40^ C\ ^ ° " ° 9 A .^ oV' ^^"»^fls^ IMiilrtdclphiit m Pal 124 TnaiaiaD Coffee and Tenta. 125 CeDtennial Fire Patrol. 128 Ohio Bailding. "CENTENNIAL CITY." Pul^lished by C. A. Coffin, 88 John St:eet, New York THE Centennial City : PHILADELPHIA. ITS HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT; THE REVOLUTION OF I776 IN CONNECTION; HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE NOTICES OF ITS PLACES OF AMUSE- MENT, CHURCHES, CHARITABLE AND LITERARY INSTI- TUTIONS; COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES; MEN AND PLACES OF NOTE; TRAVEL TO AND FRO AND IN THE CITY ; FAIRMOUNT PARK ; THE WATER WORKS, hotels; centennial BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITION, ETC., ETC, ETC., WITH A MAP AND NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. BEING A COMPLETE Guide for Strangers to the City AND Exhibition of 1876. t With an Appendix, CONTAINING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, AND TABLE OF PUBLIC PLACES, RAILROADS, HOTELS, FARES, STREETS, ETC. NEW YORK : \C^°^ Wa5H>\A<^^' Chas. a. Coffin, 88 John Street, 1876. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by Wili-IAM C. Ulyat, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. iS<^ CONTENTS. CHAPTKR. PAGE. I. Founding of the City, - - - - 9 II. Its History from 1682, ri's Settlement, TO 1776, ---_-- 16 HI. Philadelphia in 1776, - - - - 24 IV. Its History during the Revolution, 28 V. Its History from 1783 to 1876, - - 32 VI. Government and General Description OF THE City, ----- 3^ VII, Places of Amusemement and Public In- terest, -------37 . VIII, Churches and Church Institutions, 41 IX. Schools and Colleges, _ _ - ^5 X. Hospitals and other Charitable Insti- tutions, - - - - - - 50 XL Mutual Aid Societies and Funds, - 55 XII. Lawyers and Law Schools, - - - 58 XIII. Medical Men and Medical Schools, 59 XIV. Treatment of Criminals, - - - 62 XV. Books and Libraries, - - - - 64 XVI. Newspapers and Newspapermen, - 67 XVII. Societies for Promotion of Useful Knowledge, Arts and Sciences, - 69 XA^III. Commerce of Philadelphia, - - - 71 XIX. The Manufactures of Philadelphia, 74 XX. Monied Men and Institutions, - 77 XXI. The Mint, _ - - - - 82 XXII. The Navy Yard, .. _ . - 84 XXHI. Fairmount Park, - - 86 eOA^ TENTS, XXIV. The Water Works, - - - . 92 XXV. The Fire Department, - - "y - 95 XXVI. The Military and Defences, - '" ) ^ 96 XXVII. Laurel Hill and other Cemeteries, 98 XXVIII. Young Men's Christian Association, - loi XXIX. Travel to and from and about the City, 102 XXX. The Hotels of Philadelphia, - - 106 XXXI. The Places of Business and Residences, 109 XXXII. The People of Philadelphia, - - 1 10 XXXIII. Philadelphia as a place of Residence ' and of Business, - - - - 112 XXXIV. The Centennial Grounds, Buildings and Exposition, - - - - - -113 APPENDIX. chapter. page. I. Declaration of Independence, - - - 125 II. Abstract of AVashington's Pakewell Address, - - - - - - 131 III. Hail Columbia, - - - - - - 133 IV. Heads of Government of L'. S,, Pennsyl- vania AND Philadelphia, - - 134 V. Places of Amusement and General Interest, i 35 VI. Railroads to and from the City, - - 137 VII. Horse Cars in the City, - - - 140 A^III. Hotels in Philadelphia, - - - -143 IX. Hack Fares, - - - .. - - 145 X. The Streets^ - - 146 PREFACE /T\ HIS Work is intended to serve as a Guide to the City I of Philadelphia, and afford information concerning the Exhibition of 1876. But beyond this it is designed to be a memorial volume, a popular contribution to a knowledge of the history, progress and present state of Philadelphia ; and also to supply matters of interest connected with our Revolutionary struggle, and the government under which we live. It does not pretend, of course, to be anything more than an outline. But it presents, it is believed, a fair, and in the main, correct outline. The best accessible sources of book and pamphlet, of personal knowledge and obser- vation, have been used in its compilation. It contains, it is hoped, much interesting, valuable and needed information for those who may or may not visit Philadelphia during this centennnial year or hereafter, for the citizens of Phila- delphia, of our country, and of the whole world. June 2']t/i, 1876. THE CENTENNIAL CITY: PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER I. Founding of the City. IN 1682, the site for the City of Philadelphia was chosen, and the place in its original limits laid out. The wide streets, crossing each other at right angles, forming the large squares we now see, were then fixed. The city was laid out east and west from the Delaware, so named after Lord De la Ware, Governor of Virginia, 1610^18, or from the South river, as it was also called to distinguish it from the North river in New York — to the Schuylkill. From north to south it was laid out from Vine to Cedar streets. In the centre of this plot, the junction of Market and Broad streets, a square of ten acres was set apart for public purposes and called Central Square, where it was designed should be erected the Government Buildings, a thing which has not been done until our own times. Four other lots of ground, of eight acres each, were reserved, which have since become known as Washington, Franklin, Logan and Rittenhouse Parks. According to Proud, an early schoolmaster of Philadelphia, and the historian of the early times of Pennsylvania, the site where the city now stands was called, before Penn's time, Coquanock, a word which denoted it as a place of tall pines. The name Philadelphia was given the new city by TO THE CENTENNIAL CITY. the founder before its site was selected. It is the name of an ancient city in the Greek Orient, signifying Brotherly Love. But this name was not simply transferred by Penn, but was adopted to denote his sentiro,ents and feelings, and what he designed should be the future character of his city. The first inhabitants of Philadelphia set sail from England in May, 1681, more than a year before Penn himself sailed. They came in three ships. A deputy embarked with them, to whom was given a plenary commission to look out a site for the contemplated city. This deputy was William Mark- ham. At first ten thousand acres, which would make a square of twelve miles, was ordained to be the bounds and liberties of the city. Of this plot, one hundred acres was to be awarded to those who took up five thousand acres in the country, and in the same proportion for smaller tracts. The houses were to be built in the middle of the lots, that the city might be " green and airy." Also, a space was to be left open along the river for public use forever. On Penn's arrival this plan was revoked or modified. These ambitious dimensions originally designed by him have at length been reached, but only after ages of civilization have been running their course. Other sites for a city were looked at. Chester, on the river, fourteen miles below, was one of these ; and but for the fact that Lord Baltimore was found to claim jurisdiction there, this place, which of late years has risen into such prominence, would have been settled upon by the original Philadelphians, Another place was Byberry, a few miles up the Delaware, on the south side of the mouth of Poquonock creek, a site which afterwards became known and famous as the Bake House where bread for the revolutionary army was baked. But both thepe places were yielded up for the high and airy ground lying between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, with their deep waters and near to their junction, and about one hundred miles from the ocean -iy the course of the river. FOUNDING OF THE CITY. II When the site of the city was chosen, there was not a dwelling or building of any kind within its bounds. It was all a wilderness of tall trees, swamps and bushes, where abounded deer and wolves and other wild animals, and the winged tribes. The first house built, and which was in the course of erection when Penn himself landed, was what became known as the Blue Anchor Tavern. It was built, owned and occupied by one George Guest, and stood at the mouth of what was called Dock creek, because there was the chief landing place. This creek was arched over and filled in in 1784, but its course may be partially traced by the winding Dock street, the only irregular street in the original city. The next house built, and the first one v/hich was erected entire after the city was laid out, stood near the northwest corner of Walnut and Second streets. It was what became known as the Ed. Drinker House. This man was born in 1680 and died 1782, having lived 102 years. He owned and occupied this house. Both these old land- marks have long since disappeared. The business of the city in the beginning clustered about Dock creek and its mouth. The stream was wide and deep enough to allow large sloops up it for some distance. It followed Fourth street, crossed Chestnut and rose as high as Market street. There were several bridges over it — six at least. The city sent forth to the world liberal inducements to settlers, and at once began to grow. Numerous vessels with emigrants arrived from England and other countries. Estab- lishment soon became assured. William Penn, the founder, was an Englishman, born in London, October 14th, 1644, whose father was an Admiral in the English navy. He was educated at Oxford, where he was a cotemporary friend and admirer of John Locke. While here he heard Thomas Loe, an itinerant preacher, whose sentiments and practices were those of the Quakers or Friends, whose views he adopted as his own. Henceforth he refused the surplice or to take off his hat in the presence of 12 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. dignitaries. This occasioned his expulsion from college and his ejection even from home, and seemed for a while effectually to block up his way to preferment. He therefore turned author. But for expressing opinions contrary to the prevailing ones he was shut up in the Tower of London, where he wrote his famous treatise, " No Cross, Nb Crown." After eight months incarceration, at the intercession of friends he was liberated, and at the instance of his mother was allowed to return home. His father, however, who was of a haughty disposition, would not for a long time hold any commu- nication with him, but by foreign travel and gay society attempted to wear off his son's views and practices. The father was not successful in this, and he finally became reconciled to his son, which opened the way to his prefer- ment. When the Admiral died he left William about ^2^1,500 a year and an unsettled claim on the Crown of ^16,000, which Charles II., then reigning monarch, settled by granting him, January 5th, 1681, the territory now known as Pennsylvania, and which was so named in the grant by order of the King — a territory running three degrees of latitude and five of longitude, and embracing some 26,000,000 acres of land. Penn at once sent out pioneers, and in August, 1682, set sail himself for his province in the ship Welcome, arriving off Newcastle with one hundred men October 27th, whence he leisurely ascended the river and commenced and carried forward in detail the plans for the city which he had already projected, and which his agents had initiated, and he founded the State of Pennsylvania, the only commonwealth in the world that perpetuates the name of its founder When Penn arrived he found numerous Swedes occupying parts of the territory. The whole of the present site of Philadelphia was owned by a Swedish family named Svven. They resided near what until recently has been the Navy Yard, outside the city as originally laid out. Of this' family Penn made purchase of the ground where he began his city. The land was their's by occupation, and it had been con- FOUNDING OF THE CITY. 1 3 firmed to them by Queen Christiana of Sweden in 1653, and also afterwards by Charles I. of England. Swanson street to-day perpetuates their name. The site of the city and the adjacent territory had been under several dominions since its discovery. The Dutch, through Commander May, who gave name to the cape at the mouth of the Delaware, first entered this river in 1609. In 1638 the Swedes took possession. In 1655 the Dutch re-asserted their claim. Finally, in 1644, the English under the Duke of York took the country, retaining possession of it until the war of independence. One of the first acts of Penn was, according to tradition, to make a treaty with the Indians. This was done in November, 1682, The treaty made was one of concord, and not connected with any purchase as has often been supposed. It was made under a huge elm, with wide spreading branches and twenty-four feet girth of trunk, in what was then called Shackamaxon, and which now forms a part of Ken- sington. An imaginary painting and numerous engravings of the scene are familiar. The tree was long preserved. During the revolution, while the British occupied the city, it was protected by command of an officer from the axes of the soldiers, who otherwise would have made fuel of it. March 3d, 18 10, it was blown down in a gale. On counting its rings it was found to be 283 years old. Its wood was fashioned into various devices and kept as souvenirs. The celebrated Dr. Benjamin Rush had a chair made of it. Others had other articles of use or ornament manufactured, most of which have now probably become lost, or are unknown to fame. The tree was accurately drawn by Thomas Birch, a painter. Under it, in the early times, pic- nics were common ; also preaching services. Methodists and Baptists frequently used its shade for the latter purpose. Doctor Staughton, of the Baptist Church, one of the most eloquent men of his day in Philadelphia, often preached there. A few years ago a society, called the Penn, was 14 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. formed, the object of which was the collection and preser- vation of relics of the founder of the city, and tlie publishing of traditions of him and of the early colony. This society has collapsed, but not before it had erected a small monument which marks the spot Avhere the treaty tree stood, near the corner of Beach and Hanover streets, in a recess on the east side of the former and north of the latter street. Each of its four sides has an inscription which reads : " Treaty ground of William Penn and the Indian nations, 1682, Unbroken Faith." "William Penn, born 1644, died 1718." "Placed by the Penn Society A. D. 1827, to mark the site of the great elm tree." " Pennsylvania founded 1681 by deeds of peace." Of the treaty, Voltaire has observed that "It was the only one never broken," [The Second and Third street cars run near the spot.] The Indians, conciliated by Penn, were very peaceable. Their state was a rude one. Bird's claws were used by them for fish hooks Steel axes were unknown. When they wanted a tree for any purpose they burnt it down, and they prepared articles of wood out of it in the same way. So they made their canoes. These aborigines called the English Yengees, which may be the original of the designation Yankees. The origin, however, of this latter term is very generally claimed for a Bostonian. A similar word is used in the modern Syriac, denoting new world men. The term may have been originated in more places than one. Names were at once given to the various streets. Those running east and west were called after the trees found in the country, as Vine, Mulberry, Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, Pine, Cedar, &c. The central street, that now known as Market, was named High. The streets running north and south, at right angles, were designated by the ordinal num- bers. First, Second, &c., except what are now Front and Dela- ware, and the centre which would have been Fourteenth — which, as broader than the others, was called Broad st-reet. The streets from the Delaware up were called Deleware First, FOUNDING OF THE CITY. 15 &c., and those from Broad street on, Schuylkill First, &c. This division in the notation has ceased. Between the large blocks alleys were opened, which in a later day have been built upon, forming in some instances fine streets with hand- some rows of houses. The first child born in Philadelphia was John Kay, in 1682, of English parents. His birth place was a cave at the northwest corner of Vine and Front streets, known afterwards as Pennypot. He laid the corner stone of the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1755. He lived to be 85, dying in 1767. The first houses of the city were built of logs, or were mere caves dug in the bank on the river side. Some became content Avith these, and public action had to be taken for their removal. Everything at the start was as rude as these houses. Cooking was done out of doors, either in the open air or under extemporized sheds, and pots and kettles were suspended over the fire from horizontal poles. Game was very abundant where now the city stands. A story is told of a flight of pigeons which lasted two days, and which could scarce find resting place at night. Boughs were broken by their weight. Wild turkeys and bears and deer were numerous. Sturgeon abounded in the waters. Grapes and whortleberries were thick in the swamps. Nature thus greatly aided the stout hearts and strong arms which started the Philadelphia of to-day. CHAPTER II. History of the City from its Settlement in 1682 down to 1776. W^HE new city increased rapidly, and speedily rose to I eminence. The first settlers were mostly from England. But other nationalities, Irish, Scotch, Germans and French began early to crowd in — many of whom, pushing into the interior, contributed thence to the building up of the city. The fruitfulness of the soil, and its cheapness (forty shillings per one hundred acres), the salubrity of the climate, the excellence of the government, the freedom enjoyed, and the escape it afforded from " woeful Europe," being duly set forth, contributed to this result. In 1683 the Germans, under the lead of Francis Daniel Pastorius, settled German- town, then several miles from the city, but now incorporated within" its limits. In 1684, the government of the city was vested in the hands of a mayor and aldermen. Edward Shippen was the first mayor. The place was then known as a borough. In 1 70 1 it received a city charter, which continued m force until after the revolution- The government of the colony was at first proprietary, and administered in Philadelphia. The laws of England, Penn, aided by Algernon Sydney, whom he had assisted to Parlia- ment, adapted to the new circumstances. Penn himself, during his lifetime, was Governor. But spending most of his time in England, deputy Governors were appointed. The first of these was Thomas Lloyd. The Governor or his deputy was assisted by a council of five commissioners. Their first assembly was in 1684. Penn had a great deal of trouble with his city and his Pennsylvania possessions both here and in England. From ITS HISTORY FROM 1CS2 TO 1776. ij 1691 to 1696 civil commotion abounded, and he was seriously- threatened with the loss of his grant. Had Penn resided here these troubles w^ould probably have not occurred. A greater spirit of liberty arose in America, and men took advantage of his absence. His stay in this country was not altogether more than four years, and this was divided into two periods. His first visit was between 1682 and 1684; his second from 1699 to 1701. Could sufficient money have been raised for his support he would have lived here ; but the people could not comply with his necessities. While Penn was here on his first visit he built or occupied a house, which he afterwards gave to his daughter, and which was named after her, Letitia. It stood between Front and Second streets, on what is now known as Letitia court, on the west side and near Market street, and was one of the earliest if not the first house built in the city, as laid out. A part of the house still remains, and is occupied as a tavern. During his last visit, Penn resided in what was known as the Slate Roof House. It stood on the southeast corner of Second street and Morris alley, below Chestnut. Here the Deputy Governors afterwards lived. When they ceased to occupy it, it was used as a first class boarding house. There many of the great men of the early times made their abode. It stood until 1867, when it was taken down, and the Commer- cial Exchange, since burned but rebuilt, was erected on its site. Up the river, nearly opposite Bordentown, Penn had a country seat, which he called Pennsbury. On it he erected a splendid mansion, at a cost of ^7,000, and sumptuously furnished it. Just prior to the Revolution it was torn down with the intention of rebuilding it ; but the troublous times which ensued prevented its rising again. In his latter days, Penn was much embarrassed by debts. Help was sought from America, but not rendered. He was obliged therefore to mortgage his property. His American possessions he mortgaged in 1708 for $30,000. This did not extricate him, and he languished several months in prison. l8 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. in accordance with a law which in his own government he had abolished. He died on his estate at Rushcombe, in Buckinghamshire, in 1718, having been affected with a paralytic stroke. His grant he left to his three sons, Thomas, Richard and John. The latter of these, called the American Penn because born here, was Governor when the Revolution broke out, when he sold out to the State for J5 80,000, and what had been a proprietary government ceased. This was in 1777. Meanwhile the city continued to grow. At the end of three years from its commencement, it contained six hundred houses, and over two thousand inhabitants. Down to August, 1683, there had arrived sixty vessels, having on board four thousand souls, all of whom settled in the city or province. Fine frame and brick houses began to arise, some of them three stories in height. In 17 18, the year of Penn's death, his city and the country round about was described as " an enclosed garden and fruitful field made out of a wilderness," By the middle of the i8th century the city had risen to such eminence as well nigh to rival New York. I Among the buildings of this period, the old Court House, | so-called, which stood on Market street, near Second, was ! prominent. It was erected in 1707, by means of gifts, fines i and assessments. Here the State Council and City Fathers ! assembled, laws were enacted, justice administered, a pillory j was kept, elections were held, auctions were cried, and preaching done. From its balcony, Whitefield was accus- tomed to address assembled thousands. In 1823, after 116 years of useful service, it was torn down. The new State I House, or Independence Hall, was built 1729-35, during the period of this chapter, but we shall notice- it in another. The house of Bartram, the botanist, was erected during this period — 1731 — and is still standing near Gray's ferry, west side of the river. Among the celebrated persons who made their advent and residence in the city at this time, none have become of more ITS HISTORY FROM 1682 TO 1 776. 19 note than Benjamin Franklin. He came here, a lad of seven- teen, from Boston in 1723, having run away from his brother, in whose printing office he was there employed. On his arrival he had but a few cents; but he vv^ent to work with a will and soon accumulated money, and compelled consider- tion. He was in all councils and in every undertaking. He became a philosopher, a scientist and an author. In 1746 he demonstrated electricity and lightning to be identical. He became a patriot, a member of Congress, an ambassador of his country to foreign courts ; filled the city with mementoes of his good will, and did the cause of American Independence immense service. We shall find occasion again to notice this man. The colony and city, prior to the Revolution, was not free from disturb- ances, both domestic and foreign. In 1764 the Pax- ton boys, Scotch-Irish in- habitants of a township of that name in Lancaster county, seriously menaced the city. These had become incensed against the Indians, and had persecuted and slain many of them, and while doing so carried terror to the whites throughout the province. Many of these poor creatures sought protection in the city. This occasioned the descent there of an army of hundreds of these desperadoes, to the great consternation of the Philadelphians. But by diplomacy, in which Franklin took a prominent part, they were induced to retire and disband. In 1744, in the western extremity of the State, at Fort Du Quesne, afterwards called Pittsburg in honor of the ^^eat British statesman Pitt, the French, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 20 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. English, Americans and Indians became embroiled in a wai which lasted several years. This of course affected the city more or less. I Everything in those days was done in a manner which is in strange contrast to what now attains. No wagons were used, only carts, until near the middle of the century. Leather bands were used for springs. In the early days of the city not even carts were used, but only horses. Foreign fabrics did not come into general use until after the year 1750. Leather breeches and aprons were common with workmen. Earlier, skins were used. Cocked hats, large cuffs reaching to the elbows, immense plaited skirts, ruffles, stocks, silver buckles, and low-crowned hats were worn by the men. But f they wore no drawers, no suspenders, no surtouts, no top boots, and no over-coats. The women wore white beaver hats, caps, stays, hoops, high heeled clogs, crimson and blue "^ aprons, and masks with mouth pieces to keep them on. ' Odious fashions were broken up by hanging felons in them, or by dressing men in them and sending these men through the streets, preceded by a boy with a drum. Wigs with powder were used. Side whiskers were avoided, as too Mo- hammedan. Cues and plaits were done up in bags. Frizzled side locks, mufflers and Dutch blankets were common. Aged men wore silver buttons with their initials on. Customers f were called upon by tailors to take their measure. Wooden mortars were used to pound wheat in. Spinning wheels were common. Rush bottomed chairs with high backs, made of maple, were used. Cups and.-saucers were small. Veneering was not practised. Dipped candles were in com- mon use. Chinaware was rare and costly. Pewter plates and porringers and trenchers were common. The punch bowl was in most houses, but no sideboards. There were no stoves known until 1741, when Franklin invented his, an open one — nor until the ten-plate stove, first made here, was i presented to the public. No paper was used on walls prior to 1769, and no carpets (but sand was used) on floors prior to I i ITS HISTORY FROM 1682 TO 1776. 21 1750. The merchants lived where their business was. Ladies were accustomed to sit on the porch in the afternoon. Capes were used instead of umbrellas. The latter, to keep off rain and sun, were not common till near the time of the Revolution. Clocks, chimneys and cupboards were usually placed in the corners of rooms. The latter had glass doors, and were used to keep china in. Hospitality was great. Everybody spoke to each other. Marriages were announced, and particulars concerning the lady given. As many as twelve witnesses to the ceremony were required. Tea was a rarity. As much care was used in making it as in com- pounding a physician's prescription. Scales were used to insure an exact quantity. Among the curiosities of those times, for us, stands postal arrangements. Penn issued an order for an office as early as 1683, but no regular act was enacted until 1700. Down to 1748, such foreign letters as were not called for by citizens aboard the ships, were sent to the London Coffee House, the chief inn of the period. In 1753 a penny post was estab- lished, and newspapers were carried free. Until 1755, it took six weeks from the time a letter was sent to receive an answer from Boston. The first stage for carrying the mail dates 1756. Boys on horseback often carried It. They blew a horn denoting their arrival. In 1765 stamps of the British Government, to be placed on documents, and paid for to the Crown, so obnoxious to the colonists, arrived in Philadelphia. An agent was appointed to dispose of them. But the attitude of the people was such he never entered on his office. On their arrival, muffled bells were tolled, and the flags of the city were hung at half mast. In 1770 the Government abolished the act, but a spirit of resistance to tyrannical and unjust laws had been engendered. A tax of 3d, per pound had been laid by the British Government on tea. This act was obnoxious to the colonists, and in 1765 a non-importation agreement was entered into by the Philadelphians. This impost was not THE CENTENNIAL CITY. repealed when the stamp act was. In 1773 the East India Company imported some tea to test the people. But they would not accept it with the duty imposed. On only one chest was the tax collected. Another source of trouble with the parent Government was their claim to be sole manufac- turers for their colonists. January i8th, 1774, eight thousand people assembled in Philadelphia to protest against these and like tyrannical acts and unjust encroachments. They appointed a Commiittee of Correspond- ence, through whom a Provin- cial Congress was convened, for the discus- sion and protec- tion of their rights. July 15, 1774, this Pro- vincial Congress held their first session. CARPENTERS HALL. September 5, 1774, the Con- tinental Con- gress, consisting of delegates from the several Provincial Congresses, held their first meeting. It was in Philadelphia. Fifty-four delegates from twelve colonies assembled. It was this body that proposed, organized and guided the Revolution. Independence at first was not contemplated, only a redress of grievances. So they a drafted a bill of rights, which they passed October T4th. They also drew up petitions to the King, and addresses to the British people and the colonists. ITS HISTORY FROM 1682 TO 1 776. 23 They further organized an association, with fourteen articles, intended to promote non-intercourse with the mother country under existing circumstances. A vote of thanks to their friends in Parliament was also passed. They continued in session seven weeks, sitting with closed doors, until October 26th. They adjourned to meet again May loth, 1775, pro- vided their grievances were not redressed. They did meet again on this date. The battles of Lexington and Concord had just taken place. They were on the eve of that of Bunker Hill. It was evident the views and temper of the country were ripening for revolution. The Congress now took a bolder and firmer stand. All compromises were rejected, and they even went fo far as to call out an army, 4,400 troops, as the quota of Pennsylvania, were accordingly raised in the course of the year. Immediately provision was made for the defense of the city. Large quantities of salt- petre were stored. Still they drew up another address and petition to the King before they separated. The place where the first session of this Congress was held was Carpenters' Hall. This building was erected in 1770 by a society of carpenters, which had been organized in 1724, which society still exists, and is the oldest organiza- tion in the country. They still own the Hall. For a while this historic building, which has resounded with the voices of such men as Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and other like men, was devoted to profane uses. But it has now been restored, and is kept as a relic, being filled with mementoes of the revolution, and is open to the public free. It is situated at the head of an alley running out of Chestnut street, on the south side, between Third and Fourth streets. In this edifice the Constitution of the United States was drafted. CHAPTER III. Philadelphia in 1776. IN May of this year, the Continental Congress began its third session in this city. On the 15th, it recommended each of tlie colonies to form for themselves a Govern- ment. On the 7th of June, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia; Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania; Robert Livingston, of New York; Roger Sherman, of Connecticut; and John Adams, of Massachusetts, were appointed a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence. On the 28th they reported one. July ist it was taken up and debated. Rev. Dr. John Witherspoon, a Presbyterian divine, and the only clergyman in Congress, a Scotchman, and President of Princeton College, a delegate from New Jersey, said : " the j country is not only ripe for it ; it is rotting for want of it." July the 2d, Henry Lee, of Virginia, moved, and John Adams, of Massachusetts, seconded the resolution that " The United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, and that all political connection between them and Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." July the 4th, toward evening, the form of the Declaration as it had become altered in course of debate, was adopted, and signed by John Hancock, Eresident, and fifty-four delegates. The original instrument of the committee is in Independence Hall. That passed and signed is in Washington. Jefferson, as chairman of the committee, wrote it at his lodgings, near the southwest corner of Seventh and Market streets. On the 1 2th, the bell of the State House called the people together, and from the steps of that building Colonel John Nixon read the Declaration, which had now been ratified by the States, amid great rejoicings. At night the city was generally illuminated. On the day after the passage of this instrument. PHILADELP^tlA IN 1776. 25 John Adams wrote his wife: "The 4th of July, 1776, will be a memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to Almighty God. It ought to be solemnized with pomps, shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and illuminations, from one end of the continent to the other, from this time forward for- ever. You will think me trans- ported with en- thusiasm but I am not. I am well aware of the toil and blood and treasure it will cost to main- tain the De- claration, and support and defend these States, Yet through all this gloom I can see the rays of light and of glory. I can see that the end is worth more than all the means, and that posterity will triumph, although you and I may rue, which I hope we shall not." The Continental Congress met the second and this third time in the State House on Chestnut street, between Fourth and Fifth streets. The erection of this edifice had been completed in 1735 at a cost of $30,000, and was tlien the finest civil edifice in America. Its original steeple becoming INDEPENDENCE HALL. 26 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. decayed was taken down during the Revolution, and a tem- porary one substituted, which in 1828 was replaced by the present one. A bell, cast in England, and weighing 2,082 pounds, was placed in the first steeple in 1752. It was cracked on its first ringing. Then it was recast with the strikingly prophetic words from Leviticus xxv, 10, inscribed upon it, " Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." In 1777, after fulfilling this pro- phecy, it was removed to Bethlehem, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British. After its restoration, it, too, was cracked, and it now stands in the Hall as a relic. Devices have been proposed for recovering its tone. But this probably will never be done. A new bell, made out of old cannon, and weighing 13,000 pounds, a present to the city by private parties, after July 4th, 1876, takes the place of the one which has been in use several years past. ^A large clock, with a face at each end of the building, was set up in the early times. After the passage of the Declara- tion, the name State House was changed to Independence Hall, a name which it still does, and probably always will, retain. In this edifice, Washington delivered his Farewell Address to the American people, and Presidents and Vice- Presidents have been inaugurated. Here a reception was accorded to Lafayette, on his last visit to this country. In the room where Congress met, portraits of the signers and others are contained. Also numerous relics of the past, as, a table and chairs used by these men. The roomx opposite contains colonial relics, and has been set apart for a museum of historical curiosities. The building stands to-day sub- stantially as it was in the beginning. It is of brick, tAvo stories high. There are now buildings at each end — on the east the City Hall, on the west the Court House, &c,, where the Federal Congress sat. A statue of Washington stands on the open front on Chestnut street, where mass meetings have often been held. On the other side is a park, which used to be a fashionable promenade. These buildings were used by PHILADELPHIA IN I776. 27 the State Government until 1800, when the Capitol was removed. It is still used by the city and the courts ; and will be until the completion of the new City Buildings, corner of Market and Broad streets. The city proposes then to make complete restoration of the main edifice, and thence- forth to keep it as a museum of American history, and a memento of the past. The building is open to the public, free, from 9 A. m. until 4 p. m. From the steeple, a fine view of the city may be obtained. The first American flag was made, during this year, in the City of Philadelphia. CHAPTER IV. History of Philadelphia during the War of the Revolution, 1776-1783. rrr^ROM September 26th, 1777. to June i8th, 177S, Phila- Ji delphia was occupied by the British under Cornwallis. The soldiers were quartered in the public places of the city, and on the citizens. Major Andre was among them, and was quartered on Dr. Franklin. The soldiery indulged in much gaiety during the occupa- tion. They ran the theatre. One of the most gorgeous entertainments of the age, famous in history, called the Mirchianza, which consisted of a regatta, tournament and ball, was given in honor of General Howe, as he was about to take leave of the army, and sail for England, It has been minutely described by Major Andre. What has been humorously described as the Battle of the Kegs took place at this time. Several barrels, filled with combustibles, so constructed that when they came in contact with a resisting substance they would explode, were floated down the river, being intended to operate among the British vessels anchored opposite the city. These vessels, however, were suddenly moored to the wharves before the kegs arrived, so that only one or two had an opportunity to explode, and these produced no serious disaster. They occasioned great consternation, however. Francis Hopkinson, one of the signers, wrote a poetical description of the affair. The stay of the British in Philadelphia was favorable to the American cause. They became enervated thereby. Their designs, moreover, were occasionally exposed and frustrated, by the patriot forces which surrounded them. In one instance, a council was held in the house of a lady, to mature a plan for surprising and cutting off General Washing- PHILADELPHIA DURING THE REVOLUTION. 29 ton, who laid encamped at Whitemarsh, about fourteen miles distant. The lady, suspecting something, put herself in position to overhear the matter. Early in the morning, on a pretext of needing some flour, she started for a mill in the direction of Whitemarsh, with the intelligence she had gathered. She communicated it in time to the General, and was the means of saving him and his army. Her name was Lydia Darrah. The evacuation of the city was finally ordered by the ministry at home. This caused great rejoicing among the people. When the troops had taken their departure, the American army, under the extravagant Arnold, immediately entered. During the war several battles were fought in the vicinity of Philadelphia, which more or less affected it. The first was that of Brandywine, in Chester county, September nth, 1777, which resulted disastrously to the patriots, and which was immediately followed by the occupation of the city. The next was that of Germantown, October 4th, within the limits of the present city. Besides these, there occurred, in quick succession, the massacre of the Americans at Paoli, the destruction of their stores at Valley Forge, the skirmishes at Whitemarsh, Barren Hill, and other places. During this period. Congress was obliged to desert Phila- delphia, and flee from city to city. After their return, they held their sessions for a time in Germantown, where they rented the Academy, at an annual cost of $300. Tories abounded in the city. The Quakers were generally such. Some of these were made an example of, being, through the Committee of Safety, banished to Winchester, Va. Traitors arose in the persons of men named Roberts and Carlisle. Their defense occasioned a riot. Money, during this period, became very scarce. A paper currency, styled Continental, was issued by Congress in large quantities, to supply the place of specie. The first issue was in 1775, and amounted to $3,000,000. For some eighteen 30 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. months it was as good as gold. Then it began to decline in value, and never rallied again. In this currency tea became worth $150 per pound; calico, $85 a yard; silks, $100; boots, $600 per pair. In 1781 one dollar in gold was worth seventy- five in currency. At the end of that year, the Continental money was worth nothing* Philadelphia was now the finan- cial centre of tlie country. Robert Morris, of the city, was the great financier of the Government. Continental money failing, he negotiated, in 1780, a loan of $26,000,000, thus supplying the sinews of war, and keeping the American cause from sink- ing. Congress and the colonies began to take steps towards the redemp- tion of the $200,000,000 of paper money which, down to 1779, had been issued. But the work was found to be beyond their capacity. The state of finances and of the cur- rency occasioned great distress. At two different times Congress was threatened by an enraged soldiery on this account. Philadelphia contained many noble patriots" during the war. There was Christopher Ludwick, a German and a baker, who out of comparative poverty, subscribed largely to the cause. Many Hessians were induced by him to desert the British. He was an honest man, and became very popular. For 100 pounds of flour he was accustomed to give 135 pounds of bread. He naturally became baker- general of the army. Then there was John Mase. In 1780 he contributed $20,000, and in various other ways aided. GEORGE WASHINGTON. PHILADELPHIA DURING THE KEVOLUTION. 3I He lived until 1826, and was the last in Philadelphia who wore the cocked hat of the Revolution. In the same year, John Maxwell Nesbit saved the army by a timely contribu- tion. Thomas Willis gave $25,000 with which to clothe the army, George Gray, after whom Gray's Ferry is named, did much to help the cause. So he became a mark to shoot at. After the Battle of Brandywine. he was hid in a flour bin, and escaped the enemy. Whitly Hall, so-called, east of the Darby road, on Gray's lane, leading to the ferry, which was built in 1741 and 1758, marks the place where he resided. During the winter of 1780-1, 2,200 ladies of the city engaged in making shirts for the army. Thomas Paine, who arrived in Philadelphia in 1774, being introduced by Franklin, became, by his writings, a powerful helper. Several numbers of the "Crisis" were published in the city, and both it and "Common Sense" were written in the American interest. He was prompted to these by Philadelphians. Samuel Wheeler did much service as an ingenious mechanic. He was a great ironsmith. Cannon ball were made by him, by welding bars of iron. One of these was captured at the Battle of Brandywine, and is now preserved in the Tower of London. Hp made a chain to stretch across the harbor of New York, in the value of which Washington had great confidence ; but by stratagem it was cut. Works of benevolence abounded in the city, notwith- standing the war. In 1775 ^^^ ^^^^ abolition society in America had been established, by the Friends, of Philadel- phia. And now, in 1780, provision was made for the gradual abolition of slavery, which had become common in Pennsyl- vania, Droves of slaves were often seen in the city. The news of the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, which event occurred October 19th, 1781, arrived in Phila- delphia about midnight by express. The watchman at once spread the tidings. Illuminations and fireworks and great rejoicings celebrated this victory as the end of the war. Philadelphia was now no mean city. At the close of the war it contained 6,000 houses and 30,000 people. CHAPTER V. History of the City from 1783 down to the present time. IN 1787 a convention, the object of which was the forma- tion of a Constitution for the United States, met in Philadelphia. The instrument they drafted went into ' effect the year following. On the 6th of July, 1788, there was a monster gathering in the city, which celebrated its adoption. There was a procession of 5,000; and 17,000 assembled on what was then known as Union Green. Ten tents, according to the number of States that had entered into the compact, were erected, under which dinner was served. The General Government had its seat in New York for a while. But from 1790 to 1800 it was located in Philadelphia. In the latter year it was removed to Washington. A house was erected by the State Government for Washington, on Ninth street between Chestnut and Market. The President refused to accept it. Afterwards it passed 'into the hands of the University of Pennslyvania, and the site is now occupied by a part of the new Post Office. The progress of the city during the period of this chapter may be noted by various events — such as the introduction of water in 1800, of anthracite coal in families in 1825, of gas in quantity in 1836. A day police, improvement in pavements, and a system of sewerage, have been other note- worthy signs of progress. But the opening of canals and railroads has done as much or more than anything else, and is the sure sign of the city's prosperity. In 1798 the first bridge connecting the city with the country beyond was thrown across the Schuylkill. This was at Market street. The master spirit in its construction was ITS HISTORY FROM 1783 TO 1S76. 33 Richard Peters, a patriot of the Revokition, and an eminent and useful man. The work, for its day, Avas one of enterprise, magnitude and skill, and was without a rival. .$40,000 was paid by the company that erected it for the privilege of the site. It was built of wood, and cost $275,000, The rock on which the west pier rested, was 41 feet below high water. A weight of 7,500 tons was put upon that rock. This bridge was ultimately bought by the city and made free. In December, 1875, it was burned, but has since been replaced. Since this bridge was erected, numerous others have been thrown across the Schuylkill, the more promirent of which are Chestnut street, Callowhull street and Girard avenue; but over the Delaware there is no bridge below Trenton, thirty miles above. The first wire suspension bridge in the country was built at Fairmount. During the summer of 1798, the patriotic song "Hail Columbia " w^as written by Joseph Hopkinson, son of Francis Hopkinson, signer of the Declaration, a native and resident of Philadelphia. It was written to help a young singer in one of the theatres, in a benefit. Wholly American, it became at once immensely popular. Philadelphia has not been without its riots. There was the sailor's in 1786. Two or three hundred of them struck for higher wages. Their demands being refused, they armed themselves with clubs and knives, pressed others into their ranks, prevented vessels from sailing, and for several days held possession of the river front. They were at length dispersed by a company of policemen, headed by an alder- man of the city, afterwards its mayor, Robert Wharton, a very determined man, who read the riot act, and then, with his men, arrested the ringleader, and about one hundred of the rioters. Then there was the Walnut street prison riots, occurring about the same time, occasioned by discontent and fever, in which several of the rioters were shot. Other riots have been Catholic, Negro, Firemen's, Kensington Railroad and Know Nothing. 34 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. In 1790 Benjamin Franklin died, aged 85. He was buried in the graveyard of Christ Church, corner of Arch and Fourth streets, in the northwest corner of the yard. An iron grating in the wall on Arch street gives a view of the tomb, which is a flat stone, bearing, as directed by himself, the simple inscription, "Benjamin and Deborah Franklin." He established the third printing office in Philadelphia, compiled and published, for many years, the Almanac purporting to be by Richard Saunders, was proprietor and editor of news- papers, visited England and the Continent several times in the public and in private service, was honored by Oxford with the title of LL.D., signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence, was Postmaster-General, treaty maker, &c., &c. Few men have done more for the city than he did. Numerous places during these years sprung up in the suburbs, which now are incorporated as parts of the city — as, Southwalk formed into a Government of its own, 1794; the Northern Liberties, 1803; Moyamensing, 1812; Spring Garden, 1803 ; Kensington, 1820; and Blockley, West Phila- delphia, Manayunk, Roxboro, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Passyunk, and other places. These were all consolidated in 1854 in one city of 129 square miles, and containing 77,000 acres of ground, and extending on the Delaware 22 miles, and on the Schuylkill 10 miles, forming a city larger in area than any other on the continent. Yellow fever has visited the city several times. Also cholera. There have been no large conflagrations. Philadelphia has been blessed in late year by having established, within a few hours ride, two watering places, or sea-side resorts, Cape May and Atlantic City, both of which are reached by railroads ; the former also by steamboats. CHAPTER VL Government and General Description of the City. W^HE city is officered by a Mayor, Recorder, Comptroller, I Treasurer, Counsellor, Receiver of Taxes, and several Aldermen. These have charge of the streets, wharves, sewers, lights, water supply, police, markets, schools, public health, fire department, parks, finances, &c., &c., and appoint officers under them. There are twenty-nine wards, each of which sends one select and one common councilman for every 2,000 taxed persons. A charter defines and regulates the rights, powers and privileges of the city and its officers. The party at present in power is Republican. Elections take place Tuesday after first Monday in February in each year. The Mayor's term is three years. Head-quarters used to be in the Old Court House that stood on Market street, and in the City Hall, Chestnut and Fifth streets. Latterly, business has been conducted in the State House and adjoining buildings. But new buildings are in course of erection, which, when finished, will be the finest municipal edifices in the country. They are rising on the spot, designed for such by Penn, at the junction of Market and Broad streets, filling the whole of these two streets, and the squares that were on their corners. These buildings were begun in 187 1, and will be completed in time for the decentennial of the city in 1882. A tower is to rise in the centre, surmounted by a bronze statue of William Penn. This tower will be, with the statue of Penn on the top, nearly 500 feet high, and will be the highest tower in the world. The building is to contain 520 rooms, and will cover four and a half acres. The material used in its outside construction is granite and marble. The whole cost Hall be from $6,000,0000 to $10,000,000- ^6 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. The city is lighted by 9,000 public lamps, nearly all of which are gas. There are over 1,000 miles of gas and water pipes in the streets. The sewerage extends 150 miles. There are 900 miles of streets, 500 of which are paved. The number of houses is 130,000, which is at least 60,000 more than New York contains. On an average lately over 5,000 houses have been annually added to the city. The real estate of the city is assessed at $525,000,000. Its debt is $52,000,000. The annual cost of conducting its affairs is $8,000,000. The population is over 800,000, making it, in this respect, the second city in the Union. There are no tenement houses in Philadelphia. Occa- sionally two or more families may occupy a house, as is done very extensively in New York. But the rule is entirely separate apartments. Hence the city abounds in small dwellings, and is yet, to some extent, what Penn, in his own words, designed it to be, " a green country town, never burnt and always wholesome." Shade trees abound. Elliott Cresson, a merchant of the city, who died in 1854, who left $10,000 for the erection of a statue to Penn, who was the pioneer of colonization, and who otherwise was a large public as well as private benefactor, left $5,000 for thus improving the city. The houses of Philadelphia are numbered by placing the odd numbers on one side, and the even on the opposite ; and beginning each block with the initial number of a new hundred, as though there were really one hundred houses in every block. This plan was originated, at least the former part of it, in 1790, by Moses Fisher, who also was the author of the ordinance requiring bells to be affixed to horses in the streets in time of snow. CHAPTER VII. Places of Amusement and Public Interest. W^HE first theatrical exhibitions given in Philadelphia Avere I in 1749. These were merely domestic and amateur, and lasted only a few months. The first regular company, called Hallam's, appeared in 1754. They were foreigners, and stayed several years, occupying a store on Water street at first, until a building was erected for them on South street, above Fourth, and outside the city limits; a small frame structure, which was not only the first theatre in Philadelphia but in the New World. In 1759, not far distant from this, in Vernon street, was erected a larger and finer one. In 1766 a third one-was built. These were all in Southwalk — opposition to such entertainments within the city limits existing, and continuing until the period of the Revolution. The first theatre erected within the city limits was in 1793, on Chestnut street, near Sixth. In 1820 it was burned down, but was at once rebuilt, and opened again in 1822. This was the first public building in Philadelphia lighted with gas. Mr. Sprague, of Boston, the banker poet, composed for the lessee the address delivered at the re-opening. This theatre, with all others of the last century, has long since passed away. In 1828 the Arch street theatre was erected. It is situated near Sixth street, is a very fine building, well fitted up, and capable of accommodating some 800 persons. The same year, 1828, the present Walnut street theatre, \orner of Ninth street, was started. It was originally buiU in 1809 for equestrian performances, and was called the Olympic. 38 THE CENTENNIAL CITY A theatre exists on Chestnut street, near Twelfth. This, the Arch, and the Walnut street, are the chief ones of the city of to-day. Over fifty attempts have been made to establish theatres in Philadelphia. The first play performed in the city was " The Fair Penitent." This was followed by " Miss in her Teens." " The Poor Soldier " was a popular piece, and when Wash- ington was in the city it was generally re-produced. The first tragedy written and" published in the United States was by a native of Philadelphia, Thomas Godfrey, Jr., a youth then of 25. It was called "The Prince of Parthia." Edwin Forrest, one of the most famous of American tragic actors, was born in Philadelphia in 1806. Here he had a residence, and here he died in 1872, and was buried in a vault in St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Third street, near Walnut. His profession made him rich. A million of dollars was left by him for the benefit of his needy comrades of the stage, and has been employed in connection with a home for them near Holmesburg. With much pains and expense he gathered a Shakspearian library, the finest in existence, but which, in January, 1873, was nearly destroyed by fire. Native talent found in him an encourager. "Aylmere," a tragedy, written by T. Conrad, a mayor of the city, was purchased and played by him. The piece of sculpture representing, in wood. Tragedy and Comedy, by William Rush, an artist of Philadelphia, famous in that line, was purchased, and continued to be owned by Forrest. The first teacher of the art of'dancing made his appearance in Philadelphia in 1750. The first masquerade ball in the city was given by William Bingham, a wealthy and aristocratic man, connected with the Barings of London, and with Lord Ashburton. Now, dancing masters are numerous and balls common. Racing as an amusement, and as a means of developing horse flesh, in the days when there were neither locomotives PLACES OF AMUSEMENT AND PUBLIC INTEREST. 39 or steamboats, and when bridle paths were much used, was common in Philadelphia. Race street, as leading to a race course, and being a part of it, derives its name from this circumstance. Peak's museum, founded in 1784, and consisting at the start largely of his own paintings and those of his son Rem- brandt, was for a long time a popular place of resort. From 1802 to 1828 it was kept in the State House. Thence it removed to the north side of Chesnut street, near Sixth. Finally it fell into the hands of the great showman, P. T. Barnum, who bought it at sheriff's sale for a little over $5,000. The Academy of Nat- ural Sciences, formerly on Broad street below Chestnut, but now on the corner of Race and Nine- teenth, is well worthy the visits of those who seek either instruction or enter- tainment. Their collection embraces upwards of 250,000 specimens in mineralogy, botany, skulls, fossils, shells, &c., also over 30,000 birds. In some respects it is excelled only by the British Museum. Its collection of birds is the largest in the world. Their library contains 25,000 volumes. It is open to the public for an admission fee of twenty-five cents, every day except Saturday and Sunday. Concerts, operas, lectures, &c., are frequent in the Academy of Music, built in 1857, corner of Broad and Locust streets, the largest room for these purposes thus far erected in the United States, being capable of seating nearly 3,000 persons, besides affording standing room for 500 more. A fine Art Building, to which the public are admitted on payment of the small fee of twenty-five cents, stands on the ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS. 40 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. corner of Broad and Cherry streets. Its extent and magnifi- cence may be surmised from the fact that the whole property has cost some $300,000. Connected with it is a free School of Art. It contains some rare and beautiful specimens of art. Horticultural Hall, Broad street below Locust, was built by a society formed in 1827, the first society of its kind in the country. This is often made a place of great attraction, especially in the time of fruits and flowers, which is twice a year. Concert Hall, on Chestnut street, near Thirteenth ; the Women's Centennial Music Hall, Broad street and Master, adjoining Edwin Forrest's late residence; Simon & Slocum's Opera House, on Arch street above Tenth ; the Museum, corner of Arch and Tenth street; the Alhambra, Broad street near Spruce ; a Theatre, Music Hall and Garden are other places of amusement. The Franklin Institute, also, at certain seasons of the year, affords much entertainment, while their rooms on Seventh street, near Chestnut, are never devoid of interest. The Zoological Gardens in the Park, and some other places which will be noted in other chapters, are worthy of a visit for instruction or recreation or entertainment. A number of new places have been opened, stimulated by the Centennial Exposition. For a fuller list, see an appendix at the close of this volume. CHAPTER VIII. Churches and Church Institutions. yr^HE first meeting house was the Friends', erected in 1685 I near Centre square. As this was found to be too inconvenient a distance from the population, it was, in 1695, removed to corner of Market and Second streets. In 1755 this latter edifice was torn down to give place to a larger; and in 1808 the con- gregation removed to a new edifice on Arch street, between Third and Fourth, a commodious structure still standing. CHRIST CHURCH. Outside the then city, but within the present city, there was, however, already a church. This was the Swedes, built in 1677 of logs, and rebuilt in 1700 of brick. This venerable edifice is still standing in Swanson street, near Oiristian. The Second and Third street cars pass near it. The worship now conducted there is the Episcopal. Wilson, the ornithologist, is buried here. The Episcopalians were early occupants of the new city. In 1710 they built of wood in Second street, near to Market^ their first edifice, calling it Christ Church. In 1727 this gave way to a brick building, which was constructed outside the old one, the worshippers meanwhile occupying the old one. This edifice is still standing, an ancient landmark, of fine architecture and substantial— a shrine of all devout and curious pilgrims. It has a spire 190 feet high, which for a long time was the only one in the city. In 1744 a chime of 42 THE CENTENNIAL CITY, eight bells, brought from England, was placed in this spire. During the Revolution they were removed for safety. Every Sabbath morning they are rung. Here many distinguished persons have worshipped, among them Washington. Here, too, some of them — Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, Bishop White and others — lie buried. This interesting relic of the past is open every Wednesday and Friday at ii o'clock, A. M. There are now about ninety Episcopal churches in the city- One of the early and most famous Episcopal divines in the city was William White. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, and took charge of Christ Church in 1772. In 1777 he was Chaplain of the Continental Congress. In 1786 he became Bishop of Pennsylvania. Previous to the Revolution the Episcopal Church in America had been governed by the Bishop of London. But now William White, of Pennsylvania, and Samuel Provost^ of New York, went over to England and obtained orders as Bishops in their respective States. He died in 1836. When the British evacuated the city, he was the only clergyman of his order in Pennsylvania. Jacob Duche, who was an assistant in Christ Church, and a Chaplain of Congress, who offered the first prayer made in that body, which was urged by Franklin and knelt at by Washington, had turned Tory and retired to England. A monument commenorates him in another Epis- copal Church, St. Peter's, Third and Pine. He ministered there once. Commodore Stephen ^Decatur lies buried in this church-yard. The first Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia was built on Market street, between Second and Third, in 1704, six years before Christ Church was. Here it stood until 1822, when it was removed to Washington square, corner of Seventh street. This latter edifice has been made famous by the ministrations there, through forty years, of the celebrated Albert Barnes, who was born in Rome, N. Y., 1798, educated at Hamilton College, N. Y., and Princeton Seminary, N. J., CHURCHES AND CHURCH INSTITUTIONS. 43 and settled as a pastor first in Morristown, N. J. He removed in 1830 to Philadelphia, becoming one of the strong Anti-slavery men of his times, largely involved in the con- troversy which rent the Presbyterian Church into old school and new, in 1838 — an author of popular commentaries on the Scriptures. He died in 1870. The second church of the Presbyterians in Philadelphia grew out of the labors of Whitfield. It was, according to the phraseology of the day, a New-Light Church. The third church is on the corner of Pine and Fourth. Here David Rittenhouse is buried. Now there are in the city as many as seventy-five regular Presby- terian Churches, and twenty-five additional of other branches of the order. In connection with the Bethany Presbyterian Church is the largest Sunday School in the country, corner of Bainbridge and Twenty-second streets. The first Dutch Church in Philadelphia was erected in 1750. A curious story is told in connection with this church. A quarrel arose between two ministers, each of whom con- tended for the pulpit. One out-generaled the other by getting into the pulpit Saturday evening and staying there all night. There are several Continental Churches in the city. The Lutherans number about thirty and the Moravians four. The Swedenborgians are represented. The first Moravian Church, built in 1742, corner of Broad and Race streets, was founded by the famed Count Zuzendorf. This church is now on Franklin and Wood streets. The Baptists commenced their career in the city cotem- poraneously with the Presbyterians. Their first preacher was Joseph Watts. He preached in a warehouse, corner of Chestnut and Second streets, as early as 1698. The first meeting house of this denomination was on Second street, near Arch. The congregation moved some twenty years ago to the corner of Arch and Broad streets. There are fifty Baptist Churches in the city now. The first Methodist preaching in the city was in 1769. It was by Joseph Pilmore, who had been sent here on a mission 44 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. by John Wesley. He was a field preacher. So greatly have these people increased since, that they now number ninety congregations. The Congregationalists have only three churches in the city The^'universalists have three, and the Unitarians two. Joseph Priestly founded the first of the latter. There are eleven synagogues of the jews. CHURCHES AND CHURCH INSTITUTIONS. 45 The first Roman Catholic Church in Philadelphia, founded in 1732 and built in 1773, was St. Joseph's, on Willing's alley, between Third and Fourth streets. Here Bishop Hughes officiated while yet a priest. The cathedral of this church is on Eighteenth street, fronting Logan square. It was com- menced in 1846 and finished in 1864. Its dimensions are, width, 136 feet; depth, 216 feet; height, 210 feet. It is the finest cathedral in the United States. There are now over forty Catholic Churches in the city. The Friends are numerous in Philadelphia, more so than anywhere else in the country. They have fifteen congrega- tions. The division which began with Elias Hicks in 1827 still continues; and the Orthodox and the Hicksites are about equally divided — the Orthodox rather preponderating. Of all denominations, there are nearly 500 churches in the city. Most of the meeting houses are plain but sub- stantial. Some, however, are gorgeous and imposing. On each of three of the corners of Arch and Broad streets there stands a church — a Baptist, a Lutheran, and a Methodist, the aggregate cost of which has been over half a million dollars. Religious societies are numerous in Philadelphia. Some of them national and some of them local. There is the Sunday School Union : it had its origin here as a local institution, but in 1824 it became the American Sunday School Union, a national organization. On Arch street, above Tenth, the Methodists have a book-room. On Walnut street, west of Broad, the Baptists, and on Chestnut street, east of Broad, the Presbyterians, have their Publication Societies. One of the curiosities of the past, of which a trace still remains, is the building erected corner of Arch and Fifth streets. It is now occupied as the Apprentices' Librar}^ but it was originally built for and by the Free or Fighting Quakers of the Revolution. An inscription in this building readSj^^'By General Subscription. For the Free Quakers. Erected A. D. 1783. Of the Empife 8." CHAPTER IX. Schools and Colleges. ft )~Whe first school established in Philadelphia was in 1683. [ It was a private one, taught by Enoch Flower. In 1689 the Friends founded a public school. Later, Penn made provision for a number of such. The charter for the first one was given in 1697. On the foundation he estab- lished, one exists on corner of Twelfth and Cleren streets, near Chestnut, in connection with the Orthodox Friends' Meeting House. Pennsylvania has a common school system, the law of which, as passed in 1834, and amended in 1836, is still the law. Philadelphia, ever since 18 18, has had a special law. There are now upwards of 450 public schools in the city, with over 1,600 teachers, and 90,000 pupils. There are forty night schools, A High School was established in the city in 1741, It was located on Fourth street, between Market aad Arch, and was known as the City Academy. This place had been originally built for the preacher Whitfield, as a preaching place. The first female seminary, of which there are now many, and fine ones, was established in 1795- A teacher of some celebrity, in the middle of the last century, was Robert Proud. He taught in the Quaker 't schools for some fifty years. He was an author too. In 1791 he published a history of the commonwealth. More noted than he has been Lindley Murray. His grammar of the English language became very popular, coming into extensive use both here and in England. He was educated in Phila- delphia. SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 47 The Episcopalians support a free academy; and to some extent the Catholics maintain parochial schools, free. In 1791 the Friends established Sunday Schools to promote secular learning. Commercial Colleges, and other technical schools, and Sunday Schools for religious training, add much to the facilities for learning. The University of Pennsylvania has its seat in Philadelphia. This institution dates its origin from 1750. Foremost in founding it was Franklin. Its beginnings were that of a charity school and academy, and in the house erected for Whitfield. In 1753 the Proprietaries granted it a charter, with land and endowments. The first commencement was in 1755, when six young men graduated, among them Francis Hopkinson, who afterwards was a signer of the Declaration. In 1779 it was promoted to the dignity of a University. It is one of the oldest colleges in the country. During the Revolution, several estates were confiscated, and the institu- tion was endowed by this means to the extent of ^1,500 a year. In 1798 the buildings erected for a residence for General Washington, with the grounds, were purchased by the trustees, and re-modelled and fitted up for the purposes of the college. In 1829 these structures were replaced by new ones. In 1872 this location was abandoned altogether, the property disposed of to the General Government for a Post Office, and their new buildings, erected at the junction of Thirty-sixth, Locust, and the Darby road, were taken possession of. The main building here is of serpentine marble, four stories high, 260 feet long and 100 feet deep, and contains recitation rooms, chapel, library and reading rooms, museums, society halls, &c. — every requisite of a city college. It stands in the midst of six acres of ground, and has cost over .$230,000. Four departments now exist — art, medicine, law and the natural sciences. The institution is rich in real estate, and in endowments and personal property. In common with other colleges, it has of late been the 48 THE CENTENNIAL CJTY. recipient of large endowments, most noted of which is that of Mr. Towne for scientific purposes. The number of students is about 240; in all the departments nearly I'ooo. One of the great literary institutions of the city is Girard College. It is a charity school as well. The founder, Stephen Girard, left a very large amount of property to estabHsh, endow and increase it. The trust was committed GIRARD COLLEGE. to the city. The foundation was laid in 1833, Nicholas Biddle, the great banker, conducting the ceremonies. It was completed for occupation in 1848. The main building is 169 feet by III feet, and 97 feet high, constructed entirely of marble. Surrounding it are thirty-four columns, six feet in diameter, and fifty-five feet high. The roof, which is of marble, weighs nearly t,ooo tons. It stands high above all surrounding edifices, in the midst of forty-five acres of SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 49 ground, in the heart of the city, and is surrounded by a stone wall ten feet in height. It is a conspicuous object from afar. On the grounds are five other buildings. Mr. Girard lies buried here, and a mausoleum and statue, in the vestibule of the main building, marks the spot. A fine monument to the Union soldiers, who fell on the field of battle, and who were inmates of the institution, is erected on the grounds. Poor male orphan children, between the ages of six and ten, first from the old city, next from other parts of Pennsylvania, and then from New York city, in the order of their application, are eligible to the benefits of the institution, which are an education and all other expenses, free, for eight years, when the children are to be bound out to some suitable trade or occupation. Some 550 children are now thus provided for. But the estate left in trust has been so well managed, that, notwithstanding the large annual cost of sustaining the insti- tution on its original foundations, surplus funds accumulate, which are employed for strengthening ^or extending the college. It is located on Ridge avenue, one mile from where that avenue commences, corner of Ninth and Vine streets. Priests and ministers of the gospel are prohibited, on any pretext whatever, from entering the grounds. For all others, tickets of admission may be obtained at the office of the Ledger^ Chestnut and Sixth streets. The Ridge avenue cars pass the institution. Provision is now being made whereby a thousand children v/ill henceforth be accom- modated. There are several theological seminaries. Catholic, Epis- copalian and Lutheran ; also other colleges, as Hanerford and Swarthmore, the two latter under the control of the Friends, the one by the Orthodox and the other by the Hicksites. These are all situated either in or close by the city. CHAPTER X. Hospitals and other Charitable Institutions. H^HiLADELPHiA lias always been full of good-will and I cheer for the poor and unfortunate, the needy and helpless, of every description. Hospitals, Asylums, Homes, &c., for various persons and ends, under varied auspices, and in scattered localities, abound. Funds Have been bequeathed, or are contributed annually out of the State and City Treasury, and by citizens and the church, and other organizations, in large amounts, for these objects. The Pennsylvania Hospital, one of the first and foremost of these, was founded in 1759, and was opened first in the residence, on Market street, of the prime mover of the enter- prise. Dr. Thomas Bond. In 1755 the corner stone of its present location, the block bounded by Spruce and Pine, Eighth and Ninth streets, was laid by John Kay, the first white man born in the city. The east wing was completed in 1756. The west wing was not erected until 1796, The centre was built last, and m 1804. Franklin aided much, by funds and influence, in its inception. The British Govern- ment, in 1773, gave it ^12,000. Samuel Coates, a famous merchant of the city, and Stephen Girard, also did much for it. Patients of whatever nationality, and in m.any cases gratis, subjects of accident, or needing surgical operations, are admitted. About 200 can be accommodated. Visitors are received every day after to o'clock, A. M., except Saturday and Sunday, A statue of William Penn stands opposite the main front, on Pine street- A chair, usually occupied by Penn when at his residence at Bloomsbury, is preserved here. Benjamin West's famous painting, " Christ healing the sick," is the property of the institution, and has been on exhibition by the trustees for a small fee several years. HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 51 Besides the Pennsylvania Hospital there are several others in the city. The Homeopathists have one. So has the Women's College. Another, founded long ago by Dr. Kears- ley, and enlarged by Joseph Dobbins, is under the special care of Christ Church. It is intended for women, and is in West Philadelphia, near the Centennial Buildings. A still more extensive one, under the same auspices, exists of more recent date. The University of Pennsylvania has an hospital of its own. On Race street, opposite Logan square, is a hospital for diseases of the eye and limbs. It is called Wills', after James Wills, a grocer, who gave to the city $to8,ooo, which by interest before use was increased to $120,000, for its purposes. There are also several dispensaries for the distribution of medicines ; the first of which was founded in 1786. In all there are about fifty hospitals and dispensaries in Philadelphia. An asylum for the insane was established in 1 751 as part of the Pennsylvania Hospital. It was the first in the country. William Young Birch, to whom a memorial has been erected in Laurel Hill, left to promote the welfare of this unfortunate class $180,000. Since 1830 this asylum has been lifted into greater prominence. In 1841 it was located in West Phila- delphia, on an estate of 113 acres. The cost of the establishment there has been $600,000. It is commonly designated as Kirkbride. There are two buildings, one for males the other for females. Five hundred can be accom- modated. The grounds have their entrance on the Hanerford road, and extend from Forty-second to Forty-ninth street. Visitors are admitted by permits, to be obtained at the Ledger ofiice. Chestnut and Sixth streets. The Market street cars conduct thither. Another insane asylum was established in 1817. It is located in that part of the city known as Frankford, and is under the care and patronage of the Friends. An asylum for the deaf and dumb was projected in 1820. It had its origin in the efi'orts made for these unfortunates by David G. Seixas, an Israelite. The building for their 52 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. use is situated on Broad street, corner of Pine, and was first opened in 1824, In 1875 it was greatly enlarged. Pupils are admitted if they have attained the age of ten years, and are allowed to remain six years. The cost of each pupil for a year is less than ^300. This includes everything. Children of Pennsylvania are chiefly provided for. But Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey children are admitted. Exhibi- KIRKBRIDE. tions, to which visitors are received, occur on Thursday afternoons from three to six o'clock. There are between 200 and 300 pupils here now. On Race and Twentieth streets stands the Pennsylvania Institntion for the Blind. It was founded in 183% and can accommodate about 100 pupils. Several orphan asylums exist. Besides Girard College, prominent, and among the earliest in the city, is St. Joseph's, HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 53 under the care of the Sisters of Charity. It was opened in 1817. The United States Naval Asylum was founded in 1835. It was built, and is supported, by a small levy made upon all seamen. It is intended as a refuge for unfortunate and superannuated seamen. Its cost was some $300,000, and it accommodates about 300 seamen. It is situated on Gray's Ferry road. Adjoining is the United States Naval Hospital, Homes for, various classes are scattered about the city — as, for Little Wanderers, Colored People, Children, Aged Men and Women, Soldiers, and others. The City Alms House, situated in Bleckley, near the right bank of the Schuylkill, is an immense affair, capable of accommodating over 3,000 persons. It stands in the midst of I So acres of land, ten of which are devoted to the build- ings. There are usually here in summer about 1,500 persons, and in winter 2,000. Mechanical operations are carried on. The property is valued at J3, 000, 000. A hospital and insane asylum, called the Philadelphia, and the oldest in the country, 1732, and the largest, are connected. The Walnut street cars run there. The Friends have an alms house of their own. An institution which has done much for the alleviation of human suffering, is the Prison Society. It was founded in 1787. A complete reform in the penal code has been brought about by it. One of its chie^ workers was Samuel T. Hopper, who lived from 177 1 to 1S52, He is well known in history in this connection, and also as the friend of the colored man, and of mankind in general. Several other benevolent societies exist — as the Saving Fuel, the Magdalene and the Humane Society, &c,, &c; all of which testify to Philadelphia as the city of brotherly love, not merely in name but in reality. One of the most recent benevolent societies is the one organized m 1S69 to provide fountains for the refreshment of man and beast. They i)lanted their first one in Waiuut 54 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. Street, opposite Seventh. Since then upwards of seventy have been established. At these, in the course of twelve hours, as many as 35,000 persons and 13,000 horses have been known to stop and drink. There are about a dozen soup houses in the city, open chiefly in winter. There are altogether some fifty Homes and Asylums, forty Relief Societies, and forty other benevo- lent organizations, each under different supervision and patronage, and for various persons and objects. CHAPTER XL Mutual Aid Societies and Aid Funds. OF the Mutual Aid Societies of Philadelphia, the Masons, perhaps, hold the first rank. The first lodge estab- lished in the city was in 1732. Now they are very numerous. There are over seventy lodges. The new Masonic Temple, corner of Broad and Filbert streets, attests the wealth and strength of the order. This edifice is one of the most imposing in the city. It is built of granite, all hewn at the quarry, and is the finest owned by the order in the world. Its dimetisions are 150 feet front by 250 feet depth, and it is ninety feet high. Its foundations were laid thirty feet below the level of the street. Ten million brick were used upon the inner masonry. A tower surmounts the building, 230 feet from the ground. Its porch of entrance is marvellous. The interior corresponds. As an exemplifi- cation of ancient art and costly magnificence it is wonderful. It is entirely fire-proof. The whole cost has been $1,500,000. Previous to the Masons occupying this last and grandest of their homes, they occupied a building on Chestnut street, between Seventh and Eighth streets, itself a very fine edifice, erected in 1809. Other similar societies in the city are the Odd Fellows, with their 130 lodges and Hall on Sixth street, near Race; the United Order of American Mechanics, with its forty-four councils ; also some national societies, as the St. George's and the St. Andrew's. Besides the above, there are from three to four hundred secret societies in the city of various orders. Aid funds also exist. An example is the Franklin Fund, which is not yet available, but will be in a few years. Franklin left $4,444.44 in trust of the city, to be put out for one hun- 56 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. dred years to accumulate. A jmrt of it is then to be lent out to young unmarried artificers; and tlie remainder is to be put out another hundred years U accumulate, when it is ail MASONIC TEMPLE. to be given to the Government of the City or of the State. Another example is the Palmer Fund. James Palmer, an apothecary of the city, has recently left a sum of money in MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES AND AID FUNDS. 57 the hands of trustees, a part of the interest of which is at once to be devoted to the purchase of coal for the poor of the city in winter. But the greater part of the interest is to be added to the capital until a certain sum is reached, when a less per centage is to be added until a certain other sum is reached, to wit., ^1,000,000. Then, and not till then, a monument is to be erected to his memory : and the whole of the annual proceeds of this million is to be devoted to the distribution of fuel among the widows and orphans, and other destitute and needy ones that may reside within the city. Other aid funds are the Girard, and some others noticed elsewhere. CHAPTER XII. Lawyers and Law Schools. ^^OME of the jurists of Philadelphia of a past day have S^ ranked very high. There was Jared IngersoU; also, K. D. Ingraham, who possessed a library of 30,000 volumes, chiefly American works or editions ; and John K. Kane, father of the Arctic explorer, a judge, and famous in this office for his decision in connection with the fugitive slave law ; and Nicholas Wahn, who after gaining a case which ought to have been given to another, retired from the law in disgust. Here, as elsewhere, young men are fitted for the law, very extensively, in the offices of old and experienced practitioners. In connection with the University of Pennsylvania is a law school. It has five professors and nearly one hundred students. The period of instruction lasts two years, and is made up each year of two terms of four months each. Philadelphia has a Law Academy, to which students are admitted with old practitioners, the objects of which are debate and argument. CHAPTER XIII. Medical Men and Medical Schools. "^ I o city on this continent except, perhaps, New York, has \ produced or had more eminent medical men than J Philadelphia. It has been, and still possibly may be, the metropolis of medicine, and of the profession. In the schools here, and in practice, are, and have been, many noted men. Several books on disease and its cure, and inventions in surgery have emanated hence. Cases of new and successful treatment have occurred. One of the earliest of n6te in the profession was William Shippen. He belonged to the last century. The first medi- cal lectures given in the city were by him. In 1762 he began to lecture on anatomy, in the evening, privately, to ten pupils. Another noted physician in his day, and also witli posterity, is Benjamin Rush, He was born in 1745, and graduated in the arts at Princeton, N. J., in 1760. In 1769 he became a Professor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, and afterwards of the Theory and Practice of Medicine. He stood high in society, and had an extensive practice. During the Revolutionary AVar he was a surgeon in the army. He signed the Declaration of Independence with his father-in-law, Richard Stockton. In 181 1 he received a diamond ring from the Emperor of Russia, in acknowledg- ment of his merits. He died in 18 13. Dr. Benjamin South Barton gave to America its first elementary book on botany. He succeeded Benjamin Rush, as Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, in the University. William P. Dewees was a noted obstetrician, and the first in the country. He began practice as such in 1793. He was also an author and a professor in this branch of the profession. The first to describe the posterior position of the etharoid bone, with 6o THE CENTENNIAL CITY. the triangular bones attached, was a Philadelphian, Dr. Wistar. T. Hanson prepared the first and second United States Pharmacopoea, which were issued in 1818 and 1828. W. E. Horner, of the city, was the first to demonstrate that the epithelial structure of the small intestines was destroyed and desquimated in cases of cholera. Samuel George Maston made a collection of skulls, which have almost been without a parallel. At his death he had accumulated 918, which were deposited with the Academy of Natural Sciences. Joseph G. Mancrede, born in 1793, died in 1856, was the first to propose the Caesarian operation. Philip Syng Physick, a pupil of John Hunter, becam.e the father of American surgery. The first chair of surgery in the University was filled by him in 1805. A new method of extracting poisons from the stomach, a new treatme-nt of ulcers, venesection in reducing dislocated limbs, seton in ununited fractures, and a new cure of artificial arms, were all inventions of his, and successful in practice. He was the first to proclaim that yellow fever depended on local causes, and was not con- tagious. He invented the gorget, and the double canula for removing tonsils and hemorrhoids, and a needle for deep seated arteries. In 1831, being sixty-three years of age, he performed an operation for gravel on Chief Justice Marshall, who was seventy-six, removing from that eminent man over 1,000 celculi. The medical school connected with the University of Pennsylvania, and on the same grounds with it, is the most ancient in America. It was begun in 1765. That year Dr. John Morgan delivered a course on the theory and prac- tice of medicine. The year following. Dr. Shippen gave a course on anatomy, surgery and midwifery. Other courses were added till it became what it now is. The number of students here last year was over 400. The Jefferson IVIedical School, located on Tenth street, below Chestnut, was organized in 1825 by some professors who had retired from the University school. It is intended MEDICAL MEN AND MEDICAL SCHOOLS. 6l by the trustees to remove from their present location to a more eligible one. It has been famous with great prac- titioners. In addition to these there is an Eclectic School,* a Homeopathic, and two Schools of Dentistry. There is a Woman's College, also, founded twenty-five years ago. It is the oldest in the United States. In 1875 it graduated sixteen students. It is situated on Twenty-first street and North College avenue. In 1787 the College of Physicians, consisting of some of the most eminent in the profession in the city, was founded, corner of Thirteenth and Locust streets. In 1792 the Philadelphia Medical Society was formed. The object of these societies is mutual felloAvship and discussion. A College of Pharmacy was founded in 182 1, the object of which is to prepare young men for the prescription depart- ment in drug stores. Philadelphia affords unusual facilities for the study and practice of medicine. Hospitals are open to the student; clinics are held in connection wath the schools ; material for dissection is abundant. Museums are frequent and well appointed, and a great variety of cases of disease and of casualties are constantly occurring. The greatest disease of Philadelphia has been yellow fever. In 1793 four thousand died of it in four months. It has raged several times since : but of late years it has entirely disappeared. Cholera and small pox, also, have appeared here. In 1870 the latter was very virulent, and multitudes died of it. In general, however, Philadelphia is to be regarded as a very healthy city. There is a Board of Health, to whose vigilance the city owes much. The water supply, and Fair- mount and other parks, promote cleanliness and furnish fresh air ; while the city railroads afford abundant facilities for scattering the population over a large extent of territory. CHAPTER XIV. Treatment of Criminals. H^ Pennsylvania has established a system of treatment of I criminals, original in itself. For a time the experiment of solitary confinement without work was tried. But this was found deleterious to society in preventing production, and to the individual in the mental effects wrought. At the present time the course pursued is solitary, or separate, con- finement with work. For two or three days the prisoners received in the prisons are kept solitary and without work. If after this they have shown good behavior, and have asked for work or for reading, they are furnished with a Bible, and with such work as the prison may be able to supply, and they are best fitted to perform. Their confinement after this may be entirely solitary, or with one other. No talk with the prisoners at large is allowed ; but each may talk with the officers, or with visitors. A change from the ancient system began to be agitated in 1815, Prominent workers in effect- ing a reform were Thomas Bradford and Isaac T. Hopper. The present system took form and was fully adopted between the years 1829 and 1834. Criminals used to be neglected by the outside world, and their treatment by those having them in charge was harsh. Now, kindness is accorded them, and attempts are made at their reform. And if there has been any error made in their commitment or trial, the Prison Society interest themselves in it. They also help prisoners on their discharge. The vanguard in this way has been led by the Friends. Cherry Hill, or the Eastern Penitentiary, so-called because in the eastern part of the State, was erected between 1823 and 1829. It is built of brick and granite, and is surrounded by a wall thirty feet high. Its construction is in the radiating form, seven rays converging in a focal point, whence the TREATMENT OF CRIMIJNALS. 6^ keeper may behold the whole prison at one view, a form introduced by John Haviland, of the city, and which has since been extensively adopted both at home and abroad. It contains now about five hundred prisoners. It is situated in the midst of ten acres of ground, on Coates street, near Twenty-second. The Green and Coate street cars, running out of Eighth, or the Yellow cars of the Union line, running on Eighth and Ninth and Spring Garden, convey thither. Tickets of admission may be obtained at the Ledger ofhce. Chestnut and Sixth streets. Moyamensing is the city prison, built of granite, at a cost, with the grounds, of nearly half a million, in cheaper times than the present. It has four hundred cells, and a female department with one hundred cells. It is situated in the southern part of the city, on Passyunk avenue, near Tenth street. Cars of the Tenth and Twelfth street line, and the Green cars of the Union line, on Seventh street, convey visitors thither. The House of Refuge for juvenile offenders was opened in 1828. It is supported partly by the State and partly by private charity. It is open to visitors every afternoon except Saturday and Sunday. It stands on Poplar and Twenty-second streets, near Girard College, and between it and the Peniten- tiary. The Poplar street line, the Green cars of the Union line, on Ninth street, connecting with the Poplar, for one fare. Ridge avenue cars, up Arch to Ninth, and the Green and Coates street line run there or near by. At Holmesburg, within the city limits, there was opened in 1874 a House of Correction, so-called. It contains 2,000 cells, and cost, with the grounds of between two and three hundred acres on which it stands, about $1,000,000. It is intended for vagrants, drunkards, and persons convicted of petty offences. A chapel, which hold over 2,000 persons, is connected. The first convicted criminal in Philadelphia was one Pickering. He was found guilty of passing counterfeit money, and was sentenced to pay a fine of ;^40. CHAPTER XV. Books and Libraries. H^ Philadelphia is largely engaged in the manufacture and I sale of books. It is, j^erhaps, in this respect the third place in the Union ; New York and Boston only being superior. The firm of Lippincott Sz Co. is one of the largest book making and book selling establishments in the world. Their store on Market street, and their printing office and bindery on Filbert street, are wonders in extent and arrangement. Previous to the Revolution the business of book publishing had been an extensive one, for so new a city, in so new a- country. Not fewer than four hundred and fifty separate publications of books had been issued down to that time. Paper, without which the printing of books were, perhaps, an impossibility, was early and extensively manufactured in and about the city. William Rittenhouse established the first within the present bounds of the city, on the Wissahickon. Franklin interested himself in the paper manufacture. Type casting, too, was early carried on here. C. Sower, besides being a printer and binder, was also a paper maker and type founder. He was the forerunner of L. Johnson & Co. (now McKellar, Smiths & Jordan,) who have become the largest type founders in the country, and in the world, per- haps. It is the oldest firm of the kind in the United States, dating back to 1796. The first printing office in Philadelphia was established in 1 686 by William Bradford. At this period there were only two other printing presses in the Colonies, one in Boston, in connection with Harvard University, the other in New York. William Bradford was the first in the Colonies to issue a proposal to print the Scriptures. This he did in 1688. An BOOKS AND LIBRARIES. 65 attempt was made in 1746, by C. Sower, to publish them; but it was unsuccessful, being branded as a false issue. In 1782 Richard Aii^en printed the first edition of the English Bible in Philadelphia. It was a venture that proved a loss. In 17 93 C. Sower published the first quarto edition of the Scriptures issued in the provinces. It was a German one, containing 1,284 pages. Lindley Murray issued here, in 1795, the first edition of his English Grammar. Thomas Paine issued here, in 1775-6, the first edition of " Common Sense," and later, " The Crisis." Charles Brockden Brown, author of " Arthur Merryn " and "Jane Talbot," and over twenty other works, belonged to this city. The Philadelphia Library is the chief public one of the city. It was originated in 1731 by Dr. Franklin and a few others, who combined their own books, and so formed its nucleus. In 1790 the building, which it still occupies, on Fifth street, corner of Library, opposite Independence square, was erected. In 1791 the Loganian Library, a collection chiefly of classical works, made by James Logan, confidential secretary of William Penn, was added. Other libraries have from time to time been absorbed in this ; among them that of James Cox, by profession a drawing master. He was a notable collector of books. Eventually, he transferred his whole collection, amounting to 5,000 volumes, in considera- tion of a life annuity of $400, to the Library Company, There are some rare, curious, and valuable books in this library, among which is a Latin Bible, written in 10 16, presented it by one of the Vauxes. The whole number of volumes in the library is about 100,000. These are free to everybody coming to the rooms ; but can be removed only on payment of a fee of membership. The rooms contain a clock which is at least two hundred and twelve years old, and which is said to have belonged to Oliver Cromwell : alsO; one which belonged to William Penn ; also, several sketches of old Philadelphia. The building is open every week day. Over 66 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. its entrance is an Italian marble statue of Franklin. This library is the mother of North American subscription libraries. A large fine library building has been erected, on Broad, Carpenter, Christian and Thirteenth streets, out of fundsleft by Dr. Benjamin Rush, amounting to over a million dollars, and which is intended to accommodate this library with a safe and permanent home and endowment, if they choose to accept it with conditions imposed — as, that it be called the Ridgway Library, after the maiden name of his wife, and Philadelphia's great millionaire. There are several other libraries of note — as that of the Natural Science Academy, the Mercantile on Seventh street between Chestnut and Market, and that of the Historical .Society on Spruce street, which contains 17,000 volumes i'esides a large number of manuscripts. Altogether, in the public and private libraries of the city, it is computed that there are over 3,000,000 volumes. CHAPTER XVI. Newspapers and Newspaper Men. ¥HE first Newspaper issued in Philadelphia was Decem- ber 22, 1719. It was a weekly called the "Mercury," a half-quarto sheet, the subscription price of which was 10 shillings a year. The first daily published in the City was in 1723. It lived but a short time. Franklin was publisher and editor of a newspaper. At the time of the Revolution several papers were pub- lished. Both the patriot cause and the tory was represented. Newsboys offered the papers in the streets, calling attention by a horn. In 177 1 the "Pennsylvania Packet or General Advertiser," was started as a weekly, by John Dunlop. In 1784 a daily edition was issued, which became the first daily in the United States that lived. In 1801 the " True American " was issued. This and the " Packet " were eventually united. In 1819 they both became joined to the " United States Gazette," which had been established in 1791- After this, the "United States Gazette" was connected with the "North American." These papers are represented to-day by the " North American and United States Gazette," one of the ablest papers in the city. Its proprietor and editor is Morton McMichael, a man prominent in the affairs of the city as well as in news- paper circles. It is the commercial paper of the city. The "Evening Bulletin " is the oldest and the best of the the evening papers. The " Ledger " is the paper that has the largest circulation ; about 100,000 copies are issued daily. It is crowded with advertisements, and like most of the papers of Philadelphia, is sold at a low figure. George W. Childs is its editor and 68 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. proprietor; a man about 47 years of age. In 1849 he was a member of the publishing firm now known as Peterson & Brothers. In 1864 he became owner of the "Ledger." The " Press " is a republican paper. It was established in 1857 by Colonel J W. Forney, a Pennsylvanian of Lancaster. He was first a democratic politician and clerk of the Senate. In i860 he went over, taking his paper with him, to the republican party, Mr. Forney i.s 59 years of age. There are several other papers in the city worthy of notice. The " Inquirer " is one such. It always contains the news, and '■' is ably edited. The "Times " also, owned and edited by Col. McClure, is an independent paper, and with a larger circulation than almost all tlie other papers combined. The Printing Press was invented in 1420. An improve- l ment on this was the Clymer, called also the Columbia, made i in Philadelphia in 1815. It was specially useful for a while f in the multiplication of newspapers. By means of it, 250 1 sheets could be worked off per hour; a great achievment | for the times. ^ Some of the finest and largest business establishments in I the city are the newspaper ones. Such are the "Ledger," the ! "Press," the "Times" and the "Evening Bulletin;" all of j which are on Chestnut street. j By early and fast trains the New York papers are brought 1 into competition with Philadelphia. Several thousands of them arrive at an early hour and are circulated. The I effect is to stimulate the home papers, and probably augment their circulation. f The more prominent magazines of Philadelphia are " Lippin- cott's," "Godey's," "Peterson's" and " Penn Monthly." These are all issued twelve times a year. In 1741 Franklin I issued a monthly magazine, which lived, however, only six months. In 1813 AV^ashington Irving started one called the "Auelectic," which too, soon went the way of all the earth. CHAPTER XVII. I Societies for the Promotion of Science and j Useful Knowledge. I VxYhe American Philosophical Society was founded in j j 1743 by Franklin. In 1785 they erected a building for themselves on Fifth street corner of Chestnut ; a part of which they still occupy, leasing the remainder to the city. Here they have a library, and a cabinet of mineralogy and of fossils ; and here they hold meetings for mutual improvement, and for extending generally the boundaries of knowledge. Thomas Godfrey was connected with this society. He was by occupation a glazier, and in this calling, glazed the windows of the State House, whose panes were, according to the style of those days, set in lead. While pursuing his work, he one day accidently noticed an effect of the sun's rays falling on glass, which circumstance led him to the invention of the (Quadrant, an instrument now used at sea by all sailors, and which is invaluable to them in determining their exact position, Hadley, an English optician, acting on a similar hint, invented the Quadrant about the same time. But Godfrey obtained the clue and perfected his instrument two years before Hadley did. The Royal Society of London gave him a reward for his discovery. He died in 1789, aged 59 years. When Laurel Hill Cemetery was opened, in 1836, his ashes were exhumed from where they had been laying 47 years, and deposited on an eminence at the right, just within the main entrance, where a monument, embracing a statue with a quadrant in his hand, commemorates his services and perpetuates his memory. Another member of this society was David Rittenhouse, who was the first who observed the transit of Venus. This yo THE CENTENNIAL CITY. he did on January 3, 1769. So overpowered was he on making successful observations of the phenomenon, that he immediately fainted. He was working under the auspices of the society. He is buried in the yard of the Third Presby- terian Church on Pine and Fourth streets. Another name honorably connected with philosophy and science, and this society in Philadelphia, is that of Robert Hare. To him the world is indebted for the Oxyhydrogen | blowpipe, the Calcium and the Drummond lights, improve- 1 mentsin the Voltaic pile, and the invention of the Deflagrator. ' Charles Pierce is another name shedding lustre on philo- ' sophical and scientific pursuits and the society. He was a | very pains-taking man. An accurate record was kept by . him of the weather, from January i, 1793, to January i, 1S47, which is invaluable in a meteorological point of view; the 1 results of which have been compiled and published in a I book. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania which has its seat j in Philadelphia, is one of great interest. It is doing a good work in perpetuating the history of the past. It has a I valuable library and a museum of curiosities. Some of the I latter are connected with the early history of the city and 1 are highly entertaining. They have a building for their I purposes on Spruce street, between Eighth and Ninth, on the j Pennsylvania Hospital block. It is open to visitors, free. | The Academy of Fine Arts, founded in 1805 ; the Academy I of Natural Sciences, founded in i8t2; the Franklin Institute | which has its office at No. 15 South Seventh street, are other societies promotive of useful knowledge, taste and industry. CHAPTER XVIII. The Commerce of Philadelphia. -j NTiL the war of 1812, Philadelphia occupied the first I J place as a commercial depot. After the war was over it began to decline. Lately it has shown signs of recuperation. She is to-day second, only, of American ports. The imports at Philadelphia last year were J2 6,000,000, Her exports were ^25,000,000 in value. The first shipment of American cotton goods to China was made from Philadelphia. This was by Samuel C. Archer & Co., soon after the war of 181 2. This firm by trade with the East Indies is said to have made annually a profit of over $100,000. Opportunity for an extensive commerce, both foreign and domestic, is great at Philadelphia. By the Delaware it con- nects, through the ocean, with the whole outside world- By a system of canals and railroads, it has access to the interior of the whole country. Over New York it has an advantage, in the cheaper handling of goods which it affords. Philadelphia, by the route of the Delaware, is something over one hundred miles from the ocean. To Europe, excepting to ports on the Mediterranean, she is a trifle more distant than is Boston or New York. But she is as close to China or Japan as any of her rivals ; while to the great West she is equally as near. The waters of both the Delaware and Schuylkill are deep enough to admit the largest vessels, even up to the wharves. And the available river front is so large that much of it is as yet unutilized. The only solely American line of steamers to Europe leaves this Dort. 72 THE CENTENNIAL CIIV. Large numbers of merchants, both Southern and Western, come to Philadelphia to buy. The variety and extent of her manufactures is an attraction. Her merchants import foreign goods direct in vessels to their own port, or by way of New York. Commerce in coal, lumber and grain, is very great in Philadelphia. There are very extensive coal wharves at Richmond, and on the Schuylkill. The Reading railroad alone brings to the city some 5,000,000 tons annually. At Richmond, and at the foot of Coates and Poplar streets, are the lumber depots. Near where the Navy Yard used to be is one of the greatest grain depots. Here is an elevator, belonging to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, which is capable of elevating from 100 to 125 tons a day, and unload- ing 100 cars. It can load three vessels at the same time, depositing in them, in the course of ten hours, from 90,000 to 100,000 bushels of grain. The building contains eighty-eight large circular tanks, each forty-six feet deep, and ten feet six inches in diameter, each of which holds, when full, 4,000 bushels, which amount of grain and the tanks weighs 125 tons. Besides these, it contains seventy-two angular bins, each capable of holding 1,300 bushels — bins and grain together weighing thirty to thirty-five tons. The whole building is of iron, and its construction now would cost half a million of dollars. It is used for storage only. And as the cost of storage here is less than anywhere else on the Atlantic coast, it is an inducement to bring grain to Philadelphia from the West. A new Merchant's Exchange has recently been erected in Second street below Chestnut, on the site of the famous slate roof house. In the cupola of this building the United States Signal Service has an office of observation. The old Exchange, built in 1834, was the fine marble building on the triangular space bounded by Walnut, Third and Dock streets, which building for a long time accommodated the Post Office, now on Chestnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets, the Chamber THE COMIVIICX^CE OF PHILADELPHIA. 73 of Commerce, now removed to the new Exchange, and the Board of Brokers, who still remain in the old building. There are Exchanges for various trades, Coal, Drugs, &c. Altogether there are some seven or eight Exchanges. The Custom House is on Chestnut street, adjoining the present location of the Post Office. CHAPTER XIX. The Manufactures of Philadelphia. Hj- PHILADELPHIA is the largest manufacturing place in the I Western Hemisphere, and the second in the world. And no wonder. Its position is central. It has ready access to all the material used in manufactures. Fuel and living and rents and building materials are cheap ; and there is plenty of ground for factories, and the houses of operatives. The factories of the city number 8,000. These employ 150,000 persons, use $200,000,000 of capital, work up $200,000,000 of material, expend $60,000,000 in wages, and produce, in value, $300,000,000 of articles. Horse-power, to the extent of 75,000, is used to drive the machinery. Some of the largest and most important manufacturing establishments in the world are located here. A great variety of wares, from smallest things to largest, is produced. The rapid and great growth of the city has been stimulated by these manufactures ; and these were stimulated by the attempt of our British forefathers to force their own manu- factures upon the country. The first articles of manufacture were naturally material for clothing, and things needed as means to a livelihood, as agricultural implements ; also furniture and things pertaining to housekeeping. Teuch Coxe, who wrote a history of manufactures in. the United States down to 181 2, gave, by his writings, a great impulse to manufactures. He introduced the growth of cotton into the United States as a field product, and first suggested the raising of it as a redundant staple. Down to 1786 it had been grown only in gardens as a curiosity. As yet Whitney's cotton gin, which alone could make the raising of cotton profitable in this country, had not been invented. THE MANUFACTURES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 But in T793 that valuable invention appeared, stimulated by- its necessity. Arkwright, in England, had already invented machinery for the manufacture of cotton into woven goods, and Samuel Slater had, in 1786, after some other attempts had failed, wrenched the secret and monopoly of it from the English, and introduced it into the United States. The manufacture of cotton goods thenceforward became an industry of the city. The Bridesburg Manufacturing Com- pany of late years have been extensive manufacturers of cotton, as also of woolen goods. Jamb stoves, forerunners of the celebrated ten-plate stoves, were first made in Philadelphia. It was done by C. Stower, in Germantown. Philadelphia was the first place in the country in which drugs and chemicals were manufactured. Samuel Wetherill began the business here during the Revolutionary War. Superiority in this branch of manufacture is still retained. The first shot tower in the United States was erected in Philadelphia. This was in 1808, near the old Navy Yard. One of the largest locomotive works in the world, the Baldwin, is located here, on Broad street, near the Reading Railroad Depot. Near there are the Morris Locomotive Works and William Seller's Machine Tool Works, both mammoth establishments. The largest gas fixture establishment, that of Cornelius & Sons, is located here, on Cherry street, above Eighth. The largest clothing establishment in the country, that of Wana- maker & Brown, is on Market and Sixth streets. The largest manufactory of dentist's instruments in the world, and of artificial teeth, is here, corner of Chestnut and Twelfth streets, carried on by S, S. White. One of the most extensive manufactories in the city, and the first of the kind on this continent, is the Saw, Tool, Steel and File Works of Henry Diston & Sons. The elder Diston came to this country from England in 1819, at four- teen years of age. About forty years ago he began the 76 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. manufacture of saws in a cellar in Philadelphia. From this humble beginning he has added to his establishment, till now his place of business, on Front and Laurel streets, and branch at Tacony, covers eight acres, and 1,000 men are employed by him daily, to whom he pays weekly ^15,000 in wages; thirty tons of sheet steel are manufactured weekly, and five tons of tools daily. Schoonmaker's, the pioneer piano manufacturing estab- lishment of the country, is located in Philadelphia. It is on Catharine and Eleventh streets, and is capable of turning out twenty instruments weekly. In the Exhibition is the first piano they turned out, twenty-six years old, and which they claim is as nearly perfect as the pianos of the present day. CHAPTER XX. Monied Men and Institutions. H^Jhiladelphia has about fifty banks. The first was estab- I lished in 1781 by Robert Morris, with the patriotic design of helping the Revolution. It was called the Bank of North America, and its capital was $400,000. This bank at one time issued paper of the denomination of one penny, it is said. It is still in existence, on the south side of Chestnut street, between Third and Fourth. Ten years later, in 1791, the first United States Bank was incorporated, with a capital of $10,000,000. Its head- quarters was Philadelphia, with branches in other prominent cities of the Union. Alexander Hamilton was the originator. This bank was closed 1810-11. In 181 2 Stephen Girard purchased the banking house of the old United States Bank, on Third street, below Chestnut, and established unaided a bank, calling it after his own name, with a capital of $1,200,000. At Mr. Girard's death the capital was $4,000,000- Some time after, the bank failed. Charles A. Boker, born 1797, died 1858, resuscitated it. It still exists, one of the prominent institutions and landmarks of the city. The second United States Bank was established in 181 6, with a capital of $35,000,000. The building on Chestnut street, near Fourth, which is now the Custom House, was erected for it, from 1819 to 1824, at a cost of $500,000. It was not popular with the people. The cry was " hard money." It therefore became a strife among politicians. Jackson vetoed the bill for re-chartering it; and in 1832 removed the United States deposits from it, which crippled it very much. In 1836 its charter expired, and it ceased to be, maintaining, however, its credit to the end. With it 78 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. Philadelphia lost its position as the financial centre of the country, which thenceforward was transferred to New York. The United States Bank of Pennsylvania succeeded it, with the same amount of capital, $35,000,000. After a five years existence it failed, 1841. Nicholas Biddle, a Philadei- phian, born 1786, graduated at the University of Pennsylvania 1 80 1, a commercial and literary man, who died in 1844, was its head during the first three years of its existence. In 1816 the Philadelphia Savings Society Bank, the first of the kind, and one of the largest in the country, was estab- lished. It has 40,000 depositors, and from $10,000,000 to $12,000,000 always on deposit. There are several insurance companies in the city, Fire, Life and Marine. The first insurance company in North America was established here in 1794. The Fidelity Safe Deposit Company, holding moneys and valuables on deposit, though not controlling them, is one of the largest enterprises of the kind in the country. Their build- ing is on Chestnut street, opposite Carpenters' Hal!. Chestnut and Walnut streets in the vicinity of Third and Fourth, and these latter streets in the vicinity of Chestnut and Walnut, is the great centre of Banks, Bankers and Brokers. Robert Morris, in middle life, was the wealthy man of Philadelphia of his time. He was born in Lancashire, England, in 1734, and came to this country in 1748 at the age of fourteen. One year afterward he became an orphan. In 1754, being but twenty years of age, he formed a co-part- nership with Thomas AVilling in mercantile pursuits. The firm existed forty years, was very successful, and Mr. Morris became very rich for the times. Financially, he was the main stay of the Revolution. He issued his own notes, in the cause, to the amount of $1,400,000. Before he became comptroller the war was costing $18,000,000 a year. By his prudent management he reduced expenses to $5,000,000. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, MONIED MEN AND INSTITUTIONS. 79 Towards the close of life he speculated, in connection with others, in Southern lands, to the extend of millions of acres, he being the responsible party. At the same time he indulged in the most lavish private expenditure, commencing for himself a marble palace, the estimated cost of which was exhausted before the first story had been carried up. It was still advanced — another story being added, and the roof put on. But there it stopped altogether. Eventually it was sold by the sheriff to William Sansom, torn down, and the marble and other material scattered far and near. The building was to have stood in the midst of the block bounded -by Chestnut, Walnut, Seventh and Eighth streets. Mr. Morris owned at one time Lemon Hill, now a part of Fair- mount Park, and he resided on it. From 17 95 to 1798, he languished, an old man upwards of sixty, in a debtors' prison. He died in 1806 aged 73, an insolvent man. Stephen Girard was the richest man of Philadelphia of the past. He was born at Bordeaux, France, in 1750. In 1762, at 12 years of age, he left his native place and went to sea, as a cabin boy. Gradually he rose to be a Captain of other men's, then of his own vessel. His first appearance in Phila- delphia was in 1769, where for a while he kept a small establishment in W^ater street. The year following he mar- ried. His marriage appears not to have been a very happy one. After twenty years living together, in 1790, Mrs. Girard became insane and was placed in an asylum, where she remained until 181 5, 25 years, when she was relieved by death, 16 years before Mr. Girard's own decease. They had only one child, who died in infancy. Mr. Girard never mar- ried again. His first great step towards his colossal fortune appears to have been in 1782, when he was thirty-two years of age. At this time he became owner of a lease of some buildings on Water street, which proved very profitable to him. In 1791, the negro insurrection in St. Domingo, occurred. On board his vessel, which was there at the time, some white inhabitants placed for safe keeping a large amount So THE CENTENNIAL CITY. of valuables, valued at J5 0,000. These, the owners never appeared to redeem, having probably perished in the insur- rection. They therefore became the property of Mr. Girard. At one time of his life he was a partner with his brother, coming out of the partnership with 1^30,000 — his brother's share, of whom we hear little afterwards, amounting to double that sum. As he advanced in ]ife and fortune, he became more extensively engaged in commercial pursuits, trading with the East Indies as well as the West, and also with New Orleans, With a surplus capital on his hands, he became engaged also in banking. He took $500,000 worth of stock of the first United States Bank, and $3,000,000 of the second-^ besides establishing a bank of his own. During the war of v8i2, he was the financial stay of the Government. He (lied in 1831, of influenza, at his residence in Water street, I eaving an estate then variously estimated at from $6,000,000 \ I) $12,000,000. A large part of this he left to the City of Philadelphia, in trust. The grandest disposition he made of his property, was in founding the College which bears his nime. The block and grounds bounded by Chestnut and Mar- k it, Tenth and Eleventh streets, was left for the support of t le College. There are now in the city some two hundred a id thirty buildings belonging to the estate. He also left coal and timber lands. This property, by natural increase in value and by prudent management, has become worth to-day some $50,000,000, it is said. Mr. Girard was blind in one eye ; in temper he was very irritable. His style of dress was plain. He objected to the ornamental, choosing sub- stantial things rather. The furniture of his house was of the best quality, but not chosen for show. He was generous when caught on the right footing, and gave away largely during his life time. The city will have occasion to remem- ber him forever. Another man of wealth and enterprise belonging to the past of Philadelphia, was Thomas P. Cope. The first line of packets between Liverpool and Philadelphia, was established MONIED MEN AND INSTITUTIONS. 8 1 by him, in 1821, The construction of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, and of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the introduction of the present water supply is largely owing to him. He was cotemporary with and the rival of Girard. Josiah White was another wealthy and beneficent man. He died in 1850. To him is attributed the idea of the Fairmount dam and water works, the introduction of anthracite coal in place of wood as fuel, about 1815, and the origination of the Schuylkill Navigation Company and Rolling Mills, and the Lehigh Works. CHAPTER XXI. The Mint. W^HERE are several Mints in the United States. The one I in Philadelphia is the oldest and chief. It was estab- lished in 1 791 on Seventh street, between Market and Arch. In 1829 it took possession of its present quarters on Chestnut street, near Broad. Here three distinct operations are carried on — assaying, refining and coining. There are six officers — an assayer, a refiner, a coiner, an engraver, an engineer and a master, and these have numerous employees under them. The first coins were made here in 1793. They were copper cents. Silver dollars followed the next year, and the year following gold eagles. The mill and screw, invented in France in the sixteenth century, is the instrument used in coining. Previous to this being invented, and for several years after the invention was made, all coins were made by means of a forge and hammer. This was so even in England and France down to the middle of the seventeenth century. Steam was first used in the Philadelphia Mint in 181 6. An engine is now running there noiselessly ; and the same has been doing so for forty years of working time. In 1875 a well was sunk, or bored, for the use of the establishment, which is 485 feet in depth. Nearly ^70,000,000 of gold and §15,000,000 of silver was deposited here in 1874 to be coined. The coinage of money is constantly going on. During the month of October, 1875, 5,119,521 pieces, having a total value of $5,785,240, were coined. Plate and old coin, as well as gold dust and bars of metal, are received to be coined. But of the former not less than $100 worth at a time is taken. Visitors are admitted free every day, except Saturdays and Sundays, any time before noon. Besides the processes THE MINT. 8^ exhibited by an officer, visitors have the opportunity of inspecting the collection of coins of all ages and nations, of great variety and extent, and very curious, which are con- tained there. Some of these coins are as old as from i,ooo to 2,000 years B. C. This establishment, like all similar institutions in the other Governments of the world, is under the control of the United States Government, and is a bureau of the Treasury Depart- ment. CHAPTER XXII. The Navy Yard. /jy HE United States Navy was originated in Philadelphia I by Congress in October, 1785, who at that time author- ized two cruisers of ten and fourteen guns. Shortly after fifteen more, of from twenty to thirty-six guns, were ordered. In 1787 larger vessels were built or purchased. At the close of the war the remains of this navy was disposed of, and a new and regular system of construction and equipment commenced. In 1794 six frigates were ordered. During the war with Tripoli, at the beginning of the present century, the gunboat system was established. Two hundred and fifty were put in commission. This system was found to be inefficient, and was soon abandoned. During the late civil war iron-clad gunboats came into existence, and exten- sive use. The Navy Yard at Philadelphia was established in 1801, and located on the Delaware, about one and a half miles below Market street, on ground embracing twelve acres, with a considerable water front, and purchased for $37,500. Recently the buildings here have been torn down and removed, together with all their effects, to League Island, a piece of land about three miles long and a quarter of a mile wide, embracing an area of 500 acres, presented to the department by the Government of Philadelphia ; and situated at the junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill, about four miles below Market street. The site of the original yard has been sold. The Navy Yard has been, and probably will continue to be, a place of interest to visit. Here are to be seen rows of ordnance, stacks of balls, trophies, relics, military drill of a company of, perhaps, 150 marines usually kept stationed THE NAVY YARD. 85 here and the various operations connected with ship building and navy supply, etc., etc. Admission is free, but persons are required to take a permit on entering the gate. Broad street runs there direct, and the drive thither through the double row of trees to be planted in the centre of this street, will probably be one of the most fashionable and best pat- ronized. No public conveyance as yet carries immediately there, though one line of cars runs within a few minutes walk. The Frigate Constitution^ which did such memorable service in the war of 1812, the oldest vessel in the navy> built in 1795, has recently been rebuilt a second time, here, and will be on exhibition at the Centennial. The present rebuilding has been done by one whose father rebuilt her the first time in Boston, and whose grandfather was her original builder. CHAPTER XXIII. Fairmount Park. W^His is the most extensive, and by nature finest city park I in tlie country, or perhaps in the world. There are only three larger anywhere, two in England and one in France. It is justly the pride of Philadelphia. It was com- menced about the same time that the present Water Works were. In 1812 Fairmount was purchased in the water interest. By gifts, as in case of George's Hill, and by purchase, it has been enlarged since, from time to time, till now it embraces some 3,000 acres, and is three times the size of Central Park, New York. It is situated within the heart of the city. Two rivers flow through it — the Wissahickon, a contributary of the Schuylkill, and the Schuylkill itself. Its boundaries are irregular, and it is much longer than it is wide. On the Schuylkill it lies five miles; on the Wissahickon, six. The former divides it into East and West Park. Nature has done much for it. Its surface is undulating and hilly, and in places it is wild and rugged. Here is the highest point of the city. A Board of Commissioners controls it. From one hundred to one hundred and fifty policemen patrol it. Funds are raised by general taxation for its support. $6,000,000 have already been spent on it. As yet the Park is young. In time art will work in it wondrous changes. An association exists, the object of which is the beautifying of it with works of art. They have already placed within it several fine specimens of statuary. Within the Park, at its southeast extremity, are the Fair- mount Water Works. On the east side of the Schuylkill, and towards the* north, also within the Park, is Laurel Hill Cemetery. On the west side of the Schuylkill, on its banks, FAIRMOUNT PARK. 87 Stand the Zoological Gardens, and a little further west are the Centennial Buildings — all within the Park. Lemon Hill, noted as the residence of Robert Morris, the financial stay of the Revolution, is in the East Park, a little beyond the Water Works. It is now a restaurant. Further beyond this, on a third hill, called Sedgeley, just north of Girard Avenue Bridge, and on the Schuylkill, is the cottage which was occupied by General Grant as his head-quarters at City Point. In East Park, also, is Mount Pleasant, the residence once of Benedict Arnold and of Baron Steuben. jl In the West Park, on the river, and not far from Girard I Avenue Bridge, is the estate till recently owned by the Bar- j ings, of London, and once owned by John Penn, the American, ', called Lansdowne, containing two hundred acres, and on it I stood, till consumed by fire a few years ago, the house built 1 by this member of the Penn family. John Penn, his nephew, son of his brother Richard, built the house called Solitude, near by, and now incorporated in the Zoological Gardens. This tract of thirty-three acres, called Solitude, has been leased to the Zoological Society, and by them was opened in 1874 as a garden, and for the exhibition of rare animals. Here is an Aviary and Bear Pits, a Deer Park, and bouses for Elephants, Rhinoceroses and Bisons, Foxes and Wolves, Monkeys and Eagles, Rabbits and Prairie Dogs, Guinea Pigs and Raccoons, &c., &c., &c. Beyond the Centennial Grounds, on an eminence, stands the Belmont Mansion, erected in 1745. Here Richard Peters, who lived during the Revolution and beyond it, a man eminent as a patriot, jurist, and poet, &c., lived. Talleyrand and Louis Phillippe and Lafayette and Washington, and other distinguished men, have been entertained here. The two latter named each planted trees here, one of which, Lafayette s, a walnut, is said to be still standing. The house is now a restaurant. Not far from this, on the river below the hill, stands the cottage which is said to have been the residence of Tom Moore, the celebrated Irish poet, during 88 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. his residence in this country at the beginning of the present century On or near the Wissahickon is the well called the Hermit, dug by John Kelpins, a German Pietist, who, with forty followers, settled in this neighborhood some tAvo hundred years ago. Further up the river is the first public fountain set up in Philadelphia. Some works of art adorn the Park, and many more will be unveiled this Centennial year. Prominent among those that have heretofore existed is the statue of Abraham Lincoln, in bronze, by Brown. It was set up in 187 1, and is very correct and imposing. Mr, Lincoln is represented sitting with the Emancipation Proclamation in his hand. On the four sides of the pedestal which supports the figure are inscriptions which are historic. On one is recorded the gratitude due Mr. Lincoln : on another his good will toward the slave ; on a third, his resolve to sustain the Union ; and on the fourth, his memorable saying, beginning "with malice toward none." This work of art is of colossal proportions, and stands near the Water Works, When the Centennial is over, some of the buildings which have been erected for it will still remain, and, with their contents, contribute to the attractions of the Park. Among the works of art of the Park may, perhaps, be named the Girard Avenue Bridge, which connects the East and West Parks, It is one of the finest structures of the kind extant — 1,000 feet long, 100 feet wide, being wider than any other bridge in the world. It is built of iron, and cost $1,400,000. Admission to all parts of the Park is free to all, except to those parts devoted to the uses of the Centennial Exposition and to the Zoological Gardens. Two steam railroads run through the Park, the Reading and the Pennsylvania Central, both of which convey passen- gers to some part of it; the former, from Callowhill and Thirteenth streets, lands passengers at Belmont, in West THE LINCOLN MONUMENT. go THE CENTENNIAL CITY. Park ; the latter, from Market street and Lancaster avenue, lands passengers near the Centennial Grounds, also in the West Park. Steamboats run up and down the river continually, starting from the Water Works and landing passengers at the Zoo- logical Gardens, the Centennial Grounds, Belmont, Sedgeley and Laurel Hill. The main carriage entrance is at the foot of Green street. But there are several others, and numerous lines of street cars conduct to them. The Pine, Arch and Vine street cars run to the Water Works entrance. The Arch and Vine also run to George's Hill entrance, near the Centennial Grounds, and by connecting cars to the Zoological Gardens. The Green and Coates street cars, from Fourth street up Walnut to Eighth, conduct to Fairmount avenue entrance. The yellow cars of the Union line, up Ninth street, and the Poplar street cars, lead to the Brown street entrance. The Ridge avenue cars conduct to Sedgeley and Laurel Hill, The Girard avenue cars to the entrance by that avenue, and to the Zoological Gardens. The Lancaster avenue, a branch of the Chestnut and Walnut street line, runs to the Centennial Grounds. So also does a branch of the Market street line. This Park began with the Fairmount purchase in 1812, and was increased in 1844 by the purchase of Lemon Hill; in 1856 by the acquisition of Sedgeley. In 1867 Lansdowne was acquired of the English owners. In the same year, 1867, George's Hill was given and added. Laurel Hill, the Wissa- hickon district, the Hunting Park of forty-five acres, and Belmont, have also been incorporated within the limits, giving the Park its present colossal proportions. Near the Fairmount Water Works are stands for carriages, which are ready to convey visitors over the principal avenues. Besides Fairmount, the city contains numerous other squares or parks, mostly of a few acres only. Near the Green street entrance of Fairmount Park, stands an Art Gallery, belonging to the Park, admission to which FAIRMOUNT PARK. 91 is free. Here is Benjamin West's celebrated Painting of !| Christ Rejected, also Rothernal's painting of the Battle of Gettysburg, which cost the State of Pennsylvania $30,000. i The latter has for the present at least, been hung in Memorial I Hall, as a part of the Exposition. I There are two Observatories in the Park ; one in East Park, the other at George's Hill. Sawyer's Observatory also I is in the Park, north of the Exposition grounds. CHAPTER XXIV. The Water Works. WELL water, as habitations increase near each other, becomes unfit for use. Rain supply in large cities, is insufficient. Their only resource is river or lake. In the early days of Philadelphia, it was proposed to supply the city from the Wissahickon. This was found to involve so large an expense that the Schuylkill was fallen back upon. In 1799, the scheme of furnishing Schuylkill water to the citizens at their residences and places of business, was devised, and in January, 180 1, the first supply was given. By steam works at the foot of Chestnut street, it was raised to a reservoir on Central square, and thence was distributed through the city by means of wooden pipes. To these works were added, later, another engine and reservoir at *' Faire Mount." The use of steam, however, was found to involve an enormous and increasing expense ; so the damming of the river at Fairmount, and the raising of water by water power, were suggested. In order to carry this scheme into effect, it was necessary for the city to purchase the water power of the river, which was now in private hands, and to make some satisfactory arrangement with the Schuylkill Navigation Company, who had a claim upon the waters. The former necessity was met by an outlay of ^150,000; the latter by building a canal of a few miles in length, together with some necessary locks. A dam with the other necessary works, water course, houses, machinery, etc., was commenced in 181 9, by Aniel Cooley, and in 1S22 completed, at a further THE WATER WORKS. 93 cost to the city of .'$150,000. In prosecuting the work, a great deal of blasting of rock was required, in doing which $T 2,000 worth of powder was used. Benjamin H. Latrobe, the Father of Architecture in the United States, designer of the Bank of Pennsylvania and of the Capitol at Washington, designed the buildings of the Fairmount Water Works. Frederick Graff was first engi- neer and executor of the designs. A monument erected to his honor stands near the works. The capacity of the works at the present time allows stor- ing up in the reservoirs 11,000,000 gallons every twenty- four hours. There are eight wheels, each wheel working a pump. Several reservoirs are kept constantly full, except in occasional dry times in summer. Three reservoirs are within the Park itself — one the original Fairmount reservoir, another also in the East Park, containing 105 acres; the third on George's Hill in West Park. Another reservoir is on Cor- inthian avenue, near Girard College. It would require several days of unrestricted use of water by the city to exhaust the supply here stored up. The saving of the new system over the old in expense is, as ^10.00 per day, against at least $500. However, under the old system the outlay would need to be perpetually increased. Two men only are required to attend the machinery, one by day, the other at night. No fuel to feed the machinery is required. And the outlay necessitated for repairs is infrequent and small. The cost of water is thereby reduced to the consumer to a minimum- Health, cleanliness, convenience, comfort, saving of expense, and wealth, have followed this introduction of water into the city. Yellow fever fled when the water entered, and has not returned. Fires are by its means more readily extinguished, and the rates of insurance have greatly decreased. Baths, street sprinkling, extensive manufacturing processes have been made possible. Yet it was with much difhculty that this system was introduced. 94 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. There are other Water Works in Philadelphia besides those at Fairmount. These are the Schuylkill, Delaware, Belmont, and Roxborough, But Fairmount is the principal, supplying nearly half the whole amount of all the water consumed. The supply furnished by all these works combined is about 50,000,000 gallons daily. CHAPTER XXV. The Fire Department. W\HE first fire engine company was formed in PhiladeU I phia, in 1732, at the suggestion of Dr. Franklin. Until lately the department has consisted of numerous volunteer companies, who did service at fires in lieu of jury or military duty. The present order was adopted 1857. Steam and horses does the work which before was done by men, and which required great numbers. The men and horses stand ready night and day to obey the first alarm, which is no longer made by bells, but by telegrams to the engine houses, from the various police stations. Until this new system was adopted, and especially before the consolidation of the county of Philadelphia into a muni- cipality, along with the city, in 1854, frequent serious fights occurred between the firemen of the different governments. These, as well as other grave difficulties growing out of separate jurisdictions in close proximity, are now happily avoided. The Fire Department of Philadelphia is under admirable discipline, both men and horses. The men are well paid and the horses well kept. The department has saved to the insurance companies and property holders, in connection with the water supply, vast sums. While no extensive con- flagration has ever visited the city, such as has visited New York, Chicago, Boston, and some other places ; fires of any serious extent are rare. The department consists of four hundred men, one hundred and twenty-five horses, and thirty steam engines. There are five thousand fire plugs, and two hundred signal alarm stations or boxes. CHAPTER XXVI. The Military and Defenses. fVy ^^ defenses of the city in the Revolutionary War were I from the sea, by means of Fort Mifflin, so called after him who was first Governor of the State, and situated near the junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill — and Fort Mercer, in New Jersey, nearly opposite, named after a general of the war. These were gallantly defended, but being hard pressed were evacuated, and are now razed. Fort Delaware now defends from the sea against all but iron-clads. It is situated on an island in the Delaware, fifty miles below the city, and nearly opposite the mouth of the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal. The city has no other forts. But the Navy Yard at League Island, at the foot of the city, may be relied on as a powerful and probably effectual barrier against aggression from the sea. A national guard exists, consisting of volunteer and uni- form companies. There are six regiments and a few isolated companies. In 1774 the first city troop was formed. It is the oldest in the country, formed for resistance to Great Britain. They have an armory on Twenty-first street, near Market. All the men are free from fire and jury duty. Philadelphia has produced many noted soldiers and navy men. Cadwallader, Decatur, Meade, Mercer, and other men of note were born here, and here lie buried, monu- ments being erected to their memory in the churches and in the cemeteries. There are two United States Arsenals within the city, one in the southern part, on the Schuylkill, near Gray's Ferry — the other in the northern j^art at Frankford. The latter is an immense affair, standing in the midst of over sixty acres of ground. Here all the cartridges used by the United States THE MILITARY AND DEFENSES. 97 are manufactured. At the Schuylkill Arsenal, all the cloth- ing and shoes for the regular army is made. One of the curiosities of the place is the variety in uniforms which have attained in the past. Near where the Navy Yard recently was, is Sparks' Shot Tower, built in 1807, and on the Schuylkill, near Market, is Beck's, bailt in 1808. Military dress and equipments are manufactured by W. H. Horstmann, whose establishment, embracing society and upholstery goods, and begun in 1815, is the largest of the kind in the United States. CHAPTE,R XXVII. Laurel Hill and other Cemeteries and Burial Places. IN the midst of the city of the living, stands the greater city of the dead. In ahnost all parts of the early city are old graveyards, where lie buried the earlier genera- tions. Also, in some of the older churches repose the ashes of many — some of them of renown. In and about Christ church, for example, has been buried Robert Morris, Richard Peters, John Ashton, Bishop White, and others. In her yard on Arch and Fifth streets, many other noted men have been laid. Previous to 1815, Washington Square was used as a burial place. Here, in eight months, two thousand soldiers of the Revolution were buried. Numerous victims of the yellow fever were cast in here. It was the Potter's field of its day. Sanitary considerations, and the growth of the city, have necessitated larger burial places, and more on the outskirts of the city. Several which have been made beautiful by art, have been opened by companies, churches and societies. Laurel Hill is the oldest of these, and hitherto has been the most noted. It lies on the Schuylkill river, between it and Ridge avenue, and near to the Falls of Schuylkill Village. It was first opened in 1836, by Benjamin W. Richards and three others. The spot where it was commenced had been the country residence and farm of Judge Bouvier, an author of law books of repute. There is what is called north, central and south Laurel Hill. North was created first, and central last. They all now join and are under one board of directors. Combined they cover about one hundred acres. At the old and main entrance on the Ridge road, there is a columnade and a keeper's lodge. Just within there is a group of statuary, in which Old Mortality is represented reclining on a LAUREL HILL AND OTHER CEMETERIES. 99 SarchophagLis, and Sir Walter Scott gazing at him. Further in, and up the hill is a chapel. Several persons of note have been buried here ; as, Thomas Godfrey, inventor of the Quadrant ; Charles Thompson, secretary of the Continental Congress; Frederick Graff, executor of the Fairmount Water Works, and Generals Mercer of the Revolutionary, and Meade of the Union Army. General Mercer, who fell in the battle of Princeton, was first buried in Christ Church. But in 1840 the Saint Andrew's Society removed him to Laurel Hill, and erected to his memory a monument, with an historic inscrip- tion, near to the chapel. Monuments of great cost and beauty, with touching inscriptions, are erected here ; some of them to commemorate persons of renown, who have not been buried here. In North Laurel Hill is one such to John Fitch, inventor of the Steamboat. In South Laurel Hill is one to Commodore Hull. This Cemetery is now within the bounds of Fairmount Park, and is rendered thereby still more sacred to the purpose to which it has been dedicated. A portion from the sale of every lot has been, and is, set apart as a perpetual fund, for the purpose of keep- ing the grounds in order. The cemetery is reached by the Ridge avenue and Manyunk cars, and by steamboat on the Schuylkill. Another cemetery is Monumeht Cemetery; so called because of the monuments to Washington and Lafayette, erected in their midst. It was opened in 1837, and is on Broad and Berk streets. Other cemeteries are the Odd Fellows and Glenwood and Mount Vernon. All these are either on, or are not far from Ridge Avenue, and may be reached by taking the cars over that road. Cathedral Cemetery belongs to the Catholic Church. It is in West Philadelphia, on Forty-eighth street, Girard avenue and Wyalusing street- It contains forty-three acres and w::s opened in 1849. The Lancaster avenue cars run near by. Woodland Cemetery is in West Philadelphia toward the south, below the Alms House. Here is the Drexel Mausoleum, of lOO THE CENTENNIAL CITY. much magnificence, and the Greble Monument, commemora- tive of the first officer of the regular army, a lieutenant, who fell in the war for the Union. The cars of the Derby; line, running out of Walnut street, conduct thither. CHAPTER XXVIII. Young Men's Christian Association. /T\His Association, organized in 1854, to promote the I welfare of young men in the city, whether strangers or citizens, procuring for them employment, promoting their moral, social and religious interests, providing reading rooms, occasional lectures, wholesome amusement, society rooms, holding prayer meetings, and engaging in evangelistic services, have had their place of meeting on Chestnut street, near Eleventh. Last year, 1875, they commenced a fine new building for themselves on Chestnut, corner of Fifteenth street, which is in a forward state, and will be occupied by them this Centennial Year, provided only they can enter it without a debt. It is a magnificent building, four stories high, and otherwise of ample dimensions. CHAPTER XXIX. Travel to and from and about the City. ¥HE facilities for travel to-day is in strange contrast with what attained a hundred years ago. Horse cars were then unknown. The locomotive and steamboat had not been invented. Canal boats even were not known at Philadelphia. In 1756 the first public stage commenced running between Philadelphia and New York. The fare was about the same as by railroad now; but the time consumed was almost as many days as it now takes hours, AVith the advent of the steamboat, and the construction of better roads, half a cen- tury or so later, better time was made. The first turn-pike made was in 1792 — the Lancaster. There are some stage lines still in existence. Thomas Paine is said to have suggested, as early as 1778, the propulsion of vessels by steam. But the first experiment in navigation by steam ever made was by John Fitch, born in Windsor, Conn., 1743, and forty years later a jeweler in Philadelphia. In 1788 he made a trial trip to Burlington, twenty miles up the river, in a steamboat which he had con- structed. The speed attained was eight miles an hour; but unfortunately the boiler burst, and men distrusted the practicability, or utility, of the invention. In 1790, however, he made several trips. Congress and the Spanish Govern- ment, both applied to, refused to aid Fitch in his endeavors to perfect his plans. An attempt to form a company was made, but with indifferent success, and Fitch's boat was laid up at Kensington, where it rotted. Fitch now wrote three manuscripts on the subject, which he gave to the Philadelphia Library Company, with the injunction that they should not be opened till thirty years after his death. In 1828 they TRAVEL TO AND FROM AND ABOUT THE CITY. I03 were unsealed and read, and found to contain ideas which had only recently become common and popular. Fitch, after his failure on the Delaware, went to the Ohio, where he died in 1798, and was buried on the shores of what he predicted would become, as it has, a river of steamboats. Robert Fulton, who at one time followed the occupation of a goldsmith in Philadelphia, was the first that succeeded in steam navigation. This he did in 1808, on the Hudson river. The year following, some parties in Philadelphia built a boat on the Delaware, which they appropriately styled the Phoenix A few steamboats have since been running on the Delaware up as far as Trenton, and down as far as Cape May. N. J., and Lewes, Del., and out to sea. But this river has never been one of steamboats like the Hudson, Ohio, or Mississippi. The canals, which have contributed to the growth of Phila- delphia, and which her citizens have been largely instrumental in procuring, are the Delaware and Chesapeake, running across the peninsula; the Delaware and Raritan, running across New Jersey; the Schuylkill, the Susquehannah, the Lehigh, the Union, and the Pennsylvania canals, which con- nect with the interior of the State. Most of these great works, of now acknowledged utility, were accomplished only through much difficulty. The Chesapeake and Delaware, for example, was built only after fifty years of agitation. Thomas Gilpin began to move in it in 1769. His son Joshua followed in the same steps. Others took up the labor. But not till 1 82 1 was it achieved. Its construction is largely due to the energy and perseverance of Paul Beck, Jr. In 1804 Oliver Evans, son of an early Episcopal minister of Philadelphia, suggested the idea of a locomotive or steam wagon. In 1834 the first steam railroad, of any length in these parts, was built by the State, running from Philadelphia to Columbia, on the Susquehannah, a distance of eighty-two miles. Foremost of the railways now within the State is the Penn- sylvania Central, running from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, a I04 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. distance of 354 miles. It is a double track, solid road, and was first opened for through travel in 1852. The company owning this road operate altogether some 5,000 miles, which they have obtained control over by purchase, or lease, or construction. There are continuations at both ends, and branches on either side, connecting thereby direct with New York and the West, It is the most powerful corporation in the country, and perhaps in the world. Before the building or completion of this road, connection between Philadelphia and the West was made to Pittsburg by means of two canals and two railroads. The AUeghanies were crossed by what was known as the Portage Railroad. Another extensive road, of great wealth, and of importance to the city as connected with the coal region, is the Reading. The company operates about 1,000 miles of road, running from Philadelphia to Williamsport, and from Allentown to Harrisburg. This road was opened in 1842, and has been managed so carefully that no passenger has, by their fault, been killed. The company manufacture their own engines, cars and rails. Their coal carriage amounts to 5,000,000 tons annually. The Germantown and Norristown roads, since 1870, have been operated by this company. The North Pennsylvania road, the Westchester, the Balti- more & Washington, the Delaware, the Nev/ Yorks roads, the Cape May and the Atlantic City are other roads, all of them of importance, as tending to enrich the city, and carry passengers to and fro. Depots in the city, stations on the route, distances, &c., of all these roads, are given in an appendix. The city is of such ample proportions that passengers by some of the steam roads are set down within the city itself. This is especially the case with the Pennsylvania and the Reading Railways. But, except to a few special and distant points, the street cars, as drawn by horses, with here and there a dummy connection, are mainly depended on. \ TRAVEL TO AND FROM AND ABOUT THE CITY. 105 The present system of street cars dates from r8^8. They have superseded the omnibus entirely. Every part of the city is reached by them. There are seventeen lines now running, employing 5,000 men and 5,000 horses, and using 2,000 cars. The total length of track is some 250 miles. The usual fare, in one continuous car, is seven cents. But, by an arrangement entered into by several of the companies, by paying two cents additional, and asking for a transfer or exchange, a ticket is given, whereby a passenger may take without further pay, if used the same day, any one of certain specified cross roads. On some lines transfers without extra pay is given. These are for branch roads. Packets of tickets are sold at reduced rates. The Philadelphia system of street cars is the most extensive and complete in the world. They run on Sunday. The several roads, their termini, and the important public points on their routes, are given in an appendix. Hacks may be found at the depots, and in various other localities. The rates of fare, as fixed in them by law, is given in an appendix. To meet the increased demand for passengers and luggage conveyance this Centennial year, a company called " The Exhibition Transfer" has been formed. They have provided light carriages, and will convey individuals and parties to and from the Exposition, depots, hotels, and various parts of the city. They have an office in the Continental Hotel where railroad tickets are sold and baggage checked. The fare by these coaches is fifty cents a passenger. CHAPTER XXX. The Hotels of Philadelphia. /T\HE first house m the bounds of the city was an hotel. I This was the Blue Anchor Tavern, and stood near the foot of the present Dock street. The place where the first white man was born was then, or soon became, a tavern. The Letitia House was converted into one. The Slate Roof House too became virtually one. But the most noted public resort of the early times was the London Coifee House, southwest corner of Market and Front streets. The building was erected in 1702, and turned in 1754 into a place of public resort by the printer Wm. Bradford. Here sales of horses, negroes, etc., took place, and here the merchants largely congregated. All ship letters were brought here. No beverage stronger than coffee was sold. The building itself is still standing. These are still taverns about the city, reminding by their signs of AVashmgton, Franklin and the Eagle, etc. of the olden time. But most of them have given way to more modern names. The hotel which for some years, smce i860, has been the most prominent, and which still retains its prestige, is the Continental. It is conveniently located on Chestnut and Ninth streets, in the heart of the city. It contains one hun- dred suites of rooms besides numerous single chambers, has an elevator, a telegraph office, and an office is in the building for the sale of railroad tickets, and checking baggage. Lines of cars run by the door, and several others within a block or two. It can accommodate from 1,000 to 1,200 guests. Until the Continental was built, the Girard was the prin- cipal hotel in the city. It is still a first-class house. It stands immediately opposite its rival, on Chestnut street. It, too, accommodates about 1,000 guests. THE HOTELS 01^ PHILADELPHIA. I07 Besides these two, may be enumerated as first-class, the La Pierre on Broad street near Chestnut, which can accom- modate 250 guests, and the Colonnade, on Chestnut and Fifteenth streets, which can accommodate 400 guests.' The Bingham House, on Market and Eleventh streets, is a very large hotel and of a good grade. It can accommodate 300 guests. There are numerous other excellent hotels. But the hotels of Philadelphia are not generally very large ; nor are they as numerous as we should have expected them to be in so large a city. There are more strangers pass through or go to Philadelphia than lodge there. Still the hotels of the city, of all classes, number over one hundred. Most of the hotels are on the American plan. Guy's, northeast corner of Chestnut and Seventh streets, is con- ducted on the European plan, and is first-class. The St. Charles, on Third street, between Market and Arch, is on the European plan, and is a good house for gentlemen. Guests to the number of over two hundred can be accom- modated with rooms in each of these houses, and take their meals where they choose. During this centennial year there have sprung up several others on this plan. To accommodate visitors to the Centennial, a greatly extended hostelry has been projected in all parts of the city. The Continental has added to itself 100 new sleeping apart- ments ; the Girard House 150. Other old hotels have made similar arrangements. Whole rows of houses in different parts of the city are converted into hotels. One of these, called the Aubrey House, is on Walnut between Thirty- second and Thirty-third streets, and accommodates 400 guests. Close by the Exhibition, on Belmont avenue, is the Globe with 1,000 rooms. In its two dining rooms over 2,000 persons can be served at once. It is built as a temporary structure. Opposite is the Trans-Continental, a branch of the Continental. A company also has been formed who will sell tickets on the m-coming trains of the several roads, for lodgings, breakfast and supper, in private houses, or for Io8 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. lodgings alone. Omnibuses will be at the depots to carry parties to such houses. Some of the religious denominations have made some provision for members of their own communions. A list of these hotels will be found in an appendix, with their locations. On the Exposition grounds are some half-dozen restau- rants, American and Foreign. Also dairies and fountains of aerated waters. The charges at these several hotels vary according to the class of house, the location and size of rooms, the fare given, and the general accommodations. The price of rooms varies from $1 to $3, and even $8 to ^ro, where several beds are in a room ; and if board with rooms, from f 2 to $5 per day, and even more according to room occupied. CHAPTER XXXI. Places of Business and Residences. IN the earlier times business men lived where their stores were. But in later times business has so increased, that basements and several stories are required, and even two or more lots, where before a single room was sufficient. So houses for residences have been built elsewhere. Basements are not common in Philadelphia houses. The dwelling places run back rather than high ; the depth of the lots allowing this. Small houses are numerous. White marble steps, and shutters are common ; in the older style of residences, brick — for which Philadelphia is noted — is the usual material, though there are many stone and marble edifices. The finer residences are on Rittenhouse Square, and vicinity ; though other localities are not without some very fine specimens. West Arch street affords rare examples of the older class of fine houses. Wholesale business in Giroceries and Provisions is done chiefly between Walnut and Vine, on the river streets, and on Market ; and other wholesale stores are between the same streets, and back from the river. Beyond these still are the retail stores. Some of the places of business in Philadelphia are massive, large and costly. Such are those of the banks, insurance companies, and of other parties on Chestnut street. The Mutual Life Insurance Company on Chestnut, corner of Tenth street, is a very massive, fine edifice. Some of the banks are on the same street, near Fourth. Generally, how- ever, more account is made in Philadelphia of the amount of business done, and on methods of doing it, than on showy places in which to transact it CHAPTER XXXII. The People of Philadelphia. QUAKERS were the first settlers here ; and ever since, there have been more of this persuasion in Philadelphia than in any other place in the world. Hence it is sometimes called the Quaker City. During the last century numerous emigrants from the old countries, and even from, the other colonies came here and settled. Early in the century, six ships with passengers arrived in one week. In 1749 as many as 12,000 Germans arrived at the port. So great appeared the threatened influx, that emigration \yas discouraged for a time by a tax. Many Redemptioners, so called, were sent here in early times. These were "ticket of leave" men, convicts, the emptyings of foreign j^risons; but among them were many worthy men and men of note. James Annesley, one of them, was, by birth and right, a Lord. The inhabitants of to-day are mostly native Americans. But there are large numbers of foreigners — first of the Irish, then of Germans, next of other European nationalities. The Colored people number about 25,000. There are no Indians here now, or in Pennsylvania. The spot was originally their hunting-ground. They were numerous at the time of the Revolution, and visited the city in great numbers. But the last of the race here, of whom we have any trace, died in 1803. Probably foreigners, and persons other than natives, make up one-quarter of the whole population. The Philadelphians are a benevolent people, as their nu- merous charitable institutions, probabably greater in number and variety than those of any other city of like size, attest. They are, generally speaking, unostentatious. Both these traits spring out of the Quaker element. THE PEOPLE OF PHILADELPHIA. Ill Business is done here with less bustle than in New York. Stores generally are opened later in the morning and closed earlier at night, So""Ti habits attain which are not known elsewhere ; as, lating 1,200 of some things no more than t,ooo, and driving horses tandem, an old English fashion. There are several Clubs of note in the city. The "League Club," established during the war, with a present membership of 2,000 persons, and a place of meeting costing some $200,000, on Broad street, near Walnut, is the principal. There are also the "Reform," on Chestnut stieet above Fifteenth, and the " Philadelphia," on Walnut and Thirteenth streets, and the "Saturday Club," which meets at the houses of its mem.^ers. There are also sporting clubs here in great variety, as Base Ball, Boating, Croquet, Fishing, Shooting, Trotting and Yachting. CHAPTER XXXIII. Philadelphia as a Place of Residence and of Business. s a place of residence, Philadelphia is very desirable. Its climate is delightful. It is one of the healthiest of cities. Persons may live here in any style of grandeur or of economy. Rents are low, and the markets are abun- dantly and cheaply supplied. Churches, schools and places of amusement, are varied and numerous. Professional men are here in force. Everything desirable to make happy and promote life is attainable. The country, and other parts of the world, the mountains and the sea shore, are readily accessible. The place is city and country both. Persons of economical and quiet habits must travel far before they will find a city so adapted to them. While to those who are fond of these things, there is abundant opportunity for gaiety and display. As a place of business it has few equals. In manufactures it is without a rival in the Western Hemisphere. Other places may excel it in abundant water-power, but the lack of this is compensated in the city by other advantages. By persevering industry, a living and even competency may be attained; while the mode of doing business is such as to promote health, pleasure and long life. CHAPTER XXXIV. The Centennial Grounds, Buildings and Exposition. N exposition of the industry of all nations, to be held in the United States, was suggested by similar fairs which have been held within the last twenty years — in London, Paris and Vienna. The holding of it in 1876 was suggested by the fact that during this year the Republic completes its hundredth year of existence. It therefore seemed fitting that, while each community might celebrate by itself the Fourth of July of this year with special eclat, and where there had been battles or Revolutionary events might cele- brate them also with pomp and circumstance, the nation as a whole should this year make one grand jubilee, and out of its unparalleled prosperity exhibit its advance, and invite the whole world to be present. Several parties undertook to inaugurate it, and several places were suggested as its seat — Washington, New York and Philadelphia. The latter place was finally selected on account of its central location, its facilities of access, its ability to provide for a multitude, and to carry them about the city, and its ample and convenient space in Fairmount Park for the purposes contemplated, and also on account of its numerous and marked Revolu- tionary memories. The General Government was petitioned to aid the enter- prise pecuniarily, and by an exhibit, and by its countenance make it an international affair, becoming the medium of invitation to foreign countries to participate. The Govern- ment complied. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, several other States, and numerous individuals in New York city and elsewhere subscribed liberally to the project. The Park Commissioners set apart 450 acres on which to locate the 114 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. fair, 236 of which have been enclosed and applied. July the fourth, 1874, ground was first broken for the enterprise. May the tenth, 1S76, though not quite completed, but being sufficiently so, it was opened by the President of the United States, accompanied by suitable ceremonies, military and civic, of music and of speech, and in the presence of numerous dignitaries, home and foreign, and of the people. As many as 250,000 people, it was estimated, were on the grounds that day. The Exhibition is to be kept open until November the tenth. On opening day, the President of the United States and the Emperor or Brazil started the Corliss engine, which runs the machinery in Machinery Hall. Of this act Bayard Taylor observes, "North and South America started the machinery of the world." The management was committed to a Board of Com- missioners, two from each State and Territory, selected by the several Governors, and confirmed by the President of the United States. These appointed a sub-committee to manage. A Board of Finance also was appointed, the object of .which was the raising of funds. The labor which these have per- formed has been great and unparalleled, and all has been successfully done. Brains, numerous hands and millions of money have been employed. The grounds are situated on the west side of the Schuylkill, in that part of Fairmont Park known as Lansdowne, at the foot of George's Hill and Belmont. The approaches are by the Reading Railroad on the northeast, and the Pennsylvania Railroad on the south. This latter road brings passengers from the foot of Washington avenue on the Delaware, by v/ay of the Baltimore Depot and West Philadelphia; also from Frankford, by way of West Philadelphia, and lands them at the doors of the main entrances. The former brmgs passengers from Ninth and Green, and Callowhill and Thirteenth, and Richmond, landing them at Belmont Station. Five lines of horse cars leave the city on or near the Delaware, between Vine and Walnut streets, and taking THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, »8:C. 115 different routes cross over the Schuylkill on four different bridges — the Chestnut street, Market street, Callowhill street and Girard avenue bridges, all landing their passengers at the main south entrance. Transfer coaches leave the various depots and hotels and other places for the grounds, charging fifty cents a passen- ger. A line of omnibuses also runs from the Delaware and vicinity of Market street, charging twenty five cents. The West End Railroad Com- pany, of West Philadelphia, also run cars to the grounds. The charge by the railroads is from seven to fifteen cents; by the horse cars seven cents, and with exchange ticket for cross roads nine cents ; children half price, between four and fourteen years of age. From New York by way of the Pennsylvania Railroad, the arrangements are $4. for a round trip ticket, good for one day, and $5 for the same, good for fifteen days ; accepted on all trains except the limited express. Two Centennial trains are also run to the grounds at second and third class rates, ^t, and $2. Children under fourteen half price, under four, free. Special trains are also run for schools, associations, &c. The new line, by way of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, runs five trains each way ; fare one way $2,65. Round trips same as Pennsylvania Il6 THE CENTENNIAL CITV. road. Time on this road by these trains is about three hours. There are nearly two hundred buildings on the grounds, all of them erected within two years. Some of them are to remain. But most of them are to be taken down at the close of the Fair. Some of these buildings are very large. Others are splendid, substantial, costly. All of them are an orna- ment, useful, creditable and a study. From sixty to seventy acres are under roof. These buildings are arranged chiefly on fine Avenues — the Avenue of the Republic, Belmont, Fountain, Agriculture and State avenues. The Main Exhibition Building is i,88o feet long, 464 feet wide, and 70 feet high. It has corner towers 75 feet, and central towers 120 feet high. It is built of iron and glass, ! and cost over ^1,500,000, Over 5,000,000 pounds of iron have been used in constructing the roof, trusses and girders. It covers 2i| acres, and is the largest building in the world. There are four entrances, one on each side and end. Within are twelve miles of show. Over thirty countries, including nearly all the civilized nations of the globe, here exhibit themselves and their industries. The United States exhibit covers about seven acres, or nearly one-third. Great Britain and her dependencies come next, occupying about one-fifth of the space. Here is to be seen almost every thing that the globe, through the industry and skill of its men, produces, except what is peculiar to the other buildings. Here are things rare, ancient, costly and curious, and in endless variety. A pair of vases valued at $3,000 are here. Though the building is so spacious, it has been found necessary to attach three annexes. Gilmore's band of sixty-five performers, gives two concerts daily, free, in this edifice. Machinery Hall covers 13 acres. A Corliss Engine of 1,400 horse power, runs the machinery through over two miles of shafting. There are 1,500 sections, and several thousand machines in this building. Here is a waterfall 36 feet wide, 33 feet deep, and four inches thick, carrying THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, &€. 117 30,000 gallons per minute. On the outside of the main front of tills building is a clock ; and in the towers a chime of bells, for which Professor Widdows, the Director, has arranged a great many popular airs. Connected with this build- mg, are as many as eleven annexes. Agricultural Hall covers 10 acres. There are five annexes to this buiidmg. One of these is the Porno - logical, where will be dis- played fruits and vegetables in their season. It covers two acres. A stock yard is also connected, which is near the Belmont station of the Pennsylvania Rail- road , where is an Ox of 4,000 pound weight, and a Heifer of 3,300. In the main building is an Aqua- ria, and Professor Ward of Rochester, has a rare ex- hibit in Paleontology. Brazil displays one thou- sand varieties of wood. There are three hundred plows here , one, it is said, cost $1^000. Many wondertul labor-saving in- ventions are here ex- hibited, in which it is probable the United States takes the lead. Memorial Hall or the Fine Arts Building, is one of the most costly on the grounds. Its cost is set down as $1,125,000, THE CENTENNIAL CITY It is built of granite, iron and glass. It is 365 feet long, 210 feet wide, and 59 feet high, surmounted by a dome 150 feet high, with a figure of Columbia on the top, and at the base colossal figures typifying the four quarters of the globe. Here are exhibited paintings and statuary. It affords 75,000 feet of wall space for the former, and 20,000 feet of floor space for the latter. It is intended to remain after the Exhibition is over, and will probably be the seat of a museum, &c., similar somewhat to the Kensington Gardens, London. There are two annexes to this building. Horticultural Hall is the last to be mentioned of the mam buildings which have been erected by the Commission. Here are exhibited tropical and other plants- Orange and lemon trees, banana, sago and like trees, are here to be seen. Also a century plant ready to bloom. Around are thirty-five acres of garden. This building also is intended to be permanent. Another great building is the one erected by the United States Government. With the grounds attached it covers seven acres. Congress appropriated over J5 00,000 for the erection of the building and its exhibit. Here the various departments of the Government are illustrated — the War, the Navy, the Patent, the Treasury, the Interior, the Post Office, and the Smithsonian Institution, &c. The Patent Office Department exhibits the original Declaration of Independence, and some relics of Washington. The Camp- bell Press, elsewhere on the grounds, prints fac-similes of the Declaration. Then there is the Women's Pavilion, covering an acre of ground, and costing $30,000, exhibiting the invention, skill, art and industry of the women of the v/orld. Here is a $2,000 bonnet, made and presented by the ladies of New York. The principal of the other buildings are the Shoe and Leather, where one firm exhibits over 500 varieties ot shoes, and another all the styles from 1776 down to this present time, and where all the shoe men lift up as their mottoes, ''There is nothing like leather," "Keep pegging :i THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, &C. 119 away," " Stick to your last." Various other industries are represented by separate buildings, cither by the trade in general, or by individuals, as the Singer Sewing Machine, the Campbell Printing Press, &c., &c. Then there are the edifices erected by the various States and by Foreign Governments; some for the exhibition of goods, but mostly for the accommodation of its officers, and visiting citizens,and exhibitoro. There are three Eng- lish houses on the grounds especially worthy of observation. Various arrange- ments have been made for comfort, order, emergencies, &c., &c. There is a hospital, piesided over by com- petent physicians. There are several pub- lic comfort and cloak rooms. There is a fire department with a corps of men divided into three divisions, one of whom is con- stantly patrolmg. They have four steam engines on the grounds. There is a large police force, with seven stations, and a committing magistrate. There is a mail service, and a telegraph station, communicating with all parts of the I20 THE CENTENNIAL CITV. world. There is an office kept by Cook Sons & Jenkins where, from 125 feet in length of ticket boxes, tickets are sold to all parts of the world. Several restaurants and places of refreshment are scattered over the grounds and in the buildings. There are six regular large restaurants — French, German and American. There are several soda water fountains, a Vienna bakery, a New England kitchen, dairies — there or four segar shops, a fountain at the junction of Fountain and Belmont avenues, where ice water is dispensed, free, by the Temperance Statues and fountains adorn the grounds. There is" mfe statue of Columbus, and one erected to Religious Liberty. There is a fountain erected by the Catholic Total Abstinence Union, costing ;^5o,ooo, built of marble, with central rock work, surmounted by a statue of Moses, and having four fountains jutting out, each surmounted with a statue of some prominent temperance man of the communion — Father Matthew, Charles Carroll, Archbishop Carroll, and Com- modore Barry. Another fountain is that of Bartholdi, a French artist, in bronze, typifying light and water as twin goddesses of cities. This stands at the main entrance, between the main building and Machinery Hall. Immediately north of the latter building is a lake of five acres. The AVest End Passenger Railway Company have three and a half miles of track on the grounds. Over this, giving a fair view of all the buildings, they run their cars at the rate of eight miles an hour, for five cents a trip each passenger. They have thirty-six cars, each holding eighty passengers. There are three or four stations. It affords a pleasing and cheap trip, and is a great convenience. Another convenience is the rolling chairs, manipulated by a company. There are one hundred of them. They may be hired, with a driver, for sixty cents per hour, or $4.50 a day, or without a driver for $1.00 for three hours. Another convenience, which people may carry with them, is a cane and chair combined. It costs THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, &C. 121 ^2.00, and weighs only twenty ounces. Catalogues of the contents of the several buildings are sold singly or combined on the grounds,, and will often be found a great convenience. There is a jury of awards, consisting of some 250 men, half of whom are foreigners. Their duty is to ex- amine and compare articles exhibited, and give a diploma or medal and a written report to those who show the most meri- toriously. For this service the foreign jurors are to receive §1,000 each, and the home jurors ^600. A large and fine pavilion has been erected for their accommodation. The articles on which the jury is to pass judgment have been arranged into twenty- eight groups : I. Min- erals, mining and metallurgy. 2. Pottery, glass, artificial stone, is:c. 3. Chemistry and p h a r m a c y, including the apparatus. 4. Ani- mal and vegetal;le products, and the machinery for their preparation. 5. Fish and fish products, and apparatus of fishing, &c. 6. Timber, worked lumber, parts of buildings, I 122 THE CENTENNIAL CITY. forestry. 7. Furniture, upholstery, woodenware, baskets, &c. 8, Cotton, linen and other fabrics, nicluding materials and machinery. 9. Wool and silk fabrics, including materials and machinery. 10. Clothing, furs, India rubber goods, ornaments and fancy articles. 11. Jewelry, watches, silver- ware, bronzes, &c. 12. Leather and manufactures of leather. 13. Paper industry, stationery, ]:)rinting and book making 14. Apparatus of heating, lighting, ventilation, water supply and draining. 15. Builders' hardware, edge tools, cutlery, &c. 16. Military and sporting arms, weapons, apparatus of hunting, explosives, &c. 17. Carriages, vehicles and acces- sories. 18. Railway plans, rolling stock and apparatus, load engines, &c. 19. Vessels and apparatus of transportation. 20. Motors, hydraulic and pneumatic apparatus, &c. 21. Machine tools — wood, metal and stone. 22. Machines, apparatus and implements used in sewing and making clothing, lace, ornamental goods, pins, &c. 23, Agricultural, horticultural and gardening implements. 24. Instruments and apparatus of hygeine, surgery, medicine, prosthesis, &c. 25. Inplements of precision, research, experiment and illus- tration, including topography and music. 26. Architecture and engineering. 27. Plastic and graphic art, sculpture. 28. Education and science. A simpler general division of objects to be illustrated by the Exposition was Agriculture, Art, Education, Horticulture, Machinery, Manufactures, Mining and Science — seven in all. During the Exhibition there will be special days on the grounds, in the park and in the city, such as parades, society meetings, unveiling of statues, &c., regattas, the Fourth of July, &c. Admission to the grounds nas started at fifty cents, either in the form of one note or a silver half dollar. Nothing else is taken. A bank is on the grounds, and exchange offices at the several gates. There are thirteen general places of entrance, each of which has several sub-entrances, which can only be passed through in single file, a stile turning and THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, &C. I23 registering, by electricity, the entrance. The grounds are open every day, except Sundays, from nine A. M. until six P. M. A change in all these points has been agitated, and will continue to be unless made. But this is the order, June 15th. Fifty cents gives admission to all the buildings, and all the sights and sounds. In one day only a very general idea of the whole can be obtained. In four or five days a fair view may be accom- plished ; at least of those things that most interest. But months would not exhaust this show so as to leave nothing more to be seen or learned. Many of the articles exhibited can be bought, but with some exceptions they can not be removed till the close of the Exhibition. Around the grounds are numerous outside shows — as Operti's Garden, the Coliseum, Sawyer's Observatory, amokin, and running on an independent track to Port Deposit, 57 miles. 138 THE CENTENNIAL CITY APPENDIX. PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YOSK Philadelphia— Pa. Depot. Mile Germantown Junction 5 Bristol 23 Trenton 33 Princeton Junctoin 43 Monmouth Junction 49 New P>runswick 59 Rahway 71 Elizabeth 76 Newark 81 Jersey City 89 New York 90 Horse cars, as indicated in connection with Pennsylvania road. Cars run to the Exposition, connecting with the same track. Cars also run from Kensington depot, Front and Berks; to and from which run horse cars of Union line, 5th and 6th Streets, and white cars of 2d and 3d Streets. Distance from Kensington to Trenton is five miles less than from West Philadelphia. NORTH PENNSYLVANIA EOAD. Philadelphia — Berks and American. iMiles. York Road 7 Abington 10 Fort Washington 14 North Wales 20 Lansdale 22 Sellersville • • • 31 Quakertown 38 Coopersburg 44 Hellertown 50 Bethlehem 55 5th and 6th Street cars, and green cars of the 2d and 3d Street line run to and from the depot in Philadelphia. From same depot runs the new through road to New York, byway of Jenkintown; Yard- leyville, Hopewell, Boundbrook and Eliz- abeth, to the depot, in New York, of the New Jersey Central. PHILADELPHIA AND EEADING. Philadelphia — 13th and Callowhill. Miles. Belmont 4 West Manyunk 8 Conshohocken 14 Bridgeport 17 Port Kennedy 22 Valley Forge. 24 Perkiomen Junction 25 Phoenixville 28 Pottstown 40 Mo-.iocacy 48 Bird sboro 49 Reading , 58 Mohrsville 60 Port Clinton 78 y\ubtjrn 83 Schuylkill Haven 89 Pottsville 93 Cars on Callowhill and 13th and 15th Streets, Philadelphia, run direct to and from the depot. Exchange tickets may be obtained for Callowhill and any of the cross lines, except the Union line. The Germantown and Norristown roads are now operated by the Reading as a branch. Depot in Philadelphia, gth and Greene. Horse cars to it, Union line and both lines up 8th Street. Cars of above road run to Centennial grounds. WEST CHESTER AND PHILADELPHIA^ Philadelphia — 31st and Chestnut. Miles. Kellysville 6 Spring Hill 9 Swarthmore 11 Media 14 B. C. Junction 19 West Chester. Miles. ....27 Horse cars same as those of Pennsylva- nia depot. STEAM RAILROADS, &:C. PHILADELPHIA AND AMEOY. 139 Philadelphia— Market Street Feriy. Miles. Camden i Riverton 9 Riverside 12 Delanco 13 Beverly 15 Burlington 39 Florence 26 Bordentown 28 Newtown 35 Miles. Hightstown . . . .41 Cranbury 44 Jamesburg 48 Spottswood 52 South Amboy 62 Horse cars — Market Street and cross Hnes. Cars run over part of same road to Trenton and New York. WEST JEESEY EAILROAD. Philadelphia — Market Street Ferry. Miles. Camden i Gloucester 4 Woodburg 8 Wenonah 11 Pitman 16 Glassboro 18 Clayton 21 Franklinville 24 Maiesa 28 Miles. Vineland 34 MillviUe 40 Mauntauken 46 Woodbine 54 Seaville 62 Cape May C. H 69 Cape May 81 Philadelphia and Horse cars same a; Amboj'. CAMDEN AND ATLANTIO KAILEOAD. Philadelphia — Vine Street Ferry. Miles. Camden i Haddonfield 7 Berlin 17 Atco 19 Winslnw 27 Hammoniou 30 Egg Harbor Nay's Landing . , Abseem Atlantic City Horse cars — Race, Vine and Miles ross lines. CHAPTER VII. Horse Cars. -| P and down Market street, from Front to Forty-first I J street, passing Bingham House, Public Buildings, Masonic Temple, Westchester and Pennsylvania Rail Road Depots, running near to Kirkbride, and branching off to the Exposition and Haddington. Up and down Arch street, from Second to Twenty-first streets, and on to West Philadelphia, to the Exposition, to the Zoological Gardens, passing St. Elmo and St. Cloud Hotels, Arch Street Theater, Museum, &c., and Water Works. A branch turns up Ninth and runs over Ridge avenue to Twenty-second street, then to Manyunk, passing Girard College, Strawberry Hill, Laurel Hill and old battle grounds of Germantown. Gives passes. Gives two tickets over the road, and one for the Zoological Gardens, for thirty cents. Race and Vine streets, from Second and Walnut, up Vine to Lancaster avenue, Hestonville, the Park and Exposition, passing the Water Works, taking up and setting down passen- gers, with passes for and from the Zoological Gardens, selling tickets for the gardens like the Arch street line ; returning back by Race, passing Blind Asylum, Cathedral, Will's Eye Infirmary and the Academy of Sciences. Vine and Callowhill streets, from Second up Vine to Water Works and back by Callowhill, running near Reading Rail Road Depot. Chestnut and Walnut streets, from Front up Walnut to Forty-second street and back by Chestnut, running by branch line over Lancaster avenue to the West Park and Exj^osition ; running by or near Hotels and places of amusement and interest, on Chestnut, Walnut, Broad and intermediate streets; the Pennsylvania and Westchester Depots, running by another branch over the Darby road, by the University of Pennsylvania, the Alms House and Woodland Cemetery. HORSE CARS. 141 Spruce a:-d Pine, from Dock and Second up Pine to Twenty-third street, to Grey's Ferry, and to Waterworks, passing Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and Naval Asylum and Arsenal. Lombard and South, from Delaware avenue and Dock street, up South to Twenty-fifth street, and back b.y Lombard, passing Naval Asylum and the Arsenal. Second and Third, from Frankford avenue down Second to Mifi^in, and return by Third street, running by Swede's Church on the south, and Kensington Depot on the north by white cars, and Pennsylvania Depot by green cars, and by branches to Frankford, where is the Friends' Insane Asylum, and Bridesburg, where is the Arsenal, and to Richmond, where are the coal, lumber, and ship wharves. Fourth and Eighth, from Dauphin down Fourth to Dick- inson, and back by Eighth, connecting with Germantown and Girard avenue cars, which run by Girard College and to the Zoological Garden, running also over Green and Coates streets to P'airmount avenue entrance to the Park, passing Germantown and Morristown Depot; each alternate car run- ning only to Walnut street. Fifth and Sixth, from Kensington avenue and Cumberland street down Fifth to Mifflin, and back by Sixth, running to North Pennsylvania Depot, and connecting by steam cars with Frankford. Seventh and Ninth, from Park entrance at foot of Brown street to old Navy Yard, and to Baltimore Depot, connecting with Richmond, Columbia avenue, Spring Garden and Pop- lar and Cedar and Christian street branches. Tenth and Eleventh, from Montgomery avenue down Tenth to Reid, and back by Eleventh, having a branch to Mifflin street which passes Moyamensing. Twelth and Sixteenth, from Montgomery avenue down Twelfth to Wharton and back by Sixteenth. Thirteenth and Fifteenth, from Columbia avenue down Thirteenth to Carpenter and back by Fifteentli, passing the 142 THE CENTENNIAL CITY APPENDIX. Baltimore, and the Reading Rail Road Depots, and having continuations on Broad street at each end of the route. Seventeenth and Nineteenth, from Columbia avenue down Seventeenth to Carpenter, and back by Nineteenth. There are six lines run to the West Park and Exposition, six to the East Park, three to the Zoological Gardens, one to Haddington, one to Darby, one to Manyunk, one to German- town, one to Richmond, three to or near by Baltimore, two to the Westchester and Pennsylvania, two to the Reading, four to the Germantown and Norristown, three to North Pennsylvania and two to Kensington Depots. Single tickets on all the horse cars are seven cents for adults and four cents for children. Four tickets are sold for twenty-five cents. An exchange ticket, entitling the holder to ride not only in the car he is in, but also that day in any one of certain specified cross cars, is given for nine cents. Night tickets are ten cents each. Some lines have branches over which they give a pass without additional pay. Lines east and west between Lombard and Vine, and lines north and south between Eleventh and Ninteenth streets, exchange. The cars of most lines run generally from six o'clock in the morning, to near midnight. After that, infrequently, till morning again. Passengers get into the cars and the conductor comes and collects the fare, on most roads. On some roads, however, the exact fare is placed in an envelope, Vv4-iich the passenger is required to place in a box on entering. CHAPTER VII!. Hotels in Philadelphia. 'i'HE Ol.D CITY. American House, $3 to $3.50, Bingham Colonnade Hotel, $4.50 and up Continental " Girard House, $4 and u^), Guy's Hotel, European, Irving House, La Pierre Plouse, $4 and up, Markoe, " . - . Merchant's Hotel, $3 and up, Cliestnut St., bet. 5lh and 6th. INIarket St., corner nth. '■ 15th, (jth. and loth. St. Charles, ' St. Cloud St. Elmo St. George's ' St. Laurence ' St. Stephen's ' United States' European, $3 and up. - Chestnut St., Chestnut St., - Chestnut St., Chestnut St., - AValnut St., bet. 9th Proad Street, near Cliestnut. - Chestnut, near 9th, 4lh St., bet. Market and Chestnut. Arch, Arch St., bet. 7th and 8th. Arch St., " 3d and 4th. Broad St., corner Walnut. - Chestnut St., near loth. 3^1 St., WKST I'HILADKT.l'HlA. 7th. Atlas Hotel, Aubrey House, Kuropea.n. Clifford ■' Centennial Home, Channing House, Globe Hotel, $5, - Granger's Camp, European, Grand Exposition, Trans Continental, ?5, United States Hotel, Westminster, The above are a few are numerous others. and well established. - Elm Av., near Exposition. - - - Walnut St., bet. 33d and 34th. Lancaster Av. and 40th. Lancaster and Fairmount Aves, Pine St., 39th and 40th. - ]5elmont Av., near Exposition. - - - 7 miles out, on Pa. R. R. - - - Elm and Girard Aves. - - - Elm and Belmont Aves. - - - - Near Exposition Grounds. - Westmiii^ier and Belmont Aves. of the Hotels of Philadeli^hia. There Those in the Old City are mostly long Thev are all situated between Arch 144 THE CENTENNIAL CITY APPENDIX. and Walnut, Third and Fifteenth streets. Those in West Philadelphia are mostly new, gotten up for the Exposition, and are more liable to changes and abandonment. Among these the Globe and Trans-Continental and the Aubrey House, are exceptionally first-class. The Trans-Continental is a branch of the Continental of the Old City. The former two are across the street only, from the main southern en- trance to the Exposition grounds. The latter can be readily reached by Horse cars, and is near the Pa. R. R. Depot. For those who tarry, and seek quiet or economy, the Cen- tennial Lodging House Agency, having offices at 1024 Walnut street, and at the principal depots, and having agents on incoming trains, affords excellent facilities. They furnish lodgings for $1.25, and supper, lodgings and breakfast for $2.50, in all parts of both the Old and New City. The papers show other hotels and private boarding houses. But before engaging rooms or board, parties ought to know in all cases the character, location and charges of the places where they think of staying. CHAPTER IX. Legal Fares of Hacks, &c. ONE passenger, one mile, seventy-five cents; two passen- gers same distance, $1.25 ; each additional passenger, same distance, twenty-five cents more. One passenger, over a mile and not exceeding two miles, $1.25 ; two passengers same distance, $1.75 ; each additional passenger same distance, twenty-five cents more. Over two miles, each additional mile or part of mile, fifty cents ; additional to the charge for the party, for two miles. But when the distance is over four miles, each passenger shall pay fifteen cents additional for a mile or part of a mile. By the hour, $1.50, for one or two passengers; each addi- tional passenger twenty-five cents. Passengers may stop as often as required. Each passenger is allowed one trunk, valise, carpet bag or box, not exceeding one hundred pounds in weight. For every additional article six cents. Hackmen charge by mile in absence of other agreement. If when driven by the mile, a passenger shall detain the hack, the hackman may charge at the rate of seventy-five cents an hour additional for the time oi detention. Twelve blocks of one hundred numbers are considered a mile. Each hack contains inside a card with number, name and residence of the owner. Disputes arising between driver and passenger, are settled by the Mayor or Chief of Police, at Fifth and Chestnut. When the law has been violated, or an attempt at it made, hackmen are not entitled to receive fare, or they will on complaint, be deprived of their license. Children between five and fourteen are charged half price. Under five years old, one to every two grown passengers is allowed free. CHAPTER X. Names of the Principal Streets running from East to West. NORTH OF MARKET. I Market, Filbert, Con merce, Church. loo Arch, Cherry.' SOUTH OF MARKET. I Market, Jayne, Mer- chant, Minor, loo Chestnut, Sansom, Li- brary, Dock. 200 Race, Branch, New. 200 Walnut, Locust. 300 Vine, Wood. 300 Spruce, Union. 400 Cailowhili, Willow, No- 400 Pine. ble, Margaretta. 500 B.uttonwood, Spring, 500 Lombard, Gaskill. Garden. 600 Greene, Mount Vernon, 600 South. Wallace, Mellon. 700 Fairmount Ave., Olive. 700 Bainbridge, Monroe. Fitzwater, German. 800 Brown, Parrish, Ogden. 800 Catharine, Queen. 900 Poplar, Laurel. 900 Christian, Marriott, 1000 Beaver or Otter. 1000 Carpenter. 1 100 George. 1100 Washington, Ellsworth t2oo Girard Ave., Stiles. 1200 Federal, Marion. 1300 Thompson, Seybert. 1300 A\'harton. 14C0 Master. 1400 Reed. 1500 Jefferson. 1500 Dickinson, (Treenwi( h. t6oo Oxford. 1600 Tasker. 1700 Columbia Ave. 1700 Morris, Pierce. 1800 Montgomery Ave. 1800 Moore, Siegel. 1900 Berks. 1900 Mifflin. 2000 Norris, Otis. 2000 McKean. 2100 Diamond, 2100 Snvder, PRINCIPAL STREETS, FROM EAST TO WEST. 147 2200 Susquehannah. 2200 Jackson. 2300 Dauphin, 2300 Wolf. 2400 York. 2400 Ritner. 2500 Cumberland. 2500 Porter. 2600 Huntington, 2600 Skunk. 2700 Lehigh Avenue. 2700 Oregon Avenue. 2800 Somerset. 2800 Johnson. 2900 Cambria. 2900 Bigler. 3000 Indiana. 3000 PoUock. 3100 Clearfield. 3100 Packer. 3200 Allegheny. 3200 Curtin, 3300 Westmoreland. 33<^^ Geary. 3400 Ontario. 3400 Thirty-fourth Avenue 3500 Tioga. 3500 Thirty-fifth 3600 Venango. 3600 Thirty- sixth 3700 Erie. 3700 Thirty-seventh " 3800 Butler. 3800 Thirty-eighth " 3900 Pike. 3900 Thirty-ninth " 4000 Luzerne. 4000 Fortieth " One hundred numbers are allowed to every block. Each block, therefore, begins with a new hundred. The even numbers are on the south and west sides ; the odd numbers on the north and east. The streets rmming north and south are numbered from Second to Seventy-second, and begin each way from Market street, and are designated as North Second, South Second, and so on. The numbers of the east and west streets, commence at the Delaware. James Rice. Jr.. (Formerly Avith Messrs. Starr & Marcus.) • DIAMONDS A SPECIALTY. WATCHES, JEWELRY & SILVERWARE , PURCHASED ON COMMISSION. Room ID, Evening Post Building-, i NEW YORK. j I I I Rogers & Brother, \ I MANUFACTURERS OF - . j I CELEBRATED \ i^le(ftfo^ilvef?lkte, No. 690 Broadway, NEW YORK. Brooklyn White Lead Co. OOERODEES AHD MANUFACTURERS OF WHITE LEAD, Red Lead and Litharge, BUSINESS OFFICE: No. 8g Maiden Lane, New York. PRATT'S ASTRAL OIL THE SAFEST AND BEST ILLUMINATING OIL FOR FAMILY USE EVER MADE. Burns in the ordinary Kerosene Lamp, and is WAERANTED SAPE UNDER ALL CONDITIONS. Send for Circulars, Chas. Pratt & Co., SOLE PROPRIETORS, 128 PEARL STREET, NEW YORK. HOME LIFE Insurance Company, 254 BEOADWAY, NEW YORK, ASSETS, - S5,000,000.00. GEORGE C. RIPLEY, President. All desirable forms of Life Policies issued, including the Life Rate Endowment Policy. NO RESTRICTIONS ON RESIDENCE OR TRAVEL. DIVIDENDS PAYABLE ANNUALLY. WM. J.- COFFIN, Secretary and Actuary. I. H. FROTHINGHAM, Treasurer. F. H. Dunkinson & Co. Importers and Wholesale Dealers in IRISH LINEN AND OTHER \VRITING PAPERS. TRADE MARK. ENVELOPE MANUFACTURERS, No. 26 John Street, NEW YORK. p. O. Box, 4949. SEABURY & JOHNSON, MANUFACTURERS OF BENSON'S CAPCINE RUBBER POROUSED f MEDICATED, 'J BENSON'S RUBBER ADHESIVE. ] j^ySTARD COURT, and 1 Plasters of Every Description. OFFICE AND SALESROOM : FACTORY : 30 Piatt Street, New York. Brooklyn. PHILADELPHIA ^ ESTABLISHMENT, Smitb. Sc Sh-elmlre. S. W. Corner 7th and Sansom Sis., PHILADELPHIA. ^ STR^? fe w w ft I E S f f f £ S S cvieacMiMoicaw w ^p^l fiMOUNT s van as indicaiecl by otrrows. Iff a U f H III i i i I t H f- I- ^ I- H y any other publication. It is not a transient volume, written to catch the hour, but a thoroughly- prepared work. Every statement can be depended on and quoted as historical!}' correct. A very full " Introduction " treats of the earliest periods, so the work is essentially a complete history of our country, of permanent value. The style is life-like and vivid, carrying the reader along by the sweep of the story, as in a novel. Every battle is a dramatic picture, with the key-note, the pivot on which the de- cision turned, clearly brought out. The illustrations are simply superb. The printer's and binder's work is une-vceUetl in the history of book-making. Numerous maps illustrate events for which our modern maps are comparati\el\ useless. A calendar indicates the centennial occurrence for any day in the year, at a glance Chapters on " manners and customs " of the different periods are unique. The book is written in the impartial spirit of the true histoi-ian — no sectionalism. The de^'elopment of parties and the history of political campaigns are accurately uiul fully set forth. The achievements of noted inventors and authors, the founding of great nevvsp.t pers and associations, the building of important public works, etc., all duly recorded attest the faithfulness of the author. Price, Cloth, $6; Leather, $7.50; Half Calf, $9; Full Turkey Morocco, $12. By the same Publishers: PRINCIPLES AND ACTS OF THE REVO- LUTION IN AMERICA. Compiled by Hezeki.ah Nii.es, .Editor of " Niles' Register" containing "Speeches, Proceedings, Sketches, and Remarks" — a verj' valuable collection and reprint of Patriotic material not elsewhere to be found. 522 pp. Svo. Cloth, $3; Librui\ style, $4. LIVES OF THE SIGNERS. A Brief Biography of each of the Eminent Patriots who Signed the Declaration of Independence. New Edition. i2mo. Cloth, $1.50. IV. DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA. By Alexis De Tocqueville. Barnes's standard edition. i vol. Svo. Cloth, hand- some, $3. BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. With Topographical illustrations, and Professional and Popular Criticisms. By Hen'kv B. C.VKRINGTON, LL. D., Senior Colonel and Hvt. Brig-General U. S. A.; Pro- fessor of Military Science at Wabash University. Address or call upon A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, 111 & 113 WILLIAM STREET, 822 CHESTl^UT STREET, OR NEW YORK. PHILADELPHIA. Or at their office in the " Publishers' PavilHon," at the International Exhibition. « " « . ^^ **..*^- -Jfe'-- ^-/ ■!«•. **-/ 5-"^^ °%/MW*" A^'"'^ "-^liS*' .^^ ^.