Chalham. ••Ob a hill which aUll l>«ar« the name of Clarke Hill, half a pock of piT^»of w«t« planted, and after the balls had ripened cm the rine^, it WM propoaed to gadicr aoait w ' daet ; aoBM balla w«i« aeeardi' I oa iha tabt% wcR approachee roct c«4 of tha pianL" Aa this nsgetahle ia now cosaiderfd one of the moat important pro- doetioaa d tha cwlh, upwarda o( one hundred million* of bushels being raiard !•> '^'' ■'"'•"•I Statea in a single year, a deftcintt or defec- tire crop ia n ' I by ail to be mieh a aerioat r.i!amity aa to incite the laoat iiut^ni enquiry into the natuiv and cause of the de/ect, or dc6cicary. As Ike araaoBS of 1843 and '4 were onfav vtk aod m— n r a tioa ct lata polaloea. ii)« American I i^ed aa iiVHtil^rtka and diaraasioo of the sabject amoogst the membeis of tha 178 APPENDIX. Farmers' Club; tlie result of winch was published in the "New- York Farmer and Mechanic," vol. ii., November, 1844, from which I have selected the following extracts : " That the disease may proceed from some chemical action in the atmosphere, or from peculiar location, as high or low, new or old land, and tliat some varieties are more liable to disease than others,'' page 29'0. " That the potato disease was imported from Great Britain two or three years a2;o; and that a gentleman, from microscopic examination discovered in the tubers a growth of fungus, a plant analagous to the mushroom family. These fungi seeds although invisible to the naked eye are readily carried about by the winds, and will penetrate wherever air will. Baing once introduced from Europe, their extensive dissemi- natioa here is very easy. These seeds falling on the potato in favour- able circumstances as to moisture, &c. cause the disease," 291.* The applicatioa of common silt to the soil, previous to planting, is suggested as a remedy. Lime and charcoal dust sown on the ground after plant ing is also recommended. Another corresponden'. asserts, '^that the disease is an old one, having been long known in Germany, as well as in England, and that there ai"e in fact two distinct distempers, one of which is called dry rot, and the other wet rot ; the dry rot often appears in a whitish surface ; if the wet rot sets in, it is black, and soft worms are to be found in the putrifying parts. The direct origin of the disease is a iungus, the remote origin is something else. One of the most fertile causes of thi? disease is the habit of using farm yard manure in a stale of fermentation. f Plants, in a healthy growing state, are rarely attacked by the fungus; probably, therefore, some change takes place in potatoes before the fungus begins," page 307. * If it be true that an infectious disease existj amongst the potatoes of that country, wniph contiins a less quantity of land tlian one of our largest States, it may be asked, how a pro- portion could be shipped here in an eatable and plantable condition, after reserving a siifficieucy for a populalion of upwards of twenty millions of inhabitants, who raise tbcin for iheir caltit as well as fir table use. <■ It is upwra'ds of thirty years since I commenced cultivating potatoes, which, according to the seasons, has been attended with variaWe success. In 1828 my potatoes were ."io bad as to be scarcely eatable, I however planted some of them for seed the year following, on land situated near the Bowery, where Third street now is, which was manured wilh livery stable dung ; and the priiduct was the best I ever eat. Last season several of my acquaintance r.iised their early and late crops from the same lot of seed, with different results. Those planted in April produced an abundance of excellent potatoes, while the product of those planted in June and July were represented as diseased and scarcely worth digging. The difference in all those cases must have been occasioned by the weather and not by the seed. A change of soil biCw- ever, will sometimes cause a difference in tb.e quality of potatoes. iUr-5p in th* »""•* •'' • -I hlo^U aaJ poM llir .to ibe pntaio. A labl« »pooM* (ul o( pou tiiiAcue rKaainciMied ■• a pr^* venlirc,'* pcwte 324. Olh r« long |> wits fiun Kct <•. rop u 0M*eniuU Uj preserve ihrjr |tisIiii« « sri-U Unc'- A r.-»<-n(, lu.wcvcT,' informcj tbt Club, lluit his > ' <-ile Ibe aome as oibem," page 20U HIM.'- a f.lr:^• r ,'r,v. ^- • . f thitf . ..■, •,„■ :•, .. .:■ .:. . ».ut oiLi a k-.v '.liC Wuu) (i i.alurr, whicb, I Iru I bare. i:i ier*« AMi^lnnl," rf- n''^-'':"vr „ I — ..; I :.'>vriiicli an- cultivated I ^ id fields, rrquirc racb their |>cculbr aiitncnt, thejr hi' • ' ' ill the diver&ifw-! ' 'Is in our gl.''-. ::'.' ', that it is a m.. ; ecoiDC a/> lck.ted to aucii a tlegire, that mm late in tlie sra9H>n hastens their de- •tnictioo inMead of ouriuhog thcni, thi-y consequently tetura to their luUive element • ' lire a aIu- atu«t that tb< I) pulaluca waA nut ocni5ioiied by deiective •eel, but by u : ol the Summer, followed by the rxcei>«ive rain in Autumn.* In some instances the defect may Lave been accclcr* aled by an i. >'f acrid manure, and . . :.om their being planir . il cnninil. It ofti-n 1 • jviiatoes detciiiirate fiout •• :i)d, wluch on being l< lot. All which ia respectfully aubmilted. THOMAS BRIDGOIAX. Nkw-Yokk. February 1st. I84> l»li>i'rj Ift iKr S,t.'\:ttiarn r*lali<<- (o Ihr itr f.rl ir f>.uinM itt* Im( HPB f — w . tt» tomelmn 'trd, ••^ •" ;n alt 1 Am mry •proaching in flavour to some kinds of jiear; I'ruit below medium size, roundish; skin covered with a thin mellow russet, faintly stained with red ; flesh greenish white, tender, and of a rich aromatic flavour: in perfection the end of October. Tree a profuso bearer, and worthy of a place in every amateur's garden. b'lTjiMER Sweet Paradise. A Pennsylvania iruit of large size ; round, a little flattened at both ends ; skhi rather thick, pale green, tinged with yellow, and sprinkled with large gray dots; flesh tender, crisp, juicy, and of a sweet, rich, aromatic flavour : ripe in August and September. Soi's OF Wine, /'of/« Wyn Appel, ISapson, Sops in Wirte, A handsome little autumn apjile for the dessert ; skin smooth, crimson, covered with a delicate light bloom : flesh white, with stains of a pinkish luie, firm, crisp, and juicy. DncRirnvK liht or cncRRiit. 183 i.i.. i ui,-« klJTIVE MST OK CUEimiRS, OMMloMrf ttnm PM« W. f%n lit \ " *■ *, •■ .linlby J. I . iir«riy ith' eel, and u I mriely iiu- por- ; . r.. ...I w hr.- i..— ..I .i.ai... i..a.i< .. i..-,«i,.iil, r-H ■ .1 wiUi (itte nd ; Heaii tctiiW, mottlBit. SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FOREIGN GRAPES. CmhUmmI ftxim par* >. Tkrl IIL • |T*««» *►•'—-— ^' •*■ ' • — - •»■- cip*a »l/. TboM marlrvd Ihn* f rv^alr* • Bui'K V . -/>«, KwiTMndv. Emit DImck, Air- 184 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FOUEIGN CRAPES. verna. Bunches rather larger than those of the ]\Iiller's Uura;un(!y ; berries niiddle size, soniowliat oval; sivin ol' a very blade colour; juice rich and sweet: the fruit ripens in the oiien air about the middle of September. Black Damascus, Worksop Manor Grape. Bunches middle size ; berries lar^e, globular; skin thin, of a Hue black colour; (lesh delicate; juice rich, and of exquisite flavour when properly cultivated under glass. t Black Fkontig.van, Black lioidignac, Violet Fro)itignar, Muscat Noir, Black Consiantia of some. Berries otinediuni size, round, and grow close on the bunches; skin black; flesh tender; the juice of a rich vinous musky fla- vour: it ripens in October, in favourable seasons without flre-heat. t Black HAMuuiicn, Warner'' s Black Hambvrgh, Potier Bleu, Victoria of some collections. Bunches tolerably large, with two short compact shoul- ders ; berries pretty large, of an oval tigurc ; skin rather thick, of a deep pur- ple colour, nearly black ; flesh tender ; juice sugary and rich : a good and reg- ular bearer. Wiluwt's New Black Hamburgh is said to bear larger berries. Black Lombakdy, WesVs St. Peier^s. Bunches long, with large shoulders ; berries large, roundish oval ; skin thin, very black at maturity ; juice t>lentiful and high flavoured : it requires a high temperature, and is then .a great bearer. Black Muscat of Ale.xan'diua, Red Muscat of Alexandria, Red Fron- tignac of Jerusalem. Bunches large and shouldered ; berries large, oval ; skin thick, of a reddish colour, becoming black at maturity ; flesh quite firm, with a rich vinous flavour: requires a vinery with fire-heat. t Black Muscapine, Black Chasselas, Chasselas Noir. Bunches of rae- diuin size, compact ; berries globular; skin black, covered with fine bloom; juice rich if well rijiened : it requires a vinery. t Black Pria'ce. Bunches rather long; berries large, oval; skin dark blackish pur[)Ie, covered with a thick blue bloom ; flesh white, abounding with sweet well-flavoured juice: (his variety will ripen here in the open air, and bear profusely in the vinery with the easiest culture. BiLACK St. Peter's, Black Palestine, Saint Peter^s. Bunches pretty large and long; berries rather large, almost globular; skin thin, of a black colour; flesh delicate, with a very excellent and well-flavoured juice : this is one of the best sorts for a vinery without iire-heat, and the fruit may be ju'eserved on the vine for early winter use. Chasselas MosauE, Musk Chasselas. Bunches of medium size ; berries middle size, round ; skin thin, yellowish white; flesh fender ; juice rich and abundant: the highest flavoured chasselas known, havuig much of the flavour of the Muscat of Alexandria when properly /breed. Chasselas Rouge, Red Muscadine, Red Chas.^elas. The berries of this variety are something larger than those of the Black Muscadine, they are of a dark red colour, when highly ripened in the vinery ; juice sweet, and luscious. * Early Black July, Jul)/ Grape, Madeleine Noire, Maurillon Hatif. The earliest of grapes. Bundles small and compact; berries small, (juite round, of a black colour, covered with a blue bloom ; flavour moderately sweet, but not rich or -perfumed: it ripens here in the open air early in August. * Esperione, Hardy Blue Windsor, Turner\t Black, Cumberland Lodge. Bunches handsomely shouldered, and differing little in size from the Black Hamburgh ; skin of a deep purple colour, covered with a thick blue bloom ; flesh adheres to the skin, and is of a pleasant flavour : the vine is very prolific. Grizzly Frontignan, Grizzly Frontignac, Muscat Gris. Bunches middle size, with small narrow shoulders ; Ijerries round, of medium size ; skin thick, pale brown, blended with red and yellow; flesh very ricli, musky, and high liavouxed : this is one of the best varieties for the vinery. DMOMtrrtrs LIST Of roRcioN oiAPn. 185 : Ihii «-t .uU.«.n u.LuawccI, or. tmr Ck lumms i.> _-r.i;.r IS Kuj.;.,^ ,1 I i :«• t!;. --rt mkii- r.J 111'.* f.rnt I'. I,,.-' ,-. r-.(l -.^ IVA(7«> Fnmtignac, Mmteal htanr, Wkilt Con»tnn1it. W imber ooioar whea fullr '.(■;«>ai fl.ivoiir. • \. IWn *^ ' brfr.» RNtOllMil. •^ ''■ -'-T ri[*: iWh cr»^. aihi of «i» ., y,„^^ m 186 DESCRIPTIVE JAST OF XATIVE GRAPES. * White Sweetwater, Early White Muscadine, Early SiDeetwater. Biinclics juidJle size ; berries round, growiau; ciose; skin wiiitisii, sometimes ^;!ladcd witii a light russet; flesh sweet, watery, saccharine, and luscious: tlie Iruit rijiens in the oi)en air towards the end of August. * WjiiTE 'I'oKAY, dray Tokay, Tukai blanc. Bunches of medium size, compact ; berries oval, closely set ; skin dull white ; fle.sh very delicate, sweet, and perfumed : good for wine and for the dessert. It will ripen in the ojien air. SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NATIVE GRAPES. Diana. A seedling of the Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana Crehore, of Boston. Fruit resemblius the Catawba, but paler in colour ; bunches loose ; berries round,. juicy, and fine flavoured : it ripens tv/o weeks earlier than the parent. Gii.nEiiT's White SiioNaA. This variety was found by Garret Gilbert, of the city of New York, on the Shonga Mountains in 1825, and planted in his gar- den. ,lt is a great bearer, of similar habits with the Isabella, dilFeriug from that kind only in colour, and coming to maturity a little earlier. Le.nohi, Sumpier, Clarence. This variety was introduced by Mr. Lenoir, of the Santce river, Carolina. Bunches large, very handsome : berries small, round ; skin purple, with a light bloom ; fiesh tender, sweet, and excellent. Missouri, Missouri Seedlitiff. Bunches of medium size ; berries small and rotuid ; skin black, with a httle bloom ; flesh tender, sv.-eet, and jileasant. Ohio, Seffar Box Grape, Longworth's Ohio. The cuttings from which Mr. Longwortli's first stock originated, were left at his residence by an unknown friend, in a cigar box. Bunches from six to ten inches long; berries round and small ; skin thin, imrple ; flesh tender and melting: a good dessert fruit. Siiurtleff's ."-eedllng. Raised by Dr. S. A. t'hurtlef}", of Pemberton Hill, Boston. Bunches large, often weighing a pound; berries oval, of medium size ; skin thick, light purple, with a grayish bloom ; flesh firm, and of excellent flavour : the fruit is fit for the tabic in September. UciiEH Grape. A native grape found on the banks of the Uchee creek, Russell county, Alabama. The bundles are long, very compact, and of a jet black colour ; the berries yield but little juice, wliich is extremely rich, and makes delicious wine without sugar. White ScuprEiiNON'. Bunches short and close set ; berries large, of a roundish figure ; skin white, with some dark specks ; juice sweet and rich : it is a great bearer, ripening its fruit eai'ly. 55" The Managers of the American Institute having at their nineteenth Annual Fair, held at Castle Garden, in the City of New York, awarded pre- miums for Native Wine, I here insert a copy of the Judges' Report. " Report on Native Wine tested October 21. s/, 18iG, hy C. Henry Haul, W. NiiiLO, and Adoniram Chandler, Committee of Judges on Wine." The five kinds of wine described below, were sent by Mr. N. Lougworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio, to whom a Silver Cup was awarded. " No. ].— A fine light wine, called ' Ladies' Wine,' with sugar added before fermentation ; delicious in flavour, and will compete with foreign sweet wine. " No. 2.— A light dry wine, from the Catawba grape : sound, oi' peculiar flavour, resembling that of Hock and of the Boucpiet. " No. 3. — A good dry wine, of pure juice, dilierent vintage from tlie last described, but good sound wine, although not liigh flavoured. " No. 4.— A dry wine from the pure juice of the ITerbebont Grape. It is sound, of the peculiar flavour of the grape, and will witliout doubt be admired DBsoairnvB lu>t or rKACHM. 107 tatr. •Hiial lo Um ImH uu|nrtrtl." 8KLECT DKsrRTPTIVK LIST OF PEACH KS, -iio.r«iiii. n%J.tiuoii: TrAiTT. I'm! ri't.>-rfmall. r^ontliithovkl ; I jrellow, but red «t the , flrdl ifr* «fv! *TW*«I- Tn, 'arr«> Amcrxan p* rli. ■ ' 'pred; flMh wlui'-. . . .1 wl of an unuMMlIf neh ttiToar. iUpv lh« 188 ^ DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PEARS. SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PEARS, CDiitiniied from pnpe 123, Part III. Beurre d'Anjotj. a first-rate Autumn pear, imported from France by Co!. Wilder, of Boston : fiiiit rather above medium size ; obovate ; skin greenish yellow, a little clouded with russet; flesh very fine grained, buttery, and melt- ing, with a rich, sprightly vinous flavour. Br.zi DE LA MoTTE, Iiciii Armtuli, Beinre Blanc de Jersey. Fruit of medium size, bergamot shaped, skin pale yellowish green, sprinkled with rus- set dots ; flesh wliite, very flue grained, buttery and juicy, with a sweet per fumed flavour; an old Autumn variety, ripe in October. Bishop's Thumb. An old English Autumn pear, usually considered firtt rate : fruit rather large, oblong and narrow; skin yellowish green, dotted with russet, and tinged with red ; flesh juicy, melting, and of rich vinous flavour. Bon Chretien Fondante. A new Flemish pear, abounding with juice, and having a refreshing and agreeable flavour ; skin pale green, mottled, and dotted with russet : ripe in October. BuFFUM. A native orchard pear, from TJhode Island, of the Doyenne fami- ly : fruit of medium size, oblong, ovate ; skin deep yellow, finely suff'used with bright red, and russet dots; flesh sweet, and excellent : ripe in September. CoMi'TE DE Lamv, Bcuire Curtc, Diuirlcr, Marie Louise the Second. A rich Flemish Autumn pear, of medium size, roundish obovate ; skin yellow, with a brownish red check, and russety ; flesh melting and high flavoured. DuciiEssE DE Mars, Duchess of Mars. A French autumn pear of medium size, obovate; skin dull yellow, partially covered with brown russet, with a dull red cheek ; flesh very melting, and of a rich perfumed flavour. DuNMORE. A truly admirable and hardy pear from the garden of the I,ondon Horticultural Society. Fruit large, oblong obovate ; skin greenish, speckled with russet ; flesh buttery, melting, and rich : ripe in September. Eyewood. A hardy and prolific seedling of Mr. Knight's. Fruit of me- dium size, oblate or flattened ; skin much covered M'itli russet ; flesh buttery, rich, and melting : in October and November. FoNOANTE Van Mo\s. An excellent melting pear, introduced by Mr. Man- ning. Fruit of medium size, roundish ; skin pale yellow ; flesh white, juicy, sweet, and palatable : towards the end of October. Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. A fine autumn French pear, of medium size; turbinate, or obtuse pyriform ; skin dull yellow, and green, with red check, marked with russet ; flesh melting, with a rich flavoured juice. Lawrence. A seedling winter pear, from the nursery of Messrs. Wilcomb & King, Flushing. Fruit rather large, obovate ; skin yellowish green, with patches of brown ; flesh melting, and rich : from November to January. Paradise d'Automne. A newly imported early autumn pear, of large size; pyriform, tapering into the stalk; skin dull yellow, russeted ; flesh white, fine grained, melting, and luscious. Betre. 'I'iiis fine autumn variety, originated in tile old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Pliiladelphia, from a seed furnished by Lord Petre of London, in 1735. Fruit of medium size, obovate ; skin pale yellow, marked with green- ish russet ; flesh fine grained, and melting, with a perfumed high flavour. Queen of the Low Countries, Reiiie des Paijs Bas. Fruit large, broad pyriform ; skin dull yellow, mottled with russet, and overspread with fine dark red ; flesh melting, with a rich sub-acid vinous flavour: early in October. Rostiezer. A German pear of medium size ; oblong pyriform ; skin yel- lowish green, with reddish brown cheek, and light coloured dots; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and palataljie: in September and October. St. Ghislain. An excellent Belgium autumn i^ear, introduced by S G. Per- DKtCRIFTIVB LIlT OF ri.l'MK 160 ■ f'* T Tho,.., — rtanafRi' villi nawr- V. Wlkirr .., „.wu -.1 f V*^ Il4«r^ A » hnr^ . uid iMmeK SELECT nEsrun>TrvK ttst of plums, c.««iai»«4 fi :n Am-w fiMiB, I7i>r'« Aulmmn <• . !um, ratMHl by William Ran, Fjq, of NvwUirich. Fruit •■ . .1 u i.i'-- \.;!..w, with whilMit bknm ; Srah juirjr, n -^r. Bi*«l'» Ft*"« nrrr An^^ '■ nnr*- loa. o( Al> UclilWtltX- (■»•• ■- .>.,. E»i r,T«l : ikiii iir. I't' . I'ui i^t iKimsuii, lU'itk Ihimtun. A idvounio ftnit T prr«frvr«i, of wlnrh Itirrf HI* many variftu*, ■ ' •-itncwluU lu charncUT ' : (kin vr!l jeUow, il'n w, dooded «.i' ■■ -.. . . ^ ,.rM>nt acid fl.iv » Um( ot AlNHMl. V rr nil* T»rK>ly wn« flr»t !nfmrftn-ii«, pan ''<'n •pcclm, : Aufual. The Young Gardener's Assistant, containing Catalogues of Garden and Flower Seed, with Practical Directions under each head for the Cultivation of Culi- nary Vegetables and Flowers ; also, directions for culti- vating Fruit Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, including the Fig, the Cranberry, and the Grape Vine. To which is added a Calendar to each part, showing the work ne- cessary to be done in the various departments of Gar- dening each month of the year. The whole adapted to the climate of the United States. The 12th edition, improved, 520 pages octavo. By T. BRIDGEMAN, Gardener, Seedsman, and Florist : New- York. 55" As each part of the above Work makes a complete volume, a large Edition has been published in three separate books, with a view to accommodate the different description of cultivators. They are entitled as follows : — The Kitchen Gardener's Instructor ; which contains ample directions for the cultivation of Culinary Vegetables and Herbs throughout the ordinary season ; and instructions for Forcing and Forwarding Vegetables in winter and early in the spring. The Florist's Guide, contains all the necessary information for managing a Flower Garden, and for cultivating Exotic Plants, either in a Greenhouse, or warm room. The Fruit Cultivator's Manual, is designed to qualify the novice in Fruit Culture for the superintend- ence of his own Orchard and Fruit Garden. Each of the above Volumes contains 176 pages, 12mo. Price Fifty Cents, half bound ; Sixty-two Cents, full bound. Booksellers and Seedsmen supplied on liberal terms, by the Author, Broadway, corner of Eighteenth Street, New- York. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS QDDm33DDS7 i }'4 illlli iii|lilllllte illll iiii- .11*. iSIISl!!:!: i'll '3i?lil!jii!li "'' iiiiili' '