99 .C58JWi Issued January 8, 1908. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF \GRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.— Bulletin 101. A. D. MELVIN, Chief of Bureau. THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER IN COOPERATION WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BY HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY AND J. AUGUST FRIES. WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. Class. Book. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/availableenergyo01arms Issued January S, 1908. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.— Bulletin 101. A. D. MELVIN, Chief of Bureau. THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. INVESTIGATIONS WITH THE RESPIRATION CALORIMETER IN COOPERATION WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BY HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY AND J. AUGUST FRIES. WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. A/ uu-^-- 1 J";" - : . : : ~ :: it 5.^$; i z : *±t . ~ i/s^'s: it 5' V IZl _ . . 1L , ^ s ti ^ v 3 S S ^ *o $ ^ 8 S *> 5 $ JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH Diagram 1.— Live weights of animal. LIVE WEIGHTS. The animal was weighed daily at 1 p. m., immediately before water- ing and also immediately after, the difference being taken as repre- senting the amount of water consumed. On the days when the ani- mal was in the calorimeter the weight was taken immediately before entering and immediately after leaving the apparatus. The figures for live weight and amount of water consumed are given in Table I of the Appendix in connection with the weights of the excreta, and the live weights are shown graphically on Diagram 1. 12237— Bull. 101—07 2 10 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. WEIGHING AND SAMPLING OF FEED. The hay for each period was weighed out in advance in cloth bags, a day's ration in a bag. In rilling the bags the mass of hay was worked into from the side, taking all the material down to the floor. While the bags were being filled, two or three portions of the hay were taken from each bag and set aside in a covered vessel. Immediately after the weighing this was rapidly chopped in a meat chopper, thoroughly mixed, and a sample of 1,000 to 1,500 grams was taken to the labora- tory in a covered vessel for determination of dry matter and of the composition of the latter, with the results shown in Table 1. TREATMENT OF SAMPLES. The samples when received at the laboratory were immediately weighed, air-dried at a temperature of about 60° 0., allowed to hang at ordinary temperature in heavy paper bags for several days, and then ground in a mill as rapidly as practicable, and preserved in sealed bottles. The analyses were made as promptly as practicable, although not in all cases immediately. HOURS OF FEEDING. As a matter of convenience in arranging for the work with the res- piration calorimeter, the hour of 6 p. m. was taken as the beginning of the day. Approximately one-half of the hay was given at this time and the remainder twelve hours later. COLLECTION AND SAMPLING OF EXCRETA. The animal was provided with the rubber duct described and illus- trated in a previous publication for the collection of the feces and with the ordinary urine funnel. These were worn both during the preliminary days and during the digestion period proper, but not dur- ing the intervals between the periods. The apparatus served its pur- pose excellently, loss of excreta occurring in but few instances. During the digestion period the excreta were weighed promptly at the end of each twenty-four hours, and a sample was drawn after thorough mixing and taken at once to the laboratory for treatment. There a uniform percentage of the total excretion was set aside for a composite sample, chloroform being used as a preservative. At the close of the period these composite samples were thoroughly mixed. In the feces the total nitrogen in the fresh substance was determined by the Konig method, while a portion of the composite sample was also air-dried at about 60° 0. and the air-dry sample subjected to the usual method of analysis, including the determination qf its heat of combustion and of carbon and hydrogen. In the mixed sample of ° Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin 42, p. 74. DETERMINATIONS OF DIGESTIBILITY. 11 urine the total nitrogen, total carbon, hydrogen in organic combina- tion, and heat of combustion were determined. DIGESTIBILITY OF RATIONS. Period I {January 13-22, 1904). The live weights of the. animal and the weights of excreta are shown in Table I of the Appendix. The following table shows for the digestion period proper, the weight of hay fed, of hay eaten, and of the portions remaining uneaten; the weight of excreta collected, of the portions spilled, and of the total excretion; and the cor- responding weights and percentages of dry matter found. Table 3. — Feed and excreta — Period I. Feed and excreta. Hay: Total in 10 days Uneaten January 21 a. Uneaten January 22 . . Fresh weight. Total uneaten. Eaten Eaten per day. Feces: Collected in 10 days Spilled in calorimeter January 14. Adhering to duct January 14 Spilled in stall January 16 Spilled in calorimeter January 22. Spilled in stall January 22 Grams. 34, 000. 63.0 15.9 78.9 33, 921. 1 3, 392. 1 Total excretion . Daily excretion. . . 54,937.0 109.1 18.0 1.2 25.1 36.6 55, 127. 5,512.7 Dry matter. Per cent. 86.32 3.33 83.65 Grams. 29, 348. 8 2.1 13.3 15.4 i 29,333.4 2,933.3 11,256.6 29. 36 34. 6.1 1.1 41. 52 I 10. 4 28. 44 ! 10. 4 I 11,318.6 1,131.8 a Including water spilled in feed box. The composition of the dry matter of the feeding stuffs has already been stated in Table 1, and that of the dry matter of the feces is shown in Table II of the Appendix. Basing the computation upon the above average weights, the digestibility of the hay, as shown in Table III of the Appendix, was as follows : Table 4. — Digestibility of ration — Period I. Constituents and energy. Total digested. Digesti- bility. Dry matter Ash Organic matter Proteids Nonproteids a, Crude fiber Nitrogen-free extract Ether extract Nitrogen Carbon Energy Grams. 1, 801. 4 89.4 1,712.0 193.8 39.6 462.2 954.8 60.8 39.36 819. 07 Calories. 7,767.36 Per cent. 61. 41 44.04 62.70 54.56 100.00 55.37 68.05 62.24 60.36 59.96 58.97 a, Assumed to be wholly digestible. t> The calorie referred to in this bulletin is the large calorie (kilogram-calorie; often written with a capital C). A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of water 1 degree centigrade, or about 4 pounds of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. 12 THE AVAILABLE ENEKGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. Period II {February 10-19, 1904). The following tables, corresponding to those for Period I, sum- marize the weights of food and excreta and the percentage digesti- bility of the hay, which are contained in detail in Tables II and III of the Appendix. Table 5. — Feed and excreta — Period II. Feed and excreta. Fresh weight. Dry matter. Hay: I Grams. Total in 10 days | 59,000. Uneaten February 17 a 580. Uneaten February 18 27. Uneaten February 19 23. 2 Eaten Eaten per day. Feces: Total in 10 days Spilled in calorimeter February 12. . . Spilled in stall February 13 : Collected in calorimeter February 19. Spilled in stall February 19 Per cent. 85.24 2.15 23.33 88.11 58, 369. 8 5, 836. 9 97, 807. 142.4 51.6 56.2 4.7 Total excretion j 98,061. 9 Daily excretion j 9, 806. 19 Grams. 50,291.5 12.5 6.3 19.5 50, 253. 3 5,025.33 19.75 24.09 38.57 49.34 27.66 19, 316. 88 34.3 19.9 28.46 1.3 19, 400. 84 1,940.1 a Including water spilled in feed box. Table 6. — Digestibility of ration — Period II. Constituents and energy. Total digested. Digesti- bility. Dry matter Ash Organic matter Proteids Nonproteids a Crude fiber. Nitrogen-free extract Ether extract Total nitrogen Total carbon „ Energy Grams. 3, 085. 2 146.2 2,939.0 321. 2 81.9 788.2 1,636.9 110.8 69. 02 1.391.9 Calories. 13, 425. 7 Per cent. 61.39 40.92 62.96 54.08 100. 00 55.97 67.90 64.08 61.37 59.89 59.51 a Assumed to be entirely digestible. THE URINARY EXCRETION. 13 Period III (February 27 to March 18). In this period the final results were as follows : Table 7 . — Feed and ex.creta — Period III. Feed and excreta. Hay: Total in 10 days Residue March 9 Residue March 9 Residue March 10 Residue March 16 Residue March 17 Residue March 17 Residue at end of period. Eaten Eaten per day . Feces: Total Spilled ' March ii". Spilled March 18. Adhering to duct . Fresh weight. Grains. 48, 000. 28.0 138.5 5.8 29.4 47,746.1 4, 774. 6 75,-693. 37.0 20.6 Total excretion 75, 750. 6 Daily excretion 7, 575. 06 Dry matter. Per cent. 86.48 88.57 28.51 87.93 21.38 61.62 61.16 Grams. 41,510.4 24.8 39.6 5.1 8.1 27.0 4.2 10.2 41,391.4 4, 139. 14 16, 183. 16 22.80 12.60 53. 00 16,271.56 1,627.16 Table 8. — Digestibility of ration — Period III. Constituents and energy. Dry matter Ash Organic matter Proteids Nonproteids a. Crude fiber Nitrogen-free extract Ether extract Total nitrogen Total carbon Energy Total digested. Grams. 2,511.9 104.3 2, 407. 6 262.1 60.0 642.0 1,352.5 91.0 54.8 1,131.0 Calories. 10, 869 Digesti- bility. Per cent. 60.68 36.83 62.43 53. 4S (100. 00) 53.81- 68.51 65.62 60.08 59.18 58.64 a Assumed to be wholly digestible. THE URINARY EXCRETION. i Table IV of the Appendix, based upon the weights recorded in Table I, shows the total amounts of nitrogen, carbon, and potential energy in the urine. In those cases in which some was spilled, the material was taken up as completely as possible with the aid of dis- tilled water and the weight and nitrogen content of the washings determined. It has been assumed that their content of carbon and of energy was proportional to the nitrogen. The following table gives a summary of the average daily excretion: Table 9. — Average daily excretion in urine — Periods I, II, and III. Period. Nitrogen. Carbon. Energy. Energy per gram of carbon . I Grams. 50.75 09. 05 60.55 Grams. 112.15 168. 76 141.80 Calories. 1,046.40 1, 522. 25 1,247.16 Calories. 9. 33 II. 9.02 Ill . . . 8.79 14 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF BED CLOVER HAY. It will be observed that the results obtained, for the energy per gram of carbon in the urine tend to be rather lower than those found in Kellner's well known experiments, the average being 9.05 calories as compared with 9.6 calories found by Kellner for lean animals. On the basis of later experience, we are inclined to suspect that our esti- mate of the energy lost in the drying of the samples is somewhat too low. Nevertheless, the discrepancy between our figures and Kellner's is much less than in the previous year and the results have been used as reported. GROWTH OF EPIDERMAL TISSUE. The steer was thoroughly brushed each time immediately before entering the calorimeter and after leaving it, and the hair, dandruff, etc., in the latter case collected. To this was added the small amount brushed up from the floor of the calorimeter. In these samples deter- minations of nitrogen, carbon, and energy were made with the follow- ing results, which include for each period the total for the four days during which the animal was in the calorimeter. Table 10. — Weight and composition of hair, dandruff, etc.- — Periods I, II, and III. Constituents and energy. Period I. Period II. Period III. 35.3 93.76 33.1 52.8 93.48 49.36 6.31 2.08 7.83 3.86 40.19 13.30 42.56 21.00 4.533 150.04 4.747 234. 31 Average. Per period. Per day Weight grams . . Dry matter per cent.. Weight of dry matter grams. . In dry matter: Nitrogen — Percentage Weight grams. . Carbon- Percentage Weight grams.. Energy— Per gram calories. . Total calories.. 29.0 93.10 27.0 4.59 1.242 36. 716 9.928 4.108 110.91 3.39 As in previous bulletin^, it has been assumed that these figures rep- resent the normal rate of production of hair, epidermis, etc., by the animal during the experiment, but not, of course, the matter and energy contained in the growth of hoofs and horns. In the succeed- ing computations, the averages of Table 10 have been deducted from the gain (i. e., added to the loss) to determine the real gain of flesh and fat, but they have of course been included as a part of the total gain in the final computations of availability. DETERMINATIONS OF RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. As was stated in the introduction, the total metabolism was deter- mined at two different temperatures. For this purpose the animal was placed in the calorimeter on the first and second days and on the eighth and ninth days of the ten-day digestion period proper. Dur- DETERMINATIONS OP RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS. 15 ing the first of these two respiration experiments the temperature of the calorimeter was kept at 19° C. and during the second at 13.5° G. In the statements which follow the dates given indicate the twenty- four hours ending at 6 p. m. on the date named. Table 11. — Dates of respiration experiments — Periods I, II, and III. Period. At 19° C. At 13.5° C. I January 13 and 14, 1904 February 10 and 11, 1904. . . March 9 and 10, 1904 January 20 and 21, 1904. II Ill February 17 and 18, 1904. March 16 and 17, 1904. The respiratory products were determined during forty-eight hours continuously, the time being divided into four subperiods of twelve hours each, the apparatus used being the respiration calorimeter briefly described in Bulletin 51 of this Bureau and more fully in the Experiment Station Record, Vol. XV, p. 1037. It is impracticable to reproduce here all the details of these deter- minations. For the general methods employed the reader is referred to the publications just mentioned. CHECK TESTS. External air. — As stated in previous bulletins, check tests are depended upon as a means of computing the amount of combustible gases contained in the air as it enters the respiration chamber. The check tests were made at intervals during the experiments here described with the following results : Table 12.— Combustible gases in external air. Date. January 7, 1904. . January 25, 1904. March 1, 1904 March 21, 1904... March 21, 1904... Average . Observed volume of air. Liters. 1,090 1,139 1,090 941 892 Water weighed. Gram. 0.0135 .0230 .0170 .0175 .0143 Carbon dioxid weighed. Gram. 0.0080 .0080 0071 0047 Per 100 liters dry air at 0° C and 760 mm. Hydrogen. Carbon Milligram. 0.153 .243 .193 .226 .194 .202 Milligram. 0.223 .224 .157 As before, the results are somewhat variable, but in no case are the corrections large as compared with the total amounts determined in the experiments upon the animal. Alcohol check tests. — The accuracy of the apparatus was tested, as in previous years, by burning in it known amounts of ethyl alcohol and determining the amounts of carbon dioxid, water, and heat evolved. The results of these alcohol check tests as regards carbon dioxid and heat are given below. The results upon water have not yet proven satisfactory. 16 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED . CLOVER HAY. Table 13. — Results of alcohol check tests. Dura- tion. Weight of alcohol. Carbon dioxid. Heat. Date. Hy- drated. Anhy- drous. Com- puted. Ob- served. Percent- age ob- served. Com- puted. Ob- served. Percent- age ob- served. January 5, 1904 March 25, 1904 Hours. 6 7 Grams. 487. 12 541. 68 Grams. 436. 89 485.82 Grams. 834. 90 928.40 Grams. 830. 58 907. 51 99.48 97.74 Calories. 31, 253 34, 753 Calories. 31,428 35, 490 100.57 102. 13 It will be noted that the agreement of the results in the test of Jan- uary 5 is very satisfactory, while in that of March 25 a somewhat greater departure from the theoretical results occurred. RESULTS UPON THE ANIMAL. Tables V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X of the Appendix contain the results of the determinations of the respiratory products for the several periods and subperiods. These are summarized in the table folio w- in » : Table 14. — Excreted in respiration. Period and subperiod. Carbon as C0 2 . Carbon as CH 4 . Water. Period la: Grams. 533. 15 530.01 Grams. 25.97 23.20 Grams. 1,979.72 2,048.84 1,063.16 49.17 4,028.56 542.45 552. 44 25.40 27.39 1,925.27 1,886.38 1,094.89 52.79 3, 811. 65 1,079.03 50.98 3,920.11 Period 16: 533. 80 539. 19 25.36 23.24 1,242.85 1, 395. 35 1, 072. 99 48.60 2, 638. 20 545. 31 566. 16 25.73 23.14 1,377.35 1,498.50 1,111.47 48.87 2,875.85 1,092.23 48.74 2,757.03 Period Ila: Subperiod 1 605.68 642.34 31.40 41. 68 2, 270. 10 2, 395. 53 1,248.02 73.08 4, 665. 63 642.50 628.97 38.45 25.43 2,377.88 2, 358. 17 1,271.47 63.88 4,736.05 Average 1,259.75 68.48 4, 700. 84 Period II b: 615.27 622.32 19.72 22.05 1, 684. 21 Subperiod 2 1,649.37 1,237.59 41.77 3, 333. 58 Subperiod 3 622. 96 618.04 31.20 (?) 1, 782. 71 Subperiod 4 1, 772. 73 Second day 1,241.00 3,555.44 1, 239. 30 48.64 3, 444. 51 COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES. 17 Table 14. — Excreted in respiration — Continued. Period and subpsriod. Carbon as C0 2 . Carbon as CH4. Water. Period Ilia: Grams. 587. 26 568. 68 Grams, a 28. 03 a 34. 07 G'ams. 2, 349. 54 2, 2o3. 50 1,155.94 a 62. 10 4, C33. 04 581. 71 563. 11 25.08 27.36 2, 185. 98 2, 304. 54 1,144.82 52.44 4, 550. 52 1, 150. 38 4, 591. 78 Period III6: 568.23 560. 76 24.13 31.28 1, 756. 48 1,622.86 1,128.99 55.41 3,379.34 568.89 572.29 31.94 34.35 1, 693. 32 1,851.48 1,141.18 - 66. 29 3, 544. 80 1,135.09 60.85 3, 462. 07 a Includes a correction for the time during which the gas supply of the combustion furnaces was cut off. Hydrocarbon gases. — In the experiment with timothy hay in 1901-2 it was shown that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the combustible gases given off by the animal was almost identical with that for meth- ane, while in the experiment of the succeeding year it was appreci- ably lower. The corresponding results for the present experiment were as follows : Table 15. — Composition of combustible gases. Period and subperiod. Hydro- gen. Carbon. Ratio of hydrogen to carbon. Methane com- puted from carbon. Period la: Subperiod 1 Grams. 8.03 7.23 Grams. 25.97 23.20 1:3.234 1:3.209 Grams. 34.70 31.00 15.26 49.17 1:3.225 65.70 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 8.02 8.69 25.40 27.39 1:3.167 1:3.152 33.94 36.59 16.71 52.79 1:3.159 70.53 15.99 50.98 1:3.188 68.11 Period 16: Subperiod 1 ' 7.67 7.06 25.36 23.24 1:3.306 1:3.292 33.88 Subperiod 2 31.05 14.73 48.60 1:3.299 64.93 8.49 7.15 25.73 23.14 1:3.031 1:3.237 34.38 30.92 15.64 48.87 1:3.125 65.30 15.19 48.74 1:3.209 65.12 12237— Bull. 101—07- 18 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. Table 15. — Composition of combustible gases — Continued. Period and cubperiods. Hydro- gen. Carbon. Ratio of hydrogen to carbon. Methane com- puted from carbon. Period Ha: Grams. 9.92 13.19 Grams. 31.40 41.68 1:3.165 1:3.160 Grams. 41.95 55.69 23.11 73.08 1:3.162 97.64 12.36 7.91 38.45 25.43 1:3.111 1:3.215 51.37 33.98 20.27 •63.88 1:3.151 85.35 21.69 68.48 1:3.157 91.49 Period 116: 6.09 7.43 19.72 22.05 1:3.238 1:2.968 26.35 29.46 13.52 41.77 1:3.090 55.81 9.79 (?) 31.20 (?) 1:3.187 41.68 Period Ilia: a 8. 89 a 10. 88 a 28. 03 a 34. 07 1 : 3. 153 1:3.131 37.45 45.52 19.77 62.10 1:3.141 82.97 7.89 8.63 25.08 27.36 1:3.179 1:3.171 33.51 36.55 16.52 52.44 1:3.174 70. 06 18.15 57.27 1:3.155 76.52 Period III&: 7.26 10.03 24.13 31.28 1:3.324 1:3.119 32.24 41.79 17.29 55.41 1:3.205 74.03 10.40 11.06 31.94 34.35 1:3.071 1:3.106 42.67 45.89 21.46 66.29 1:3.089 88.56 19.38 60.85 1:3.140 81.30 a. Includes a correction. It will be observed that in every instance the ratio of hydrogen to carbon is lower than that in methane. The average ratio for all the periods is almost exactly the same as that found in the experiments of the previous year, as reported in Bulletin 74 of this Bureau, viz, 1 : 3.17, which corresponds to the following composition as compared to the theoretical : Pound. In meth- ane. Per cent. 76.02 23.98 Per cent. 74.85 25.15 Hydrogen 100.00 100.00 DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT. 19 The presence of free hydrogen in the intestinal gases of animals has occasionally been noted, but it is difficult to see what compound richer in carbon than methane would be likely to be present. In the light of subsequent experience, we are inclined to suspect that insuffi- cient heating of the platinized kaolin may be responsible for the defi- ciency of hydrogen. At any rate, pending a critical study of the method employed, we have for the present computed the excretion of methane from the amounts of carbon shown in the above table. The results of Period 116, it will be noted, are exceedingly low, and none at all are reported for subperiod 4 of this period. In the subse- quent computations, therefore, these results have been rejected and those obtained in Period Ila, on the same ration, employed. DETERMINATIONS OF HEAT. It is impracticable to reproduce here the very voluminous records required for the determination of the heat produced, and it must suf- fice to indicate the general method and to summarize the main results. As explained in Bulletin 51, the heat given off by the animal as sensible heat is removed from the apparatus by a water current, the amount thus removed being measured by the product of the amount of water passing through the absorbers and the rise in temperature during its passage through the apparatus. As noted, the tempera- ture of the water is taken every four minutes, while the efflux of each 100 liters is noted on the records. In any portion of the experiment during which the rate of flow of water is uniform we may, without sensible error, compute the averages of the ingoing and of the outcom- ing temperatures and multiply the total weight of water by the differ- ence between the two. Certain corrections are necessary, however. First. The pipe composing our absorber being of small diameter, there is a not inconsiderable pressure upon the bulbs of the ther- mometers, and this pressure varies with the rate at which the water flows. Since the pressure is greater upon the ingoing than upon the outcoming thermometer, the effect is to render the observed difference in temperature too small. A correction for this effect has been worked out experimentally for the range of pressure used and is applied in the table. Second. The friction of the water in the absorbers is itself the source of a small amount of heat, which is computed from the difference in pressure at entrance and exit and the weight of the water passing through the absorbers. Third. As Atwater and Rosa have shown, it is essential to take account of the variation in the specific heat of water at different temperatures. We have followed their practice, and, assuming the specific heat of water at 20° C. as unity, have expressed all our 20 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. results in calories at 20°, using for this purpose the table of the specific heat of water given by those observers. Fourth. Corrections have to be made for the heat introduced into the apparatus or withdrawn from it in case the feed, drink, excreta, and vessels containing them are introduced or removed at a tem- perature different from that of the calorimeter. The net amount of these corrections, as appears from the table, is ordinarily small, but the single factors are sometimes not inconsiderable. This is espe- cially the case with the feces, where considerable difficulty has been experienced in determining the true average temperature of the mass. The results of these several computations are contained in Table XI of the Appendix. To the heat thus measured is to be added the latent heat of water vapor evaporated in and carried out of the chamber. This is computed from the results for water, assuming the latent heat of vaporization to be 0.592 calorie per gram. The following table contains a summary of the amounts of heat measured in the calorimeter in the several periods and subperiods. By a series of accidents the results for Period II&, subperiods 3 and 4, were rendered valueless. Table 16. — Heat measured in calorimeter . Period la. Period lb. Period IIo. Period lib. Period Ilia. Period Illb. First day: Calories. 5,667.92 5, 213. 80 Calories. 5, 827. 99 Calories. 5, 765. 91 5,639.28 Calories. 5,773.06 5, 300. 77 Calories. 5,586.97 5,322.91 Calories. 5, 683. 14 5,115.06 Total 10,881.72 11, 405. 19 11,073.83 10,909.88 10, 798. 20 Second day: 5,522.33 5, 605. 56 5,956.95 5, 739. 96 5,901.96 5,721.91 5, 324. 48 5,350,96 5,345.11 5,561.71 Total 11,127.89 11,696.91 11,623.87 10, 675. 44 10, 906. 82 Average per day 11,004.8 11,514.53 10, 792. 66 10, 852. 5 RATE OF HEAT EMISSION. As in previous experiments, the rate at which heat was emitted by the animal varied notably according as the animal was standing or lying. The following table shows the total heat emitted during the periods of standing and lying, respectively. The figures of this table relate only to the amount of heat given off by radiation and con- duction and removed from the calorimeter in the water current, and do not include the heat carried off as latent heat of water vapor. a U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 63, p. 56. RATE OF HEAT EMISSION. Table 17. — Heat emission, standing and lying. 21 Period and subperiod. Position. Total heat. Heat per minute. Period Io: Subperiod 1— 6.00 p. m. to 11.59 p. m.. 11.59 p.m. to 2.13 a.m. 2.13 a.m. to 6.00 a.m... Subperiod 2 — 6.00 a.m. to 9.44a. m... 9.44 a.m. to 11.39 a.m.. 11.39 a. m. to 6.00 p. m . Subperiod 3 — 6.00 p.m. to 7.46p.m.. 7.46 p. m. to 7.51 p. m. . 7.51 p. m. to 12.58 a. m . 12.58 a. m. to 3.08 a. m. 3.08 a. m. to 6.00 a. m . . Subperiod 4 — 6.00 a. m. to 6.00 p.m.. Period Ila: Subperiod 1 — 6.00 p.m. to 2.36 a.m.. 2.36 a. m. to 5.01 a. m. . 5.01 a. m. to 6.00 a. m.. Subperiod 2 — 6.00 a. m. to 9.41 a. m. . 9.41 a.m. to 12.46'p. m. 12.46 p. m. to 2.46 p. m. 2.46 p. m. to 4.29 p.m.. 4.29 p.m. to 6.00 p.m.. Subperiod 3 — 6.00 p. m. to 8.55 p.m.. 8.55 p.m. to 10.42 p.m. 10.42 p.m. to 2.05 a.m. 2.05 a. m. to 4.33 a. m. . 4.33 a. m. to 6.00 a.m.. Subperiod 4 — 6.00 a.m. to 8.12 a.m.. 8.12 a. m. to 10.36 a. m. 10.36 a.m. to 1.07p.m. 1.07 p. m. to 2.49 p. m.. 2.49 p.m. to 6.00 p.m.. Period Ilia: Subperiod 1 — 6.00 p.m. to 8.57 p.m.. 8.57 p. m. to 9.36 p. m. . 9.36p.m. to 2.53 a.m.. 2.53 a. m. to 4.58 a. m. . 4.58 a. m. to 6.00 a.m.. Subperiod 2 — 6.00 a. m. to 8.31 a.m.. 8.31 a. m. to 10.10 a. m. 10.10 a. m. to 11.46 a. m. 11.46 a. m. to 2.27 p. m. 2.27 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. Subperiod 3 — 6.00 p. m. to 7.46 p. m.. 7.46 p. m. to 9.20 p. m., 9.20 p. m. to 10.24 p. m. 10.24 p. m. to 11.58 p. m 11.58 p. m. to 12.25 a. m 12.25 a. m. to 2.09 a. m. 2.09 a. m. to 3.04 a. m. . 3.04 a. m. to 4.59 a. m. . 4.59 a. m. to 6.00 a. m. . Subperiod 4 — 6.00 a. m. to 9.30 a. m. . 9.30 a. m. to 11.36 a. m. 11.36 a. m. to 1.37 p. m. 1.37 p. m. to 3.56 p. m.. 3.56 p. m. to 6.00 a. m.. Period 16: Subperiod 1— 6.00 p. m. to 6.00 a. m.. Subperiod 2 — 6.00 a. m. to 6.00 p.m.. Subperiod 3 — 6.00 p. m. to 6.00 a.m.. Subperiod 4 — 6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.. Minutes. 359 134 227 224 115 381 106 5 307 130 172 516 145 59 177 39 317 125 62 151 99 96 161 213 106 94 64 94 27 104 55 115 61 210 L26 121 720 720 720 Standing . Lying Standing. Standing. Lying Standing. Standing. Lying Standing. Lying Standing . Standing. Standing. Lying Standing. 221 Standing. 185 Lying 120 : Standing. 103 91 175 107 203 148 87 132 144 151 102 191 Lying Standing. Standing . Lying Standing. Lying Standing. Standing. Lying Standing. Lying Standing . Standing. Lying Standing. Lying Standing. Standing. Lying Standing . Lying Standing. Standing . Lying Standing. Lying Standing . Lying Standing. Lying Standing. Standing . Lying Standing. 139 Lying.... 124 Standing. Standing. Standing . Standing . Calories. 2, 228. 63 639.07 1,628.23 1,329.16 471.06 2, 200. 67 652. 54 26.50 1,967.26 581.58 1,154.69 4,488.83 3, 347. 84 643. 67 430. 50 1, 440. 59 797. 73 856. 32 413. 74 712. 75 1,199.09 521.08 1,448.46 689. 35 636.28 868.59 632. 67 1,054.01 479. 26 1,291.34 1,079.26 160. 94 2,005.17 541.65 409.02 939. 75 346. 29 649. 32 680. 80 1,354.92 663. 16 427. 21 447. 00 426. 67 192. 46 489. 88 432. 65 563.52- 387. 83 1,295.38 522. 45 757. 97 560. 45 814. 90 5,092.23 Calories. 6.2079 4. 7691 7. 1728 5.9333 4.0961 5. 7760 6.1560 5. 3000 6. 4080 4. 4737 6. 7133 6. 2344 6. 4880 4. 4390 7. 2796 6. 5185 4. 3120 7. 1360 4.0169 7. 8320 6. 8519 4. 8699 7. 1352 4. 6577 7.3135 6. 5802 4. 3935 6.9802 4. 6986 6. 7609 6.0975 4. 1266 6. 3240 4. 3332 6. 5971 6.2235 3. 4978 6. 7637 4.2285 6.3611 6. 2562 4. 5448 6. 9843 4. 5390 7. 1281 4. 7103 7. £663 4. 6001 6. 3578 6. 1685 4. 1464 6. 2642 4. 0320 6. 5720 7. 0725 720 I Standing. 5,141.56 7.1411 4,852.85 i 6.7401 22 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. Table 17. — Heat emission, standing and lying — Continued. Period and subperiod. Total heat Heat per minute. Period 116: Subperiod 1 — 6.00 p. m. to 1.51 a. m. , 1.51 a. m. to 1.56 a. m. . 1.56 a. m. to 3.29 a. m. . 3.29 a. m. to 5.46 a. m. . 5.46 a. m. to 6.00 a.m.. Subperiod 2 — 6.00 a. m. to 1.14 p. m.. 1.14 p. m. to 3.26 p. m.. 3.26 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. Subperiod 3 — 6.00 p. m. to 7.59 p. m. . 7.59 p. m. to 10.38 p. m. 10.38 p. m. to 11.42 p. m 11.42 p. m. to 1.51 a. m. 1.51 a. m. to 5.17 a. m. . . 5.17 a. m. to 6.00 a. m. . • Subperiod 4 — 6.00 a. m. to 8.59 a. m. . 8.59 a. m. to 10.26 a. m.. 10.26 a. m. to 1.24 p. m. 1.24 p. m. to 2.20 p. m.. 2.20 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. Period III6: Subperiod 1 — 6.00 p. m to 10.27 p. m_. 10.27 p. m. to 12.21 a. m 12.21 a. m. to 2.05 a. m. . 2.05 a. m. to 3.31 a. m. . . 3.31a. m. to 6.00 a.m... Subperiod 2— 6.00 a. m. to 10.33 a. m.. 10.33 a. m. to 12.33 p. m 12.33 p. m. to 1.54 p. m. 1.54 p. m. to 2.44 p. m. . 2.44 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. Subperiod 3 — 6.00 p. m. to 8.07 p. m.. 8.07 p. m. to 9.30 p.m.. 9.30 p. m. to 1.25 a. in. . 1.25 a. m. to 2.58 a. m. . . 2.58 a. m. to 3.47 a. m. . . 3.47 a. m. to 5.44 a. m. . . 5.44 a. m. to 6.00 a. m. . . Subperiod 4 — 6.00 a. m. to 9.18 a. m... 9.18 a. m. to 11.28 a. m.. 11.28 a. m. to 1.43 p. m. 1.43 p. m. to 1.45 p. m. . 1.45 p. m. to 6.00 p. m.. Minutes 471 5 93 137 14 434 132 154 119 159 64 129 206 43 179 87 178 56 220 267 114 104 273 120 81 50 196 127 83 235 93 49 117 16 198 130 135 Standing . Lying.... Standing. Lying Standing . Standing. Lying Standing. Standing Lying Standing Lying Standing and lying.a Standing Standing. Lying Standing. Lying Standing . Standing. Lying Standing . Lying Standing . Standing . Lying Standing. Lying Standing. Standing. Lying Standing . Lying Standing. Lying Standing. Standing . Lying Standing. Lying Standing. Calories. 3,271.84 32.56 665. 08 690. 83 115. 70 2,648.94 581. 85 1,093.56 861. 70 485. 74 739. 81 1,192.22 333.94 1,231.48 454. 05 1,202.65 260. 11 1,590.73 1,815.36 574. 49 751. 12 457. 29 1,045.05 1,587.45 551. 84 497.03 215. 99 1,302.02 792. 55 394.36 1,612.37 483. 30 312. 72 608. 25 139. 12 1,286.64 574. 65 927. 79 2.38 1,674.18 Calories. 6. 5120 7. 1514 5. 0425 8. 2642 6. 1035 4. 4075 7. 1010 6. 6257 5. 4195 7. 5896 5. 7349 00 7. 7660 6. 8797 5. 2189 6. 7564 4. 6448 7. 2305 6. 7991 5. 0394 7. 2223 5. 3173 7. 0137 5. 8148 4.5986 6.1361 4.3198 6.6428 6.2405 4.7513 6. 8611 5. 1967 6. 3820 5. 1987 8. 6950 6. 4981 4. 4203 6:8725 i. 1900 6. 5654 a The animal lay down so quietly that it was not noticed at the time, made between 1.51 and 5.17 for standing and lying. Therefore no division was From the foregoing table have been computed the following results for the total heat emitted during the several periods in the lying and the standing positions, respectively, together with the average heat emission per minute. In making these computations the artificial division into subperiods has been disregarded. HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION. Table 18. — Average heat emission per minute. 23 Standing. Period la: Minutes Total heat Heat per minute Ratio Period IIo: Minutes Total heat Heat per minute Ratio Period Ilia: Minutes Total heat Heat per minute Ratio Period 16 (subperiods 1, 3, and 4) : Minutes Total heat Heat per minute Period lib (subperiods 1 and 2 only) : Minutes Total heat Heat per minute Ratio Period III6: Minutes Total heat Heat per minute. Ratio .calories ....do.. 2,085 13,743.4 6. 5915 1. 3566 The differences in rate of heat emission, although slightly smaller, are still quite comparable with those observed in the previous year with the same animal (Bui. 74, p. 24), while both are larger than those observed in the first year's experiments (Bui. 51, p. 37). In the results of the last two years there appears a distinct effect of the amount of feed consumed, the difference in the heat emission standing and lying tending to be greater on the heavier rations. In this year's experiments, too, the difference seems to be less in the trials at the lower temperature, although the results for periods lb and IK, as noted, are somewhat incomplete. While we should naturally ascribe these differences in heat emission chiefly to the increased muscular exertion required in standing, it would seem that there are other factors affecting it. HEAT EMISSION AND HEAT PRODUCTION. The figures of the preceding tables show the amounts of heat given off by the animal. The heat emitted by the animal, however, is equal to the amount of heat actually produced only when the initial and final states of the animal are the same. Consequently there may be, according to circumstances, either a storage of heat in the body or an emission of heat produced in a previous period. In this respect there are two principal sources of error — first, variations in the body temperature of the animal ; second, a storage or loss of mat- ter by the body. As regards the first of these sources of error, it has been assumed that under normal and uniform conditions the body 24 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. temperature would be substantially the same at the same hour of the day. We have not been able as yet to make systematic determina- tions of the body temperature of cattle as a check upon this assump- tion, but the rectal temperature of the animal was taken daily during the digestion periods proper of Periods I and IX, except when the steer was in the calorimeter, and also during the preliminary feeding of Periods II and III and on one day during the digestion period proper of Period III. The observations were made immediately before watering, by means of a self-registering mercurial thermome- ter, with the following results : Table 19. — Temperature of the animal. Period I. Period II. Period III. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. °C. 38.3 38.1 38.1 38.2 37.9 38.0 °C. 38.3 38.2 38.2 38.2 38.3 38.2 38.1 38.1 38.2 38.1 38.2 38.1 38.3 "C. 38.2 16... 4 29 38.3 17 5 38.3 18... 6... 2 38.4 19 7 3 38.3 22 8 4 38.3 9 5 38.2 38.1 12 G 38.3 13 7 38.3 14 12 38.3 15 Average 16. . . 38.3 19 Average 38.2 In but two cases does the difference between two successive days exceed 0.1° C. With an average live weight of about 580 kilograms, assuming a specific heat of 0.8 for the body, this difference is equiva- lent to 46 calories. If the animal stores up matter in its body, there must necessarily be a corresponding retention of a portion of the heat arising from body metabolism, since the matter which is stored was consumed in the food at a temperature considerably below that of the body. On the other hand, if there is a loss of matter from the body in any one of the various excreta, the temperature of this matter is reduced (either actually or by calculation) to that of the surrounding air before it leaves the calorimeter, and this heat which was previously stored up in the body is measured along with that actually produced during the experiment. The above statements are of course true whatever be the kind of matter stored up or given off; but the income and outgo of water is of especial importance in this respect, both because of its large amount and because of the high specific heat of water. Indeed, a very simple calculation serves to show that in these experiments the difference in the income and outgo of dry matter does not materially affect the computation of the balance of APPROXIMATE WATER BALANCE. 25 energy, and that consequently only tlje income and outgo of water need be considered. From the data contained in the various tables of the Appendix are compiled the following tables, showing the income and outgo of water by the animal and the corresponding gain or loss of heat on each day of the calorimeter experiments. The body temperature has been assumed to be represented by the average for the period (Table 19), while that of the calorimeter was 19.0° C. and 13.5° C. in the series a and b, respectively, except in Period Illb, when it was 13.8° C. In the case of feces spilled in the calorimeter the water remaining in them when sampled has been divided equally between the two days. Table 20,. — Approximate water balance. PERIOD I. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Period la: January 13 — Uay Grams. 272 11,330 Grams. Period I&: January 20 — Hay Grams. 289 3,554 Grams. 2,908 37 3,963 4,029 665 4,936 4 3,599 2,638 Water vapor 7,334 January 21 — Hay 11,602 11,602 11,177 | 11,177 January 14 — Hay 296 760 1 270 ' Water 11,895 4,718 37 2,984 3,812 5,102 4 2,583 2,876 1,600 10, 495 11,551 11,551 12,165 12.165 PERIOD II. Period Ila: February 10 — Hay 536 11,952 Period 116: February 17 — Hay 449 25,670 9,856 54 5,209 4,666 7,658 14 5.242 3. 334 7,297 9,871 February 18— Hay 19,785 19, 785 26, 119 26, 119 February 11 — Hay 597 17, 470 504 14, 460 8, 696 54 5, 584 4,736 6,921 14 5,071 3,560 1,003 602 19,070 19, 070 15,566 15,566 12237— Bull. 101—07- 26 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. Table 20.— Approximate water balance — Continued. • PERIOD III. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Period Ilia: March 9 — Hay Grams. 458 5,205 Grams. Period 1 116: March 16 — Hay .".■ Grams. 412 18, 100 Grams. 99 5,762 7 4,578 4,633 6,611 Feces spilled 4 4,461 3,379 4, 057 9,416 March 17— Hay 15,079 15,079 18,512 18,512 March 10 — Hay. 451 16,020 387 11,200 Water 53 5/100 7 4,503 4,551 2,257 5,779 4 4,548 3,545 2,289 16, 471 16, 471 13, 876 13,876 Upon the basis of the above figures the actual heat production has been computed, as shown in the following table, the difference be- tween the income and outgo of water, expressed in kilograms, being multiplied by the difference between the average body temperature for the period and the temperature of the calorimeter to obtain the correction. With the exception of Period Ila, the results for the two days of each period where such a comparison is possible show a very close agreement in the amount of heat actually produced. Table 21. — Heat production. Period. Measured in calorim- eter. Correction for water balance. Heat pro- duced. Period la: First day Calories. 10, 881. 7 11,127.9 Calories. + 12.7 -200.5 Calories. 10, 894. 4 10,927.4 Second day 11,004.8 - 93.9 10,910.9 Period I&: First day 11,696.9 + 39.4 11 736 3 Period Ha: First day 11,405.2 11,623.9 -140.1 - 19.3 11 265 1 11,514.5 - 79.7 11 434 9 Period 116: First day 11,073.8 +243.8 11 317 6 Period Ilia: , First day 10,909.9 10, 675. 4 -181.7 + 43.6 10, 728. 2 10 719 Second day Average 10, 792. 7 - 69.1 10, 723. 6 Period III6: First day : 10,798.2 10,906.8 + 99.4 -' 56.1 10,897.6 10 850 7 Second day 10,852.5 + 21.7 10 874 2 NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. 27 THE BALANCE OF MATTER.. Considering the figures for epidermal tissues in Table 10 to repre- sent the average rate of growth of hair, etc., we may subdivide the gain or loss as ordinarily computed into the growth of these tissues and the real gain or loss of the proteids and fat of the body, as has been done in the computations which follow. THE NITROGEN AND CARBON BALANCE. The income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon are shown in the following table. The figures for hydrogen are omitted for the reason that, as stated on page 15, the results for water were not found to be entirely satisfactory. In Period 116, as noted on page 19, the results on methane were apparently too low, and therefore those of Period Ha, on the same ration, have been substituted. Table 22. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head. Period. Nitrogen. Carbon. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Period la: Hay Grams. 65.12 Grams. Grams. 1, 363. 70 Grams. 25. 85 50. 75 0.60 546. 98 112. 15 3.69 50.98 1,079.03 12.08 429.13 77.20 77.20 1,792.83 1,792.83 Period 16: Hay , ^ 65.12 1,363.70 25. 85 50. 75 0.60 546. 98 111. 61 3.69 48.74 1,092.38 12.08 439. 70 77.20 77.20 1,803.40 1, 803. 40 Period I la: Hay 112. 06 2, 323. 71 43.45 69. 05 0.60 . 931.83 168. 76 3.69 68.48 1, 259. 75 Balance 1.04 108. 80 113. 10 113. 10 2, 432. 51 2, 432. 51 Period 116: Hay 112.06 2, 323. 71 43. 45 69. 05 0.60 931. 83 168. 76 3.69 68.48 1,239.30 Balance 1.04 88.35 113. 02 113. 02 | 2, 412. 06 2, 412. 06 28 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF BED CLOVER HAY. Table 22. — Income and outgo of nitrogen and carbon per day and head — Continued. Nitrogen. Carbon. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Period Ilia: Hay Grams. 91.47 Grams. Grams. 1.911.04 Grams. 36.44 60.55 0.60 780. 05 141. 80 3.69 57.27 1, 150. 38 6.12 222. 15 97.59 97.59 2, 133. 19 2, 133. 19 Period III5: 91.47 1,911.04 36.44 60.55 0.60 780. 05 141. 80 3.69 60. 85 1, 135. 09 6.12 210. 44 * 97.59 97.59 2, 121. 48 2, 121. 48 GAIN OP PROTEIN AND PAT. Excluding the brushings, the gain of protein and fat, which was of course negative in every instance, has been computed in the usual manner, using Kohler's a figures for the composition of the nitrogenous tissue of cattle, namely, nitrogen 16.67 per cent and carbon 52.54 per cent. In other words, body protein is equivalent to nitrogen multiplied by 6. In the computation of fat from carbon the usual factor (1.3) has been employed. Table 23. — Gain of protein and fat per day and head. Gain of nitro- gen. Equiva- lent pro- tein (NX6). Gain of carbon. Equiva- lent gain of fat. Computed energy of gain. Period. Total. As pro- tein. As fat. Protein. Fat.. Total. la 16 Ha Grams. -12.08 -12.08 - 1.04 - 1.04 - 6.12 - 6.12 Grams. -72. 48 -72. 48 - 6.24 - 6.24 -36. 72 -36. 72 Grams. -429.13 -439.70 -108.80 - 88.35 -222. 15 -210. 44 Grams. -38.08 -38. 08 - 3.28 - 3.28 -19.29 -19.29 Grams. -391.05 -401.62 -105.52 - 85.07 -202.86 -191.15 Grams. -508. 4 -522. 2 -137.2 -110.6 -263. 7 -248.5 Calories. -413.2 -413.2 - 35.6 - 35.6 -209. 3 -209. 3 Calories. -4, 829. 8 -4,960.9 -1,303.4 -1,050.7 -2,505.2 -2,360.8 Calories. -5,243.0 -5,374.1 -1,339.0 116 Ilia III6 -1,086.3 -2,714.5 -2,570.1 THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. In these experiments we have direct determinations of all the factors of income and outgo of energy, except the potential energy of the methane excreted and that of the tissue gained by the animal. The energy of the methane, however, may be safely computed from its amount, its heat of combustion at constant pressure being 13.344 calories per gram. The energy of the gain of tissue by the animal oZeit. f. Physiol. Cheni., 31, 479. . THE BALANCE OF ENERGY. 29 may be estimated in the usual way from the computed amounts of protein and fat given above, using the factors 5.7 calories and 9.5 calories per gram, respectively. Having done this, we are in position to compare the income with the outgo of energy, and thus to check to a considerable extent the accuracy of our experiments. The fol- lowing table contains such a comparison for each period. The differ- ence between income and outgo, which has been entered in the table under the heading "Error," shows, of course, the extent to which our results appear to deviate from those required by the law of the con- servation of energy. Table 24. — Balance of energy per day and head. Period I. Period II. Period III. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Income. Outgo. Series a, at 19° C: Hay Calories. 13, 170. 7 Calories. Calories. 22,557.7 Calories. Calories. 18,535.1 Calories. 5,403.3 1,046.4 41.3 908.9 10,910.9 9, 132. 1,522.3 41.3 1,221.0 11,434.9 7,666 1 1,247 2 41 3 1,021.0 10, 723. 6 Loss by body — 413.2 4, 829. 8 35.6 1,303.4 209.3 2,505.2 Fat 545.2 Error 102.9 550.4 18, 413. 7 18, 413. 7 23,896.7 23, 896. 7 21,249.6 21, 249. 6 Series b, at 13.5° C.: Hay 13, 170. 7 22,557.7 9, 132. 1,522.3 41.3 al,221.0 11,317.6 18, 535. 1 Feces 5,403.3 1,046.4 41.3 868.9 11,736.3 7, 666. 1 1,247.2 41.3 1,084.8 10, 874. 6 Heat Loss by body — Proteids 413.2 4,960.9 551.4 35.6 1, 050. 7 209.3 2,560.8 Fat Error 409.8 191.2 19,096.2 19,096.2 23, 644. 23, 644. 21,105.2 21,105.2 a Assumed to be the same as in Period Ila. See p. 19. With the exception of Periods la and III&, the agreement between the results computed from the energy balance and those computed from the balance of carbon and nitrogen is much less satisfactory than in previous years. A direct comparison of the gains or losses, however, is somewhat misleading, because all the errors of the experi- ments are concentrated in a single relatively small number. It seems on the whole fairer, therefore, to compare the total heat pro- duction as measured with that computed from the balance of carbon and nitrogen, as has been done in the following table: 30 THE AVAILABLE ENEEGY OP RED CLOVER HAY. Table 25. — Heat production per day and head. Period. Computed. Observed. Com- puted -j- ob- served. la Calories. 11,012.9 11/184.9 11, 980. 1 11, 727. 4 11,274.0 11,065.8 Calories. 10, 910. 9 11,736.3 11,434.9 11, 317. 6 10, 723. 6 10,874.6 Per cent. 100.9 lb : 95.3 Ho 104.8 lib : 103. 6 Ilia 105.1 Hlb 101.8 The computed heat production exceeds more or less that actually observed in every instance but one. This is practically equivalent to saying either that the results for the carbon excretion are too high, or those for heat too low, or else that some nonnitrogenous body sub- stance other than fat was being oxidized. As regards the first alternative it may be said that according to the results of our alcohol check tests in each year the tendency of the apparatus seems to be in precisely the opposite direction, viz, to give results slightly too low for carbon dioxid and too high for heat. As regards the nature, of the body substances oxidized, it is of course possible that it may have consisted in part of stored-up carbohydrates (glycogen) which would evolve more CO, in proportion to the energy liberated than would fat. It is hardly possible, however, that this can have been the case to the large extent required to account for the observed discrepancies. It should be noted further that the results in Periods IK and III& are somewhat uncertain, owing to various disturbances during the runs. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. DIGESTIBILITY. The results tabulated in Table III of the Appendix and summarized also under the several periods are brought together in the following table : Table 26. — Percentage digestibility. Constituents and energy. Period I. Period II. Per cent. Per cent. 61.41 61.39 44.04 40.92 62.70 62.96 54.56 54.08 a 100. 00 a 100. 00 55.37 55.97 68. 05 67.90 62.24 64.08 58.97 59.5.1 Period III. Dry matter Ash Organic matter Proteids Nonproteids Crude fiber Nitrogen-free extract Ether extract Energy Per cent. 60.68 36.83 62.43 53.48 a 100. 00 53.81 68.51 65.62 58.64 The slight differences between the several periods attest the accu- racy of this part of the experiment. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 31 METABOLIZABLE ENERGY. The term metabolizable energy has been used by the writers to designate that portion of the total energy of the food which is capable of conversion into the kinetic form in the body. In this sense it is equivalent to energy of food minus energy of excreta or to what is often called "fuel value." The data of the foregoing pages enable us to compute the metab- olizable energy of the rations in the several periods. Before doing so, however, a certain correction is necessary in the energy of the urine. For example, in Period I the animal lost 12.08 grams of body nitrogen, corresponding to a loss of 72.48 grams of protein. Accord- ing to Rubner's results, the potential energy of the urine is increased by about 7.45 calories for each gram of urinary nitrogen coming from the oxidation of body protein. In this case, then, the urine contained approximately 12.08 X 7.45 = 90 'calories of energy not derived from the potential energy of the food but from that of body tissue. It is plain, then, that the potential energy of the urine must be diminished by this amount before it is subtracted from the gross energy of the food in order to get the true metabolizable energy of the latter. The corresponding corrections for the several periods, com- puted in this way, are as follows : Table 27 r — Energy of urine. Period. Observed. 1 jj*** Equiva- lent energy. Corrected energy of urine. Calories. ; Grams. 1,046.4 1 -12.08 1,522.3 - 1.04 1,247.2 - 6.12 Calories. -90.0 - 7.8 -45. 6 I Calories. 956.4 II Ill 1. 514. 5 1. 201. 6 Using these corrected values the metabolizable energy of the clover hay fed is computed in the following table: Table 28. — Metabolizable. energy of clover hay. Period I. Period II. Period III. Feed. Excreta. Feed. Excreta. Feedr Excreta. Hay Calories. 13, 170. 7 Calories. Calories. 22, 557. 7 Calories. Calories. 18, 535. 1 Calories. 5, 403. 3 956.4 888.9 5, 922. 1 9, 132. 1, 514. 5 a 1,221.0 10, 690. 2 7, 666. 1 Urine (corrected) 1,203.6 1, 053. Metabolizable 8, 614. 4 13, 170. 7 13, 170. 7 22, 557. 7 22, 557. 7 18, 535. 1 18, 535. 1 a Period Ila only. The relation of the metabolizable energy to the amount of matter in the food may be expressed in terms of calories per gram of the 32 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. total or of the digested organic matter. Computed in this way the results are as shown in the following table : Table 29. — Metabolizable energy per gram of organic matter. Organic matter of hay. Metabolizable energy. Period. Total. Digested. Total. Per gram of total organic matter. Per gram of digest- ible organic matter. I Grams. 2, 730. 3 4, 668. 3, 856. Grams. 1, 712. 2, 939. 2, 407. Calories. 5, 922. 1 10. 690. 2 8, 614. 4 Calories. 2.169 2.290 2.234 Calories. .3. 460 II 3.637 Ill 3.578 The metabolizable energy of a feeding stuff may also be expressed as a percentage of the total or gross energy. Such a percentage is analogous to a digestion coefficient, so that if an average value for it were established for any particular kind of feeding stuff the amount of metabolizable energy in a given amount of it could be computed from 1 its total energy by multiplication by this coefficient, just as the digestible dry matter or organic matter can be computed from the total amount present by the use of a digestion coefficient. The first half of the following table shows the percentage of the total energy which escaped in the several excreta or which was metabolized in the animal's body, while the second half of the table shows the same relations based upon the energy of the digested matter. ■ Table 30. — Distribution of energy of clover hay. Energy. Gross energy. Energy of digested matter. Period I. Period II. Period III. Average. Period I. Period II. Period III. Average. In feces Per cent. 41.03 7.25 6.75 44.97 Per cent. 40.49 6.72 5.41 47.38 Per cent. 41.31 6.48 5.68 46.48 Per cent. 40.96 6.81 5.95 46.28 Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. In urine In methane Metabolizable . 12.30 11.44 76.26 11. 28 ■ 9.09 79. 63 11.05 9.69 79.26 11.54 10.07 78.39 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HEAT PRODUCTION. As stated in the introduction, one of the purposes of the experi- ment was to observe the effect of temperature upon the total metab- olism, so far as this could be done within the limited range of the apparatus. Two series of respiration experiments were made, one at 19° C. and one at 13.5° C, these being designated as series a and series ~b, respectively. The results have already been given in the description of the experiment, but are brought together here for more convenient comparison. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HEAT PRODUCTION. 33 Table 31. — Heat production. Series a, at 19° C. Series 6, at 13.5° C. Period. Given off by radi- ation and conduc- tion. Given off as latent heat of water vapor. Correc- tion for water balance. Total. Given off by radi- ation and conduc- tion. Given off as latent heat of water vapor. Correc- tion for water balance. Total. I Calories. 8, 684. 1 8, 731. 6 8.074.3 Calories. 2, 320. 7 Calories. -93.9 | Calories. ; Calories. 10, 910. 9 9, 994. 4 11, 434. 9 1 9, 100. 3 10,723.6 i 8.803.0 Calories. 1,702.5 Calories. + 39.4 Calories. 11, 736. 3 II 2,782.9 ! -79.7 2, 718. 3 —69. 1 1,973.5 2, 049. 5 +243. 8 + 21.7 11,317.6 10, 874. 2 Ill / In Period lb, as shown in Table 17, the animal stood constantly for forty-eight hours, and as would be expected the heat production appears to be abnormally high. In the other cases the difference of 5.5° C. in temperature seems to have made but a slight difference in the total heat production. But, while this is true as regards the total amount of heat produced, the difference in temperature made a striking difference in the chan- nel of excretion by which the body rid itself of its heat. A much less proportion of it was removed as latent heat of water vapor and correspondingly more by radiation and conduction at the lower temperature, as is shown clearly in the following table, based on the figures for heat production just given. The correction for the water balance is taken as representing heat stored temporarily in the body. Table 32. — Percentage distribution of heat produced. Series a, at 19° C Series 6, at 13.5° C Period . Given off Given off by radi- j as latent ation and j heat of conduc- water tion. vapor. Stored in body. Given off by radia- tion and conduc- tion. Given off as latent heat of water vapor. Stored in body. I Per cent. 79.59 76.36 75.29 Per cent. 21.27 24.34 25.35 Per cent. -0.86 -0.70 -0.64 Per cent. 85. 16 80. 41 so: 95 Per cent. 14.51 17.44 18.85 Per cent. 0.33 II 2.15 Ill 0.20 The relative humidity of the air does not appear in this case to have been an important factor in bringing about the marked decrease in the evaporation of water at the lower temperature. The relative humidit} r of the ingoing and of the outcoming air, and also the aver- age relative humidity of the four residual samples taken at the end of each subperiod, were as follows: 34 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. Table 33. — Relative humidity. Period. Ingoing air. Outcoming air. Residual samples. la Per cent. 2.3 2.4 2.2 4.9 4.7 2.3 Per cent. 28.2 32.1 30.6 29.9 33.8 31.2 Per cent. 27.2 Ha . . 29.7 Ilia 29.7 16 . . 28.7 116 . 34.7 III6 . . 32.3 Apparently the difference in the method of excretion of the heat was a direct effect of the lower temperature. NET AVAILABLE ENERGY. Both our own observations and those of others, notably those of Zuntz and his associates, have shown that a considerable portion of the metabolizable energy of the food may be consumed in those mechanical and chemical processes incident to the digestion of the food and its conversion into forms fitted to nourish the body, or may otherwise be converted into the form of heat, and so not be directly available to make good the losses of potential energy from the body caused by the vital processes. The portion of the metab- olizable energy remaining after subtracting the portion thus ex- pended represents the net contribution which the food has made to the maintenance of the stock of potential energy in the body. This portion of the energy of the food is designated as net available energy. In other words, it is energy available for maintenance. As explained in previous bulletins, the availability of the energy of a feeding stuff is determined by a comparison of the losses of energy by the animal in periods in which different amounts of the feed in question are consumed. In this experiment three different amounts of clover hay were fed to the animal, and consequently a comparison of the three periods should give us two results regarding availability in Series a and two in Series b. The losses of protein and fat by the animal as tabulated on preced- ing pages do not take account of the amounts of matter and energy contained in the brushings, which are tabulated separately. It is clear, however, that these ought to be included in a computation of availability, since a portion of the energy of the food was expended in their production. Furthermore, since the metabolizable energy of the food has been corrected in Table 27, for the gain or loss of nitrogen by the animal, the figures for the gain or loss of engery should be similarily corrected by adding to the gain (i. e., subtracting from the loss) 7.45 calories for eacn gram of nitrogen lost by the AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY. 35 animal. Indicating gain or loss by the mathematical signs + and — , the corrections and the corrected gains were as shown in the following table : Table 34. — Corrected gains. Gain ac- cording to previous tables. Correction for — Corrected gain. B rustl- ings. Gain of protein. Computed from balance of nitrogen and carbon: Calories. -5,243.0 -1,339.0 -2,714.5 -5,374.1 -1,086.3 -2,570.1 -5,140.1 - 793. 8 -2,164.1 -5,925.5 - 676. 5 -2,378.9 Calories. +41.3 +41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 + 41.3 Calories. +90.0 + 7.8 + 45.6 + 90.0 + 7.8 + 45.6 +90.0 + 7.8 + 45.6 +90.0 + 7.8 + 45.6, Calories. -5,111.7 -1,289.0 Period Ilia -2,627.6 -5,242.8 -1,037.2 Period Illb -2,483.2 Computed from balance of energy: -5,008.8 - 744.7 -2,077.2 -5,794.2 - 627. 4 Period III& -2,292.0 As already noted, there was no marked difference between Series a and Series b as regards heat production or loss except in Period Diagram 2. — Availability of energy. lb. In this period for some reason the animal refused to lie down at all. It is presumably in consequence of this fact that the observed heat production was considerably higher than in the corresponding 36 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. -Period la, although this is not true of the heat production as com- puted from the balance of nitrogen and carbon. If we arbitrarily reject Period lb as having been under abnormal conditions and plat the data of the remaining experiments as in previous bulletins, we have the results for the two series separately and for their average, which are shown in Diagram 2. While the losses as computed from the carbon and nitrogen balance are greater than those deduced from the energy balance, the average results of Series a and Series b are quite closely parallel. If, on the other hand, again omitting the results for energy of Period lb, we average for each series separately the results as com- > 5 s V * ^ § V Vj ?* -1000 kj r \ *. n ^ V to y, vl 5? ^ ** £ -2000 ^ ^ 3 ^ ^ ^ £fe i>s °3?» ^ °§ > -6000 >l S s ^ Nj 4 * <5> *f-(j(/(/ t . ^ > ^ ^ +s Q) Q ^ ^ "V -sooo iSer/es a \Set/e&b Q. Q: 6000 7000 8000 90VO 10000 H000 METABOLJZ4BLE ENERGY fG^LOEf/E^J Diagram 3. — Average results of carbon and nitrogen and energy balances. puted from the carbon and nitrogen balance and those computed from the energy, we have the results shown in Diagram 3, which again expresses the fact, already pointed out, that a very slight difference was shown between the results of Series a and those of Series b. As previously stated, the results of the calorimeter experiments lb and IB were not as satisfactory as the others. In both cases the balance of energy was obtained for twenty-four hours only, owing to various disarrangements of the apparatus, and in subperiod AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY. 37 4 of Period II& the methane determination is lacking. On the whole, therefore, we incline to attach considerably more value to the results of Series a than to those of Series b. CORRECTIONS FOR STANDING AND LYING. The average number of hours per day during- which the animal la}?" down in the several periods was, as shown in Tables 17 and 18: Period la, 3 hours, 12 minutes. Period 11a, 7 hours, 47 minutes. Period IHa, 9 hours, 8 minutes. Period 16, . Period 116, 2 hours, 17 minutes. Period III6, 6 hours, 38 minutes. In view of the very marked influence of standing as compared with lying upon the metabolism of the animal, as shown in all our experiments, it is evident that the results of the several periods are not strictly comparable. Unfortunately, the data available for com- puting a correction are not fully sufficient, because, although the variations in the rate at which heat was. given off by radiation and conduction are shown by the records of the experiment, as sum- marized in Tables 17 and 18, the apparatus does not permit similar determinations of the rate at which heat was carried off as latent heat of water vapor. The best approximation which is available appears to be that outlined in Bulletin 51 of this Bureau, page 38. This consists in assuming, on the one hand, that the rate of elimination of water vapor varied at the same rate as that of the radiation of heat, and, on the other hand, that it was unaffected by the position of the animal. It would seem that these two hypotheses may be fairly regarded as representing the extremes of probable variation, and if, as appears to be the case, the results when corrected on these two hypotheses are substantially concordant, we shall be inclined to regard them as probably correct. In place of computing the metabolism for the entire twenty-four hours either standing or lying, as was done in Bulletin 51, we have preferred in this case to compute the results, on the two hypotheses above stated, to a uniform period of seven hours passed lying down. The method of computation may be illustrated by the results of Period la. In this period, as appears from Table 19, the average rate at which heat was given off by radiation and conduction and brought out of the calorimeter in the water current was : Standing, 6.2700 calories per minute. Lying, 4.4747 calories per minute. 38 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. If the animal had lain down for seven hours out of the twenty- four, the total heat given off through these channels would have been: Standing 17 hours, 6.2700 calories X 1,020=6,395.4 calories. Lying 7 hours, 4.4747 calories X 420=1,879.4 calories. Total 24 hours 8,274.8 calories. The heat actually carried off as latent heat of water vapor in this period was 2,320.7 calories, and constituted 21.09 per cent of the total heat emission. Upon the first hypothesis, then, the total heat emission would have been: 8.274.8 0.7891 = 10,486.4 calories. Upon the second hypothesis, that of unchanged elimination of water vapor, the total heat emission would have been: 8,274.8+2,320.7=10,595.5 calories. To find the actual heat production, the above figures must be cor- rected as in Table 21 for the results of the water balance, the cor- rection in this period being —93.9 calories. Accordingly the heat production' computed for Period la on the assumption that the animal lay down for seven hours is : On the first hypothesis, 10,392.5 calories. On the second hypothesis, 10,501.6 calories. Identical computations for the other periods give' the results stated in the following table. In the case of Period lb of course no data are available for such a computation. Table 35. — Computed heat production — Seven hours lying. Period . On the first hypothesis. On the sec- ond hy- pothesis. la .*. Calories. 10, 392. 11, 580. 9 11,083.2 10, 983. 6 10, 820. 7 Calories. 10, 501. (i Ila 11,545.5 Ilia 10, 992. 2 11,043.2 116 III6 ... 10. 835. 1 The corresponding (negative) gains by the animal — computed, of course, from the energy results, since we have no corresponding data for the carbon and nitrogen balance— would be as shown in the fol- lowing table, in which the corrections for the brushings and for the gains of protein have been included in the same manner as in Table 34: AVERAGE RESULTS OF ENERGY BALANCES. 39 Table 36. — Computed gains — Seven hours lying. Period . la .. lla. Ilia lib . lllb On the first hypothesis. Calories. —4, 4S9. 9 — 890.7 —2. 436. 8 — ' 293. 4 —2, 244. 1 On the sec- ond, hy- pothesis. Calories. —4, 599. 5 - 865. 3 —2, 345. 8 - 353.0 —2, 252. 5 $ 5 s \ . j > vj -4000 £/ ^ ^ ^ * "N ^ <^ 4: *■ -SOOO 0. ^ 6000 7000 8000 9000 /OOOO //ooo MET/IBOL/Z/IBLE ENERGY (C/tLORIESJ Diagram 4.— Average results from energy balances computed to 17 hours' standing. The averages of these results compared with the amounts of met- abolizable energy supplied in the feed are expressed graphically in Diagram 4 and are computed numerically in the following table, which includes also the amounts of total and of digested organic matter consumed by the animal in each period. 40 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. Table 37. — Availability of metabolizable energy. Series and period. Organic matter. Metabo- lizable energy. On first hypoth- esis. On second hy- pothesis. Average. Total. Digesti- ble. Gain. Availa- bility. Gain. Availa- bility. Gain. Availa- bility. Series a : Period III Period I Grams. 3, 856. 2, 730. 3 Grams. 2, 407. 6 1,712.0 Calories. 8,614.4 5,922.1 Calories. —2, 436. 8 —4, 489. 9 Per ct. Calories. —2, 345. 8 -4, 599. 5 Per ct. Calories. —2, 391. 3 —4, 544. 7 Per ct. Difference... 1, 125. 7 695.6 2, 692. 3 2, 053. 1 76.26 2,253.7 83.71 2, 153. 4 79.99 Period II Period III 4, 668. 3, 856. 2,939.0 2, 407. 6 10, 690. 2 8,614.4 - 890.7 —2, 436. 8 — 865.3 —2, 345. 8 - 878.0 —2, 391. 3 Difference... 812.0 531.4 2,075.8 1,546.1 74.48 1, 480. "5 71.32 1,513.3 72.90 Series b : Period II Period III 4, 668. 3, 856. 2,939.0 2, 407. 6 10, 690. 2 8,614.4 — 293.4 —2,244.1 — 353.0 —2,252.5 — 323.2 —2,248.3 Difference... 812.0 531.4 2,075.8 1,950.7 93.96 1, 899. 5 91.51 1,925.1 92.74 It must be admitted that the results as they stand do not appear especially satisfactory. In particular, the correction to a uniform period of lying has the effect of destroying the approximate corre- spondence between the results at different temperatures which was indicated by Diagrams 2 and 3. The corrected results show appar- ently a considerably smaller loss by the animal in Period IK, at the lower temperature, than in Period Ila. This result seems unlikely, and, as already noted, both Periods 16 and IK were not altogether satisfactory. Strictly speaking, the results should be corrected also for differences in the weight of the animal. Our apparatus does not permit taking the weight of the animal during the respiration period, but the weight is taken immediately before entering and immediately after leaving the calorimeter. If we may assume that the average of the last two weights before the respiration period and the first two succeeding it represent approximately the average weight of the animal during the trial, we have the following as the live weights in the different periods : Live weights of animal during respiration periods. Period. Series a. Series 6. I : Kilograms. 571.1 586. 7 580.1 Kilograms. 553.7 II. . ; 576.0 Ill 565.8 It must be remembered, however, that these variations in weight were doubtless due to a considerable extent to variations in the amount of material contained in the digestive tract on the different rations. We can hardly suppose that the actual radiating surface of the body was materially different in the different periods, although, HEAT REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 41 on the other hand, the metabolism incident to the maintenance of the standing position would naturally be greater the greater the weight of the animal, as was indeed found to be the case. Any probable corrections for the influence of the live weight, however, are so small as to be insignificant as compared with other sources of error and are therefore not taken account of in these computations. HEAT REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. If we confine our attention to the results of Series a as being on the whole decidedly more satisfactory than those of Series b, we have apparently a greater average availability between Periods I and III than between Periods III and II. A similar result was noted in Bul- letin 51 in the results computed for the lying position. This differ- ence was there interpreted (page 57) as indicating an indirect utiliza- tion by the animal of the heat resulting from the digestion and assimilation of the light ration. This view assumes that at a given temperature a certain minimum amount of heat is required by the animal organism to maintain its temperature, and that if this amount of heat is not produced by the ordinary activity of the internal organs and the muscles it will be supplied by a direct combustion of food or tissue for the purpose of heat production. In the case observed in Bulletin 51 it was believed that when the animal was lying down the necessary production of heat aside from that resulting from the inges- tion of food was insufficient to supply the demands of the animal. On the heavier ration a part only of the heat resulting from the work of digestion and assimilation was required, in addition to that pro- duced by the internal work, to supply the demand for heat. As the amount of food was decreased, however, a point was reached at which all the heat produced by digestion and assimilation was required for this purpose, while with a still smaller amount of food a portion of the animal tissue had to be metabolized to supply the necessary heat. At or below this point, then, the entire metabolizable energy of the food was of use to the animal and the apparent availability became 100 per cent, represented graphically on Diagram III of Bulletin 51 by the dotted lines, making an angle of 45 degrees with the coor- dinates. It is of some interest to apply the same interpretation to this experiment and to compare the results obtained with those found in the previous experiment. In the experiments of 1901-2 the average live weight of the animal in Periods A and B, the ones to be compared, was 401.8 kilograms. The computed heat production, lying, in Period A was : On the first hypothesis . . : 7, 920 calories. On the second hypothesis 8, 250 calories. Average 8, 085 calories. 42 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. This average amount we may regard as representing the minimum of heat required by the animal. In the present experiments the average live weight for Periods I and III was 574.3 kilograms. The heat production in Period la, computed to seven hours lying, was, as previously shown: On the first hypothesis 10, 392 calories. On the second hypothesis 10, 502 calories. Average 10, 447 calories. which we may regard as being the minimum required for the older and larger animal. It seems to be fairly well established that the requirement of the animal body for heat is substantially proportional to its surface, or, what is approximately the same thing, to the two-thirds power of its volume or weight. On this hypothesis we can compute from the observed results the probable minimum requirement of an animal weighing 500 kilograms as follows : Experiment of 1901— 2. On the first hypothesis, 7,920 caloriesX(^j!^ N ) S =9, 1G3 calories. (500 \ 2 ) 3 =9, 545 calories. Average 9, 354 calories. Experiment of 1903-4. (500 \# , J 3 =9, 478 calories. (500 \- ) 3 =9, 576 calories. 574. 3y Average 9,527 calories. The close agreement of these figures seems to support strongly the view advanced above, namely, that on the lighter ration of Period I the animal was consuming its own tissue for beat production and that up to a point between this and the ration of Period III the food would show an apparent availability of 100 per cent. In other words, we conclude that the availability would be represented approx- imately by the dotted line in Diagram 4. The point at which the relation changes is indicated on the diagram at X, and could, of course, be computed numerically by the methods of analytical geometry. If this interpretation of the results is correct, the loss of tissue in Period lb, at 13.5° C, should be greater than in Period la, at 19° C, and, as a matter of fact, that appears to be the tendency, although the results are uncertain. On the same hypothesis the losses in Periods II and III should be the same at both temperatures. Such an MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. 43 equality was observed in Period ITT, but not in Period II. In the latter, as already noted, the loss, computed for seven hours lying, was less at the lower than at the higher temperature. MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT OF THE ANIMAL. Another method of comparing the results of the two experiments is to compute the maintenance requirement of the animal for a uni- form weight of, say, 500 kilograms. The maintenance requirement may be defined as the amount of food which supplies sufficient avail- able energy to make good the losses incident to the vital activities of the animal. Owing to the varying degree of availability of differ- ent foods, the total weight of food — or the total metabolizable energy — required will vary with the feeding stuff used. The main- tenance requirement, therefore, is most logically expressed in terms of available energy, and its amount will be found graphically by producing the line representing the availability of the food until it intersects the vertical axis. The distance from the origin to this point of intersection will represent the maintenance requirement in terms of available energy, or, in other words, it will be the theoretical fasting metabolism of the animal at the given temperature. Per- forming the same operation arithmetically, we have, on the basis of the average results of Period Ila, the following: (10,690 calories X 0.729)+878 calories=8,671 calories, maintenance requirement. For the experiments of 1901-2 the computation is not so simple, because the rations employed contained in each case 400 grams of linseed meal, a material whose net available energy has not yet been determined. Its utilizable energy (production value), however, compared with that of maize, as computed by the use of Kellner's factors , is: 100 pounds linseed meal=78,929 calories. 100 pounds maize =88, 847 calories. If we assume that the net available energy of the two materials is proportional to their utilizable energy, we may compute the net available energy of linseed meal per kilogram of dry matter from that of maize, as given in the first table on page 40 of Bulletin 74 of this Bureau, as follows: 78 929 2.679 caloriesXnn'n 47 =2.381 calories per gram of dry matter. a Pennsylvania Experiment Station Bulletin 71 (revised), page 16. 44 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. Upon this assumption the maintenance requirement of the animal in Periods A and B of the experiment of 1901-2 would be as follows: Table 38. — Computation of maintenance requirement according to experiment of 1901-2. Period A: Hay Linseed meal . . . Loss from body. Maintenance . . Period B: Hay Linseed meal . . . Loss from body. Drv matter Net avail " eaten able ener ^ eaten. per gram _ Grams. 2, 879. 5 357.8 Calories. 1.268 2.381 4, 018. 354.7 1.2G8 2.381 Maintenance Average maintenance . Net avail- able energy of ration. Calories. 3,652 852 2,578 7,082 5,097 ' 845 791 6, 733 6,908 The time spent standing in the experiment of 1901-2 was, on the average of Periods A and B, fifteen hours. This does not differ suffi- ciently from the seventeen hours to which the results of 1903-4 have been computed to render a correction necessary for the purposes of the present approximate comparison. The reduction of the above figures to a live weight of 500 kilograms gives the following results: (500 \ 2 — — J 3 ' =7,824 calories. Experiment of 1901-2, 6,908 caloriesX f 500 N j V401.87 =7,992 calories. We find, then, that if we assume that the results obtained by com- paring Periods II and III represent the true availability of the clover hay, and that the divergent results obtained by the comparison of Periods III and I can be explained in the manner just detailed, we obtain results which are closely concordant with those of earlier experiments both as to the minimum requirements of the animal for heat and as to the amount of available energy required for mainte- nance. In spite, therefore, of the somewhat unsatisfactory nature of the experiment there seems good reason to believe that the avail- ability of the metabolizable energy of the clover hay was in the neighborhood of 73 per cent, and that the much lower figure obtained in the previous year's experiment was erroneous. The latter con- clusion is further strengthened by computing in the same way from the results of that experiment the maintenance requirement of the animal in terms of available energy. A computation similar to that used above gives as a result, for the live weight of 500 kilograms, 5,907 calories. This result is so much lower than those computed from the other two experiments as to be almost certainly erroneous and indicates that for some reason the loss by the animal in Period II of the experiment in 1903 was overestimated. DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY OF VARIOUS FEEDS. 45 DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY. Using the above corrected figure for the availability of clover hay, we may derive the following corrected figures for the percentage dis- tribution of the energy of several feeds which were tabulated on pages 44 to 46 of Bulletin 74: Table 39. — Percentage distribution of total energy. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. Per cent. 48.90 3.06 3.79 16.41 13.10 14.74 Per cent. 40.96 6.81 5.95 12.49 | 33. 79J Per cent. 40.96 5.71 6.77 | 27. 28J 19.28 Per cent. 9.18 3.83 In methane 9.31 17.23 19.06 Stored as gain by animal 41.39 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 100.00 27.84 33.79 60.45 Table 40. — Percentage distribution of energy of digested matter. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. Per cent. 6.00 7.42 32.10 25.64 28.84 Per cent. 11.53 10.08 21.15 } 57 - 24 { Per cent. 9.66 11.57 }• 46.08J 32.69 Per cent. 4.22 10. 25 18.97 In tissue formation 20.99 45.57 100.00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 54.49 27.61 66.55 The same results may also be computed in calories per unit of dry matter, using the percentages of the above tables as coefficients. The total or gross energy of the materials, taking in case of timothy hay, clover hay, and maize meal the average of the two general sam- ples, was as follows : Table 41. — Total or gross energy of materials. Per kilo- gram dry matter. Per kilo- gram di- gested or- ganic matter. Timothy hay Clover hay Maize meal German meadow hay Calories. 4,554 4,492 4,431 4,413 Calories. a 4,382 b 4, 476 «4,327 4,437 a Preliminary period, steer No. 1. b Average of Periods I and II. c Average of Periods III and IV. On this basis have been computed the figures of the tables follow- ing, showing the total energy per kilogram of dry matter and its dis- tribution in accordance with the percentage figures already given. 46 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. Table 42. — Energy per kilogram of total dry matter. Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. Calories. 2,227 139 173 747 597 671 Calories. 1,840 306 267 561 } 1,518{ Calories. 1,807 252 299 } 1,204/ 851 Calories. 407 170 413 763 844 Stored as gain 1,834 Total : 4,554 4,492 4,413 4,431 1,268 1,518 2,679 Table 43. — Energy per kilogram of digestible organic matter. . Timothy hay. Clover hay. Meadow hay. Maize meal. Calories. 262 325 1,407 1,124 1,264 Calories. 516 451 947 } 2,562J Calories. 429 513 } 2,045J 1,450 Calories. 183 Lost in methane ■ 443 821 908 1,972 • Total 4,382 4,476 1,437 4,327 2,388 2,562 2,880 Taking the figures for timothy hay as unity, the relative values of these four feeding stuffs are as follows: Table 44.— Relative values. Timothy hay . Clover hay . . . Meadow hay . Maize meal. . . Feed. Per kilogram total dry matter. For main- For fat- tenance. tening. 1.00 1.20 1.27 2.73 Per kilogram digestible organic matter. For main- For fat- tenance. tening. 1.00 1.07 1,00 1.15 1.56 APPENDIX. Table I. — Live weight, water drunk, and excreta of animal fed on clover hay. [For 24 hours ended at 6. p. m. on date given.] Period and date. Live weight. Water drunk. Feces. Urine.o Period and date. . Live weight. Water drunk. Feces. Urine.a Period I. Jan., 1904. 2 Kilos. 619.5 592.4 597.0 584.2 586.1 569.8 ■ 577.8 582.7 570.8 558.6 jb 580. 8 i/577.6 Kilos. 0.0 28.6 8.0 22. 2 "o!o 27.3 21.0 0.0 0.0 34.7 0.0 Grains. Grams. Period II — Con. Feb., 1904— Con. 13 Kilos. 567.6 565. 1 573. 4 I&577.6 \c572. 4 Kilos. 22. 1 2L8 14.0 0.0 25.67 14.46 15.60 Grams. 10, 709 9,324 10,645 Grams. 7,798 3 14... 5,977 4 15... 8,278 5 Hi 8,815 9,711 8,806 8,100 17 7 5,484 8 18... d 579. 3 574.8 5, 305 9 19... 6. 452 10 11 97,807 142. 4 51.6 56. 2 4.7 65, 790 Spilled in calo- rimeter Feb. 11 13 11.33 .76 23.9 24.6 8.5 9.5 0.0 3.554 11. 895 25.8 3,599 5,940 5,425 5,335 6,042 5,994 4,034 3,125 4,803 11,635 10,002 10, 252 14 15 d 565. 3 560. 5 565.1 571.2 562.6 (b 560. 7 \c557.2 Spilled in stall Feb. 13.. 16 17 18 Spilled in calo- rimeter Feb. 18 Spilled in stall Feb. 19 5,746 6,172 6,609 4,075 6,861 3,724 2,705 4,650 20 Transition pe- riod: Feb. 21 22 23 24. 25 26. Period III. Feb., 1904. 27... 571.2 581.1 583.5 586.3 586.1 587.2 27 2 20'.8 20.1 16.9 15.7 22.3 21 d 550. 7 546.2 9 2 Total 54, 937 109.1 18.0 1.2 25.1 36.6 62, 127 95.85 230. 90 ' 39.35 Spilled in calo- 14 D ung from 590.5 585.7 579.7 579. 581.0 579.2 575.1 577.8 567.8 578.6 \b 572. t« 590. 8 17.2 12.9 15.0 18.5 14.9 11.4 17.0 • 2.3 23.7 2.0 23.0 Spilled in stall Jan. 16 Spilled in calo- 28. 21 29 Spilled in stall Jan. 22 Mar., 1904. 1 Transition pe- 552.0 560.4 571.0 576.8 582.8 584.8 594.9 19.0 19.8 16.4 18.8 15.1 25.6 2... 3... Jan. 23 4... 24... 5... 25... 6... 26... 7... 27 8 9 29 . . . 14.0 . 5. 205 16. 020 1.4 22.2 7.8 16.1 18. 100 11.200 14.4 7,306 6, 504 8,082 7,768 7,810 7,710 6,392 8,449 7,385 8,287 4,770 10 11 d 583. 6 573.8 560. 2 569.8 564.2 567.4 4, 697 5,287 597.8 597.4 596.2 596.4 584.6 594.9 594.8 584.2 589.3 585.0 jb 597. 2 lc584.5 13.0 40.8 25.2 5.4 29.1 19.5 6.2 22.8 13.9 11.3 . 12 4,735 Jan 1904 13 4 452 30 14 43, 097] 31.. 15 4,707 Feb., 1904. 16 4,657 1 17 d 569. 2 562.2 4,735 2 18 5, 038 Total i 75, 693 37.0 46, 175 5 Spilled in calo- rimeter Mar. 10. . 6 7 ... 8 Spilled in stall Mar. 14 441 9 15.4 11. 952 17. 470 12.1 Spilled in calo- rimeter Mar. 17 20.6 10 12, 165 10,807 8,725 5,446 5,825 7,468 11... d 587.1 578.1 12 a Including wash water. b Taken at 7.30 a. m. c Taken at 1 p. m. d Taken at 6 p. m. e Small loss of urine. 47 48 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. Table II. — Composition of dry matter of feces. Constituents and energy. Ash -... Protein (N X 6.25) Crude fiber Nitrogen - free ex- tract Ether extract Period I. Per cent. 10.03 14.25 32.90 39.56 3.26 Period II. Per cent. 10.88 14.06 31.95 39.91 3.20 Period III. Per cent. 10.99 14.01 33.86 38.21 2.93 100.00 Constituents and energy. Total nitrogen . . . Proteid nitrogen . Carbon Hydrogen Heat of ccftnbustion Period I. Per cent. 2.28 2.06 48.29 3.07 Calories per gram. 4, 770. 4 Period II. Per cent. 2.24 2.06 48.03 6.15 Calories Period III. Per cent. 2.24 1.97 47.94 6.23 Calories per gram, per gram. 4,707.0 i 4,711.4 Table III. — Digestibility of rations.' Dry mat- ter. Ash. Or- ganic mat- ter. Pro- telds. Non- pro-, teids. Crude fiber. Nitro- gen- free ex- tract. Ether ex- tract. Nitro- gen. Car- bon. Ener- gy- Period I. Hay Orms. 2,933.3 1,131.9 Orms. 203.0 113.6 Grms. 2, 730. 3 1,018.3 Grms. 355.2 161.4 Grms. 39.6 Grms. 834.8 372.6 Grms. 1,403.0 448.2 Grms. 97.7 36.9 Grms. 65.2 25.9 Grms. 1,366.1 547.0 Cals. 13,170.7 5, 403. 3 Digested Coefficient^. ct. 1,801.4 61.41 89.4 44.04 1,712.0 62.70 193.8 54.56 39.6 100.00 462.2 55.37 954.8 68.05 60.8 62.24 39.3 60.36 819.1 59.96 7, 767. 4 58.97 Period II. Hay 5,025.3 1, 940. 1 357.3 211.1 4,668.0 1,729.0 594.0 272.8 81.9 1,408.1 619.9 2,411.1 774.2 172.9 62.1 112.5 43.5 2, 323. 7 931.8 22, 557. 7 9,132.0 Digested ... Coefficient^. ct. 3, 085. 2 61.39 146.2 40.92 2, 939. 62.96 321.2 .54.08 81.9 100.00 788.2 55.97 1,636.9 67.90 110.8 64.08 69.0 61.37 1,391.9 59.89 13, 425. 7 59.51 Period III. Hay 4, 139. 1 1,627.2 283.1 178.8 3,856.0 1,448.4 490.1 228.0 60.0 1,193.0 551.0 1,974.2 621.7 138.7 47.7 91.2 36.4 1,911.0 980.0 18,535.1 7,666.1 Digested Coefficient,p.ct. 2,511.9 60.68 104.3 36.83 2,407.6 62.43 262.1 53.48 60.0 100.00 642.0 53.81 1,352.5 68.51 91.0 65.62 54.8 60.08 1,131.0 59.18 10,869.0 58.64 Table IV. — Results on urine {inclusive of wash water). Weight. Aver- age specific grav- ity. Total nitrogen. Total carbon. Energy. Period. Per kilo- gram. Total. Period I. Grams. 62, 157 6, 215. 7 65. 796 6, 579. 6 46,616 4, 661. 6 1.0379 1.0411 1. 0432 Per ct. 0.813 1.050 1.299 Grams. 507.53 50.75 690.5 69.05 605.5 60.55 Per ct. 1.797 2.566 3.040 Grams. 1, 121. 48 112. 15 1, 687. 6 168. 76 1,418.0 141. 80 Calories. Calories. Dailv average (10 days) Period II. 167.6 1, 046. 40 Daily average (10 days) Period III. 231.4 1, 522. 25 Daily average (10 days) 267.5 1,247.16 APPENDIX. Table V. — Residual air. 49 Period. e 03 H 3 o3 0) ft a 0) W e Mm. °o. 713.44 15.6 710. 29 19.0 701. 80 20.2 701. 56 19.6 705. 37 19.1 723. 33 17.0 724. 72 17.6 724. 17 18.2 723. 97 18.4 720. 98 19.2 706. 43 18.8 710. 71 16.8 713.05 17.3 717. 18 17.2 712. 37 18.9 731. 04 13.2 724. 46 16.0 719. 80 15.6 717. 81 14.6 713. 40 16.0 720. 25 14.1 720. 49 18.0 724. 84 15.6 725. 20 16.2 722. 80 16.8 712. 67 15.7 715. 66 19.1 721. 80 16.6 726. 14 15.6 719. 79 17.5 Weight. Corre- sponding volume at 0° and 760 mm. S^i Total vol- ume of sample reduced. 3* o o > Total in chamber. Period la. Liters At end of preliminary run. . . 25 At end of subperiod 1 25 At end of subperiod 2 25 At end of subperiod 3 25 At end of subperiod 4 25 Period I la. At end of preliminary run. . . j 25 At end of subperiod 1 25 At end of subperiod 2 25 At end of subperiod 3 25 At end of subperiod 4 \ 25 Period Ilia. At end of preliminary run. . .1 25 At end of subperiod 1 25 At end of subperiod 2 25 At end of subperiod 3 ! 25 At end of subperiod 4 ; 25 Period lb. At end of preliminary run. . .1 25 At end of 'subperiod 1 j 25 At end of subperiod 2 25 At end of subperiod 3 ...... . 25 At end of subperiod 4 ! 25 Period lib. At end of preliminary run. . .] 25 At end of subperiod 1 25 At end of subperiod 2 25 At end of subperiod 3 25 At end of subperiod 4 25 Period 1 1 lb. At end of preliminary run. . . 25 At end of subperiod 1 25 At end of subperiod 2 25 At end of subperiod 3 25 At end of subperiod 4 1 25 Gms. Gms. 0. 1104 0. 1064 .1003 .1066 .1088; .1020 .1034' .0999 .1041' .1122 .1129 .1211 .1218 .1103 .1169! .1198 .1156 .1096 .1159 .1142 , 1093 . 1046 .1114, .1010 .1169 .1111 .1189 .1173 .0832 .0657 .0867 . 0856 .0921 .0961 . 0933 .1010 .1090 .1106 .1066 .1087 .1117 .1152 .1171 .1130 Liters 0.14 .12 .14 .13 .13 .0830 .1043 .0771; .0980 .0879, .1047 .1054 .1065 .0981 .1156 Liters 0.05 .05 .05 .05 .06 .05 .05 .06 .05 .05 Liters 22.24 21.89 21.55 21. 58 21.75 22. 46 22. 46 22.39 22.37 22. 22 21.79 22.07 22. 12 22^27 21.97 23.00 22.56 22.45 22.47 22. 22 22. 5S 22.29 22.61 22.58 22. 46 22.22 22.05 22.43 22.65 22.31 Liters Liters 22. 38 10, 753 22.01110,759 21. 69 10, 646 21. 71 10, 636 21. 88 10, 687 22. 60 10, 917 22. 61 10. 941 22.5410,944 22. 51 10, 945 22. 36 10, 911 21.93 22.21 22.26 22.42 22. 12 23.10 22.64 22. 5f 22.58 22. 33 10, 693 10, 726 10, 766 10, 825 10, 778 11,254 11,198 11,068 11,028 10, 979 22.67 11,068 22. 43 10. 959 22. 72 11, 143 22. 70 11, 142 22. 58 11, 128 22.32 22.15 22.54 22.78 22. 43 10,954 11,051 11.084 11,143 11,077 Gms. 53.04 Gms. 51.12 49. 03 52. 11 53. 40 50. 07 50. 66 50.84 54.54 58.94 56.76 56.21 56. 55 53. 30 53. 80 56.54 57.41 57.16 40.53 32.50 44. 16 42. 34 42.09 48.94 54.80 58.50 53.37 58.17 53.29 55.72 51.00 48.78 53.73 48.76 53.11 53.88 52. 73 53.33 54.55 53. 49 34. 91 50. 34 56. 92 54. 77 45.17,56.50 47.17157.48 45.98' 55. 69 40.73 38. 46 43.22 51. 56 48.45 51.19 48.90 51.49 52. 10 57.09 a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 50 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. Table VI. — Ventilation. Period. Volume at meter pump. Average barome- ter. Average tension of aqueous vapor. Average tempera- ture. Reduced volume at meter pump, dry. Sample of resid- ual air. Methane pro- duced. Volume of entering air, dry. Period la. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Liters. 454,412 462, 239 463, 428 463,923 Mm. 726.6 722.0 718.8 719.9 Mm. 1.66 1.20 1.09 1.13 °C. 16.8 18.0 18.0 18.2 Liters. 408,344.4 411,279.9 410,587.3 411, 347. 4 Liters. 21.89 21.55 21.58 21.75 Liters. 48.61 43.44 50. 78 51.26 Liters. 408,317.6 411,258.0 410, 588. 1 411,317.9 Period Ila. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 471,503 488,990 488,247 487,949 739.0 740.9 739.9 739.0 1.75 1.50 1.48 1.60 15.3 16.3 15.5 17.8 433, 076. 6 448, 937. 8 448. 887. 4 444,520.9 22.46 " 22.39 22.37 22.22 58.79 78.03 71.99 47.60 433,040.3 448, 882. 2 448, 837. 7 444, 495. 6 Period Ilia. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 488, 147 493,993 495,677 498,936 724.3 727.3 730.6 731.8 1.'69 2.37 2.04 1.68 16.6 16.6 15.3 15.5 437,473.2 444,206.9 450,045.0 453,543.0 22.07 22.12 22.27 21.97 52.46 63.77 46.95 51.23 437, 442. 8 444,165.2 450,020.3 453,513.8 Period lb. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 453, 669 459,415 453, 719 454, 164 740.4 735.4 731.7 728.4 1.31 1.02 1.10 1.00 12.4 14.0 14.3 14.6 422, 112. 422,288.6 414, 500. 4 412,627.8 22.56 22.45 22.47 22, 22 47.47 43.50 48.18 43.33 422,087.0 422. 267. 6 414,474.7 412. 606. 7 Period IPo. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 487, 850 491, 863 487, 751 492,110 734.5 737.2 738.6 737.5 1.50 1.00 1.10 .98 14.2 15.1 13.6 14.1 447,273.2 451,481.2 450,851.2 453, 460. 5 22.29 22.61 22.58 22. 46 36.92 41.28 58.41 26.84 447,258.6 451,462.0 450,815.3 453, 456. 1 Period Illb. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 498, 006 498,848 493, 745 496,321 729.1 734.4 738.0 737.9 1.77 2.35 1.60 1.45 15.1 15.4 14.1 15.4 451,671.8 454, 774. 7 • 454,942.9 455,316.7 22.05 22.43 22.65 22.31 45.17 58.57 59.79 64.31 451,648.6 454, 738. 6 454, 905. 8 455,274.7 APPENDIX. 51 Table VII. — Incgaing air. Period. Re- Vol- Total duced ume volume rator read- ing. Ba- rome- ter." Tem- pera- ture. aspira- tor read- ing, dry. of car- bon diox- id. of sam- ple re- duced and dry. pie to total ventila- tion. Liters Mm. °C. Liters. Liters Liters. 1: 200 711.1 20.4 174. 12 0.05 174. 17 2,344.4 200 700.2 21.6 170. 76 . .05 170. 81 2, 407. 7 200 703.0 21.2 172. 25 .05 172. 30 2,382.8 200 706.5 20.6 172. 87 .05 172. 92 2,378.7 200 725.7 19.2 178. 43 .05 178. 48 2, 426. 3 200 724.7 19.6 177. 95 .05 178. 00 2, 521. 8 200 726.5 20.0 178. 14 .05 178. 19 2, 518. 9 200 722.7 20.8 176. 72 .05 176. 77 2, 514. 5 200 710.2 18.8 174. 84 .05 174. 89 2, 501. 3 200 712.2 18.6 175. 47 .05 175. 52 2, 530. 6 200 718.6 18.2 177. 28 .05 177. 33 2,537.8 200 714.4 20.4 174. 92 .05 174.97 2, 592. 200 726.2 17.4 179. 66 .06 179. 72 2,348.6 200 720.3 17.0 178. 44 .06 178. 50 2,365.6 200 718.1 15.4 178. 89 .06 178. 95 2,316.2 200 714.4 17.2 176. 86 .05 176.91 2,332.3 200 722.3 19.4 177. 47 .05 177. 52 2. 519. 5 200 724.5 16.4 179. 85 .05 179. 90 2, 509. 5 200 726.6 18.0 179. 39 .05 179. 44 2. 512. 4 200 724.3 17.8 178. 95 .05 179.00 2, 533. 3 200 718.7 20.4 175. 99 .05 176. 04 2, 565. 6 200 722.0 16.6 179. 10 .05 179. 15 2, 538. 3 200 726.8 17.4 179. 80 .05 179.85 2, 529. 4 200 720.8 19.0 177. 34 .05 177. 39 2, 566. 5 Water. Carbon diox- id. In sam- ple. In total venti- lation. In sam- ple. In to- tal ven- tila- tion. Period la. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period I la. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4. ..... Period Ilia. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period lb. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period lib. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period 111b. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Gram. 0. 0927 .0622 .0646 .0664 .1244 .01123 . 0644 .0547 .0761 .0679 .0679 .0668 .1188 .1653 .1146 . 05X2 .1217 . 2228 . 0590 .0365 .0562 .0558 .0527 . 0551 Grams 217.3 149.8 153.9 157.9 301.8 157.1 162.2 137.6 190.4 171.8 172.3 173.1 279.0 391.0 265.4 135.7 306.6 559.1 148.2 92.46 144.2 141.6 133.3 141.4 Gram. 0. 1064 .1092 .1061 .1049 .1062 .1047 .1013 .1053 .1053 .1040 .1043 . 1074 1143 1176 1133 .1057 .1030 1040 1069 1072 .1040 .1060 . 1065 .1092 Gms. 294.4 262.9 252. 8 249.5 257.7 264.0 255.2 264.8 263.4 263.2 264.7 278.4 268.4 278.2 262.4 246. 5 259.5 261.0 268.6 271.6 266.8 269.1 269.4 280.3 a Corrected for tension of aqueous vapor. The air in the aspirator is assumed to be saturated. 52 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED GLOVER HAY. Table VIII. — Carbon dioxid. Period. Period la. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period Ha. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period Ilia. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period lb. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period lib. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period Illb. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Carbon dioxid in samples (corrected). a Pan No. 1. Grams. 10. 9642 11. 0263 11. 1844 11. 3608 12. 3888 13. 0521 13. 0874 12. 7990 12. 1124 11. 6727 11. 9952 11. 6808 11. 1265 11. 3118 11. 2516 11. 5985 12. 5948 12. 7031 12. 7993 12. 6649 11. 7520 11. 5499 11. 8184 11. 8825 Pan No. 2. Grams. 11. 0337 11. 0203 11. 2091 11. 2954 12. 4076 13. 0508 13. 0295 12. 8457 12. 0378 11. 7236 11. 9922 11. 6693 11. 1061 11. 1981 11. 3297 11. 5990 12. 4758 12. 6671 12. 6885 12. 6897 11. 7364 11. 6389 11. 6908 11. 8158 Total, Nos. 1 and 2X100 and cor- rected, b Grams. 2, 203. 4 2, 208. 3 2, 243. 2,268.4 2, 483. 7 2,614.6 2, 616. 2, 568. 7 2, 419. 2,343.5 2, 402. 7 2, 338. 9 2, 226. 9 2, 254. 7 2,261.9 2, 323. 6 2, 511. 2 2, 541. 2 2, 553. 2, 539. 6 2, 352. 7 2,322.7 2,354.8 2,373.7 In sam- ple of resid- ual air. Gram. 0.1 .1 .1 .1 Correc- tion for residual air. Grams. +1.0 -2.0 -1.1 +5.9 -5.1 + 4.8 -4 9 +2.4 -2.2 + 5.0 -5.0 +4.4 -1.2 + .6 + 1.2 -1.1 + 4.4 + 1.7 + 1.0 -1.8 -2.3 +2.6 + .6 + 5.0 Total C0 2 Total in out- ! CO2 in coming ingoing air. air. Grams. 2, 204 5 2, 206. 4 2,242.0 2, 275. 3 2, 478. 7 2, 619. 5 2,611.2 2, 571. 2 2, 416. 9 2, 348. 6 2, 397. 8 2, 343. 3 2,225.9 2, 255. 4 2,263.2 2. 322. 6 2, 515. 7 2, 543. 1 2, 554 1 2, 538. 2,350.5 2,325.4 2, 355. 5 2, 378. 9 Grams. 249.4 262.8 252.8 249.5 257.7 264 255.2 264 8 263.4 263.2 264 7 278.4 268.4 278.2 262.4 246.5 259.5 261.0 268.6 271.6 266.8 269.1 269.4 280.3 C0 2 added in cham- ber. Grams. 1,955.1 1,943.6 1,989.2 2,025.8 2,221.0 2,355.5 2,356.1 2,306.5 2,153.5 2,085.4 2, 133. 1 2,064 9 1,957.5 1,977.2 2,000.8 2,076.1 2, 256. 2 2, 282. 1 2, 285. 5 2, 266. 4 2,083.7 2,056.3 2,086.1 2,098.6 Equiva- lent carbon. Grams. 533. 2 530.0 542.5 552.4 C05. 7 642.3 642.5 629.0 587.3 568.7 581.7 563.1 533. 8 539. 2 c 545. 3 566.2 615.3 622.3 c 623. 618.0 568.2 560.8 568.9 572.3 a For number of pump strokes. b For a slight leakage from the pans, amounting to about 0.165 per cent of the total volume. c Correction applied for man entering chamber, —0.3 gram carbon. APPENDIX. Table IX.— Water. 53 Period. Period la. Water in sam- ples (cor- rected) .a Pan No.l. Gms 3. 7923 2. S452 Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2 . Subperiod 3 ! 2.5353 Subperiod 4 ; 2.6640 Period Ha. Subperiod 1 ; 4. 1329 Subperiod 2 , 3.6795 3. 6035 4. 0213 Subperiod 3 . Subperiod 4 . Period Ilia. Subperiod 1 Subperiod 2 Subperiod 3 Subperiod 4 Period lb. Subperiod 1 . . Subperiod 2 . . Subperiod 3 . . Subperiod 4 . . Period lib. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2 . Subperiod 3 . Subperiod 4 . Period 1 1 lb. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2 . Subperiod 3 . Subperiod 4 . 6. 3729 5. 9328 5. 1046 4. 2235 3. 0157 2. 3775 2. 5541 Pan No. 2. Gms. 3. 8547 2. 8766 2. 5547 2. 6476 Total, Nos.l and 2X100 (cor- rect- ed). 6 Gms 766.0 573.1 509.8 532.0 4. 1775 832. 4 3. 6654 735. 7 3. 63981 725. 5 4. 0380 807. 3 6.4288 5. 9024 5. 1016 4. 2406 3.0425 2. 3810 2. 5526 2.3299, 2.3264 3.6076 3.6374 2.4445 2.4589 2.7217 1 2.7077 2.4214 2.4335 4.4379 4.4660 3.6533 3.6412 3.9753 3.9933 3.6247 3.6324 1,282.3 1, 185. 5 1,022.3 847.8 606.8 476.6 511.5 466. 4 725.7 491.2 543.8 486.3 730.7 798.2 726. 9 In cans. On ab- sorb- ers. Gms 1,440.0 1, 626. 1,577.0 1,517.0 1,740.0 1,824.0 1,820.0 1,693.0 1,262.0 1,272.0 1,340.0 1,695.0 928.0 1,303.0 1,138.0 1,173.0 1,248.0 1,734.0 1,390.0 1,385.0 1,016.0 1,034.0 l,025.0i 1,274.0' Gm. 0.( In sam- ple of resid- ual air. Gm. 0.1 .1 .1 .1 Cor- rec- tion for resid- ual air. Gms -4.0 + 4.4 + 2.7 + .2 .1 +4.4 .1 - 2.2 .11 - .6 .1 + .3 + .5 + 2.7 -8.0 + 11.7 - 1 - .3 + 22.0 -11.8 + 2.0 — 1.2 -2.3 + 4.8 + 8.3 - 3.1 Cor- rec- tion of hy- grom- eter. Gms. -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 Total H 2 in out- com- ing air +ah sorb ers. Gms 2, 197. 2, 198. 6 2,079.2 2,044.3 2, 571. 9 2. 552. 6 2,540.1 2. 495. 7 2, 539. 9 2, 455. 3 2,358.3 2, 537. 7 1,521.9 1, 786. 4 1,642.8 1.634.2 1,990.8 2, 208. 5 1,930.9 1,865.2 1,900.7 1,764.5 1,826.6 1,992.9 Total H 2 in in- going air. Gms. 217.3 149.8 153. 9 157.9 301.8 157.1 162.2 137.5 Water added cham- ber. Equiv- alent hydro- gen. Gms. 1,979.7 2,048.8 1,925.3 1,886.4 Gms. 220.0 227.7 213.9 209.6 2. 270. 1 252. 2 2,395.5 266.2 2, 377. 9 264. 2 2. 358. 2 262. 190. 4 2, 349. 5 171.8 2,283.5 172. 3 2, 186. 173. 1 2, 364. 5 279.01,242.9 391. 0|l, 395. 4 265.4:1,377.4 135.71,498.5 306.61,684.2 559.1:1,649.4 148.2|1,782.7 92.51,772.7 144.21,756.5 141.6:1,622.9 133.3ll,693.3 141. 41,851.5 261. 1 253.7 242.9 262.7 138.1 155.0 cl53. 166. 5 187.1 183. 3 cl98. 197.0 195.2 180.3 188.2 205.7 a For number of pump strokes. b For slight leakage from pans, see previous table. <•■ Correction applied for man entering chamber —0.05 gram hydrogen. 54 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF EED CLOVER HAY. Table X. — Carbon and hydrogen in combustible gases. Period. Period la. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2 . Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Period Ha. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2 . Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Period Ilia. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2. Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Period lb. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2. Subperiod 3 . Subperiod 4. Period lib. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2. Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Period Illb. Subperiod 1 . Subperiod 2. Subperiod 3. Subperiod 4. Total C0 2 weighed X200 (cor- rected) .a Grams. 98.26 88.15 96.20 103. 47 118. 37 156. 18 144. 34 96.54 106. 02 128. 22 95.32 103. 71 96.12 88.35 97.74 87.94 75.64 84.22 117.75 91.83 118. 09 120. 50 129. 35 Correc- tion for ingoing air. Carbon as hy- drocar- bon. Grams. -3.04 -3.06 -3.05 -3.06 -3.22 -3.34 -3.34 -3.30 -3.25 -3.30 -3.35 -3.37 -3.14 -3.14 -3.37 -3.07 -3.33 -3.36 -3.35 -3.36 -3.38 -3.38 -3.39 Grams. 25.97 23.20 25.40 27.39 31.40 41.68 38.45 25.43 28.03 34.07 25.08 27.36 25.36 23.24 25.73 23. 14 19.72 22.05 31.20 24.13 31.28 31.94 34.35 Total H2O weighed X200 (cor- rected)^ Correc- tion for ingoing air. Grams. 79.69 72.54 79.65 85.72 97.12 126. 83 119. 36 79.23 87.95 106. 00 79.17 85.92 76.67 71.18 62.94 75.10 96.36 Grams. -7.42 -7.47 -7.46 -7.47 -7.86 -8.15 -8.15 -8.07 -7.94 -8.07 -8.17 -8.24 -7.67 -7.67 -8.24 -7.49 -8.12 -8.20 -8.19 73.50 98.54 101. 83 107. 78 Hydro- gen as hydro- carbon. Methane, CO.x .3643. Gravis. 8.03 7.23 8.02 8.69 9.92 13. 19 12.36 7.91 8.89 10.88 7.89 8.63 7.67 7.06 8.49 7.15 6.09 7.43 7.26 10.03 10.40 11.06 Grams. 35.80 32.11 35.05 37. 69 43.12 56.90 52.58 35.17 38.62 46.71 34.73 37.78 35.02 32.19 35.61 32.04 27.56 30.68 42.90 33.45 43.02 43.90 47.12 a For slight, leakage from pans, see previous table. APPENDIX. Table XI. — Heat measurements. 55 o IB ' 03 H > o Average temperat current ure of water < Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, calories at 20.° * Period. bo a o bJO a n a o +^> 3 o el 3 PI m o *h CD CD f~* « ft R o .2 o to 03 «« &£ Total heat, calories Period. oh o5 o a> +3 \ +3 g '3 ho a o 3 O m 5 +3 P< o 8,8 IS o < a m a) u So at 20°. Period Ilia. Subperiod 1 . °C. °c. °c. °C. °C. Liters. Cm. Cal. 6 p. m. to 8.57 p. m. . . . 29.0 6. 4284 11. 4346 5. 0062 +0. 0008 5. 0070 215. 00 1.0035 0.40 0.03 1,080.24 8.57 p.m. to 9.23 p.m.. 28.0 6. 3200 12. 2583 5.9383 .0006 5. 9389 21.00 1. 0034 .30 125. 14 9.23 p. m. to 9.36 p. m.. 27.0 6. 6400 13. 1300 6. 4900 .0004 6. 4904 5.50 1. 0029 .20 35.80 9.36 p.m. to 2.53 a.m... 29.0 5. 6846 11. 3675 5. 6829 .0008 5. 6837 351.50 1. 0037 .40 .04 2. 005. 17 2.53 a. m. to 4.24 a. m..27.0 6. 1169 13. 7538 7. 6369 .0004 7. 6373 47.00 1. 0028 .20 359. 95 4.24 a. m. to 4.55 a. m. . 2S.0 5. 7100 12. 29S7 6. 5887 . 0006 6. 5893 26. 00 1. 0035 .30 171. 92 4.55 a. m. to 4.58 a.m.. 27.0 5. 7000 12. 2000 6. 5000 .0004 6. 5004 1.50 1. 0035 .20 9.78 4.58 a. m. to 6 a. m 29.0 5. 2827 10. 6780 5. 3953 .0008 5. 3961 75.50 1.0040 .40 .01 409. 02 4, 197. 02 Latent heat of water 1,390.93 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and —.98 Total heat 1 5, 586. 97 Subperiod 2. 6 a. m. to 8.31 a. m 29.0 4. 1684 10. 6034 5. 2581 ..0008 5. 2589 178. 00 1.0040 .40 .02 939. 80 8.31 a. m. to 9.16 a. m. . 27.0 6. 5208 13. 7475 4. 2267 .0004 4. 2271 22.00 1. 0030 .20 93.27 9.16 a. m. to 10.10 a. m . 27.5 6.280013.5908 7.3108 .0005 7.3113 34.50 1. 0031 .25 253. 02 10.10 a. m. to 11.46 a. m. 29.0 5. 4408141. 2941 5.8533 .0008 5. 8541 110.50 1. 0038 .40 .01 649. 32 11.46 a. m to 12.06 p.m.. 27.0 6. 1020.13. 4140 7. 3120 .0004 7.3124 10.00 1. 0032 .20 73. 35 12.06p.m. to 12.32 p.m. 27.5 6.088613.3714 7. 2828 .0005 7. 2833 17.00 1. 0032 .25 124. 21 12.32 p.m. to 1.31 p.m.. 27.0 6. 4521 14. 2535 7. 8014 .0004 7. 8018 28.00 1. 0030 .20 219. 10 1.31 p. m. to 2.27 p.m.. 27.5 6. 2457 13. 1750 6. 9293 .0005 6. 9298 38.00 1.0031 .25 264. 14 2.27 p. m. to 5.46 p. m.. 29. 5. 9192 11. 4074 5. 4882 .0008 5. 4890 230. 50 1.0030 .40 .29 1, 269. 47 5.46 p. m. to 6 p. m . 27.0 6.4500 12. 5867 6. 1367 .0004 6. 1371 7.50 1.0032 .20 46.17 3, 931. 85 Latent heat of water 1,351.83 Correction for feed water, excreta, and + 39.23 Total heat 5,322.91 Subperiod 3. 6 p. m. to 7.46 p. m 29.0 6. 0941 11. 6382 5. 5441 .0008 5. 5449 119. 00 1. 0036 .40 .01 662. 20 7.46 p. m. to 8.23 p. m.. 27.0 6. 6267 13. 5767 6. 9500 .0004 6. 9504 20.50 1. 0030 .20 142. 91 8.23 d. m. to 9.20 p. m.. 27. ft 6. 4292 13. 2823 6. 8531 .0005 6. 8536 41.50 1. 0031 .25 2S4. 30 9.20 p. m. to 9.54 p. m.. 29.0 6. 0600 11. 6722 5. 6122 .0008 5. 6130 39.00 1. 0036 .40 .01 219. 6S 9.54 p. m. to 10.24 p. m. 30.0 5. 8562 10. 6737 4. 8175 .0010 4. 8185 47.00 1. 0038 .50 .01 227. 32 10.24 p.m. to 11.22 p.m. 27.5 6.4693113.6950 7. 2257 .0005 7. 2262 33.00 1. 0030 .25 239. 17 11.22 p.m. to 11.58 p.m. 28.0 6.055512.9766 6.9211 . 0006 6. 9217 27.00 1. 0033 .30 187. 50 11.58 p.m. to 12.22 a.m. 29. 5.576711.6950 6. 1183 .0008 6. 1191 29.00 1. 0037 .40 178. 11 12.22 a. m. to 12.25 a.m. 30.0 5. 5000 11. 2200 5. 7200 .0010 5. 7210 2.50 1. 0038 .50 14.35 12.25 a. m. to 2.09 a. m.. 27. ft 5.8604113.6731 7. 8127 .0005 7. 8132 62.50 1. 0032 .25 489. 88 2.09 a.m. to 2.18 a.m.. 29.0 5.2300J12. 1500 6. 9200 .0008 6. 9208 10.00 1.0037 .40 69. 46 2.18 a. m. to 3.04 a. m.. 30.0 4.685010.0817 5. 3967 .0010 5. 3977 67.00 1. 0043 .50 .01 363. 19 3.04 a. m. to 4.59 a.m.. 27. ft 5.02351 12. 5089 7. 4854 .0005 7. 4859 75.00 1. 0037 .25 563. 52 4.59 a. m. to 5.34 a. m . . 30. 4.170010.0089 5. 8389 .0010 5. 8399 46.00 1.0045 .50 .01 269.83 5.34 a. m. to 5.44 a. m . . 29.0 4. 1950;i0. 1000 5. 9050 .0008 5. 9058 10.50 1.0045 .40 62. 29 5.44 a. m. to 6 a. m 27.0 4. 8325 12. 4875 7.6550 .0004 7. 6554 7.25 1. 0038 .20 55. 7r 4,029.42 Latent heat of water 1, 294. 10 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and + .96 5, 234. 48 ! - =■= — • • 58 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. o 0) O -c +^> a P3 Average temperature of water current. u CD +^ cd ftiS W a® SP8 Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, calories at 20°. Period. 60 .a o 60 a i— i a o o o o a CD U a W 5' o a> — Si +> ft o ■a . 8% ? og 11 R § .5 o Period 1 1 la— Cont'd. Subperiod 4- 6 a. m. to 7.16 a. m 7.16 a. m. to 9.30 a. m . . 9.30 a. m. to 10.07 a. m . 10.07 a.m. to 10.46a.m. 10.46 a. m. to 11 .36 a. m . 11.36 a. m. to 12.22 p.m. 12.22 p. m. to 1.37 p.m. 1.37 p. m. to 1.58 p.m.. 1.58 p. m. to 3.56 p. m. . 3.56 p.m. to 5.27 p.m.. 5.27 p. m. to 6 p. m . 29.0 28.0 27.0 27.5 27.0 28.0 29.0 27.0 27.5 29.0 28.5 °c. 4. 1684 4. 5500 5. 3700 5. 1550 5. 5208 4. 9227 4. 6826 5. 4100 5. 8213 5. 2195 5. 4100 °c. 10. 7689 12. 0151 13. 8244 13. 3570 14.0777 13. 1027 11. 8158 13. 4140 13. 9290 11. 3545 11. 7100 °c. 6.6005 7. 4651 8. 4544 8. 2020 8. 5569 8. 1800 7, 1332 8.0040 8. 1077 6.1350 6. 3000 °C. 0.0008 .0006 .0004 .0005 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0004 .0005 . 0008 .0007 °c. 6.6013 7. 4657 8. 4548 8. 2025 8. 5573 8. 1800 7. 1340 8. 0044 8. 1082 6, 1358 6. 3007 Liters. 82.00 102. 00 16.00 23.00 23.00 33.00 68.00 7.95 61.25 96.00 28.75 1.0043 1.0039 1.0034 1.0032 1. 0033 1. 0036 1.0040 1. 0034 1. 0032 1.0039 1. 0037 Cm. 0.40 .30 .20 .25 .20 .30 .40 .20 .25 .40 .35 Cal. 0.01 .01 .01 .01 543. 62 764. 46 135. 73 189. 26 197. 46 270. 93 487. 04 62.24 498. 21 591. 32 181. 81 Latent heat of water 3, 922. 08 1,399.81 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and +29. 07 5, 350. 96 Period 16. Subperiod 1 . 6 p. m. to 6.23 p. m 6.23 p. m. to 12.11 a. m. 12.11 a. m. to 1.14 a. m . 1.14 a. m. to 6. a. m 45.0 47.0 49.0 51.0 3. 1883 2. 8406 2. 8613 2. 8275 4. 2750 3. 9274 3. 9106 3. 8159 1. 0867 1. 0868 1.0493 .9884 +0. 0162 .0196 .0230 .0266 1. 1029 1. 1064 1. 0723 1. 0150 148.00 2, 236. 00 416. 00 1, 969. 00 1.0064 1. 0067 1. 0067 1. 0062 9.15 10.25 11.25 12.25 .43 7.27 1.48 7.60 163. 84 2, 492. 75 447. 58 2, 003. 33 Latent heat of water 5, 107. 50 735. 76 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and -15.27 Total heat 5, 827. 99 Subperiod 2. 6 a. m. to 6.20 a. m 51.0 85,0 50.0 42.0 38.0 42.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 41.0 43.0 45.0 48.0 130. 00 114.00 298. 00 88.00 470. 00 200. 00 300. 00 300. 00 100. 00 44.00 32.00 35.00 200. 25 1 6.20 a. m. to 8.28 a. m. . 6. 2910 6.6400 4. 2800 3. 3818 4. 0405 2. 5652 2. 2245 2. 2325 1. 9650 1. 7625 2.0400 7. 0260 7. 6620 5. 9606 4.8290 5. 8333 4. 9284 4. 7922 4.8800 4. 6700 4.4625 4. 7179 .7350 1.0220 1. 6806 1. 4472 1. 7928 2. 3032 2. 5677 2. 6475 2. 7050 2. 7000 2. 6779 .0248 .0122 .0074 .0122 , . 0074 .0086 .0098 .0110 . 0134 .0162 .0213 .7598 1.0342 1. 6880 1. 4594 1. 8002 2. 3718 2. 5775 2. 6585 2. 7184 2. 7162 2. 6992 8.28 a. m. to 9.10 a.m. . 9.10 a. m. to 9.28 a.m.. 9.28 a. m. to 11.37 a. m . 11.37 a.m. to 12.21p.m. 12.21p.m. to 1.46 p.m. 1.46 p.m. to 3.25 p.m.. 3.25 p. m. to 4 p. m 4 p. m. to 4.18 p. m. . . . 4.18 p. m. to 4.2Sp. m.. 4.28 p.m. to 4.43 p.m.. 4.43 p. m. to 6 p. m 1.0046 1.0043 1. 0055 1. 0061 1. 0056 1. 0064 1.0066 1. 0066 1. 0067 1.0068 1. 0066 11.75 7.00 4.00 7.00 4.00 4.75 5.60 6.30 7.75 9.15 10.75 1.09 .20 .60 .44 .38 .45 .18 .09 .08 .10 .68 226. 37 91.20 792. 12 293. 22 542. 70 715. 64 259. 27 117. 65 87.49 95.61 543.40 Latent heat of water 3, 764. 67 826. 05 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels -19.09 Total heat 4, 571. 63 Subperiod 3. 6 p. m to 5.02 a. m 5.02 a. m. to 5.46 a. m . 5.46 a. m. to 6. a. m . . . 48. C 50. C 49. C 2.8490 2. 6891 2.1633 4. 2419 4. 1482 3. 5967 1. 3929 1. 4591 1. 4334 .0213 .0248 .0266 1. 4142 1.4839 1.4600 3, 320. 00 232. 00 68.00 1. 0065 1. 0066 1. 0070 10.75 11.75 11.25 11.43 .85 .24 4,714.23 345. 69 99.73 5, 159. 65 APPENDIX. Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. 59 Period. - S Average, temperature of water current. o o> +3 ft i:,o = ?§ Eta 8* ft* |1 r — Heat pro- duced in absorbers. 2S Qo Total heat, calories at 20°. Period 16— Cont'd. Subperiod 3.— Cont'd. Latent heat of water vapor Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total heat. Subperiod 4- 6 a.m. to 9.31 a. m 9.31 a. m. to 10.10 a. m . Liters. Cal. 815. 39 -18.09 5, 956. 95 49. 47.0 3. 5877 4.2560 10.10 a.m. to 11.38 a. m .J43.0 3.9250 11.38 a.m. to lp.m... . ! 43.0 3.2415 lp.m.to6p.m 47.0 2.3776 Latent heat of water vapor Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total heat Period 116. Subperiod 1. 6 p. m. to 6.35 p. m 6.35 p. m. to 6.55 p. m. . 6.55 p. m. to 7.17 p. m. . 7.17 p. m. to 11.05 p. m. 11.05 p. m. to 1.51 a. m. 1.51 a.m. to 1.56 a.m .. 1.56 a. m. to 3.29 a. m . . 3.29 a.m. to 3.49 a. m .. 3.49 a. m. to 4.39 a. m . . 4.39 a. m. to 4.53 a. m . . 4.53 a. m. to 5.46 a. m . . 5.46 a. m. to 5.52 a. m . . 5.52 a. m. to 5.57 a. m . . 5.57 a. m. to 6 a. m 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 33.0 36.0 5. 0707 5. 7180 5.8359 5. 8280 5. 2708 1. 4830 1. 4020 1. 9109 2. 5865 2. 8932 0. 0230 .0196 .0134 .0134 .0196 1.5060 1. 4816 1. 9243 2. 5999 2. 9128 932.00, 1.0062 168.00 1.0056 300.00: 1.0057 200.00 1.0059 718.00 1.0064 10.25 2. 5389 2. 4440 2. 3800 2. 4491 2. 2S9S 2. 2650 2. 1744 33.0; 2.2875 34.0 2.2138 32. Oj 2.3300 30.0 2.5114 33.0 2.1800 35.0 2.0500 37.0, 1.9850 Latent heat of water vapor Correction for feed, water, excreta, and vessels Total heat Subperiod 2. 6 a. m. to 7.33 a. m 7.33 a. m. to 1.14p.m.. 1.14 p. m. to 1.29 p.m.. 1.29 p. m. to 1.43 p.m.. 1.43 p.m. to 2.06 p.m.. 2.06 p. m. to 3.26 p.m.. 3.26 p. m. to 6 p. m Latent heat of water vapor Correction for feed, water, excreta, and 5. 3778 4. 9800 4.6200 4. 4033 4. 1261 4,0600 3.9557 4.1850 3. 8938 4. 4766 5.5164 4.8500 4.1300 3. 8450 37. 0! 1.9 36.0, 2.4865 34.0 2.7550 33.0 2.7833 32.0 2.8850 30.0 3.2140 37.0 2.7226 3. 7492 4. 1986 4. 6325 4. 7466 5. 1383 6. 4190 5. 4550 2.8389 2. 5360 2. 2400 1.9542; 1.8363; 1.7950! 1.7813 1.8975; 1.6800 2. 1466 3. 0050 2. 6700 2. 0800 1.8600 +0.0020 .0024 .0032 .0040 .0050 .0024 . 0050 .0024 .0032 .0020 .0010 .0024 .0040 .0062 1.7796 1.7121 1.8775 1.9633 2. 2533 3. 2050 1.7324 .0062 .0050 .0032 .0024 .0020 .0010 .0062 Total heat 5,300.77 2.S409 2. 5384 2. 2432 1.9582 1.8413 1. 7974 1.7863 1 1.8999 1.6832 2. 1486 3.0060 2. 6724 2. 0840 1.8662 78.00 55. 00 1 67.00 800.00 645.00 18.00 370.00 50.00 160. 00 31.00 85.00 16.00 23.00 13.00 11.25 10.25 7.75 7.75 3.32 .55 .74 .49 2.33 1, 408. 57 249. 75 579. 84 522. 56 2, 102. 45 4, 863. 17 887. 11 -10.32 5, 739. 96 1.0063 1.0064 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0068 1.0068 1.0067 1.0069 1.0066 1.0063 1.0066 1.0069 1.0069 1.7858 1.7171 1.8807 1.9657 2. 2553 3. 2060 1.7386 383.00 1,238.00 44.00 35.00 46.50 100.50 597. 50 1.0070 1.0067 1.0064 1.0064 1.0048 1.0057 1.0062 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 1.50 3.00 1.50 2.00 1.00 50 1.50 2.50 3.50 222. 97 140. 48 151.25 1,576.27 1,195.10 32.56 665. 08 95.61 271.07 67.04 257. 11 43.03 48.24 24.43 4,790.24 997. 05 5,773.06 3.50 3.00 2.00 1.50 1.00 .50 3.50 .43 1.18 .03 .02 .01 .02 688.32 2, 138. 83 83.25 69.22 105.36 324. 02 1,044.59 4,453.59 976.42 -129.24 60 THE AVAILABLE ENERGY OF RED CLOVER HAY. Table XI. — Heat measurements — Continued. co 03 u 03 £ > rS +^ o3 CD Average temperature of water ' - current. u CD o3 « ■ ■g Eh CD td fe CO© 60+2 03 s n cu > Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, calories at 20°. Period. &i a "8 OJO a si) a 8 4J =s oi 5 O o ■- « += 03 03 P3 Average temperature of water current. u 03 "Si -p Eh It! u C3 03 0^ ft£ •1 o3 g 03fl !> < Heat pro- duced in absorbers. Total heat, calories at 20°. Period. 1 o a a o o 3 O o a 03 W O 05 ■ - < <-> O T3 • 03 ® +> a O 03 ? 03 o; 3 0^ 03 03 Ss 03 W Sh 03 s§ ft 5 "3 03 . > 05 a* Peeiod III&— Cont'd. Subperiod 2. 6 a. m. to 10.33 a. m 10.33 a. m. to 11.34 a. m. 11.34 a. m. to 12.25 p.m. 12.25 p.m. to 12.33 p.m. 12.33 p.m. to 1.47 p.m.. 1.47 p. m. to 1.54 p. m. . 1.54 p. m. to 2.44 p. m. . 36.0 31.0 30 29.0 34.0 33.0 29.0 33.0 °c. 2. 4933 3. 0787 3.1423 3. 2250 2. 7544 2. 7450 3.1108 2.7171 °C. 4.5211 5. 7440 6. 2508 6.7150 5. 1600 4. 9400 6. 8450 5. 4371 °c. 2. 0278 2. 6653 3. 1085 3. 4900 a 0050 0012 0010 0U0S 0032 0024 0008 0024 °c. 2. 0328 2. 6665 3. 1095 3. 4908 2. 4088 2. 1974 3. 7350 2. 7224 Liters. 839. 00 106. 00 76.00 8.50 1.0066 1.0060 1.0058 1.0057 Cm. 3.00 .75 .50 .40 2.00 1.50 .40 1.50 Cal. 0.80 .03 .01 1,715.98 284. 32 237. 68 29.84 2. 4056] 2. 1950 190.50i 1.0063 16.00 1.0063 .12 461.65 35.38 3.7342 57.50 458. 50 1 0057 1.0062 215.99 2.44 p. m. to 6 p. m. . . . 2. 7200 .22 1,255.74 Latent heat of water 4,236.58 960. 73 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and —82. 25 5,115.06 ■ Sub-period S. 6 p.m. to 8.07 p. m 8.07 p.m. to 9.30 p. m .. 9.30 p.m. to 9.36 p. m .. 9.36 p.m. to 10.02 p.m.. 10.02 p.m. to 1.25 a.m.. 1.25 a. m. to 2.58 a. m. . . 2.58 a. m. to 3.14 a. m. . . 3.14 a. m. to 3.47 a.m... 3.47 a. m. to 5.14 a. m. . . 33.0 29.0 33.0 35.0 37.0 32.0 35.0 37.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 35.0 2. 7809 3. 2067 2.8800 2. 7743 2. 8249 3. 2100 3. 0925 2. 8613 2. 6382 2. 4400 2.7725 2. 0300 5. 5312 7. 3129 6. 1000 5. 3029 4. 9000 5. 9000 5. 4850 5. 0451 5. 3873 5.9600 7. 7125 5. 2225 2. 7503 4. 1062 3. 2200 .0024 .0008 .0024 2. 7527 4. 1070 3. 2224 2. 5326 2. 0813 2. 6920 2. 3965 2. 1900 2. 7510 3.5210 4.9406 3. 1965 293. 00 95.50 11.50 73.50 663.00 178. 50 47.50 90.00 169. 50 7.00 23.00 43.25 1.0062 1.0055 1.0060 1.0062 1.0063 1.0059 1.0061 1.0063 1.0063 1.0062 1.0056 1.0065 1.50 .40 1.50 2.50 3.50 1.00 2.50 3.50 1.00 .50 .30 2.50 14 01 811.40 394. 36 37,28 2. 5286 . 0040 2.0751 .0062 2. 6900, . 0020 2. 3925 . 0040 2. 1838! . 0062 2.749l! .0020 3. 5200! . 0010 4.9400 .0006 3. 1925 . 0040 06 74 (Hi 04 10 05 187.24 1,387.85 483. 30 114.48 198. 24 469. 18 24.80 114. 27 5.44 a. m. to 6 a. m 03 139. 12 Latent heat of water 4,361.52 1, 002. 44 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and -18.85 5,345.11 Subperiod 4- 6 a. m. to 9.04 a.m. 9.04 a. m. to 9.18 a. m . . 9.18 a. m. to 11.28 a. m . 11.28 a. m. to 1.43p.m.. 1.43 p. m. to 1.45 p.m... 1.45 p. m. to 6 p. m . . . . 37.0 36.0 29.0 36.0 29.0 36.0 1.9639 2. 1700 3. 0169 2. 6065 2.6600 2.8551 4. 1550 4. 1975 7. 1572 4.9512 5. 0300 5. 0764 2. 1911 2. 0275 4. 1403 2. 3447 2. 3700 2. 2213 0062 0050 0008 0050 0008 0050 2. 1973 2.0325 4. 1411 2. 3497 2. 3708 2. 2263 575.50 40.50 138. 00 392. 50 1.00 731.50 1.0069 1.0068 1.0056 1.0064 1.0064 1.0063 3.50 3.00 .40 3.00 .40 3.00 .64 .04 .02 .37 1,272.63 82.83 574. 65 927. 79 2.38 .70 1,638.09 Latent heat of water 4, 498. 37 1, 096. 07 Correction for feed, water, excreta, and -32.73 5,561.71 o tEJe'08 f4 «t