Glass Book-i ^ r ^ A VIEW OF SOUTH-CAROLINA, AS RESPECTS HER NATURAL and C/m CONCERNS, BY JOHN DRAYTON. " Where Southern streams, thro' broad Savannahs bend, " The rice-clad vales their verdant rounds extend ; 5< Tobago's plant, uz leaf expanding yields, " The maize luxuriant clothes a thousand fields." Vision of Golumeus j jvj^iv*wai^^^T rmni'anrnrT CHARLESTON; Printed by W. P. YOUNG, No, 41, Broad-Street, 1802. g5*^ €^ *§ ^ £> No. XV. South-Carolina District, to Wit. rfc IE IT REMEMBERED, that on the twenty-third day of September, Anno Domini one thoufand eight hundred and two, and in the twenty feventh year of the fovereignty and independence. of the United States of America, his Excellency John Drayton, Governor and Commander in chief in and over the State of South- Carolina, hath depofited in this office, the title of a book, the right whereof he claims, as author, in the following words : A VIEW OF SOUTH-CAROLINA, AS RESPECTS HER NATURAL AND CIVIL CONCERNS. BY JOHN DRAYTON. " Where Southern streams, thro' broad Savannahs bend, " The rice-clad vales their verdant rounds extend ; " Tobago's plant, its leaf expanding yields, " The maize luxuriant clothes a thousand fields." Vision of Columbus. In conformity to the Act of the United States, entitled an " Ac! for the encouragement of learning, by fecuring the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the proprietors, and authors, of fuch copies, during the times therein mentioned. THOMAS HALL, Clerk of South-Carohka District. PREFACE. Jj[ DESIRE to he well informed, refpecling the concerns »f my own tountry $ led to the many refearches, which ha-ve authorized the fol- lowing work ; and a knowledge thence derived, that no one book fu.f- fciently comprehended the •various informations, necejfury for a dim knowledge of the prefent filiation of South-Carolina, has induced me tit make the fame public. How far I ha-ve been fuccefsful, the following pages will declare. If my opportunities of information, for feme years pafi, ha-ve been extenf'vc J the few leifuri hours, which my public duties permitted me to enjoy, have prevented my noting every information which has occurred '»• cr, of rendering a tvork of this kind fo complete, as might ha-ve been expecled. Such as it is , however, a;> hope is indulged, that it may be ufeful; and as fuch, it is refpeilfully offered to the public at large, and to my fellow citizens in particular. Charleston, November 2th, 1802. tmmanuiMiaiumim^ ERR A TA. fage 16, line 19. 22, 22, 4» 16, 3 2 » 2, 3 2 > 23. i)5» 21, 35» 26, 37. 37» 53» 66, »4> 70, 85» 05, 29, at the i its, overcomes, 1766, vals, dan, wester);, spamps, round, ninety, Sambacus singular, oleander, the bottom, aid, read her. overcome. 1776. vales. den. southern, swamps, around, eighty. , Sambucus. singularly. * oleander, laid. Jamacia, Jamaica, jlowcry, floury. 1801, 1800. is, are. Page line for read 134., 18, assurely, assuredly. 135. 20, 137. 5» 146, 26, 150, 12, 161, 9, proprietary, proprietary. 170, bottom, too, to. 192, note at bottom, 1798, 1795- 183, for " relating to Kershaw Dis- trict" read, relating to the United Districts of Lancaster, Kershaw, Sum- ter, Richland and Fairfield. THE plates and Statements are to be placed thus; Map of the State, Teeth and bones, Census of iSoo, Rice machine, Modes of planting a rice crop, Santee Canal.. - View of Columbia, oppofite the Title page. page 40 104 - 122 - - - 1S 6 211 A VIEW SOUTH- CAROLINA; AS RESPECTS HER NATURAL and CIVIL CONCERNS. CHAP. I. Geographical account of the state, and her natural history, as relates is situation; and, hy ivhat authority: Discovery, and name: Face of the country : Mountains : Climate : Diseases : Rivers, Lakes, and Water Courses : Fossils, Minerals, Springs, Cascades, and Natural Curiosities : Productions, vegetable and animal., X HE revolutionary war of North America, which gave independence and fovereignty to a large territory in this Weftern Hemifphere, has fumifhed important matter for hiftorians ; both in caufe and effecl. Al- ready have able pens traced the fubjecls of original dif- pute; and have marked thofe fteps, which led thcfe ftates, from fabjugated provinces to confederated em- pire. An awful lerTon has hence been produced, for the inftruction of mankind. Eventful confequences A have 4 A VIEW OF America and his Britannic Majefty, done at P*aris, in the year 1783. 6. By die fettlement of boundary be- tween South-Carolina and Georgia, done at Beaufort, by commiliioners duly appointed from either flate, for that purpofe. 7. By ceffion of the weftern territory of the ftate, towards the Miffifippi, to the United States of America, in purfuance of an act. of the legiflature of the flate, palled for that purpofe in the year 1787. 8. By Indian Treaties. Discovery and Name. This tracl of country is faid to have been firft difco- vered by Sebaftian Cabot, a native of Briftol ; in the reign of Henry the feventh of England; and, about the year one thoufand four hundred and ninety-feven. But the attention of the Englifh was not then fufhcient- ly directed towards it, and fucceffive fettlements were made, by the French and Spaniards ; which after fome changes of fortune, were ultimately withdrawn. With the French and Spaniards, it was part of a large tra6t of country, known by the name of Florida;* and with the Engliih, it was called Virginia. t Hence, many plants have Florida^ or Virginia, annexed to their botanical names ; as being indigenous to parts of that extenfive country, which originally went under thole different appellations. As far, however, as they relate to that which we propofe to defcribe, they have paffed away : and it is now only known by the name of South-Ca- rolina. Whether * So called by Juan Ponce de Leon, when on a voyage of difcovery, in the year 1512; who ditcovered fome part of the fhore, now called Eaft Florida; and he called it Florida, either becaufe he fell in with it on Falm Sunday, or, on account of its gay and beautiful appearance. Robertson's history of America. Vol. I. page 198. + So called, either in memory of its firft having been found, in the reign of a virgin Queen ; or as fome have interpreted it, becaufe it ftill feemed to retain the virgin purity and plenty of the firft creation: and the people, their primi- tive innocencyof life and manners. Stittis history of Virginia. Page 11. SOUTH-CAROLINA. 5 Whether this be of French or Englifh origin, is a matter of uncertainty. One of the French colonies which fettled on it, built a fort at the mouth of one of its rivers : and in honor of their prince, Charles the Ninth, they called it Caroline.* Afterwards, about the year 1604, an Englifn fettlement emigrating from Maf- fachufetts, was effected at Cape Fear.t And in the year 1629, Charles the firil, king of Great Britain, granted the fame (including a large extent of country to the fonthward and weft ward) by the name of Caro- lana, to Sir Robert Heath ;J who conveyed it to the Earl of Arundel. §' This nobleman made fome attempts towards x its fettlement; but was fruftrated by the war which broke out in Scotland about that time : and by the fubfeqtlent civil wars which took place in Great Britain. Afterwards, the patent of Charles the firil was declared void : becaufe the conditions on which it had been granted, were never fulfilled ;|| and it again be- came vefted in the crown. Upon the restoration of Charles the Second, King of Great Britain, this country was granted by him in the year 1663, to certain noble perfons, with extraordina- ry privileges, as appears by the charter of that King to Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albe- marle, William Lord Craven, John Lord Berkley, Anthony Lord Afhlcy, Sir George Carteret, Sir Willi- am Berkley, and Sir John Colleton, who were thereby created true and abfolute Lords and Proprietors of Carolina. This charter was enlarged by one given two years •* Anderson on Commerce, Vol. II. page 12 5. Preface to Cox's defcription efCarolana, publifhed in 1741. Alfo, Chalmers's Political Annals. Page 513 + Chalmer's Political Annals, Page 515. \ See an extraft of this charter, in Cox's Carolana. Page 109, Alfo Chal- mar's Political Annals.' Page 5,15. ^ Anderson on Commerce. Vol. II. page 338. I Ckalmefs Political Annals, Page 515. 6 A VIEW OF years afterwards ;* and by them, the property in the fame was not only veiled in the above proprietors ; but the name which this territory had formerly received, was with a fmall alteration confirmed. It was therein called and known by its prefent name of Carolina ; and was afterwards divided into South and North-Carolina; by which name South-Carolina is now enrolled among the United States of America. Face of the Country. The more of South-Carolina rifes gradually from the Atlantic Ocean. As the approaches become nearer, trees, fand hills, and at length the extenfion of its mores prefent themfelves. Thefe on the fea coaft are continu- ally interfered by inlets, creeks, and marfhes ; throw- ing the fliores of Carolina into a number of iflands. Some of them prefent a fandy front to the fea ; undu- lated with conical fand hills, fixteen or twenty feet high : while the fides next the main land, are level and low, and are connected with extenfive marfhes, interfefted by creeks and inlets. Their foil is of very fandy nature; producing fmall pines and bay trees, live oak, cedar, palmetto cabbage, palmetto royal, filk grafs, myrtle, caffena, wild olive, tooth-ache tree, prickly pear, fea- fide oats, and fcattering coarfe faline grafles. Others whofe bounds are deep and extenfive, potfefs a foil of fandy nature, extremely fertile ; and are wooded with pine, white oak, red oak, live oak, gum, hickory, dog- wood, faffafrafs, elm, laurel, and bay ; while their undergrowth is covered with a profufion of fhrubbery ; and jaifmines (bignonia sempei'virens) are abundantly ftrewed along the ground ; or clafp the trees above them, in beautiful feftoons. From thele iflands, the main land pre fen ts a level country ; with a. furface of light black earth 3 on a ftra- tum * See TreWs Imws ef Seuth-Cardim, Preface, from page xxi. to page xlir* SOUTH-CAROLINA. 7 turn of fand : and, that fometimes reding at a few feet below, on a ftratum of marie, or clay. In fome places, the fand deepens ; and at the diftance of fifteen or twenty feet below the furface, it refts upon a bed of fmall and broken fea fhells, and other marine produc- tions. Thefe are, by fome, confidered as traces of waters, which have long fince receded from them ; and hence opinions are entertained, that the lower parts of the ftate, is fo much land gained from the ocean. At firft fight, they prefent the appearance of a light porous rock, like Bermudian ftone; but, on examination, they prove to be nothing more than a variety of broken fhells, attached to each other, bv particles of marfh clay and fand. Thefe lands, generally produce extenfive pine forefts ; known with us, by the name of pine barrens ; becaufe, of their unproductive nature. They are with- out any ftones on their furface, for eighty miles or more, from the fea ; riling by an almoft imperceptible afcent to that diftance; where the elevation is faid to be near two hundred feet above the level of the ocean. Through this tra5t of country, the pine barrens have little or no underwood, fome fpecies of fhrub-oak excepted ; the ground being generally covered with coarfe wild graffes. This is probably not its natural appearance ; but is caufed by the cuftom of burning the dry grafs in the fpring, in order to haften early pafturage, at the fame time deftroying the young fhrubs, which would, other- wife, moot up a growth of underwood. Fertile veins of land, upon a clayey or marley foundation, occafi- onally interfeci thefe barrens : producing white oak, chefnut oak, red oak, fhort leaved pine, gum, hickory, dog wood, elm, beech, walnut, maple, and many other trees and fhrubs, indicative of generous foils. And a multiplicity of fwamps and bays,* are found throughout the * They are called bays, from trie quantities of bay trees which grow therein. And which are fo tall and ciofely connected with each other, as to throw a con- tinual (hade over the lands below. Hence their foil is naturally four and fpungy : producing china briars, andromedas, and ferns: foon exhaufted with culture, and of courte but little attended to. 8 A VIEW OF the country ; which branch out and unite, by an infini- ty of different meanderings ; fooner or later, emptying their waters into fame river, or inlet, from the fea. Natural meadows, called favannahs, are ofen feen in this part of the fiate ; feme of which cover an area of fifty acres. They are deftitute of trees or bufhes : pro- ducing little more, than a few fpecies of coarfe grafs 9 and wild herbaceous flowers. The rivers which courfe along thefe lands, are bor- dered with the mod fertile foils ; and, upon them fome of the beft rice plantations are fituated. Thefe lands, as far as the falts influence, are compofed of a flratum of dark blue clay, clothed with a plenteous growth of ruffles, and fait water fedge; whofe roots are complete- ly interwoven with each other. When the falts begin to fubfide, the growth of vegetables immediately de- clare it. Here, different kinds of frefh water flag's ; high and ftrong fpecies of grafs of the wild oat kind ; and quantities of wampe (a fpecies of arum;) with fmall tupelo, cyprefs, myrtle, and elder, indicate a more frefhened foil. And from hence upwards, as far as the tides flow, the rice lands extend themfelves deep on each fide of the rivers; until they join the high pine lands. Now, the fwamps are covered with the heavieft growth of timber: mooting up canes (arundo gigantea) in great quantities ; and fo thick in many places that a bird can- not fly betwen them. Over thefe, a thick growth is produced of tupelo, cyprefs, afh, maple, water oak, bay, gum, elm, and white oak; in proportion to the greater or lefs ftrength of the land, and the higher or lower the fituation may be, on which they grow. In thefe fwamps, knolls or fmall rifing grounds fometimes prefent themfelves; on which grow the laurel (magnolia grandiflora,) the beech, the plane tree, the cotton tree, birch, prickly leaved holly, and the deciduous holly, the wild orange (primus lusitanica,) perfimon, wild fwamp whortle-berry, and dwarf palmetto. A foil fo productive SOUTH-CAROLINA. 9 1 productive fufEciently denotes its riches. The inunda- tions, and flowings of tides, bear to it, and precipitate thereon, the fineft and moft fubtle panicles of manure ; prefenting a foil of a dark brown loam, with a ftrong tenaceous light blue clay underneath, for a depth of fifteen or twenty feet, or more ; perfectly inexhaufta. ble, and of fo level a nature that where the tides flow, a few inches of water can cover the lands for a?ricul- tural purpofes. This foil, is of fo impalpable a nature s that much of it will difolveinthe mouth, without leav- ing a particle of fand upon the tongue. And, in every refpecl it is entitled to high consideration, as being the fir ft grade of land in the Itate. From the point to where the tides flow, the lands become hazardous, by reafon of frefhes, which occasionally pour violently down the river; but the fwamps continue deep, and excellent ; riling in height above the level of the rivers, as one ad- vances towards their falls. And in the fame proportion their foils are of coarfer texture ; but ftill abundantly promoting all the purpofes of vegetation. With the fand hills the middle country may be faid to commence; ftretching in a belt of from twenty to forty miles from Savannah River, to the upper part of Pedee River; and thence into North Carolina. In general, the land hereabouts is barren, or but triflingly productive. The middle grounds between the rivers are the higheft, and confequently the moft barren. At thefe places fand hills rife one hundred and fifty or two hundred feet above the adjacent lands; from whence a profpe6t of many miles is prefented over the {unround- ing country. And little elfe is to be feen growing on them, than pine trees of very ftunted growth, fmall fhrub oaks, and one or two fpecies of lupine. Their foil is of lo fterile a nature, that in many places it pro- duces no grafs to cover it ; and the tracks of any ani- mal paffing over it, are difcernible, as if they had been "ipon fnow. The low grounds among thefe hills are Ji either io A VIEW OF either extenfive fwamps and bays, or narrow vallies, in- to which, the mould from the adjacent high lands have been depofited by the rains which run down their fides. Hence they become fuitable for agriculture and paf- turage, and are principally thofe places, near which fet- tlements are effected. Whenever large rivers penetrate through thefe lands, there the adjacent foil is of excellent quality, favoring the growth of the heavieft timber; and is capable of producing from fifty to feventy hum- els of Indian corn, and twelve hundred weight or more, of cotton in the feed, to each acre. In this belt or middle country, the hills of Santee arife, perhaps two hundred feet above the lands around them. Their foil is a mixture of fand, clay, and gravel; producing woods of oak and hickory, and a profusion of underwood. They are well calculated for the growth of all highland grain, indigo, and cotton ; affording at the fame time, fome of the mod beautiful and healthy fettlements within the boundaries of the flate. From hence the eye may range over a diftance of profpeft, acrofs the Wateree and Congaree Rivers on one fide, and Black River on the other : the fwamps below, ap- pear like an immenfe fhrubbery ; and the far removed lands fhew themfelves in an undulating line with the dif- tant horizon. From the middle country, the rivers of fe- condary fize derive their ftreams ; continuing to run until their waters mix with thofe of the Atlantic Ocean. Beyond this belt, and from the firft falls of the rivers, loofe ftones appear on the ground, and rocks on the ridges of land, and at the fides of the rivers. Hill and dale alternately rife and fall, as one advances towards the mountains. The high lands are covered with different kinds of oak, hickory, chinquapin, faflafras, and periimon ; interfperfed occafionally with chefnut, and Jhort leaved pine. While the low lands {hoot up a growth of mulberry, walnut, locuft, fwamp oaks, am, beech, elm, and plane trees. Along the declivity of hills, and in . SOUTH-CAROLINA. «. in meadow grounds, flowering fhrubs of lingular appear- ance prefent themfelves; and in old fields and open wood- lands, wild ftrawberries are abundantly produced. In this laffc progreffion, the long mofs (Tillandsia usneoides) is no longer ktn ; and the foil changes to a dark and fer- tile mould, on a ftratum of reddifh brown tenacious clay ; and fometimes it refts on a ftratum of marie. The fwellings of land now rife into more fudden and towering heights. The currents become rapid ; are generally fordable ; and are often oppofed by fcattering rocks. The vales are lengthened and embofomed by furrotinding hills; and at length the mountains fpring ; whofe heights are fometimes hidden by impending clouds; or at others remain fuperior to the palling ones below. Nature, wife in all her actions, has pro- duced thefe, not only for the admiration ; but for the ufe of man. By their influences the fources of rivers are formed; which run eaftwardly into the Atlantic Ocean ; and weftwardly, into the Miffiflippi. From this general view of Carolina, it appears, that it may be properly divided into Lower, Middle, and Upper Country. The foil, the natural growth, and the political economy of its inhabitants, add ftrength to this, opinion. And, as confidering it in thefe three large de- partments, confufion or omiffion may be avoided; the following pages will relate to all or each of them, as occafion may require. Hence, the lower country will comprehend all that part of the ftate, from the fea to the fand hills. The middle country, that part begin- ning with the fand hills, and ending at the falls of the rivers. And the upper country, that part ftretching from the falls of the rivers, to the north weftem mountains. Mountains. The mountainous part of South-Carolina, is only ia ihe diftricls of Pendleton, Greenville, Spartan burgle, B 2 and n A VIEW OS and York. And in thofe diftri£ts they do not appear to beconfufedly placed; but run in regular directions, in the extremity of thofe diftrit~ts, towards the boundary line. Of thefe the Table Mountain is moft remarka- ble ; whether for the fingularity of its appearance, or the height of its elevation. This mountain is fituated in Pendleton diftricl, a little weftward of the fouth fork of Saluda River : and about four or five miles from the northern boundary of this flate. Its height taken by trigonometrical obfervation, from William Reid's farm at fix miles dillancr, fubtends an angle of fix degrees : •which gives the height of the mountain from thence 1,056 yards, or 3,168 feet. Table mountain is fo called from a fancied refemblance of one of its fides, to the leaf of a table let down ; or as others fay, becaufe of its level furface. 1 his fide is an abrupt precipice of folid rock, called the " Lover's Leap," which cannot be lefs than three hundred yards deep; and is fo perpen- dicular, that if a traveller would rifle his fafety to at- tempt it, he may detach a (lone with his foot, and fee it fall perpendicularly, until it {hike the bottom of the precipice. The valley below is equally deep and fpa- cious; making the height of the chafm from thence, to be not lefs than from fix to eight hundred yards. A fummit like this, prefents a grand and unufual appear, ance: and in all probability is not lefs than 4,300 feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean. From hence, the view northwardly is for the moft part obftrucled by the Apalachean Mountains. In a few directions how- ever, one mav fee over them ; and perceive the Pigeon Mountains at' a great diflance, in the flate of TennefTee. To the eaft and fouth eaft the eye may range without any other controul, than what the unerring laws of na- ture have ordained in the curvature of the globe. Thirty farms or more are hence diftinguifhed by the naked eye, at any one view; the mountains wind along in elevated majefty ; and roaring cataracts, leaping from rock SCUTH-CAROLINA. i 3 rock to rock, batten down .their fides, to run with more gentle ftreams, along the vales below. Thus enjoying the fublimeft views which nature can produce; and ele- vated far above the common fphere of h nnan life, and above all thofe aQions which prove the weaknefs of hu- manity, the mind receives a new influence, and the heartthrobs, with fenfations before unperceived. Is the fpe£tator honeft, and moral ? If fo, he cannot but gratefully adore that God, before whofe throne, fancy whifpers he has made a nearer approach. Is he the citizen of a free, and independent country ? In that caf - he mull apprecia'e his freedom Hill more, by his elevated fuuation above terreftridl objects; by the un- bounded profpecls, which are fpread before him ; by the clouds which fweep belo\v him; and by the waters, which gravitate haflily to the earth. All of them de- monftrating that great firft caufe, by which, fo in- comprehenfible a plan is formed, and continued, in operation. Weftwardofthe Table Mountain, and feparatcd from it only by a valley, the Oolenoy lifts his fummit towards the heavens ; perhaps fome little higher than the Table Mountain. From one of his fides, a cataract of water defcends fix or feven hundred feet, which originates the molt fouthern head branch of Saluda River. The road to the fummit of the Table Mountain, palfes not {Vr from this fall of water : from whence it is not only perceived; but the noife of its motion is diftin&ly heard. The Occonnee Mountain is alio fituated in Pendle- ton Diftrift, near the head waters of Keow.ee, and Tugoloo Rivers. Its fummit is from five to fix hun- dred yards above the adjacent country ; and the profpeit from it beautiful ; giving an extenhve view of Georgia, and a long range of the Cherokee Mountains. Acrofs this mountain runs the prefent temporary boun- dary line between South-Carolina and the Cherokee ; and many have been the warlike expeditions, which have traver fed i 4 A VIEW 0£ traverfed this region. The path over this mountain, has been crooked and ftraight, bloody and clean ; (ac- cording to the Indian talks ;) as war, or peace, have had the greater influence. Indian nations, for ages, re- iided in this part of the ftate ; from whom embaffies were often vifiting its government ; delivering talks, which fill up great parts of the council books. Here lived the lower Cherokee in the different Towns of Eleneka, Keowee, Euftafte, Toxaway, Kulfage, Oufti- nare, Socony, Eftatoe, Warachy, Noewee, Conorofs, Tomaffe, and Cheohee ; befides many others, whole names are now entirely forgotten-. And here, in the mid ft of them, near the eaftern bank of the Keowee, ftood Fort George, in which a garrifon was long continued, for the protection of that part of the ftate. But time has fwept away both the one and the other, and fcarcely a trace of the fort, or of the towns, is now to be feen. Inftead of the fword or the fcalping knife, which were often wielded over thefe grounds, and of the war whoop's fhrill tone, and the death fong, which often e- choed from the mountains, implements of husbandry are the only weapons which ftrike the foil; and the cheerful fong of the huibandman, the beft mufic of its glades. Since the year 1777, thefe Cherokee have retired be- yond the Occonnee Mountain ; where occafionally a guard has been {rationed to prevent their incurfions into this ftate. Bat they have become more civilized, and enter more into the bufinefs of trade; hence their in- terests require that a friendly intercourfe mould be continued with the citizens of the United States, and confequently it has become unneceffary to continue any longer the guard at that ftation. Paris's Mountain is not fo high as the Occonnee, but the profpect from it is not lefs pleafing. It is fituated in Greenville diftrict, five miles above the court houfe, rifing above the plains below, on a crefcent-like bafe. From every fide 3 the country is overlooked, as far as souths arolina; i S as the eye can reach, except where it is bounded by the North Weftern Mountains. From hence the Table Mountain is in full view, at the diftance of twenty four miles, prefenting his fleep rocky front, to the firft rays of the riling fun. The Glafiey, the Hog-back, the Tryon, and King's Mountains, are alfo feen from this beautiful elevation : while countlefs farms furround it below on every fide. From one of its fides, the Reedy River, derives its fource, and from the other the Enoree bends its courfe, until its waters are mixed in Broad River. Much iron ore is in this mountain, and its vicinity 5 a fmall fpecimen of gold is faid to have been found here, and a fulphur fpring of ftrong powers, is near the bafe of its eaftern fide. Not far from the boundary line of Greenville and Spartanburgh diftricls, the GlaiTey and Hog-back Moun- tains are fituated. The firft is fo called from many precipices of rock on its fides, which reflecting the light of the fun, aflume a fliining appearance. The latter is called the Hog-back, becaufe its fummit is fuppofed to referable the back of that animal. From thefe Moun- tains, flow thole waters, which form the different branches of Tiger and Pacolet rivers. Stretching on eaftwardly, King's Mountains appear on the confines of this flate, in York diftrict.. Hiftory, has noticed them as the ground where Colonel Fergufon commanding a corps of Britifh troops, was defeated, and taken, by untrained American militia, during the re- volutionary war. And the milder purfuits of peaceful induftry, have there found the only real lime ft one rock which is in this ftate; from which excellent lime is made, for the confumption of Hill and Hayne y s iron works, fituated on Allifon's creek, fourteen miles from thence. The trees and fTirubs which grow on thefe mountains, are generally different kinds of oak and hickory ; chef- nut, fome cedar, fhort leaved pine, locuft, forret tree, chinquapin and fafTafras. The foil of the Table Mountain 16 * A VIEW Of Mountain is peculiarly good; encouraging an abundant growth of young papaw, and other Ihrubs; with a pro* lu!;on of excellent grafs ; infomuch that horfes are dri- ven there to graze. The foil of the other mountains is more fter'de and ftony. Beautiful rivulets of the pureft vater, fpring almost, from the fummits of the Oc- connee and Table Mountains. For the red flowering •locuft, the mountain laurel, the auriculated magnolia, ginfeng;, kalmia, and other elegant flowering fhrubs, the curious botanift has already noted the former :* and the beautiful and fragrant yellow honeyfuckle, or wood- bine, which Jgitiws On the rocks on the fouthern fide of Faris's Mount;;: ;■ « ^i i .K me, e ridearit to all thofe, who take pleafure in .dwelling of? rib ft cfcgjttit productions ot nature. From this divert ; m foil ?>.d uta^son in South-Ca» folina, it neceffarily iv.lu1ts fctiat, there is a diverlity of temperature in its climate. The upper country from its high and dry fituation, and its near affinity to the mountains, poffeffes a dry elaftic atmofphere, extreme- ly conducive to health. Where the heats of the day during fummer, are not oppreffive; and the nights are fvcceeded by coolnefs, inviting to repofe. The middle country partakes of the climate of the upper and lower country, as influenced by fituation. The lower country, from many caufes, differs materially from the other diftricls. Continually interfered by multitudes of fwamps, bays, and low grounds; and having large refer- voirs of water, and rice fields at particular times over- flowed, the elafticity of the atmofphere is weakened ; and its tonic power thereby reduced. A£ied on by the rays of the fun, and indifferently expofed to the aclion of * See Bartranis Travels, pages 333, 334* SOUTH-CAROLINA. if of the winds, the waters, thus fpread over the face of the country, become unfriendly to health, and acquire fome degree of mephitic influence. While fo great ari evaporation is occalioned by the fun, and the perfpira- tion of vegetables, as to faturate the atmofphere with a profufion of humidity ; precipitating either in heavy rains or in copious dews. Hence fogs of much denfity cover the low lands throughout the night, during the fu miner months; which are difpelled in the morning by the riling fun, or agitating winds. When fucn is the fituation of the lower country, it is not furprifing that the months particularly influenced by heat, fhould be checquered by ficknefs to thofe who imprudently ex- pofe themfelves to the cold damps of the night, or to the feverifh heats of the day. And accordingly from June to November, we find intermittent fevers attended with fits of the ague, prevailing throughout the middle and lower country, in thofe parts adjacent to frei'h wa- ter. The heavy rains generally commence in June and July ; and until their waters have become in fome mea- sure ftagnant, and putrefaction be produced, the health of the lower country is not particularly affected. But when weeds and vegetables be arrived at their ranked growth, and putrefa6tions be much excited by the ope- rations of heat and moifture, the atmofphere becomes hurtful to the animal fyftem. Like effects being pro- duced by the fame cauies in Georgia and Eaft Florida; winds from thofe countries in autumn, are much charged with mephitic qualities. Hence South-welt wardly winds in fummer produce a feverilh degree of heat, highly en- crealing all billions fevers, and therefore, much to be deplored. At thefe times, many reptiles and infects are produced; which require ftagnant waters for their origin- ation. Among which none are fo troublefome as mul- titudes of mufquitoes, throughout all places adjacent to water in the lower country. Thefe feem, in fome mea- fure, to ftmn the day; but during the night they are par- G ticulariy i8 A VIEW OF ticularly teazing to all thofe "who pretend to deep ex- pofed to their attacks. And no perfon can lie down ■with any profpecl of a comfortable nights repofe, unlefs guarded from them by a gauze pavillion placed over his bed. For which purpofe pavillions are generally ufed in fummer, throughout the lower country. Although fituated in the temperate, yet by its near affinity with the torrid zone, South-Carolina is placed in a fituation, which expofes her to the conflicts of ele- ments, in a greater degree than fome more northern iiates. To the fouthward, the atmofphere is continu- ally rarified by the action of a burning fun ; and a denfer atmofphere from the northward, has a conft&nt tendency of ruffling towards that point, and reftoring the equilibrium. Thus overcharged by tiie momentum of air drawn towards it, a re-action again takes place to northern latitudes. And hence a conitant warfare of elements, which are continually in motion, like eddies wheeling along the edge of a rapid current. To this caufe may be afcribed the deflxuctive whirlwinds, which fometimes lay wafte parts of the country : one of which is defcribed by Doctor Chalmers in the following man- ner: " About ten o'clock in the morning, on the 4th of May, 1764, a dreadful whirlwind was faid to be ob- ferved in the Indian country, above three hundred miles to the weftward of Charleftown; which, between one and two in the afternoon of the fame day, was feen ap- proaching us very fail in a direct line, and not three miles from the town. But when it had advanced to the diftance of about half a mile from us, it was providen- tially oppofed by another whirlwind, which came from' the north-eaft; and croffing the point of land on which Charleftown fiands, the mock of their junction was fo great as to alter the direction of the former fomewhat more towards the fouth, whereby great part of this place was preferved from inevitable deilruetion. It then SOUTH-CAROLINA. i 9 thenpafled down Afhley river with fuch rapidity and vio- lence, that in a few minutes it reached Rebellion Road, where a large fleet of loaded veffels with one of his majefty's (hips, their convoy, lay, about four or five miles below the town, ready to fail for England ; three of Which were overfet and funk fo fuddenly, that fome people who happened to be in one of their cabbins had not time to come on deck ; and many of the other fhips, which, luckily, did not lie fo immediately expof- ed to the greateft fury of ihe tempeft, would have ihared the fame fate, had not their mails given way j for all thofe it paffed over, were laid down on their fides : and the mizen-maft of the king's fhip, was carried off clofe to the quarter-deck, as fmoothly as if it had been cut with a faw. " As people fat at dinner that day, they were alarmed with an unufual fort of Running noife, as of the ruffling of many drums, intermixed with fuch a roaring, thun- dering, churning or dafhing found, as the fea makes, in breaking on a hollow rocky fhore, during a violent florin ; when, on running out of doors, the tremend- ous cloud was feen advancing at a great rate, with a quick circular motion, its contents feeming in a violent agita- tion, from the great tumult that appeared, not only in the body of the column itfelf, but, likewife from the contiguous clouds which drove rapidly towards it from all directions, as if the whole contents of the atmof- phere flowed thither, and were inftantly abforbed by it. Hence it was, that this meteor every moment appeared fo differently; fome parts of it being black and dark at times; others of a flame colour; and again, as if vaft waves of the fea had rifen into the air. But fuch was the perturbation in the cloud, that thefe phcenomena varied continually; all parts of it rolling over each other in the molt confufed and rapid manner; and every now and then, large branches of trees might be feen hurled about in it. Its diameter was thought to be about 300 C 2 yards j 20 A VIEW OF yards, and the height 30 degrees ; a thick vapour emitted from it riling much higher. In pairing along, it carried the waters of the river before it, in the form of a mountainous wave; fo that the bottom was feen in many places. Such floods of water fell on thofe parts over which it paffed, as if a whole fea had been dif- charged on them at once ; and for a mile or two on each fide of it, abundance of rain fell. As the wind ceafed prefently after the whiilwind paffed, the branches and leaves of various forts of trees, which had been carried into the air, continued to fall for half an hour; and in their defcent, appeared like flocks of birds of different fizes. A gentleman, over whole plantation the fkirt of this {form palled, not more than two miles from Charlefiown, affured me, that had a thoufand ne- groes been employed for a whole day in cutting down his trees, they could not have made fuch a wafle of them, as this whirlwind did in lefs than half a minute. Such trees as were young and pliant, ftooped to its vio- lence, and afterwards recovered themfelves. But all thofe, which were more inflexible, and firmly rooted, were broken off, and hurled away : fo that no part of many of them could afterwards be found ; amongft which were fome live oaks of near two feet diameter, the wood of which is known to be aimoft as ponderous and hard as lignum vitce ; fo that fome of thefe trees, mult have weighed, perhaps more than two tons. Yet heavy as they were, no remains of them could after- wards be found any where, except the roots, which were fixed in the earth." Thefe whirlwinds more often proceed through the upper country, fome times in a width of half a mile, tearing up the largeft oaks and other trees in their way ; or twilling and fhivering them to pieces. Storms of hail are alfo produced, whofe effects have been deftruftive to different parts of the fxate. The hills on either fide of the Catawba River, near Rocky Mount SOUTH-CAROLINA. - g< Mount, can teftify the feverity of one which happened there fome years ago. The difcharge of hail ftones was fo heavy and large, that the pine trees, which were juft putting out buds in the fpring, and were interfperf- ed amongft the oaks and hickories on the hills, were completely killed; and exhibit a wild, and in windy weather, an awful appearance, to any one who may be travelling amongft them, whilft they are rocking to and fro, and fucceffively falling down. Fields of wheat, and other grain, were beaten to pieces and deftroyed; and hail ftones remained in the v allies for many days. In April 1793, a limilar ftorm fwept through part of O- rangeburgh and Ninety-fix di Uriels. And in 1797, one paffed along the eaftern fide of Cooper River, lafting about half an hour; and depofiting hail ftones three inches in circumference, and fix inches in depth on the ground. The grain in the fields, and the vegetables in the gardens were completely deftroyed ; and birds and poultry were killed. The commencement of the year 1800 was uncommonly cold, and feveral fnows fell during the months of January and February ; ibme of which covered the grounds of the lower country fix in- ches ; and thofe of the upper country two or three feet deep; continuing on the latter for fome weeks. During this time, a remarkable fleet fell in a vein of' ten or fif- teen miles wide, from Broad River towards the Savan- nah. It originated large mafTes of ice on the trees. The leffer ones it bent to the ground by its weight ; but the full grown oaks, hickories, and other foreft trees, which did not bend, were broken off in all directions, and the ground for miles covered with their ruins. At this time, the woods in that part of this ftate, prefent a wild and ragged appearance; their tops broken and unfightly ; and their roots encumbered with dead fallen branches. Such being the cafe, the climate of South-Carolina is peculiarly liable to changes of temperature ; where, jrj one day, the body is relaxed by heat, and fudden- *a A VIEW OF ly chilled by unexpected cold. Hence profufe perfpi- rations are checked; and unlefs the functions of the body be reftored to their proper duties, a courfe of dif- orders commences, which fooner or later overcomes the powers of life. In tropical climates it is faid, the de- grees of heat throughout the year do not vary more than fixteen degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer *; making thereby little difference betwixt fummer and winter. But in the hiftory of this ftate, a variation of 83 degrees between the heat and cold of different days in the fame year, in the fpace of feven monrhs : and of 46 degrees in the different hours of the fame day, are fufficiently indicative of our variability of climate. Do&or Chalmers, who publiflied an account of .the weather and difeafes of South-Carolina, in the year 1766, when fpeaking of the heat incidental to- ner climate, mentions, that in the year 1752, he ex- pofed a thermometer at the diftance of five feet from the ground, to the rays of the fun ; and in fifteen mi- nutes, the mercury rofe to the utmoft height of that inftrument ; which was graduated to only 120 degrees. And would have finally burfh the veffel, had he not withdrawn it. And from experiments which he after- wards made, he believes the mercury would have rifen twenty degrees higher. It does not, however, hence follow, that the human body is affecled in a proporti- onate degree; as the do&or evinced by placing the ther- mometer under his arm, where the mercury fell fix degrees lower, than what it flood in the (haded air : and it is reafonable, it fhould be fo; as the fame caufe which throws off heat from boiling water, by fleam ; may alfo expel it from animals, by perfpiration. The * Mosely on Tropical Diseases. Page 2. SOUTH-CAROLINA. *3 ^i - -± N ~N On ~3~ ON ON en o :■: £ jO 00 H- -1- O O" -0 N OS 1>- U1 N i~ en N :\ N Q tn » N r^ C"<-> 00 T C^ m ■-> m m ON N rh _ON us M O ~o~ N vO" ON N "5" •On N 0\ M N ON 3o O N •*■ On N NO ON 'ifjCOiO'J os O SO 30 o <■*-> •V On 'jfjCYhOq N r > o L/N ON '{fdtthO'J 0-1 ~o 00 D o -:- On .__ On 7T -+■_ ON -H- ON 8 •{fdCTbO'J o in 00 N o Os -6 •z -> Co 1 1 ^ K 00 On "5o~ oo On ■^fanhoq N r) OO 00 o o- On •ffsrfhoq "On CO •ifdcthoq fic/Sifj On N On ON O ^N CO On On ifdorhoq •p^qSijq On ■ficfhoq jfpqSifj O On ON ifixhoq ■ffacfSzpf oo ~o" ON Ti)e quantity of rain, 'which fell in Charleston, in. seven successive years, and part of the Sth, was as follows. 1-- / ears 1 Inches j 1'enths •795 ! 7 l 1 8 j 796 I 58 1 1 1797 1 55 ! 1798 1 45 1 * 1799 1 75 1 4 1800 1 5 1 1 «> 1801 ! 42 1 9 jl 802 to 2jth March. 2 1 H A VIEW OF From the above ftatement of heat and cold, in eigfit fucceffive years, it appears that in our cooled fummersj the thermometer reached 89 ; and in the years 1791, *79 2 ' ^-7935 *794? *795> 1 19^>^ 1 797> a " d J 79 8 » it never roie above 93, nor fell below 17. In the year 1788, it rofe to 96, which is the greatelt heat we know of, fince the year 175-- The difference therefore, between our cooled and warmeft fummers, at this time, may be fup- pofed to range between 89 and 96, and the difference of our mildeft and fevereft winters, between 17 and 34. In confined iituations, the thermometer has rifen higher ; and expofed to the open air in the lliade in winter, it has fallen as low, as 13 degrees, in the lower country, and in all probability, it would have denoted a greater fall of the mercury at thofe times, in the upper parts of the ftate. Hence our greatefl heat, is eight, degrees lefs than it was near half a century paft, when Doclor Chalmers wrote; and our greatefl: cold is one degree more. But thefe are the extreme heat and cold of particular years; and not the medium heat of any feries of years. Without going however, into nice clifquifitions, whe- ther this ftate be hotter or colder, more dry or more wet, than it was fifty years ago; an opinion may be hazard- ed, that it is in a ftate of progreffive amelioration, as relating to climate. At its firil fettlement, Charlefton was faid to be fo unhealthy, in the autumnal months, that from June to October, public offices were fhut up> and people retired to the country.* Now the reverfe happens, and planters come in thofe months to the city. But by far the greater number ftill remain in the country on their plantations; many of them enjoying as perfect, health, as can be found on any part of the globe. From the much clearing, and confequent draining of lands throughout the ftate 5 the perfpiration of trees and ve- getables * Chalmers* Political Annals* Page 541- SOUTH-CAROLINA; 25 getables is decreafed ; the waters are quicker directed into the channels of the rivers ; and lefs humidity is thereby thrown into the atmofphere. Avenues, and conductors of greater extent, are thereby promoted ; which originate and lead winds over the face of the country ; and hence, in all probability, a leffer degree of heat in fummer, arid a greater degree of cold in win- ter, is perceived. Whatever may be the feverity of the feafons at par* ticular times, yet it mult be allowed that our climate is agreeable, and our winters are remarkably fine. During a part of the winter, the mountains at the farthefl boun- dary of this date are often covered with fnow': front thence to the fca more, fnow but feldom falls, when- ever fnow appears in the lower country, it moflly hap- pens, in the months of December and January ; covering the grounds perhaps not more than an inch, except on extraordinary occasions; and thawing with the firft ap- pearance of the fun. In thofe months alfo, the greateft cold is perceivable at times; the ground is bound up with a pinching froft; which, in fhady places, will not be thawed for feveral days ; and the waters of ponds are then fo frozen over, as fometimes to permit Aiding, and even fkating on the ice. But this is only for a few days, and the weather breaks up mild and warm ; fo as to render fires unneceflary during the middle of the day. Throughout the winter thefe changes from heat to cold are continually taking place, thereby more fentibly af- fecting the feelings of the inhabitants ; than where the feafons are more gradual, and the cold of longer conti- nuance. In February, the weather is oftentimes rainy, and may be called uncertain; as fometimes it offers calm, clear, and fine growing weather; and fuddenly, the expectations of an early fpring, are retarded by a north weft wardly wind, inducing fevere froft. The ve- getation, however, may be faid to commence in Febru- ary; at this time, the red flowering maple is in full bio Horn ; followed foon after by the willow and the alder,, D the 2 6 A VIEW OF The plumb and peach trees, now foon put forth their bloffoms : and nature foon clothes herfelf in cheerful verdure. In March and April the planters' and far- mers' induftry commences, the planting feafons conti- nuing until June. From that time, during July and Auguft, the heats increafe ; and in thefe two latter months, the heavy rains fet in, attended at times with fe\ ere thunder and lightning. In September, the even- ings and mornings are chilly ; but the fun is extremely powerful, in the middle of the day. The equinoctial influences are alio at hand ; ftorms of rain are produced, accompanied fometimes with hurricanes, which fweep along the coafts. The leaves of deciduous trees, are now continually falling, and nature, by degrees, aifumes the fober drefs of winter. In Oclober, the weather is generally mild and clear; hoar froffcs beginning to make their appearance towards the latter end of this month; with them alfo, the fevers and agues, originated by the heats of fummer, difappear. The cold comes on in December, and the vegetation is checked, until the re- turning fpring. Thus the year is clofed, in a manner peculiar to the varying climate of South-Carolina. There appears too much feverity in our winters, for the mod delicate fruits of fouthcrn latitudes, although our fummers be well adapted to their growth. Hence fugar-cane, ginger, bread-fruit, pine-apple, and banana trees, cannot endure the feverities of our winters, al- though they grow vigoroufly during our fummers. O- ranges, lemons, limes, olives, pomegranates, and figs, are however in fome meafure naturalized to our foil; and although the fevere frofts, which fometimes happen in winter, occafionally deftroy their ftems ; yet they ge- nerally fpring from the root with the approach of fum- mer. Thus expofed to a greater degree of cold than many countries in our latitude poflefs, and having a fummer heat which approaches near to that of many tropical countries, our climate prefents a mixture of temperature ; SOUTH-CAROLINA. 27 temperature ; (likable to many productions of the ri- cheft countries or the earth. Hence thofe of the Ma- deira I (lands, all countries bordering on the Mediterra- nean fea, Pedia, India, China, Japan, and the North Weft Coaft of America, may piobably be fuccefsfully introduced into it. And, although many of them may be deftroyed by the fudden colds of winter; yet any of them fuccecding is an advantage, worthy the atten- tion of thole who wifh well to the intcreits of their country. Diseases. It has been faid, that bilious remitting, and inter- mitting fevers, have encreafed with the clearing of its lands, as tending to lead more fpeedily over them ex- halations of marsh mias-mata*. And although this in fome meafure may be true; an hope is indulged that it is only the confequence of freeing new lands, by cul- tivation, from vapours which have been long confined in them. When thele mail have been exhaled, and the earth recovered from its fournefs to a proper ft ate of cultivation, this evil will probably be remedied. Fevers- and agues are prevalent during the fummer and autumn in the lower country ; as they are in many other parts of the middle and upper country in low fuuations, ad- jacent to fwamps and waters. But all the high lands may be called healthy; and fettlements made in the dry pine barrens, have been found advantageous in this refpeel, to many planters, whofe wifhes lead rhem to refide in the country throughout the year. What are the difeafes throughout the Mate, in general, may be fomewhat afcertained, by enquiring into thofe inciden- tal to Charlefton and its vinicity : making always an allowance for a change of fituation, from a wet and low foil, to a dry and high one. The typhus icterodes, or putrid bilious or yellow fever, is however particular- D 2 ly * See a Sketch of the Soil, Climate, Weather and Diseases of South-Cardina,. by David Ramiay,. m. d. Fm^c 21. $8 A VIEW OF lv local to Charlefton ; and is not known, to have ori? ginated in the country. To the natives and long in- habitants of this city, it has not yet been injurious. .But to thofe who come from the country, during the autumnal feafon, or who have not been accuftomed to fpend the fall months in Charleflon ; or to foreigners at their firft arrival, it is particularly dreadful ; and many are thofe who fall victims to its fatal influence. At this day*, the opinions of the learned ■differ refpectifig its origin and ciii'e; its violence often bailies the aid of ynedicine; and renders hopeiefs the expectations of ftnfbility. But Providence has, directed all things by general laws : and although this fcourge be felt with ri- gour fome years, yet in others, it is fcarcely perceived. A TABLE of the Diseases that occurred in Charleston, from 1791. H 1795, in the praclice of the Members of the Medical Society, and en- tered by them on their Journal. \ \ I79J i l 79* I 1793 1 ' I 79+" *795 January. Catarrhal fevers. Anginas. Catarrhal fevers. Meafles. ' Catarrhal and Inter- mittent fe- vers. Angina ul- cerofa. Catarrhal fevers. Hooping- cough. Meafles. Catarrhal fevers. < D w Catarrhal fevers. Small-pox. Meafles. Anginas. Catarrhal and rheu- matic fe- vers. Scarlatina anginofa. Catarrhal and rheu- matic fe- vers. Scarlitina anginofa. Small -poxl Hooping- cough. Catarrhal fevers. Anginas. Catarrhal and miliary fevers. Meafles. < 2! Small-pox Meafles. Catarrhal fevers, Small-pox Meafles. Angina ul- cerofa. Catarrhal fevers. Anginas. Small-pox. Dyfentery Small pox." Anginas. Catarrhal fevers. Hooping- cough. Catarrhal and miliary fevers. Meafles. as ft. Small-pox Meafles. Diarrhoea of infant;. Scarlatina anginofa. Small -pox. Meafles. Diarrhoea of infants. > Small-pox Meafles. Diarrhcea of infants Miliary fe- vers, Small -pox. Meafles. Dyfentery Meafles. Catarrhal fevers. Pleurifies. SOUTH-CAROLINA. 29 1791 J 1792 1793 I "'794 795 < Small-pox. Meafles. Angina ul- cerofa. Diarrhcea of infants. imall-pox. Mealies. Hooping- cough. Cholera morbus. Dyfentery of infants Small-pox. Anginas. Hooping- cough. Catarrhal fevers. Dyfentery. Small-pox. Hooping- cough. Bilious re- mittent and intermit- tent fevers Meafles. Catarrhal fevers. Pleuriiies. Diarrhcea. Small-pox Meafles. Dyfentery. Diarrhcea. Intermit- tent fevers, Small-pox. Meafles. Dyfentery. Intermit- tent fevers SmalJ-pox Diarrhcea Dyfentery. Hooping- cough. Intermit- tent fevers; Anginas. Intermit- tent fev sr$n Diarrhcsa. Dyfentery. Smail-pox. Hooping- cough. Hooping- cough. Diarrhoea. Dyfentery Intermit- tent fevers o < Small-pox. Meafles. Dyfentery. Diarrhcea. Intermit- tent fevers Scarlatina aneinofa. Small-pox, Dyfentery. Meafles. Intermit- tent fevers. Scarlatina. Small -pox. Hooping- cough. Intermit- tent fevers Mumps. fy phus clerodes. Small-pox. Dyfentery and diarr- hcea of in- fants. Hooping- cough. Small-pox. Hooping- cough. Intermit- tent fevers. Dyfentery. Meafles. Bilious in- termittent fevers. Small-pox. Catarrhal fevers. Dyfentery and Diarr- hcea. Meafles. Intermit- tent fevers Catarrhal fevers. Meafles. Angina ul cerofa, Croup. Typhus ifterodes. Catarrhal fevers. Rheuma- tifms. Small pox. Meafles. Hooping- cough, Intermit- tent fevers. Dyfentery. Diarrhcea. Small-pox. Hooping- cough. Diarrhoea md dyfen- tery. Typhus itterodes. Fevers. Dyfentery Hooping- cough. Typhus i&erodes. Catarrhal and rheu- matic fe- vers. Dyfentery. Hooping- co r h. Catarrhal fevers. Typhus i&erodes, Intermit- tent fe- vers. . Typhus i£terodes. Rheumatic fevers. 3«> A VIEW OF 1791 ""1792 | 1793 1794 1795 M n o H o O Catarrhal fevers. Spafmodic colics Intermit- tent fevers. Meafles. Intermit- tent fevers. Croup. Small-pox* Catarrhal fevers. Scarlatina. Intermit- tent fevers. Typhus itterodes. Catarrhal and inter- mittent fe- vers. Hooping- cough. Typhus idterodes. Catarrhal and inter- mittent fe- vers. o5 w m w > o Croup. Scarlatina anginofa. Small-pox. Hooping- cough. Intermit- tent fevers. Hooping- cough. Catarrhal fevers. Meafles. Catarrhal fevers. Anginas. Intermit- tent fevers Quinfey. Typhus ifterodes. Intermit- tent and ca- tarrhal fe- vers. w ca S w o Meafles. Angina ul • cerofa. Pleurifies. Catarrhal fevers. intermit- tent fevers Angina ui- cerofa. Catarrhal fevers. Dyfentery. Small-pox. Hooping- cough. Intermit- tent and ca- tarrhal fe- vers. Meafles. Catarrhal fevers. Catarrhal fevers. Rivers, Lakes, and Water Courses. Nature has been peculiarly bountiful in directing "water courfes throughout South-Carolina : hence, few countries are better interfered with rivers, for the tranf- portation of articles, or for purpofes of irrigation. Savannah River, whofe waters bound nearly all her fouthern frontier, is bold and deep : and its navigation extends from the fea to Augufta for boats of feventy tons. At this place the falls of the river commence. Beyond it the navigation is continued for fixty miles, to Vienna, for boats of thirty tons or more : from whence at a fmall expenfe it is contemplated to open the navigation up to Anderfon-Ville 3 at the confluence of Tugoloo and Keowee Rivers, Santee SOUTH-CAROLINA. 3< Santee River, with the waters which flow into it, is nearly of equal length with the Savannah. Its na- vigation, extends from the fea to the fork of the Congaree and Watteree Rivers : thence up the Watteree to Cam- den on one fide; and up the Congaree to Granby on the other, for boats of feventy tons. At thefe places the falls and rapids of the rivers commence ; above which they infinitely branch out into the country. At times they are obltrucled by rocks; beyond which, for fome miles, the current is gentle and deep. In light boats, however, and full rivers, feveral hogfheads of tobacco have been brought down their itreams with fafety. Like thefe two rivers, the Pedee alfo ftretches from the fea towards the mountains; courfing through the northern parts of this (late. Its free navigation extends from the fea to Greenville, for boats of ieventy tons ; and from thence to Chatham, for boats of lefier draught. Here the navigation is impeded by rocks and mallows ; although in full rivers, boats of light burden, defcend with the ftream from North-Carolina. Thefe large rivers, by innumerable branches, fpread themfelves throughout all the upper country; and con- fequently intercept all the waters which flow from the mountains. Some of the branches, which they thus throw forth, are wider than the rivers themfelves. For inftance, Broad River, in fome places, is more than a quarter of a mile wide ; and the Catawba in width is often three or four hundred yards ; while the Santee, into which they empty themfelves, is rarely more than from two to three hundred yards wide ; and, in fome places is confined in narrows, not exceeding eighty or ninety yards. Keowee, and Tugoloo, are alfo large branches of Savannah River ; the firft being for miles above their confluence, two hundred yards wide : and the latter, fpreading itfelf over greater fpace. Hence, when the accumulated waters of rain and fiiow pour down 3« A VIEW OF down their channels, the adjacent low lands and inter- vals are overflowed with defrruclive frefhes. As early as the year 1701, we are informed by Mr. Law- fon in his Hiftory of Carolina, of a great inundation which poured down Santee River at that time; riling perpendicularly thirty-fix feet. And, in January, 1796, a fimilar one came down the fame river; ever to be remembered by the mifchief it effetled. No bridge could withftand the fury of its torrent; rendered more impetuous by the weight of large trees and houfes, which were borne down by its ftream. A wooden bridge over Broad River, a few miles above Columbia; and another (the third of the kind, which Mr. Wade Hampton with great perfeverance had caufed to be erected near that place) about {'ewQn hundred feet long, over the Congaree river at Granby, upwards of forty feet high above the common level of the river, and many of whofe piers were fattened by iron bolts into folid rock at the bottom of the river, were fwept away in the general ruin. At Granby, the tobacco ware houfe was deitroyed ; together with one hundred and fifty hogfheads of tobacco which were therein. The Cam- dem tobacco ware houfe, on the banks of the Watteree river, met the fame fate. Dwelling houfes, corn houfes, cattle, horfes, and hogs, were carried down by the vi- olence of the current; and vail beds of fand, were ftreWn over fertile tracts offwamp land, to their irreparable injury. The collected waters, of almoft all the rivers in the upper country, at length, effected a junction at the confluence of the Watteree and Congaree rivers; pour- ing down their confolidated turbid Itream, with deitruc- tive velocity ; riling at the rate of three inches an hour, and continuing to rife for fome days. At this time, the current in a great degree fwept directly down the fwamp, in a width in fome places, more than five miles from the high pine lands on either fide; undirected by the courfe of the river where it made a bend acrofs the fw amp ; SOUTH-C^kOLINA, gj. fwamp ; and only following it when the dire&ion was with the ftream. Much provifion was deftroyed; thou- fands of bufhels of Indian corn, and many hundred bar- rels of rice. Some of the negro houfes, of the lower plan- tations on Santee, were torn up, and were carried by the torrent entirely out to fea. Rice plantations, within a few miles of the ocean, and on the bed pitch of tide, were overflowed for near a week; the water being from two to three feet above the rice field banks; during which time the ebbing of the tides, for the firft days, was fcarcely perceivable. This great flood, infinuated itfelf on one fide, between Cat I Hand and the main, and entered Georgetown Bay, between Cat and Ford's Iilands; on the other fide, it flowed into Hell-hole Swamp; and from thence entered the different bays, which communicate with the eaftern branch of Cooper River. At the fame time a fimilar flood poured down Sa- vannah River, laying the town of Augufta, in Georgia, generally two feet under water, and damaging goods therein to a large amount. It tore away an extenfive bridge near eight hundred feet long, belonging to Mr. Wade Hampton, which had been thrown over that ri- ver from South-Carolina; and carried deftruftion and difmay before it, quite down to the town of Savannah. The height of this freffi, was fuppofed to be from thirty- five to f »rty feet at Augufta, above its common level. And at Granby, and Camden^ the height of the waters in the Congaree and Watteree Rivers, mart; have been nearly at the fame elevation.* Juft above the conflu- ence of North and South Santee, the water was twenty one feet above the common level. A fcene like this affected the belt lands in the ftate, and wound up ihe feelings of a multitude of inhabitants, to a great degree. It brought lofs and diftrefs to individuals; and the well earned profpecis of a year's induilry, were either fwept E awayj * See note I. in the Appendix- 34 A VIEW OF away, or were rotted and injured beyond the pofnbility of recovery. Thefe frefhes are loaded with abundance of fand and mud, which according to their different gravis ties, precipitate with the courfe of the ftream, and the finer particles are even carried into the Atlantic Ocean. Hence many leagues from fhore, the fea water lofes its- azure colour and gives evident figns of foundings, to na- vigators on the coaft. While, along the eaftern fhores of thefe United States, the waters of the ocean are limpid; even in the very mouths of the rivers. Edifto River is mallow, and incapable of being navigated far up its ftream, by boats of heavy burden. In a full river, the navigation of its northern branch is open as far as Orangeburgh; and its fouthern branch is alfo navigable fome miles, until it be interrupted by many iflands and fhoals, which at one place are thickly fcattered in the river. When the river is low, it is fordable at Parker's Ferry about thirty five miles from the fea; where, during our revolutionary war, field pieces were dragged acrofs its channel. This river takes its rife in the middle country, from the ridge of high land, which lies between the Congaree and Savan- nah Rivers. Black River, alfo takes its rife in the middle country, from the High Hills of Santee. This river winds through the intermediate fpace of country, between Santee River and Lynch's Creek ; and having formed a junction with Pedee River, juft above George- town, their united waters are emptied into Georgetown Bay. Its navigation for fchooners and (loops extends many miles up its ftream; and for flat bottomed boats, flats, and rafts, as far as its forks. Beyond, its channels admit fmall boats fome diftance, until they be obftruft- ed by logs and fhoals. Thefe rivers, like all others whofe branches terminate in high lands, are fubjeB: to frefhes. Shorter rivers, but wider at their mouths, are the Combahee, Afhepoo, Stono, Afh-ley, Cooper, Wando^ SOUTH-CAROLINA. 35 and Waccamaw. Combahee River; rifes in the Salt- catcher fwamp, in Barnwell diftricl, at the commence- ment of the middle country. Its navigation for fchoon- ers and veffels is about thirty miles, and it empties itfelf through St. Helena Sound, into the Atlantic Ocean. Afhepoo Kiver fprings from fwamps in the low country, and empties itfelf into the fame found; its navigation being nearly of the fame extent. Stono River takes its rife in the fwamps of the low country ; and empties itfelf into the ocean, between Keywaw Ifland and Coffin Land. Its navigation ex- tends a few miles above Rantoll's and Wallace's bridges. Afhley River fprings from the Cyprefs, and other fwamps, towards Monk's Corner in the lower country ; and empties itfelf into Charlefton harbour, at the fouth- ern fide of the city. Its width, oppoiite Charlefton, is about two thoufand one hundred yards; and its ftream is not much narrowed for feveral miles. Its navigation for fea velfels extends fome miles; and for floops and fchooners as far as Bacon's Bridge. On the weftern bank of this river, the firft efficient fettlement of the ftate was made at a place called Old Town, or Old Charlejiown ; and for fome years, the government was diftributed from thence. Cooper River, originates in Biggin and other fpamps, in the lower country ; and after courfing in a number of beautiful meanders, it empties into Charlefton har- bour, along the eaftern fide of the city ; where its breadth, is about fourteen hundred yards. Its naviga- tion extends, upwards, to Watboo Bridge, for fchoon- ers and floops, in a winding courfe of perhaps fifty miles ; and its eaftern branch is navigable, by like veffels, as far as Huger's Bridge. Wando River empties itfelf into Cooper River, about three miles above Charlefton : Its navigation does not extend more than eighteen or twenty miles; a part i £ 2 of 3 6 A VIEW OF of which is free for mips and veffels of heavy burden. Beyond its navigation, it is immediately loft in exttn- five fwamps. Waccamaw river takes its rife in the lower parts of North-Carolina; running through the north eaftern parrs of this ftate, until it empty into Georgetown Bay. This river is liable to frefhes ; but not fuch as are injurious to planters, unlefs there mould be one at the fame time in Pedee River. By the waters of this exteniive river the current of Waccamaw river has been forced up in a continued ftream, for feveral days, beyond Conway Borough. Broad, Coofaw, Port Royal, and other (hort rivers are more to be confidered as arms of the fea, than as rivers of the country. By their various meanderings and junctions, they in filiate nearly one fifth part of Beaufort diftrift ; forming iflancjs extremely well adapt- ed to the culture of cotton and indigo. Their waters are deep, and their navigation fuitable to heavy veffels of war: hence Broad and Port-Royal Rivers, are fup- pofed equal to the fafe accommodation of the largeft and molt formidable navy. The Bar, or entrance of Broad River, is almoft a mile wide; carrying a depth of near twenty-three feet at low water. The mouth of this river at the fea, from Hilton Head on one iide, to the Hunting Iflands on the other, is between feven and eight miles; and it pene- trates a wide, and nearly a ftraight com fe, fome diftance into the country. In fo much ihat a vefiel runs below the vilible horizon, in going up the river, as if fhe were at fea. Many rivers alfo, of lefs note, difcbarge their waters herein; hence the appellation of bay, would be a more appropriate term for this noble expanfe of wa- ter, than that by which it is at prefent known of Broad River. The common tides along the coafts of this ftate, rife from fix to eight feet at neap tides j and from eight tp ten SOUTH-CAROLINA. 37 ten feet at fpring tides; they are however, much influ- enced by wind. For a neap tide, with a fouth-eaftward- ly wind, is higher than a fpring tide, with a north-wefl- wardly one. Along the coaft the depth of fea water is from two to five fathoms, to a diftance of Tome miles from the more ; of courfe it is to be approached with caution, and under the direction of fkiltul pilots. In general the tides afcend our rivers as far as thirty or thirty five miles, in a direct line from the ocean : this, however, is to be underftood, only in thole rivers, whole ftreams are not impetuous. For in the Santee, the tides do not flow more than fifteen miles in a direct line. Although the fwell of flood be perceivable further up the river. And the falts are fo kept back, by the co* lumn of frefh water continually pouring down, that ex- cept in times of great drought, they do not afcend fur- ther than two miles from the fea : and when a drought prevails, they fcarcely ever penetrate more than three or four miles in a direct line. The falts proceed fur- ther up Georgetown Bay, and are fometirnes injurious to agriculture fourteen miles, or more, from the fea ; but this happens only as far as the mouths of the large frefh water rivers, which difcharge themfelves into that bay. The Savannah River partakes alio of the fame in- fluences, and nearly in the fame extent, with Santee River. And except where the tides flow, the waters in the rivers are conftantly pouring down, thus facilitat- ing navigation from the upper country ; but rendering the return a tedious undertaking. When fo many rivers interfeel this flate, fpreading their numerous branches into every part of it ; few lakes are eiiher required, or to be found. One howe- ver, fituated in Barnwell diilricl, in the middle country, preients a beautiful fheet of water, near a mile in cir- cumference. It is furrounded on all fides by high pine land; and its fho-es prefent a beach-like furface of white fand, on wmch carriages may be driven round with 38 A VIEW OF with conveniency. This lake is fituated not far from Spring-town ; inviting from thence the occafional vifits of its inhabitants. The hiftory of the large rivers of this (late, prefents us with many inftances, where their waters have broken through peninft. las ; and have worn a fhort channel, as wide and as deep as the circuitous one which they before purfued. When the mouths of thefe old channels are partly flopped up by the precipi- tation of fand, and the dreams in them become flow, they are with us denominated lakes. Of fuch is Low- der's Lake, on Pedee River ; over which the furround- ing lands project elevations of near one hundred feet; in the fpring they are beautifully decorated with a profufion of the calico flower, or wild ivy • and an echo is here produced, whofe reverberations combine dift.in8.nefs, with frequent repetition. Fossils, Minerals, Springs, Cascades, and Natural Curiosities. Where the climate and foil of Carolina fo powerfully affift the productions of the earth, and encourage the exertions of induftry ; inducements are but fmall to ori- ginate refearches for minerals and ores. Hence, infor- mation refpeQing them in this date is imperfect; known but to few, and with difficulty to be acquired. Some inftances, however, have occurred, which lead to the following obfervations. At the upper part of Charlefton diftrict, in the neigh-* bourhood of Nelfon's ferry, a ftratum of foflil oyfter Ihells ftretches in a fouth weftwardly courfe, nearly pa- rallel with the lea, towards the Three Runs, on Savannah River. And are probably connected with thofe which Mr. Bartram defcribes, as being fifteen miles below Silver Bluff, on the Georgia fide. Thefe (hells are uncommonly large ; towards Santee River, they are of a circular form, and of a diameter of feven or eight in- ches. They are thick and heavy ; diflimilar from any Ihells which are found on our fea lhores. On this fubject many SOUTH-CAROLINA. g 9 many conje&ures have been made ; but none actually conclufive, as to the time or manner in which they were thrown along fuch an extent of country.* When firft dug up, they are hard, and in the inner parts prefent an enamelled appearance. But the effeQ: of external air foon difTolves and decompofes them into a limy powder. Some of them were found when digging the Santee Ca- nal ; and being opened, contained petrified oyfters. And fuch quantities of them are in the vicinity of Nel- fon's ferry, as by a ftrong tin&ure to mark their con- nexion with the waters of the Eutaw Springs ; celebra- ted as the place, near which one of the beft fought engagements took place, which adorns the hiftory of the American revolution. In digging canals through fwamps, or in examining the fides of abrupt eminences, foffils of various defcriptions are occasionally found. t Teeth of unufual fize have been found in this ftate, as far fouth as Stono Swamp ; in the latitude of nearly thirty-three degrees north. At this place, fays Mr. Catefby , " was dug out of the earth, " three or four teeth of a large animal ; which, by the " concurring opinions of all the negroes, native Afri- " cans, that faw them, were the grinders of an elephant." And in his opinion could be no other ; he having feen fome of the like which are brought from Africa. Since that time bones and teeth of large dimenfions were in the year 1795, dug out of Biggin Swamp, at the head of the weit branch of Cooper River, two miles above Biggen bridge; and in north latitude, about 33d. 10m. This was effected by Colonel John Chriftian Senf, en- gineer to the company for opening a canal between San- tee and Cooper Rivers. He found them eight or nine feet under ground ; and within a fpace not exceeding ten paces. Among them were grinders, bearing all the marks of a carnivorous animal ; having double rows of high * Sec note I. in the Appendix. t See Bertram 's Travels. Page 312. 4° A VIEW OF higl blunt points or protuberances, as if intended to malricate, and not to grind food. Others were of a different and much larger texture, apparently belonging to a graminivorous animal. They were flat, and ribbed tranfverfely on the furfaces ; refembling, according to the accounts of naturalifts, the grinders of an elephant. There was alfo a large tufk, three or four feet long; which Colonel Senf is of opinion, refembled in every refpecf that of an elephant. When firft taken out of the ground it was fo ilippery, by reafon of a mucous which furrounded it, as f.arcely to beholden !y the hand. But the adion of the air foon dried up this fub- fiance, and afterwards crumbled it to pieces in fuch manner, as to prevent any particular account being given of the fame. Thefe different kinds of teeth and bones, .have been found throughout the northern ftates of America; and have given rife io varieties of opinion. In fields of fuch doubtful conclufion we will nor at prefent roam; but will proceed to defcnbe fome of thofe which were dug up in Biggen Swamp, and were afterwards depofited in the Mufeum of the Charlefton Library : from arr^ng thofe, which were in the beft date of prefervation at the time, the drawings of the following were taken. i. A moulder blade. The focket of this bone forms the fegment of a circle, whofe chord is nine inches and a quarter ; from the chord to the greateft extent of its periphery, is two inches. The circumference of this bone, below where the joint was, is twenty-five inches; and the width of the focket is more than fix inches. 2. A rib, whofe circumference is eight inches. It is now fo much broken, as to lead to no certain defcrip- tion of its length. When firft dug up it was nearly fix feet long; and from its curvilinear form is fuppofed not to have been one of the largeft ribs of the animal. The part remaining in the mufeum forms a fegment of a circle, whofe chord is three feet ; i>nd from the chord 9 to SOUTH-CAROLINA. 4 t to the greateft extent of the periphery, is eight inches and a quarter. 3. One of the cervical vertibrs. This is nearly per- fect, and bears a proportion to the other bones. The foramen, or hole in it, through which the fpinal marrow ran, is to a diameter of two and an half inches. And the bone itfelf forms a triangle, whofe bafe is nine inches and an half; and whofe fides are thirteen inches and an half each. 4. A jaw tooth. With four rows of blunt double points, or protuberances, which are very hard and po- lifhed ; and are of a dark blueifh colour. The higheft of thefe points rife an inch and a quarter from the tooth; and the whole tooth, not calculating the root part, is feven inches long, four inches wide, and four inches and three quarters deep, to where it is broken off. 5. A jaw tooth, which is faid to be the hindermoft grinder. It is now eight inches and a quarter long on its furface, although a part of it have ben broken off; and is three inches and an half wide. The root of it is eleven inches and an half long. Its grnding fur 'ace is flat, and of a whitifh colour; ribbed tranfverfely with black ftreaks. And the depth of the tooth, from the fur- face to its bottom, is fix inches and an half. The place where thefe remains were found, is defig- nated on the {ketch of the Santee Canal, by letter A ; and were in the way of the labourers working on the fame. Near four miles above this place, in the direction of the canal, at letter B, other bones were found by Colonel Senf, in the year 1797. They appear to be exactly of the fame kind, with thofe already mentioned, both as to fize and colour; among which are the following : 6. A bone, which by its appearance and focket, proba- bly belonged to the limbs of the hinder part of the animal. 7. One of the dorfal vertibrae. The foramen or hole through which the fpinal marrow ran, is to a diameter of nearly three inches. F & 4 2 A VIEW OF 8. The head of a bone of fome joint of the animal. Its diameter is nearly eight inches. Mr. JefTerfon fuppofes, that from accounts published in Europe, it is decided that the large bones found in America, are of the fame kind with thofe found in Si- beria.* Should this be the cafe, we have equal reafon to.Juppofe the above mentioned bones and teeth are iimilar to thofe which had attracted the attention of Mr. Jefferfon. And fo prone is the nature of man to difquifi- tion, that various have been the opinions of philofo- phers, refpechng their natures and difcovery. With fome, the obliquity of the ecliptic is fuppofed to have undergone a total change, and the temperate to have been formerly a torrid zone ; in order to account for thofe bones and teeth, which they fay are elephant's ; whofe natures do not allow them to exift and propagate, but in the warmed climates. Others reject this theory ; and in its place introduce a new one of their own. They conceive this difficulty better reconciled, by fuppofing, " the terreiiial globe, 44 when it firfh alfumed its form, was in a ftate of fluidi- " ty; and that water being unable to diffolve terrefiiai " bodies, the fluidity mull have been a liquifa&ion, 44 occafioned by fire. Now to pafs from the burning and 44 liquified (late, to a mild and temperate heat, time 44 was nceefiary. The globe could not at once cool to 44 its prefent temperature. Thus, during the firft ages " after irs formation, the heat proper to the earth was * 4 infinitely greater than that which it received from 44 the fun ; fince it ftill is much greater. This im- 44 menfe fire being afterwards gradually diffipated, like " all other elements, underwent fucceliive changes from " heat to cold. Of courfe, a certain time, or rather " a long tract of time exifted, during which the north- 64 ern regions ; after being burnt like all others, enjoyed 44 the fame heat, which at prefent is felt in fouthern cli- 44 mates* * Jefferson's Notes on Virginia* Pagfe 66* SOUTH-CAROLINA. 43 " mates. Hence the northern countries might, and " attually have been inhabited by animals, now pecu- " liar to the fouth ; and to which this degree of heat is " indifpenfible."* Such are the opinions of Monfieur BufFon, when considering the large bones and teeth, which have been found in Siberia, and the northern parts of Rufiia. In purfuing this theory, he unexpectedly falls into an un- avoidable dilemma, refpeCting the gradual cooling of the earth. For, allowing that his theory were plaufi- ble, there are fuch contradictory and irreconcileable circumftances attending it, as forbid us to fubfcribe to the tenor of his opinions. To make an accommoda- tion for the elephant, in the progreffion of time, through- out the globe ; and to account for the bones and teeth which he at length believes to be thofe of the elephant,t he has placed him firft at the pole; and as the earth cooled, he has gradually advanced him towards the equator. In front therefore, of this animal's approach- es, the globe mud have been heated to an intenfe de- gree ; and the parts adjacent to the equator have been, for a length of time, in a {late of actual fuiion. An idea which cannot be fubmitted to, while revolving feafons, and accurate accounts of heat and cold inform us, that taking one year with another, no remarkable difference happens in the courfeof ages in any particular climate; unlefs as it may be affe£led by new fettlements, and di- verfity of cultivation. Thofe heated parts, therefore, at that time, either did, or did not, fupport animals. If they did ; iince they have cooled to their prefent tem- perature, the animals which then inhabited them amidft fire and fufion, rauft have totally periflied; being inca- pable of bearing fo altered a climate. For there is now no animal in the torrid zone, which can endure an heat proportioned to fire. If they did not fupport animals, then the greateft portion of the globe mult have been, F 2 for * Baffin's Nat. Hist. $t: Vol. VI. page 84. t Ibid. u A VIEW OF for a long tracl of time uninhabitable, either to man or bead, by reafon of fuch intenfe heat. While the polar regions were only tenanted by animals, fuited to the temperature of our prefent torrid zone ; and were not yet peopled with thofe, which we know only to flourifh in the coldeft climates. And all this inverfion of na- ture, to fupport an hypothefis, fpringing from the brain of a fertile imagination. From fuch a dilemma, neither the philofophy or ingenuity of Buffon can extricate him. That theory cannot but be wretched, which to fupport a favorite proportion, and to give fapience to a matter which is beyond the reach of enquiry, would make a blank in nature, or fill it up with what cannot poffibly exift. To furmount thefe difficulties, others feem inclined to fuppofe that the different kinds of teeth and bones, found at the fame fpot, " are of one and the fame ani- ls mal. That this was not an hippopotamus ; becaufe 44 the hippopotamus had no tufks, nor fuch a frame; and 44 becaufe the grinders differ in their fize, as well as in 44 die number and form of their points. That it was not 44 an elephant, I think afcertained by proofs equally de- 44 cifive."* Hence to reconcile all differences, thefe car- nivorous, and graminivorous teeth, are placed in the mouth of an animal called the mammoth ; which Mr. Jefferfon fays, feems not to have exifted farther fouth than the Salines of the Holfton. Upon this idea he has Taifed a new theory; and has fuppofed nature to draw a belt of feparation, or kind of neutral ground, betwixt the tremendous animals of the mammoth and the ele- EKant. Whofe breadth around the globe, he fuppofes to e fix and an half degrees, between the torrid and tempe- rate zones. This, like all other theories, founded merely on furmife, mult give way to the fa 61 of thefe large bones and teeth being found in this ftate, three degrees pf latitude fouth of the Salines of the Holfton : thereby. reducing Jefferson's Notes on Virginia. Page 67* SOUTH-CAROLINA, 45 reducing this fuppofed belt to nearly one half of the fup- pofed diftance. Others account for thefe bones and teeth, by refer- ring back to the flood. Be-nardin de St. Pierre, fpeak- ing of the univerfal deluge in his Studies of Nature^ and fuppofmg it to have anfen from the fufion of ice, at either pole, fays " Then it was, that all the plans of " nature were reverled; complete iriands of floating " ice, loaded with white bears, run a ground among the <; palm trees of the torrid zone ; and the elephants of <{ Africa were toffed amidft the fir groves of Siberia; " where their large bones are full found to this day." Amidft this contrariety of opinions, the mind inftead of receiving information from the reafonings of others, is involved in the deep labyrinths of philosophical fur- mife. Where one hypothelis ierves only to overthrow another; without having any intrinfic merit of its own, by which fo extraordinary a phenomenon may be ex plained. Had this fuppofed animal ever been feen by naturalifts or hiftorians, whofe relations could be at all depended upon, fome data might be furnifhed for a more fuccefsful enquiry. But time has drawn a thick and ancient veil over this much defired inveftigation. Centuries have rolled away fince thefe animals were in exiftence. While their names and descriptions are no longer, with certainty, in the memory of man ;* refting only on the crude, fuperficial, and figurative account of illiterate favages.f Nothing, therefore remains, but to defift from fo unfatisfa&ory a purfuit. For, " Who fhall decide, when Doctors difagree?" And while we view, with furprize, the magnitude of ■thefe remains, the conclufion naturally duetts us to adore * Through the exertions of Mr. Peale, at Philadelphia, the fkeleton of one of thefe animals is put together, in nearly perfeft order. From the fliortncfs of its neck, and the fize of its tufts, it muft have had a probofcis ; from whence it is reaionable to fuppofe this animal was of the elephant fpecies. + See an Indian account of this animal, in Jefferson's Notes on Virginia. Page 64. 4 6 A VIEW OF adore that fuperintending Providence, which, from a : mouie, to this object of our admiration, has continued a complete chain of animated nature. Ferruginous nodules, are found at the Lower Three Runs, and at other places in this ftate; which on being broken, prefent an hollow, like that of . a peach ftone, but much larger; containing therein, either a red or yel- low ochre, in a proportion of one fifth to the fand and grit mixed with it. Some of this ochre has been ground, and mixed up with oil ; and when ufed, has been found fo well adapted to painting, as to encourage further tri- als. Red and yellow ochres, of excellent quality, are found in the ore bed, near Hill and Hayne's iron works, in York diftrict; fome of which has been fuccefsfully ufed in painting houfes in York-ville. Albedos, is alio found, towards the head waters of Lynch's Creek ; and magnet ftones of ftrong powers, have been met with in the upper parts of Newberry diftrict, near the Enoree River. Lime ftone of good quality, is found at the Eutaws; at places near Orangeburgh; and on lands adja- cent to Thicketty Creek ; which produce good lime for building and plaiftering. Real lime ftone rock is alfo plentifully found at King's Mountains, in \ r ork diftrict; producing excellent lime for all purpofes of architecture, and manufactures. Rock of excellent nature for mill ftones, is found in various parts of this ftate. At Beaver Creek, on the Catawba River, a quarry of grey ftone, fomewhat like free ftone, has been difcovered of excellent quality ; working well under the chiftel, and having the property of fplitting eahly to the wedge in ftraight lines, fo as to be wrought into large blocks. Experience has proven it fuitable for different kinds of mafonry. Hence the foundations of fome of the locks of the San tee canal are formed of the fame. Of a fomewhat fimilar kind, taken from lands adjacent to Keowee River, blocks are fplit SOUTH-CAROLINA, 47 fplit and hewn ; with which the new gaol of Pendleton diftricl: is built. Good flate is found near the head waters of Lynch's creek, and there is reafon for believing it to be in vari- ous other parts of the (late. Soap (tones (Steatites) are found in the neighbour- hood of Hill and Havne's iron works j and in many- other parts of this itate. Rock chryllal, a fpecies of gvpfum or plaifter of Paris, white flint, marble, ful- ler's or faponaceous earths, emery, vitrious Hones and fands, clays of various natures, colours, and confiften- cies ; fome prefenting bright vermillion colours, and others beautiful whites and yellows; china and potter's clay, ifing glafs, nitrous earths, ochres, chalks and marles, are all occafionally found in the middle and up- per country. And in the lower country marie is occa- fionally met with. Spar of glittering appearance, is often feen, in the upper country ; and Do&or Chalmers, in his account of Carolina, fays " he has feen emeralds, that were " brought from the country of the Cherokees ; which <4 when cut and polifhed, fall nothing fhort of thofe u which were imported from India, in luftre." To this point alfo, Adair, in his hiftory of the Cherokee country, fays " there are many beautiful, clear chryf- ts taline (tones, formed by nature into feveral angles, "which commonly meet into one point; feveral of " them are tranfparent, like a coarfe diamond. Others, " refemble the onyx ; and once, he found a ftone like " a ruby, as big as the top of a man's thumb, with a " beautiful dark made in the middle of it."* Iron ore, of excellent quality, is plentifully found in the upper country ; particularly in the diliricts of Pendleton, Greenville, Spartanburgh, and York ; pro- ducing, on a general average, one fourth of its Crude weight * Adair's Hist, of American Indians, Page 237. 4 8 A VIEW OF weight in pure iron. Some rich fpecimens of copper, have alfo been found ; and by the indications of copper, on a part of the iron ore at Hill and Hayne's works, it is fuppofed by digging through the iron ore, a depth of twenty feet, a rich vein of copper would be procured. Copper ore is alfo found near Cedar Creek, on the eaft fide of Broad River, in the upper country ; at which place there is ore of filver appearance. Lead is faid to be in fome place on the Catawba lands, and that good fpe- cimens have formerly been feen of it ; but its pofition is not at prefent known. It is faid, there is alfo lead ore on Mr. Calhoun's plantation in Pendleton diftricl. And black lead, arfenick, fulphur, antimony, alum, and talk, are alfo faid to be found in the upper parts of this ftate. Not far beyond the boundary line, excellent lead is found in the Cherokee Mountains, in great abundance; producing two thirds of its crude weight in pure lead. Near this place, much alum may alfo be procured. A fmall bit of gold is faid to have been once found in Greenville diftritl, on Paris's Mountain, of fufficient quantity to be made into a ring; but this is a report of what is faid to have taken place many years ago. There can be no doubt, however, of Paris's Mountain porfeffing ores. Iron it has in great plenty ; and a fl.ro.ng fulphur fpring near one of its fides, indi- cates its affinity with them. It is more than probable, that the mountains on the frontiers of this ftate, and in the Cherokee nation, contain valuable portions of the rich metals. As Adair, in his hiftory of that country, fays they are often covered with load ftones; which are known to accompany them : and he further fays, he has there feen tufts of grafs, deeply tinclured by mine- ral exhalations ; and glittering from the fame caufe.* Medicinal *r The mines of Potofi, in Peru, were accidently difcovered by an Indian in the year 1 545, as he was clambering up one of the mountains. To aid him in hi»- Ssfcent, he laid hold of a bufh, the roots of which loofened from the earth, and brought to view an ingot of filver. By other accidental circumftances, mofl of the richeft mines have been difcovered. SOUTH-CAROLINA. 49 Medicinal Springs. From lands producing thefe foflils and ores, fprings arife, impregnated with their virtues ; fome of which have already attracted the public attention. Among thefe the Pacolet fprings have been firft noticed, as pofleffing qualities friendly to health. They are fituated on the weftern fide of Pacolet River, in the upper coun- try ; and are faid to be of much virtue in rheumatic, cutaneous, and fome other complaints; for which they are occafionally vifited. Their waters are perfectly clear, and are fuppofed to be impregnated with fulphur and iron; but from procefl'es taken to analize them, the iffue has not been fuch as to eftablifh this fuppofition. Indeed, fo contradictory are the accounts refpeclino- them, that a precife opinion could not be hazarded of their natures. By fome they are faid to tafte and fmell like the warnings of a gun barrel ; and by others they are denied having any extraordinary fmell or tafte. Ano- ther fpring, of the fame kind is in the Gatawba lands, near the road leading from Lands-ford to Hill and Hayne's ironworks. Asisalfoone, on a branch of the Waxaw creek, which is faid to poffefs the fame virtues as the Catawba fprings in North-Carolina > and is therefore fuppofed to be impregnated with iron and fulphur. A fpring impregnated with iron and fulphur, pro- ceeds from the eaftern fide of Paris's Mountain. The water is perfectly clear, but fmells ftrongly, like the warnings of a gun barrel - 3 the bottom of the fpring con- fifts of a very black earth, which fmells extremely ful- phureoUs. This fpring is very powerful in curing ring worms and other cutaneous diforders; and for that pur- po'e has been reforted to by the inhabitants, with much fuccefs, in defperate cafes. In the forks of Lynch's Creek, a beautiful fpring burfts and boils up from the earth, in a large ftream; whofe waters are of fo falubrious a nature, that many perfons refort to them in the autumrf G for ^o A VIEW OF for health. A fimilar one breaks out from a whitifh clay or chalky hill, in Richland diftricl, near Rice Creek; which is efficacious in curing ring worms, cutaneous diforders and rheumatifros. This laft fpring has been but lately known ; it was however reforted to in the year 1801, by upwards of one hundred perfons; who drank of, and bathed in its waters with fuccefs. Another fpring of fome notoriety, has been found with- in a few years pad; boiling up from the bafe of the ridge of high land in Orangeburgh diftrici, which overlooks a branch of the Little Saltcatcher Swamp. There are many of thefe fprings which extend fome hundred yards along the edge of the fwamp ; and their virtues were not known until about the year 1796; when they were firft di (covered by an huntfman, who was in purfuit of game. Fatigued with exercife he arrived at the large fpring; and was naturally induced to tafte its chryftal waters. In doing fo he wafhed his hands, which were affecled with ring worms, and in a few days found they were much bet- ter. Judging this to be the caufe of fuch good to him- felf, he renewed the vifit; and in a fhort time w T as per- fectly cured. Hence a reputation arofe, inducing the neighbours to bathe in thefe waters lor fores, lamenefs, and pains in the body ; which fometimes proving fuc- cefsful, their virtues were magnified ; and in the courfe of that year, they were vifited by two hundred perfons. Some pains have been taken by a profeffional medical gentleman, to analize and afcertain the virtues, if any, which thefe fprings pofTe fs ; who, after fome reafoning, is of opinion, that they do not deferve being claffed among mineral waters. Sometimes they tafte like a folution of emetic tartar, and excite a naufea. But the refidents of Spring-town, a fettlement formed near it, find it fo little different, either in tafte or effect from drinking wa- ter, that they conftantly ufe it as fuch, without the fmalleft inconvenience. Health, he fays, is to be en- joyed at that fettlement in an high degree - x but he at- tributes SOUTH-CAROLINA. 5 t tributes it more to the dry, healthy fituation of the fet- tlement, and to cleanlwefs confequent on bathing in the fpring, than to any very particular virtues which it pof- feffes. In the year 1796, the depth of the fpring was more than twenty-ieven feet ; but in the autumn of 1797, it was only five feet and an half deep. At firft this change was not eahly accounted for; but the obfervation of the be- fore mentioned gentleman, has in fome meafufe afcertain- ed the caufe. The year 1797, when the fpring filled up four fifths of its depth, was a very dry year ; and after the drought palled over, with the fucceeding rains it reco- vered a part of its depth again. Hence it is fuppofed, that as the waters boil up from the bottom of the fpring, bringing with them land from the bowels of the earth, during the dry feafon, they are not fufriciently powerful to difcharge them ; and of courfe they precipitate and gradually fill up the fame. But as ibon as the rains commence, the fpring being more powerful, difcharges the fands with the water which runs over; and it confe- quently becomes deeper. The laft fpring, which deferves particular mention, is the Eutaw Spiing, fituated in Charlellon difhict, not far diitant from Nelfon's Ferry. It rifes through an opening in the earth, of a few inches diameter; and immediately forms a bafon of tranfparent water, a few feet deep; and about one hundred and fifty paces round. It thence penetrates a fubterraneous paffage, through a ridge of porous lime ftone, or concretion of large oyfter Ihells ; and at a diftance of one hundred paces, or more, boils up and bubbles through a variety of paifages ; forming the head of Eutaw Creek. The waters of this fpring, have a purgative effecl to thofe who are unaccuftomed to them; but otherwife, they have no particular characier. While the memory of the American revolution is indulged; or its confe- quences are held dear to the citizens of thefe United States ; the engagement, which took place near this. G 2 fpring, £9 A VIEW OF fpring, in the year 1781, between the American armies under General Greene, and thofe^f Great Britain under Lieutenant Colonel Stewart, will be recolle&ed. On thefe grounds, the ftruggle of nations, for liberty and independence, took place; and thefe cryftal waters, reforted to by wounded foldiers, then blufhed at the fanguinary fcene. The land of South-Carolina being for the moft part of a level nature, affords few of thofe abrupt fituations, -which produce cafcades, or water falls. It is not, however, without fome of thefe beauties ; and its rivers, in the upper country, are frequently foaming and rum- bling over rocks and precipices; which from time to time ftretch acrofs their channels. One of the moft remarkable of thefe, is the rocky precipice entirely acrofs Reedy River, at Greenville court houfe. The river is here, thirty one-yards wide; and the perpen* dicular fall is thirty-fix feet. Stepping from rock to rock, I walked acrofs this river in Oftober, 1801, without wetting my feet; a very dry feafon then pre- . vailing, and the river confequently low. At thefe times the river is fordable juft above the precipice; but when the water rifes to the bellies of the horfes, it can no longer be attempted without extreme danger, both to the horfe and the rider. As the impetuofity of the current is fuch, that they would both be immediately fwept away; and precipitating down the fall, be dafhed againft the oppofite rocks. The fources of fome of our rivers alfo, precipitate from a vaft height, down the fides of the mountains. The branches of Saluda in particular, which fpring from thefe, cannot fall from an height of lefs than twelve hundred feet; as they generally courfe down two thirds of the mountains height. From the daffy, Table, and Oolenoy Moun- tains, fome of thefe waters fifteen or twenty feet wide, fpeed into the vallies below; falling on a declination, of perhaps SOUTH-CAROLINA. d $ perhaps ninety degrees ; and foaming over rocks through the whole of that diftance. For quantity of water, and grandeur of appearance, perhaps the Catawba Falls are the moll interefting of any in this ftate. They are lituated a little above Rocky Mount; and the approach to them is over hills, which line the fides of the river. On either fide the rocks are piled up in a wall of many feet high; and hills rifing above them in (harp conical fummits, nod over the rupture below. Now the Catawba is arrefted in its courfe, and from a width of one hundred and eighty yards this river is forced by the hills and rocks on either fide, to fhoot down " the Gulph"* in a channel of only fixty-five yards wide. Collecting its waters, impetuous and noify it thunders down the falls; tumbling over marly rocks, and foaming from fhore to more; wheeling its large whirlpools, and glancing from rock to rock, with maddening fury. Nor ceafing its troubled waves, until it has over leaped twenty falls in the diftance of two and an half miles; and has precipitated from its height, a depth of ninety feet. Here, below- Rocky Mount, it begins to fubfide; and fpreads over a channel three hundred and eighteen yards wide; but is not compofed. For miles below, rocks are fcattered in its way; at times irritating its waters, and provoking the rapidity ofitsftream. So a proud and haughty difpofition cannot bear controul ; but rufhes onward, with unabating violence, fcorning all oppofition which is furmountable. Repoffeffing its tranquility by flow degrees ; and becoming again incenfed with whatever rifes in its way. Natural Curiosities. The natural curiofities of this ftate, which have at- tracted the public attention, are but few; among thefe, however, the following may be noticed. About two miles * That narrow part of the river, is fo called. 54 A VIEW OF miles and an half from Columbia, within thirty yards of the Camden road, an eminence, fixteen or twenty feet high pre fen ts itfelf to your view, rifing immediate- ly above the adjacent pine lands. It appears to be en- tirely compofed of a fpecies of fine pipe clay, generally of a white appearance, and in fome cafes beautifully marbled. It prefents itfelf fo fuddenly to the view, by its abrupt pofidon, as to invite the vifits of molt of the travellers paiiing that way ; many of whom cut. and car- ry away pieces of this clay. On the heights adjacent to Broad River, and about fix miles from Columbia, towards Fauft's ford, many beautiful fpecimens of clay appear towards the fummit of the hills. Their colours are various ; partaking almoft of all the fhades from a red to a light yellow. And their confidences are fuch, as to give fome the appearances of ochres. Marked by a bold and fingular appearance, the pre- cipice of the Table Mountain, called the Lover's Leap, is defervedly ranked as one of the greateft natural curi- ofities of this (late. From the valley below it looks like an immenfe wall, lbetching up to heaven ; prefenting its naked, but unchangeable front, ever to the influence of the feafons. This precipice defcends from the fummit of the mountain, a depth of near four hundred yards, apparently of folid rock. And from its bafe to the bot- tom of the valley, over which it (lands, is probably four hundred yards more. Below this proud eminence, reft the whitened bones of various animals, whofe incau- tious fteps led them too near the edge of this defperate height. And above, its fummit is often enveloped with heavy clouds. Towards the bafe of this precipice are caverns, which attract the notice of travellers, as there are alfo in many parts of the mountain. One of thefe towards its fummit, on the weftern fide, bears the name of a governor of this ftate, who paffed a night in it with fome of his friends, in October, 1801 ; during the continuance of a fevere ftorm of rain; and who were SOUTH-CAROLINA. fi j were there perfectly fheltercd, both from the wind and rain. Another eminence of humbler pretenfions, is Silver Bluff, on the eaftem fide of Savannah River; rifina' many feet above the river, which paffes along its bafe. This fleep, rifing perpendicularly, difcovers many ftrata of earth ; together with different clays and fhells, efpeci- ally oftrese, and blackifh date-coloured earth, apparent- ly of aluminous, or vitriolic nature. Bartram here dis- covered bellemnites, pyrites, marcafites, and fulphure- ous nodules, mining like brafs, lying on this black flaty- like micaceous earth; as alfo flicks, limbs and trunks of trees; leaves, acorns and their cups; all of which were changed black; and were as hard, and as fhinino- as charcoal.* Some miles above this, on the Carolina fhore, is the bluff, on which formerly flood Fort Moore, a little below Augufta. This fituation is abrupt : and is perhaps ninety, or one hundred feet above the river below. It prefents to the view a wall of party colour- ed earths ; confifting of clays and marles of various colours, from brown to white, ranged in horizontal ftrata. In the early fettlement of this flate, a frontier garrifon was kept at this place, to protect its inhabitants againft the Mufkohge or Creek nation, and other In- dians ; and here the conflancy and intrepidity of a Mufkohge warrior, named " Old Scrany" faved him from a death, which threatened him by fiery torture. This warrior had been taken prifoner by the Shav/ano Indians; and having been baflinadoed in the ufual man- ner ; he was condemned to that cruel puniffimem. " He " underwent a great deal, without fhewing any concern ; " his countenance and behaviour were as if he fuffered " not the leaft pain, and was formed beyond the com- " mon laws of nature. He told them with a bold " voice, that he was a very noted warrior j and gained moft * See Bartrams Travels, Page 312,, 5 6 A VIEW OF " mod: of his martial preferment, at the expence of " their nation ; and was defirous of fhewing them in 44 the a£t of dying, that he was ft ill as much their fu- 44 perior, as when he headed his gallant countrymen iS againft them. That, although he had fallen into their 44 hands, in forfeiting the protection of the Divine Pow- < 4 er, by fome impurity or other, when carrying the 44 holy ark of war againft his devoted enemies; yet he " had ftill fo much remaining virtue, as would enable ** him to punifh himfelf more exqiiifitely, than all 44 their defpicable ignorant crowd could pofLbly do, 44 if they gave him liberty by untying him, and would «* hand him one of the red hot gun barrels out of the " fire. The propofal, and method of addrefs, appear- 44 ed fo exceedingly bold and uncommon, that his re- 44 queft was granted. Then he fuddenly feized one 44 end of the red barrel, and brandifhing it from fide to 44 fide, he forced his way through the armed and fur- 44 prifed multitude, and leaped down a prodigious fteep "and high bank into a branch of the river; dived " through it • ran over a fmall ifland, and pa fled the o- 44 ther branch, amidft a fhower of bullets from the com- 44 manding ground, where Fort Moore, or New Winfor 44 garrifon ftood. And though numbers of his eager 44 enemies were in clofe purfuit of him, he got to a 44 bramble fvvamp, and in that naked, mangled condi- 44 tion, reached his own country."* Connected with Indian affairs, a mound of oyfter (hells, about one mile and an half fouth of Fort Johnfon, on James Illand, may be mentioned; as hav- ing been probably conftrucled by the aborigines of this ftate. It is of a circular form ; meafuring around two hundred and forty paces. Its width at the top is ten paces; and at its bafe from fixteen to twenty; and its height is from eight to ten feet. A tradition refpecV ing * Adair's Hist, of American Indians. Page 392. SOUTH CAROLINA. 57 ing it, relates that it was an Indian Fort, or place of arms and retreat. And their (mail powers in fortificati- on feem to favor the idea, as they were not poffefTed of proper tools for breaking the earth; and throwing up entrenchments. They could, however, carry on their heads thefe fhells from the neighbouring mores; and by continual additions raife this curious ftruclure. It is fituated in the midit of cleared lands, on no uncom- mon rifing; now furrounding the dwelling houfe and offices of a gentleman who relides on the island. And the waters, which were driven by the hurricane of 1752, over much of the adjacent lands, are fai i to have been completely banked out by this work. This being ob- ferved by Mr. Rivers, he placed his dwelling houfe therein; which has continued either by repairs, or new buildings, to the prefent day. It is alfo faid this bank was many feet higher; but that he reduced it for the purpofe of burning lime; fome of which was ufed in building St. Michael's Church, in Charleston. There are no ditches about it, which could lead to a furmife of its being made by whites. Nor is it of fuch a ftructure as to imagine it produced by nature. For there are no fhells in the enclofed area ; that prefenting a verdant turf, exaclly fimilar to the outhde adjacent lands. On Flat Creek, one of the head branches of Lynche's Creek, an extremely rocky and romantic country pre- fents itfelf, well worth the attention of the curious traveller. This creek runs in a valley, embofomed by hills on either fide, of fuch height, as are feldom teen but in the neighbourhood of mountains; from which it is far diflant. Near this place is a confiderable quarry of flate, of good quality; infomuch that the boys in its vicinity ufe it for their fchool exercifes. Rocks of mid- dle fize here appear like the cabins of the poor, but not the lefs free inhabitants of the neighbouring land hills. And the Rock-houfe a few miles beyond, arreils the traveller's attention. This and other curious informa- H tion, j8 A VIEW OF fcion, furniihed by a gentleman who lias lately travelled there, will be beft deicribed in nearly his own words: We proceeded on horfeback along the low lands up the creek, propofing firft to vifit a place called the Rock- houfe. After having advanced about two miles, we def- cried it at the head of a deep valley, in which we rode; a beautiful cafcade of water tumbling from the lide of the hill, on which this Rock-hou,fe (lands. This fpot is highly romantic. The rocks rife in rude piles above the valley, to the height of about two hundred and fifty feet; crown- ed occanonally with red cedar and favin. About half way up the hill, is the Rock-houfe, refembling the roof of an houfe. And at the lower end of it is an aperture, from which a imall ftream of clear water i flues forth ; falling over the rocks below, into the valley. We clam- bered up the fide of the hill to the fource of the cafcade, and found the Rock-houfe to be compofed of two large flat rocks, leaning againft each other at top ; forming a complete fhelter from the fun and rains. The area of this fhelter may be about ninety feet in circumference, remarkably dark. and cool: and at bottom the ftream forming the cafcade, brawls along over the rocks, and approaches the fteep part of the hill, precipitating down its fide. Upon the whole, the cafcade of Juan Fer- nandez, celebrated by circumnavigators, may be more beautiful; as that of Niagara is more grand and fublime; but ftill this Rock-houfe arid cafcade, would rank high in ornamental gardening with all thofe, who either for pleafure or pride, covet the polTeffion of thefe rare and natural beauties. We next vifited what is called the Great Flat Rock, approaching it through a valley, at the head of which it is fituated. It is fo called (I fup- pofe) to diftinguifh it from the Flat Rock, on the road from Camden to Lancafter Court-houfe; and it confifts ,of a huge body of folid rock, covering, according to my eftimation, upon a fecond vifit, at leaft fifty acres of |and. On the fide of the valley to the weft, it is ele- vated SOUTH-CAROLINA. 5 $ vated above the tops of the trees, and is inacceflible ; to the eaft, the rock is not fo high ; and a little up the fide of it are two caverns, into both of which I entered. But not being provided with candles, or torches, I did not think it prudent to proceed far. The cavern having the fmallefl: entrance, is faid afterwards to widen confidera* bly ; to extend farther than the other; and to have been the hiding place of fome tories, during our revolution- ary war; as it is ftill of wild cats, wolves, and other ver- min. Our hoft informed us, that he had once penetrated it to the diftance of about two hundred yards ; and there is a tradition in the neighbourhood, that fome Indians; once entered it, and emerged at the diftance of three miles, near to Lynche's Creek. The colour of the rock, when broken, is of a whitifh ground, intermixed with fmall black fpots, of very hard conhftence, and fuitable for mill Hones. The walls of the cavern are highly po- lifhed, and appear to be of dark clouded marble. From the polifh, I fuppofe the whole cave to be the deferted channel of fome dream of water, which once illued into the valley below. In the evening we vifited another rock, which lay acrofs Flat Creek; and as it had no name, exercifing the privilege of a traveller, I nam- ed it si The Turk." On the fummit of one large rock is placed another, propped up and poifed as it were by the hand of art; and by an indulgence of the imagination, you may fancy the upper rock like a turban, on a Turk's head; fuch an one, as you may have feen Mahomet painted with. Both the rocks may be about fifty feet high ; and cover a piece of ground of about thirty feet diameter. To the ordinary run of (hangers, this rock is confidered as a far greater curiofity, than either the Great Flat Rock, or even the Rock-houfe, with its beautiful cafcade. We were informed of feveral other curious rocks and caverns, fituated in the vicinity ; but a great fall of rain converted that into a confiderable ri- ver, which the evening before we had forded as a creek; and thus put an end to our further enquiries. H % Produftions. So A VIEW OF Productions, 'vegetable and animal. Although Tome attempts have been made to afcer- tain the vegetable productions of South-Carolina; yet much remains ftill unexplored. To Catefby we are in- debted for fome drawings ; and but imperfect defcrip- tions of plants and flowers. Bartram, in his travels through this (late in 1776, has added fome particulars to botanical information. Walter, in his Floy a Caroliniana, has brought forward a ftill greater catalogue ; not how- ever, without being fufpefted of ftating different fpe- cies, where varieties only exifted. And Michaux, in a work, which he has lately publifhed at Paris, has added valuable information refpecting the hiftory of America*! oaks. From thefe fources, and fome others, which pre- sent themfelves, the following indigenous plants may be noted; as fiourifhing within the boundaries of this ftate. BOTANICAL CATALOGUE Of the most remarkable Plants, Shrubs and Trees, indigenous to the stats of South-Carolina.* Vernal flar grafs. (Callitriche verna.) Fringe tree. [Chionanthus Virginica.) Grows at the edges of low lands, and alfo in good high lands. Blof- foms in April : an ornamental fhrub. Catalpa tree. (Bignonia Catalpa.) Originally grew in the upper country, but was brought from thence by Mr. Catefby; and affimilates well with the lower coun- try. It grows into a large tree; and when in biofI'om 3 has a beautiful appearance. Cancer weed. (Salvia Lyrata, et Mexicana.) Tall vernal or fpring grafs. (Anthoxanthum gigan- teum.) Several * See a fmall pamphlet, publifhed in Philadelphia, in 1801, by Benjamin Smith Barton, M. d. entitled " Collections for an effay towards a Materia " Medica of the United States. Read before the Philadelphia Medical Society, " on the 21ft of February, 1798," in which there is much valuable information^ refpe&ing the medicinal indigenous plants of thefe United States. SOUTH-CAROLINA. €l Several fpecies of iris. [Ins.) Several fpecies of rufh. (Scirpus.) Several fpecies of panic grafs. (Panicum.) Walter's grafs. [Cornucopia perennans.) Walter, pleafed with the idea of its excellence, thus expreffes himfelf in defcribing it. " Gramen undique laeve, fac- " charinum, aeftatem fuftinens, in hyeme vigens, radi- " cibus geniculifque fe cito propagans. Donum inaef- "timabile; conditore ad hanc diem refervatum, hoc " aevum, me int'lrumento, locupletatum !" Walter's Ca~ roliniana, page 74. Meadow fox tail grafs. (Alopecurus pratenfis.) Carolinian fox tail grafs. (Alopecurus Carolinianus.) Crab grafs, or crop grafs. (Syntherisma, praecox, fe- rotina, et villofa.) This grafs bears one or two cuttings during the feafon ; and grows to the height of two Or three feet. It makes its appearance in the latter end of Apul and beginning of May, with the crops which are then advancing) and does not mature itfelf until the latter end of fummer, about the time the crops are made. It was hence called crop grass: and by adulteration, is now called crab grass. In good high land, or where it has been manured, this grafs comes up thickly without being fown : and what with the little trouble attending its growth, and the excellence of its fodder, it is the grafs which is moft attended to in Carolina. Bent grafs. (Agrostis.) Feather grafs. (Stipa.) Melic grafs. (Melica.) Sea fide oats. (Uniola paniculata.) Quaking grafs. (Briza.) Several fpecies of meadow grafs. (Poa.) Some fpecies of fefcue grafs. (Festuca.) Brome grafs. (Bromus Ciliatus.) Oat grafs. (Avena Caroliniana.) Grows in rich tide lands. When cut green, it makes an excellent fodder for horfes. Cane fa A VIEW OF Cane or reed. (Arundo, gigantea, et te&a.) Grows in low grounds and river fwamps. 1 he arundo gigan- tea, is ufed for angling rods, and weaving looms; and grows To large towards the heads of the rivers, that, a joint of the cane, is faid to hold near a pint of liquor. -Their leaves, continue throughout the winter ; and af- ford excellent food for cattle. Thefe canes are now to be found in quantities, only in the rich deep fwamps of the lower country. At the firft fettlement of this hate, the vallies of the middle and upper country, then in the poffeffion of the Indians, encouraged a plentiful growth of cane. But frnce the whites have fpread them lei ves over the fame, with their herds of cattle and hogs, the canes in thefe narrow fwamps and val- lies, are kept fo clofely cut down, by the continual brojvfeing of cattle, as to have nearly extirpated them. Rve grafs. (Hordeum nodofum ?) Grows in high river fwamp, and fprings very early in the year, being matured in May. Dog tail grafs. [Cynomrus.) Button wood. (Cephalantlms Occidentalis.) Grows in watery places : bloiloins in June. A wafh of tie de- codHon of this plant, is faid to be good for the palfey. American Callicarpa. [Callicarpa Americana.) Grows on dry lands ; is faid to be ufeful in dropfical complaints : bloifoms in July. Plantain. (Plardago Virginica, et Caroliniana.) Grows on dry lands ; blofioms in April. Creeping Mitchella. [Mitchella repens.) Grows in mellow good lands under the fhade, and near the roots of trees. It bloifoms in May ; and is extremely fra- grant. Wild madder. [Riibia peregrina.) Flowering Ptelea. [Ptelea trifoliata.) Grows in the upper country, near the waters of Savannah river; an ornamental fhrub. Highland dogwood. (Cornus Florida.) Grows on light SOUTH-CAROLINA. 63 light high land with a blackifli mould. It is a ftrong tough wood, ufed fome times for cogs in machinery. It bloflbms early in the fpring : and with fome planters^ the bloffoms are coniidered as good fignals Cor com- mencing the planting of Indian corn. Its bark is con- fiderably aftringent; and has long been employed in intermittent fevers. A decoction of it has alio been found ufeful, in a malignant fever called che Yellow Water, Canada distemper, &c, which has carried oft numbers of the horfes in the United States. Belides this Walter mentions two other fpecies, Cornus fanguinea, and Cornus alba; the laft of which is alfo noticed by Catefby. Pink root, or Indian Pink. (Spigelia Marilandica.) Grows in good high land, in the lower and middle coun- try ; but more particularly on the declivities adjacent to fwamps. It alfo grows in the mountainous parts of the flate ; and has become a profitable article of trade with the Cherokee Indians. It bloffoms in May and June ; and is ufed in worm cafes, with much fuccefs. Several fpecies of Convolvulus. [Convolvulus.) Of thefe fome grow on high land, and others in cultiva- ted fwamp ; they blofibm from May to Auguft. Yellow Jaffmin. (Bignonia Sempervirens.) Grows plentifully on the large fea iflands, and parts of the lower country not far removed from falts. It blofToms in March and April 5 and is extremely agreeable, both to the eye and the fmell. Thorn apple. (Datura tatula.) Grows near dung hills, and other loofe rich high grounds. It poffeffes delete- rious qualities; and its leaves and bark, either ufed (im- ply, or in ointment, are very healing for gall and fores. Great broad leaved mullein. (Verbascum Thapfus.) Grows in old fields ; bloflbms in May and June. Hoary white and red flowered mullein. (Verbascum lychnitis.) Grows in fandy pine land ; bloffoms in May and June. Red 64 A VIEW OF Red flowered American honey- fuckle. (Azalea nu* diflora.) Walter fays, there are varieties of this fpecies "varietates, floribus incarnatis, fulvis etluteis." Grows towards Savannah River, on the fides of hills. This is the moft brilliant fpecies of Honeyfuckle in the Hate; highly ornamental for gardens and pleafure grounds. White American honey-fuckle. (Azalea vifcofa.) Grows throughout the Hate, in mellow grounds. Its flowers are variegated; fome being red; fome inclining to purple ; and others being white. Some fpecies of night fhade. (Solanum.) Iron wood. (Sideroxylon.) Grows in high fwampy land. Bell flower. (Campanula perfoliata.) Grows near water courfes ; bloffoms in May. Evergreen fcariet trumpet honey-fuckle. (Lonicera Scmpervirens.) A great climber, growing on high land; of ornamental appearance ; blolloms in April. Red American woodbine, or honey-fuckle. (Loni- cera.) A beautiful climbing plant; bloffoms in Janu- ary and February; alfo in May and June; grows on drv land ; and iometimes on river fwamp, towards the mouths of the rivers. Yellow Carolinian woodbine, or honey-fuckle, (Lo- nicera lutea Carolinienfis.) I have fo called this flow- ering plant; it not yet being noticed in any botanical book refpecling this date. It is of the climbing fpecies, bearing bright yellow bloffoms, extremely elegant and fragrant : in form and appearance much like the Engl i(h honey-fuckle. And has only yet been found growing in a iouthern expofure, on the rocks of Paris's Moun- tain; in Greenville difhriO:. Carolinian Buck thorn. (Rhamnus Carolinianus.) grows in fti ong good land, bloffoms in May. Virginian Itea. (Ilea Virginica.) A flowering fhrub, growing in the upper country. Cluttered SOUTH-CAROLINA. 65 Cluftered flowering Cyriila. (Cyrilla racemifloras) Grows in low fandy lands throughout the itate ; blof- foms in June. Some fpecies of dog's bane. {Vincetoxicum et Af- clepias.) Pleurify root. (Asclepias Decumbens.) Some fpecies of gentian, commonly called Samfon's fnake root. (Gentiana.) Grows in fwampy places in the lower country, near the fhade of trees ; blofTomin"'- m October and November. I have alfo feen it growing on the high land, adjacent to Pendleton Court-houfe. Carolinian Glafswort or prickly fait wort, or kali. (Salfola Caroliniana.) Grows near fea fhores, and fait water; bloffoming, in Auguft and September, Lambs quarters. (Chenopjdiwii Album.) Grows in mellow lands, and is ufed as a garden vegetable. Jerufalem oak. [Chenopodium Anthel.nintiv:um.) A noxious weed, growing in dry grounds ; which having a long tap root, is with difficulty deftroyed. Like the pink root, or Indian pink, the juice of its leaves is ufed in worm cafes, with fuccefs. Sea blite, or white glafs wort. (Client podium Mari- timum.) Grows near the fait beaches. Some fpecies of elm. (Ulmus.) They grow in mel- low and low grounds, and are trees of ornamental ap- pearance ; in delicacy exceeding any of our forefl: tribe. One fpecies of them, known by the common name of wahoo, affords a pliable bark, which when (tripped, and foaked in water, is made fometirries into firings and ropes, their wood is alfo ufed by carnage makers; for the naves of wheels. Walter mentions fbdr lpecies of ulmus growing in this ftate : viz. Campeltris, Ame* ricana, pumila, et pubefcens. Maryland Sanicle. (Sdniculd Marilandica.) Bio A Corns in June. Wild carrot, or bird's nefh (Daucus.) Virginian water parfnip. (Sium ngidius.) I Creeping 66 A VIEW OF Creeping water parfnip. (Slum nodiflorum.) The two above fpecies of parfnip grow in watery places ; and are of poifonous nature. Aromatic Angelica (Angelica lucida.) Grows on rich land in the upper country, and on the mountains. Its root is much eiteemed ; relembling, in fome refpe&s, the ginfeng in tafte. Hairy giant fennel. (Ferula villofa.) Grows in high lands which have been cleared. Where the lands are ftrong it will grow fix or eight feet high. Water hemlock. (Cicuta, maculata.) Grows at the fides of rivers in the lower country : of poifonous na- ture. Bloffoms in Auguft. Canadian elder. (Sambacus. Canadenfis.) Grows near fences on high land; and plentifully fometimes in good river fwamp. Deco&ions of its leaves are ufed fuccefsfully for eruptions of the fkin, and bruifesj bloffoms in May. Common chick weed. (Ahine media.) Wild flax. (Linum Virginianum.) Grows towards the mountains. Dwarf palmetto. (Corypha pumila.) Grows in fwampy land, which is generally dry ; fituated at the head of frefh water rivers, in the lower country. It alfo grows on the fea iflands. Cabbage palmetto. (Corypha palmetto.) Grows on the fea iflands, and on lands adjacent to fait water rivers, a few miles from the fea. Thefe trees (hoot up a ftrong fpungy item, thirty or forty feet high; and are much ufed for facing the wharves of Charlefton ; and for other defences, in fait water : they being lefs liable to the at- tacks of the fait water worms than other timber. They have alio been of lingular fervice in the conftruclion of forts ; as cannon balls bury themfelves in their fpungy fubitances, without detaching any dangerous fplinters from them. This was fully proven, at the engagement betwixt SOUTH-CAROLINA. 67 betwixt Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Ifland, and the Britifh fleet, in June, 1776. Long mofs. [Tillandsia ufneoides.) This vegeta- ble, is found in abundance upon the trees in the lower country; particularly on the live oaks, it difappears above the falls of the rivers : and although endeavours have been made to propagate it in the upper country, they have always been unfuccefsful. Cattle are fond of it: and in hard winters, it affords a comfortable relief to their neceffities. It bloffoms in May. Atamafco lilly. [Amaryllis Atamafco.) BlofToms in April. Canadian garlick. (d Ilium Canadenfe.) Virginian agave. (Agave Virginica.) Walter fays there are varieties, foliis concoloribus, et foliis macula- tis; bloffoms in June. Several fpecies of lilly. (Lillium, fuperbum, mar- tagon, et Catefbaei.) Bloffoms in June and July. Silk grafs, or bear grafs. ( Yucca filamentofa.j This plant is in great plenty, on fandy lands adjacent to falts. It alfo grows in particular places throughout the Mate. Its root is ufed inftead of foap, for wafhing woollens ; and its leaves after being a little roafted, are fometimes twifted into horfe traces. It produces a beautiful dul- ler of white bloffoms, highly ornamental for gardening. Palmetto royal. {Yucca gloriofa.) Grows only on fea ifland^; or lands immediately connected with fait water. It bears a very large and beautiful duller of white flowers ; and bloffoms in May. Its leaves are ftrong ancj prickly, for which reafon it is fometimes planted inftead of hedges or fences. Sweet fmelling flagg. (Acorus Calamus.) Several fpecies of rufli. (Juncus.) Several fpecies of dock. (Rumex.) One of thefe called patience, is a grateful vegetable when young, not inferior to fpinach. This fpecies grows in rich low land. Fifh poifon, horfe chelnut, or buck's eye. (jEsadits I z Pavia*) g« A VIEW OF Pavia.) Grows in high land. Its root, is ufed as foap, for wafhing woollens; and if thrown into water, it has a property of flupiiying the filh, fo that they will lay on the top of the water, and may be taken with the hand ; the Indians in this manner ufe it for catching fifh. It bears a number of beautiful red blofloms, of ornamen- tal appearance $ and puts them forth in March and April. Small white flowered asfculus, (jEsculus Parviflora.) This flower is mentioned particularly by Bartram in his travels, as a non-defcript ; and is to be found towards Keowee River, and the adjacent mountains, on hi^h land ; it blofloms in June and July. iVlarfh leather wood. (Dirca Paluftris.) Red bay tree. (Laurus Borbonia.) Grows in the lower country. Its grain is fo fine, and bears fo goo4 a pohfhj that it is fometimes ufed for cabinet work and furniture; affording almofl as good an appearance, as mahogany. Spice wood. [Laurus Benzoin.) Grows in watery places. Doco6tions made from it, are given to horfes in the upper country, fuccefsfuly in certain cafes; bloiToms in March and April. Saflafras tree. (Laurus Saflafras.) Grows on infe- rior high land, of fandy nature; and bloifoms in April. Doco£tions from its roots or flowers, are great cleanfers of the blood; and, it hence conilitutes a part of diet drinks. As polls for fencing, its timber is of long duration. Red bud tree. (Cercis Canadenfis.) Grows on mel- low good land. Its blofloms are ufed fome times as fallad. An ornamental tree; blcffoming the latter end of March, and in April. Several fpecies of caffia. (Cassia.) Several fpecies of Andromeda. (Andromeda.) They grow, for the moil part, in four, fpungy, fwamps. Some SOUTH-CAROLINA. 69 Some, however, grow on high land, of ornamental ap- pearance ; thev bloflom in May. Calico flower, wild ivy, or laurel. (Kalmia latifo- lia.) This is a beautiful flowering ever green; whofe flowers of red and white, grow in fuch large clutters together ; as to give the whole plant at a fmall diftance, the appearance of having a bit of calico thrown over it. It grows luxuriantly in the middle and upper coun- try, below the mountains, near water courfes. But on the mountains it grows any where. It is to be found in the lower country, on the banks of Sampit Creek and Black River, in Georgetown diftricl ; bloflbms in April and May. It kills Iheep and other animals '' which eat its leaves. The American Indians fomerimes ufe a deco&ion of it to deftroy themfelves; and a de- coction of it externally applied, has often cured the itch. Small ivy. (Kalmia hirfata.) Grows towards the high hills of Santee. Sonel tree. (Andromeda arborea.) Grows in the upper country, on fteriie land, and on the mountains. Its leaves are as pleafant to the tafte, as garden forrel. It is a plant of handfome appearance, and in the upper country grows to a large tree. Rofe-bay. (Rhododendron ferrugineum.) A beauti- ful fcarlet flowering fhrub, growing near watery places in the upper country ; particularly near the rivers, and on the mountains; bloffoms in May. Several fpecies of whortle-berry. (Vaccinium.) Some of thefe grow in high land, and fome in fwamps. Syrian ftorax tree ? (Styrax officinale?) a beautiful and fragrant flowering fhrub, growing in the lower coun- try, on lands adjacent to low grounds; and blofTom- ing in May. Another fpecies, with a fmaller leaf and bloffom. (Styrax laeve ?) Grows in ponds, and low grounds, in the lower country. Carolina fcarlet pink. (Dianthus Carolinianus.) Carolinan 7 o • A VIEW OF Carolinian catchfly. (Silene Caroliniana.) Grows on the declivity of hills in the lower country, adjacent to fwamps ; particularly near the river fwamps in St. James's Parifh Santee ; bloffoms in May. A deception of the root is uled, and is faid to have been found a very efficacious remedy in worm cafes. It is faid, alio, to be of poifonous nature. Poke. (Phytolacca decandria.) Grows on rich land. The young fprouts of it are ufed in the fpring for foup. But, after it be grown larger, it poffefies cathartic pow- ers of too violent nature, to allow its further ufe. Glaucus Hydrangea. (Hydrangea glauca.) Grows half way down the banks of Keowee River, and on the Table Mountain. This is a fingular beautiful, and flowering fhrub; its branches terminate, with large heavy panicles of flowers, of two kinds. Thofe, neareft the branch, are clufters of numerous finall fruitful flowers; terminating with one or more large expanfive neutral four petaled flowers, {landing on a feperate long, {len- der, and ftiff peduncle ; it bloffoms in the autumn : and a beautiful fpecies of the fame, is defcribed and engraven in Bartram's travels, page 380. Halefia or fnow drop tree. (Halesia tetraptera.) Grows along the flopes of fandy hills : much of it is growing on the fandy grounds adjacent to the ferry of North Santee. It throws out a number of flowers, of ornamental appearance, and bloffoms in May. Green purflane. (Portulaca oleracea.) Venus's fly trap. (Dionxa Mufcipula.) Grows near the fea more road on the borders of North Caro- lina, in moift places or favannahs. Its leaf poffeffes fuch fenfitive powers, that when infects light thereon, the leaves clofe from either fide, like a ferrated fteel fpring trap * and there detain the unfortunate infect fo long, as its ftruggles excite the irritable powers of the leaf. (Euphorbia Ipecacuanha.) A plant poffeffing many very active emetic virtues. Common Indian fig, or prickly pear. (Cactus o- puntia.J SOUTH-CAROLINA. ;i puntia.) Grows plentifully on the fea iflands, and on fandy lands, adjacent to fait water. It alfo grows in foine places, in the middle and upper country ; and is to be found occafionally on the rocks ; particularly at Picken's-ville; it bloflbms in May. Mock orange. (Philaddphus inodorus.) Grows in the middle and upper country, near water courfes. An ornamental fhrub. Common black cherry. (Prunus Virginica.) Grows in the upper country, in dry ftrong foils. Wild oiange, or Portugal laurel. (Prunus lufitani- ca.) Grows in knolls on frefh water fwamp lands, in the lower and middle country. This tree is a beauti- ful ever green, growing to the height of thirty feet or more : and in March putting forth a profufion of blof- foms of ftrong mellifluous flavour. Its foliage is fo clofe, that it is fuccefsfully ufed for hedges. Large black floe. (Prunus.) Grows in the middle and upper country, in rich land. Small black floe. (Prunus.) Grows in the lower country, on the fandy ridges in tide fwamp lands. This plant puts forth a number of beautiful white cluftered bloflbms in March; at a fmall diflance they look like fo many large white rofes. It is highly ornamental when introduced into the fhrubbery of a garden. Winter plumb. ( Prunus Spinofa ?) Grows in high mellow fwamp, and bears a rich fruit, which is much ufed in making fugar preferves. It is fuppofed to be the richeft indigenous plumb, growing within the boun- daries of the ftate. Several fpecies of thorn. (Crataegus.) Crab apple tree. (Pyrus Coronaria.) Grows in high land, in the lower country. It bloflbms in April, and then prefents a beautiful rofe coloured appearance ; by its fragrance perfuming the atmofphere, for fome diflance around. It bears an acid fruit, which is pre- ferved occafionally with fugar, Carolina ya A VIEW 6F Carolina rofe. (Rofa Caroliniana.) Grows ore clayey foils, near water : and adjacent to ditches. Indian phytic, Ipecacuanha, or Bowman's root, (Spircea trifoliata.) The bark of the root of this plant, is a fafe and efficacious emetic, in dofes of about thirty grains; along with its emetic, it feems to po fiefs a tonic power. It has accordingly been thought peculiarly beneficial in the intermittent fever ; and, it is ofteri given to hor fes to mend their appetites. Black fruited rafpberry. (Rubus occidentalis.) Grows towards the mountains, in the upper country- Several fpecies of blackberry. (Rubus.) Both creep- ing and upright. Scarlet ftrawberry. [Fr agar in vefca.) Grows iri the upper country: in Indian old fields, and other o- pen grounds, in abundance. Canadian cinquefoil. (Potentilla Canadenfis.) Grows on high land. Sweet fcented fhrub, or Carolina alfpice. (Caly- canthus Ploridus.) Grows abundantly in the miaule and upper country, near low lands. It alfo is to f e found in the lower country, a few miles above Nel- fon's ferry ; where it grows plentifully along the fandy bluffs, of Santee River; bloffoms in April.* Linden tree. (Tilia Americana.) Grows in the up- per country, in high fwamp. Canadian puccoon. [Sanguinaria Canadenfis.) Grows in the upper country, in mellow good high land. The root dies a bright red, with which the Indians ufed to paint themfelves, anterior to the fettlement of this ilate, by the whites. They now ufe it for dying fome of * During the late American war, neceflity drove the inhabitants, in many jparts of the United States, to feek for a fubftitute for fome of the fpices, to which they had been accuftomed. They ufed the dried and powdered berries cf the laurus benzoin, which we call fpice wood, and wild alfpice bufh, and found them a tolerable fubftitute for alfpice. See Burtram's essay towards a Materia Mediea of the United States. Page 20. SOUTH-CAROLINA. 73 of their manufa&ures ; particularly their cane bafkets. It is faid to pofTefs emetic qualities. Several fpecies of fide faddle flower. (Sarracenia.) Grows in boggy grounds in the lower country. Bartram, in his introduction to his travels, calls them insert catchers. May apple. (Podophyllum peltatum.) Grows in high lands on cultivated grounds in the lower country, blofToming in April. It bears a fruit of a fickly fweetifh tafte; and its root and leaves are faid to pofTefs cathartic, and anthelmintic virtues. Several fpecies of water lilly. (Nymphcea.) Carolinian blue larkfpur. (Delphinium Carolini- anum.) Grows in the upper country; bloffoms in May. Smooth annona, or papaw. (Annona.) Triloba.) Grows in the rich fwampy lands of the upper country ; towards, and at tl^e mountain?. This tree bears a fruit, in fhape fome whaPlike a banana j but thicker. When ripe, it is covered like the banana, with a thin dark fkin, containing in the infide a rich pulp ; tailing, fomewhat between a banana, and a perfimon ; in the pulp are a few feeds, nearly like thofe of a perfimon. Flowering poplar, or tulip tree. (Liriodendron Tulipifera.) Thefe are beautiful flowering tall {traight growing trees, generally found in mellow land, inclining to moilf. They grow throughout the ftate. In the upper country they grow on high land, as well as in low fituations ; and far outflrip thofe of the lower country. Some of their (terns are faid to be eighteen or twenty feet in circumference ; and their height, in fuch cafes, is from feventy to one hundred feet : one half of which diftance, the Hem is without branches. The wood of this tree is ufed in planks, or wainfcot work ; bloffoms in May. The bark of the liriodendron is frequently ufed in intermittents. Many perfons are of opinion, that in this cafe, it is but little inferior tor Peruvian bark* K Evergreen 74 A VIEW OF Evergreen Carolinian laurel tree, or magnolia. (Mag- %oli a Grandiflora.) Grows in the lower country, adja- cent to falts, in good high land, or on knolls, in dry fwampy land. This tree is one of the moil noble of our foreft tribe ; putting forth large white and fragrant blofToms in May ; and ihooting up its ftem to the height of fifty or fixty feet. It is highly ornamental, in gardens and pleafure grounds. Mountain laurel : (Qu. Species?) Grows near water, on the Occonnee and other mountains, in this ftate. Small fweet bay tree. [Magnolia Glauca.) Grows in wet foils, in the low country; putting forth fragrant white blofToms in May ; the bark is an agreeable aroma- tic, tonic medicine. Cucumber tree. [Magnolia Acuminata.) Grows in the upper country y and on the Table Mountain. A fpirituous tinfture of the cones or feed veffels of this tree, has been ufed advantageoufly in rheumatic com- plaints. Umbrella tree. (Magnolia Tripetala.) Grows in the lower country, in high fwamp land, near falts. From its large leaf it is called the umbrella tree. Frafer's auriculated bay tree. (Magnolia Fraferi.) Grows in the upper parts of the ftate, on the ridges in the neighbourhood of Keowee ; and onwards to the mountains. Wild marjoram ? (Origanum.) Grows on the rocks at Pickenfville. Wild penny royal. (Mentha.) This grows plen- tifully in many old fields, and by the fides of many roads, in the upper country, fo that air is perfumed by it where you tread ; it is not clear however that it is an indigenous plant. Wild lavender. (Lavandula.) Grows on the Table Mountain ; blofToms in Auguft, Aih leaved fcarlet trumpet flower, (Bignonia radi- qans.) SOUTH-CAROLINA. 75 cans.) A climber, growing in the lower country ; and bloffoming in June. Shepherd's purfe. (Thlapsi, burfa paftoris.) A nox- ious weed, growing in ftrong land. Shepherd's needle. (Scandix infefta.) A noxious weed alfo. Flowering ftewartia. (Stewartia malacodendron.) Grows in the middle and upper country. An orna- mental flowering fhrub. Mountain ftewartia. (Stewartia montana.) A new fpecies difcovered by Mr. Bartram, in his travels through this ftate, in 1776. Growing near Keowee, and onwards to the mountains. Several fpecies of hibifcus. (Hibiscus.) One of which (Hibiscus paluftris,) grows and bloffoms lux- uriantly in June, July and Auguft, in the tide lands of the lower country. Loblolly bay tree. (Gordonia Lacianthus.) Grows in fwampy places in the lower country ; particularly in thofe low traces of land, called bays. Several fpecies of milkwort. (Polygala.) Senega rattle make root. (Polygala fenega.) This plant poffeffes great medicinal virtues. Wild coral. (Erythrina herbacea.) Grows in high fandy land, in the lower country. In May this plant fhoots up a Item two or three feet high, red, with beau- tiful bloffoms ; extremely ornamental in gardens. Lupines. (Lupinus, perennis et pilofus.) Grow in fandy barren lands, in the lower and middle country ; blofToming in May. Several fpecies of trefoil. (Trifolium.) Grow in high fwamp, and valley lands. Several fpecies of French honeyfuckle. (Hedysa- rum.) Wild pea. (Dolichos.) Grows on the mountains. Locuft tree or falfe acacia, with white bloffoms. (Ro- hinia pfeudacacia.) Grows in the upper country near K 2 rivers; j-6 A VIEW OF rivers, and on high fwamp land. This is a delicate and ornamental tree, putting out in fpring a profufion of white mellifluous bloflbms ; and its wood is of fo tough and elaftic a nature, that the beft bows of the Indians are manufactured from it. Locuft tree, with rofe coloured bloflbms. {Robinia, his pida.) Grows on or near the Occonnee Mountain. An bandfome coloured engraving of this tree, is in Catefby's Carolina. Sweet leaf, or horfe fugar. {Hopea tinftoria.) Grows in the lower country, on high land. Its leaf, when chew- ed, has a fweetifh tafle ; and it makes a beautiful yellow dye ; bloflbms in April. Carolina faffron. {Carthamus Carolinianus.) Grows in the lower country. Several fpecies of agrimony. (Eupatorium.) Wild horehound, {Eupatorium pilofum.) Grows in mellow land, in the lower country. It is bitter and ftomachic, and of much virtue in curing the bites of fnakes. Tame horehound. {Eupatorium marrubrium.) Grows in high cleared land throughout the ftate. Thoroughwort. (Eupatorium perfoliatum.) Grows in mellow land; is a powerful cleanfer of the blood. Is alfo an emetic, and ufed by the Indians as a medi- cine in intermittent fevers. Cat's foot, or life everlafting. {Gnaphaluim marga- ritaceum ?) Grows in old fields in the lower country ; faid to be good for colds and coughs. Several fpecies of golden rod. (Solidago.) Several fpecies of ftarwort. {Aster.) Some beau- tiful fpecies of which grow in the upper country ; blof- lbms in September and Oftober. Several fpecies of fun flower. (Rudbeckia, etHelian- fhus.) Several fpecies of violet. {Viola.) §eyeral fpecies of Lobelia. {Lobelia.) Grow fame in SOUTH-CAROLINA. 77 in mellow grounds, and fome in watery places ; blof- foms in June, July, and Auguft. Of the roots of one of the fpecies growing on the mountains, the Indians make a part of their diet drink. It pofieffes diuretic qualities. Some fpecies of paffion flower. (Passiflora.) Virginian fnake root. (Aristolachia Serpentaria.) A tonic bitter, poffeffing a pungent aromatic tafte, prefer- able to the common fnake root. Several fpecies of arum, or wampee. (Arum*) Grow in ditches and fwampy lands 3 poflefs ftimulating quali- ties. Some fpecies of Birch. (Betula.) Grow on high fwamp, adjacent to large frefh water rivers. The young faplings are ufed for hoop poles ; the wood lafts long in water; but will rot in the courfe of a year, ex- pofed on dry land. Alder. (Betula alnus.) Grows near frefh water rivers and in vallies ; bloffoms in February. Water oats. (Zizania aquatica, et paluftris.) Grows on the borders of frefh water rivers, where the tides flow, and in rice field ditches. They make good fodder, when cut green. Chefnut tree. (Fagus caftanea.) Grows to a large tree in the upper country, and on the mountains, pro- ducing excellent chefnuts. Its timber is large and dur- able, and is applied to many ufes of hufbandry. The inhabitants of the upper country, often give way to the pernicious cuftom of cutting them down for the chef- nuts. The confequence will be, that what with the clear- ing of lands, and this mode of gathering the fruit, thefe trees in time will be nearly extirpated below the moun- tains. Chinquapin tree. (Fagus pumila.) Grows through- out the ftate. Its fruit is fmallandaof roundiih form, tailing like the chefnut. Beech tree, (Fagus Sylvatica.) Grows in mellow land, }8 A VIEW OF land, and in the rich high fwamps ; particularly of the middle and upper country. Beech trees are not there unfrequently feen with tall ftraight Items, three or four feet diameter. Carolina live oak tree. (Quercus fempervirens.) Grows on the fea iflands; and on lands adjacent to falts. This tree is an evergreen, and the moil durable oak which the ftate affords. It is almoft as heavy as lignum vitae; and its parts have fuch adhefion, that it will not fplit; and a nail once driven into it, is with difficulty extracted. Its trunk is fhort, fometimes fix and feven feet diameter; and its large crooked branches will fome- times fpread over near half an acre of ground. It is much ufed in fhip building. Carolina willow leaved oak. (Quercus Phellos.) Grows in watery places in the lower country. Highland dwarf willow leaved oak. (Quercus humi- lis.)- Shrub oak. (Quercus pumila.) Grows on high pine land, and barren grounds, ufeful for fire wood and hoop poles. Chefnut leaved white oak. (Quercus prinus.) Grows to a large tree throughout the ftate, generally in rich low land. It is ufed for various purpofes of hufbandry. Not only for plank, but it may be eafily fplit into bar- rel (laves, rails, and clap boards. Black oak, or black jack. (Quercus nigra.) Grows in high land, in the lower parts of the ftate, into a large fhrub. But in the middle and upper country it grow* into a handfome tree. Water oak. (Quercus aquatica.) Red oak. (Quercus rubra.) Grows in good high land ; and is ufed for rails, ftaves, and clap boards; and its bark for tannins; leather. Smooth leaved oak. (Quercus laevis.) White oak. (Quercus Alba.) Of which there are two fpeciesj pinnatinda, et repanda. Grows in high land; SOUTH-CAROLINA., 79 land; and is called by fome post oak. In the middle and upper country, it is much ufed for the corner and other principal pofts of buildings : and lafts long when fixed in the ground, without rotting. Harp leaved, or water white oak. (Quercus Lyrata.) Grows in fwampy lands. Spanifh oak. (Quercus finuata.) Grows on high land in the lower country, into a large and beautiful tree. Hairy leaved oak. (Quercus villofa.) Upland white oak* (Quercus obtufiloba.) Grows in high land. Mountain chefnut oak. (Quercus prinus monticola.) Grows on the mountains. Chinquapin oak. (Quercus prinus pumila.) Grows in the upper country. Upland willow oak. (Quercus cinerea.) Grows in the lower country. Laurel leaved oak. (Quercus Laurifolia.) Grows in fhady forefts on the fea coaft, in the lower country. Great black oak. (Quercus Tincloria.) Grows on the mountains. Downy black oak. (Quercus Triloba.) Downy red oak. (Quercus Falcata.) Sandy red oak. (Quercus Catefbaei.) Grows in bar- ren fandy land. Scarlet oak. (Quercus Coccinea.) Grows in the up- per country. In the autumnal months, the leaves of this tree affume a beautiful fcarlet appearance. Hickory nut tree. (Juglans Alba.) Grows in flrong land. Its young faplings are ufed for hoop poles, and its timber for cogs, and other ufes of hufbandry. Black walnut. (Juglans nigra.) Grows fometimes in high land in the lower and middle country. In the upper country it grows in the intervales, becoming a large tree ; and its timber is much ufed in making ca- binet work; which in fome cafes, is little inferior to mahogany. Shell 8o A VIEW OF Shell bark hickory nut. (Juglans cinerea.) Grows in the upper country. Hazel. (Corylus.) Grows in the upper country, in vallies and near waters; producing excellent hazel nuts. American plane tree. (Platanus Occidentals.) Grows near frefh water rivers, and in mellow lands; more efpecially in the middle and upper country. In this ftate it is commonly called fycamore ; in the nor- thern ftates, button tree. Pitch pine. (Pinus tseda.) Grows in the lower and middle parts of the ftate. This tree affords turpentine, rofm, tar, and pitch • and may be confidered the moft valuable tree in the ftate. Yellow pine. (Pinus lutea.) Grows in the lower and middle country. From this tree, fhip and other planks, flooring boards, feather edge boards, and houfe frames, are fawed. It is ufed alfo for mafts of veffels. White pine. (Pinus Strobus.) Grows in the neigh- bourhood of the mountains, (Pinus Sylveftris. I \ Bartram fays they grow near Fir. (Pinus Abies.) J, the Occonnee Mountain. Loblolly pine. (Pinus paluftris.) Grows in low places, in the lower country; is appropriated to common plantation ufes, and for fencing rails. §3°* The pitch and yellow pines of this ftate, grow to the height of upwards of one hundred feet, with a beautiful ftraight ftem two thirds of the way, free from branches. They are ufed as mafts for veffels. Sweet gum. (Liquidambar Styraciflua.) Grows in high land; and poffeffes a fweet gum, of valuable me- dicinal virtues. Carolina Cyprus tree. (Cupressus difticha.) Grows in frefh water fwamps, in the lower country ; and in fome parts of the middle country. This tree, for height and thicknefs, is the largeft tree growing in this ftate. Some of them meafure thirty feet circumference round the lower part of their ftem ; and 3 their wood is very SOUTH-CAROLINA. Si very lading, and eafy to work. Large boats are made of them, by joining two or three pieces together; and fix or ekht oared canoes, are fometimes made from a fingle tree. It affords plank and timber for various ufes in building and agriculture ; boards for panel work, and fhindes for covering houfes. Wild olive. (Olea Americana.) Grows on the fea iflands ; bloffoms in May. v Mulberry tree. (Morns rubra.) Grows in the up- per country in good lands, principally in mellow low grounds. Prickly leaved red berry holly. (Ilex aquifolium.) Grows in dry land : an evergreen. Its wood is very- white; as fuch ufed by cabinet makers, for inlaying mahogany. Yellow berried holly. (Called fo, by Walter, " bac- cis flavis ;" it may, however, only be a variety.) Dahoon holly. (Ilex Dahoon.) Grows in the lower country, in watery places near the fea fliore ; a beauti- ful fpecies of evergreen, bearing red berries in clutters. Myrtle leaved holly, with red berries. (Ilex Myr- tifolia.) Grows towards the middle country in fwampy land. Much of this holly is to be found along the Orangeburgh road from Charlefton. Deciduous holly. (Ilex decidua.) Grows in low lands in the lower country, producing red berries. Candleberry myrtle. (Myrica cerefera. ) Grows on the lea iflands, and on lands not far removed from falts. From the berries of this tree a wax of excellent nature is made, fuitable for foap and candles. Several fpecies of grapes. (Vitis.) Thefe grow a- bundantly, throughout the country; and will fome- times climb to the tops of the higheft trees. Prickley a(h. (Zanthoxylum Fraxinifolium.) Grows in high land. Hercules' club, tooth ache tree, or pelletorv* (Zan- thoxylum Clava Herculis.) Grows on the fea iflands, L and ga A VIEW OF and on grounds immediately adjacent to falts. The bark, leaves and root of this tree, are of a pungent na- ture, ufed fuccefsfully fometimes for the tooth ache ; it alfo promotes falivation, and has been given in cafes of rheumatifm. Some fpecies of willow. (Salix.) Several fpecies of fmilax. (Smilax.) Grow in mel- low lands and in fwamps. China root. (Smilax China.) Ufeful in diet drinks. Sarfaparilla. (Smilax farfaparilla.) Alfo ufeful in diet drinks. Caffena fhrub. (Prinos glaber.) Grows on the fea ifiands, and adjacent to falts. This plant is a delicate evergreen ; perfectly adapted to garden hedges, and much ufed in this (late for that purpofe. It is thought to be one of the mod powerful diuietics hitherto diico- vered. A decoclion of this, called black drink, is ufed by the Indian warriors on particular public occafions. Carolina black poplar, or cotton tree. (Populus Nigra.) Grows along the borders of the large frefh water rivers, which come from the mountains. As a curious inftance of this fact, it is in plenty along the banks of Great Pedee ; but is fcarcely to be feen along thofe of Little Pedee. The waters of thofe two rivers are alfo differently coloured. Virginian poplar. (Populns Heterophylla.) Afpin tree. (Populus tremula.) Grows at and near the Occonnee and other mountains. Red cedar. (Junipcrus Virginiana.) Grows on the fea iflands, and on lands not far removed from falts. Small trees of it grow alfo on the Table Mountain, and among the rocks near Flat Creek. This tree is a beautiful evergreen, whofe branches fpread horizontal- ly, until the lowermoft will at length nearly touch the ground; and whofe whole appearance is a regular cone. The wood of this tree is ufed in many cafes of cabinet work 3 in timbering boats and veffels ; and as" timber, SOUTH-CAROLINA. 83 limber, or pofls to be fixed in the earth; it is the moft lading wood which grows in this ftate. Afh leaved maple. (Acer negundo.) Grows in mel- low lands, and fwamps. Sugar maple. (Acer faccharinum.) Grows in the upper country, in low rich land; and on the moun- tains.* Red flowering maple. (Acer rubrum.) Grows in fwampy lands; bloffoming the latter end of January, or beginning of February. It may be faid, to be thq, firft tree in the ftate which feels the influence of fpring; and its bloffoms are highly ornamental. Southern purple fruited nettle tree. (Cellis occiden- talis.) Grows along the bluff of Beaufort, and in fwampy places of that diftrict. Its foliage is thick and handfome. Senfitive briar. (Mimosa intfia.) Grows on high land, in fome parts of the lower and middle country; but is frequently met with in the high lands of the upper country. Five leaved Ginfeng. (Panax quinqiiefolium.) Three leaved ginfeng. (Panax trifolium.) The two above fpecies grow in the upper country, in rich land; near, and on the mountains. Ginfeng has been fo much fought by the Cherokee Indians for trade, that at this time, it is by no means fo plenty, as it ufed for- merly to be in this ftate. Perfimon tree. (Diospiros Virginiana.) Grows both in high land and river fwamps. Some fpecies of tupelo tree. (Nyssa.) Some with broad, and others with narrow leaves. They bear a dark coloured berry, poffeffing both a bitter and an acid tafte. None but the bed fwampy foils produce thefe trees; and they are therefore excellent criterions of L 2 good + During the American revolutionary war, fome maple fugar was made in the upper country for domeflic ufe, particularly from the maple trees/ which grow plentifully aijacent to Turkey Creak, in York dHlria. g 4 A VIEW OF good rice land. The broad leaved tupelo is ufed for making bowls, and other houfe utenfils, being a clean, light wood. The narrow leaved tupelo, is fometimes called black gum; and is fo tough a wood, that it is ufed for the naves of cart and waggon wheels. Some fpeciesof afh. (Fraxinus.) Grow in fwampy lands ; much ufed by carriage, and block makers. Honey locuft tree. (Gleditsia polyfperma, of Millar.) Grows on high land, bearing a pod of very faccharine qualities ; from which a metheglin beverage is fometimes made. Witch hazel. (Hamamelis.) Grows in high land throughout the ftate. Several fpecies of fumach. (Rhus.) Grow jn high land throughout the ftate. Poifon oak. (Rhus toxicodendron.) Several fpecies of ferns. (Equifetum, ophioglofTum, ofrnunda, polypodium, afplenium, blechnum, pteris, et adianthum.) Several fpecies of modes. (Musci.) Several fpecies of Funguffes : confiding of Agaricus, Boletus, Hydnum, Phallus, Clavaria, et Lycoperdon. EXOTIC PLANTS, Which have become naturalized to South-Carolina ; or are cultivated for domestic use. Among which are Rice. (Orlza.) Cotton. (Gossipium.) Tobacco, (Nicotiana.) Indigo. (Indigqfera.) Indian corn, or maize. (Zea.) The Indians are faid to have been found in poffeffion of this plant, when America was firfl difcovered, Cow" SOUTH-CAROLINA, 85 Cow peafe. (Pisum.) Long potatoes. {Convolvulus batatas.) Round potatoes. (Solarium tuberofum.) The In- dians are faid to have been found in pofleffion of this plant when America was firft difcovered. Wheat. (Triticum.) Rye. (Secale.) Barley. (Avena.) Buckwheat. (Polygonum.) Hemp. (Cannabis Sativa.) Flax. (Linum ufuatiffimum.) Turnips. (Brassica rapa.) Mellons, both mufk and water. (Cucumis.) Gourd. (Cucurbit a.) Pompions. (Cucurbita Melopepo.) Squafhes. (Cucurbita pepo.) Tanniers and eddoes. Species of (Arum.) Cucumber. (Cucumis.) Guinea corn of feveral kinds. (Holcus.) Apple. (Pyrus malus.) Quince. (Pyrus Cydonia.) Pear. (Pyrus communis.) Plum of feveral kinds. (Prunus.) Apricot. (Prunus Armeniaca.) Peach many kinds. (Amygdalus.) Neclarine. (Amygdalus Perfica, of Millar.) *Almond both fweet and bitter. (Amygdalus com- munis.) *01ives. (Oka.) Oleander. (Nerium Oleander.) A beautifully flow- ering and ornamental garden plant. *Fig feveral kinds. (Ficus.) Pomegranate. (Punica granatum.) Grows in great perfection on the fea iflands, in Beaufort diftrift: ; and is alfo cultivated in other parts of the ftate. Okra. * The plants ma- ked thus (*) are fometlmes killed to the roots byfevere winters: they put fjith however again with the return of fpring. 86 A VIEW OF Okra. (Hibiscus efculentus) The pod and feeds of this plant, when young, is in common ufe for making foup during fummer, and is much efteemed. *Oranges, both fweet and four. (Citrus Aurantium.) * Lemons. (Citrus limon, of Millar.) * Limes. (Citrus acris, of Millar.) Sweet oranges, lemons, and limes, are produced in much perfection on fome of the fea iflands in Beaufort diftricl ; the four oranges are of hardier nature,^and grow in different parts of the ftate. *Popniac tree, or fragrant mimofa. (Mimosa.) A delicate and ornamental fhrub. *Palma chrifti, or caftor oil tree. (Ricinus.) It poffeffes cathartic qualities. The oil of this plant is a- bundant ; and may be eafily adapted to lighting lamps for machinery : particularly for the tide rice mill, which works both night and day. The oil is eafily extra&ed from the nuts, by preflure like linfeed ; or by boiling them, and fkimming off the oil floating on the furface. From an acre of land, cultivated with this plant, 100 to 150 gallons of oil are faid to have been made. *Tallow tree. (Croton Sebiferum.) From the ber- ries of this tree a tallow is made, which is ufed in Chi- na for candles; it is faid to be alfo ufeful in making foap. Pride of India. (Mclia azedarach.) This plant is an excellent anthelmintic, a deco&ion of its roots, be- ing ufed with much fuccefs in worm cafes. Profeffor Thunberg, in his travels to Japan, fays the fruit of this tree was there ufed like the feeds of the Rhus Suc- cedanea, for making an expreffed oil; which oil grew hard like tallow, and was ufed for candles. It is fup- pofed this plant poffeffes deleterious qualities. Horfes, horned cattle, and hogs, however eat its leaves and berries with impunity; and robins (Turdus migrato- rius) devour the berries in fuch large quantities in winter, that after eating them, they aie obferved to fall SOUTH-CAROLINA. 87 fall down, and are readily taken. This, however, is afcribed more to djfteniion from abundant eating; than to any deleterious qualities of the plant, Lombardy poplar. (Populu* dilatata of Millar.) Flowering aloe. (Agave Americana.) A beauti- fully (lowering plant, extremely ornamental to gardens, putting forth its blolfoms at the fummit of a vigorous ftem eighteen or twenty feet high. This plant requires maijy years growth previous to its bloffoming. Sweet myrtle. (Myrtus Communis.) Cape jafmine or fragrant Gardenia. (Gardenia Flori- da.) Weeping willow. (Salix Babylonica.) Among the ANIMALS a which may be natural to South-Cai roliria, are The Mammoth. Red fquirrel. BufFaloe. Grey fquirrel. Bear. Flying fquirreJ. *Panther. Ground fquirrel. Cat-a-mount. Rabbit. Wil'd cat. Pole cat. Wolf. Mole. Beaver. Mink. Red fox. OpofTum. Red deer. Racoon. Otter. Lizard. Wild rat. Toad. Moufe. Frog. Black fquirrel. Of * One of thefe panthers, (commonly called tygers, in this ftate) killed ata plantation on Wambaw Swamp, in 1796, meafured as follows : From the nofc to the tail 8 feet 6 inches. Length of tail u 8 Height a o A VIEW OF Of thefe, the bones of the mammoth only remain* The buffaloe and cat-a-mount are entirely exterminated on the eaftern fide of our mountains ; and the beaver is but rarely to be met with. The BIRDS are more Bald eagle. Fifhing hawk. Pigeon hawk. Grey hawk. Swallow tailed hawk. Turkey buzzard. Carrion crow. Large owl. Carolina Cuckoo. Perroquet. Blue jay. Purple jack daw. Red winged ftarling, or Black bird. Rice bird. Large white bellied wood- pecker. Gold winged woodpecker. Red bellied woodpecker. Hairy woodpecker. Yellow bellied woodpecker, Small fpotted woodpecker. Nuthatch, great and fmall. Wild pigeon. Turtle dove. May bird. Robin. Thrulh. Carolina Bullfinch, ■■} } numerous: confiding of Large fwamp fparrow. Little fparrow. Snow bird. Mocking bird. Blue groibeak. Purple finch. Painted Finch, or" Non pareil. Blue linnet. Chatterer, Blue bird. Crefted fly catcher. Black cap fly catcher. Summer red bird. Crefted tit moufe. Yellow tit moufe. Pine creeper. Yellow throated creeper. Humming bird. King fifher. Chattering plover, or Killdeer. Whiffling Plover. Llooping crane. Blue heron. Little white heron. Crefted bittern. Cormorant. White curlew. Brown } SOUTH-CAROLINA. 89 Brown curlew. Oyfter catcher. Canada goofe. Small white brant goofe. Great grey brant goofe. Duck and mallard. Large black duck. Bull neck duck. Round crefted duck. Summer duck. Little brown duck. Blue winged teal. Green winged teal. White faced teal. Water pelican. Wild iui key. Pheafant, or \ Mountain partridge. J Small partridge, or" Quail. Wren. Swallow. Martin. Whip-poor-will, or Goat fucker. Snipe. Woodcock. Marfh hen. Black cormorant. Of thefe, the geefe, many fpecies of ducks, the wild pigeon, the fnow bird, and fome others, are birds of paffage ; fome of them coming from northern, and others from fouthern latitudes. Many fpecies of SERPENTS, fome of which are of deadly nature, are natural to this Hate ; among which are The Rattle fnake. Small rattle fnake. Water viper. Black viper. Copper belly fnake. Bluifh green fnake. Hog nofe fnake. Wampum fnake. Horn fnake. Black fnake. Little brown bead fnake. Ribbon fnake. Chain fnake. Coach whip fnake. Corn fnake. Green fnake. Glafs fnake. Among our INSECTS arc The Earth worm. Snail. Grub worm. M Houfe bug. Houfe 9a A VIEW OE Flea. Ant. Woodworm. Fig eater. Forty legs. Humble Bee. "Wood loufe. Ground Bee, or\ *Cicada. Yellow jacket. J Mantis, or camel cricket, Wafp. Cockroach. Hornet. Cricket. Fly. Beetle. Mufqueto. Fire fly. Sandfly. Glow worm. Spider. Butterfly. Tick. Moth. Potatoe loufe. Alligators are in abundance in our brackifh and frefh tide waters • and from thence many miles up the jrivers ; but they are fcarcely ever feen as high up as the falls. They are the tyrants of our ftreams ; growing to the length of ten or fourteen feet ; and are extreme- ly deftru&ive to fiih, and animals ; fometimes, when old, even attacking a man. Of this, however, there are but few inftances; and in general they are confidered more fluggifh and cunning, than active and courageous. Our frefh water FISH, are Sturgeon. Bream. Pike. Mud fifh. Trout. Pearch. Bream. * TJbi quarta fitim Cadi collcgerit hora, Et cantu querulae rumpent arbufta cicadae. Vi r c . This is a particular kind of infeft, which fits on trees; and makes a continual and loud finging, throughout the heats of the day. They are numerous in hot countries ; but are not found in colder latitudes. See Martyns translation $n& notes on Virgil's Georgicks. Page 348, notes 327 and 328. SOUTH-CAROLINA. Sucking fifh. •Soft (helled turtle. Catfifh. Terrebin. Gar fifh. Cray fifh. Rock fifh. — — The fait water FISH confifls of 3hark* Sheep head. Porpus. Whiting. Drum. Porgy. Bafs. Black fifh. Cavalli. " Mullet. Snapper. Herring. Shad. Skipjack. } 91 Shell fifh. And the fhell fifh, are fome kinds of large and fmall fea turtle, oyfters, crabs, fhrimps, and fidlers. * Tcftudo nafo cylindraceo, elongato, truncato. Bar tram. The whole back fhell, except the vertebra, or ridge, and ribs of each fide, is foft or cartilaginous, and eafily reduced to a jelly, when boiled. They arc nearly equal to Weft India turtle : and are not found to the northward of the waters of Savannah and Keowee rivers. 'M 2 CHAP. £& A VIEW OF CHAP. II. Political dnd Rural Economy. As respecls Population : Military Force S Tenures, Value of Estates and Buildings : Agriculture : Manufac tures : Inland Navigation, Roads, and Commerce. Population. VV HEN Carolina was firfl difcovered, it was pea- pled by numerous tribes of Indians; extending from the ocean to the mountains. What were their numbers, at that time, cannot now be afcertained. But hazarding an opinion from thofe nations, which remained in this ftate to modern times; their population muft have been originally very considerable ; perhaps not lefs than thir- ty or forty thoufand fouls. The Strength of thefe abo- rigines, became foon reduced by the pride and avarice of the white Settlers and planters. At one time they were encouraged to war againft each other; and their prifoners were purchafed from them as (laves ; at ano- ther time they were Stolen and kidnapped. And from thefe exportations were occasionally made to the Weft Indies ; belides many who were retained by the planters in flavery. The ufe of fpirituous liquors alfo, which they learnt from the whites; and the {mall pox and other fatal diforders, which their connections with them alfo, induced; had powerful tendencies in reducing their numbers; and at length in obliterating their names. Three potent nations, the Catawba or Katahba, the Che- rokee or Cherakee, and the Yamaffee, furvived this ge- neral ruin ; and remained in the poffeffion of their lands, long after the (mailer tribes had either been obliged to affociate with them, or to retire beyond the mountains. Some of them, are mentioned in different histories and State SOUTH-CAROLINA. 93 ftate papers ; or are recollefted from the names of our rivers, which are often called after thofe Indians, who refided near them. But the others have long fince been forgotten, and are now no more known in the hiftory of nations. The Yamaffee refided in that part of Beaufort diftricl, which is ftill known by the name of Indian land. Af- ter their power had been much reduced, they continued to make aggreffions on the white fettlers in their neigh- bourhood ; and even made war upon them ; in confe- quence of which they were fubverted, and were driven without the limits of this ftate.* The Cherokee inhabited that fertile portion of the upper country, which now conftitutcs Greenville and Pendleton diftri&s ; and many were the lengthened vales, enamelled with ftrawberries and flowers; and many the towns, which belonged to this potent nation. But like the Yamaftee, their behaviour drew upon them the wrath of government. They were beaten by the troops of this ftate in feveral engagements jf and were ultimately obliged by treaty, executed at Dewitt's cor- ner, on the 20th May, 1777, to ce( ^ e ^ or ever to South- Carolina, as incidental to conqueft, all their lands eaft- ward of the Unacaye Mountain.^ PoiTeiiing, therefore, no territory eaftward of the mountains, they retired be- yond them ; and aiTociated themfelves with the middle and upper Cherokee. The Catawba, alone, have continued themfelves in this ftate to the pre fen t times. Occupying a tra£t of country, of 144,000 acres, fituated on each fide of the Catawba River, within a few miles of the North-Caro- lina boundary. When South-Carolina was firft fet- tled * See a particular account of this event, in the anonymous liiftory of South- Carolina, by Mr. Hewitt, vol. I. page 212 et fcq. t See the particulars of this expedition in note II. in the appendix : alfo ia Ramsay's History of South-Carolina, Vol. I. page 156. i See this treaty, in the Secretary of Stale's office, at Columbia, 94 A VIEW OF tied by white inhabitants, this nation muttered fifteen hundred fighting men. About the year 1743, it could only bring four hundred warriors into the field * com- pofed partly of their own men, and partly of refugees from various fmaller tribes; who, about this time, were obliged by the ftate of affairs to affociate with them, on account of their reduced numbers. Among thefe were the Watteree, Chowan, Congaree, Nachee, Yam- affee, and Coofah.* At prefent, fixty men can fcarce- ly be numbered in the lift of their warriors ; or two hundred perfons in the whole of their nation. And thefe are fcattered about in fmall villages; and are en- tirely furrounded by white inhabitants. Hence, com- municating with them, their manners are foftened - their wants eafily fupplied ; and the hardy and adven- turous Indian, forgetting his former paths of honor, is caught by the allurements of ardent fpirits ; and dwin- dles into a ftate of infignificance and drunkennefs. How different from their anceftors/of former times, who war- red with unceafing enmity, and traced the blue ridge of mountains, in all its difficulties, to wreak their ven- geance up'on the fix nations, in the northern parts of America. t In war they were fearlefs of enemies; in addrefs furpaffed by none. And an inftance of this may be adduced from their hiftory, replete with inci- dent and heroifrn. * A party of the Senekah Indians, came to war a- gainft * Adair's Hist, of American Indians. Page 224. + In the year 1751, the Governor of New York, (George Clinton) had a meeting of the fix nations at Albany ; together with commiffioners fpecially de- puted thereto, from the Governors of South-Carolina, MafTachufetts, and Con- necticut. The fame was alfo attended by the King of the Catawba, with fome of his chiefs and head men; who went thereby water with the commiffioner from South Carolina. At this treaty, a peace was agreed to and confirmed be- tween the fix nations, and the Catawba; belts, and prefents among them, were mutually exchanged ; and prifoners on either fide, were agreed to be delivered up within a year, which having been all carried into execution; the bitter war, fo long continued between them, has thenceforth ceafed. Refpefting the par- ticulars which teok place at this treaty, fee note III. in the appendix, SOUTH-CAROLINA. 9S e gainft the Catawba ; bitter enemies to each other. In 4 the woods the former difcovered a fprightly warrior, fi belonging to the latter, hunting in their ufual light 5 drefs. On his perceiving them, he fprung off for a 6 hollow rock, four or five miles diftant, as they inter- 6 cepted him from running homewards. He was fo 6 extremely fwift, and fkilful with the gun, as to kill ' feven of them in the running fight, before they were 6 able to furround and take him. They carried him to 6 their country in fad triumph ; but though he had fil- ' led them with uncommon grief and fhame, for the 6 lofs of fo many of their kindred, yet the love of mar- c tial virtue induced them to treat him, during their ' long journey, with a great deal more civility, than if 6 he had acted the part of a coward. The women and ' children, when they met him, at their feyeral towns, e beat and whipped him in as fevere a manner as the c occafion required, according to their law of juftice : 6 and at lad, he was formally condemned to die by the 6 fiery tortures. It might reafonably be imagined, 6 that what he had for fome time gone through, by be- 6 ing fed with a fcanty hand, a tedious march, lying at ' nights on the bare ground, expofed to the changes of ' the weather, with his arms and legs extended in a pair e of rough flocks, and fu fie ring fuch punifhments on 'his entering into their hoftile towns, as a prelude to 6 thofe fharp torment?, for which he was deftined, 6 would have fo impairied his health, and effected his 6 imagination, as to have fent him to his long fleep, ' out of any more fufferings. Probably this would 6 have been the cafe with the major part of the white 6 people, under fimilar circumftances ; but I never knew * this with any of the Indians. And this cool headed, 6 brave warrior, did not deviate from their rough lef- c fons of martial virtue; but afted his part ib well, as ' to furprize and forely vex his numerous enemies. * For when they were taking him, unpinioned, in their 4 wild g6 A VIEW OF * wild parade, to the place of torture, which lay near 4 to a river, he fuddenly dafhed down thofe who flood 4 in his way, fprung off, and plunged into the water, 4 fwimming underneath like an otter, only rifing to take 4 breath, till he made the oppofite more. He now 4 afcended the fteep bank; but though he had good rea- ' fon to be in a hurry, as many of the enemy were in e the water, and others running every way, like blood 4 hounds, in purfuit of him 3 and the bullets flying 4 around him, from the time he took to the river, yet his 4 heart did not allow him to leave them abruptly, with- c out taking leave of them in a formal manner, in re- 4 turn for the extraordinary favors they had done, and * intended to do him. He firft - 6 ; then moving round, he 4 put up the fhrill war whoo whoop, ------ «---------, and darted off, in the 4 manner of a beaft broke loofe from its torturing ene- 4 mies. He continued his fpeed fo, as to run, by about 4 midnight, of the fame day, as far as his eager purfu- 4 ers were two days in reaching. There he refted, till * he happily difcovered five of thofe Indians who had 4 purfued him — he lay hid a little way off their camp, 4 till they were found afleep. Every circumftance of 4 his fituation occurred to him, and infpired him with 4 heroiim. He was naked, torn, and hungry, and his 4 enraged enemies were come up with him. But there 4 was now every thing to relieve his Wants, and a fair 4 opportunity to fave his life and get great honor, and 4 fweet revenge, by cutting them off. Refolution, a 4 convenient fpot, and fudden furprife, would effect the 4 main objeci of all his withes and hopes. He accord- * ingly creeped towards them, took one of their toma* * hawks, and killed them all on the fpot. He then chop- 4 ped them to pieces, in as horrid a manner as favage 4 fury could excite, both through national and perfonal 4 refentment. He flripped off their fcalps, clothed him- 'felf, SOUTH-CAROLINA. 97 5 felf, took a choice gun, and as much ammunition and 6 provifions, as he could well carry in a running march. 5 He fet offafrefh, with a light heart, and did not deep 6 for feveral fucceffive nights, only when he reclined, as c ufual, a little before day, with his back to a tree. As ' it were by inftindl, when he found he was free from ' the purfuing enemy, he made directly to the very 6 place where he had killed feven of his enemies, and ' was taken by them for the fiery torture. He digged 6 them up, fcalped them, burned their bodies to afhes ; ' and went home in fafety with fingular triumph. Other 4 purfuing enemies came, on the evening of the fecond 6 day, to the camp of their dead people ; where the fight 1 gave them a greater fhock than they had ever known ' before. In their chilled war council they concluded, c that as he had done fuch furprifing things in his de- ** fence, before he was captivated ; and fince that, in his ' naked condition ; and was now well armed ; if they ' continued the purfuit he would fpoil them all, for ' he furely was an enemy wizard. And therefore they 6 returned home.'* The laft warlike act of the Catawba nation, which perhaps hiflory will have occafion to record ; or the laft attacks which have been made upon them by hoftile Indians, were about the years 1762 and 1764. In the year 1762^ feven Shawnefe Indians penetrated thus far, and way laid the road from the Waxaws towards the Old Town, on Twelve Mile Creek. King Haiglar was then returning home from the Waxaws, attended by a fervant, and was there mot and fcalped by them ; fix balls penetrating his body. His fervant efcaped, and gave notice ; but they were purfued without fuccefs. Two years afterwards, an equal number of Shawnefe came to make war on the Catawba. By fome accident it was found out that they were hovering round the nation ; and twenty two Catawba warriors immediate- N ly * Ada ir'i Hist, of American Indians, Page 30 j. S 8 A VIEW OF ly went in purfuit of them. About two hours before day they difcovered them, encamped under a large fpreading tree, on the north fide' of the Catawba river, about two miles below the nation, lying afleep, around their fire. The Catawba waited patiently until day light ; at which time, when the Shawnefe awoke, and began to ftir up their fire, they poured in a volley of bullets on them. Two were killed on the fpot ; four were taken prifoners ; and the feventh efcaped ; not, however, without being wounded. From thence the prifoners were carried to the nation ; except one, who had been among ihofe, who two years before had killed King Haiglar. Fearing to he particularly tortured on this account, he would not march; and was otherwife fo bbftinate, that they tomahawked him on the way. The others were carried prifoners to the nation; where, on a certain day, they were whipped with hickory fwitches, until they were overcome and fainty : they were then warned with cold water, and were made to drinJs. the fame, until they were revived. And thus tormented and waflvid, their tortures were prolonged, until revenge was iated ; and favage fury loft its force. They were then delivered over to the buys; who, for their ai mfement, fhot them to death with their arrows. In the year 17655 king Prow, (or Frow) was elected by them as their king;* and the head of that nation now is general Scot, the grandfon of king Haiglar, who had been (lain. When the Britilh troops overran this ilate in 1780, thefe Indians who had always been true to her interefts, retreated before lord Cornwallis to Vir- ginia; and fome of them attached themfelves to colonel Lee's legion, during their abfence ; and took the field with him. After the battle of Guilford, in North-Caro- lina, they returned; but not to their old town. This they deferted ; eftabliftiing in its room other towns or* each. * See Council Journal for 1765. SOUTH-CAROLINA. $ 9 each fide of the river; and a few miles higher up its ft ream. The books on Indian affairs, in the Secretary of State's office, at Columbia, are replete with accounts of afiaf'finations, and barbarities, exercifed by the Indians on the fettlers of this (late, from their firit colonization to modern times. And fometimes retaliations were made, which were by no means honorable to civilized troops.* In latter times.., parties of northern inimical Indians often penetrated into this ftate, with milchiev- ous intentions. In 1751* flying parties of them hover- ed about Monk's corner and St. James's, Santee. At this latter place, they broke open Mr. Theodore Gail- lard's pounding rice mill; and burned a tar kiln of Dr. Caw's, t They alfo, in the fame year, were met with in Chrift Church Paiiih, near the fea fide, about two miles from the parim church ; and were there difperfed^ with the lofs of fome of their men, by captain JBond.£ About the fame time alfo, fome Cherokee landed on Lady's Ii'land, from the main land in Beaufort diitricr, where they killed two friendly Indians ; and from whence they made their retreat good, carrying with them fome women and children. § As late as the year 1753, the northern Indians were fo troublefome, even in the lower parts of this ftate; as to murder a man at the Four-Hole Bridge, forty-one miles from Charleilon ; committing fuch other enormities there, as to induce Governor Glen, to iftue a proclamation refpeciing the fame. || Thefe atrocities, however, controuled by the incalculable increafe of population, with which this ftate has been bleffed, have now ceafed ; and the Indians have retreated to diftant wilds and mountains. N 2 A * See Note IV. in the Appendix. + See book for Indian affairs for 1751, pages 7 and 141. % See his report of the fame, to Governor Glen, in the Indian book for 1751, page 151. ^ See Indian book for 1751, page 88. (J See Indian book for 1753, pages. 181 and 1.84,.. 100 A VIEW OB A Table shewing some of the Indian Nations, residing in South-Carolina? about the year 1700. TRIBES. NUMBERS. RESIDENCE. Stonoe To the fouthward of Charles- ton. Weftoe Between Charlefton and Edif- to River Sewee Santee, or Sere tee Populous. In the vicinity of Sewee Bay. Near Santee River. Hook & Back hook Near Winyaw River. Congaree Wattaree Near Congaree River. Near Wattaree River. Chickanee ■ Near Wattaree River. Waxfaw At the Waxaws, above Cam- den. Efaw Wifack Populous. North well: parts of the ftate. Ditto. Savanna Near Savannah River. Sugeree Kadapau Keyauwec Sapona Populous. Upper parts of the flatc. Ditto. Near Keowee River. North well parts of the ftate. Totero In the mountains. Enoe Yamaflee Powerful nation. Upper parts of the ftate. Lower part of Beaufort dif- tricl. Cherokee Do. Adjacent to the rivers Tugo- loo and Keowee. Catawba Do. On each fide of Catawba Ri- ver. Coofah Seranna Winyau Saraw Cufaboe Saluda Euchee In Beaufort diftricT:. In the fouthern parts of the ftate. In Georgetown diftrift, near Pedee River. Upper parts of Pedee. Towards Savannah River. Near Saluda River, probably at Saluda Old Town. Near or towards Silver Bluff. From SOUTH-CAROLINA. lot From accidents, incidental to war, and lofs of records, which took place during the American re- volution, an enquiry into the white population of the (late will prove far lefs fatisfaclory than otherwife might have been obtained. In the firft commencement of colonization, affairs were dire6ted, and controuled by fuch a number of chances, that confufion and omiffion naturally refulted therefrom ; tending to throw a veil over this early part of her hiftory. Hence, although mention may be made of particular times, refpe&ing the population of the ftate ; yet the intermediate fpaces are wrapt up in obfcurity. The firft effe&ual embarkation, which took place for fettling South-Carolina, was about the year 1670;* after the fecond grant of King Charles, to the Lord's Proprietors. The expence of this equipment, was twelve thoufand pounds fterling;t but it does not appear what numbers were then introduced into the country. A colony was then fent, under the direction of Governor Sayle,J for the purpofe of forming an eflablifhment at Port Royal ; and he actually arrived there,§ and began to carry his inftructions into execution, [j But foon dying, the fettlement was removed to the fouthern bank of Afhley River; and from that time the government began to progrefs, and ftrengthen itfelf by population and agriculture. Novelty, at firft, drew many perfons to this place ; but after it had in fome meafure worn off, a difcontent arofe, which induced many families to de- part for North-Carolina. This, together with difeafes, Indian * Chalmers Political Annals, 529. + Anderfon on Commerce, Vol 2. Page 485- ^ Governor Sayle's commiifion, bears date 26th July, l66g--See Introduction to Trott's laws of South-Carolina, pagexi. § Chalmer's Political Annals, 529. || He here ifTued writs for the purpofe of filling up vacancies in the council ; and for choofing twenty delegates, of which two bodies the parliament was to be ^©ompofed, for exerciiing legiflative power. Chalmtfs Political Annals, 529. 102 A VIEW OF Indian wars, and religious difputes amongft themfelves, much retarded the population of South-Carolina; in- fomuch, that in 1721, the number of white inhabitants, including men, women and children, were only com- puted at fourteen thoufand perfons. In 1732, Georgia was made a ieparate province; and in 1733 commenced colonization. This province on one fide, like North-Carolina on the other, offered much allurement to emigration; and confequently with- drew many inhabitants from South-Carolina. As in 1734, a memorial figned by the Governor, the Prefi- dent of the Council, and the Speaker of the Commons houfe of Affembly, was tranfmitted to his Britannic Majefty ; ftating, that the inhabitants of both Georgia and South-Carolina, compofed a militia of only three thoufand five hundred men; confiding of planters, tradef- men, and other men of bufinefs. And that the amount of negroes were, at leaft, twenty two thoufand perfons ; in a proportion of three to one for all white inhabitants in South-Carolina.* Such was the Irate of population at that time; and fo had it retrogaded. For fome years afterwards it en- creafed; but by flow degrees: but when the peace of 1763, gave fettled boundaries to North America; and by its influences reconciled thofe differences, which had long fruflrated the good of nations ; thefe United States in general, and South-Carolina in particular, rofe, with a progrefs, far outfhripping the efforts of former times. And from this period, the middle and upper country received encouragement and protection, which led to their prefent population. To encourage emigration, large funds were now appropriated by legiflative fandlion ; and lands of fertile nature, before that time on- ly poiTeffed by favages and wild beafts, were now tenant- ed by white inhabitants. That fpirit of emigration, which * See this memorial at length, in Hewit's anonymous Hiftory of South- Carolina, Vol, 2d. Page 31. SOUTH-CAROLINA. 103 which had formely led many inhabitants from this ftate ; now re-a£ted with tenfold vigour ; and in the courfe of a ftiort time, added thoufands to her domeftic ftrength. Such were the happy effects of a peace, which gave a breathing time to this State; and allowed her an op- portunity of coliecling and preparing againft a revolu- tion, which, was to fever her from the mother coun- try; and to admit her a part of an independent empire, refpected amongft the nations of the earth. During the American war, emigration was retarded. Hence, while this arduous ftruggle amongft nations continued ; we cannot expect a progrefs in numbers, arts, or fciences, equal to that which had taken place juft before this eventful period. But fa foon as the peace of 1783, gave quiet and fafety to the exertions of mankind, multitudes from Europe, and the middle and eaftern ftates of America, poured into South-Ca- rolina ; and with their flocks, and their herds, greatly encreafed her riches. The forefts rang with the ftroke of the axe ; and countries, before that time fcarcely tenanted by fifty families, in a fhort period were fettled by thoufands. Now the upper country became the moft numerous in white population; while, from local caufes, the middle and lower country, could not keep pace with fuch aftonifhing encreafe. But ftill ihe col- lected ftrength of the ftate was enlarging ; as may be feen, from the following Statements. YEARS. WHITE BLACKS AND PERSONS OF COLOUR. TOTAL. 1670 A Colony fent over, under Gov. Sayle. I7OO 5,500 I72I 14,000 I723 14,000 iSjOOO 32,000 1734 7,333 22,000 27»333 1765 40,000 90,000 130,000* I792 l8oO 140,178 196,255 108,8^5 *49'33 6 249,073, 345>59i Parishes, io4 A VIEW OF Parishes, Counties. Distritls ^ All Saint's Prince George's Prince Frederick Fairfield Chefter York Richland Clarendon Claremont Lancafter Georgetown do. do. Cheraws Camden. do. do. do. do. do. do. Edgefield Ninety-Six Pendleton do. Spartanburgh do. Abbeville do. Laurens do. Grenville do. Union do. Newberry do. Beaufort North part Orangeburg! South do. do. f 1 * IW?% \ CharleRon St. Michael's J St. Bartholomew's do. St. John's, Berkley do. St. George's, Dorchefter do. St. Stephen's do. St. James', Santee do. St. Thomas' do. Chrift Church do. St. James' Goofe Creek do. St. John's, Colleton do. St. Andrew's do. St. Paul's do. to s S I04 *345 9°7 1779 *335 1446 1 35° 596 444 517 l2 53 2333 2007 ir 1904 1969 1400 1500 1992 1266 1780 1421 281c 625 209 337 8 140 345 1,56 158 209 125 65 41 ~«s 3 go Si S 3557 6 102 1450 915 *993 1874 1604 1612 710 516 841 1537 2571 2535 2173 1948 2170 1627 1809 2232 io 55 1693 1478 1561 491 3ii 45 110 67 138 79 104 7 1 48 ^ 223 2236 1596 3646 2929 2831 2690 "73 830 1080 2074 4701 4189 3866 3653 397 1 2861 3121 3962 2043 325 8 2782 37i8 1017 331 604 100 187 105 272 202 172 174 103 37722 6688c 68 65 3 27 27 7 9 48 12 153 21 *49 135 60 25 1 *5 34 11 15 22 3i 15 x 795 6651 4685 3229 1485 938 9 2 3 M-37 602 2110 1370 3619 834 866 1665" 1120 606 1215 1144 1423b 4529 1402 7684 10338 517? 3022 2506 3345 34°5 2377 2333 4705 2546 3202 2225 11762 8i35 10706 7623 6866 6604 393° 239 2 4548 6302 13289 9568 88co 9*97 9337 65 3 7692 9 "42 18753 11281 7232 16359 12606 5922 4299 2733 3797 3836 2954 2787 5312 2947 3433 107094 '249073 I do hereby certify the above to be a juft return of the Cenfus of the State ^of South-Carolina, as taken by my aififlants. Given under my hand, the fifth' day of February, 1792- ' ' Is. HUGER, Fed. Marshal. DISTRICT 11 Tt Cxi of ft( DISTRICT OF $0UTH-CJR0L1NJ. (L. S.) J, Charles B. Cochran, Marffcal for the Diflrift aforef.iid, do hereby certify, that the annexed Schedule of the enumeration of the Inhabitants of tne laid Diftricr., is a true copy or' the Returns made DM | and that the Aggregate taken therefrom, is, to the belt of my belief, jult and accurate. CHARLES B. COCHRAN, Marshal D ist. S. C Schedule of the whole number of P ersons in wbe Distritl of South Carolina. * Free White . Males. Free White Fr i — >- - , . _>V , 5» vd -■ -; T — •C: 1 -> 111 >y s5 ,^ ^1 ^ V N ft ^'5 -51 1^ J" "*< ft J< Names of DistriJls Names of Cities, Towns, Pa- rishes, and Counties. 5 o 1* ft 'J <5 -3 v. ft <3 ■Si |V |V ■si ft "-0 1 5 <0 ft -.' < S 1. ^ "1 VO 1° J ho O O ,5" VO ft° ^ "" >5 N ~~ ^3 V *" -5 N^ -*- 3 « ^" a .So 8 o O V"9 siL iS O* O " to 4q > * 3 ^ ■■s* >* «s, •* g-5 fe-« If) IO to 10 LO 2U to 45 t^.j&C to 10 to 16 tO Zb 4;. &c.ll Total. ' St. Michael's, 39° 20b 270 477 I bo 449 240 3°7 3*8 84 6642 St. Philip's, in Charlefton, 799 408 535 1110 |3°3 1 Si 76. 353 510 ^53 3 15 652 5549 I 2 \ b .: St. Philip's Charlefton neck, »34 03 71 120 107 7' 57 99 35 73 ; 60 ,;., , St. Stephen's, 5 2 2 9 20 42 ' 10 38 3' 21 4-3 10 zo 2156 2486 Charlefton St. James', Samee, 62 3o 24 70 * ' 3 C 4 l 22 48 39 2 9 2 3843 4240 dijlricl. it. John's, Berkley, IOl 47 56 108 | 33 103 47 47 bi 33 53 6479 y»93 it. i nomas'. 42 1C 16 4' ! 10 22 12 J 5 »9 20 19 232b 2 554 Chrill Church, 59 33 44 6a i 3' 54 3° 3 2 53 30 l 7 3585 4034 It. James', Goofe creek, 231 *3 2 1 1 1 146 >57 2 H 136 9- 1 10 164 9 3161 4689 ■>t. Andrew's, 92 21 42 59 1 73 90 5° 50 42 63 3 4543 5128 e it. John's, Colleton, 102 40 4«> 9- 9' 47 6i| 39 8 6031 6689 Colleton J St. Bartholomew's, 4°7 264 241 272 : 2 55 267 252 2 4> 2 43 2b^ 20 91 lu U798 liillntl, St. Paul's, '15 3 3 46 88 95 80 49 55 7 2 82 1 2 6383 7*44 it. ( reorge's, Dorchefter, 176 7* 54 83 III 2 125 59 4- IOl 93 4978 5901 Beaufort J St. Helena, 47 27 3 J 5 2 .... 5* 12 2 b 35 10 1 20 57 2990 Beaufort, part of St. Helena, 47 27 28 33 7 2 7 2 5 21 20 1 1 ii 421 684 diilnct, 1 St. Luke's, 106 57 67 »4S 38 95 41 So 60 31 1 5887 661 1 St. Peter's, 28S "5 15' «55 bo 302 127 150 l l7 »5 '34 2669 4393 . 1 Prince William's, 261 S8 86 1S4 55 250 8c 102 149 h 5i 4397 577° Georgetown \ diftrid, l Marion, Barnwell, \Yin\uw, 2 39 132 158 217 89 194 125 '5' '74 82 63 901a 10641 Waccamawj 102 • 55 55 6y 86 5o 57 61 28 2o 3394 4 OI 3 [vinjviton, 34: 176 149 18, .12 3 2 4 I7i Mr »79 105 3 708 2606 Williamfburgh, 4° 3 »55 282 199 38 3 59 230 *15 196 43 4 3454 5678 S12 45 6 43> 455 251 7 2 5 410 382 43 5 2 57 »3» 2155 6914 1 164 549 583 39° 149 1078 5 57 508 35 2 no Hi 1690 2409 737^> Orangebureh f Orange, 899 3*3 494 38$ 231 835 434 463 22; 9 7120 lew uburgh, 3»7 125 153 •93 ICC 206 129 166 135 93 79 1701 3455 Chefter, Airfield, Lexington, 710 349 305 393 ... 668 616 2 5 5 340 iv 7 1246 5191 1520 685 807 805 484 i486 6 3 5 436 2 7 1804 10250 1*58 6S5 Oct 1248 668 558 426 2 116+ 8185 1537 701 74- 706 1489 635 77* 393 2 3 106S 19187 Wurens, 'Vnd! C(on te 21 29 843 999 . 54« 1058 20 1919 1412 1 5 - 5 934 : 1431 16; ; . t 22 < 20052 k SOUTH-CAROLINA. 105 Aggregate of the number of Inhabitants in the DistriJI of South-Caro- lina, according to the second Census, taken in I 800. White Males. ( < Under 10 years of age To 1 6 do. To 26 do. 374" 16156 17761 t I To 45 do. 45 and upwards 19344 10*44 I 009 1 6 White Females. S Under 10 years To 16 do. To 26 do. 34664 15857 18145 I To 45 do. 45 and upwards 17236 9437 95339 All other free per sons , ex- cept Indians not taxed. 3185 Slaves. otal 146151 T 34559 1 CHARLES B. COCHRAN, Marshal Dist. S. Carolina. Military Force. A military force, neceffarily fprings from the popu- lation of a country ; and requires organization for the protection of its government. Before the American re- volution, the militia of this ftate was divided into regi- ments, commanded by colonels ; who were under the direction of the governor ; and fometimes a part of them were placed under the command of a general of- ficer, at particular emergencies. The regimental dif- tri&s were very large; too much fo, for either difpatch* or due military fubordination. And no plan being aid down for military exercifes, each commanding of- O fieetf i0 6 A VIEW OF ficer of a regiment direQed thofe to be performed, which his fancy, or accidents prefented. Hence, when- ever two or more regiments were thrown together, or- ders given after different manners, and evolutions per- formed by different modes, produced confufion, hurt- ful to the public fervice. Since the peace of 1783, thefe evils have been remedied, more or lefs, by laws which have been palfed ; particularly by thofe organiz- ing the militia anew, in conformity to the aft of congrefs on that fubjecl. The militia of this ftate is, therefore, now divided into two divilions, each commanded by a Major Ge- neral. Thefe divisions comprehend nine brigades, thirty nine regiments of infantry, eight regiments and a fquadron of cavalry, and one regiment and a battalion of artillery ; befides artillery companies, which are attach- ed to fome of the regiments of infantry. The brigades are commanded by as many Brigadier Generals ; and the regiments are commanded by Lieutenant Colonels. The Governor is commander in chief of all the militia of the ftate, both by lea and land. Should any acci- dent happen to him, by which his place mould be vacated; the Lieutenant Governor fucceeds, conftituti- onally, to the fame; and fhculd any misfortune attend him, the Prefident of the Senate, will be commander in chief, with executive powers. Beyond this no perfon is contemplated in the conftitution of this ftate. The general of higheft rank, however, would, in cafe any accident fhould happen to the Prefident of the Senate, be veiled with the powers of commander in chief; and perhaps, for governmental purpofes, might enter upon executive duties, until the legiflature could be convened. The militia of the ftate, thus organized, are parti- cularly under the direction of a brigade infpe&or, with the rank of major, for each brigade; and of an ad- jutant general, holding the rank of lieutenant colonel ; who fuperintends the whole, and reveiws the militia, regimentally SOUTH-CAROLINA. 107 regimentally, throughout the ftate, from year to year. The duties of the brigade infpeclors, are to attend the regimental and battalion meetings of the militia, com- poling their feveral brigades; during the time of their being under arms, to infpecl their arms, ammunition, and accoutrements ; fuperintend their exercife and manoeuvres; and introduce the fyftem of military difcipline throughout the brigade, agreeably to law, and to fuch orders, as they mail from time to time receive from the commander in chief of the ftate; to make returns to the adjutant general of the ftate, at leajl once in every year, of the militia of the brigade to which he belongs, reporting therein the act.ua! fituation of the arms, accoutrements, and ammunition, of the feveral corps, and every oilier thing which, in the brigade infpeclor's judgment, may relate to their government, and the general advancement of good order and difcipline. The adjutant general's duties are to receive and diflribute orders from the commander in chief of the ftate, to the feveral corps; to attend all public reviews, when the commander in chief of the ftate fhall review the militia, or any part thereof; to obey all orders from him, relative to carrying into execution, and perfecting the fyftem of military difcipline, eftablifhed by law; to furnifh blank forms of different returns; to receive from the feveral officers of the different corps throughout the ftate, returns of the militia under their command, reporting the a&ual fituation of their arms, accoutrements, and ammunition, their delinquencies, and every other thing, which relates to the general advancement of good order and difcipline. From all which returns he is to make proper abftracls, laying the fame annually before the commander in chief of the ftate. His duty alfo requires him, to furnifh the com- mander in chief annually, with a general return of the militia; and to tranfmitone, in like manner, to the Prefi- dentof thefe United States. The appointment of theCe O 2 officers, jo8 A VIEW OF officers, has confequently much benefitted the public {ervice; as the militia, throughout the ftate, are difci- plined by the fame rules, and are taught to perform the fame manoeuvres. Hence, when battalions or regiments are reviewed together, the troops perform their evolu- tions with an alertnefs and union, far different to former times. Much good has alfo refulted to the militia of this ftate, from the frequent attendance of the governor at reviews. Subordination is thereby promoted; and the generals and colonels are better encouraged, and Supported, in the execution of their duty. By thefe laws, every able bodied white male citizen, who is between the ages of eighteen and forty -five years, is enrolled in the militia; and free people of colour, are enrolled as pioneers. And any number of them, not exceeding one third part, may be marched out of the ftate, by order of the executive, on particu- lar emergencies; ana under certain conditions. When in fuch fervice, they are entitled to receive the fame pay and rations, and are fubject to the fame rules and regulations, as the troops of the United States of America; except, that in cafe of courts martial, re- specting them, the court is to be drawn from the mili- tia of this ftate. In cafe of vacancy, the brigadiers rife in their reipe&ive divifions ; the lieutenant colonels, in their relpeclive brigades; the majors in their refpeclive regiments; the captains in their refpeclive battalions, and fquadrons; and the fubalterns in their refpeclive troops and companies, by feniority of commiflion : and the vacancies for the lowelt fubaltern, in companies pr troops, are filled up by ballot, from the company or troop, in which fuch vacancy may be. Hence, although in the firft inftance all the generals were chofen by the legislature, yet, at this time, no election exifts refpecting our militia, except in the firft appointment of fubaltern. After that has taken place, he rifes with the reft, through all the grades, which are contemplated by the laws; and SOUTH-CAROLINA. io 9 and being once originated by popular confent, thence- forward he derives his authority from regulations, well calculated to give efficiency to his orders, over the troops he commands. The effe&ive militia of this ftate, agreeably to returns made, is thirty-five thoufand feven hundred and eighty- five : it is fuppoied, however, this number is iiiort, of its real ftrength. Of thefe, feventeen hundred and forty three are cavalry, regularly embodied, uniiormed and trained; who, in the courfeof a few weeks, can be brought to any one point within the ftate, which circum- fiances may require. This gives vigour to the exe- cutive arm, on great emergencies; and, enables it to throw a large body of choice troops, fpeedily in front of an enemy ; or to march them rapidly, from one part of the itate, to the other. A general return of the Militia of South-Carolina; as last rendered to the Governor and Commander in Chief, by the Adjutant General, lft. Brigade, - 3752 2d. do. 3128 3d. do. - 5471 4th. do. - 5041 5th. do. .... 4748 6th. do. _____ 1967 7th. do. - 4006 8th. do. 5417 9th. do. - 2224 General field and ftaff, - - -31 Total 35,785 Tenures, value of Estates and Buildings. Unlike European countries, whofe inhabitants are reftrictcd by impoiing tenures, the foil of Carolina is poffelfed no A VIEW OF poflefled by the people, in a manner the moft encou- raging to induftrious labors. They are all originally holden by grant, figned by the refpeftive governors of the (late, under the feal of the fame; conveying an eftate of inheritance, in free, and common foccage. — And, are attended with no other expenfe on obtaining the grant, than the payment of certain fmall fees of office. They are inherited by the laws of this ftate in equal fhares, amongft all of the fame degree ; and if fold, are conveyed by leafe and releafe, feoffment with delivery ; or by firnple deed, according to a late a£t of the legiftature, paffed for that purpofe. Few lands are holden on leafe ; or if they be, the leafes are for fhort terms, and liberal conditions : and, in general the lands are poffeffed and tilled by the rightful owners of the foil. Hence eveiy improvement made, enhances the pleafures, and independence of its owner. For, no landlord, can turn him out of his dwelling; or any perfon encroach with impunity, on his right of proper- ty; in that, he is protected by the laws and conftituti- on, of the ftate. The incomes of the planters, and farmers, are va- rious; ranging from eighty thoufand, to forty dollars. Very few, however, receive incomes of the above mag- nitude. Many receive from twelve to twenty thoufand dollars, per annum ; and the greateft part of the plant- ers are only in the annual receipt of from, three to fix thoufand dollars. The eftates of thefe latter, may be worth from twenty to forty thoufand dollars. The farmers are on a fmaller fcale ; and their incomes may be faid to range, between two thoufand, and forty dollars. The beft lands in this ftate, which are tide fwamps, if cultivated, have fold for one hundred and feventy dollars an acre. In general, however, they fell from feventy to ninety dollars an acre ; on a credit pf one or two years. Uncultivated tide land fells pro- portionably lower, Inland fwamps, if cultivated, fell - at SOUTH-CAROLINA. 1U at prices betwixt twenty and fifty dollars each acre. Good cotton land, has fold in Beaufort diftrift, as high as lixty dollars per acre. In general, however, its value, in different parts of the ftate, is from fix, to forty dollars ; the fame depending much on its fituation ; as that neareft the fea, is coniidered the raoft valuable, and produces the fineft cotton. Other high lands, fell from one to fix dollars an acre ; according to their ref- peflive fituations, and conveniences to navigation. Hence, men poffeffing any capital whatever, may fettle themfelves independently; upon lands which defcend to their pofterity ; together with every improvement made thereon, by their induftrious labour. The buildings, are alfo as various, as the values of eftates ; ranging in value between thirty thoufand, and twenty dollars. They are commonly built of wood; fome, however, are conftrucled of brick ; principally thofe in cities and towns. And of late years, buil- dings have been carried on with fpirit, throughout the ftate ; and houfes of brick and wood erected, fuitable to the improvement of manners, and comforts of foci- ety. The houfes are, for the moll: part, built of one or two (lories ; according to the tafte, and abilities of the owner. One particularity, however, may be remarked refpe£ting them, which is, that piazza's are generally attached to their fouthern front ; as well for the con- venience of walking therein, during the day, as for preventing the fun's too great influence, on the interior part of the houfe ; and the out offices are rarely con- nected with the principal dwelling, being placed at a diftance from it, of thirty or forty yards. The houfes of the pooreii fort of people, are made of logs, let in- to each other at the ends, their interftices being filled up with mofs, ftraw, and clay ; and are covered with clap boards. Their plans are limple, as they confift only of one or two rooms : and the manners of their tenants are equally plain. But, it is here, that health, and n fi A VIEW OF and independence dwell. And a crop of an hogfhead of tobacco, or a bag or two of cotton, forms an in- come, which pays the taxes and expences of the farm; and makes a family happy and contented. Manv elegant and expenfive country feats, are fcatter- ed throughout the ftate; for the moit part improved ante- cedent to the American war. At an early period, gentle- men of fortune were invited to form thefe happy retreats from noife and buftle; the banks of the Afhley, as being near the metropolis of die ftate, was firft the objecl of their attention. And here elegant buildings arofe, which overlooked grounds, where art and nature were happily combined. Gardeners were imported from Europe ; and foon the ftately laurel, and the foft fpreading elm, (hot up their heads in avenues and walks: while they were occafionally clafped by the yellow jaf- minr, or crimfon wood-bine. Soon the verdant lawn fpre.'.d forth its carpet, contrafted with hedges, gravel walks, terraces, and wilderneffes. And nature drawn from her receffes, prefented landfcapes, diverfified ?nd beautiful, where winds had not long before fhook the trees of the foreft; or favages had roamed, impatient or government and controul. As fettlements extended into the country ; fo, with the encreafe of riches, coun- try feats, farther removed from the metropolis, were improved. And they are now to be found in many parts of the ftate ; progreffing, with the advancement of learning and civilization. Agriculture. i From the modern fettlements of South Carolina, f those improvements in her husbandry have not yet \ taken place, which in older nations, have progreffed under happy influences. Nature has been fo kind to the foil of this ftate, and adapted it to fuch early, and productive SOUTH-CAROLINA. 113 productive vegetation, that the exertions of the culti- vator are not called forth fo particularly, as are necef- fary in lefs favorable lituations. Hence, all the art of manuring, and rotation of crops, have hitherto been little attended to; and when one piece of land has been exhaufted by culture, another has been cleared of woods, for fimilar purpofes. The eafe of making this change, without the neceffity of continually forming heaps of manure, has of courfe, lead to a flovenefs in hufbandry ; which, to an experienced farmer, would befpeak ignorance, and inattention. This, however^ is not the cafe ; as the crops generally produce good re- turns ; and the neceflaries of life may be obtained in this country with as much eafe, as perhaps any part of the world can fupply. In the hufbandry of Carolina, two dbjefts are particularly kept in view by the planters and farmers. The firft is to raife fomething f^r fale; and the fecond is to procure provifions for family concerns. To the firft, the principal attention is directed; as being the fburce from whence all pecuniary advancements are made": while the other is Only attended to, as oppor- tunities permit. Hence, fkitl is chiefly obfervable iri matters relating to primary objects; and, in fecondary ones, much is left to accidental circumftances. In the lower country, cotton and rice are cultivated largely, for fale; while Indian corn, cow pea fe, and long potatoes, are only planted fufficient for the yearly confumption of the fettlement : and, on many of the tide fwamp rice plantations, no provifions, but potatoes, are planted; their produce being only equal to the fupport of the plantation for a few months. The reft is fupplied by the purchafe of Indian corn, brought down the rivers from the middle parts of the {fate; arid alfo imported from fome of thefe Uiiited States. In the middle country, cotton and Indian corn are principally railed for fale; and the produce, in all kinds of grain is fo* P abundant a 31 4 A VIEW OF abundant, that there is no want of provifion, for the fupport of life. In the upper country, tobacco is the principal object for fale; and its inhabitants have lately turned their attention towards the railing of cotton, with good profpecls of fuccefs; wheat and hemp are alfo, there, raifed for fale ; together with horfes, and ftock of different kinds: and flax is cultivated for the convenience of family concerns. Although in fome parts of the upper country, ftones and rocks are met with on the fummit of ridges; yet, the lands in culture, are feldom ever fo much troubled with them, as to render it neceffary, either to collect them in heaps, or to afford materials for building (tone walls. Hence, the enclofures, throughout the ftate, are gene- rally made of fplit rails ; which being placed on each other, in an angular manner, constitute what we call & worm fence. The law directs that they be made fix feet high : and thus formed, they are fufficiently ftrong to keep out the large herds of cattle and hogs, which con- tinually roam the woods; and, to whofe attacks, hedges, made after European modes, would, probably, not be fufficiently ftrong to prevent trefpaffes being made. In the lower and middle country, thefe rails are gene- rally made of pine; but, in the upper country, chefnut and oak are moftly appropriated to that purpofe. And, fo abundant is the growth of thefe trees, and other kinds of fuitable wood throughout the ftate, that they may be conveniently fplit into rails, almoft along the line, on which the fence is to run ; thereby leffening much, the trouble of carting. At the firft fettlement of South-Carolina, wheat and other high land grains were planted ; but without giv- ing returns for any bafis of exportation. They were accordingly laid afide, except for provifions to the in- habitants ; and naval ftores, lumber, live ftock, and peltry of different kinds, became articles of exporta^ tion. The confined fituation alfo, of her fettlement^ naturally SOUTH-CAROLINA. n 5 naturally operated againft: agricultural purfuits; and furrounding dangers diverted the attention of the inha- bitants. But, when in time they had enlarged the boundaries of the fettlement; as new fources were pre- fented, fo alfo, chance, or induftry, prefented new ob- jects of agriculture. This country then began to rife into importance ; and foon it attracted the attention of Europe. For about this time the rice plant was intro- duced, well fuited to thofe extenfive fertile fwampy lands, which had heretofore been confidered as ufelefs and unprofitable. Rice, was firtt planted in South-Carolina, about the year 1688: when by chance a little of it, of a fmall unprofitable kind, was introduced into the ftate. In the year 1696, a bag of a larger and whiter rice, was prefented, by a captain Gf a brigantine from Madagafcar, to the governor ; who divided it between feveral gen- tlemen. And fome time afterwards, Mr. Du Bois, treafurer to the Britifh Eaft India company, fent ano- ther parcel of rice; which probably made the diftinftion which now prevails, between white and gold rice. From thefe fmall beginings, have fprung the quantities of that grain which now cover our fields ; and afford rich fupplies to the commerce of this ftate. In its early cultivation rice was planted on high land; but thefe being by no means rich foils- and it being ob- ferved, that this plant not only required the richeft kind of land, but alfo frequent flowings of water; the planters, in its cultivation, were naturally led from the high lands to the frefh water fwamps. To thefe fitua- tions it was found perfectly adapted ; and rice immedi- ately became the great ftaple of the country. It was now, that importations of negro (laves were made with great avidity. And the proceeds of a crop, inftead of being fpent in diflipated living, were economifed to en- creafe the exertions of the enfuing year. Hence, for- P 2 tunes U 6 A VIEW OF tunes were rapidly made ; and people were encouraged from all parts, to try their fortunes in South-Carolina. Rice, may be faid to be folely the produce of the Jower country. It is fometimes grown in the middle country ; but of fmall quantity, more for the ufe of its inhabitants, than for the purpofes of fale. The planta- tions which produce this grain, are of two kinds, river swamp, and inland srvamp. The firft are immediately connected with irefh water rivers; the latter are htuated o:"! low inland fwamp, unconnected with tides or navi- gation. Hence, river fwamp plantations, from the command of water, which at high tides can be intro- duced over the fields, have an undoubted preference to inland plantations ; as the crop is more certain, and the work of the negroes lefs toilfome. Experience having proven, that low lands, well drained and banked, are moll produBive in rice; and it being neceffary, that at particular times, the crop be kept wet or dry; the plan- ter's attention is immediately direBed to theie particu- lars. When, from inattention, rice lands are kept in a ftate of being neither completely wet or dry, which with us is called a sobby state ; the hoe does little execution with the graffes which abundantly fpring up ; and the fun is apt to heat the mallow water lying on the ground, and ia the trenches; thereby fcalding, and materially in- juring the tender ftems and roots of the young rice. And here, hpwever equal the (kill of the tide and inland planter may be ; yet the former has greatly the advan- tage in flowing his fields, at fuitable times; while the latter, from a want of rain to fill his refervoirs, is pre- vented from giving his rice that due quantity of water, whicli its nourishment, and even fafety from infeBs, often requires. Rice lands are laid out into fquares, or fmall fields, proportioned to the flrength of the negroes who work them, in fuch manner that they can be plant- ed, or hoed through, in the courfe of a week. Thefe fields are feparated from each other by proper banks \ fufficiently SOUTH-CAROLINA. n 7 fufficiently ftrong for retaining water in the one, whilft thofe adjoining are kept dry. They communicate with each other by trunks and unices, having valves at either end, to receive or retain water; ani have large trunks, or flood gates, from rivers or refervoirs; through which water is occafionally introduced. The advantages hence arifing are, that when the fields are grafly, one field can be hoed in a few days; and before the grafs can fpring again, water is thrown upon it, if attainable; by which the grafs is kept down, while the growth of rice is much accelerated. Or fhould the feafons be fhowery, and the grafs vigorous, it is occafionally found expedient to throw on water; which checks the growth of the grafs, until the hoes are ready for it. And fhould the iwamp be uneven ; by thus dividing it into fmall fquares, each of them can be flowed with lefs water, and to a greater certaintv. About the twentieth of March, the fpring has fo far made its appearance, as to enable the fowing of rice in the tide lands; the inlands are not planted, until the firft or fecond weeks in April, as their foils are of cold- er nature. Now, the red flowering maple tree has put on its fcarlet robe, the alder its bloffoms, and the wil- low its leaves; the elder alfo, fhoots up vigorous ftalks, from the rich lands in which it grows, and the fwamp floe-bum is covered with a profufion of fnowy blofr foms. The wild geefe and ducks, have departed for northern regions ; and the planter, freed from their ravages, begins ferioufly to fow his crop ; continuing that bufinefs from time to time, until the tenth of June: after which, the feafons fcarcely permit its being ma- tured, before the frofts fet in. For this purpofe, the land having been previoufly turned up, is drilled either with plows or hoes, but moft generally with the hoe, into about 100, or 125 trenches in the half acre ; or eighty trenches in a quarter of an acre: and rice is (own therein, from one to two bufhels the acre. It is then n8 A VIEW OF then covered ; and the general cuftom of tide planters, is immediately to flow the fields with water; keeping the fame on, from two to four days, according to the feafon, and the heat of the weather. This effecls two good things : firft, killing all worms which may be in the ground ; and fecondly, difpofing the grain to quick vegetation. The water is then run off, and in five or fix days the rice begins to appear; coming up regular- ly throughout the field. Inland planters have not this advantage; their lands very often remain in a wet ftate throughout a great part of the winter; and are thereby of cold nature, unfriendly to early vegetation. Many of them, therefore, do not begin to fow their rice crop until the fecond week in April : and in general, all of them after having fown it, find it more prudent to wait for feafons to bring it up, than by flowing to exhauft their refervoirs at fo early a period. Hence, according to the different flages of drynefs, or moifture, in their fields, the rice either vegetates quickly, or is retarded for fome weeks ; and perhaps ultimately rots in the ground if not affifted by fome timely mower. Befides this, fo much time elapfes before the rice comes up, that grafs, in many inftances, comes up with the grain; retarding the growth of rice, and encreafing the labour of hoeing. After the rice be fome inches high, and have attained a little ftrength, it requires an hoeing. This is a necef- fary bufinels; as without it the plant will fometimes ficken and die. Three or more of thefe hoeings, are commonly given to rice, during its growth; and at the fecond hoeing the. toil becomes more ferious; for now the grafs is hand-picked from the roots of the rice. Af- ter this operation be over, a flowing in tide lands is commonly given, and continued from ten to twenty days; in order to give the rice a ftretch, and to prepare it for branching, which it now begins to do : after which the water is run off gradually, and the rice remains dry for fome time. This is a critical period of the crop : a? the SOUTH-CAROLINA. u 9 the harveft proves good or bad, in proportion to the branching of the rice ; where every branch produces one ear, containing from one hundred to two hundred and fifty, or three hundred grains, as the lands may be productive. In dry feafons the rice, when growing, is liable to attacks from a fmall bug, equally injurious to it, as the Hessian fly is faid to be to wheat, or the blast to fugar canes. Thefe infects attach themfelves to the rice, and fuck out all the nourifhment of the plant. In tide plantations this mifchief is eafily remedied, by opening the fluices, and by flowing the fields with wa- ter. But the haplefs inland planter, as was before ob- ferved, has not this conveniency; patience and hope are the only fources, to which he can then apply for con- folation. Three months after the fowing of rice, it begins to joint, blofTom, and form the ear; water is now abso- lutely neceffary, for without it there is much light rice ; and whenever it can be thrown on from rivers, or refervoirs, it is fo done : and is retained thereon, with a change of water, if convenient, until a few days before harveft. This grateful operation, in agriculture, begins generally on tide lands towards the end of Au- guft; and in September the harveft becomes general throughout the ftate. Thus we fee, that in about five or fix months, the crop is fairly made ; and the planter has leifure, during the fine feafons of O&ober and Novem- ber, to make improvements on his lands, before the colds and rains of winter fet in. In Auguft, when the rice is flowed, and as it is termed, the hoes laid by, the cooper fluff is procured, which is neceffary for export- ing the rice in barrels. For this purpofe, negroes are then fent into the pine lands to fplit ftaves and heading for barrels ; while others, afterwards, cut hoop poles for making them : and, in well managed plantations, jobb* ing work, neceffary for having things in readinefs, in the different departments, are attended to. Now the barn and i2o A VIEW OF and barn yard, is put in order; and the rice mill is pre* pared for manufacturing the rice for market. Such is the mode of conducting a rice crop through its differ* ent ftages ; however, it is not the only one. Of late years a new procefs has been imroduced; which from the free ufe of water, has obtained the appellation of -water culture. By this mode, when the rice is in the fourth leaf, the fields are flowed to the top of the rice ; and the water is gradually increafed, as the rice rifes in growth; until the water be about a foot deep. It is then retained from feventeen to twenty days ; after which it is gradually drawn off during a fpace of fix days. Were this precaution not ufed, the rice having been run up in (lender {talks by the water, would, when the water was drawn off, fall in the mud, and rot. The rice is then kept feveral weeks dry, and hoed as occafi- on may require ; afer which, water is again thrown on, and continued until harveft. It is faid, that by this procefs, a greater quantity of rice is made to the hand$ although lefs be made to the acre, than in the fir It men- tioned way. Sorae planters have adopted it ; but the other mode is moft generally purfued. As in addition to the care in attending the feveral ftages of the water culture, and of withdrawing the water by flow degrees, and fmall portions; it can only be fuccefsfully ufed on thofe plantations, where the fwamp is exceedingly level, and water is eafilv obtained. The produce of rice to the acre is different, in differ- ent foils; and in proportion to the {kill with which it is managed* On tide lands, 240o!bs. weight of clean rice, have been made to the a ere :■ but in general, the produce is from 1200 to ^oolbs* weight each acre. The inland plantations, do not average fo much ; ranging Only be- tween 600 and i50olbs. weight of clean rice to the acre s they, however, in addition to this, generally make their own provifions ; which is an advantage that the poor high lands of the tide planters do not permit them to enjoy. After SOUTH CAROLINA. iei After harveft, the crop is placed in the open barn yards, either in ftacks or in large ricks. It is then threfh- ed out by han^-flails, on a level barn yard or floor, made of rammed clay, or of portions of fand and tar; and being winnowed from the ftraw, is ready for beating. This operation was formerly performed by manual labour, with a peflle and mortar; and is ftill fo done, in fome parts of the ftate. But the legiflaturej as early as the year 1691, turned their attention to- wards ameliorating labour; pafling a law to encourage the invention of machines, engines, and mills, for this* and other purpofes. And, what with public patron- age and private neceffity, the rice mills in this fiate* are now arrived to a perfection, unequalled by thofe of a ly part of the world.* A truly happy event, arifing, no doubt, from that freedom of mind, which, like the American government, gives free fcope to eve- ry rational purfuit; and encourages thofe latent pow- ers into action, which defpotic governments, and un- juft monopolies, often endeavour to deftroy. Three kinds of rice mills, called pecker^ cog, and water mills, are ufed in this ftate. The firft is the molt fimple ; and, probably, that which was firft in ufe. It is fo called, from the peftle's ftriking fomewhat in the manner of a wood pecker, when pecking a tree. The fecond, confifts of a large cog horizontal wheel* turn- ing a trundle wheel ; working upright peftles, nearly on the fame principles as a madder mill. Both of thefe mills are worked by oxen, mules, or horfes ; and ge- nerally beat out from three to lix barrels of rice a day. For thefe, the rice is generally ground by wood- en mills, which feparate the chaff from the grain ; and the chaff is afterwards blown away by hand wind'ans^ The rice is then beaten in the mills, until it be fufHci- ently polifhed and cleanfed from the flour. It is then Q lifted * See an account of the Chinefe rice mills, in Van Braam^ Chinese Embassy} vol. lid. pages 286 and 392. Alfo in Staunton's Chinese Embassy, voL th&i scs A VIEW OF lifted, by different fized wire feives; and, afterwards, is packed in barrels for market. Of late, an improvement of fimple, but excellent nature, has been made in fifting the rice; which, although it be not yet in gene- ral ufe, is well worthy the attention of the planter ; as wherever it has been ufed, it has always coniiderably leffened labor, and has been attended with complete fuccefs. This machine, is called a pendulum screen; and was brought into ufe, by Mr. Lewis Du Pre, in the year 1 798 : and fince that time has been ufed by feveral planters in the manufacture of their rice. Its conftruclion is fimple, and of fmall expenfe ; eftefting fo much additional work, that an indifferent working Have, befides fifting out the rice flour, and the fmalt broken rice, will alfo fift ten or twelve barrels of whole rice, with great eafe, in the courfe of the day ; and a prime worker, from fix teen to eighteen. By this in- vention all the other fifters (of which, without it, there are from three to fix) are withdrawn from the barn, and directed to other work ; in addition to which, the rice is better fifted and poli fried. The water mills are put in motion by underfliot wheels ; the level fituation of the lower country, not allowing an head of water to be raif- ed for doing otherwife. In general they are of fimple Gonftru&ion, performing the operation only of beating; with the addition, fometimes, of a grinding and win- nowing part, fimilar to the annexed engraving; but, of late years, fome have been ereBed with complicated mechanifm ; whofe movements proceed with perfeci harmony, carrying the grain through a variety of changes, until it be finally delivered into the barrel, and is there packed for market. One of thefe mills, confifts of four cog wheels, and one lanthern wheel ; a pair of large mill ftones, from four to feven feet diameter; fifteen or more pullies working broad leathern ftraps ; two rolling fcreens -, one or two wind fans ; a brufh ; one or more fets of ele- vating ( if// ■'//■> f'f/r /{>-,(' r/ f( "^Vatar Rice Machine cut t/.n't/ //, South Carolina A.. The WuuMaft.fer raiding the Flood (rate. 15. Halef.fvra Pin by which /he Windlafs SCPloodCate arc secured. C. ihc main driving Cog Mind. fused on the Water wheel shaft. 1). dlarge Wheel revolving on the same Aj-Ic with the small Wheel^T. E. la'i/tall Lartthorn Wheel (impelled f>y ihe large Cog Wheel D- F. MUX Sialics. G. l/o/t/tcr. YL.Tunnel ■icwhich the rough Rice fall* from illelojt. I, funnel.) m the Mill Stoner discharging into the Wind- fan Jfcjifier. I...I Mtu/i/i. orked by a Crank for moving a, riddle wiihui the Fan. M.HulUcri i-uifp fuyting thro IheD oar. 1ST. ThcHulU ,- rice, discharging from theWind-Fan inlotheSin (). Y.At'ogWi eel.Moving the Arle S. Q. ThcfeMi r ~R. The Morton] TX. Two Movedbl Beams, sufijwrting lh< A.cU- 8. V. Bud of the CrfsBeatw. into which the Screw K. fvlays, and also sigifwrts the .mg moveable Beam VV on which the uii/ier Mill Stone rests, r> iscd at jit ensure by Screw K. "VT. ABand.tyhie, work* the Cuiliy of theHlncl-Fan. X. Along croft I iam,comve e liiii/ thcBeatvng & Grinding Feu ' SOUTH^CAROLINA. j«3 vating buckets, and fpiral horizontal conveyers.* Thefe are all primarily moved by a large water wheel, by late improvements increai'ed to the diameter of twenty two feet, by a width of fourteen feet ; and while cleaning the rice, carry it through the following operations : The rough rice, is carried by a fet of elevating buck- ets, from the lower, into the upper (lory of the ma- chine houfe, from whence it falls into a rolling fcreen; which feparates the land and gravel from it ; and pours it clean into the hopper. From the hopper it paffes to the mill ftones, where the chaff is feparated from the grain, and is afterwards blown away by a wind fan. The milled rice is then difcharged into a bin, placed above the mortars; having funnels communicating therefrom to the mortars. The rice is then introduced into the mortars by the funnels, and is there beaten by pettles weighing about 23olbs. weight; which ftrike the rice from 32 to 44 times in a minute.t When the ricev be fufficiently beaten, it is taken out and thrown into an hopper; from whence, by a fet of elevating buckets, it is carried up to another rolling fcreen, where the fmall rice and flour are feparated from it. The whole rice, then paffes through a funnel, under the friction of a brufh, which takes off any flour which may flill ad- here to the grain ; it thence falls into a wind fan, which Q 2 winnows * See IVth. vol. Repertory of Arts, page 319, a defcription and engraving of a wheat mill ; in which the elevators, and conveyors, give a good idea of thofe ufedinour beft rice mills. The elevator is an endlefs leatherr, ftrap, revolving over two pullies, one of which is fet where the rice is to be hoifted from, and the other, where it is to be hoifled to. To this flrap, is faflened a number of fmall leathern buckets ; which fill themfelves as they pafs under the lower pul- ley, and empty themfe.lves, as they pafs over the upper one. To prevent watte, of what maybe fpilt out of thefe buckets, the firap, backets, and pulleys, are all enclofed, and worked in light cafes; fo that what is fpiit will de r ce d to the place from where it was hoifled, and will be again taken up by the buckets. + The execution of thefe peflles is infinitely greater, than thofe of the Chi- nefe water mills, mentioned by Van Braaai in his ChLefeZmbalTy^ See, note VI, in appendix. ii 4 A VIEW OF winnows it clean, and discharges it into a bin. From whence, by funnels, it is received into barrels ; and in forne mills, is eyen packed in them by mechanical ope- ration. 1 he difpatch, and neatnefs of work, done by thefe mills, is extremely pleafing; particularly when we con- sider the fmall attendance neceflary for working them. Three perfons can manage fuch mills, in all their changes ; and, one week with another, they will beat out one hundred barrels of rice, each of 6oolbs. weight neat. More than this could be effe&ed by them, were not thefe mills generally placed on tide lands, and their operations thereby checked, towards high water, for fome hours. From fixteen to twenty barrels of rice have been beaten out by one of them in a tide ; but it was when the tide ran low, and a good head of water had been previoufly taken in. For thefe mills,* the public is indebted to the exertions and ingenuity of Mr. Jonathan Lucas $ who, for eight or ten years paft, has been engaged in their conftrucliom The rice field banks, in thefe cafes, form refervoirs for the mills ; into which the flood tide is introduced, through locks or flood gates, which fhut of themlelves with the turn of the tide. And as foon as the ebb tide has made about two or three hours, the mill commences its operation, and works until a quarter flood, or more. Some inland plantations, having extenhve refervoirs of water, beat out crops alio by thefe complicated mills ; but, general- ly fpeaking, they ufe thofe working with oxen, as be- ing lefs expenfive, and more fuitable to fmall crops of rice. A few ginning or threfhing mills, Lave alfo been introduced for feparsting the rice from the draw ; but they are not conhdered as improvements fufficiently im- portant, either to b p brought into common ufe by tjiemfelves, or to be added to the complicated mechanifm of * Thefe tide mills work with every ebb tide, both day and night. of planting a RICE CR01 r South-Carolina, Spain, 1 atjfereni coumrii. IN. EGYPT. land is up by a and eo- lith wa- • inches The land is covere over with water for week. Afterwards mer women, and childrer naked, up to the wail walk and fink deep ini the mud, and free tr land from the old roo and Hubble. How rice land isj)rerjared. How flowed ■with water du- ring growth. I Generally by turning up turr the land with an hoe; but|pl°V fometimes it is done with vere By letting on water, frou'*er_; refervoirs or rivSrs, by means of flukes and flood mfp lan- each iflant a 3m the and the cover- ■ inches iter, anted By tranfplantation July. What en creafe. kles, or hooks. nes by Eighty for one has been made, but the crops in ge- neral do no reach more than 40 or 50 for one. 10 In fheaves. [en out, idng c mules The fheaves are fpread; on the floor, and a cart, I with cutting; wheels, ! How threfhed. (drawn by oxen, paffesj By flails. 1 by hoi ovc ftoj How cleaned. It firft partes through grinding mills ; fome of hich are of wood, others of {tone. It then is beaten, „, fometimes by hand, in a lo mortar; but moll generallyjco by pounding mills, of va-icc rious conftrucYions, and powers, worked by water, and oxen. How pack- ed for fale or exportation. by It is put into barrels, con- taining from 560 to 6oolbs. neat, of clean rice. SOUTH-CAROLINA. 12S of a water pounding mill. From the above machinery, and the rival ihip it naturally excites in cleaning rice for market, the Caiolina rice itands unrivalled in Europe; and never fails commanding a fale, when there is any demand for that article. Formerly fome competition was made againit it, from countries adjacent to the Me- diterranean ; but it was obliged to give way; as the Carolina rice was preferred to that of Verona and Egypt, wherever it was carried.* Of late years, the belt kind of India rice, imported into Great Britain, could not compare with it, either in price or quality. And we have now the fatisfaction to obferve; that as far as relates to this ftaple of our countiy, we already Hand on a footing with nations, boaftmg centuries or exig- ence; and {till remaining wrapt up in the conceit of their own excellence. Befides the white and gold rice, already mentioned, there are fome others in the ftate, of liitle note or con- fequence ; prinripatly cultivated by negros. They are called Guinea rice, bearded rice, a Jhort grained rice, fomewhat like barley, and a fpecies of high lani nice. In the year 1797, Mr. Jefferfon, with an atten- tion, which has in many inftances been manifefted to the interefts of this ftate, added greatly to our cata- logue of this grain; by prefenting the Agricultural Society of this ftate with ninety eight different parcels of rice, and an account of one hundred and four kinds of that grain, which he obtained from one of the Phi- lippine iflands. Portions of each kind, were fown in the fpring, but with no fuccefs -1 poflibly, from the feed having been too old before they were obtained ; or, from their having been heated during a long paftage from the Kaft- Indies to America. I did not fee thefe kinds of rice, until many of the parcels were taken away; bui from the opinion I could form of thole re- maining, as alfo, from converting on that fubjeel, with different * Andcnon. on Commerce, Vol. Ill, page 164. A TABLE, ,Uwi*g the lomparattve M, of planting a RICE CROP i and afterward* ; pnpanng U fir market, in th different count, of South-Carolina, Spain, Egypt, Sumatra and China. How rice land is prepared, How rice planted. SOUTH-CAROLINA. Generally by turning up the land with an hoe; but fometimes it is done with a plough, and harrowed. e land tun up by a pl-h.and ve with wa- tetur inche de The land is covered over with water for ; eek. Afterwards men women, and children taked, up to the ward .valk and fink deep into the mud, and free the land from the old roots and Hubble. It is fown in drills, from 16 to 18 inches afundi at the rate of from 1 to 2 bufhcls the acre. itranfplan- tati ; each nil, diftant a foifrom the otl, and the ;rod cover- d ur inches wiv,vater. Tr.planted How rice reaped. How gathered How threfhed. !ffickles, or reaig hooks. Sortimes by foyis. EGYPT. Buffaloes are turned Into the land, which by wading and rolling oye it.ftiritup. After whicl a flat board.with weights on it, is drawn over the land to make it level By tranfplantation SUMATRA. By tranfplantation. CHINA. The field is flowed with water, and ploughed with an ox plough, while the water is on. It is then harrowed in the fame way. It is Town broad-caft, in loofe mud; and is afterwards taken from thence and tranfplanted in loofe mud, in quiiicuiiae order. By a particular kind of fmall knife. By long knives, rather concav- ed at the edge. Alfo by fickles. In (heaves, with a length of ftraw. IJieaves. By flails. The ears of rice are cut fhort, one by one, and tied in a little flieaf, an.! thrown into a balket. 1 dden out, by riving hoi & mules ovfit, on a (lor or ftucco The (heaves are fpread n the floor, and a cart, with cutting wheels, drawn by oxen, partes over them, which fepa rates the grain from th ftraw. In very large (heaves : one n brings only two out of th* frdd at a time. The (heaves are (pread on mats in the bai nd the grain rubbed from the ftraw, by the feet of the labourers This exercife fometime: draws the blood from their feet. By flails. How cleaned. It firft pafles through grinding mills ; fome of hich are of wood, others of (lone. It ihen is beaten, fometimes by hand, in a mortar; but moft generally by pounding mills, of va- rious conftruftions, and powers, worked by water, and oxen. is cleaned by grindi mil whofe lov,- ftone coved with col Pound ingmills are ule alfo for place It is carried to grana nes, where there is i mill that frees it from the hufk. It is beaten by hand a mortar. It is alfo cleaned by means of an hollow wooden cylin- der, turned horizontally on a fulid wooden cylin der of the fame diame ter. The hollow cylin der anfwers the purpofe of an hopper, at the fame time that it per forms the bufmefs of th upper mill ftone, in grinding mill. It is cleaned from the loofe ftraw, by riddling it in a balKet, and throwing it up in the air: it afterwards is palfed through a hand wind fan, or large (ieve. It is then rubbed between two blocks of wood like wooden mills, to get off the chaff; the upper mill is not turned round, but puthed backwards and for- wards hke a (ieve. It is then beat out bv hand, with a wooden mortar and peftle. Water mills are alfo nfed, which work a fet of mill (lones, and fome peftles. How pack-j It is put into barrels, con- ed for fale obtaining from 560 to 6oolbs, exportation, jneat, of clean rice. It is mixed with fait, and then put into oval panniers, made of date tree leaves ; containing about lyolbs. neat, o( clean rice. It is put into panniers and bags. How flowed with water du ring growth. What cieafe. By letting on water, fr refervoirs or riv?rs, means of flukes and fl gates. worked by oxen, which elevate water from the Nile, when not other- wife to be obtained. Eighty for one has 1 made, but the crops inJm 30 to neral do no reach n't one. than 40 or 50 for one. Said to be 80 for 1 ; but this calculation not referring, particularly, to the quantity of rice fown, or plants tranfplanted; no certain opinion can be formed of it. Said to be 1 00 for j But fubjefr. to the fame doubt as the calculation rcfpe&ing Egypt, &y an liyduulic engine, or iim- ple conftruclion, worked by two men, with their feet, while the reft of their bodies are at reft. It is portable, and eafily removed from placr to place. The lands are alfo flowed by means of a long tub, which has firings fixed to both ends of it. By thefe, two men throw it from the rice field bank into the river, and rake it out full of water, which they pour over the bank into the rice field. Before they do this, a large mat is fpread over the bank, to prevent its being injured by the water. They alfo elevate water from the river, or lower field, in the fame manner as it is taken out of a well with a pole and bucket. They elevate water, alfo, fuccefs- fully, by a wheel with buckets, made of bamboo. i«6 A VIEW OP different perfons ; I am inclined to believe, that they fcannot be all different fpecies, although they are affer- ted fo to be, in an account tranfmitted by the gentle- man who procured them in the Eaft-Indies.* As fome of thefe parcels had fcarcely any vifible difference, I conceive many of them to be varieties of the fame fpecies ; differing only, in proportion to the excellence of the land, and fkill with which they have been culti- vated. This, has been the cafe, even in this ilate. And fliould my opinion be well founded, this catalogue will be greatly reduced. The gentleman, who procured, and fent thefe different kinds of rice to Mr. Jefferfon, was certainly no botanift; or, otherwife, he would not have hazarded fo bold an expreffion of their being all diffe- rent fpecies. Befides, he has been at no pains to dif- tinguiih their different formations or appearances, by which alone, his opinion could have been corroborated. Againft this, we have the authority of Linneus, who only mentions one fpecies of rice {Oryza fativa) culti- vated rice. But Hill, this authority although highly refpecfable, is not infalible ; and when there are fo ma- ny varieties of rice, there may be other fpecies, than the one, which he has mentioned under this general term. In the article of wheat (Triticum,) with which fjLinneus may be fuppofed to have been better acquainted from perfonal obfervation, he has noted, not lefs than eleven different fpecies ; of rye (Secale) he has mention- ed four fpecies; of barley (Hordeum) eight fpecies; and of oats (avena) not lefs than fifteen fpecies. This being the cafe, we may be pardoned, in hazarding a con- je&ure, that fome of thefe kinds of rice, conftituted other fpecies, than that noted by Linneus. For, one of them was bearded; fome of them were larger, and mpre flender, than Carolina rice ; others, were of a flatter * This account was in Spanifh, and not being among the papers of the Agri- cultural Society, I could only refer to the Engliih tranilation of the fame, which saay be more or lefs correct. SOUTH-CAROLINA. i 2 ; flatter texture. Some of the parcels, both of gold and white rice, were of a long, (lender, and curved grain ; neatly and peculiarly formed : others were oval, fome large, and fome fmall ; and others had fomewhat the refemblence of guinea corn, or a large kind of millet. Befides thefe diverfities, their ufes were alfo different in India. Some of them, were called Jine rice, as being more delicate, whiter, and more agreea- bly flavored ; and, as fuch, were ufed by the principal women. Others were coniicered as ordinary rice ; as being mod nutritious, and ferving for common food. And a third kind was called clammy rice, as adhering, when boiled, into one glutinous mafs ; of which pud- dings were made, with cocoa milk and fugar. Indigo was formerly a great fource of wealth to this ftate; being introduced into it, about the year 1745. And fuch was the fuccefs with which it was cultivated, that two years thereafter 200,ooolbs. weight of indigo, were exported to England.* From that time its culture was much attended to, throughout the lower, and in fome fituations, in the middle part of the ftate : and many fortunes were made, by purfuing this branch of agriculture. Since the commencement of the wars, which have difturbed Europe for feveral paft years, and in confequence of large importations from the Eaft In- dies, its cultivation has ceafed to be profitable; and but a very fmall quantity of it is now planted within the limits of this ftate. The lands, which were fuitable to the growth of this plant, are fortunately well adapted to the cultivation of cotton. And hence, by an eafy tranfition, and without much expence, the indigo plan- ter, driven, by neceffity, to fearch out other fources of induftry, have directed their attention to the planting of cotton ; and experience the molt advantageous re- ward in its returns. Cotton is noticed as an article of export in South- Carolina, * Andenon m Cemrntrce. Vol. Ill, page *6sr. ^8 A VIEW OF Carolina, as early as the year 1754; and from that time to this, it has been grown in the Irate ; but, with~ out any particular attention, until of late years. During the American war with Great Britain, it was raifed through necefiity ; and with a mixture of wool, or fometimes by itfclf, was woven into negro cloths : but, itceaTed with the caufe which excited its culture; and again funk to its former level. As, an article of export from the United States of America, it originat- ed in Georgia, iince the peace of 1783 ; and yielding extraordinary profits 10 the plan f er, loon recommended itfelf to thofe of this ftate. And hence that beginning, which has now furpafted in value the greateft crops of rice or indigo, which have ever been made in South- Carolina.* The cotton which is grown in this Mate, may be ranged in three claries : viz, nankeen, green seed, and black seed, Cotton. Nankeen cotton, is principally grown in the middle and upper country, for family ufe. It is fo called from the wool, refembling the colour of nankeen or Nan- king cloth ; which it retains as long as it is worn. It is not in much demand, the white cotton having cngrof- fed the public attention. Were it encouraged however, cloths might be manufactured from it, perhaps not. inferior to thofe imported from the Eaft Indies, it being probable the cotton is of the fame kind ;t as from ex- periment, * The cotton exported from trie port o* Charleflon alone, from the ifl Oc» tober, i8co, to lit O&ober, 1801, was 8, 30 1,907 ibs. + ' The fluff called Nam-Ring, which is manufactured at a great and by the want of particular agricultural and commer- cial hiftories ; which, it is the misfortune of this ftate, have never yet been produced. Hence, what little is to be gathered, is from detached readings ; and cafual dif- coveries ; which, although they may throw fome light on a fubjec\ of fuch importance ; can by no means fatisfy the mind, whofe aim is complete inveftigation. To re- fer back, however, to as early a period in the hiftory of this ftate, as authenticity can fupport; and thence, to deduce fome of the moft principal changes which have taken place in this refpecl, throughout a feries of prof- perity and adverfity, is all that will be attempted ; and perhaps, * Chalmers' Pslitkal Anndls^ page ,529. i6o A VIEW OF perhaps, it will be more than fhall be fatisfa&oriiy per- formed. Fifteen years had elapfed from the firft. fettlement of the ftate, before it was found neceffary to eftablifh a collector of duties, for the port of Charlefton ; and the year 1685 is the earlieft period, that we are informed of fuch an appointment having been made.* At this time alfo, an act of affembly was palled for fettling a pilot ;t and the firft fteps were probably then taken for regulat- ing the entries of veflels. For thirty years thereafter, the hiftory of South Carolina does not furnifh us with any particulars of her population ; and fifty years elapfe before any certain me'ntion is made of her exports. Dur- ing the early part of this period, the inhabitants, under the protection of a proprietary government, unfuitably projected by Mr. Locke, and feebly executed, were ftruggling, not only againft the native Indians, but al- fo with the fandy unproductive foil of the lower coun- try ; which w ? as unfavourable to the growth of Euro- pean grains. And, inftead of furniming them with va- luable exports ; it ungenerously returned them a very fcanty produce. Hence the chief of her exports, in thofe early times, confined of lumber, naval (lores, and different kinds of peltry ; which, from the difficul- ty attending a new fettlement, where one part of the community was obliged to be armed, whilft the other laboured, could neither have been large, or of confi- derable value. With the introduction of negroes, how- ever, the planting intereft was better enabled to con- tend with the dangers, and climate, of the country.' And in the year 1696 the fortunate introduction of rice, gave a new direction to the induftry of her inhabi- tants ; and formed a remarkable aera in the progrefs of her hiftory. In * Chalmers* Political Annals, page 548. + See in Grimke's Laws, the titles of the aQs pafled by the legiflature of Seuth-Carolina. No* 2s. SOUTH- CAROLINA i6i In the year 1724, 18,000 barrels of rice, 52.000 barrels of turpentine, tar, and pitch, together with deer Ikins, furs and raw lilk, were exported to England; befides which, rice and other articles of exportation* were lent to the Weft Indies, and the Northern Ameri- can States. And in the courfe of ten years, i-iclufive, from 1720 to 1729, 264,488 barrels of rice were exported from this ftate. At this time a change of government had taken place,* from proprietory to regal ; and with it a protection had been extended to her citizens, both at home and abroad, which led to their greater happinefs. They had now more time and power, to enjoy the advantages they pofTe(ied; and how far they profited on this occalion, cannot be better fhown, than by obferving, that in ten years after the province (now ftate) was purchafed from the lords proprietors for the king of Great Britain, viz. from 1730 to 1739, inclufive, 499,525 barrels of rice were exported. Her commerce now began to extend itfelf to diftant countries; and the article of rice, to rival that of other nations. For, as early as the year 1733^ in confequence of the rice exported from Carolina to Spain and Portugal, it had become fo cheap in thofe countries, as to have put almoft an entire (top to the importation of that article from Venice, and other parts of Italy. t And from its excellent quality, the rice of Carolina was preferred to that of Verona and Egypt.* wherefoever it was carried. J Struck by the great advantages derived from fo important a ftaple, and well informed on that fubjecl 5 by a memorial in behalf of South-Carolina, and the X merchants * See " a narrative of the proceedings of the people of South-Carolina 41 in the year 1719; and of the true caufes and motives that induced them to " renounce their obedience to the lords proprietors, as their governors, and 41 to put them'elves under the immediate government of the crown." 4to j publifhed at London in the year 1726. + Anderson on Commerce. Vol. III. page 200* J Anderson on Commerce. Vol. III. page X64. :6a A VIEW OF merchants concerned in her trade,* rice was left nut by Great Britain from the lift of enumerated article.*, ; which, before that time had not been allowed to be ex- ported fouthward of Cape Finilterre; and it was thence- forth exported to foreign countries. By this direcl trade, the planter immediately drew an increafing benefit. He received from the merchant a greater price for his rice; while the latter was enabled not only to receive an ad- vance upon its purchafe, on it's faie in foreign coun- tries ; but to receive, in return, at prime coft, particular articles for confumption in Carolina; on the fale of which he alio received a proportionable profit. Hence agriculture and commerce being mutually encouraged, encreaie;! the population and refources of the ftate ; and unicls when interrupted by particular accidents, were continually progre'Umg, to appreciate the fcale of her importance. In the year 1739, the exports carried away by two hundred and thirty-eight mips, and vefiels, were Rice, Pitch, Turpentine, *. Tar, - Deer (kins, Loofe (kins, unpacked, Indian corn, and cow peafe. Pine and cyprefs timber, and planks, Cedar boards. Shingles, Calk (laves, Tanned leather, Rohn, Saflafras, Beef and pork, - Potatoes, -) 71,484 barrels. 8,095 do « 83 do. 2,734 do. 559 hogfheads. 1,196 20,165 bufhels. 209,190 feet. 3,200 do. 42,600 56,820 1,585 hides. 4^ barrels. 4~ tons. 539 barrels. 790 bufhels. It * See this memorial in Vol. II. of Hewitt's anonymous History of Souti Carolina, page 85. SOUTH-CAROLINA. 183 It hence appears, that in the fpace of about r ony tli ree years, from the commencement of vice planting, that ftaple had arifen to 71,484 barrels. With it, alto, the agricultural ftrength of the {tate w^s com men fn rate. Negroes were annually imported, and as readily lo d ; amounting, at this time, to upwards of 40,o~o perfons. And trade, had fo enc eafed our imports of manufac- tured goods, that they now amounted annually, to 150,000 pounds (4e fling. Hiftory may be retorted to, but in vain, to find colonies fo foon emerging from infigniftcance and dependency, to wealth ana pros- perity. Rome and Greece founded their cities, and pl?nted their colonies; but it was principally from conquered countries they drew their revenues. It was left to the eighteenth century, to evince the contrary ; and to bring into view new iettlements, riling into wealth and importance; and by induftrious agriculture and commerce, ftrengthenmg the revenues and navies of the country which had originally founded them. Although the war which, about this period, raged be- tween Great Britain and Spain, and at length commu- cating with France, undoubtedly comrouled ihe pro- gref> of this (late; yet not being hei fell invaded, her energies were (fill directed towaids her own improve- ment. And with the peace, which took place in the year 1748, by the treaty of Aix la Chapelk, ihe was found to have progrelfed, both in agriculture and commerce. During that time a fpecies of the indigo p ant had been fortunately difcovered, as indigenous to the (late ; «nd from the fuccefs attending its culture in the Welt In- dies, the molt fanguine expectations were encourage I. Some planters direeied their attention to this article; and their endeavours were fo amply rewarded, "thai at the end of two years after its fir It introduction, 200,OCO lb>. weight of indigo were exported to Great Britain ; And between the year 177- and 1773 the large quantity ©f i 3 i07,66olbs. weight < f indigo were exported to X 2 Great X 64 A VIEW OF Great Britain alone; befides what was fent el fe where abroad. In the year 1754, the following articles were exported from the ftate ; fuppofed to amount in the whole to 2425529 pounds fterling, Rice, - 104,688 barrels. Jndigo, . - - 216,922 lbs. Deer fkins, - 460 hogfheads. in bundles, - 114 loole, - - 508 Pitch, - 55869 barrels, Tar, - 2 ?945 do. Turpentine, - - - 759 do. Beef, - - - - 416 do. Pork, - I5560 do. Indian corn, * 16,428 bufhels. Cow peafe, --. - * 9,162 do. Tanned leather, - - 4*196 hides. Hides in the hair, - - 1,200 Shingles, - 1,114,000 Staves, - 206,000 Lumber, - 395,000 feet. Alfo, a quantity of live cattle, horles, cedar, cyprefs, and walnut plank; bees-wax, myrtle, and forne raw filk and cotton. In -1755, a new war broke out in Europe, between Great Britain and France ■ extending itfelf to Spain and Portugal; and continuing for many years in every quarter of the globe, until terminated by the treaty of Paris, in 1763. Yet, it was Hill the good fortune of Carolina to advance; protected by that power, to which me was then fubjected. In 1771, her exports had fo encreafed, as to exceed the fum of 756,000 pounds fterling; and if when fhe exported 71,484 barrels of rice, her imports were equal to 150,000 pounds fterling, at this time they could not have been lefs than double that fum. About this time, it is fuppofed the quantity pf rice made in this Rate, was at its greateft acme ; pro- ducing SOUTH-CAROLINA. 165 ducing communibus annis from 140,000 to 144,000 bar" rels. Some objects of hufbandry were omitted, while o- ther were advantageoufly purfued ; and, the ltrength of the ftate was induftrioufly urged, to the great encreafe of its foreign exportation. But now, a llorm was gathering in the eaft, which foon buril with all its violence on North. America ; and from one end of that continent to the other, controled the exertions both of the planter and of the merchant. It, however, led to the independence of America, and to that happy conditutional govern- ment ; which individually, and colleclively, the citizens of thel'e United States at prefent enjoy. During the whole of our revolutionary war, we were obliged more, or lefs, to originate articles of primary neceifity ; and our negroes were for the m >(t part clothed with mixed cloths of cotton and wool, i'pun and woven for the occahon. Many negroes were taken from agricultural purfuits, as well to afli ft at thefe manufactures, as to carry on the erection of forti- fications, and other public works. And hence, the articles of' our exports naturally decreafed ; or, when made, were confumed at home, alternately by friends and foes. From bad to worfe, the agriculture of Carolina retrogaded ; until in 1780 and 1781, the produce of her lands was fo abforbed by hoftile troops; as to afford no data, for even an imperfect, calculation. To this misfortutie was added the lofs of not lefs than 25,000 negroes ; who were either deftroyed by difor- ders, introduced wi;h the Britiih army ; or were carried away by the fame, at the clofe of the war. What were Carolina's exports at the clofe of the war in 1783, (which can only be confidered as the gleanings of its crops of 1782,) appears by an account of its exports from 13th January to 14th November, 1783, rendered to the legiflature of this itate, by the colletlor of the cutloms ; and, dated by him as of the crop of 1782. This confided of Rice, 166 A VIEW OF Rice, - Do. - Indigo, - Tobacco, Bundles of deer fk'ns, Pitch, . - Tar, - Turpentine, Lumber, Sec. * Shingles, Staves, - Indian corn, Exported in 19 {flips. 23,16*6 barrels. 2,129 half do. 827 cafks. v 643 hoglheads 101 • 565 barrels. 540 do. 936 do. 251,800 feet. - 215,800 12,900 6,645 bumels. 1 fnow, 71 brigs, 73 {loops, and 139 fchooners. With the exports of the following year, the exports of the Itate were more than doubled; as in confequence of the peace of 1783, induftry was revived, and the entire produce of that year was carried to market. And from the 14th November, 1783 to 3d December, 1784 (being the crop of 1783) the following articles were exported. Rice, Do. Indigo, Tobacco, Deer {kins, - Pitch, Tar, - Turpentine, Lumber, Shingles, Staves, Indian corn, Sole leather Hemp, ~ - 5^9 2 3 barrels; > 6,102 half do. , 2,051 Calks. - 2,680 hogiheads. . 65ihhds. &: bales. - - 4,877 barrels. - 2,489 do. - - 7,331 do. - * 705,200 feet. - 1,072,000 - - 402,100 - 14,080 bufhels. hides, - - - 887 lides, - 2,703 •> » 3 tons. Flax SOUTH-CAROLINA. i6f Flax Teed, - - - - 171 calks. Reeds, - - - - i47>75° Exported in 90 fhips, 10 fnows, 148 brigs, 163 (loops, 259 fchooners, 1 dogger, and 2 cutters. Meafuring 50,961 tons. Negroes imported in 1783, From Africa and the Weft Indies 1,003 From St. Augulline, &c. 167^—1,170 Negroes imported in 1784, From Africa and the Weft Indies, 4,020 From St. Augufline, 1 :37 2 — 5-392 Total Negroes imported in 1783, and 1784. 6,562 George Abbot Hall, Colleftor, Custom Hous?i Charleston January 13^, 1785 on, J From this In ft mentioned Hatemeni, taking rice as a medium of companion, re-pefting the agriculture of the ftnie, it appears, that it had now retrogaded near forty fcven years backwards ; and, that the crop of 1783, was probably not more than the one, which was export- ed in the year 1,736. From this time, however, her agriculture and commerce have continued to advance; counteracted in fame degree, by the prohibition of negro importation which, of late years has taken place; and influenced by confequences attending the French revolution. From year to year new profpe&s have prefented the. j. (elves, and new objects of agricu-ture have arifen ; and cotton now forms the molt valuable export of this itate.* STATEMENT * M-.ch of* the following Particulars refpefting the tonnar/e and exports of South-Carolina have been politely furnilhed the author of this work, by Jamee Simoas Efcj; Collector of the cuftom* for the port of Charleston, i63 A VIEW OF STATEMENT of all the Tonnage, which entered and cleared at the Port of Charleston s from I J go to 1799. Tonnage, commencing American Foreign Total 3 I st Au gust, 1789, Tons. Tons. Tons. tofanuary 1st 1790 7>*5 2 8 >973 16,125 1790 for ctie y ear 18,433 2 1,426 39^59 9 1 do. 28,032 30,808 '58,840 92 do. 25,678 27,043 52,721 93 do. 36,194 23,429 59,623 94 do. 52,724 15.115 67.839 95 do. 50,982 16,585 67,567 9? do. 62,271 16,497 78,768 97 do. 60,854 19^58 8o,8xz 98 do. 45,162 20438 65,500 99 do. Ions 5W9 1 31.153 Total tons. 82,944 439< 2 73 231,325 670,598 The number a,d defer iption of the vefTels, which entered and cleared in the year 1799, were — 135 (hips, 8 barques, 176 brigs, 11 fnows, 256 fchooners, and 108 floops. Total 694 vefTels, or 82,944 tons. STATEMENT of Exports from the Port of Charleston, and their total annual amount, from 1 7 90 to 1800. Periods ef Export. From Aug. 31, to Dec. 31, 1789, being 4 months 1790 ■ 1791 • 1792 *793 *794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 Barrels of Rice. 9> l 57 87.179 98,044 102,235 94>°35 69-717 85,670 84,540 80,837 74.277 70,426 75,788 Casks of In- digo, cif lbs weight. 289 1,649 2,245 2,495 1,819 2,154 1,217 490 96,121 lbs, 19,838 lbs, 6,892 lbs, 3,400 lbs, Hhdi. f To- bacco. Pounds -uut of cotton. Tot al annual amount of ex- ports, includ- ing Rice, Indi- go, Tobacco Ci? Cotton . 1,172 6,820 6,033 5,285 3>3 2 4 4,908 4,288 5,328 3,961 4,638 9.646 7,927 5,670 9,840 54.075 76,710 93-54° 159,040 1,109,653 91 2,60c 1,008,51 f 2,476,43 1 2,801,996 6^425,863 Dollars. 3J3> 6 74 2,104,677 2,411,771 2,341,777 3,112,525 3,869,019 5,984,196 7,600,387 6,459,524 6,946,924 8,729,015 10,5^4,842 The years comprife periods from Get. i s to Sept. 30, of the following year. By SOUTH-CAROLINA. i@$ By the foregoing ftatements it appear?, (That from the year 1792, the exports of this (rate, both in .quantity and value, have greatly encreafed. This, however, if not particularly explained, would lead to-^error in tl £ eonclufion thence to be drawn; as referring to the natural productions of this count y. The truth isj except as to rice, indigo, tobacco, cotton, and Indian corn, much of thefe exports were ol' foreign growth ;. introduced into the port of Charleiton, in conTequence of the war between France and different European powers. Prizes brought into this port, by French cruifers, were fold;* and, the cargoes, thus purchafed, became articles of export; which, when entered at the cufturn hou'e,' fwelled, to a great degree, the amount of general expor- tation. Many branches of trade, were alfo here direcled; which, in times of peace, flowed in channel 3 unconnect- ed with our commerce. And thus the produce and trade of St. Domingo, Cuba, New Orleans, and other French and Spanifh territories in the Weft Indies, and on the Spanifh Main, which could not with fafety or convenience, be carried to Europe in the veffels of thofe refpeclive nations, were brought to this ftate in the courfe of that carrying trade, which it was her happinefs to polfefs in a very advantageous degree, during the late French revolutionary war. In this manner, quantities of cocoa, coffee, fugar, rum, indigo, and other articles of the Weft Indies, and of South America, are noted in the exports of this flate for thofe years; which, in times of peace, are dire6lly exported to European port-, in the channel of that trade, immediate- ly flowing from the countries origin; llv producing them; During thefe late years". t the commerce of this ftate has been directed to Africa; the Dutch Netherlands; the United S r ates of America, Spain, France, Great Britain and Ireland, with their dependant iflands in Y Europe ; * In the courfe of a fhort time, thefe fales were prohibited by the federa* government. + Except when the trade with France was prohibited by the government *? fi*e United State's. 17 o A VIEW OF Europe, Germany, countries ft mated around the Me- diterranean fea; Weft Indies, including Bermuda, and other American iflands ; Spaniih Main and South Ame- rica; Ruffia, Denmark, Portugal, Madeira iflands, Pru-ffia, Eaft Florida, and Nova Scotia. The veffels employed from the port of Charkfton alone, for the lalt year, in this trade, which were entered at the cuftom houfe, were about 875; conflfting of 178 fhips, 211 brigs, 10 fnows, 369 fchooners, 90 (loops, 12 bar- ques, 4 galliots, 1 lugger. Total 875 vefiels. And the countries to which the greateft part of our trade was moftly dire6ied for that period, is fuppofed to be in the following order, 1. Great Britain and Ireland, with their dependent iflands in Europe. 2. Weft-Indies, including Bermuda and other American iflands. 3. Germany, and the Dutch Netherlands. 4. Countries '{ituated around the Mediterranean lea. The tonnage of the above veffels was 107,370 44 tns J of which 69,888 i-|ths was American; 33,106 -£~tths was foreign; and 4,376 T 7 T tns was employed coattwife between this and the other dates. The tonnage owned at the port of Charkfton,* was greater a few years pair, than it is at prefent ; the permanent tonnage of this port, on the 31ft December, 1801, was only 26,806 44-ths. This reduction may be attributable to the fol- lowing caufes : illegal captures and condemnations of belligerent powers ; lofTes at fea, feizures for contra- band, and foreign fales and transfers ; of which, it is believed, by far the greater part, have been vexatious and illegal detentions, captures, and condemnations. The veffels which entered the harbour of Charkf- ton, during the year 1801, (not including the coafters of this (late) as entered on the books at Fort johnfon, where they bring too, for examination, previous to their arrival * Through a want of proper information reletting the por f s of Georgetowa and Beaufort, no accurate account can be given oi the trade, or tonnage from thence. This much, however, may be faid, that the imports or exports to and from 1 hem is fmall ; the trade from thence being principally to and from. Charlefton, SOUTH-CAROLINA. *7. arrival att he city ; amount to 1,274. By referring to the table annexed, the particular kinds of veffels ar- riving, and the countries from whence they came, are ealily perceived, A mate.ial difference anfes, between thefe veffels arriving, and thole entered at the cuitorn houfe for the lame period. But that difference is cleared up, by mentioning, that all veffels coming, coaft- wife, under enrolment and licence, not having dutiable goods on board; or entering in difirefs; or from foreign ports, not deftined to the port of Charleflon ; are not entered on the books of the cuftom houfe. A TABLE shewing the number of vessels (not including the coasters of this state) which entered the port of Charleston, from the ist of January, to the $ist of December, inclusive of the year 1801, and the places from whence they came; as entered on the books at Fort Johnson, in Charleston harbour. From what countries. --> ■IS- -0 '0 *-> Co •-> •1 ^5 •A ■*., 05 Is Africa. 1 I A 1 1 Diuch Netherlands 4 j 1 5l '1 ! United Scates of America. 28| 50J 1 363! H 6 | 1 1 Spain. 5i 9! *! '1 France. 5| ®i A Great Britain and Ireland ; with their dependant iflands in Eu- rope. 79 1 i5 2 I Germany, *9 *3! a 1 Mediterranean Sea. 1 1 "1 Well indie., including the Bermu- da and other Weft India iflands. 3i 4 1 1 1 I 204 63 1 2 2 Spamih Main and South America. Si 9 21 Ruffia. A I 1 Denmark. \ \ A 1 1 Portugal. A I 1 1 i A'ddeira iflands. | 3) 5J 1 A * 1 1 r*rutfa. III 1 ! i i 1 1 halt Florida. | j 2J ! io| 1 1 I Nova bcotia. ! I ! i 1 i y 2 Total 1,274 $7 9 A VIEW OF Such is the general outline of the commerce of South-Carolina; which from fmaj] beginnings, and in one hundred and feventeen years from the fcrft appoint- ment of a collet or, hasanfentoa fituation truly ad- vantageous. Her exports for the year 1801, amount- ed to 14,304,045 dollars ; at that time, her principal city (Charleston) ranked, for value of exports, as the third fea port;* and as a Hate, South-Carolina for ex* ports, ftbod the fourth Hate of this union. 4 STATEMENT, * Bofton mia;ht appear to have a claim to this Nation in the exports of 1801 s but, if the other Ita ports ot Malfachufetts be lubtrafted from the entire exports of that (htr for that year, it is prcfomed, the export* oi &t»ilyn, will be far b*« SOUTH CAROLINA «7I M ML M »* t-i M. M w SJ ^J -sj -J --4 "si 4 ^1 0*1 ;j~i a-i :r, OJ 10 00^-1 — * c- G R a •a oo-j ^j ^i "^ -J si ■-3 sj -v, s^l S) -J sj VJ S-J ^J J SJ N VJ •s4 ^4 c o o -o O 00 OO ,0 -J s-J ^4 SJ Cl CD Cr> c Cji rt- *■ 00 jo C\o 10 f O <9b< 19 O CO to to ** 1- 00 to M «4- ^l c JO M <*o * - — M __ ^ Hi to 3,s5 cw ^j oo o o Ol tO *» c, O ^J Ctf ia 31 M- Ji O Oi O^i — 4* to D *. Oi JO ^- . *>4- o ^o to to O! U1 Cj-l rb> d so to si — o 4 10 cc 00 JO Cn to oe • ^, o o o 4i ►** 0. c to 1- 4. -J Jl X CO s~ _> 00 to t-l «0O9 p> ^ ;? i, i. oo -. gj o o o sg p-> to o o <-" 00 Ol 10 1- s^l o 65 -JO 'O p - CTl O Eg w &> b^ JO so b 5TO- 3-pg" • 5? 01 c to O 4- O %, -si

io to oi O t>. fr IO W i+" 00sO 00 4- M a p- ^i-sj JliSO O 00 4- in sr 00 Ol tO >» B n ^§ O 10 O O OS ►» in — O JO !<§: VD "boo CTiii £5 . ft- O CTyC oi NJ % •■J .Jo OVjo O 3 a yj C3 o P.P.P.P.P. oo|- n C3 c 3 1 CO 30 c v 2.S c c oot c 3. jo ^ 3 3 3 S a 03 e p p p 5 o 3' 3 5 BI -1 p t) p p p -a tJ S" a r» 5" 3~ 0* r» 3 a 3 r« n *M M t-y*, l-K^ ->J* p poo> » •£» •S4 i. to Co Cji K> ?» ta^s O 3 Cn Cji 10 s^l jO O O 4* O Ol tO 00 -» 31 O 00^1 00 s fcfc- -(* J +- sj Cn 00 b ^a ILn s* " ~Q 00 O >- O — CT) K> O 10 wi ct>^ CO - "si J> JO VI v3 a s- §* ec - h6. -u to ^ ^ e^: fc> <-> ^ «^l 3 _ t? sr tf» - (X ► J« £•£•?• ?-?« J5. to *■ O 5 §• V ■ & at ^ a' * In the year 1724, 18,000 barrels of rice, 52,000 barrels of pitch, tar, and turpentine, together vith dter ikins, furs, and raw filk, were exported to England. Befmes w^iich, rice and other articles were exported to the Weft Ziidjes, and the northern Hates of America. CHAP. i 7 ^ A VIEW OF CHAP. III. Hijf cries : Government ana Laws: Revenue: Civil divijions : Cities and Towns: Religion: Charitable Societies : Literature : modes of living, character and diverjtons. Hijiories. 1 HE tranfaclions which took place in this (late, during her early eftabliihrnent, do not appear to be noticed by any contemporary writer. In thofe times, fettlers were too bufied in providing for their fupport, and in defend- ing themfelves from hoftile Indians, to mark thofe daily incidents, which, although uninterefting to them- felves, would now form relations of defirable curiofity. Among the hiftories of that part of North America, which now bears the name of South-Carolina, John Law son appears to lay claim to early publication, in a quarto book, printed in the year 1709, entitled " A New Voyage to Carolina, <&c." Comprehending a hiftory of both South and North Carolina. As refpects the former, it appears more a travelling journal, through various tribes of Indians : than an account of her civil- ized ftuation. " A narrative of the proceedings of the people of " South-Carolina, in the year 1719; and of the true " caufes and motives, that induced them to renounce " their obedience to the lords proprietors, as their gover- " nors, and to put themfelves under the immediate " government of the crown.." publifhed in a 410. pam- phlet, in London, in the year 1726, by F. Yonge. Coxe's defcriptionof Carolana, 8vo. printed in 1741, gives but little information of South-Carolina. Britifti Empire, by J. 01dmixon 3 8vo. An SOUTH-CAROLINA. i 76 An anonymous account of the European fettlements in America, two volumes, 8vo. fuppofed to written by Mr. Burke. It appeared in the year 1758, and pof- feffes valuable information; both, as relating to the fettlement of the country, and as treating of its pro- ductions and exports. In the year 1770, a fmall o£tavo pamphlet made its appearance, fuppofed to be written by Dr. Milligan ; giving a fhort defcription of South-Carolina, with an account of the air, weather, and difeafes, incidental to the climate. "The Natural Hiftory of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Iflands." Folio, 2 volumes, by Mark Catefby, F. R. S. printed at London, in the year 1771. This work is fufficiently known to the learned, to render any particular account of it neceMary. Thus much, how- ever, may be faid ; that his natural hiftory of South- Carolina, as far as it goes, is the mod valuable of any yet publifhed to the world. American hufbandry, large 8vo 2 volumes, printed in the year 1775, at London, by an American; contain- ing an account of the foil, climate, productions, and agriculture of the Britifh colonies, in North America, and the Weft Indies. In the year 1776, an account of the weather and difeafes of South-Carolina, was publifhed by Lionel Chambers, M. D. giving much entertaining and ufeful information refpe&ing the ftate. In the year 1779, an hiftorical account of the rife and progrefs of the colonies of South-Carolina, and Georgia, in 2 volumes, 8vo. was publifhed anonymoully by the rev. Mr. Hewitt. Much merit is due to this per- formance. And although fome errors be in the w r ork ; yet, on the whole, it is inftruciive and entertaining. Many matters being thereby refcued from oblivion, which, otherwife, would have been covered with impenetrable darknefs. w Chalmers Political Annals of the prefent United " Colonies, t7 Q A VIEW or " Colonies, from their fettlement to the peace of 1763.* was publifled at London, in 410, in the year 1780; the fame being compiled chiefly from records, and author- ized often by the infertion of (late papers. In treating of South-Carolina, it is by no means as lengthy as Mr. Hewitt's hiftory ; but, it appears to be far 11 ore correct And, on the whole, may be considered as the belt hiftory of the rile and progrefs of South-Carulina down to that time. The Hiftory of the Revolution of South-Carolina, from a Britifh province, to an independent ftnte, in 2 volumes, 8vo. By David Ramfay, M. D. Member, of the American congrefs. Fublifhed at Trenton, in the year 1785. Anderlbnon Commerce, 4to, 4 volumes. Printed at London, in the year 1787. Flora Caroliniana, 8vo. By Thomas Walter, print-? ed at London, in the year 1788. In 1796 a fmall 8vo. pamphlet was publi-fhed by David Ram fay, M. D. entitled, A Sketch of the Soil, Climate, Weather and Difeafes of South-Carolina, which contains valuable information, leading to a better' knowledge of the modern fituation of the Hate. Travels through North and South-Carolina, Georgia,; Eaft and Welt Florida, &c. By William Bartram. Pubiiihed at Philadelphia, in 8vo. in the year 1791. Notes on the finances of the Mate of South-Carolina,- by a Member of the Houfe of Reprefentatives. Small- pamphlet, 8vo. printed in Charlefton, by W. P. Young. Hiftoire des Chenes de l'Amerique, folio par Andie Michaux. Printed at Paris in the year 1801. From fome of thefe, and other opportunities of information, it appears, that although charters had been granted, at different times, by the crown of Great Britain, of lands, either connected in whole, or in part, with thofe. of South-Carolina ; yet they were at length declared void, becaufe they had never been carried into execution^ agreeably to the intention and meaning of thofe inftru- mentstf SOUTH-CAROLINA. iff ments. And, it was not, until after the reftoration of Charles the fecond, thatattempts wereferioufly and effici- ently made, for promoting a fettlement of this country. It was then, that charters were given, by him, to the earl of Clarendon and others, of this valuable territory ; and, that a colony was fent out, under governor Sayle, for fettling the country, in the vicinity of Port Royal. This, therefore, by the befl: information, appears to have been the firffc efficient fettlement, which took place, within the prefent boundaries of this flate. It appears, alfo, that the feat of government was foon removed from thence, to the fouthern banks of the Afhley; and from thence, in a few years afterwards, to Charlefton, on the point of land lying between Afhley and Cooper rivers. And from hence the government continued to be adminiftered, until it has lately been removed to Columbia, in a more central part of the flate* A defire of novelty, private unhappinefs, political commotions, and religious perfecution, greatly promo- ted the firft attempts of colonization; encouraging all thofe, who partook of thefe influences, to try their fortunes in a new and diftant country. For them the lands, as yet unfilled, offered their native richnefs ; and a more enlarged freedom and profpecls of fpeedy riches, invited them fiom countries, where their hopes had been fruftrated, both in the one and the other. Un- limited toleration, to people of religious perfuafionsj fpread forth alfo its allurements; and emigrations, in confequence, took place, which tended greatly to en- creafe the population and firength of the country. The colony of courfe progreffed in a pleafing degree ; not, however, without jealoufies and difcontents, which took place between the lords proprietors and the people. To thefe were added religious difputes, betwixt epifco- palians and diffenters, producing much irritation and confufion. And Indian wars, fometimes of deftruclive nature, gave them frequent alarms on their frontiers, Z while i 7 8 A VIEW OF while Spanifh and French invafions threatened the destruction of the colony; neceffarily involving it in much expenfe, towards making fuitable preparations against them. Thefe, with an ill adapted government, indifferently executed, and affording little or no pro- tection againft European powers; kept the minds of people in constant irritation ; and finally effected a change, by which all fubmiflion to the lords proprietors was renounced; and the colony, and its dependencies, was acknowledged to appertain only to the king of Great Britain t by whom, foon after, a purchafe was made of the fame from the lords proprietors. From this time, the government wore a more fettled appear- ance, better protecting both perfons and property ; the minds of people became tranquilized ; and the impor- tance of the country, arofe in a degree, equal, perhaps, to the moft fanguine expectations. A revolution, however, after many years, took place, The opinions of men became further changed. And the government of Carolina, was wreited from the king of Great Britain, in almofl as eafy a manner,* as it had been formerly withdrawn from the lords proprietors. t This advantage, however, was not fecured, but by the conflict of a revolutionary war, of obstinate continuance. And, when peace dawned on this western hemifphere, and independence fpread enlivening vigour through every department of its citizens ; the constitution of govern- ment, which had been formed in the midft of neceffity and war, was found inadequate to the proper admini- itration of justice, and the due protection of perfons and property. Hence, a convention was called in May, 1790, whofe deliberations continued until the third day of June, following ; when a constitution which had been matured, was ratified. The ftate go- vernment * See Ramsay's Revolution of South-Carolina, Vol. I. pages 30, 45, 51, act 59. Alfo note V, in the appendix. t See note in page 161. SOUTH-CAROLINA. , 79 vernment then affumed anew form; which has con- tinued, and it is hoped will long continue to invigorate the different branches of its fyftem. And to extend that freedom, and due protection to each member of the community; which, is alone compatible with the focial compaft. And without which, mankind quickly preci- pitate either into ravage barbatifm, or hopelels flavery. Government and Laws. Like all other ftates of this union, the government of South-Carolina, is republican; being founded on her conftitution, of government, which, as before obferved, was made and ratified at Columbia, on the 3d day of June, in the year, 1790. The legiflative authority, is thereby veiled in a gene- ral affembly, confiding of a fenate and houfe of repre- fentatives. The members of each of thefe houfes are chofen by ballot, from the people; at a certain ratio for each parifli or county throughout the ftate ; th< j feriators, being elected for four years, and, the members of the houfe of reprefentatives for two years. The qualifica- tions of a ienator require, that he be a free white man, of the age of thirty years ; and have been a citizen and refident in this (late five years previous to his election. I'i a refident in the election diftrid, he is not elegible, unlefs legally feized and poflefled, in his own right, of a fettled freehold eftate of the value of three hundred pounds fterling, clear of debt. If a non-refident in the election diltrict, he is not elegible, unlefs legally feized and poffefled, in his own right, of a fettled free- hold, or eltate, in the faid diflrict, of the value of one thoufand pounds fterling, clear of debt. The qualifi- cations of a member of the houfe of reprefentatives require, that he be a free white man, of the age of twenty one years ; and have been a citizen and refident in this ftate, three years previous to his election. If a refident in the election diftrift, he is not elegible to Z 2 a ago A VIEW OF a feat in the houfe of reprefentatives, unlefs he be le- gally feized and poffefled of a fettled freehold eftate of live hundred acres of land, and ten negroes ; or, of a real eftate of the value of one hundred and fifty pounds flerling, clear of debt. If a non-refident, in the electi- on diftrift, he is not elegible, unlefs legally feized and pofTefied of a fettled freehold eftate therein, of the value of five hundred pounds fterling, clear of debt. The members of both houfes are protected in their perfons and eftates, during their attendance on, going to, and returning from the legiflature ; and for ten days previous to the fitting, and for ten days after the ad- journments of the legiflature. But thefe privileges, do not protect any member, charged with treafon, felony, or breach of the peace. All cafes of impeachment are brought forward by the houfe of reprefentatives, and are tried by the fenate. Bills for raifing revenue, can originate only in the houfe of reprefentatives; but, they may be altered, amended, or rejected by the fe- nate. All other bills may originate in either houfe; and may be amended, altered, or rejected by the other. No money can be drawn out of the treafury, but by the legiflative authority of the fame. And no perfon, (except officers in the militia, army, or navy of this ftate, juftices of the peace, or juftices of the county courts, while they receive no falaries,) holding any office of profit, or truft, under this ftate, thefe United States, or either of them, or under any other power; contractors of the army or navy of this ftate, thefe Uni- ted States, or either of them, or the agents of fuch contractors ; are elegible to a feat in the legiflature, whilft holding fuch office of profit or truft. And any member accepting, or exercifing any of the faid dif- qualifying offices, vacates his feat accordingly. Nei- ther houfe, during their feffion, without the confent of the other, can adjourn for more than three days ; nor to any other place, than that, in which the two houfes may SOUTH-CAROLINA. j8i may be then fitting. And when any bill, or ordinance, fhall have been read three times, on three feveral days in each houfe ; has had the great feal affixed to it ; and has been figned in the fenate houfe, by the prefident of the fenate, and by the fpeaker of the houfe of re- prefentatives ; then, and not until then, it has the force of law. The executive authority is vefted in a governor, who is chofen by the general affembly to continue in office for two years, and until a new election fhall be made ; and he is not re-eligible to the fame, for the term of four years, after he may have ferved in that capacity. No perfon is eligible to this high office, un- lefs he have attained the age of thirty years ; and have refided within this ftate, and been a citizen thereof, ten years; nor unlefs he be feized and poffeffed of a fet- tled eftate within the fame, in his own right, of the value of 1,500 pounds fterling, clear of debt. A lieutenant governor is alfo chofen at the fame time, and in the fame manner; who continues in office for the fame period, and is required to poffefs the fame qualificati- ons of eftate as the governor. And, in cafe of the im- peachment of the governor, or his removal from office, death, refignation, or abfence from the ftate, the lieute- nant governor fucceeds to his office. And, in cafe of the impeachment of the lieutenant governor, or his re- moval from office, death, refignation, or abfence from the ftate, the prefident of the fenate fucceeds to his office ; until a nomination to thofe offices, refpeclively, fhall be made by the fenate and houfe of reprefenta- tives, for the remainder of the time, for which the officer fo impeached, removed from office, dying, refigning, or being abfent, was elecfed. Neither fanc- tioned, or controuled, by the vote of any privy council, the executive becomes refponfible for his own public conduct. And although he be authorized to require in-, formation, in writing, from all public officers in the ex, ecutive iS* A VIEW OP ccutive department, on any fubjeft relating to the du- ties of their refpeclive offices ; yet ii is with him alone, to decide or aft, on any interefting occurrence. His powers authorife him to command in chief, the army and navy of the ftate; and her militia, except when they fhall be called into the adtual fervice of thefe United States. Pie may grant reprieves and pardons^ after conviction (except in cafes of impeachment) in fuch manner, on fuch terms, and under fuch reftriclions as he fhall think proper ; and he may remit fines and forfeitures, unlefs otherwife directed by law. He may prohibit the exportation of provifions for any time, not exceeding thirty days. From time to time, his duty requires him to give information to the general afiem- bly of the condition of the ftate; and to recommend to their confideration fuch meafures, as he may judge neceffary or expedient. On extraordinary occafions he may convene the general aflembly ; and in cafe of difagreement between the two houfes, with refpecl to the time of adjournment, the power refts with him, of adjourning them to fuch time as he fhall think proper; not beyond the fourth Monday in the month of Novem- ber then next enfuing. In cafes of vacancy, he has the power of appointment to fuch vacant office, until the next meeting and fitting of the legiflature: among which, the appointment to any vacancy of fenator to the con- grefs of thefe United States, is by no means a matter of fmall concern. In fome few cafes he has the power of abfolute appointment to fubordinate offices, of fmall confideration ; but this power, has from time to time, been taken from the executive, by acls of the legifla- ture; until at prefent, little more remains of it than the name. The judicial power is vefted in fuch fuperior, and inferior courts of law and equity, as the legiflature fhall, from time to time, direct and eftablifh. At prefent, the courts of this ftate confift of a court of feffions and common SOUTH-CAROLINA 185 common pleas for each diftricl: in the ftate, which are holden twice a year; firft in the fpring, and afterwards in th j autumn. Thefe courts, are courts of record; porTeMing complete, original and ftnal jurifdiclion, in all cafes touching the caufes and pleas concerning them; except as it may be altered by law, and in points of prac- tice by the rules of court. And they are diftributed into four circuits, called eaftern, wettern, northern, and iouthern circuits. At the conclufion of thefe circuits, the judges are directed by the conftitution to meet and lit at Columbia, for the purpofe of hearing and determining all moiions, which may be made for new trials, and in arreft of judgment; and fuch points of law, as may be fubmitted to them : and from thence, they a r e direcled to proceed to Charlefton, for fimilar pur- pofes. This court is therefore called the conftitutional court; and is the higheft court of law in the ftate. The diftriets are alfo divided into four equity circuits, cal- led the eaftern, northern, weftern and fouthem; for each of which a court of equity is holden once a year; except for thai part of the eaftern circuit, which com- prehends the united diftricls of Charlefton, Colleton and Beaufort, the court for which is holden in Charlef- ton, in the months of May and November; and that part of the northern circuit, relating to Kerfhaw dif- tri£t, the court for which is holden in the months of Fe- bruary and December, in every year. For the courts of feffions and common pleas, there are fix judges; and for the courts of equity, there are three judges ; all of whom hold their commiffions during good behavior : receiving a compenfaticn for their fervices, which can neither be increafed or diminifhed during their continu- ance in office. Befides thefe fuperior courts, others of ordinary are eftablifhed in each diftrift, throughout the ftate ; for each of which, judges of the fame are appoint- ed. In Charlefton a court has lately been originated by law, called the inferior city court* Its powers enable it f ,g 4 A VIEW OF to hear and determine caufes of a civil nature^ anting within the limits of the city of Charlefton, and for the trial of all offences againft the bye-laws of the fame. It is made a court of record, and poffeffes concur- rent jurifdi£tion with the courts of feffions and com- mon pleas in certain cafes- provided that no verdift or judgment in the faid court, fhall exceed one thou- sand dollars, in any one a6lion } exclufive of cofts and charges; and that no title of land fhall he brought there into queftion. Thefe courts, thus eftablifhed, have produced much benefit to the people at large; by them diftributive juftice is brought as near the doors of individuals, as the public fervice, and local circum- stances, renders neceffary. By them civilization is pro- moted ; a due refpecl to government is produced ; and riotous paffions, which county courts* were not able to controul, are obliged to acknowledge obedi- ence to the diclates, flowing from thefe tribunals, found- ed on learning and independence. The public law bu- finefs is conducted by an attorney general and three circuit folicitors ; whofe attendance, on certain courts* is particularly affigned ■ and a particular part of the attorney general's duty, is to give his advice and opi- nion to the governor, in matters of public concern, where it may be required of him. Thefe, with many other articles and regulations of lefs import; and a de- claration of rights form our conftitution and govern- ment ; protecting the people in the due exercife of all rational liberty. For all power is by that constitution ex- pressly declared to be originally vested in the people ; and all free governments, to be founded on their author rity, and instituted for their peace, safety, and liappiness. In the year 1789, the feat of government was remo- ved from the city of Charlefton to Columbia ; and with it all the public records, except thofe relating to property, * By a£l of the legiflature of this ftate, paffed in l ygg, county courts are declared to be forever aboliflied. SOUTH-CAROLINA. iSj property, within the diftri&s of Charlefton, George- town, and Beaufort. However, for the better conve- niency of the citizens, in the upper and lower parts of this Hate, the offices, attached to government, were di- vided in fuch manner, that the treafury, the office of ftate, and the furveyor general's office, were divided ; one of each to be holden at Columbia, and one at Charlefton. The office of (late, and the furveyor ge- neral's office, is conducted at one of thefe places by the head of that department, and at the other by a deputy ; but two treafurers are appointed by the Hate, one of whom refides at Columbia, and the other at Charlefton. Thefe lad mentioned officers, are under the diretlion of a comptroller general ; without whofe warrant no pay- ment, whatever, can be made from the treafury ; and who receives a duplicate receipt of the treafurer from each perfon paying money into the fame. The eftab- liftiment of this officer has been highly beneficial to the interefts of the ftate ; thoufands have been thereby fecuredj which otherwife would have been loft. And, had it been originated fame years fooner, many thou- fands would have been faved, which actually have been loft. The duties of the comptoller are to fuperintend, adjuft and fettle, all the former acounts of the treafur- ers and tax collectors, of this ftate, not already fettled, or adjufted ; to fuperintend the collection of the future revenue, and the fettlement, adjuftment, and preferva- tion of the public accounts; to direct and fuperintend profecutions for all delinquencies of all officers hereto- fore, or hereafter to be employed in the collection of the revenue ; and the enforcement of all or any execu- tion, or executions ilfued, or to be ifiued, for arrearages of taxes, and fuits for any debts, which may be due to the ftate ; to decide on the official forms of all papers relative to the collection of the public revenue; and to determine on the proper means to be adopted for the fafe keeping thereof and the manner and form of keep- Aa ing !86 A VIEW OF ing the accounts of perfons employed therein; to pre- pare and report at every feffion of the legiflature, efti- mates of the public revenue and public expenditure - T and, at the fame time, to render fair and accurate copies of all the treafurers monthly reports, and a true and accurate account of the aclual ftate of each de- partment of the treafury. And he has a right, at all feafonable times, to infpect the treafurer's books; alfo the books and accounts of all other perfons, concerned in the collection or fafe keeping of any of the public monies, or funds of this ftate ; and with the approba- tion of the governor, he may fufpend a tax collector for malfeafance in office. From the firft efiablifhment of Carolina, the com* mon law of Great Britain, as declared in law books and reports of cafes, was refpeQed by the courts eftablifh- ed : and as far as they fuited the fituation of the coun- try, ferved as a rule for their conduct. And in the year 1712, by an act of affembly, the common law of Great-Britain was exprefsly declared to be of force here ; as alfo many Britim Itatutes, which were therein particularly named. The habeas corpus act of Great- Britain, one of the beft privileges of a freeman, is alfo made of force in this ftate. And the power thereby of calling into gaol, is fo far controuled, that on a writ of habeas corpus being moved for before any judge, or court of competent juriidiction, the body of the per- fon will be brought from confinement; and the matter of his imprifonment investigated : and fhould the con- finement not be on lawful grounds, he will be immedi- ately difcharged. The ftatute of Charles the fecond, commonly called the ftatute of diftributions, was, alfo, one of thofe made of force by the above law. And s by virtue of its tenor, in cafe of inteftacv, all lands de- fcended to the eldeft fon, in exclufion of all the other children. But, however fuitable fuch defcents may be in times of monarchy, they were deemed unfuitable to republican SOUTH-CAROLINA. i8 7 republican fentiments ; and, therefore, primogeniture rights have been abolifhed, and real and perfonal eftates defcend, now, by more equitable diflnbutions*: the powers of individuals remaining the fame, however, as refpefcis the making of laft wills and teftaments, as if the above laws had never been palled. Liberty being the firft principle of our government, it is never withholden from any infolvent debtor, when he faithfully delivers up all his effecls to his creditors. For this purpofe, on his petitioning the court, his cafe is considered ; and, if he have a£ted honeftly, he is releafed from his impri- fonment, and is forever difcharged againft all faeing cre- ditors; or thofe who receive a dividend of his ettate : and others, who did not fue him, are prohibited, by law, from doing fo, until twelve months alter his difcharge. Hence an opportunity is given him of retrieving his affairs ; and inftances could be adduced, of peribns, who in fuch cafes have been enabled to difcharge all their former debts, and ftill have fomethi handfome remaining for the fupport of themfelves and families. Tax laws are enacted from year to year by the legiflature- by which a fuitable revenue, for the fupport of govern- ment, is obtained. This will, however, be better ex- plained, when the revenue and expences of the ftate is confidered. For the prefent, it may be neceffary only to obferve, that the taxes are light, and by no means burdenfome; affording a fufficiency for the fupport of government, as well as for extraordinary and contingent demands; and leaving an overplus in the public treafury, which may be applied to many various and ufeful public purpofes throughout the ftate. Revenue. The revenue of South-Carolina, is derived from taxes annually impofed ; from the intereft of the paper medium loan ; from the intereft and inftalments of the Aa 2 debt * See a&s of aflembly for 1791, page 14. 188 A VIEW OF debt due her, by thefe United States; and from other uncertain fources, not reducible to any general head. Frcm taxes, annually imposed. For this purpofe, the granted lands throughout the {late, are arranged under ten claffes, of different deno- minations ; founded on a fcale relating to their fituati- on, their quality, their contiguity to a market, their convenience to navigation, and their connexion with other circumftances, tending to render lands produc- tive and valuable. On thefe different valuations, a tax of twenty Eve cents, per centum ad valorem, is im- pofed. Fifty cents per head, are levied on all flaves ; two dollars per head, on all free negroes, mulattoes, and meflizoes, between the ages of fixteen and fifty years ; and twenty five cents, ad valorem, on every hundred dollars of the value of all lands, lots, and buildings, within any city, village, or borough ; and fifty cents, per centum, on all flock in trade, factorage, employments, faculties, and profeflions; (clergymen, fchool -mailers, fchool-miftreffes, mechanics, and charitable focieties ex- cepted;) to be afcertained and rated by the affeffors and tax collectors, throughout the flate; according to the befl of their knowledge and information. All abfent perfons, entitled to any taxable property, or eflate, within this ilate, (excepting thofe fern abroad in the employment of this flate, or thefe United States, until one year after the expiration or determination of his or their comraiffions ; or young men fent abroad for education, Until attaining the age of twenty three years,) are dou- ble taxed ; becaufe, as the flate receives no benefit from their fervices at home, it is fuppofed, but reafon- able, flie mould receive fome compenfation for protect- ing their eftates while abfent; and alfo, becaufe it will tend to difcourage long refidences of our citizens a- broad. Sums of money, at intereft, actually received, over and above what each perfon pays on account of intereft SOUTH-CAROLINA. 189 intereft (except when fuch intereft money is received by any widow, orphan, or unmarried woman, having no o- ther means of livelihood) are aflefled at the rate of twen- ty five cents on every hundred dollars, which (hall have produced an intereft of ie\iQn per cent; and a pro- portionate fum on all other fums of money, drawing lefs than feven per cent. Upon fales at public auttion — a tax of one per centum on all mips, boats, or other vef- fels ; lands, houfes and (laves; and three per centum on all horfes, cattle, goods, wares and merchandizes, is impofed. Hawkers, and pedlars, pay a tax of two hundred and fifty dollars for a licenfe to expofe goods, wares, or merchandizes, to fale in any part of the (late ; and the- atrical performers are taxed in a fum of four hundred and twenty eight dollars, fifty feven cents, for every licenfe granted in the city of Chariefton ; and one hundred and feven dollars, fourteen cents, for every licenfe granted elfewhere, in the ftate. From the intereft of the paper medium loan. This intereft is derived from a paper money, amount- ing to the fum of 100,000 pounds fterling; which was iffued by this ftate, in conformity to an aft of the legislature, pafled in the year 1785. And, which money is fecured, by a mortgage to the ftate, from the perfons borrowing the fame, of lands of three times, or a depofn of gold, or filver plate, of double the value; and, in this manner, it has been thrown into circulation. The borrowers paying the intereft of feven per centum, yearly on the fums they have received; and refunding the principal at fuch times, and by fuch inftalments, as the legiflature Ihall, by law, direft. From time, to time, this loan has been continued for the conveniency of the borrowers, on their paying up the intereft accrued, and giving fuch further fecurity as was deemed neceflary. And, at prefent, the loan is thus continued, by aft of the legifiature of 1801, to the year 1807. The intereft *9° A VIEW OF intereft of this paper medium, receivable by the ftate, was originally 7,000 pounds fterling per annum ; but the principal of the loan, has been reduced at various times, by the full payment of individuals, of the money borrowed ; or, by enforcing the payments of the monies borrowed, again ft the eftates of individuals, ■who had made default relpefting the fame. The paper medium, in circulation, has alfo been reduced, by burning portions of the principal, which have been received into the treafury. Amount of medium, originally iffued, ^.100,000 fter. Burned from 179110 1798, inclu.^.37, 095 Do. in 1799 - 1,206 Do. in 1802 - - - 3,632 4**933 £.58,067 And, at prefent, the balance of the loan in circulati- on, amounts only to 58,067 pounds fterling, producing an annual intereft of 4064, 13, 9j or 17,420 dollars and iix cents. From the interest and instalments of the debt due to her, by these United States. The intereft and inftalments of the debt, due to this ftate, by thefe United States, was founded on the liquidation of the accounts of each ftate, at the clofe of our revolutionary war. At which time it appeared, 1,447,173 dollars, and 60 cents, were due to this ftate. This is not, however, applied to her current ufes ; but, is fpecially appropriated by acls of the legiflature, of 1794 and 1795, for making fuch provifion for the debts of this ftate, as is therein fpecified. From other uncertain fources, not reducible to any general head. Other uncertain fources, not reducible to any general head, encreafe the revenues of the ftate. Such as ajrrears of taxes, fines and forfeitures, bounty on lands granted SOUTH-CAROLINA. 194 granted, and the recovery, from time, to time, of different debts, which have been long due the ftate; and are fecured, and received, through the vigilance of the comptroller general's department. The taxes, thus impofed, are receivable only, in gold or hlver coin, made current in this ftate; the paper medium ; bank paper redeemable in the firft inftance in gold, or filver, at the bank of thefe United States, the branch bank thereof in Charlefton,* or the bank of South-Carolina,* or the ftate bank;* or, in certain certificates for the pay of the members of the legiflature, or the folicitors, for their attendance on the legislature. The appropriations of revenue are, firft, for paying falaries of the civil lift, and other expences of govern- ment, as fettled by law; and fecondly, for paying extraordinaries and contingent accounts. The expence of the firft is 72,278 dollars per annum ;t the latter is of fo varying a nature, that it cannot be mentioned with any precifion. In confequence of the American revolutionary war, the ftate of South- Carolina became indebted in a large amount, to individuals ; as well for fupplies of different kinds, which the neceffities of government required to be drawn from different parts of the ftate, and for which, indents to a large amount were iffued; as for debts contracted in Europe. Re- tributions alfo, from time, to time, were found proper to be made to fome, whofe eftates had been ha (lily confifcated, and taken from them, at the clofe of the war, without fufficient reafon. Thefe, with neceffary expences of building court-houfes, and gaols, through- out the ftate, have caufed a debt, which required the encreafe * Thefe banks, are all eftablifhed in the city of Charlefton. t To this fum, fhould alfo be added 428 dollars 57 cents, falary of the governor's meffenger, which is paid out of the contingent fund ; as no ap- propriation is made for the fame. i§a A VIEW OF encreafe of taxes to difcharge. And, by a prudent management of energies thence arifmg, our foreign debt, amounting in the whole, by eftimation, to 150,000 dollars, is now completely provided for, by the purchafe of funded debt of this (late, and of thefe United States; fufficient to meet the capital and accumulating intereft of the foreign debt ; and which is preferved, and remains pledged, and fet apart, for the payment of the fame ;* Ourdomeftic debt is partly provided for, by funding it on the intereft and debt, due this flate by thefe United States ; and alfo by regiftering any overplus, outftand- ing claims againi! the ftate, which the above fum due this ftate, by thefe United States, was not equal to dif- charge ; our taxes are reduced, in fuch manner, as to be lightly impofed ; and by the comptroller's report to the legiflature, in 1801, it appeared there was a bal- lance of 583,744 dollars, 94 cents, 7 mills then remain- ing in favor of the ftate. t At prefent her fifcal fitua- tion is ftill more profperous ; as much of her domeftic debt has been purchaied up in behalf of the ftate ; by which fhe has gained the fum of 219,542 dollars, go cents ; and as there has been no neceility for expending all the monies appropriated by the tax law of the laft year. Confequently, it is prefumable, an handfome balance will be reported by the comptroller general to the legiflature, at its next feffion ; as being in the trea- fury, ready to meet any appropriations, which the public fervice may require. STATEMENT * See the comptroller's reports to the legiflature, for the years 1800 and 1801 } alfo tax law paffed in 1800, appropriating the fame, for the purpofe above mentioned. + As the legiflature have lately paffed an aft:, extending the time for regiftering the debts of the ftate, not provided for under the funding afts of 1794, arrd 1798, the amount of thofe debts will fomewhat effeft, this balance ; it may certainly, however, be eftimated at 500,000 dollars* SOUTH-CAROLINA. 193 STATEMENT of monies paid at the treasury office, Charleston, for funded debt of SoUth-Carolina, redeemed. For stock bought in Dolls. \Cts. I Brought forward. 217,123 50 1 796. September, paid. z 5'3'7|).-> i 799. January, /><2zV, 17,99c S6 October, 10,232 35 March, 7>*34 62 November, 8,008 7? April, 4,3* 7 00 I797. January, 6,655 May, 339 2 February, 39' 54 ]une, 3^32 20 March, i^/c 50 J»iy. 1,932 9 S April, ".944 7 September, 641 13 May, 703 80 November, 1,066 14 June, 2,-41.8 43 December, 6,295 8 July. 23,409 2 4 1 §00. January, 2,545 90 Auguft, 6, 20 6 «*! 1801. May, 7,428 95 October, 16,557 3 June, 3^344 4i November, 13,692 35 July, 4,230 27 December, 3,262 5° Auguft, 1,440 42 I798. January, 5,667 oq September, 21,402 79 February, 7,221 4 Oclober, 16,090 43 March, 8,022 16 December, 8,139 70 April, 12,050 S 9 1802. January, 46,628 l 7 May, "4**34 So February, 1 1,090 95 June, 348 7 March, 13,759 22 J ,jJ y, 12,924 H April, 4,600 2 3 Oftober, 4,726 15 May, 5,995 41 November, 18,487 9 8 June, 2 S7 47 December, 2,808 5 '3 July, Total, Dolls, 1 13*99' 76 Carried forward, 217,123 5° 148,919 2£ Amount of funded debt, per the above purchafes, to the credit ef the ftate, drawing intereft from July 1, 1802, viz. 6 per cents. 309,541 19 3 per cents. 217,362 79 Deferred. 95,069 59 Amount of ftcck, included in the above "*| purchafes, re-iflued in exchange for 6 ^> and three per cents, furplus certificates. J Total amount, purchafed from September, } 1796, to July., 1802, both months incluiive,} Colt in money, per above Statement, Gain to the ftate, Dolls Dolls D»lls Bb 621,973 57 46,488 54 668,462 1 1 448,919 21 219,542 9* Dollars *H A VIEW OF Dollars are valued, in this flate, at four Ihillings and eight pence fterling ; and all public accounts are kept in that money, By reference to this fcale, all other coins are valued. Thofe, which by a£t of the legislature are declared to be a legal tender, in law, are Spanifh milled tole, piftole, half piftole, Englifh guinea, half En- glifh guinea, quarter Englifh guinea, French guinea, French crown, Englifh crown, piltereen, German piece, half German piece, and ducat ;* and all the coins of thefe United States are, of courfe, a tender in law, throughout all parts of this union. Eftimate of fupplies, required for the fupport of government, in the year one thoufand eight hundred and one. Salaries, and ether expnses, as settled by law. Dolls. Governor's falary, 2,572 Secretary to the governor, 430 Six judges of the courts of law, each 2,572 dollars, *5>43 2 Three judges of the court of equity, each 2,144 dollars, 6,432 Attorney general, for giving advice to the governor, and other public offi- cers, in matters of public concern, in addition to his other duties, 860 Three circuit folicitors, each 500 dollars, i?500 Clerk of the court at Columbia, 140 Clerk of the court at Charlefton, 140 Sheriff of Richland, for attending on the conftitutional court at Columbia, 50 Sheriff of Charlefton, for attending on the conftitutional court at Charlefton, 50 See Grimke's laws of South-Carolina, page 314. Expenfes SOUTH-CAROL /N A. 19$ Dolls, Expenfes of the members of the legif- flature, at the prefent SeSGon, and pay of the Solicitors attending the legis- lature, 10,500 Clerk of the fenate, and clerk of the houfe of reprefentatives, each 1,230 dollars, 2,460 Two meifengers, each 216 dollars, 432 Two door-keepers, ea,ch 216 dollars, 432 For extra Services to Benjamin Hicks, meffenger to the fenate, 50 Keeper of the (late-houSe at Columbia, his Salary fixed at, 130 Comptroller's Salary, 2,500 Comptroller's clerks and Stationary, 1,600" Treasurer in Charlefton, for falary as treafurer, and for tranfafting the buli- neSs oS the loan office, and clerks, 2,658 TreaSurer in Columbia, his Salary, 15290 Clerk to the treaSurer in Columbia, 400 Adjutant general, i?500 Nine brigade inSpe£tors, each 216 dolls. *>944 ArSenal keeper, and powder receiver, in Charlelton, 216 ArSenal keeper, and powder receiver, at Abbeville court-houSe, 50 Arfenal keepers, and powder receivers, for Camden, Georgetown, and Beau- fort, each 50 dollars, 150 Contingent fund, Subject to the governor's draft, he to fubmit an annual account of expenditure, 6,000 Port phyfician's Salary, 6^0 State printers Salary, 1*158 Pilot for bar and harbour of Georgetown, 322 Annuities, 4^500 Bb 2 Tranfient a 9 6 A VIEW OF Dolls. Tranfient poor, payable to the council of Charlefton, 4> 2 3° Salary of the keeper of the lazaretto of the port of Charlefton, 500 For expences for carrying into effect the quarantine law, 1,000 72,278 Ci'vil divisions. It would be unneceftary to trace the many divifions into which South Carolina has been thrown, at diffe- rent periods, from its early fettlement, to the prefent day. This much may, however, be faid, that the fame caufe, from that time to this, has invaiiably pro- duced the fame effeci; and with the encreafe of popu- lation, new election diftricls, and new judicatures have conftantly arifen. In the year 1769, the population of the ftate when they are all returned, and the path clear and fafe, I will come to your towns and houfes, and fmoke with you, as I would in my own ! The king then, and after him the other Catawbas, fhook hands with the Six Nations ; to which the Six Nations anfwered : Brethren, We are glad to fee you here; and return you thanks* for your kind fpeech. But, as it is a thing of moment, we mud take time to confider of it ; and fhall anfwer you this evening, or to-morrow morning. The APPENDIX. *43 The confutation of the Six Nations was in the open field, behind the fort at Albany, and lafted near three days. On the evening of the fecond day, the Mow- hawks withdrew from the council ; declaring, that they were for peace with the Catawbas; and that thofe, who were not yet fo determined, might confult farther. The other Five Nations met next day, by day break, and at five o'clock in the morning, agreed alfo to the peace; after which, the following anfwer was given, which more particularly relates to the commiffioner from South-Carolina, and the Catawba nation. The grand council being formally affembled, as heretofore, the chief Sachem of the Senecas, lit a pipe, and put it into the mouths of the Catawba King, and his chiefs, who fmoked out of it; and then returned it among the Six Nations. After whicb 3 the following anfwer was given by them : Brother Corlaer, In anfwer to the firft paragraph of Mr. Bull's fpeech, we return him thanks for his kind fpeech; and defire that he will be faithful and honeft, in holding fall the covenant chain. Arrickhwawawgah,* We thank you, kindly, for the governor of Carolina's letter; and mail preferve it, as in our bofom. Brother Corlaer, and others; particularly Arrichhwa- wawgah, We kindly thank your excellency, and the Other gentlemen, for the uneafinefs they exprefs, at the In- dians murdering one another ; and we confent that the hatchet be buried, where no ill-natured perfon can find it. [A Belt.} Hh 2 Brother * The meaning of this word, is "one that lays faft hold of the chain of friendfhip;" or rather " one, who is afliftantin the public council." It was a name, by which the Six Nations chofe t« call, and remember the Commiffioner from South-Carolina. £44 APPENDIX. Brother Corlaer, and others, the CommiJJioners, Arrickhwawawgah the other day told us, by a belt of wampum, that he came here to plant a tree of peace ; that the Englifh and Indians might fet in peace under it. We thank you for your good defign; and heartily join you in it. And may it grow large, and laft for- ever. [A Belt.] Arrickhwawawgah alfo told us, that he brought with him fome of your brethren, the Catawbas ; and gave us a belt to open our ears to hear them. We have heard them, and thank him for his advice. [A Belt.'] Arrickhwawawgah further told us, that although he came a great way, he brought fomething in his bofom as a prefent for us ; and to remind him thereof, we give this itring of wampum. Brethren, the Catawbas, You came to our doors and fires to make peace with us, and we have heard your kind fpeech, and thank you for it. And, as a token that yon came to make peace, and were received as our friends, we give you this white belt of wampum, to wear about your necks; that all that fee it, may know that you have been here, and were received as our friends. Brethren, the Catawbas, This belt ferves to make you more powerful, and give you fhort horns. It has been a cuftom among all the Indian nations, when they come to fue for peace, to bring fome prifoners with them ; and when you return with prifoners, the peace mall be comple- ted, and your horns lengthened. And, we give you a year to return with the prifoners; and if you do not come in that time, we fhall look upon the peace as void. Brethren, the Catawbas, We will take your pipe up to the Mowhawk's caftle ; It being the firft town you come to as it were; and there fit APPENDIX s 45 fit and fmoke, and think of you ; and not go out to war, jf you return in the time appointed by us. [Here, the king of the Catawbas answered :] I have long wifhed for a peace with you, the Six Nations; but never had an opportunity till now. And as it is completed before his excellency, and thefe commiiiioners, and the belt paft, I fhall wear it about my neck as a token of friendfhip. It is a right and good cuftom, that prifoners mould be exchanged in making a peace ; and if you will fend fome of your people with me, I will carry them to my own houfe, and they fhall live as I do. And I will then deliver all the pri- foners I have; and come with them, and conduct them fafe to their own doors. Brethren, the Catawbas, As to your requeft of fending fome of our people to your country, it is unprecedented, and what we never have done at the firrt time of meeting; and none of our people are prepared to go ; therefore, we cannot agree to it ; but we may, at the fecond time, fend fome of our people with you. [Here the Cataiobas answered :] We fhall come in a fhort time to your towns; and you may expect to fee us. [Six Nations answered:] Brethren, the Catawbas, We defire, when you come again, you will come by water, and bring a commidioner with you, that we may- know you to be the fame. And as there are feveral nati- ons, united with us, who may not know of this peace, the path may be dangerous, and may deftroy what is now done. But if you come to this place by water, you will be fafe. [See Indian Book for 1751, from page 167 to page 172.] NOTE s 4 6- APPENDIX. NOTE IV. Pace 99. ExtraB of a letter from James Francis, at Fort Nine- ty-Six^ to Governor Lyttleton, dated March 6, 1760. THE letter gives an account of an attack made on the fort, by two hundred Cherokee Indians; in which they were repulfed. The following is extracted from the letter : " We beg leave to acquaint your excellen- a cy, that we had the pleafure, during the engagement, ei to fee feveral of our enemy drop ; and we have now 6t the pleafure, fir, to fatten our dogs with their carca- 64 fes ; and to difplay their fcalps, neatly ornamented, " on the top of our baftions." [See Indian Book for 1760, page 228.] NOTEV. Page 178. WITHOUT forming a refolution, it was under- ftood, that the public military ftores fliould be imme- diately feized, into the hands of the people. To ef- fect this, the Prefident of the Congrefs, by virtue of a refolution of Congrefs, (January 16, 1775) appoint- ed a committee of fafety. He nominated William Henry Drayton, Arthur Middleton, Charles Cotef- worth Pinckney, William Gibbes and Edward Wey- man, efquires, for thatpurpofej and the refolution, by which they were to ac\, was in the following words : 66 Refolved, that a fecret committee of five proper " perfons, be appointed by the Prefident of this Con- 61 grefs, to procure and diftribute fuch articles, as the " prefent infecure flate of the interior parts of this co- " lony, renders neceflary, for the better defence and fe- 64 curity of the good people of thofe parts, and other w necellary purpofes. Refolved, that this Congrefs « will APPENDIX. «4f 44 will indemnify and fupport the faid committee, in 64 all their doings, touching the premifes." By this authority, the committee became poffefied of important powers ; by which the colony was to be placed in a pofture of defence. Without lofs of time, the committee determined, that the public gunpowder, and the fmall arms, in the ftate armoury, fhould be feized the night after (April 21;) and directions were iflTued accordingly. One party feized the public pow- der, at Hobcaw ; and another took the merchant's pow- der, at the magazine, at Cochran's. A third party af- fembled at the ftate-houfe, at eleven o'clock, and pofU ed armed centinels in proper places. Many refpeftable gentlemen attended; among whom were the chairman of the general committee, Mr. Lynch, one of the dele- gates to Congrefs, Mr. Benjamin Huger, and Mr. Wil- liam Bull, a nephew of the King's lieutenant governor of that name, who then prefided over the colony. The committee of fafety attended and dire&ed ; and Mr. Gadfden attended at the wharf, to receive the powder as it was landed. The door of the armoury was ac- cordingly broken open, and in lefs than three hours five hundred pounds of private powder, one thoufand and twenty -five pounds of public powder, eight hun- dred ftand of arms, and two hundred cutlafies, befides cartouch-boxes, flints and matches, were removed, and lodged in a cellar near the ftate-houfe. During this procedure the greateft order and regularity was obferv- ed, the night being chofen for the tranfadtion of this affair ; as there could be no reafon to infult govern- ment, by doing this act openly in the day ; when the public advantage could be equally promoted by avoid- ing fuch conduct. The late advices from London, being immediately followed by the difappearance of the arms and powder ; the daringnefs and fecrecy of the act of taking them, plainly indicated by what authority they were feized. It g4 8 APPENDIX. It was in vain the Governor examined the keeper of the* ftate-houfe — fhe faw the arms taken away, and the per- fons who took them; but fhe could not give any parti- cular information, although threatened with the lofs of her place. The commander of the town watch,- although he faw feveral perfons about the ftate-houfe and knew them, was equally filent. The Governor called a council — and the refult of its deliberations, was a very mild proclamation, Hating, that the arms and powder had been taken from the public armoury, and magazine, by perfons unknown ; and offering a reward of one hundred pounds, fterling, for the difcove-^ ry of any perfon concerned in thofe " daring offences," fo that they might be brought to condign punifhment. The affembly being now fitting, according to their adjournment ; the Governor fent them a meffage (dated April twenty-fourth) ftating the lofs of the arms and powder; and acquainting them, that he had " publifhed " a proclamation, offering a reward for difcovering the 6i perfons concerned, in fuch daring acts of violence ct againft the property of this province," he concluded, that " upon fo extraordinary and alarming an occafion, " it becomes my indifpenfible duty to acquaint you "therewith, without lofs of time; and earneftly to " recommend this important matter to your inveftiga- *' tion, and molt ferious confideration." The affembly laughed at fuch a ftep ; however, to cairy on the farce, fome days after, they acquainted the governor, that they " think there is reafon to luppofe, that fome of " the inhabitants of this colony may have been induced *' to take fo extraordinary and uncommon a ftep, in " confequence of the late alarming accounts from " Great Britain." In the mean time, the committee of fafety, privately effected loans for the public fer- vice; and the very firft day, they procured one thou- fand guineas ; fo ready were citizens to ferve their country. NOTE APPENDIX. C49 NOTE VI. Page 123. SINCE the year 1786, when Mr. Van Braafn was a planter in South-Carolina, the ricfc mills are greatly improved ; inforrtuch, that his account of them is very inapplicable at the prefent time. For inftance in the ftrikirig of the peitles, he fays, " each peftle ftrikes 44 lixteen ftrokes in a minute, as they lay there, to keep 44 the rice hot, and in conftant motion ;" whereas, in our bed water rice mills, the peftles now ft r ike from thirty-two to forty-four times, in a minute. This gen- tleman has been particular irt his Chiriefe enquiries; and his account of their rice mills, is after the fol- lowing manner : 44 Each mill belongs, in common, to feveral families, * 4 who have paid the fir ft coft of its conftruction, and « 4 who defray the exp'ences of keeping it in repair; but il with this very remarkable lingularity, that all the 44 parties concerned, contribute in proportion to their 44 fortune, although all have an equal right to the mill. * 4 One mill keeps in play fix or feven peftles, working • 4 in as many mortars, which furnifh each, fixty and 44 fome odd pounds of hufked rice, a day.* It is poffi- 44 ble there may be as many families interefted in the "'mill, as there are mortars employed. 44 In South-Carolina, in the United States of Amc- 44 rica, and at Java, in the Eaft Indies, wooden peftles 44 and mortars are generally ufed; but here they are 44 both of ftone, which certainly abridges the Work. 44 At Canton, ftone mortars and wooden peftles arc 44 employed; becaufe the operation being performed 44 by manual labor, a ftone peftle would be too' heavy. 44 The reader may perhaps imagine that the rice is 44 broken by two ftone inftruments; but this is what I 44 have never feen refult from the method, ufed by the li 4; Chinefe. * In the courfe of a fingle tide, a Carolina rice mill, will furnifh from 570 to 950 pounds of huflced or cleaned rice, to each mortar; of which,' ihmc are from eight to fixteen'. ESQ APPENDIX. " Chinefe. On the contrary, they abfolutely infift, 44 that the rice ferved up at table, fhould combine the " whitenefs of fnow, with the entire prefervation of M the grain. " I have, however, a remark to make upon the Chi- < 4 nefe mills ; it is that their peftles work too (lowly. st In Carolina, in working their mills, they fo manage, a that each peftle ftrikes iixteen ftrokes in a minute; i« " order, as they fay there, to keep the rice hot, and in *? conftant motion. 64 In 1786, when I was a planter in that ftate, I had * s conftructed a machine according to my own ideas. 44 Two horfes feti-t in motion, and each of its peflles. * 4 flruck four and twenty ftrokes in a minute ; on which 44 account it was considered as a great improvement. 44 The Chinefe mills, as far as ray obfervations went, 44 give but eight or ten strokes in a minute. It muft at " the fame time be acknowledged, that in Carolina, 44 the peflles are commonly railed eighteen or twenty 44 inches, while in China, they are lifted from thirty. * 4 three, to thirty-fix inches, which very much encreaf- 44 es the aclion of the peftle, by the encreafed velocity 44 of the fall ; but on the other hand, the rice remains 44 longer without motion, which would, elfewhere, be 44 coniidered as a great objection. Be this as it may, 44 it is to be prefumed, that the Chinefe find their me- • 4 thod anfwer; or, otherwife, they would certainly ex- " ert their ingenuity to accelerate the movement of the 44 wheel, and confequently that of the peftles,"* 44 While pairing by feveral water mills, I obferved * 4 that the great wheel, by means of a little wheel, '' which revolves at the other extremity of the fame 44 axle, and which ferves to turn a horizontal wheel, 44 gives motion to mill ftones, that {trip the rice of the 4 > outer huik before it is carried to the mortar, in order " to i * This is dona in Carolina, by multiplying the power with different fized oog wheels, in the interior of the mill. APPENDIX. 25 1 Qi to be cleanfed from the inner one. This fingle ma- " chine then ferves, at one and the fame time, to remove *' the outer hufk, and to cleanfe the rice ; a double ef- * 4 feci, which I never faw produced by any machine lit * 4 Carolina, where the firft operation js feparately per- *' formed in wooden mills."* See Van Braam's Chinese embassy. Vol. lid. pages 285, 286, 287, 292, and 293. NOTE VII. Page 152. Machines for blowing air, by a fall of water. IT has been obferved, in this work, that the forges and blooma- ries of the upper country, are generally blown by a water blaft, fimplified and improved by Mr. Hill, from the original invention. From what model or defcription he was encouraged to make the ex- periment, I am uninformed. That he has completely fucceeded is beyond a doubt ; as alfp, that the fall of water required, is far lefs, than what is uled in different parts of Europe, for fimilar purpofes ; to the beft of my recollection, the fall is not more, than from twelve to fixteen feet, and perhaps not as much. The machine confifts of a funnel communicating from the bottom of the aque- duct, which is about two inches in diameter lefs than the pipe below it. The pipe below it, is fix or eight feet long, and fix or feven inches fquare ; it is placed perpendicularly under the funnel ; the top of the pipe, being a few inches, below the bottom of the funnel. From this funnel, the column of water falls perpendicularly into the pipe, without touching either fide of the fame, carrying with jt a current of air. This is delivered, with the water, at the bot- tom of the pipe, into a wooden receiver or air vefl'el ; which, from its internal conilrudion, is adapted to feparate the column of water into fmaller ftreams, and drops ; thus difengaging from it, a great- er quantity of air brought down with it. The air then paffes ofF, Ii 2 as * Either Mr. Van Braam's obfervations in Carolina, muft have been very confined, or our improve d rice mills mud not have then b?en made, to warrant his above affertion. What would be the comparifon he would now draw, be- twixt Carolina and Chinefe rice mills? This laft mentioned rice mill, which appears to be the beft he faw in China, was in ufe fome years ago in this Mate, before our prefent improved rice mills were erected; with this difference, how- ever, that the other extremity of the fame axle, indeed of turning an hori- zontal wheel, worked a lanthern wheel, which gave motion to the mill Hones. ess Appendix. as already mentioned, through a pipe inferted into the upper part of the wooden receiver, or air veffel ; by which, it is delivered at the furnace ; and the redundant portion of water efcapes from the bottom of the receiver ; the lower part of the fame, being fo con- trived, as to remain filled with water, to prevent the elcape of air. This machine has an affinity to fome, defcribed in Lewis's Commerce of arts i but appears to be of more fimple conftru&ion than any of them. In that work, this fubjeft appears to be fully confidered, and much ufeful information is contained ; and from thence the following principles, drawn from rnany experiments, may be aflumed : ifl. The water paffing through the narrow throat of the funnel,! falls into the bore of a wider pipe; the quantity of air introduc- ed, depends on the juit proportion of this enlargement, with the quantity of water running through, in a given time. zl. The length of the pipe does not appear to be of much im- portance ; it fhould feem fufficient, if the pipe be of fuch a length, that the prefTure of water within it, may be able to refift the crim- preffed air, in the air veffel ; and that after a part of its power Have been fpent in overcoming that force* it may flill have velocity enough left, to difcharge itfelf from the receiver* as fall as it can be fupplied through the pipe. 3d. The greatelt effect appears to be produced, when the fun- nel is about two thirds of the length of the pipe. 4th. The bottom of the aqueduct of water, fhould be about fourteen feet above the level of the ground. See Lewis's Commerce of arts, from page 267, to page 314, alfo in the appendix of that work, from page 63 1, to page 637. 1 HE Author of the preceding VIEW of SOUTH-CAROLINA, is indebted to the politenefs of fome citizens of Georgetown, and its vicinity, for the following chart of the entrance into Winyaw-Bay : having been received too late for infertion in the bo- dy of the work; it can only be added now, by poftfcript. It hence appears, that a fhort canal may be cut a- crofs North-Ifland ; from eighteen feet water in the Bay, to twenty-four feet water in the Sea. And, by an eftimate of Lieut. Col. Senf'sj accompanying the fame, it is fuppofed the canal may be effected for five thou- fand pounds flerling. A plan of this kind is much fa- vored by the citizens of Georgetown: as the ap- proach to that place, will thereby be attended with greater fafety j and its commerce be much increafed by admitting veffels of heavier burthen, than thofe, which can at prefent enter through the channel between North and South-Iflands. Should it be fuccefsfully ex ecuted, it will be highly advantageous to the rifing im- portance of Georgetown : and will be equally ho- norable to thofe 5 who have projected and fupported the fame. : : ::!":-::. ,..;