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THE HISTORIC 
 
 GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 gaitfc a pap attb liberations 
 
 ^ BY THE 
 
 REV. G: N; : WEIGHT, M.A., 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 2%e Z(/fe and Campaigns of Wellington; The Rhine, Italy, and Greece; 
 Scenes in Wales, &c. 
 
 BATH : 
 B. E. PEACH, 8, BRIDGE STREET. 
 
 >LD BY DAVIES, JENNINGS, OLIVER, AND NOYES & SON. 
 BRIGHTON : LEWIS NOYES. CHELTENHAM: WILLIAMS. 
 ESTON-SUPEB-MAKE : BOBBINS -AND SCOTNEY. 
 
 MDCCCLXIV. 
 
'0 1 
 
 « < •■•• :• i •- 
 
 *"u 
 
 j.'^ 
 w 
 
DEDICATED 
 
 BY PERMISSION, 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Jlagor, ^foermeu, atttr burgesses 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CITY AND BOROUGH OF BATH, 
 
 BY THEIR 
 
 OBEDIENT, HUMBLE SERVANT, 
 
 G. N. WRIGHT. 
 
 Bath, January, 1864. 
 
CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA. 
 
 In page 164, sixth line, for Montague's read " King's." 
 
 „ 242. A clock was placed in the tower of St. Stephen's 
 Church, on the 1st of January, 1864. It was pre- 
 sented to the parish by Admiral Davies. 
 „ 350, tenth line, after Mayor, read " Thomas Barter, Esq." 
 ,, 356, after Walcot Cemetery, Locksbrook, read "conse- 
 crated on the 11th of January, 1864." 
 „ 363. The Temperance Association erected the Fountain 
 
 in the High Street. 
 „ 365, after last line, read " Lord William Powlett suc- 
 ceeded to the Dukedom of Cleveland in 1864." 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Sixty years ago the History and Antiquities of Bath were 
 fully and fairly written, by the Rev. Richard Warner ; 
 thirty years afterwards a clear, and clever, Collectanea, of 
 events in Bath, was published by Capt. Rowland Main- 
 waring; — to these standard works, the author acknow- 
 ledges obligation — but, improvements in arts, domestic 
 architecture, and practical science have been so great ; 
 advances in social, and literary institutions so rapid, 
 during the last thirty years, as to demand a still more 
 modern resume. 
 
 A section, devoted to Antiquities, includes notices of the 
 Roman Remains most recently discovered here ; — of the 
 theories, now disseminated, relative to the pre-historic in- 
 habitants of the valley, together with the author's suggestion 
 as to the origin of the Bath God {or Goddess), SvL 
 
 The mediaeval accounts of Bath rest on indisputable 
 authorities, and, in fact, are but excerpta from our national 
 history : while the authenticity of the modern narrative is 
 sustained by the columns of the watched, and watchful 
 journals, that have been published, weekly, for the last half 
 century, in this city. 
 
 An arrangement is adopted, in the disposition of the 
 various subjects that present themselves, by which brief 
 memoirs of the most celebrated characters, who once dwelt 
 
VI PKEFACE. 
 
 here, or, who died here, are interspersed through the 
 pages of the Guide, in preference to their being enfiladed 
 in the form of a terminal dictionary. The biography of 
 each individual is introduced in speaking of his tomb, or 
 his monument, or in connection with his birth-place, 
 favourite residence, or, some " service he may have done 
 the state." 
 
 The section headed "Monuments in the Abbey" includes 
 brief biographies of the many remarkable divines, scholars, 
 statesmen, soldiers, and distinguished individuals, whose 
 remains are entombed within the walls. And this chapter 
 will prove, most probably, a sufficient Manual to the 
 visitors of this grand and graceful structure. The same 
 principle is applied to some only of the parish churches ; 
 it would not have been practicable in all. 
 
 The pencils of two amateur artists furnished the 
 Illustrations, both imaginative and representative, the 
 delicacy and truthfulness of which have substituted, most 
 happily, performance for promise. Authorities and 
 References are given, perhaps too frequently, but the 
 practice is confessed to be both honourable and 
 instructive. 
 
 The Environs are sketched but lightly where little is 
 required, but, where scenes are overcharged with beauties, 
 natural and artificial, or associated with deeply interesting 
 memories of other days, they are fully described. 
 
 A copious Index occupies the latest pages, and, even 
 moderate attention to its construction will enable the 
 reader to employ it as a dictionary of local history and 
 biography ; while the 
 
 Itinerary, which follows the Appendix, supplies an 
 abridged Topography of the country around Bath, to the 
 distance of seven miles. 
 
 The Publisher has been enabled, through the courtesy 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 of the literary gentlemen, whose names accompany their 
 respective contributions, to enrich the " Historic Guide'' 1 
 by the addition of Four interesting Essays, which will be 
 found in the Appendix ; they are : — 
 
 1. The Geology of the neighbourhood of Bath, by Charles 
 
 Moore, Esq., F.G.S. 
 
 2. A Synopsis of the Roman Remains which have been found 
 
 in Bath, by the Eev. H. M. Scarth, MA., Prebendary 
 of Wells, and Rector of Bathwick. 
 
 3. A Sketch of the Flora of Bath, by the Eev. Leonard 
 
 Jenyns, M.A., F.L.S. 
 
 4. The Zoology of the Neighbourhood of Bath, by Charles 
 
 Terry, Esq., M.R.C.S. 
 
 Bath, January, 1S64. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 History of Bath : 
 
 
 Churches : 
 
 
 British 
 
 1 
 
 St. Saviour's 
 
 226 
 
 Roman 
 
 20 
 
 Christ . 
 
 . 
 
 228 
 
 Saxon and Danish 
 
 57 
 
 Trinity 
 
 . 
 
 229 
 
 From the Conquest 
 
 65 
 
 St. Swithin's 
 
 . 
 
 231 
 
 Municipal . 
 
 73 
 
 St. Stephen's 
 
 i 
 
 242 
 
 Civil . 
 
 76 
 
 St. Matthew's 
 
 > 
 
 244 
 
 Modern 
 
 78 
 
 Widcombe, Old 
 
 
 245 
 
 Of the Mineral Waters 
 
 s 86 
 
 St. Mary's . 
 
 . 
 
 248 
 
 Baths : 
 
 
 St. John Baptist 
 
 . 
 
 250 
 
 The King's . 
 
 . 104 
 
 Mortuary Chapel 
 
 . 
 
 252 
 
 „ Queen's 
 
 110 
 
 Ancient Chapels 
 
 
 254 
 
 „ Cross . 
 
 . 113 
 
 St. Mary's de Stall 
 
 . 
 
 256 
 
 „ King and Queen's 
 
 
 All Saints' 
 
 . 
 
 257 
 
 Private 
 
 . 115 
 
 St. Mary's (Queen Sqr.) . 
 
 258 
 
 Hot and Royal . 
 
 . 116 
 
 Chapels, — Episcopal : • 
 
 
 Hetling Pump Room 
 
 . 118 
 
 Laura .... 
 
 259 
 
 Tepid Swimming Bath 
 
 . 119 
 
 Margaret . 
 
 260 
 
 Kingston or Abbey Bath 
 
 . 120 
 
 Octagon 
 
 262 
 
 Grand Pump Room 
 
 . 123 
 
 St. Mary Magdalene . 
 
 263 
 
 Horse Bath . 
 
 . 129 
 
 Corn Street 
 
 266 
 
 Mineral Water Hospital 
 
 . 131 
 
 St. Paul's (Avon St.) . 
 
 267 
 
 The Guildhall 
 
 . 143 
 
 Chapels, — Dissenting : 
 
 
 The Abbey 
 
 . 153 
 
 Lady Huntingdon's . 
 
 267 
 
 Churches : 
 
 
 Argyle Street 
 
 270 
 
 St. James's 
 
 . 215 
 
 Percy .... 
 
 272 
 
 St. Michael's 
 
 . 218 
 
 Catholic Apostolic 
 
 273 
 
 St. Mark's . 
 
 . 224 
 
 Moravian . 
 
 # . 
 
 274 
 
X 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chapels, — Dissenting : 
 
 
 Schools : 
 
 
 Bethesda . 
 
 275 
 
 Blue Coat . 
 
 . 330 
 
 Kensington (Baptist) . 
 
 277 
 
 Military Female . 
 
 . 331 
 
 Walcot (Wesleyan) 
 
 279 
 
 Kingswood College 
 
 . 332 
 
 Unitarian . 
 
 280 
 
 United Hospital 
 
 . 333 
 
 The New Church 
 
 283 
 
 Penitentiary . 
 
 . 335 
 
 St. John's (R.C.) 
 
 284 
 
 Hospitals : 
 
 
 Nash, his memoir . 
 
 286 
 
 St. John's . 
 
 . 336 
 
 Assembly Rooms . 
 
 294 
 
 Black Alms 
 
 . 338 
 
 Upper Assembly Rooms . 
 
 301 
 
 Bellot's 
 
 . 339 
 
 Theatre .... 
 
 305 
 
 Partis College 
 
 . 341 
 
 Concerts 
 
 312 
 
 Royal Victoria Park 
 
 . 344 
 
 Sydney Gardens . 
 
 315 
 
 Cemeteries 
 
 . 351 
 
 Literary Institution 
 
 318 
 
 Streets, Squares, Crescents 357 
 
 County Club . 
 
 323 
 
 Bridges . 
 
 . 367 
 
 Commercial Reading Room 
 
 i 324 
 
 Railway Station 
 
 . 368 
 
 Athenaeum 
 
 324 
 
 Environs, Climate . 
 
 . 369 
 
 Newspapers . 
 
 325 
 
 Prior Park 
 
 . 375 
 
 Circulating Libraries 
 
 327 
 
 Appendix 
 
 . 387 
 
 Schools : 
 
 
 Itinerary 
 
 . 447 
 
 Grammar . . # 
 
 328 
 
 Index 
 
 . 450 
 
LIST OF PLATES, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Grand Pump Eoom (West End) Frontispiece. 
 
 Bladud's Herd (Initial Letter) 1 
 
 Roman Ruins (Initial Letter) 20 
 
 Pediment of Minerva's Temple 42 
 
 Roman Altars 47 
 
 Battle Scene (Initial Letter) 57 
 
 The King's Bath ........ 144 
 
 Brymer Chapel (Mineral Water Hospital) . . . .131 
 
 Bath Abbey 152 
 
 Apse of St. Michael's Church 218 
 
 Royal Literary Institution 318 
 
 Widcombe Old Church ....... 343 
 
 Ladymead Fountain 343 
 
 Beckford's Tower 352 
 
 Lyncombe and Widcombe Cemetery Chapel . . . 354 
 
 Queen Square 359 
 
 Fountain, at Fountain's Buildings 363 
 
 Map of the City and Borough of Bath. 
 

Engraved exjressfy for the Histn c Gaa e to Batt F. '"" id ty RE. Pes UU3 
 
<% lisfnrir §mh k iotjj. 
 
 BB1IISH HISTOBI OF BATH. 
 
 dulged 
 be the 
 
 RIDE of anti- 
 quity is not 
 confined to 
 individual, 
 race, or tribe ; 
 it is shared 
 equally by all 
 civilized na- 
 tions. 
 
 A sentime - , 
 therefore, so 
 universally 
 diffused, may 
 be venially in- 
 in by those who would believe themselves to 
 successors of the aborigines, who once dwelt 
 
 B 
 
2 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 in Caer-Blaedud, or Caer-Bren (the king's city). If 
 legendary lore ; if the war-song and the lay of the 
 minstrel ; if the soft, simple, hallad of Trouver, or 
 Troubadour, or the plaintive pleadings of Minne- 
 singer, and Mastersinger, are to he rejected, then 
 national annals will lose much of their length, and 
 more of their lustre ; and those foundations, on 
 which the adventurer into the twilight of pre-his- 
 toric times, rests his hope of interesting the heart, 
 will be loosened, if not effaced. An exclusion so 
 strict would close the pantheons of Greece and 
 Eome, deprive fable of all its moral teaching, and 
 extend its severe sentence to works of fiction, even 
 when founded upon fact. What room, then, is 
 left for allegorical interpretation ? 
 
 Bath (Caer yn nant Twymin, " the city in the 
 warm vale,") has no authentic history previous to 
 its occupation by the Eomans (probably a.d. 50); 
 but, the diligence of those memorable men, who, 
 in unlearned ages, with so much labour, collected 
 the traditionary history of still darker periods, has 
 furnished a narrative that claims a British founda- 
 tion for the City of the Avon (Abone). In their 
 quaint style of narrative, perhaps romance has 
 revelled, imagination played too sportively; yet 
 the legend of Blaedud involves no miracle, and is 
 more entirely divested of the marvellous than those 
 emblematical myths, on which the Greek and Ko- 
 man, in olden times, and the greater portion of the 
 oriental world in the present, have rested their 
 religious faith. 
 
BRITISH HISTORY OF BATH. O 
 
 We are informed, by Geoffrey of Monmouth,* 
 that Brute, the son of Sylvius, and grandson of 
 Ascanius, the son of iEneas, was the first king of 
 Britain. Born in Italy, and ambitious of conquest, 
 he left his native country, and reaching Albion, 
 effected a landing at Totness, in Devonshire (about 
 a.m. 3,100) ; there he not only subdued, but exter- 
 minated, the giants (sons of the soil), who resisted 
 him, and gave his name to the island hitherto 
 known as Albion.f He died in ( the twenty-fourth 
 year of his reign, and was interred in Troy Novant 
 (London), the capital of the kingdom which his 
 fortunes had founded. His conquests were divided 
 by his three sons, into so many distinct govern- 
 ments; Locrin taking England, Albanact Scotland, 
 while Wales fell to Camber's share. From King 
 Brute was descended, but eighth in succession, 
 Lud Hudibras, a prince of indomitable courage 
 and prudent policy. He built Caer-leon, Caer-gwen, 
 and a third city, subsequently named Mount Pal- 
 ladur. This sagacious ruler, in due time, made 
 way for his son, Blaedud, whose romantic story has 
 
 * "Walter Mapes. of Oxford, was a great lover of antiquities ; and is 
 said to have supplied Geoffrey of Monmouth, with the Welsh MS. on the 
 early affairs of Britain, which the latter translated into Latin." — History 
 of the Middle Ages. p. 329. 
 
 + According to Aristotle and Pliny, this island was called Albion from 
 the remotest times. Our legend gives one reason for its present name, 
 hut there are etymologists who derive it from Brit, party-coloured, the 
 inhabitants adopting the custom of staining their bodies with various 
 dyes. Herodotus calls England, Tin Island ; and. as the Carthaginians 
 visited the Scilly Isles, or Cassiterides, to procure that scarce metal, 
 antiquaries have suggested the probability of its rather being derived 
 from Barran attan, in the Phoenician tongue, "the Land of Tin." (Vide 
 Agathemerus and Ptolemy.) 
 
 
4 THE H1ST0KIG GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 excited the sneer of the satirist, and been rejected, 
 partially, by the sober writer of history, but, cher- 
 ished with natural fondness where taste, feeling, 
 imagination, and nationality prevail. 
 
 During the youth-time of Blaedud, he was so 
 unfortunate as to have contracted the leprosy, a 
 disease then prevalent in Britain, and so infectious, 
 that those who were its victims, we are told, usually 
 " stood afar off." Alarmed at the consequences of 
 his continued presence at court, the nobility and 
 gentry memorialized their sovereign to remove from 
 the foot of the throne, a prince, who, from his de- 
 plorable condition, was disqualified from ascending 
 it. Yielding a reluctant assent, the king desired 
 his son, his only son, to seek an asylum far from 
 his court and his country, and leave the issue of 
 events to providence. Submission was his only 
 portion, and presenting himself before his royal 
 mother, to say " farewell," he received from her a 
 ring, as a token of her love, and a means by which 
 he might afterwards be recognised, should he ever 
 recover from his loathsome disease. 
 
 Setting out on his solitary way, to brave the 
 world's cold charity, he at length fell in with a 
 shepherd, who was tending his flocks upon the 
 downs, with whom he entered into conversation 
 upon indifferent subjects, but whom he ultimately 
 induced to gratify him by an exchange of apparel. 
 In this new suit, Blaedud soon succeeded in getting 
 employment from a swineherd, who lived near the 
 present site of Keynsham ; but, in a short time, he 
 
BRITISH HISTORY OF BATH. 
 
 observed that the swine also had become infected 
 with leprosy. To prevent discovery, he asked 
 permission to drive his herd to the other side of 
 the Avon, where he hoped to fatten them on the 
 acorns that fell in the thick woods which clothed 
 the overhanging hills. His honest and faithful 
 conduct pleaded so strongly in his favour, that his 
 master readily granted this request, and the very 
 next day was appointed for putting it into execu- 
 tion. Provided suitably for his journey, and for 
 a brief sojourn at a distance from the homestead, 
 he crossed the Avon with his herd, at a shallow, to 
 which he subsequently gave the name of Swines- 
 ford. 
 
 Here the rising sun, breaking through the 
 clouds, first saluted the royal herdsman with its 
 comfortable beams ; but while he* was addressing 
 the glorious luminary, and praying] that the wrath 
 of Heaven against him, might be averted, the 
 whole drove, suddenly escaping, pursued their way 
 rapidly along the bank of the river, nor stopped 
 until they reached a spot where tepid waters were 
 issuing copiously from the ground. 
 
 The soft surface of this place, composed of leaves 
 and residuum of the waters, proved attractive to 
 the herd, which immediately immersed themselves, 
 wallowed in the warm, oozy bed, and afterwards 
 sought shelter in the brambles and brushwood that 
 over-ran the low marsh around the springs. From 
 this inaccessible retreat they w^re at length seduced 
 by a display of acorns, which the} observed their 
 
6 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 herdsman scattering along the margin of the morass. 
 Driving his herd to a place convenient for feeding 
 by day, and for securing them at night, he there 
 made separate crues for the pigs to lie in, reasona- 
 bly concluding, that by keeping them clean, and 
 separated, the disease would be more speedily con- 
 quered. The result more than equalled his expec- 
 tations ; for, upon the first washing and cleaning 
 away the mud, with which the animals were coated, 
 he found, to his delight and astonishment, that 
 they all shed their hoary, leprous, scales at the 
 same time. 
 
 Continuing to reside still longer at Sivineswick 
 (SivinesfordJ,* and driving his herd daily into the 
 woods, in search of food, he had the misfortune to 
 lose one of his best sows. After a week's diligent 
 search, however, he observed the wanderer in the 
 mire around the hot waters, and on washing her, 
 found that she was perfectly cured of the distemper. 
 Astonished at the rapid recovery of the herd, and 
 convinced that it was solely due to the effects of 
 the hot springs which they visited, Blaedud resolved 
 to try their efficacy in his own case, and plunging 
 into the sedge where the swine had wallowed, he 
 imitated their example. This process he repeated 
 at each early dawn, before he turned out the swine 
 to feed, and every night, after cruing them up. 
 The leprous scales now gradually falling off, he 
 was assured of the virtue of the waters, and con- 
 
 + A ford is generally found near a wick, or bay. 
 
BKITISH HISTOKY OF BATH. 7 
 
 tinued their use until " his flesh came again, and 
 he was clean." 
 
 Blaedud now thought the time had arrived when 
 he might return happily to his master, deliver the 
 herd in good condition, discover to him his real 
 character, explain his miraculous cure, and hid 
 him a grateful adieu. The swineherd received 
 the narrative with surprise ; but, perceiving an 
 alteration in the prince's countenance, and now 
 observing a politeness of conversation, which had 
 before escaped him, he was induced to credit the 
 singular tale. The master's assent was followed 
 by his accompanying his old servant, with whom 
 he now changed places, to the king's court, to wit- 
 ness the general joy, and receive the just reward 
 of the kind treatment he had shown to the royal 
 exile. 
 
 Arrived at the palace of Lud Hudibras, the 
 prince awaited a proper opportunity to discover 
 himself; this was soon afforded by the king and 
 queen's happening to dine in public; and then 
 dropping his mother's parting gift into a glass of 
 wine that was being presented to her, the ring 
 quickly told its mission ; for, scarcely had she 
 raised the glass to her lips, when she exclaimed, 
 with rapturous exultation — 
 
 " Where is Blaedud, my child ? " 
 
 While consternation prevailed amongst the as- 
 sembled courtiers, the prince - shepherd pressed 
 forward, and prostrating himself before his royal 
 parents, in his rustic dress, was affectionately 
 
8 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 caressed, received with transports of joy, and in 
 the presence of the court, declared heir-apparent 
 to the British throne. 
 
 When public and private rejoicings had ceased, 
 Blaedud solicited his royal father's sanction to pro- 
 ceed, as a private person, into foreign countries, 
 improve himself in learning, and become acquaint- 
 ed with the best and wisest forms of government. 
 Sacrificing his vanity to parental feeling, Lud 
 granted the request, and the prince, in the garb 
 of a student in pursuit of knowledge, set out for 
 Greece. There he made Athens his residence, and 
 there he continued, duriug eleven years, to study 
 philosophy, mathematics, and necromancy. It was 
 not, therefore, a matter of surprise, when he sub- 
 sequently sat on his hereditary throne, that he 
 displayed so perfect a knowledge of the art of 
 ruling. 
 
 During the lifetime of Hudibras, Prince Blaedud 
 could never be persuaded to disclose the secret, or 
 the means, of his restoration to health ; but, on 
 the king's decease, one of his first public measures 
 was the erection of a palace adjacent to the hot 
 springs, with suitable accommodation for his ret- 
 inue, to which he removed his court, and constituted 
 the new city of Caer-Bren, the capital of the British 
 kings. 
 
 The swineherd was rewarded with an estate 
 near to the scene of the leper's services and resto- 
 ration, and the divisions of the chief town within 
 the district retain the commemmorative names of 
 
BRITISH HISTORY OF BATH. \) 
 
 Hog's -Norton, and Norton-small-reward; the latter 
 either from its inadequacy, or in comparison with 
 the other, the greater ; or, it may have been im- 
 posed by the generous donor himself, through 
 modesty. 
 
 Towards the close of his rule, Blaedud found 
 leisure to resume those studies, in which he had 
 made such proficiency in Greece, but, having 
 attempted to fly, with wings of his own invention, 
 the machinery gave way, and he fell upon the roof 
 of Solsbury Church. This catastrophe closed both 
 the earthly and aerial missions of King Blaedud, to 
 the inexpressible grief of his subjects, after he had 
 completed a prosperous and happy reign of twenty 
 years. 
 
 Let the legend of Blaedud and the swine be sup- 
 posed true, and the consequences of that concession 
 be analyzed, without prejudice ; remembering also, 
 that it has been transmitted to us by a literary 
 monk. A king's son, disqualified, and set aside, 
 because leprosy " cleaved unto him," is compelled 
 to withdraw from his father's court. It is not 
 material whether Blaedud (shepherd, in the Saxon 
 tongue) may have been his true name, or substi- 
 tuted for it by the narrator. That the leprosy was 
 a sufficient cause for banishment, may be gathered 
 from history. A class of Egyptian shepherds be- 
 coming affected with a form of that disease, were 
 treated as slaves, obliged to work in quarries, re- 
 mote from the busy haunts of men, in Amenophis' 
 reign and kingdom, and had the deserted city of 
 
10 THE HTSTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Abaris assigned them as their detached and sepa- 
 rated retreat. In the first ages of Christianity, a 
 leper was not permitted to approach "one that 
 was whole" but this caution was far more strictly 
 enforced and extended in the middle ages, when 
 lepers were treated as civilly dead, their funeral 
 obsequies performed, and masses said for the ben- 
 efit of their souls. Under such circumstances, the 
 queen mother's gift of remembrance, to the unhappy 
 Prince Blaedud, was both natural and necessary, 
 and was, in fact, divested of those fancies that 
 usually characterise the fairy-tale. 
 
 Now an outcast and wanderer, exposed to dread 
 extremity, he wisely sought employment ; that he 
 should deceive his employer, was to be expected, 
 and that he should have desired occupation, far 
 from the searching gaze of those to whom Provi- 
 dence had been more kind, was equally natural. 
 If it be asserted that the monkish legend, in this 
 instance, only desecrated the most affecting parable, 
 perhaps, in Scripture, that of the prodigal son, it 
 can be as readily answered, that the feeding of 
 cattle (swine especially) was the most general rural 
 occupation in an age when tillage was rare, and, 
 that at a later period of the world's history, the age 
 of our Elizabeth, we find that Pope Sixtus V. had 
 been similarly engaged in his boyhood. The 
 shepherd life is co-eval with the creation, and 
 must ever be inseparable from the mission of man. 
 
 It is, however, necessary to proceed further with 
 the analysis of Blaedud's legend, and endeavour to 
 
BRITISH HISTORY OF BATH. 11 
 
 show that the valley of the Avon, the exact locality 
 of the thermal waters, was capable of being con- 
 verted into an habitable position, and was espe- 
 cially suitable, also, for a city, such a city as 
 accorded with the simplicity of both king and 
 people. We are told, that when the herd of swine 
 first descended into the valley of tepid fountains, 
 the combe was a waste, worthless wilderness, where 
 they trespassed without intrusion to any interests ; 
 and that its insalubrity was notorious, arising 
 from dense fogs and overhanging woods, which 
 combined to produce an impracticable morass, 
 occasionally presenting a smooth watery surface, 
 as the Avon {water) overflowed its banks. It was 
 under such circumstances, and on such a site, that 
 Blaedud is said to have founded the city of Caer- 
 Bren, or Caer -Blaedud, and the identical spot where 
 now stands the modern city of Bath. 
 
 If we can credit the reports, and rely on the re- 
 searches of modern antiquaries, such a morass, or 
 occasional lake, was the precise place which chief- 
 tains, in pre-historic times, would be disposed to 
 select. Traces of such early abodes are spoken of 
 by Herodotus, as existing amongst the Phoenicians ; 
 in Thrace, in Switzerland, in England, in Ireland, 
 they are now discernible. There are island-dwellings 
 of this description in the Euphrates, and remains 
 of similar structures have been found in Papua, or 
 New Guinea. These towns were built in shallows, 
 on lake-margins, on places dry in summer, but 
 often inundated during winter. The houses, or 
 
12 THE HISTOEIG GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 huts, were of wood, placed on platforms that were 
 laid on piles. Fragments of that forgotten world, 
 -of those lacustrine abodes, have been detected 
 recently by M. Troyon, on the continent of Eu- 
 rope ; in Norfolk and Suffolk, similar evidences 
 remain, and the " Crannoges," in Ireland, are lac- 
 ustrine fortresses, that were uniformly submerged 
 in winter.* In the vicinity of those very ancient 
 and incipient efforts to civilize the human race, 
 arrow-heads, wrought flints, and sometimes bronze 
 (copper and tin) tools and weapons have been 
 found, from which it may be inferred, that the 
 occupants are to be assigned to the " age of stone," 
 and, that they acquired any mixed metal they pos- 
 sessed, by barter. From what has been just stated, 
 the city of Blaedud would have been built preferen- 
 tially, and for security against depredation, in the 
 very morass which is supposed to have been so 
 ill adapted to the purpose ; and the piles on which 
 it rested, would, of necessity, have been discovered 
 and removed by the successors of the Ancient 
 Britons, more especially by the Bomans ; so that, 
 judging from analogy, the valley of Bath was the 
 site which a prince of the { ' stone age" would have 
 preferred for his capital ; and the absence of any 
 traces of such perishable dwellings, under the cir- 
 cumstances, affords no presumption against the 
 
 •*• When the lacustrine tenements were no longer habitable, it may be 
 supposed the adjacent woods afforded shelter; there the lacustriues en- 
 closed a sufficient area with felled trees, within which they constructed 
 huts of reeds and logs, besides sheds for cattle; but these, we are told, by 
 ancient geographers, were only intended to be temporary. 
 
 «3 
 
BRITISH HISTOKY OF BATH. 13 
 
 truth, or probability, of Blaedud's history.* 
 
 As to the melancholy death of the British king, 
 philosopher, and magician, the story of Daedalus 
 needs only to be repeated — probably he, too, em- 
 ployed sails, to flit across the waste places, and 
 paid the frequent penalty of too much daring. 
 
 Whatever value the preceding analysis may 
 possess, it is not solitary in its aspiration for the 
 discovery of truth, and cultivation of pure taste in 
 letters. Camden, Leland, Selden, and their numer- 
 ous followers, did not discredit Geoffry's legend. 
 Lydgate, one of the oldest English poets, translates 
 from Bocace — 
 
 " The city eke of Bath, I founded there, 
 Kemoved far, by reason of the wells ; 
 And many monuments that ancient were, 
 I placed there — thou know'st the story tells." 
 
 And many writers, of ample learning, and later 
 date, are not unwilling to leave the Bathonians ta 
 the full enjoyment of their pleasing delusion, if it 
 be one. It was reserved for a noble author, but of 
 worthless name, to adopt the partial adage of 
 Horace in its totality — 
 
 " Ridiculum acri 
 
 Fortius et melius magnas plerumque secet res." 
 
 Ignoring its more useful commentary — " The cen- 
 sure of a heartless laugh is cheap to any one."f 
 
 + Vide Herodotus, Manetho, Josephus, M. Troyon on lacustrine abodes 
 and Trans, E. I. A. 
 
 t Sed facilis cuivis rigidi censura cachinni. — Juv» x. 31. 
 
14 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 But the cup of life is a mixture of compensations ; 
 and, if the ribald lines of Kochester poison the 
 taste for ballad poetry, another noble author (Ma- 
 caulay) infuses an antidote, in his happy mimetics, 
 " The Lays of Ancient Home." The rhymes of 
 one are neither clear nor conclusive, of the other, 
 both, for their object was " to reach the heart." 
 
 Animated by the raillery of Lord Rochester, the 
 stage travestied the legend of the royal swineherd, 
 and the combined effect of its enemies was, the 
 removal of a public inscription, that had hitherto 
 been affixed to the wall of the king's bath. About 
 the middle of last century, the old love for Blaedud 
 returned, and repentance at the neglect his mem- 
 ory had experienced, universally prevailed amongst 
 the citizens ; this fact is proved, to some extent, by 
 the existence of a certificate, appended to the tra- 
 ditional history of Blaedud, in the British Museum, 
 and to which, evidently, it was intended, that the 
 names of the Bathonians were to be subscribed. 
 " We, whose names are under -written, natives of the 
 city of Bath, having perused the above tradition, do 
 think it very true, and faithfully related, and that 
 there is but one material circumstance omitted in the 
 whole story, which is the grateful acknowledgement 
 Blaedud made to his master ; for it is said, the king 
 richly arrayed him, made him a knight, and gave him 
 an estate, to support him in all his dignity. As witness 
 our hands, this 1st day of November, 1741." * 
 
 * Wood's MS., and Warner's History of Bath, 
 
BRITISH HISTORY OF BATH. 15 
 
 Some three centuries subsequently to the sup- 
 posed reign of Blaedud, discovery of the calid 
 waters, and formation of a town, or city, in this 
 part of the valley, Britain was subjected to frequent 
 descents and immigrations of the Belgae. This 
 warlike nation, composed of German and Celtic 
 tribes, like mixed metals, which are hard, brittle, 
 and immalleable, are represented by Caesar, as the 
 most valiant of all the Gauls, and a prey to the 
 most continuous restlessness. Invading the south- 
 ern parts of Britain, and familiar, from their sea- 
 board origin, with foreign customs, and commercia) 
 intercourse, they imported different, and possibly 
 improved, social habits into this country, and 
 quickly converted the maritime districts, from the 
 North Foreland (Kent) to Land's-End (Cornwall), 
 into a scene of industry and commerce. Population 
 pushes civilization forward, for, immense numbers 
 call for better and more prudent modes of govern- 
 ment. The maritime Belgae, outgrowing their 
 first settlements on the coasts, intruded upon the 
 iEduan Belgae, or Gauls of Somerset, and finally 
 included that pastoral district within their own 
 province. Their occupancy, however, of "Avon- 
 valley," and the now called county of Somerset, 
 did not continue more than half-a-century, so that, 
 when the Koman legions advanced into this part of 
 Britain, the nomadic life was still existing — the old 
 lacustrine towns were probably still discernible — 
 and the ages of wood and stone not then extinct. 
 But such perishable fabrics as British huts soon 
 
16 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 faded; such frail foundations as short piles sunk in 
 a quicksand, were easily eradicated, and the simple 
 architecture of a rude pastoral people sank, almost 
 magically, before the civilization, grandeur, skill, 
 and power, of imperial Home. 
 
 These few historic reflections lead to the con- 
 clusion, that a settlement of some sort, a town, or 
 collection of people and of habitations, was found 
 here by both Belgae and Eomans, but that the 
 character of the latter was so fragile, and their 
 materials so worthless, that they were obliterated 
 with a rapidity, which rather proved their insig- 
 nificance, than the greatness of their conquerors. 
 
 It is not to be concluded hastily, that the valley, 
 not vale, of Bath was uninhabited, or unestimated, 
 by the aborigines, or that the virtues of its thermce 
 were unknown to them. If the legend of Blaedud 
 be true, then, as the shepherd-prince had visited 
 Greece, he had most probably heard of the hot 
 springs of Thermopylce, and also of the Grecian Min- 
 erva. In this case, the dedication of Caer-Badun 
 fountains to Athenae, Pallas, Minerva, or rather, to 
 a British term, of equal significance, would have 
 been an expected result. Blaedud was wise, he was 
 learned, and had experience of the medicinal pro- 
 perties of the waters of his native home. Minerva 
 was worshipped for these precise qualities, and ac- 
 quired the epithet " Medica" for the last of them ; 
 on the same hypothesis, and, calling to mind the 
 old Groeco-Koman proverb, M <rvs Adrjws" the fact of 
 the ignorant teaching the wise, another meaning of 
 
BRITISH HISTORY OF BATH. 17 
 
 the legend is pleasantly, and even classically illus- 
 trated. But, let the old British tale of the shep- 
 herd-prince be rejected by the nineteenth century, 
 although Shakespeare has taught that century how 
 to read and write like poets of nature, in his legend 
 of Lear ; and possibly found the original of Poly- 
 dore, for his Cymbeline, in Blaedud; still, bind 
 Blaedud with the chain of silence, and allow pro- 
 bability of a high character to come forward. 
 
 The Ancient Britons, and their country, had a 
 name sufficient to attract the cupidity of conquer- 
 ing Rome, and earlier empires, or people, were not 
 ignorant of Albion's treasures. The southern 
 parts of the island were very similar, in climate, 
 to the littorale of the Mediterranean and the Gal- 
 lic seas, in addition to their accessibility, so that 
 the South Britons could hardly .have wanted op- 
 portunity of acquiring foreign information, or of 
 visiting foreign lands. When intruders obtained 
 a secure tenure of any part of the island, they 
 immediately marched on Bathonia ; and, this must 
 have originated in a motive, that motive being the 
 broad-spread fame of the locality of the hot waters. 
 
 But, it is said, the report could not have been 
 communicated by the simple inhabitants, the 
 swineherds of the Abone; they could not have 
 known the worth of the waters, for their concealed 
 properties only develope themselves after a time, 
 whereas ignorance, like cowardice, is always impa- 
 tient. The use and properties of Cinchona (from 
 
 c 
 
18 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Countess Cinchon*) or Peruvian bark, were long 
 known to the natives of that country, from whom 
 the Jesuits learned its inestimable qualities. If 
 the swine in our valley became spotless from 
 continuous washing in tepid water, the herdsman 
 who witnessed the cure, was led to suspect, that 
 their influence on the " rational animal " might 
 not be wholly ineffectual. In later ages it has 
 been found, that the milk-maid contracted a spe- 
 cies of leprosy from the udder of the cow, and 
 " Jenner" transferred the disease to humanity, in 
 order to correct, or anticipate, the visitation of a 
 greater malady. The practice of medicine was 
 understood two thousand years ago, and remedies, 
 then collected from the children of nature, were 
 incorporated, by genius and philanthropy, into a 
 record, as laws are nothing more than a digest 
 of customs and usages that have, from time to 
 time, prevailed amongst a rural, predial, or a civic 
 population. It is not, therefore, improbable, that 
 the hot springs of Bath were known to the Ancient 
 Britons, nor that they dwelt in huts, like the lacus- 
 trine people of Switzerland and other countries, 
 tending their flocks in the hours of light and heat, 
 or hewing wood for the use of their homesteads. 
 Finally, our most learned antiquaries have made 
 no remonstrance against the credibility of our 
 legend. The keenest research renders an occupa- 
 tion of the Bathic valley, in pre-historic times, as 
 
 * Vide " Zulima, or the Tree of Life." A Tale. 
 
BRITISH HISTORY OF BATH. 19 
 
 credible as the traditions of other places, now 
 equally entitled to the antiquary's attention ; and 
 our own Shakespeare has recorded his admiration, 
 at least, of ancient British lore, in two of the most 
 highly finished efforts of his genius. 
 
 It remains, therefore, for the sceptical student 
 of British history, in that pride of intellect which 
 characterises infidelity, to sustain and establish 
 the negative of the proposition.* 
 
 * The following enthusiastic notice of the Legend of Blae- 
 dud appeared in a description of Bath, published about the 
 year 1740, and transmitted to his readers by Warner, the 
 historian of Bath : — 
 
 " This reflection naturally led me to collect such circum- 
 stances as would amount to a probability, at least, of the 
 reality of King Blaedud ; and from those circumstances, the 
 British Prince appears to have been a great prophet, and 
 the most eminent philosopher of all antiquity. He was the 
 renowned Hyperborean high priest of Apollo, that shined in 
 Greece at the very time Pythagoras flourished. He was a 
 disciple and colleague to that celebrated philosopher, and 
 amongst the Grecians he bore the name of Aithrobates ana 
 Abaris ; names implying the exalted idea which that learned 
 race of people had of his great abilities. 
 
 "To this famous prince, priest, and prophet, the city of 
 Bath owes its original. An original so illustrious, that no 
 city can boast of a greater ; since with it the Druids of the 
 western world seem manifestly to have taken their rise." 
 
20 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 SOMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 
 
 EOM AN 
 
 stratocracy 
 was the new 
 form of gov- 
 ernment in 
 which the 
 Britons of 
 Caer-Badun 
 were now 
 called upon 
 to acquiesce. 
 Lust of con- 
 quest conti- 
 nuing to actuate the imperial rulers of that great 
 nation, as it had always done the chiefs of the 
 commonwealth, the Britons, whether they are 
 celebrated as fierce and indomitable, or ignorant 
 and imbecile, were doomed to contribute to the 
 military aggrandizement of Eome. The policy of 
 these lords of the olden world, was as admirable 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 21 
 
 as their skill in the reduction of nations of various 
 powers and modes of warfare. Carrying along 
 with them the knowledge of experience, they yet 
 stooped to adopt every practice, custom, or art, found 
 in the conquered country, which seemed obviously 
 an accession to their military or civil institutions ; 
 and, whilst, by such adoptions, they flattered the 
 prejudices of their enslaved subjects, they availed 
 themselves of its influence in introducing their 
 own despotic system of military law, and irresisti^ 
 ble restraints of freedom ; so that, if the donors 
 were admirable to look on, their gifts were perni- 
 cious to the receiver. Pandora possessed all the 
 allurements of beauty, but her casket was stored 
 with all those calamities, that afterwards rushed 
 out, and overspread the world. The portrait 
 painted by Jephson, of the old Roman character, 
 ought not to be forgotten by the reader of British 
 history. 
 
 " What were the virtues of the Eoman school ? 
 Deep systems to oppress, destroy, and rule : 
 Ambition, pride, and tyranny combined, 
 To raise themselves, and plunder all mankind." 
 
 Dr. Johnson, in his sententious manner of com- 
 municating knowledge, says, " The commonwealth 
 of Rome grew great by the misery of the rest of 
 mankind." And the Mantuan bard has left a 
 maxim to posterity, against too much confidence 
 where there is too much courtesy, 
 
 M Timeo J)anaos, et dona ferentes." 
 
22 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 It is, however, historically true, that the civilized, 
 and all conquering Komans were once masters of 
 the precise locality of Bathonia,* the valley of hot 
 waters ; and this occupation may with reason be 
 assigned to the reign of Nero, because, coins of 
 that emperor's reign, as well as of Trajan's, Adri- 
 an's, and the Antonines, were found in sinking 
 for the foundation of the new hot bath, in 1776. 
 Other coins, those of Vespasian, Yalentinian, who 
 lived in the fourth century, have also been met 
 with in the vicinity. Ptolemy iEgyptus (a.d. 70) 
 thought the Vtiara epfia, situated north of Ilchester, 
 deserving of a place in his tables of latitude and 
 longitude, as being a chief town of the Belgse ; 
 while Antoninus and Eichard of Cirencester, in 
 their Itineraries, speak of a city, or settlement, 
 called Aqua Soils, Solinus, in his Collectanea, or 
 Polyhistor, is supposed to allude to the same aquce 
 calidce, of which he makes Minerva the tutelar 
 deity; adding, that a fire was kept perpetually 
 burning in her temple, the residuum of which was 
 
 * Besides the names similar in purport, the Saxons used 
 Caer-Badon, and Hcet Baden; Achemancester (city of the 
 sick-man) ; Florence of Westminster writes, Ackmanni 
 Civitas; Stephanus, Badiza; the modern Latins, Bathonia; 
 and moderns, of all countries, Bath. By the interchange 
 of the dental letters t and d, these names become closely 
 assimilated, and, perhaps, simply mean a deeply-embo- 
 somed, basin-shaped, valley, BaSos. From the same noun 
 is derived Vathi, or Bathi, the capital of Ithaca, which is 
 seated on a basin-shaped bay. 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 33 
 
 "stone halls," hence it is imagined, that the fuel 
 employed, must have heen fossil coal, which is here 
 first mentioned in our history. Authority is not 
 wanting (Whitaker) to establish the fact, that the 
 coals used in Bath, by the Romans, were found at, 
 #nd brought from, Newton. 
 
 Amongst the palpable relics of other years, in 
 the vicinity of Bath, none has excited more deep 
 investigation than that landmark of history, the 
 Wans (Wodin's) Dyke.* This is not the niche 
 in the gallery of time, wherein its conjectural 
 representation may be set up, but, it will gratify 
 curiosity to name its position in reference to the 
 aqua calida. This singular earth-work, bank, 
 mound, dyke, or ditch, stretches away to Clifton 
 Downs, in one direction, and in another, into 
 Hants and Berkshire. Antiquaries have attributed 
 its construction to different races, but all agree in 
 assigning the date of its origin and completion, to a 
 period anterior to the Roman intrusion. Perhaps 
 the Belgse (b.c. 450) may have pushed the Dubunii 
 out of their native land, as far as the Wansdyke, 
 which Dr. Guest considers to have been the work 
 of that people, and, to have included within its 
 embrace, Winchester, Ilchester, and Bath. This, 
 however, cannot be correct ; for, the aqum calidai 
 were retained by the Dubunii, who, we find, were 
 # then, unquestionably, outside the great entrench- 
 
 • The Eevd. Mr. Scarth derives " Wansdyke" from 
 " Gwahanu" to separate. 
 
24 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 ment. A recent authority,* to whose investigation 
 the best evidences of Somerset antiquities were 
 accessible, is of opinion, that the Wansdyke is of 
 still earlier origin, and that it marked the boundary 
 between a more civilized people, who held trading 
 communication, probably, with the Carthaginians, 
 for lead and silver, veins of which traversed the 
 Mendip hills, and for the copper and tin of Cornwall. 
 Traces of ancient lead works, and washings, were 
 found at St. Cuthberts, in the Mendip hills, in the 
 year 1862. 
 
 It may not be uninteresting to mention the 
 Druidical remains at Stanton -Drew, before taking 
 leave of the British history, because, we are assured, 
 that there stood Blaedud's College of Druids. The 
 country, through which it is approached from Bath, 
 is remarkably picturesque, and the position was 
 chosen with artistic judgment. The temple at 
 Stanton, 
 
 " Huge frame of giant hands, a mighty pile," 
 
 consists of three circles, an outwork, and a crom- 
 lech. The diameter of the largest circle, one hun- 
 dred and twenty yards, exceeding that of the largest 
 enclosure at Stonehenge. The reader, however, is 
 referred to the many works of learned antiquaries, 
 for the interpretation of these " types sublime." 
 The Kev. W. Bowles imagines they were " sacred 
 
 * C. E. Davis, Esq., on " The Ancient Landmarks of 
 Bath." 
 
KOMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 85 
 
 to that great instructor symbolized and worshipped 
 in Egypt, who unfolded the heavens, and brought 
 intelligence of one infinite God, and of eternal life 
 to man — a knowledge communicated, in after ages, 
 to the Celtic Druids, by the Phoenicians. " To 
 that deity, 
 
 ' ' Whose temple is all space, 
 Whose altar, earth, sea, skies," 
 
 which are both uncanopied, save by the high heav- 
 ens, the temples of Abury, Stanton-Drew, and 
 Stonehenge, are believed to have been dedicated. 
 We have no priesthood, in this age, resembling the 
 Druids of old, if we except the Bramins of India ; 
 nor any temples like those megalithic structures 
 of Stanton-Drew, and Abury, but those found in 
 Asiatic countries. 
 
 It is historically true, that military stations 
 were established in commanding positions, around 
 the aqum calidce, both by the Belgse and the Ko- 
 mans, but, classically improbable that the low-lying 
 depths of the valley were selected for a fortified 
 camp, military post, or castra (e casis structura). 
 An eminence was uniformly chosen by those war- 
 like people ; and, in fact, this precaution was never 
 abandoned by any civilized nation, until the inven- 
 tion and employment of artillery. 
 
 Amongst the more ancient strongholds in the 
 vicinity of Bath, Hampton Fort is the most remark- 
 able. This Brito-Belgic citadel overlooks the valley 
 of the Avon, to the north and west, and is bounded, 
 
26 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 on other points, by the Wansdyke, and by earth- 
 works, and is the most extensive station on the 
 Wansdyke, comprising an area of some thirty 
 acres. Holds of less magnitude and security were 
 constructed at Worle Hill, Maes-Knoll, and Sulis- 
 bury, for less important purposes ; but, the precise 
 site of Bath, whether unsuited for a military post, 
 whether its being, as it certainly was, outside the 
 Wansdyke, or, possibly, because the virtues of its 
 thermal springs were then known and appreciated, 
 obtained for itself a happy neutrality. Whatever 
 may have been the operating cause, no station, or 
 asylum for retreat and resistance, could then have 
 •existed on this unprotected spot. Relics of resi- 
 dence have been discovered here, of all subsequent 
 occupants, from the Romans to our age, with one 
 anomalous exception, a bronze spear-head, of beat- 
 en, not cast, metal. This insufficient evidence of 
 previous inhabitation by a distinct and separate 
 people, is in the possession of the dukes of Nor- 
 thumberland. 
 
 When the Eomans arrived in " Bathonia," they 
 found landmarks, boundaries, and native forts ; 
 predisposed to avail themselves of the wisdom of 
 the conquered people, they readily, it may be sup- 
 posed, seized on, and fortified, Bath wick, Sulisbury, 
 and Lansdown, from whence they could overawe 
 the subjacent districts, and watch the advances or 
 movements of the restless vanquished. The valley 
 being in their possession, the first object of their 
 release from military vigilance, was ministration 
 
EOMAN HISTOKY OF BATH. 27 
 
 to their own habits of indolence and luxury ; the 
 first was effected by the employment of slaves, the 
 second by an acquaintance with all those arts of 
 refinement, that accumulate in a nation of widely 
 extended possessions. It was probably a.d. 45, 
 when a detachment of the second legion was first 
 stationed at Bath ; nor do we hear of the garrison 
 being strengthened there, until some five-and-forty 
 years afterwards. However, without professing to 
 fix any precise date, it may be assumed, that, about 
 this period, the Komans laid the foundations of a 
 city, which they continued to enlarge, strengthen, 
 and adorn, not as a military entrepot, but a retreat 
 for the wealthy and luxurious, or for those that 
 were invalided by climate or providential visitation. 
 The Roman settlement of Aquae Solis (Sulis) was 
 on the Roman road from Cirencester to Ilchester, 
 called the Foss-Way, which crossed Bannerdown, 
 to Batheaston, and continued to the top of the 
 present Broad Street, in Bath, thence it descended 
 Walcot Street, to the entrance gates at St. Michael's 
 Church. Leaving the city, the line of road crossed 
 the river near the Old Bridge, ascended Beechen- 
 Cliff, up the Holloway (a Saxon name), and, reach- 
 ing the downs, emerged in the now accustomed 
 road to Ilchester. A branch line from the Foss- 
 Way, the Via Julia, was set off, or diverged, and 
 passing up Guinea, Cottle's, and Weston lanes, 
 and being carried away across the Severn, reached 
 the renowned city of Caer-leon, the capital of King 
 Arthur. The Foss-Way (a generic name), one of 
 
28 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the four great Roman highways that traversed the 
 island, is not unfrequently confounded with the 
 Wansdyke, by many anxious investigators, but the 
 confusion seems to have arisen from this accident, 
 that the Via Badonica, from London to Bath, at a 
 later period, ran parallel, for some distance, with 
 the famous Wansdyke ; but, so far from being 
 identical, one was the work of the Belgae, or Belgic 
 Britons, while the Via was the first Eoman road, 
 constructed, or more properly built, in England, 
 by the Eomans, and of which Claudius (a.d. 45) 
 may be styled the engineer.* It adds greatly to 
 the antiquarian interest enveloping Bath, to notice, 
 that whilst other Roman towns and cities amongst 
 us (York, London, &c.) have lost all features of their 
 parentage, Bath retains such numerous and evident 
 traces, as render its inhabitants familiar with the 
 name and greatness of those, with whom others 
 only become acquainted through the too often 
 faithless pages of history.f But Bath has perse- 
 
 * The propriety of the term built, in this place, will be at 
 once recognised, from the construction of the Foss-Way. 
 Its section presents, first, ponderous flat stones, for the 
 foundation ; then, eighteen inches of earth and rubble ; 
 and, above this, a course of small stones, with large fixed 
 stones upon the surface. 
 
 + The most florid and popular historian of the nineteenth 
 century is truly charged, in writing of Bath, with confound- 
 ing different ages of our rule, and ascribing to the II. 
 George's time, the rudeness that marked the age of Charles 
 II. The plaintiff, in that case, was the author of " The 
 
KOMAN HISTOBY OF BATH. 29 
 
 veringly retained the heart of its original form, 
 with much of the rectangular arrangement of its 
 Eoman streets. Its ceinture was irregular, penta- 
 gonal, harp-like, resembling the flattering form of 
 the ancient British lyre, to which bold Edward 
 assimilated the ichnography of his strongholds, 
 Caernarvon and Conway. Obeying, and accom- 
 modating itself to the inequalities of surface, the 
 walls, commencing at a gateway, opening into the 
 Foss-Way, near to St. James' Church, passed 
 through the Borough Walls, and continued west- 
 ward, along Westgate Buildings, including Saw- 
 close, to the upper end of Bridge Street (where, 
 perhaps, it descended to the river), and then swept 
 round eastward of the Orange Grove, and, after 
 enclosing the site of the present National School, 
 completed its gyration where it originated, at St. 
 James' gate. Such, in all probability, was the form 
 of the Koman mural defences, when Bath was first 
 enclosed by them, not as a military station, but as 
 the calm retreat of luxury or infirmity, or both. 
 
 Familiar Epistles ; " but a more severe critic of the same 
 pleasing history has since appeared in the person of a dis- 
 tinguished novelist, who says, " It," (Macaulay's History) 
 " was, at any rate, brilliant, if it was without authority; the 
 sentence that gave power to a wrong, was nothing to those 
 sentences that gave such majesty to words." In fact, the 
 judgment passed on Walter Scott's historical efforts, is but 
 too applicable to the noble author here alluded to ; he (Scott) 
 ransacked history, not for its truth, but for materials of 
 amusement, and it would but waste time to submit his fan- 
 ciful creations to the strong light of modern criticism. 
 
30 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 The wall rose to a height of twenty feet, gradually 
 lessening from sixteen feet at the foundation, to 
 eight at the summit. These curtains were covered 
 and protected effectually by five rectangular tow- 
 ers, at just so many curves or angles of the wall. 
 Four of these tourelles were pierced by gateways, 
 nearly corresponding with the cardinal points, so 
 that, the streets which led from them, intersected 
 in a central part of the city. Of the inaccessible- 
 ness of this Koman enclosure, we have the most 
 undisputable testimony (Governor Pownall's). This 
 laborious investigator examined the architecture of 
 the Borough Walls, as well as those of the old 
 Koman city. " The old construction, upon which 
 the more modern walls were set, is of a compact 
 consistency, harder than any stone of this country ; 
 the workmen could not break it without the aid of 
 sledge-hammers and wedges. The breadth then 
 measured, was fifteen feet; it was set off wider 
 below, but to what breadth or depth, there were 
 not means present of examining." " The construc- 
 tion of these foundations is of that sort which 
 Vitruvius calls diamicton." This mode of building, 
 whether borrowed from the Eomans, or elsewhere, 
 has been long and well understood in England, 
 and employed in our military and castellated struc- 
 tures, during the feudal ages. The exterior of 
 such walls formed caissons, into which were 
 thrown rubble, and rag stone, and over all was 
 poured liquid cement, made with lime, like that of 
 the Aberdare, that sets, or indurates, quickly, and 
 
EOMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 31 
 
 even under water. Instances of this practice in 
 building are both numerous and familiar. 
 . Many reliques of Koman sculpture have been 
 employed in building the Borough Walls, some 
 of which were seen by Leland, and enumerated 
 in his " Itinerary," but these have been alto- 
 gether removed, or entirely reversed, rendering 
 them as useless as the inverted milestones that 
 now lie prostrate by the Appian-Way. These lost 
 witnesses of a dominant race include, we are told, 
 figures of Hercules, a Laocoon, various emblem- 
 atic heads, one or more tombs, with inscriptions 
 much effaced; and, in the then visible remains, 
 abbreviations were rather freely employed. All 
 these might have been thoughtfully inserted in the 
 Borough Walls, for better preservation ; instead 
 of which, their discovery has only disclosed their 
 existence, and excited the regret of the collector in 
 after ages. None of them are now discoverable, 
 for, the valuable collection of Boman remains, 
 exhibited in the Literary Institution of Bath, and 
 superior in execution to those found in Newcastle, 
 and the north of England generally, was made 
 since Leland travelled and wrote. 
 
 And here may be appropriately expressed the 
 thanks of literature to the inquiring antiquary. 
 The historian is a practical man, and his labours 
 of a character obviously utilitarian, that receive 
 worldly profit for their recompense ; the antiquary 
 is a man of simple tastes, and his discoveries less 
 evidently tributary to present advantage. " Nev- 
 
32 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 ertheless, is it Dot the part of wisdom, that society 
 should respect its abstract benefactors? lest, by 
 abstracting from them, and giving nothing to them, 
 the whole race of antiquaries should die, and leave 
 us a mere reproducing nation." 
 
 The Koman enclosure of Bath seems to have 
 been made solely with the view of securing, from 
 intrusion, the irregular ground plan which has been 
 just described, and, therefore, as specifically for 
 the quiet enjoyment of the agreeable and salutary 
 effects of the aqxia calidm. These gushed forth 
 in the centre of a small peninsular space, which 
 the river bounded on the north-east, east, and 
 south. Less deep, and less sluggish than at pres- 
 ent, the Avon appears to have been fordable near 
 to the site of "the Monk's Mill," and at the Old 
 Bridge. We know that an outwork, originating at 
 Westgate Buildings, extended to the river, enclos- 
 ing Southgate Street, St. James' Parade, and Peter 
 Street ; and when the wall towards Pulteney Street, 
 from the Borough, is remembered, the conjecture, 
 " that the former was Koman, and completed an 
 ample enclosure for municipal and other build- 
 ings," is deserving of respect. In one of the many 
 instructive antiquarian lectures of late years deli- 
 vered at our Institution, on Bath, and its Koman 
 remains, we find this hypothesis hazarded; and 
 the intimacy of the lecturer (C. E. Davis) with 
 the aged and time-worn features of his native 
 city, encourages our "confidence in this particular 
 theory. These several boundaries, then, being 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 33 
 
 granted, we can imagine "the forum" standing 
 in the centre, occupying the area of the present 
 Abbey Church-yard ; the colonade, in front of the 
 hotel, would afford a grand entrance, beneath a 
 memorial arch ; on either hand might have stood 
 temples to tutelar deities, and remains of one were 
 actually exhumed in sinking for the foundations of 
 the Pump-Room. 
 
 Here, then, stood the Temple of Minerva, in 
 which an ever-burning fire was maintained. East- 
 ward of the temple, and forming one side of the 
 forum, were the baths, covering a larger space 
 than the present buildings devoted to the same 
 objects, and extending as far as the "Kingston," or 
 the now called " Roman Baths." The noble Abbey 
 of Bath, the great architectural ornament of the 
 modern city, occupies, very nearly, the site of the 
 ancient Basilica, or Hall of Law and Commerce ; 
 for, the icnographic plan and measurement corres- 
 pond, with very remarkable accuracy, to those of 
 the Basilica lately discovered at Uriconium, as well 
 as with the exact area of the Basilica of Pompeii. 
 The palace of the Duumviri, or local magistrates, 
 the granaries, and prison, appear to have been on 
 the opposite side of the city, and of these, as well 
 as of sumptuous private buildings, remains have 
 been occasionally found, each bearing testimony to 
 the taste, and high degree of refinement then pre- 
 vailing amongst the Romans and Romano-British 
 people of Bath. 
 
 It has been doubted whether the Romans were 
 
34 THE HIST0KIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 acquainted with the value of warm mineral waters 1 , 
 or assigned any higher importance to them, than 
 to pure cold running streams, or overflowings of 
 the crystal fountain ; but, we have the assurance of 
 history, that a Eoman colony was established at 
 Aix, about 120 B.C., nominally to check the inroads 
 of the Salyes, but more especially to possess them- 
 selves, in the name of the commonwealth, of the 
 warm mineral springs, then held in repute, although 
 now much less visited, or valued. Tradition has 
 given some foundation for concluding, that the 
 thermae of Bath were known to the Britons ; his- 
 tory has taught the despotism and injustice of 
 Boman rule, and, the extraordinary ability and 
 avidity with which they seized on, and appropriated 
 to their use, all existing natural advantages in the 
 provinces, or conquests, they had secured. Imi- 
 tating the conduct of their government, some 150 
 years before, at Aix, the Boman governors walled 
 round the aqua calidce of the Britons, rendered them 
 subservient to health, convenience, and luxury, 
 dedicating the new and splendid city to Minerva, 
 ostensively, while another deity was closer to their 
 hearts, 
 
 In the year 1755, a discovery was made, during 
 excavations for building purposes, that fully estab- 
 lish the very high esteem in which the Bomans 
 held these mineral waters, from the enormous 
 labour bestowed on the ingenious structures raised 
 for the twofold enjoyment of them. That they 
 should have incurred such cost, so early after 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 85 
 
 possession, rather implies that they had assuredly 
 heard of their fame, before they reached Caer-Blae- 
 dun ; that they expended so much labour on the 
 works and walls, is not singular — it is characteristic 
 of the Eoman stratocracy, an animating principle 
 of which was to accustom their soldiers to continual 
 and uninterrupted toil, and it was by this incredible 
 labour they preserved their health, and maintained 
 their loyalty. Scipio Nasica made his army build 
 a fleet of galleys, at a time when Eome had no 
 occasion for such a force. The Bomans dreaded 
 idleness more than an enemy. This, perhaps, is 
 an explanation of the vast edifices, strong walls, 
 sumptuous palaces, and costly sculptures, found, 
 Bge after age, buried in the sub-soil of the city of 
 Bath. Amongst the foremost are the Eoman 
 Baths, now sunk twenty feet beneath the artificial 
 level of the principal streets, and which were left 
 open, at the period of their discovery, for the 
 instruction and gratification of the public, but are 
 again consigned to darkness, and are now only me- 
 morials of deeds that were done in their time. 
 
 " The walls of these ancient baths were eight 
 feet in height, of wrought stone, and lined with a 
 strong cement of terras ; one of them was of a 
 semi-circular form, fifteen feet in diameter, having 
 a stone seat round it, eighteen inches high, and it 
 was floored with smooth flag-stones. The descent 
 was by seven steps ; and a small channel, for con- 
 veying the water, ran along the bottom, turning at 
 right angles towards the present King's Bath. At a 
 
36 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 small distance from this, was a very large oblong 
 bath, having, on three sides, a colonade, sur- 
 rounded with small pilasters, which were probably 
 intended to support a roof. On one side of this 
 bath were two sudatories, nearly square, the floors 
 of which were composed of brick, covered with a 
 strong coat of terras, and supported by pillars of 
 brick, each brick being nine inches square, and 
 two inches in thickness. These pillars were four 
 feet and a half high, and set about fourteen inches 
 asunder, composing a hypocaust, or vault, for the 
 purpose of retaining heat sufficient for the rooms 
 above. The interior walls of the apartments were 
 set round with tubulated bricks, or funnels, about 
 eighteen inches long, with a small opening inwards, 
 by which the stream of heat was communicated to 
 the apartments. The fire-place, from which the 
 heat was conveyed, consisted of a small conical 
 arch, at a little distance from the outward wall ; 
 and on each side of it, adjoining to the above-men- 
 tioned rooms, were two other smaller sudatories, 
 of circular shape, with several small square baths, 
 and a variety of apartments, which the Komans 
 used preparatory to their entering either the hot 
 baths, or sudatories — such as the frigidarium, 
 where the bathers undressed, which was not heated 
 at all ; the tepidarium was moderately heated ; and 
 the eleothesion, which was a small room, containing 
 oil, ointments, and perfumes. These rooms had a 
 communication with each other, and some of them 
 were paved with flag-stones, and others beautifully 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 3/ 
 
 tesselated with dyes of various colours. A regular 
 set of well-wrought channels conveyed the super- 
 fluous waters from these baths into the Avon." 
 
 The extent of these buildings, applied to the 
 accommodation of bathers solely, must have been 
 about two hundred and fifty feet in length, from 
 east to west, and one hundred and twenty, at the 
 broadest part, from north to south. These, we 
 are told, were the first public buildings erected, 
 within the walls, by the Eomans, which is an 
 additional presumptive argument in favour of 
 their having been attracted to Caer-Blaedun, 
 by the previous celebrity of its thermal springs. 
 The legionaries were lodged in less substantial 
 dwellings, huts, in rows, or tiers, running in right 
 lines from the Praetorium, the commander's, or 
 governor's house. 
 
 It was about the year of our Lord, 50, that these 
 social and military works were completed, and 
 Bath fully possessed and enjoyed by a Roman col- 
 ony ; the whole period occupied in the completion 
 not exceeding the term of two or three years. 
 Here is a convincing proof of the truth of an 
 observation previously made, " that a Roman gen- 
 eral dreaded idleness more than an enemy." If 
 roads of sufficient convenience did not previously 
 exist, the Romans hastened to make them ; or, if 
 those in use required it, to extend and consolidate 
 them ; but this subject has been mentioned in the 
 preceding pages, sufficiently for our present objects. 
 (Vide praetorian and consular roads, p. 28, etjsq .) 
 
38 THE HTSTOKIC GUTDE TO BATH. 
 
 Besides the " Bath-works,* 5 now resting on the 
 original Boman level, just twenty feet below the 
 present soil-surface, there are remains of sculpture 
 preserved in the Literary Institution, of which the 
 resident and visitor of Bath will naturally desire 
 some account, and the writer feel his duty to 
 notice, so far as practical liberty will permit. Of 
 these venerable memorials which have survived 
 the abrading power of time, the Temple of Minerva 
 has been rendered most celebrated by the labours 
 and researches of archaeologists.* Although con- 
 fessedly dedicated to Minerva, and in her twofold 
 capacity as goddess of wisdom and of health (Medico), 
 antiquaries have not, hitherto, been coincident as 
 to the epithet Sul, graven upon the disinterred 
 remains of this sacred edifice. Interchange of 
 vowels gives sol as a plausible reading, but sulis 
 has been supposed to be an abbreviation of salutis, 
 " of health." It is true, that by the same literal 
 interchange, sulis might be put for salis, and, then 
 ultimately for salutis, but, the transition is not so 
 simple as that of sul for sol. However, Minerva 
 does not represent the sun in mythology, and would 
 here, therefore, be more appropriately considered 
 as Minerva Medica, only ; besides which, the asso- 
 ciation of her name with sol is not classical or 
 justifiable, on any authority. Patroness of the 
 inventors of warlike implements, as well as of the 
 
 * Vide Trans. Brit. Archgeol. Asso. Dec. 1857. "On 
 Roman Eemains at Bath," by the Bev. H. N. Scarth, M.A. 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 39 
 
 arts of peace and industry, she was yet further 
 worshipped as Taonia (a healing deity), because 
 health was indispensible to the successful exertion 
 of the inventive powers of the mind. The Latin 
 term sol, as designative of Minerva, may, therefore, 
 be neglected, and the following hypothesis,, with 
 greater probability of correctness, be substituted 
 for all those with which we havje been furnished. 
 When the Komans encamped on the attractive 
 heights around Caer-Blaedun, they could not have 
 long remained ignorant of the virtues of the ther- 
 mal springs, nor of any traditionary account exist- 
 ing amongst the inhabitants ; and, as their policy 
 uniformly led to the conciliation of their new sub- 
 jects, by respecting their superstitions, they would 
 readily have associated with their own Dea Medica, 
 the British deity, to whom the springs were dedi- 
 cated. Now, no British words exist, that indicate 
 the name Sul, so that search must be made in 
 foreign annals, which, by a chain of narrative, can 
 be connected with Belgic Britain. In the Scandi- 
 navian mythology, we read that Mundilfari (Mover 
 of the Earth's Axis) had two beautiful children, 
 $ool and Maan (Sun and Moon). Proud of his 
 daughter's beauty, he married her to Glemur (the 
 God of Joy) ; but the gods being offended at his 
 presumption, took his children from him, and 
 transported them to the heavens, where Sool drove 
 the sun's, and Maan, the moon's chariot of light 
 It is plain, that unless some connection can be 
 shown to exist between these imaginary characters, 
 
40 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 so famed in the songs of the Scalds, and the 
 identity of the Sul recorded on the stony records 
 preserved in the Bath Literary Institute, the 
 derivation, origin, or real character of Sul remains, 
 as before, in the land of darkness. The chain 
 appears to be completed in this way — the Scandi- 
 navians and Germans have a common origin ; as 
 the tribes of the latter crossed the Rhine, to make 
 room for further inundations from the North and 
 East, the Goths and Saxons carried their mythol- 
 ogy into Germany. The Belgse naturally, almost 
 necessarily, became acquainted with these imported 
 superstitions and myths, and transplanted the most 
 pardonable of all, that of Sool and Maan,* into 
 Belgic Briton, where the Romans found them 
 established, at Blaedud's ancient city of the healing 
 fountains. Sool, Latinized, would not be Sol, but 
 Svl, which we find upon the stone tablets ; nor 
 could it be preserved in its original form, for " oo" 
 although known to the Greeks, was not employed 
 by the Latins. Sool, or Sul, therefore, would 
 appear to have been a Scandinavian deity, whose 
 worship was transplanted into Britain by the 
 Belgee, and established amongst the Britons in the 
 valley of the Avon, when the Roman legions con- 
 structed stations there. It must not be unnoticed, 
 that this Sul appears to be a feminine name, on 
 the inscriptions found in excavating, and the Ro- 
 mans, by joining it with Minerva, have ascribed 
 
 * Yide Nyerup's Scan. Myth., and Vulpius's Diet. 
 
EOMAN HISTOEY OF BATH. 41 
 
 this honour to Sool ; besides, the Scalds give simi- 
 lar occupations to Sool and Maan, " charioteers." 
 
 Having ventured these suggestions as to the 
 genuine mythological Sul, leaving the vexata qucestio 
 still unanswered, as to his, or her, singular part- 
 nership with Minerva, that is Medica, (for Cicero 
 and Clemens Alexandrinus enumerate five distinct 
 goddesses, to whom that name is applied,) the 
 fragments of the temple itself, facts that tell a 
 page of history, are recommended to the visitor's 
 examination. In excavating for the foundations of 
 the Grand Pump-Eoom, these interesting remains 
 were brought to light ; and, the site, adjacent 
 to Stall Street, as well as the character of the 
 carved and inscribed stones, identify them suffi- 
 ciently with the building dedicated to Minerva at 
 this place. And this is the temple alluded to in 
 the MSS. preserved at Longleat, the seat of the 
 Marquis of Bath, which accord, also, with the 
 quotation from Solinus, already familiar to the 
 antiquary. Mr. Whitaker endeavours to show, 
 that the temple at Bath was similar to the Pan- 
 theon at Borne, in form and dedication, but there 
 are hardly data to establish the former conclusion. 
 Amongst the surviving remains may be seen a 
 fluted Corinthian column, once forming part of a 
 portico. The style is masterly, and proclaims an 
 early date in British-Boman architecture. Near 
 to this, occurred the fragments of a cornice, richly 
 ornamented with flowers and foliage, bearing an 
 inscription, some letters of which are wanting, 
 
42 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 others broken, but supplied, satisfactorily, by the 
 suggestive reading of Governor Pownall. It now 
 runs thus — 
 "Avlvs Clavdivs Ligvrivs sodalis ascitvs 
 
 - Fabrorum colegio longa seria defossa 
 Hanc cedent e nimia vetvstate labentem 
 
 - De inventa illic pecvnia refici et repingl cvravit" 
 This interpretation seems rather fanciful than 
 forcible; but, nothing more happy, of a supple- 
 mentary kind, is yet presented to the inquirer. 
 The inscription, so ingeniously restored, is believed 
 to be applicable to a temple, of which the pediment 
 remains; the altitude of its tympanum is eight 
 
 Tympanum of the Temple of Minerva. 
 
 feet, four inches, and length of base, twenty-four 
 feet, two inches. On this pediment is a sculp- 
 tured head, which has employed the antiquaries 
 of the present century, and of which a compara- 
 tively novel explanation is given by Mr. Scharf, 
 in the thirty-ninth volume of the "Arqhseologia." 
 
, ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH, 43 
 
 The subject consists of a circular shield (clipeus) 
 supported by two flying figures of Victory; the 
 feet of the right hand Victory still remain 
 attached to a globe. The execution is coarse, 
 belonging to the decadence of the arts, and the 
 material, taken from the neighbouring quarries* 
 does not admit delicacy of execution. The eyes 
 are crude and extravagant in drawing ; but, there 
 is an effective treatment of the work, as intended 
 for a distance, and a peculiar roundness of the 
 flesh ; the arrangement of the hair is very artistic, 
 and the mode in which the snakes are made to 
 combine with it remarkable. 
 
 The tympanum consisted originally of twelve 
 stones — six only remain. Governor Pownall en- 
 deavoured to identify this emblematic sculpture, 
 so favourably spared by time, with the cher- 
 ubic diadem placed by the Egyptians on the 
 head of their symbol of Divine Power. Others 
 have boldly pronounced it the head of Medusa: 
 while a popular antiquary has hastily decided that 
 it is the cegis of the Goddess of Wisdom. Now, 
 the cegis was a whole goat-skin, worn in combat, 
 when the left arm would be passed under the hide, 
 and would raise it and the shield at the same time. 
 This fact is illustrated by a statue of Minerva, in 
 the museum at Naples, which is believed to be 
 amongst the most ancient known to exist. This 
 head, therefore, is not the cegis, but, if a shield, is 
 evidently a clipeus, or buckler. Between the head 
 and external rim, are two concentric circles, or 
 
44 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 wreaths of oak leaves and acorns, not directly 
 referable to Minerva, but emblematic of the pro- 
 ducts of the wood-growing hill, that hung over the 
 valley of " calid waters." " May not," says the 
 ingenious inquirer just quoted, " may not the head 
 so enwreathed, be the personification of the hot 
 spring itself; the curls indicate the flowing streams ; 
 the wings above the ears, the fleeting nature of the 
 aqua calidce, which so rapidly evaporate." 
 
 But, if Solinus really does refer to Bath, Minerva 
 would not then have participated in the imaginary 
 protectorate ; besides, we have, in the Institution, 
 two altars, dedicated to the Goddess Svl (Sool) Min- 
 erva; two to the Goddess Svl solely, and one to the 
 Suleva ; and also a monument, or cippus-memorial 
 to a priestess of the Goddess Svl, which was found 
 in the Sydney Gardens. The introduction of a 
 winged Victory, the cock, the owl, an emblem of wis- 
 dom, and of nightly sacrifice, helmets, and other 
 by-works, all refer to the Koman goddess ; and, 
 as to the serpents, they are found in conjunction 
 with the figure, character, and effigy of Minerva, 
 wherever her worship was observed. Sometimes 
 these too -wise reptiles are seen creeping round 
 her breast and neck; while their admixture in 
 the hair of the head, in this case, is not only 
 free from singularity, but classical, and artistic, 
 as evidenced by the statue of Minerva, just spoken 
 of, where they are transferred to the border of the 
 agis, in a fringed or tessellated manner. 
 
 The preponderance of evidence and reasonable- 
 
EOMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 45 
 
 ness of conjecture, are in favour of the theory, here, 
 with some hesitation, advanced ; which is, that Sool 
 or Svl, came from Scandinavia to Germany, thence 
 across the Bhine, to the Belgae, who established 
 his, or her, claims to worship in Caer-Blaedun, 
 where the Komans found her presiding over the 
 thermae, an object of the highest interest to that 
 luxurious yet warlike people ; and, that, through a 
 wise policy, they united Minerva Medica with the 
 British " Lady of the Fountain," and dedicated one 
 great temple to both, that uniformity in worship 
 might be established. As to the precise date of this 
 temple's erection, doubt, uncertainty, and confusion 
 are the result of all our enquiries. Lysons, rely- 
 ing on a passage of Tacitus, assigns it to the age 
 of Titus, adding, that the capitals of the three 
 exquisite columns in the Campo Yaccino at Bome, 
 resemble those found in Bath. The recovery of 
 a long-lost colossal head, of Bath stone, buried 
 near the capital just spoken of, after occasioning 
 controversy as to its true claim to a place in history, 
 that is, whether it represented Julia F.T., or the 
 Julia Domna, has again disappeared, evading the 
 grasp of its admirers. 
 
 There is an inscription, rather decisive in its ap- 
 parent purport, for, by a trifling supplementary aid, it 
 will read thus, C.Protacivs Dece Svlis Minerva, "Cains 
 Protacius restored or re-edified the temple of the 
 goddess Sid Minerva. 1 * This discovery may be added 
 to the summary above, but is here retained in com- 
 pany with the fragments of, possibly, a second 
 
46 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 temple, being all found together, in the year 1790/ 
 These remains include a head within a crescent, 
 and a wand entwined by a serpent, the lower part 
 draped; four figures in small life, supposed to 
 be allegorical of the seasons, besides pilasters 
 cabled and fluted. The seasons, accompanied by 
 similar attributes, adorn the arch of Severus at 
 Eome. This last collection, probably, once en- 
 joyed a separate existence from the temple of Sul, 
 and was dedicated to Maan, the Scandinavian moon, 
 the Selina, Luna, of the heathens, courteously ad- 
 mitted to a partnership in the lesser temple, and in 
 conjunction with Diana, as her sister Sool had been 
 coupled with Minerva, in the greater. The theory of 
 Sool and Maan, here coincides exactly with that of 
 Minerva and Diana, adopted by the classical advo- 
 cates, for the origin of Sul-Minerva ; a medallion also 
 of the Sun was found amongst the Eoman relics, 
 and still retaining seven of its rays, the edge of 
 which corresponded, precisely, with that of the 
 Luna, or Diana, and from their dimensions, it may 
 be supposed that they formed part of a lesser 
 pediment, and a minor edifice, even a temple of 
 Maan ; a consummation which the antiquary still 
 anxiously desires. 
 
 In the year 1708, a stone (see page 47) was 
 found lying beside the Koman Koad in Walcot 
 Street (Foss-Way), inscribed, " Jvlivs Vitalis Fabrl- 
 ciesis Legionis vicesima valeriance victricis stipendiorum 
 novem annorvm viginti novem natione Belga ex colejio 
 fabricce elatvs hie sitvs est," which may be translated, 
 
ROMAN HISTOEY OF BATH. 
 
 47 
 
 "Julius Vitalis, of the Belgian nation, an armourer of 
 the twentieth legion, Valerian and Victorius, dying 
 in the ninth year of his service, and twenty-ninth 
 of his age, was huried here." This last inscription 
 furnished Governor Pownall with some material for 
 completing the broken accents of the Komanized 
 British, still surviving on the stones which accom- 
 panied the enriched cornice of the temple. 
 
 
 SACtfA iMSSI&0B 
 
 VOTVJfc'X SOLVIT V s 
 
 l^ETIVS IBXNICNVS.L.M. 
 
 Roman Altars 
 
 We have a votive relic now in the Institution, 
 which was exhumed, in the year 1783, at the 
 
48 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 lower end of Stall Street. Its inscription records 
 the restoration, by C. Severus, a centurion, who 
 had served the complete period of his conscrip- 
 tion (twenty years), of some building dedicated to 
 religious uses, but which, through desuetude, had 
 fallen to decay. In the collection of antiquities pre- 
 served by the corporation of Bath, which are not 
 displayed to the best advantage, many subjects for 
 reflection and inquiry present themselves. They 
 are votive altars erected either to Penates, or the 
 country's gods, pillar stones, recording gratitude for 
 the restoration of health, or preservation from dan- 
 ger; fragments of pedestals and shafts, and cap- 
 itals ; stone coffins, that possibly have contained the 
 remains of Komans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans, 
 in succession, a very unforeseen, but very probable 
 destination. A bronze head, of the Minerva, found 
 in Stall Street, at the corner of Bell Tree Lane, 
 and described in the proceedings of the Somerset 
 Archseolog icalSociety for 1852 ; and a Medallion, 
 bearing a bas relief of a female head, with an 
 inscription around it. 
 
 There seems to have existed amongst the 
 Komans, under the empire, especially, a passion for 
 the building or raising of altars. Amongst the Bath 
 relics of this class are found dedications to Jupiter 
 Tonans, he holds a thunderbolt and is attended by 
 an eagle ; another pillar stone has an image of 
 Hercules Bibax, with his club and cup. Mr. Scarth 
 thinks that these are allegorical, complimentary, 
 and, an Apotheosis of Dioclesian and Maximian, 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 49 
 
 a similar dedication having been found on a column 
 at Clunia, in Hispania Tarraconensis. 
 
 A brief notice of the sepulchral relics contained 
 in the collection at Bath, is all that is either neces- 
 sary, or permissible here ; the sad realities them- 
 selves being accessible to visitors of the aquce 
 calida. The stone coffins discovered in Bath, and 
 its vicinity, have, literally, been catalogued, and 
 chronologically arranged, according to the dates of 
 their disinterment, by our patient and patriotic 
 antiquaries, who justly conclude, that a Boman 
 relic is infinitly more valuable to the cause of his- 
 tory and truth, in the valley of Caer-Bladun, than 
 in the forum of Borne. On Combe Down stone 
 coffins were found, in one of which were three skulls 
 and a Boman coin : the lid was of fragments, collected 
 as chance presented, which the irrelevance of the 
 inscriptions sufficiently proved. In Bathwick par- 
 ish coffins have also been found, one of lead, along 
 with eight Boman coins, of the lower empire, in a 
 small cist beside them. Lead was raised in the 
 Mendip hills in the time of the Boman occupancy, 
 and a stone coffin, enclosing one of lead, has lately 
 been found at Caer-brent. In Walcot parish (Bath), 
 a stone coffin was dug up, accompanied by fragments 
 of Samian pottery, and coins of Claudius, Nero, 
 Vespasian, Domitian, Carausius, and Constantine. 
 Other sepulchral remains have occurred, frequently, 
 in different parts of the city, especially in the locali- 
 ties of Bussell Street, and St. Catharine's Hermit- 
 age ; but, the precise places of their discovery afford 
 
 E 
 
50 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 no clue to the nation, or descent, of the melancholy 
 memorials that rested in them. The Komans of 
 rank employed stone coffins ; when their rule had 
 passed away and was forgotten, and their religion 
 no longer venerated, the Saxons and the Danes, 
 succeeded to their possessions in life and death ; so 
 that, Anglo-Saxons have been often interred in the 
 stony tenement first hollowed out for the haughty 
 Eoman. 
 
 This Sketch of Eoman remains, partly sustained 
 by the credible testimony of their works of art, 
 should not omit all mention of their manufactory 
 of military weapons, called by the Historian of Bath 
 " the College of Armourers." So complete were all 
 Koman institutions, that the Fabri, whether civil 
 or military operatives, were servants under the 
 command of a Prefect, in one case resident in a 
 city, as in Bath, in the other remaining with the 
 army like our pioneers, and farriers, and wheel- 
 wrights. The laboratory of the Fabri, in Bath, 
 might have supplied the whole Eoman army of 
 occupation with weapons as required, while the 
 legionary Fabri discharged the minor and more 
 partial duties. The real character of this class is 
 but indistinctly shadowed by Hagenbuchius, who 
 has discussed the whole question. But the almost 
 miraculous perfection, to which the Eomans attained 
 in the art of government and colonization, will be 
 understood, and estimated, by a brief comparison 
 with the principles and practice of other nations of 
 antiquity. 
 
BOMAN HISTOKY OF BATH. 51 
 
 The following philosophic deduction, although 
 strictly historical, is not equally logical, for it vio- 
 lates the laws of good division ; yet it has been drawn 
 before now, by the most impartial and enlightened 
 students of History. According to them there have 
 been four great instructors of mankind in the early 
 ages of universal education, viz. — the Jews, who 
 taught monotheism, hence arose sublimity in their 
 religion. The Greeks, who taught science and art, 
 from which sprang beauty. The Asiatics, panthe- 
 ism, mysticism, the parents of confusion ; but the 
 Romans, order and organization, for a purpose. It 
 should be observed that Asia is but a vague term 
 here, and her very early institutions partake of a' 
 similar character. 
 
 Admitting "Caer-Blaedud" to have become alto- 
 gether Komanized, and furnished with public build- 
 ings for the residence of Civil Officers; a College of 
 armourers for the manufacture and storage of war- 
 like munitions ; temples for the worship of Minerva, 
 Sul, Diana, and possibly of Mars, Bacchus, and 
 Apollo ; a forum, where some Komano-British 
 orator poured forth, in the polished language of 
 Tully, the praises of military virtue, and the honor 
 justly due to patriotism. Let it be imagined that 
 the auditory consisted less of the people, or the 
 legionaries, than of the chief military and municipal 
 officers, — of the independent portion of the native 
 residents, who had retired to make way for their 
 conquerors, but returned, on the restoration of that 
 order which characterizes effective organization, 
 
52 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 and made this the rendezvous of fashion ; and, by 
 invalids of the more wealthy classes, whose afflic- 
 tions found relief in the thermal waters, so long 
 known to themselves and their forefathers. " That 
 Bath should have been selected by the Eomans as 
 a favoured residence is very natural. To that people 
 the warm springs must have been a great attraction, 
 partly compensating for the luxurious baths of Dio- 
 cletian and Caracalla, which they left at home, and 
 reconciling them in some measure to this colder 
 climate. " * There too were heard, in the very 
 chambers of these bath-houses, the lays of the bal- 
 lad singer, and were seen the gymnastic exploits of 
 the athlete, entertainments continued during the 
 luxury of bathing. Yet, what shadows men are ! 
 and what shadows they pursue ! a few centuries only 
 of the obliterating tide rolled over the sands of time, 
 and the votary of pleasure, the invalid who wrestled 
 with death, the wrestler, who boasted of his strength 
 yet struggled for life, had all passed in procession, 
 a fleeting dream ; and the very scene of those enter- 
 tainments was overwhelmed, and buried, becoming 
 the foundation of a new created world, that was to 
 arise and sustain itself for a period, then, as its 
 predecessor, perish and be sought for ; such things 
 have been — they are now. 
 
 It is a remarkable proof of the admirable system 
 of tactics, strategy, and public caution observed by 
 the Romans, that security was ever provided, and 
 
 * J. H. Markland, Esq., on the History and Antiquities 
 of Bath. 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 53 
 
 resources were kept in view by them. While the 
 inhabitants of Aquce Sulis, were engaged in revelry, 
 and indulging in the luxuries of the bath, no ene- 
 my could have surprised the compact garrison, for 
 there was a chain of military stations, like Welling- 
 ton's lines of Torres Vedras, which formed a partial 
 cordon round the " city in the vale," and extended 
 to a distance of forty miles in a N.E., direction. 
 When the Eomans subsequently retired from 
 Britain, and left the land to the mercy of an ochlo- 
 cracy, a term, the very sound of which has an ap- 
 propriation to the sense, how applicable to them 
 were the words of the " Patient Sufferer " of ancient 
 days, " No doubt ye are the people, wisdom shall 
 die with you." 
 
 It has been stated, that to Claudius is due the 
 first Koman colonization, or investment of Bath, but 
 it is not pretended here to assign any definite date 
 to the foundation of the city. About the year 51, 
 Publius Ostorius Scapula was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the legionary forces in Britain, but on his 
 arrival he found the government, generally, in a 
 disorganized state, and, for security against inroads, 
 established the chain of stations, mentioned pre- 
 viously, along the lines of the Avon, and Severn 
 rivers. The eminences he selected, and the earth- 
 works he raised around them, are still distinctly 
 traceable. That treacherous passage of the Severn 
 oXAust, was marked first by the Eomans, who gave 
 to it the name of their general.* Julius Agricola 
 
 * In Domesday Book, it is called Oster Clive. 
 
54 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 succeeded to the rather onerous command, a.d. 78, 
 and taking with him a quota of legionaries from 
 Aquce Sulis, he marched against the Silures, defeated 
 their leader, Arviragus, and returned in triumph to 
 the favourite city. It was on this occasion, and at 
 this precise period, as Tacitus tells, that he practised 
 the uniform and refined policy of " softening the 
 minds of the Britons and fashioning them for bon- 
 dage," by infusing amongst them a taste for luxury, 
 sensuality and indolence." 
 
 Adrian crossed over into Britain, a.d., 120, with 
 the ninth legion, and to him, who is known to have 
 stationed a detachment of his legionaries at Bath, 
 was due the establishment here of the College of 
 Fabri, who worked in brass and iron. Some frag- 
 ments of our discovered masonry, seem to have 
 reference to this period of history, namely, the 
 second century. The third opens with the march 
 of Septimius Severus against the Caledonians, and 
 appointment of Geta, his younger son, to the govern- 
 meut of south Britain, his elder, Caracalla, being 
 his companion in arms in the northern expedition. 
 This Caracalla, called " The destroyer of mankind," 
 commenced his reign by murdering his brother 
 Geta with his own hands, and, to atone for the fra- 
 tricide, he instituted Divine honours to his victim. 
 The ill-fated Prince passed some period of his life 
 at Aquce Calidce, and an equestrian effigy, found in 
 Bath, is believed to represent Geta, who, from his 
 passionate admiration of horses is represented on 
 coins as Castor, the equestrian demi-god of anti- 
 
ROMAN HISTORY OF BATH. 55 
 
 quity. And now it was that Caer-Blaedud ex- 
 changed its most ancient title, and its second also, 
 " Hudata Therma," for that of Aquce Sulis, the 
 waters of Minerva-Sool, and that Apollo was admit- 
 ted into the Pantheon of the tutelar deities of Bath. 
 The Bathonian history is veiled in darkness 
 during the first half of the third century, but, 
 there is an enduring evidence that Divine honours 
 were then paid here to Koman emperors. This 
 lasting memorial is an altar-stone, adapted to the 
 corner of a hall, or temple, two of its faces being 
 unwrought, while on the others are sculptured, in 
 alto-relievo, figures of the gods to whom these em- 
 perors desired to be compared by their subjects. 
 During the reign of these two vain-glorious mon- 
 archs it was, that Carausius, who commanded the 
 Roman fleets at Boulogne, made a treacherous de- 
 scent on the British coast, and, advancing into "the 
 bowels of the land," maintained himself against the 
 imperial power, until assassination, by the hand of 
 a false friend, Alectus, terminated his restless career. 
 This bold adventurer, possibly, disgusted with the 
 cruelty and injustice of his Imperial masters, and 
 counting too securely on his popularity amongst 
 the enslaved Britons, sought refuge and relief 
 amidst them. The figure of a naval officer with 
 a rudely carved dolphin at his feet, in addition to 
 the discovery of coins of Carausius in the vicinity, 
 aid the conjecture of his residence at the Aquce 
 Sulis, during some part of his seven years forcible 
 tenure of Britain. 
 
56 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 The curtain of authentic history, so far as Im- 
 perial Eome was concerned, here falls, and closes 
 the scenes of unexpiated crimes, unprincipled 
 ambition, and lust of domination, that the great 
 drama of Eome's thousand years of tyrannous gov- 
 ernment would disclose. Still she lived her millen- 
 nium, which seems to be the limit assigned to the 
 existence of nearly all the lustrous empires of this 
 world. But the throne of the Caesar's was totter- 
 ing, the empire was to be divided into east and 
 west, a licentious soldiery controlled the engine of 
 state, which only worked as they raised or lowered 
 the lever of their military power. The legions 
 were withdrawn from Britain some time in the 
 fifth century, during Theodosius' reign, and proba- 
 bly anno urbis con&ita 1147. 
 
 But the day of retribution dawned, when the 
 mighty Boman empire, as the poet sings — 
 
 *' With heaviest sound, a giant statue fell, 
 
 Push'd by a wild and artless race, 
 
 From off its wide ambitious base, 
 
 When time his northern sons of spoil awoke, 
 
 And all the blended work of strength and grace, 
 
 With many a rude repeated stroke, 
 
 And many a barbarous yell, to thousand fragments broke.** 
 
SAXON AKD DANISH HISTORY OF BATH. 
 
 57 
 
 SAXON AND DANISH HISTOEY OF BATH. 
 
 HE same heart- 
 lessness that 
 corrupted the 
 simple abori- 
 gines, now left 
 them in their 
 corruption, to 
 self - govern- 
 ment. And, 
 again an och- 
 locracy occur- 
 red, of which 
 the Picts and 
 Scots took ad- 
 vantage, to plunder and enslave the abandoned and 
 defenceless Britons. It is an usual failing amongst 
 desparing people, to call in the aid of neighbouring 
 nations, rather than make trial of self-reliance, but 
 history furnishes innumerable instances of their 
 generally becoming the slaves of the very allies 
 
58 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 whom they had invited. The Brito-Saxon story 
 is but a repetition of a subject often painted ; yet, 
 before they had recourse to the Saxon, they made a 
 last appeal to their old conquerors and corruptors. 
 Addressing JEtius, who then commanded in Gaul, 
 if the record be true, they thus pathetically, and 
 poetically, spake, " Whither to turn we know not. 
 The barbarians drive us forward to the sea ; the 
 sea forces us back upon the barbarians ; a sad alter- 
 native of evils, either to be swallowed by the waters, 
 or slain by the sword." It was not in the power of 
 iEtius to grant the request of the British and their 
 King Vortigern, for, Alaric the Goth, surnamed 
 " The Scourge of Home," but the truly missioned 
 avenger of her enslaved colonists, gave full employ- 
 ment to his legions. It only remained therefore, 
 to adopt the alternative of Saxon aid, which was 
 readily granted, and entrusted to the conduct of 
 Hengist and Horsa. 
 
 The Saxons gradually augmented their army by 
 fresh reinforcements, until at length they threw off 
 the mask, and renounced allegiance to the Britons. 
 Taught, possibly, the art of war, by their Boman 
 oppressors, the latter resisted their new enemy, with 
 a courage of which history does not record a nobler 
 example ; and the war " was carried on," observes 
 Bede, " with greater violence, and attended with 
 more horror and atrocities, than any which had 
 occurred since the first peopling of Britain." Be- 
 leased from pressure in the north, the Saxons now, 
 in the year 493, under their leader, Ella, and his 
 
SAXON AND DANISH HISTOKY OF BATH. 59 
 
 three sons, encamped on Lansdown, and formally 
 laid siege to the city of Bath. 
 
 Great men are produced by collision ; great 
 talents developed by rivalry ; the spark might 
 have lain hid for ever in the recesses of the flint, 
 if excitement had not elicited its brilliancy ; had 
 not Hannibal conquered, there would have been 
 no Scipio Africanus ; and the subjugation of con- 
 tinental Europe, by Napoleon the Great, gave occa- 
 sion for the display of that transcendent military 
 genius, that had been bestowed, by Providence, 
 on our Wellington. Louis XVIII. remarked, on 
 being reminded that Napoleon and his conqueror 
 were born on the same day, " La Providence nous 
 devalt bien cette compensation." So the brilliancy 
 and extent of Saxon conquests, for that age and 
 arena, called forth from retirement, a mind pos- 
 sessed of courage, and resources, more than equiv- 
 alent to those of the brave intruders. This was 
 Arthur Pendragon, a brave and accomplished British 
 Prince, who encountered the Saxon hosts concen- 
 trated on Mons Badonicus, and obtained over them 
 a complete and crowning victory, some time in the 
 year 493. Undeterred by this sanguinary resistance, 
 by the disgrace of defeat, and by the military re- 
 nown of the British Prince, the Saxons once more 
 took the field, on the same fatal mount, only to incur 
 additional discomfiture, and to draw down still more 
 appalling consequences. It was on this last memo- 
 rable occasion, in the year 520, that King Arthur, 
 surrounded by his knights of the round table, and 
 
60 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 armed with his trenchant, trusty brand, Excalibar, 
 is said to have slain, with his own hand, four 
 hundred and forty Saxons. " 'Twas there," said 
 the haughty Eoman exile, in earlier times, " 'twas 
 there, that, like an eagle in a dove-cot, I fluttered 
 your Yolscians at Corioli — alone, I did it." 
 
 It is neither necessary, nor material, to credit, or 
 deny, totally, the simple legends of our monks, to 
 whom, as to our palseologists of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury, all praise is due for the preservation of so many 
 tributaries to the stream of history; for, if the sift- 
 ing of criticism were employed, the wheat and chaff 
 might be distinguished, in the legends of Blaedud, 
 and of King Arthur. The ablest, but most incre- 
 dulous of English historians, and most sceptical of 
 modern metaphysicians, David Hume,* considered 
 that the story of Arthur and his deeds of daring, 
 had some foundation in fact, and we know that 
 tens of thousands sometimes means very many, and 
 for ever, only a long time. 
 
 The ceaseless flow of time had reached the period 
 when no defender could be found equal to the occa- 
 sion, and, the descent of the Saxons under Ceaulin, 
 
 * " Whether Uther's son, begirt with English and Armoric 
 Knights, lived or not, we do not care. We are content to 
 believe that the mythopoeie power of chivalry created him 
 from a few sentences of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Chronicle 
 (p. 3, note), For we find a deeper truth than that of history 
 in the legend, and can still admire in its pages, an ideal not 
 unworthy of our imitation." — Vide La Alort d'Arthure* in 
 Sat. Review, Feb., 1863. 
 
SAXON AND DANISH HISTORY OF BATH. 61 
 
 upon the cities and towns of Somerset, in 577, ter- 
 minated in the total overthrow of the Britons, in the 
 battlefield oi Dyrham, eight miles from Bath, when 
 the three brave British chieftains were numbered 
 with the slain. By this victory, Bath became, 
 finally, a Saxon city, assuming the characteristic 
 name of Hat Bathen (hot baths), described in Saxon 
 and Monkish chronicles, under various titles, and, 
 finally, included in the Kingdom of Wessex. 
 
 Providence it has been said, seems to grant equi- 
 valents in the mental and material worlds, and, when 
 the Britons lost the regular system of polity, insti- 
 tuted by their Koman Masters, and saw the tem- 
 ples erected to gods and heroes, neglected and 
 decaying, they found ample recompence in the intro- 
 duction of a religion that inscribed on their altars, 
 " to the True God." Osric, Prince of the Wiccii, 
 with the consent of Kentwin, King of the West 
 Saxons, founded a Nunnery here, and endowed 
 it with tenements, both for the building and main- 
 tenance of an expiatory temple. To this first reli- 
 gious foundation is assigned the date 676, But the 
 permission to erect a religious house did not include 
 political or territorial cession, for, it appears that 
 Offa, King of Mercia, the most puissant prince of 
 the heptarchy, incorporated Bath in his dominions, 
 and built a college for secular canons, on the ruins 
 of Osrio's nunnery, in the year 775. It may well 
 be imagined, that the temples and buildings raised, 
 and deserted afterwards by the Komans, endured 
 for a few centuries, even under neglect and disuse, 
 
62 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 and, that their overthrow was accelerated by the 
 new zeal for Christianity, which encouraged the dila- 
 pidation of heathen temples, and appropriation of 
 their materials to the construction of monasteries, 
 nunneries, and churches. 
 
 Thermal springs were no novelty to either 
 Roman or Saxon. The former had the control of 
 all those in Italy and Gaul, and the Carlsbad and 
 Toplitz waters have for ages, been visited and valued 
 in Germany ; and, it is for this precise reason, 
 familiarity with waters of similar character at home, 
 that the Saxons did not improve, enclose, or deco- 
 rate the baths in England with any extraordinary 
 care. It is known that they considered the tepid 
 bath essential to health, for, the prohibition to its 
 use was amongst the penances imposed by the 
 church. 
 
 The civil government of Bath was now com- 
 mitted to a Grieve, who assembled the chief citi- 
 zens at a monthly mote (meeting) ; heard disputes, 
 and punished offenders, by amercement usually, 
 and collected the heriots due on the decease of 
 an alderman. Impenetrable darkness veils the 
 history of Bath and its institutions, for nearly two 
 centuries, but, it cannot be concluded that they were 
 not years of progression, for, this was the exact 
 period when the bold daring of tlie Danes kept 
 the separated Saxon kingdoms in constant alarm. 
 The sun of prosperity however, once more rose, 
 and shed its cheering rays over the darkling valley, 
 when Athelstan (a.d. 925), appeared, and restored 
 
SAXON AND DANISH HISTORY OF BATH. 63 
 
 arts, science and industry. To Bath was assigned 
 the privilege of striking coins, if it did not actually 
 possess a distinct mint for coinage. Some of these 
 witnesses are preserved, and are of the purest 
 metal, but rude execution. Besides this instance 
 of favouritism, King Athelstan in 931, further en- 
 riched the monastery, but conditionally, that the 
 monks said daily masses on his behalf, and anathe- 
 matised, or neutralised, the efforts of his spiritual 
 enemies. 
 
 Bath acquired a place in Anglo-Saxon history, in 
 the reign of Edgar, one of the most distinguished 
 kings of that time. Succeeding to the throne in 
 950, he managed the civil and military affairs of 
 his kingdom with vigour and resolution. Con- 
 demned, by Archbishop Dunstan, to atone for an 
 offence against the church, he was restricted from 
 wearing his crown in public for the space of seven 
 years; but, when this ecclesiastical censure was 
 satisfied, he selected Bath as the place where his 
 forgiveness should be published, by the splendid 
 and gorgeous ceremony of his coronation. Leland, 
 in his history, assures us " that the citizens of 
 Bath, in testimony of their gratitude for Edgar's 
 munificence, in all their church ceremonies, pray 
 for his soul, and at Whitsuntide, at which time 
 men say Edgar was crowned, there is a king 
 elected every year by the townsmen, in joyful 
 remembrance of King Edgar, and the privileges 
 given to the town by him. This mock king and 
 his adherents are feasted by the richest man in the 
 
64 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 town." The reign of Ethelred was not marked by 
 any act of courage, or capacity, and possibly to 
 his indolence the citizens owe the continuance of 
 a mint in their city — to which fact, a solitary coin 
 bears witness. 
 
 The massacre of the Danes, on St. Brice's fast, 
 bears a resemblance, though distant in time, and 
 different in place, to the destruction of the Pro- 
 testants, on St. Bartholomew's day, in France — 
 both being dastardly, senseless, and inhuman ; but 
 the vengeance of the Danes was amply wreaked by 
 the sword of Swein. This bold warrior invaded 
 England, reduced Wilts and Somerset, and obliged 
 the Saxons, under their pusillanimous monarch, to 
 acknowledge him as their sovereign. To Swein 
 succeeded Canute, Harold, and Hardicanute, who 
 held the sovereignty for a period of twenty-two years, 
 and coins of the first of these princes, still preserved, 
 were struck in the mint at Bath. The death of 
 Canute the Second made w r ay for the restoration 
 of the Saxon line, in the person of Edward the 
 Confessor, who w r as materially assisted, in the 
 recovery of his crown, by Godwin, Earl of Kent. 
 It is confidently believed, that Alfred the Great 
 caused a great national valuation and census of his 
 kingdom to be drawn up, and that upon the statis- 
 tics contained in that register, King Edward was 
 enabled to tax his subjects for the maintenance of 
 the state. Bath, although not possessing land, 
 was subject to Danegelt, from its earliest imposi- 
 tion, and assessed at £2 per annum, in the eleventh 
 
HISTORY OF BATH FROM THE CONQUEST. 65 
 
 century. The register of Alfred was the original 
 on which the " Domesday Book " was founded.* 
 
 The story of the luckless lady Editha, Earl 
 Godwin's daughter, is familiar to the ear of child- 
 hood, but her connection with Bath is less noto- 
 rious, To conciliate the earl, and use him as a 
 footstep to the throne, the Gonfessor espoused his 
 beautiful, accomplished, and pious daughter, but, 
 when his faithful friend had fallen into disgrace, 
 he repudiated his lovely queen, and even withheld 
 her dower ; by this ungenerous act, Bath, reverted 
 to the Anglo-Saxon crown. 
 
 HISTOEY OF BATH FEOM THE CONQUEST. 
 
 Whether the term conquest should be read " ac- 
 quest, or acquisition," in a feudal sense, or, under- 
 stood to mean the subjugation of this country by 
 force of arms, seems extremely doubtful. William 
 the Norman, acquired England by the will of Ed- 
 ward, besides, history seldom instances the total, 
 and serf-like submission of a nation upon a single, 
 although signal, defeat. Further, the surname of 
 Conqueror might fairly have been granted to the 
 
 * Vide recent edition " Of the Domesday Book of Wilts and 
 Somerset," copied by the agency of photozincography, under 
 the surveillance of Col. Sir H. James, B.E., F.K.S. Bath, 
 Published by E. E. Peach. 
 
 F 
 
66 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 prince, by his court - eulogists, for gallantry at 
 subsequent periods. This historic doubt, however, 
 exercises no influence over the records of Bath, 
 which was only noticed by its Sovereign as an 
 object for increased taxation. When a terrier was 
 made in the year 1080, for the purpose of enrolling 
 solvent subjects, Bath returned 178 burgesses of 
 different degrees of respectability, and contained 
 probably about 1500 inhabitants. 
 
 After the acquisition of William I. and during the 
 reign of Rufus, the mineral springs were neglected, 
 for, France possessed many thermal fountains of 
 her own ; and, as it was unsuited, from its lowly site, 
 for a military station, the feudal lords preyed on, but 
 honoured not, its poor citizens. Geoffrey of Cou- 
 tance made a predatory excursion from Bristol, 
 under the pretext of raising the standard of Bobert 
 the Norman, and, falling on Bath, plundered, 
 sacked, and fired its chief buildings. He was 
 but the creature of Odo of Bayeux, and agents are 
 often more merciless, in their master's cause, 
 than the principals themselves desire. However, 
 amongst the foreign adventurers that immigrated 
 from France, was John de Villula, a native of 
 Tours, in Orleannois. This ingenious and art- 
 ful man availed himself of the assistance of 
 the Bath Waters in the practice of his profession ; 
 and, finding he had acquired considerable influence, 
 turned his attention to the most effectual mode of 
 retaining it. Abandoning the healing art, he be- 
 came an ecclesiastic, and, probably, recommended 
 
HISTORY OF BATH FROM THE CONQUEST. 67 
 
 by his wealth, of which he evidently made a judi- 
 cious use, he was elevated to the see of Wells. 
 Attached to Bath by happy remembrances, of suc- 
 cess and respect, by the beauty of the valley of 
 AqucB Sulis, and the gift of its miraculous springs, 
 he resolved upon returning thither. This could be 
 readily effected by a gratuity to the monarch, and, 
 five-hundred-and-fifty marks, £329 : 3 : 8d, pre- 
 sented to the needy Rufus, obtained a grant to the 
 bishop of the whole city of Bath, the Church, 
 Abbey of St. Peter, Mint, Baths, Rights, Customs, 
 and Tolls, in pure and perpetual alms. This 
 singular sale and purchase was effected in the year 
 1090. So able a magistrate must assuredly have 
 been an accomplished manager of civil and eccle- 
 siastical affairs, and, in both he proceeded with 
 activity and genius. He restored the dwellings 
 of the citizens, rebuilt the monastery and church, 
 and conferred so many benefits on this fallen city, 
 that he is considered its second founder. 
 
 The same prejudice that influenced his royal 
 father in favour of French adventurers, was in- 
 herited by Henry I., who granted to De Villula 
 the Danegelt charged to the city since the Con- 
 fessor's reign, together with all judicial rights and 
 privileges. This generous grant enabled the bishop, 
 in the year 1106, to bestow the city, with its ap- 
 purtenances, on the monastery of St. Peter, ap- 
 pointing a Prior in the room of an Abbot, to be its 
 future master, but, reserving the patronage of the 
 monastery to himself and his successors. 
 
 Coeur de Lion recovered this appanage of the 
 
68 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Crown, by an exchange for the rich Abbey of Glas- 
 tonbury, which he consented to make in favour of 
 Savaric, Bishop of Bath and Wells, and a kinsman 
 of Leopold, duke of Austria, who had seized the 
 adventurous Richard and thrown him into prison ; 
 so that, after an ecclesiastical government of more 
 than a century, Bath and its privileges were re- 
 invested in the Crown. In the third Henry's reign, 
 Bath paid a tallage of £20, into the Exchequer : a 
 grant in aid of the crown in the forty-seventh year 
 of Edward till., from Bath, amounted only to 
 £13 : 6 : 8d, while Bristol contributed £220 ; and 
 by the roll made under the parliamentary grant of 
 the year 1377, the Poll tax of Bath bore about the 
 same continued proportion to that of Bristol, while 
 the population did not exceed 2000, including 
 clergy and laity.* 
 
 Possessing neither military nor manufacturing 
 importance, Bath lay in security and silence, dur- 
 ing the war of succession that deluged the soil 
 with the blood of its sons. Early in the following 
 century a suspicion, however, fell on the citizens, 
 of participating in that most hateful of all conspira- 
 cies in our history, the gunpowder plot, from which 
 it would be wrong to attempt a rescue, if truth de- 
 mand the confession (Warners History). However, 
 from the paucity of authentic annals relating to 
 this period, the fullest history we have would 
 present but an outline. 
 
 * Vide Paper, by C. P. Russell, "On the Growth of Bath," 
 read before the Archasol. Inst. 1858. . 
 
HISTORY OF BATH FBOM THE CONQUEST. 69 
 
 Dr. Turner, Dean of Wells, revived the once 
 prevalent partiality for the waters of Bath, by his 
 treatise published in 1560, on "the Nature and 
 Properties of the Baths in England and on the 
 Continent." Dr. Jones in his " Baths of Baths- 
 ayde, " published twelve years after, celebrates 
 their virtues, and appends a map to his volumes, 
 which shows that the city had not then outgrown 
 its Saxon ceinture, and that the great avenue run- 
 ning through the city from north to south, was not 
 a right line, but deviated, to avoid interference with 
 the baths. Speed, in 1611, adds nothing to our 
 information, nor is the piquant picture of Philip 
 Thicknesse, in 1692, to be adopted as grave his- 
 toric truth. " The baths," writes the Valetudinarian's 
 Guide, " were like so many bear gardens, and 
 modesty was entirely shut out of them ; dogs and 
 cats were thrown over the rails into the waters, 
 whilst people were bathing in them. The roads 
 were barely passable, the houses thatched with 
 straw, and a horse-block and manger stood at each 
 door." 
 
 The purposed visit of Henrietta Maria, Queen 
 of the unhappy Charles L, (Vide p. 80) awoke the cor- 
 poration to the importance of the Bath waters, and 
 advantage of rendering the city suitable to the 
 accommodation, not merely of the wealthy, but of 
 royalty itself ; and, in the year 1646, two years after 
 the brief visit of their Queen, the corporation passed 
 a series of bve-laws, that laid a sure foundation for 
 the improvement and renovation of the city. From 
 
70 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Gilmore's map, which appeared some fifty years 
 after this period, the increase of the public build- 
 ings, churches, and conduits, was considerable, 
 but still confined, by the timidity of speculation, 
 within the shelter of the ancient walls. The close 
 of the sixteenth century is also the termination of 
 these unconnected annals ; with the following a 
 new era arises, the story of which will be more 
 palpably told in the descriptions of the various 
 monuments to religion, laws, and social intercourse, 
 which Bath of the eighteenth century has raised. 
 During " The Rebellion," which terminated in 
 the death of King Charles, upon the scaffold, the 
 vicissitudes of strife were the lot of Bath, whose 
 loyalty was deserving of better munitions than a 
 meagre supply of arms, and the interposition of a 
 ruined wall. In by-gone days, in feudal ages, the 
 site of Bath was indefensible, but, in the civilised ages 
 of warfare, when destruction may be accomplished 
 at the distance of miles, the overthrow of Bath, from 
 the surrounding heights, would be but a momentary 
 incident. These untoward circumstances left the 
 city an easy prey to the Earl of Bedford, and there 
 the parliamentary army found rest and refreshment 
 until the day of the battle of Lansdown, the 5th of 
 January, 1643. It was there that Sir Bevil Gren- 
 ville, at the head of the king's forces, in which was 
 included a large proportion of nobility and gentry, 
 routed the enemy under Sir William Waller. That 
 victory, however, which was as signal as unquestion- 
 ble, was clouded by the loss of the gallant Sir Bevil, 
 
HISTORY OF BATH FROM THE CONQUEST. 71 
 
 a man of whom Clarendon says, "A brighter courage 
 and a gentler disposition were never married to- 
 gether." The spot on which the brave loyalist fell, 
 was pointed out by a peasant girl who crossed the 
 battle-field on the following morning, and who, at 
 the age of 107 years, was an historic witness ; but 
 the hero closed his mortal career at the parsonage 
 of Ashton, to which he was removed. In 1720, a 
 monument was erected to his memory, near the 
 spot on which he fell, by his grandson, Lord 
 Lansdown. 
 
 This monument consists of two pedestals, sur- 
 mounted by an attic ; a cap of dignity, bearing a 
 griffon passant, finishes the top. On one side are 
 the arms of England, above those of the duke of 
 Albemarle, and Earl of Bath, perhaps alluding to 
 the restoration of royalty. On another, a has relief ', 
 emblematic of Lord Lansdown's exploits in Hun- 
 gary, the centre being filled by the Grenville arms. 
 On the north side are William Cartwright's pane- 
 gyrics on military virtue, with a supplementary 
 Stanza, by Martin Llewellyn, verses in praise of 
 the honourable house and lineage of Grenville. A 
 flattering quotation from the voluminous " History 
 of the Rebellion," appears on the principal front, the 
 place of honour, giving some few particulars of the 
 action. That the day was marked by bravery on 
 both sides, and that 
 
 " There was silence deep as death, 
 And the holdest held his breath 
 For a time," 
 
72 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 must be acknowledged (although partisans are to 
 be found even in the nineteenth century); for, 
 of two thousand royalist horse, fourteen hundred 
 were slain on the field, and, as to Waller, he was 
 glad to fall back upon Bath, leaving his military 
 chest behind him to the enemy. In this action, 
 Sir Arthur Hazelrig's regiment of Lobster's, afforded 
 the first instance of bringing Cuirassiers into the 
 field. Victory, however, oscillated, and the city 
 changed masters simultaneously with the suc- 
 cesses of the rival forces. The king's troops took 
 possession, without obstruction, after the defeat 
 of Waller at Eoundway Down, in 1643. William 
 Prynne (Brev. Par,) asserts, that the governor 
 who held for King Charles, was so alarmed at the 
 appearance of twenty dragoons, brandishing their 
 swords on Beechen Cliff, that he craved parley, 
 and was permitted to retire to his private dwelling; 
 upon which the town-major escaped over the walls, 
 and sought an asylum in Wales. This tale is, 
 possibly , a partial reading of the truth, which was, 
 that the governor was panic-stricken, and surren- 
 dered on the approach of Colonel Kich with a 
 strong body of horse. 
 
 On the decease of Cromwell, Bath assumed its 
 wonted loyalty, celebrated the restoration with the 
 utmost rejoicing, and was behind no town in the 
 kingdom, in congratulating the wandering prince 
 upon his return to the throne of his fathers. An 
 address from the citizens, presented to his majesty 
 Charles II., at Whitehall, on the 16th June, 1660, 
 
MUNICIPAL HISTOKY OF BATH. 73 
 
 by Prynne, then Becorder of Bath, was graciously 
 received ; and, the king, at his coronation, created 
 John Grenville, son of Sir Bevil, Earl of Bath, 
 Baron Grenville and Viscount Lansdown. 
 
 Disgusted with treason, treachery, and rebellion, 
 Bath maintained its loyalty to the throne, even 
 when occupied by a tyrant, and a bigot ; and, when 
 the gentle Monmouth arose, and took up arms in 
 the cause of liberty, the Bathonians adhered to 
 James, and closed their gates against the duke. A 
 few too-daring spirits declared for Monmouth, but 
 being brought to trial before " the infamous Jeff- 
 reys/' suffered the horrid sentences ^pronounced 
 by him against the advocates of religious liberty. 
 (Chadwick's " Life of De Foe.") 
 
 When a rebellion occurred in 1715, in favour of 
 the Pretender, Carte the historian, happened to 
 hold the incumbency of St. Peter's, and St. Paul's 
 parishes, and being devoutly attached to the house 
 of Stuart, he matured a conspiracy, and collected 
 arms in the house of one Ferguson, to make a de- 
 monstration in the exile's favour. But his discre- 
 tion ultimately proved greater than his valour, and, 
 suspecting discovery, he effected his escape. 
 
 MUNICIPAL HISTOBY OF BATH. 
 
 Bath participated in those Bourgeois - privileges, 
 permitted by the Saxon Kings to their English 
 conquests, a tallage being paid to the lord for their 
 
74 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 enjoyment, and contribution made to satisfy the law 
 for acts of individual insubordination, by a mulct, or 
 pecuniary fine. This was a custom of ancient en- 
 actment, which is too much neglected by the most 
 civilized nations of the present age. But, a large 
 amount of liberty was obtained from the Norman 
 rulers, by ministering to whose extravagance, the 
 citizens acquired those courts, freedoms, jurisdic- 
 tions, magistracies, and insignia, which even now 
 are amalgamated with the municipal reforms of the 
 nineteenth century. With such a moiety of poli- 
 tical power, a transition from servitude to freedom, 
 Bath continued until the reign of Cceur de Lion, 
 who granted to the city its first charter, accom- 
 panied by all the privileges and immunities of a 
 free borough. Under this expansion of liberty, the 
 population began to increase their intercourse 
 with Bristol, and improve the woollen manufacture, 
 which had established itself, ^under the protection of 
 the " weaving-guilds." At the commencement of 
 Henry the Third's reign, the city being still an 
 appanage of the crown, the prior of Bath became 
 the lessee, paying an annuarrent for the city and 
 a berton, or farm, adjoining, of £30. But this 
 languid pecuniary distillation was unequal to the 
 rapacity of their extravagant race of rulers, and 
 the same Prince, overlooking the injustice to his 
 successors, enlarged the freedom of the Bath- 
 onians, for an immediate supply of money. 
 
 The era of the English Justinian is now reached, 
 from which true parliamentary representation is to 
 
MUNICIPAL HISTORY OF BATH. 75 
 
 be dated, for, preceding assemblages of the state, 
 may, with entire truth, be considered "Privy 
 Councils" at which the monarch presided. That 
 Bath was viewed with partiality, from its climate, 
 position, and mineral springs, by the reigning 
 family, is more than probable ; for, although Bur- 
 nell, Bishop of Bath and Wells, obtained a royal 
 grant of the city and berton, still we are assured, 
 that they had been previously bestowed upon Queen 
 Eleanor, by her affectionate husband, " during her 
 natural life." Slowly, but steadily, advancing to- 
 wards the advantages of citizenship, under the 
 Third Edward, the Bathonians were permitted to 
 throw a bridge across the Avon, connecting the 
 city with Lyncomb, where fairs were usually held ; 
 but, the prior reserved the right of building a 
 chapel, on the bridge, dedicated to St. Lawrence, to 
 collect offerings of superstition from the passen- 
 gers. At this period, also, the South-gate was 
 erected, the statue of the reigning monarch being 
 placed in a niche above it, supported by figures of 
 the Bishop and the prior, one on either side. 
 Whether flattery, partiality, or justice, secured for 
 them the benefit, the Bathonians were relieved 
 from an unfair rivalry with the Bristolians, by the 
 great council, which enabled them to improve their 
 manufacture of woollens still further. In fact, it 
 was during the succeeding reign, that a descrip- 
 tion of cloth, denominated Bath Beaver, attained to 
 a well deserved celebrity. 
 It has always been the feeling of Englishmen, 
 
76 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 " that their first, best, country ever is at home,'* 
 and man's day of dissolution, the test of faith and 
 principle, strongly evidences this fact, Many 
 parishes are enriched by natives, who had been the 
 architects of their own fortunes; many schools 
 endowed ; many great hospitals erected, or richly 
 gifted. A remarkable instance occurs in " Thomas 
 White," the patron of Merchant Taylor's School, 
 London, and founder of St. John's College, Oxford. 
 Having acquired a fortune, as a clothier, he be- 
 queathed, in the year 1566, the sum of £2000 to 
 be lent to young men of good character, who were 
 commencing the woollen manufacture, for the term 
 of ten years, free of all interest or charge. In the 
 year 1595, Bath was entitled, under this bequest, 
 to one hundred and four pounds, besides an addi- 
 tional claim upon every twenty-fourth year. This 
 Thomas White was Lord Mayor of London in 1544, 
 and he appears, from his mode of showing gratitude 
 to his country, to have clearly understood the foun- 
 dation of political prosperity, by the estimate he 
 formed of moral character. He, too, believed that 
 "men of character" are not only the conscience of 
 society, but, in every well-governed state, they are 
 its best motive power ; for, it is moral qualities in 
 the main, that rule the world. 
 
 CIVIL HISTOBY OF BATH. (A.D. 1590.) 
 
 The reign of Elizabeth, renowned and memorable, 
 in our history, includes, amongst its minor acts of 
 
CIVIL HISTORY OF BATH. 77 
 
 munificence, a Charter of Incorporation to Bath, 
 which confirmed former franchises, added new ter- 
 ritory to the fifty acres included within the walls, 
 allowing jurisdiction also, over the once privileged 
 lordship of the dissolved priory. Her Majesty is 
 believed to have visited Bath about this period 
 (1591), and to have lodged at the Barton (Berton) 
 House, in John Street, then in the possession of 
 William Sherstone, the first mayor of this city. 
 
 Oscillating between loyalty to the throne, and 
 constitutional changes, the corporation became 
 alternately, cavaliers, and roundfieads, royalists, and 
 parliamentarians ; and, it was during this tempestu- 
 ous period that William Prynne, grand-son of the 
 first Mayor of Batb, became so prominent a char- 
 acter. His " Histrio-Mastix" and "News from 
 Ipswich" drew down upon him the vengeance of 
 the " Star-Chamber," by whose sentence he was 
 branded, deprived of his ears, pilloried, fined 
 £10,000, and doomed to be imprisoned in one of the 
 Scilly Islands for life. The bold front he showed 
 to Cromwell, led to his second captivity, from 
 which he was released by Charles II., and made 
 keeper of the records in the Tower of London. 
 His genius was much admired — his fortitude 
 equally — and his misfortunes secured to him the 
 warm sympathy of the corporation of Bath, of 
 which he had once been Recorder. It is somewhat 
 remarkable that the arts of peace should have 
 prospered as the spirit of political dissension in- 
 creased; for, during the confusion of the seven- 
 
78 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 teenth century, not less than sixty broad looms 
 were in work, in the Parish of St. Michael, 
 without the north gate, and the number within the 
 walls was as large. An active traffic floated on 
 the waters of the Avon, although they were ob- 
 structed by natural and artificial impediments ; 
 but, in 1711, through the zeal ot the Duke of 
 Beaufort, an Act of Parliament was obtained, em- 
 powering the promoters to impose a toll, or duty, 
 not exceeding five shillings per ton, on all goods 
 carried by water, between Bristol and Bath. In 
 the year 1727, this navigation was even more com- 
 pletely established, by the energy of Mr. J. Hobbs, 
 a Bristol merchant ; but the unforeseen and total 
 decay, of the clothing manufacture in Bath — its 
 rapid growth in the North ; the immense and sud- 
 den partiality that arose amongst the nobility and 
 gentry of England, for Bath, as a winter residence, 
 discouraged commerce and manufactures, and laid 
 the foundation for a prosperity of a different kind, 
 to which it rapidly succeeded, and which it has 
 ever since retained. 
 
 MODERN HISTORY OF BATH. 
 
 " Then a rich lord, in hopeful rapture cries, 
 What place on earth with pleasing Baice vies." 
 
 Of Bath valley the physical features are eminently 
 beautiful , distinctly marked, and lastingly impres- 
 sive. The fairest city in Europe, with us "the 
 
MODERN HISTORY OF BATH. 79 
 
 Queen of the West," reposes in the centre of avast 
 natural amphitheatre of hills, that present the most 
 varied outline, and equally admirable varieties of 
 light, shade, and colour. In some places bold 
 eminences rise and impend over the low-lying 
 fields ; in others, a green and gradual ascent pre- 
 sents a widening prospect. The sluggish Avon 
 seems to have forced an entrance for itself into this 
 happy valley, and, with equal strength and dignity, 
 effected an exit from the lovely panorama. And 
 in the midst of these picturesque attractions, and 
 with the most genial climate of our sea-girt Isle, 
 and with the still greater gift of Providence, its 
 Springs of healing waters, how could this favourite 
 scene have remained unknown to any race? It is 
 probable the Britons used these medicinal springs. 
 The Eomans enclosed them for the purposes ot 
 utility and pleasure. Saxons and Normans paid 
 them less attention ; for, they were familiar with 
 thermal baths at home. During the civil discord 
 that rent the realm in the war of The Roses * 
 
 * Such was the animosity that distracted social life, during 
 these wars, that the ten derest feelings were not secure from 
 its influence. The "Lady and the Lover" illustrate the 
 fact — 
 
 LOVER. 
 
 If this fair rose offend the sight, 
 
 It, in your bosom, wear, 
 'Twill blush to find itself less white, 
 
 And grow Lancastrian there. 
 
 LADY. 
 
 But if to wear it I should try, 
 
 And show it no disdain, 
 With envy pale 'twill lose its dye, 
 
 And Yorkist turn again. 
 
80 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the valley of Caer-Badun was forgotten, and its once 
 peaceful landscape was but too fearfully agitated, 
 by the tempest that swept over it in the Eebellion 
 of 1641, to have permitted the wealthy or the 
 titled to seek shelter there. 
 
 Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henri Quatre of 
 France, and queen of King Charles "the Martyr,"* 
 being afflicted with rheumatism, visited Bath, in 
 April, 1 644, on her way to Bristol and Exeter. After 
 the birth of the princess Henrietta, at Bedford 
 House, Exeter, the Queen was desirous of return- 
 ing to Bath for the benefit of its waters, and to be at- 
 tended by Sir Theodore May erne, physician to the 
 household; but, not being able to do so with safety, 
 owing to the suspicious answer of Lord Essex, she 
 escaped from Exeter, and, getting on board ship at 
 Falmouth, reached Brest, not without encountering 
 the dangers of the deep and the terrors of captivity. 
 At length she arrived at Bourbon l'Archambault, 
 the Hot Springs of which proved ultimately bene- 
 ficial to her malady. 
 
 * So designated in the Book of Common Prayer until lately, 
 although there are who take the trouble to demur to its ap- 
 plication. But, even they must confess, that Charles was a 
 Victim to that change, or crisis, which the growing power 
 of the people, and, therefore, the unsettled nature of the 
 prerogative, rendered, sooner or later, inevitable. The day 
 was little more than a century distant, when the Duke of 
 Norfolk and Charles J. Fox, proposed " The Majesty of the 
 People" as a public toast ; and, only thirty-five years later, 
 William IV. allowed a further extension of power to " the 
 Third Estate." 
 
MODERN HISTORY OF BATH. 81 
 
 This pressure, however, was removed, the cruel 
 practices of revolutionary times were mitigated, 
 the sentiments which classic learning had suf- 
 fused over the west of Europe, began, not only 
 to strike root, but to put forth leaves and fruit ; 
 and, Bath, partaking of their genial influence was 
 warmed into that life, which it has now enjoyed for 
 nearly two centuries of time. 
 
 How changed from what we read in the melan- 
 choly memoir of Leland, or the description given 
 in the " Therm® Rediviva, when fifty acres limi- 
 ted the area of the city and its suburbs, and the 
 walls were just an English mile in length ! But 
 from this period and under the reign of Queen 
 Anne, Bath began to assume a new character ; it 
 became the resort of the nobility, the asylum of 
 wealthy invalids, a permanent city. The hand of Art 
 had transformed it into an object of such undivided 
 admiration, that the fashionable flocked thither from 
 the most distant places, and then most certainly did 
 it become the recipient of superfluous wealth, until 
 checked by the peace, as well as the wars of Napo- 
 leon ; for, the opening of the continent to tourists 
 and travellers, and the facility of communication 
 with every part of the civilized world, divided 
 its prosperity with the most favoured cities and 
 with waters of healing elsewhere. 
 
 It is said that England has always been fortunate 
 under a Queen-regnant ; this is not a correct verbal 
 formula ; fortune is only a fatalistic term, the true 
 cause of success being clearness of the reasoning 
 
 G 
 
82 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 faculty, and depth of feeling. England has been 
 successful, and happy, under Elizabeth, who made 
 Bath & free-borough, and raised the renown of her 
 realm by her firmness and wisdom. During Queen 
 Anne's reign it was that Bath, which she too visited, 
 awoke from its long apathetic rest, to a sense of the 
 blessings of Providence in this truly happy valley ; 
 and, equally true, that under her government ther 
 splendid military genius of Marlborough, shed a 
 lustre on the name of England. But fortune was 
 not the cause of glory or prosperity in either case, 
 nor is she a Christian goddess. 
 
 The birth, growth, and attainment of Bath to its 
 present splendid state of civic maturity, are wholly 
 due to the enterprise and professional skill of 
 Wood. The modern city is the offspring of his 
 brain, more certainly than {he tutelar goddess of 
 the hot springs was of Jupiter's. ' He found the 
 city as Leland Pepys and others drew it, he left 
 the grand series of architectural, and artistic tri- 
 umphs, which it now presents ; for, few important 
 additions have been made to his street designs, and 
 these are conformed to the happy views, which he 
 bequeathed to us for still further decoration. So it 
 it was, that Pericles found Athens brick — he left it 
 marble. Before his time the corporation held their 
 councils, and transacted municipal business in a hall 
 erected from the designs of Jnigo Jones, which were 
 somewhat eccentric, and aspired to a union of the 
 Grecian and Gothic styles. Wood adopted a pure 
 Palladian, and domestic style also, wisely adapted 
 
MODERN HISTORY OF BATH. 83 
 
 to the fickle character of the climate of northern 
 Europe. He most assuredly remembered the site 
 of Turin, where the vista of each public avenue 
 appears almost terminated and overhung by a 
 lofty hill ; and the general resemblance of Bath 
 to Berlin, induces a belief that the beauties of that 
 graceful capital were not unknown to the English 
 architect. Wood tells a story of the accommoda- 
 tions afforded to visitors, at the commencement of 
 the eighteenth century. " The floors of the dining 
 rooms were coloured with soot and small beer to 
 hide neglect and imperfection ; the wainscotted 
 wall was seldom painted. The free-stone hearths, 
 and chimney-pieces, were coated with whitewash ; 
 the furniture partook of this meanness and frugality 
 of finish. Besides which, the mansions of the most 
 wealthy were of contemptible design, and only two 
 of them exhibited the then modern comfort o 
 sash-windows. " 
 
 It was at this period that Queen Anne sojourned 
 here for a short time, and thus gave a right royal im- 
 pulse, and infused a most artistic spirit into the in- 
 habitants, who now seemed only to require a leader 
 in the extension, improvement, and decoration of 
 the " city of hot-springs. " And this able, judicious, 
 and enthusiastic promoter, appeared in the person 
 of "John Wood," about the year 1728. From his 
 designs arose those costly, stately, and palatial 
 terraces, the North and South-parades. Queen- 
 square was laid out, and built, soon after. The 
 Royal Circus, is a lasting evidence of the fertility 
 
84 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 of Wood's professional genius, and the descent into 
 Queen Square, Gay Street, commanding a view of 
 Beechen Cliff, is a decisive proof of his picturesque 
 taste. Imitators arose, warmed into energy by the 
 " Wood-example ;" and the building mania] that took 
 possession of the Bathonians, produced the magni- 
 ficent crescents, Marlborough Buildings, and other 
 avenues, which constitute Bath an architectural 
 wonder. Mr. Baldwin's plans for the extension of 
 Bath, after the example of the two Woods, was com- 
 prehensive and elegant, but possibly too ambitious 
 for the best interests of the locality it was in- 
 tended to benefit, and also carried to excess. The 
 breach of peace with France, however, terminated 
 Mr. Baldwin's speculations, and the extension of 
 the city of Bath, perhaps a perpetuite. 
 
 The ceinture of the ancient and mediceval cities has 
 been already noticed, and also the city-gates, one of 
 which, the East alone survives. This may be seen 
 in Boat-stall lane, leading to the Abattoir, with a 
 brick-built fac-simile of the old crenelled wall, 
 forming the basement story of a row of buildings. A 
 public conduit, St. Mary's, supplied with water from 
 St. Swithin's well on the brow of Beacon Hill, stood 
 immdiately within the north gate, and the High 
 Cross conduit was close by the church of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul. Stalls Cross was at the intersection of 
 Westgate and Cheap Streets, and St. James' Fount 
 was close by the church so styled. These useful and 
 salutary civic accommodations were destroyed by 
 fanatacism, when a destructive propensity pervaded 
 
MODERN HISTORY OF BATH. 85 
 
 the masses. Westgate, an unsightly pile in which, 
 were spacious apartments, frequently occupied by 
 members of the royal family, was removed so lately 
 as the year 1776 ; but the South-gate was taken 
 down in the year 1755. 
 
 Within the eastern quarter of the city are in- 
 cluded the Abbey precincts generally, the locality 
 of the Baths, Ralph Allen's noble Town-house, the 
 once lordly mansions called Gallaway's buildings, 
 and the pleasant area of the Orange Grove. With- 
 out the south gate are streets, and places, and 
 quays, with warehouses and wharfage, and several 
 ranges of well proportioned buildings in which the 
 elite of Bath resided a century since or less. St. 
 James' Parade and Westgate Buildings evidence 
 the past away dignity of this section. Kingsmead, 
 King Street, and Green Park Buildings, are situ- 
 ated without the ancient Westgate. To the north 
 of the old city quarters, have been added, in and 
 after the age of the Woods, Queen Square, the 
 Royal Circus, Royal Crescent, Somerset Place, 
 Lansdown Crescent, and St. James' Square. Im- 
 mediately below the latter lies the principal portion 
 of modern Bath, including the Assembly Rooms, 
 Belvedere, Belmont, Bennett and Rivers Streets, 
 Catharines Place, and other very elegant and lofty 
 ranges of private mansions. Milsom Street, and a 
 net-work of minor avenues occupy the suburban 
 area in the sheltered vicinity of the north-gate. 
 The traveller, in the old coaching days of " merry 
 England," was familiar with the extensive suburb 
 
86 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 lengthening along the river hanks for a considerable 
 distance, through Kensington and Grosvenor ; and 
 no resident of Bath can remain long unacquainted 
 with the architectural elegance, and noble propor- 
 tions of the mansions in Pulteney Street, and 
 Laura Place. 
 
 HISTOEY OF THE MINEEAL WATEES 
 AND BATHS. 
 
 (t The corporation will turn their thoughts to the baths ; 
 in justice to themselves ; for the good of their fellow crea- 
 tures; and in gratitude to the Almighty, for so great a 
 blessing." 
 
 Bath, 1777. JoHN WooD - 
 
 Fkom the analysis of the Blaedud legend, given 
 in the earlier pages, the presumption is in favour 
 of the Hot Springs having been known to the 
 Britons ; from authentic history we learn the cer- 
 tainty of the Romans being acquainted with them. 
 Indeed, during the Roman empire, buildings for the 
 enclosure of Baths in various Provinces, were con- 
 structed by them with great splendour, adorned with 
 paintings, statuary, libraries, gymnasia, and sur- 
 rounded by public walks. The Baths of Nero, 
 Titus, Caracalla, and Domitian, were the most dis- 
 tinguished for their magnificence ; and thirty min- 
 eral springs of Baden were frequented by the 
 Romans, and one of them is even now enclosed in 
 
HISTORY OF THE MINERAL WATERS AND BATHS. 87 
 
 a bath of Carrara marble obviously of Koman con- 
 struction. Baden, like Bath, has a Hall of anti- 
 quities enriched by the relics of Koman temples, 
 and of palaces that once encircled its healing 
 waters. It is ascertained also, that the Saxons 
 (a.d. 577), at first neglected, afterwards re-edified 
 the Koman " Bath Houses" and bestowed on the 
 city the names of Hcet-Bathen, Achemancestre, as indi- 
 cative of the nature end efficacy of the Springs. 
 Familiar, possibly, nay probably, with such w r aters 
 in their own country, as those of Carlsbad and 
 Toplitz, * the Saxon monarchs availed themselves 
 gladly of the advantages of a residence in Bath. 
 There Orsic dwelt and after him Offa. To these 
 mineral springs, Athelstan, Edgar, and their succes- 
 sors, some of whom bestowed privileges on the city, 
 and enriched the citizens, appeared grateful. Un- 
 der the Norman Kings, the baths again fell to decay, 
 but John de Villula, who obtained a grant of the 
 city and the waters, vested all profits arising from 
 the latter, in the prior and monks of the Abbey ; and 
 this investment was undisturbed until the dissolu- 
 tion of all religious houses in England. Infidelity 
 however, is sometimes found amongst members ot 
 the church, for those regular Clergy were so faith- 
 less to their trust, that they were " mulcted in the 
 penalty of £13 : 11, for dilapidations permitted in 
 the king's " bath houses" 
 
 * The temperature of Toplitz waters is 117°., Farn. 
 
88 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 The transfer of church property to lay-hands, in 
 the valley of Bath, has been previously detailed, un- 
 der which arrangement the Abbey, with the King's, 
 the Hot and Cross Baths, were vested in the 
 mayor and corporation, or rather citizens, of Bath ; 
 while the old Koman, or Kingston Baths, were 
 concealed beneath the site of the Priory, or Ab- 
 bey-house ; and this trust was further reposed, and 
 confirmed, by Queen Elizabeth, in the charter of 
 1590. Leland has described, with his accustomed 
 minuteness of detail, the precise condition of the 
 Baths and buildings immediately previous to the 
 dissolution of monasteries ; and William Turner, 
 in 1562, details the nature and properties of these 
 waters ; but his suggestions for improvement are 
 behind the age. Conscious of the vital importance 
 of the Hot Springs, the corporation restored the 
 dilapidated masonry of the Hot and Cross Baths, 
 shortly after the confirmation of their charter ; and 
 Mr. Bellot, a benefactor to the Abbey and the city, 
 constructed an entirely new reservoir for the bene- 
 fit of the poor, but its destiny was changed in 1615, 
 when it received its present title, "the Queen's 
 Bath." While Anne of Denmark, queen of our 
 James I., was in the King's Bath, a flame of phos- 
 phoretted hydrogen gas arose, and played upon the 
 surface of the waters, assumed a spherical form, 
 then vanished like the languishing lamp that just 
 flashes and dies. No explanation of the pheno- 
 menon could appease her Majesty's apprehensions, 
 and adopting the New, or People's Bath, in future, 
 
HISTORY OF THE MINERAL WATERS AND BATHS. 89 
 
 where no springs were, it has ever since been 
 called the Queen's. * 
 
 The Bath waters had now become as celebrated 
 amongst the Anglo-Saxons, as they ever were 
 amongst the various peoples that had been their 
 owners ; yet, so crude, and coarse, were the morals 
 of men in those days, that the citizens petitioned 
 King James for powers beyond those of their char- 
 ter, to reform abuses connected with the Baths and 
 their visitors. The expected fruits of this memo- 
 rial were blighted by the King's death, for no action 
 was taken upon it, as is evident from Dr. Jorden's 
 remonstrance, presented to the Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, stating " that the waters of Bath could 
 not display their virtues, and do that good for which 
 God had sent them to us, for* want of such govern- 
 ment as other Baths enjoy, although the corpora- 
 tion had done all in their power to remedy the evil." 
 These disorders reached their climax in the reign 
 of Charles the first, when the bathers were exposed 
 to the public gaze, and the immediate locality of 
 the springs was like a " bear-garden ; " but, on the 
 
 * If superstition had any share in her Majesty's alarm, 
 her chaplain confessor might have allayed its terrors, by the 
 assurance, that these appearances were rather propitious 
 than otherwise ; for, when 
 
 «' A lambent flame arose, which gently spread 
 Around his brows, and on his temples fed !" 
 
 u the brows and temples of Ascanius," his grandsire, the 
 husband of Venus, declared the phenomenon to be " a glad 
 presage from Jove." 
 
90 THE HTSTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 28th October 1650, regulations'for the suppression 
 of nuisances, and institution of good order were 
 enacted, and enforced, by the^Magistrates, " from 
 which period people began to flock to Bath for 
 recreation, as well as for the benefit of the waters/' 
 
 Many eminent medical men of this, and subse- 
 quent periods, have written upon the nature, uses, 
 abuses, and efficacy of these waters.* Dr. Caius,f 
 physician successively to Edward VI., Mary, and 
 Elizabeth, recommended their use privately to his 
 patients ; so that their modern celebrity may be 
 said to have been established by the last of the 
 Tudors and first of the Stuarts. 
 
 A large share of merit and considerable debt of 
 gratitude are due, from Bath, and from the nation 
 generally, to Dr. Venner, for, certainly, to him 
 belongs the praise of having first recommended the 
 use of the waters internally. His treatise estab- 
 lished the practise to which the growth and pros- 
 perity of Bath in the eighteenth century, is mainly 
 attributable. 
 
 But grief still treads upon the heels of pleasure, 
 for scarcely had the Bathonians congratulated 
 themselves upon the prosperity that loomed, and 
 
 * Amongst the earlier are found the names of Turner, 
 Jones, Venner, Jorden, Guidott, and Chapman. The later 
 include Lucas, W. Falconer, Oliver, Gibbes, Wilkinson, Bar- 
 low, Granville, Tunstall, and K. W. Falconer, &c. 
 
 + He was the founder of the college in Cambridge which 
 bears his name. He wrote several works but none of them 
 were so brief as his epitaph — " Fui Caius" 
 
HISTORY OF THE MINERAL WATERS AND BATHS. 91 
 
 at no great distance, from the blessing of these 
 tepid mineral waters, when all her wollen manu- 
 factures, her only staple trade, suddenly collapsed, 
 and never rallied again. Political economists may 
 question, whether the sum of human happiness was 
 diminished by this surcease, and the events of the 
 nineteenth century afford some grave reflections 
 for legislators on this subject. Here the poetic 
 view of the question alone can be admitted, and 
 that is in favour of an Arcadian life, 
 
 " And are not wholesome airs, though unperfumed 
 By roses, and clear suns, though scarcely felt, 
 To be prefer'd to the eclipse 
 That manufacturing Volcanoes make ? " Cowper. 
 
 Both princes and people in every age in Euro- 
 pean history, have shown a partiality for the enjoy- 
 ment and benefit of bathing in tepid mineral waters. 
 To the latter the opportunity has always been judi- 
 ciously afforded, but, crowned heads have actually 
 built their palaces or sojourned, frequently in their 
 vicinity. Charlemagne's favourite palace was at 
 Aix-la-Chappelle, and we are informed that he 
 received foreign ambassadors, and held his levees, 
 while he was in the bath, having caused the waters 
 to be perfumed, after the example of Caligula. 
 What, and how close, the connection of our first 
 Norman Kings was with Bath city, has been 
 noticed ; the patronage of our monarchs of subse- 
 quent times remains to be acknowledged. 
 
 Our most wise, wily, and conservative queen, 
 
92 THE HJSTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Elizabeth, saw the ill effects of encouraging wealth 
 to travel, and knew that the fashion of the court 
 became that of the country. For these reasons 
 she visited her subjects, and used her influence 
 to detain invalids at home, by improving those 
 means of recovering health^which Providence had 
 bestowed upon their native land. In the year 1591, 
 her Majesty honoured Sir John Harrington, her 
 godson and favourite, with a visit at his house of 
 Kelston ; but there is assurance that she had 
 visited Bath previously to that date. (Vide p. 77.) 
 
 The example of Queen Elizabeth produced salu- 
 tary effects, for, year after year, Bath grew in im- 
 portance, and the fame of its waters was so com- 
 pletely established that the noble and the affluent, 
 in large numbers, resided here at the appropriate 
 seasons. The generous and grateful Viscountess 
 Scudamore settled an annual stipend on a physi- 
 cian, elected by the mayor and alderman, to advise 
 the sick poor, for whom a public bath was always 
 maintained. It is however, from the era of the 
 merry monarch, Charles II., that the modern cele- 
 brity of the Bath waters must be dated. Having 
 accepted an invitation, conveyed in a loyal address 
 from the citizens, the king visited Bath, accom- 
 panied by his queen, and state physician, Sir Alex- 
 ander Frazer, and took up his residence here for 
 
 period. So satisfied was their medical adviser of 
 the benefits derivable from the internal use of the 
 waters, that he not only recommended them to his 
 royal patients, but participated in their advantage 
 
HISTOKY OF THE MINERAL WATERS AND BATHS. 98 
 
 himself. Indeed, after the return of their Majes- 
 ties to court, Sir Alexander, finding his own infir- 
 mities increase, gave the best possible evidence of 
 his confidence in the restorative qualities of these 
 springs, by himself becoming a resident of Bath. 
 
 Queen Anne, and her consort, the Prince of 
 Denmark, contributed, (by their example, to aug- 
 ment the popularity, and feeling of fashionable 
 society for Bath as a residence, in the years 1702 
 and 1703. During their visits, the city was so 
 crowded, that numbers were obliged to provide 
 lodgings in the neighbouring villages, where the 
 agreeable character of the scenery afforded an 
 equivalent for the inconvenience of the accom- 
 modation. His Boyal Highness, Frederick Prince 
 of Wales (father of George III.,) and his consort, 
 made Bath their residence for some time in the year 
 1737, an event commemorated by the obelisk in 
 Queen Square. (Vide Guildhall and Queen Square). 
 In the early part of the present century, the large 
 house at the east end of Sydney Place, was occu- 
 pied by Queen Charlotte, consort of George III., 
 whose infirmities, for which she daily drank the 
 waters, were beyond medical aid, and under which 
 she shortly afterwards sunk. On the 1st of Au- 
 gust, 1827, Bath was visited by that exemplary 
 lady, Queen Adelaide, consort of William IV. ; and 
 on the 21st of September, 1830, the King of the 
 Belgians was welcomed by the inhabitants. Her 
 late Royal Highness, the Duchess of Kent and 
 her Majesty, Queen Victoria, were present at the 
 
94 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 opening of the Park, on the 23rd of October 1830, 
 and at her command, and by her desire, that beauti- 
 ful demesne received the prefix of " The Boyal 
 Victoria Park." 
 
 Many foreigners, of rank and distinction, have 
 admired the architectural grandeur of this city, the 
 singular beauty of its position, and expressed their 
 acknowledgments of the benefits derived from the 
 use of its mineral waters. Of these, the best re- 
 membered, because most publicly honoured, is the 
 Prince of Orange, whose residence, in the year 1734, 
 is recorded by the obelisk, which Mr. Nash caused 
 to be erected in that area, which has ever since been 
 called " The Orange Grove." Amongst the latest, 
 was the Duke de Montpensier, who, in 1862, made 
 a careful inquiry into the character and efficacy of 
 the different springs, and congratulated the corpo- 
 ration upon being the trustees of this great and 
 beautiful gift of Providence. 
 
 Where those royal aud noble personages were 
 respectively lodged, cannot now be pointed out with 
 precision. The building called the Westgate, no 
 longer in existence, contained a suite of apartments 
 usually appropriated to the accommodation of roy- 
 alty. The Barton-house, Queen Elizabeth's unpre- 
 tending residence, still survives, as well as the house 
 occupied by the establishment of Queen Charlotte. 
 The Duchess of Kent, and her august daughter, 
 Princess Victoria, her present most gracious Ma- 
 jesty, resided, during their brief sojourn, at the 
 "York House." But the venerable pile, the Abbey 
 
CONSTITUTION ALD APPLICATION OF BATH WATERS. 95 
 
 House, known popularly as "the Royal Lodgings," 
 was taken down in 1755, when coins, coffins, 
 Roman remains, and the springs which supplied 
 their baths, were discovered. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION AND APPLICATION OF 
 THE BATH WATEES. 
 
 " Each human lip, that drinks of this bright wave, 
 " Drinks to a temporary triumph o'er the grave." 
 
 Bath owes its celebrity, its prosperity, to the pres- 
 ence of its mineral springs, the true origin of which, 
 the bounty of Providence being left unquestioned, 
 seems involved in that darkness with which the 
 earth veils her most valued treasures. Volcanic 
 origin is rejected, because no traces of that char- 
 acter exist ; but, Vulcanic is dwelt on, and the 
 central heat of the earth concluded to be our only 
 alternative in the investigation. However, bathing 
 has been practised by all nations, from the time 
 when " prorepserunt primis animalia, terris," and in 
 every climate, torrid, temperate, or frigid ; further, 
 it is somewhat extraordinary, that the ceremonies 
 adopted in the process by all, closely resemble, 
 allowance being made for the customs of the respec- 
 tive countries. Amongst the Greeks, promiscuous 
 bathing was permitted, but, the early Romans ex- 
 pressed disgust at this permission, and instituted 
 the strictest rules for the observance of delicacy at 
 
96 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH* 
 
 public Baths. But virtue decayed as wealth in- 
 creased, and these restraints were ultimately vio- 
 lated. Possibly the luxurious imperialists be- 
 queathed to Bath this undesirable legacy, which 
 was found to exist in the year 1449, to such an ex- 
 tent, that Bishop Beckynton threatened to visit 
 all such breaches of decorum with fine and excom- 
 munication. This excellent moral law laid the 
 foundation of Nash's fame, and fortunes, in after 
 ages, for he deliberately threw a gentlemen into 
 the baths, for merely expressing a wish to be there, 
 while his wife was bathing, adorned with her fash- 
 ionable head-dress. A duel was one of the con- 
 sequences — the moralist's subsequent appointment 
 " Master of the Ceremonies," was, deservedly, the 
 other. 
 
 In oriental countries bathing is a religious ele- 
 ment, especially [amongst Mussulmans ; and even 
 in bleak, cold, Russia it constitutes a luxury. When 
 the Russian, of high rank, has enjoyed a steam, 
 vapour, or hot bath, pails of cold water are poured 
 over his head, after which he takes a draught of 
 English ale, then white wine, with toasted bread, 
 sugar, and citrons ; and finally, reclines for a time, 
 upon a couch. Humbler bathers, having cooled 
 themselves in the snow, drink a glass of brandy, 
 and resume their labours. The natives of those 
 inhospitable latitudes, regard baths as a necessary 
 of life, and they are, in consequence, found in every 
 village. 
 
 Two modern and learned physicians, Gibbes and 
 
CONSTITUTION AND APPLICATION OF BATH WATERS. 97 
 
 Wilkinson, have suggested totally different the- 
 ories as to the cause of heat in these waters ; hut 
 this need not surprise the invalid, for Galen and 
 Celsus, each surnamed Hippocrates, ahove a thou- 
 sand years ago, differed as to the mode of using 
 tepid baths.* 
 
 There is a remarkable proof that " depth in the 
 earth" is not, in all cases, necessary to the com- 
 munication of heat in thermal springs. At the 
 beginning of the last century a considerable 
 diminution occurred in the Aquce Sextice baths at 
 Aix, in consequence of wells having been sunk at 
 Barret, two miles distant, which threw up to the 
 surface a copious supply, of like character to that in 
 the town, but perfectly cold. The magistrates im- 
 mediately closed the wells, and, in twenty days the 
 hot springs regained their usual volume. The 
 source of heat, therefore, lay between Barret and 
 Aquce Sextice. 
 
 Similar incidents, and attended with similar 
 results, have occurred in the locality of the hot 
 springs of Bath. By the sinking of a shaft at 
 Batheaston, in search of coal, the supply of hot 
 water was interrupted ; and, in 1811, an escape of 
 water from the springs was detected, and prevented. 
 In 1835, the hot water burst into a well, only 250 
 
 *In Warner's History of Bath, p. 379, may be seen a cata- 
 logue of the treatises (39 in number) on the Bath waters, 
 published between the year 1708 (the date of Guidott) and 
 1800 (that ot'Gibbes). 
 
 H 
 
98 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 yards from the Queen's bath, by which the supply 
 to the baths was sensibly diminished, and the tern* 
 perature of all, except that of the Kingston Baths, 
 lowered. With little difficulty in each case the 
 accident was remedied. 
 
 Mineral waters are as various in their effects 
 upon the constitution, as they are in their specific 
 composition, and, it is for that reason, that they 
 should be selected, adopted, and used under medi- 
 cal direction. Such waters are generally impreg- 
 nated with acid, or saline bodies, so as to derive from 
 them their peculiarities, and, popularly speaking, 
 they are divided into four classes: — acidulous or 
 carbonated, saline, chalybeate or ferruginous, and 
 sulphureous. The first class are characterized by 
 an acid taste, and by the disengagement of fixed air. 
 They contain five or six times their volume of 
 carbonic acid gas ; the salts which they include, are 
 muriates and carbonates of lime and magnesia, car- 
 bonate and sulphate of iron, and possibly other, even 
 vegetable matter, in very minute proportions. The 
 waters of Bath, Bristol, Vichi, Mont D'or, and 
 Seltz, and many others, partake of these characters. 
 At Vichi, the springs of which admit correctly of a 
 comparison with those of Bath, they range in tem- 
 perature, from 72° to 112°, of Fahr., while the latter 
 attain a maximum heat of 120°, and descend to 104° 
 of the same scale. For internal use the Bath waters 
 are said to be preferable to those of similar conti- 
 nental waters, but the thermal springs of Baden- 
 Baden, reaching 153°, and [of Wiesbaden, 158°, are 
 
CONSTITUTION AND APPLICATION OF BATHWATERS. 99 
 
 obviously more advisable, when higher temperatures 
 are the only alternative left to the valetudinarian. 
 
 Mr. Walcker (pupil of Professor Struve) has left 
 an analysis of the Bath waters, which medical men 
 seem to have adopted. According to him, water 
 drawn from " the King's Bath, " is found to 
 contain : — 
 
 Carbonates 
 of 
 
 Chloride 
 of 
 
 Lime 
 
 JVI agnesia 
 
 Oxyde of Iron 
 
 Soda 
 
 Sodium 
 (common salt) 
 Magnesium 
 
 Sulphate 
 of 
 
 Lime 
 
 Potassa 
 
 Soda 
 
 Alumina and Silicic Acid. 
 
 Modem analysts have detected the presence of iron 
 in these waters, but some found it in the form of 
 oxyde, others in that of proto-carbonate, while there 
 are those who have denied its presence altogether, 
 because it was not detected, in some cases, when 
 submitted to the usual test, tincture of galls. That 
 iron does evaporate from these waters under the 
 common pressure of the atmosphere, has been 
 proved by the Wilkinsonian experiment. If a 
 piece of linen be steeped in a tincture of galls, and 
 immediately suspended over the spring, in a short 
 time it will become tanned. And to this peculiarly 
 subtle form of combination, too subtle to be imitated 
 in any artificial composition, it is, that the salutary 
 properties of these waters are to be attributed. 
 From this fugacious combination of iron it follows, 
 that, to be beneficial, the waters must be drank 
 immediately from the fountain, for, the iron is rap- 
 
 LofC. 
 
100 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 idly precipitated when the water cools. The pa- 
 tient can satisfy himself of this fact by observing 
 the precipitation of iron on the glasses in constant 
 use at the Pump Booms, which imparts an orange 
 colour that is with difficulty removed. The older 
 analysts have noticed a circumstance which has 
 escaped the vigilance of their followers, it is, the 
 great deposition of carbonate of lime, which takes 
 place wherever the waters have come in contact 
 with the iron pipes, or ducts, used for their con- 
 veyance. In some instances the incrustation has 
 completely closed up the orifice. 
 
 EFFECTS OF THE BATH WATERS GENERALLY, AND 
 THE DISEASES IN WHICH THEY ARE USED. 
 
 The inteknal use. — Bath waters are beneficial in 
 cases of debility, but prejudicial in inflammatory 
 diseases ; applied externally, they stimulate the 
 skin, strengthen the muscles, render stiff joints 
 supple, and quicken the circulation so much as to 
 indicate the necessity for caution in their use. 
 Great benefit is derived from this water by gouty 
 patients when it produces anomalous affections of 
 the head, stomach, and bowels, for it then brings on, 
 by warmth, an active local motion, thereby transfer- 
 ring dangerous symptoms. But the waters should 
 never be taken during a fit of the gout, nor during 
 any inflammatory action ; after its subsidence they 
 may be drank with advantage. Partaking of chaly- 
 
EFFECTS OF THE BATH WATERS. IOC 
 
 beate properties, they are beneficial in affections 
 of the liver, dyspepsia, obstruction of the mesen- 
 teric glands, hypochondriasis, and various other 
 forms of disease. Their value in paralytic cases 
 is considered doubtful, and in pulmonary, injuri- 
 ous. In general, these waters act on the constitu- 
 tion, not only as a diluent, but as a stimulant and 
 tonic; the pulsations are quickened, the secretions 
 increased, and the nervous energies accelerated. 
 
 Under medical guidance alone should the invalid 
 commence the internal use of the waters ; and, 
 the quantity should be gradually increased, from a 
 glass or quarter-pint, taken before breakfast, and a 
 like quantity at noon, until it reaches two full 
 glasses at each visit to the fountain. Discretion 
 is to be exercised, whenever the waters appear to dis- 
 agree with a patient ; because, possibly, a different 
 fountain, or spring, would be preferable. Under the 
 pressure of infirmity, we are seldom competent to 
 prescribe for ourselves, and, although medical trea- 
 tises may afford information, they often also create 
 the most distressing apprehensions. Each disease, 
 complaint, or attack, is to be decided upon its own 
 particular and special demerits. When the use 
 of the waters occasions an immediate glow in the 
 stomach, increased appetite, and elevated spirits, 
 they are beneficial ; when it is attended with head- 
 ache, dryness of the tongue, and nausea, they should 
 be discontinued. In a sanguinous, healthy sub- 
 ject, the waters will quicken the circulation, the face 
 will become flushed, and sometimes a violent head- 
 
102 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. . 
 
 ache may follow. " However," says Dr. Saunders, 
 " with well regulated expectations, and under judi- 
 cious treatment, the invalid will seldom be here 
 disappointed, and he may fairly consider the ther- 
 mal springs of Bath the most valuable natural 
 waters which our island possesses." 
 
 The external use.— The effects of the Bath 
 waters, in cases where they are believed to be salu- 
 tary, and are recommended by the falculty, would 
 appear to be satisfactorily shown by the returns 
 from the Mineral Water Hospital. Between May 
 1742, and May 1862, the report informs us that 
 12,025 cases were cured; 20.172, relieved (vide 
 art. Mineral Hospital). This is a direct argument 
 pro tanto, certainly, in favour of the healing quali- 
 ties of the waters. But, statistics, exclusively, are 
 not in many cases, rather in very few, to be relied 
 on as conclusive. So far from showing, incon- 
 trovertibly, the full efficacy of the external applica- 
 tion of the Bath Waters, it only proves that so 
 many were relieved, leaving the other cases to the 
 result of inquiry (now impossible), and which would, 
 in all human probability, show, that the waters 
 were not fully, fairly, and sufficiently tried in many 
 cases ; not suited to the malady in others ; and, 
 lastly, that the invalids were impatient and with- 
 drew. Sufficient evidence of the beneficial results 
 of "thermal mineral -water bathing " exists to en- 
 courage those afflicted with paralysis, incipient 
 gout, chronic affections, atonic or unformed gout, 
 different forms of palsy, rheumatism, lumbago* 
 
EFFECTS OF THE BATH WATERS. 103 
 
 sciatica, lead or painters' colic, chlorosis, bilious dis- 
 orders, disease of the mesenteric glands, leprosy, 
 and sometimes derangements of the alimentary 
 canal. During the inflammatory stages of diseases, 
 bathing, pumping and drinking are to be avoided, 
 as not merely improper, but unsafe. With regard 
 to the time of continuance in the bath, from a quarter 
 to half an hour, three times in the week, is usual, 
 the water not being above 98°. This however is a 
 point on which the medical attendant should be 
 consulted, longer periods being often advisable, as 
 in cases of rigidity of the muscles, stiffened joints, 
 and all herpetic diseases. But if vertigo, lassi- 
 tude, or faintness ensue, then the period should 
 be shortened. 
 
 The Pump is a valuable accession to the pre- 
 vious modes discovered for an effective employment 
 of the waters. Sometimes the patient is pumped 
 on while in the bath ; in cases where topical appli- 
 cation is requisite " dry pumping" is adopted. 
 
 The necessity for professional guidance, in using 
 the waters, is here frequently dwelt on, in addition 
 even, to the aid which such an indispensable man- 
 ual as Dr. Falconer's " Bath and Mineral Waters 
 of Bath" affords; for "there are many things," 
 writes Jorden, " about the virtues and uses of our 
 baths, which cannot be intimated to the patient 
 without dangerous mistaking : besides, the art of 
 medicine goes on two legs, Experience and Reason. 
 If either be defective, our physic must be lame. 
 Both should go together ; wherefore it is, that I 
 refer physicians' work unto physicians themselves." 
 
104 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 THE KING'S BATH, 
 
 This is the most ancient, celebrated, and popu- 
 lar, of all the " Baths of Bath," and King Blae- 
 dud, probably, is commemorated in its royal desig- 
 nation. In the year 1236, it was enclosed sub- 
 stantially at the Prior's expense ; it is immediately 
 
 The King's Bath. 
 
 adjacent to the Grand Pump Boom (Kur Saal) ; 
 was the scene of Nash's chivalrous exploit of 
 plunging the too-fond husband, headforemost, into 
 the steaming fountain ; and, it once possessed an 
 unenviable notoriety from being the aqueous pro- 
 menade of both sexes " simultaneously." In the 
 
THE KING'S BATH. 105 
 
 palmy days of Bath, so often, so variously, and so 
 injudiciously referred to, the visitor might have 
 witnessed, at an early hour, in the two royal baths, 
 the fair sex, full toiletted and Men coiffees, wading 
 up to their chins, escorted by their cavaliers, with 
 powdered hair and bag wigs, indulging in all the 
 luxury of the bath at a temperature of 105°. 
 
 " Oh ! 'twas a glorious sight to behold the fair sex, 
 All wading with gentlemen up to their necks." 
 
 Yet with all these accessions by the votaries of 
 pleasure, moderns never equalled the original con- 
 structors of systematic and scientific Etablissements 
 Thermals, the Komans, over whose costly structures 
 the King's Bath is probably situated. The walls 
 of the bathing-apartments of Titus, at Borne, were 
 adorned with fresco paintings ; music poured 
 forth its assuaging tones during the ceremony of 
 bathing; the waters were perfumed, and some- 
 times the walls were anointed with valuable 
 unguents. 
 
 The area of the King's Bath, separately, measures 
 fifty-nine feet in length by forty in breadth, and 
 when filled to a depth of four feet and a half, con- 
 tains 346 tons, 2 hogsheads and 36 gallons of 
 water. The hot spring is situated near to the 
 centre of the Bath, and the waters issue impetuously 
 through a perforated iron plate, as well as through 
 apertures around it, by which means an equable 
 temperature is maintained, otherwise the waters 
 near to the walls would never exceed 100°. The 
 
106 THE HTSTOEIC GUTDE TO BATH. 
 
 temperature at the bottom of the well is 11 6 Q ; 
 inside the central railed enclosure, 114° ; more 
 remote from the centre, lower still ; and the spring 
 yields two hogsheads and a half each minute. On 
 the west side are four stone sedilia, beneath an 
 arcade, after the old Eoman manner. Opposite, 
 are four others, corresponding in design. A stone 
 chair is fixed against the south wall, on the back 
 of which these words are legible: — "Anastasia 
 Gray gave this, 1739." An Elizabethan balus- 
 trade,* the gift of Sir Francis Stonor, in 1624, and 
 judiciously restored by the corporation, in 1863, is 
 carried along the summit of the west and south 
 walls, terminated by a figure of Blaedud, in a sit- 
 ting posture, beneath which is the following in- 
 scription : — 
 
 " Blaedud, son of Lud Hudibras, eigth king of the Britons, 
 from Brute, a great philosopher and mathematician, bred 
 at Athens, and recorded the first discoverer and founder of 
 these Baths, eight hundred and sixty three years before 
 Christ, that is two thousand five hundred and sixty two 
 years to the present year, one thousand six hundred and 
 ninety nine." 
 
 Blaedud's effigy could not, in any case, be other 
 
 * The gift of Sir Francis is properly dated 1624, and that 
 of the inscription, 1697, is equally correct, being that of its 
 insertion in the wall of the Bath : — " Francis Stonor, of 
 Stonor in the county of Oxon, Kt., troubled with the Gout 
 and aches, in the limbs, received benefit by the Bath, and 
 living many years after, well in health, to the age of near 
 99, in memory of the same gave the stone raile, about ye 
 Bath, in the year 1697." 
 
THE KING'S BATH. 107 
 
 than faithless ; in this instance it is singularly un- 
 true. Having for many years represented King 
 Edward III., in a niche above the north-gate, it 
 was transported to the baths, adapted to an earlier 
 age, and placed in its present position, so that, 
 though a false Blaedud, it is a true Eikon Basilike, 
 
 On the north side of the Bath two semi-enclosed 
 vaulted recesses communicate with the corridor 
 above, and with the open bath outside. That in the 
 north-west angle is called the " Duchess of Cleve- 
 land's Bath," from the brazen ring attached to the 
 wall bearing her grace's title. Above and behind 
 these vaulted closets, and beneath the Pump Koom, 
 a corridor extends, into which, open the dressing, 
 and reclining bath-rooms, altogether superior in 
 fittings and furniture to many that are numerously 
 visited bv English travellers and invalids on the 
 continent.* 
 
 Four arched niches, within a colonade, occupy 
 the eastern side, allowing also a flight of steps 
 leading to the entre in Abbey Place, by which 
 chairs can reach the dressing rooms in the corri-, 
 dor beneath the Pump Boom. 
 
 Early in the seventeenth century, and when the 
 popularity of these waters had revived, numerous 
 visitors of rank and fortune, left here some memo- 
 
 * " The cabinets des bains are dark hot cells : the baths 
 themselves, though of marble, mere troughs, calculated to 
 inspire disgust in those who either do not tfeed, or are not 
 convinced of their sanative power." — Handbook for the South 
 of France, 
 
108 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 rial of their recovery. This sense of gratitude, or 
 refinement of superstition, assumed, in most in- 
 stances, the form of a ponderous brazen Ring, in- 
 scribed with the name of the donor, and fixed secure- 
 ly in the walls of each bath, to aid future sufferers 
 in their promenades. The corporation have caused 
 the inscriptions on the rings that remain, to be 
 renewed, during their very liberal, and public- 
 spirited restoration of the whole mineral-water 
 establishment and property, in the years 1862-63.* 
 
 * A Record and Register of these votive rings was made 
 by Guidott (1691) and Warner (1801), from which it 
 appears, that there were 213 presented, and attached to the 
 walls of the different baths, of which 28 only can now he 
 found. In the King's Bath there were 104 ; the Queen's 
 31 ; the Oofs Bath, 40 ; Hot Bath, 33 ; and 5 were presented 
 subsequently to 1724. The following list includes the 
 rings that remain, with their inscriptions : — 
 
 A ring, A.D. 1639. 
 
 THOMAS WINDHAM Esq., gave six rings to this Cross, 
 a.d, 1664. 
 
 ROGER KEMPE, Citizen and Skinner, of London, gave 
 one ring to the Cross, A.D. 1667. 
 
 Amongst the contributions made to the Special Exhibi- 
 tion of Works of Art, at the South Kensington Museum, 
 which took place in the year 1862, the " Skinner's Com- 
 pany " contributed " A silver snuff-box, in the shape of a 
 leopard, the company's crest; the gift of Roger Kempe, mas- 
 ter, 1667," who was not improbably a relation of the donor 
 of the ring. 
 
 E. F., a very old ring, without date. 
 
 B. CAREW. To each of two columns in the bath, one 
 towards the west, and the other towards the east, is attached 
 a ring, without date, bearing the following inscription : — 
 
THE KING'S BATH. 109 
 
 Votive offerings certainly partake of those senti. 
 ments that led to the enclosure of Holy- Wells and 
 
 " In gbatum Testimonium Divine Bonitatis posuit 
 
 b. CABEW." 
 
 JOHN BEVET. At the entrance from the King's to the 
 Queen's Bath, is placed a massive brazen ring, with the fol- 
 lowing inscription : — " I, John Revet, His Majesty's Brazier, 
 at 50 ye, of age, in ye present month of July, 1674, Received 
 Cure of a True Palsie From Head to Foot on one side,** 
 " Thanks be to God." 
 
 DUCHESS OF CLEVELAND. A large ring inscribed 
 *' Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, Anno Domini 1674." On 
 the staple are engraved the arms of [the Cleveland family, 
 surmounted by a coronet. This ring was removed hither 
 from the Cross Bath. 
 
 ABBAHAM EUDHALL. A large ring with the follow- 
 ing imperfect inscription : — " The Gift of Abrm Eudhall 
 * * * Bell founder in Glostr." 
 
 LYDIA WHITE. A large and handsomely ornamented 
 ring, removed hither from the Cross Bath, and inscribed 
 " Lydia White, Dawter of William White, Citizen and Draper 
 of London, 1612." 
 
 SIR GEORGE NORTON, of Abbots Leigh, in the county 
 of Somerset, Baronet, gave one ring, 26 July, 1689. 
 
 ELIZABETH STRATTON gave one ring, with this 
 inscription " The Gift of Mrs. Elizabeth Stratton of Lon- 
 don, 1689." On the boss are engraved the armorial bear- 
 ings of the Strattons. 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1724, Thomas Atwood, Mayor;* 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1735, Thomas Atwood, Mayor;' 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1746, Thomas Atwood, Mayor," 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1748," 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1752," 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1752," 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1752," 
 
 " BATH CITY, 1754, Thomas Atwood, Mayor," on the 
 south side of the bath. 
 
110 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 erection of oratories. Such credulity is fully testi- 
 fied by the litters of the impotent, and crutches of 
 the lame, still dependent from the roof of St. Wini- 
 fred's beautiful Tudor-temple at Holywell, in 
 Wales. So gladiators offered their arms to Her- 
 cules ; slaves and captives, when set free, their 
 chains to the Lares ; and the Philistines did some- 
 thing similar (1 Sam. vt. 14). But when the 
 rescued mariner pointed to his votive tablet, in 
 Neptune's Temple, on the shore, his companion 
 inquired for the record of all those that the sea- 
 god forgot to save. 
 
 THE QUEEN'S BATH. 
 
 This Bath covers an area twenty five feet square, 
 and is always of the same depth as the King's, with 
 which it has an immediate and free communica- 
 tion. It is calculated to contain 19,000 gallons, 
 the temperature averaging 100°. This degree of 
 heat, so nearly that of the human body, is a decided 
 advantage ; besides, the maintenance of that equa- 
 bility, by continuous influx and efflux, renders this 
 bain chaud preferable to the single private baths, 
 which are supplied, once for all, at a given degree of 
 heat. Beneath blank arcades, on the north and east 
 sides, are stone sedilia, and to the walls adjoining 
 are attached votive brazen rings, inscribed with the 
 
 Four rings remain without inscriptions, initials, or date, 
 in this bath ; one on the north, a second on the east, and 
 two on the south side. 
 
THE QUEEN'S BATH. Ill 
 
 donor's name or title.* There are four dressing- 
 
 * EICHAED PEMBER gave one ring, without date. 
 
 ELIZABETH, COTTON, of Plymouth, in the county of 
 Devon, gave one ring, A.D. 1683. 
 
 MR. KINGSTON, common Brewer of Plymouth, gave 
 one ring, without date. 
 
 THOMAS WINDHAM. One of his six rings removed 
 from the Cross, is placed on the east side of this Cross. 
 
 A ring with this inscription: — "In Memoriam Provi- 
 dentise Divinae, Anno Domini, 1698." On the hoss, " Jasiel 
 Grov — (probably es.), of London." 
 
 THOMAS DELVES, Bart. This ring bears the follow- 
 ing inscription on one side : — " Thomas Delves, B. By 
 Gods Marcy and Pumping here formerly ayded," and on 
 the other, " Against an Imposthume in his head, caused 
 this to be fixed, June the 13, 1693." This ring is fixed to 
 the east wall of the bath. Guidott (De Therm. Brit.) says 
 that " Sir Thomas Delves of Doddington, in the county of 
 Chester, Knight and Baronet, gave two rings, A.D. 1681," 
 to the Hot or Long Bath. The date (1693) of the existing 
 ring was perfectly distinguishable before it was re- cut. The 
 boss of the staple bears the coat of arms. 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1748," 
 
 "BATH CITY, 1748," with " M" on the boss of the 
 staple. 
 
 WILLIAM WHITMORE, Bart. On one side of this 
 ring is inscribed, " Sir William Whitmore Barronnet, when 
 Mr. Robert Chapman His Fiind was 2d time Mayor, 1677." 
 On the other side, " Sr. William Whitmore, Knight and 
 Baron Knight, An. Do. 1679." On the boss of the ring- 
 staple is a coat of arms. 
 
 Guidott says that "Sir William Whitmore, Baronet, and 
 Sir Thomas Whitmore, Knight of the Bath, brothers, gave 
 each two rings, A.D. 1679," to the Cross Bath. 
 
 Besides these, there are two blank rings in this bath, 
 one on the east and another on the south side. 
 
112 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 rooms, and one reclining bath-room, appropriated 
 to the " Queen's Bath," and accessible from the 
 open water. 
 
 This bath was constructed in 1597, by Mr. 
 Bellot, and called by him the " New Bath," but, 
 after it had been used by Anne, Queen of James I,, 
 (p. 88,) an ornamental memorial was erected in the 
 centre by the citizens, finished on the top with the 
 crown of England over a globe, on which was 
 graven in letters of gold, " anna regina sacrum" 
 (Warner's Hist. p. 321). Captain Henry Chapman, 
 Mayor of Bath in 1664, caused a tablet to be 
 inserted in the west wall of this Bath, the inscrip- 
 tion on which set forth, that these waters were 
 free to the public, by the bounty of God and char- 
 ter of the king. 
 
 Dr. Granville recommends, "that a thick layer of 
 fine sand should be strewn over the pavement, 
 affording an agreeable warmth to the bathers' feet, 
 a practice adopted at Wildbad, and which would 
 be attended with but little labour." Adjoining the 
 Queen's Bath, on the east, is the cooling reservoir, 
 capable of containing 30,000 gallons of water, which 
 are employed for regulating the temperature of 
 the Private Baths. The jet d'eau in the centre 
 is forced up by a steam engine, and a second 
 engine draws a supply from the spring-head and 
 discharges it at different destinations, the Douches, 
 Pump-room, &c. The hours in each day, the days 
 in each week, and weeks in each month, on which 
 the baths are open, are specified in the printed 
 
THE CROSS BATH. 113 
 
 regulations furnished to enquirers at the Pump 
 Room.* 
 
 THE CEOSS BATH, 
 
 " Many the heart that has before yon cross 
 Laid down the burden of its heavy cares, 
 And felt a joy that is not of this world." 
 
 Frugality is an element in the selection of this 
 bath, which is chiefly intended for the general 
 public. The waters well up about one hundred 
 yards south-west of the King's Bath, fourteen feet 
 below the pavement, and cover an irregularly- 
 shaped area having an average length of twenty feet, 
 and breadth of sixteen. It contains, when filled, 
 about 10,000 gallons, and its temperature, averag- 
 ing 100°, is the lowest of all the springs. Around 
 the waters are one public and twelve private dress- 
 ing-rooms, and the frequenters (the male class only) 
 are admitted, if they bring towels, at the charge of 
 twopence, if not, of threepence each. Many votive 
 rings were formerly fixed in the walls of this bath, 
 but none now remain, owing to alterations, and 
 re-edification, made in 1790, under the direction 
 of Thomas Baldwin, city architect. Old Blaedud, 
 however, in alto-relievo, still remains. 
 
 Attracted by the repute of these springs, in some 
 
 * " King's and Queen's Baths." — The terms for private baths, 
 on the ground floor, with dressing room, &c, are one shilling 
 and sixpence ; reclining bath, on basement, or public bath, 
 with private .dressing-room, sixpence ; with fire, one shilling. 
 
114 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 of the most delicate cases, Mary Beatrice, queen 
 of James II., visited the city, in hopes, during the 
 year 1687 ; and, after their realization, permitted 
 the then (a.d. 1688) Secretary of State, John, Earl 
 of Melfort, to erect in the Cross Bath, a costly 
 ornamental memorial, exhibiting a pompous state- 
 ment, properly in Latin, rather too much in detail. 
 The design and its needless explanation, are pre- 
 served in Warner's History of Bath. But, neither 
 the advice nor the experiment possessed originality, 
 for, it was just a century before, that Fernel, phy- 
 sician to Catherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II. 
 of France, recommended Her Majesty to visit the 
 waters of Bourbon-Lancy, with precisely a similar 
 anticipation. Queen Catherine had subsequently 
 three sons, Henry, Charles, and Francis, all three 
 kings of France in succession. No votive pillar was 
 raised in the charmed well, but, Fernel was pre- 
 sented with a substantial acknowledgment of 10,000 
 crowns upon the birth of each son. 
 
 The term cross is here a misnomer, for, the 
 fanciful architectural design (which was not a cross) 
 set up by Lord Melfort, would have been a conse- 
 quence, rather than a cause of the name ; it was a 
 quadrilateral temple ;* besides, Leland, who wrote 
 in the time of Henry VIII. , states, that "the bath 
 was called * cross,' from the cross that was erected 
 
 * The marble figures (cherubim) that adorned the sum- 
 mit, are now the property of Mr. George Hancock, of Old 
 Bond Street, and one of them occupies a niche in the front 
 of his house, that looks towards Milsom Street. 
 
THE KING'S AND QUEEn's PRIVATE BATHS. 115 
 
 in the middle of it." In the early ages of Christian- 
 ity, crosses were erected in market-places, where 
 highways met, at pilgrim stations, and, beside 
 holy wells. The same pious sentiment, doubtless, 
 suggested the idea of raising a cross in these waters, 
 in gratitude to God for the blessings bestowed 
 upon His most helpless creatures. It may be 
 here remarked, that the water of this bath contains 
 less solid matter than has been discovered in the 
 flow of the other springs. 
 
 THE KING'S AND QUEEN'S PRIVATE BATHS 
 
 Both the public and private baths, entitled " The 
 King's and Queen's," may be entered from Stall 
 Street, but there is also access, from the Pump 
 Room, to a range of these baths underneath it, 
 and an entrance from the Abbey-place, for chairs. 
 The private baths are ingeniously contrived, and 
 admirably executed ; the apartments contain every 
 requirement for the convenience of the invalid, 
 and the furniture, fittings, and decorations, are 
 decidedly superior to those met with at the con- 
 tinental spas. There are dressing-rooms, closets, 
 reclining baths, douche apparatus (including the 
 ascendante, which is managed as at Ems), shower 
 baths of mineral waters, vapour baths, and dry 
 pumping. The architect of this admirable speci- 
 men of art, presenting a handsome elevation to 
 Stall Street, (vide frontispiece,) was Mr. Baldwin, 
 
116 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the competent adviser of the'corporation in 1788 ; 
 and the arrangement of the private baths, on the 
 upper, and the public, on the lower story, is very 
 happy, judicious, and convenient. 
 
 THE HOT BATH AM) ROYAL PEIVATE BATHS, 
 
 The term "hot," is applied to this spring, par ex- 
 cellence, as being of the highest temperature, 120°. 
 From this fountain gush up a hogshead and a half 
 of water each minute, supplying the Eoyal Private 
 Baths, the Hot Bath, the Mineral Water Hospital, 
 the pump in Hot-Bath Street, for the use of the 
 poor, and Hetling Pump Koom, on the opposite side 
 of the street. With a depth of four and a half feet 
 its contents are 9100 gallons, and the area of the 
 floor covers 3126 square feet.* The design, which is 
 by Wood, jun., was executed in 1776, and possesses 
 features of a highly artistic character. The form is 
 octagonal, the angles being occupied by sedilia, and 
 the rising courses adorned by varied mouldings, 
 and rudental festoons enriched with flowerets at the 
 points of greatest depression, the whole is crowned 
 with an interrupted balustrade. 
 
 Printed regulations for the guidance of appli- 
 cants, containing the days and hours appointed for 
 each sex, and their variations, according to the 
 
 * In 1811, apprehensions were entertained, owing to the 
 escape of water from the springs ; but the evil was remedied 
 by what engineers call "puddling." 
 
THE HOT BATH AND ROYAL PRIVATE BATHS. 
 
 117 
 
 seasons, are obtained on application at the Royal 
 Private Baths. 
 
 Patients from the Mineral-hospital (externs.) are 
 permitted to bathe at this well, upon the presenta- 
 tion of tickets granted by the governors ; and all 
 invalids, duly qualified by insufficiency of worldly 
 means, may enjoy the privilege, on obtaining an 
 order from the mayor, or other city magistrate, who 
 requires always to be satisfied, by a medical certi- 
 ficate, of the patient's particular infirmities and 
 necessities. 
 
 Royal Private Baths. — Seven most convenient 
 baths, one being lined with marble, the others with 
 glazed tiles, constitute the accommodation supplied 
 by this costly and very elegant establishment, for 
 the benefit and accommodation of the wealthier 
 classes. The baths are filled in the presence of the 
 visitor, a metallic guide rail assists the descent. 
 Over one of these, an arm-chair is suspended from 
 a sufficiently powerful crane, in which those who 
 are unequal to a descent in the usual way, are gently 
 and gradually lowered into the water. " A running 
 corridor affords access to the apartments, each suite 
 including a dressing-closet, lofty, well lighted from 
 above, carpeted, having a fire-place, sofa, dressing- 
 table, mirror, and every other accompaniment of 
 the toilet required by the most fastidious. These 
 baths are kept in a state of accuracy, cleanliness, and 
 order, not to be surpassed in any establishment of 
 the kind." (vide Granville s Spas.) The improve- 
 ments of modem medical science have been intro- 
 
IIS THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 duced into this establishment also. Here are pro- 
 vided the enema, a lavement apparatus, douche, 
 reclining and shower baths. 
 
 The front of the building is adorned with the 
 figures of Kings Offa and Edgar, brought from the 
 old Guildhall. They stand in niches above the 
 private entrance. 
 
 The charge for a private bath with dressing-room, 
 is from a shilling to eighteen pence ; for the marble 
 bath, two shillings. 
 
 THE HETLING PUMP BOOM, 
 
 HOT BATH STREET, 
 
 An appendant, though not attached, to the Hot 
 Bath, occupies the ground-floor of that fine old man- 
 sion, known as "Hetling (Hot-pool) House,"* the 
 upper rooms of which have been variously appro- 
 priated ; as the residence of the pumper, as the 
 Government Yeomanry office, and as private apart- 
 ments. In this house, also, the Bath and West of 
 England Agricultural Society (established by Ed- 
 mund Back, in 1777) held their first meetings ; 
 Francis, Duke of Bedford, was its zealous patron. 
 Here, too, the Princess Caroline and her sister, 
 the Princess of Hesse, lodged, in 1746 ; and, it was 
 
 * Lord Lexington bequeathed this mansion to Mrs. Baily. 
 by whose marriage with Mr. Skrine, it passed to his family, 
 and was known as " Skrine's Lower House." The School 
 of Design now occupies the principal and older part. 
 
THE TEPID SWIMMING BATHS. 119 
 
 once the winter residence of the Hungerfords of 
 Farleigh Castle, one of whom, surnamed "the 
 Spendthrift," actually garrisoned it for his royal 
 master, in 1643. The water is drawn from a reser- 
 voir beneath the street that separates the hot baths 
 from Hetling Court, and is delivered to patients 
 both here, and at the general Pump Eoom, at the 
 temperature of 114°. The charge at this pump 
 exclusively j is one shilling; for both pump-rooms, 
 one shilling and sixpence per week. 
 
 THE TEPID SWIMMING BATH, 
 
 A great public accommodation, is after a design of 
 Decimus Burton, and was added by the corporation, 
 in the year 1829. It is an oval piscina, its major 
 diameter being sixty feet, and minor, twenty-three. 
 With a depth of four and a half feet, it contains 
 thirty-six thousand gallons of water, which are 
 usually kept at a tepid heat by the admixture of 
 thermal water from the king's spring, and of a cold 
 supply from the reservoir. It is covered, and lighted 
 by lantern domes ; the descent is by steps from 
 the dressing-rooms adjoining. 
 
 The quantity of thermal water employed in filling 
 this great reservoir, necessarily excites the surprise 
 of the visitor, or naturalist, but his admiration will 
 be still further increased at learning, that this vast 
 supply is but one-tenth of the surplusage of the 
 King's Bath, from which it is drawn by pipes that 
 convey it the length of Bath Street. The remain- 
 
120 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 der actually goes to waste. Cultivated taste sug- 
 gests, that there should he one great discharging 
 pipe sunk to a sufficiently low level, the orifice of 
 which being turned upwards, might exhibit a jet 
 d'eau in the centre of a spacious basin. By these 
 means, the most sceptical would be compelled to 
 believe, the most fastidious be satisfied, and most 
 indifferent excited, at nature's undisguised bounty 
 thus so lavishly bestowed upon the valley of hot 
 springs. A similar superabundance is dealt with 
 differently at Baden, Toplitz, and Wiesbaden, 
 where it is conveyed through glazed pipes, charged 
 by a forcing pump, to the hotels ; and there in- 
 valids are accommodated with the natural mineral 
 water direct from the spring, and in their private 
 apartments, from which they could not with 
 safety, be removed. The charge at this bath, with 
 the use of the public dressing-room, is sixpence; with 
 a private dressing-closet, one shilling. 
 
 THE KINGSTON, 0E ABBEY, BATH AND PUMP BOOM, 
 
 OR THE OLD ROMAN AND IMPROVED TURKISH BATH. 
 
 In the year 1755, the noble proprietor of this por- 
 tion of the old Abbey estates, including the Priory, 
 or Abbey House, purposed erecting here private 
 dwellings, suited to the locality ; but, in sinking 
 for foundations, several stone coffins, and many 
 Saxon coins, were discovered. Descending some 
 few feet deeper, the extensive remains of Roman 
 
THE KINGSTON BATHS. 121 
 
 Balneae, or Thermae, including hypocausts, sudatories , 
 frigidaria, and other usual appendages to their lux- 
 urious mode of bathing, occurred. How the super- 
 incumbent earth became a Christian cemetery (if 
 it ever did), is a subject for conjecture, nor has it yet 
 found a very probable explanation. In the midst 
 of these many memories of so great a nation, and 
 mutations of human affairs, we find an illustration 
 of the way in which one nation rises upon the ruins 
 of another, in the flux of time ; and here also there 
 was another oldBoman hot spring discovered, which 
 of course, was the property of the Duke of King- 
 ston — the three other springs belong to the cor- 
 poration. His grace caused his spring to be 
 included within appropriate buildings. It is some- 
 what remarkable, that while stone was abundant 
 in the vicinity of the Aqua Calidce, and employed 
 in the temples of Sul-Minerva, and of Diana or 
 Luna, yet bricks were often preferred in the forma- 
 tion of their baths, by the Komans. This was not 
 their constant practice, for at Baden, at Aix, and 
 at Constantina, in Algiers, they were of polished 
 marble. The baths in the last named locality 
 were discovered so lately as in the year 1862. 
 
 On the decease of the last Duke of Kingston, 
 this estate passed to Charles Meadows, Esq., who 
 took the surname and arms of Pierrepont, and was 
 created Earl Manvers. The second earl who suc- 
 ceeded, rebuilt the lower Assembly Booms, im- 
 proved his property judiciously, as regards the 
 interests of Bath, and in 1860, bequeathed a re- 
 
122 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 spected name to the future representatives of this 
 noble family. 
 
 In the beginning of the present century, these 
 baths and buildings, called the Kingston, and also 
 the Old Roman Baths, were leased for a long term 
 to Dr. Wilkinson, a spirited and speculative charac- 
 ter. This lessee added a pump-room, constructed 
 three well-appointed private baths with dressing- 
 rooms attached, which are kept warm by double 
 floors, between which the water is permitted to 
 flow. Here all descriptions of warm baths may 
 be procured, accompanied by modern improve- 
 ments, which include hot water, shower, hot air, 
 sulphur, vapour, douche, reclining, fumigating, and 
 shampooing baths, with dry-pumping, &c. Mr. 
 Penley, the lessee, (1863,) has prepared the Bath 
 water in an aerated form, and so sealed and packed 
 as to be capable of transport to distances. In this 
 effervescing state it is an agreeable tonic, prefera- 
 ble to soda and seltzer waters. According to Mr. 
 Noad's analysis, the waters of the Kingston, or Old 
 Roman Spring, contain — 
 
 Choride of Calcium 
 Chloride of Magnesium 
 Sulphate of Soda 
 Protocarbonate of Iron 
 
 Carbonate of Soda 
 Sulphate of Lime 
 Silica 
 Vegetable extract. 
 
 The temperature varies from 104° to 108° Fahr. 
 
 The baths of Bath, public and private, are wholly 
 supplied from the mineral springs, and the tempera- 
 ture regulated by the admission of cooled mineral 
 water. The waters may also be procured direct 
 from the springs, in patent glass bottles ; and por- 
 
THE GRAND PUMP ROOM. 123 
 
 table baths are filled at a temperature not exceed- 
 ing 106°. 
 
 Sanatorium, Church Street. — Attached to the 
 Koman or improved Turkish Baths, is an establish- 
 ment which affords to the affluent, similar advan- 
 tages to those conferred on the poor by the " Mineral 
 Water Hospital." The building is sufficiently spa- 
 cious, the ventilation conducted on Arnott's sys- 
 tem, and the inmates, besides the advantage of 
 having the mineral waters applied, in all the modes 
 just enumerated in describing the baths adjacent 
 to the Sanatorium, and in their private apartments, 
 may glso try the effects of the electro - galvanic 
 process. 
 
 THE GRAND PUMP BOOM. 
 
 11 For lo ! those marble vases hold, 
 Each, a richer gift than gold." 
 
 At the suggestion of Dr. Oliver, who warned the 
 corporation against the dangerous consequences 
 attendant upon the inconvenient arrangements of 
 the pump-house, which left the invalid the alterna- 
 tive of exposure to inclement weather, or frequent 
 absence from the waters, it was resolved to erect 
 a superior Kur-saal ; and, in 1704, the foundations 
 were laid, and the building was finished in less than 
 two years, under the auspices of Richard Nash, 
 Esq., who had then become the arbiter-ehgantiarum of 
 Bath. The opening was celebrated with much 
 ceremony, and an ode, in praise of King Blaedud, 
 
124 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 was composed for the occasion, and set to music. 
 This first Pump Eoom proved unequal to the 
 requirements of the period, and, in 1751, it was 
 still further enlarged and decorated. But the 
 additions were not sufficiently in character with 
 the grandeur of Wood's architectural designs, in 
 the upper part of the city. This obvious inequality, 
 or imperfection, the corporation remedied by ob- 
 taining a new building act in 1789, for raising 
 a loan, to be expended in the widening of streets, 
 and restoration of public buildings. They had 
 already, in 1786, erected a handsome colonade, 
 forming a northern return, or issue, to the fump 
 Room. Under the new act, they built that admir- 
 able specimen of workmanship and design, the 
 western elevation of the Pump Room, in Stall 
 Street, (vide frontispiece,) and added the southern 
 colonade in 1791, which forms the entrance to the 
 King's and Queen's Public and Private Baths. But 
 their task was yet incomplete, and the old Pump 
 Room was wholly taken down in 1796, when the 
 present noble saloon of health, pleasure, and con- 
 venience, was erected on its site, from Mr. Bald- 
 win's designs.* 
 
 * While the original design was under consideration, Sir 
 John Soane, (afterwards architect of the Bank of England) 
 happened to pass through Bath, on his return from Italy 
 and the Continent, in the honourable character of " The 
 Academy's Travelling Student." Quickly detecting the error 
 of Baldwin's plan, which included a lofty flight of steps at 
 the entrance, he recommended their total omission, which 
 enables invalids to enter with less inconvenience, and brings 
 the fountain so much nearer to the source of its supply. 
 
THE GRAND PUMP ROOM. 125 
 
 The elevation, of the Corinthian order, is im- 
 posing ; it extends ninety feet in length, and is 
 adorned in the centre hy four three-quarter col- 
 umns, supporting a pediment, on the frieze of 
 which is inscribed — 
 
 "API2TON MEN 'TAHP." 
 
 " Water ! of elements the best." — This is the 
 first line of the first ode of Pindar, and its appro- 
 priation as a motto, was suggested by Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson. A pavilion at each end is pierced by 
 a lofty circular-headed window, beneath which is 
 a door of entrance, the whole finished by a bal- 
 ustrade along the summit. Four large windows, 
 and five lunettes, admit a profusion of light, and 
 when the grand central entrance-door is thrown 
 open, the effect possesses a character both public 
 and palatial. The interior is in perfect keeping 
 and harmony. A noble hall, sixty- five feet in 
 length, by fifty-six in breadth, is still further en- 
 larged and adorned by semi-elliptical recesses at 
 each end ; in one is a marble statue of Nash,* bv 
 
 * The statue of Nash, by an unusual inadvertence of 
 Warner, is represented as placed between the busts of 
 Newton and Pope, in the recess where it now stands. This 
 never was the case ; for, it was not a bust, but a picture 
 of the King of Bath, that was once so situated in Wilt- 
 shire's Ball Boom (where York Street crosses the Walks), 
 and it was on that juxta-position Mrs. Brereton wrote the 
 following lines : — 
 
 " This picture placed these busts between, 
 
 Gives satire its full strength; 
 Wisdom and wit are seldom seen, 
 But folly at full length." 
 
126 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Hoare, holding a scroll that exhibits the plan of 
 the " Bath Mineral Water Hospital," and, under- 
 neath the statue, is a valuable time-piece, by 
 Tompien ; the eastern recess is appropriated as 
 an orchestra. The old " pump," from which the 
 unpoetic name of this handsome saloon is derived, 
 had been removed, and in 1829, a column of veined 
 marble, surmounted by a vase, substituted for the 
 three bronzed spouts, through which the waters 
 used to flow. The basin beneath was a sea-shell 
 resting on rock-work strewn with sea-weed, and 
 encircled by a serpent, from whose mouth the 
 waters poured forth. In 1861, the present design 
 was completed, and the waters now rise and flow 
 " for ever and for ever," and from shell to shell, 
 the surplusage escaping to their reservoir. A 
 further increase was recently made to the area of 
 the room, by the construction of a semicircular 
 alcove, in which the new fountain is judiciously 
 placed. The walls around are relieved by Corinth* 
 
 This witty effusion suggested to Lord Chesterfield the fol- 
 lowing verse, not as supplementary, but introductory to the 
 other : — 
 
 " Immortal Newton never spoke 
 
 More truth than here you'll find : 
 Nor Pope himself e'er penned a joke, 
 
 Severer on mankind." 
 
 The greater delicacy of the first stanza, indicates the mind 
 from which it emanated, and decides the question of 
 authorship. There was also a full-length portrait of Nash, 
 in Simpson's Ball Room, which once occupied the site of 
 the Eoyal Literary Institution. 
 
THE GKAND PUMP ROOM. 127 
 
 ian pilasters, sustaining an entablature, from which 
 rises a coved ceiling, to a height of more than 
 thirty feet. 
 
 During the winter, a select band performs here 
 the most favourite compositions, on three days in 
 each week, the room being free to the public at all 
 other times. In the dark, dull, dreary season, 
 these promenade concerts prove attractive to the 
 elite, the Park being their successful rival in spring 
 and autumn. Here the "Lady of the Fountain" 
 keeps a register, in which are entered the names 
 of subscribers, and, all strangers would consult their 
 temporary interest by immediately proceeding, on 
 their arrival, to the Pump Eoom, entering their own 
 names and addresses on the registry, and read- 
 ing over those of the " latest arrivals." The fol- 
 lowing extract from an unprejudiced witness will 
 form no unsuitable supplement to this brief notice 
 of our " Cure Sal ": — " England possesses not a 
 more powerful Spa, nor an agent of the class of 
 mineral waters, more calculated to do away with 
 the necessity of removing to a foreign watering- 
 place for the successful treatment of some of the 
 most obstinate cases of disease." 
 
 Amongst the associations connected with the 
 Pump Room, is the visit, in the year 1817, of 
 Queen Charlotte, consort of George III., mother of 
 George IV., and William IV., and grandmother of 
 Queen Victoria. As the current of her life was 
 ebbing, she sought relief from the hot springs at 
 Bath, and having taken a spacious house in Sydney 
 
o 
 
 128 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Place, she visited the Pump Koom almost daily, and 
 there held her morning levees. Madame d'Arblay 
 (known to the world of letters as Miss Burney) de- 
 scribes the introduction of her husband to the 
 venerable lady, an affecting picture, in her interest- 
 ing Diary.* She adds, that the king would have 
 accompanied his aged consort, but that he was 
 suddenly afflicted with blindness " and what was 
 a beautiful city to him who could not look at it?" 
 In the year 1830, Her Majesty, then the Princess 
 Victoria, and her august mother, the Duchess of 
 Kent, appeared, not as invalids, but as visitors, in 
 the Pump Room. They resided in Bath for a 
 short period, and witnessed the opening of the 
 magnificent pleasure grounds, named at her de- 
 sire, " The Royal Victoria Park." 
 
 In the vestibules are hung tablets, each bearing, in 
 letters of gold, of which they are eminently deserv- 
 ing, a poetic tribute ; one from the flowing pen of 
 Anstey (author of the new " Bath Guide ") ; the 
 other, an imitation of Spenserean metre, and most 
 in quaint phraseology, by Dr. Harrington. 
 
 * Diary and Letters, Part ix., a.d., 1817. " The Queen's 
 stay was abruptly and sadly broken up by the death of the 
 Princess Charlotte; in twenty-four hours after the evil 
 tidings she hastened to Windsor, to meet the Prince Eegent, 
 and, immediately after the funeral, returned to Bath, accom- 
 panied by the Duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV." 
 
THE GRAND PUMP ftOOM:. 
 
 129 
 
 " THE HOSPITAL. 
 
 IN THIS CITY, 
 
 Open to the Sick Poor of every Part of the World, 
 to whose Cases these Waters are applicable . 
 
 Oh! pause awhile, whoe'er thou 
 art, 
 That drink'stthis healing stream; 
 If e'er compassion o'er thy heart 
 Diffused its heavenly beam ; 
 
 Think on the wretch whose distant 
 
 lot 
 This friendly aid denies : 
 Think how in some poor lonely cot 
 •He unregarded lies. 
 
 Hither the helpk ss stranger bring, 
 Relieve his heartfelt woe , 
 And let thy bounty, like this spring 
 In genial currents flow . 
 
 So may thy years from grief and 
 
 pain, 
 And pining want, be free ; 
 And thou from Heaven that mercy 
 
 gain, 
 The poor receive from thee." 
 
 A. 
 
 " ALWHYLE ye drynke. 'midst Age and Ache ybent, 
 Ah creepe not comfortless besyde our Streame, 
 (Sweete Nurse of Hope!) Afflyction's downwarde sente, 
 Wythe styll small Voyce, to rouze from thryftless dream; 
 Each W.vng to prune, that shyftythe every Spraie 
 In wytlesse Flyghte, and chyrpythe Lyfe awaye. 
 
 Alwhyle ye lave — suche Solace may be found e : 
 
 "When kyndethe Hand, why 'neath its healynge faynte ? 
 
 " Payne shall recure the Hearte's corruptede Wounde; 
 
 " Farre gone is that which feelethe not its Playnte. 
 " By kyndrede Angel smote, Bethesba gave 
 " New Vyrtues forthe, and felte her troubledde wave. " 
 
 Thus drynke, thus lave — nor ever more lamente, 
 Oure Sprynges but flowe pale Anguishe to befriende; 
 How fayre the Meede that followethe Contente; 
 How bleste to lyve, and fynde such Anguishe mende ; 
 
 How bleste to dye — when sufferynge Faithe makes sure, 
 At Ly.e's high Founte, an everlastynge Cure ! 
 
 Edgar.' 
 
 THE HORSE BATH. 
 
 The surplusage of the mineral springs was former- 
 ly conveyed away, by a dyke, into the Avon, but 
 arrested, partially, in its progress, on the south 
 
 K 
 
130 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 side of St. James* Church, near to the ham gate, 
 and east of the south gate, in Horse Street. There 
 it expanded into a reservoir, called, " The Horse 
 Bath" but ultimately mingled with the waters of 
 the river. Although now closed up, and unmarked 
 by any symbol, it was unquestionably of use in the 
 restoration of horses, which are subject to slight 
 consumption of the lungs. There is a " Horse bath" 
 in full employment at Schlangenbad, in Nassau, 
 pleasantly described by Sir Francis B. Head, who 
 has travestied, rather than transcribed, the legend 
 of " Bath's Blaedud," to win his reader's attention. 
 He substitutes a heifer for the pig, and a peasant 
 girl for the shepherd prince ; with this change, the 
 stories are identical.* His description of the heifer 
 restored to health is in his usual happy manner. "In 
 a few weeks, she (the heifer) suddenly re-appeared 
 among the herd, with ribs clothed with flesh, eyes 
 like a deer, skin sleek as a mole's, saliva hanging 
 in ringlets from her jaws ; and, the phenomenon was 
 so striking, that the herdsman, being inclined to 
 watch her, discovered, that regularly every evening, 
 she wended her way into the forest, until she 
 reached an unknown spring of water, from which, 
 having refreshed herself, she returned quietly to 
 the herd in the valley." And this is the spring at 
 Schlangenbad, now called " The Horse Bath." 
 
 * " Mutato nomine, de te fabula narratur." 
 
THE MINEKAL WATEK HOSPITAL. 131 
 
 THE MINERAL WATER HOSPITAL. ■ 
 
 " Here, from the restless bed of lingering pain, 
 The languid sufferer seeks the tepid wave, 
 
 And feels returning health, and hope again, 
 Disperse ' the gathering shadows of the grave*" 
 
 The Impotent Man . 
 
 Hospitals for the sick, infirm, and helpless, were 
 unknown to the ancients, so that, whatever other 
 relics of Eoman greatness are discoverable in Bath, 
 traces of any such asylum are fruitlessly sought for. 
 To Christianity belongs this humane mode of ac- 
 knowledging gratitude to God, for the blessings be- 
 stowed, and for the mercies extended. The pious 
 Fabiola founded an institution for the poor and sick, 
 some time in the fourth century; Europeans of the 
 West imitated her noble example, and, the middle 
 ages abounded in hospitals; while moderns have kept 
 pace with them nominally, and numerically, but the 
 character of their foundations is very different. 
 
 The first master of the ceremonies in Bath, we 
 are told, had many failings to atone for; were any 
 of them blotted out by his generous exertions for 
 the establishment of the " Bath Mineral Hospital," 
 which is not merely local, it is national in its object? 
 This cannot be confidently answered, nor even ap- 
 proached, save through a venial interpretation of 
 " the charitable widow." Leaving the solution of 
 such questions to the reflecting reader, it is but 
 justice to mention here, that, to the enthusiastic 
 perseverance of Nash, the reputation of Dr. Oliver, 
 
132 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 and the boundless benevolence of Kalph Allen, this 
 great public charity owes its origin. Nash* solicited 
 and collected the subscriptions, and Allen provided 
 gratuitously, from his quarries on Combe Down, the 
 stone required for the building, contributing, sim- 
 ultaneously, one thousand pounds. The old hospi- 
 tal occupies the site of the first regular city theatre 
 Lady Hawley's), presents a front, in the Ionic or- 
 der, one hundred feet in length, and three stories in 
 height, to the "Borough Walls," and is from the de- 
 signs of Mr. Wood. The foundation-stone was laid 
 by the Eight Hon. William Pulteney, afterwards 
 Earl of Bath, and bears the following inscription: — 
 
 " This stone is the first which was laid in the foundation 
 of the General Hospital, July the 6th, a.d. 1737: 'God 
 prosper the charitable undertaking.' " 
 
 By an act of parliament, passed in 1739, the 
 president and governors became a corporate body, 
 and ninety-one governors were named ; vacancies 
 caused by resignation or death, are to be filled up at 
 a general court. A contribution of £40 constitutes a 
 life-governor, and a managing committee and three 
 treasurers are annually elected, on the first day of 
 May. 
 
 *A too enthusiastic zeal for progression has ventured to 
 depreciate the character of Nash, and elevate the superior 
 virtues of the age we live in. This is not the place to decide 
 that point. Bath owes her social position to Nash, whose 
 greatest vice, vanity, is itself shared by the majority of the 
 human race, but " the evil that men do, lives after them ; 
 the good is oft interred with their bones." 
 
THE MINERAL WATER HOSPITAL. 133 
 
 The benefits of this inestimable charity, the pe- 
 culiar pride, and providential privilege of Bath, 
 were extended to all parts of the United Kingdom, 
 with the exception of the old city of Bath, until 1835, 
 when that repulsive bye-law was repealed, at the 
 pressing instance of Dr. Barlow, and " all, who 
 could not obtain the use of the waters, without 
 charitable assistance," were eligible. Sedan chairs 
 were employed to convey the patients to the public 
 baths, previously to 1830, but, in that year, baths 
 were constructed within the Hospital, and the min- 
 eral waters conducted into them from the spring ; 
 besides other interior improvements, such as the 
 introduction of hot air, and a new system of venti- 
 lation. 
 
 The only recommendations necessary to obtain 
 admission to this national charity are, the poverty 
 and peculiar malady of the applicant; and the nu- 
 merous Unions, or rather, Boards of Guardians, 
 throughout the United Kingdom, may send patients 
 here, if accompanied with the prescribed " caution 
 money." 
 
 A community so wealthy, intellectual, and there- 
 fore humane, as that which constitutes " Society in 
 Bath/' could not be insensible to the value of such 
 a charity, and the importance of enlarging its ca- 
 pacity for good. Accumulated gifts, therefore, en- 
 abled the governors to accomplish this latter object, 
 and on the 4th of June, 1859, the first stone of an 
 auxiliary building — wing would be a misnomer — re- 
 sembling, in external features, the original structure, 
 
134 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 but superior in internal disposition, was laid, and 
 the new, or patients' day Hospital, opened on the 
 11th of July, 1861, with much ceremony. 
 
 The old and new buildings are connected by a 
 tubular bridgeway, over Parsonage-lane, and by a 
 tunnel beneath the same thoroughfare. A spacious 
 hall and staircase occupy the central portion of the 
 building, conferring dignity, and aiding ventilation ; 
 while day-rooms, board-room,* and the usual offices 
 
 * In this apartment are the following portraits and 
 prints : — 
 
 W. B. Farnell, apothecary 
 for 44 years, and donor. 
 By Gray, 
 
 Balph Allen, Esq. Presented 
 by J. Brymer,Esq. 1856. 
 
 John Donne, Esq. 1750. 
 
 E. Allen, Esq., (engraving). 
 
 D. Dan vers, treasurer. 1760. 
 W. Hoare. 
 
 Mr. Morris, father of first 
 apothecary. 1742. 
 
 W. Hoare, Esq. — by himself. 
 
 Henry Harrington. Engrav- 
 ed by Turner, painted by 
 Beach. 1799. 
 
 Hygaeia. W m Hoare. 
 
 Mrs. Morris, wife of the first 
 apothecary. 
 
 Mr. John Morris, first apoth- 
 ecary. 1742. 
 
 T. B. Duncan, Esq. Pres. 
 1849. 
 
 Large painting — Dr. Oliver, 
 and Mr. Pierce, physician 
 and surgeon to the hos- 
 pital, examining patients 
 afflicted with palsy, rheu- 
 matism, and leprosy, a.d. 
 1742. W. Hoare. 
 
 The Bev. Mr. Hunter says, 
 " This is one of the most 
 living groups, perhaps, 
 ever painted." 
 
 Lieut.-Gen. Sir A. Cockburn, 
 Bart, (engraving). Dated 
 19th Nov., 1825. 
 
 Mrs. Morris, mother of the 
 first apothecary. 
 
 E. Nash, Esq. M.C. a.d. 1742 
 
 Henry Wright, Esq. surgeon. 
 a.d. 1742. W. Hoare. 
 
 C. H. Parry, Esq., M.D., 
 1804, (engraving,) physi- 
 cian to the hospital, from 
 
 the year 1800 to 1817- 
 A bust of Ealph Allen stands in the Hall; and, on the first 
 landing, Dr. Wilbraham Falconer's. 
 
THE MINERAL WATER HOSPITAL. 135 
 
 for register, apothecary, and matron, are all of just 
 proportions. The facade is of the Ionic order, suit- 
 ably plain, with the exception of a sculpture, in alto 
 relievo, by Ezard, jun., of "The good Samaritan,"* 
 occupying the tympanum of the pediment. On the 
 south side of the day-rooms are balconies for the 
 patients in fair weather ; and this wing is intended 
 for their accommodation by day, the east being ap- 
 propriated as sleeping apartments solely. 
 
 A Roman pavement, discovered when the founda- 
 tions were being excavated, about four feet below the 
 level of the basement floor, has been railed round 
 and preserved; — an interesting relique in Bath, 
 although but little attractive in the cities of Italy, 
 Germany, or Gaul. Over these reliquiae once stood 
 the old Rectory, which gave way to the Hospital, 
 after having been converted into " the Commercial 
 
 * This parable is appropriately used in decorating casualty 
 hospitals, that is, where the visitation arises from a worldly- 
 origin, or is an infliction " by man on man." It is employed 
 in that sense at Guy's Hospital, in London, realising Pope's 
 sarcasm on his race, " the greatest enemy of mankind is 
 man-" West's great painting of the "Impotent man," waiting 
 for miraculous healing, would be appropriate, where the afflic- 
 tion seems"sent and taken away" by the direct and mysterious 
 dispensation of Providence. Suggestion is sometimes intru- 
 sive, still a hope, a wish, may be expressed, that some future 
 benefactor shall cause a copy of West's best work, that now 
 adorns the walls of the National Gallery, to be made, and 
 suspended on the staircase of " The Mineral Hospital." It 
 is the noblest illustration of such Scriptural subject in exist- 
 ence, therefore, appropriate ; it is national property, conse- 
 quently, may be copied. The affecting parable of the Good 
 Samaritan, is employed memorially, and publicly, four times 
 in the city of Bath. 
 
136 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Beading Room;" and directly opposite, still appear 
 the fragments of the Saxon " borough wall," rising 
 from those of the older Roman. The space within 
 the wall was formerly used as the burial ground of 
 the Hospital. 
 
 The Brymer Chapel. 
 
 Is a memorial possessing an interest peculiar to 
 
 itself ; it is an example of happy design and perfect 
 
 execution. A brass tablet at the entrance, acquaints 
 
 the reader with the benevolent origin of the rich 
 
 embellishments witnessed on entering : 
 
 " The late James S. Brymer, Esq., presented five hundred 
 pounds, to he specialty applied to the holy adornment o f 
 this chapel, for the promotion of the more reverent wor- 
 ship of Almighty God. 1859." 
 
THE MINERAL WATER HOSPITAL. 137 
 
 To this exemplary man, the governors have placed 
 a memorial window in the ante-chapel, at their pri- 
 vate expense, the subject of which is " The Good 
 Samaritan," accompanied by Scriptural texts, from 
 Psalm cxxii. 1. and Psalm li. 7, 10. In the lowest 
 border of the design may be read, " To the glory 
 of God, and in memory of James Brymer, Esq." 
 As the chapel will ever be his most expressive and 
 enduring cenotaph, the latter portion of the dedica- 
 tion may be neglected. 
 
 The ante-chapel is separated from the chapel, or 
 choir, by a screen of three arches, the roof being 
 vaulted and supported by composite pilasters, the 
 capitals of which are enriched with carvings in stone, 
 expressing the water butter-cup, wild poppy, three 
 fish, two birds drinking from a vase, the pomegran- 
 ate, phoenix, and pelican. An organ is placed at the 
 north end of the vestibule, where the light, though 
 subdued, is sufficient to display the three-coloured 
 tiles of the pavement, such as are employed, par- 
 tially also, in the chapel floor. 
 
 The absolute space absorbed by the chapel, is ap- 
 parently, a double cube of twenty-five feet, having 
 on the south side, five two-light windows, with 
 stained glass. These admired designs w T ere first 
 seen in the Vandarmini Palace, at Venice, in the 
 fifteenth century, but have been much used in offi- 
 cial buildings in this country, recently. Above each 
 window is introduced in the tracery, armorial bear- 
 ings; they include Brymer's, Bath City, Boyal Shield, 
 Prince of Wales', and See of Bath and Wells. 
 
138 THE HTSTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Columns of Devonshire marble adorn each window, 
 the capitals of which, as well as of every central 
 mullion, are enriched with devices carved in stone. 
 These represent the serpent and the apple, thorns 
 and thistles, the vine and lily, the passion-flower 
 and palm, pomegranate and trefoil. Substantial oak 
 benches afford accomodation for 150 hearers. If the 
 north wall of the choir were arcaded, it would corres- 
 pond more justly, and contrast less obviously, with 
 the opposite, besides affording a fitting opportunity 
 for setting up in " golden letters," as a reward, 
 and reminiscence, and example, a list of donations, 
 and benefactors.* Two storks, creditably executed, 
 form a corbel that supports a pulpit of white Clan- 
 down lias, on which rests an alabaster desk. The 
 revered monogram, " I.H.S.," and a Maltese cross 
 with an emblem of the Trinity, appear in the pan- 
 els, and the miniature columns of marble are finish- 
 ed with capitals, representing the rose and the lily. 
 
 An eagle, with wings expanded, admirably carved 
 in oak, is the adopted lectern ; it is the favourite, 
 and well-accustomed form of the reading-deskf in 
 Bath. 
 
 * This great work of charity, the Mineral-water Hospital 
 of Bath, was the first that His Royal Highness Albert 
 Edward, Prince of Wales, assisted from his own private purse. 
 
 +In one chapel, (Lady Huntingdon's in the Vineyards,) 
 there are three of these Jewish and early Christian em- 
 blems. Nothing, however, can be more incorrect, than 
 its introduction as a pulpit. In the hieroglyphic language 
 of the early Christian church, the eagle is the attendant 
 
THE MINERAL WATER HOSPITAL. 139 
 
 Around the walls, and underneath the cornice, 
 are seven sentences, from the Te Deum, and above 
 the entrance to the choir is a Maltese cross, with 
 the four Gospels. The apse, to which the ascent, or 
 bema, is by two steps of encaustic tiles, is jealously 
 lighted by seven windows, the Scriptural subjects 
 in which, are selected from their reference to that 
 great element, water. They are the baptism of Christ 
 in the Jordan, — our Saviour at the pool of Siloam, 
 — our Dord washing the feet of His disciples, — the 
 baptism of the eunuch by St. Philip. — Christ and 
 the woman of Samaria at the well, — Naaman, the 
 
 of St. John the Evangelist, and is frequently represented 
 holding the pen, or the inkhorn, in his beak. St. Jerome 
 says, " He soars to the very throne of God, and proclaims, 'In 
 the beginning was the Word ;' hence lecterns for supporting 
 the Gospels exclusively, are in the form of an eagle with out- 
 spread wings, in several of our great churches." (Jer. xlix. 
 22 ) . In Jewish symbolism, the eagle represented " the Holy 
 Spirit," as we see the dove to be the inspirer of thoughts, 
 and medium of enlightment, in Christian. An eagle is placed 
 on the sceptre of David, apparently suggesting the words of 
 the Psalm he is singing to the harp. (Saxon M.S. Brit. 
 Mus.) The double-headed eagle of Elisha implies " a 
 double portion of his spirit," &c, (window, ante-chapel, Lin* 
 coin, coll. Oxon., and the painting on the camera of St. Al- 
 lan's Abbey). On medals, the eagle was a symbol of Divin- 
 ity and Providence, and, with the word " Consecratio" ex- 
 pressed the apotheosis of an emperor. As the eagle-formed 
 lectern is supposed to support the Gospels only, it is there- 
 fore, with the greatest propriety, introduced in churches, 
 where pulpit, reading desk, and lectern, are provided. It 
 is, however, in all cases, a beautiful, graceful, and Scriptural 
 decoration. 
 
140 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Syrian, in the Jordan, — and, Moses striking the 
 rock. The capitals of the marble columns, which sup- 
 port the seven lights, are emblematic of the Passion, 
 — a chalice, crown of thorns, passion-flower, wheat, 
 grapes, a spear, and hyssup, scourge, hammer, pin- 
 cers, nails. The semi-dome of the apse, is coloured 
 in ultramarine, stellated "with the bright lights 
 of heaven," expressed in gold. The arch of ingress 
 to the Sacrarium is conferred, the panels being filled 
 with passion-flowers, and supported by fourhnarble 
 columns, the capitals of which represent the four 
 evangelists, the lamb and the dove. An oak, move- 
 able, communion table was presented by J. H. 
 Markland, Esq. The roof, camera, or ceiling, is of 
 lacunary work, after the old church of Constan- 
 tine, at Jerusalem; its transverse ribs, springing 
 from corbels, are carved with heads of the apostles, 
 Peter, John, and Stephen; of King David, Moses, 
 and three archangels, with inscribed labels : the 
 panels are relieved by lilies and olives. 
 
 Messrs. Manners and Gill were the architects ; 
 Ezard, jun., the sculptor ; and the stained glass was 
 furnished from the manufactory of Waites, of New- 
 castle-upon-Tyne. 
 
 By enlarged accommodation the Hospital is ena- 
 bled to receive 142 patients ; its permanent income 
 exceeds £2,000 per annum, but the expenditure 
 nearly doubles that amount ; deficiency, however? 
 is uniformly and liberally supplied from donations, 
 subscriptions, proceeds of annual parochial ser- 
 mons, and other sources. The best, most effectual, 
 
THE MINEEUL WATER HOSPITAL. 141 
 
 and truest recommendation of this unique, and uni- 
 versally beneficial charity, is the latest report of 
 the governors, which states — " Out of five hundred 
 and thirty-five patients admitted in the year ending 
 May, 1862, one hundred and fifty-six were cured, 
 three hundred and three relieved. From May, 1742, 
 to^ May, 1862, twelve thousand and twenty-five were 
 cured, and twenty-thousand, one hundred and sev- 
 enty-two relieved, making a total of forty thousand, 
 seven hundred and eighty persons, who have, un- 
 der the blessing of Providence, experienced the 
 beneficial effects of these healing springs." 
 
 The following extract from the "Kegulations re- 
 lating to the admission of patients," will be suffi- 
 cient, in the first stage of inquiry. All further in- 
 formation will be freely given by the registrar, who 
 is resident in the hospital. 
 
 REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE ADMISSION OF PATIENTS. 
 
 1 Those patients only are admissible, whose diseases are 
 deemed capable of being benefitted by the Bath waters, and 
 which are — palsy, gout, rheumatism; certain nervous de- 
 rangements, in which che brain is not materially affected, 
 among which, St. Vitus' dance may be particularly noticed ; 
 leprosy, and other chronic diseases of the skin ; dropped 
 hands, from lead, poisonous effects of mercury, or other 
 minerals ; pain, weakness, or contraction of limbs : dyspep- 
 tic complaints, biliary and visceral obstructions, &c. 
 
 2 It should also be particularly noticed, that the waters 
 are not applicable when these complaints are accompanied 
 with pain of the chest, cough, or spitting of blood ; palpita- 
 tion or other disturbance of the heart; evidence of too 
 great a determiDation of blood to the head, disease of the 
 

 142 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 brain, or loss of speech or memory ; acute inflammation in 
 any part, or general fever; abscess, suppuration of the joints, 
 or ulcer of any kind; or if epileptic fits have occurred. And 
 in cases of apopletic palsy it is deemed necessary that six 
 months should have elapsed after the attack, before the 
 patients are admissible. 
 
 3 The eligibility of each case can be ascertained only by 
 such circumstantial report as may enable the physicians and 
 surgeons of the Hospital to determine how far the patient is 
 likely to derive benefit by the use of the Bath waters ; for 
 which reason the report of each case must contain — (1) the 
 name, age, and parish of the applicant; — (2) a brief history of 
 the disease, comprising its origin, date, progress, and pre- 
 sent symptoms, mentioning the parts principally affected, 
 and to what extent; — (3) and a correct representation of the 
 state of general health, particularly certifying the absence 
 of all the disorders described above as rendering the Bath 
 waters inapplicable. 
 
 4 The report should be full and accurate ; for when, from 
 defective or erroneous statements, improper cases are sent to 
 Bath, they are immediately returned, to the great inconve- 
 nience of patients ; and, when sent from a distance, with 
 considerable expense. 
 
 5 All persons coming to Bath on pretence of seeking 
 admission to the Hospital, without having their cases pre- 
 viously sent and approved, and receiving notice of vacancy, 
 will be treated as vagrants, according to the provisions of 
 the act of parliament for regulating the Hospital. 
 
 Soldiers may, instead of parish certificates, bring cer- 
 tificates from the officers commanding their respective corps, 
 acknowledging them as belonging to such corps, and agree- 
 ing to receive them back when discharged, in whatever 
 state of health they may be. The same regulation applies 
 to pensioners of Chelsea and Greenwich. "With respect to 
 all these, reports are to be transmitted, and caution money 
 provided, as in ordinary cases. 
 
THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 143 
 
 THE GUILDHALL, AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 ■The scepter' d heralds call 
 
 To council in the City Hall ; anon 
 Grey-headed and grave, with -warriors mlx'd, 
 Assemble, and harangues are heard. 
 
 The Guildhall. 
 
 The old Hall, built by Inigo Jones, a.d. 1626, and 
 the old charter of Elizabeth (p. 73), dated 1 590, have 
 given way to the power of time, force of circum- 
 stances, and relaxation of municipal restraints. 
 On the 11th of February, 1766, the first stone of 
 
144 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the present Guildhall was laid, and in 1794, a new 
 charter was obtained, granting additional privileges, 
 increasing the number of justices from two to nine, 
 and permitting the mayor, during incapacity, to ap- 
 point a deputy. 
 
 The next charter constituted the Town Council 
 the supreme civic authority, and the first assem- 
 blage of this new body took place on the 10th of 
 April, 1837. Quarter Sessions were then held, and 
 extensive administrative powers conferred, by the 
 Municipal Eeform Bill, which repeals all former 
 courts, unless in special cases. The council of the 
 city, comprising fourteen aldermen and forty-two 
 councillors, manage the estates of the corporation, 
 under the presidency of the Mayor. His Worship is 
 chief magistrate of the city, and, assisted by his con- 
 freres, hears and determines upon all cases of infrac- 
 tion of the law, within the four parishes of the old 
 city, and, since the Reform Bill (1852), in the out 
 parishes of Walcot, Lyncombe and Widcombe, and 
 Bathwick. Two " Courts Leet" continue to be held, 
 the one for Bathwick, for the city, the other. The 
 order and peaceful demeanour of the poorer classes, 
 generally, is noticed by all topographers, who have 
 included Bath in their journals, and this reputation 
 is still maintained, while the growth of crime has been 
 deplorably rapid in some other parts of the king- 
 dom. Seventy-one men, under ten sergeants, four 
 inspectors, and a chief constable, constitute the police 
 force that secures this meritorious public decorum, 
 and insures such complete personal security. 
 
THE GUILDHALL, AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 145 
 
 During seven years, (1768 to 1775) the building 
 of the present Guildhall dragged its slow length 
 along, from the unwillingness of tenants, in the lo- 
 cality, to resign their leases. Meanwhile the original 
 design was departed from, and the present substi- 
 tuted and completed under the care of Mr. Thomas 
 Baldwin. The elevation towards the market-place 
 consists of a centre, with architectural screens ex- 
 tending fifty feet on each side. The central pile is 
 a chaste and graceful design, of three stories ; the 
 ground story is rusticated, the two upper adorned 
 with three-quarter composite columns, supporting a 
 pediment with an incorrect representation of the 
 city arms in the tympanum, and, on the apex a statue 
 of justice, with her proper emblems, the sword and 
 balance. The east front, overlooking the market- 
 place, presents an equally graceful composition, but 
 access is forbidden by the too close pressure of the 
 market buildings. 
 
 The interior of the building furnishes every re- 
 quirement demanded by the public offices of a large 
 and populous city. In the basement are cells for 
 prisoners, besides a spacious cuisine ; a vestibule, 
 justiciary, withdrawing-room, treasurer's and town 
 clerk's offices, record room, and waiting lobby, occu- 
 py the ground floor ; while on the principal, or first 
 floor, are the council chamber, and grand saloon for 
 banquets or balls. This latter is eighty feet in 
 length, forty wide, and in height thirty-one ; and 
 these proportions have always formed a subject of 
 just admiration, from their perfect symmetry. From 
 
146 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the ceiling depend three noble cut-glass chandeliers, 
 transformed into gaseliers by the advance of social 
 science, and, on the walls hang portraits of 
 
 H.R.H. Frederick Prince of Wales (father of George III), 
 H.R.H. the Princess of Wales, his consort. Presented, 
 together with a silver cup and salver, hy the prince, in 
 appreciation of the dutiful and courteous reception given to 
 him in Bath, in the year 1734 ; a gift preserved with regard, 
 and used occasionally in quaffing " the loving cup," at civic 
 banquets. It was from this largess cup the healths of the 
 Prince and Princess of Wales were drank, on the 10th of 
 March 1863, by the mayor (Thomas Barter, Esq.) and cor- 
 poration, when the Prince's oak was planted in the Royal 
 Victoria Park. 
 
 William Pitt, M.P. for Bath in 1761. J 
 
 On the grand stair case — portrait of Gen. Wade, M.P. 
 for Bath, from 1722 to 1748 (including four elections.) 
 
 In the Drawing-room or Council Chamber — marble busts 
 of Ralph Allen and Beau Nash. 
 
 Also, duplicate full-length portraits of King George III. 
 and his royal consort. 
 
 In the Mayor's room is a bust of George III. by Turnelli, 
 presented on the day His Majesty completed the fiftieth year 
 of his reign : a jubilee throughout the kingdom* commemo- 
 rated the first day of that eventful year (1809). The in- 
 scriptionjon the pedestal records the gift and the occasion : — 
 " Praetori Corporique Politico Bathoniensi, amieitiae ergo, 
 hoc simulacrum Iconicum Georgii Tertii Britanniarum regis 
 excellentissimi. D.D. Verus Amicus, MDCCCXI1." 
 
 * Henry III. reigned 56 years ; Edward III. 51 years ; 
 George III. 59 years ; — of whom it has been written with 
 truth : 
 
 In goodness, greatness, years, Tits reign exceeds, 
 Henry's mild life, and Edward's laurell'd deeds. 
 
 Earl of Camden, M.P. for Bath, 
 from 1757 to 1794. I Painted by W. Hoare. 
 
THE GUILDHALL, AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 147 
 
 In this room also, Dr. Barrett, Mayor of Bath, in the year 
 1860, suspended a record, unique, historic, authentic, and 
 interesting. It is a roll containing the names of the may- 
 ors of Bath, from the fifteenth century to the present time, 
 having the Bath Arms at the top. The first section includes 
 the names of as many of the mayors as could be obtained, 
 from 1412 to 1587 : the second, gives the mayor for each 
 successive year, with a few omissions only, from the date of 
 Queen Elizabeth's Charter down to 1646. From 1639 to 
 1644, no corporation records exist, and as this was one of 
 the most active periods of the rebellion, the city of Bath, 
 siding alternately with royalists and parliamentarians, the 
 loss of their proceedings, is, at least, suspicious. From 
 1640 to the present time, the names of our civic digni- 
 taries are detailed, without exception, and what makes the 
 list still more interesting, is, that every single name is a 
 facsimile of the autograph of each individual who has held 
 the office, taken from documents belonging to the city. 
 At the foot of the roll, are copies of the mayor and corpo- 
 ration seals, and the whole is rendered complete by a spec- 
 imen of fancy scroll work, on the left of the tablet, with 
 shields, giving the dates of the various charters granted 
 to the city, from the time of Bichard I. to the reign of 
 George III. A simple ribbon scroll records, that this docu- 
 ment is the gift of T. Barrett, Esq., Mayor, in 1860. This 
 present is an appropriate companion to the portraits, and 
 memorials of interest, which adorn the walls of the Mayor's 
 room. 
 
 Portrait of Nash (repetition^ by P. Hoare, and presented 
 by him to the city. 
 
 Portrait of Ealph Allen. 
 
 Here also is a portrait of Marshal Wade. This gallant 
 senator on one occasion having been sent to parliament by 
 the city, and chosen unanimously, in gratitude, presented 
 portraits of his patrons, the electoral body, to themselves. 
 Of these, seven only survive to demonstrate his liberality 
 and taste in the fine arts, but, though well painted^and life- 
 like, they are unluckily anonymous. A very admirable por- 
 trait of the ubiquitous Nash, decidedly the gem of the 
 
148 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 " Nash gallery and family," may be seen in the Treasurer's 
 office ; it is also by Hoare, and executed in crayons. 
 
 The Markets of Bath are proverbially well sup- 
 plied, and most conveniently and centrally situated. 
 Entered beneath the arches in the screen-wings on 
 either side of Guildhall, they present stalls for fish, 
 fruit, vegetables, poultry, game, butter, eggs, and 
 every variety of delicacy desired, or desirable, in the 
 market of so elegant and affluent a city. There 
 are regulated shambles for butcher's meat ; weigh- 
 ing balances under inspection, by authority of the 
 magistrates. On Wednesdays and Saturdays, the 
 latter more especially, the variety and abundance of 
 fish exceed those of any other inland market in the 
 kingdom, and the Bath butter has ever been noted 
 for its excellence. In Walcot Street is a spacious 
 enclosed area for the sale of black cattle, sheep and 
 pigs, and a large range of granaries adjoining, is 
 appropriated to the safe lodgment of whatever corn 
 remains unsold, after each weekly market. 
 
 With the same exemplary spirit, which animated 
 the corporation of Bath in restoring the public 
 baths to a condition, the most comfortable to the 
 invalid, that cost and care could accomplish, they 
 have, in the year 1863, undertaken the reconstruc- 
 tion of the Market Halls, on a scale commensurate 
 with the importance of the object, and with the 
 wealth entrusted to the governing body for public 
 purposes : this improvement was made under the 
 superintendence, and from the approved designs, of 
 Messrs. Hicks and Isaacs, architects. The plan of 
 
THE GUILDHALL, AND MUNICIPAL GOVEENMENT. 149 
 
 the New Market includes a grand central dome, fifty 
 feet in diameter, and fifty also in height, to the eye 
 or apex, covering a spacious ambulatory, from which 
 wide and convenient avenues radiate. The roofs, 
 like those of the Halle du Bled, in Paris, are well 
 constructed in iron, by which means a character of 
 lightness has been given to the whole structure, as 
 well as greater security, than if executed in wood. 
 This admirable design, the estimate for which was 
 £5,000, forms the first instalment only, of a series 
 of works contemplated by the corporation for the 
 improvement of the public markets. It was in 
 eradicating the old foundations, and preparing new, 
 that the workmen found, twelve feet below the sur- 
 face, a coin of Carausius (vide page 55), in a good 
 state of preservation ; the obverse presents the 
 head of that Eoman Admiral, and, on the reverse, 
 is a figure holding a flag. 
 
 Gas works, from which the city is supplied, were 
 established by a company in 1818, at the instance 
 and under the superintendence of Dr. Wilkinson ; 
 and their paid-up capital reached £50,000. The 
 works are near to Brook's Lock, a judicious site, 
 both for the discharge of foul water, and evapora- 
 tion of effluvia, at a sufficient distance from the 
 city. Dr. Wilkinson's suggestion was first publish- 
 ed in 1817, and the first illumination by gas-light 
 in Bath, took place on the 30th of September, 1819. 
 Besides these improvements, which have proceeded 
 pari-passu with universal Beform in England, the 
 act of 1851 consolidated a number of old privileges, 
 
150 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 and vested further powers in the Town Council. 
 By this enactment, the corporation possess full 
 authority to widen streets, pave and cleanse high- 
 ways, and contract for lighting them. 
 
 Cells for temporary confinement are attached to 
 the courts in the Guildhall; and the Borough gaol, 
 near Twerton, is capable of lodging upwards of one 
 hundred prisoners. It was erected^from the designs 
 of Messrs. Manners and Gill, in the year 1842, 
 the cost of its erection exceeding £20,000. The 
 County Court, for the recovery of debts under fifty 
 pounds, holds its sittings in the Guildhall, and has 
 jurisdiction over a circuit of twelve miles in diameter. 
 
 From the city treasurer's balance-sheet, dated 
 August, 18G3, it appears, that the mayor, alder- 
 men, and burgesses, received from various sources, 
 £25,723 0s., and expended, as trustees for public 
 purposes, £24,141 10s. 4|d. What may be called 
 the private resources, or estate, including market- 
 rent, tolls, corn and cattle markets, rents of houses 
 and grounds, income from baths and pump-room, 
 fines and penalties, &c, amounted to £9,422 12s dd. ; 
 while the corporate liabilities, which embrace the 
 old debt, new-gaol expenditure, water -works and 
 sewers, were, at the same date, £83,000 precisely.* 
 
 * The commissioners appointed to inquire into the state 
 of Municipal Corporations in 1H34, reported as follows, of 
 Bath : " We feel ourselves bound to add. that all the books 
 were submitted unreservedly to our inspection, and every 
 disposition manifested by the officers of the Corporation to 
 facilitate our inquiries ;" and concluded in these remarkable 
 terms, " the superintendence appears to be as complete as 
 can be desired." 
 
THE GUILDHALL, AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 151 
 
 Church patronage is no longer vested in that 
 active and prudent body, as they sold their last 
 benefice, the Kectory of Bath, to the trustees of 
 the Eev. Charles Simeon's estate, for the sum of 
 £6,330, and completed the transfer on the 11th of 
 October, in the year 1836. (vide p. 160.) 
 
 Boundaries of the Borough. — The authority 
 of the corporation extended anciently over the area 
 within the town wall ; in the mediaeval period of 
 Bath history, the out-parishes were added to this 
 political territory ; and, lastly, it expanded into the 
 broad area of the Reformed Borough. Like the 
 horizontal section of the forest tree, the age and 
 growth of Bath, from the days of Cceur de Lion to 
 the reign of William the Reformer, may be traced 
 in the concentric rings of its ichnographic plan. 
 The city boundaries have been given ; the parochial 
 follow, but, the borough limits may here be slightly 
 sketched. From Wansdyke, the line passes to Burnt 
 House turnpike, traverses English-combe, crosses 
 the Bristol Road, to the Avon, proceeds irregularly 
 to the foot of Primrose Hill, includes Sion Place 
 House, thence continues as far as Swainswick, em- 
 bracing Lambridge, Grosvenor, Hampton Hill Foot, 
 to Sham Castle, passes to Smallcombe Wood, and, 
 neglecting the Freestone Quarry, proceeds to the 
 Cross Keys Inn, and then returns into itself at the 
 Wansdyke. (vide Municipal History of Bath, p, 73, 
 et seq.) 
 
152 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 BATH ABBEY 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 
 
 BATH ABBEY. 
 
 Each ray that brightens, and each hue that falls, 
 Attest some sacred sign upon these walls, 
 Some sculptur'd saint's pale head, — some graven line, 
 Of promise, precept, or belief divine. 
 
 There is a Church in Syracuse, more than two 
 thousand years old, in which Minerva was anciently 
 worshipped. There the soothsayers dared to 
 prophesy what was not to be revealed to man, from 
 the smoking entrails of irresponsible beings, while 
 the marble pavements flowed with blood. This in a 
 temple to wisdom ! All those pageants have passed 
 away, and now the Christian kneels, where once the 
 Idolator worshipped. 
 
 The site of Bath Abbey, if not identical with, is 
 touche de pres the spot on which a shrine of Minerva 
 has stood, and the four fluted columns exhumed 
 from beneath it, are singularly similar to those that 
 still adorn the Sicilian Duomo. 
 
 The first Christian place of worship, or dedica- 
 tion to the service of the true God, on this site, 
 was erected about the year 676, when Osric, king 
 of the Wicci, with consent of Kentuin, of Wessex, 
 founded here a nunnery. To Bertana, the first 
 abbess, he granted sufficient estates for its erec- 
 tion, and for the maintenance of a college of holy 
 virgins : and this grant was insured to Bernguida, 
 her immediate successor. Although the fair fol- 
 lowers of a reformed creed have protested, through 
 
154 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 one of their most lovely, but most luckless advo- 
 cates, against a life of penitence and seclusion, 
 
 " I question of its happiness, 
 I question of its need." — L.E.L. 
 
 still, the daughters of " high estate," found a safe 
 
 retreat, a secure asylum, in the convent cell, during 
 
 the barbarous periods of our history. But 'tis 
 
 " Society teaches us how to live; from 
 Solitude we learn to die." 
 
 The nunnery did not subsist much beyond a 
 century, when its pious occupants were expelled 
 by the lawless borderers who ravaged Somerset, or 
 were removed by Offa, of Mercia, who raised a new 
 church from the ruins of the convent, and placed 
 in it secular canons. But OfTa's monastery had to 
 encounter the violence of a people whose creed was 
 " courage," and a gallant military death their inter- 
 pretation of " a crown of glory."* 
 
 Before such an enemy, the arts of peace took 
 flight, and even defences, raised by science and 
 military skill, faded as the fortress of the Fay ; so 
 that scarcely had another century elapsed, before 
 OfTa's monastery was a record of the past. 
 
 Alfred, Edward the Elder, and Athelstan, were 
 amongst the restorers, and benefactors, of the mon- 
 
 * It was forbidden amongst the Danes, to mention the 
 term " fear," even in the most imminent dangers, and their 
 popular legislator, Palnotoco, appears to have eradicated 
 from the minds of youth, trained under his maxims, all 
 traces of that sentiment so natural, so universal, and which 
 makes all mankind look with dread on their destruction. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 155 
 
 astery, which was again assigned to secular clergy, 
 and dedicated to St. Peter. In the year 957, 
 Edgar ascended the throne, and some eight years 
 afterwards, granted an estate to the monastery of 
 Bath; but this gratuity became worse than vain, 
 either from want of prudence on the monarch's 
 part, or from the austere and ambitious policy of 
 Dunstan, who seconded the aims of the Pope, in 
 imposing celibacy upon the priesthood. Elphege, 
 of Deerhurst, subsequently Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, was the first abbot after the expulsion of the 
 secular clergy. This prelate built " a fair abbacy 
 at Bath," and was regarded, and consulted, by the 
 nobility; but, not being entirely devoted to the 
 seclusion of his cell, he accepted the See of Can- 
 terbury, and it was while presiding there, that he 
 was cruelly assassinated by the Danes, in the year 
 101 2. It was during the abbacy of Elphege, when 
 " a crowd of priests, a throng of monks in counsel 
 sage, were gathered at Bath ; " and, on that happy 
 day,Whitsunday, May the 11th, a.d. 973, that Edgar 
 was crowned or " hallowed to king," as the chroni- 
 cle hath it, in Bath church. 
 
 The records of the church of St. Peter, at Bath, 
 are few, and unsatisfactory, from the murder of 
 Elphege until the acquisition of England by the 
 Normans. But the Abbey was notoriously rich in 
 those relics, which were the essence of Boman 
 Catholic discipline, in that age.* 
 
 * These included "the bones of St. Peter; a piece of our 
 Lord's garment ; the heads of Sts. Bartholomew, Lawrence 
 
156 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 If history be faithful, these religious treasures 
 did not possess a charm of strength sufficient to 
 preserve either themselves, or the grand edifice con- 
 taining them, for the latter was pillaged, and almost 
 ruined, in the insurrection of Eobert de Mowbray. 
 On the death of Elfsig, in 1087, John De Vil- 
 lula (Turonensis) obtained a grant of both abbe, and 
 city, with authority, by a charter of Eufus, dated 
 1090, to unite the sees of Bath and Wells, and 
 transfer the episcopal seat to the former. This 
 active prelate restored the church, in a costly style, 
 remodelled the religious house attached to it, 
 placing it under a prior instead of an abbot, and 
 granted an honourable maintenance to the monas- 
 tery. The bishop also constructed two new baths 
 within the precincts, and built a noble episcopal, or 
 abbatial palace, on the west side of the monastery. 
 This pious patron of ancient Bath died in the year 
 1123, and was interred in the presbytery of his 
 favourite church, where an altar- tomb, supporting a 
 recumbent figure, in pontificals, indicated his place 
 of rest, after all the monasteries of England had 
 been dissolved. 
 
 and Pancras; the knee of St. Maurice, the martyr; ribs of 
 St. Barnabas; an arm of St. Simeon; a fragment of the 
 holy cross, with the sacred napkin ; the vest of Christ ; the 
 grave-cloth in which the Lord's body was wrapped; the 
 hair of the Virgin Mary; a part of the pillar to which the 
 Saviour was bound ; part of St. Andrew's cross ; part of our 
 Lord's sepulchre ; some drops of St. John's blood ; a stone 
 from the fountain of Siloam ; and part of the back-bone of 
 Samson. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 157 
 
 To John of Tours succeeded Godfrey, a Belgian, 
 chaplain to Adeliza, queen of Henry I., some time 
 in 1123 ; and, during the episcopacy of his imme- 
 diate follower, Eohert, a Norman monk, pro tempore 
 governor of St. Swithin's, the church of St. Peter, 
 which had been injured by a fire that devastated 
 the city on the 29th day of July, 1137, was rebuilt. 
 It was this Eobert who decided the jus Bathoniente 
 and decreed, that the see should in future be entitled 
 " of Bath and Wells, jointly." But this settlement 
 was neglected until the prelacy of Joceline, in 1218, 
 from which date, it has been strictly observed. 
 Godfrey was the last of the prelates interred at 
 Bath, which, at this period, became subordinate to 
 Wells, in episcopal power and authority. 
 
 The Abbey and its houses, were placed under 
 the government of a prior, or sub-prior, after the 
 removal of the episcopal residence to Wells. Sev- 
 eral learned men discharged the duties of head, or 
 president, of the priory, before the year 1539, when 
 the monastery was surrendered to King Henry 
 VIII., on the twenty-seventh day of June by Wil- 
 liam Holway, [alias Gibbes,) the last prior. This 
 reforming sovereign granted the Priory of Bath, 
 with all its land and royalties (including the Prior's 
 Park), to Humfrey Collis, in consideration of the 
 sum of £962 17s. 4cL, previously paid into the Court 
 of Augmentation ; and the residue of the prior's 
 lands, not so conveyed, was soon after granted to 
 the city, by Edward VI., for the maintenance of ten 
 
158 THE HrSTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 poor, aged persons, and for the instruction of the 
 sons of the citizens in the Latin tongue.* 
 
 It would be unjust to the venerable residents of 
 the priory, to omit, that it was under their auspices, 
 the weaving of woollen cloth was established, and 
 brought to a high degree of perfection, in this city 
 (vide p. 91) ; and, gratitude to the monastic order 
 generally, for the preservation of learning in Europe, 
 demands honourable notice of Athelard, or Adlard, 
 a monk of Bath, who flourished at the commence- 
 ment of the twelfth century. He wrote on meta- 
 physics, astronomy, and geography, but his lasting 
 memorial is a translation of Euclid's Geometry from 
 Arabic into Latin. 
 
 Bishop Robert's Church fell to decay before the 
 close of the fifteenth century, and, in this dilapi- 
 dated condition it was found by Oliver King, on 
 his translation from Exeter to the united sees of 
 Bath and Wells. When this good prelate came to 
 Bath, in 1499, to institute Prior Birde into his 
 offices, he is said to have "dreamt a dream," which 
 led to the foundation of the present splendid struc- 
 ture, called " Bath Abbey." As he lay in bed, in a 
 
 * It is believed that Collis sold the Abbey Church to 
 Matthew Colthurst, whose son, Edmund, gave the building, 
 then ruinous, and the land, east, north, and west, to the 
 mayor and citizens, for a parochial church and churchyard. 
 The Abbey House and the Prior's Park, were sold by the 
 said Edmund, to Fulk Morley, from whom they descended, 
 through John Hall, of Bradford, to the Dukes of Kingston, 
 and thence to the representatives of that noble house, the 
 Earls Man vers. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 159 
 
 reverie, or wrapt in thought, a vision, of the Holy 
 Trinity appeared to him, accompanied by angels 
 ascending and descending on ladders ; and near 
 them was an olive tree, supporting a crown. Soft, 
 and seraphic sounds, floating in the air, conveyed 
 these words to him — " Let an olive establish the 
 crown, and let a king restore the church." In this 
 instance, the personal identity of the sleeping with 
 the waking man was confirmed, for, from this 'dream, 
 or fancy, or vision of the night,' arose the splendid 
 ecclesiastical structure, which has been so often and 
 so faithfully described, owing to the graces of its 
 design. " Man proposes, but God disposes," for, al- 
 though a King initiated the building of this temple, 
 and Birde was a liberal and zealous coadjutor, the 
 dreamer was not spared to bring his favourite design 
 to a conclusion : that was reserved for other hands. 
 But his immediate successors were, involuntarily, 
 powerless, as to acts of piety, for, during four success- 
 ive priories, or prelacies, the works were suspended. 
 In 1666, however, a new light dawned upon their 
 history, when James Montague was chosen bishop, 
 for he not only revived, but nearly completed, the 
 designs fondly cherished by the founder.* 
 
 * There is a tradition that the bishop was drawn into the 
 undertaking of restoration, by the ready wit of Sir John 
 Harington, (a godson and kinsman of Queen Elizabeth"). 
 Whilst the bishop was at Bath, on his primary visitation, 
 and walking in the Grove, he was caught in a shower, and 
 at the invitation of Sir John, took shelter in the Abbey. 
 The knight led him into the north aisle, then roofless, upon 
 which the bishop remarked, u that they were still in the 
 
160 THE HISTORIC GUTDE TO BATH. 
 
 From the year 1560, the patronage of the Kec- 
 tory of Bath continued to be vested in the corpo- 
 ration ; but, as reform, in religious affairs, trans- 
 ferred the x^bbey to lay proprietors, so a municipal 
 reform allowed of its disposal, (vide p. 151.) 
 
 As to the Abbey -House, which was rendered 
 habitable, after the dissolution, by Fulk Morley, 
 no traces now remain ; but, in throwing down the 
 walls, to make way for modern buildings, a curious, 
 and not uninteresting spectacle was revealed. In 
 one of the apartments, which had been built up, 
 were discovered the copes, albs, and chesiples of 
 the monks, suspended from pins in the wall, but, 
 on the admission of air, they crumbled into dust. 
 On the floor of this vestry room, were found the 
 handle of a crosier, and beside it lay two chests, 
 which had been very recently rifled, it was sup- 
 posed, of their contents, by the workmen, one of 
 • 
 
 rain." " How can that be ? " said Harington, " for we are 
 within the church ? " " True," replied the prelate, " but 
 your church is roofless." " The more is the pity, my lord," 
 observed Sir John, s< and the more does it call for the mu- 
 nificence of your lordship." The manoeuvre succeeded, and 
 from that moment the bishop resolved on the re-edification 
 of the sacred structure. The church was then re-consecrated 
 and dedicated to St- Peter and St. Paul. 
 
 The contributions to the restoration were considerable, and > 
 for years, continuous. In Elizabeth's reign, however, the 
 effacing finger of decay had touched the walls, when an en- 
 thusiast (perhaps Harington,) wrote with charcoal, on one 
 of the buttresses — 
 
 " O Church, I waile thy woful plight, 
 
 Whom King, nor Cardinal, Clarke, nor Knight, 
 
 Have yet restored to ancient right." 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 161 
 
 whom became, just then, suddenly enriched, and re- 
 tired from manual labour ; 
 
 This was an ancient chamber, 
 
 Wherein for years were stored, 
 What years had gone to gather, — 
 
 The Ecclesiastics' hoard. 
 
 These seem to have been " chambers for the trea- 
 sures, for the offerings, for the first-fruits, and for 
 tithes." 
 
 In the early ages of ecclesiastical history, the 
 ambition of the architect was to admit the rays of 
 light with jealousy. Mediaeval structures were 
 pierced with wider windows, but, a floodj of light 
 poured in through the broad, and great, and lofty 
 openings formed in the Tudor temples. In the nine- 
 teenth century, the architectural revolution seems 
 to be completed, and the circle to have returned 
 into itself, for the lancet window is generally resumed. 
 
 Every cathedral, abbey, or other religious struct- 
 ure in England, possesses a separate and distinct 
 character, and presents beauties, and principles pe- 
 culiarly its own. In this respect Bath Abbey is as 
 
 These names refer to Bishop King. Cardinals Adrian 
 and Wolsey, Bishops Clark and Knight. 
 
 John Chapman, (a military man), in the same auspicious 
 reign, repaired the east end of the north aisle ; the queen's 
 chamberlain, Thomas, Earl of Sussex, paid the charge for 
 glazing the uppermost windows, on the north side of the 
 choir ; and, by the liberality of Lord Burleigh, and his 
 steward, Sir Thomas Bellot, the choir was refitted for divine 
 service. 
 
 M 
 
162 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 admirable and attractive, as its predecessors else* 
 where. The ground plan varies considerably from 
 those of our cathedrals, the aisles being wide, in 
 proportion to the breadth of the nave, and the tran- 
 septs unusually narrow : owing to this arrangement, 
 the tower is a rectangle, one side of which is a fourth 
 longer than the other. The choir also, in compari- 
 son with the nave, is exceptionably long, and the 
 choir-aisles are carried further eastward than the 
 choir itself. This, however, arose from the inter- 
 ruption of the original design, which included a lady 
 chapel, and ambulatory, or infers the destruction of 
 such portion subsequently ; it further appears from 
 an inspection of the buttresses at the east end, and 
 from the fact, that the fronts of the houses in the 
 Litten (grave yard), on the south side of the Orange 
 Grove, are in continuation, that is, in the same plane, 
 with the wall of the south choir-aisle. 
 
 The whole building stands on 20,032 square feet, 
 of which the points of support include 4,500; conse- 
 quently, the proportion of the latter to the former, 
 is 0.224. No similar structure has been subjected 
 to more fanciful theories, or criticised by more 
 eminent professional men, who, however they may 
 differ in their hypotheses, are united in their ad- 
 miration of the scientific principles on which it is 
 constructed, the symmetry of its proportions, and 
 the beauty of its details. 
 
 In the restoration of 1833, the original charac- 
 ter of the decorations, and design, in the north 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 163 
 
 and south aisles, was easily detected, and, without 
 difficulty, repeated ; but, a controversy, called the 
 "pinnacle warfare" arose, which was only terminated 
 by the opinion of Mr. Garbett, of Winchester, an 
 experienced architect, who decided in favour of the 
 present form. In any future restoration, it is sug- 
 gested, that a semi-circular apse should be projected 
 from, the sacrarium; — the east doors and windows, of 
 the aisles, assimilated to the original style of the 
 building ; the spandrils of the great square-headed 
 east window, filled up with ornamental tracery, and 
 the heavy buttresses on either side, entirely rebuilt. 
 These alterations, if they would not restore the 
 lady chapel, and its embracing ambulatory, would, 
 at least, bring the present heterogeneous composi- 
 tion — the east end of the Abbey — into greater har- 
 mony with the original, exquisite, Tudor design, so 
 much of which is happily perfect. 
 
 Wood, and his followers, have thought that the 
 idea of the church, was that of an Egyptian hall, 
 and of the Doric order, sustaining the Ionic ; but 
 as an emblem of the Christian religion, cruciform, 
 and under a Gothic dress. In this opinion, they 
 are countenanced by discoveries that would seem 
 more curious than useful ; such as that the pro- 
 portions correspond with those of Noah's ark, 
 Solomon's temple, and the Tabernacle. Besides 
 this peculiarity, which can hardly be accidental, 
 there are others evidently symbolical, emblematical, 
 such as, the fifty-two windows (the weeks) ; seven 
 
164 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 entrance doors* (the days) ; four great pillars (the 
 seasons) supporting the tower ; twelve smaller (the 
 months) enclosing the great hall ; five windows on 
 each side of the chancel (the five wounds). 
 
 The west front of the Ahbey, representing 
 Bishop Montague's dream, consists of a large 
 window, between two octagonal towers; under this 
 is the grand entrance, on each side of which are 
 canopied niches, in one of which stood a figure of 
 St. Peter, while St. Paul's filled the other. An 
 effigy of our Saviour occupied a niche above the 
 doorway ; a dove is represented near to the top of 
 the window, and higher still, and, in a spacious and 
 enriched recess, was a figure supposed to represent 
 " God the Father ; " while the spandrels are filled 
 with an angelic choir, in the attitude of adoration. 
 On the front of each tower a ladder is represented, 
 with angels ascending and descending, and, at the 
 foot a man sleeping under an olive tree. On the 
 tops of the ladders are bustos of the saints, each 
 holding a book. 
 
 On each side of the front cant of the turrets, are 
 three tiers of statues, on pedestals, and finishing 
 with pinnacled canopies. They represent the twelve 
 apostles, of whom St. Andrew and St. John are the 
 most conspicuous. The tracery of the west window 
 is deservedly admired ; in the centre, near the 
 
 * The priests', or seventh door, now disused, is on the 
 south side, opposite to the Abbey House, or rather, to the 
 buildings erected ou its site. (Vide p. 160.) 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 165 
 
 head, an angel appears issuing from a cloud, and 
 bearing a shield, once charged with arms, perhaps, 
 those of the See. Below the pedestal, on which 
 the feet of the summit figure rests, are two shields, 
 charged with the arms of Bath and Wells, sur- 
 mounted by the supporters of the arms of Henry 
 VII, which held the white and red roses united, and 
 over these a crown. 
 
 The figures on the turrets and gable, present 
 a mouldering aspect, and are now scarcely distin- 
 guishable. The descending angels appear to come 
 head-foremost, an unnecessary and unnatural atti- 
 tude, and all have long been headless. This last 
 state of mutilation arose from the accident of a fall- 
 ing head having alighted at the feet of an alderman, 
 who immediately ordered the decapitation of the re- 
 maining figures. The buttresses, on each side of the 
 aisle windows, are adorned with sculptured scrolls, 
 believed to have been inscribed with the following 
 allegorical allusion to the name and vision of Bishop 
 King, viz., the olive springing through a regal crown, 
 surmounted by a mitre ; and beneath, were two ani- 
 mals and an expanded roll, on which were traced, 
 but now no longer legible (Vide Judges ix. v. 8) — 
 
 " Jerunt ligna ut ungerent se regem, 
 Dixeruntque olivae impera nobis." 
 
 Trees, going to choose their king, 
 Said — he to us the olive king. 
 
 Above these rolls are the supporters to the arms 
 of Henry VII., with regal crowns, from the rays of 
 which spring olive trees, and over these are seen 
 
16G THE H1ST0EIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 episcopal mitres. The small doorways of the side 
 aisles, correspond with the central grand entrance, 
 in enrichment and elaboration. Over each, is a win- 
 dow, divided into four principal lights, by mullions 
 branching into graceful tracery. Both central mul- 
 lions are ornamented by a human figure, on a ped- 
 estal and under an enriched canopy ; that in the 
 northern window, is in flowing drapery, and hold- 
 ing a scroll; the figure in the south window, is 
 probably a royal effigy, and seems retaining a purse 
 or money-bag. On each pedestal is a shield, charged 
 with the See arms. Above the northern window, 
 may be read the inscription, Domus mea ; over the 
 southern, Domus orationis; but the general title of 
 the whole design, briefly descriptive of the vision, 
 Be sursum est, is no longer visible. The cornices, 
 above the side aisle windows, as well as that over 
 the centre of the building, rake pedimentally, and 
 have an embattled and pierced parapet. 
 
 The great door, which is the gift of Sir Henry 
 Montague, the bishop's brother, in 1617, consists of 
 two valves, affording an interesting illustration of 
 the decorative carving of James the First's time. 
 The upper part displays an heraldic mantle, sur- 
 mounted by a knight's helmet and profile, and a 
 griffon's head — the Montague crest. On the man- 
 tle are two shields of arms, viz., within a royal gar- 
 ter and motto, the See of Bath and Wells, impaling 
 Montague and Montague only ; another shield is 
 beneath, and a flowing label around it, inscribed 
 Ecce quam bonum et quam jucundum, dc. Canopied 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 167 
 
 niches, on each side of the door, are filled with stat- 
 ues of St. Peter and St. Paul, apostolic patrons of 
 the church. Beneath St. Peter, who once held his 
 keys, was the inscription : — 
 
 "Glaviger iEthereus factus de Simone Petrus," 
 
 and, on the south side, under St. Paul's effigy, the 
 following — 
 
 " Ecce furor Sauli factus est conversio Pauli." 
 
 Underneath the pedestals, are the portcullis and 
 union rose, crowned, the badges of Henry VII. 
 
 The soffit of the door-way is deep, and composed 
 of many mouldings, above which is a square-head 
 label ; and the spandrils are filled with labels en- 
 closing wounded hearts, crowns of thorns, pierced 
 hands and feet, figurative of the five wounds of our 
 Saviour, 
 
 The style of the Abbey is perpendicular,* and it 
 is admired for the lightness, delicacy, and purity of 
 its general character. The soubriquet of the Lantern 
 of England, is neither very happy, nor very digni- 
 fied, but is shared with York Minster, and evidently 
 borrowed from the flood of light that pours through 
 the large clerestory windows, when the sun or the 
 moon is shining in the south ; the same unenviable 
 title is equally applicable to many contemporary 
 structures. The exteriors of the north and south 
 
 * This was the last ecclesiastical building, of any magni- 
 tude, erected in this country in the perpendicular period of 
 pointed architecture, and is the only one which remains so 
 nearly in the state in which it was originally designed. 
 
168 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 aisles, show the compressed wide windows of the 
 lower ranges, divided into compartments, by mulli- 
 ons, some being enriched by the addition of cusps ; 
 the flying buttresses of the nave were added so 
 lately as 1834-5, together with the pinnacles of the 
 buttresses themselves, but those of the choir are 
 original. The south elevation is interrupted by the 
 presence of a vestry room, rather an inharmonious 
 object, and although attached to the walls, is in the 
 parish of St. James. 
 
 The great east window, has an additional tier 
 of lights, is square-headed, and the jambs are car- 
 ried up to the highest point of the window ; the 
 turrets also are square, and exhibit two ranges of 
 pannelling. Competent critics defend this com- 
 position, but the less scientific more than suspect 
 that this window was not part of Bishop King's de- 
 sign, and that the upper stories of the staircase tur- 
 rets disagree from the style and age of their bases. 
 In the external repairs that have been effected by 
 corporate liberality and private subscriptions, ogee 
 cupolas, rather than the present pinnacles, would 
 have been more truly in character, and the but- 
 resses on the aisles, at the foot of the flying por- 
 tions might have been carried higher, and crowned 
 with a sort of pedestal, as at St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor. (Vide p. 163.) 
 
 These alterations, however desirable, are now be- 
 yond reasonable expectation, but, surely the enlarge- 
 ment of the Sacrarium, by the addition of a five- 
 light apse, which would vary, and beautify, and give 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 169 
 
 space within the communion railing, is evidently de- 
 sirable, especially for convenience of administration 
 in the communion service. 
 
 On entering the church, attention is immediately 
 attracted to the camera, which is singular in design; 
 and beautiful in execution. It is probable that 
 the roof of the nave was constructed in the time of 
 Bishop Montague, his arms, alternately with those 
 of the city, being on the bosses. Twelve clustered 
 columns (the months of the year) separate the side 
 aisles, and sustain elliptic arches ; the span of the 
 roof is thirty feet three inches, with a rise of only 
 three feet ; having a height, to the ridge-rib of the 
 arching, of seventy-eight.* If the conclusion be 
 correct, namely, that the ribs composing the tracery 
 of the roof are solid, — that the intermediate spaces 
 were originally open, and that they are now filled 
 with lath and plaster, then its construction is unique, 
 most ingenious, and almost inimitable. 
 
 A stone screen, the design of Blore, was erected 
 in 1833, to separate the nave from the choir ; the 
 latter was then altered and repaired internally and 
 externally, under the direction of Mr. Manners, city 
 architect. A stone rere-dos was then set up — the 
 old-fashioned altar-railing, of Queen Anne's date, 
 removed — and other serious changes effected. Mod- 
 ern galleries and pews were introduced to accommo- 
 date the conventual edifice to parochial purposes, at 
 
 * Length of nave and choir 218 feet ; width 74 ; length 
 of nave 143 ; of choir 75. 
 
170 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 a great sacrifice of the original architectural beau- 
 ties of the design. These alterations were completed, 
 and the old Abbey re-opened for divine service on the 
 25th of December, 1835. Britton (in his history of 
 the Abbey) objects to the marble rere-dos, as having 
 no analogy to the window above, or to the arches at 
 the sides ; he considered " that the screen of Bride's 
 chantry might have been happily and harmoniously 
 imitated in re-edifying the altar, and supplying a 
 new communion table." Tastes, less entirely pro- 
 fessional, would probably have retained the old altar- 
 piece, " The adoration of the wise men," painted by 
 Robinson, of London, which was presented by Mar- 
 shal Wade ; and removed to the palace at Wells, 
 after the restoration of 1833 ; even the antique 
 altar-railing, a remnant of which is desecrated into 
 the protection of an area in Lansdown Crescent, 
 would also have well suited the sacrarium of the old 
 Abbey. A blind man was once appointed to judge 
 between the merits of sculpture and painting, and 
 having passed his sensitive fingers over the linea- 
 ments of both, declared the latter to be the most 
 wonderful. 
 
 Very rich, rather heavy groining, with fan tracery 
 and pendants, adorn the ceilings of the south and 
 north eastern aisles, which may be inspected accu- 
 rately from the gallery loft ; and thence also the 
 enriched and elegantly-traced ceiling of the choir 
 may be advantageously examined. These excellent 
 specimens of art afford a subject for the study of 
 both amateur and artist. It can hardly escape ob- 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 171 
 
 servation that the roof of the choir rises higher 
 than that of the nave, although the groins of the 
 former are lower. By this arrangement it makes 
 a sharper arch, and exhibits its expanding ribs in 
 an exquisite and well-finished pattern. 
 
 The transepts are narrower than the nave and 
 choir, but of equal height, with beautifully decor- 
 ated ceilings, and are brightly lighted by lofty per- 
 pendicular windows. In the south transept a small 
 niche remains, supposed to have been included 
 within the almonry, but it was more probably a 
 piscina. 
 
 The last but most graceful design, not an integral 
 part of the edifice, included in this abridged delinea- 
 tion, is the monumental chapel, or chantry, or ora- 
 tory of Prior Bride, commenced about the year 1515, 
 and, for some time, diligently prosecuted ; it was, 
 however, also interrupted for a time, perhaps by 
 the Keformation, after its cost had considerably en- 
 croached upon the resources of the founder. Its 
 purity of style, and richness of decoration, did not 
 save it from the rudeness, nor rescue it from the 
 neglect, to which all Gothic architecture was then 
 consigned. The front screens were submitted to 
 repeated coats of white and yellow washes, until the 
 sharpness of the carved work was lost, and the 
 delicate tracery obscured. In 1833 some restitu- 
 tion was made for this extraordinary disregard of 
 so beautiful a gem of art, by means of a public sub- 
 scription, which was expended on the restoration, so 
 far as practicable, to its original elegance, under the 
 
172 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 direction of Mr. Edward Davis, * of Bath. 
 
 The style of the Prior's chantry is florid-perpen- 
 dicular, and its position, on the south side of the 
 choir, usual. It was enclosed hy two screens, one of 
 which, the north, has been removed, and destroyed, 
 to admit of an unpicturesque episcopal throne of 
 wood. But the south screen is judiciously restored, 
 and consists of two sub -arches and an enriched 
 transom, resting on a basement decorated with qua- 
 tre-foils, empannelled, and having separating octan- 
 gular buttresses. The interior was adorned with 
 pannelling, roses, pedestals, and varied sculptures, 
 and provided with an altar and a piscina. Over 
 the altar, at the east end, was some exquisite taber- 
 nacle work — panels charged with lozenge-shaped 
 tracery, and a shield bearing the Prior's arms. 
 These were removed during the restoration of the 
 chantry, and should now be sought for and replaced. 
 Four compartments of fan -shaped- tracery, diverg- 
 ing from side corbels, occupy the whole of the 
 ceiling. The north screen was never completely 
 finished, and some portion remains as it was origi- 
 nally prepared for the carver ; and, from this happy 
 accident we learn the mode in which such minute 
 sculptures were then executed. The stone being 
 shaped, a black coat of water-colour was then laid 
 on, and the drawing being pricked through, the 
 outline was obtained on the stone by the applica- 
 
 * Vide " Gothic Ornaments of Prior Bride's Chantry, hy 
 E. Davis, architect," folio 1834. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 173 
 
 tion of a white powder. For this discovery, the 
 renovator was indebted to the coatings of lime-wash, 
 beneath which much of the carved work had been 
 concealed. Amongst the ornaments, the device of a 
 bird within a W, in allusion to the founder's name, 
 predominates, accompanied, along with other em- 
 blems, by the figure of a Sagittarius.* If this in- 
 teresting specimen of commemorative architecture 
 were restored to completion, by the removal of the 
 Bishop's seat, re-building of the north screen, in- 
 sertion of the tabernacle work at the east end, and 
 erection of an altar tomb, it would not be inferior 
 to the chantries of Beaufort, Waynflete, and Wyke- 
 liam at Winchester, nor to that of Bishop Audley in 
 Salisbury Cathedral, f 
 
 * Bellott's memorial window is glazed "bellot wise" as her- 
 alds have it. A window to the memory of Biss of Spargrove, 
 exhibits his arms along with the motto " Bis fecit : sis felix 
 Ms" And in the Malet, of Enmore, window may be read 
 malet meliora. Criticism on such devices should be with- 
 held, especially as the example originated with the most 
 learned and dignified members of the church. A rebus of 
 this species, " An owl with a label inscribed Dom, may be 
 seen in Bishop Oldham's chantry in Exeter Cathedral. 
 
 f With that spirit which actuated, and that sound judg- 
 ment which has long directed the corporation of Bath, the 
 simultaneous improvements of Abbey and city, commenced in 
 1814 (under Davis and Bachelor,), were revived in 1823, and 
 carried to consummation in 1833 ; then it was, that the old 
 half ruined houses disfiguring the Market Place, and half 
 concealing the Abbey from view, were removed, and a broad 
 and cheerful area, " where the busy hum of men" is heard, 
 thrown open for the health and convenience of the citizens. 
 
174 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 The Tower was formerly dignified with a large 
 and ponderous clock-dial, that told the tale of time 
 with fidelity; and the clock is still connected with a 
 set of sweet-toned bells, originally taught to chime at 
 prime, tierce, sext, none, vespers, complin, and midnight 
 offices. In 1823, the dial was removed to the north 
 transept, and fixed above the window, where it up- 
 braids the idler with the waste of life. This desir- 
 able change afforded Lautier, the machinist, an oc- 
 casion for the display of his ingenuity. The rod 
 that conveys the moving power is 75 feet long; the 
 horizontal rod is the length of the transept, and 
 supported on friction rollers, so as to counteract the 
 effects of heat and cold on metals. 
 
 Without bells no monastery, abbey, or cathedral 
 was complete ; 'tis true that sacred boards were used 
 in Passion week and Lent, because the noise of 
 bells was thought to be unsuited to the solemnity 
 of the season ; but la Sonnerie has ever been con- 
 sidered indispensable, from the days of Paulinus, 
 of Nola in Campania, in the fourth century, to our 
 own times. When Clothair beseiged Sens, in the 
 year 610, Bishop Lupus ordered .the bells of St. 
 Stephens to be rung, the novel, loud and extra- 
 ordinary sound of which put the beseigers to flight. 
 The bells of Bath are not especially remarkable for 
 their size, they claim the better merit of sweetness 
 indeed, there is a limit to the magnitude of these 
 inventions, for it cannot be very convenient, or even 
 safe, to toll the great bell of Moscow, 443,773 lbs. 
 in weight, since the silvery sounds of Susanna, of 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 175 
 
 Erfurt, much less in diameter, and of Great Tom 
 of Oxford, weighing only 17,000 lbs. are so seldom 
 heard. 
 
 It has long been the practice, in Roman Catholic 
 countries, to baptize bells, hence those deep-tongued 
 cloches of Oxford and London, derive their titles ; 
 and, although there is an antidote to evil concealed 
 in the theory, it is openly professed that the shrill, 
 loud, sounds of the great church bells protect the 
 locality from the effects of a thunder-storm. Super- 
 stition has also treated bells with further distinction 
 than that of baptizing, for there are usually around 
 them inscriptions relating to their duty, or their don- 
 ors. The following is the most popular adoption : — 
 
 " Funera plango, fulgura frango, sabbata pango, 
 Excito lentos, dissipo ventos, paco cruentos," 
 " Binging for every funeral knell, 
 And for the marriage stave ; 
 Alike of life a nd death they tell, 
 The cradle and the grave." 
 
 But the finest poem ever devoted to the history of 
 bells, is Schiller's Die Gloche, (the Bell). 
 
 In the tower of Bath Abbey there are ten ponder- 
 ous bells, all dated, some inscribed, but none named. 
 Abraham Kudhall, of Gloster, the founder of eight of 
 them, seems to be the same who gave a votive ring 
 to the King's Bath, to which the date 1700 may be 
 safely ascribed. They are inscribed as follows : — 
 
 The 1st. — Francis Bennett, 
 
 Esq. Mayor, 1774. 
 — 2nd. — Nicholas Baker, 
 
 George Clarke, wardens, 
 
 1774. 
 
 — 3rd. — When you me ring, 
 I'll sweetly sing. A.R.1700. 
 
 — 4£7z. — God prosper the 
 Church of England, A.R. 
 1700. 
 
176 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 -f)th. — Prosperity to all our 
 benefactors, A.R. 1700. 
 
 - 6th. — Pray ring us true, 
 We will praise you. A.1J. 
 1700. 
 
 - 7th. — Peace and good 
 neighbourhood. A. E. 
 1700. 
 
 - 8th. — James Smith and 
 Samuel Ditcher, church- 
 wardens, 1700. 
 
 - 9th.— Mr. William Clem- 
 ent, Minister, Mr. Gibbs, 
 
 Mayor, AnnoDominil700, 
 — 10th.— All you of Bath 
 that hear me sound, 
 Thank Lady Hopton's 
 hundred pound. 
 (Lady Hop ton, of With am 
 Friar's, Somerset, and 15 
 of her family, gave iJlOO to 
 purchase the great bell, 
 to which the Corporation 
 added <£60.) 
 Abra. Eudhall cast us all, 
 Anno Domini 1700. 
 
 In the year 1812, Mr. Thomas Nash, bequeathed 
 an annuity of fifty pounds to the ringers, on condi- 
 tion of their tolling a passing bell on the anniversary 
 of his marriage, and pouring forth a peal of joy on 
 that of his death. Had he written his own epitaph, 
 it would probably have been 
 
 " Gi-gitmafemme. Ah! qu' elle est Men 
 " Pour son repos et pour le mien." 
 
 Such rhymes as those that encircle the bells of 
 Bath Abbey, were common in the localities of all 
 great ecclesiastical structures. The peculiar fea- 
 tures of Salisbury Cathedral are commemorated in 
 these verses of " a certain Daniel Rogers " : — 
 
 "As many days as in one year there be, 
 So many windows in this church you see ; 
 As many marble pillars here appear 
 As there are hours through the fleeting year ; 
 As many gates as moons one here does view ; 
 Strange tale to tell, but not more strange than true." 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 177 
 
 Monuments. — The character of the monuments 
 in Bath Abbey, is not of a sufficiently high quality 
 to deserve the rank of " historic memories." The 
 majority are simple mural tablets, too fully, and too 
 fondly charged with eulogies, that grief and grati- 
 tude have dictated. But, if praise be pardonable, 
 it is when the remembrance is all that survives. 
 All nations raised and revered tombs ; at first, bar- 
 rows, such as that of Achilles, then mausolea, or 
 pyramids, vases, and votive altars, and tablets, 
 with or without sculptured effigies. No apology, 
 therefore, is requisite for the great number of me- 
 morials displayed in Bath Abbey, the chief temple 
 of a city which is the resting-place of the aged, 
 the retreat of the infirm. Epitaphs, however, are 
 more exposed to criticism than the graven brass, or 
 sculptured marble, although the sagacious Thucy- 
 dides has preserved some elegiac lines, and imitative 
 Rome partially adopted the practice. During the 
 middle ages, the Leonine rhyming Latin was the 
 favourite mode of recording sorrow for the dead, but 
 the revival of classical learning in Italy, restored 
 the more chaste and elegant model ; and Horace 
 has given wise counsel in his "exegi monumentum" 
 &c. We are indebted to the French for the diffuse 
 and rhetorical epitaph, which the Germans so se- 
 verely censured for its falsehood ; but, the resump- 
 tion of Latin is attended with the obvious advantage 
 of restoring brevity. An epitaph should correspond 
 truly to the character of its subject. The recording 
 lines written on men who have performed great 
 
 N 
 
178 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 actions, — were universally known — or, who have 
 made discoveries in science or in art, should be sim- 
 ple. Would not the names of Newton, Ussher, Wel- 
 lington, Burke,* Goldsmith, or Nelson, unfold the 
 page of history, or of literature, to the memory? Such 
 names involve a sufficient panegyric. The unknown, 
 or the obscure, may require an epitaph, and, no doubt, 
 sometimes " merit has blushed unseen ; " to such, 
 therefore, the privilege of a splendid elegy may be 
 conceded ; but, so exposed are these compositions 
 to the shafts of criticism, ridicule, and irony, that 
 the feelings of the living would be better consulted 
 by the most modest memento of the dead. 
 
 Copernicus' monument, in the church of St. Anne ? 
 at Cracow, is inscribed, " Sta, sol, ne moveare ;" the 
 very words of Scripture (Josh. x. 12) which were 
 used as a pretext for the persecution of the great 
 truth which he discovered, here form the philoso- 
 pher's epitaph; this is an illustration of the sim- 
 ple and sublime. If the misanthrope be disposed 
 to mock the earthly vanity of posthumous praises, 
 he has a type in Byron's elegy on his Newfoundland 
 dog:— 
 
 " To mark a friend's remains, these stones arise : 
 I never knew but one, and here he lies." 
 
 On a slab, in the cloisters of Worcester Cathe- 
 dral, the lowest state of humility is expressed in 
 
 * Vide his reply to the Duke of Bedford and Lord Londs- 
 dale, " which no one can read without emotion, and which 
 will last as long as the English language." 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 179 
 
 the word "Miserrimus" the sole epitaph of one who 
 led a life of penitence and prayer. Now, would not 
 the inscription on a layman's tomb, Count Tessin's, 
 the Swede, " tandem felix" have shown more confi- 
 dent hope in an hereafter? But, it is obvious that 
 criticisms on funereal poetry, or praises, are mis- 
 placed ; and, if other proof were wanting, would not 
 Harington's epigramatic couplet be sufficient?— 
 
 " These walls, adorned with monument and bust, 
 Show how Bath waters serve to lay the dust." 
 
 The number of monuments in the Abbey will not 
 disappoint expectation, although the costliness and 
 general character will not realize it. The whole 
 interior of the nave and aisles was once covered 
 with these records of mortality, reminding the vis- 
 itor, at every step, what shadows we are, and what 
 shadows we pursue, and pointing to the common 
 destiny of the statesman, soldier, scholar, with the 
 less ambitious children of industry and commerce, 
 who sleep beside them. 
 
 The Nave and Aisles. — Bishop Montagues mon- 
 ument, on the north side of the nave, beneath one of 
 the great arches, is the most conspicuous in the Ab- 
 bey. It consists of an altar-tomb, on which rests a 
 recumbent figure of the prelate in his pontificals ; his 
 hands raised and closed, as in prayer. At each end 
 are two Corinthian pillars of marble, supp orting an 
 entablature, and carrying shields, charged with the 
 armorial bearings of the bishop. On each side of 
 the sarcophagus are escutcheons, which are yet per- 
 fect and accessible. The bishop died in thejy ear 1618, 
 
180 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 was interred in Bath Abbey, at bis own request, 
 and tbe long, and laudatory account of bis public 
 services was inscribed on bis tomb, by the desire of 
 his four brothers, at whose expense the monument 
 was erected. It is in the manner of the Elizabethan 
 age, highly decorated and coloured — a style that was 
 stately in character and execution in England, but 
 singularly grotesque in all contemporaneous exam- 
 ples on the continent.* 
 
 On the south side is the following inscription : — 
 
 " Memorise sacrum, pietate, virtute, 8 et doctrina insignis 
 Jacobus Montacutus, Edvardi Montacuti de Boughton, in 
 comitatu North amtoniae, equitis aurati, a Sarisburiensibus 
 comitibus, deducta propagine, filius, quinto genitus, a sap- 
 ientissimo Jacobo Rege Sacello Eegio Decanus propositus, 
 ad Episcopatum Bathoniensem promotus et deinde ad Win- 
 toniensem, ob spectatam in maximis negotiis fidem, dexteri- 
 tatem et prudentiam, in sanctius consilium adscitus. Regi- 
 que (cui charissimus erat) in aula assiduus, in medio actu- 
 osse vitse cursu, quam Deo, ecclesiae, et patriae devoverat, ad 
 eternam vitam evocatus 20 Julii, Anno Domini 1618, aeta- 
 tis 50." 
 
 On the north side : — 
 
 " Reverendissimus hie Episcopus in hoc templo antiquis- 
 simo, quod, inter alia multa egregia pietatis monument a, 
 
 * The style of these gorgeous tombs, although little in 
 character with the pointed manner of the Abbey, is chaste, 
 curious, and correct, as integral works. Philosophy may 
 smile at the vanity of such recompense to the shade of piety 
 and worth, but Art congratulates that country whose civili- 
 zation has attained to such a degree of perfection ; 
 
 " The struggling light through the windows high, 
 Falls o'er the pillar'd tomb, 
 And gilds the sculptured forms that lie 
 Enshrined with sacred gloom." 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 181 
 
 maximis impensis instauravit, corpus deponi jussit, donee 
 Christo Eedemptori videbitur, eum cum justis ad intermina- 
 tam vitam, quam in terrisfsemper anhelavit, excitare. Ed- 
 vardus Montacutus, de Boughton, Henricus Montacutus, 
 Capitalis in Banco Begio justitiarius, Carolus Montacutus, 
 testamenti curator, et Sidneius Montacutus a supplicum 
 libelHs, equites aurati, fratri optime merito, cum lachrymis 
 posuerunt." 
 
 In the south transept is a stately monument to 
 the memory of Lady Jane Waller.* It is of black 
 and white marble, with a canopy supported by four 
 Corinthian pillars, and on the sarcophagus rests the 
 effigy of a knight in armour, raised on his right 
 arm, and leaning towards his lady. At their feet a 
 daughter is seated ; at their heads a son. Their 
 epitaph is, of course, a panegyric : — 
 
 " To the dear memory of the right vertuous and worthy 
 lady, Jane Lady Waller, sole daughter and heir to Sir Bich- 
 ard Beynell, wife to Sir William Waller, Knight. 
 
 Sole issue of a matchless paire, 
 Both of their state and vertues heyre : 
 In graces great, in stature small, 
 As full of spirit as voyd of gall ; 
 Cheerfully brave, bounteously close, 
 Holy without vain -glorious showes; 
 Happy, and yet from envy free, 
 Learn'd without pride, witty, yet wise — 
 Beader, this riddle read with mee, 
 Here the good Lady Waller lyes." 
 
 Tradition, an appanage of Bathonian history, 
 has touched the reputation of royalty in the affair 
 
 * Sir William Waller was interred in Tothill Street Cha- 
 pel, Westminster. 
 
182 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 of the Waller monument. When King James II. 
 visited the Abbey, his eye glanced towards the ob- 
 noxious effigy of the knight, and, in a moment of 
 malice, he drew his sword, and hacked off the 
 nose. An attempt is made to dispose of the an- 
 ecdote on the authority of Pepys' Diary; but the 
 fact is that Waller's effigy was damaged when he 
 (Pepys) saw it, in 1688. It was on the same occa- 
 sion, probably, that another event occurred, con- 
 necting the censurable prejudices of King James, 
 with the history of the Abbey. Huddlestone, the 
 confessor and friend of the monarch, accompanied 
 him, and when their inspection was completed, the 
 confessor was commanded to place a crucifix upon 
 the altar, celebrate mass, and pour forth a demon- 
 stration of the wrath of God, against all heretics, 
 and apostates from the Koman Catholic faith. In 
 the number of his hearers was the venerable Bishop 
 Ken, who, when the anathema was ended, ascended 
 the stone pulpit, called on the congregation to re- 
 main, and bear with him, while he exposed the fal- 
 lacies of the confessor's reasonings, and the errors 
 of his doctrine. The royal party heard with impa- 
 tience, and withdrew without conviction. The Wal- 
 ler family left £300, the interest of which was to 
 be expended on the repairs of the Abbey. The 
 knight's tomb has a just claim to a portion, and 
 that debt is now due, with interest. 
 
 On the choir side of the same transept, and 
 directly opposite the Waller monument, is a very 
 beautiful specimen of sepulchral sculpture, to the 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 183 
 
 memory of Jacob Bosanquet, of the city of London ; 
 he died in 1767, and his monument, from the de- 
 sign and chisel of W. Carter, repeats the parable 
 of the Good Samaritan, so familiar to the visitor of 
 tombs in Bath ; but it is more faulty, perhaps, in con- 
 ception than the others, as the artist has taken the 
 term beast in the parable to signify horse, which is 
 not consonant with the general interpretation. A 
 very brief extract from the epitaph, more than 
 atones for the sculptor's error, if it be one : it is to 
 the effect, that the deceased " was not more industri- 
 ous in acquiring a fortune, than generous in distribut- 
 ing it" 
 
 A handsome monument of veined statuary mar- 
 ble, with Corinthian columns, supporting a pedi- 
 ment, will afford interest to the antiquary, and be 
 valued as an historic record from the contents of the 
 epitaph : — 
 
 "Hereunder lyes all that was mortal of Col, Ambrose 
 Norton, a worthy and loyal descendant of worthy and loyal 
 ancestors. He serv'd the Crowne of England ahoue 40 
 years, in employments both civel and military ; in which he 
 ever acquitted himself faithfully, and as a man of honour. 
 He was exceeding gracefull in person and behaviour ; his 
 justice, gentleness, and sweetness of disposition, were equall 
 to his courage ; and he crown'd all his other virtues with a 
 most exemplary piety. He was a branch of the ancient 
 family of the Nortons, of Somersetshire, and cousin-german 
 to Sir G-eorge Norton, of Abbot's -Leigh, in that county. A 
 house happily renovn'd in history for the concealment and 
 preservation of King Charles the Second, at the fatal battle 
 of Worcester. The Lady Norton having beene a widow 3 
 years, first of Sir George Norton, (to whose memory she has 
 erected a marble monument at Abbot's-Leigh, of the same 
 
184 
 
 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 form and dimention as this,) and since the widow of Col, 
 Ambrose Norton, has in her great regard to his memory 
 erected this monument ; where he desired his body might 
 be interred, expecting a blessed resurrection. He died in 
 the 77th year of his age, on the 10th day of September, in 
 the 10th year of his Majesty King George, his last Koyall 
 Master, Annoq. Dom. 1723." 
 
 Beau Nash was interred in the Abbey of his 
 adopted city; he expired at his house in St. John's 
 Court, Bath, on the 3rd Feb., 1761, but no monu- 
 ment was erected to his memory till the year 1790. 
 Dr. Harington originated a subscription to defray 
 the cost, and he, too, wrote his epitaph : — 
 
 " Adeste cives, adeste Lu- 
 gentes ! 
 
 Hie silent leges, 
 Rieardi Nash, armig. 
 Nihil amplius imperantes; 
 
 Qui diu et utilissime 
 Assumptus Bathonise 
 
 Elegantise arbiter. 
 Eheu! 
 Morti (ultimo designatori), 
 Haud indeeore succubuit : 
 Ann. Dom. mdcclxi. iEtat. 
 
 suae lxxxvii. 
 Beatus ille qui sibi imperi- 
 
 osus." 
 
 "If social virtues make re- 
 membrance dear, 
 Or manners pure on decent 
 rule depend ; 
 To his remains consign one 
 grateful tear, 
 Of youth the guardian, and 
 of all the friend. 
 Now sleep, dominion : here 
 no bounty flows ; 
 No more avails the festive 
 scene to grace, 
 Beneath the hand which no 
 discernment shows, 
 Untaught to honour, or 
 
 distinguish place. " 
 
 Underneath is an allegory; Death aiming his 
 
 unerring dart at a falling crown and sceptre, with 
 
 the motto — 
 
 iEqua pulsat rnanu. 
 
 A just tribute is here paid to the memory of a 
 brave and gallant sailor, Admiral Sir Wm. Hargood. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 185 
 
 In the splendid victory gained by Rodney, over 
 Count de Grasse, on thelSth April, 1782, Hargood 
 was present, as a lieutenant ; and he was captain of 
 the Bellisle, under Nelson, at the battle off Trafalgar, 
 on the 25th Oct., 1805. 
 
 On a pyramid of Sienna marble, is seen a medal- 
 lion with a half-length, of Quin, the actor, and the 
 rival of Garrick. He retired to Bath in the year 
 1751, and there died in 1766, in the seventy-third 
 year of his age. George III. took lessons from him 
 in recitation, and Thomson has paid a flattering tri- 
 bute to his talents in his Castle of Indolence. His 
 epitaph, which has been so widely communicated 
 to society, was written by David Garrick : — 
 
 " That tongue which set the table on a roar, 
 And charm'd the public ear, is heard no more ; 
 Closed are those eyes, the harbingers of wit, 
 Which spake, before the tongue, what Shakspeare writ ; 
 Cold is that hand, which living was stretch'd forth, 
 At friendship's call, to succour modest worth. 
 Here lies James Quin : — Deign, reader, to be taught, 
 Whate'er thy strength of body, force of thought, 
 In nature's happiest mould however cast. 
 
 * To this complexion thou must come at last.' 
 
 Gakrick." 
 
 Near to Quin's is a small marble monument, with 
 this inscription : — 
 
 " Sacred to the memory> of William Clements, Esq., a 
 youth distinguished by the sweetness of his manners, and 
 the excellence of his heart. Generous, humane, affectionate 
 — his life was a source of happiness to others — his death, it 
 is hoped, was the commencement of his own. 
 
 Look down, blest soul, and from the realms above, 
 Accept this last sad tribute of our love — 
 
186 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 The last — e'en now, our feelings we resign, 
 And lose our feelings to rejoice in thine." 
 
 A laudatory epitaph, the production, it is conjec- 
 tured, of Christopher Anstey, records the services 
 of Sir William Draper. He was born in Bristol, 
 educated at Eton and Cambridge, and, entering 
 the army, distinguished himself honourably. He is 
 known historically, during the last century, by his 
 connection with " the Manilla Ransom;" by his in- 
 judicious efforts to expose " Junius," and, by his im- 
 peachment of Murray, the governor of Gibraltar. 
 The concluding stanza will sufficiently illustrate 
 the embellishments of the composition : — 
 
 " Vale dux acer ! 
 
 Vir mansuete, liberalis, vale ! 
 
 Hoe fidum tuarum virtutum, spectataeque a pueris amicitiae , 
 
 posteris exemplar tradam. 
 
 Ob. Jan. A.D. 1787. Mta,t 66,— C.A." 
 
 Although less public interest may be excited by it, 
 yet history finds an evidence of some useful fact, from 
 the epitaph of Col. Charles Godfrey, brother-in-law 
 to the Duke of Marlborough, under whom he served 
 with memorable gallantry in the Netherlands. He 
 was born in 1628, and died on the 23rd Feb., 1714. 
 
 Dr. Caleb Hillier Parry, F.R.S., an eminent phy- 
 sician, was president of the Royal Medical Society, 
 Edinburgh, but subsequently settled in Bath, in the 
 year 1779, where he attained a high reputation, 
 and published several valuable treatises on various 
 subjects. He was the author of a communication 
 to the London Medisal Society, on Nervous Affections 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 187 
 
 of the Head; an essay on Angina Pectoris ; on Hydro- 
 phobia and Tetanus; and "The Elements of Pathology, 
 and Therapeutics." His writings were not confined to 
 medical subjects ; he published a Treatise on Wool, 
 and " Agricultural Observations" His remains were 
 honoured by a public funeral, the whole medical 
 profession (in Bath) being permitted to accompany 
 the procession to his grave in the Abbey ; and, as a 
 further tribute of affection, his respecting brethren 
 erected a tablet to his memory, appropriately de- 
 signed by Mr. King, of Bath. It is inscribed : — 
 
 "H.S.E. Caleb Hillier Parry, M.D., E.S.S. Virprobus, cul- 
 tor Dei pius, medicus sagax, artem, qua pollebat, in hac urbe> 
 per annos fere xl, Ingenio, moribus, multiplici literarum 
 cognitione, exornavit : scientia, naturae indagatione pers- 
 picaci, feliciter promovit. Ne tanto nomini ulla pars obser- 
 vantise desideraretur, amici, eadem arte consociati, hoc mar- 
 mor P.C. Vixit annos LXVI. Obit IX. die Mens. Mart. 
 a.s. MDCCCXXII." 
 
 Flaxman has not lost character by his design and 
 completion of a monument to W. Bingham, a sen- 
 ator of the United States of America. The citizen- 
 ship of the deceased is expressed on the memoria 1, 
 by two genii, presenting him with civic crowns. 
 
 There are only two ancient brass tablets in the 
 Abbey, one of them is to the memory of the Beeves 
 family, whose praises are subdued, but significant, 
 and the dimensions of the tablet unusually limited ; 
 it is dated 1664. The matrices of some others 
 remain. 
 
 The year 1618 is marked in the annals of Bath, 
 and of the Abbey, by the deaths of Bishop Montague, 
 
188 • THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the devoted patron of this noble temple ; and, of 
 
 Walter Ernele, a cion of the House of Hungerford : 
 
 the inscription, to the memory of the latter, is on a 
 
 black marble, enchased in white : — 
 
 "Here lyeth the body of Walter Ernele, Esq., sonne of 
 Michael Ernele, of Burton, in the county of Wilts, Esq., de- 
 ceased, and of Susan, the eldest daughter, and one of the 
 co-heirs, of Sir Walter Hungerford, Knt. of Farley Castle, 
 in the County of Somerset, also deceased ; which Walter 
 Ernele died the 27th day of Sept., a.d. 1618. 
 
 An Ernele Hungerford here lyeth in grave ; 
 
 More than thy owne, Earth, thou must not have ; * 
 
 His earthy part, his body, that is thine ; 
 
 His heavenly, his soule, that part divine, 
 
 Is Heaven's right; there doth it live and raigne, 
 
 In joye and blisse for ever to remain. 
 
 His body in her bosome, Earth must keepe, 
 
 Till such as rest in hope shall rise from sleepe, 
 
 Then, body joyned with soule, for ever shall 
 
 In glory live, raigne, both celestiall." 
 
 Arms, argent on a bend sable — three eagles displayed or. 
 
 Sir George Ivy, knight, of West Kingston, Wilts, 
 
 after a military life, replete with "hair -breadth 
 
 'scapes," especially at the seige of Breda, in the 
 
 Netherlands, returned to lay his bones in his native 
 
 land, a.d. 1689. 
 
 Leonard Coward is wisely, gratefully, sincerely eulogised 
 for his benevolence and patriotism. In the year 1803, he 
 bequeathed the residue of his personal estate, after payment 
 of certain legacies, for the improvement of the city ; and 
 the commissioners received from his executors the sum of 
 d£7,344 10s., which was applied accordingly. 
 
 Bacon, Jun., one of the best sculptors of his 
 age, has left nothing superior, of its class, to 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 189 
 
 Katencamp's memorial ; it is on the south side of the 
 west door. A cinerary urn awaits its encircling gar- 
 land, from a. female figure of much grace and dig- 
 nity. The inscription is a brief biography of the 
 deceased — 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of Herman Katencamp, Esquire, 
 many years His Majesty's Consul-General, for the protection 
 of trade in the two Sicilies and in Spain. He asserted and 
 maintained with dignity, firmness, and incorruptible inte- 
 grity, the liberty and privileges of the British Flag. Many 
 brave seamen, who, but for his energy and perseverance in 
 the performance of his duty, would have perished in a for- 
 eign land, are now living to serve their country, and bless 
 the memory of their beneficent protector. His charity was 
 unbounded ; friendless strangers, of whatever nation, never 
 left his door without relief, and were frequently heard to 
 exclaim, * This man is indeed a representative of his coun- 
 try.' His manners were amiable, his disposition warm, sin- 
 cere, candid, and affectionate. He never injured or offended 
 any man, and never withheld, even for a moment, his pity 
 and forgiveness from those who offended him. His mind, 
 strong, clear, and comprehensive, was cultivated by a liberal 
 education. His faults were but as transient shades, on his 
 many and brilliant virtues, which rendered their possessor 
 an honour to human nature. His widow, the partner of his 
 bosom for thirty-tour years, knowing what she has here 
 written to be a true, though faint] portrait of the excellent 
 man, to whose memory she consecrates this poor token of 
 gratitude and love. He was born at Exeter, on the 20th of 
 September, 1750, and died in this city, on the 23rd of 
 March, 1807." 
 
 Amongst the sepulchral honours paid to our In- 
 dian heroes, none have been more fortunate in secur- 
 ing posthumous distinction, through the aid of the 
 statuary's art, than Col. Alex. Chamjnon's. Fame 
 leans mournfully over a medallion, charged with 
 
190 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the hero's effigy, whilst military trophies constitute 
 the by-works. The attention of the spectator will 
 possibly be fixed a moment longer, when he reads 
 " Nollekens" in honoris angulo. This monument 
 is on the north side of the west entrance : — 
 
 " Colonel Alexander Champion died March the 15th, 1793. 
 His memory remains. Not less adorned, exalted, and en- 
 deared by domestic virtues, than by professional abilities, he 
 rose, in the course of twenty years' active service in India, 
 to the chief command of the Company's troops in Bengal ; 
 and in the various situations wherein he held that honour, 
 his zeal, his courage, and success, were ever tempered by 
 humanity. In private life, those who best know him, best 
 can speak. The esteem which was borne him testifies his 
 worth. He was in manners plain, open, and unaffected ; 
 possessing a sincerity of soul, heightened by benevolence, 
 and enlarged by hospitality. This monument, on the tablet 
 of which her gratitude, respect, and affection, are with truth 
 inscribed, was erected by his widow, Frances Champion.'* 
 
 Mail coaches were first introduced, along with a 
 perfect system of expeditious carriage and delivery 
 of letters, by Mr. John Palmer. The Executive were 
 tardy in requiting the originator, or even fulfilling 
 their agreement, but he lived to receive compensa- 
 tion from parliament, in the substantial form of 
 £50,000. His father established a regular theatre 
 in Bath — himself represented his native city in 
 parliament — and, his son attained the rank of gen- 
 eral in the army. He died at Brighton, on the 16th 
 of August, 1818, in the seventy-sixth year of 
 his age, and his remains were conveyed to the place 
 of his birth, and interred within the Abbey. The 
 mural slab that marks his place of sepulture would 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 191 
 
 have more appropriately recorded his public ser- 
 vices, had it been on a scale more liberal. 
 
 A tablet to the memory of General Palmer, who 
 died in 1851, is placed below the modest enumera- 
 tion of his father's talents, energies, and services. 
 
 And here, too, rests the gallant Admiral Gam- 
 bier, who diedinl789, having so served his country, 
 that his epitaph ' will be found in its history. 
 
 A third, but not an ancient, brass serves to bear an 
 inscription to the merits of a man of enterprize, 
 and valuable public servant, Mr, Carrington, during 
 many years, proprietor of " The Bath Chronicle," 
 and who died, regretted, in 1859. 
 
 It would be superfluous to trace the outline of 
 Rauzzinis character here ; it is so closely inter- 
 woven with the history of Bath and its recreations, 
 for so many years, that it will be found in detail, 
 as these pages are turned over. The visitor to his 
 tomb, however, may be reminded that he was not 
 only the soul of that musical eminence, for which 
 Bath was then celebrated over Europe, but the 
 preceptor of Madame Mara, Mrs, Billington, Sig- 
 nora Storace, Mrs. Mountain, Messrs. Braham, and 
 Incledon. He died in the sixty-second year of his 
 age, at his residence in Gay Street, Bath, and 
 amongst the faithful friends who followed his re- 
 mains to the tomb, " Braham" appeared as chief 
 mourner. A recital of his epitaph is but justice to 
 his character: — 
 
 " Near this place rest the remains of Venanzio Bauzzini, 
 native of Eome, distinguished as a vocal performer on the 
 
192 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Continent and in England, whose judicious abilities for 
 thirty years in conducting the musical department of this 
 city, amply gratified the applauding public, and whose ever 
 generous deportment conciliated their zealous affection. 
 This tributary memorial was erected by his affectionate 
 pupils, Anna Selina Storace and John Braham, prompted 
 by their friendship and grateful respect for professional 
 merit and liberality of sentiment. He died April the 8th, 
 1810, aged sixty-two." 
 
 The translator of " Xenophon's Memorabilia of 
 Socrates," — the authoress of " The Adventures of 
 David Simple," "History of Ophelia," "The Count- 
 ess Delwyn," and last of all, the sister of the author 
 of " Tom Jones," lies buried here ; and these lines 
 are vainly meant to perpetuate her memory : — 
 
 ' ; In this city lived and died Sarah, second daughter of 
 General Henry Fielding, by his first wife, daughter of Judge 
 Gould, 
 
 Whose writings will be known, 
 as incentives to virtue, and honour to her sex, 
 When this marble shall be dust. 
 She was born MDCCXIV., and died April, MDGCLXV1II 
 Her unaffected manners, candid mind, 
 Her heart benevolent, and soul resigned, 
 Were more her praise than all she knew or thought, 
 Though Athen's wisdom to her sex she taught. 
 The Bev. Dr. John Hoadley, her friend, for the honour of 
 the dead, and emulation of the living, inscribes this deficient 
 memorial of her virtues and accomplishments. Her bro- 
 ther, Henry Fielding, died in Lisbon, in October, 1754." 
 
 Sir Colyn Mackenzie (a.d. 1814), knight, and the 
 Roebucks of Heath, Yorkshire (1767), have been affec- 
 tionately commemorated in this place by their repre- 
 sentatives, as their laudatory epitaphs, and costly 
 testimonials demonstrate. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 193 
 
 Malthus is a name lastingly associated with the po- 
 litico-economical history of the nineteenth century. 
 His father, Daniel, of Albury, in Surrey, a man of 
 erudition, suggested to him the theory, " that pop- 
 ulation has a tendency to increase more rapidly than the 
 means of subsistence.' 1 The son, who is entombed in 
 the Abbey, deduced his "Essay on the Principles of 
 Population," from his father's doctrine, and excited 
 much controversy by its publication. Whatever 
 merit, therefore, really attaches to the theory, belongs 
 to the elder ; if any mischief, to the younger ; and 
 even the elder Malthus, seems to have taken, as his 
 basis of operations, the works of "Wallace on the 
 numbers of mankind," and "Lucas on happiness." 
 Inscription ;- — 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of the Eev. Thomas Eobert Mal- 
 thus, known to the lettered world by his admirable writings 
 on the social branches of political economy, particularly by 
 his essay on population. Born 14th February, 1766. Died 
 29th December, 1834." 
 
 Jonathan Henshaw (who died in 1762) has found 
 a happier chronicler in the touches of the anony- 
 mous sculptor, whose chisel has produced such 
 artistic excellency as the female figure, in alto re- 
 lievo, possibly meant for his widow, that graces his 
 tomb, than Captain William Clarke Jervoise, R.N., 
 whose adjacent monument was designed by West- 
 macott. 
 
 C. M. are the modestly inscribed letters, 
 
 (initials, perhaps,) on a monument by some lover of 
 allegory, from which, also, the sculptor's name is 
 omitted. A sleeping infant (life), whose disregard of 
 
 o 
 
194 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 time is shown by an overturned hour-glass, lies upon 
 a grave, at the head of which is a cinerary urn 
 (death). An allegory should be clear and striking ; 
 this is scarcely so. It would be matter of regret if 
 this instance contributed to the belief, that "alle- 
 gory in sculpture, is symptomatic of the decline of 
 art, when absence of the great, pure, and simple 
 conceptions of the beautiful is supplied by studied 
 inventions/' 
 
 Dr. William Oliver, (sen.,) M.D., F.B.S.,* was a res- 
 ident of Bath, and author of several Essays, that 
 appear in the Philosophical Transactions of his day. 
 He was a native of Cornwall, joined the expedition 
 of the Prince of Orange, in 1688, and was named 
 physician to the fleet. Subsequently, he became 
 physician to the Chatham and Greenwich hospitals, 
 and, dying on the 4th of April, 1716, was interred 
 here. The quill above his epitaph, seems emblem- 
 atical of his literary labours. 
 
 On the threshold of St Mark's Church, in Venice, 
 a spot is shown, where the emperor of Germany 
 laid his neck, while the Pope planted his foot upon 
 it, saying, "I tread on you and your supremacy,' ' 
 to which the imperial penitent replied, "not tibi sed 
 EcclesicB ; " these words have, in consequence, been 
 applied, travestied, and misapplied. John Veiling, a 
 man of small income and large family, was so de- 
 voted to the revival of the mouldering Abbey, that 
 he solicited the noble, and gentle, and affluent 
 
 * Dr. William Oliver, (jun.) was the first physician to the 
 Bath Mineral Water Hospital, (vide pp, 131 — 134.) 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 195 
 
 of every class. They, knowing his many worldly 
 wants, and undervaluing his true piety, presented 
 their treasures with a hint, that a division of the 
 gift would not be contrary to their wishes. He un- 
 derstood their kind allusion, but calmly replied, 
 after the manner of all good churchmen, " Non mihi 
 sed Ecclesiaj" a sentence aptly taken as the motto for 
 his tomb. He was rector of Bath for thirty years, 
 and died in February, 1620. Dr. Pelling, of St. 
 Anne's, Westminster, repaired his ancestor's mon- 
 ument here, in 1738. 
 
 Walsh Porter was long known, admired, and re- 
 spected, for his taste in literature and the fine arts. 
 He died suddenly, at his residence, Dawlish Villa, 
 near Bath, in the year 1809, and his relatives have 
 recorded their sorrow by a monument over his place 
 of sepulture. The design consists of an altar, of 
 two fronts, inscribed " Taste and Genius" on which 
 stands an extinct lamp, the last spark from which 
 is escaping tow r ards the skies. 
 
 Underneath the organ gallery is the monument 
 celebrated by Richard Warner, for " happiness of 
 design." It consists of a broken column, the cap- 
 ital of which is thrown over and prostrate, to the 
 memory of a gentleman who represented the Wal- 
 shes, of Ballybrodagh, in Ireland — " Eheu ultimus 
 familial." The inscription is simple : — 
 
 " Near this place, lies the body of Robert Walsh, Esquire, 
 late lieutenant- colonel in his majesty's service. He de- 
 parted this life 12th September, 1788, aged 66 years. By 
 the death of this gentleman, an ancient and respectable 
 family in Ireland, became extinct." 
 
196 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 The value of monumental records is sometimes 
 forgotten in their removal or destruction. Near to 
 the Walsh monument, is a mural tablet, to the me- 
 mory of Joseph Ewart, the existence of which, in 
 the nineteenth century, is believed to be of im- 
 portance. It is inscribed : — 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of Joseph Ewart, Esq., his ma- 
 jesty's envoy extraordinary, and minister plenipotentiary at 
 the court of Prussia, from the year 1787 to 1792— a station 
 to which he was called at an important crisis of public affairs, 
 and in which he approved himself, during many arduous 
 negotiations, an enlightened statesman, a zealous min- 
 ister, and (what is more than these) an honest man. He 
 died the 27th day of January, 1792, aged 32 years. A pub- 
 lic loss — a premature victim to the exertions of an ardent 
 and superior mind." 
 
 The choir is also adorned with a handsomely 
 sculptured monument to Joseph Sill, in which two 
 "draped mourners" are judiciously introduced. 
 The design is by Reeves, a Bath artist. Here also 
 rest the remains of the Revd. Charles Crook, Kector 
 of Bath, who died in the year 1837, aged fifty ; and 
 of his widow, who was laid beside him at the early 
 age of forty-four, in the year 1838. 
 
 Thomas Haweis, LL.D. and M.D., relies less on 
 a monument of brass or marble, and more on the 
 truthful page of history, for the esteem of posterity. 
 A native of Truro, in Cornwall, where he was born 
 in 1734, in due time he was entered at Christ's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and took an LL.B. in 1772, having 
 previously obtained some distinction as a preacher. 
 He next became assistant to the Eev. Matthew 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 197 
 
 Mad an, (author of "Thelyphthora") at the Lock Hos- 
 pital, London, and in February, 1764; was presented 
 to the Kectory of Aldwinckle, All Saints, Northamp- 
 tonshire, under " unpopular circumstances." His 
 evangelical views, and success, as a pulpit orator, 
 recommended him to the notice, and thence to the 
 confidence of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, who 
 appointed him her chaplain and almoner. He was 
 principal trustee to her will, and became manager 
 of the many chapels she had founded, as well as 
 of her general estate. Dr. Haweis was a qualified 
 physician, and gave advice, gratuitously only. He 
 was the founder of the Church Missionary Society, 
 advocate of the Mission to the South-Sea Islands, 
 author of " The Evangelical Expositor" "Impartial 
 History of the Church of Christ" and other valuable 
 works. He expired at his residence, in Beaufort 
 Buildings, Bath, on the 11th February, 1820, in 
 the eighty-sixth year of his age. 
 
 Peter Capper's memorial is an artistic composition ; 
 an altar-tomb, against which a shield of arms leans, 
 is overshadowed by a weeping willow. The date is 
 1780. 
 
 Against the south wall of the Sacrarium, is a mu- 
 ral monument of black and white marble, supported 
 by two Corinthian pillars, gilt, with the effigies of 
 a man and woman in ruffs, kneeling at a desk : un- 
 derneath the former, is a son, habited in a cloak, 
 with a swathed infant before him, and below the 
 latter, are five daughters in the attitude of prayer. 
 The epitaph is the earliest specimen of Latin verses 
 
198 THE HTSTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 that occurs in the Abbey, and the subject of them 
 died, most probably, in the beginning of the reign 
 of James I. of England : — 
 
 " In obitum Bartliolmcei Barnes defuncti, viri verae religi- 
 onis amantissimi, nuper mercatoris Londinensis, nuncque 
 caelorum regni civis beati. 
 
 Keligio, pietas, facundse gratia linguae, 
 
 Ingenium, virtus, inviolata fides. 
 Cum gravitate lepos, cum simplicitate venustas, 
 
 Larga manus, pectus nobile, firmus amor, 
 Denique quicquid habet natura quod addere possit 
 
 Addere quod possit gratia, quicquid habet, 
 Omnia Barncsum vivum comitata fuerunt, 
 
 Omnia mors atrox obruit ista simul, 
 Obruat ista licet tristi mors sseva sepulchro, 
 Post tamen illorum fata superstes erit." 
 
 Arms : Azure, two lions passant gardant argent. 
 
 Lady Miller, the lettered traveller, the patroness 
 of poetry, is celebrated for the establishment of" Po- 
 etical Amusements," &X her seat, Bath-Easton Villa? 
 near Bath. Her soirees resembled the Shakespeare 
 clubs of a later period. Having made a tour in Italy, 
 with her husband, Sir John Miller, she published a 
 very pleasing journal, and enrolled her name among 
 the literary characters of her time. While, indivi- 
 dually, she was a worshipper of the Muses, she 
 was zealous in bringing others to cultivate similar 
 tastes, and in promoting a love of letters, to the 
 exclusion of amusements of a questionable char- 
 acter and tendency. With this laudable object, she 
 held periodical assemblies, and in the handsomest 
 saloon of her elegant villa, placed an exquisite an- 
 tique vase, which she brought with her from Fres- 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 199 
 
 eati, in Italy. In the year 1759, this specimen of 
 art was placed on its pedestal, and devoted to the 
 reception of original poetical compositions, the pro- 
 duction of her ladyship's guests on those occasions. 
 These effusions, distinguished by feigned signa- 
 tures, were drawn from the vase by some fair and 
 appointed hand, read by a distinct and articulate 
 voice, their relative merits decided on by the fash- 
 ionable and educated assemblies, and the fortunate 
 aspirant to poetic fame, crowned, by a -' queen of 
 beauty," with a wreath of myrtle. 
 
 After a career, happy, graceful, instructive, and 
 conducive to an improved social arrangement, in the 
 amusements of the higher classes, the privilege of 
 contributing to the Urn was abused by some thought- 
 less, unprincipled wit ; upon which the fair u lady- 
 patroness of poetry" became alarmed, and never 
 had the courage to invite poetic competition again, 
 at her fashionable re-unions. Critics have been 
 found to depreciate the merit of those prize poems, 
 to which the myrtle wreaths were awarded at Bath- 
 Easton soirees, but the selections from them, which 
 were published, successfully refuted the derisions of 
 their reviewers, and rendered their judgment worth- 
 less. Amongst the contributors were Anstey, Gar- 
 rick, Graves, Meyler, Pratt, Miss Seward, &c, whose 
 productions, although perhaps light, hasty, and less 
 finished in this instance, must assuredly have been 
 worthy of tradition and respect. 
 
 In the graceful group, executed in a most masterly 
 manner, in white statuary marble, and dedicated to 
 
200 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the memory of Lady Miller, the elder Bacon * has 
 left an enduring monument to his own genius. If 
 there he room here for criticism, it is confined to a 
 single defect, one with which some of the most cel- 
 ebrated artists are chargeable : that is, making the 
 principal figure secondary to the allegorical parts 
 of the design. ? Tis true, the enthusiast in natural 
 history, admires the plumage, while he forgets the 
 dying bird, and so spectators of Lady Miller's mon- 
 ument have their attention fixed altogether on the 
 beautiful allegorical figures of History and Poetry, 
 whilst reference to the principal subject of the in- 
 tegral design is hardly remembered. 
 
 " Near this monument are deposited the remains of Lady- 
 Miller, wife to Sir John Miller, Bart., Bath-Easton Villa ; she 
 departed this life at the Hot- Wells of Bristol, the 24th of 
 June, 1781, in the 41st year of her age. 
 
 Devoted stone! amidst the wrecks of time, 
 Uninjured bear thy Miller's spotless name : 
 
 The virtues of her youth, and ripen'd prime, 
 The tender thoughts, th' enduring record claim. 
 
 * "Amongst the singular funereal ceremonies that have taken 
 place here, perhaps there is not any more remarkable, or 
 less laudable, than those of John Bacon, whose remains were 
 interred, privately, on the 1st of July 1752, near the altar- 
 piece ; he desired his friends, who were with him a few hours 
 before he expired, to let him be put in his coffin in the 
 following manner, viz., to have his best wig on, with a ruf- 
 fled shirt and stone buttons in the sleeves, a small ring on 
 his finger, a laced waistcoat, and a plain coat, with black 
 velvet breeches, a new pair of pumps, with stone buckles in 
 them, and a clean pair of white stockings; that his funeral 
 should be strictly private, and that his servants in their 
 liveries should be his pall-bearers." — Bath Journal. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 201 
 
 When clos'd the num'rous eyes that round this bier 
 Have wept the loss of wide-extended worth, 
 
 0, gentle stranger, may one gen'rous tear 
 Drop, as thou bendest o'er this hallow'd earth. 
 
 Are truth and genius love and pity thine, 
 With lib'ral charity, and faith sincere ? 
 
 Then rest thy wandering step beneath this shrine, 
 And greet a kindred spirit hov'ring near." 
 
 Many monuments in the choir, which must pass 
 unnoticed here, doubtless possess either personal or 
 public interest, or both, so that an arbitrary selec- 
 tion would necessarily be defective. 
 
 George Gordon, of Gight, who died in 1779, and 
 whose modest monument is now in the choir, is 
 supposed to have been maternal grandfather of Lord 
 Byron (the poet) ; and a basso relievo, near this, in 
 white marble, to the Moffatis, 1791, is an example of 
 pure and unaffected taste. 
 
 Against the wall of the south choir aisle, is a very 
 remarkable example of Chan trey's bold and beautiful 
 manner, in a monument of white marble, to the 
 memory of William Hoare, R.A., natus. 1707, obiit. 
 1792. Fame, or Art, is represented holding an oval 
 medallion, on which is a beautifully expressive 
 head of the deceased, in basso relievo. The inscrip- 
 tion is almost legendary, but possesses, nevertheless, 
 a truthful character. William Hoare studied with 
 advantage in Italy, and returning to England, he 
 settled in Bath, where he resided (at No. 6, Edgar 
 Buildings) until his death. He was one of the ear- 
 liest members of the Koyal Academy, and has left 
 many historic paintings of a high class. (Vide Arts. 
 
202 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Octagon Chapel, Mineral Hospital, &c, for Hoare's 
 works.) 
 
 Henry Harington, never to be forgotten, while wit, 
 genius, and erudition retain their merited esteem, is 
 honoured with a tomb, unequal in all respects to his 
 worth. The grotesque organ at the top, suggests 
 an equivoque— the leaves of music, the less of his 
 great acquirements — the books, nothing definite. 
 Henry Harington' s memory is the property of the 
 Bathonians, and is interwoven with their medical 
 and musical annals. Descended from Sir John Har- 
 ington, of Kelston, author of "Nugce Antiques" he 
 was born at the family seat, on Michaelmas day, 
 1727, and, at the proper age, proceeded to Queen's 
 College, Oxford, where he graduated M.D. in 1762. 
 His family wished him to take holy orders, but he 
 declined their solicitation, married Miss Musgrave, 
 and commenced practice as a physician, at Wells. 
 After a few years' trial, he removed to Bath, where 
 he resided till his death, on the 15th of January, 
 1816, in his eighty-ninth year, having been long 
 afflicted with blindness. His talents were varied, ver- 
 satile, and brilliant. He was a ripe classical scholar, 
 skilful physician, eminent musical composer, poet of 
 feeling, taste, and purity of style, a mathematician 
 and mechanist. With the assistance of the Bev. 
 Mr. Bowen, he founded the Harmonic Society, on the 
 ruins of the Catch Club, in 1798. He published a 
 treatise on the ' ' Use and Abuse of Music ; " wrote 
 a " Tract on the Trinity ;" issued his Ballad of tbe 
 a Witch of Wokey," and other poems. His " Eloi," 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 203 
 
 composed at the age of seventy, became the sub- 
 ject of controversy, solely in consequence of its title, 
 but it is a work of high order ; and his non-sacred 
 compositions will long retain their popularity. His 
 ashes repose near to the place of his birth, and 
 the cenotaphic tablet to his memory, in the Abbey, 
 was the result of subscription. The lines (preserved 
 by Britton), written by his son-in-law, Archdeacon 
 Thomas, would have been an acceptable substitute 
 for the following Latin eulogium : — 
 
 " Memorise sacrum Henrici Harington, M.D., ex vere no- 
 bili Haringtonorum stirpe de Kelston. in agro Somerset or- 
 iundi. Qui natus Septembris 29, a.d. 1727, obiit Januarii 
 15, a.d. 1816. Per sexaginta annos suae Bathoniee saluti om- 
 nibus officiis assidue studebat, optimas artes ad municipum 
 suorum delect ationem et utilitatem excolens : Medicus so- 
 lers et fidelis : Poeta lepidus ; Musicus sciens et peritus : 
 Magistrates gravis, Justus, acer : Erga suos amantissimus, 
 erga omnes comis et benevolens : tanta insuper sancitate 
 morum, ut omnes animi sui facilitates, quantum humanae 
 vitse ratio pateretur, Deo dicandas esse judicaret. Hoc 
 marmor, pecunia public e conlata, poni curaverunt amici 
 deflentes." 
 
 Bichard Chapman is commemorated by a tablet in 
 the choir, dated 1572, and the merits of other mem- 
 bers of the same family are similarly recorded. So 
 many of this honoured race, the constant, fast, and 
 faithful friends, patrons, and some, magistrates of 
 Bath, are interred here, that Wood has named their 
 last resting place " Chapman s Aisle" Eichard, 
 alderman of Bath, died on the 1st May, 1572 ; 
 William, mayor of Bath, died 20th October, 1627; 
 Henry was author of ''Thermae Kedivivae; " Eobert 
 
204 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 was apothecary to James II. Robert, Rector of Wal- 
 cot, was bom in 1702 ; died 1728. 
 
 Peter Chapman, nat. 1506, ob. 1588, of whom the 
 painted tablet in the vestry is a memorial, was the 
 eldest son of the enterprising clothier, who endea- 
 voured to sustain the fading manufactures of Bath 
 (vide p. 75 and 91), in which he was less successful 
 than in obtaining grants from the crown, of lands 
 and privileges to his native city. These grants were 
 made between the years 1552 and 1590, through his 
 exertions and address. He had served Henry VIII. 
 and accompanied the reinforcements which he sent 
 to Calais, in 1540 : he was present at the siege of 
 Boulogne, in 1544, and was with the Earl of Leices- 
 ter, at Tilbury, when Elizabeth was preparing de- 
 fences against the Spanish Armada. When eighty-two 
 years of age, he was brigade-major in her majesty's 
 camp, at the head of three hundred veterans. 
 Wood, observes, "that he was satisfied with the ad- 
 dition to his coat of arms, as a reward for his mili- 
 tary achievements, since his public services had pro- 
 cured for his native city, such advantages as would 
 transmit his name to posterity. " The old mansion 
 of this patriotic family still survives, although rap- 
 idly hastening to decay ; it is on the south side of 
 Kingsmead Square ; but their literary connection 
 with Bath is perpetuated, by a valuable collection 
 of maps, engravings, and books, all expressive and 
 descriptive of Bath, preserved in the library of the 
 Institution, and to which accessions continue to be 
 made, by the representatives of this old, and much 
 respected family. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 205 
 
 In the large clerestory window above the entrance 
 to the vestry, are seen, in stained or coloured glass, 
 the arms of the Merchant Taylors' Company, of 
 London, commemorative of the wise and benevo- 
 lent Thomas White, clothier, (see p. 76.) 
 
 The Noeth Teansept contains several well-ex- 
 ecuted examples of sepulchral statuary : one, justly 
 admired, is to the memory of Elizabeth Grieve, wife 
 of James Grieve, physician to the Empress Eliza- 
 beth of Eussia, in 1757; other members of this 
 family were entombed in the Abbey. Harris, the 
 sculptor, is entitled to credit for the delicate execu- 
 tion of his design, which, however, although varied, 
 by the introduction of a dog (fidelity), and an hour- 
 glass from which the sand has escaped (time is no 
 more), is familiar to the visitor of the tombs in 
 Westminster Abbey. There the conceit, or idea, of 
 the affectionate husband interposing his hand to 
 ward off the shaft of death, who approaches in a 
 skeleton form, is represented with painful effect in 
 the costly monument to Lady Nightingale. 
 
 This transept contains a memorial to Admiral Bd. 
 Hussey Bickerton, which is an additional evidence of 
 Chantrey's fruitful genius ; — a female figure, it may 
 be either Fame or Sorrow, is inclining towards the 
 pedestal of a cinerary urn, while emblems of nautical 
 prowess and science are scattered on the ground. 
 The sword and sextant are the most conspicuous 
 amongst them. A remarkably fine head of the de- 
 ceased, in basso relievo, is seen within a circular tab- 
 let beneath. 
 
206 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH 
 
 Immediately opposite, is a "structure" claiming a 
 mediasval character, to the memory of Colonel Sir 
 Philip Frowde. His bust represents the costume of 
 his age, the expression of his features, the resolu- 
 tion that marked his military character ; and, the 
 variety of the design, consisting of columns, and 
 pediment, and cherubim, and martial trophies, the 
 fancy exercised by the artists of the period. 
 
 At the north end of the transept, is a rich speci- 
 men, but a later style, of monumental architecture, 
 to the memory of Granville Pyper ; two columns 
 support a broad tablet, having a shield of arms in 
 the centre, and on the top of each an emblematic 
 figure, while heads of reclining cherubim fill the ped- 
 iment. An inscription, adulatory of the deceased's 
 rank and services, occupies the front panel of the 
 pedestal. 
 
 John Sipthorp, professor of botany, at Oxford, 
 who accumulated a rich variety of specimens, in his 
 diligent tour through Greece and other southern 
 latitudes of Europe, from declining health, was in- 
 duced to select Bath as his last earthly home ; and 
 there he died, in the year 1800, leaving an estate to 
 defray the expense of publishing his " Flora Graeca ;" 
 any surplus arising thence, to be devoted to the en- 
 dowment of a professorship of rural economy. A 
 beautiful basso relievo, by Flaxman, represents the 
 professor holding floral specimens, indicating the 
 manner, and pointing the moral of his biography. 
 The inscription, which is in Latin, merely tells that 
 he fell an early victim to an absorbing pursuit — 
 Phytology. 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 207 
 
 Mary Framptons memory is embalmed in her 
 epitaph, by Dryden, a composition that displays ad- 
 mirable poetic power, if it fkil in poetic pathos. 
 
 " Below this marble monument is laid 
 All that heaven wants of this celestial mayd : 
 Preserve, sacred tomb, thy trust consign'd ! 
 The mould was made on purpose for the mind; 
 And she would lose, if at the latter day 
 One atom could be mixed of other clay. 
 Such were the features of her heav'nly face, 
 Her limbs were form'd with such harmonious grace, 
 So faultless was the frame — as if the whole, 
 Had been an emanation of the soul, 
 Which her own inward symmetry reveal'd, 
 And like a picture shone in glass anneal'd ; 
 Or, like the sun eclips'd, with shaded light, 
 Too piercing else to be sustain'd by sight. 
 Each thought was visible that roll'd within— 
 As through a crystal case the figur'd hours are seen : 
 And heaven did this transparent veil provide, 
 Because she had no guilty thought to hide. 
 All white, a virgin saint, she sought the skies — 
 For marriage, though it sullies not — it dies t 
 High though her wit, yet humble was her mind, 
 As if she could not, or she would not, find 
 How much her worth transcended all her kind. 
 ' Yet she has learn'd so much of heaven below, 
 That when arriv'd, she scarce had more to know ; 
 But only to refresh the former hint, 
 And read her Makee in a fairer print ! 
 So pious ! as she had no time to spare 
 For human thoughts, but seem'd confiu'd to prayer; 
 Yet in such charities she pass'd the day, 
 'Twas wondrous how she found an hour to pray. 
 A soul so calm, it knew not ebbs nor flows, 
 Which passion could but curl, not discompose ! 
 A female softness, with a manly mind, 
 A daughter duteous, and a sister kind ; 
 In sickness patient ! and in death resign'd." 
 
208 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Fletcher Partis is almost needlessly commemo- 
 rated by the skill of Chantrey, and by the represen- 
 tation of that beautiful and well remembered para- 
 ble "The Good Samaritan;" a subject of which 
 neither the public, nor the artists, seem ever weary, 
 and which all the latter appear to have treated sim- 
 ilarly. Partis required no other memento than his 
 College (vide Art. Partis College). There is possibly 
 a misapplication of this affecting parable, in placing 
 it on tombs, illustrative of " Pity which gave ere 
 Charity began," or, as testimonials of the simply 
 charitable. Sculptors have not distinguished with 
 sufficient care, between benevolence and compassion, 
 in this instance, the first is an innate disposition to 
 do good ; the second, when moved by sympathy. St. 
 Bavon, Nepotian, and the rich Lady Paula, distri- 
 buted their great wealth amongst the poor, whom 
 they had not seen : this was benevolence. The Good 
 Samaritan sympathised with the sufferer who lay 
 wounded and prostrated before him : this was com- 
 passion. (Vide p. 135, note.) 
 
 On the tomb of William Meyler, in the south 
 transept, are graven a few lines of posthumous 
 praise, in which the story of his life is thus happily 
 epitomized : " Remarkable for integrity of conduct 
 and consistency of character. 11 He was a magistrate 
 and alderman of the city, established The Bath Her- 
 ald, and Register neswapers, and, was author of " Po- 
 etical Amusements of the Journey of Life," dedi- 
 cated, by desire, to the then Prince of Wales. Britton 
 says, " He often consented to supply pieces for Lady 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 209 
 
 Miller's classical assemblies at Bath-Easton;" if so, 
 when his effusions were successful, and the laurel 
 placed upon another's brow, he must have felt the 
 applicability of the Mantuan poet's plaint — "Hos 
 ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honor es." Mr. Meyler 
 was born at Newboro',in Anglesea, 13th December, 
 1755, educated at the grammar school of Marlboro', 
 of which his uncle, the Eev. T. Meyler, was mas- 
 ter, apprenticed to a bookseller in Bath, and in the 
 year 1781, commenced business for himself, in the 
 Grove, whence he removed to the Abbey Church- 
 yard. He died, regretted and respected, on the 
 10th of March, 1821. 
 
 Many persons of eminence, in their public or 
 professional positions, are entombed in this sacred 
 structure, but a more extended enumeration would 
 be highly inconvenient, and a total, scarcely prac- 
 ticable, from various causes. A few names may be 
 given, as indices to those who seek for evidences 
 and exemplars, in a visit to the tombs of the great, 
 the learned, and the charitable. 
 
 Here lie — Ely Bates, a writer on morals, who died 
 on the 4th of January, 1812. — Edmund Jordan (or 
 Jorden), the first resident physician who treated on 
 the medicinal properties of the mineral waters of 
 Bath; he died in 1632. — Samuel Bave, M.D., a 
 native of Cologne, who came to England as tutor 
 to the son of Sir Thomas Edmonds, ambassador 
 from King James the First to France. He practised 
 in Bath, successfully, for thirty years ; and was 
 celebrated for his powerfully retentive memory and 
 
 p 
 
210 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 mental activity. He could write, himself, and dictate 
 to two amanuenses, simultaneously. He resided in 
 a splendid palace, on the Lower Borough Walls, 
 which is now incorporated with the United Hospital. 
 His death occurred in 1668. — Thomas Guidott,M.B., 
 whose name and memory are associated with the his- 
 tory of the Bath mineral waters, and whose "Dis- 
 course" is the basis of very many treatises published 
 since his death. The following inscription, now 
 partly effaced, was placed against the outer wall at 
 the east end of the Abbey : — 
 
 11 In memory of Thomas Guidott,3I.B., by whose authority, 
 drinking the Bath waters was revived, MDCLXX1II., and 
 who died MDCCV. This inscription was here placed 
 MDCCXXVIL, by John Wynter, M.B." 
 
 William Broome, L.L.D., a scholar and poet, who 
 secured for himself a literary reputation, by the ad- 
 mirable notes, with which he furnished Mr. Pope, for 
 his translation of Homer. The great poet, how- 
 ever, quarrelled with his learned coadjutor, and was 
 venomous enough to introduce him in the "Bathos," 
 as successful* in the " art of sinking." Pope had 
 acquired many enemies, and one of them, Henley, 
 thus pleasantly resents his treatment of Broome : — 
 
 " Pope came off clean with Homer, but they say, 
 Broome went before, and kindly swept the way." 
 
 Lord Cornwallis presented Broome to the living of 
 Oakley Magna, in Suffolk, but his health declining, 
 he removed to Bath, died there on the 16th of Nov- 
 ember, 1745, and was interred in the Abbey. 
 Samuel Derrick, born in Ireland, in 1724, was 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 211 
 
 chosen M.G. at Bath, on the resignation of Collet. 
 His " Letters " possess considerable merit, but 
 Johnson, the oracle of the age, said their only im- 
 portance was derived from their making him King 
 of Bath. He died, after a not very peaceful reign, 
 in the year 1769. 
 
 William Melmoth, the elegant translator of the 
 * Epistles of Cicero and Pliny," is honoured with 
 a monument within the Abbey, but his remains 
 were deposited at Bath-Easton. He died in 1799. 
 
 Archibald Maclaine, D.D., born in Monaghan, in 
 Ireland, in 1722, died at Bath, 25th of November, 
 
 1804. His reply to Soames Jenyns is conclusive, 
 and the services he rendered to English literature, 
 by his translation of " Mosheim's Ecclesiastical 
 History," are of memorable importance. Posterity 
 do justice to his genius and worth. (See his char- 
 acter in " Nichol's Lit. Anec," and " Warner's Ap- 
 pendix on Ordination," &c.) His epitaph was written 
 by the Rev. John Simpson. 
 
 Thomas Pownall, Esq., F. U.S. &F.S.A., governor 
 of our North American colonies, was born at Lin- 
 coln, in 1722, and died at Bath, on the 21st Feb- 
 ruary, 1801, in his eighty-fifth year. At his own 
 request, he was buried in an oaken coffin, in Walcot 
 Church, but a monument was raised to his memory 
 here, in grateful recollection of his valuable contri- 
 butions to the antiquarian literature of the city. 
 
 Christopher Anstey was born at Trumpington, near 
 Cambridge, died at Hardenhuish, Wilts., 1st August, 
 
 1805, and was interred in Walcot Church, Bath ; 
 
212 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 tablets to his memory have been placed in Poet's 
 Corner, Westminster Abbey, and in theAbbey Church 
 of Bath. At an early age, he evinced both taste and 
 talent for poetry, to the prejudice of severer studies, 
 and exercised this talent, generally, with too much 
 liberty. His rustication from the University, was 
 occasioned by an instance of this indiscretion. The 
 fatal passage in his academical speech, was, "Doctores 
 sine doctrina, magistri artium, sine artibus, et Bacca- 
 lauri baculo potius quam lauro digni." Anstey's pro- 
 lific pen produced numerous poems, and pleasant 
 jeuxd' esprit, but his "New Bath Guide" is his chef 
 d'wuvre. (Vide Walcot Church.) 
 
 John Bowles , B.L., a political writer of some 
 eminence, was brought prominently forward by his 
 " Reply to Payne's Essay on the Bights of Man." 
 He was born in London, but died in Bath, on the 
 30th October, 1819, and was interred in the Abbey, 
 where a Latin epitaph now marks his resting-place. 
 
 The last melancholy memorial to be noticed here, 
 is not the least deserving of respect, and should 
 have been honoured with a more prominent posi- 
 tion on the Abbey walls, as its purport is most exem- 
 plary. It records the benevolence, not compassion, of 
 Mrs. Warner, who left £35,000 to certain trustees, 
 who are to distribute the annual interest arising 
 thence, for the relief of decayed widows. 
 
 Monuments, or other memorials of the dead, are 
 very properly refused a place upon the clustered col- 
 umns of the Abbey, and several have been removed 
 thence to the galleries at the north-east end of the 
 
ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS. 213 
 
 choir ; but their preservation is of importance to 
 society — of value to history. " Antiquities, or rem- 
 nants of history," says Lord Bacon, " are tanquam 
 tdbulce naufragii, when industrious persons, by an 
 exact and scrupulous diligence and observation, 
 out of monuments, names, traditions, fragments of 
 stories, and the like, do save and recover somewhat 
 from the deluge of time." 
 
 The learned occupants of the Monastery of Bath 
 had the advantage of a library,* richly stored with 
 works relating to the science of the middle ages. To 
 this collection, Johnde Villula was a benefactor, and 
 of this repository, Leland expressed his admiration. 
 There were the gifts of Athelstan, Koman classics, 
 poems of the middle ages, writings of eminent phy- 
 sicians, and, probably, the translations of Adelard, 
 from the Arabic. 
 
 Of all this valuable collection, one perfect work 
 only, ' ' The Ked Book of Bath," can now be traced, 
 and this, fortunately is deposited in the library of 
 Long-Leat, the residence of the Marquis of Bath. 
 Nor can it be supposed that the works of Gildas 
 Badonicus, the father of English history, who first 
 mentions the victories of Arthur, especially the 
 great battle of Mons. Badonicus, were absent from 
 such a library. This is Gildas the Wise, who wrote 
 de excidio Britannia, flourished about a.d. 495, and 
 died in 570. He is not to be confounded with Gil- 
 das the Athenian. The only supposed evidence of 
 
 * Vide "Connection of Bath with Literature, &c." by the 
 Eev. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A., Bath. Published by E, E. 
 Peach. 
 
214 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the monastic library still preserved in the Abbey, is 
 an imperfect copy of " Walton's Polyglott." 
 
 The patronage of the Kectory of St. Peter's and St. 
 Paul's has been vested in the trustees of Simeon's 
 estate since the year 1836. (Vide p. 151.) 
 
 List of Rectors from 1712 to 1863. 
 W. Hunt, m.a., Archdeacon C. Crook, m.a., Oct. 2 S 1815, 
 
 of Bath, Dec. 6, 1712. 
 T. Coney, d.d., Dec. 4, 1733. 
 D. Taylor, m.a., May 13, 1752. 
 J. Taylor, m.a., June 27, 1767. 
 J.Chapman, d.d., Archdeacon 
 
 of Bath, Oct. 6, 1768. 
 J. Phillott, d.d., Archdeacon 
 
 of Bath, Aug. 18, 1786. 
 
 H. Law, m.a., Archdeacon of 
 Wells, April 19,1818. 
 
 William John Brodrick, m.a., 
 Oct. 23, 1839. 
 
 T. Carr, d d., formerly Bp. 
 of Bombay, July, 22, 1855 
 
 C. Kemble, m.a., Nov. 10, 
 1860. 
 
 Upwards of 400 children are educated in the dis- 
 trict National Schools of St. Paul's and St. Peter's, 
 and St. James's parishes, at Weymouth House, 
 Abbey Green. 
 
 The contemplated alterations, in the internal arrange- 
 ments of the Abbey, include a still further departure from 
 its monastic, or cathedral character, and a total adaptation 
 to parochial convenience. The organ is to be placed in the 
 north transept, with the pulpit immediately in front ; the 
 screen that separates nave from choir, to be in advance of the 
 west entrance : there are to be no galleries; the nave, now 
 the upper chamber of so many monuments, will be floored, 
 and furnished with modern seating, and the beautiful camera 
 of the nave will be reproduced, in stone open tracery, from 
 the original design, which is now reported to be only of 
 lath and plaster. — Britton, Carter, and the Society of Anti- 
 quaries, have hitherto represented this much admired ceiling 
 as being " solid stone tracery." 
 
 The organ, a valuable piece of workmanship, at once 
 loud and sweetly-sounding, was substituted, just 30 years ago 
 
st. james's church. 215 
 
 for an equally powerful and mellow-toned instrument, which 
 latter was purchased by Bishop Law, and removed, with the 
 rejected altar piece, to the private chapel, in the Palace, at 
 Wells. Being found to be both too large, and too loud for its 
 new duties, it was sold to the Rev. D. M. Clerk, Vicar of Yat- 
 ton, and is now heard in that beautiful edifice. Of the five 
 figures, with which it was adorned in the Abbey, three, viz., 
 David, St. Peter, and St. Paul, are at Yatton ; the remaining 
 two were presented by Mr. Clerk, to the Dean of Gloucester, 
 then Rector of Weston, and are now in the church of that 
 parish. The south transept of the Abbey, during the altera- 
 tions might, with great propriety, be converted into a 
 Baptistery; and, possibly, St. Mary's, Oxford, would suggest 
 the best future disposition of organ, nave, and choir. 
 
 ST. JAMES'S CHURCH. 
 
 " The bells ring forth — the long dark night is done, 
 The sunshine of the Sabbath is begun." 
 
 St. James's Church is situated at the intersection of 
 the Lower Borough Walls, with Southgate and Stall 
 Streets, and near to the site of the old City Gate. 
 To the east was the " Ham Gate," and the Almonry, 
 where stores were kept for distribution to the poor, 
 was on the West. This Benefice was originally a 
 Eectory, vested in the Bishops of Bath and Wells ; 
 then in the Monks ; at the Dissolution it was surren- 
 dered to the Crown ; soon after consolidated with the 
 Eectory of St. Peter and St. Paul (The Abbey), by 
 Queen Elizabeth, who granted it to the Corpora- 
 tion, by whom, lastly, in 1836, it was sold to the 
 Trustees of the Rev. Charles Simeon's estate. The 
 old " Rectory House" stood in Bell-Tree Lane 
 (now Beau Street,) but was removed to make way 
 
216 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 for better hospital accommodation, and for general 
 improvements. 
 
 In 1716 the old tower tottered, and was then 
 partially strengthened ; in 1728, the choir becoming 
 unequal to the congregation, an aisle was added, and 
 the tower rebuilt ; in 1768-1769, Messrs. Jelly and 
 Palmer, architects, furnished designs for the present 
 structure. Funds necessary for the purpose were 
 derived from subscriptions, and from a loan on the 
 security of Church-rates and rents. Discontented 
 with the incongruity of the choir and tower the 
 parishioners applied to Messrs. Manners and Gill, 
 architects, by whom the new tower, 152 feet in 
 height, was designed, in 1848, the parish obtain- 
 ing resources from the Diocesan Church- Building 
 Society in aid of voluntary contributions. 
 
 The ichnographic plan of the choir is a rectangle, 
 60 feet in length by 58 in width ; the roof is sup- 
 ported by four Ionic columns, the ceiling divided 
 into three compartments, the central finished with 
 an entablature and coving, with an architrave only 
 at the sides ; an ample stream of light is permitted 
 to flow in through a spacious lantern in the roof, and 
 through large side windows and eastern lunettes. 
 The sanctuary is a semi-circular recess at the East 
 end, embellished with columns and pilasters, above 
 which is a Doric entablature ; and the rere-dos, above 
 the communion-table, is adorned with an altar- 
 piece, Christ and his Disciples at Emmaus " break- 
 ing bread," by Benjamin Barker. The organ, long 
 considered the finest toned in the city, was built by 
 
8T. james's church. 217 
 
 Steed, of Bristol, in 1782. A peal of eight silver- 
 tongued bells is suspended in the tower ; and eleven 
 hundred sittings are provided in the choir. The Rev. 
 Richard Warner (the Historian), was curate of this 
 parish, for the period of twenty-three years. 
 
 When visitors resorted to Bath solely for the bene- 
 fit of its mineral waters, bells were considered a 
 great grievance, so much so, that Harrison, pro- 
 prietor of the " Lower Rooms," offered a gift of £200, 
 towards the purchase of an organ, provided the 
 Wardens would consent to silence the bells ; — the 
 proposition was very properly rejected. 
 
 The endowment fund, contributed by the Eccle- 
 siastical Commissioners, and private individuals, 
 amounted in 1863, to £2,500, and fifty pounds yearly 
 were assigned from the income of the Rectory. 
 Four hundred children are instructed at Weymouth 
 House Central School, attached to the Abbey and 
 St. James's Parishes. 
 
 " I never," writes the author of Meditations, "felt such impressions of 
 awe, striking cold, in my heart, as under these black-browed arches, 
 amidst these mouldy walls, surrounded by such rueful objects, where 
 melancholy, deepest melancholy, spreads her raven wings." This passage 
 describes with accuracy the crypt of St. James's, where the remains of 
 many persons of rank and reputation were entombed, at the period when 
 St. James's Parade was the " quartier St. Germaine" of Bath. There are 
 tombs to Marmaduke Fawkes, the head of an influential Yorkshire family 
 — 1753. — The Marriotts, of Hants, found here their last place of rest, from 
 1714 to 1764. The rust of time now nearly conceals the sculptured monu- 
 ment of the Brudenells and Broughtons, names that find a place in history. 
 The design of this last monument— rather a singular sculpture — is a weep- 
 ing cherub, with a hand over one eye, seated on the tomb of the departed. 
 
 The inscription details the high military rank attained by several mem- 
 bers of the family, and gives the date, 1760, when the Lady Elizabeth 
 Brudenell was entombed. 
 
 A shield, after the manner of the seventeenth century, is appropriated 
 to commemorate the Hon. Hugh Mackay, son of Lord Reay, of Scotland, 
 1770. Here lie Walter Chittick, M.D., and George Stepney, of Chichester 
 — 1759, both eminent in their professions. The burial here of Gen. John 
 Paslow and his family is recorded on a shield of marble, dated 1786. In 
 the Church choir there is a monument to the Mainwarings, for whom the 
 author of " The Annals of Bath" has secured a remembrance fraught with 
 respect. 
 
'218 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH* 
 
 (broad street). 
 
 The Apse of St. Michael's. 
 
 * The dedication of the famous church of St. Michael, on 
 Monte Gargano, in Italy, on the 29th September, 493, gave 
 occasion to the institution of that grand festival, called, in 
 the Martyrologies of Bede and St. Jerome, " The Dedication 
 of St. Michaels Church" in Rome, on Adrian's mole, per- 
 formed in 610; and cf many other churches in different parts of 
 Europe, that were consecrated on the same day, with the utmost 
 ceremony. (Vide Bailsit and lliomassen.) 
 
st. Michael's church. 219 
 
 Warner furnishes extracts from the Parish Eolls 
 of St. Michael's extra muros, from the year 1349, 
 (reign of Edward III.) to 1551 (reign of Edward 
 VI.), but the register of this parish, like those of the 
 Abbey and St. James's, dates from 1570 only. The 
 Parish belonged successively to the Bishop, the 
 Monks, the Crown, the Corporation, and, finally, to 
 Simeon's Trustees. Four Churches appear to have 
 been erected, at so many different periods, on this 
 central and ancient site, but, of two only are de- 
 scriptions preserved. Standing in a thoroughfare, 
 and where four ways meet, the service is not unfre- 
 quently disturbed by the sounds of passing vehicles, 
 — an evil remediable by the adoption of wood-pave- 
 ment. The second church of St. Michael's having 
 become dilapidated and inconvenient, the Parish- 
 ioners decided, in 1730, upon the erection of a 
 structure, suitable to the parochial requirements. 
 Mr, Wood sent in designs, but owing to some mis- 
 understanding, they were rejected, and Mr. Harvey's 
 services engaged. Whether this gentleman was 
 incompetent, or that Mr. Wood was disgusted at 
 the ingratitude of the citizens, the great architect 
 denounced Harvey's plan, and prophesied its down- 
 fall, in terms of unmeasured bitterness. 
 
 " The inside," writes the angry Critic " of this chimerical 
 fabric, is 63 feet in length, almost 37 in breadth, and has 
 only a timber floor between the living and the dead. The 
 roof is of a very uncommon kind, for the building being 
 spanned at twice, to throw the whole weight toward the centre 
 of its beams, and cause a lodgment of dirt and snow over 
 the very middle of the Church. Thus, one absurdity, or 
 
220 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 iniquity, accompanies another, for a timber floor and M roof 
 are artful contrivances for the benefit of trade, (as knavish 
 workmen term it), and time will demonstrate it in this struc- 
 ture." 
 
 This new Church was begun in 1734, finished in 
 1742, and the funds were raised by voluntary sub- 
 scriptions, and by a Parish rate, to which was added 
 a handsome contribution from General Wade. It 
 was in the Doric order, lighted by a dome, and the 
 sacrarium adorned with two allegorical altar-pieces, 
 Moses, representing the Old Testament, by Prince 
 Hoare ; and Christ bearing His cross, typifying the 
 New, by Thomas Laurence, a pupil of Hoares, and 
 then only sixteen years of age. This latter has been 
 ascribed also to Robinson, a London artist, but, on 
 insufficient grounds. The bells in the tower have 
 been celebrated for their musical tones, and so vain 
 and so fond were the parishioners of their harmony, 
 that they actually mortgaged the pew-rents to pur- 
 chase two additional, and complete the set. That 
 church of 1742, and those heart-burnings, jealousies 
 and bitternesses which it occasioned, have passed 
 away — a new parochial era has arrived. Harvey's 
 Dome was condemned, Wade's altar-pieces, are still 
 unsold, although put up for sale, and the manes of 
 Wood at length appeased. A committee was appoin- 
 ted, subscriptions collected, (the corporation con- 
 tributing £1000,) and the desirable old site secured ; 
 the irregularity of which, in the hands of a skilful 
 architect, insured picturesqueness of design. At a 
 meeting of the Parishioners on the subject, an appeal 
 was made to his brother dissenters by Mr, H. Godwin, 
 
 
st. Michael's church. 221 
 
 so remarkable for its force of thought and lan- 
 guage, but still more for the true Christian spirit there 
 shadowed forth, that the reader will conclude " Dis- 
 sent hardly implies difference," and that the speaker 
 might have been doubly successful, first in increas- 
 ing subscriptions for the new church, and secondly, 
 in making converts to his own pure Christian creed." 
 
 "And here I shall he forgiven," said he, "if I urge it as 
 the hounden duty of the members of the Church, to come 
 forward on this occasion. If they really wish to uphold 
 the Church, the best proof of their sincerity will be to rally 
 round her, and aid her by their support. Nor shall I hesi- 
 tate to appeal to the Dissenters also, as having their duty to 
 do as Christians. Are we not all tainted with the same 
 moral disease ? All exposed to the same penalty of mortal- 
 ity, and alike destined and hastening to the grave ? Do not 
 all believe, or profess to believe, in the same common Salva- 
 tion ? and are we not all expectants of the same glorious 
 immortality ? Am I to be trammelled down by bigotry from 
 aiding in so good a cause ? I consider bigotry and Christian- 
 ity as antagonist principles — they can never coalesce. Show 
 me the man that is a bigot ; and whether under the garb of 
 a Puritan, the vestment of a Priest, or the ermine of a 
 judge, 1 should say of that man " How dwelleth the love of 
 God in him ? " If I remember that the Dissenters had their 
 Owens, their Baxters, their Doddridges, and their Wattses, I 
 forget not that the Churchmen can point us to some worthies 
 also ; they had their Usshers, their Leightons, their Jeremy 
 Taylors, and their Payleys. Let us then drop all party dis- 
 tinctions, and soar to higher regions, where the name of 
 Churchman and Dissenter, of Conformist and Non-Confor- 
 mist, will be wholly and for ever unknown." 
 
 The first stone of the present building was laid with 
 much ceremony; and a copper box, containing thirteen speci- 
 mens of the coinage of that reign — gold, silver, and copper, 
 deposited under a brass plate, bearing the following inscrip. 
 tion : — 
 
222 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 " Other foundation can no man lay, than that is laid, which 
 s Jesus Christ." — 1 Cor. iii. 2. St. Michael's Chuech re- 
 built by voluntary subscriptions. The foundation-stone of 
 this building was laid on the 21st day, a.d 1835, in the fifth 
 year of the reign of William the fourth, — George Henry Law, 
 Bishop of the Diocese ; Rev. Charles Crook, Rector ; Eev. 
 John East, Curate; Robert. Saxty, John Stothert,< Church- 
 wardens; George Philip Manners, Architect; David Aust, 
 Builder." 
 
 On the 4th of January, 1837, a ceremony, still 
 more imposing took place — the opening and con- 
 secration of the edifice. The procession from the 
 Guildhall, on the occasion, included the Mayor, 
 Corporation, Bishop and Clergy, besides a numerous 
 body of laity. The sermon was preached by Mr. 
 East, the Curate, whose text was taken from Chron. 
 xxix. 3., after which £200 were collected at the 
 door. Before the Lord Bishop retired, an inter- 
 esting scene occurred, — the presentation of a silver 
 salver to the Curate, by the working-classes of the 
 Parish, for his zeal and energy in promoting the 
 good work— it bore an etching of the Church, and 
 the appropriate quotation from 1 Kings, ix. 3. The 
 children presented a silver inkstand to the same 
 gentleman, and the ladies, handsome clerical vest- 
 ments. 
 
 The Church stands, non-ecclesiastically, North 
 and South,a consequence of the shape of the ground. 
 A square tower rises, in the south-front, to a height 
 of 90 feet, having buttresses at the angles, termi- 
 nating in octagonal pinnacles, and surrounded with 
 a pierced parapet of trefoils. Within the parapet 
 
st. Michael's chukch. 223 
 
 rises a perforated octagonal lantern, from which 
 ascends the spire, the vane on which is at the height 
 of 180 feet from the ground. This amhitious struc- 
 ture overtops, but does not overpower, the vener- 
 able Abbey, which appears as she is, the mother of 
 a graceful daughter. The West side presents a 
 series of five triple-light windows, with buttresses 
 between and at the angles, the latter surmounted 
 by octagonal pinnacles. Base mouldings and drips 
 surround the whole building, and enrich all the 
 buttresses, which are of a massive character. Over 
 the windows a carved cornice supports a pannelled 
 parapet. The east side of the choir has a project- 
 ing wing, forming externally, a transept, but within, 
 affording a vestry below, and a free gallery above — 
 this irregularity adds considerably to the pictur- 
 esque character of the design. 
 
 Unity,uniformity, and consistency prevail through- 
 out the whole conception of the architect, and are 
 observable within and without. The interior consists 
 of a choir and aisles, separated by lofty columns, 
 supporting a groined ceiling, with ribs on the angles, 
 and enriched with bosses at the intersection. The 
 Sacrarium, at the North end, is semi-hexagonal, 
 having isolated columns, and fixed sedilia for the 
 Clergy, with trefoiled canopy-heads, labels, corbels, 
 and finials. Above the sedilia are three windows, 
 filled with stained glass. The most satisfactory 
 view of the interior is had from the south-west en- 
 trance of the gallery, where the chaste, light pil- 
 lars, groined roof, sacrarium> and semi-transept com- 
 
224 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 tuning, insure approval and admiration. There are 
 sittings, in pews, for seven-hundred and fifty, exclu- 
 sive of five hundred that are open and free. The 
 cost of the building may be computed at £8000. 
 Three hundred children are admitted to the District 
 National School of this Parish. 
 
 ST, MARK'S CHURCH, 
 
 fWIDCOMBEy. 
 
 On the 13th of April, 1830, the first stone of 
 this " temple of worship " was laid, with little os- 
 tentation, but, it is believed, with much sincerity. The 
 Bishop of the united dioceses was present, and of- 
 fered up the incense of a devout prayer, after which 
 the stone was lowered into its place, having a brass 
 plate on the upper surface, with the date, and these 
 names: " Charles Crook, vicar; Rowland Mainwaring 
 and John Wright, churchwardens ; G. P. Manners, 
 architect ; James Chappel, builder." The consecration 
 took place on Friday, the 27th of April, 1832, when 
 the Vicar, who preached on the occasion, took for 
 his text " This is none other but the House of God, 
 and this is the gate of Heaven." A collection amount- 
 ing to £70 was made on the occasion. The style 
 is pointed but undecorated, the funds being devoted 
 rather to enlarged accomodation than architectural 
 embellishment. But was this wise or well consid- 
 ered ? Is the plainest structure the most effective 
 for the introduction of children to public worship ? 
 and is it not true, that the most inaffluent localities 
 
ST. mark's church. 225 
 
 actually demand the most noble temples of worship ? 
 Mr. Markland, in his Remarks on English Churches, 
 says, " Sir Samuel Romilly describes the French 
 Chapel he attended when young, as a large uncouth 
 room, presenting to the view only irregular, un- 
 painted pews, and bare plaistered walls — nothing 
 was ever worse calculated to inspire the mind of a child 
 with respect for religion, than such a kind of reli- 
 gious worship ; might not," adds the author of 
 Remarks, " Romiily's constitutional melancholy have 
 been largely increased by the general gloom of his 
 peculiar worship, so little adapted to a mindelegant 
 and imaginative?" 
 
 St. Mark's is yet susceptive of ecclesiastical em- 
 bellishment ; the exterior is relieved by a lofty 
 square tower, and the interior is divided into ten 
 arched sections by eight light pillars and two pilas- 
 ters. Galleries project from three sides, and, at 
 the west end is the organ. The camera beams rest 
 on plain corbels, and the side -gallery floors are 
 horizontal, by which the light is too unequally dis- 
 tributed between the stories. On the central panel 
 of the western gallery is this inscription : — 
 
 " This church, which is capable of accommodating 1200 
 persons, was built in the year 1831, by subscriptions, aided 
 by a grant from his Majesty's Commissioner for building 
 churches and chapels ; in consequence of such grant, 630 
 sittings are hereby declared to be free and unappropriated 
 for ever." — Charles Crook, vicar, Joseph Large, Robert Ash- 
 man, churchwardens. 
 
 A laudable uniformity pervades the interior — two 
 
 handsome altar chairs were presented by the archi- 
 
 Q 
 
226 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 tect ; communion plate by Mr. Ashman ; Prayer 
 Books for communion table, and cloth hangings for 
 Lent, by Capt. Pickering Clarke, K.N.; large Bible 
 by Kev. J. S. Sawbridge ; velvet coverings for tbe 
 Lord's Table by F. Hedges, Esq.; and linen cloths 
 for the same by Mr. George Shaw. Sir Wm. S. K. 
 Cockburn,who co-operated zealously in the erection 
 of the church, expressed himself memorably at the 
 public banquet that followed the consecration : — 
 
 " After forty years' closest remembrances," said he, " of the 
 religious institutions of Bath, I rejoice in this opportunity 
 of expressing my regard for the Established Church, the 
 great bulwark of Christianity — the rallying point against 
 both infidelity and enthusiasm." 
 
 In the east window are allegorical figures in 
 stained glass, of St. Peter, St. Mark, St. James and 
 St. Michael, beneath the letters I.H.S. — a memo- 
 rial to the late T. P. Clarke, Esq. The patronage 
 of St. Mark's is vested in Simeon's trustees. Three 
 hundred children receive instruction at the District 
 National Schools of this parish. 
 
 ST. SAVIOUR'S CHURCH, 
 
 (LAMB RIDGE). 
 
 In 1826, the inhabitants of Grosvenor and Lark- 
 hall expressed a strong desire for the erection of a 
 district church, and residence of a pastor amongst 
 them, and Miss Tanner having granted a suitable 
 site, near to Beaufort Buildings, west, the bishop 
 and improvement commissioners approved and co- 
 
ST. saviour's church. 227 
 
 operated in the object; still it was not until the 2nd 
 of April, 1829, that the first stone of St. Saviour's 
 Church was dropped upon a number of coins of 
 that period, andon a record of the event, inscribed 
 on the inserted plate ; it states " the date, reigning 
 sovereign, and names of Dr. Moysey, Rector of 
 Walcot, Charles Gray and Daniel Hoiv, churchwar- 
 dens, John Pinch, architect, and Keeling, Son, and 
 Aust, builders. On the 28th of Apiil the conse- 
 cration took place, when an impressive address was 
 delivered by Rev. C. M. Mount, (in the absence of 
 Dr. Moysey,) who took for his text, " Ye shall keep 
 my Sabbaths and reverence my sanctuary : I am the 
 Lord." The tower, a beautiful and commanding 
 object in the broad vale of the Avon, consists of 
 three stories, well proportioned, having the angles 
 ornamented with octangular buttresses surmounted 
 by pinnacles, decorated with sunk panels, crockets, 
 and finials, and rises to a height of 120 feet. The 
 intervals of the choir-windows are perforated by 
 quatre-foils, the side walls are flanked by buttresses 
 with crocketed pinnacles, between which are five 
 pointed windows, with mouldings rich in tracery, 
 &c. ; the walls are everywhere capped with perfor- 
 ated parapets. 
 
 The interior is divided into a centre and side 
 aisles, separated by a noble pointed arcade, of five 
 openings on each side, with galleries on the north 
 and south. Sustaining clustered columns reach a 
 beautifully-groined ceiling, enriched with bosses ; 
 the centre of the choir is open, the pews being 
 
228 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 placed near to the sides, and the east window is 
 filled with stained glass, representing the royal 
 arms, those of the united sees, together with the 
 rose, shamrock, and thistle. There are seven hun- 
 dred free sittings, and four hundred rented pews. 
 Eight bells, suspended in the tower, were cast spe- 
 cially for this church, cost £600, and were munifi- 
 cently presented to the district by William Hooper, 
 Esq., of East Hayes. St. Saviour's parishes a rec- 
 tory in private patronage. Two hundred children 
 are received in St. Saviours District National 
 Schools. 
 
 CHRIST CHURCH, 
 
 (MONTPELLIER). 
 
 Spiritual destitution in.this district was calamitous, 
 when Archdeacon Daubeney lived and lectured in 
 Bath. At his suggestion the Free Church on Mont- 
 pellier, in the parish of Walcot, was commenced. 
 It occupies a site granted by Lord Eivers, and was 
 consecrated to Divine worship on the 7th of Nov., 
 1798. The style is' Modern Gothic, a very indefinite 
 denomination, and is prudently free from excessive 
 decoration; the choir, i.e., the aisle ground-floor (the 
 standing -place of the faithful), is free to the poor, 
 and accommodates eight hundred hearers, but the 
 galleries are reserved and rented. The venerable 
 >-** diocesan, then in his eighty-sixth year, delivered the 
 consecration sermon, a composition that was fraught 
 with piety and learning — an appeal that was re- 
 sponded to with liberality. Amongst the donations 
 
TKINITT CHUECH. 229 
 
 to this house of worship, are the great hell, by the 
 Kev. Mr. Sihley ; an altar-piece and silver candle- 
 sticks, by Archdeacon Dauheney; an organ, by sub- 
 scribers; communion plate, by Mrs. Dennison; vel- 
 vet covering for communion table, desk, and pulpit, 
 by Mr. Barneton. The finish, execution, and work- 
 manship in every part of the building are admira- 
 ble, and reflect credit on Cave, of Bath, the con- 
 tractor. The patronage of the incumbency ] is vested 
 in the Bishop of the Diocese and certain trustees. 
 
 TRINITY CHUECH, 
 
 (LOWER ST. JAMES'S STREET). 
 
 u The Sabbath beHs ! upon our path 
 Long may their sound endure ; 
 The sweetest music England hath — 
 The music of the poor. " 
 
 In the year 1812, the attention of the public in 
 Bath was called to the scantiness of accommodation 
 for the poor, in places of worship belonging to the 
 Established Church, and a proposition for erecting 
 a new Free Church in Lower St. James' Street, was 
 warmly advocated. The Corporation gave £500, 
 Parliament granted £4,000, which together with 
 subscriptions, only reached to £6,250, while the 
 final cost was £12,000. Erected at a time when 
 Gothic architecture was little understood or even 
 studied, this church is perhaps the solitary instance 
 of a Gothic facade, designed by an architect who, 
 although not possessing an entire apprehension of 
 the style he wished to adopt, was yet aware of many 
 
230 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 admirable points peculiar to Gothic. It is, there- 
 fore, matter of much regret, that an early death 
 prevented his continuing his studies, as it might 
 then have led the way to the " revival of Gothic." 
 The idea was Grecian, hut abandoned, and Florid 
 Gothic adopted. A situation, pressed on by build- 
 ings on three sides, and the change of design 
 during the building, occasioned increased expense, 
 and so decided an awkwardness, that the interior 
 appears only the section of a church. Criticism 
 is justly disarmed, when the coercion of the 
 committee in changing Mr. Lowder's design, is 
 remembered. On the 10th of December, 1822, 
 the solemn ceremony of consecration took place, 
 the Bishop of Gloucester officiating as commissary, 
 for the venerable diocesan of that day. Fifteen 
 hundred tickets were issued for the gallery and 
 aisle ; and the building committee, mayor, and cor- 
 poration were officially present. Prayers were read 
 by the Rev. Mr. Crawley, and a sermon delivered by 
 the Bishop, from Psalm cxxxii. 8, 9, 10, after which 
 £190 were collected. Besides previous liberal con- 
 tributions, many presents were made, amongst them 
 a communion service ; £104 10s. for a communion 
 table, pulpit, and lectern ; Bible and Prayer Books ; 
 a fine-toned bell, by the Bev. Martin Stafford ; and 
 ornamental fronts for the galleries, by Joshua 
 Watson, Esq. The aisle-floor is free, the galleries 
 reserved, and the total number of sittings exceeds 
 1,300. Upwards of two hundred children are in- 
 structed in the National Schools of this district. 
 
ST. swithin's chubch. 231 
 
 ST, SWITHIN'S CHURCH,* 
 
 (walcot). 
 
 Walcot Rectory belonged anciently to the monas- 
 tery of Bath, and the greater portion of the parish 
 was included within the liberties of the city, through 
 the influence and ingenuity of William Sherston, 
 mayor at that period : the manor house long re- 
 mained intact. Before the dissolution, it paid £10 : 3 
 annually to the prior and monks of Bath Abbey ; 
 but in 1542 it was alienated by the crown, and 
 passing successively through the families of Shers- 
 ton, Snigg, and Sanders, became at length vested in 
 Sir P. Rivers Gay, Bart. There had been a church 
 here from an early age, but its condition and capa- 
 city becoming unequal to its objects, the present 
 enlarged, or new church, was opened in 1780. 
 
 * St. Sioithin is altogether English, and died Bishop of 
 Winchester, in the year 862. He was buried, by his own 
 desire, in the churchyard, and where passers-by might tread 
 on his grave, and where the rain from the eaves might fall 
 on it. The monks, however, thought it disgraceful to have 
 a saint in an open churchyard, and attempted to translate 
 his remains into the cathedral, on the 16th day of July. But 
 so violent was the rain on that particular day, and for forty 
 days successively, that the reverend men concluded it was a 
 prohibition from Heaven, at the saint's intercession ; and 
 accordingly left him at rest in the grave of his choice, and 
 erected a chapel over it. The old rhyme preserves the 
 tradition : — 
 
 " St. Swithin's day, if thou dost rain, 
 For forty days it will remain; 
 St. Swithin's day, if thou be fair, 
 For forty days, 'twill rain na mair." 
 
232 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 , Still the population increased, and the parish was 
 divided, ecclesiastically, into three districts — St. 
 Saviour's, Christ Church, St. Stephen's, exclusive 
 of the present portion of St. Swithin's. Nor are 
 these the only daughters of Walcot, for St. Mary's, 
 in Queen Square, All Saints', Margaret's, and; Port- 
 land, were all, at one time, chapels of ease. When 
 St. Swithin's was enlarged, or rebuilt, the preva- 
 lent style in Bath was Palladian, and the present 
 design is simply characterized by that manner, 
 although the modern Gothic, a spurious style, was 
 the intention of the building committee, and St. 
 James's Church their coveted original. 
 
 Several monuments are seen here, products of 
 affection or of pride, graven with posthumous praises ; 
 those to the memory of a former rector, were pro- 
 bably deserved; but the most attractive are the 
 composition of Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of 
 Devonshire, who brought to her aid, in acquiring 
 literary fame, sparkling eloquence, wit, brilliant and 
 surpassing beauty : she was — 
 
 "A woman loveliest of the lovely kind, 
 In person perfect, and complete in mind.'* 
 
 TO JAMES HARE, ESQ., M.P. 
 
 " Hark ! 'twas the knell of death ! what spirit fled, 
 And burst the shackles man is doom'd to bear ? 
 Can it be true ? and 'midst the senseless dead, 
 Must sorrowing thousands count the loss of Hare ? 
 
 Shall not his genius life's short date prolong ? 
 
 (Pure as the ether of its kindred sky;) 
 Shall wit enchant no longer from his tongue, 
 
 And beam in vivid flashes from his eye ? 
 
st. swithin's chuech. 233 
 
 Ah, no : that mind for every purpose fit, 
 
 Has met, alas ! the universal doom : 
 Unrivall'd fancy, judgment, sense, and wit, 
 
 Were his, and only left him at the tomb. 
 
 Rest, spirit, rest ! for gentle was thy course ; 
 
 Thy rays, like beams divine, no venom knew, 
 For still benevolence allay'd the force 
 
 Of the keen darts thy matchless satire threw. 
 
 Yet not alone thy genius we deplore, 
 
 Nor o'er thy various talents drop the tear ; 
 
 But weep to think we shall behold no more 
 A lost companion and a friend sincere " 
 
 The subject of these lines was himself a bright star that 
 shone in that gallaxy of talent, so conspicuous, in the literary 
 atmosphere of his age, and which is believed to have paled, 
 and waned, and grown dim, and finally faded away. He was 
 representative for Knaresborough, in Parliament. 
 
 Although less favoured perhaps by fortune and 
 fashion, still the tomb of the old pastor of St. Swi- 
 thin's is treated with that tender respect, which is 
 always the portion of the dead, when their lives 
 have been marked by piety and benevolence. 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of the Rev. James Sparrow, M.A., 
 upwards of forty years rector of this parish, who exchanged 
 this mortal life for a glorious immortality, March 18, 1773, 
 in the seventy-first year of his age. He was a faithful and 
 most assiduous labourer in the gospel vineyard, always go- 
 ing about doing good, after the example of his divine Master, 
 and constantly practising those excellent and sublime virtues 
 which purify and perfect the Christian character, and add 
 the brightest lustre to the sacred functions. 'When the eye 
 saw him, then it blessed him.' His amiable and exemplary 
 manners gained him the love and veneration of his flock ; 
 and the consciousness of having performed his duty to G-od 
 and man with sincerity, enabled him to exclaim, ' Death ! 
 
234 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 where is thy sting ? Grave ! where is thy victory ?' He 
 rests from his benevolent labours, and his works follow him 
 to those mansions of glory where they who turn many to 
 righteousness shall shine as the stars for ever and ever." 
 
 Walcot St. Swithin's Church stands at the point 
 of divergence of two Roman roads, the Fosse, leading 
 through Walcot Street into the city, and the vicinal 
 way that ascends the hill towards Weston. To the 
 east of the church is the disused parochial burial 
 ground, with its modern Norman chapel, ages ago 
 the Roman, or Saxon, " field of graves;" — there 
 cinerary urns, Roman coins, and stone coffins, have 
 been frequently found in turning up the ground. 
 (vide p. 49.) The very material quality of hea- 
 thenism created a desire in the consular Romans, 
 to bury their dead where they might continually be 
 remembered by the living, and the public highways, 
 with Christians disreputable, were in honour, and 
 esteem, and familiarity, with those military peoples. 
 The Appian-way was lined with monuments, and 
 the Fosse-way most likely was the favourite place 
 of sepulture in Bathonia. Here, no doubt, once 
 stood the altar-tomb of many a noble Roman, in- 
 itially inscribed with " Siste Viator." These words 
 assume a classical propriety when addressed from a 
 monumental Cippus on the road-side, to the light- 
 hearted traveller, but lose all their point, and pith, 
 and propriety, when fixed against a pillar in the 
 church's nave, in the grass-grown village church- 
 yard, or in the modern joint-stock necropolis. 
 
 In number, sculptural excellence, and historic in- 
 
st. swithin's chuech. 235 
 
 terest, the tablets, and monuments of St. Swithin's 
 rank next after those of the Abbey. Here lie the 
 mortal remains, and over them are graven true 
 records of the immortal exploits, of both soldiers 
 and sailors, whose lives shed a lustre on the his- 
 tory of the country to which they were so gallantly 
 devoted. Here, poets and painters, of world-wide 
 reputation, have either desired to be entombed, or 
 have contributed, by their literary and artistic pow- 
 ers, to perpetuate, to adorn the already bright charac- 
 ter of departed worth. Beneath the organ-loft may be 
 read a lengthened eulogy, yet too brief biography, 
 of that " brave British tar," Sir Edward Berry. An 
 escutcheon surmounts a broad shield, with the 
 motto, "ad altiora;" and the inscription informs 
 the reader, if there be any English reader to whom 
 Nelson's name is still unknown, that — 
 
 " Sir Edward Berry, K.B., rear-admiral of the red squad- 
 ron, resided in Bath, and died there on 13th October, 1831, 
 in his sixty-third year. His distinguished services are re- 
 corded in the annals of his country. He was the friend 
 and companion of Nelson, under whose command he fought 
 at St. Vincent's, the Nile (on board the Vanguard), Trafal- 
 gar, and commanded H.M. ship, Agamemnon, at the battle 
 of St. Domingo. He wore three medals for these great 
 victories. 
 
 " 'Be strong, and of a good courage; be not afraid, neither 
 be thou dismayed : for the Lord thy God is with thee whither- 
 soever thou goest.' — Josh. i. 9." 
 
 This brave officer had encountered the perils of 
 the deep, the flash of the enemy's artillery, the 
 combined naval strength of two great nations, with 
 the boldest daring, calmest deliberation, ripest pat- 
 
236 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 riotism. Off St. Vincent's he boarded the great 
 Spanish first-rate, " The San Nicolas" At the 
 battle of Aboukir a langridge-shot struck Nelson 
 on the forehead, so that the bleeding skin hung 
 down over his face, when Captain Berry, who stood 
 near him, caught the brave admiral in his arms. 
 Berry was sent to the commander-in-chief, with 
 the despatches ; but the Leander, in which he sailed, 
 was taken by the French ship le Genereux. Sub- 
 sequently he was left in command of the Foudroy- 
 ant, by his admiral ; but his celebrated exploit, the 
 desperate action with the Guillaume Tell, is com- 
 pared, by naval historians, to the sanguinary engage- 
 ment between the Shannon and the Chesapeake. 
 In this desperate conflict the Foudroyant expended 
 162 barrels of powder, 2,700 shot, and every gun 
 was fired three times in a minute. Sir Edward 
 Berry was slightly wounded. 
 
 These facts are familiar to every student of Eng- 
 lish history, but the impression on the feelings of 
 the naval portion of society in Bath, on occasion 
 of the hero's death, was manifested by the attend- 
 ance of fifty veteran officers of rank, to see this 
 great example of discipline and daring laid in the 
 tomb, and "left alone in his glory." 
 
 At the west end of the choir also are tablets 
 recording the decease of the Whitworths and Ayl- 
 mers, of noble origin, to whose worldly rank, T. 
 King, sculptor, of Bath, has done entire justice. 
 
 The memory of Maria Langham has had the 
 happy accident of being recorded by the pen of 
 
 
st. swithin's chubch. 237 
 
 Hannah More. The language breathes faith and 
 love ; and friendship has seldom been expressed 
 more simply and gracefully; for beautiful simpli- 
 city it may be taken as a type of its class. The 
 tomb is dated 1793. 
 
 The north wall is covered with epitaphs, and 
 with tolerable specimens of statuary art. These 
 are of less interest than the biographies of the 
 individuals they perpetuate. One instance will 
 illustrate : — 
 
 " In the vaults beneath are deposited the remains of 
 Christopher Anstey, Esq., born 31st of October, 1724, died 
 3rd August, 1805. A monument is erected to his memory in 
 Westminster Abbey. In the same vault, William and Wil- 
 liam Thomas, sixth and seventh sons, and Sarah, his fourth 
 daughter, late wife of — Sotheby, also tbe wife of Christo- 
 pher Anstey. Nat. 7 May, 1732. Ob. 1 Jan., 1812. (vide 
 p. 211.) 
 
 S. M. of Ralph Broome, who departed this life 
 27tb April, 1817, aged fifteen years. 
 
 " Time and the world, whose weight and magnitude 
 Bear on us in this now, and hold us here, 
 Curb'd and enthrall'd, what are they in the past ? 
 And in the prospects of the immortal soul, 
 How poor a spark ! not here her resting-place, 
 Her portion is not here ; and happiest they 
 Who gathering early all that earth can give, 
 Shake off this mortal coil, and speed for heaven. 
 Such fate had he whose relics lie below. 
 Few were his days : yet long enough to learn 
 Love, duty, genuine feeling, and high desires — 
 Faith and devotion : these are deathless seeds 
 That have their blossoms in eternity. 
 And what besides could length of years have given ? 
 
THE HISTORIC GUEDE TO BATH. - 
 
 Joys greater e'en than health or human life ? 
 Temptations, certain sorrows, sin perchance : 
 Evils that wound, and cares that fret the heart. 
 Kepine not, therefore, ye who love the dead. 
 
 Southey." 
 
 Amongst the persons of high birth interred here, 
 with "proud humility," is Lady Susanna Wright, 
 daughter and co-heiress of Eichard Levinge, Esq., 
 and wife of Sir Nathaniel Wright, Lord Keeper of 
 the Great Seal— 1765. "A small shield" of white 
 marble, and a few commemorative lines, are the 
 only sepulchral honours paid to her worldly im- 
 portance. 
 
 On the south side of the choir a meritorious ex- 
 ploit is justly recorded to the lasting praise of — 
 
 "J". Lewis Fitzgerald, son of Sir Eohert Fitzgerald, who per- 
 ished in an attempt to save Lieut. Gore, who jumped over- 
 board to rescue a sinking sailor from a watery grave, on the 
 30th April, 1835. He was a lieutenant of the Melville, then 
 lying, or cruising, in Algoa Bay." 
 
 A draped urn rests on the summit of a shield, 
 gracefully designed, and beneath which is an es- 
 cutcheon of arms, coloured. This unpretending 
 monument is to the respected memory of the Rev. 
 J. Sibley, Rector of Walcot for forty-four years ; he 
 died Oct. 5th, 1815, aged seventy-four. 
 . A brass plate attached to the large column in the 
 north-east angle of the choir, bears noble evidence 
 of good works : — 
 
 " Fred Scotton Mahew and Miss Catherine Mahew left 
 j£3,244 : 18 : 8, the interest to be divided between six poor 
 men and six poor women, of Walcot, who had never availed 
 
st. swithin's church. 239 
 
 themselves of parochial relief. A small legacy for a term 
 is first to be?deducted. He died 29th February, 1829, Miss 
 Catherine the November following." 
 
 In the north gallery is the monument of an emi- 
 nent Bath artist, whose cenotaph, it may be called, 
 by Chantrey, is seen in the Abbey, on which may 
 be read— (Vide p. 201.) 
 
 " In the vault underneath this place are interred the re- 
 mains of William Hoare, R.A., who died 10th December, 
 1792, aged eighty-four; and of Elizabeth, his wife, who died 
 30th November, 1793, aged seventy-four." 
 
 Colonel Brooke, representative of an eminent Irish 
 family, is called to mind by an unpretending epitaph, 
 on a plain mural tablet in the north gallery ; but he 
 lived in troublous times, exhibited a firmness illus- 
 trated by the desolate rock over which he ruled, in 
 the midst of the ocean. He received the thanks of 
 his sovereign for his resolution and prudence, in. 
 the government of St. Helena, and died " in hon- 
 our," in the year 1811. Near to this is the record of 
 another Irish family, of higher birth, but not more 
 manly qualities, the Rev. James St.Leger, Archdeacon 
 of Cloyne, who died on the 23rd November, 1834; 
 he w r as a member of the noble family of Doneraile. 
 
 A long and interesting (from its authoress) epi- 
 taph to the memory of Count Alexandre Jean Bap- 
 tiste Piochard D' Arblay , the husband of the celebrated 
 novelist, who is better known in the history of Eng- 
 lish literature, as Miss Burney, under which signa- 
 ture she published her Evelina, Cecilia, and Camilla. 
 In this instance her composition is an extreme and 
 
240 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 excessive display, but her romantic attachment to 
 her gallant husband was a matter of notoriety. This 
 brave soldier will, after all, be longer remembered as 
 the beloved husband of Madame D'Arblay, than as 
 the faithful follower of the Bourbon fortunes. He 
 died 3rd May, 1818, aged sixty-three. Near to this 
 last, and against the same wall, may be read the 
 following : — 
 
 "Sacred to the memory of Frances D'Arblay, second daugh- 
 ter of Charles Burney, Mus. Doc, and widow of Piochard 
 D'Arblay, the friend of Burke and of Johnson, who by her 
 talents has obtained a name far more durable than marble 
 can confer. By the public she was admired for her writings, 
 by those who knew her best, for her sweet and amiable 
 disposition, and the bright example she displayed of self- 
 denial, and every Christian virtue. But her trust was placed 
 in God, and her hope rested on the mercy and merits of her 
 Redeemer, through whom alone she looked for an inherit- 
 ance, incorruptible, undefiled, and that fadeth not away. 
 She died in London, 6th January, 1840, aged eighty-eight 
 years. Her remains are deposited in the adjoining church- 
 yard, near those of her beloved husband, and in the same 
 vault with those of her only son, the Rev. Alexandre Piochard 
 D'Arblay, who departed this life 19th January, 1837. Aged 
 forty-two." (Vide p. 128.) 
 
 At the east end, and against the gallery wall, is the 
 monument of a man who acquired the respect and 
 admiration of the educated classes — a large com- 
 munity — in Bath, by his devotion to the investiga- 
 tion of Koman remains, in this locality (vide p. 47), 
 a circumstance frequently alluded to in the pre- 
 ceding pages. The armorial bearings of the de- 
 ceased are over the tablet, and the inscription, in 
 letters of gold, sets forth that Thomas Pownall, Esq., 
 
ST. swithin's church. 124 
 
 was governor of Massachusets Bay, New Jersey, 
 and of South Carolina. He died on the 25th Febru- 
 ary, 1805. 
 
 On the south side of the great east window is a 
 tomb of some pretensions, and no little artistic 
 merit. An escutcheon appears at the top, a large 
 mural tablet of white marble under. In the centre 
 an oval is described, around an admirable head, in 
 alto relievo, of Jerrie Peirce, Esq., F.B.S., who died 
 1st January, 1768. He was an eminent surgeon, 
 and posterity are asked to credit the fact in a feeling, 
 flattering notice, hardly an epitaph, of his genius 
 and worth. 
 
 List of Rectors from 1730 to 1863. 
 
 Rev. James Sparrow — 1730. 
 Rev. John Sibley— 1774. 
 Rev. Sir Henry Rivers-1816 
 Rev. Dr. Moysey— 1819. 
 Rev. Sir H. Rivers, Bt.-1831. 
 
 Rev. H. Ley— 1836. 
 Rev. T. F. Woodham— 1838. 
 Rev. S.H.Widdrington-1840 
 Rev. J. B. Collisson— 1858. 
 Rev. F. D. Bernard— 1863. 
 
 Portland Chapel, dedicated to St. Austin, is 
 situated in Abingdon Buildings, parish of Walcot, 
 and was built by Mr. Young, in the year 1816. 
 In the following year it was taken by an " Inde- 
 pendent" congregation, of which Mr. Irons was 
 minister; it passed next to a Eoman Catholic 
 proprietary, under Dr. Beane's control ; and, finally, 
 was purchased by the Established Church. Bev. 
 S. H. Widdrington was the first incumbent, to him 
 seconded Mr. Mung, and Bev. Mr. Hill was chap- 
 lain, 1863. The structure itself is unadorned, and 
 claims no particular style of architecture. There 
 are six hundred sittings, including those that are 
 free. 
 
242 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 ST, STEPHEN'S CHURCH, 
 
 (lansdown road). 
 
 Bishop Horne says, "The senses and the imagina- 
 tion must have a considerable share in public wor- 
 ship ; and, devotion will be depressed, or heightened 
 by the mean, sordid, and dispiriting, or the fair, 
 splendid, and cheerful appearance of the objects 
 around." If authority, advice, admonition, were 
 
 St. Stephen's Church. 
 
 requisite, it is here supplied, to encourage the 
 erection of churches possessing dignity, beauty, 
 elegance, and splendour. Natural objects are net 
 wonderful only; the lily and the rose are adorned, 
 almost inimitably, with every beauty. Following the 
 law of nature, then, the expression of a higher will 
 our places of worship should be decorated whenever 
 
st. Stephen's church. 243 
 
 resources can be found, and the original design, if 
 costly, should be left unfinished ; true piety and 
 affluence, united as of old, shall complete the temple 
 of the Lord in all its graces and proportions, in all 
 the beauty that holiness impresses. St Stephen's 
 is designed after a rich and expensive style, which 
 was called for by the date, or age, of its erection 
 (1846) ; — by its conspicuous position in the grand 
 panorama of the valley, and, by views of ecclesiastical 
 architecture, as warmly advocated, both by learned 
 and pious prelates, as by the taste of the century. 
 The icnographic plan is cruciform, the style adopted 
 is decorated Gothic. The principal entrance is richly 
 adorned by a deep soffit, and above it rise three sto- 
 ries that form a handsome tower, 120 feet in height, 
 flanked with octagonal buttresses. A memorial win- 
 dow, in the sacrarium, is a record of filial affection ; 
 it was placed there by the rector of Walcot, and the 
 Pindar family presented the Gothic mortuary cist 
 that stands in the west transept. Seven hundred 
 sittings are provided, of which 450 are free and 
 unoccupied. 
 
 The subscriptions toward the erection were liberal, 
 £700 having been granted by the London Church 
 Building, and by the Diocesan Societies; still 
 this very graceful structure, and most prominent 
 feature in the valley, remains unfinished. James 
 Wilson, Esq., F.S.A., was the architect of both the 
 church and the almshouses in the adjacent green. 
 St. Stephen's is a chapel ry, and has accommoda- 
 tion for a hundred children in its district National 
 School. 
 
244 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 ST. MATTHEW'S CHURCH, 
 
 (widcombe). 
 
 Wldcombe New Church, or St. Matthew's, is situ- 
 ated on the south of the broad and beautiful valley 
 of Bath, and occupies a commanding position in 
 the centre of a most picturesque locality. The 
 population having outgrown the ancient little tem- 
 ple, or oratory, or chapel, higher up the glen, a 
 larger edifice was desirable, and the first stone of 
 the present spacious Church of St. Matthew, the 
 design of Messrs. Manners and Gill, was laid on the 
 29 th of April, 1846. So expeditiously was the con- 
 tract for building executed, by Vaughan, of Bath- 
 wick, that the church was finished, consecrated, 
 and opened on the 27th day of July in the following 
 year — the cost not exceeding £5,500. Archdeacon 
 Brymer assisted the bishop in the solemnity. 
 Three parallel sections, one hundred feet in length, 
 constitute the choir and side aisles — the former 
 being increased in length by&sacrarium&r sanctuary. 
 A square tower, on the south side, is surmounted by 
 a broach, and finished with a cross and vane, thelatter 
 rising to the height of 155 feet. Carved stone par- 
 closes separate the east ends of the aisles from the 
 sacrarium, near to the north side of which, in an 
 excellent acoustic position, stands a stone pulpit, 
 ornamented with tracery; a desk of carved oak 
 occupying the corresponding place on the south. 
 Sittings are provided for 1250 persons, of which 
 500 are free, and 290 appropriated to the children 
 of the parish. Lord St. Germains once declared 
 
WIDCOMBE OLD CHUBCff, 
 
 245 
 
 in public, that the "Establishment" was essentially 
 " the poor man's church :" the united number of 
 free and unappropriated sittings, provided for the 
 poor, in only three of the Bath churches, amounts 
 to 1,680. St. Matthew's is a vicarage in the pat- 
 ronage of Simeon's trustees. Three hundred and 
 fifty children receive tuition at the National Schools 
 of this district. 
 
 WIDCOMBE OLD CHURCH. 
 
 ?&-J*!f"* 
 
 Oh ! better that the ivy-wreath 
 
 Should clothe the mouldering tower, 
 
 Than it should be a place of strength, 
 For passion and for power/' 
 
2 to THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 One of the old gray churches of our native land, 
 the chapel, or oratory, or cell of Widcombe, was an 
 appendage of St. Mary at Stalls, in the city of Bath. 
 In the early Christian ages, when taste, learning, 
 and perhaps piety, were the peculiar characteris- 
 tics, often the privilege of churchmen, this situation 
 was chosen for its deep retirement. The grandeur 
 and luxuriance of the aged trees that, doubtless, 
 then overhung the dell, the picturesque character 
 of the scenery, and its actual sentimental beauty, 
 filled the mind with solemn, and, at the same time, 
 delightful emotion. Here, in a romantic glen, re- 
 mote from noise and public strife, and peculiarly 
 adapted to the exercises of devotion, the venerable 
 monk, surrounded by his humble little flock of 
 worshippers, knelt and prayed. For him the cell 
 of the narrow green vale was ample, and so warm 
 was his attachment to the cross that was reared 
 there, that, during centuries of time, a temple for 
 Christian worship has been maintained on this 
 consecrated spot. There is evidence that a church 
 stood here before the year 1502, for,- by an authen- 
 tic parochial instrument now accessible, it appears 
 that the " old walls were taken down, the stone 
 used in building the present church, and the work 
 itself finished in 1502." Confirmation of this evi- 
 dence was afforded by the fragments of three dif- 
 ferent styles which preceded that of the present 
 structure, discovered during the restoration in 1862. 
 The earliest of these was a Norman gable cross, 
 precisely resembling, in form and dimensions, that 
 
WIDCOMBE OLD CHUECH. 247 
 
 found at Bathampton. Fragments of an early Eng- 
 lish roundel moulding, a decorated roll moulding, 
 and a portion of late decorated tracery, were also 
 discovered.* 
 
 The nave of the present building is short, with- 
 out aisles, open on the west to the tower, and on the 
 east separated from a modern sash-windowed chan- 
 cel, by a late perpendicular panelled arch. The 
 ivy-mantled tower, whose dark image is reflected 
 and relieved on a back-ground of sylvan scenery, 
 and on hills clad with verdure, is so embosomed in 
 picturesque accompaniments, as to disarm scientific 
 criticism, and shutting up its faults in its folds, it 
 presents naught save a time-hallowed mantle of "ivy 
 green." There are no tombs of artistic pretensions, 
 nor epitaphs of literary attraction, in the little grave- 
 yard that encirles the chapel. The Bennetts, who 
 lived in the beginning of the eighteenth century, 
 seem to have been amongst the most affluent of 
 their companions in death ; yet their praises are 
 restricted to a few simple terms recordative of 
 Christian faith and brotherly love. 
 
 Among the many interesting improvements re- 
 cently made in the interior of this little ancient 
 oratory, those of the chancel are in remarkably 
 good taste. Insufficiency of space is concealed by 
 a happy and ornamental arrangement. A vestry- 
 room is gained from a recess on the south of the 
 chancel, and enclosed by a stone screen of very 
 
 Ancient Landmarks of Bath," By C,E. Davis, Esq., F..S.A, 
 
248 THE HISTORIC GUTDE TO BATH. 
 
 rich tracery, the upper half open, the lower rilled 
 with stained glass, forming windowlettes, in me- 
 moriam of three youthful kinsmen, who, like the 
 more youthful Marcellus, were just shown on 
 earth, then snatched away ; their brief epitaph 
 confirms the Poet's philosophy : — 
 
 11 This life can little more supply, 
 Than just to look about us and to die." 
 
 ST. MARY'S CHURCH, 
 
 BATHWICK. 
 
 In 1813, the want of increased, and improved 
 church accommodation, for the wealthy parish of 
 Bathwick, was generally felt, and the Earl of Dar- 
 lington (the late Duke of Cleveland) willingly con- 
 tributed to supply the deficiency by the grant of an 
 eligible site for a church, on the'south side of Sydney 
 Place. On the 1st of September, 1814, the cere- 
 mony of laying the foundation-stone of St. Mary's, 
 Bathwick, took place, beneath which was placed a 
 collection of coins, medals, and tokens. A long 
 inscription, referring to the downfall of Napoleon, 
 was graven on the upper side, followed by the titles 
 of the grantor and Bishop of the Diocese, names 
 of the rector, Kev. Peter Gunning, of Mr. Pinch, 
 architect, Mr. Harris, builder, churchwardens, and 
 members of the building committee. On the 4th 
 of February, 1820, King George IV. was pro- 
 claimed in Bath, and on the same day the new 
 church of Bathwick was dedicated and consecrated, 
 with the usual ceremonies, the Bishop of Gloucester 
 
ST. maey's church. 249 
 
 officiating for his reverend and venerable brother, 
 the diocesan; his lordship took his very appropriate 
 text from Haggai ii. 9. 
 
 The style of the architecture is a modern adap- 
 tation of perpendicular, very elaborate in character, 
 but sadly deficient in design. The tower, with 
 pinnacled octagonal turrets at the angles, rises to 
 the height of 125 feet. The interior is divided into 
 nave and side aisles, with an hexagonal sacrarium 
 at the eastern end. The columns which divide the 
 side aisles from the nave support a panelled lintel, 
 on which rests the clerestory, lighted by small tra- 
 ceried windows, and crowned by a flat four-centred 
 lath and plaster groin. The altar-piece was painted 
 by Benjamin Barker, an eminent native artist, 
 who generously presented it to the church. The 
 arrangement of the interior of the church was con- 
 fided to a committee who thought fit to reverse the 
 usual practice of facing the congregation to the 
 east. The seats, with the exception of those in the 
 gallery, all face west. The pulpit is elevated on a 
 bridge across the western end of the aisle — the 
 reading desk, and the desk for the clerk, forming 
 a pendant on either side. The inconvenience con- 
 sequent upon this arrangement is so obvious, that 
 it is a matter of surprise it should have existed 
 so many years. It is therefore suggested, that the 
 pulpit and reading desk be removed to the east end, 
 to their proper ecclesiastical position, and the pews 
 reversed. 
 
 The number of charitable foundations that adorn 
 
250 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the parish, point naturally to their parent, the Rev. 
 H. M. Scarth, as the hest qualified individual to be 
 entrusted with alterations in the parish church. 
 Upwards of £20,000 were expended upon the com- 
 pletion of the original design. 
 
 One hundred and fifty children are instructed in 
 the District National School of the parish. St. 
 Mary's Rectory, Bath wick, with the Curacy of 
 Wooley, is in the gift of Lord W. Powlett. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S BAPTIST CHURCH, 
 
 (CLEVELAND EOAD, BATHWICKJ. 
 
 " He lovetli our nation, and He hath built us a synagogue." 
 
 This very beautiful little Chapel of Ease to St. 
 Mary's, Bath wick, was built at the sole expense, 
 almost, of the Rev. L. R. Hamilton, who had as- 
 sisted the rector of the parish, gratuitously, during 
 six years. Lord William Powlett granted the site, 
 Mr. C. E. Giles was the architect, and the consecra- 
 tion took place on the 1st day of August, 1862, 
 when Lord Auckland, Bishop of the Diocese, deli- 
 vered a discourse, (taking his text from Isaiah ii. 3,) 
 that reflected honour on himself, did justice to 
 the founder, and gave an instructive lesson to the 
 hearers. A population of two thousand poor dwell 
 around this locale, the whole area of the new chapel 
 is assigned, for ever, to their accommodation. Mr. 
 Hamilton's bounty was augmented by £210 from 
 the Church Building Societies, and by £330 from 
 private donors. 
 
st. John's baptist church, 251 
 
 The church consists of nave and chancel, with porch at 
 the N.E. angle, which forms the basement of the tower, two 
 small transepts on the south side, and vestry opposite. The 
 length from E. to W. is 85 feet; breadth of nave 21 feet. It 
 is designed to accommodate 300 persons. The style is early 
 pointed, and the chancel end apsidal; the windows are 
 single lancet lights, the west being in three. Bath free- 
 stone, from the Combe-Down quarries, alone is employed ; 
 the outside wall-facing is disposed in bands of smooth, 
 dressed stone, alternate with the axe-picked dressing, which 
 relieves the uniformity of the surface. The E. and W. 
 windows are embellished both inside and outside, at the 
 spring of the arch, with carved capitals surmounting small 
 shafts of red Mansfield stone ; similar shafts being placed 
 at the centre of the relieving arch of the windows of the 
 nave. The pulpit, which is of Bath stone, is an excellent 
 specimen of the sculptor's art — and is one of the many gifts 
 so generously contributed by individual donors ; also the 
 font, being a basin enclosed in an octagon, and inscribed — 
 " Buried with Him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with 
 Him through faith." This is supported on a dwarf shaft of 
 red Mansfield stone, and raised on a base, bearing a memorial 
 inscription. The chancel seats are arranged for two readers, 
 and a small oaken eagle (vide p. 38, note), the gift of the 
 sculptor, serves as a lectern. The floor is paved with en- 
 caustic tiles — the passages of the nave being of the plain 
 red tile, and the paving of the chancel being disposed after 
 a pattern of various colours. In the centre of the rere-dos 
 is a cross composed of coloured marbles, flanked on each 
 side by a monogram device worked in alabaster. On one of 
 the diagonal sides of the apse is the Decalogue, on the other 
 are the Creed and Lord's Prayer. These have been executed 
 by amateurs ; they are painted on slate, and set in panels, the 
 outside borders of which are formed of a flat column, in- 
 cised and filled with ornamental work in black cement, re- 
 presenting the vine, the wheat, the lily, and passion flower. 
 The three lights of the apse are filled with coloured glass, 
 (by Clayton and Bell,) representing subjects appropriate to 
 St. John the Baptist. This window is the gift of a lady to 
 
252 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the memory of her mother. The furniture of the com- 
 munion table, including the altar cloth (of rich Utrecht 
 velvet, adorned with devices in needlework), besides the 
 altar vessels, are also gifts ; likewise the kneeling cushions 
 in the chancel, the church books, alms-boxes, &c. The 
 church is well placed, however, for the purposes for which 
 it is built, being easy of access on both sides to the working 
 people of the parish, but little removed from the spot where 
 the original parish church stood, and where the present road 
 to Cleveland Bridge passes. 
 
 The Mortuary Chapel (Bathwick). — This min- 
 iature church is picturesque in exterior design, and 
 happy in position, being seated on the banks of the 
 Avon, almost at the foot of a beetling hill. A man- 
 tle of ivy lends an additional beauty to the picture, 
 and imparts an additional air of melancholy to a 
 scene " where sadness ever dwells." The interior 
 of the chapel is divested of ornament, but supplied 
 with sufficient accommodation for mourners; there 
 is preserved the round baptismal font that belonged 
 to old Bathwick Church. The un romantic act that 
 closed so many burial places does not extend to this 
 little " country churchyard," still a subject of inter- 
 est, from its pasthist^y; and here many persons of 
 rank and affluence were entombed. A stately tomb, 
 surmounted by a richly carved cinerary urn, marks 
 the burial-place of the Barclays, and of their rela- 
 tive, Dame Elizabeth Ross, relict of General Sir 
 John Ross, of Ballygowan Castle, Scotland. A 
 motto taken from Revelation xiv. 13, enriches the 
 bowl of the urn. A still more costly sepulchre 
 
THE MORTUARY CHAPEL. 253 
 
 is raised here to the memory of Helen Maria, wife 
 of Capt. Peter La Touche, who died in 1845. The 
 family has been settled in Ireland since the reno- 
 vation of edict of Nantz : and their pious, charit- 
 able, and wise example has had the most salutary 
 influence in that part of the United Kingdom. 
 Here also lie the remains of a lady long resident 
 in Bath, where her influence and fortune were em- 
 ployed for its prosperity : the Lady Wm. Wynne, 
 relict of Sir William Wynne, Knight, of Maes-y- 
 newadd, Merionethshire, w T ho died in 1862. Sir 
 Wm. served gallantly in India, where he received a 
 severe wound ; for this he was knighted, but shelved 
 by the appointment of " Governor of Sandown Fort," 
 in the Isle of Wight. Seldom has any administration 
 more perversely overlooked the peculiar utility of 
 its servants, than happened in the case of Sir 
 W T m.W T ynne. He possessed the keenest pow r ers of 
 observation, great knowledge of the world, a just 
 estimate of all w r hcm he encountered, friends or 
 enemies, and a remarkable tact in defence and 
 repartee ; his wit sparkled and slew, like that of 
 the brilliant men of our own Augustan age, " w T ho 
 cut their bright way through." He once was can- 
 didate for the representation of his native county, 
 but retired in disgust, and cultivated a mind 
 already richly stored with sound views of political 
 economy. 
 
 It would be unjust to charity — unpardonable to 
 completeness, to omit the name of John Ellis, of 
 Southwark, who passed his closing years in the 
 
254 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 genial climate of Bath, and lies buried here. He 
 exercised his clear faculties in founding charities 
 for the relief of the sick poor ; ob., 1856, aged 89. 
 (vide Cleveland Dispensary.) 
 
 Ancient Chapels. — Exclusively of the three 
 parish churches, St. Peter & St. Paul, St. James, 
 and St. Michael, there existed several ancient 
 chapels, of which it may be said stant nominum um- 
 bra ; St. Mary intra muros, near to the north gate, 
 the tower of which served as a prison, so lately as 
 in 17 70, and, the choir as a school. St. Mary's extra 
 muros, eastern, on the Avon's banks. St. Michael's 
 intra muros, within the west gate. For the chapels 
 of St. John and St. Michael, vide St. John's Hos- 
 pital. The chapel of St. James, on the south-east 
 rampire. The chapel of St. Winnifred (fair counte- 
 nance), on the Lansdown-road. St. Helena, between 
 the north gate and Walcot, and St. Laurence's on the 
 Old Bridge. Previously to the erection of this bridge, 
 in the fourteenth century, the only access to the 
 fair of Holloway, was by a dangerous ford. The 
 chapel was the property of the monks, and St. 
 Laurence, the friend of all travellers, its appro- 
 priate patron. We are told that " whatever Laurence 
 possessed became immediately the treasures of the 
 poor." The Oratory of St. Werburgh, built in 1701, 
 at the request of Prior Peter, and dedicated to St. 
 John the Evangelist, and Saints Catherine and 
 Werburgh, stood at the north end of Broad Street. 
 In Wood's time "it was an ale-house, over the cistern 
 
ST. MARY OF STALL. 255 
 
 that received the water to supply the conduits in the 
 upper part of the city. To this cistern succeeded 
 the block of houses, called from this site, " Foun- 
 tain's buildings." Etymologists wish to derive the 
 name Werbargh from ware, a sanctuary, others from 
 were, a fine, or amercement ; but St. Werburgh, 
 daughter of Wulherus, King of Mercia, and who 
 is entombed in Chester Cathedral, was worshipped 
 in the west of England, and especially in Bristol, 
 where a church, under her tutelary guardianship, 
 was built at an early date, and re-edified so lately 
 as in 1761. In this church, John Wesley first 
 appeared in Bristol. It is unnecessary to say 
 that Werburgh does not mean expiatory, for the 
 initial syllables of such terms would be Croe, or 
 Croy, as in Cro gland. 
 
 ST. MARY DE STALL,* 
 
 (De Stabula, or De Scalls, i.e., De Aqua Calida). 
 
 Of this, one of the most ancient religious edifices of 
 Bath, no remains are now traceable, save those, per- 
 haps, of the crypt, or vaults, which were (in 1863) 
 appropriated as wine-cellars. The church, whose 
 dedication is rendered intelligible by a reference 
 to the second chapter of St. Luke's Gospel, and 
 whose name is preserved in that of the adjoining 
 
 * The original chapel at Bethlehem, still so much visited 
 by pilgrims, is called " The Chapel of the Manger," and the 
 stable, or stall, containing this object of worship, according 
 to the custom of that country, is under ground. 
 
256 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 street, stood at the corner of Cheap Street, where 
 now four ways meet. St. Mary of Stalls (de Scalls), 
 with the chapel of Widcombe, was assigned by W. 
 Button, Bishop of Wells, to the prior and monks 
 of Bath, in 1236. It was further arranged, in 1322. 
 that the vicar should have a residence, with the 
 small tithes of Lyncombe, Widcombe, and Berewick, 
 including wool, hay, milk, geese, and pigs, with all 
 kinds of oblations issuing from the chapel of Wid- 
 combe. John de Dudmaston, the first vicar, was 
 appointed in 1322, and Sir Walter Denys, imme- 
 diately after the dissolution, in the reign of Henry 
 VIII., was permitted to nominate. In 1584, the 
 mayor and corporation assigned the consolidated 
 parishes to Sir Bichard Meredith, who granted 
 building leases of all the consecrated ground, to the 
 citizens, reserving to himself the vicarage house of 
 Stalls. From this period, St. Mary's de Stabula 
 declined : divine service was discontinued ; time's 
 abrading power was allowed free action; the dilapi- 
 dated walls were removed, so that even the precise 
 spot where they stood is with some hesitation 
 pointed out. Stall's churchyard was covered with 
 houses, and the Abbey Church degraded, disfigured, 
 and partially concealed by mean residences, almost 
 attached to its venerable walls. In the year 1819, 
 a sermon was delivered in the Abbey Church, by 
 the Bev. F. Skurray, in which he eloquently expos- 
 tulated with his hearers, on the desecration of the 
 Abbey precincts. His forcible appeal was felt, and 
 acted on, by the corporation, who resolved, on the 
 
EPISCOPAL CHAPELS. 257 
 
 22nd of October, in that year, " that no further re- 
 newal of the leaseholds in Wade's passage should 
 be granted :" in 1823 they passed a similar resolu- 
 tion with reference to the houses on the south side 
 of the Market Place, and a beginning of the good 
 work was made by the removal of Mrs. Wright's 
 and Mr. Webster's houses. 
 
 All Saints' Chapel. — Christians make pilgrim- 
 ages to Jerusalem, even in the nineteenth century, 
 to pay their vows in the Church of the Holy Sepul- 
 chre. That venerable and venerated temple was 
 built by the Empress Helena, in the fourth cen- 
 tury, and is of an elliptic form, the major axis mea- 
 suring 400, the minor 200 feet in length. The 
 design was imitated by the Knights Templars, in 
 their church of Jean de Luz, in the south of France, 
 and St. Mary's, attached to the Inner Temple, in 
 London ; both existed in the twelfth century. 
 Less ambitious imitations exist in the churches 
 of St. Mary de Eotonda, at Eome, St. Sepulchre's, 
 at Cambridge, St. Chad's, in Shrewsbury (opened in 
 1792), All Saints' Cbapel (1794— -26th October), 
 and Laura Chapel (1796), both the latter in Bath. 
 All Saints' is situated below the noble range of 
 mansions, Lansdown Crescent, on a conspicuous 
 elevation. Palmer, the architect, adopted the an- 
 cient model, and preferred the Greek manner to 
 the Gothic. An exquisite example of this style is 
 preserved in the mausoleum of the Orleans Family, 
 at I)reux, in France. All Saints' Chapel is seventy 
 
 s 
 
258 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATET. 
 
 feet in length, sixty across, and thirty-one in height, 
 with a recessed sacrariwn* Eight columns sustain 
 an encircling gallery, and rising to the roof, branch 
 off in ribs, and lend it support. A large oval 
 panel, six feet in depth, occupies the centre of the 
 ceiling, which is ornamented with stucco-work. 
 Twelve large windows light the gallery and choir, 
 being charged with heads of the twelve apos- 
 tles, in brightly-stained glass, and in the window 
 above the communion table is a transparency 
 representing " The Last Supper." The altar-piece 
 was designed by Thomas Barker, and the building 
 was erected by subscription. All Saints' is a 
 chapelry in Walcot parish. 
 
 St. Mary's Chapel (Queen Square). — This 
 monument of Wood's architectural taste stands 
 at the south-west angle of the square. Admiration 
 of the beauties of Bath has induced many visitors 
 to compare its buildings to the great works of anti- 
 quity, or to the best of our own middle ages. The 
 Maison Carree, at Nismes, has been supposed the 
 original of Wood's design in this instance, but the 
 facade of that grand temple consists of six detached 
 fluted Corinthian columns, with two more on either 
 side of the portico, while St. Mary's Chapel presents 
 a pretty Palladian front, of only two Doric columns, 
 and two pilasters. Others And its type in the tuscan 
 portico of St. Paul's, (Covent Garden,) built by Inigo 
 Jones, in 1640. This was the first proprietary 
 chapel erected in England, and Bath Abbey was the 
 
EPISCOPAL CHAPELS. 259 
 
 last great monastic edifice. Wood's enthusiasm 
 united eleven subscribers, who, with himself, pur- 
 chased the site from Mr. Gay, procured the privi- 
 lege of celebrating marriages, and of having sepul- 
 chral vaults, and, at their private expense, laid the 
 first stone bearing a Latin inscription, of which the 
 following is a translation : — 
 
 " D.S. Kobert Gay, Esq., lord of this manor, deputed 
 John Woody architect, to lay the first stone of this chapel, 
 dedicated to the service of God, upon the 25th day of March, 
 A.D. 1732, and in the 5th year of the reign of King George 
 the Second." 
 
 The Doric order characterizes the exterior of the 
 chapel, the Ionic the interior. Twelve noble co- 
 lumns sustain an entablature adorned with rich 
 stucco-work, by the Francini, brothers, and the roof 
 rests becomingly on this substantial adjustment; four 
 three-quarter columns decorate the sacrarium, which 
 has a semi-elliptical dome. The ichnographic plan 
 measures sixty-seven feet in length, by fifty-eight 
 in breadth, and the height of the choir is thirty-six 
 feet. A gallery has been added, with judgment, to 
 the original design, and a fine-toned organ erected 
 there. The Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary is 
 auxiliary to St. Swithin's, Walcot, and the patron- 
 age is in certain trustees. It was opened for Divine 
 service on the 25th day of December, 1734. 
 
 Laura Chapel. — Churches may be called after 
 founders, or others. St. Peter's at Eome was at 
 first distinguished by the name of the spot it 
 
260 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 stood on. This chapel takes its origination from 
 Laura, Countess of Bath, on whose estate it was 
 erected in the year 1796, on a tontine or survivor- 
 ship scheme, by the Kev. Mr. Leeves ; from him 
 it passed to Dr. Kandolph, and afterwards to Mr. 
 Grinfield. In 1841, the pulpit was filled by the 
 Eev. Edward Tottenham, a popular preacher of 
 that day, and remembered from the part he took in 
 the " Downside Controversy." The design is a 
 plain oval apartment, after the idea of Temple 
 Churches, (vide All Saints' Chapel,) but so totally 
 destitute of ornament as to excite observation. St. 
 Chrysostom calls the church " a place of angels, 
 a palace of God." Hooker reminds his readers of 
 the exhortation " to worship the Lord in the beauty 
 of holiness." Bishop Jebb thinks " that the archi- 
 tectural graces of the building should be answer- 
 able to the service of our church, which is at once 
 cheerful, simple, majestic," and a great authority 
 writes, " too long have the beauty and order of the 
 services of the church been marred by the poverty 
 and meanness of the buildings in which they are 
 celebrated." Laura Chapel is situated in a popu- 
 lous and wealthy locality. It is spacious, enriched 
 by a gallery supported by coupled Corinthian co- 
 lumns, andmost conveniently arranged for audi- 
 tors. It is auxiliary to St. Mary's, Bathwick ; the 
 patronage is private. 
 
 Margaret Chapel. — It is a subject of regret, 
 that the proprietary and district chapels have not 
 
EPISCOPAL CHAPELS. 361 
 
 shown a bolder front, assumed fairer and more 
 architectural features, and become tributary to the 
 ornamentation of the city, while they invite worship- 
 pers to enter and offer praise to God. Laura, the 
 Octagon, and Margaret chapels are securely con- 
 cealed from view by the houses that continue the 
 street, and their entrances resemble the ports 
 coches of a private mansion. Margaret Chapel 
 is at the rear of the houses in Brock Street, as 
 well as those of Margaret Place and Catherine 
 Place. It is called from Mrs. Margaret Garrard, 
 lady of the manor, and patroness of the living of 
 Walcot, at the time it was built, in 1773, as a com- 
 plimentary return, and grateful testimony of respect, 
 by Wood, the architect, for the valuable building 
 leases she had granted to him. It aspires, but 
 humbly, to the Gothic manner, is fitted with a con- 
 venient gallery, measures seventy feet in length, by 
 sixty in width, and is thirty-seven feet high. A 
 large recess forms the sacrarium, in which, and 
 above the communion table, is an excellent paint- 
 ing by Williams, of the wise men's offering. The 
 whole design, being devoid of columns or other roof 
 supports, has alight, cheerful, and imposing air. The 
 building fund was provided by the Rev. Mr. Martyn, 
 Cornelius Norton, and Mr. Linley, organist ; Mr. 
 Wm. Linley was the contractor and builder. The 
 organ is admired for its power and sweetness. 
 There is a melancholy memory attached to the his- 
 tory of Margaret Chapel. The consecration sermon 
 was preached by the Rev.Wm. Dodd, D.D., who was 
 
262 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 conspicuous for talents, taste, learning, eloquence, 
 but also remarkable as a victim to tbat false and 
 cruel system of legislature, which made death 
 the inevitable punishment of forgery. Margaret 
 Chapel is auxiliary to St. Swithin's, Walcot. 
 
 The Octagon Chapel stands at the rear of 
 the houses forming the east side of Milsom 
 Street, and, like Laura and Margaret chapels, 
 also proprietary, has neither tower, belfry, spire, 
 or street frontage — additions that could be made 
 with facility, and at comparatively moderate cost. 
 It is a chapel of ease to St. Michael's, is very 
 agreeably situated, was consecrated to public wor- 
 ship on Oct., 1767, and has always been attended 
 by the affluent and elite of the city. The name 
 indicates its form, and the light and graceful 
 manner of the interior has always commanded 
 admiration. Built at the expense of Mr. Street 
 and the Rev. Dr. Decheir, agreeably to a design 
 by Mr. Lightholder, architect, it has a private 
 foundation. The altar-piece, representing the 
 lame man healed at the pool of Bethesda, was 
 painted by Wm. Hoare, whose remuneration was 
 £100, and a pew in the chapel. Dr. Gardiner was 
 proprietor and officiating minister for many years. 
 Mrs. Piozzi's account of her escape from the morn- 
 ing service at the Octagon Chapel is highly coloured, 
 but, with some qualification, represents the crowded 
 auditories that have often been assembled here. 
 " You will rejoice to hear," writes the venerable 
 
EPISCOPAL CHAPELS. 263 
 
 lady, " that I came out alive from the Octagon 
 Chapel, where Ryder, Bishop of Gloucester, preach- 
 ed ou behalf of the missionaries, to a crowd such as 
 in my long life I never witnessed ; we were packed / 
 
 like seeds in a sunflower." 
 
 The Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene. — ■ 
 Walter Hosate gave this chapel, with the capital 
 messuage at Holloway, to the monastery of Bath, 
 on condition that the monks should keep it in re- 
 pair: and in 1332 an indulgence was granted to 
 those who contributed to that pious work. The 
 present building, situated under Beeehen Cliff, was 
 erected by John Cantlow, Prior of Bath, between 
 the years 1489 and 1499,* but to the regret of the 
 antiquary, enlarged in the years 1823, and opened 
 on the July, 1824. For this great accommodation 
 to the vicinity the inhabitants were indebted to 
 the Bev. Chas. Crook, Kector of Bath, and Master 
 of the Hospital, who caused the celebration of 
 Divine service to be continued here until the open- 
 ing of Wideombe Church, in 1833. It has a battle- 
 mented bell- turret at the west end, and is entered 
 by a south porch, in which is the following inscrip- 
 tion : — 
 ** Thys. chapell. floryschyd. wt. formosyte. spectabylL 
 
 * Leland (Itinerary, 1830) writes, " Or ever I came to the 
 bridge at Bath, that is over the Avon, I came down by a 
 rocky hill, full of springs of water, and on this rocky hill 
 is set a long street as a bulwark to the city of Bath, and in 
 this street there is a chapel of St. Mary Magdalen." 
 
264 THE HISTORIC GUEDE TO BATH. 
 
 In. the. honowre. of. M. Magdalen, prior. Cantlow. hath. 
 
 edyfyde. 
 Desyring. you. to. pray. for. him. wt. yowre. prayers, delect- 
 
 abyl. 
 That. sche. will, inhabit, him. in. hevyn. there, evyr. to. 
 
 abyde." 
 
 The interior, forty-six feet long, and fourteen 
 wide, is lighted by three square-headed perpendi- 
 cular windows, and by the original eastern two 
 central windows, which have been aided by two 
 three-light windows, opened in 1760, with good in- 
 tentions, but bad taste. The ceiling is waggon- 
 headed, with small ribs and bosses ; on the chancel 
 walls, and on the exterior and interior of the porch, 
 are the remains of five tabernacles, mutilated, but 
 still retaining features that are a sufficient index to 
 just restoration. Four are eminently beautiful, and 
 backed by good tracery, the fifth is later and in- 
 ferior. In the western window are remains of 
 stained glass, representing two monks, the head of 
 St. Bartholomew, and a head of the Virgin. There 
 were here originally full lengths of the Virgin with 
 the Infant Saviour, and under written Sea* Maria ; 
 two monks bearing croziers, the Crucifixion, St. 
 Bartholomew, with his name, and Mary Magdalen. 
 Divine service, however, was discontinued for some 
 years, and admission given indiscriminately to vis- 
 itors, who gradually carried away much of the glass. 
 Against the north wall of the chapel a tablet records 
 that — 
 
 " This chapel was repaired and fitted up for Divine ser- 
 vice in the year of our Lord, 1760." 
 
EPISCOPAL CHAPELS. 265 
 
 And on the same wall the following inscription : 
 
 " Neare unto this place lyeth buried Anne, the wife of 
 Nath. Biggs, of this parish, who after his decease Marry ed 
 Tho. Nicholas, citizen of Bath. Shee dyed April the 6th, 
 1662, ,Etatis suae, 63. 
 
 " Beader, stand still and wonder ! here lies Shee 
 Who others did excel in piety ; 
 Worlings to riches doe for shelter fly : 
 But her seraphic soule aspir'd more high. 
 Shee to religion fledd for her defence : 
 A saving fayth shee had, and innocence. 
 And therefore here with innocents would lye, 
 That with them shee might live eternally : 
 Hopeing with those hereafter to attayne 
 A Crown of Glory, ever to remayne. 
 Her God shee serv'd, and for her sins shee griev'd, 
 Shee lov'd her neighbours, and the poore reliev'd. 
 In all her actions, God was still her guide, 
 A pious life shee lived, a saint shee dy'd. 
 Thus living well, her zeal hath made the way 
 After this life in blisse to live for aye." 
 " Vivit post funera virtus." 
 
 "Arms: Or, on afess sable three plates, between as many 
 ravens proper ; a crescent for difference." 
 
 Against the south wall — 
 
 " Here lies the body of John Coxe, esq., late of the city of 
 London, who departed this life October 20th, 1763, in the 
 eighty-ninth year of his age." 
 
 On a marble tablet — 
 
 " Near this place lyeth the body of Anne Philipps, spin- 
 ster, who died December 23rd, 1743, aged 60." 
 
 On an old stone just without the chancel steps 
 
 (in old English Jetters) — 
 
 " T desire you of pure charity for the souls above written 
 pray ye." 
 
266 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 In the adjoining burial grounds is a fine speci- 
 men of the Jadas tree, a standard, measuring 
 seventy inches, at the height of three feet from the 
 ground. An hospital for idiots was adjacent to 
 the chapel, and evidently having the same founder. 
 It was, however, so much neglected, that inWood's 
 time it was a poor cottage, under the management 
 of a nurse receiving £15 per annum stipend. One 
 idiot was in the hospital in 1863. In 1837 the per- 
 formance of Divine service was resumed. The pa- 
 tronage is vested in the crown. 
 
 Corn Street Chapel (St. James's Parish) 
 is devoid of architectural interest, but admirably 
 adapted to the religious requirements of the locality 
 in which it is situated. About sixty feet in length, 
 with a breadth of twenty-five, and well lighted, it 
 affords accommodation to four hundred of the par- 
 ishioners, who are unavoidably excluded from St. 
 James's Church. A semi-circular recess, or apse, 
 for the Lord's table, increases the space for wor- 
 shippers, and completes the resemblance of this 
 simple Christian Basilica to the first Lombard 
 churches. One hundred and fifty sittings are 
 free. In 1785 this building was purchased by 
 the Koman Catholic community, with part of the 
 sum (£3000) awarded as compensation for damage 
 done to the chapel in St. James' Parade, by the 
 " No Popery" victors in 1780, but in 1809 they mi- 
 grated to the old theatre in Orchard Street, and 
 allowed this chapel to become episcopalian. 
 
DISSENTING CHAPELS. 267 
 
 St. Paul's Avon Stkeet Chapel (Trinity Dis- 
 trict) possesses even less pretensions to architectural 
 beauty than the little church in Corn Street, but is 
 placed precisely where it is most likely to be use- 
 ful — in the centre of a poor and densely peopled 
 district. Here are two hundred free and unappro- 
 priated sittings in a building of the simplest cha- 
 racter. St. Jerome set little value on paintings, 
 or sculptures, silver, gold, or precious stones, he 
 rather advised his rich friends to lay out their 
 wealth upon the living temples of God. 
 
 There is an Episcopal Chapel at the Gas Works, 
 in the Upper Bristol Road, dedicated to St. John 
 the Evangelist, erected by the company. 
 
 DISSENTING CHAPELS. 
 
 Lady Huntingdon's Chapel (The Vineyards). — 
 One morning in the year 1760, when the Pump 
 Koom at Bath was occupied by a large and fashion- 
 able assembly, a fair member of the Society of 
 Friends rose, and addressed them on the vanities 
 and follies of this life, and their forge tfulness of 
 that which was to come. Symptoms of disappro- 
 bation were soon manifested, and so decided as to 
 excite uneasiness. At this moment, a lady of com- 
 manding presence, calmness, deliberate expression, 
 advanced from her seat, walked up the room, the 
 crowd involuntarily making way, and reaching the 
 preacher ess, said, in a firm but gentle tone : — " I 
 thank you for the courageous testimony you have 
 given to the truth, but I am not of your persuasion, 
 
268 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 nor has it been my belief that our sex are deputed 
 to be public teachers ; but God, who gives the 
 rule, can make the exception, and He -has put it in 
 the hearts of all His children to honour fidelity to 
 His commission." Then taking the Quakeress by 
 the hand, she conducted her to the door, secured her 
 from affront, bade her farewell, and resumed her seat 
 at the assembly. This graceful servant of the truth 
 was Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, and it was this 
 pious and benevolent person who purchased a piece 
 of ground in the Vineyards, at Bath, and erected 
 there a house and the beautiful chapel that bears 
 the foundress's name. It was first opened for Di- 
 vine worship on the 6th of October, 1765, George 
 Whitfield preaching the inauguration sermon in 
 the morning, and the evening address having been 
 delivered by the Kev. Josiah Townsend, Rector of 
 Pewsey, Wilts. At first, although the chapel was 
 licensed under the toleration act, as a dissenters' 
 meeting house, the service was performed by clergy- 
 men of the Established Church, amongst whom 
 were the Hon. Walter Shirley, Rornaine, Madan, 
 Venn, Pentycross, Fletcher, Andrews, and Dr. 
 Haweis, Rector of Aldwinkle ; afterwards Wesley, 
 Howard Davies, and Daniel Rowlands appeared 
 occasionally in the pulpit. During Whitfield's 
 ministry, the chapel was attended by the titled, 
 affluent, and serious, in such numbers, that the 
 eloquent chaplain is reputed to have said, " such 
 an assembly of the mighty and noble I never saw 
 attend in Bath before." If he did say so, it was not 
 
DISSENTING CHAPELS. 269 
 
 well said. Subsequently the duty was performed, 
 by her ladyship's chaplain, for whom a handsome 
 residence is provided adjoining the chapel. 
 
 The area of the building is sub-divided into a 
 Dais, on which stand two lecterns and a pul- 
 pit, each supported by a spread eagle, carved in 
 wood, a choir, furnished with convenient seats, 
 benches, and a sacrarium, gained from the south 
 end by a semi-circular recess, above which is the 
 organ. In 1783, a gallery, supported by fluted 
 pillars, was erected, and enclosed by handsome 
 panelling. The eagle, as a pulpit, is not a proper or 
 ecclesiastical emblem. (Vide p. 138, note.) Behind 
 the pulpit is a mural monument, with an inscrip- 
 tion enumerating the faithful services of the Rev. 
 J. Owen, thirty years pastor of the connexion, who 
 died regretted on the 29th of December, 1858. Of 
 750 sittings provided for the congregation, 150 are 
 free and unappropriated ; part of the liturgy of the 
 Established Church is read at every celebration 
 of Divine worship. Horace Walpole has described 
 this chapel, and the efforts of John Wesley to con- 
 vince his distinguished audience, in his peculiar 
 manner, and directs attention to the balconies for 
 elect ladies, but the biographer of the Countess of 
 Huntingdon quaintly adds (vol. i. p. 477) : " There 
 was something else which Walpole did not see — a 
 seat for the bishops." The witty and eccentric Lady 
 Betty Cobbe, daughter-in-law of the Archbishop of 
 Dublin, and cousin-german of the countess, used 
 to bring bishops to the chapel, and smuggle them 
 
270 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 into the curtained seats behind the door, where they 
 heard without the disgrace of being seen ; this seat 
 Lady Betty familiarly termed Nicodemuss Corner.* 
 
 Besides the chaplain's residence, there is a 
 committee-room adjoining, in which are portraits 
 of Lady Huntingdon, Rowland Hill, and George 
 Whitfield, and in the story above is a free day- 
 school. 
 
 When the chapel was built, the whole range of 
 houses on the terrace was called Harlequin Row, 
 from their irregular and fantastic facades, but this 
 title has been exchanged for one not less singular, 
 The Vineyards, as if by antiphrasis, because vines do 
 not grow there, nor grapes ripen. 
 
 Independent Chapel, (Argyle Street), — This 
 congregation held their meetings originally at 
 their chapel, Lower Borough Walls, under the 
 ministry of the Rev. Thomas Tuppen ; but out- 
 growing their old tenement, they sold it to the 
 Society of Friends, and removed to Argyle Build- 
 ings, when the first stone of their new chapel 
 was laid by their pastor (Tuppen) in the year 1788. 
 At the expiration of only one year, the building was 
 finished, and opened for divine worship on the 4th 
 
 * Amongst these were the Duke of Bedford, the Lord 
 Chancellor (Camden), Lords Northington, Chetham, Powys, 
 and Buckingham : Ladies Malpas, Powys, Buchan, Trevor, 
 and Dr. Barnard, Bishop of Derry, who at Wesley's recom- 
 mendation ordained Mr. Maxwell the first methodist lay- 
 preacher. 
 
DISSENTING CHAPELS. 271 
 
 of October, 1789. The structure itself is not with- 
 out architectural pretensions, but its greatest dis- 
 tinction and claims to recollection are due to its 
 having been the scenes ofWm. Jay's ministration 
 during 63 years : of him who was distinguished in 
 early life as The Boy Preacher ; in advancing years, 
 for eloquence and piety; and at the close of his 
 useful pilgrimage, for his literary excellence. He 
 was of humble parentage, but his addresses, abili- 
 ties, and early piety attached to his chapel the most 
 eminent public characters of his time, amongst whom 
 were Pitt and Wilberforce. He delivered the address 
 on the opening of what may with propriety be called 
 Jays Chapel, and was appointed its minister on the 
 30th of January, 1794, Tuppen having died on the 
 22nd of February,, in the preceding year. 
 
 Two pillars, one votive to Jay, erected at the ex- 
 piration of his fifty years' faithful ministration, — - 
 the other, commemorative of the foundation of the 
 chapel, stand near to the pulpit. 
 
 Jay's discourses increased the number of his 
 hearers from time to time. An enlargement of the 
 chapel took place in 1814. In 1821, H. E. Good- 
 ridge, Esq., gave a classical design of the lower 
 story of the present elevation ; and in 1852, the 
 professional aid of Messrs. Hicks & Isaacs, archi- 
 tects, of Bath, was called in to raise the roof and 
 the upper story of the present handsome elevation, 
 which was effected at a cost of £2,000. 
 
 The congregation availed themselves of the Bi- 
 centenary anniversary for the re-edification and 
 
 v 
 
272 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 re-opening of the chapel, the latter on the 6th of 
 April, 1863. 
 
 In Grove Street there are convenient school- 
 rooms, huilt from the design of Mr. H. E. Good- 
 ridge, where a hundred receive instruction. 
 
 Percy Chapel, Independents, (Charlotte Street, 
 Queen Square). — By a mode of nomination, rather 
 unusual, this very elegant building is called, not 
 after a founder, benefactor, or tutelary personagp, 
 but after "Percy Place" in this City, where the Rev. 
 W. Jay (who never officiated here) resided for years. 
 The date of its erection is so recent that its asso- 
 ciations are still chiefly architectural, its history 
 is but just begun. 
 
 The chief feature in this somewhat elaborate 
 design is the irregular decagon, which rises from 
 above the vast centre of the building, and was 
 adopted in order to overcome, by obeying, the 
 irregular shape of the ground. The ten columns, 
 carrying the lantern, are of purbeck marble, only 
 one foot in diameter, and, with the piers in base- 
 ment, that carry- those not resting on the walls, 
 rise (from concrete), to the springing of the arches, 
 forty feet. The galleries form a tie to the columns, 
 and are an essential part of the construction. The 
 arches are turned with precision, and each stone 
 so fitted as to maintain the equilibrium of the 
 voussoirs and obviate thrust. The voussoirs, at the 
 springing, are secured with oak dowels, and every 
 stone set in Portland cement. Three rings of 
 
DISSENTING CHAPELS. 273 
 
 hoop-iron, set in Portland cement, and secured at 
 the angles, run all round the lantern, between the 
 sills of the windows and crowns of the arches, and 
 on these ten arches rests a weight of two hundred 
 tons nearly ; and with the exception of the princi- 
 pals of the roof and the two side arches over wheel 
 windows, the lantern stands wholly independent 
 of the outer wails. The roof exerts only a vertical 
 pressure on the walls, but each bay is bolted to- 
 gether, and the feet of the principals inserted into 
 a cast iron shoe, with tie rods all round, there 
 being no wall plate. With sufficient power, and 
 suitably posited, the whole roof might be lifted off 
 as a cap glass. 
 
 The cost of erection was estimated at £4000 ; 
 the time occupied at less than nine [months ; the 
 number of sittings at 1000 ; and its acoustic and 
 visional arrangements have secured approval. The 
 design, which is Byzantine, was furnished by 
 Messrs. Goodridge and Son, of Bath. 
 
 In the spacious apartments beneath the chapel 
 is held a girls' school, attended generally by one 
 hundred children. 
 
 Catholic Apostolic Church, or Irvingites' 
 Chapel, (the Vineyards). — The sect, or com- 
 munity, to whom this chapel is appropriated, take 
 their denomination, with propriety, from their 
 founder, Edward Irving, whose character has been 
 faithfully and feelingly pourtrayed by Mrs. Oliphant. 
 The publication of this Journal, with its revelations 
 
274 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH, 
 
 of his inner and his outer life, shows, we would ob- 
 serve, that in that impassioned orator there was 
 nevertheless a servant of Christ. The honesty and 
 simple-hearted devotion and heroic aims of the 
 man are undeniable, through all the halo of ap- 
 plause that surrounded him. 
 
 Several Anglo-Norman Chapels have been erected 
 and dedicated in Bath and its suburbs. in the last 
 half century ; of these the Irvingite is the best and 
 purest specimen. The design consists of a choir, 
 which is rectangular and unadorned ; a semi-circu- 
 lar apse, with a semi-dome, entered by a lofty arch 
 supported by columns with carved capitals. The 
 sacrarium is lighted by fproper loops filled with 
 stained glass. Here stands the famous old oak 
 chair, with a beautifully carved back-board, repre- 
 senting the Baptism of our Saviour in the Jordan. 
 The arms are massive, and finished with lions' 
 heads. Simple well-proportioned benches are in 
 keeping with the plainness of the interior, but the 
 pulpit is of oak, richly carved. On the w r est end 
 •of the choir the Decalogue is set up. The chape} 
 was opened in the year 1840 ; Messrs. Manners 
 and Gill were the architects. 
 
 Moravian Chapel, (Charlotte Street). — The ex- 
 cellent discipline of the United Brethren has formed 
 a frequent theme for eulogy, and they are generally 
 considered valuable members of the community, on 
 account of the moral and industrious habits success- 
 fully inculcated by their system. Although their 
 
DISSECTING CHAPELS. 275 
 
 institutions date no farther back than 1727, and 
 their origin foreign, they have been established in 
 Bath for very nearly a century. Mrs. Schimmel- 
 penninck gives an interesting and romantic descrip- 
 tion of the way in which her acquaintance with the 
 Moravian Church commenced, through the instru- 
 mentality of " the only voice, that of a Moravian 
 labouress, .which for many long years had been 
 raised in kindness and care for her soul." 
 
 The old chapel in Monmouth Street, built in 
 1765, was assigned to the Plymouth Brethren, on 
 the removal of the Moravian congregation to their 
 present architectural place of worship. On the 
 19th of March, 1834, the foundation-stone of the 
 new chapel was laid by Thomas Slater, Esq., of 
 Bath, and on the 10th of October, in the year fol- 
 lowing, Divine service was performed here for the 
 first time. The elevation (Koman) consists of a 
 central porch of entrance, adorned with two Co- 
 rinthian columns, and two pilasters, sustaining a 
 pediment, and of wings pierced for two windows. 
 The whole design, which is by James Wilson, Esq. 
 architect, includes the chapel, minister's home, and 
 school-rooms, completed at a cost of £2,852. There 
 is accommodation for three hundred persons, and 
 the sittings are, for the most part, free. 
 
 Bethesda Chapel, (York Street). — In the year 
 1817 the Freemasons resolved on erecting a hall 
 for their meetings, the foundation-stone of which 
 was laid on the 4th of August, in the fifty-seventh 
 
276 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 year of the reigiTof George III., and in the year of 
 Masonry 5817, by brother Charles Geary, agreeably 
 to the " Book of Constitutions." In front is a por- 
 tico, the Ionic order, and on the summit were placed 
 statues representing "Faith, Hope, and Charity." 
 William Wilkins, K. A., himself abrother, introduced 
 the emblems of the brotherhood in every decora- 
 tion, even to the triangle knockers on the outer doors ; 
 and the building rose in all its architectural beauty, 
 under the auspices of Earl Manvers, the proprietor 
 of the ground. The great hall, fifty feet by thirty, 
 was occupied by Masonic emblems and furniture : 
 the master's chair stood on a throne of black and 
 white marble, supported by lions, their feet resting 
 on balls. The "all-seeing eye" was painted in the 
 front of the gallery, and opposite a compass and 
 bevel: the hall is lighted by two handsome lanterns, 
 rising from the ceiling, at a height of twenty-five 
 feet, and a rich double-gothic cornice is entwined 
 all round. In the basement story was the lodge 
 room, the Tyler's apartment, and a kitchen, suitably 
 furnished. On the 23rd of September, 1819, the 
 Hall was formally dedicated in presence of H.E.H. 
 the Duke of Sussex, Grand Master ; " When," says 
 Captain Mainwaring, " perhaps, within the mem- 
 ory of the oldest inhabitant of this city, there was 
 not known so great an influx of strangers as thronged 
 to witness the ceremony." On the following day, 
 upwards of two thousand persons were admitted to 
 view the Masonic emblems courteously displayed 
 in the HalL 
 
DISSENTING CHAPELS. 277 
 
 But the beautiful allegorical figures have disap- 
 peared from the pediment — all symbols of Freema- 
 sonry have been removed — the brotherhood them- 
 selves have migrated, and the Hall appropriated as 
 a place -of Christian worship. 
 
 Baptist Chapel (Kensington) forms the centre 
 of an architectural terrace, in Piccadilly, Kensing- 
 ton, and is private property, built by subscription, 
 in the year 1795. It is a plain rectangular choir, 
 sixty-two feet in length, by forty-three in width, 
 exclusive of an apse, or recess, twenty-one feet deep, 
 by a breadth of twelve feet, and was designed by 
 Mr. Palmer. Originally a Chapel of Ease to Walcot, 
 the incumbent was licensed by the rector, and it was 
 under that arrangement that the Bev. Edward Tot- 
 tenham, the champion of the Established Church, 
 ministered here so beneficially. (See also Laura 
 Chapel.) Some time after the subdivision of the 
 parish, and erection of St. Saviour's Church, the 
 license was withdrawn, and the chapel was let, by 
 the Proprietary, to a Baptist congregation. Number 
 of sittings, seven hundred and fifty. 
 
 The Baptist's have chapels in Chandos Buildings, 
 — Dolemeads, — Somerset Street (the first Baptist 
 Chapel erected in Bath, a.d. 1768), — and Providence 
 Chapel, Lower Bristol Koad. 
 
 Wesleyan Chapel, (New King Street). — The 
 foundation-stone of this chapel was laid, it is sup- 
 posed by the founder of the doctrines that are taught 
 
278 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 within it, in the year 1779. Increased numbers, 
 the acquisition of wealth, and position consequently 
 acquired in society, demanded a place of worship 
 superior in 'extent and embellishments. The plain 
 old building was therefore removed, and the admi- 
 rable professional taste of J. Wilson, Esq., engaged 
 in the erection of the present very graceful design, 
 in the year 1847. It appears as if these passages 
 in the Scriptures had been long forgotten by all 
 but the Eoman Catholic and Established Churches, 
 " Costly stones were for the foundation, pure gold and 
 precious stones for beauty ," (vide Kings, Chron.,) but 
 revived in the nineteenth century, for, in many 
 places the chapels of dissenters are superior in 
 architectural embellishment and beauty to the par- 
 ish churches. King Street Chapel presents a 
 handsome Gothic front, of stately proportions, sup- 
 ported by octangular turrets, and adorned with a 
 noble Flamboyant window. The interior is in a 
 corresponding manner, both as to correct taste, 
 and judicious arrangement. The seats, which ac- 
 commodate one thousand persons, are open, as in 
 modern free churches; the pulpit and reading-desk 
 are of stone, enriched with tracery, and an organ 
 is placed in the upper story of the apse, or recess, 
 corresponding to such in the types of our churches. 
 The volume of light from the great window is in- 
 creased by the insertion quatre-foil clerestory lights, 
 and by windows of stained glass on each side of the 
 organ loft. The new chapel was opened for Divine 
 worship on the 10th of December, 1847, and the 
 
DISSENTING CHAPELS. £79 
 
 consecration sermon preached by the Kev. Dr. 
 Jackson. {Vide Wesley an College ). 
 
 Walcot Wesleyan Chapel. — The foundation 
 stone was laid on the 31st March, 1815, and the 
 chapel opened for Divine worship on the 30th 
 May, 1816. It is 71 feet in length, 52 in width, 
 having an apse, or recess, for communion service, 
 above which is a large and well-toned organ. The 
 elevation, which is architectural and sufficiently 
 graceful, has a porch in the Ionic order, rising one 
 story. In a tablet, inserted in the tympanum of 
 the pediment that crowns the facade, is inscribed 
 " Walcot Chapel," 1815; and, " Deo Sacrum" is 
 the simple motto that adorns the frieze. Underneath 
 the chapel is a school-room, capable of receiving- 
 seven hundred children, but seldom attended by 
 more than one hundred. W. Jenkins, Esq., of 
 London, architect, supplied the design, which was 
 executed creditably by Mr. Cave, of Bath. 
 
 The Wesleyan Denomination have a chapel in 
 Dafford Street, Larkhall, with three hundred sittings, 
 and another m Claverton Buildings, Widcombe, where 
 two hundred persons find accommodation. Both con- 
 gregations are presided over by Lay preachers. The 
 United Wesleyan Free Church in York Street, was 
 formerly a Baptist chapel, and the 'Reformed Wes 
 hyan congregation meet at their new chapel in Quiet 
 Street. The Primitive Methodists have a chapel, 
 accommodating five hundred brethren, in Westgate 
 Buildings. The Quakers, or Society of Friends, occupy 
 
280 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the old Koman Catholic Chapel, near St. James's 
 Parade. The Jews have a Synagogue in Corn Street, 
 built to commemorate their patron and benefactor 
 in this city, Mr. Samuel, in 1841. Service is per- 
 formed on Fridays and Saturdays. 
 
 The Unitarian Chapel, (Trim Street). — The 
 first settled minister of this congregation, Christo- 
 pher Taylor, was appointed about the year 1628 ; 
 Bath being then a clothing town, the brethren met 
 in a Shear Shop. In 1692 they removed to a larger 
 place of meeting, in Frog Lane (New Bond Street). 
 But no registration of baptism was made earlier than 
 1719, when that sacrament was administered, by Dr. 
 Bennet Stevenson, to three hundred and forty-three 
 children. During the ministry of this much res- 
 pected pastor, many persons of rank and property 
 attended here, amongst them, the Lady Levett, 
 widow of a London alderman and knight, who 
 bequeathed books to the value of £20, for the use 
 of the minister and his successors, which sum the 
 trustees uniformly pay .to each minister on his 
 election, and receive again on his ceasing to offi- 
 ciate. Mr. Howse, one of the executors, has been 
 succeeded in that duty by his direct descendants, 
 through three generations. About the year 1780, 
 the character of the congregation became changed, 
 the vacancies created by the retirement being filled 
 by the affluent and persons of social position. " A 
 circumstance to be regretted," says the historian 
 (JeromMurch), " whenever it occurs, as it generally 
 
DISSENTING CHAPELS, 281 
 
 indicates, if not the preaching of some other gospel 
 than that which was preached by the Saviour of 
 mankind, &c." The new style of preaching appears 
 to have attracted persons remarkable for prudence, 
 professional distinction, literary reputation, and 
 moral worth. This reunion included Sir Eobert 
 Clayton, Dr. Cogan, Eev. J. Simpson, Dr. Parry, 
 Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, Mr. Twiss, and Lord 
 Carrington. In 1793 it was thought expedient to 
 relinquish their chapel in Frog Lane (New Bond 
 Street), and erect a building elsewhere ; this led to 
 the foundation of a chapel in Trim Street, at a cost 
 of £2,500, of this sum Mr. Howse contributed £400. 
 The original design was plain ; and remained unal- 
 tered until 1880, when, under the direction and from 
 the plans'.of J. W. Green, Esq., of London, architect, 
 it assumed its present graceful and architectural 
 character. The interior is a chaste and elegant 
 exemplar of the Byzantine manner. An apse oc- 
 cupies the site of the old vestry ; side galleries are 
 supported by cast iron pillars with foliated brackets, 
 the capitals being of Bath stone, carved to repre- 
 sent foliage flowers of different kinds — the lily, 
 passion-flower, and others. Above the galleries is 
 a row of Portland stone columns, enamelled by 
 Magnus, of London, in imitation of Aberdeen 
 granite, with carved capitals ; from these spring 
 semi-circular arches, groined into a coved ceiling, 
 and terminating at the north end in a dome over the 
 apse : the dome is filled with windows of stained 
 glass, having on an ultra-marine ground scriptural 
 
282 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 emblems, as the cross, dove, thorns, painted by 
 Bell, of Bristol. Light is furnished at night service 
 hy one of Strode s sunburners, and equable tempera- 
 ture maintained by Magnus's stoves, which are ena- 
 melled in porphyry. The communion table is placed 
 in the centre of the apse, with a lecturn and read- 
 ing desk on one side, and pulpit on the other. The 
 wall of the apse is divided into three compartments, 
 in each of which are sentences from the Scriptures. 
 An excellent organ, built by Clark, of Walcot, is 
 placed in the gallery, and the choir of this chapel 
 is proverbially excellent. The new chapel was 
 opened with much ceremony on the 10th of May, 
 1860, when prayers were read by the Bev. W. J. 
 Odgers, and a suitable discourse delivered by the 
 Rev. Wm. Gaskell, and £40 collected at the doors. 
 A meeting was held on the evening of the same day 
 at the Assembly Booms, to celebrate the event, at 
 which Jerom Murch, Esq., presided. A mixed 
 school for fifty poor children is supported by the 
 congregation, in Chandos House. The Unitarians 
 have, for a lengthened period, made collections 
 twice in each year for the Mineral and United 
 Hospitals. Dr. Bennet Stevenson took an active 
 part in establishing the former, and his name is 
 inserted in the original act ; his successors in the 
 ministry have been accorded the same honour, un- 
 der the sanction of the general meetings. 
 
 An inscription on a handsome mural monu- 
 ment commemorates the virtues of an early mem- 
 ber of the brethren in Bath : — 
 
THE NEW CHURCH. 
 
 283 
 
 " In memory of Henry Edward Howse, Esq., nine years 
 chamberlain of this city. He was a kind friend to the poor, 
 the ignorant, and the afflicted; a generous contributor to 
 the erection of this (1795) chapel. A zealous friend to the 
 diffusion, and a faithful witness to the efficacy, ofuncorrupted 
 Christianity. He died 5th Dec, 1834, aged eighty-two; 
 and his remains were interred at Lyncombe, in a cemetery 
 presented by him to this congregation. In simplicity and 
 godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace 
 of God, I have my conversation in the world." 
 
 Ministers to 1863:-— 
 
 Christopher Taylor 
 
 . 1688 
 
 Thomas Broadhurst 1797 
 
 Benjamin Coleman 
 
 . 1692 
 
 Joseph Hunters . . . . 1809 
 
 Henry Chandler . . 
 
 . 1700 
 
 JeromMurch .. 1«33-1846 
 
 Bennet Stevenson 
 
 . 1719 
 
 Robert Wallace, F.G.S. 1846 
 
 John Frank . . 
 
 . 1753 
 
 —1850 
 
 Edward Armstrong 
 
 .. 1780 
 
 Robert Campbell 1851-1852 
 
 David Jardine . . 
 
 . 1789 
 
 W. J. Odgers . . . . 1852* 
 
 The New Chukch, (Henry Street). — The follow- 
 ers of Emanuel Swedenborg first established them- 
 selves at Bath in October, 1829, in a hired apartment, 
 No. 2, Chandos Buildings. There, under their pre- 
 sent minister, Mr. James Keene, they counted one 
 hundred and fifty converts to their views. On the 
 21st of July, 1844, taught by the same zealous pastor, 
 they removed to the new building in Henry Street, 
 where the centenary of their foundation was cele- 
 brated in 1856. The church presents a handsome 
 elevation of cut stone, and in the Ionic order, 
 adorned with columns and pilasters, supporting a 
 pediment. Six hundred sittings are provided for 
 
 * History of the Presbyterian and General Baptist Church 
 in the West of England, by Jerom Murch. — 1835. 
 
284 THE HISTORIC GUCDE TO BATH. 
 
 the congregation, and beneath the choir is a lofty, 
 spacious school-room for one hundred children, be- 
 sides a valuable lending library of works in pole- 
 mic divinity. Henry Underwood, Esq., of Bath, 
 furnished the design, and the cost of its erection 
 may be estimated at £2000. 
 
 There are also chapels in the following places : 
 — Monmouth Street (Christian Brethren), Lower 
 Borough Walls (Friends' Meeting), Westgate Build- 
 ings (Primitive Methodist), York Street (United 
 Methodist Free Church) ; but none of these possess 
 any peculiar architectural merits or distinction. 
 
 St. John's Church— Koman Catholic, (South Pa- 
 rade).— This church, built from the design of Charles 
 Hansom, Esq., of Clifton, stands in a conspicuous 
 position at the end of the South Parade, not far 
 from the railway station, and may be regarded as 
 the first object of architectural interest to visitors 
 entering Bath by rail. The site was purchased 
 from Earl Manvers ; and, though set back some 
 distance from the main road, can never be hid 
 from view, as the intervening ground is to be 
 devoted to an ornamental garden. The first 
 stone was laid in October, 1861. The internal 
 dimensions of the building are one hundred and 
 forty feet by sixty, increased at the transept to 
 seventy-three feet. The spire, when completed, 
 will be two hundred feet high. The arcade, sepa- 
 rating the nave from the aisles, has circular pillars 
 of polished red Devonshire marble, surmounted 
 
st. john's church, (r.c.) 285 
 
 by elaborately-carved capitals of Ancaster stone. 
 There will be no plastering internally, the walls 
 being faced on both sides with freestone. The 
 chancel is the same height and width as the nave, 
 and terminated by a semi-octagonal apse ; on each 
 side of the chancel are chapels, connected there- 
 with by moulded arches. Around the lower por- 
 tion of the chancel walls is an arcade of moulded 
 arches, resting on marble shafts. Marble shafts 
 are also employed in the window jambs above. The 
 sacristies are placed at the south-east, and connect- 
 ed with the chancel by a corridor running round 
 the apse, and entering behind the rere-dos of the 
 high altar. The ground at the east end being con- 
 siderably lower than the street, a second range of 
 rooms is obtained under the sacristies, having a 
 corridor communicating with the adjoining presby- 
 tery. 
 
 The first record of a Eoman Catholic Chapel in 
 Bath, subsequent to the Eeformation, dates back to 
 the year 1730, when the Kev. Wm. York opened 
 a place of worship at Bell-Tree House, St. James's 
 Parade. In 1780, Dr. Brewer erected a plain edi- 
 fice in lieu of the above, and in the same street ; 
 this was destroyed, when about to be opened, during 
 the " No popery riots," commenced in London by 
 Lord George Gordon. From the £3000 compen- 
 sation, and the proceeds of the sale of the ruins, 
 another chapel was erected in Corn Street in 1785. 
 This was superseded, in 1809, by a chapel con- 
 structed on the area of the old theatre. 
 
286 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 MEMOIR OF RICHARD NASH, ESQ. 
 
 "He knows his faults, he feels, he views, 
 Detesting what he most pursues; 
 His judgment tells him all his gains, 
 For fleeting joys, are lasting pains." 
 
 " The Gamester." 
 
 Beau Nash, the titular King of Bath, who moved in an 
 orbit peculiarly his own, and in which he resolved to suffer 
 no eclipse, was the son of a merchant in Swansea, who had 
 acquired a tolerable fortune by his connection with a glass 
 manufactory. His mother was of gentler blood, being the 
 niece of Colonel Poyer, who was executed by Oliver Crom- 
 well for his fidelity to Charles I. in gallantly defending 
 Pembroke Castle. Born on the 28th of October, 1674, Nash 
 became the pupil of Mr. Mattocks at Carmarthen Grammar 
 School, and was entered of Jesus College, Oxford, at the 
 age of sixteen, preparatory to his removal to the Inns of 
 Court, in London. Evincing little taste for classical learn- 
 ing, and an obvious distaste for the law, he lapsed into 
 a vortex of dissipation. The natural consequence of this 
 career was an imprudent attachment, the parties being dis- 
 proportioned in age, and in other much more objectionable 
 respects. Fortunately he hearkened to those friends who 
 assured him, that 
 
 "Grief oft treads upon the heels of pleasure, 
 Marry'd in haste, he'd repent at leisure," 
 
 and consented to retire from Oxford, and chivalrously to 
 seek the " bubble reputation at the cannon's mouth." Nash 
 made his selection, and became a voluntary candidate for mili- 
 tary honours. The subordinate duties which military disci- 
 pline imposed, soon became insupportable to one who had 
 never known restraint in his pursuit of pleasures, and who 
 had deviated from order without reproof. Quitting the service 
 in disgust, he embraced the least irksome of those alternatives 
 afforded him by his family and his fortune, and entered him- 
 self a student of the Middle Temple. Possessed of a com- 
 manding person, and prepossessing address, he soon became 
 
OQ? 
 
 MEMOIR OF RICHARD NASH, ESQ. 287 
 
 " The Count," an emblem of the beau monde, and a drawing- 
 room was considered finished, when graced and enlivened by 
 the presence of Mr. Nash. The fame he had acquired for 
 dress, wit, and gallantry, was so decided that it recommended 
 him to the benchers of the Temple, as the most accomplished, 
 and therefore best qualified, master of " the revel and pa- 
 geant," with which they were about to entertain King Wil- 
 liam III. on his accession. The idea, which had ever en- 
 slaved Nash, now fully developed itself, and loosed the reins 
 of his ambition. The revel was conducted with so much 
 elegance, decorum, and order, as to justify, most entirely,, 
 the choice of the grave Templars. 
 
 King William proposed to confer on him the honour of 
 knighthood : — " Please your majesty," replied the young 
 arbiter elegantiarum, " if you do so intend, I wish it may- 
 be one of your poor Knights of Windsor, and then I shall 
 have a fortune, at least equal to my title" 
 
 From this date Nash became a man of fashion, in fact a 
 leader in the beau monde, and as London was then the only 
 theatre for the pleasure of gambling, the popular vice, he too 
 partook of the insalubrious draught. Although gambling had 
 been introduced in the licentious age of Charles II., still 
 its destructive influence was confined to London. In this 
 arena therefore all the greatest dupes and most accomplished 
 sharpers from every country congregated during winter, but 
 the light of summer dispersed them to the principal water- 
 ing places, Aix, Spa, Bath, Tunbridge, and Scarborough. 
 Although not totally plunged into the abyss of vice, nor an 
 associate of the dissolute and abandoned, Nash participated 
 in that mania under which many men fancy greater happiness 
 in acquiring what they want, than in the fruition of what 
 they have. Upon this principle, perhaps, added to the 
 general corruption of morals that was imported into Eng- 
 land at the Restoration, and, lastly, to the arrival of Queen 
 Anne at Bath, in the year 1703, Bath became the rendez- 
 vous of families of distinction. Then the country dance 
 was seen on the bowling green, the suburbs afforded the 
 most romantic walks, fand two rows of sycamore trees in 
 the (Orange) Grove formed the fashionable promenade and 
 
288 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 lounge in fine weather. The salubrity of the waters was 
 proclaimed by Dr. Jordan, and the amusements of the 
 healthy, who attended the infirm, were placed under the di- 
 rection of a Maitre des Ceremonies. The first person installed 
 into this dignity at Bath was Captain Webster, whose bio- 
 graphy is to be found in Lucas' " Lives of Gamesters," so 
 that before the arrival of Nash, Bath must have been fre- 
 quented by men of that propensity. It was Webster who 
 induced the company to abandon the Bowling Green, and 
 adopt the chief apartment in the old Guildhall as their ball- 
 room. 
 
 Nash illustrates the truth that prodigality is nearer akin 
 to benevolence than penury, for he exhibited compassion 
 for the suffering, but wanted prudence in the bestowal of 
 his bounty. An instance of his humane generosity 
 forms the subject of a paper by Sir Bichard Steele in the 
 " Tatler." Amongst the items in his accounts presented to the 
 Master of the Temple there was a charge of £10 ''for making 
 one man happy.' 9 This was his explanation; having over- 
 heard a poor fellow declare to his wife and children that 
 £10 would make him happy, he could not refrain from 
 trying the experiment. If however the Master disapproved 
 he would refund the money. The Master requested that 
 the sum might be doubled. 
 
 Another anecdote told of him, while he was a Templar, is 
 equally creditable to his humanity, but less so to his honour. 
 His experience of life had not then taught him that of- 
 fences, insults, even blows are often forgiven in society, but 
 debts never; and his. evasion of a debt of .£20, which 
 marked his inexperience, exposed him to an artifice by which 
 the creditor received from his generosity, what he failed to 
 obtain from his justice. This was effected by sending a 
 friend, who pleaded distress, to borrow £20 from Nash, 
 which he handed to the claimant, and then acknowledged 
 his fault. Nash regretted the success of the trick, observ- 
 ing " to pay him would not have strengthened our friend- 
 ship, but to lend you was procuring a new friend." 
 
 Bemoving to Bath, where a vacancy was created by the 
 loss of Webster, who fell in a duel, Nash presented himself* 
 
MEMOIR OF RICFIARD NASH, ESQ, 289 
 
 and found the amusements neither elegant nor conducted 
 with delicacy. The nobility preserved a gothic haughtiness, 
 refusing to associate with the gentry at places of public en- 
 tertainment ; smoking was permitted in the saloons ; ladies 
 appeared in aprons, and gentlemen in top-boots ; the pump 
 house was without a director; ladies and gentlemen could not 
 tvalk home after night-fall secure from insult. An eminent 
 physician, Dr. Katcliffe, but of a vindictive temperament, 
 unable to endure the coarse treatment he received, and pos- 
 sibly professional disappointment also, published a pamphlet 
 setting forth that toads had access to the waters, or that " he 
 would cast a toad into them." Webster's melancholy death, 
 and the disorganised state of fashionable society, created an 
 opportunity for the exercise of the talents which Nash pos- 
 sessed. He became not only the master, but the champion 
 {vide p. 96) of society generally, and was chosen by accla- 
 mation " Master of the Ceremonies," " Arbiter Elegantia- 
 rum, 5 ' and ultimately acknowledged King of Bath. 
 
 Under his auspices, Bath quickly emerged from the ob- 
 scurity in which it had been hidden: roads were repaired, 
 public charities instituted, places of public amusement 
 opened, pump-rooms and baths supplied with new accommo- 
 dations, the heterogeneous assemblage of visitors reduced to 
 order and propriety of conduct. Under Nash's impartial ad- 
 ministration, no rank could shield the criminal who infringed 
 his laws, no influence obtain a suspension of their action. 
 
 The Princess Amelia once applied to him for one dance 
 more, after he had given the signal to retire ; he firmly 
 assured her that " his rules were as unalterable as the laws 
 of Lycurgus." White aprons were forbidden by the king's 
 commands, but the Duchess of Queensborougb, through inad- 
 vertence, having entered the ball-room with a valuable apron 
 of white lace, he deliberately commanded her Grace to take 
 it off; with which order she at once complied, and handed 
 to him the forbidden decoration. The king immediately 
 threw it to the back benches, observing " that only abigails 
 appeared in white aprons." Her Grace acknowledged her 
 error, and sued for pardon. 
 
 He was the patron and participator of all amusements, 
 
 u 
 
290 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 and, if king in the ball-room, the very prince of gamblers in 
 the apartments allotted to that perilous recreation. Some 
 of his pleasantries were as coarse as his restrictions were 
 refined. Having a distaste for horsemanship, he ridiculed 
 that exercise, but the Duke of Beaufort rallied him on the 
 fancy of his pretended squeamishness, and promised that if 
 Nash would only send him a hare which he (Nash) had 
 fairly hunted, he would send him in return a buck at the 
 proper season. Nash agreed, procured a leveret, which he 
 caused to be hunted by six turnspit dogs in a large room in 
 Westgate House, and to be taken alive in his presence. 
 Next day he wrote a letter to the duke, directed his running 
 footman to take both hare and [letter to Badminton, and 
 bring his Grace's answer. Bryan was a sporting character, 
 and no sooner had he reached Lansdown than he started 
 the hare, loosed his dog, and resolved on having a spirited 
 course. He threw off his coat, laid down the basket, and 
 flew nimbly in the wake. The hare, however, eluded the 
 trusty hound, escaped into cover, '[and Bryan returned to 
 the starting-place, whence coat and basket had been removed 
 and appropriated. The letter still was to be delivered. 
 When he arrived at the hall, being a known character, he 
 was shown into the library, and delivered his despatch. " I 
 am glad," said the duke, on reading, " that the hare is come." 
 " Come !" said Bryan, " so am I, your honour; but is my coat 
 come too ? " Explanationffollowed,f and the duke, regretting 
 his loss, gave him the buck for his master. 
 
 This Bryan was the Beau's running footman, who accom- 
 panied his master's cortege on the high road. His agility 
 was proverbial, and frequently proved beneficial to his master 
 in many ways. At Nash's table a bet of .£200 was offered, 
 and accepted by the host, that Bryan could not run to Lon- 
 don in one day and return the next. Bryan did perform 
 the exploit, but caught a fever of which he died. Nash gave 
 the <£200 to his widow, and added the amount of a hand- 
 some subscription which he collected. 
 
 It will be asked naturally how Nash derived revenues 
 equal to the maintenance of his hospitable palace in St. 
 John's Court, which still remains an evidence of his regal 
 
MEMOIE OF K1CHAED NASH, ESQ. 291 
 
 splendour ; and to the support of an equipage such as earthly 
 kings alone presume to require. To which the answer is as 
 decided as it is deplorable, — from play. This included 
 games the very [names of which now sound barbarously 
 — Gleek, Primero, In & In; to those succeeded Ace of 
 hearts, Pharaoh, Basset, and Hazard; all games of chance. 
 An act of parliament was passed, declaring such games un- 
 lawful, and the offender liable to a penalty of two hundred 
 pounds. A game called Passage was invented to elude the 
 penalty, besides others, called E.O., Marlborough's Battles, 
 and Roily Polly ; the first of these was the most ruinous to 
 its victims, amongst whom were some of the very legislators 
 who had forbidden gambling. 
 
 While Nash ruled and revelled at the gaming-table, he was 
 the friend of the inexperienced young men who were anxious 
 to destroy their own prospects. He invited them to his ta- 
 ble, named the notorious gamblers they were to avoid, offered 
 them sage counsel, and protected them in danger. A young 
 gentlem an of good fortune brought his beautiful bride to 
 Bath ; but, fascinated also with play, he appeared hastening 
 into the charmed vortex. Nash employed an experienced 
 head and { practiced hand to play with him daily, and this 
 deputy soon won his wealth, and completed his ruin, as 
 he supposed. Eushing to the door of the apartment, with 
 intentions never communicated, he was met by his youthful 
 bride, whom he rudely put away, calling out, " he was un- 
 worthy of Tier love ; he was reduced to beggary." " No," 
 replied she, " your property is safe — here it is ; take me to 
 you again ; Mr. Nash has saved us both." Many tales as 
 true, some more melancholy and fatal, are related of Nash's 
 power and government. 
 
 Nash was one of the three promoters and founders of the 
 noblest charity in Bath, the Mineral Water Hospital. A 
 duchess, more remarkable for her courtesy than her charity, 
 passed the Master in the ball-room, while he was soliciting 
 subscriptions for his hospital, and giving him a gentle pat 
 with her fan, said, " You must put down a trifle for me." 
 " With pleasure, my Lady, if your Grace will tell me when 
 to stop." Then, taking out a handful of guineas, he began 
 
292 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 to tell them into his white hat. "Hold, hold" said the 
 duchess ; " consider what you are about." " Consider your 
 rank and fortune, Madam," said Nash, and continued to 
 count ten. Here her Grace seemed angry. " Pray, Madam," 
 heinterposed, " don't interrupt the work of charity— fourteen, 
 fifteen" The duchess now caught hold of his hand. " You 
 shall have your name written, Madam, in letters of gold, on 
 the front of the building — nineteen, twenty." " I won't pay 
 a farthing more," said her Grace ; '* you frighten me out of 
 my ivits. I shall die." " Not with doing good, my Lady, 
 and if you do, so much the better." Then a parley ensued, 
 and the telling out was suspended. Her Grace was fortu- 
 nate at the card -table, and handed Nash ten guineas more 
 for his charity, on condition that neither her name, nor the 
 sum, should ever appear. 
 
 Nash's course was run — his star had reached its zenith — 
 the tide of his popularity had surged up to the highest mark 
 — the three seasons of his life were passed, and the last now 
 loomed in a dark horizon. Chesterfield now essayed to vent 
 his venom against the benevolent beau, but fading fashion- 
 able ; his works of charity were forgotten ; prosperous, 
 affluent, envied Bath, who owed all her splendour to Nash's 
 " tyranny of ideas," broke her plighted faith. Well and 
 truly might he have exclaimed, in a paroxysm of grief at 
 the ingratitude of Bath — 
 
 " However raj foes may condemn, 
 The Fates will reverse the decree; 
 For Justice can witness, though guilty to them, 
 I have been but too faithful to thee." 
 
 Nash's popularity, prosperity, and power continued for a 
 longer period than is usually allotted to public men. His 
 easy manner, courteous address, and unvarying cheerfulness, 
 argued the gentleman, and secured to him the affection and 
 even esteem of society; while his admirable skill in play pro- 
 vided him with ample funds for his extravagant expenditure. 
 But extravagance is not remembered as hospitality or bounty 
 — it rather belongs to ostentation in the individual. The 
 gaiety, that marks the spring-time of life, ill suits the autumn 
 of our years; and those who grow old together as compan- 
 
esq. 293 
 
 ions in pleasure or frivolity, either envy or despise him who 
 too tenaciously clings to the amusements of the years that 
 have passed away for ever. It was in vain the M.C. pro- 
 tector of youth and virtue, friend of the rich and the noble, 
 endeavoured to retain the admiration bestowed on his gov- 
 ernment in its meridian brightness. Nash was only sub- 
 jected to the lot that falls to excessive assumption on one 
 side, and rarity of gratitude on the other. Wolsey, the 
 magnificent minister and ecclesiastic, climbed too high, but 
 was a faithful servant ; even before old age he fell, and was 
 fixed to the earth by the ingratitude of his royal master. 
 " He had ventured in a sea of glory, but far beyond his 
 depth ; his high-blown pride at ^length broke under him, and 
 left him weary and old, to the mercy of a rude stream." 
 The parallel between the prodigality of Wolsey and of Nash 
 is very close, and their end still more analogous, although 
 their missions, and the manner of them, were so very different . 
 Nash was now no longer the gay, thoughtless, idly-indus- 
 trious idol of the beau monde ; his fortune, jhis faculties 
 almost gone, he was abandoned' by the nobility, * to whose 
 happiness, even interests, he had so long ministered, and 
 who had oft partaken of his hospitality. Against these 
 calamities he had made no provision, so that the once cele- 
 brated Beau Nash died + in sorrow, neglect, and poverty, in 
 the centre of his former kingdom and its affluent inhabitants. 
 
 * Lord Chesterfield and Mrs. Brereton have left pasquinades comme- 
 morative of Nash's folly, which have been industriously misquoted, mis- 
 stated, misplaced by the literary debtors of Richard Warner. The correct 
 version is given in page 125 (preceding); to which Britton prefixes, still 
 mistaking the Pump Boom for Wiltshire's Ball Boom, this stanza — 
 
 " Nash represents man in the mass, 
 Made up of wrong and right; 
 Sometimes a knave, sometimes an ass, 
 Now blunt and now polite." 
 
 The asinine qualities of Nash were never suspected until he was over- 
 taken by poverty. " As riches and favour forsake a man, we discover him 
 to be a. fool, but nobody could find it out during his prosperity." — Bruyere 
 
 •r Beau Nash expifed at his house in St. John's Court, Feb. 3rd, 1761, 
 aged|eighty-seven years. The house he first resided in , now the Garrick's 
 Head, was built by Thomas Greenaway, a stone-cutter, in 1720; " and 
 
294 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Not having left sufficient estate to defray the charges of 
 his funeral, he was interred at the expense of the corpora- 
 tion, in Bath Abbey, where the inscription, previously quoted, 
 marks the spot. 
 
 Timon expended his vast wealth in liberality, hospitality, 
 and benevolence, yet the Athenians, when he was reduced 
 to poverty, only left him the privilege of erecting, with his 
 own hands, " his tomb upon the very hem of the sea" 
 
 THE ASSEMBLY ROOMS, 
 
 " Life in its many shapes was there — 
 The anxious and the gay — 
 Faces that seemed too young and fair 
 To ever know decay." 
 
 More than a century since, public recreations were 
 confined to the Orange Grove, and the old Spring 
 Gardens on the opposite bank of the river. But 
 in 1708, Mr. Heaven's small tea-room, an incipi- 
 ent effort in refinement, was improved and en- 
 larged. In 1718, the first regular public Assembly 
 Koom appears to have been established by Har- 
 rison, at the suggestion of Beau Nash ; but, the 
 ball-room was not added until 1750. Mrs. Hayes 
 (afterwards Lady Hawley) succeeded Harrison. 
 Hayes then erected a spacious rival Assembly 
 House, on the Terrace Walks, where York Street 
 now crosses, and there Mrs. Linley, a public singer, 
 was once the conductress, to whom, ultimately, Mr. 
 
 the profuseness of the ornaments," says Wood, "tempted the M.C, to 
 make it his first official residence. None but a stone-mason would have 
 gone to such expense in the enrichments. It was the most decorated 
 specimen of domestic architecture in the city till that time," From this 
 he removed to the palace built by Wood for his reception. 
 
THE ASSEMBLY ROOMS. 295 
 
 Wiltshire succeeded. At' both these establishments 
 there were ^well-executed portraits of the first Mas- 
 ter of the Ceremonies ; but, it was the copy in 
 Wiltshire's room^placed between the busts of New- 
 ton and Pope, that elicited the epigrammatic lines 
 of Mrs. Jane Brereton, and the supplement by 
 Lord Chesterfield. (Vide Pump Room — p. 125.) 
 From this period the amusements of Bath rolled on 
 in endless variety, and with increased popularity, — 
 breakfasts, concerts, card-parties, promenades, ket- 
 tledrums, and balls — pleasures pushing countless 
 pleasures on. 
 
 In 1750, the Lower (Mr. Gyde's) Ball Koom oc- 
 cupied an area ninety feet in length, by thirty-six in 
 breadth, with a height of thirty-four feet; the card- 
 room was sixty feet by thirty, with a carved ceiling ; 
 and the tea-room was forty feet in length, having a 
 width of twenty-four. There Nash commenced his 
 reign, in a kingdom of his own creation ; he sug- 
 gested the idea of the great palace of pleasure ; he 
 urged Harrison to its completion ; reduced the 
 amusements of Bath to a system, introducing, at 
 the same time, a spirit of order and decorum, which, 
 ever since his assumption of empire, had charac- 
 terized society here. In the year 1742 he drew up 
 his Leges elegantiarum, which, with their postscript, 
 were called " the Laws of the Twelve Tables ; " 
 and these rules for the reciprocation of courtesy, 
 and establishment of social refinement, were sus- 
 pended in the Lower Booms, until the year 1786, 
 when a new Table, composed by Mr. James King, 
 M.C., was substituted. 
 
296 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Rules by general consent determined. 
 
 I. That a visit of ceremony at coming to Bath, and an- 
 other at going away, are all that are expected, or desired, by 
 ladies of quality and fashion — except impertinents. 
 
 £. That ladies coming to the ball appoint a time for 
 their footmen's coming to wait on them home, to prevent 
 disturbances and inconveniences to themselves and others, 
 
 3. That gentlemen of fashion, never appearing in a morn- 
 ing before the ladies in gowns and caps, show breeding and 
 respect. 
 
 4. That no person take it ill that any one goes to another's 
 play, or breakfast, and not to their's — except captious by 
 nature. 
 
 5. That no gentleman give his tickets for the balls to any 
 but gentlemen. N.B. — Unless he has none of his acquain- 
 tance. 
 
 6. That gentlemen crowding before ladies at the ball, show 
 ill manners ; and that none do so for the future — except 
 such as respect nobody but themselves. 
 
 7. That no gentleman or lady take it ill, that another 
 dances before them — except such as have no pretence to 
 dance at all. 
 
 8. That the elder ladies and children be content with a 
 second bench at the ball, as being past or not come to per- 
 fection. 
 
 9. That the younger ladies take notice how many eyes 
 observe them. N.B. — This does not extend to the "Have- 
 at-Alls." 
 
 10. That all whisperers of lies and scandal be taken for 
 their authors. 
 
 II. That all repeaters of such lies or scandal be shunned 
 by all company — except such as have been guilty of the same 
 crime. 
 
 N.B. — Several men of no character, old women, and young 
 ones of questioned reputation are great authors of lies in 
 this place, being of the sect of Levellers. 
 
THE ASSEMBLY EOOMS. 297 
 
 In the year 1820,* these noble apartments, and 
 the whole of the buildings known as the Kingston 
 (or Lower) Assembly Eooms, were destroyed by an 
 accidental conflagration, the southern portico alone 
 escaping. This untoward event, combined with a 
 growing partiality for the higher, or upper, town, 
 contributed to detract daily from the once undivided 
 popularity of these rooms ; and induced the then 
 proprietor of the Kingston f estate, Earl Manvers, 
 
 * In this, the last year of the existence of these 'enchanted 
 halls/ and the last of her own existence, Madame Piozzi 
 (Mrs. Thrale) celebrated her eightieth birthday by a con- 
 cert, ball, and supper, to between six and seven hundred 
 persons, on the 27th of January. Her health was proposed, 
 and her talents eloquently eulogised by the brave admiral 
 Sir James Saumarez. Dancing commenced at two o'clock, 
 when she led off with her adopted son, Sir John Salisbury, 
 with astonishing elasticity, and an air of dignity that might 
 have been expected where youth, beauty, wit, rank, and for- 
 tune are combined. 
 
 + The estate of the Abbey House was purchased in 1567, 
 by Fulk Morley, Esq., from whom it descended to the Duke 
 of Kingston. Eachel Baynton, the enriched successor of 
 John Halls, of Bradford, marrying with William Pierrepont, 
 Lord Kingston, only son and heir of Evelyn, Marquis of 
 Dorchester, afterwards Duke of Kingston, brought this, 
 along with other properties, into the Pierrepont family. 
 This lady was left a widow before she had completed her 
 nineteenth year, and with two children — Evelyn, second 
 and last duke, and Frances, who married Sir Philip Mea- 
 dows. The second duke espoused the celebrated Miss 
 Chudleigh, alias Mrs. Hervey, alias the Countess of Bristol, 
 who was found guilty of bigamy, and died at St. Petersburgh, 
 She was not the lawful duchess, but the estates settled on 
 her for life, descended to Charles, the son of Frances, lady 
 
298 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 to doubt the probability of its revival, and to wel- 
 come, therefore, some happier appropriation of the 
 site. By a well-judged sacrifice of land and tene- 
 ments in the vicinity, over which the English Eo- 
 scius observed " the genius of Bath would always 
 hover and preside," carriage roads were formed 
 from the Parades and from Stall Street, and this 
 attraction, added to the splendid panoramic view, 
 possibly induced a number of the resident gentry 
 not to incorporate, but establish " The Literary 
 Institution." (q. v.) 
 
 Mr. Collett was the immediate successor of Nash, 
 who died in 1761; but the situation being now one 
 of profit and partial dependence, the Master occa- 
 sionally submitted to trifling infringements of his 
 laws, without punishment or menace. His agree- 
 able manners secured the favour of the fairer 
 portion of the subscribers ; while his aversion to 
 gambling weaned from him the regard of " the 
 Master of the Booms," as well as the lovers of that 
 ruinous indulgence. He displayed, however, re- 
 markable agility in the dance — was an admirable 
 mimic — could assume various characters with a 
 marvellous rapidity — and was an accomplishedplayer 
 at " shuttle-cock." But these acquisitions were 
 not sufficient to command the substantial support 
 of the public, and he wisely retired, after a brief 
 and profitless reign. A different character in all 
 
 of Sir Philip Meadows, who assumed the sign manual, sur- 
 name, and arms of Pierrepont, and was created Earl Man« 
 vers in the year 1806. (Vide Kingston Baths.) 
 
THE ASSEMBLY EOOMS. 299 
 
 respects succeeded Collett : this was Samuel Der- 
 rick, an Irish gentleman, respectable both by birth 
 and literary attainments ; he was author of " Let- 
 ters from Killarney," and other pieces of merit. 
 Derrick resembled Nash in one respect only, that 
 was in wearing a white hat, but his diminutive 
 figure marked rather strongly the contrast between 
 him and the great original, independently of its al- 
 most disqualifying him for the discharge of his offi- 
 cial functions with sufficient dignity. He expired 
 on the 28th of March, 1769, after an uneasy reign 
 of five years. Derrick's deputy during his fatal ill- 
 ness, Major Brereton, was precisely the opposite in 
 personal qualifications ; he was tall, manly, graceful, 
 and conciliated the best feelings of the subscribers 
 so entirely, that he was looked on as the certain 
 successor to the vacant throne. But another party 
 arose, who invited Plomer, conductor of the balls at 
 Bristol, and the result was one of the most extra- 
 ordinary scenes that ever occurred in a representa- 
 tion of any sex, party, principle, opposition in our 
 modern history. Brereton held his appointment 
 during Derrick's illness only, but Derrick expired on 
 the precise day of a ball. Notwithstanding the 
 obvious charge of " indecent haste," a meeting was 
 called, and Brereton elected on the very day. A 
 protest was made by Plomer's friends, who pro- 
 ceeded to a second election, and chose their candi- 
 date, so that Bath w r as now doubly provided with 
 supreme arbiters of fashion. 
 
 There were now two Masters of the Ceremonies, 
 
300 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 and the violence of partizans was displayed in 
 handbills, squibs, pasquinades, some, of course, 
 possessing wit and argument. This will be readily 
 admitted when it is remembered thai Daniel Webb 
 and David Garrick were amongst the writers of 
 these ephemera. One party was represented in 
 these placards as gamblers, fortune-hunters, adven- 
 turers, the other, as rope-makers, chandlers, and 
 cheesemongers. Scurrility ran wild. The gentle- 
 men were steady and persevering, the ladies rest- 
 less and resentful. On the first night of Plomer's 
 official appearance, one of Brereton's partizans ac- 
 tually led him by the nose out of the assembly 
 room. This was the last passage but one in the 
 history of this election ; the next night was the 
 climax. It was then that anarchy, confusion, and 
 riot prevailed, which could never have been antici- 
 pated and provided for, and has never since been 
 paralleled in civilized life. Attempts to read expla- 
 nations were interrupted by vociferations, groans, 
 and hisses. Insulting epithets were answered by 
 blows ; whilst the gentler sex, insensibly mingling 
 in the affray, and taking up the spirit of partizan- 
 ship, actually proceeded to assault each other's lace, 
 gauze, silks, and other insignia of fashion, which 
 flew like the books in the battle, from bench to 
 bench, in various directions. Some exclaimed, 
 " Will not the mayor, then, and his brethren 
 come ? " others replied, " The mayor is here at 
 hand." Amidst this confusion, his Worship and 
 the city officers entered, and the town clerk having 
 
THE UPPER ASSEMBLY ROOMS. 301 
 
 read the Riot Act (aloud) thrice, the hurricane was 
 stilled, and the reign of peace restored. 
 
 When the waves were stilled, and deliberation 
 practicable, Charles Jones, a gambler and adven- 
 turer, from London, presenting himself, protested 
 against any election not sanctioned by the Lord 
 Chamberlain of His Majesty's household. If he 
 was suspected before, he now became ridiculous, 
 and his folly appears to have made an opening for 
 William Wade, nephew of the marshal of that name. 
 But negotiations were now entered upon between 
 the friends of Plomer and Brereton, and it was at 
 length arranged that a part of the subscription 
 should be divided between the two declining can- 
 didates ; that Mrs. Brereton have an annual ball, 
 from which she was to be insured £200 ; and that 
 Capt. Wade was to ascend the throne so recently 
 disgraced by unseemly confusion and riot. 
 
 The Upper Assembly Rooms. — A site between 
 Bennet and Alfred Streets was selected ; a com- 
 pany of seventy persons subscribed £20,000 ; de- 
 signs were furnished, and the first stone laid on the 
 24th May, 1769, by John Wood, the architect and 
 director of the undertaking. The building was 
 completed and opened to the public in October, 
 1771. The chair-entrance is on the west side, 
 beneath a Doric portico, where three doors open 
 into the hall, and carriages set down and take up 
 at the pavillions, without intrusion'upon the chairs. 
 From an octagonal ante-chamber in the centre, a 
 
302 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 doorway on the left leads to the grand ball-room, 
 another in froni'opens to the corner, or card-room, 
 while the tea-room is on the right]of this ante-cham- 
 ber. These constitute the noblest suite of apart- 
 ments of the class in England, whether we regard 
 the simplicity and elegance of the design, the fulness 
 of their convenience, or the taste employed in inte- 
 rior decorations. The ball-room, one hundred and 
 five feet eight inches in length, is adorned with 
 forty columns and pilasters twelve feet high, with 
 an entablature, curiously enriched, above which is a 
 plinth, ornamented with a Vitruvian Scroll, whence 
 rises the cove eleven feet six inches ; the soffit is 
 divided into compartments, decorated with garlands, 
 palm and laurel branches ; the ceiling is also di- 
 vided into a like number of panels, with embossed 
 reeds, from which gaseliers are suspended. Thir- 
 teen windows admit sufficient light, opposite to 
 which are the orchestra and niches for figures. 
 
 The card or ostagon room has a diameter of 
 forty-eight feet, and is finished in the manner of 
 the ball-room. In panels prepared for the purpose 
 are the portraits of Capt. Wade (by Gainsborough), 
 of Nash and Heaviside (by Shaw), and of Tyson (by 
 James). The concert or tea-room is sixty feet in 
 length, forty- two wide, and has a colonnade of the 
 Ionic order, eleven feet six inches, the entablature 
 of which is continued round the room. These 
 columns support a Corinthian colonnade, forming 
 the orchestra, the same lighter order being car- 
 ried all round, and consisting of thirty columns 
 
THE UPPER ASSEMBLY ROOMS. 303 
 
 and pilasters, with festooned capitals ; the entabla- 
 ture is in stucco ; the line of the cove is received 
 by a swelling soffit of laurel leaves and berries, 
 continued from column to column, across and along 
 the ceiling, forming a net-work, embellished with 
 garlands, vines, laurels and wreaths of flowers. The 
 whole suite of apartments are of precisely equal 
 height, forty-two feet six inches, in which arrange- 
 ment beauty and salubrity have been consulted. 
 
 C apt. Wade presided alternately at both Assembly 
 Eooms, until July, 1777, when he forfeited his posi- 
 tion^ Bath, and migrated to Brighton. On Wade's 
 abdication, Mr. Brer e ton was named to officiate at 
 the Lower, and Dawson at the New, or Upper 
 Rooms. In the last week of October, 1777, three 
 years after his appointment, Brereton resigned 
 office, and Bichard Tyson, from Tunbridge Wells, 
 became his successor. In 1785, on the retirement 
 of Mr. Dawson, Tyson was translated to the Upper 
 Rooms, and James King, an Irish gentleman, of 
 influential connections, and who had gathered lau- 
 rels in the service of his country in the American 
 war, was unanimously appointed to the Lower 
 Rooms. In 1805, to the regret of the subscribers, 
 Mr. Tyson resigned, but his place was immediately 
 filled by Mr. King, who made a vacancy at the 
 Lower Rooms for M. Le Bas. No further change 
 of government took place until the decease of King, 
 in October, 1816, soon after which Capt. Wyke 
 was appointed, after a warm contest, by ballot, and 
 was invested with the insignia of officer, by the 
 
304 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 fair hand of Lady Caroline Morrison, in presence 
 of nearly a thousand ladies and gentlemen, Capt. 
 Wyke only held office till 1818, when his place 
 was taken by James Heaviside, who had previously 
 resigned his appointment at the Lower Eooms. 
 
 The fading popularity of the Lower Booms had 
 now reached its winter, and Le Bas, unable to avert 
 decay's effacing finger, retired in despair. An at- 
 tempt was made to revive a favourable feeling for 
 the scene of Nash's ceremonial achievements, and 
 for the pleasant memories of Bath, by the nomina- 
 tion of Mr. Guynette, who tried in vain to revive the 
 lost partiality for the Lower Eooms, but, at length 
 made way for Capt. Marshall. 
 
 The installation of Mr. Heaviside, on the 9th of 
 Feb., 1819, was an event of interest, from accom- 
 panying circumstances. Supported by Lord James 
 O'Brien and Col. Browne, and followed by the whole 
 committee, the room being completely filled, and 
 the band playing the National Anthem, he was led 
 to the throne of the Lady Patroness (the Dowager 
 Lady Dunally), who gracefully placed the ribbon 
 round his neck from which the medallion of office 
 was suspended. 
 
 On the 21st November, 1825, Mr. Heaviside 
 asked leave to resign the office of M.C. conditionally, 
 and the committee having acceded to his request, 
 Lieut.-Col Jervoise was chosen to succeed him, 
 after a brief interregnum. During fourteen years, 
 and whilst his military promotion was unaffected, 
 and the colonel had become major-general, his 
 
THE THEATKE. 305 
 
 discipline of the ball-room was a subject of admira- 
 tion, but on the 22nd July, 1849, he tendered his 
 resignation, having been appointed military-governor 
 of Hong Kong. N. H. Nugent, Esq. was chosen 
 by ballot on the 27th November, 1849, and shortly 
 afterwards was invested with the ribbon and medal 
 by the Marchioness of Thomond. On the resigna- 
 tion of Mr. Nugent, a warm contest again menaced 
 the tranquillity of the honorary managers of the 
 Assembly Booms. The struggle, however, was 
 ultimately reduced to single combat, in which W. 
 H. Emerson, Esq. succeeded, being chosen by a 
 large majority, on the 2nd of February, 1863. 
 
 Mr. Emerson's installation took place at the third 
 subscription ball of the season, and was attended 
 with all the interesting ceremony usual on such 
 occasions, under the auspices of Lady Montague, 
 and in the presence of a numerous and fashionable 
 assemblage. 
 
 THE THEATRE. 
 
 " Plays are like mirrors, made for men to see 
 How bad they are, how good they ought to be." 
 
 Attack, or defence, of dramatic exhibitions is not 
 called for here ; either would be but individual 
 opinion, while a simple narrative of events, past and 
 current, fulfils our duty. However, opportunity 
 invites to speak of the growth of dramatic poetry, 
 especially of that species on which the English 
 drama, to which our language owes its present 
 
 w 
 
306 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 perfection, is founded. To retrace no farther than 
 the middle ages, when every thing noble was buried 
 beneath a deluge of barbarism, the dramatic art was 
 lost, or existed only in plays improvisated at car- 
 nivals, and similar festivals. These were violently 
 attacked by the moralists, and courageously defended 
 by the people, so that the clergy compromised by 
 encouraging theatricals, provided the subjects were 
 restricted to sacred history. Hence the origin "of 
 those miracles that passed into mysteries, and these 
 into moralities, prevalent in Germany, England, and 
 the South of Europe. At Easter-tide were cele- 
 brated, in churches, the Festa Asinina, in which 
 mass was performed by persons dressed like asses. 
 In vain did the Pope endeavour to suppress these 
 mummeries. Albertino Mussati took a better course, 
 for, by writing excellent dramatic pieces, he diverted 
 public taste, and directed it into a purer channel. 
 Cardinal Bibbiena, pursuing the policy of compro- 
 mise rather than antagonism, came to his assistance, 
 and wrote the first genuine Italian comedy. From 
 this period the higher orders of society patronized 
 theatricals, and Leo X. was amongst the number. 
 Hence it happened that the brightest talent in 
 Spain, and in England, almost simultaneously, was 
 devoted to the cultivation of dramatic literature. 
 In England this species of writing reached its 
 meridian in Shakespeare, while Lope de Vega was 
 almost as successful in Spain. * 
 
 * "There has always been in human nature an inherent love of 
 the drama, and the consequence is, that those who wish well to 
 
THE THEATKE. 307 
 
 The history of the English theatre and drama is 
 divided distinctly into two periods ; the first begins 
 with Elizabeth and ends with Charles the L, when 
 the Puritans prohibited all dramatic exhibitions, and 
 theatres were closed by them for upwards of thirteen 
 years. Under Charles II. they were again thrown 
 open, but his example was so pernicious, that they 
 exhibited a licentiousness never exceeded in any 
 other Christian community. After this period, no 
 literature was more admired and cultivated, yet none 
 more debased, than dramatic. And it was just 
 before this time that plays, interludes, games, were 
 prohibited in churches and chapels. For this 
 purpose Bonner, Bishop of London, issued a procla- 
 mation in 1542 ; but it was not till the reign of our 
 first James that the desecration was effectually 
 suppressed. In Bath, mysteries were performed in 
 
 their race should make corresponding efforts to meet the general 
 want. This want has been felt, from the artizan to the 
 sovereign, in all ages, from the most barbarous to the most civil- 
 ized. What is the testimony of that divine old Book which we all 
 revere ? It may startle some persons to hear that even a portion 
 of its contents is dramatic, and that St. Paul actually quoted 
 from Menander. What a list might be presented of those who, 
 from Sophocles to Shakespeare, have shadowed forth the form 
 and fashion of the world in plays. Remember, also, how the 
 purest writers of modern times, Mrs. Hemans, Joanna Baillie, 
 and Hannah More, caught the genial infection. While I prize 
 the rarest ties of social life, would so direct moral training 
 as to make every man attached to home, would cultivate a love 
 of reading, science, and nature, I still feel that we cannot spare 
 the drama. : ' — Vide Address of Jerom Murch, Esq., to the Share- 
 holders of the proposed New Theatre at Bath, in the year 1862. 
 
it 
 
 308 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the church of St. Michael, in Edward the Third's 
 reign. From this suppression till Charles's time, 
 the only dramatic entertainments exhibited were 
 those of itinerant mimes, or strolling histriones* 
 whose waggon was their stage — a temporary booth 
 their theatre. As the strolling players appeared 
 only by license from the mayor and magistrates, on 
 the erection of a new Guildhall (after the design of 
 Inigo Jones) in 1696, dramatic exhibitions were 
 prudently permitted there in preference. During 
 the age and influence of Prynne, the theatre was 
 discouraged, but on the return of Charles II., and 
 the joyous era of his reign, " when mirth and 
 youthful jollity " prevailed, the heroes of the sock 
 and buskin established a regularly licensed theatre 
 on the site where the Mineral Water Hospital now 
 stands. This house, under Hornby, was not 
 successful, although aided by Lady Hawley, who 
 purchased the site, but who understood the nature of 
 her property too well for the infant state of the 
 drama at that date. The premises, however, were 
 reserved for another destination, and the company 
 found accommodation in a spacious apartment be- 
 neath the old Assembly Rooms, now the Literary 
 Institution ; there the proprietors succeeded in their 
 vocation ; but "increase of appetite grows by what it 
 feeds on," and, in 1747, John Hippisley, not content 
 with his fortune, drew up, and submitted to the 
 public, a scheme for the erection of a permanent 
 theatre, to be second only, in beauty, dimensions, 
 and importance, to those of the metropolis. To 
 
 
THE THEATEE. 309 
 
 give increased confidence in the project to the 
 subscribers, the proprietor of the Old Play Boom, 
 or cellar, gave an undertaking not to let the room 
 again for a similar purpose. On this promise, in 
 addition to a bond, Mr. Palmer, an eminent 
 brewer in Bath, with nine of his fellow-citizens, 
 raised a sufficient sum, and built a convenient 
 theatre in Orchard Street, near to the Parades and 
 Assembly Eoom. Influenced by a singular species 
 of treachery, scarcely was the theatre erected, when 
 Mr. Simpson, the proprietor, opened the cellar, and 
 let it to a rival establishment. The ruinous cost of 
 litigation alarmed the shareholders, who sold their 
 interests to Mr. Palmer (his son subsequently 
 represented the city of Bath in parliament), who 
 compromised with his opponent, enlarged his own 
 new building, obtained an act of parliament for the 
 protection of theatrical property, and a patent from 
 the crown, to himself, his heirs, and assigns, in the 
 spring of the year 1768, — hence the prefix " Royal." 
 By the union, and participation of Bristol in their 
 patent, the patentees were much strengthened, and 
 secured from rivalship ; and it was under the 
 privilege and monopoly thus guaranteed to Palmer 
 and Dimond, that Bath became the school where 
 talent was trained and matured, and from which there 
 went forth to the country teachers of elocution, and 
 of the English language. Edwin, Henderson, King? 
 Dimond, Abingdon, Crawford, Braham, Siddons, 
 Murray, and Elliston, were alumni of the Bath 
 theatre. Dimond, the younger, one of the patentees, 
 
310 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 was the author of several popular dramatic pieces. 
 Arthur Lee and Keasberry were associated with 
 Dimond in the management of Orchard Street 
 Theatre. Orchard Street became so celebrated by its 
 successful patronage of the dramatic art, that it could 
 no longer accommodate its patrons, and a new theatre 
 was in consequence erected in Beaufort Square and 
 Sawclose, from the design of George Dawe, architect. 
 No similar building in England obtained more 
 undivided praise, for its acoustic perfection, and 
 uninterrupted view of the stage. The decorations 
 were splendid, and the ceiling ornamented with 
 exquisite paintings by Andreu Cassali, which were 
 purchased at the sale of Fonthill Abbey, in 1801,* 
 by Paul Methuen, Esq., and presented to this 
 theatre, which they continued to beautify until the 
 year 1839. Becoming dimned by the smoke from 
 the gas lights, Davidge, the lessee, removed them 
 from the ceiling, and, in 1845, they were sold to 
 Col. Blathwayt, of Dyrham Park, who engaged the 
 assistance of Mr. Wilkinson, of Bath, to fix them 
 in their present position in his mansion. These 
 paintings are octangular, and on a large scale ; as to 
 their subjects, one represents an assembly of h'eathen 
 deities, the others are allegorical, — history, time, 
 architecture, astronomy, music, and painting. 
 
 On Good Friday, in the year 1862, this favorite 
 
 * These fine paintings were supposed to have been fixtures, 
 painted on panels, but a handkerchief thrown up by one of the 
 visitors, during the sale, told the real state of the question, and 
 they were consequently sold. 
 
THE THEATEE. 311 
 
 place of amusement was destroyed by fire, the 
 origin of which was never ascertained ; but so 
 strong was the sympathy felt on the occasion, and 
 wide the regret, at the loss of a public building so 
 connected, during fifty-seven years, with the amuse- 
 ments of Bath, that subscriptions, representing 
 £12,000, were so rapidly contributed, that a new 
 company w r as enabled to raise a successor from the 
 ashes of the old house, equal in beauty and conve- 
 nience. It was commenced on the first of October, 
 1862, from the design of C. J. Phipps, Esq., F.S.A., 
 and, by that gentleman's professional diligence, was 
 opened for the reception of an auditory on the 
 fourth of March in the following year. 
 
 " It is constructed on an ingenious and very elegant plan, 
 combining all the most modern improvements, with a degree of 
 convenience and accommodation so much required, and so 
 unfrequently found, in buildings of this class. The decorations 
 are interesting and characteristic, properly taken from Shakes- 
 peare's personifications, and prudently interpolated with heads 
 and heraldic devices of the English kings, whom the great 
 master of characteristic poetry has made the heroes of his plays. 
 The first of these subjects is the ' Midsummer Night's Dream,' 
 because this was the first drama to be represented in the new 
 theatre ; the last, from 'Much ado about nothing,' which was 
 the last of Shakespeare's plays enacted in the old theatre, and in 
 which Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean sustained the principal 
 characters. The proscenium arch is, also, richly and appropri- 
 ately adorned by a representation of ' The Seven Ages of Man,' 
 and the designs include heads of Wolsey and Falstaff, as tragedy 
 and comedy. The old theatre accommodated 1600 spectators ; 
 the new affords ample room for a still larger number." 
 
312 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 PUBLIC CONCERTS. 
 
 Music may have originated in a desire to relieve the 
 fatigues of a march, give connexion to tones of joy 
 or sorrow, enable numbers to unite in the utterance 
 of the same tones, or be referred to a love of order, 
 which is so universally operative. And if we seek 
 its origin more reflectively, we see the germs from 
 which it grows up in common life, we perceive a 
 distant relation between the emotions of the soul 
 and a sense of hearing, so that, combined with the 
 love of rhythm, one of the most general principles 
 of humanity, it pervades all classes, all thinkers, all 
 nations, all ages ; it alleviates all labour, it exhila- 
 rates drooping spirits, it expresses our feelings, and 
 thence our ideas; lastly, the productions of the 
 greatest masters delight much more universally in 
 music than in the best performances in other arts. 
 In these natural and sentimental impressions the 
 society of Bath shared at an early period of the 
 revival of taste for the arts in England, In the last 
 century there lived here Henry Harington, Esq., 
 M.D. He was the last of the race of physicians, so 
 far as regarded dress : he was a poet and musician, 
 in both characters admirable. In 1756, he pub- 
 lished a collection of poems, entitled " Euphamia, or 
 the power of Harmony ;" from which the " Witch 
 of Wookey," verses full of elegance and point, has 
 been copied into the " Percy Reliques." His musi- 
 cal genius and scientific knowledge of the art, have 
 
PUBLIC CONCERTS. 313 
 
 been long and widely acknowledged ; and even at the 
 age of three-score years and ten, the evening of his 
 days, his composition, " The Passion of Christ,'" 
 taken from the words " Eloi, Eloi," &c, breathe all 
 the freshness of his life's morning, uniting majesty 
 and simplicity, harmony and delicacy, expression 
 and pathos. 
 
 Dr. Harington warmly seconded the exertions of 
 the Eev. Mr. Bowen, in forming a new Harmonic 
 Society* upon the fragments of the old "Catch Club" 
 and left it in a state of prosperity, and of usefulness, 
 bs administering to moral public amusements. The 
 society held their first meeting on the 18th of 
 December, 1795, and continued their assemblies 
 during the winter and spring months, at the " White 
 Hart Hotel," in Stall Street, opposite the Pump 
 Room,f for many years. 
 
 The chain of music's history, in Bath, is continued 
 memorably and meritoriously by Uauzzini, whose 
 compositions are marked by airiness and elegance, 
 
 * These sons of harmony conducted their meetings as orderly as 
 Nash did the movements of the Assembly Rooms. No political 
 or party toasts or conversations were permitted. And before 
 they partook of their cold supper the following grace was sung : — 
 
 Seu edamus, 
 
 Seu quid aliud faciamus, 
 
 Deo gratias agamus, 
 
 Ejusque laudis concinamus. 
 
 t The members wore gas-blue ribbons, with embroidered 
 plumes, a privilege conferred on them by their royal patron, the 
 Prince Eegent. And, on the roll of the society stood the titles 
 of the Dukes of Gloucester and York, underwritten by the names 
 of nearly one thousand noblemen and gentlemen. 
 
314 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 and often distinguished also by force. This ener- 
 getic leader, composer, and practical musician, was 
 supported in his efforts to acquire for Bath the 
 reputation of musical superiority, by the famous 
 violinist, La Motte. Entire success attended Rauz- 
 zini's concerts ; and, at his decease the mantle fell 
 on Ashe, the celebrated flautist, who was supported 
 by the eminent vocal abilities of his wife. Rauzzini's 
 talents as a composer are appreciated by the best 
 judges ; but his address, in communicating a know- 
 ledge of his art, may be concluded from the names of 
 Braham, Storace, Incledon, Mara, Mrs. Mountain, and 
 others, his pupils. The Bath Subscription Concerts 
 now attained a high reputation under the superinten- 
 dence of Linley and his gifted children, Linley, Junr., 
 Miss E. Linley (Mrs. Brinsley Sheridan), Mrs. 
 Tickell, and Miss M. Linley, with whom Guest, 
 Crotch, and other able performers, felt it a distinction 
 and advantage to be associated. 
 
 Evening concerts are less fashionable now than in 
 Linley 's, Ashe's, or Rauzzini's time, and musical 
 parties have undergone a mutation with the manners 
 of the ages through which they have passed. A very 
 general, and very perfect acquaintance, with the 
 theory and practice of melody, has superseded the 
 assistance of professors at musical parties, and sent 
 them back again to the assembly and concert rooms, 
 and theatre. The principal instrumental and vocal 
 performers of the metropolis, now visit Bath, 
 periodically ; and perform generally at the Assembly 
 Rooms. There, as well as at the Guildhall, public 
 
SYDNEY GARDENS. 315 
 
 lectures of a beneficial tendency are delivered ; but at 
 the latter place, when for religious, moral or charitable 
 objects, the great saloon is thrown open gratis. 
 
 There is a well disciplined and harmonious 
 orchestra, " The Hanoverian Band," acting under 
 a Committee, which performs during the season, on 
 appointed days, at the Sydney Gardens, and also in 
 the Victoria Park. In the winter season a very 
 full and excellent band occupies the gallery of the 
 Pump Room on the afternoons of three alternate 
 days in each week, when the whole apartment forms 
 a fashionable promenade. 
 
 SYDNEY GARDENS. 
 
 Spring Gardens long constituted the favourite 
 promenade, and scene of festive amusements, but 
 was obliterated by the building projects of Sir 
 William Pulteney. To these succeeded, and for 
 them were substituted, Sydney Gardens, at the 
 extremity of Pulteney Street, and foot of Bath wick 
 Hill. These comprised, originally, an area of sixteen 
 acres, and were laid out by Mr. Masters, planted 
 with rare trees, that are now luxuriant, and were 
 opened in the year 1798. After this Mr. Farnham, an 
 early lessee, added considerably to their convenience 
 and beauty, so that they soon grew to be a popular place 
 of recreation. The scenery was varied by artificial 
 cascades, pavilions, and an intricate labyrinth, leading 
 to a romantic grotto or hermitage. The Kennet and 
 
316 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Avon Canal which intersects the ground, is here 
 spanned by two bridges, that increase the pleasing 
 effect of this choice specimen of landscape gardening. 
 Here public amusements, now behind the age, were 
 conducted, including breakfasts, morning concerts, 
 promenades during the day, and illuminations and 
 fireworks at the approach of night ; in fact, this was 
 the Vauxhall of Bath for several years, and 4000 
 persons have not unfrequently been assembled at its 
 galas. A grand hotel, at the entree to the gardens, of a 
 graceful and classic design, formed the chief entrance, 
 and was the admired termination of the noble 
 vista of Pulteney Street. The privacy and integrity 
 of these grounds, however, were violated by the 
 intersection of the railway. The same great modern 
 introduction has limited the necessity for hotels on 
 their old construction ; Sydney Hotel has been con- 
 verted into an educational institution, but the Gardens 
 are still preserved, open to subscribers, and twice in 
 each year exhibit a scene of gaiety, beauty, interest, 
 and usefulness, during the exhibition of prize flowers, 
 by the Horticultural Society, that is not exceeded in 
 the West of England. A popular tourist writes 
 " that it was in the grotto in Sydney Gardens 
 Sheridan left those exquisite stanzas for Miss Linley's 
 perusal, by which, possibly, that Syren of Bath was 
 captivated." This was not the case, for Mrs. Sheridan 
 (Miss Linley) was laid in the tomb, beside her sister 
 Mrs. Tickell, in Wells Cathedral, just three years 
 before Sydney Gardens were opened. The memorable 
 grotto in which those equally memorable verses 
 
SYDNEY GARDENS. 317 
 
 were written, and left like Sibyl's leaves, was "the 
 bower she loved so much," on the banks of the Avon, 
 and at the east end of the North Parade, not far from 
 the ferry, where visitors were rowed over to the 
 Spring Gardens. At this ferry, says Mrs. Piozzi, 
 on Thursday (the 15th of May, 1817) the corporation 
 endeavoured to cross the river, when the machine 
 was upset and sixteen of them drowned, at noon- 
 day, in sight of the walkers on the parade. Mr. 
 Marshall, curate of the Abbey, having refused to 
 join the party, walked round to meet them, and 
 witnessed the melancholy catastrophe." The number 
 lost was six, not sixteen. 
 
 FROM SHERIDAN'S POEM TO DELIA. 
 
 Then tell me, thou grotto of moss-cover'd stone, 
 And tell me, thou willow with leaves dripping dew, 
 
 Did Della seem vex'd when Horatio was gone ? 
 And did she confess her resentment to you ? 
 
 Methinks now each bough, as you're waving it, tries 
 
 To whisper a cause for the sorrow I feel ; 
 To hint how she frown'd when I dar'd to advise, 
 
 And sigh'd when she saw that I did it with zeal. 
 
 True, true, silly leaves, so she did, I allow ; 
 
 She frown'd ; but no rage in her looks did I see : 
 She frown'd ; but reflection had clouded her brow : 
 
 She sigh'd ; but, perhaps, 'twas in pity for me. 
 
 So may'st thou, green willow, for ages thus toss 
 Thy branches so lank o'er the slow winding stream ; 
 
 And thou, stone grotto, retain all thy moss, 
 
 While yet there's a poet to make thee his theme. 
 
318 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 THE ROYAL LITERARY INSTITUTION. 
 
 Baden, the too successful rival of Bath, in many 
 respects, resembles her also in the possession of a 
 " Museum palaeo-technicum," which, with its pedantic 
 sound, is the correct title of the Literary Institution; 
 for, its most valuable treasures are " the Roman 
 Remains," exhumed in the city and suburbs. The 
 situation has ever been chosen by Bathonians for 
 shelter, salubrity, and its commanding prospect. 
 Close by are the Parades, the Orange Grove, and 
 Abbey ; and the view of Avondale, of Bathwick 
 Hill, and its villas, embosomed high in tufted trees, 
 its terraces and palaces climbing the bold brow 
 up to Hampton down, and the conspicuous memo- 
 
THE EOTAL LITERARY INSTITUTION. 319 
 
 rial, " Sham Castle," is uninterrupted, and health- 
 breathing. 
 
 This glorious prospect was justly estimated by 
 the patrons and proprietors, for here stood formerly 
 " Simpson's Assembly Hall," succeeded by the 
 " Kingston Saloon," and this by the " Lower 
 Assembly Booms." The last was rebuilt in 1810, 
 in the Doric order, by Wilkins, but reduced to ashes 
 by a conflagration on the 21st of December (St. 
 Thomas's day), in the year 1820. The fate of these 
 particular buildings is typified by the Indian Lotus 
 Lily, the emblem of " death and regeneration" for 
 early in 1823, the present building began to arise, 
 slowly but surely, like the phoenix from the dying 
 embers of its parent, and on Wednesday, the 19th 
 of January, 1825, the Institution was opened to the 
 subscribers. S. A. Underwood, Esq. was the archi- 
 tect, but the south portico, by Wilkins, survived the 
 fire, and suggested the model. 
 
 The idea of such an Institution originated with 
 Dr. Edward Barlow, and the constitution of society 
 in Bath, where the aged, educated, wealthy, and 
 elite have ever dwelt, rendered the project not 
 difficult of execution. The undertaking also was 
 promoted by a timely publication of Mr. Hastings 
 Elwin.* Lord Manversf undertook to reproduce 
 
 * " Reasons for establishing an Institution in the City of 
 Bath." 1820. 
 
 f The second earl, whose father, Charles Meadows, succeeded 
 his uncle, the last Duke of Kingston, and took the name of 
 Pierrepont 
 
320 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the design of Wilkin s, for which the south portico, 
 then and still standing, afforded sufficient instruc- 
 tion. The Duke of York became patron ; the Marquis 
 of Lansdown, president ; and the Corporation pre- 
 sented a donation of one hundred guineas. Lord 
 Manvers granted a lease of the building and garden 
 to Sir J. C. Hippesley, Sir J. P. Acland, Sir J. 
 Keane, Rev. I. Leman, F. Ellis and H. Elwin, 
 Esqrs., in trust for the proprietary ; and, in the 
 deed a clause was introduced, authorising the 
 subscribers to elect, annually, thirteen of their con- 
 freres to assist the trustees in the management of 
 the Institution. 
 
 The interior arrangements are equal to the objects 
 professed, and include an entrance hall, reading room, 
 library and museum, besides, on the basement story, 
 which looks out upon the gardens, a laboratory and 
 phrenological collection. In the entrance hall, lobby, 
 and south vestibule are preserved the Eoman 
 antiquities found in Bath ; they are the property of 
 the Corporation, deposited here for public instruction, 
 and include altars, sepulchral and votive pillars, 
 bronze ornaments, fragments of masonry, statuary, 
 and coins.* 
 
 A Monumental Cippus to a 
 Pontifex. 
 
 Two Sepulchral Cippi com- 
 memorative of an officer of 
 
 Two altars of gratitude, by a 
 Freed Man, for benefits to 
 Marcus Aufidius, from the 
 Baths. 
 
 the Vlth Legion. ' An Altar Stone, to Jupiter and 
 
 * A Syllabus of the Inscribed Stones was prepared by Mr. 
 Hunter, and transcribed into the transactions of the Institution 
 
THE ROYAL LITERARY INSTITUTION. 321 
 
 Hercules Bibax. 
 A Sculpture of a Naval Officer, 
 
 perhaps Carausius. 
 Fragments from a Temple 
 
 restored by C. Severus. 
 Stone Coffins, found in the 
 
 City, and suburbs. 
 
 over a commemorative tablet 
 
 to Vitellius. 
 Bronze Head, supposed to be 
 
 of an Apollo. 
 Tympanum of a Temple of 
 
 Minerva ( Vide p. 42).* 
 An inscription, setting forth 
 
 Part of a pediment from a j the piety of A. C. Ligurius 
 
 temple of Luna. I A stone inscribed to Novantius* 
 
 A sculptured stone bearing who had been influenced by 
 
 the equestrian figure of Geta: a Bream. 
 
 here placed, for convenience, i 
 
 One apartment, fifty feet in length, thirty five 
 wide, and about twenty in height, is appropriated to a 
 museum, and, besides being sufficiently lighted by 
 lofty windows, the ceiling is adorned with four 
 paintings, of which it is ample praise to say " they 
 
 * Vide Gov. Pownall's volume on Roman Antiquities, 1791, 
 and Rev. H. M. Scarth, B. A. Assoc, 1857, and also Paper on 
 Sepulchral Remains, ib., 1854. Published by R. E. Peach. 
 
 Amongst the Numismatic Curiosities are fifty coins ; eight are 
 engraved in Guidott's work, and the earliest is of Nero. Coins 
 were found in 1824, near the East Gate ; others in Bathwick, in 
 1829, now in the possession of H. E. Goodridge, Esq.; others, 
 chiefly of Constantine, on the site of the Abbey House, and 
 where the Office of the Union Board now stands. In 1840, two 
 coins of Nero, two of Domitian, one of Vespasian, a Carausius, 
 and a Constantine, were found by the workmen employed in 
 repairing Sainsbury's Brewery, Walcot, and a Carausius was 
 found in 1863, by the workmen employed in building the 
 Market Hall, designed by Messrs. Hicks and Isaacs. 
 
 The foundation of this Cabinet of Coins was laid by Mr. 
 Wiltshire, of Shockerwick; and Dr. Nott gave the numerous 
 consular and family medals ; and, the cabinet of foreign 
 matrices of seals was presented by the Rev. Mr. Battell. (Vide 
 " Connection of Bath with Literature, &c, by Rev. Joseph 
 Hunter, 1853. Published by R. E. Peach.) 
 
 X 
 
322 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 once adorned Mr. Beckford's palace of Fonthill 
 Abbey." The subjects are single figures representing 
 Ceres, Pomona, Pan, and a winged deity, discharging 
 the office of a Triptolemus ; they are by the hand of 
 Andreu Cassali, an Italian, who came to England in 
 1750, and was much patronised by the affluent. 
 Here are casts from the antique, numerous and rare 
 specimens in geology, zoology, and botany, which 
 were classified and disposed by Mr. Wood, the 
 eminent naturalist, and Mr. Lonsdale, afterwards 
 curator of the Museum of the Geological Society. 
 The Library, which communicates with a Beading 
 Room, is a spacious apartment, and enriched by a 
 large and choice collection. Amongst its principal 
 works may be enumerated a set of the French 
 Transactions, once the property of Mr. Beckford ; 
 Parliamentary and Record Commissioners' reports, 
 Dictionaries, Standard, and Works of Reference. 
 Mr. Leman, an original trustee, deposited here many 
 volumes of his genealogical collections, along with 
 various valuable memoranda on English Antiquities. 
 And here also are two volumes of Annotations on 
 Shakespeare, by Dr. Sherwin, the literary champion 
 of Rowley. "The Chapman Collection " takes its 
 name from a family long and meritoriously connected 
 with Bath, and it literally contains a copy of every 
 printed volume, every published portrait and illus- 
 tration, every chart and chartulary, ever published 
 upon the history, antiquities, or topography of the 
 city during the last three centuries. This very 
 interesting assemblage of literary documents is also 
 the property of the Corporation. 
 
BATH AND COUNTY CLUB. 323 
 
 There are two collections preserved here that 
 possess a general interest. One was made by Mrs. 
 Godfrey, and so far as it extends, is an unequalled 
 selection of birds of rich plumage. H. E. Goodridge, 
 Esq., succeeded in obtaining for the Institution a 
 geological collection, from S. Australia, together with 
 a geological map of that country, made by Sir T. 
 Mitchel, surveyor-general of Australian coal fields. 
 The specimens were collected by S. W. Keane, Esq., 
 government inspector of mines. 
 
 Amongst the statuary may be noticed : — 
 
 A Marble Bust, Francis, Duke of Bedford, Nottikens, 1802. 
 Cicero. 
 
 Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, Bart., Chantry, 1819. 
 Lucius Verus. 
 Britannicus. 
 Hastings Elwyn, Chantry, 1826. 
 
 The Literary and Philosophical Association hold 
 their weekly meetings at the Institution, when 
 papers on science and literature are read, and their 
 contents discussed. 
 
 Bath and County Club, 21, Queen Square. — 
 The whole management and control of this society 
 is vested in a committee of twelve members, one 
 third of whom retire annually in rotation. The 
 rules and regulations are precisely analagous to 
 those of the West End Clubs in the Metropolis, 
 except that there is a limit assigned to the stakes to 
 be played for in the card and billiard rooms. 
 Members are admitted by ballot, one black ball in 
 
324 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 every seven excluding. The entrance fee is £6 ; 
 annual subscription three guineas. The expense of 
 founding and furnishing the club-house (in 1852) was 
 provided for by debentures, of two classes, one of 
 which only bears interest. The parent society, 
 established in 1790, met in York Buildings. 
 
 The Commercial Reading Room and Totten- 
 ham Library was founded in the year 1847, and held 
 their first meetings in the old Rectory House, which 
 occupied the site of the new Mineral Water Hospital. 
 On the conveyance of that estate to the Hospital, 
 the society removed to York Buildings. The Rev. 
 Edward Tottenham, member of an Irish family, was 
 then minister of Laura Chapel, Bath, and a popular 
 preacher. His ministry, or rather his zeal, was 
 distinguished by the part he took in what is usually 
 termed " The Downside Controversy." At his early 
 decease, in 1853, his library was purchased by a 
 public subscription, vested in Trustees (amongst 
 whom are the Rector, Mayor of Bath, and Head- 
 Master of the Grammar School) who have placed 
 the collection in the library of the Commercial 
 Reading Room. It is accessible on payment of 5s, 
 per annum, or by becoming a subscriber to the 
 Institution. 
 
 The Athen^um (Library and Scientific Institu- 
 tion), in the Orange Grove — the original Mechanics' 
 Institute, — was opened in 182.5, with objects similar 
 
NEWSPAPERS. 325 
 
 to those of the Commercial Rooms. It possesses 
 a very agreeably circumstanced reading room, and 
 well-selected collection of works in modern litera- 
 ture. The printed catalogue contains above five 
 thousand volumes, accessible to a subscriber of 
 twelve shillings per annum. 
 
 Newspapers. — Not in their original, but in their 
 diverted state, it is, that these journals constitute one 
 of the most remarkable phenomena of modern times. 
 They fnotizie scritte) were invented, in 1563, for 
 the purpose of communicating military and com- 
 mercial information, during the war which the 
 Republic of Venice waged against Solyman II. in 
 Dalmatia, and, a file of these Venetian journals, 
 called " Gazetta" from a coin of that name then 
 current, which was the exact price of one of them, is 
 preserved in the Library at Florence. How entirely 
 they have changed their character, been diverted 
 from their primary object, made the medium through 
 which society is affected in all its relations, and 
 become a powerful political element of modern free 
 nations, is now universally understood, — yet even 
 beyond this, such periodical literature claims thanks 
 and reward, from its wide and rapid diffusion of intelli- 
 gence, and the recreation that journals afford to the 
 educated classes, in all countries. In this last but 
 least important sense, they are entitled to a place 
 amongst the modern amusements of Bath. On the 
 decline of that besetting sin, gambling, journals 
 
326 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 
 rose in the horizon, and so early as 1771, there 
 were two periodicals of this class, and both liberally 
 patronised, in Bath. * 
 
 Established 
 
 October 16, 1757. The Chronicle, in St. James's Street, by E. 
 Crutwell, continued by Carrington, until 
 his decease, in Feb., 1859— now published 
 on Thursdays, in Kingston Buildings, by 
 T. D. Taylor. 
 
 1742. The Bath Journal, by Messrs. Keene — pub- 
 
 lished in Kingsmead Street, on Saturdays ; 
 formerly on Sundays. 
 
 March 3, 1792. The Herald and Register, by T. S. Meyler,f 
 in the Orange Grove, after in the Abbey 
 Churchyard — incorporated with the Ex- 
 press in 1 862. 
 
 1812. The Bath and Cheltenham Gazette, by George 
 
 Wood, first in Union Street, afterwards 
 in Old Bond Street, by G. H. Wood, on 
 Wednesdays. 
 
 October 6, 1855. The Express, by S. Hay ward — published in 
 Green Street, on Saturdays. 
 
 Circulating Libraries. It is vain to imagine, 
 and bold to assert, that polite literature was not 
 cultivated amongst the Eomans ; that its light 
 subsequently, and for centuries, faded almost to 
 dimness, and then revived, and shone with a 
 
 * It is a curious fact that, in 1777, there were only two 
 weekly newspapers in Bath — the Chronicle and the Journal; and 
 these mere vehicles for political controversy, and mainly 
 abridged from the London Journals. 
 
 f " We may with truth say, that no inhabitant of the city 
 lived more respected, or died more lamented, than that worthy 
 gentleman." — Mainwaring's Annals of Bath. 
 
CIRCULATING LIBRARIES. 327 
 
 brilliancy that dazzled the world since the invention 
 of the art of printing. It is more true to say that 
 the wisdom and wit of Horace have not been ex- 
 ceeded ; and that Virgil found an imitator in Tasso, 
 a worshipper in Dante. General literature could 
 not have attained such excellence in an age incapable 
 of appreciating it, and we have the testimony of 
 S. A. Victor, that twenty-eight circulating libraries 
 existed in Rome even before his time, exclusive of 
 numerous private collections. These treasures were 
 destroyed, or dissipated, by the barbarians, and by 
 the iconoclasts, and, omitting Charlemagne's reign, 
 we do not find an accumulation of works of learning 
 until the twelfth century, when the Monks formed 
 seventy public libraries in Spain, of which one, that of 
 Cordova, contained 250,000 volumes. These public 
 libraries, in the ages before the art of printing, were 
 analogous to circulating libraries in the present.* 
 The dark, the feudal, and the classic ages, may 
 certainly boast of occasional scholars, who had 
 mastered learning ; gifted men, like star-lights, few 
 and far between ; but a general ignorance pervaded 
 society, manners were coarse, and social propensities 
 degenerate. Manly sports succeeded, and a military 
 mania arose, while games of chance, and their 
 attendant dishonesty, crept in, and wholly possessed 
 the higher classes of society in Western Europe. 
 From this infection Bath did not escape, and that 
 
 * " The Holidays made amends for this penury (of books), and 
 Bull's Circulating Library was then to me, what the Bodleian would 
 be now." (1823.)— Southey's Life, vol. I., p. 84. 
 
328 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 profligacy which has been rather hastily ascribed to 
 the greatest friend of modern Bath, is but the form 
 and impress of the age he lived in. 
 
 Increased encouragement rapidly multiplied Cir- 
 culating Libraries, not in Bath only, but in Great 
 Britain ; a fact that appears from a chronological 
 arrangement of these establishments ; but this very 
 number prohibits its introduction here, and obliges 
 us to be content with a few representative names, 
 taken 'promiscuously from the Libraries that have 
 existed here during a century. 
 
 Bally, John, Milsom Street. 
 Barratt, New Bond Street. 
 Davies, Abbey Churchyard. 
 Hazard, Cheap Street. 
 Lewis, Saville Row. 
 Noyes and Son, Bladud Bdgs. 
 
 Oliver, Milsom Street. 
 Peach, (Pocock) Bridge Street. 
 Rattle and Brine, Brock Street. 
 Simms, George Street. 
 Upham, Terrace Walks. 
 
 FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 
 
 " Doctrina promo vet vim insitam." 
 
 This school was founded by Edward VI., and en- 
 dowed with a moiety of the lands of St. Catherine's 
 Hospital. Although the patent of foundation dates 
 as far back as the 12th July, 1553, when the choir 
 of St. Mary's was appropriated to the scholars, and 
 a master appointed at a fixed stipend ; nevertheless 
 the public trust was neglected and fell into desuetude. 
 In the reign of Charles II., the old Grammar School 
 received an impulse from a more active state of society, 
 and in 1711, the Rev. Walter Robinson, then master, 
 filed a bill in Chancery, against the Corporation, by 
 which, in the year 1734, they were obliged to declare 
 
FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 329 
 
 the trust, agree to erect a new school-house, receive 
 ten sons of freemen gratis, pay the master £10 per 
 annum extra, and, at the expiration of 35 years 
 increase his salary to £50, and, accept the patronage, 
 under trust, of Charlcombe Eectory, the advowson 
 of which had been purchased and presented to the 
 charity, for the benefit of future masters, for ever, by 
 Mr. Robinson. In obedience to this writ, the first 
 stone of the present structure, in Broad Street, was 
 laid, in the year 1752. This foundation stone bears 
 a Latin inscription, of which a translation is given 
 in the foot-note.* The school is now placed under 
 the Trustees of the Bath Municipal Charities. Fifty 
 sons of Bath residents receive here gratuitous 
 instruction. The master, a graduate of one of the 
 ancient universities, is provided with a residence, is 
 Rector of Charlcombe, and has a stipend of £80 per 
 annum. 
 
 A second suit was instituted in 1832, for a further 
 and more distinct declaration of the Trust, the 
 result of which was the cession of the site of Bladud 
 Buildings, and the payment of £2,548 to the 
 Trustees for account of the charity. These suits 
 were indispensable for the interests and protection of 
 the parties to them. 
 
 * l * May this edifice, so well and wisely designed, rise 
 auspiciously for the dissemination of polite literature and the 
 liberal sciences. Francis Hales, mayor of this city, laid the 
 foundation hereof, on the 29th day of May, in the year of our 
 Lord 1752, and in the 25th year of the reign of George the Second.*' 
 
330 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 BLUE COAT CHARITY SCHOOL. 
 
 This Charity owes its foundation to " the bene- 
 volent Robert Nelson, author of " A Companion to 
 the Festivals and Fasts" who, in the year 1711, 
 collected subscriptions sufficient to initiate the 
 charity. " The objects of the founder were to train 
 up industrious and valuable citizens, by fitting the 
 boys for useful trades, and by instructing the girls in 
 housewifery ; above all, teaching them their duty to 
 God and to their fellow creatures." In this work of 
 love he was assisted by Dean Willis, afterwards 
 Bishop of Winchester, and other persons of rank 
 and fortune, so that the trustees were soon able to 
 admit sixty children of each sex. The boys receive 
 elementary instruction, are comfortably clothed, and, 
 at the age of fourteen, apprenticed to those trades to 
 which their dispositions seem adapted, with a maxi- 
 mum fee of six pounds ; only five being given with the 
 girls. Both teachers and children must be members 
 of the Established Church, and the latter residents 
 of Bath. Casual donations, voluntary subscriptions, 
 and collections made at churches and chapels, 
 augment the annual income. These are admin- 
 istered by trustees, ten in number, the Mayor, 
 Rector of Bath, and two Justices, being ex-officio 
 members of the board. The old building becoming 
 inconvenient, a new school house was erected, from 
 the design of Mr. Killigrew, the Corporation con- 
 tributing liberally, and granting a desirable site, 
 
MILITARY FEMALE SCHOOL. 331 
 
 the first stone of which was laid on the 12th of 
 October, 1728, by Mr. Hoare, and graven with this 
 grateful confession — " God's Providence is our inheri- 
 tance" 
 
 On the 18th of October, 1860, the new building, 
 designed by Mr. Manners, was completed, and 
 opened. The elevation claims no uniform style, the 
 main portion being Elizabethan, the quadrangular 
 tower, or campanile, with five stories, is finished 
 with an old English fleche; within are two school- 
 rooms, and other requisite apartments. A fragment 
 of Koman tessellated pavement, found during the 
 excavations, is inserted in one of the floors. 
 
 Schools supported by Government Grants, and voluntary 
 subscription, are numerous here, and varied in their modes of 
 discipline, and objects proposed. They include Weymouth 
 House, capable of receiving 400 pupils ; Bath and Bathforum 
 School, Kingsmead Street; Guinea Lane, for 300 pupils, — the 
 design of which, by J. Wilson, Esq., is one of the most ingenious 
 in Bath ; Sutcliffe Industrial, Walcot. Each parish, also, has a 
 charitable educational institution of its own. 
 
 Military Female School — (Formerly Lansdown Proprietary 
 College), — The style of the building is Gothic, of the geometric 
 period. The principal front comprises a lofty central tower with 
 a spirelet at the angle, 148 feet high. From this centre two wings 
 run north and south, containing halls for the various classes. 
 Opposite the entrance is the staircase, which, ascending by a 
 broad central flight, and branching into two at the first landing, 
 gives an approach to the large school-room in the north wing, 
 containing an area of 3,500 square feet. The roofs throughout 
 are open timbered, and coloured in pattern between the rafters. 
 In the south wing there is a similar room, with a raised stage at 
 one end. On this floor are rooms also for the lady principal and 
 
332 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 vice-principal, and a spacious library. In the south wing, on 
 the ground floor, is the dining-hall, and adjoining it a residence 
 for the janitor, with a good kitchen. The entrance to the 
 grounds from the Lansdown Road is by an arched gateway, 
 surmounted by the royal arms and motto, carved in relief. The 
 works have been executed from the design of J. Wilson, Esq., 
 F.S.A., architect, of Bath. 
 
 This noble building was sold to the trustees of an 
 establishment for the education of the orphan 
 daughters of officers of the army who are to be 
 educated and maintained at the minimum cost for 
 which that benevolent object can be accomplished. 
 
 New Kings wood College, Lansdown, for the sons of Wes- 
 leyan ministers. — The building occupies 15,000 square feet, in 
 the form of the letter H, the front being towards the south. The 
 principal entrance is in the centre of the south elevation, 
 opening into a spacious hall, which is square, on plan, having 
 a groined ceiling, with arched recesses on either side. The 
 principal staircase is in the centre, beyond the hall, from which, 
 on the right and left, the several parts of the building are 
 approached by a spacious corridor. On the right are the 
 committee room, the governor's apartments, and the dining 
 hall; and to the left are the visitors' room, students' library, 
 seniors' and juniors' schoolrooms, class room, and masters' room. 
 The seniors' schoolroom, and the dining hall, each 70 feet long, by 
 30 feet broad, occupy the projecting wings of the building, carried 
 up a clear height of 22 feet 6 inches, lighted, in addition to the 
 windows, on either side, by a spacious and handsome bay window, 
 the whole height of the apartment. An inclined way from the 
 students' passage, leads to a gymnasium under the schoolrooms, 
 opening by a series of arches into the boys' play-ground. On 
 the first floor are bedrooms for the governor and servants, clothes 
 room, bath room, &c. ; and on the second floor are the students' 
 dormitories and masters' bedrooms, and an infirmary. A tower 
 in the centre of the building, rises above the entrance hall to a 
 height of 82 feet, forming in the principal, or south elevation, 
 
BATH UNITED HOSPITAL. 3'33 
 
 the most striking feature. The front of the building is continued 
 on either side, on a line with the face of the tower, to a frontage 
 of fifty-four feet, when it recedes about four feet on either side, 
 angular bay windows occup} T ing the centres right and left of the 
 tower. The receding portions of the elevation, are bounded 
 on either side by projecting wings, making the entire frontage 
 210 feet. The building is in the perpendicular style, and was 
 erected from the designs of J. Wilson, Esq., F.S.A., of Bath. 
 It will accommodate 150 pupils. 
 
 BATH UNITED HOSPITAL. 
 
 In the year 1747, a humane institution, called the 
 " Pauper Scheme " was established on the Lower 
 Borough Walls, for the relief of the sick poor of St. 
 Peter's and St. Paul's, St. James's, St. Michael's, 
 Walcot, and Bathwick parishes, at their own homes. 
 This scheme was extended, in 1792, for the reception 
 of a limited number, in an establishment called the 
 Bath City Infirmary and City Dispensary. W. Gore 
 Langton, Esq., president; J. S. Soden, Esq., one of 
 the surgeons ; and Hev. R. Warner, chaplain. 
 
 In the year 1788, " The Casualty Hospital," truly 
 Samaritan in principle, was projected by Surgeon 
 James Norman, for the reception and relief of " ac- 
 cidents or casualties," the occurrence alone being 
 their claim to admission. Charles H. Parry, Esq., 
 was principal physician, George Norman (son of the 
 projector), surgeon in chief. 
 
 From the incorporation of these charities, in 
 1824, arose " The Bath United Hospital " in Beau 
 Street (Bell-Tree Lane). The first stone was laid 
 in an unostentatious manner, by the daughter of one 
 of the trustees, on the 6th of August, 1824, a number 
 
334 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 of coins being placed beneath it. A musical festival 
 was held in the Abbey, and subsequently, an 
 eloquent appeal by Bishop Law, in aid of the charity, 
 was answered by contributions to the extent of 
 £420, which were placed in the treasurer's hands. 
 The building was designed by Mr. Pinch, — the 
 miniature chapel by Mr. Manners. The substantial 
 edifice, with its imposing facade, was completed and 
 opened for the reception of patients on the 24th of 
 June, 1826, at a cost of £7,000. The elevation 
 consists of a centre, adorned with three quarter 
 columns, sustaining a pediment, with the city arms 
 in the tympanum, and the monotony of the whole 
 is relieved by a rusticated basement. It is proposed 
 to improve the present hospital accommodation (in 
 1863) by the assistance of a fund for a memorial to 
 Prince Albert, whose bust is placed in the hospital 
 hall. The following inscription, on the plinth 
 supporting the bust, was suggested by her Majesty, 
 " His life sprung from a deep inner sympathy with God's 
 will, and therefore with all that was true, beautiful, and 
 right. The efficiency of the charity is aided in various 
 forms, amongst them are contributions from The 
 Flannel Charity, The Samaritan Fund, established 
 in 1831, by Sir Wm. Cockburn, Bart., and The 
 Sutcliffe Fund, confined to the pensioning of super- 
 annuated nurses. The receipts of the year 1862, 
 were £5,500, the expenditure £5,000. The number 
 who availed themselves of the charity within that 
 period 12,414, of whom 1,139 were In-patients; 
 and the total number of Out-patients was 11,275, 
 shewing an increase of 866 over the year 1861. 
 
THE PENITENTIARY. 335 
 
 Dispensaries. — The Western Dispensary is in 
 Albion Place, Upper Bristol Road; the Southern 
 in Claverton Street, Widcombe ; and the Eastern 
 in Cleveland Place, established in 1832. The last 
 named is so celebrated for the convenience of its 
 arrangement, that it is considered — a suggestive type 
 — a normal structure of its species. It was built 
 in 1845, from the design of H. E. Goodridge, Esq. 
 On the principal story is a spacious and handsome 
 committee room, with waiting room and three 
 private chambers. The elevation consists of a centre, 
 and side screens, the former decorated with two 
 three-quarter columns, and two pilasters, supporting 
 a pediment ; above the principal entrance, is a tablet, 
 bearing, in characters of gold, this inscription : — 
 
 " In memory of John Ellis, Esq., formerly of Southwark, and 
 for many years a resident of Bath, to whose persevering labours 
 and munificent benefactions this Dispensary mainly owed its 
 pecuniary support. He died October 31, aged 86. — Erected 
 July, 1837." 
 
 The Ear and Eye Infirmary, established in 1837, 
 owes much of its high character to the persevering 
 attention of the late J. S. Soden, Esq. 
 
 THE PENITENTIARY, 
 
 Ladymead. 
 
 The Magdalen Hospital, and other similar asylums 
 in London, suggested the establishment of this 
 Reformatory, for the voluntary retirement of that 
 unhappy class of females who have forfeited the 
 respect of one sex without securing that of the other. 
 
336 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 In the year 1806, several philanthropic individuals, 
 under the leading of Mr. Parish, agreed to establish 
 a Penitentiary and Lock Hospital, where 46 females 
 of fallen reputation should find shelter, advice, and 
 encouragement to return to the paths of virtue ; and 
 so successful were the promoters, that in ten years 
 the happiest results followed ; the benevolent were 
 induced to patronise the charity, and the premises, 
 Corn well House, Walcot, were enlarged. The peni- 
 tents, after submitting to the prescribed discipline, 
 are provided with situations, supplied with suitable 
 clothes, and promised a becoming reward after the 
 expiration of two years, should they have adhered to 
 their promises. Besides the support derived from 
 subscriptions, a revenue accrues from the chapel, 
 which was built at the sole expense of Mr. Parish, 
 in 1825, and re-edified in 1845 ; it is capable of 
 accommodating 300, and the seats and pews are 
 generally rented. The building is a plain Basilica, 
 the recent improvements of which, as well as the 
 frontage towards Walcot Street, were designed by 
 Jas. Wilson, Esq., F.S.A. 
 
 St. John's Hospital, oe the Blue Alms. — The 
 foundation may be traced to Keginald Fitz Joceline, 
 A.D. 1180. Animated by the example of Robert, 
 first Bishop of Bath and Wells, who, in 1138 erected 
 here the hospital of St. Lazarus, for Leprous Poor, 
 and provided it with " The Lepers Bath" St. John's 
 Hospital was endowed with lands in or near Bath, 
 to which the Prior and monastery made such liberal 
 
st. john's hospital, oe the blue alms. 337 
 
 additions, that the bishop placed the charity under 
 their control. Early in the 14th century, Bishop 
 Walter withdrew the grant, allowing 100s. annually 
 to be paid by his bailiff. Until the dissolution the 
 hospital belonged to the abbey, but being secular in 
 its objects, it escaped absorption, and was vested in 
 the crown. It was then valued at £22 16s. 10^d. 
 It was next assigned to St. Michael's (intra murosj 
 and the mastership belonged to the Rector, who was 
 bound to maintain the brethren and the building. 
 The new master omitted to, fulfil his engagements, 
 so that in Elizabeth's time " nominis umbra " alone 
 appeared. The patronage was next transferred to 
 the Mayor and Corporation, who restored the 
 building, A.D. 1573. The masters now were so 
 corrupt, and the property such a temptation, that it 
 was thought advisable to transfer the Hospital 
 estate, and the latter was vested in the Mayor 
 of Bath, ex officio. The remedy, however, was 
 worse than the disease, for the Corporation dis- 
 missed the alms-people, desecrated the chapel by con- 
 verting it into an ale-house, and let the building go 
 to decay ; imagining themselves secure in their ill- 
 gotten riches, they neglected to present, by which 
 the patronage lapsed to the Crown. After the Besto- 
 ration, Charles II. presented his chaplain John 
 Rustat, on the 12th February, 1662, but subsequently 
 restored the Hospital to the Mayor and Corporation. 
 Corruption being repeated, John Chapman, then 
 master, filed a bill in Chancery, and the cause was 
 argued on the 26th November, 1713, before Sir J. 
 
 T 
 
338 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Trevor, Master of the Rolls, who decreed this 
 settlement : — viz., two thirds to the Master, who is to 
 keep the chapel, clock, and hospital in repair, and one 
 third to the co-brethren and sisters ; that vacancies 
 be filled up by the master, from inhabitants of ten 
 years residence and unmarried, and the chapel be 
 rebuilt by the Corporation. In 1716 Killigrew, the 
 architect, received £540 from Mr. Bushel, then 
 Mayor, on account of the chapel, which was 
 dedicated to St. Michael. John Wood, senior, was 
 employed by the Duke of Chandos, in the year 
 1728, to rebuild the Hospital on the site of the 
 former. Six infirm men and as many women, passed 
 the age of fifty, are admitted, allotted a separate 
 apartment, coals, and 4s. Sd. per week. By the 
 decree of 1713 the Lord Chancellor, Lord Keeper, 
 Master of the Rolls, and Bishop of Bath and Wells 
 were to be visitors ex officio, but the Charity Trustees 
 have prepared a scheme for the future. 
 
 The Black * Alms — Called also St. Catherine' s\ 
 Hospital, and the Bimberries,\ owes its foundation to 
 Edward VI., who granted to the Corporation of Bath 
 eighty tenements, dwellings, cottages, stables, and 
 gardens, besides a plot of ground called St. War- 
 
 * So named from the color of the mourning worn, as a mark of 
 regret for their royal founder. 
 
 f One of the tutelar saints of the city. 
 
 % From two sisters, who had previously built an hospital here, 
 in the passage called " Bimberry Lane." 
 
THE BLACK ALMS. 339 
 
 borough chapel, for a double purpose, the endowment 
 of a Grammar School at Bath, and maintenance of 
 ten poor folk within the said city for ever ; but the 
 Corporation having abused the trust, in the year 
 1737, a decree of the Court directed £500 restitu- 
 tion by the Corporation, and provision for an in- 
 creased number of poor. In 1863 there were 14 
 widows, or daughters, of inhabitants of the Borough, 
 of not less than 55 years of age, lodged, paid 5s. 
 weekly, and presented biennially with a black cloak. 
 This charity and the Free Grammar School are on 
 the same foundation by a new scheme, and under 
 the management of " Charity Trustees." The old 
 building was removed in 1829, and the site assigned 
 to the " United Hospital," and the present, in the 
 plain Tudor style, was erected in its stead, by 
 G. P. Manners, Esq., city architect. Above the 
 entrance is inscribed : — 
 
 " St. Catherine's Hospital was founded by Edward VI. , for the 
 relief of poor aged persons, A.D. 1552. Rebuilt and enlarged by 
 the Corporation of this City, A.D. 1829. Wm. Tudor, mayor." 
 
 Bellot's Hospital. — This charity stands in Beau 
 street, formerly called Bell-tree lane, on a plot of 
 ground belonging to St. John's Hospital, granted to 
 the Mayor and Corporation, by Tobias Rustat, lessee 
 of John Rustat, Master of St. John's, on the 25th 
 March, 1672 ; to be held free of fine for ever. It 
 has been commonly called Rustat's Charity. Bellott, 
 the true founder, was remarkable for piety, charity, 
 and partiality to Bath ; he gave £200 towards the 
 
340 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 restoration of the Abbey; paid £60 for glazing the 
 great east window (p. 172), which as his memorial 
 is Bellott-wise; paved the cross aisle at his own 
 expense ; constructed the New, now called " Queens 
 Bath" (vide p. 112), for the poor ; and lastly, crowned 
 his charitable works with this foundation. These 
 acts of benevolence afford presumptive evidence 
 that Bellott, * not Lord Exeter, whose steward, 
 trustee, or executor, he once was, established this 
 charity. This compassionate scheme provided for 
 twelve poor strangers who should be licensed to 
 come -to Bath for the benefit of its waters. Magis- 
 trates of the peace were commanded by an Act 
 passed in 1593 (Elizabeth's reign), to grant license 
 to paupers requiring it. Acts were passed in the 
 reign of James I. and Charles I., which promoted 
 ^Mr. Bellott's philanthropic design ; and Lady Eliza- 
 beth Scudamore left an annuity of £8 per annum, 
 to be paid by the Corporation, to a physician who 
 should give advice to Poor Strangers on their arrival 
 in Bath. A brass plate, with an inscription indica- 
 tive of her benevolence, was placed in the wall near 
 the Common Pump, whence it was removed to the 
 Loggia of the Private Baths in Stall Street, and 
 there fixed against the wall, near to the entrance. 
 
 "All poor persons, not being conveniently able to maintain 
 themselves, and resorting to the Bath for cure of their diseases or 
 
 * Bellott placed his great patron's shield above the entrance, 
 through respect ; and we have the poetic assurance of Sir John 
 Harrington, in favour of the accredited founder, 
 
 " Hospitals, baths, streets, and high-?t-a#s, 
 Sound out the noble Bellott's praise,'' 
 
PAKTIS COLLEGE. 341 
 
 infirmities, may take notice, that there ought to be a Physician 
 yearly nominated by the Mayor and Aldermen of Bath, who is 
 to give his best advice, from time to time, to the said poor persons 
 without any reward from them, there being a salary provided 
 for that purpose by the charitable gift of Dame Elizabeth, 
 Viscountess Scudamore." 
 
 Twelve poor strangers are now admitted here, 
 who have furnished apartments, use of the Leper's 
 Bath, medical advice gratis, the attentions of a 
 nurse, and 2s. Id. a week, with coals. There are 
 separate sleeping rooms, and distinct day-rooms for 
 the sexes. The Hospital is open from Lady Day to 
 Michaelmas, and applicants have only to produce a 
 certificate from the officers of their parish to be 
 admitted. The funds of the charity include legacies, 
 bequests, entitled Scudamore's, Mager's, Langton's, 
 Tower's, and Clement's, besides the rents derived 
 from an estate at Donat's St. Mary, Shaftesbury. 
 These funds are administered by " The Charity 
 Trustees." Above the entrance are the civic arms, 
 with the motto, " Cor unum via una ;" lower still, 
 (( Ne dormias in thesauris tuis quod pauperi prodesse 
 potest, dormis securus paupertas est tibi mutua" 
 And under, "Founded, 1609.— Rebuilt, 1859." 
 
 Pabtis College. — Fletcher Partis, Esq., devised 
 estates for the foundation of the benevolent institu- 
 tion that bears his name ; but, dying before the 
 period required, by the statute of Mortmain, to 
 elapse, between the execution of the testament and 
 assignment of bequest, the instrument became void. 
 
342 THE HISTOBIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 An equally benevolent purpose, and an undying 
 conjugal affection, prevented this frustration of the 
 testator's intention. 
 
 There are, in Germany, " Chapitres" offering a 
 desirable residence to ladies of respectable social 
 position, but they vary little from private hotels. 
 Of this class was Bailbrook House establishment, 
 "for improving the situation of ladies of respectable 
 character and small fortunes," which the zealous 
 Lady Isabella King instituted in the year 1805, near 
 Bath, under the highest patronage. There each lady 
 was required to pay £50 per annum. 
 
 The Partis asylum, was commenced in 1824, com- 
 pleted in 1826, admits thirty reduced gentlewomen, 
 to each of whom is assigned a separate house, and 
 a stipend of £30 per annum. Candidates are to be 
 members of the Established Church, possess an 
 income not less than £20, nor exceeding £30, per 
 annum, and have attained the age of fifty years. 
 Ten vacancies are appropriated to the widows, or 
 unmarried orphan daughters, of clergymen. 
 
 The new chapel, an object of architectural interest, 
 occupies the central portion of the building, and was 
 consecrated on the 10th April, 1826. The estate is 
 vested in thirteen trustees ; the chaplain is resident ; 
 the Lord Bishop, visitor. 
 
 On the 8th of January, 1863, the chapel was re- 
 opened, and divine service performed for the first time, 
 after the very decided alterations made by Mr. Scott. 
 An apse was adopted, and a Basilica character given 
 to the whole. The stained glass window, the gift of 
 
THE FOUNTAIN IN LADYMEAD. 
 
 343 
 
 the ladies of the college, represents " The Women 
 at the Cross." The lecturn was presented by the 
 chaplain, and the red marble shafts, that adorn and 
 support the apse, by Mr. Skrine, a trustee. An 
 excellent organ, made by Sweetland, of Bath, is 
 placed over the entrance. 
 
 The Fountain in Ladymead was presented to 
 the Corporation of Bath, by Miss Landon, of the 
 Royal Crescent. It consists of a bold recessed arch, 
 sunk into the wall beneath Paragon Buildings, with a 
 semi-circular basin beneath for cattle, and on the left 
 a recess for the drinking fountain. It is composed 
 of specimens from all the various building stones 
 found in the immediate neighbourhood, with the 
 addition of granite and white marble introduced with 
 reference to colour. The design, which is a most 
 
344 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 harmonious composition, and singularly adapted to 
 its situation and purpose, is in the Romanesque 
 style, from the pencil of C. E. Davis, Esq., the 
 present city architect. 
 
 THE ROYAL VICTORIA PARK. 
 
 There is not a fairer form of pleasure gardens in 
 England than the Bath Victoria Park. Sheltered 
 by an architectural wonder, perfectly unique amongst 
 the cities of Europe — the Royal Crescent, — it 
 occupies the west of a gently-rising hill ; one of the 
 rich and verdant forms that constitute the encir- 
 cling amphitheatre of the " Hot Springs" The 
 valley below is adorned by the windings of the 
 deep-flowing Avon, the width of the vale leaves the 
 salubrious breath of nature to float along with the 
 current of waters, unconfined, so that it may expand 
 and invigorate, and vivify. The bold Beechen Cliffs 
 in front, frown darkly over the valley, contrasting 
 strongly with the scene of peace, and harmony, and 
 fertility beneath. On the left is seen the city, with 
 its suburbs mounting the steep acclivities of one 
 hill, or climbing the gradual ascent of another. 
 Streets, and churches, and high-poised casinos, and 
 pendent villas, and mock embattlements, and mimic 
 towers, look out, one above the other, from the 
 continuous brows that beetle over the vale, and 
 form a combination, claiming for itself an absolute 
 picturesque triumph. This lovely spot, the view- 
 
THE EOYAL VICTORIA PARK. 345 
 
 station of one of the most graceful landscapes in 
 the west counties, lay long neglected ; nor were its 
 merits appreciated until the social changes of this 
 century extinguished, partially, those amusements 
 that were destructive to health, and the reign of 
 prudence, which then commenced, taught the greater 
 virtue and value of exercise, regulated and aided by 
 such circumstances as would contribute to realise 
 the expectations of the valetudinarian, and' of the 
 resident from choice. 
 
 The idea of converting the neglected " Subscrip- 
 tion Walk " into a magnificent pleasure ground and 
 spacious park, free to all the world, save the rich 
 residents of Bath, and to them also, should they 
 deem its beauties, or its breezes, deserving volun- 
 tary support, originated with Mr. J. Davies and 
 Mr. T. B. Coward, who called a meeting at the 
 York House, on the 11th of August, 1829. To 
 this little band accessions were repeatedly made. 
 W. Tudor, Esq., mayor, gave his support ; the Cor- 
 poration and Freemen manifested equal zeal. The 
 Freemen granted their land at a reasonable rent. 
 Lady Eivers allowed the privilege of a passage 
 through the Crescent fields, and, on the 1st of 
 January, 1830, J. H. Spry, Esq., mayor, presiding, 
 conclusive resolutions were moved by Lord J. 
 O'Brien (Marquis of Thomond), Sir T. Strange, 
 Bart., Sir H. Bayntun, Dr. Parry, and Alex, Tudor, 
 Esq., which resulted in a subscription, amounting 
 shortly afterwards to £5000, exclusive of a donation 
 of £100 from the Corporation, and the £100 a year, 
 
846 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 which was discontinued on the passing of the 
 municipal Reform Bill. Mr. Edward Davis's plans 
 were approved, and the work of landscape gardening 
 — an exquisite specimen — including one of the most 
 beautiful and healthful rides, with broad and winding 
 walks, was commenced in the lower common fields ; 
 extensive plantations of rare and choice trees and 
 shrubs were made, and promenades opened, in the 
 course of the same year, in both divisions. The Park 
 covers about 46 acres, and the cost of maintenance is 
 about £700 per annum. Mr. Hanham, in his lucid, 
 elaborate, and interesting botanical " Manual for 
 the Park," furnishes a minute history, and a cata- 
 logue raiso?inee of the rare shrubs and trees that 
 were originally planted there. His view of the 
 advantages derivable from such an agreeable and 
 unrivalled place of recreation is clearly and pro- 
 fessionally expressed : " By its proximity, its easy 
 and gentle ascent, an extensive and richly diversified 
 prospect of the surrounding country is readily 
 attained, whilst its varied undulations are admirably 
 adapted, under a tasteful hand, to relieve the tame- 
 ness of uniformity in its design." Therefore a 
 drive of two thousand yards was formed, gravel 
 walks of greater extent, and twenty-five thousand 
 forest trees, evergreens, and shrubs were planted. 
 A very picturesque cottage, close by the Victoria 
 column, in the Gothic manner, was erected by the 
 Freemen as their farm house ; it is in perfect 
 harmony with the rustic accompaniments around. 
 On the 23rd of October, 1830, the corporation 
 
THE EOYAL VICTORIA PARK. 347 
 
 availing themselves of the happy opportunity 
 afforded by the presence, in Bath, of the Duchess of 
 Kent and the Princess Victoria, the opening of 
 the Park was performed with much ceremony and 
 rejoicing; I. F. Davis, Esq., M.D., Maj^or ; the Bishop 
 of the Diocese, and Lord J. O'Brien conducting 
 the procession, followed by several thousands of the 
 inhabitants. Her Royal Highness contributed £25 
 towards future improvements, accompanied by the 
 desire that the beautiful grounds should thenceforth 
 be called "The Boyal Victoria Park." Amongst 
 the objects of embellishment contributed by the arts, 
 is a colossal head, of freestone, from the chisel of 
 John Osborne, a native of Bath, and a self-taught 
 artist. It is of one block of freestone, upwards of 
 six tons in weight. The pedestal on which it stands 
 is after a design by T. Barker, the eminent painter. 
 It is well placed and tastefully surrounded by rock 
 and rustic work. At the side entrances, over the 
 Queen's Gate, leading to the Royal Avenue are 
 Bronzed Lions, presented by Mr. Geary, and at those 
 of the Rivers' s Gate, are Sphinxes reclining on 
 pedestal pillars, presented by Isaac Williams, Esq., 
 and Mr. Reeves, the statuary. The classical vase, 
 that stands beneath the Babylonian willow, is the 
 gift of the late Alderman Hancock. The entrance 
 gates and avenues form part of Mr. Davis's original 
 design ; of him the Park Committee have spoken 
 thus in their report (alluding to Prince Leopold's 
 admiration of the whole plan), that they disclaim 
 any participation in that just meed of praise so 
 
348 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 liberally bestowed by the Prince (King of the 
 Belgians). 
 
 u It belongs to Mr. Edward Davis, architect, and to him 
 exclusively, who has, in this instance, so happily blended the 
 luxuriance of nature with the classic proportions of art, as to 
 render the Park at once an ornament to his native city, and a 
 lasting memorial to his own fame." 
 
 To commemorate the event of her Majesty having 
 attained her regal majority, the first stone of the 
 Victoria obelisk was laid on the 94th May, 1837, 
 after a design by Mr. Manners, city architect. It is 
 bayonet formed ; the material, freestone ; three well 
 carved lions couchant adorn the pedestal ; but pieces 
 of ordnance are rather at variance with the smiling 
 landscape around. In what we hastily styled the 
 halcyon days of Bath, and before the rude but 
 verdant downs were transformed into an elysium, 
 presenting sunny walks and silent glens, sylvan 
 scenes and shadowy glades, garden thickets and 
 broad carriage causeways, the Sydney Gardens were 
 the daily rendezvous of fashion in fine weather, and, 
 before their popularity attained its height, the 
 Orange Grove, with its seven parallel rows of linden 
 trees, whence the view of the Avon-vale, a grand 
 expanse that stretches away from the very streets 
 and market place to the foot of the Bathwick and 
 Claverton hills, was the attraction. It was in 
 this Dutch-like pleasure ground, where gravel was 
 profusely employed, and convenient benches fixed, 
 that the then world of fashion held their daily 
 promenade ; there were to be seen the belles of the 
 day with their tantalizing demi-masques, some 
 
THE EOYAL VICTORIA PARK. 349 
 
 wearing hoops or crinoline ; cavaliers, with bag and 
 sword, squires in great double boots and hunting 
 frocks, clergymen wearing gowns and bands, all 
 confined within the limited area of the " Orange 
 Grove" and all apparently content, pleased with 
 their lots. They were then unacquainted with steam 
 power or railroad velocity, and inherited a respect 
 for "the inclosure of a compact ring fence." 
 Progress demanded the formation of a nouvelle 
 promenade, and the Victoria Park was the result. 
 Costumes only excepted, the scenes of a century 
 back are re-enacted ; there the carriage rolls, the 
 chargers capriole, the ladies command admiration 
 and receive respect, and these exquisite pleasure 
 grounds far exceed the rectangular parterres, and 
 right-line walks, imported from the Low Countries. 
 But the ideas that influence, the hopes and fears 
 that agitate, the sun that shines, the climate that 
 confers longevity on the Bathonians, remain un- 
 changed in the on-flowing current of time, so that 
 St. Leon would believe the index of time's horologe 
 had not moved during the centuries of his absence. 
 The loyal City of Bath, so often honoured by 
 visits of Princes of the English and Foreign thrones, 
 is always naturally forward in expressing its grateful 
 sentiments : and, on the 10th of March, 1863, 
 the loud note of preparation sounded along the vale 
 and through the city streets, like the rich tones of 
 those old bells, that so oft proclaimed welcome to 
 majesty through ages. The festivities of that day 
 have been, and will be oft, recalled by the pleasant 
 
350 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 chroniclers of pleasant memories. But there is one 
 event so connected with the Victoria Park, that its 
 mention is called for, its omission would be unpar- 
 donable, that is, the Planting of the young Oak, to be 
 called the Prince of Wales's, henceforth and for aye. 
 Mr. Green, chairman of the Park Committee, having 
 reminded the joyous assemblage of the august person 
 who had named their place of meeting, and pointed 
 to a sapling decked with ribbons, requested the 
 Mayor to perform the ceremony of plantation. This, 
 it is recorded, was skilfully and cheerfully perform- 
 ed by his worship, with the assistance of "a fairy 
 damsel, dressed in white" the daughter of Mr. Parfitt, 
 City Surveyor. His Worship then named the 
 tree, amidst shouts that rent the air, the roll of 
 drums, the ineffective music of many bands, and 
 the roaring of artillery. When the storm and the 
 thunder of joyous expression subsided, his Worship 
 turning to his faithful fellow citizens addressed 
 them in terms suited to the happy occasion, and to 
 his own eminent position.* 
 
 * " At the request (said his Worship) of the trustees of this 
 beautiful Park, and in response to the expressed wishes of many of 
 my fellow citizens, I have planted the Prince of Wales's oak on 
 this eventful day, to commemorate the auspicious marriage of 
 His Royal Highness and the Princess of Denmark. It is a day 
 long to be remembered by all of us. What we are doing here is 
 repeated by millions, all affected by the same love of our Eoyal 
 Family, and all desiring to evince their loyalty. I now drink 
 the healths of the Prince and Princess from * the Prince of Wales's 
 largess cup.' The Corporation of Bath possess a golden cup given 
 to them by Prince Frederick, great grandfather of our present 
 Prince. Such a cup no other Corporation can boast of, and I 
 
CEMETERIES. 351 
 
 CEMETERIES. 
 
 The custom (rather the law) of extra mural in- 
 terment is one of the most, ancient practices amongst 
 nations, even partially civilized. Our cemeteries, 
 therefore, are not, like railways, an invention or 
 progression, simply a revival of a sanitary regulation. 
 There are Indians in South America who place 
 their dead on scaffolds, cover them with leaves, 
 and abandon them ; the Romans burned their 
 dead, and placed their cinerary urns by the road 
 side ; the ^Egyptian Chimiai (chymists) embalmers, 
 prepared bodies for deposition in the catacombs. 
 Saxon laws enforced extra mural interment ; and 
 the Chinese, Jews, and Turks, formed their 
 cities of the dead at a distance from those of the 
 living. The Roman laws of the XII. Tables, pro- 
 hibited cremation and sepulture within the city. So 
 similar are the sepulchral ceremonies now adopted in 
 England, that even burial clubs are formed amongst 
 us as in Rome. The amianthus, in which bodies were 
 burned by the ancients, was too costly for the 
 humbler classes to purchase unaided. 
 
 imagine that this is a fitting occasion to use it. The Mayor then 
 drank from the Royal largess cup, ' Health, Happiness, and Long 
 Life to the Prince of Wales and his Princess, and may Heaven's 
 choicest blessings descend upon them both now and for ever.' " 
 
353 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Beckford's Tcwer, 
 
 Lansdown Cemetery— Originally the pleasure 
 ground of Mr. Beckford. The Tower was built from 
 Mr. H. E. Goodridge's Graco Italian design, in the 
 short space of 28 working days. The stories were 
 definitely devoted, one to reception, another as a 
 cabinet (on a large scale) for articles of virtu, curi- 
 osities, gems, statuettes, cabinet pictures, and other 
 
LANSDOWN CEMETERY. 353 
 
 rare articles. Mr. English's splendid folio, a de- 
 scription of Lansdown Tower, brings the inspector 
 accurately acquainted with it " as it was." Above a 
 pedestal story, a square tower rises to 130 feet, 
 sustaining the Belvedere, from which a view 7 of 
 Bath is, with doubtful taste, excluded. 
 
 Mr. Beckford's remains were at first entombed in 
 the Abbey Cemetery, but removed hither when the 
 Lansdown Cemetery w T as consecrated. This part of 
 the estate being sold, it was actually marked out for a 
 public pleasure ground, perhaps to be used chiefly 
 on Sabbath days ; but, from this degradation it was 
 rescued by Mr. Beckford's daughter, the Duchess of 
 Hamilton, who re-purchased the ground and tower, 
 and presented them to the rector, Mr. Widdrington, 
 who, of course, assigned them to the parish of 
 Walcot. Mr. Beckford's remains, and the tomb that 
 sheltered them, were borne to Lansdown, and laid on 
 the spot himself had once marked out. The Rector 
 completed the unfinished entrance, in which the 
 iron-work and pillars, that formed the wing w r alls of 
 the original tomb w r ere employed, becoming part of a 
 new central entrance in the Byzantine manner. 
 Mr. Beckford's Sarcophagus, designed by himself, 
 was laid according to Saxon laws " extra muros " 
 and above ground ; for he claimed descent from the 
 royal line of Saxony. 
 
 The following inscription is graven on one 
 side : — 
 
 "William Beckford, Esq., late of Fonthill Abbey, Wilts, 
 died 2nd May, 1844, aged 84." 
 
354 
 
 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 And on the other the obituary is repeated, with these 
 
 lines written by himself: — 
 
 " Eternal power, 
 Grant me through obvious clouds one transitory ray 
 Of thy bright essence on my dying hour." 
 
 HIS cemetery, 
 on the Lower 
 Bristol Boad, 
 consecrated on 
 the 6th of Jan- 
 uary, 1862, occu- 
 pies eight acres, 
 and was laid out 
 by Mr. Butler, 
 of Widcombe. 
 Two chapels, the 
 designs of C. E. 
 Davis, Esq., city 
 architect, stand 
 in a central po- 
 sition, and are 
 precisely similar externally. They are connected by 
 a cloister, affording a forte coche to each, between 
 arches supporting a bell turret ; one half of 
 the turret only stands on consecrated ground. 
 The belfry, forming an effective centre, is sur- 
 mounted by a delicately tapering spire, one hundred 
 feet to the metal cross on the apex. Both 
 chapels are cruciform : the Dissenters' is furnished 
 with a tribune for the minister, robing room, and 
 
ABBEY CEMETEEY. 355 
 
 seats for chief mourners ; the Episcopalian chapel 
 consists of a nave, east end, floored with encaustic 
 tiles, the gift of John Eainej, Esq., — lecturns on the 
 north and south sides of the chapel, &c. The style 
 of the architecture is of Edward the Third's time. 
 
 Aebey Cemeteey. — If modern sanitary regula- 
 tions had not prohibited interment within the Abbey 
 walls, the numerous monuments to the charitable, 
 and to public characters who were interred there, 
 would have demanded a larger space and more be- 
 coming arrangement. This beautiful, even classic 
 spot, between Widcombe and Combe Down, com- 
 manding an exquisite view of the valley of Bath, 
 and partaking of hill and dale, and wood, was 
 purchased by the Hon. and Rev. W. J. Brodrick, 
 and, when laid out by Mr. Loudon, presented to 
 the parish of St. Peter and St. Paul. It covers five 
 acres, and the mortuary chapel that adorns it is in 
 the Norman manner, and after a design by Mr. 
 Manners ; it was consecrated on 30th January, 
 1843. That burial, .amongst the Romans, was 
 extra mural seems more than probable from the 
 relics — stone coffins, coins of Carausius and Con- 
 stantine, and skeletons — found here. There are 
 some modern memorials of interest amongst the 
 tombs and monuments : an altar tomb to the memory 
 of the Rev. Edward Tottenham ; — to Bishop Carr, of 
 Bombay, who resigned his Indian see, accepted the 
 Rectory of Bath, and died here in the year 1859 ; — 
 
356 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 to General Dick, by whose disinterment, after some 
 lengthened time, the extraordinary antiseptic power 
 of the soil was established ; and a column, inscribed 
 with the names of those heroes, connected with Bath, 
 who fell in the Crimean war. 
 
 Walcot Cemetery, at Locksbrook, covers twelve 
 acres ; it was laid out by Mr. Milner, the landscape 
 gardener to the Crystal Palace Company. The 
 chapels, lodges, entrances, and other buildings, are 
 from the designs of Messrs. Hickes and Isaac, of 
 Bath, and are in the early decorated manner. The 
 chapels are united by cloisters, from the centre of 
 which rises a tower one hundred feet in height. 
 
 Unitarian Cemetery. — This exquisitely beautiful 
 spot, in the lonely glen of Lyncombe, was presented 
 to his brethren by E. Howse, Esq., as a burial ground, 
 in the year 1819. Here is a convenient chapel, 
 around which many interments have taken place. 
 One that is well known through merits not his own, 
 was George Kelson's, of Holloway (gardener to Mr. 
 Howse), whose portrait Backer has immortalized as 
 " The Woodman," while he established his own fame 
 as an artist. Miss Linwood's copy, in worsted, was 
 as popular as Barker's original. Kelson was a 
 pensioner of Mr. Barker, for several years. 
 
 Bathwick Cemetery occupies the most secluded 
 part of Smailcombe, and was laid out in 1856. It 
 
STEEETS, SQUAEES, CEESCENTS. % 357 
 
 has two chapels, one for Episcopalians, designed by 
 T. Fuller, Esq., formerly of Bath, architect of the 
 Parliament House at Toronto ; the other by A. S. 
 Goodridge, Esq., displays much spirit. 
 
 St. Michael's Cemeteet, on the Upper Bristol 
 Road, near Locksbrook, is well laid out, sufficiently 
 spacious, and has two chapels — the episcopal is 
 clever, in the second pointed order, with a broach or 
 belfry, and, at the west end is a circular window with 
 seven lights ; the Dissenters' chapel is octagonal. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have a cemetery on Pope's 
 Walk, in a secluded part of Perrymead, in Lyncombe 
 Parish. 
 
 STREETS, SQUARES, CRESCENTS. 
 
 " Geeat works of luxurious art seem to be forbidden 
 to a people governed by constitutional assemblies. 
 England, or America can ramify the land with 
 railways, cumber oceans with merchant ships, 
 develop mighty industries, or wage tremendous 
 wars ; but neither England nor America can raise 
 a creditable public building, or erect a monument in 
 tolerable taste, or crown with sculpture the splendid 
 proportions of a mighty city." This is only accom- 
 plished by an autocracy. Pericles found Athens 
 built of clay, he left it built of Pentilic marble. 
 Augustus found Rome made of wood, he left it 
 
358 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 built of stone. New Paris, on the alignments of 
 which £60,000 are now annually expended, emphati- 
 cally marks the imperial reign. Napoleon III. 
 has effected in his capital a change scarcely less 
 complete than that accomplished by his prototype at 
 Kome. 
 
 Bath, admitting its site and suburban beauties into 
 the argument, is scarcely excelled by any other 
 European city. It resembles Turin, in the hills 
 that impend over its very streets, and which seem to 
 close up and cross the most frequented avenues, and 
 bid defiance to the passenger ; an effect made visible 
 by some mural precipice, or sternly opposing cliff. 
 The approach from the Eailway Station throws open 
 the whole grand panorama of Avon- vale at once, to the 
 visitor's admiration, and leaves him less anxious to 
 reach the terminus of his journey. Arrived at the 
 Pump Eoom, where alone he loses sight of the hills 
 for a moment, he should proceed up Union Street, 
 and set out on his first walk. Entering Milsom 
 Street, its gentle inclination, convenient width, 
 southern aspect, magnificently - furnished shops 
 whence the first fashions of each season usually 
 emanate, the judicious length, i.e. shortness, of the 
 street, enabling ambulatory acquaintances to meet 
 sufficiently often, the sublime view of Beechen Cliff, 
 towering above the lower town,* all these combine 
 to render Milsom Street the most cheerful and 
 popular promenade in Bath. 
 
 * To the height of 400 feet. 
 
STEEETS, SQUAEES, CEESCENTS. 
 
 359 
 
 Keluctantly passing on to George Street, and down 
 Gay Street, Queen Square is entered. 
 
 Queen Square. 
 
 The north side consists of but one uniform design, 
 noble and palatial, divided into several spacious 
 houses, and has secured much applause for Wood, 
 the architect ; for it was in his designs for this 
 square, his talents first developed themselves. In 
 the centre of the square, enclosed by iron railing, 
 stands an obelisk, 70 feet high, inscribed : — 
 
 " In memory of honors conferred, and in gratitude for benefits 
 bestowed, on this city, by H.R.H. Frederick, Prince of Wales, 
 and his Eoyal Consort, in the year ] 737, this obelisk is erected 
 by Eichard Nash." 
 
 The Club House is on the north side, and Wood's 
 private residence was on the west, w T hich avenue, 
 ascending by a gentle elevation in front of Queen 
 Square Place, leads to the Eoyal Victoria Park ; here 
 the visitor may regulate his walks ad libitum. From 
 
360 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 the Park a steep ascent leads to the Royal Crescent, 
 the pride of Bath, and splendid memorial to the talents 
 and ingenuity of Wood, junior. Here Anstey,* and 
 afterwards Wilberforce, once dwelt. Marlborough 
 Buildings include many first-class mansions, in a line 
 at right angles with the chord of the Crescent. Higher 
 up the steep and rising ground, towards Sion Hill> 
 behind the Crescent, and above Marlborough Build- 
 ings, is a very elegant range, or row, or block of 
 houses, called Cavendish Place ; immediately above 
 it is Somerset Place, and adjoining is Lansdown 
 Crescent. Mr. Beekford's residence in the Crescent 
 is easily distinguished, being united by a lofty arch 
 with the adjacent. A visitor once inquired, how the 
 author of " Vathek," and most accomplished tourist 
 in Europe, he who was once the owner of Fonthill 
 Abbey, could reconcile himself to live in a street. 
 Walking to the brow of the hill, overlooking the city, 
 the valley, the Wiltshire Downs, Mendip Hills, and 
 a glorious prospect to the west, he stopped before his 
 house in the Crescent, and extending his arms, said, 
 " This was my inducement ; and there is nothing 
 finer of its kind, in the world." A rapid descent 
 conducts to York Buildings, the Post Office, and 
 
 * Anstey being obliged to resign his garden (St- James's 
 Square) to comply with the prevalent building mania, expressed 
 his spleen epigramatically thus : — 
 
 Ye men of Bath, who stately mansions rear, 
 To wait for tenants from the D— 1 knows where> 
 Would you pursue a plan that cannot fail, 
 Erect a mad-house and enlarge your jail. 
 
STKEETS, SQUARES, CRESCENTS. 361 
 
 Milsom Street, where the beauty and fashion of this 
 lovely city illustrate their preference for society ; 
 their indifference to retirement. 
 
 " I love the woods, the fields, the streams, 
 The wild flowers fresh and sweet ; 
 But, oh ! I love much more than these, 
 The crowded city street." 
 
 Milsom Street communicates, through New Bond 
 Street (Old Frog Lane) with the Market Place, and 
 is in a right line with Union Street (where the 
 celebrated caravansary " The Bear Inn " stood), 
 leading to the Colonnade and beautiful facade of the 
 Grand Pump Room into the Abbey Churchyard, to 
 the east end of the Abbey. From the Pump Room, 
 Colonnade, and Old White Hart, the very ancient 
 avenue of Stall Street, the most busy commercial 
 street in Bath, leads directly to the Old Bridge, and 
 with that peculiarity that marks the street views, 
 appears to terminate abruptly, at the base of 
 Beechen Cliff. A detour may be made through the 
 olden avenues around St. James's Parade, once the 
 residence of nobility and gentry ; Beau Street, where 
 the Casualty Hospital has taken the place of 
 many handsome houses ; Dr. Bave's house is incor- 
 porated with the Hospital. Here stand Hetling 
 House, the town residence of the Hungerfords, and 
 a large mansion built, speculatively, by Lord Chan- 
 dos ; Lord Northumberland's house is in Westgate 
 Street; The Chapman family's mansion on the south 
 side of Kingsmead Square. At the corner of this 
 square, and at the entrance of Kingsmead Street, is a 
 
362 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 large bouse, of heavy workmanship, having a rebus 
 carved in the architrave of the principal window, 
 expressing a rose and a ivell for Bousewell ; here lived 
 and died the admirable Bishop Butler, author of the 
 " Analogy." Further west a partial revival of this 
 locality took place in Green Park, Norfolk Buildings 
 and Crescent. Eetracing his steps a little, and 
 crossing over to the " Borough Walls," a remnant of 
 the old city wall may be examined, opposite the 
 Mineral Hospital ; then turning to the right, the 
 visitor passes the Theatre as well as the Garrick's 
 Head, where Nash once resided, and the next 
 house, which was built, specially, for "The King," and 
 where he died in poverty. Westgate and Cheap 
 Streets lead to the Orange Grove, in the centre 
 of which stands an obelisk, erected by Mr. Nash, 
 and inscribed as follows : — 
 
 " In memory of the happy restoration of the health of the 
 Prince of Orange by the drinking of the Bath Waters, through 
 the favour of God, and to the joy of Britain, 1734." 
 
 The Parades, Institution, Ralph Allen's town 
 house, behind York Street, and the fine old houses 
 of Duke, and Pierrepont Streets, are seen to the 
 greatest advantage in approaching Bath from the 
 Station, while the Town-hall and Abbey, complete 
 the coup d'ceil of the Market Place. A separate 
 walk remains, too important to be slightly touched. 
 Leaving the Market Place, the visitor passes up 
 Northgate Street, having Beacon Hill impending 
 over the terminus of the narrow Fosse-way in front, 
 and ascends Broad Street, on the left of St. Michael's 
 
 
STEEETS, SQUAEES, CRESCENTS. 
 
 363 
 
 Church, to York Buildings and the Post Office — 
 where the four ways meet. The Paragon, a hand- 
 some design, elliptic on plan, is on the right, made 
 still more picturesque and peculiar by the view of 
 the wooded and precipitous front of Beacon Hill, 
 towering 460 feet above it. 
 
 Drinking Fountain. 
 
 Inscriptions : — On the facial exergue — 
 
 " Let thy fountains be dispersed abroad, and rivers of water in 
 thy streets." 
 
 — On a marble slab, facing Fountain Buildings — 
 
 " Erected by the Bath Licensed Victuallers' Association, and 
 the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, a.d. 1860. 
 C. J. Phipps, A.I.B.A., architect." 
 
364 THE HISTOEIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 — On the fronts, towards Bladud Buildings and 
 Belmont, are drinking cups, with the words 
 " Be thankful." 
 From the Fountain, the road ascends Belmont 
 and Belvedere, to Lansdown Crescent and Cemetery. 
 Alfred Street, on the left, opens the Grand Assembly 
 Rooms to the view on one side, and communicates 
 with Bennett and Russell Streets on the other ; 
 thence, at only a few yards distance, is the Circus, 
 the most perfect example of street architecture in 
 England, and clearly superior to the Oval in Edin- 
 burgh, designed by Play fair. Three of the orders, 
 Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, are employed, and en- 
 riched as far as capable. A reservoir of water occu- 
 pies the centre of the enclosure that completes the 
 design. But there are several other water companies 
 that supply the city. The Corporation supplies 3926 
 houses ; the Circus Company, 306 ; the Charlecombe 
 Water Works, 320 ; Sir James Rivers, 87 ; other 
 persons, 170. Total, 4898. The Circus communi- 
 cates with Brock Street and Gay Street, in the latter 
 of which is a small house adorned somewhat too 
 richly, with festoons and flowers carved in stone. 
 This was the residence of Mrs. Thrale (Madame 
 Piozzij) the friend of Samuel Johnson, but an 
 enemy to herself. Passing up Belmont and Belve- 
 dere, the visitor is reminded of Hartley, who studied 
 and wrote on man ; near his place of residence an 
 opening on the right conducts to Camden Crescent, 
 more correctly " Place," another of those grand 
 terraces that are seen from a distance, as the city 
 
STKEETS, SQUARES, CRESCENTS. 365 
 
 is approached, rising above each other on the 
 Beacon and Lansdown hills. The view from this 
 station, is different from the generality of the hill- 
 views in Bath. Let the spectator stand with his back 
 to the mountain, having Bathwick in front, the valley 
 open on either hand, the Avon wending its tortuous 
 way towards the great sea, and all this a close 
 compact view, where every object is examinable. 
 On the opposite side of Lansdown Boad a narrow 
 and unsuitable opening leads to a grand block of 
 houses, admirably placed for salubrity and prospect, 
 Portland Place. An easy descent conducts to Rivers 
 Street, Bennett Street, and other broad and well- 
 built avenues. Descending towards the Market 
 Place, passing down Bridge Street and crossing 
 the Avon by the bridge, founded by the Pulteney 
 family,* (who lend their christian names to the 
 different places, streets, and minor avenues in 
 
 * Sir William Pulteney (from Leicester) was knighted by 
 Charles II. He had two sons, first, William, ob. 1715, father of 
 William, created Earl of Bath ; second, John, M.P. for Hastings, 
 1695 to 1708, ob. 1726, father of Dan, M.P. for Preston, ob. 
 January 13, 1732. Sir William Murray (Pulteney), Bart., 
 M.P., married Frances, third and sole remaining daughter of 
 Dan, and heiress of the Pulteney fortunes and family. Sir 
 William's daughter, Henrietta Maria Pulteney, was created 
 Baroness in 1803, and Countess of Bath in 1805. After her 
 decease, which took place in 1808, the race became extinct. The 
 Manor, 573a. 3£p. passed to the heir, the Earl of Darlington 
 (created Duke of Cleveland) and lastly to his Grace's second son, 
 Lord W. J. Fred. Powlett. His Lordship espoused, 3rd July, 
 1815, Lady Caroline Lowther, fifth daughter of William, first 
 Earl of Lonsdale. His Lordship is heir presumptive to the 
 Dukedom. 
 
366 THE HTSTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 Bath wick,) the new city is reached. The wealth 
 of this family exceeded £1,200,000, with part 
 of which they purchased the Pulteney estates, 
 and orginated the noblest, most architectural, and 
 best proportioned street in the kingdom. Although 
 on the low level, it still commands the most attractive 
 views. There is scarcely a street in Bathwick from 
 which exquisite views are not enjoyed.* From the 
 side avenues the Claverton and Beacon hills present, 
 each, an imposing appearance. At the end of Hen- 
 rietta Street a precipitous wooded hill rises, thickly 
 dotted with villas, and at night illuminated by stars 
 of gas-light, that twinkle from so many casements. 
 Through the vista of Johnstone Street, Claverton 
 is seen, and all that lovely panorama that includes 
 the Cemeteries and Prior Park. 
 
 "Grosvenor" may be admitted as a very beautiful 
 terminus to a Walcot walk eastward, while Partis 
 College forms a remunerative western landmark to 
 the city. Two streets, Avon and Grove Street, not 
 generally admitted into the catalogue of interest- 
 ing avenues, are so picturesquely composed, as to 
 resemble passages in a Swiss mountain village, 
 although in the very heart of the aristocratic city of 
 Bath. 
 
 * In 1817, Queen Charlotte resided for a time at 93, Sydney- 
 Place. The public were naturally desirous of showing their 
 feelings of loyalty and respect ; all were running up and down ; 
 those who had names left them at Her Majesty's door, and many 
 too of those who had none left them. 
 
BRIDGES. 367 
 
 BRIDGES. 
 
 1. The Old Bridge,* built a.d. 1300, is at the 
 end of Southgate Street, and is respected for its an- 
 tiquity and convenience. 2. Pulteney Bridge, a.d. 
 1770, showed symptoms of weakness immediately 
 after it was opened, but was carefully and substan- 
 tially restored ; it is perfectly capable of sustaining 
 the small houses, erected on it. 3. North Parade 
 Bridge, designed by W. Tierney Clark, of London, 
 1835, is of cast iron, springing from stone piers, 
 supporting also two remarkably handsome lodges. 
 The arch is 183 feet span, and the Bridge, which 
 connects Bathwick with the Manvers Estate, was a 
 desideratum to the lower town. 4. Cleveland Bridge, 
 uniting Bathwick and Walcot, leaves no room for 
 censure, but has secured a large share of praise. 
 The ribs and arches are of cast iron, and stone is 
 employed iu the piers. The span is 100 feet. The 
 
 * " The first stone Bridge erected in England, was at Croyland. 
 The Monks were the principal agriculturists, scholars, as well as 
 gardeners, and builders. The triangular bridge at Croyland, 
 erected as an evidence of the skill and address of the builders, 
 from funds contributed at the shrine of St. Guthlac, did not 
 serve the purposes of communication. As an emblem of the 
 Trinity it stands on three piers, from each of which springs the 
 segment of a circular arch, all the segments meeting at a point 
 in the centre. It stands also at the junction of three streets, three 
 rivers, and three counties. That part of the Railway Bridge 
 that crosses Pulteney Road, and forms a sideway, is taken, 
 point for point, from Croyland bridge. 
 
368 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 roadway is perfectly level, and the lodges substantial 
 and architectural. The design was supplied by H. 
 E. Goodridge, Esq. 
 
 Suspension Bridges. — The Widcombe Footbridge 
 was erected in 1863, from designs and under the 
 superintendence of Messrs. Hicks and Isaacs, of 
 Bath. It has a span of 96 feet, and an adaptation 
 in timber of the bow-string girder principle, employed 
 by Brunei in the Saltash Bridge. There is also a 
 Foot-bridge, at Grosvenor, and a third, Victoria, 
 lower down the River. 
 
 Railway Station. — Railways are almost matters 
 of history, and, of such universal adoption, that the 
 Great Western requires no description in a delineation 
 of Bath, which is not even a terminus. The change 
 introduced in the rate of travelling, in this century, 
 has been very happily illustrated by Mr. Smiles.* 
 
 * Lord Eldon, in 1766, occupied four days and nights in his 
 journey from Newcastle "in a fly," on the panel of which was 
 painted "Sat Cito si sat bene" which the future Chancellor 
 adopted as a motto on his private coach. Three future Chancellors 
 journeyed rather slowly from Scotland to London: — Mansfield, 
 on his pony, in two months; Wedderburn (1757), by coach, in 
 six days ; Campbell, in one of Palmer's mail coaches, in three 
 nights and two days, but this was considered dangerous, both of 
 overturning and inducing apoplexy. Smiles 1 Memoirs, vol. i. 
 In the Civil Wars, Lady B. set out in her carriage for London, to 
 ransom her husband, whom Cromwell had thrown into prison. 
 All the horses had been taken by the Cromwellians, her horses 
 would have taken a week to the journey ; but she had recourse 
 to eight oxen, which took her in a fortnight; the Great Western 
 Railway would have taken her in three hours. 
 
ENVIRONS AND CLIMATE OF BATH. 369 
 
 The Kailway Bridges at Bath display great, but 
 unnecessary, ingenuity, and show how a simple, and 
 inexpensive object, has been effected by means both 
 complicated and costly. The principle of the Trian- 
 gular arched way employed in the viaduct on 
 Pulteney Road, was suggested by the Croyland 
 monks, and the material used is stone, while that of 
 the Skew [Skiev, (Ger.) crooked] Bridge over the 
 Avon, near the Great Western Railway Station, at 
 Bath, is borrowed from the American railways, in 
 which the material is generally wood. 
 
 ENVIRONS AND CLIMATE* OF BATH. 
 
 Theke arises a rivalship between nature and art, 
 in deciding upon the claims of this city, and its 
 environs, to admiration. " Art," writes Warner, " has 
 increased the celebrity of one, by adding to its 
 elegance; so that were I to name this place as 
 amongst the most beautiful and extraordinary, I 
 should not, perhaps, be charged with partiality, or 
 be guilty of injudicious encomiums." Occupying 
 the sides and the bottom of a once verdant vale, 
 formed by hills of swelling limestone that encircle it, 
 the old city hardly extended beyond Roman iuflu- 
 
 * "The Weston Division of the County" which surrounds 
 Bath, is under the jurisdiction of the County Magistrates; about 
 fifteen generally constitute the acting portion. They sit on 
 Saturdays, and Petty Sessions are held at their Court House, a 
 handsome and convenient building, erected for the purpose, near 
 the Gas Works, at Locksbrook, on the Upper Bristol Road. 
 
 a2 
 
370 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 ence ; but the surpassing natural beauties that were 
 present to the inhabitants and visitors, in Bath wick 
 and Claverton hills and vales, the grand and pre- 
 cipitous Beechen Cliff, allied to fable and history, 
 the picturesque front of Beacon Hill, that startles 
 by its boldness and pleases by its wooded heights 
 and civilized brow, nor crouching before the softer 
 beauties of Bathwick's undulating breast, rising 
 gently to the summit crowned by Sham Castle, these 
 charms have not failed to attract the lovers of 
 nature's matchless graces. The Avon's majestic 
 form, seen in the close view from Camden Crescent, 
 has little participation in the multitude of unsur- 
 passable landscape- views of Bath Valley, owing to 
 the depth of the channel it has worn for itself during 
 the ages allotted to its mission. The valley forms 
 a panorama, an amphitheatre ; and, an association 
 of men of undisputed taste, recently endorsed this 
 simple sentence expressive of their admiration of 
 the Environs of Bath : — " The circumjacent country 
 affords to a sensitive mind, that species of pleasure 
 which dilates the imagination, and makes the heart 
 expand without fatiguing the spirits or relaxing the 
 nervous system." 
 
 Bath, like Baden-Baden,* lies at the bottom of a 
 valley, encompassed by a triple circle of hills, rising, 
 
 * It has frequently been mentioned in these pages that the 
 valley of Baden-Baden, in Germany, resembles the valley of the 
 Avon at Bath, so closely, that the description here given, which, 
 with some few omissions and interpolations is borrowed from 
 " Dr. Granville's Spas," accurately portrays both. 
 
ENVIRONS AND CLIMATE OF BATH. 371 
 
 ridge on ridge, the farther they are removed from the 
 city. Bat, Bath valley is more spacious and more 
 circular in form than that in which the German 
 Bath is seated ; and the nearest hills are more 
 splendidly grand, from the greater number of build- 
 ings scattered over them, as well as from the bright 
 verdure, well-stocked gardens, and dense plantations 
 which decorate their surface. 
 
 From whatever point, or in whatever direction, 
 we cast our glance from the city, some height, or 
 hill, presents itself, having its own peculiar features ; 
 and, being all parts of a great oolitic range, their 
 shapes are gracefully rounded or w T aving. And 
 whether we climb the steep front of Claverton, up 
 to the downs or table-land on its summit, 600 feet 
 above the sea, or turn to the loftier range of 
 Lansdown hill, 813 feet elevation, passing thence 
 beyond the lovely eminence of Bathwick, every part 
 of the horizon seems occupied by some picturesque 
 rising, once uninviting and difficult of access, but 
 now adorned with villas and dwellings, and parks, 
 both inviting and accessible. 
 
 From the form that nature has conferred on the 
 Bath valley — resembling an inverted cone — all 
 heights may be, and very many are, made the sites 
 of handsome residences. Smollett sarcastically ob- 
 serves, that " the valley is like an antique theatre 
 turned inside out ;" — but a more learned physician, 
 Hippocrates, has left us the characteristics of a 
 healthy site for habitation, to all which Avon-vale 
 answers ; — and it is from this very form that Bath 
 
372 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 has collected so many invalids, for, salubrity is a 
 never-failing consequence of its form. 
 
 The Climate is a subject of the utmost, it may 
 be written, "of vital consequence ;" it is too extensive 
 for the object of these pages, but a sketch will be 
 looked for as necessary to completion. The abrupt 
 as well as the gradual ascents round Bath present, 
 perhaps, three distinct climates, and it is in search of 
 each, respectively, that villas are seen on the lowest 
 levels, in glens, on steep or gentle ascents, and at 
 great or less elevations. The inhabitants engaged 
 in business are sensible of the advantage of change 
 of climate, and fix their private homes in the 
 suburbs ; those in independent circumstances reside 
 in one of the three climates, as they are advised by 
 their attendant physicians. And, this opinion, that 
 change of climate is their desideratum, is hazarded 
 upon the most respected authority. It is not neces- 
 sary, however, to remove to foreign countries, or to 
 other districts of England ; for every climate of our 
 latitude may be found by only changing your resi- 
 dence, in Avon Valley, from one of the three climates 
 to another. The temperature of this locality is 
 faithfully and minutely chronicled by Dr. Granville, 
 who tells us, that November is the wettest month, 
 next, June and July, while February, March, April, 
 May, are more than usually dry. During accurate 
 observations of twenty-seven successive months, the 
 thermometer never descended to the freezing point, 
 and during the coldest months it has often varied 
 from 44° to 49°. The south-west wind is frequent 
 
ENVIRONS AND CLIMATE OF BATH. 373 
 
 here, and generally followed or accompanied bv 
 rain; then come the north and north-west, from 
 which the city is protected by the more distant 
 forms of Solsbury and Charmey Downs ; and by the 
 nearer north — Beacon, Sion, and Primrose Hills. 
 " It is in its mild temperature, arising from 
 the very sheltered site of the city here described, 
 current of the river, absorbing character of the soil 
 that consist the principal merit of this climate 
 (Bath) and the purity of the air, whereby invalids 
 with delicate lungs may with safety sojourn here 
 during winter." 
 
 A learned physician and agreeable writer tells us, 
 that a friend of his, an excellent singer, who, while 
 she resided in the lowest level in Bath, was subject 
 to fainting fits, and loss of voice ; but when she 
 changed her residence and climate, by moving up the 
 hill, these symptoms disappeared. This state of 
 neutrality, between laxity and tone, is perhaps the 
 reason why persons who have passed the fervour of 
 youth, and retained their strength unimpaired, live 
 longer in the relaxing air of lower Bath than 
 elsewhere. " The candle burns dimly, for, the 
 combustion is lower and fainter, owing to the atmos- 
 phere in which it burns, and therefore lasts longer, 
 whereas up the hills the flame is fanned, as elsewhere, 
 and combustion is in proportion more active as well 
 as more destructive."* 
 
 * Vide " Spas of England," by Dr. Granville, and also 
 u Watering Places of England," by Edwin Lee, Esq., M.D. Dr. 
 A. Sutherland, on " Bath and Bristol Waters," and the " Climate 
 of Bath, 1854." 
 
374 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATII. 
 
 PRIOR PARK. 
 
 — Lasting Charity's more ample sway 
 Nor bound by time, nor subject to decay, 
 In happy triumph shall for ever live. — Prior. 
 
 If it be one of the proud privileges of a British 
 tradesman to be allowed to raise himself into the 
 patrician ranks by probity, industry, and talent, 
 well does he repay his country for the prerogative ; 
 for there is hardly an instance of industrial prosperity 
 amongst our annals, which is not accompanied by 
 acts of philanthropy, benevolence, and charity. 
 Kalph Allen was one of those humble children of 
 fortune, who amassed riches sufficient to build the 
 mansion of Prior Park, and acquired so much 
 personal respect, that at his hospitable board were 
 seen the brightest wits of his age, — Sterne, Fielding, 
 Smollett, Pope, Warburton, Garrick, Quin, and many 
 others. So that, although this majestic palace is 
 not within the City of Bath, nor the province of the 
 writer to describe, and that the valley, with the park, 
 grounds, and mansion, have been described in detail, 
 whilst noticing the different cemeteries that sadden 
 it, still the great example of Ralph Allen, his meri- 
 torious services to Bath, render the preservation of 
 his character an act of justice ; for, every benevolent 
 institution, every public work in the city might fairly 
 bear his crest, and every memorial of so good a man 
 ought to be respected. Passing over the Old Bridge 
 
PRIOR PARK. 375 
 
 and beneath a fine Skew Arch, the road on the left, 
 by the foot of Lyncombe Hill, (where Pope occasion- 
 ally resided, and from which spot Perrymead Lane 
 leads to the Park by Pope's Walk,) and up a narrow 
 lane on the right, leads directly to Prior Park, by 
 the Abbey Cemetery. If Allen's judgment were 
 sound, his taste surely was conspicuous, as the 
 occasional glimpses of his fine hall, caught through 
 the woods during the ascent, fully evidence. A most 
 romantic glen, winding through steep hills, forms 
 numerous recesses of equal attraction, but unequal 
 magnitude ; these abound in pictures of great beauty ; 
 their summits are generally adorned with clump's of 
 trees; on the hill-fronts hang luxuriant gardens and 
 happy looking homes. A little below the culmina- 
 ting line of all these natural adornments stands the 
 palace of Prior Park, overlooking, in mockery of 
 man's art, the fairest city in our country, and resting 
 the gaze on lofty eminences, that support still higher, 
 the heights of Lansdowu. It is in this sylvan retreat, 
 which, had it a silvery stream flowing at the foot of 
 its hills, would represent such a vale as imagined 
 Tem-pe, such a picture as Turner would compose for 
 Elysium, that Ralph Allen has raised that great 
 memorial of his industry, Prior Park House; his 
 architect, Wood (" the founder, author, builder of 
 Bath"), displaying equal judgment, taste, and grati- 
 tude. The name, "Prior" is derived from the former 
 proprietors of the Abbey (vide p. 157), whose Grange 
 it constituted, and to whose table it furnished venison. 
 There is an anecdote, too characteristic of the first 
 
376 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 occupant, and too closely connected with the origin 
 of the mansion to be neglected. Mr. Allen was 
 engaged in the Quarries near Bath, and employed 
 his usual energy in endeavouring to introduce Bath 
 stone to general notice ; and with that view offered 
 to contract for the supply of stone required for build- 
 ings, then projected at Greenwich Hospital. He 
 was opposed by Colin Campbell, who, mistaking the 
 two samples (Portland and Bath), recommended the 
 former while he presented the latter. This mistake 
 enlightened the committee so much in the juggling 
 of contracts, that, although they adopted Portland 
 stone, they got the work done 30 per cent, below the 
 first estimate. Allen's desire to prove the value of 
 Bath stone was only increased by this disappoint- 
 ment, which induced him to raise this stately edifice, 
 that he might show to the country, in his private 
 residence, what could be done with the material 
 which had been rejected. 
 
 In 1743, Mr. Wood was instructed to furnish 
 plans for Mr. Allen's, it may be said, patriotic object* 
 on a site 100 feet below the level of Combe Down, 
 and 400 feet above the city of Bath. It consisted 
 of a centre, from which two arcades extended to 
 wings of offices, terminated by pavilions, affording 
 a grand iront of 1300 feet. The style is Corinthian 
 on a rusticated basement, and finished by a balus- 
 trade on the summit. From the plane of the centre 
 a grand hexastyle of the Corinthian order projects, 
 finished at the top with an entire pediment and 
 cornice; the remaining two- thirds of the front 
 
PRIOR PARK. • 377 
 
 terminate with a balustrade. The height of the 
 building contains a basement, principal and upper 
 story, and the front is fifteen windows in length. 
 Within, the Corinthian hall is most tastefully 
 designed, and ingenuity is exercised in contriving a 
 splendid species of descending views from the hall 
 windows. (See " Wood's Description of Bath."') 
 The gardens were originally adorned with statuary 
 and sculpture in great variety. At the head of a 
 waterfall stood a fair specimen, representing "Moses 
 Striking the Rock." At the lowest margin of the 
 lawn, and in front of the house, is a piece of water, 
 with a Palladian bridge of stone well placed to 
 produce the effect of distance. But the mansion of 
 Prior Park has submitted to many masters : in 1820, 
 it was converted into a Roman Catholic seminary, 
 but the establishment was broken up, or removed, and 
 the furniture of the mansion and out-buildings sold 
 by auction. On the 30th of May, 1836, the interior 
 of the house suffered damage from fire, estimated 
 at nearly £20,000, while the exterior was but little 
 injured. Thomas Thompson, Esq., became subse- 
 quently the occupier of this noble seat. 
 
 The prospect from the entrance hall, or rather 
 from the platform on which it opens, and which is the 
 summit of a grand flight of steps, and the pedestal of 
 an equally noble portico, is extensive, varied, and 
 crowded with objects of beauty and interest. The 
 eye, when fatigued with sylvan scenery around, looks 
 downward into the dark glen of Wydcomb, and 
 forward through its vista upon the out-spread city, 
 
378 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 with the venerable Abbey-tower, rising to indicate its 
 superiority in age, and magnitude, to the beautiful 
 crescents, and avenues, and buildings, below it. 
 Beacon Hill demands the visitor's admiration ; 
 Lansdown Hill, with the Belvedere on the Tower's 
 summit, terminates a view that cannot disappoint 
 even those who have read Fielding's novel, or heard 
 the beauties of Prior Park descanted on with 
 eloquence and accuracy. 
 
 Ralph Allen was born, a.d. 1692, in Cornwall, of 
 lowly parentage, but received an education ratber 
 above his worldly position, at his village scbool. 
 With such very limited prospect of life's prize 
 money, he must have possessed a consciousness of 
 his own mental superiority, and a moral courage, 
 that ultimately raised him to the emiuence at which 
 he aspired. His after life demonstrated the suffi- 
 ciency of his power to struggle and to buffet with 
 the waves of the world ; he was gifted with clear 
 perception, acute reasoning faculties, sterling judg- 
 ment, and graceful equanimity. That the education 
 then given to the humble classes in the remotest 
 districts was not contemptible, but manifestly 
 useful, appears from the fact, that soon after his 
 arrival in Bath, as an adventurer (1715), he was 
 appointed to a clerkship in the Post-Office. Allen's 
 figure, countenance, and address were most pleasing, 
 and no obstruction, possibly, to his admission into 
 society higher than his original class, for, he soon 
 attracted the regards of Miss Earl, daughter of 
 Marshal Wade, whom government placed in a 
 
PEIOR PARK. 379 
 
 confidential watchfulness over the city, and who had, 
 for several years, been its representative, (vide 
 Guildhall,) and whose influence, therefore, was 
 considerable. Now came the first dawnings of 
 Allen's prosperity. It is asserted, that Allen having 
 detected a plot for conveying arms to Bath, to 
 be distributed amongst the partizans of the Pretender, 
 communicated the information to Marshal Wade, 
 — a service not likely to be passed over by govern- 
 ment, who soon after placed him at the head of the 
 District Office. The thermometer of his life continued 
 to indicate still higher degrees, and Allen having 
 submitted to government an ingenious plan for the 
 multiplication of Cross Posts, by which the revenue 
 would be benefitted to the extent of £6,000 per 
 annum, a lease at that rent was granted to the 
 inventor, for twenty-one years, at the expiration of 
 which term he took a renewal, by which he is 
 supposed to have gained £'20,000 per annum. At 
 this crisis, 1734, of his fortune it was, that he deter- 
 mined on building Prior Park Palace, which would 
 have been more suitable for the Bishop of Bath, or a 
 Prince of the Blood, and would have better proclaim- 
 ed the excellence of Combe Down stone, than if 
 appropriated to a commoner. This restriction of 
 social vanity, styling Ralph Allen humble, when in 
 his elevated position, was agreeable to his judgment, 
 for, when his friend Pope, the Poet of the Age, The 
 Swan of Twickenham, sang of Allen, he first styled 
 him low-born, which by Warburton's advice was 
 
380 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 changed to humble, as perfectly agreeable to Mr. 
 Allen's wishes. 
 
 Let low-born Allen* with ingenuous shame 
 Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. 
 
 During his Postmastership, he contrived to open 
 up the quarries of Combe Down, and connect them 
 with the City and the River by a tramway. The 
 public generally attributed his great riches, and 
 their very rapid accumulation to the tide of letters, 
 that now flowed into the Office, by means of Cross 
 Posts, rather than to the quantity of stone that rolled 
 by railway out of the quarry ; it was his wish that the 
 Cross-Post should be unobserved, and his character 
 as proprietor of the great quarry of Bath stone kept 
 in view as the source of his wealth. Allen's loyalty, 
 during the rebellion in favour of the Pretender, was 
 proved by the information he gave to government, 
 which led to the abrupt flight of the Rev. Mr. Carte, 
 and discomfiture of the conspirators in Bath. His 
 benevolence was not less conspicuous, nor his devotion 
 to municipal aggrandizement; in his civic loyalty his 
 character is equally admirable ; he contributed £500 
 towards building the Guildhall, and buckled harness 
 on a company of city volunteers, when a fear of 
 insurrection spread abroad. He was rewarded for 
 his patriotism and fidelity by being twice elected 
 Mayor. 
 
 Hitherto Ralph Allen has been represented as a 
 
 * The Poet was himself the son of a London draper, but was 
 conscious of his high literary dignity. 
 
PRIOR PARK. 381 
 
 successful man of business, and truly loyal subject, 
 and of fidelity in many trusts. Let him now appear 
 in a totally new character, as the Mcscenas of his 
 day, a patron of literature, though not a learned 
 man ; a lover of philosophy, though not a philoso- 
 pher ; a firm friend, promoter of all useful objects, 
 and " given to hospitality." He it was who encou- 
 raged Fielding, by a promise of £500, to pursue his 
 adaptation of Wydcombe to his immortal picture, 
 which for knowledge of the human heart, nice 
 touches of nature, happy description, and uninter- 
 rupted flashes of genuine wit, has not since been 
 equalled. Fielding was mistaken in one respect ; he 
 thought Ralph Allen did not differ from the rest of 
 the world, that his gift could not have been disinter- 
 ested, and solely for the encouragement of literature, 
 and, under this cloud of error he painted his patron 
 beyond the reach of nature. 
 
 Claverton Churchyard is the imagined scene 
 of the " Battle of the Bones, in a truly Homeric 
 manner;" the amiable proprietor of Prior Park was 
 the Allivorthy of the novelist, the man who 
 
 " Did good by stealth, and blushed to find it fame. " 
 An ornamental building in the Park, a turret spring- 
 ing from a triangular pedestal bears this flattering 
 testimony to the worth of the first proprietor of this 
 charming demesne, and its grand classic structure, 
 
 Memoriae optimi viri RANDULPHI ALLEN, 
 
 Qui virtutem veram simplicemque colis, positum venerare 
 hoc saxum. 
 
 While Fielding's works continue to be read, as a 
 
382 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 true transcript of nature, the old church of Widcombe 
 will be visited ; the seats of Mr. All worthy and Squire 
 Weston be sought for, in the beautiful valley of 
 Widcombe, and the foundling's fortuue analyzed; it is 
 singular, yet satisfactory, that wo personal designation 
 has been given by biographers ; local is sufficient. 
 But this may be asserted, " A sporting Squire, ' of 
 high degree,' and neighbour of Ralph Allen's, had a 
 daughter, ' the brightness of whose cheek would 
 shame the stars ' and the fair lady did marry a 
 foundling, and thus he became possessed of two 
 adjoining estates." 
 
 In the midst of all his worldly successes, Ralph 
 Allen had the misfortune to lose his wife, to whom 
 he was indebted for a large share of prosperity and 
 happiness : some few years after he took his second 
 wife, Eliza Holder. Now a man of established repu- 
 tation, corporate influence, princely fortune, and 
 possessing abilities to distribute it advantageously 
 to society, he became so completely ruler of this 
 city, that a caricature of some cleverness, was pub- 
 lished, called the One-Headed Corporation, in which, 
 over-topping an assemblage of emblematic figures, a 
 monster head is discovered, to which all around are 
 doing obeisance. On this point the Great Plebeian 
 has been misunderstood and misrepresented. He did 
 not ash, he preferred to bestow, a seat in parliament, 
 and was content to rest in his own element, " prava 
 ambitione procul" 
 
 The Last Act of his meritorious career was his 
 collecting around him, like Maecenas, literary men of 
 
PRIOR PARK. 383 
 
 sterling worth, and appreciating their society as if 
 he had been one of their own community. Pope 
 stands foremost in this phalanx, and brightest in this 
 constellation of wits. A friendship, which was once 
 thought to be disturbed, sprang up between them, and 
 Pope obtained permission to bring his friend, Martha 
 Blount, to Prior Park, as Mrs. Allen's guest. Bio- 
 graphers say that, presuming on his intimacy, he 
 ventured to beg the mansion at Bath Hampton for 
 Martha Blount, which so disgusted the gentle, 
 virtuous man, that he allowed the poet and his 
 female friend to retire. This anecdote is doubted ; 
 but Pope having left £150 to Mr. Allen in his will, 
 the latter observed that he forgot the other cipher, 
 and sent the bequest to the Mineral Hospital. This 
 looked displeasure.* 
 
 It is probable that Pope first influenced Allen's 
 mind in favour of Warburton, in return for his 
 vindication of the Essay on Man from the charge of 
 fatalism and rejection of revelation ; for he, also, 
 recommended him to Mr. Murray for the preacher- 
 
 * An unquestioned anecdote of the introduction of Warburton 
 to Ralph Allen may be related here, especially since, in addition to 
 the literary distinction of the individual, he became subsequently 
 proprietor of Prior Park. " A letter was delivered to Pope 
 while at dinner with Mr. Allen, at which the poet shook his head. 
 Allen inquired the cause of his perplexity. * A Lincolnshire 
 clergyman, to whom I am obliged, writes me word that he will 
 be at Twickenham with me in a few days.' l If that be all,' said 
 he, ' request him to come here; my carriage shall meet him at 
 Chippenham.' The Lincolnshire clergyman came to Prior Park, 
 and in consequence became Bishop of Gloucester, husband of 
 Allen's niece, and inheritor of a large portion of his prosperty." 
 
384 THE HISTORIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 ship at Lincoln's Inn, and, lastly, persuaded Allen 
 to procure him a mitre. 
 
 After Mr. Allen's death, * Warburton entered into 
 possession of the property he had acquired by his 
 marriage, made Allen's palace his constant resi- 
 dence, and there wrote part of his " Divine 
 Legation." Warburton was in no haste to thrust 
 himself prominently before the public ; he resolved 
 to be prepared for the lists before he entered them ; 
 and he was actually supposed to be not over learned, 
 at a period when few of his clerical brethren possessed 
 either his talents or information. At a private 
 meeting where his companions were particularly 
 lively, he happened to be unusually thoughtful, 
 " Well, Warburton," said one of the pleasantest," what 
 will you take for your thoughts ? " " Ah !" said he, 
 " I know what you and your companions think of 
 me ; but I shall one day convince the world that I 
 am neither so ignorant, nor so great a fool, as I am 
 taken to he."f 
 
 An incident, not unlike the preceding, happened in 
 our Senate not many years since. A young member 
 attempted to give effect to his maiden speech by 
 throwing his best energies into it. As he was then 
 unknown he received little attention at first, but 
 obviously less as he proceeded ; having concluded an 
 
 * Ralph Allen died on the 29th June, 1764, and rests in a 
 mausoleum erected over his remains in Claverton Churchyard. 
 The east end bears an inscription to Bishop Warbnrton's memory : 
 the south side a laudatory notice of his widow, Mr. Allen's niece. 
 
 f See Life of Warburton, by Rev. J. S. Watson, M.A. 
 
PRIOR PARK. 385 
 
 unsuccessful debut, he retired, mattering these 
 remarkable words : " Well, the time will come, when 
 you shall hear me." It did come ; and not long 
 after, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer and 
 leader of the House of Commons. 
 
 Warburton's most celebrated work is the " Divine 
 Legation," which is probably not understood by the 
 majority of its readers ; but it has been refuted, 
 partially by Gibbon, wholly by the Aglaophamus of 
 Lobeck. 
 
 The last days of good Kalph Allen's life were 
 
 filled with acts of philanthropy (many of which 
 
 have been mentioned), so should be the last page 
 
 of a memoir, professing to hold up his example for 
 
 imitation. 
 
 11 Lives of great men all remind us 
 We can make our lives sublime, 
 And departing leave behind us 
 Foot-prints on the sands of time." 
 
 Allen was a remarkable man, on whose fair fame no 
 blot has been detected ; his charitable contributions 
 were princely ; his commercial energy an encourag- 
 ing example — he exhumed from the very soil he dwelt 
 on the riches that nature had concealed there ; he 
 possessed those gifts and virtues that rendered social 
 life beautiful ; and while he co-operated with Nash 
 in raising Bath to an envied eminence, he rivalled 
 him in acts of generosity and hospitality. Nash fell 
 through ambition ; Allen stood by humility. There 
 are busts and portraits of Allen, but a whole length 
 statue remains to be erected, by the city of which he 
 
 2b 
 
386 THE HISTOKIC GUIDE TO BATH. 
 
 was twice chief magistrate ; and, as there is no city so 
 m eagerly adorned with statuary as Bath, a noble 
 figure of the Great Plebeian, but honest and virtuous 
 citizen, surrounded by a few rude blocks of Combe 
 Down stone, would be, perhaps, happily placed on 
 the platform in front of Edgar Buildings, at the 
 upper end of Milsom Street. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 GEOLOGY OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD 
 OF BATH. 
 
 By CHARLES MOORE, Esq., F.G.S. 
 
 The physical beauty everywhere seen around Bath is 
 proverbial. Both within the city and on its adjoining 
 heights, wherever the eye turns, an ever- varying picture 
 is present. Few localities are in this respect more 
 favored. This is due to its geological character. It 
 may not be generally known that within a morning's 
 walk of three or four miles of Bath, the geological student 
 has within his reach not less than thirteen important 
 geological formations or divisions, each possessing its 
 special mineralogical and palseontological interest. We 
 purpose offering a few observations on the various groups, 
 which in ascending order, are as follow : — 
 
 1. Carboniferous Limestone. 2. Coal Measures. 
 3. Keuper. 4. Rhsetic Beds. 5. Lower Lias. 6. 
 Middle Lias. 7. Upper Lias. 8. Inferior Oolite. 9. 
 Fuller's Earth. 10. Great Oolite. 11. Bradford Clay. 
 12. Forest Marble. 13. Post Pliocene. 
 
 1. Carboniferous Limestone. Bath is on the eastern 
 side of the coal basin of this district. The Carboniferous 
 Limestones form its base, and are the oldest rocks in the 
 
388 APPENDIX. 
 
 vicinity. They are generally covered up by later beds, 
 but they come to the surface at Granham Rocks, under 
 Lansdown, and at the Wick Rocks ; at either of which 
 places their characteristic encrinites, brachiopoda, &c, 
 may be found. They were reached in the year 1812 at 
 Batheaston, when sinking for coal at a depth of 334 
 feet. Could nature's mantle of more recent deposits be 
 removed from the Bath basin, it is probable these rocks 
 would be found highly inclined and disturbed not far 
 below the surface. When fully developed this group is 
 probably 3000 feet in thickness. 
 
 2. The Coal Measures immediately succeed, their 
 nearest outcrop to Bath being in the small coal field of 
 Twerton and Newton St. Loe. They may also be seen 
 at Radstock and Bitton, but have a larger development 
 to the north of Bristol. The coal beds of this district are 
 comparatively thin. 
 
 3. The Keuper, or New Red Sandstone, is the upper- 
 most division of the Triassic group. It is to be seen as a 
 red marl immediately west of the Twerton tunnel ; 
 organic remains are rare in it, and none are found near 
 Bath. This formation yields the salt we consume. The 
 whole of the beds of Trias above the coal are estimated 
 at 2000 feet. 
 
 4. The Rhmtic Beds are intermediate between the 
 Keuper and the Lower Lias. Until lately they were 
 classed with the latter. Though in this country they are 
 rarely more than 30 feet thick, they occupy the position 
 of beds 5000 feet thick on the continent. The " bone 
 bed," of a few inches thick in this group, yields a wonder- 
 ful series of organic remains — the most remarkable 
 collection being in the public museum* of the author in 
 
 * We may here observe that the public are indebted to Mr. 
 Moore's " labour of love " for the valuable geological collection 
 
GEOLOGY OF BATH. 389 
 
 this city. He obtained upwards of 60,000 teeth of the Lo- 
 phodus from within three square yards of material derived 
 from this bed near Frome, together with many species of 
 reptilia, and was still more fortunate in finding twenty- 
 four teeth of the Microlestes, a little mammal allied to the 
 kangaroo rat of Australia, which is as yet the earliest 
 appearance of this high order on the globe. This group 
 of rocks is only to be seen in this immediate neighbour- 
 hood in the railway cutting at Saltford. 
 
 5. The Lower Lias, which comes next, has been 
 denominated the " Age of Reptiles," from the enormous 
 numbers of Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri with which the 
 ancient seas must have swarmed, when the lower beds of 
 this series were being deposited. But these lower beds 
 are wanting near Bath, the middle members being those 
 that are found at Weston, Twerton, and Saltford. 
 For this reason, though their scattered bones are 
 occasionally found, they are not plentiful. The shells 
 common to the lias of this neighbourhood are the Lima 
 gigantea and the Gryphwa incurva, a little oyster, which 
 existed at this time by myriads. 
 
 6. The Middle Lias which succeeds, consists in its 
 lower part of a series of clays and marls, which near 
 Bath are comparatively thin. The upper members 
 
 deposited by him at the Literary Institution, where are assembled 
 many remains illustrative of the formations now noticed. Many 
 of these, it is believed, are quite unique, especially the wonder- 
 fully preserved saurians, fishes, &c, from the upper lias, and the 
 Ehoetic organic remains which are of the highest geological 
 interest. In Mr. Moore's collection are also to be found the 
 largest series of typical secondary Brachiopoda in this country ; 
 and the large saurians from the lower lias on the walls are equal 
 to any to be seen in the British Museum. Such a collection 
 could only have been brought together by the exercise of great 
 labour and perseverance. [Ed. ] 
 
390 APPENDIX. 
 
 contain bands of Marlstone, in some parts of England so 
 highly ferruginous that millions of tons are being raised as 
 an iron ore. These beds are very fossiliferous, one of the 
 characteristic shells being the Pecten wquivalvis, and they 
 contain numerous Brachiopoda and Belemnites, but few 
 fish or saurian remains. The beds are rarely opened up, 
 but they may be traced from Bitton along the whole 
 escarpment of the hills surrounding Bath. 
 
 7. The Upper Lias beds are also comparatively tbin. 
 In some parts they contain organic remains of rare 
 interest. The saurian and fish bed, just above the 
 Marlstone, yields the wonderfully preserved Teleosauri, 
 Ichthyosauri, Fishes, Crustacsea, and fossil insects, which 
 may be seen in the author's collection. Were this bed 
 present it would be found near Cranwells, under Beacon 
 Hill, and on the south side of the valley, (the beds being 
 brought down by a fault,) about the level of the canal. 
 The lower springs which supply this city are derived from 
 this zone. 
 
 8. The Inferior Oolite consists of thick beds of sand 
 and sandstone at its base, which are well seen in a " gully " 
 near Charlcombe Church, and in sections near Limpley 
 Stoke. The rock of this zone, at the latter place, and 
 seen in excavations on Beechen Cliff, is almost composed 
 of Corals, Trigonise, Ostroea, Brachiopoda, &c, but at 
 Dundry, near Bristol, they are in the best preservation 
 and in greatest variety. 
 
 9. The Fuller's Earth. The presence of this formation 
 is to be recognized on our hill-sides by a thick belt of 
 moist or marshy ground, reaching nearly to the summit of 
 the hills. To it we are indebted for our upper springs. 
 Arable fields, after ploughing, are the best places for 
 obtaining fossils. These may be found to the south of 
 Combe Down and under Odd Down. A very abundant 
 
GEOLOGY OF BATH. 391 
 
 and characteristic shell is the Terebratula ornithocep- 
 hala. 
 
 10. The Great Oolite reposes on the latter and occupies 
 the summit of all the hills around Bath. Quarries are to 
 be found on Combe, Hampton, and Farleigh Downs, and 
 at Box and Corsham. The stone is in great part 
 composed of oolitic inorganic granules and comminuted 
 shells, though often very perfect shells are to be obtained 
 from it. The upper rocks, especially at Hampton Down, 
 were literally once living. They were an ancient coral 
 reef, being almost entirely composed of sponges, corals, 
 Brachiopoda, &c. 
 
 11. The Bradford Clay, the washings from which may 
 also be found at Hampton, is celebrated for the presence 
 of a colony of the Apiocrinus Parkinsoni, or stone lily. 
 
 12. The Forest Marble above this clay occurs in thin 
 laminae, formerly much used for roofing tiles. Thousands 
 of the teeth of a cartilagenous fish of the shark family 
 which then existed, are to be found in it. 
 
 The Cornbrash, Oxford and Kimmeridge clays and 
 chalk are within easy distance from Bath, but no tertiary 
 beds are present in the district. 
 
 13. The Post Pliocene, or Mammal Drift, is the bed of 
 gravel which fills the valley from Limpley Stoke by way 
 of Bathford, passing thence to Larkhall, under the city of 
 Bath, through the Park and across the river to Twerton. 
 Could we realize the condition of our beautiful vicinity at 
 the time of its deposition, we should have found the Bath 
 basin and the hills around, a dense jungle, within which 
 roamed the lion, the elephant, the musk buffalo, the 
 rhinoceros, the hyena, the bear, the wild boar, &c, 
 thousands of whose bones lie undisturbed in this bed, 
 which is the equivalent of the Amiens and Abbeville 
 deposits, in which the earliest traces of the human race 
 
392 APPENDIX. 
 
 are found. But though no remains of primeval man have 
 yet been found near Bath, it is a noteworthy fact that in 
 the cemetery for Lyncombe and Widcombe, and also in 
 the lower part of that at Locksbrook, the mammal drift 
 with its numerous remains is found, and in these, at 
 least, man now reposes peacefully with the Mammoth ! 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE ROMAN REMAINS WHICH HAVE 
 BEEN FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 By the Rev. H. M. SCARTH, M.A., Prebendary of Wells, 
 and Rector of Bathwick. 
 
 1. Fragments of a Frieze, which were found on the 
 site of the present Pump Room, with many other por- 
 tions, all of which may be referred to a great Temple 
 which stood on that site. The date of the discovery was 
 a.d. 1790, and the finding suggested the idea of a 
 museum, which was provided by the Corporation in Bath 
 Street. These fragments, with the other remains collected 
 in the museum, were afterwards transferred to the 
 Literary and Scientific Institution, a.d. 1827, by an order 
 of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, and are 
 now placed in the vestibule. The remains have been 
 engraved by Mr. Lyons, in the second part of his 
 Reliquise Romanse. 
 
 2. The uninscribed remains, which are placed in the 
 vestibule, consist of the base, part of the shaft, and 
 capital of a Corinthian Column, fluted and cabled. 
 
 3. Many Fragments of the Tympanum of a pediment, 
 
ROMAN EE MAINS. 393 
 
 sufficient to indicate the entire design, and a collection of 
 richly- carved pieces. These fragments belong to a fabric 
 of much magnificence, and were found near the traditional 
 site of the Temple of Minerva, and may be presumed to 
 be the remains of that temple, especially as the design of 
 the pediment appears to point to the attributes of that 
 goddess. 
 
 4. The fragment of an Inscription accompanied these 
 remains, which has been conjecturally restored, by the 
 late Governor Pownall, and is now put up in the passage 
 of the Literary and Scientific Institution. (For account 
 see, also, quarto pamphlet by Governor Pownall.) 
 
 5. A small fragment of another Frieze Inscription 
 was found at the same time, and in the same place, 
 containing only the letters V IVI, much taller than those 
 in the inscription just recorded, and are, therefore, 
 probably part of another building. 
 
 6. An oblong stone, which was found a.d. 1790, 
 with the remains just described, contains the letters 
 
 c. protaci (vs) 
 
 (de) ae. svl. m (inervae.) 
 
 7. Other fragments then found appeared to belong to 
 a smaller edifice, which stood near the larger temple. 
 These are in the vestibule of the Literary and Scientific 
 Institution, and placed opposite the Pediment of the 
 Temple of Minerva. They consist of the Tympanum of 
 a Pediment which contains the head of the Goddess 
 Diana, dressed as a charioteer, with her whip, and the 
 Lunar crescent filling up the space behind the head of the 
 goddess. The hair is tied in knots, and the face is full. 
 
 8. The other fragments are figures of the Four 
 Seasons, with which were found also the Fragments of 
 fluted pilasters, which are preserved with them. 
 
394 APPENDIX. 
 
 VOTIVE ALTAR AND FIGURES. 
 
 9. A Stone Altar, without any inscription, but having 
 two sides sculptured. — the one with a Figure of Hercules 
 Bibax, the other with Jupiter, each having his appropriate 
 emblem : — Hercules, the club ; and Jupiter, the eagle and 
 thunderbolt ; the figure of Hercules also holds in his hand 
 the scyphus or cup. This altar stands in the vestibule of 
 the Institution. It is not known where it was found ; 
 but it has stood in the corner of some temple, two sides 
 being sculptured and two plane. 
 
 10. A stone, containing the Figure of a Roman 
 dressed in the toga, and which probably formed the upper 
 portion of a tomb ; in the upper corner of the stone is 
 the figure of a Dolphin, an ornament common on tombs. 
 The face of the figure is bearded, and the hair worn 
 short, and this will probably fix the date some time after 
 the Emperor Hadrian. No record is preserved of the 
 place where the stone was found ; it is now in the 
 vestibule of the Literary and Scientific Institution. 
 
 11. The figure of a Standard Bearer, dressed in the 
 tunic, with the clamys fastened by a fibula over the right 
 shoulder, and holding a roll in his hand. This may also 
 have formed part of a monument ; no record of the 
 place of discovery is preserved. It stands in the 
 vestibule of the Literary and Scientific Institution. 
 
 INSCRIBED STONES AND ALTARS IN THE PASSAGE. 
 
 12. A.D. 1753, an inscribed stone was found with 
 two others in Stall Street (lower end), which commemo- 
 rates the restoration of a locvs religiosvs, or Sacred 
 Spot, which had been allowed to fall into decay 
 (per INSOLENTIAM ervtvm), which expression also 
 
ROMAN REMAINS . 395 
 
 admits of another interpretation. The restoration, and 
 purification of the spot, was effected by caivs severivs, 
 with the cognomen emeritvs (or was one who had 
 fulfilled his term of military service), and dedicated 
 vertvti et nvmini avgvsti. It has been conjectured 
 to be of the date of the Emperor Severus. 
 
 13 and 14. Two Altars, placed in the same passage, 
 are dedicated deae svli. 
 
 15 and 16. Two more altars, deae svli-minervae, 
 one of which has also the addition et nvminibvs 
 avgvstorvm. The four are votive altars, and were 
 found, two near the site of the Temple of Minerva, one 
 near the Hot Bath, and the other in the cistern of the 
 Cross Bath. They give the name of a British Goddess 
 svl, and her name also united with that of the Roman 
 Goddess miner va, forming svl - minerva. 
 
 17. Another Altar, in the same passage, is dedicated 
 to the svlevae, probably the nymphs or attendants on 
 the Goddess svl. 
 
 18. Another Altar is dedicated to mars lvcetivs 
 and nemetona, by a citizen of Treves in Gaul. 
 
 19. A stone in the form of an altar, but without a 
 focus, has the inscription — 
 
 ia sacratissima 
 
 votvm solvit 
 
 vettivs benignvs. l.m. 
 
 SEPULCHRAL STONES IN THE PASSAGE. 
 
 20. A stone dedicated to the manes of a priest of the 
 goddess svl by his wife calpvrnia. 
 
 21. A stone erected in memory of C. mvrrivs 
 modestvs, a soldier of the 2nd legion. 
 
 22. Another to a soldier of the 20th legion called M. 
 valerivs latinvs. 
 
396 APPENDIX. 
 
 23. Another to a smith, an armourer of the 20th 
 legion, called ivlivs vitalis, buried by his fraternity. 
 
 24. Another to a horse soldier, named l. vitellivs 
 tancinvs, a Spaniard, and one of the heavy armed 
 cavalry called vettones. 
 
 25. A portion of another stone apparently of like 
 import. 
 
 26. A stone put up to a soldier of the 20th legion, by 
 his heir c. tiberinvs. 
 
 27 and 28. Another to a female named rvsonia 
 avenna, put up by her heir L. vlpivs sestivs. She 
 was civis mediomatrica. This was found in the 
 Borough Walls, together with portion of a statue in a 
 civic press. 
 
 29. One to an alvmna, aged 1 year, 4 months, and 
 12 days. 
 
 In the Vestibule of the Institution is — 
 
 30. A stone with the inscription 
 
 NOVANTI FIL 
 
 PRO SE ET SVIS 
 EX VISV POSVIT. 
 
 The stone has formed part of a building, but the 
 remainder of the inscription is unhappily lost. 
 
 31. In digging the foundation of the new building of 
 the Mineral Water Hospital a portion of a marble fragment 
 was found, having the following letters : — 
 
 deae s . . . . 
 ti.cl.t 
 
 SOLLEN 
 
 probably a votive tablet to the goddess Sul by a Eoman 
 whose cognomen, or last name, must remain a matter of 
 conjecture. 
 
EOMAN EEMAINS. 397 
 
 32. Many pieces of Samian ware and other pottery- 
 were found at the same time ; these are all kept together 
 in a separate case. 
 
 33. A pig of lead with the stamp imp. hadriani avg, 
 found in 1822, near Sydney Buildings, Bath wick. 
 
 34. An ancient key, found at the same time, now in 
 the cabinet of antiquities. 
 
 35. A portion of a leaden pipe with the letters L D A, 
 found near the King's Bath. 
 
 36. A stone, broken in two pieces, with the letters 
 
 COENELIANI. 
 
 37 and 38. Two small sepulchral urns, the larger of 
 these found at Walcot, near the London Road, containing 
 burnt bones. 
 
 39. A third was found at Combe Down, and contains 
 burnt bones. 
 
 40. A stone cist, which was found near it, contains 
 burnt bones also. 
 
 These last were found, together with stone coffins, on 
 the site of the villa now occupied by Mr. Cruickshank. 
 One of the stone coffins was covered by a stone, 
 which bore an inscription, and had been laid on the 
 coffin, with the surface on which was the inscription 
 turned downward. The reading is as follows : — 
 
 41. PEO SALVTE IMP. CES M AVE 
 ANTONINI PII FELICIS 1NVIC 
 
 TI. AVG NAEVIVS AVG 
 
 LIB- ADIVT . . . PEOCC. PEINCI 
 
 PIA EVINA OPPEESSA A SOLO EESTITVIT. 
 
 The stone is now in the passage of the Institution. An 
 account of it and the stone coffins then discovered, two 
 (42, 43) of which are now in the Literary and Scientific 
 Institution, is contained in the proceedings of the 
 
398 APPENDIX. 
 
 Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 
 1854. It is supposed to be dedicated to Caracalla or 
 Heliogabalus. 
 
 44. A stone coffin, shaped after the manner of the 
 coffins of the present day, angular at the head, and 
 covered with a stone fitting close to the coffin, and neatly 
 rounded on the upper surface of the coffin lid, was found 
 in the Sydney Gardens, A.D. 1860. It is now in the 
 Literary Institution. 
 
 In the Vestibule of the Institution is — 
 
 45. The capital of a column, found in a field at 
 Warleigh, called Mumford's Mead, the site of a Roman 
 Villa, and near the course of Wansdike. It was presented 
 to the Literary Institution by H. D. Skrine, Esq. 
 
 46. Also a stone vase, supposed to be Roman, found 
 in an old quarry on the Down above, called Bathford hill. 
 
 47. A case of Samian and other Roman ware, found 
 at different times on the site of the Roman city, in 
 excavating for buildings. 
 
 48. Flue tiles, found on the site of the Roman Baths. 
 
 49. Querns of various sizes. 
 
 50. In the inner room of the library is the bronze 
 head of Minerva, found in Stall Street, near the corner of 
 Bell Tree Lane, in 1727. The statue is supposed to 
 have stood in the temple of the goddess. (Roman coins 
 were found with the bronze head.) 
 
 51. A colossal head, carved in sandstone, was dis- 
 covered in 1714, and is now at Exeter, being walled into 
 the porch of a house belonging to a gentleman of that 
 city. 
 
 52. A beautiful bronze medallion, with a female head 
 on the obverse, and the inscription running round it 
 
ROMAN COINS. 399 
 
 pompeia. I. c. v. is contained in one of the cases in the 
 Literary Institution. 
 
 53. Three penates and some bronze keys. The 
 medallion was found with the Ruins of the Temple. 
 
 54. A drawing of the tesselated pavement found on 
 the site of a Roman villa, near Newton St. Loe, laid 
 open in the course of excavating for the line of Railway 
 to Bristol. The pavement was formerly placed in the 
 station at Keynsham, but is now at Bristol. 
 
 55. Fragment of a Saxon cross, the only existing 
 monument of the Saxon monastery that once occupied 
 the site either of the present Abbey Church or its 
 immediate vicinity. 
 
 KOMAN COINS FOUND IN BATH. 
 
 56. As might be expected, Roman coins have been 
 found in Bath in great numbers, and continue still to be 
 discovered. A box in the Literary Institution, which 
 belongs to the Corporation, and was transferred from the 
 museum in Bath Street, contains coins from the Emperor 
 Nero to Postumus. Another collection, which was made 
 while the excavations for the new building added to the 
 Mineral Water Hospital were in progress, contains coins 
 from the Emperor Trajan to Maximus. Many coins are 
 in private collections, and some recorded to have been 
 found, cannot now be traced. Many Roman coins have 
 been found at Camerton, near Bath. They date from 
 the Emperor Claudius to Yalentinian, and a great number 
 have been found on the site of a Roman villa at Combe 
 Down. 
 
 57. The British Museum contains an elegant cup and 
 
400 APPENDIX. 
 
 some Roman pottery found in Bath, and also part of 
 a sculpture found at Wellow. 
 
 58. Stone coffins have been found not only in Russell 
 Street, but in every direction around Bath. Two were 
 lately found in preparing the ground for the new cemetery 
 at Locksbrook, on the Bristol Road, and also a stone cist 
 containing ashes, which is now in the vestibule of the 
 Institution. 
 
 59. A small column now placed in the upper story of 
 the Literary Institution and engraved in Warner's History 
 of Bath, where engravings of many of the Bath antiquities 
 will be found. 
 
 Many stones and inscriptions which have been found 
 in Bath are now lost ; happily a record of some has been 
 preserved. Thus : — 
 
 60. An inscription to C. mvrrivs modest vs, a 
 soldier of the 2nd legion, was found in Walcot, on the 
 line of the Roman road, a.d. 1792. The inscription is 
 published by Camden, and by Horsley. 
 
 61. An inscription to M. valerivs latinvs, a soldier 
 of the 20th legion, was found at the same time, and at 
 the same place. This is also published by Camden. 
 
 62. Also to an aged Decurio, or senator of glevvm, 
 Gioster, who died at the age of 86. 
 
 63. One to svcc. petronia, put up by her parents 
 to her memory. 
 
 64. One to vibta jvcvnda, found in Walcot. 
 
 65. An altar to Fortune— 
 
 FORTVNAE CONSERVATRICI 
 
 put up by 
 
 L SENICIANVS MARTIVS 
 LEG. VI. VICT. 
 
ROMAN REMAINS. 401 
 
 is stated to have been found in Bath, but it has also been 
 assigned to Manchester, so that it is doubtful. 
 
 Leland has given a list of the sculptured stones inserted 
 in the walls of Bath when he visited the city (tern. 
 Hen. VIII.) which contains the following: — A Sol, or 
 front face, with profusion of hair ; a Hercules, with a 
 serpent in each hand ; a Foot Soldier with sword and 
 shield ; Two wreaths ; a Small Pediment containing a 
 Shepherd and Shepherdess; two heads in profile; a 
 greyhound; a figure supposed to represent Laocoon; a 
 man with a club ; a man grasping a serpent ; a Hercules 
 with club ; two figures which appear to represent a master 
 manumitting his slave ; the bust of a man, placed in a 
 niche ; a Medusa's head in profile ; a clothed figure holding 
 a serpent. All these, which are unhappily lost, were 
 probably portions of funeral monuments, or decorations 
 of public buildings. A Tabula Horestse Missionis was 
 discovered A.D. 1819, but is not now to be traced. 
 
 SKETCH OF THE FLORA OF BATH. 
 
 By the Rev. LEONARD JENYNS, M.A., F.L.S. 
 
 The neighbourhood of Bath offers many attractions to 
 the botanist, and, as the number of persons interesting 
 themselves in the study of our native plants is yearly 
 increasing, it may be useful to state some of the chief 
 characteristics of its flora. 
 
 The relation between soil and plants is well known. 
 Irrespectively of its climatal conditions, the number of 
 plants found in any particular locality depends to a 
 
 2 c 
 
402 APPENDIX. 
 
 certain extent on its geological characters. Some plants 
 grow only on particular rocks, or on alluvial soils formed 
 in great measure by the disintegration of such rocks ; 
 while there will be a greater variety of species in 
 districts where, ceteris paribus, the variety of soils is 
 greater. The Geology of the neighbourhood of Bath is 
 treated of in another part of this work. It is only 
 necessary, therefore, to state here that, consisting as it 
 does mainly of the Great Oolite, which covers the tops of 
 all the surrounding hills, and the Lias, which occupies 
 most of the valleys, its Flora is not so extensive as that of 
 Bristol, where there is a larger intermixture of the older 
 rocks, and where, also, the Channel being nearer, and 
 the tide flowing up to the town, there are salt-marshes 
 and brackish ditches, affording stations for several 
 maritime plants, which, of course, are not to be met 
 with in the neighbourhood of Bath. 
 
 Still, Bath has many interesting species. There is, 
 also, one locality within a few miles of the city, the well- 
 known Wick Rocks, consisting chiefly of the Carbon- 
 iferous Limestone, where the plants are in some degree 
 peculiar, and where certain are to be found which do not 
 occur elsewhere, though, mostly, more or less plentiful 
 about Bristol. 
 
 The district of Bath, limiting this term to a radius of 
 about five miles round the city, has been well searched 
 for plants by many excellent botanists, both in times 
 back and in recent years. One of these, the late Mr. 
 Sole, formerly a resident in the place, is well known for 
 his folio work on the British Mints, with coloured plates, 
 published at Bath in 1798, and many of the materials for 
 which were obtained in the neighbourhood. 
 
 The results of these researches, added to his own, were 
 embodied in a small work by Professor Babington, entitled 
 
FLORA OF BATH. 403 
 
 " Flora Bathoniensis," published in 1834, a supplement 
 being given in 1839. Those who wish to go fully into 
 the subject, will, of course, provide themselves with this 
 manual ; and^it will be sufficient here to give a general 
 summary of its contents, mentioning more particularly 
 those species which, from their rarity or other circum- 
 stances, call for more especial notice. About 750 species 
 of plants are enumerated in the work just alluded to ; but 
 some of these are probably only varieties, whilst others 
 appear to be escapes from cultivation, or are only to be 
 met with in localities beyond the Bath district properly 
 so called. If, however, excluding these, we take into 
 account the species that have been met with since the 
 publication of that work, the number will be again 
 brought up to the sum given above. The Bristol Flora 
 contains about fifty more species than that of Bath. 
 
 The Dicotyledonous plants around Bath amount to 
 more than 550 species out of the whole number : and con- 
 siderably more than half of these belong to the families of 
 Ranunculacece, Cruciferce, Caryophyllacece, Zeguminosce, 
 Rosacea, Umbelliferce, Composite, Scrophularinece, and 
 Labiatce, each of which is fairly represented in the dis- 
 trict. The remaining families contain but few species 
 comparatively. 
 
 The Monocotyledonous plants number about 170 species, 
 of which the far greater proportion consist of Juncacece, 
 Cyperacece, and Graminece, (rushes, sedges, and grasses,} 
 amounting together to about 115 species. The next 
 families in point of size are the Liliacece and the O- 
 chidacece, the former numbering about thirteen species 
 and the latter nineteen. 
 
 The only plant peculiar to Bath, and not indigenous in 
 any other part of England, is the Euphorbia pilosa, which 
 is found in two localities, one a wood on Claverton Down, 
 
404 APPENDIX. 
 
 the other a lane nearer to Bath, in which spots it has been 
 known to grow for 260 years or more, and where it may 
 be presumed to be quite wild. 
 
 The Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, which is a rare plant 
 in other places, is found in the greatest abundance in most 
 of the woods, sometimes in fields or by waysides, and 
 is remarkable for the circumstance of large quantities of 
 the immature flowering spikes being cut by the poor 
 people in spring and brought to market, where they are 
 sold in small bundles for the table, the flavour being con- 
 sidered to be somewhat like that of asparagus. 
 
 Another plant, very local in Britain, and chiefly con- 
 fined to the North, the Lysimachia iliyrsiflora, grows in 
 great plenty in a pond near South Wraxall, the entire 
 surface of which is in some seasons covered with its 
 bright yellow flowers at Midsummer. It is thought by 
 some to have been formerly introduced here, but whether 
 this be the case or not, it is now quite naturalized. 
 
 It is singular that the following species, which reckon 
 among the commonest weeds in most parts of England, 
 are very rarely met with in the neighbourhood of Bath : — 
 Solarium nigrum, Centaurea cyanus, Urtica urens, and 
 Hordeum murinum. It is doubtful, indeed, whether the 
 Centaurea cyanus occurs at all, though included in the 
 Flora Bathoniensis. On the other hand the Mercurialis 
 annua, not generally common in other places, is one of the 
 greatest pests in cultivated ground. 
 
 Among the rarer or more interesting species found in 
 the woods about Bath (in addition to the Euphorbia pilosa 
 and Omiihogalum pyrenaicum already alluded to) may 
 be enumerated, Aquilegia vulgaris, Helleborus fcetidus, 
 H. viridisy Astragalus glycyphyllus, Vicia sylvatica, La- 
 thyrus sylvestris, L> palustris, Dipsacas pilosus, Mono- 
 tropa hypopitys, Atropa belladonna, Lathrcea squamaria, 
 
FLORA OF BATH. 405 
 
 Veronica montana, Daphne mezereum, Narcissus pseudo- 
 narcissus, Paris quadrifolia, Polygonatum multiflorum, 
 P. officinale, Convallaria majalis, and Gagea hitea. 
 
 On the hills may be found, Ranunculus parviflorus, 
 Spircea filipendula, Alchemilla vulgaris, Campanula 
 ylomerata, Gentiana amarella, Erythrcea centaurium, 
 along with many other species mostly of common oc- 
 currence. 
 
 In some of the pastures the Genista tinctoria, Chlora 
 perfoliata, aud Pedicidaris sylvatica, may be met with, 
 and the Colchicum autumnale in great abundance in cer- 
 tain localities. Geranium pyrenaicum occurs in waste 
 places about Combe Down, and G. rotundifolium, gene- 
 rally a scarce plant, in great abundance everywhere. 
 
 Among the aquatic plants, and those growing in wet 
 places, may be mentioned as the most attractive, Ranun- 
 culus lingua, Nymphcw alba, N. lutea, Geum rivale, Chry- 
 soplenium oppositifolium, C. alternifolium, Senecio sarra- 
 cenicus, Menyanthes trifoliata, Lysimachia thyrsiflora 
 (before alluded to), Polygonum bistorta, butomus umbel- 
 latus, Sagittaria sagitlifolia, and Acorus calamus. 
 
 The orchises, favourites with many collectors, include, 
 Orchis ustulata, 0. pyramidalis, Gymnadenia co?wpsea, 
 Herminium monorchis, Habenariaviridis, Ophrys apifera, 
 O. muscifera, O. aranifera, Listera nidus-avis, and 
 Epipactis grandiflora, besides several other commoner 
 species. 
 
 The Ferns, so much sought after in these days, are not 
 verj* numerous about Bath. The Polypodium calcareum 
 and Aspidium lobatum occur in the Box Quarries, Asple- 
 nium filix-fazmina in Friary Wood, Cystopterys fragilis 
 on rocks on Lansdown and Bathford, Ceterach officinarum 
 on .walls in many places, and Botrychium lunaria in 
 pastures at Claverton. The other species met with in 
 the neighbourhood are generally common. 
 
406 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 It has been already stated that the plants found at 
 Wick Rocks are rather peculiar. The following species 
 met with there have no other station assigned to them in 
 the "Flora Bathoniensis." Nasturtium terrestre, JJlex 
 nanus, Trifolium scabrum, T. striatum, T. arvense, 
 Potentilla verna, Sedum telephium, Solidayo virgaurea, 
 Pulmonaria officinalis. Salvia pratensis, Polygonum 
 hydropiper, Festuca myurus, Blechnum boreale. There 
 are others only met with in one or two localities besides. 
 
 . In most of the above instances, the exact localities in 
 which the plants occur are not specified, as they can be 
 seen in Babington's " Flora Bathoniensis." The following 
 list comprises several species that have been found in the 
 Bath district since the publication of that work, with the 
 localities annexed : — 
 
 Barbarea proecox. A weed in gardens at Southstoke. 
 
 Linum angustifollum. Fields near Winsley. 
 
 Fragaria elatior. In a wood by the side of the Gloucester Road, 
 about four miles from Bath. 
 
 Epilolium roseum. Wet places, Combe Down and Batheaston ; 
 not uncommon. 
 
 Rosa micrantha. Bannerdown, (perhaps only a variety of R. 
 rubiginosa). 
 
 Saxifraga granulata. Stantonbury Camp, north-east side. 
 
 Coriandrum sativum, Lansdown, in a field near the Granville 
 Monument. 
 
 Anthemis arvensis. On walls near Winsley ; near South Wraxall. 
 
 Cuscuta trifolii. Clover fields, Batheaston. 
 
 Mentha viridis. Sides of a stream in a meadow, between South- 
 stoke and Midford. 
 
 Lamium maculatum. On a bank by the side of the footpath 
 leading from Southstoke to Combe Hay. 
 
 Allium oleraceum. Borders of fields, Southstoke. 
 
 Bromus secalinus. Corn-fields, Southstoke. 
 
 Lemna trisulca. Canal, near Combe Hay. 
 
 It may be desirable, in conclusion, to indicate some of 
 the best localities for plants around Bath, for the use and 
 
FLORA OF BATH. 407 
 
 guidance of strangers. Prior Park Woods, Smallcombe 
 Wood, Claverton and Brass Knocker Woods, Friary 
 Wood, near Hinton Abbey ; woods near Limpley Stoke, 
 Warleigh Woods, St. Catherine's Valley and the woods 
 bordering on Charray Down, Langridge Lane and Woods, 
 Wick Rocks, Combe Hay, and the woods at Midford 
 Castle. For aquatic plants, the Canal and River, with 
 their respective banks, the ponds at Prior Park and 
 Midford Castle, the Horse and Jockey ponds, near South 
 Wraxall, and wet places on Lansdown, Bannerdown, and 
 Solsbury Hill. 
 
 Those who may like to extend their botanical rambles 
 beyond the Bath district, properly so-called, will do well 
 to visit the following places, all easily reached in these 
 days, with the help of the rail : — Bowood and Spye Park, 
 the woods at Longleat, Warminster Downs, St. Vincent's 
 Rocks, Hanham Woods, and the course of the brook from 
 Keynsham Station to Pensford, at which last place, on 
 the slopes of the adjoining hills, may be found the Vicia 
 bythinica, long mistaken for a rarer and more local plant 
 the Lathyrus hirsulus which has this station erroneously 
 assigned to it, not only in the " Flora Bathoniensis," but 
 in several other works on British plants. Shapwick 
 Moor, between Glastonbury and Highbridge, deserves 
 also especial notice as affording extensive peat bogs, of 
 which there are none in the neighbourhood of Bath, and 
 where*, consequently, are to be met with many plants 
 entire strangers to the Bath flora. 
 
 The Cryptogamic plants are not included in Professor 
 Babington's " Flora Bathoniensis " with the exception of 
 the Characece, Equisetacece, and Filices. The mosses and 
 lichens, indeed, in the neighbourhood of Bath, have been 
 very little investigated ; but the fungi have received more 
 attention from C. E. Broome, Esq., of Elmhurst, Bath- 
 
408 APPENDIX. 
 
 easton, who has supplied the 'writer with the following 
 notes respecting them. 
 
 " The Bath district consists mainly of a series of lofty 
 hills separated by deep valleys, whose sides are in some 
 places clothed with woods, but in many instances consist 
 of pastures and arable lands, neither of which are pro- 
 ductive of the plants we are considering. The woods, 
 too, are frequently dry and rocky, and composed mostly 
 of underwood, which is cut down at short intervals, 
 another circumstance unfavourable to the growth of 
 fungi, which require a certain amount of moisture, and 
 luxuriate in old and decaying timber. In some of the 
 woods, however, springs of water gush out from the hill- 
 sides, and there many minute species may be met with, 
 inhabiting decaying grasses, sedges and rushes, and the 
 rotting stems of various herbaceous plants, For other 
 forms, the older growth of underwood, as hazel, willow, 
 oak, and wych elm, may be searched with considerable 
 success in damp localities. 
 
 " There is a great scarcity, however, in the vicinity of 
 Bath of open heaths, and woody glades, and fir plantations, 
 which are the favourite haunts of many of the finer 
 species of fungi, such as Agarics and Boleti, Polypori and 
 Hydna. The flat tops of the hills are mostly under 
 the plough, still some fine species may be met with on 
 Claverton and Warleigh Downs, Bathford Hill, and their 
 adjacent fir plantations. Hanham woods and quarries 
 also yield a tolerable harvest to the mycologist. The 
 following are a few of the most interesting forms of the 
 higher tribes occurring in the neighbourhood : — Agaricus 
 rubescens, Pers. is common in the open parts of woods. 
 A. excelsus^Yv. has been met with at Batheaston. A. 
 vaginatus, Bull, on Warleigh Down. A. procerus. Scop, 
 and A. excoriatus, SchoefT. in the same locality. A, 
 
FLORA OF BATH. 409 
 
 rackodes, Vitt., a noble species, has occurred at Batheaston. 
 The last three are eatable, and make an excellent catsup. 
 A. acuto-squamosus, Weinm., one of our most beautiful 
 Agarics, grew in great abundance in 1863, in the planta- 
 tions adjoining Bathampton Down. A. cristatus, Fr., 
 and A. granulosus, Batsch, are common. A. mucidus, 
 Fr., an elegant white glutinous species, springs from old 
 beech trees near Monkton Farleigh and other places. A. 
 gambosus, Fr. and A. personatus, Fr., both edible, form 
 large rings on our downs and fields ; whilst the beautiful 
 A. nudus, Bull., ornaments the woods. A. gram- 
 mopodius, Bull., again, grows in rings on the downs. 
 A. fumosus, P. grows solitarily on Bathford Hill, where 
 also may be found A. odorus, Sow., a pale green and 
 fragrant species. A. geotrupus may be seen in great 
 elegance in fir plantations on Bathampton Down. 
 
 " Passing over several sections of the genus, we may 
 notice A. rosellus, Fr., a very pretty rose-coloured agaric, 
 which grows on fir-cones in Lucknam and other planta- 
 tions. Hanham yields several interesting species as 
 A. pyxidatus, Bull., and A. rufulus, B. and Br. Mara- 
 smius fcetidus occurs there also ; as does also Hy- 
 grophorus calyptrazformis, B. and Br. Agaricus ulmarius, 
 Bull, not unfrequently occurs on elms, and A. ostreatus, 
 Jacq. on other forest trees. Among the rosy-spored 
 agarics, A. Bloxami, B. and Br. is remarkable for its fine 
 slaty-blue pileus, and is common on Warleigh and other 
 downs. A. incanus, Fr., is also an ornament to the 
 downs, with its yellow-green cap and peculiar odour of 
 mice. A. aurivellus, Batsch, has occurred on ash 
 pollards at Batheaston, and A. squarrosus, Mull, is 
 common on ash and other trees. 
 
 "Among the rusty-spored Agarics, A. cucumis, P., a 
 handsome species, is easily known by its curious odour of 
 
410 ; APPENDIX. 
 
 rancid herrings ; it was abundant on our downs in 1863. 
 Among the purple-spored kinds, the mushroom, A. cam- 
 pestris, L., and A. ceruginosus, Curt, a fine verdigris-green 
 species, are worthy of attention. The genus Cortinarius 
 amongst Agaricini, presents some beautiful species. 
 Cortinarius fulg 'ens , Fr., C. glaucopus, Fr., (7. diabolicus, 
 Fr., C. callisteus, Fr., and C. anomalus, Fr., were to be 
 seen on Bathford Hill in the autumn of 1863, whilst 
 years ago C. violaceus, Fr. roused the admiration of its 
 beholders in one of the woods in Box parish. Hygro- 
 phorus, another section of the Agarics, presents several 
 interesting species, as A. hypothejus in Bathford planta- 
 tions, H. Icetus., Fr. at Hanham, and H. unguinosus and 
 H. murinaceus, Fr. both there and at Warleigh Down. 
 Others, as H. conicus, Fr., H. ceraceus, Fr., H. puniceus, 
 Fr. and H. psittacinus, Fr., embellish the sward with the 
 most brilliant colors. The Lactarii, remarkable as dis- 
 tilling a white or coloured milk, when cut, and often 
 poisonous, abound in our woods, and under trees in the 
 meadows. Lactarius torminosus, Fr., a beautiful but 
 deadly species, is common, and L. camphoratus, Fr. has 
 occurred at Batheaston. 
 
 " Passing over several sections of the Agaricini we may 
 notice Marasmius oreades as affording an excellent article 
 of food, and common on the downs and in pastures. 
 Lastly, out of the whole number of Agaricini recorded as 
 British, amounting to about 560 species, between 180 and 
 190 only have occurred in our district, but no doubt 
 numerous species have been overlooked. 
 
 " Of the Polypori, characterized by having a fructifying 
 surface composed of tubes instead of plates, the genus 
 Boletus is represented with us by about ten species 
 out of thirty. Polyporus by twenty out of seventy-six. 
 Trametes by two out of four. Dcedalea also by two out 
 

 FLORA OF BATH. 411 
 
 of four. Merulius by three out of ten. Fistulina 
 hepatica is the only British species, and is not uncommon 
 on old oaks, and is used sometimes, cooked with beef- 
 steaks, as an article of food. In the genus Hydnum we 
 only possess five out of twenty-three species. Of Radu- 
 Hum we have only one, and the remaining genera are 
 unrepresented. In Auricularini, which have an even, or 
 smooth, hj^menium, Thelephora gives us two or three 
 only out of eighteen British species. Stereum affords us 
 five out of six ; the other genera yield sixteen out of 
 thirty-seven British. Clavariei present us with thirteen 
 only out of forty-nine. C.formosa, Fr., occurred first 
 on Bathford Down in 1863, and C. ardenia, Sow., a 
 most interesting addition to our list, was found by Mr. 
 Currey, in Lucknam plantations, in October of the same 
 year. Of the remaining genera of Hymenomycetes, we 
 possess twelve species out of thirty- one British. 
 
 " The G aster omycetes contain some interesting forms of 
 subterranean Fungi, outwardly possessing very few 
 attractions, but whose internal structure will well repay 
 the microscopist. Plantations of beech and fir, the open 
 parts of woods, and bare spots under oaks, &c, in 
 meadows, are the places where these plants are to be 
 sought for. Hanham formerly yielded several rare kinds, 
 the Bathampton plantations others, and, perhaps, the 
 richest locality in the neighbourhood are the beech 
 woods of Combe-Hay. Considerable patience, however, 
 and some practice, is necessary to find these plants 
 without the aid of a trained dog, though with such aid 
 the work is easy. 
 
 " Of the Gasteromycetous Truffles our district claims six 
 species out of nineteen British, of various genera. Of the 
 Phalloidei \ve have two out of four species, and it affords 
 a good instance of the uncertainty of the appearance of 
 
412 APPENDIX. 
 
 fungi, that a little wood at Batheaston abounded, in 1863, 
 in Phallus caninus, Fr., where it had not previously 
 been observed at all, although the wood had been searched 
 for years at the proper time. Of the other genera of 
 this order, Geaster is represented with us by G.fimhri- 
 atusj Fr., which occurs, some years, in great abundance 
 in Bathampton fir plantations, where it adorns the woods 
 with its elegant stellate peridia. Of other Trichog 'asters 
 we have eight species of different genera out of thirteen 
 British. The Myxogasters, claimed at present by zoolo- 
 gists as well as by botanists, give us twenty-nine out of 
 eighty-one species ; but many are very ill defined, so that 
 we probably possess many more. Of Nidulariacei we 
 claim two out of three species. N. striata, Bull., a 
 pretty species, often decorates our woods by its nest-like 
 cups, filled with egg-like conceptacles containing the 
 spores. Splicer obolus, another minute, but very interest- 
 ing plant of this family, is not uncommon on rotten 
 sticks, &c. ; its mode of ejecting the sporangia to a 
 considerable distance will well repay any observer for the 
 time bestowed on it. 
 
 " The Coniomycetes are represented by about 140 species 
 out of 400 ; many are very ill defined. Hyphomycetes, 
 or Moulds, the British species of which amount to nearly 
 213, in numerous genera, are represented by about 64 in 
 our district ; many others might easily be added by any 
 one taking up that particular branch of the subject. We 
 now quit the Hymenomycetes, and enter on the Ascomy- 
 cetes, the fruit of which is contained in asci, or sacs. 
 The higher genera here often imitate the forms of their 
 predecessors, the Hymenomycetes. And first we may notice 
 the Morchellas, or Morels, of which we have two species 
 out of three British. M t escidenta, P. forms a great luxury 
 with French cooks. Of Helvella we have two out of four ; 
 
 
FLORA OF BATH. 4 13 
 
 H. crispa, Fr. and H. lacunosa, Afz. The genus Verpa 
 is absent. Mitrula cucullata, Fr. occurs in our fir planta- 
 tions, as does Spathularia Jlavida, P., and Leoiia lubrica, 
 P. in ordinary woods. The curious genus Vibrissea is 
 wanting. Lastly, of six British species of Geoglossum 
 we have four, whose fruit forms a very pretty microscopic 
 object. The Pezizas, or cup- shaped fungi, occur on 
 bare soil, on rotten sticks and stems of herbaceous plants. 
 They are worthy of notice for the beauty of their colours, 
 form, and clothing, differing less than many other fungi 
 in their fruit and microscopic structure. Few plants can 
 exceed the beauty of Peziza trechispora, Berk., a species 
 common enough on clayey banks, in October and 
 November. Those who walk about our lanes must have 
 also often observed the beautiful carmine cups of P. 
 coccinea, Jacq., which is common on dead sticks, half 
 buried in the soil, in January and Februrary, or the 
 equally brilliant P. aurantia, Fr., growing on clay banks, 
 &c, of a golden orange color. Another fine species, P. 
 onotica, P. may be seen in October in the Hanham woods ; 
 it is of a rich bronzy-yellow shaded off into pink. Many 
 of the minute species also, which grow on decaying wood, 
 and herbaceous stems, exceed the larger kinds in beauty, 
 if viewed under a lens. Nothing, for instance, can be 
 more elegant than P. corticalis, P., of a reddish-grey 
 color, ribbed over with rows of hairs, each of which, on a 
 dewy morning, is surmounted by a drop of dew resembling 
 rows of pearls ; it is common on dead wood. Of the 
 British Pezizas, amounting to 128 species, we can only 
 claim 52. Of Helotium nine out of thirty-one. Of 
 Ascobolus, whose fruit is a beautiful microscopic object, 
 previous to 1863, we had only three species, but that year 
 added six more to our list, several of which were new to 
 Britain. Of other genera of Elvellacei eleven species 
 
414 APPENDIX. 
 
 out of forty belong to our district. Of Ascigerous 
 Truffles, among which are the edible species, we possess 
 seven out of nine British, of the remaining genera we 
 have eleven out of sixteen. Of Phacidiacei we claim 
 eleven out of thirty-nine British. 
 
 " Proceeding downwards in the series, we come to a vast 
 tribe of Fungi, the Pyrenomycetes, a family plain out- 
 wardly, but whose fruit amply compensates for any lack 
 of external charms. It assumes innumerable forms, 
 very valuable in distinguishing the species. The Ergot 
 of grasses is merely a mycelioid state of certain species 
 of this division. Cordyceps militarise Fr., occupies 
 chrysalids buried in the earth, and sends up its club- 
 shaped receptacle, of a brilliant orange - red color, 
 contrasting beautifully with the surrounding moss. 
 
 " C. entomorrhiza, Fr., seizes on the body of some 
 caterpillar when about to bury itself for its final transfor- 
 mation, but whose operations are cut short by the 
 fungus, which gradually occupies the whole body of the 
 insect with its mycelium, and then raises its globose 
 yellow head above the soil, dotted over with the mouths 
 of its perithecia. This species used in former years to 
 occur in plenty in Hartham Park. Cordyceps purpurea, 
 Fr., may easily he raised by sowing the ergot of grasses 
 in a pot in autumn, the fungus appearing in the following 
 spring. 
 
 " C. alutacea, Fr., occurs in our fir plantations, as at 
 Lucknam Grove, and on Bathford Hill. Five other 
 British species have not yet been found in our district. 
 Of ten species of Hypocrea we can only boast of four. 
 Of Xylaria, X. bulbosa, B. and Br. is an interesting 
 addition to our list, not having been met with since the 
 time of Persoon. It grew in great plenty in Lucknam 
 plantations in 1861, and sparingly on Bathford Hill. 
 
ZOOLOGY. 415 
 
 Poronia punctata, Fr., is rare with us. Of the Hypoxyla 
 we have ten out of seventeen British. Of Diatrype 
 fourteen out of thirty-three. Of the genus Valsa sixteen 
 out of fifty-one. The other genera, previous to Sphoeria, 
 yield us twenty-three out of fifty-nine species. Of the 
 large genus Sphceria, containing no fewer than two 
 hundred and three British species, we can reckon about 
 seventy-five. From forty species contained in the 
 remaining genera of Sphoeriacei, fourteen are found in 
 our district. Lastly, of the family Physomycetes six 
 species occur out of twenty-two British. 
 
 " It appears from the above rough enumeration that out 
 of 2315 British species of fungi, we have an ascertained 
 list of 832, somewhat more than one third. This is 
 doubtless very far below the number actually contained in 
 our neighbourhood, and it remains a pleasing task for 
 future mycologists to add to those numbers. The 
 districts to the south, south-east, and south-west of Bath 
 have been very little worked at present, and will probably 
 afford numerous novelties to a careful investigator. It 
 may be as well to add that the season for the Agaricini 
 and the larger fungi generally extends from August to 
 December, whilst the minute Pezizce, Sphcerice, and such 
 species as inhabit decaying vegetable matter, are to be 
 found in perfection from December to May, when the 
 drying winds commonly put an end to the researches of 
 the mycologist." 
 
 ZOOLOGY. 
 
 By CHARLES TERRY, Esq., M.R.C.S. 
 
 In compiling the following brief sketch of the Zoology 
 of Bath, the writer has limited himself to a radius of little 
 more than six miles from the city. But this small space, 
 
416 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 consisting of open down, old quarry grounds, hill sides, 
 
 dotted with plantations and underwood, and luxuriant 
 
 well-timbered valley, watered by innumerable streams, 
 
 and intersected for nearly its whole length by the river 
 
 Avon, is the favourite habitat of birds and insects. The 
 
 spot is well worth a visit from the naturalist, who may here 
 
 enrich his collection by some rare specimens ; want of 
 
 space has compelled the writer to confine his account of 
 
 insects to that of one tribe, the Lepidoptera, which more 
 
 generally engages the attention of collectors from the 
 
 beauty and variety of its members, and for whose use 
 
 there is appended to each specimen the name of the 
 
 month in which the perfect insect makes its appearance. 
 
 The writer has, in conclusion, to acknowledge his 
 
 obligation to Mr. Sainsbury, of Sydney Buildings, who 
 
 has kindly furnished several of the dates of the capture 
 
 of rare birds. 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 Cheiropera. 
 
 Rhinolophus Ferrum-equinum 
 Rhinolophus Hipposideros 
 
 Plocotus Auritus 
 
 Vespertilio Emarginatus 
 Scotophilia Murinus ... 
 Scotophilus Noctula 
 
 Greater Horse Shoe Bat. 
 Smaller Horse Shoe Bat. 
 Long Eared Bat. 
 Notch Eared Bat (rare). 
 Pipistrelle, or Common Bat. 
 Great Bat. 
 
 Insectivora. 
 
 Erinaceus Europoeus 
 Sorex Araneus 
 Sorex Fodiens 
 Sorex Remifer 
 Talpa Europoza 
 
 Carnivora. 
 
 Meles Taxus ... 
 Mustela Putorius 
 
 Mustela Erminea 
 
 Hedgehog. 
 Common Shrew. 
 Water Shrew. 
 Oared Shrew (rare). 
 Common Mole. 
 
 Badger (rare). 
 
 Fitchet, or Polecat (rather 
 
 rare). 
 Stoat, or Ermine. 
 
ZOOLOGY. 417 
 
 Mustela Vulgaris 
 
 
 Weasel. 
 
 Lutra Vulgaris 
 
 .-- 
 
 Otter (rare). 
 
 Vulpes Vulgaris 
 
 ... 
 
 Fox. 
 
 RODENTIA. 
 
 
 
 Sciurus Vulgaris 
 
 ... 
 
 Common Squirrel. 
 
 Mioxus Avellanarius ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Dormouse. 
 
 Mus Rattus 
 
 ... 
 
 Black Rat. 
 
 Mus Decumanus 
 
 ... 
 
 Brown Rat. 
 
 Mus Musculus 
 
 ... 
 
 Domestic Mouse. 
 
 Mus Sylvaticus 
 
 ... 
 
 Long-tailed Field Mouse. 
 
 Mus Messorius 
 
 ... 
 
 Harvest Mouse. 
 
 Arvicola Amphibius ... 
 
 .. 
 
 Water Vole (rather rare). 
 
 Arvicola Agrestis 
 
 ... 
 
 Brown Field Vole. 
 
 Arvicola Pratensis 
 
 ... 
 
 Red or Meadow Vole. 
 
 Lepus Timidus 
 
 ... 
 
 Common Hare. 
 
 Lepus Cuniculus 
 
 ... 
 
 Rabbit. 
 
 Raptores. 
 
 AVES. 
 
 Falconidae. 
 
 
 
 Falco Peregrinus 
 
 ... 
 
 Peregrine Falcon (rare). 
 
 Falco Subbuteo 
 
 ... 
 
 Hobby (rare). 
 
 Falco CEsalon 
 
 ... 
 
 Merlin (rare). 
 
 Falco Tinnunculus 
 
 ... 
 
 Kestrel (summer visitor). 
 
 Accipitrin^:. 
 
 
 
 Accipiter Fringillarius 
 
 ... 
 
 Sparrow Hawk. 
 
 A stur Palumbarius . . . 
 
 ... 
 
 Goshawk (shot at Claverton, 
 1833). 
 
 Cinema. 
 
 
 
 Buteo. 
 
 
 
 Buteo Vulgaris 
 
 ... 
 
 Common Buzzard. 
 
 Buteo Lag opus 
 
 ... 
 
 Rough-legged Buzzard (rare) 
 
 Pernis. 
 
 
 
 Pernis Apivorus 
 
 ... 
 
 Honey Buzzard (shot at Bath- 
 easton and Swainswick). 
 
 Milvus. 
 
 
 
 Milvus Regalis '. 
 
 ... 
 
 Kite (rare). 
 
 Circus. 
 
 
 
 Circus Cyaneus 
 
 ... 
 
 Hen Harrier (rare). 
 
 Circus Rufus 
 
 •• 
 
 Marsh Harrier (rare). 
 2d 
 
418 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Strigid^e. 
 
 Strix. 
 
 Strix Flammea 
 Ulula. 
 
 Ulula Stridula ... 
 Scotophilus. 
 
 Scotophilus Passerina 
 
 Otus. 
 Otus Vulgaris 
 Otus Brachiotos 
 
 Scops. 
 Scops Aldrovand 
 
 Dentirostres. 
 
 Laniadaa. 
 Lanius Excubitor 
 Lanius Collurio 
 
 Merulidae. 
 
 Cinctus Aquaticus 
 
 Merulinse. 
 
 Merula Viscivora 
 Merula Pilaris 
 Merula Iliaca ... 
 Merula Musica 
 Merula Vulgaris 
 Merula Torquata 
 
 SlLVIAD^E. 
 
 Saxicolinse. 
 Saxicola (Enanthe 
 
 Saxicola Rubetra 
 
 Saxicola Rubicola 
 Eryihaca Rubecula 
 Phcenicura Ruticilla 
 
 Philomela Luscinia 
 
 White or Barn Owl. 
 
 Tawny Owl. 
 
 Little Owl (one shot at 
 Batheaston, 1834). 
 
 Long-eared Owl (rare). 
 Short-eared Owl (rare). 
 
 Scops-eared Owl (one shot 
 at Claverton). 
 
 Great Shrike (rare). 
 Red-backed Shrike (summer 
 from April to October). 
 
 European Dipper (rare). 
 
 Missel Thrush. 
 
 Fieldfare (winter visitor). 
 
 Redwing (winter visitor). 
 
 Song Thrush. 
 
 Blackbird. 
 
 Ring Ousel (rare). 
 
 Wheat Ear (summer from 
 
 March to September). 
 Whinchat (summer from 
 
 April to October). 
 Stonechat. 
 Redbreast. 
 Common Red Start (summer 
 
 from April to September)* 
 Nightingale (summer from 
 
 April to September). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 419 
 
 Curruca. 
 
 Curruca Atricapilla . 
 
 Curruca Hortensis 
 
 Curruca Cinerea 
 
 Curruca Garrula 
 
 Salicaria. 
 Sallcaria Phragmites , 
 
 Salicaria Arundinacea 
 
 Salicaria Locustella . 
 
 Sylvia Sibilatrix 
 
 Sylvia Trochylus 
 
 Sylvia Hippolais 
 
 Regulus Auricapillus ., 
 Regulus Ignicapillus .. 
 Parianae. 
 Parus Casruleus 
 Parus Major ... 
 Parus Ater 
 Parus Palustris 
 Parus Caudatus 
 Accentor Nodularis . 
 Motacilla Boarula 
 Motacilla Yarrellii 
 Motacilla Flava 
 
 Motacilla Neglecta 
 Anthus Pratensis 
 
 Blackcap (summer from 
 April to October). 
 
 Greater Pettychaps (sum- 
 mer from May to Sept.). 
 
 White Throat (summer from 
 April to September). 
 
 Lesser White Throat (sum- 
 mer April to October). 
 
 Sedge Warbler (summer 
 from April to October). 
 
 Reed Warbler (summer from 
 May to September). 
 
 Grasshopper Warbler (sum- 
 mer from April to Sept). 
 
 Wood Warbler (summer 
 from April to September). 
 
 Willow Warbler (summer 
 from March to October). 
 
 Chiff-chaff Warbler (sum- 
 mer from March to Oct.). 
 
 Gold Crest. 
 
 Fire Crest (rare). 
 
 Blue Titmouse. 
 
 Greater Titmouse. 
 
 Cole Titmouse. 
 
 Marsh Titmouse. 
 
 Long-tailed Titmouse. 
 
 Hedge Accentor. 
 
 Gray Wagtail. 
 
 Pied Wagtail. 
 
 Yellow Wagtail (summer 
 from March to Sept.). 
 
 Gray-headed Wagtail (sum- 
 mer from April to Sep- 
 tember, rare). 
 
 Meadow Pipit. 
 
420 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 Anthus Arboreus 
 
 BOMBYCELLIN^E. 
 
 Bombycilla Garrula 
 Muscicapa Grisola 
 
 MUSCICAPIDCE. 
 
 Muscicapa Luctuosa 
 
 CONIROSTRES. 
 
 Corvus Cor ax 
 
 Corvus Cor one 
 
 Corvus Comix ... 
 Corvus Monedula 
 Corvus Frugilegus 
 Pica Melanoleuca 
 Garrulus Glandarius ... 
 Fregilus Graculus 
 
 Sturnus Vulgaris 
 
 Fkingillid^:. 
 
 Coccothranstes Vulgaris 
 Coccothranstes Chloris 
 Carduelis Elegans 
 Carduelis Spinus 
 Linaria Canabina 
 Linaria Montana 
 Linaria Minor 
 
 Linaria Borealis 
 
 Pyrgita Domestica 
 Pyrgita Montana 
 Fringilla Montifringilla 
 
 Fringilla Calebs 
 Emberiza Miliaria 
 
 Tree Pipit (summer from 
 April to September). 
 
 Wax Wing (one shot at 
 Charlcombe, 1832). 
 
 Spotted Fly Catcher (sum- 
 mer from May to October). 
 
 Pied Fly Catcher (summer 
 from May to September), 
 (rare). 
 
 Raven (rare). 
 
 Carrion Crow. '. 
 
 Hooded Crow (rare) 
 
 Jackdaw, 
 
 Rook. 
 
 Magpie. 
 
 Jay. 
 
 Chough (one caught at 
 
 Bathwick, 1831). 
 Starling. 
 
 Hawfinch (rather rare). 
 
 Greenfinch. 
 
 Goldfinch. 
 
 Siskin (winter visitor). 
 
 Brown Linnet. 
 
 Twite (winter visitor, rare). 
 
 Lesser Redpole (winter 
 
 visitor). 
 Mealy Redpole (winter 
 
 visitor, rare). 
 House Sparrow. 
 Tree Sparrow (rare). 
 Mountain Finch (winter 
 
 visitor), 
 Chaffinch. 
 Common Bunting. 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 421 
 
 Emberiza Citrinella 
 Emberiza Cirlus 
 Emberiza Schceniculus 
 Plectrophanes Nivalis 
 
 Alauda Arvensis 
 Alauda Arbor ea 
 Pyrrhula Vulgaris 
 Coryihus Enucleator 
 
 Loxia Curvirostra 
 
 Scansores. 
 
 Brachylopus Viridis 
 Dendrocopus Major 
 Dendrocopus Minor 
 Yunx Torquilla 
 
 Cerlhia Familiaris 
 Sitta Europea ... 
 Troglodites Europeus 
 Coculus Canorus 
 
 Tenuirostres. 
 
 Upupa Epops ... 
 
 FlSSIROSTRES. 
 
 Merops Apiaster 
 
 Alcedo Ispida ... 
 Caprimulgus Europeans 
 
 Hirudo Rustica ... 
 
 Eirudo Urbica ... 
 
 Hirudo Riparia ... 
 
 Yellow Bunting. 
 
 Cirl Bunting. 
 
 Reed Bunting. 
 
 Snow Bunting (winter 
 
 visitor, rare). 
 Skylark. 
 Woodlark. 
 Bullfinch. 
 Pine Grosbeak (obtained at 
 
 Widcombe and Fox Hill.) 
 Crossbill (several obtained 
 
 in the years 1837-8-9). 
 
 Green Woodpecker. 
 Great Spotted Woodpecker. 
 Lesser Spotted Woodpecker 
 Wryneck (summer visitor, 
 
 April to September). 
 Creeper. 
 Nuthatch. 
 Common Wren. 
 Cuckoo (summer visitor, 
 
 from April to August). 
 
 Hoopoe (one shot at Wes- 
 ton, 1850). 
 
 Bee Eater (one seen near 
 Old Widcombe Church, 
 1850. 
 
 Kingfisher. 
 
 Goatsucker (summer from 
 May to September, rare) , 
 
 Chimney Swallow (sum- 
 mer from April to Oct). 
 
 Martin (summer from 
 April to October). 
 
 Sand Martin (summer from 
 March to August). 
 
422 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Cypselus Apus ... 
 
 Rasores. 
 Columbidas. 
 
 Columba Palumbus 
 Turtur Migratorius 
 
 Tetkaonid^e. 
 
 Perdix Cinerea ... 
 Perdix Ruf a 
 
 Perdix Coturnix.,. 
 
 Phasianid^e. 
 
 Phasianus Colchicus 
 
 Grallatores. 
 
 Ardeadse. 
 Ardea Cinerea 
 Egretta Garzetta 
 
 Butor Stellaris 
 
 Ardeola Minuta 
 
 Scolopacidae. 
 Scolopax Busticola 
 Scolopax Major 
 
 Scolopax Gallinago 
 Scolopax Gallinula 
 Totanus. 
 
 Totanus Ochropus 
 
 Totanus Calidris 
 Totanus Macularius 
 Totanus Hypolencus 
 Totanus Glottis 
 
 Swift (summer from May 
 to August. 
 
 Wood Pigeon. 
 Turtle Dove (summer from 
 April to September). 
 
 Common Partridge. 
 Red-legged Partridge 
 
 (rare). 
 Common Quail (summer 
 
 from April to September 
 
 (rare). 
 
 Common Pheasant. 
 
 Common Heron. 
 
 Little Egret (one shot at 
 Bathampton in 1841), 
 
 Bittern (one shot at Bath- 
 ampton, 1826 ; two near 
 Lansdown, in 1857). 
 
 Little Bittern (two shot at 
 Radstock, 1852). 
 
 Woodcock. 
 
 Great Snipe (one shot at 
 
 Langridge, 1831). 
 Common Snipe. 
 Jack Snipe (rare). 
 
 Green Totanus (shot at 
 
 Bath wick). 
 Red Shank (rare). 
 Spotted Totanus (rare). 
 Common Sandpiper. 
 Green Shank (one shot at 
 
 Bathe aston, 1856). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 423 
 
 
 Numeneus Arquata 
 Numeneus Pkeopus 
 Tringa Linconiensis 
 
 Tringa Variabilis 
 Tringa Minuta 
 
 Phalaropus Lobatus 
 
 Charadriadse. 
 
 Vanellus Cristatus 
 Squatarola Pluvialis 
 
 Rallidce. 
 
 Rallus Aquaticus 
 
 Crex Pratensis 
 Crex Perzanna 
 Crex Pasilla ... 
 
 Gallinules. 
 
 Gallinula Chloropus 
 
 Fulica Atra 
 
 Natores. 
 
 Anatidae. 
 Boschas Crecca 
 Boschas Fera .. 
 
 Fuligulinae. 
 
 (Edemia Nigra.,, 
 
 Colymbidas. 
 Podiceps Minor 
 Podiceps Auritus 
 Podiceps Cornutus 
 Colymbus Gracialis 
 
 Colymbus Arcticus 
 
 Curlew. 
 
 Whimbrel. 
 
 Purple Sandpiper (one shot 
 
 at Colerne, 1842). 
 Dunlin (rare). 
 Little Stint (one shot on the 
 
 Avon, 1831). 
 Grey Phalarope (five shot 
 
 at back of Northgate 
 
 Brewery, 1840). 
 
 Common Lapwing. 
 Golden Plover (rare). 
 
 Water Rail (shot in the Pond 
 at the back of Grosvenor). 
 Land Rail. 
 Spotted Crake. 
 Little Crake (one shot in 
 the Pond at the back of 
 Grosvenor). 
 
 Common Gallinule. 
 Coot (met with on the Avon 
 in winter). 
 
 Common Teal (rare). 
 Common Wild Duck. 
 
 Common Scotter (one shot 
 at Bathampton). 
 
 Little Grebe. 
 Eared Grebe (rare). 
 Dusky Grebe (rare). 
 Great Northern Diver (one 
 
 shot on the wiers, 1825). 
 Black Throated Diver (one 
 
 shot near Cleveland 
 
 Bridge, 1825.) 
 
424 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 Colymbus Septentrionalis 
 
 ... Red-throated Diver (rare). 
 
 Alcadae. 
 
 
 Mergulus Alle ... 
 
 ... Little Auk (one obtained at 
 
 
 Pickwick Mills, in 1836). 
 
 Pelecanidse. 
 
 
 Phalacracorax Carlo 
 
 ... Common Cormorant (one shot 
 
 
 at Bradford, 1859). 
 
 Laridse: 
 
 
 Larus Rissa 
 
 ... Kittiwake. 
 
 Frequently 
 
 Larus Fuscus 
 
 ... Lesser Black- 
 
 
 backed Gull. 
 
 - met with on 
 
 Larus Canus 
 
 .., Common Gull. 
 
 the Avon. 
 
 Sterna Eirundo 
 
 Common Tern (frequently 
 
 
 met with on the Canal 
 
 
 and Basons). 
 
 Sterna Minuta 
 
 ... Lesser Tern (one shot at 
 
 
 Walcot). 
 
 Sterna Doug alii.,. 
 
 ... Roseate <Tern (several sho t 
 
 
 in 1840). 
 
 Thalassidroma Leachii 
 
 ... Fork-tailed Petrel (one 
 
 
 picked up dead at Bath- 
 
 
 wick, 1828). 
 
 Thalassidroma Pelagica 
 
 ... Storm Petrel (one shot at 
 
 
 Banner Down). 
 
 PISCES. 
 
 Gobio. 
 
 
 Gobio Fluviatilis 
 
 ... Common Gudgeon. 
 
 TlNCA. 
 
 
 Tinea Vulgaris 
 
 ... Common Tench. 
 
 Leuciscus. 
 
 
 Leuciscus Rutilis 
 
 ... Roach. 
 
 Leuciscus Vulgaris 
 
 ... Dace. 
 
 Leuciscus Alburnus 
 
 ... Bleak. 
 
 Leuciscus Cephalus 
 
 ... Chub. 
 
 Leuciscus Phoxinus 
 
 ... Minnow. 
 
 COBITIS. 
 
 
 Colitis Varlalata 
 
 ... Loach. 
 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 425 
 
 Esox. 
 Esox Lucius 
 
 ... 
 
 ... Common Pike. 
 
 Salmo. 
 Salmo Salar 
 
 Salmo Fario ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... Salmon (2 taken at Bath 
 
 ampton, 1820). 
 ... Common Trout, 
 
 Anguilla. 
 
 Anguilla Vulgaris 
 
 ... 
 
 ... Common Eel. 
 
 Cottus. 
 
 Coitus Gobio ... 
 
 
 ... Miller's Thumb. 
 
 Gasterosteus. 
 
 Gasterosteus Aculeatus 
 
 ... Stickle Back, 
 
 Platessa. 
 Platessa Flesus ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Flounder. 
 
 
 REPTILIA. 
 
 Lacerta AgiUs ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... Sand Lizard (a specimer 
 
 Zootoca Vivipara 
 Anguis Fragilis 
 Natrix Torquata 
 Viper a Berus ... 
 Vipera Communis var. 
 
 Amphibia. 
 
 Rana Temporaria 
 Bufo Vulgaris ... 
 Triton Cristatus 
 Lissotriton Punctatus . 
 Lissostriton Palmipes . 
 
 was killed in Bennett 
 Street, in 1840, apparently 
 of this Lizard, but being 
 mutilated and in spirit, 
 the writer is not certain). 
 
 Common Lizard (rare). 
 
 Blind Worm. 
 
 Ringed Snake. 
 
 Common Viper. 
 
 Red Viper (rare, one taken 
 at Monkton Combe, 1834). 
 
 Common Frog. 
 Common Toad. 
 Great Water Newt. 
 Common Smooth Newt. 
 Palmated Smooth Newt 
 (rare). 
 
 2e 
 
426 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 INSECTA. 
 Lepidoptera.- 
 
 Papilio. 
 
 Papilio Machaon 
 
 Gonepteryx Ehamni .. 
 Colias Edusa ... 
 Colias Hyall 
 
 PONTIA. 
 
 Pontia Brassicce 
 
 Pontia Rapaz 
 
 Pontia Napi 
 
 Mancipium. 
 
 Mancipium Duplidice .. 
 
 Mancipium Cardamines 
 Leucophasia Sinapis .. 
 Pier is Cratcegi ... 
 Nemeobius Lucina 
 
 MELITwEA. 
 
 Melito&a Athalia 
 MeMtcea Artemis 
 Melitwa Cinxia.., 
 
 tes. 
 
 Swallow-tail Butterfly 
 
 (June, July, August, 
 rare). 
 
 Brimstone Butterfly. (May 
 and August). 
 
 Clouded Yellow Butterfly 
 (September, rather rare). 
 
 Pale Clouded Yellow But- 
 terfly (August, rare). 
 
 Common Cabbage Butterfly 
 
 (May, July). 
 Small White Butterfly 
 
 (April, July). 
 Green Veined Butterfly 
 
 (May, July). 
 
 Bath White Butterfly (very 
 rare). 
 
 Orange-tip Butterfly (May, 
 June). 
 
 Wood White Butterfly (May' 
 August). 
 
 Black Veined White Butter- 
 fly (June, July, rare). 
 
 Duke of Burgundy Fritil- 
 lary (June). 
 
 Pearl-bordered Likeness 
 Fritillary (June, July). 
 
 Greasy Fritillary (May, 
 June, July) 
 
 Glanville Fritillary (May, 
 June, rare). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 427 
 
 Melitcea Euphrosyne ... 
 Melitcea Selene 
 
 Argynnis. 
 
 A rgynnis A dippe 
 
 Argynnis Aglaia 
 
 Argynnis Paphia 
 
 Vanessa. 
 
 Vanessa C. album 
 
 Vanessa Polychloros ... 
 Vanessa Urticce 
 
 Vanessa Io 
 
 Vanessa Antiopa 
 
 Vanessa Atalanta 
 Cynthia Cardui 
 
 HlPPARCHIA. 
 
 Hipparchia JEgeria ... 
 
 Eipparchia Megcera 
 Hipparchia Semele 
 
 Eipparchia Galathea ... 
 Hipparchia Davus 
 
 Hipparchia Janira 
 
 Hipparchia Pamphilus... 
 
 Hipparchia Tithonus ... 
 
 Pearl-bordered Fritillary 
 
 (May, August). 
 Small Pearl-bordered Frit- 
 
 tillary (June, August). 
 
 High Brown Fritillary 
 
 (June, July). 
 Dark Green Fritillary (July, 
 
 August). 
 Silver Washed Fritillary 
 
 (July;. 
 
 Comma Butterfly (June, 
 August, rare). 
 
 Large Tortoise-shell (July). 
 
 Small Tortoise-shell (July, 
 (September). 
 
 Peacock Butterfly (July, 
 
 August). 
 Camberwell Beauty(August, 
 very rare). 
 
 Red Admiral (August). 
 
 Painted Lady (June, Sep- 
 tember). 
 
 Wood Argus (April, June, 
 
 August). 
 Wall Butterfly (July, Aug.) 
 Grayling (July, August, 
 
 rare). 
 Marbled White (June, July). 
 Heath Butterfly (June, 
 
 July, rare). 
 Large Meadow Brown 
 
 (June, July, August). 
 Least Meadow Brown 
 
 (June, September). 
 Small Meadow Brown 
 
 (July). 
 
428 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Hipparchia Hyperanthus 
 
 Thecla Quercus 
 
 Thecla Rubi 
 
 Thecla W. album 
 Thecla Betuloz 
 
 Lycjena. 
 
 Lyccena Phlmas 
 
 POLYOMMATUS. 
 
 Polyommatus A cis 
 
 Polyommatus Avion 
 Polyommatus Argiolus ... 
 
 Polyommatus Alsus 
 
 Polyommatus Argus ... 
 
 Polyommatus A lexis . . . 
 
 Polyommatus A donis . . . 
 
 Polyommatus Agestis ... 
 
 Hesperia. 
 
 Hesperia Malve 
 
 Hesperia Tages 
 
 Hesperia Sylvanus 
 
 Hesperia Comma 
 
 Hesperia Linea ... 
 Hesperia Paniscus 
 
 Wood Ringlet (June). 
 Purple Hairstreak (July). 
 Green Hairstreak (May, 
 
 August). 
 White W. Hairstreak (July). 
 Brown Hairstreak (August). 
 
 Small Copper (April, June, 
 August). 
 
 Mazarine Blue (June, July, 
 
 rare). 
 Large Blue (July, rare). 
 Holly Blue (April, July? 
 
 August). 
 Little Blue (June). 
 Silver Studded Blue (July). 
 Common Blue (June, July). 
 Clifden Blue (June, rare). 
 Brown Argus (June, Aug). 
 
 Grizzled Skipper (May, 
 
 June). 
 Dingy Skipper (May, June, 
 
 July, rare). 
 Large Skipper (May, June, 
 
 July). 
 Silver Spotted Skipper 
 
 (July, August, rare.) 
 Small Skipper (July, Aug). 
 Spotted Skipper (May, 
 
 June, rare). 
 
 Lepidoptera. — Moths. 
 
 ANTHROCERlDiE. 
 
 Procris Statices... 
 Anthrocera Filipendula 
 
 Green Forester (Maj r , June). 
 Six-spot Burnet Moth 
 (June, July). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 429 
 
 Anthrocera Trifolii 
 
 SPHINGIChE, 
 
 Smerinthus Ocellatus 
 Smerintkus Populi 
 
 Smerinthus Tilisz 
 
 Sphinx Convolvuli 
 
 Sphinx Ligustris 
 Choerocampa Elpenor ... 
 Choerocampa Porcellus 
 
 Sesiid^:. 
 
 Macroglossa Stellatarum 
 
 Sesia Fusiformis 
 
 Sesia Bombyliformis 
 
 Trochiliid^e. 
 
 Sphecia Apifornis 
 
 Trochilium Ichneumoniforme. 
 Trochilium Miopseforme 
 
 Hepialid^e. 
 
 Hepialus Rectus 
 Eepialus Lupulinus 
 
 Hepialus Humuli 
 Hepialus Vellida 
 
 Hepialus Silvinus 
 Zeuzera (Esculi 
 
 Cossus Ligniperda 
 
 Five-spot Burnet Moth 
 (June, rare). 
 
 Eyed Hawk Moth (May). 
 Poplar Hawk Moth (June, 
 
 July, August). 
 Lime Hawk Moth (May, 
 
 June, July). 
 Convolvulus Hawk Moth 
 
 (September, October, 
 
 rare.) 
 Privet Hawk Moth (June, 
 
 July). 
 Elephant Hawk Moth (June, 
 
 July). 
 Small Elephant Hawk 
 
 (May, June). 
 
 Humming Bird Moth (June, 
 
 September). 
 Broad-bordered Bee Hawk 
 
 Moth (May, rare). 
 Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk 
 
 Moth (May, June, rare). 
 
 Hornet Moth (June, July, 
 
 rare). 
 (June, rare). 
 (May, June, rare). 
 
 Golden Swift (June, rare). 
 Small Common Swift (May, 
 
 June). 
 Ghost Moth (June). 
 Map-winged Swift (June, 
 
 July, rare). 
 Orange Swift (August). 
 Wood Leopard Moth (July, 
 
 rare). 
 Goat Moth (June, July). 
 
430 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 NOTODONTID^E. 
 
 Phalera Bucephala 
 Clostera Curtula 
 
 Cerura Furcula 
 
 Cerura Vinula 
 
 Notodonta Ziczac 
 
 Lophopteryx Camelina ... 
 
 Pterostoma Palpina ... 
 
 Drymonia Chaonia 
 
 .Diloba Cceruleocephala... 
 Petasia Cassinia 
 
 Endromis Versicolor ... 
 
 BOMBYCID^E. 
 
 Saturnia Pavonia Minor 
 
 Lasiocampa Rubi 
 Lasiocampa Trifolii ... 
 Lasiocampa Quercus 
 Lasiocampa Roboris ... 
 
 Eriogaster Lanestris ... 
 
 Poecilocampa Populi . . . 
 Trichiura Cratsegi 
 
 Clisiocampa Neustria ... 
 Odonestris Rotatoria 
 Gastropacha Quercifolia 
 
 Arctiid^:. 
 
 Lymantria Monacha ... 
 Eypogymna Dispar 
 
 Buff- tip Moth (June). 
 
 Chocolate-tip Moth (May, 
 rare). 
 
 Kitten Moth (June, July). 
 
 Puss Moth (May, June). 
 
 Pebble Prominent (May, 
 June). 
 
 Coxcomb Prominent (May, 
 August). 
 
 Pale Prominent (May, Sep- 
 tember). 
 
 Lunar Marbled Brown 
 (May, June, rare). 
 
 Figure of 8 Moth (August). 
 
 The Sprawler (September, 
 October). 
 
 Kentish Glory (April, rare). 
 
 Emperor (April, August, 
 rare). 
 
 Fox (May). 
 
 Grass Egger (July, Aug.). 
 
 Oak Egger (August) 
 
 Great Oak Egger (July, 
 August). 
 
 Small Egger (February, 
 March). 
 
 December Moth (Dec). 
 
 Pale Oak Egger (Septem- 
 ber, rare). 
 
 Tree Lackey (July, Aug. ). 
 
 Drinker (July). 
 
 Lappet (July). 
 
 Black Arches (July, Aug). 
 Gipsy Moth (June, July, 
 August), 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 431 
 
 Dasychira Fascelina .. 
 Dasychira Pudibunda ... 
 Demas Coryli 
 
 Orgyia Antiqua 
 
 Orgyia Gonostigma 
 
 Stilpno tia Salicis 
 Euproctis Chrysorrhcea 
 Euproctis Auriflua 
 Eypercampa Dominula 
 
 Diacrisia Russula 
 
 Arctia Caja 
 
 Arctia Villica ... 
 
 Parasemia Plantaginis... 
 Phragmatobia Fuligmosa 
 Spilosoma Menthrastri ... 
 Spilosoma Lubricepeda . . . 
 Fumea Radiella 
 
 Nudaria Mundana 
 
 LlTHOSIID^E. 
 
 Callimo rpha Jacobseaz ... 
 
 Miltochrysta Miniata ... 
 Lithosia Aureola 
 
 Lithosia Lurideola 
 Lithosia Griseola 
 (Enistis Quadra 
 Cybosia Mesomella 
 
 Endrosa Irrorella 
 
 Noctuid^e. 
 
 Triplmna Orbona 
 
 Dark Tussock (July). 
 
 Light Tussock (May June). 
 Nut-tree Tussock (April. 
 July, rare) 
 
 Vapourer Moth (August, 
 September). 
 
 Scarce Vapourer (August, 
 September, rare). 
 
 Satin Moth (July). 
 
 Brown-tailed Moth (Aug.). 
 
 Gold-tailed Moth (July). 
 
 Scarlet Tiger Moth (June, 
 rare). 
 
 Clouded Buff (June, rare)- 
 
 Garden Tiger Moth (July). 
 
 Cream-spot Tiger Moth, 
 (June). 
 
 Small Tiger Moth (June). 
 
 Ruby Tiger Moth (July). 
 
 Large Ermine Moth (May). 
 Spotted Buff Ermine (June). 
 
 Transparent Chimney- 
 sweep (June, rare). 
 
 Muslin Moth (July, Aug). 
 
 Pink Underwing (April, 
 
 May). 
 Red Arches (June, rare). 
 Orange Footman (July, 
 
 rare). 
 Common Footman (July). 
 Dun Footman (August). 
 Large Footman (July). 
 Four-spotted Footman 
 
 (June, July, rare). 
 Dew Moth (June, July, 
 
 rare). 
 
 Lesser Yellow Underwing 
 (June, July). 
 
432 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Triphsena Pronuba 
 Triphsena Inter jecta 
 Triphsena Fimbria 
 
 Triphsena Janthina 
 
 Segetia Xanthographa ... 
 Lytea Umbrosa 
 
 Cerapteryx Graminis ... 
 Char seas JEthiops 
 Agrotis Segetum 
 Agrotis Corticea 
 Agrotis Valligera 
 
 Agrotis Suffusa 
 
 Agrotis Tritici 
 
 Agrotis Nigricans 
 Agrotis Exclamationis ... 
 Agrotis Puta 
 
 Agrotis Cinerea 
 
 is Augur ... 
 Graphiphora Baja 
 Graphiphora Brunnea ... 
 Graphiphova Rubi 
 Graphiphora Triangulum 
 
 Gruphiphora C. Nigrum 
 
 Graphiphora Plecta 
 
 Lycophotia Porphyrea ... 
 
 Great Yellow Underwing 
 
 (June, July). 
 Least Broad-border (June, 
 
 July, rare). 
 Broad-bordered Yellow 
 
 Underwing (June, July, 
 
 rare). 
 Lesser Broad Border (July, 
 
 August, rare). 
 Square-spot Rustic (Aug.) 
 Six-striped Rustic (July, 
 
 August). 
 Antler Moth (July, Aug.). 
 Black Rustic (July, rare). 
 Common Dart (June). 
 Heart and Club Moth (June). 
 Archer's Dart (August, 
 
 rare). 
 Dark Sword Moth (June, 
 
 August, rare). 
 White Line Dart (June, 
 
 July). 
 Garden Dart (August). 
 The Hart and Dart (July). 
 Shuttle-shaped Dart (June, 
 
 rare). 
 Light-feathered Rustic 
 
 (June, rare). 
 Double Dart (July). 
 Dotted Clay (June, rare). 
 Purple Clay (July). 
 Small Square Spot (June). 
 Double Square Spot (June, 
 
 July). 
 Setaceaus Hebrew Charac- 
 ter (May, July). 
 Flame Shoulder (June, 
 
 September). 
 True Lover's Knot (July, 
 
 rare). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 433 
 
 Semiophora Gothica 
 
 Gloca Rubricosa... 
 
 Orthosia Instabilis 
 
 Orthosia Gracilis 
 
 Orthosia Stabilis 
 
 Orthosia Miniosa 
 
 Orthosia Cruda 
 
 Orthosia Lota 
 
 Orthosia Macilenta 
 Anchocelis Litura 
 Anchocelis Pistacina ... 
 
 Anchocelis Lunosa 
 
 Orrhodia Vaccinii 
 
 Eupsilia Satellitia 
 Amphipyra Pyramidea . . . 
 Scotophila Tragopoginis 
 
 Nsenia Typica ... 
 
 Xylina Putris 
 
 Calocampa Exoleta 
 
 Xylophasia Lithoxyha ... 
 Xylophasia Polyodon .. 
 Xylophasia Eurea 
 
 Xylophasia Characterea 
 
 Apamea Didyma 
 Miana Strigilis 
 
 ... Hebrew Character (April, 
 
 rare). 
 ... Red Chestnut (March, 
 
 rare). 
 ... Clouded Drab (March, 
 
 April). 
 ,.. Powdered Quaker (March, 
 
 April, rare). 
 ... Common Quaker (March, 
 
 April). 
 .. Blossom Underwing (March, 
 
 rare), 
 ... Small Quaker (March). 
 ... Red Line Quaker (August, 
 
 rare). 
 ... Yellow Line Quaker (Aug). 
 ... Brown Spot Pinion (Sept.). 
 .. . Pale-headed Chestnut (Sep- 
 tember, October). 
 ... Lunar Underwing (Sep- 
 tember). 
 ... The Chestnut (September, 
 
 October, November.) 
 ... Satellite (September, Oct.). 
 ... Copper Underwing (Aug.). 
 .. The Mouse (August, Sept., 
 
 rare). 
 ... Dark Gothic (June, July). 
 ... The Flame (June). 
 . . . Sword-grass Moth (August, 
 
 September). 
 ... Light Arches (July). 
 ... Dark Arches (June, July). 
 ,.. Clouded-bordered Brindle, 
 
 (June, July). 
 ... Clouded Brindle (June, 
 
 July, rare) 
 ... Common Rustic (July, Aug). 
 ... Marbled Minor (June, 
 
 July). 
 
 2F 
 
434 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Miana Furuncula 
 Miana Fasciuncula 
 Hama Basilinea 
 
 Hama Testacea 
 
 Hama Aliena 
 
 Mamestra Persicarix ... 
 Mamestra Pisi ... 
 Mamestra Oleracea 
 
 Mamestra Chenopodii ... 
 Mamestra Brassier 
 
 Hadena Thalassina 
 
 Hadena Dentina 
 
 Hadena Protea 
 
 Xylocampa Lithoriza ... 
 Heliophobus Popularis ... 
 Dianthecia Cucubali 
 
 Dianthecia Capsincola ... 
 
 Polia Chi 
 
 Polia Serena 
 
 Polia Dysodea ... 
 Polia Flavocincta 
 
 Eurois Nebulosa 
 Eurois Herbida ... 
 Agriopis Aprildina 
 
 Miselia Oxyacanthi 
 
 Thyatira Butis 
 
 .. . Cloaked Minor (June, July). 
 
 ... Middle Barred Minor (June). 
 
 ... Rustic Shoulder - Knot 
 (June). 
 
 ... Lesser Flounced Rustic 
 (August, September). 
 
 . . . Large Nutmeg (July, rare). 
 
 ... The Dot (June). 
 
 . . . Broom Moth (June). 
 
 ... Bright Line Brown Eye 
 (May, June). 
 
 ... The Nutmeg (June). 
 
 ... The Cabbage Moth (May, 
 June). 
 
 ... Pale Shouldered Brocade 
 (June, July). 
 
 ... Common Sheers (June, 
 July). 
 
 ... Brindled Green (Septem- 
 ber, October). 
 
 ... Early Grey (March, April). 
 ... Feathered Gothic (June). 
 
 ... Campion Moth (June, Sep- 
 tember, rare). 
 
 ... Lychnis Moth (June, Sep- 
 tember). 
 
 ... July Chi (July). 
 
 ... Broad Barred White (June). 
 
 ... Ranunculus (July). 
 
 ... Large Ranunculus (August, 
 September). 
 
 ... Grey Arches (June). 
 
 ... Green Arches (Aug. Sep.). 
 
 ... Marvel du jour (April, 
 May, rare). 
 
 ... Green Brindled Crescent 
 September, Oct. (rare). 
 
 ... Peach Blossom (June, July, 
 rare) 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 435 
 
 Triaena Psi 
 
 Tricena Tridens 
 Acronycta Rumicis 
 Acronycta Megacephala 
 
 Apetela Aceris 
 
 Apetela Leporina 
 Bryophila Glandifera ... 
 
 Bryophila Perla 
 
 Ceratopacha Fluctuosa ... 
 Ceratopacha Duplaris ... 
 Eugramma Oo 
 
 Cosmia Diffinis 
 
 Cosmia Affinis 
 
 Euperia Trapetzena 
 Xanthia Fulvago 
 
 Xanthia Flavago 
 
 Xanthia Aurago 
 
 Orbono Rufina ... 
 
 Scolopteryx Libatrix ... 
 Gortyria Flavago 
 
 Gortyria Micacea 
 Mytlrimna Turca 
 
 Mythimna Grisea 
 
 Meristus Quercus 
 Caradrina Morpheus ... 
 Caradrina Cubiculxxris... 
 
 Stilbia Anomalata 
 
 ... Dagger Moth (June, July). 
 ... Dark Dagger (May, June). 
 ... Bramble Moth (May). 
 ... Poplar Grey (May, July, 
 
 August). 
 ... The Sycamore (June). 
 ... The Miller (May, rare). 
 ... Marbled Green (June, 
 
 July). 
 ... Marbled Beauty (July, 
 
 August), 
 ... Satin Carpet (June). 
 ... Lesser Satin Carpet (June). 
 ... Scallop-winged Oak Moth 
 
 (May, June, rare). 
 ... White Spotted Pinion (Aug.) 
 ... Lesser Spotted Pinion (July). 
 ... Dun Bar (July). 
 .. The Sallow (September, 
 
 October). 
 ... Pink Barred Sallow (Sep- 
 tember, October). 
 ... Barred Sallow (August, 
 
 September ). 
 ... Flounced Rustic (Septem- 
 ber, October). 
 ... Herald (April, July, Sep.). 
 ... Frosted Orange (August, 
 
 September). 
 ... Rosy Rustic (July, Aug.). 
 ... The Double Line (July, 
 
 rare). 
 .. Bright Eyed Clay (July, 
 
 rare). 
 .. Treble Lines (June, Sep.). 
 .. Bordered Rustic (June). 
 .. Pale Mottled Willow (June, 
 
 July). 
 ... The Anomalous (August, 
 
 September). 
 
436 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Monagria Fulva 
 Monagria Typhse 
 Leucania Impura 
 
 Leucania Comma 
 
 Leucania Palleus 
 Phlogophora Meticulosa 
 Cucullia Verbasci 
 Cucuillia Scrophularids .. 
 Cuculia Umbratica 
 Abrostola Urticee 
 Abrostola Triplasia 
 
 Plusia Illustris 
 
 Plusia Iota 
 
 Plusia Pulcherrima 
 Plusia Gamma... 
 
 Plusia Chrysitis 
 
 Plusia Orichalcea 
 
 Heliothis Marginata .. 
 
 Heliothis Peltigera 
 
 Heliothis Dispacea 
 Anarta Myrtilli 
 
 Acontia Luctuosa 
 
 Erastria Fuscula 
 Phytometra (Enea 
 
 Mermo Maura , 
 
 Catocala Nupta 
 Cotocala Sponsa 
 
 Brepha Parthtnias 
 
 . Small Wainscot (July). 
 . Bullrush Moth (July, Aug.). 
 . Smoky Wainscot (June, 
 
 July). 
 . Shoulder Striped Wainscot 
 
 (June, July). 
 ,. Common Wainscot (July). 
 . Angle Shades (May, Sep.). 
 . Mullein Moth (May). 
 .. Water Betomy Moth (May). 
 ,. Large Pale Shark (July). 
 ,. The Spectacle (July). 
 .. Dark Spectacle (July). 
 .. Purple Shades (July, rare). 
 . Plain Golden Y (July). 
 . Beautiful Golden Y (July). 
 . Silver Y (June, July, Aug., 
 
 September). 
 . Burnished Brass Moth 
 
 (July, August). 
 . Scarce Burnished Brass 
 
 (June, July, rare). 
 . Bordered Sallow (June, 
 
 July, rare). 
 . Bordered Straw (June, 
 
 July). 
 ,. Marbled Clover (June, rare). 
 ,. Beautiful Yellow Under- 
 
 wing (June, July). 
 ,. The Four-spotted (June, 
 
 August, rare) 
 . White Spot Marbled (June). 
 . Small Purple Barred (June, 
 
 rare). 
 . Old Lady (July). 
 . Red Underwing (August). 
 . Dark Crimson LTnderwing 
 
 June, July). 
 Orange Underwing (June). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 437 
 
 Brepha Notha 
 
 Euclidia Glyphica 
 Euclidia Mi 
 
 GEOMETRIDiE. 
 
 Speranza Limbaria 
 
 Fidonia Atomaria 
 Fidonia Plumaris 
 Halia Vanaria 
 
 Anisopteryx Leucopkearia 
 
 Erannis Progremmaria 
 Erannis Aurantiaria ... 
 Erannis Defoliaria 
 Phigalia Pilosaria 
 
 Nyssia Hispidaria 
 
 Biston Hirtarius 
 Biston Betularius 
 Himera Pennaria 
 Crocallis Elinguaria 
 Odontopera Bidentata 
 
 Odoptera Tiliaria 
 
 Odoptera Erosaria 
 
 Odoptera Angularia 
 
 Odoptera Lunaria 
 Odoptera Illustraria 
 
 Odoptera lllunaria 
 Pericallia Syringaria 
 
 Light Orange Underwing 
 
 (March, rare). 
 The Burnet (June). 
 The Shipton (May, June). 
 
 Frosted Yellow (May, 
 
 June). 
 Common Heath (June). 
 Bordered Grey (Aug.). 
 Common V Moth (June, 
 
 July). 
 Spring Usher (February, 
 
 March). 
 Dotted Border (March). 
 Scarce Umber (October). 
 Mottled Umber (October). 
 Pale Brindled Beauty 
 
 (March). 
 Small Brindled Beauty 
 
 (January, February, 
 
 rare). 
 Brindled Beauty (April). 
 Peppered Moth (June). 
 October Moth (October). 
 Scalloped Oak (August). 
 Scalloped Hazel (April, 
 
 June). 
 Canary Shouldered Thorn, 
 
 (August). 
 September Thorn (August, 
 
 September). 
 Clouded August Thorn 
 
 (August, September, 
 
 rare). 
 Lunar Thorn (Aug., rare). 
 Purple Thorn (May, June, 
 
 rare). 
 Early Thorn (March, rare). 
 Lilac Beauty (June, rare). 
 
438 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Anger ona Prunaria 
 Ouistograptis Cratsegata 
 
 Ourapleryx Sambucaria 
 Eudalimia Margaritaria 
 
 Iodis Vernaria 
 
 Alois Roboraria... 
 
 Alois Consortaria 
 Hemerophila Abruptaria 
 Boarmia Crepuscularia , . . 
 
 Boarmia Laricaria 
 Anagoge Pulveraria 
 Caber a Pusaria 
 
 Cabera Exanihemaria ... 
 Ephyria Omicronaria ... 
 Ephyria Pendularia 
 Ephyria Porata ... 
 Bradyepetes Amataria ... 
 Plagodis JDolobraria 
 Aspilates Citraria 
 Perconia Strigillaria .. 
 Ortholiiha Plumbaria ... 
 Anaitis Plagiata 
 
 Eubolia Cervinata 
 Eubolia Mensuraria 
 Coremia Didymata 
 
 Coremia Ferruginata ... 
 Coremia Unidentaria ... 
 
 Coremia Ligustrata 
 
 Coremia Fluctuata 
 Coremia Montanata 
 Coremia Olivata 
 
 ... Orange Moth (June). 
 
 ... Brimstone Moth (April 
 
 June, August). 
 ... Swallow-tailed Moth (June). 
 ... Light Emerald (August). 
 . . . Small Emerald (July, rare). 
 ... Great Oak Beauty (June, 
 
 rare). 
 ... Pale Oak Beauty (June). 
 ... Waved Umbre (June). 
 ... Small Ingrailed (May, 
 
 June). 
 . . . The Ingrailed (March, rare). 
 ... Barred Umbre (June, rare). 
 ... Common White Wave 
 
 (May, July). 
 . . . Common Wave (May, Aug.). 
 ... The Mocha (June, rare). 
 ... Birch Mocha (June, Aug.). 
 .,. False Mocha (May, Aug). 
 ... The Blood Vein (June). 
 ... The Scorched Wing (June). 
 ... Yellow Belle (June, rare). 
 ... Grass Wave (June, rare). 
 ... The Belle (June). 
 ... Slender Treble Bar (June, 
 
 September) . 
 ... The Mallow (October). 
 ... Small Mallow (July, Aug). 
 ... -Twin-spot Carpet (July 
 
 rare). 
 . . . Red Twin Spot (May, Aug.). 
 ... Dark Barred Twin Spot, 
 
 (June, August) 
 ... Large Twin Spot (June, 
 
 July). 
 . . . Garden Carpet (June, July). 
 ... Silver Ground (June). 
 ... Beech Green Carpet (June, 
 
 rare). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 439 
 
 Coremia Miaria 
 
 Coremia Propugnata ... 
 Electra Comitata 
 Electra Achatenata 
 
 Electra Pyriliatia 
 Electra Marmorata 
 Harpalyce Fulvata 
 Harpalyce Ocellata 
 Steganolophia Primata... 
 Lampropteryx Badiata ... 
 A nticlea Derivata 
 Chloroclysta Miata 
 
 Eydriomena Elutata ... 
 Polyphagia Russata 
 
 Thera Simulata 
 Cheimatobia Rupicapraria 
 Cheimatobia Brumata ... 
 
 Oporabia Dilutata 
 
 Eupifhecia Rectangulata 
 Eupithecia Coranata ... 
 Eupiihecia Pegrandaria 
 Eupithecia Subumbrata... 
 
 Eupithecia Castigata 
 Eupithecia Austerata ... 
 Eupithecia Subfuscata ... 
 Eupithecia Sobrina ta ... 
 Eupithecia Exiguata 
 Eupithecia Minutata 
 Eupithecia Elongata 
 Eupithecia Venosata 
 Phibalapteryx Tersata ... 
 Phibalapteryx Vitalbata 
 
 ... Green Carpet (June). 
 ... Flame Carpet (July, rare). 
 ... Dark Spinach (July). 
 ... The Chevron (May, Sep- 
 tember, rare). 
 ... Barred Straw (July), 
 ... The Spinach (June). 
 ... Barred Yellow (July). 
 . . . Purple Bar (June, August). 
 ... Clouded Carpet (June, rare). 
 ... Shoulder Stripe (April). 
 ... The Steamer (June). 
 ... Autumn Green Carpet 
 
 (September). 
 ... July Highflyer (July). 
 ... Common Marbled Carpet 
 
 (May). 
 ... Grey Carpet (June, Aug.). 
 ... Early Moth (Jan., Feb.). 
 ... Winter Moth (November, 
 
 December). 
 ... November Moth (October, 
 
 November). 
 ... Green Pug (June). 
 ... The V Pug (July). 
 ... Small Grey Pug (June). 
 ... Small Brindled Pug (June, 
 
 rare). 
 ... Brindled Pug (June, rare). 
 ... Common Pug (June, July). 
 ... Brown Grey Pug (May). 
 ... Plain Pug (June, July). 
 ... Barberry Pug (June, July). 
 ... Wormwood Pug (June). 
 ... Long- winged Pug (June). 
 ... Netted Pug (June, rare). 
 ... The Fern (June). 
 ... Small Waved Umbre June, 
 
 (rare). 
 
440 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Phil&reme Rkamnata ... 
 Triphosa Dubitata 
 Camptogramma Bilineata 
 A braxas Grossulariata . . . 
 Venilia Maculaia 
 Melanippe Hastata 
 
 Mesoleuca Adustata 
 
 Mesoleuca Albicillata ... 
 Mesoleuca Procellata ... 
 Mesoleuca Rubiginata ... 
 
 Emmelesia Rivulata 
 Emmelesia Turbaria ... 
 Emmelesia Hydra ia 
 Emmelesia Decolor ata ... 
 Emmelesia Albulata 
 Minoa Euphorbiata 
 Odezia Chxrophillata ... 
 Lomaspilis Marginata ... 
 
 Ptychopoda Reversaria... 
 
 Ptychopoda Scutulata ... 
 
 Ptychopoda Virgularia.. 
 Acidalia Osseata 
 Acidalia Inornata 
 Acidalia Aversata 
 Acidalia Remutata 
 Asthena Luteata.,. 
 Asthena Candidata 
 
 Thalera JEstivaria 
 Thalera Putata ... 
 Timandra Imataria 
 Timandra Exemptaria ... 
 Ania Emarginata 
 
 Dark Umbre (May, rare). 
 The Common Tissue (May). 
 Yellow Shell (June, July). 
 The Magpie (July, Aug). 
 Speckled Yellow (May). 
 The Argent and Sable 
 
 (May). 
 Scorched Carpet (June, 
 
 August). 
 Beautiful Carpet (June). 
 Chalk Carpet (July). 
 Blue-bordered Carpet (June, 
 August). 
 
 The Rivulet (June, rare). 
 Middle Rivulet (June). 
 Small Rivulet (June, rare). 
 Sandy Carpet (June). 
 Grass Rivulet (August, rare) 
 The Drab Cooper (May). 
 Chimney Sweeper (June). 
 Clouded Border (June, 
 
 July). 
 Small Fan-footed Wave 
 
 (August). 
 Single Dotted Wave (June 
 
 July). 
 Small Dusty Wave (July). 
 Dark Cream Wave (June). 
 Plain Wave, (June, July). 
 Riband Wave (July). 
 Cream Wave (June). 
 Small Yellow Wave (May). 
 Small White Wave (May, 
 
 June). 
 Common Emerald (June). 
 Little Emerald (May). 
 Small Blood Vein (June). 
 Sub- angled Wave (June). 
 Scolloped Double Line 
 
 (July, August). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 441 
 
 Ennomos Flexula 
 
 PLATYPTERICID.E. 
 
 Drepana Falcataria... 
 Drepana Ungulcula ... 
 Cilix Compressa 
 
 Pyralid^e. 
 
 Eypena Prdboscidalis 
 
 Hypena Rostralls 
 Polypogon Borbalis ... 
 Paracolax Tarslcrlnalls 
 Paracolax Nemoralls 
 Aglossa Pinguinalis ... 
 Aglossa Cupreolatus ... 
 Py rolls Farinalis 
 Py rails Glaucinalls ... 
 
 Hypsopygia Costalis ... 
 Agrotera Flammealls 
 Dlasemla Llteralls ... 
 
 Hydrocampa Potamogata 
 
 Hydrocampa Nymphxata 
 Hydrocampa Lemnata 
 
 Paraponyx Stratlolata 
 
 Phlyctsenia Sambucm 
 Eurrhypara Urtlcata 
 Ebulea Verbascalls ... 
 Nomophlla Noctuella 
 Botys Fus calls 
 Eplcorsla Cinctalis ... 
 Mesographe Forjicalls 
 Evergestis Margarltalls 
 Spilodes Sticilcalls... 
 
 .. Beautiful Hook Tip (July 
 rare). 
 
 . Pebble Hook Tip (May, June). 
 ,. Barred Hook Tip (May, June). 
 ,. Chinese Character (June, 
 July). 
 
 . Spout Egger Likeness (July, 
 
 August). 
 ,. Buttoned Snout (May, July). 
 . . Common Fan-foot(June, July). 
 .. Fan-foot (June). 
 .. Small Fan-foot (June, rare). 
 .. Large Tabby (July, Aug.). 
 .. Small Tabby (July, rare). 
 .. Meal Moth (July, Aug.). 
 .. Double Striped Meal Moth 
 
 (July). 
 .. Gold Fringe (July, rare). 
 .. Eosy Flounced (July, rare). 
 .. Lettered China Mark (June, 
 
 rare). 
 .. Brown China Mark (June, 
 
 July). 
 .. Beautiful China Mark (July). 
 .. Small China Mark (June, 
 
 July). 
 
 .. Ringed China Mark (June, 
 
 July, rare). 
 
 .. Garden China Mark (June). 
 
 .. Small Magpie (June). 
 
 ,. Rusty China Mark (July). 
 
 .. Rush Veneer (July, rare). 
 
 .. Cinereous Pearl (June). 
 
 . . Lesser Pearl (July). 
 
 .. Garden Pebble (June, July). 
 
 . . Clouded Yellow Pearl, (June). 
 
 ,. Diamond Spot (July, rare). 
 
 2 G 
 
442 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Scopula jElialis 
 Scopula Olivalis 
 Scopula Prunalis 
 Pyrausta Purpuralis. . . 
 
 Pyrausta Punicealis ... 
 
 Ananica Octomaculata 
 
 Simaethis Fdbriciana 
 
 Simaethis Pariana ... 
 
 Simaethis Lutosa 
 Nola Strigulalis 
 
 Nola Cucullatella 
 
 TORTRICID^E. 
 
 Hylophila Prasinana 
 
 Hylophila Quercana 
 
 Ear is Chlorana 
 Tortrix Viridana 
 Tortrix Galiana 
 
 Lozotaznia Fosterana 
 Lozotaznia Sorbiana ... 
 Lozotcenia Transitana 
 Lozotaznia Hepararva 
 
 Lozotaznia 
 Lozotaznia 
 Lozotaznia 
 Lozotaznia 
 Lozotaznia 
 Lozotaznia 
 Lozotaznia 
 Lozotaznia 
 
 Ribeana ... 
 Cerasana ... 
 Grossulareana 
 Corylana ... 
 Fulvana ... 
 Xylosteana 
 Rosana 
 Nebulana 
 
 Pale Straw (June). 
 White Brindled (June). 
 Clouded Pearl (June). 
 Crimson and Gold Moth (May, 
 
 August). 
 Purple and Gold Moth (June 
 
 July). 
 White Spot (June, August, 
 
 rare). 
 Autumn Nettle Tap (August, 
 
 September). 
 Double Barred Nettle Tap 
 
 (June). 
 Early Nettle Tap (March). 
 Least Black Arches (June, 
 
 rare). 
 Short Cloaked (July). 
 
 Green Silver Lines (May, 
 
 June). 
 Scarce Silver Lines (July, 
 
 rare). 
 Small Green Oak (June, rare). 
 Pea Green (July, rare). 
 Glossy Golden Brown (June, 
 
 rare). 
 Forsters (June, rare). 
 Hazel Tortrix (July). 
 The Maple (June, rare). 
 Dark Oblique Bar (June, 
 
 July). 
 Common Oblique Bar (June). 
 Hollow Oblique Bar (June). 
 Gooseberry (June, rare). 
 Great Chequered (June). 
 Great Hook Tip (June). 
 Forked Red Bar (June). 
 Glossy Oblique Bar (June). 
 Rose Tortrix (June)* 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 443 
 
 Sarrothripus Ilicanus 
 Sarrothripus Degeneranus . 
 Oxigrapha Literana 
 
 Oxigrapha Scdbrana 
 
 Peronea Cristana 
 Peronea Centrovittana 
 
 Peronea A utumnana 
 Peronea Favillaciana 
 Peronea Schalleriana 
 Peronea Rufana 
 Peronea Variegana ... 
 
 Peronea Asperana ... 
 
 Paramesia Ferrugana 
 CheimatopJiila Mixtana 
 Teras Effractana 
 
 Teras Excavata 
 Dictyopteryx Contaminana 
 
 Dictyopteryx Ciliana 
 Dictyopteryx Rhombana 
 
 Dictyopteryx Pluwbana 
 Dictyopteryx Forshaliana 
 Croesia Eolmiana 
 Croesia Bergmaniana 
 
 Phycholoma Lecheana 
 Antithesia Betulana ... 
 
 Pardia Tripunctata ... 
 Spilonota Roborana ... 
 Spilonota Ocellana ... 
 Liihographia Campoliliana 
 
 Large Holly (August, rare). 
 Large Brown (July, August). 
 Black-sprigged Green (July, 
 
 October, rare). 
 Grey Rough Wing (July, 
 
 August, rare). 
 White Button (Aug., Sept.). 
 Centre-streaked Button (July, 
 
 August). 
 Autumnal Button (Sept.). 
 Ash-Coloured Button (Sept.). 
 The Schallerian (September). 
 Eed Triangle (September). 
 Common Rough Wing (July, 
 
 August). 
 The White Shouldered (July, 
 
 August). 
 The Dial (July, Aug., Sept.). 
 The Chesnut (June, July). 
 Common Notch wing (Aug. 
 
 September). 
 Iron Notchwing (Aug. , rare). 
 Chequered Pebble (July, 
 
 August). 
 White Fringed (Sept., Oct.). 
 Dark Chequered (August* 
 
 September). 
 Clouded Straw (Aug., Sept.). 
 The Forskalian (June, July). 
 The Holmian (June). 
 The Bergmannian (July, 
 
 August). 
 The Lechean (June). 
 Birch Long Cloak (June, 
 
 July). 
 Black Cloaked (July, Aug.). 
 Brown Cloaked (June). 
 Cream Short Cloaked (June). 
 The Retuse Marble (July). 
 
444 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Lithographia Penlderiana ... 
 
 Anchylopera Subuncana 
 Anchylopera Lundiana 
 Ditula Augustiorana 
 
 Ditula Rotundana 
 
 Psecilocroma Corticana 
 
 Psecilocroma Ophthalmicana... 
 
 Halonota Bimaculana 
 Hdlonota Sticticana ... 
 
 Halonota Costipunctata 
 
 Semasia Wosfoerana 
 Carpocapsa Pomonella 
 
 Edopsia Nigricans 
 
 Ephippiphora Nitidana 
 Dicrorampha Petiveratta 
 Dicrorampha Sequana 
 Dicrorampha Strigana 
 Hemerosia Rheediella 
 Gi*apholitha Ulicetana 
 Grapholitha Scopoliana 
 Grapholitha Cana 
 
 Sphaleroptera Ictericana 
 
 Cnephasia Subjectana 
 Cnephasia Interjectana 
 Cnephasia A Iternella 
 Cnephasia Hybradana 
 Cnephasia Nubilana ... 
 Tortricodes Hyemana 
 
 The Mitterbachian (June, 
 
 July). 
 
 Red Hooktip (June, rare). 
 The Lundian (May). 
 Narrow - winged Red Bar 
 
 (June). 
 Round-tipped Red Bar (June, 
 
 rare). 
 Marbled Diamond Back 
 
 (June). 
 Black Double Blotched 
 
 (August). 
 The Strgemian (June, July). 
 Brown Blotch Back (July, 
 
 August). 
 Lesser Blotch Back (June, 
 
 rare). 
 The Weberian (June). 
 Codling Moth (June, July, 
 
 rare). 
 The Black Striped Edge (July, 
 
 August, rare). 
 Dark Silver Striped (June). 
 The Petiverian (June, rare). 
 Silver Blotch Back (June). 
 Pale Gold Fringed (June). 
 The Daldorfian (June, rare). 
 Light Striped Edge (August). 
 The Scopolian (June). 
 The Hoary-Sealed (June, 
 
 rare). 
 The Jaundiced Drab (June, 
 
 rare). 
 The Logian (June). 
 Lesser Grey Elm (June). 
 Large Grey Elm (June). 
 Straight-barred Elm (June). 
 Smoky Grey (June). 
 Clouded Brown (May). 
 
ZOOLOGY. 
 
 445 
 
 Orthotcenia Striana ... 
 Notocelia Udmanniana 
 Sideria Achatana 
 Sericoris Urticaria ... 
 Eupxcilia Maculosana 
 Eupxcilia Angustana 
 Lozopera Straminea ... 
 
 Xanthosetia Eamana 
 Xanthosetia Diver sana 
 Cra^ibid^e 
 
 Endorea Frquentella 
 
 Nepliopteryx Roborella 
 Cryptoblades Bistriga 
 
 Ephestia Elutella 
 Ephestia Rufa 
 Ephestia Avgustella ... 
 
 Cr ambus Falcellus ... 
 Cr ambus Pratellus . . . 
 Cr ambus Angustellus 
 
 Cr ambus HortueUus ... 
 Cr ambus Culmellus ... 
 
 * Crambus Inquinatellus 
 Cr ambus Aduilellus ... 
 Crambus Culmorum ... 
 
 Crambus Paleelus 
 Crambus Fuscinellus . . . 
 Harpipteryx Deniella 
 
 Chcetochilus Viitellus 
 Anacampsis Juniper ella 
 Anacampsis Laticinctella 
 A nacampsis A leela . . . 
 
 Strait-barred (June). 
 The Udmannian (June). 
 Marbled Dog's Tooth (July). 
 Barred Nettle (June). 
 Small Black Spotted (July). 
 Barred Marble (July, rare). 
 Strait-barred Straw (May, 
 
 rare). 
 Hook Marked Straw (Aug). 
 Crossed Straw (August). 
 
 The Small Grey (June, 
 
 July). 
 Dotted Knot Horn (June). 
 Double Striped Ked Knot 
 
 Horn (June). 
 Cinereous Knot Horn (June). 
 Rufous Knot Horn (June). 
 Small Ermine Knot Horn 
 
 (June). 
 Chequered Veneer (June). 
 Dark Inlaid Veneer (June). 
 Narrow Winged Veneer 
 
 (June). 
 Garden Veneer (June). 
 Small Straw Coloured Veneer 
 
 (June). 
 Barred Veneer (June). 
 Dusky Yellow Veneer (June). 
 Brown Edged Veneer (June, 
 
 July). 
 Large Yellow Veneer (July). 
 Brown Veneer (June, July). 
 Tooth Streaked Hook Tip 
 
 (June, July). 
 Black Back (June). 
 The Juniper (June, July). 
 The Poplar (June, July). 
 Black Clouded (June). 
 
446 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Adela Fasciella 
 
 Adela Veridella 
 
 Cerostoma Xylostella 
 
 Tinea Tapetzella 
 
 Tinea Fuscipunctetta 
 
 Tinea Pellionella 
 
 Tinea Nigripunctella 
 
 Tinea Cloacella 
 
 Amaurosetia Oppositella 
 Gracillaria Hemidactylella ... 
 Gracillaria Rufipemella 
 Gracillaria Prseangusta 
 
 Alucitid^:. 
 
 Pterophorus Pentadactylus ... 
 
 PterophorusFuscodactylus . . . 
 
 Pterophorus Pterodactylus ... 
 Pterophorus Punctidactylus... 
 Alucita Eexadactyla 
 
 The Copper Japan (June, 
 
 July). 
 Green Long Horn (May). 
 The Honeysuckle (October). 
 Black Cloaked Woollen 
 
 (June, July). 
 Brown Dotted Woollen (June, 
 
 July). 
 
 Single Spotted Woollen 
 
 (July, August). 
 Many Spotted Yellow (July, 
 
 August). 
 Dark Mottled Woollen (June, 
 
 July). 
 Two Spotted Brown (June). 
 Mottled Red (August). 
 Dull Red (July). 
 Poplar Slender (May). 
 
 Large White Plume (June, 
 
 July). 
 Brown Wood Plume (June, 
 
 July), 
 Common Plume (July, Aug.). 
 Brindled Plume (June, July). 
 Six Cleft Plume (from 
 
 March to October). 
 
ITINERARY. 
 
 North West. — Charlcombe (2 miles); Church; yew- 
 tree ; Norman doorway. BeckforaVs Tower (2 miles) ; 
 View from. Pilgrims' Chapel (3 miles) ; Race 
 Course. Grenville's Monument (4 miles) ; Battle of 
 Lansdown. Wick Rocks 6 (miles) ; Romantic 
 scenery ; site of Eoman Villa. Prospect Stile 
 (4 miles) ; View of Mendip Hills. 
 
 North. — Swainswick (3 miles) ; Manor House, Prynne ; 
 Norman, Early English, and Perpendicular Archi- 
 tecture. Langridge (4 miles) ; Church, Norman 
 chancel and arch. Cold Ashton, Manor House, 
 (5 miles) Gunnings. 
 
 North East. — Batheaston (2 J miles) ; Village church ; 
 Bells, pre-Reformation. Solsbury Hill (3 miles) ; 
 Ancient Earthworks ; View of Bath. St. Catherine's 
 (4 miles) ; Hon. E. A. Strutt ; Valley ; Church, 
 stone pulpit, Norman font ; Bridle path to Marshfield ; 
 Colerne ; Cold Ashton. 
 
 East. — Shockerwick House, J. Wiltshire, Esq: ; Paintings 
 by Gainsborough. Middle Hill Spa (5 miles). Bath- 
 easton Villa (3 miles) ; Lady Miller. Cor sham 
 Court (6 miles) ; Lord Methuen, picture gallery. 
 
 South East. — Warleigh (4 miles) ; J. D. Skrine ; Forest 
 trees, and Park. Kingsdown (4 miles); Tower. 
 
448 APPENDIX. 
 
 Wraxhall Manor House (7 miles) ; Entrance 
 gate ; Elizabethan drawing-room. Baihford Hill 
 (4 miles) ; Mountain view. Bathampton (2 miles) ; 
 Church, mill, ferry, and manor house. Claverton 
 (3 miles) ; Manor House ; church ; Rev. R. Graves ; 
 Allen's Tomb. Dundas Aqueduct (4 miles) ; Road, 
 railway, canal. Limpley Stoke (4 miles) ; Church 
 and monument; Norman arch. Hinton Abbey 
 (6 miles) ; Ruin, fourteenth century ; ancient table 
 in Manor House. Farleigh Castle (7 miles) ; ruins. 
 Sham Castle (1 mile) ; View of Avon Vale. Hamp- 
 ton Downs (2 miles) ; Belgic town, rocks, Wansdyke- 
 barrows. Claverton Downs (2 miles) ; old Race 
 Course. 
 
 South. — Widcombe old Church (1 mile) ; Fielding's 
 Novel ; Stained glass. Abbey Cemetery (1 mile) ; 
 Gift of Hon. and Rev. Wm. Brodrick. Prior Park 
 (1J mile) House ; Wansdyke ; Ralph Allen. Combe 
 Down (1^ miles) ; Site of Roman Villa ; Ralph 
 Allen's Quarries. Woodlands (1J miles) ; Rev. R. 
 Warner. Popds Walk and Grotto (1 mile) ; Roman 
 Catholic Cemetery. Ancient approach to Bath by 
 Lyncombe Vale (1 mile). Beechen Cliff (1 mile) ; 
 Panoramic View of Bath. Southstoke (3J miles) ; 
 Caissons, canal, locks. Odd Down (3 miles) ; Wans- 
 dyke, remnant of. Combe Hay Park (4 miles). 
 Wellow (5 miles) ; Church, Roman pavement, Cist 
 Vaen, &c. Fosseway and British Encampment 
 (3 J miles). Camerton (6 miles) ; Coal pits. English- 
 combe (3 miles) ; Wansdyke ; De Gournay's Castle. 
 
 West. — Twerton (2 miles) ; Fielding's House. Newton 
 St. Loe (4J miles) ; church ; W. Gore Langton, his 
 park and castle. Stanton- Bury (5 miles) ; Hill view ; 
 Wansdyke. Stanton Dreio (8 miles) ; Druidical 
 
ITINERARY. 449 
 
 temple. Partis College (2 miles) Asylum for 
 Ladies of limited incomes ; Chapel. Kelston Parle 
 (3 miles) ; anciently seat of the Haringtons, now of 
 Colonel Inigo Jones; Church; Natural round hill. 
 Bitton (6 miles) ; Church ; Mediaeval Monuments ; 
 Eoman Antiquities, Via Julia. Weston (2 miles) ; 
 Church, villas, picturesque village, traces of the Via 
 Julia. 
 
INDEX 
 
 A. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abbey, Bath 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 153 
 
 „ its Architecture 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 162 
 
 ,, List of Rectors 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 214 
 
 Adrian in Britain 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 54 
 
 Albert, Prince, his Bust 
 
 , . 
 
 .. 334 
 
 Allen, Ralph 
 
 . . 
 
 132, 374 
 
 Amusements 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 294 
 
 Anstey, Christopher, Monument to 
 
 
 .. 211 
 
 „ ,, his Residence 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 360 
 
 Archaeology 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 392 
 
 Argyle Street Chapel 
 
 
 . . 270 
 
 Arthur Pendragon 
 
 
 .. 59 
 
 Assembly Rooms, The . . 
 
 
 .. 294 
 
 ,, ,, Riot Act read in 
 
 . . 
 
 .. 301 
 
 „ „ Upper 
 
 
 .. 301 
 
 Athenaeum Library 
 
 
 .. 324 
 
 B. 
 
 Bacon, John (Elder) 
 
 
 .. 200 
 
 Baldwin, Architect 
 
 
 .. 145 
 
 Barker, Benj . 
 
 
 .. 249 
 
 Barker, Thomas 
 
 
 .. 258 
 
 Barnes, Barth. 
 
 
 .. 198 
 
 Barlow, Dr. 
 
 
 . . 133 
 
 Bath, British History of 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,, Roman 
 
 
 .. 20 
 
INDEX. 
 
 451 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bath, Saxon and Danish 
 
 . 57 
 
 „ Modern 
 
 . 78 
 
 ,, Municipal 
 
 . 73 
 
 „ Civil .. 
 
 . 76 
 
 ,, History of from the Conquest 
 
 . 65 
 
 Bath, Neighbourhood of 
 
 . 369 
 
 Bathwick 
 
 . 365 
 
 Bathampton — Vide Itinerary- 
 
 . 447 
 
 Baths : 
 
 
 Bath and Pump Eoom, the Kingston 
 
 . 120 
 
 Hot and Koyal Private 
 
 . 116 
 
 Roman 
 
 . 35 
 
 Boyal Private 
 
 . 117 
 
 Tepid Swimming 
 
 . 119 
 
 The Cross 
 
 . 113 
 
 The Horse 
 
 . 129 
 
 The King's 
 
 . 104 
 
 The King's and Queen's Private. . 
 
 . 115 
 
 The Lepers' 
 
 . 336 
 
 The Queen's 
 
 . 110 
 
 Baths, use of . . . . . . , 
 
 . 96 
 
 Baths, Effects of, generally 
 
 . 100 
 
 Bath "Waters, Constitution and Application of 
 
 . 95 
 
 Bath Beaver 
 
 . 75 
 
 Bates, Eli . . . . . . ... 
 
 . 209 
 
 Bave, Dr. Samuel 
 
 . 209 
 
 Beau Nash, Memoirs of 
 
 . 286 
 
 ,, and King William III. 
 
 . 287 
 
 Beckford, Mr., hia Tomb 
 
 . 353 
 
 Bells, in the Abbey Tower 
 
 . 174 
 
 Belgae 
 
 . 15 
 
 Berry, Admiral Sir Edward 
 
 . 235 
 
 Bickerton, Admiral, B.H. 
 
 . 205 
 
 Bimberries 
 
 . 338 
 
 Birde, Prior 
 
 . 171 
 
 Bingham, W, 
 
 . 187 
 
 Blue Alms Hospital 
 
 . 336 
 
 Black Alms ,, 
 
 . 338 
 
 Bladud, his Legend 
 
 4 
 
452 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Blue-Coat School 
 Borough "Walls 
 
 ,, Boundaries 
 Bosanquet, Jacob 
 Bowles, John 
 
 ,, his Residence 
 
 Bridges . . . . ■ 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Croyland 
 
 North Parade 
 
 Old 
 
 Pulteney 
 Bridge, First stone (note), in England 
 Bridges, — Suspension 
 
 Grosvenor 
 
 "Widcombe 
 Broome, William 
 Brooke, Colonel 
 Broome, Ralph 
 Brudenell's and Broughton's Monument 
 
 C. 
 
 Canute 
 
 Capper, Peter 
 Carrington, Mr. H. E. . . 
 Cemeteries 
 
 Abbey 
 
 Bathwick.. 
 
 Lansdown 
 
 Lyncombe and Widcombe 
 
 Roman Catholic 
 
 St. Michael's 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 Walcot at Locksbrook 
 Chapels, — Episcopal : 
 
 All Saints' 
 
 Brymer (Mineral Water Hospital) 
 
 Corn Street 
 
 Laura 
 
 Margaret 
 
 PAGE 
 
 330 
 
 31 
 
 151 
 
 183 
 
 212 
 360 
 367 
 367 
 367 
 367 
 367 
 367 
 367 
 368 
 368 
 368 
 210 
 239 
 237 
 217 
 
 63 
 197 
 191 
 351 
 355 
 356 
 352 
 354 
 357 
 357 
 356 
 356 
 
 257 
 136 
 266 
 259 
 260 
 
INDEX. 
 
 453 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chapels, — Episcopal : 
 
 
 
 Octagon 
 
 
 .. 262 
 
 Portland 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 241 
 
 St. Mary's de Stall .. 
 
 . * 
 
 .. 255 
 
 St. Mary's (Queen Square) 
 
 
 . . 258 
 
 St. Mary Magdalene 
 
 
 . . 263 
 
 St. John's (Hospital).. 
 
 
 . . 336 
 
 „ (Gas Works) 
 
 
 . . 267 
 
 St. Paul's (Avon Street) 
 
 
 . . 267 
 
 Mortuary (Bathwick) 
 
 
 . . 252 
 
 Chapels, — Dissenting : 
 
 
 
 Baptist (Kensington) 
 
 
 .. 277 
 
 Bethesda (York Street) 
 
 
 .. 275 
 
 Catholic Apostolic Church, or 
 
 Irvingites 
 
 . . 273 
 
 Independent (Argyle Street) 
 
 
 . . 270 
 
 Independent (Percy, Charlotte Street) 
 
 .. 272 
 
 Lady Huntingdon's . . 
 
 
 . . 267 
 
 Moravian 
 
 
 .. 274 
 
 St. John's, Eoman Catholic Church 
 
 . . 284 
 
 The New Church (Swedenborgians') 
 
 . . 283 
 
 Unitarian 
 
 
 . . 280 
 
 Wesleyan (Walcot) . . 
 
 
 . . 279 
 
 Wesleyan (New King Street) 
 
 
 .. 277 
 
 Chapels, Ancient 
 
 
 . . 254 
 
 Champion, Colonel Alexander 
 
 
 . . 189 
 
 Chapman, Eichard 
 
 
 . . 203 
 
 Chapman's Aisle 
 
 
 . . 203 
 
 Chapman, Peter 
 
 
 . . 204 
 
 Charlotte, Queen 
 
 
 95, 127, 366 
 
 Charlemagne 
 
 
 .. 91 
 
 Ceremonies, Master of . . 
 
 
 . 303, 304, 305 
 
 Chesterfield, Pasquinade 
 
 
 . . 293 
 
 Churches : 
 
 
 
 Christ 
 
 
 . . 228 
 
 St. James's 
 
 
 .. 215 
 
 St. John Baptist 
 
 
 . . 250 
 
 St. Mark's (Widcombe) 
 
 
 . . 224 
 
 St. Mary's (Bathwick) 
 
 
 . . 248 
 
 St. Matthew's (Widcombe) 
 
 
 . . 244 
 
454 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Churches : 
 
 St. Michael's 
 . St. Saviour's 
 
 St. Stephen's 
 
 St. Swithin's 
 
 Trinity . . 
 
 Widcombe, Old 
 Civil Government 
 Club, Subscription (Bath and County) 
 Clements, William 
 College, New Kingswood 
 
 „ Partis 
 Commercial Beading Eoom 
 Concerts, Public 
 Concerts, Harmonic Society 
 ,, Hanoverian Band 
 Corporation, Estates of 
 Coward, Leonard 
 Crimean Memorial Column 
 Crook, Rev. Charles 
 
 D. 
 
 D'Arblay, Madame 
 
 „ Jean Baptist 
 Derrick, Samuel 
 
 Devonshire, Duchess of, her Verses 
 Dispensaries 
 Domesday Book 
 Drama, History of the 
 Draper, Sir William, Monument to 
 Dryden, Epitaph by 
 Dunstan 
 
 PAGE 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle, Lecturn 
 Ecclesiastical Buildings 
 Edgar, Crowned 
 Elizabeth, Reign of 
 
 
 .. 218 
 
 
 .. 226 
 
 
 .. 242 
 
 
 . . 231 
 
 
 .. 229 
 
 
 .. 245 
 
 
 .. 76 
 
 
 .. 323 
 
 
 .. 185 
 
 
 .. 332 
 
 
 .. 341 
 
 
 .. 324 
 
 
 .. 312 
 
 
 .. 313 
 
 • • 
 
 .. 315 
 
 
 .. 144 
 
 
 . J 88 
 
 
 .. 356 
 
 
 . 196 
 
 .. 128, 239, 240 
 
 . . 239 
 
 
 . 210 
 
 
 . 232 
 
 • • 
 
 . 335 
 
 
 . 65 
 
 
 . 307 
 
 
 . 186 
 
 
 . 207 
 
 
 . 63 
 
 . . 138 
 
 . . 153 
 
 . . 155 
 
 . 
 
 . 76 
 
INDEX. 
 
 455 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ellis, John 
 
 . 253 
 
 Emerson, W. H., Master of Ceremonies 
 
 . 305 
 
 Ernele, Walter 
 
 . 188 
 
 Ewart, Joseph, Monument to 
 
 . 196 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabri 
 
 . 50 
 
 Fielding", Sarah, Monument to 
 
 . 192 
 
 Flora of Neigbourhood (Appendix) 
 
 . 401 
 
 Fossil Coal 
 
 . 23 
 
 Fosseway 
 
 . 234 
 
 Fountain, Ladymead 
 
 . 343 
 
 ,, Fountain Buildings 
 
 . 363 
 
 Frampton, Mary 
 
 . 207 
 
 Freemasons' Old Hall 
 
 . 276 
 
 Frederick, Prince of Wales . . . . 146, 350 
 
 Frowde, Colonel Sir Ph., his Monument 
 
 . 206 
 
 G. 
 
 Gambler, Admiral 
 
 . 191 
 
 Gaol, Borough 
 
 . 150 
 
 Gas Works 
 
 . 149 
 
 Geoffrey, of Monmouth 
 
 3 
 
 Geology of Neighbourhood (Appendix) 
 
 . 387 
 
 Gildas, Badonicus 
 
 . 213 
 
 Godfrey, Colonel C. 
 
 . 186 
 
 Godwin Henry 
 
 . 220 
 
 Gordon, George 
 
 . 201 
 
 Grammar School, Free 
 
 . 328 
 
 Grenville, Sir Beville, killed 
 
 . 70 
 
 Grieve, Elizabeth 
 
 . 205 
 
 Guildhall, The 
 
 . 143 
 
 Guidott, Thomas ... . . 
 
 . 210 
 
 H. 
 
 
 Hamilton, Eev. L. K. 
 
 . 250 
 
 Hampton Fort 
 
 . 25 
 
 Hanham's Manual 
 
 . 346 
 
 Hare, James 
 
 . 232 
 
456 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hargood, Admiral, Sir William . . . . . . 184 
 
 Harington, Dr. Henry . . . . . . 202 
 
 Harington, Sir J. . . . . 92 
 
 Haweis, Thomas, Dr. . . . . . . 196 
 
 Hawley, Lady . . . . 132, 294 
 
 Henrietta, Maria (Queen) . . . . 69, 80 
 
 Henshaw, J. . . . . . . 193 
 
 Hetling The, Pump Eoom .. .. .. 118 
 
 Hoare, William . . . . 201, 239 
 
 Horse Bath . . * . . . . 97 
 
 Hospitals : 
 
 Bellott's .. .. ' ,. 339 
 
 Bimberries . . . . . . 338 
 
 Magdalen .. .. ..263 
 
 Mineral Water . . . . . . 131 
 
 Penitentiary, Ladymead . . . . . . 335 
 
 St. Catherine's . . . . . . 338 
 
 St. John's .. .. ..336 
 
 United .. .. ..333 
 
 Hospital, Mineral Water, Begulations relating to Admission 141 
 
 Hot Wells; Origin of, uncertain . . . . . . 129 
 
 Hungerford, Family of . . . . . . 119 
 
 I. 
 
 Institution, Eoyal Literary . . . . 311 
 
 Itinerary . . . . . . 447 
 
 Ivy, Sir George, Monument to . . . . 188 
 
 J. 
 Jay, Eev. William 
 
 Jervois, Captain, W. C, his Monument 
 
 Jews' Synagogue 
 
 John de Yillula 
 
 Jorden, Dr. Edmund 
 
 271 
 193 
 280 
 156 
 209 
 
 K. 
 
 Katencamp, Monument of . . . . . . 189 
 
 Kent, Duchess of . . . . . . 128 
 
 King's Bath .. .. ..104 
 
INDEX. 
 
 457 
 
 Kingston Baths 
 
 ,, ,, Analysis of 
 
 King, Bishop Oliver 
 King (not Montague) his Vision 
 
 L. 
 
 Lansdown, Battle of 
 
 „ Female Military School 
 
 Lacustrine Tenements 
 Langham, Maria * 
 
 La Touche, Captain, F. 
 Leprosy, a Disqualification, &c. 
 Libraries, Circulating 
 Linley, Miss 
 Lud Hudibras 
 
 M. 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir C, his Monument 
 
 Maclaine, Archdeacon 
 
 Markets 
 
 Mackay, Honourable Hugh 
 
 Maithus, Eev. T. K. 
 
 Mary, Beatrice, Queen of James II 
 
 Mainwaring's Monument 
 
 Markland's Bemarks on Churches 
 
 Mahew, F. and C. 
 
 Meyler, "William 
 
 Melmoth, "William 
 
 Mineral Waters, History of 
 
 Miller, Lady 
 
 Minerva, Temple of 
 
 Milsom Street 
 
 Minerva Medica 
 
 Monk's Mill 
 
 Monuments (Abbey) 
 
 Montague, Bishop 
 
 ,, His Monument 
 Municipal Government, History of 
 Museum 
 Mysteries, Ancient 
 
 PAGE 
 
 120 
 122 
 158 
 164 
 
 70 
 331 
 
 12 
 236 
 253 
 9 
 326 
 316 
 3,7 
 
 .. 192 
 
 .. 211 
 
 148, 149 
 
 .. 217 
 
 .. 193 
 
 .. 114 
 
 .. 217 
 
 .. 225 
 
 .. 238 
 
 .. 208 
 
 .. 211 
 
 .. 86 
 
 .. 198 
 
 .. 38 
 
 358, 361 
 
 .. 45 
 
 .. 32 
 
 .. 177 
 
 .. 159 
 
 .. 179 
 
 .. 73 
 
 .. 318 
 
 .. 306 
 
 2 H 
 
458 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 N. 
 
 Nash, Beau, Statue of 
 
 ■ • a 
 
 125 
 
 ,, „ Monument of 
 
 . . . 
 
 184 
 
 „ „ Memoir of 
 
 * » 
 
 286 
 
 ,, „ and King William III. 
 
 . . • 
 
 287 
 
 Newspapers 
 
 • . . 
 
 325 
 
 Newton (note) 
 
 125, 
 
 126 
 
 Nightingale, Lady- 
 
 . . 
 
 205 
 
 Norman, George 
 
 • • • 
 
 333 
 
 Norton, Colonel 
 
 . 
 
 183 
 
 0. 
 
 Oak, Prince of Wales* 
 
 
 350 
 
 Obelisk, Victoria 
 
 i • • 
 
 348 
 
 Octagon Chapel 
 
 . • • 
 
 262 
 
 Offa 
 
 • • • 
 
 61 
 
 Oliver, Dr. William (Sen.) 
 
 • • • 
 
 194 
 
 „ „ (Junior) (note) 
 
 . 
 
 194 
 
 Orange Grove 
 
 . 
 
 349 
 
 P. 
 
 Palmer, John 
 
 • • • 
 
 190 
 
 Palmer, General 
 
 • • • 
 
 191 
 
 Park, the Royal Victoria, Opened 
 
 . 
 
 94 
 
 Parry, Dr. Caleb Hillier, Monument 
 
 < • . 
 
 186 
 
 Partis, Fletcher 
 
 • • • 
 
 208 
 
 Partis College 
 
 . • . 
 
 341 
 
 Parish, Mr. 
 
 . • • 
 
 336 
 
 Paintings in Old Theatre 
 
 • • • 
 
 311 
 
 Paslow, General, John 
 
 • • • 
 
 217 
 
 Penitentiary, Ladymead 
 
 . 
 
 335 
 
 Peirce, Jerrie 
 
 • • 
 
 241 
 
 Pelling, J. 
 
 . . . 
 
 194 
 
 Peruvian Bark 
 
 . • • 
 
 18 
 
 Piozzi, Mrs. 
 
 . . 
 
 262 
 
 Pinch, John 
 
 > . • 
 
 227 
 
 Pownall, Thomas 
 
 211, 
 
 240 
 
 Porter, Walsh 
 
 • • • 
 
 195 
 
 Prior Park 
 
 • • . 
 
 374 
 
 Prynne, William 
 
 . 
 
 77 
 
INDEX. 
 
 459 
 
 Princes, Visitors of Bath 
 Prince of "Wales, Frederick 
 
 ,, ,, Edward Albert . 
 
 Pre-Historic Dwellings 
 Pulteney, Family (Cleveland) 
 
 „ Bridge 
 Pump Eoom, the Grand 
 
 „ the Hetling 
 
 Pyper, Granville 
 
 Q. 
 
 Queen Square 
 
 ,, Obelisk in 
 
 Queen's Bath 
 
 Queensborough, Duchess of 
 Quin, Monument of 
 
 E. 
 
 Eailway Station* 
 ,, Travelling 
 
 Eauzzini V., his Monument 
 ,, a Composer 
 
 Eelics, Eoman 
 
 Eings, Votive 
 
 Eivers, Baron, Lord 
 
 Eoman Baths 
 
 Eoman Catholic Church 
 
 Eosewell House 
 
 Eoyal Literary Institution 
 
 ,, „ Eoman Antiquities in 
 
 „ „ Paintings in 
 
 Eoses, the "White and Eed 
 
 Eoebucks, Monument to 
 
 Eomilly, Sir Samuel 
 
 S. 
 
 Samaritan, the Good 
 
 Sanatorium 
 
 School, Weymouth House 
 
 „ Blue Coat 
 
 „ Military Female 
 
 PAGE 
 
 92, 93 
 146, 350 
 137 
 11 
 365 
 367 
 123 
 118 
 206 
 
 .. 359 
 
 .. 359 
 
 .. 110 
 
 .. 289 
 
 .. 185 
 
 .. 368 
 
 ..^368 
 
 .. 191 
 
 .. 314 
 
 155, 156 
 
 108, 109, 111 
 
 228 
 
 35 
 
 284 
 
 362 
 
 318 
 
 320, 321, 392 
 
 322 
 
 79 
 
 192 
 
 225 
 
 135 
 123 
 214 
 330 
 331 
 
460 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Schools, Government and Others 
 
 • • • 
 
 331 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter 
 
 • • • 
 
 29 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 • • • 
 
 317 
 
 Sibley, Eev. J. 
 
 • . . 
 
 238 
 
 Sipthorp, John, Monument to 
 
 ■ . . 
 
 206 
 
 Sill, Joseph 
 
 . . 
 
 196 
 
 Solis, Aquae 
 
 . . 
 
 27 
 
 Sparrow James 
 
 • • * 
 
 233 
 
 Spring Gardens 
 
 . . . 
 
 316 
 
 St. Leger, Eev. James 
 
 . . . 
 
 239 
 
 St. S within' s, List of Sectors 
 
 • • 
 
 241 
 
 Stonor, Sir Francis 
 
 • . • 
 
 106 
 
 Stone Balls 
 
 • > • 
 
 23 
 
 Street Architecture 
 
 • • • 
 
 357 
 
 Streets, Squares, Crescents 
 
 > • * 
 
 357 
 
 Sul or Sool 
 
 ■ • • 
 
 39 
 
 Swedenborgian Church 
 
 • • t 
 
 283 
 
 Sydney Gardens 
 
 * 
 
 315 
 
 T. 
 
 
 
 Theatre, the , . . 
 
 
 305 
 
 Tottenham, Library 
 
 
 324 
 
 ,, Edward 
 
 
 324 
 
 Troy Novant 
 
 
 3 
 
 Turin 
 
 
 83 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 Venner, Dr. 
 
 . 
 
 90 
 
 Victoria, Princess 
 
 . • 
 
 128 
 
 Yillula, John De 
 
 66, 
 
 156 
 
 Votive Eings 
 
 . 108, 109, 
 
 111 
 
 W. 
 
 
 
 Walsh, Lieut. -Colonel 
 
 
 195 
 
 Waller, Lady J. 
 
 
 181 
 
 Wales, Edward Albert, Prince of 
 
 
 137 
 
 Wansdyke 
 
 
 23 
 
 Waters, Bath, Analysis of 
 
 
 99 
 
 „ External Use of 
 
 
 102 
 
 „ Internal Use of 
 
 
 10O 
 
INDEX. 
 
 461 
 
 Water Companies 
 
 . . 364 
 
 "Wesley, John 
 
 . . 269 
 
 Wesleyan College, Lansdown 
 
 . . 332 
 
 Weston — Vide Itinerary 
 
 
 Werburgh, Oratory of 
 
 . . 254 
 
 Weymouth House School 
 
 . . 214 
 
 White, Thomas 
 
 .. 76 
 
 Whitfield, George 
 
 . . 268 
 
 Wilkinson, Dr. 
 
 . . 97 
 
 Widcombe Old Church 
 
 . . 245 
 
 Woollen Manufacture 
 
 . . 75 
 
 Wright, Lady Susanna 
 
 .. 238 
 
 Wynne, Sir William 
 
 . . 253 
 
 Zoology (Appendix) 
 
 .. 415 
 
 *a g?-co 
 
 R. E. Peach, Printer, S, Bridge Street, Bath. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 PUMP ROOMS AND BAJHS 
 
 'i& 
 
 W VISITORS TO BATH ARE PARTICULARLY REQUESTED 
 TO INSPECT THE BATHS, 
 
 Which may be done free of Charge. 
 
 CTerms for 2Brtnfung tlje ISatt) Jot ffl metal Skaters. 
 
 One Week ..£016 Six Months . . £0 15 
 One Month .. 5 One Year .. 10 
 Three Months 10 A Family, One 
 
 Year .. 2 
 N.B. — If at the Hetling- Pump Boom exclusively, Is. 
 per Week. No charge is made for tasting the Waters. 
 
 TIMES FOR DRINKING THE WATERS. 
 
 Week days — Eight a.m. to half-past Four p.m. 
 Sundays — At Gkand Pump Room — Half-past Eight to half- 
 past Nine a.m., and One to Three p.m. 
 
 The waters can be obtained in Half-pint Bottles, at 4s. per 
 Dozen, by application to the Superintendent. 
 
 Cerms for iSatJmg. 
 
 AT THE KING'S AND QUEEN'S BATHS. 
 
 From Six a.m. till Ten p.m. from Lady-day to Michaelmas 
 From Seven a.m. till Ten p.m. from Michaelmas to Lady- day 
 First Class Bath, Is. 6d. ; Second Class Bath, 6d. ; Ditto, 
 with Fire, Is.; Vapour Bath, 2s. ; Shower Bath, Is. ; Vapour 
 and ShowerBath combined, 2s. 6d.; First Class Douche, Is.; 
 Second Class Douche, 6d. ; Pumping in the Bath, 6d.; One 
 additional Bather in each Bath — First Class, Is., Second 
 Class, 6d. 
 
 DAYS FOR BATHING. 
 
 King's Side : Gentlemen — Monday, Wednesday, Friday. 
 Ladies — Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. 
 Queen's Side: Gentlemen — Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. 
 Ladies — Monday, Wednesday, Friday. 
 
 These Baths are open on Sundays, from Seven to half-past 
 Nine a.m., and One to Three p.m. 
 
 Baths may he taken at any Temperature to 115° Fahrenheit. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 PUMP ROOMS AND BATHS, continued. 
 
 * 
 
 The Koyal Baths. 
 The Marble Bath, 2s.; First Class Bath, Is. 6d.; Second 
 Class Bath, Is.; a Shower Bath and Douche, each, Is.; Pump- 
 ing in the Bath, 6d.; Lavement of improved construction, Is. 6d. 
 One additional Bather in First Class Bath, Is.; Second Class, 6d. 
 
 Tepid Swimming Bath. 
 Open from Six a.m. till Nine p.m. from Lady-day to Michael- 
 mas. From Seven a.m, till Four p.m. from Michaelmas to 
 Lady-day. Sunday, Seven till half-past Nine a.m. 
 
 With use of Private Dressing Room, for One Person, Is.; 
 Two Persons, Is. 6d.; Three persons, 2s.— With use of Public 
 Dressing Room, 6d. 
 
 Annual Subscription, £2; Six Months, £} 10s.; Three Months, 
 £1. Bathers under 14 years of age, to pay Half the above sub- 
 scription. 
 
 No Bather to occupy a Dressing Room more than 40 minutes. 
 
 Hot Public Bath. 
 Open from Six till Nine a.m. from Lady-day to Michaelmas, 
 and from Seven to Nine a.m. from Michaelmas to Lady-day. 
 
 Males — Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday ; and on Sunday 
 morning, from Seven till Nine a.m. Females — Monday, Wednes- 
 day, and Friday. — 6d. eaeh. 
 
 This Bath is free from Nine a.m. till Noon for the use of the 
 Poor, on the Certificate of a Resident Medical Practitioner, 
 countersigned by the Mayor or a Magistrate being a Member of 
 the Town Council. Blank Forms of Certificates may be ob- 
 tained from the Superintendent of the Baths. 
 
 Cross Bath. 
 
 For Males only. Open from Six a.m. till Nine p.m. from 
 Lady-day to Michaelmas ; and from Seven a.m. till Four p.m. 
 from Michaelmas to Lady-day. 
 
 The Charge is Threepence with a Towel, or Twopence if the 
 Bathers find their own Towels. 
 
 PORTABLE BATHS filled with Mineral Waters, at a 
 Temperature not exceeding 106°, can be supplied at any short 
 distance. — Slipper and Hip Baths at Is. Gd.per Week; Tubs 
 of Water, Is. each. 
 
 The above Charges include Bathing Linen and all ordinary 
 attendance. 
 
 It is requested that any incivility on the part of the Attend- 
 ants may be immediately reported to the Superintendent at 
 the Baths. 
 
 By order of the Committee, 
 
 T. BOSH1ER, Superintendent. 
 
ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY. 
 Capital, 2,000,000. 
 
 FUNDS IN 
 HAND 
 
 (OVER 
 
 £850,000. 
 
 TOTAL 
 ANNUAL REVENUE 
 
 OVER 
 
 £500,000. 
 
 HEAD OFFICES, 
 
 LIVERPOOL ft LONDON. 
 
 BEANCH OFFICES, 
 
 England : 
 
 Manchester, Birming 
 
 ham, Bristol, Leeds, 
 
 Newcastle- on -Tyne, 
 
 Southampton, and 
 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Scotland : 
 
 Edinburgh, Glasgow. 
 
 Xkeland : Dublin. 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT— The FIEE PEEMIUM for the year 
 1861 exceeded £290,000. being an actual increase of £94,000 over the year 
 1858. 
 
 The latest Parliamentary Eeturn of Insurance Tax paid to the Inland 
 Eevenue Office [ordered to be printed by the House of Commons, 8th 
 July, 1862] exhibits the EOYAL INSUBANCE COMPANY, as respects 
 increase of business, at the head of all the Insurance Offices. 
 
 MERCANTILE INSURANCES -WABEHOUSES,MAN- 
 UFACTOEIES, COTTON, FLAX, and WOOLLEN MILLS, Ac. 
 
 Insurances of these descriptions in the large Mercantile and Manufac- 
 turing Towns are effected with peculiar advantages by tbis Company 
 throngh the instrumentality of its numerous agents, and by the aid of the 
 experienced and practical Surveyors which it employs. NO CHAEGE 
 MADE FOE THE POLICY. Fire Insurances of all descriptions will 
 bo effected at moderate rates of Premium. The Compajiy will ever distin- 
 guish itself by its promptness in the settlement of claims. 
 
 FARMING INSURANCES— Losses by Lightning made 
 good. The use of a Steam Threshing Machine allowed. 
 
 LIFE DEPARTMENT.— Life Bonus declared 1860— £2 per 
 cent, per annum, the greatest Bonus ever continuously declared by any 
 Company. 
 
 THE LIFE PEEMIUM EECEIVED 
 
 From 1845 to 1854, amounted to .. ..£105,162 19 2 
 
 From 1855 to 1859, „ .... 227,830 12 5 
 
 Showing the last five years to be more than double the amount of the ten 
 
 preceding years. 
 
 The new Life Premium for the year 1861 . . .£16,627 18 
 West of England and South Wales District Temporary 
 
 Office 
 
 , 2, Broad Quay, Bristol, 
 
 Ba 
 
 h. 
 
 Twerton. 
 Badstock 
 
 LOCAL BOARD: 
 PHILIP W. S. MILES, Esq., Chairman, Queen Square. 
 GEOBGE O. EDWAEDS, Esq., Cld Bank. 
 H. C. W MILES, Esq., Queen Square. 
 JAMES POOLE, Esq., Wick House. 
 A. B. SAVILLE, Esq. SIE W. MILES & Co., Bank. 
 
 HENEY B. 0. SAVILLE, Esq., District Manager. 
 
 AGENTS: 
 
 Thomas Kni&ht, Auctioneer, George Street. 
 
 Thomas Wilton, Solicitor, Milsom Street. 
 
 John Coakley, Auctioneer, Terrace Walks. 
 
 Thomas Weston, Fountain Buildings. 
 
 J. M. Ostler, 14, Bladud Buildings. Fire only. 
 
 W. Veale, 9, Albert Buildings, 
 
 J. Willcox. 
 
/ 
 
 IMPERIAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 1, Old Broad Street, <# 16, Pall Mall, 
 LONDON. 
 
 INSTITUTED 1803. 
 
 Subscribed & Invested Capital, £1,600,000. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 THOMAS AUGUSTUS GIBB, Esq., Chairman. 
 WILLIAM E. EOBINSON, Esq., Deputy-Chairman. 
 
 The distinguishing characteristics of this Institution are— 
 MODERATE RATES; UNDOUBTED SECURITY; 
 PROMPT & LIBERAL SETTLEMENT OF CLAIMS. 
 
 agents) FEANCIS H. MOGEE, Solicitor. 
 in \ ANTHONY E. WEBB, Solicitor. 
 bath J J. J. & W. EAINEY, Upholsterers, &c. 
 
 IMPERIAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 1, Old Broad Street, London, E.C. Instituted 1820. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 HENEY DAVIDSON, Esq., Chairman. 
 EDWAED HENEY CHAPMAN, Esq., Deputy -Chairman. 
 
 Profits. — Four-fifths, or 80 per cent., of the profits are 
 assigned to policies every fifth year. The assured are enti- 
 tled to participate after payment of one premium. 
 
 Bonus. — The decennial additions made to policies issued 
 before the 4th of January, 1842, vary from .£78 to £16 15s. 
 per cent, on the sums issued, according to their respective 
 dates. 
 
 The quintennial additions made to policies issued after 
 the 4th of January, 1842, vary in like manner from £'28 17s. 
 to £1 5s. per cent, on the sums insured. 
 
 Purchase of Policies. — A liberal allowance is made on the 
 surrender of. a policy, either by a cash payment or the issue 
 of a policy free of premium. 
 
 Loans. — The Directors will lend sums of £50 and upwards 
 on the security of policies effected with this Company for 
 the whole term of life, when they have acquired an adequate 
 value. 
 
 Insurances without participation in profits may be effected 
 at reduced rates. 
 
 Prospectuses and further information may be had at the 
 Chief Office, as above; at the Branch Ofiice, 16, Pall-Mall; 
 or of the agents in town and country. 
 
 agents) FEANCIS H. MOGEE, Solicitor. 
 at \ ANTHONY E. WEBB, Solicitor. 
 bath J TAYLOR & WILLIAMS, Solicitors. 
 
% 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
ADVEKTISEMENTS. 
 
 COTTERELL, BROTHERS, 
 
 5, BRIDGE ST., BATH. 6, WINE ST., BRISTOL. 
 
 iprial ftfo* 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 COTTERELL,BROTHERS,beg to announce 
 that they are prepared to supply any Paper 
 Hangings, or other Decorative Works, either 
 of English or Foreign Manufacture, that 
 were shoivn at the Great Exhibition of 1862. 
 
 INTERIOR DECORATION, PAINTING, 
 AND GRAINING, 
 
 In all their branches ; Ceilings, Cornices, &c, 
 Distempered and Illuminated in the Italian 
 Style. None but trustivorthy and skilful 
 Workmen employed. 
 
 REPEAL OF THE PAPER DUTY. 
 
 This measure has given great impulse to the 
 manufacture of Paper Hangings. The New 
 Patterns display a most marked improve- 
 ment, both in design and colouring, and are 
 considerably Reduced in Price. 
 
 BOOK POST PATTERNS, 
 
 With Table to Measure Rooms, forwarded as 
 
 USUal POST FREE. 
 
 COTTERELL, BROTHERS, 
 
 6, WINE St., BRISTOL. 5, BRIDGE St., BATH. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 OPINION OF THE PRE6S. 
 
 ABERNANT HOUSE, ABERDARE.— This noble resi- 
 dence, the seat of Richard Fothergill, Esq., is now drawing 
 towards completion. The truly palatial style in which its 
 suites of apartments are decorated, renders it an ornament 
 to the Principality. The Decorations, both in paint and" 
 paper, have (with little exception) been entrusted to the 
 Messes. Cotterell, of Bristol and Bath; and the skill 
 and taste displayed, particularly in the ornamental ceilings, 
 do great credit to the taste of that enterprising and talented 
 firm. The Furnishing of the house will be in a style of 
 splendour and luxury rarely equalled. 
 
 The interior arrangements may be briefly described as 
 follows : — In the centre of the building is a Principal Hall 
 and gtaircase of grand and lofty proportions. This is 
 approached by lesser Halls communicating with entrances 
 at the north and south fronts. The whole of these Halls 
 and Passages are tesselated with Minton's tiles. From 
 these open a Drawing Room and Dining Room en suite, 
 each about 36 feet long by 24 feet wide, and proportionate 
 height. Also a Library and Billiard Room of almost equal 
 dimensions. There is a Ladies' Drawing Room of smaller 
 size, most unique and elegant, being richly decorated in a 
 purely Alhambra style, the ceiling of which displays what 
 might be termed the very music of outline &nd colouring. 
 
 A broad and easy Staircase conducts from the Hall to 
 Corridors extending right and left, which communicate 
 with the Bed Rooms, Bath Rooms, &c. This Corridor is 
 separated from the Staircase by arches, supported by mas- 
 sive pilasters of Sienna marble. The combination thus pro- 
 duced, heightened by the decorative details, is extremely 
 grand. We hope the worthy proprietor will live long to 
 enjoy this beautiful residence. — Monmouthshire Merlin, 23rd 
 August, 1862. 
 
 Cotterell, Brothers, 
 
 decorators, 
 
 5, Bridge Street, Bath. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 J. J. & W. EAINEY, 
 
 20 & 21, SOUTHG-ATE STEEET, 
 BATH, 
 
 AND 
 
 HOUSE DECORATORS. 
 
 Newest Designs in Brussels, Tapestry, Victoria, and 
 other Carpets and Payer Hangings. 
 
 LICENSED VALUERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY 
 
 FOR PROBATE AND OTHER PURPOSES. 
 
 AUCTIONEERS & UNDERTAKERS. 
 
 GALLEEY OF AKTICLES OF VEKTU, 
 
 , COMPRISING ORIENTAL, CHELSEA, AND DRESDEN CHIN*; CABINET 
 BRONZES, AND ANTIQUE FURNITURE. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND EETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 %%%txitit Smmfo-jrattft Cabinet $uxnituxt, 
 
 Of which a very extensive assortment is always ready 
 for immediate delivery. 
 
 HOUSES FURNISHED ON HIRE FOR ANY PERIOD, 
 
 AND 
 
 Every description of Household Furniture, Plate, Jewels, 
 
 Paintings, Wine, &c, Purchased for Gash, 
 
 or Sold on Commission. 
 
 PROPERTY WAREHOUSED IN LARGE OR SMALL 
 QUANTITIES. 
 
 ESTATE MMW H0WSE ALEUTS. 
 
 OFFICE FOR 
 
 THE IMPERIAL FIEE INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 INSTITUTED 1803. CAPITAL, £1,600,000. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 GEORGE EDWARDS, 
 
 Family Ale, Beer, and Porter Brewer, 
 
 WINE & SPIRIT MERCHANT, 
 
 BURLINGTON STREET, BATH. 
 
 Bass's Ale and Guinness's Stout in Cask or Bottle. 
 
 20, UNION STREET. 
 
 fa IP. R&HfiKBt&IB 
 
 Respectfully solicits attention to his Modern and well-assorted 
 
 Stock of 
 
 CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHENWARE, 
 
 SELECTED EROM THE BEST MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 A GOOD STOCK OF ARTICLES FOR KITCHEN USE, &c. 
 
 Great attention paid to Hatchings. 
 
 ©(D)(Q)ID)S JLE^ (DM HEIBIEo 
 
 90, UNION STREET. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 PEACH'S LIBRARY, 
 
 8, BRIDGE STREET, BATH. 
 
 — ^ 
 
 Every New Book added to the above Library as soon as 
 Published. 
 
 Subscription from £1 Is. 
 
 COMFOBTABLE BEAIDING AND 
 CHESS BOOMS. 
 
 Supplied to every part of Bath as soon as they arrive 
 from London. 
 
 ALL THE LONDON AND LOCAL NEWSPAPERS LENT TO READ BY 
 THE WEEK, ON MODERATE TERMS. 
 
 TunstalVs Guide to Bath and the Neighbourhood, with 
 14 Illustrations, and Map, price 5s., 
 
 AND EVEEY OTHEE LOCAL GUIDE. 
 
 DISCOUNT FOE CASH ON ALL NEW BOOKS. 
 
 STATIONERY 
 
 IN EVERY VARIETY AT THE REDUCED PRICES. 
 
 Die Sinking and Stamping in Colours. 
 
 SPECIMENS OP 
 
 BOOKBINDING 
 
 MAY BE SEEN AT THE LIBRARY. 
 
 Book Parcel from London Daily. 
 
 8, Bridge Street, Bath 
 
 R E. PEACH, 
 
 ^proprietor. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 (COPYEIGHT.) 
 
 A EEW HINTS ON TASTE IN BOOKBINDING. 
 
 The materials now used for the binding of Books are Eussia, 
 Morocco, and Calf leather, with vellum and cloth. The 
 applicability of these articles to any particular class of work 
 is more a question of price than of taste ; but it may not be 
 amiss to offer a few suggestions as to the styles most suita- 
 ble to be employed in different cases. Good taste is not 
 more costly than bad taste, and it may be possible to prevent, 
 to some extent, those anomalies and incongruities too often 
 met with in Libraries, and assist the Book Collector to a 
 right judgment on such matters. 
 
 Whether a Book be bound plainly or otherwise, the colour 
 should harmonize, in some measure, with the subject of the 
 Book. Thus, an Encyclopaedia should not -appear light and 
 fanciful, but in a sober brown or sprinkled calf, or in Rus- 
 sia, whole or half bound. Works of a religious character 
 should be dressed in some duiet or dark colour : purple and 
 slate will now and then be appropriate. Some of this class 
 may be bound in Antique Calf or Morocco — a beautiful style 
 when well carried out, the boards bevelled, the leaves of a 
 good carmine, sometimes gilt over the carmine. History 
 and Biography present good scope for variety; various 
 shades of brown, undyed and sprinkled calf, are very suita- 
 ble: they should generally have cheerful lettering-pieces. 
 Old Books should be repaired in their covers, or rebound in 
 a character suited to their subjects and dates. Poetry and 
 Fiction, Engravings and Books of Ornament, should, in a 
 general way, have a light appearance. Some illustrated 
 Works should have the top edge only cut and gilt, and be 
 half bound in Morocco ; this is called " Fonthill binding. 
 Yellum is always suitable for Classics, has a pretty effect on 
 the shelves, and wears well — the edges should sometimes be 
 red. Foreign books should have a foreign caste — French 
 and Spanish calf and vellum are the best materials, and 
 foreign marble papers should be employed for the linings of 
 whole bound, and the same for the sides of half-bound books. 
 
 To manuscript and other books no rule can be applied. 
 Periodicals also, which are generally of a miscellaneous 
 character, can be bound in any neat style. Cloth is recom- 
 mended for cheapness, and a substantial half-binding for 
 durability. 
 
 The finishing or embellishment of books involves so much 
 artistic taste, mechanical skill, and variety, that it is difficult 
 even to indicate the kind of ornament to be employed. This 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 therefore had "better, in most instances, be left to the taste 
 of the binder, who generally is able to suggest as well as 
 carry out the proper design. 
 
 A well bound book should be solid, and feel heavy; it 
 should be square, the boards extending the same distance 
 from head, tail, and fore-edge. The leather should be 
 turned over the edges tightly and smoothly, and be free 
 from blotches or variety of shades ; it may be polished or 
 otherwise. The inner sides of the boards should be smooth, 
 especially at the joints, which should be free, so as to form 
 a good hinge. The leaves, if marbled, should match the 
 marbled end-papers, and be well burnished ; and if gilt, be 
 deep and perfect. The bands and all lines, whether gilt or 
 blind, should be quite straight; and all tooling or ornaments 
 in accordance with the character of the book. A Botanical 
 should not be finished as a Theological Work, or a Book of 
 Poetry like a Dictionary. The lettering, in particular, should 
 be clear, with all the letters straight and evenly spaced. 
 Lastly : the book should open well, not flatly like a boarded 
 volume, but well enough to be readable without being held 
 or kept open. 
 
 Tea Dealer and Family Grocer, 
 
 10, AEGYLE STREET, 
 
 GREAT PULTENEY STREET, 
 BATH. 
 
 THOMAS HOOPEE. 
 
 Qnttimm, &$vmtx t €%Mt rob f east Jbpt, 
 
 UNDERTAKER, &c, 
 5, BLADUD BUILDINGS, 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 GENERAL PRINTING OFFICE, 
 
 6, PIEEREPONT STEEET, BATH. 
 
 G. T. GOODWIN 
 
 Begs t$ remind his friends and the public, that he under- 
 takes everv description of Printing. Strict attention is 
 given to execute all Orders with DESPATCH, COREECT- 
 NESS, in the BEST STYLE, and at Moderate Charges. 
 
 The class of Printing to which Gr. T. Goodwin begs to call 
 attention includes 
 
 Large and Small Posting Bills for Public Meetings 
 and other occasions, Reports of Religious Societies and 
 Public Institutions, Cards, Billheads, Books, Pamphlets, 
 Auctioneers' Bills and Catalogues. 
 
 PRINTING & PUBLISHING. 
 
 BINNS & GOODWIN, 
 
 6, PlEEREPONT STEE1T, BATH, 
 
 Print Books for Authors in the superior style for which they 
 have for so many years been distinguished. The plans they 
 adopt to meet the convenience of Authors, and to produce 
 their works at a small expense, are so varied as to meet 
 almost every contingency. Their experience also of many 
 years' extensive Publishing, and their acquaintance with the 
 London Publishers, enable them to advise the most probable 
 means of securing large Sales of the works published by them . 
 
 Notices op the Press. 
 
 "The book is elegantly printed." 
 — St. James's Chronicle. 
 
 " The most brilliant 'and clear 
 pictural representations." — Morn- 
 ing Advertiser. 
 
 " The title-page alone is a gem of 
 
 Letters to Binns and Goodwin. 
 
 decorative printing." — Morn. Post, 
 " Can scarcely be rivalled ." — 
 
 Worcester Herald. 
 "All the publications are of a 
 
 very superior character." — Ports- 
 
 mouth Guardian. 
 
 " Honourable dealing have char- 
 acterized all your transactions." 
 
 *' Let me thank you for the small- 
 ness of your charge." 
 
 " I have never had less trouble " 
 [in the correction of proofs "j. 
 
 " Accept my best thanks for your 
 valuable suggestions." 
 
 MUTUAL AND EQUITABLE PUBLISHING. 
 
 BINNS & GOODWIN beg to observe to authors, that they, in some cases 
 purchase poitions of the edition of woiks confided to them for publica- 
 tion ; or, on the author purchasing 250 copies, at a reduction of 20 per cent 
 B. & G. take the antire risk, and divide the profits with the author. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 ^arfeffem Best ite& wt> oroal. 
 
 EDWARD TWINING. 
 
 OFF1 OE : » 
 
 12, ORANGE GROVE, BATH. 
 
 COAL DEPOT : 
 
 WESTMORELAND YARD, G.W. RAILWAY, BATH. 
 
 E. TWINING begs to call the attention of the Inhab- 
 itants of Bath to the superior quality of these Coals, 
 both for Drawing-Kooni and Kitchen Purposes. 
 
 F0ND©Mr3 
 
 ORNAMENTAL HAIR MANUFACTORY. 
 
 Depot for Foreign and British Perfumery. 
 
 FASHIONABLE ORNAMENTS FOR THE HAIR, 
 And every Requisite for the Toilet. 
 
 30, MILSOM STREET. 
 
 Finigan's Nutritive Cream d Italian Wash for the Hair. 
 
 &T?Msj®mmim sw ©wot© ieimr. 
 
 4, MILSOM STREET, BATH. 
 
 W. BATTELEY. 
 
 SILKS, SHAWLS, MAMTLES, 
 
 FEENCH & ENGLISH MUSLINS. 
 Family Mourning. Funerals Furnished. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 THE CHEAPEST HOUSE IN THE WEST OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BUCK'S MUSICAL REPOSITORY, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 
 5, 6, & 7, PULTENEY BRIDGE, 
 
 The New Rosewood Piano-Forte, Twenty 
 Guineas. 
 
 A WARRANTY GEVEN. 
 
 Broadwood and Collard's Piano-Fortes. 
 
 A LIBERAL DISCOUNT FOR CASH. 
 
 Piano-Fortes for Hire, from 10s. per Month. 
 All Music Kalf-Price and Post-Free 
 
 (Bound Music excepted). 
 
 Harmoniums, from Five Guineas, 
 
 English Concertinas, from Two Guineas. 
 
 German Ditto, from 3s. 9d. each. 
 
 Every Description of Musical Instrument Tuned and 
 Repaired, or taken in Exchange, 
 
 DUCK'S MUSICAL KEPOSITORY, Bath. 
 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 FOREIGN & BRITISH SILK & SHAWL 
 
 WAREHOUSE, 
 7, MILSOM STREET. 
 
 Invites attention to his Collection of Novelties 
 for Dress, including every style, as soon as 
 produced, in Lyons and Spitalfield Silks. 
 
 $Mg patmals fax ftontmg fLates, 
 
 GLOVES, LACE, BIBBONS, & PABASOLS. 
 
 Bath GENERAL MOURNING 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT. 
 7, MILSOM STREET. 
 
 To this department a room is appropriated — the 
 Best Materials only are kept. 
 
 Servants' Suits from £3 : 10. 
 FUNERALS ECONOMICALLY FURNISHED. 
 
 MRS. KING 
 
 Solicits an inspection of her 
 
 M I'LL I NERY, MANTLES, 
 
 LADIES AND CHILDREN S 
 
 QO 
 
 Her Eooms are supplied from Paris, with the 
 
 LATEST NOVELTIES. 
 
 Wedding & Indian Outfits are economically supplied. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 The Largest and Best-selected Stock of 
 
 PIANO-FORTES, 
 
 By Broadwood, Collard, Erard, Kirkman, 
 and other eminent Makers, 
 
 FOR SALE OR HIRE, 
 
 AT 
 
 PIANO-FOETE SALOON, 
 2, ARGYLE STREET, BATH. 
 
 Harmoniums by Alexander & Evans, from 5 Guineas. 
 
 New Music at Hal* the masked Peice. 
 PIANOi- FORTES TUNED IN TOWN OR COUNTRY, 
 
 QUARTERLY. 
 
 A Musical Library, on Liberal Terms. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1825. 
 
 MABE ; (late Sollis,) 
 ftEOGBB AXB TEA BEAL1E, 
 
 Provision & Italian Warehouseman, 
 
 3, NEW MAEKET ROW, BRIDGE STREET, BATH, 
 
 Country Orders Carefully Packed and attended to. 
 
 PRIME FRESH BUTTER. FINEST OX TONGUES. 
 
 mum p, wlii, 
 
 CHEMIST & DRUGGIST, 
 
 BEIDGE STEEET, BATH. 
 
ADVEETISEMENTS. 
 
 WINES AT REDUCED DUTIES. 
 
 E. LAW RENCE, 
 
 36, BROAD STREET, 
 
 Sole Agent for Bath & Bristol, to Messrs. W.dA. Gilbey, 
 
 (who have the largest Wine Trade, direct with the 
 
 consumer, in Great Britain), 
 
 Has a Stock of the under-mentioned Wines, bear- 
 ing the seals and brands as imported and bottled 
 by Messrs W. & A. G. 
 
 EBRO PORT, 
 15s. per dozen, imported from the North of Spain, 
 is pure, delicious, fruity, and of a ruby colour ; or 
 in cask, £2 9s. per 7 gall. ; £4 16s. 3d. per 14 
 gall. ; £9 9s. per qr. cask of 28 gall. 
 
 ELBE SHERRY, 
 
 15s. per dozen, imported from Hambro, is light 
 and wholesome, suitable for either dinner or dessert, 
 and as stimulating as any wine imported ; or in 
 cask, £2 9s. per 7 gall. ; £i 16s. 3d. per 14 gall. ; 
 £9 9s. per qr. cask of 28 gall. 
 
 WINES from the CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 
 
 Port, Sherry, Madeira, &c, 18s., or in casks, 
 £2 19s. 6d. per 7 gall. ; £5 17s. 3d. per 14 gall. ; 
 £11 lis. per 28 gall. For other Cape Wines, see 
 page 6 of Book of Prices, sent on application. 
 
 WINES FROM MARSALA. 
 
 Bronte Marsala, 20s., or in cask, £3 6s. 6d. per 
 7 gall. ; m lis. 3d. per 14 gall. ; £10 3s. 6d. per 
 22 gall. For other Marsalas, see page 7 of Book 
 of Prices, sent on application. 
 
 WINES FROM SPAIN. 
 
 Sound Dinner Sherry, 24s. ; or in cask, £4 0s. 6d. 
 per 7 gall. ; £7 19s. 3d. per 14 gall., and £15 15s. 
 per 28 gall. For all other Sherries, see page 8 of 
 Book of Prices, sent on application. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 WINES FROM PORTUGAL. 
 
 Port, (5 years in the wood,) 26s. ; or in cask, 
 £4 7s. 6d. per 7 gall. ; £8 13s. 3d. per 14 gall. ; 
 £17 3s. per 28 gall. For all other Ports, in cask 
 or bottle, see page 9 of Book of Prices, sent on 
 application. 
 
 WINES FROM FRANCE. 
 
 Sound Dinner Clarets, from 14s. ; Sparkling 
 Champagne, from 32s. ; Sparkling St. Peray, and 
 ditto White Burgundy, 42s., and ditto Bed Bur- 
 gundy, 48s. per dozen. For all other White and 
 Eed French Wines, see pages 10 to 12 of Book of 
 Prices, sent on application. 
 
 WINES FROM THE RHINE. 
 
 Sound Dinner Hocks, from 14s., and Moselles, 
 from 16s. ; Sparkling Moselles, and ditto Hocks, 
 from 36s. For all other German Wines, see pages 
 11 to 13 of Book of Prices, sent on application. 
 
 SPIRITS. 
 
 All of the highest strength allowed by law. See 
 page 14 in Book of Prices. 
 
 GIN, 
 
 Excellent Household, full strength, 13s. per gall. 
 
 BRANDY, "Universal," ditto 16s. 6d. „ 
 
 Ditto, Finest Cognac, ditto 24s. ,, 
 
 RUM, Finest Jamaica, ditto 18s. „ 
 WHISKEY, 
 
 Finest Scotch or Irish, ditto 18s. ,, 
 
 HOLLANDS, 
 
 Geneva, Finest, ditto 14s. ., 
 
 HOLLANDS, 
 
 In original cases, as imported, 32s. per dozen. 
 
 W. dt A. GILBEY'S BOOK OF PRICES, OF 150 
 WINES <& SPIRITS, can be had, Samples tasted, and any 
 quantity of their various Wines obtained, on application to 
 
 E. LAWBENCE, 36, Broad Stkeet, Bath. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 j^Mfflf^ 
 
 THOS. PAWSEY, 
 
 BRIDGE STREET, 
 
 WELSH MUTTON, PICKLED TONGUES, Soo. 
 
 FAMILIES SUPPLIED WITH THE BEST MEAT ON 
 SEASONABLE TEEMS. 
 
> 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 THE BATH CHRONICLE, 
 
 (established in 1757,) 
 
 The most extensively circulated of the Bath and Somerset 
 newspapers, is not only the leading, but the cheapest Jour- 
 nal published in that city, and county, being nearly a page 
 larger than any other newspaper in the same district. It 
 is published every Thursday Morning, by the proprietor, 
 Thomas David Tayloe, at his General Printing Office, in 
 Kingston Buildings, Bath. The Chronicle is distributed 
 among the Nobility, Gentry, Clergy, and the Agricultural. 
 Commercial, and Trading Classes, in the counties of Somer- 
 set, Wilts, Dorset, Gloucester, Devon, and Cornwall, the 
 principality of Wales, the cities of Bath and Bristol, and 
 other parts of the United Kingdom : thus offering, by its 
 size and extensive high- class circulation, great advantages 
 to both Beaders and Advertisers. 
 
 Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory says, " The Bath 
 Chronicle advocates in politics the principles of the Conser- 
 vative Party; and in religion is a firm supporter of the 
 Established Church. It devotes considerable space to Liter- 
 ature, contains weekly a London Letter, written by one of 
 the leading novelists of the day, and its information is 
 excellently arranged. Great care is taken to exclude every- 
 thing of an objectionable character, and to make it, in every 
 respect, a first-rate and unexceptionable family j ournal. The 
 Fine Arts and Music are noticed at length in its columns. 
 It is an excellent Newspaper; the local intelligencebeing fu 
 and accurate." 
 
 The latest Newspaper Stamp Returns, published by 
 G-overnment Authority, and dating from June, 1861 to 
 June, 1862, show the following number of stamps to 
 have been issued to the Bath Newspapers during that 
 period : 
 
 Bath Chronicle . . . 56,000.* 
 
 Bath Journal . . . 80,000. 
 
 Bath Gazette . . . 27,000. 
 
 ? a Sw Xpr ff 1 combined issue . 15,000. 
 Bath Herald j 
 
 * The attention of Advertisers is directed to the fact, that so 
 far as the Chronicle is concerned, the above returns is exclu- 
 sive of a far greater number of copies circulated on unstamped 
 paper. 
 
 Price, Stamped, 4d.~- Unstamped, 3d. 
 
 B 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Eg Special ^ppomtment 
 
 J. D. HARRIS, 
 GOLDSMITH AID JEWELLER, 
 
 5, QUEEN SQUARE. 
 
 Dealer in Gold and Silver Plate, Antique Gems, Coins, 
 Diamonds, Pearls, <&c. 
 
 TO ADVERTISERS 
 
 %tut*t 3ktlf Jlnttmal, 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1743, 
 
 Published every Saturday morning & evening, 
 
 Is the most generally read Newspaper in 
 Bath and neighbourhood, and is the Best 
 Medium for Advertisers. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 AERATED BREAD MANUFACTORY 
 
 LOWER BRISTOL ROAD, 
 
 Sale Shops— 3, STALL STREET and the 
 MANUFACTORY. 
 
 jMjjrtetor, ME. HENEY WALDEON. 
 
 Dr. Dauglish's system of making Bread secures 
 to the public their staple article of food in a state 
 of absolute cleanliness and purity. The dough, 
 which consists wholly of wheaten flour, salt, and 
 water, wrought into a light, spongy mass by fixed 
 air, being made entirely by machinery, is never 
 once touched by the hand. The whole strength 
 of the flour is retained in the loaf, which will keep 
 for any length of time, as it is neither soured, 
 tainted, nor injured by ferments, nor adulterated 
 by alum or other chemicals. This Bread is not 
 only eminently nutritious and supportinglto healthy 
 persons, but being most easy of digestion, will be 
 found of the greatest advantage to children and 
 persons of weak and impaired digestion. It is 
 economical in all its uses, and (considering its 
 wholesome and nutritious properties) is the cheap- 
 est Bread in existence. 
 
 ORDERS RECEIVED AT THE MANUFACTORY. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 THE DEAN FOREST COAL COMPANY. 
 
 AGENT: 
 
 BENJAMIN PEARSON. 
 
 OFFICE: 
 
 13, Milsom Street, Bath. 
 
 DEPOTS: 
 
 Camden Wharf, Lower Bristol Boad, 
 
 AND 
 
 Westmoreland Station, G.W. Bailway. 
 
 LAMB BBEWEBY, Stall Street, BATH, 
 
 JANE CORBOULD, . 
 
 Strmtg §wr, farter, fait &lt, »ni f Mt-^m 
 
 BREWER. 
 
 IMPORTER OF FOREIGN "WINES & SPIRITS, 
 
 Good Family Ales from lOd. per Gal. 
 
 ORDERS RECEIVED AT THE COUNTING-HOUSE, BEAU STREET. 
 
 FURNISHING IRONMONGERY 
 AND LAMP DEPOT. 
 
 GEORGE WOODS 
 
 Invites attention to his large and well - assorted Stock of 
 
 Furnishing Ironmongery, Kitchen Ranges, 
 Stoves, Grates, & Fenders; Baths & Japan- 
 ned Goods of every description ; Lamps, Oil, &C, 
 of every kind. 
 
 22, UNION STREET, BATH. 
 
 €&*OB4HB W00BS, tfroptieiov. 
 
NASSAU HOUSE, BATH. 
 
 HEATHCOTE'S 
 
 WEST OF ENGLAND 
 
 DYEIXG & SCOURING WORKS, 
 
 Orange Grove, Bath, & Park St., Bristol. 
 Distinguished for Superior 
 
 Satin, Velvet, Damask, Cashmere, Cloth, 
 and Silk Dyeing; 
 
 Shawl, Dress, Table-Cover, Carpet, Tapestry, 
 and Chintz Cleaning ; 
 
 OSTRICH FEATHER DRESSING, &c. 
 
 The well-known respectability and unequalled efficiency 
 of this Establishment guarantee the very best execution 
 of the public commands, and warrant the exercise of 
 entire confidence. 
 
 N.B. All the new colours, as well as choice old ones, brought 
 out in their utmost brilliancy , and at the most moderate cost. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 DISPENSING & FAMILY CHEMIST, 
 
 12, ARGYLE STREET, 
 
 „ OH THE SH 0ft> 
 
 ESTABLISHED THIRTY- NINE YEARS. 
 
 4, HOLLOWAY, Near tlie OLD BRIDGE, BATH. 
 NO LABOUR! NO WASTE! 
 
 JOHN LEWIS 
 
 Respectfully calls attention to his 
 
 36 Bundles for Is. 
 
 Orders attended to with punctuality, and delivered to any 
 part of the City. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 V. JjBSflSfc3%. R 
 
 S. & A. FULLER 
 
 Beg to inform Purchasers of 
 
 That they will find a choice of every description of Fashion- 
 able and Useful Vehicle, combining all Improvements, 
 
 AT THEIR 
 
 CARRIAGE & HARNESS MANUFACTORY 
 
 AND SHOWROOMS, 
 
 RTNGSMEAD & MONMOUTH STREETS, 
 
 The reputation of this Manufactory for more than a Cen- 
 tury past, for superiority of work, is fully maintained ; and 
 the Nobility. Gentry, and Public will have the advantage of 
 selecting from a Stock equal in quality and extent to any 
 establishment in England. 
 
 - — N$=^i^f<^o<— 
 
 CARRIAGES ARE SUPPLIED ON HIRE, 
 
 With option to Purchase, upon the most Liberal Terms, 
 
 S. & A. F. have adapted their highly-estimated & unequalled 
 
 PATENT SHAFTS 
 
 To every description of Two -Wheel Carriage. 
 
 REPAIRS DONE WITH CARE AND ATTENTION TO EGONONY. 
 
 Carriages & Harness Sold upon Commission. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 WESTON BREWERY 
 
 NEAR BATH. 
 
 GEORGE POWNEY, 
 
 BEER AND PALE ALE BREWER. 
 
 ESTABLISHED MOBE THAN HALF A CENTURY 
 
 PHIPPS, 
 
 IN FIRST-RATE BESPOKE LINE, 
 
 32, GAY STREET, 
 
 A LARGE ASSORTMENT ALWAYS KEPT IN STOCK. 
 
 @a 3KX 
 
 9 
 
 (From J. Bell & Co.,) 
 
 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMIST 
 
 8, ARGYLE STREET, 
 
 (Pulteney Street,) 
 BATH. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 BATH STATIONERY WAREHOUSE, 
 
 12, OLD BOND STREET. 
 
 The leading principle of this Establishment is to 
 
 Sell Goods on the same terms as the Cheapest 
 Advertising London Houses, and in quantities 
 
 large or smaU, to suit the convenience of the Purchaser, 
 who thus saves carriage, and has the advantage of personally 
 selecting from one of the largest and completest Stocks. 
 
 Envelopes or Note Paper stamped with Dies, Crests, or Initials, 
 Wedding and Visiting Cards Engraved. 
 
 LETTERPRESS PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHY 
 
 IN EVERY BRANCH. 
 
 OFFICE OF 
 
 The " Bath and Cheltenham Gazette." 
 
 Weekly Circulation - - - 2,000. 
 
 GEO. H. WOOD, Proprietor. 
 
 SAMUEL ROGERS, 
 
 BttSM k 5Bmfow, 
 
 BATH CEMETERY STONE WOEKS 
 
 FOR 
 
 TOMBS, SEPULCHEAL SLABS, &c, 
 CANAL BRIDGE, WIDCOMBE. 
 
 RESIDENCE — 
 
 1, WARWICK VILLAS, PRIOR PARK ROAD. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Recently Pablished, price 2s. 6d., 168 pages, Royal 12mo. 
 (second edition, revised and enlarged), 
 
 The Bath Waters : Their Uses and Effects in 
 the Cure and Belief of various Chronic Diseases. By James 
 Tunstall, M.D., Member of the Royal College of Physicians : 
 formerly Resident Medical Officer of the Bath Mineral- Wa- 
 ter Hospital. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN CHURCHILL, NEW BURLINGTON STREET. 
 
 Bath : To be had of all Booksellers. 
 
 LANE'S 
 
 WHITE LlOi HOTEL, 
 
 BATH. 
 WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANT, 
 
 List of Prices on application. 
 
 Supercarbonated Soda and Potassa Waters, 
 
 Seltzer, Lithia, and Pullna Waters, 
 Granular & Effervescing Vichy and Pullna 
 
 Salt, 
 
 for the immediate production of the respective waters. 
 
 C. E Ki N, 
 
 (FROM J. BELL & CO.,) 
 
 8, ARGYLE STREET, Pulteney Street, 
 
ADVEKTISEMENTS. 
 
 WHITE'S (LATE LAMB'S) 
 
 ^ ®^ AUl ?s, 
 
 No. 25, NEW BOND STREET. 
 
 fcA ftyft 
 
 m i& W w w «y w AR£ & « 
 
 {Successor to the late Mr: F. L. Lamb,) 
 
 IMPORTER OF WINES, BRANDIES, Ac, 
 
 AND 
 
 AGENT FOR MESSRS. BASS.& Co.'s 
 
 CELEBEATED 
 
 INDIA PALE & BURTON ALES. 
 
 WIKS IS .WOO®, 
 
 IN CASKS OF ALL SIZES, AT WHOLESALE PEICES. 
 
 BOTTLED WINES, 
 
 Of every age and character, pure vintages, and of the finest 
 
 quality. 
 
 BOTTLED ALES, POETEE, CIDEE, &c. 
 
 Country Orders have prompt and careful attention ; and 
 Wines & Spirits, if amounting to £2 or more, are sent free 
 as far as the carriage can be paid in Bath. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 
ADVEKTISEMENTS. 
 
 VICTORIA HOUSE, 
 
 6, STALL ST., & 12, YORK ST., BATH. 
 
 <3 "JOTftft ft ft AlMiK® 
 
 LADIES'* GENTLEMEN'S 
 
 FASHIONABLE BOOT & SHOE MAKER, 
 
 A Large Stock of American Overshoes constantly on hand. 
 
 BIDMEAD'S POLISHING PASTE, 
 
 FOR ALL METALS, 
 IS THE BEST AND CHEAPEST IN THE WORLD. 
 
 Sold by Ironmongers, Grocers, Druggists, dc. 
 
 Wholesale Manufactory: WIDCOMBE, BATH, 
 
 BROADLEY & STURMEY, 
 
 Gascoyn Place & Northgate Street, 
 Importers of Foreign Wines & Spirits. 
 
 SOLE CONSIGNEES FOR 
 
 GUINNESS & Co.'s EXTK1 STOUT. 
 
 AGENTS FOR 
 
 Allsopp's and Bass's and the Scotch Ales. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 ROSES! ROSES!! ROSES!!! 
 
 itaipim, Stttomw, raft Jfktist, 
 
 14, ABBEY CHURCHYARD, AND 2, NEW BOND STREET, 
 IBAU, 
 
 Begs to inform the Lovefs of the Queen of Flowers, 
 that he has the finest Collection in the West of 
 England, consisting of all the old and new varieties 
 which are really good. The Nurseries and Rose 
 Grounds are adjoining the Sydney Gardens, Bath- 
 wick, Bath, where will be found a superb collection 
 of In-door, Ornamental, Bedding, Herbaceous, and 
 Plants suitable for the Flower-Garden ; as also a 
 fine General Nursery Stock of Pyramid, Trained, 
 and Standard Fruit Trees, Conifers, Ornamental 
 Shrubs, &c, &c. 
 
 The Nurseries are but ten minutes' walk from the Guildhall. 
 
 General and descriptive Catalogues of 
 Roses, Nursery Stock, and Seeds may be 
 obtained on application. 
 
 GARDENS LAID OUT AND STOCKED. 
 
 <S©W§I1 WALSHES IPWmMESK]!®, 
 
 WEDDING and other BOUQUETS in the London or 
 Paris Styles. 
 
 EXPERIENCED GARDENERS RECOMMENDED. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 W. ALEXANDER'S 
 SHIET MANUFACTOKY, 
 
 AND 
 
 Stores' ^afos-Sfato f men Wm\aatt t 
 
 15, NEW BOND STREET, 
 
 @&VM. ' 
 
 V <& 
 
 Imperial Mixture 
 
 OB CHOICE 
 
 TOBACCOS, 
 
 v* 26, Union Passage, 
 
 , BATH. . ^ 
 
 5 Cigars ^ 
 
 H. RUSSELL, 
 
 SADDLER AND HARNESS MAKER, 
 
 BATH. 
 
 Horses Measured and carefully Fitted. 
 
ADVEETISEMENTS. 
 
 MAGGS'S 
 
 
 AND 
 
 GENERAL DECORATIVE 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 * 
 
 8.BAETLETT STREET, BATH 
 
 THE CHEAPEST 
 
 %}i?t~ longing 
 
 WAREHOUSE. 
 
 CHIMNEY-GLASSES, 
 
 THE BEST AND CHEAPEST, 
 
 WARRANTED MADE ON THE PREMISES. 
 
 The £5 : 5 Glass (Size of Plate, 50in. X 40in.) 
 IS UNEQUALLED. 
 
 CARVING & GILDING IN ALL IIS BRANCHES. 
 
ADVEKTISEMENTS. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1785. 
 
 MA® % Maj, 
 
 WINE MERCHANTS, 
 
 GROVE STREET, Argyle Street, 
 
 BATH. 
 
 J. RAYMOND* KING, 
 
 Cjpiist aito grapsi, 
 
 PATENT MEDICINE VENDOR, 
 
 MEDICAL DISPENSER, 
 LOZENGE MANUFACTURER, 
 
 AW® PHI&FOTM3E®, 
 No. 21, HIGH STREET, 
 
 Opposite the New Market and Guildhall, 
 
 BATH. 
 
 One of the Oldest Drug Establishments in the 
 City of Bath, and conducted by the Proprietor, 
 J. RAYMOND KING, and competent Assistants. 
 
 AUCTIONEER, YALUEK, UNDERTAKER, 
 
 UPHOLSTERER in all its Branches, 
 2, BURTON STREET, BATH. 
 
/ 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS, 
 
 BATH & EAST SOMiEESET 
 
 LIBERAL- ASSOCIATIONS, 
 
 17, YORK STREET, 
 THOMAS NORTH, Secretary, 
 
 Where every information as to the Representation of Liberal 
 Voters may he obtained. 
 
 The Offices of the BATH, &c, FREEHOLD 
 LAND & BUILDING SOCIETY are also 
 held here. 
 
 AGENT TO THE 
 
 Liverpool & London Pire and Life Insurance 
 Company, 
 
 The Great Britain Life Insurance Society, 
 
 AND 
 
 The Indisputable Life Assurance Company 
 
 OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 grates $t\ttal for % pMk j&Jpk 
 
 THE REV. W. G. LUCKMAN, M.A., 
 
 Cantab., (seven years' Assistant and Boarding-House Master 
 of Bath Proprietary College,) receives Boys into his House 
 to prepare for ETON, HARROW, and the other PUBLIC 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Boy 8 received from 7 to 14 years of age. Terms, dtc, known on application , 
 
 9, JOHNSTONE STREET, BATH. 
 D 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 POETT & SON, 
 
 Cuiiks, Ihdrtj-Crinkjs, 
 
 AND 
 
 FOREIGN WINE & SPIRIT MERCHANTS, 
 
 6, MILSOM STREET, 
 And 70, EAST STREET, BEIGHTON. 
 
 Dinners, Routs, Balls, & Suppers supplied 
 
 SOUPS, ICES, AND MADE DISHES 
 
 W&Mfity Imfcfasts ana |nto €nh$, 
 
 In the first style, with every requisite, within 50 miles of 
 
 the City. 
 
 FINE OLD COGNAC BRANDIES 
 
 A URGE STOCK OF BOTTLED WINES OF THE FINEST VINTAGES. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 MRS. WILTSHIRE, 
 
 CHARLES STREET, Green Park. 
 
 At this Bakery may be obtained Good Pure BBEA.D, free 
 from adulteration. 
 
 Also, a very Superior BROWN BBEAD, so much recom- 
 mended by the Faculty. 
 
 Several Light Sorts of BREAD for Invalids, 
 
 BREAKFAST CAKES & FRENCH ROLLS 
 
 EVEEY MORNING. 
 
 Particular attention paid to 
 
 SALLY LTJNNS. 
 
 All kinds of FANCY BISCUITS, and the 
 
 WELL-KNOWN OLIVER, from the 
 
 Original Reeeipe. 
 
 Mrs. W. invites attention to her 
 
 •f 
 which are very Superior; also a First-rate SULTANA. 
 
 CHARITY CAKES 
 
 Made at any price. 
 SCOTCH BREAD, SPKUCE MADEIRA, &c, 
 
 FOR DESSERT. 
 
 A TEA APPARATUS for the USE of SCHOOLS, &c. 
 
 SOLE MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 Wiltshire's Celebrated Biscuit Powder, 
 
 An Unrivalled Food for Infants. 
 
I 
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 WILDER 
 STREET, 
 BRISTOL 
 
 ORANGE 
 GROVE, 
 BATH. 
 
 WITHY & CO., 
 
 The Old-established Manufacturers of the Celebrated 
 
 Ml) i>nk Wain, %tmamh, 
 
 ETC., ETC., 
 
 10, ORANGE GROVE, BATH. 
 
 Withy & Co. can refer with pleasure to their old-established 
 reputation of Manufacturers of Soda Water, Lemonade, &c, 
 for many years in the City of Bath, which lengthened expe- 
 rience and close personal attention has enabled them to 
 obtain ; and they beg to intimate that their Manufactory in 
 that City, as well as the Manufactory in Bristol, is conducted 
 under the personal superintendence of a resident member 
 of the firm. 
 
 TOfOT & Way 
 WILDEE ST., BRISTOL, ORANGE GROVE, BATH, 
 
 The Original Manufacturers of the Celebrated 
 
 BATH SODA WATER, 
 
 Pronounced by competent judges to be superior to^all others 
 in complete impregnation with Carbonic Acid — a quality 
 most essential in rendering Soda Water not only an agreea- 
 ble beverage, but a valuable therapeutic agent, and a resto- 
 rative from those symptoms of depression resulting from 
 the ftoo free use of stimulants, from dyspepsia, or other 
 causes. Every bottle is guaranteed to contain 15 grains of 
 the finest Sesqui-Carbonate of Soda. For medicinal pur- 
 poses, Withy & Co. prepare Soda Water containing 30, 60, 
 and 90 grains to the bottle. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 BRIGHTON SELTZER WATER. 
 
 This Artificial Water, in its chemical and medicinal pro- 
 perties identical with the celebrated Nassau Spring of Ger- 
 many, is rendered more palatable by being super-charged 
 with Carbonic Acid. The greatly increased consumption by 
 the nobility and gentry of factitious Seltzer Water, has ren- 
 dered it one of the indispensable requirements of luxury. 
 It is a most refreshing and delightful beverage. 
 
 WITHY & C O.'S 
 
 PURE 
 
 EFFERVESCING LEMONADE, 
 
 From its delicious and refreshing qualities, is rapidly gain- 
 ing an extensive reputation as an article of luxury, a valu- 
 able adjunct to the sick room, a cooling beverage in fever, 
 &c. ; at all times, whether in sickness or health, safe and 
 agreeable, 
 
 WITHY & CO. are also the Sole Manufacturers of the 
 celebrated 
 
 CHAMPAGNE GINGER BEER. 
 
 This favourite and popular preparation, being unfermented, 
 is not only entirely free from all ingredients that can possi- 
 bly affect the digestive functions, but is at all times a most 
 refreshing and healthful beverage. 
 
 Potass Water, Lithia Water, Carrara Water, 
 Effervescing Magnesia Water; Also, 
 
 PURE FLUID MAGNESIA, 
 
 Fruit Essences, Syrups, Sherbets, Parisian 
 Lemonade, Temperance Champagne, &c. 
 
 Sold Eetail by all Chemists, Confectioners, and Licensed 
 Victuallers in Bath and Bristol, and throughout the West 
 of England and South Wales, and Wholesale by 
 
 WITHY & CO., 
 
 Wilder Street, Bristol. Orange Grove, Bath, 
 
 N.B. — Please observe that every bottle has a label with 
 their name and address, without which none is genuine; even 
 lettered bottles being no guarantee of the contents. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 New Sydney Place, Bath. 
 
 MISS DEOUGHT receives a limited number of 
 Young Ladies, to whose Keligious and Intellectual 
 Improvement she devotes herself unremittingly, 
 aided by competent Assistants and Professors of 
 the first eminence. 
 
 The system of Instruction pursued in her Es- 
 tablishment combines both the cultivation of the 
 understanding and the memory, and its excellence 
 has been fully tested by the improvement of the 
 Pupils and the approbation of the Parents. 
 
 €txm$, 
 
 For Board and Tuition in English, French, Writing 
 Arithmetic, Use of Globes, Geometry, &c. — 
 
 For Pupils under 10 years of age . . 40 Guineas per Annum. 
 Ditto under 13 years of age . . 50 ditto 
 
 Ditto above 13 years of age . . 60 ditto 
 
 Piano-Forte, 1st Prof., 13 Guineas per Ann.; 2nd Prof.. 6 Guineas per Annw 
 
 Harp 
 
 ditto 12 .. ditto 
 
 ditto 8 ditto 
 
 Singing 
 
 ditto 12 .. ditto 
 
 ditto 6 ditto 
 
 Drawing 
 
 ditto 10 .. ditto 
 
 ditto 6 ditto 
 
 Italian 
 
 ditto 8 .. ditto 
 
 
 German 
 
 8 .. ditto 
 
 
 Dancing, 
 
 Half-a-year 3 .. ditto 
 
 
 Church-seat and Laundress, 5 Guineas per 
 
 Annum. 
 
 A 
 
 RESIDENT FRENCH 
 
 GOVERNESS. 
 
 Pupils entered in the First or Second of the above Classes 
 continue on the same Terms during their stay. 
 
 A separate Sleeping Apartment, 25 Guineas per 
 Annum additional. 
 
 Payments to be made Half-yearly; and no deduction 
 allowed for absence. 
 
 If a Pupil is removed without a Quarter's previous Notice, 
 the Quarter to be paid. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 The Eev. W. J. G. LUCKMAN, M.A., Queen's 
 College, Cambridge, Seven Years' Assistant and 
 Boarding House Master of Bath Proprietary Col- 
 lege, receives Boys into his House to prepare for 
 ;he Public Schools, the Military, Naval, and Civil 
 Service, Examination, 
 
 Ihe following Subjects are taught by Experienced Masters — 
 
 French .. *» .., „. 4 Guineas per Annum. 
 
 German .. .. .. .. 4 » „ 
 
 Fortification, Military Drawing, and 
 
 Descriptive Geometry . . ». 4 „ „ 
 
 Drawing .. >. .. .. 5 ,> „ 
 
 The Vacations consist of seven weeks at Mid* 
 simmer, and six weeks at Christmas. 
 
 An extra charge of Ten Guineas for each Pupil 
 remaining a Vacation. 
 
 The Quarter Days are April 13th, Midsummer 
 Diy, October 17 th, and Christmas Day. 
 
 A Quarter's Notice must be given of the intended 
 removal of a Pupil, in default of which the full 
 clarge must be paid for the ensuing Quarter. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 The Rev. W. R. Smith, Principal, Bath Propri- 
 etary College ; the Rev. T. W. Whale, late Prin- 
 cipal, the Rectory, Exton, Somersetshire ; the Rev. 
 Hat S. Escott, Principal, Somerset College, Bath ; 
 ;he Rev. H. M. Scarth, Prebendary of Wells, and 
 Elector of Bathwick, Bath ; the Rev. J.Wood, Bur- 
 ington Street, Bath ; the Rev. W. M. Campion, 
 Fellow and Tutor, Queen's College, Cambridge; 
 :he Rev. J. Cholmeley, Fellow and Tutor, Mag- 
 lalen College, Oxford ; the Rev. T. F. Ravenshaw, 
 the Rectory, Pewsey, Wilts; A. Awdry, Esq., 35, 
 Pulteney Street, Bath; Col. Birch, Perrymead 
 House, Lyncombe, Bath. 
 
 Prospectuses may be obtained on application. 
 9, Johnstone Street, Bath. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1795. 
 THE 
 
 GRAND PUMP ROOM LIBRARY 
 
 AND 
 
 5, ABBEY CHURCHYARD, BATH 
 
 (In connection with Mudies' & the London Library Co.) 
 
 The above old-established and well-known LIBRA.KY fe 
 most extensively supplied with all New & Standard Worl^ 
 in English, French, and German Literature. 
 
 The READING ROOM is spacious and comfortable, ca 
 the same level as the Pump Room; amply furnished witji 
 the London Daily and Weekly Journals, Local and Provii- 
 cial Newspapers, Magazines, and Reviews. 
 
 The Times and other Papers lent to read. 
 
 IN THE 
 WILL BE FOUND 
 
 A Choice Selection of the Newest Works of the da\. 
 
 Any book not in stock obtained by return of post. 
 
 DISCOUNT FOR CASH OFF ALL NEW BOOKS. 
 
 Bibles, Church Services, Common Prayer, & 
 Handsomely-Bound Books for Presents. 
 
 PHOTOGKAPHIC ALBUMS. 
 
 Stereoscopes and Stereographs in great variety. 
 
 The STATIONERY DEPARTMENT 
 
 is Complete, Supplied from the First Houses, and at 
 Moderate Prices. 
 
 Local Histories and Guide Books, Maps and Views. 
 
 PRINTING, ENGRAVING, BOOKBINDING, and 
 Die-sinking and Stamping. 
 
 J. DAVIE S, |nij!riefor. 
 
 Agent for the Union Life & Fire Assur. Soc. (established 1714) 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Last Bonus given in 1861— Next Division in 
 
 1866. 
 
 SMfagtai tilt %mxmt Inrfeftj. 
 
 HEAD OFFICE, 
 
 3, CHATHAM PLACE, Blackfriars, London. 
 
 [ESTABLISHED 1851. 
 Chairman op Board— EIGHT HON. LORD HENRY GORDON. 
 
 The features of the Society are based upon new and equita- 
 ble principles. 
 
 Prospectuses, Proposals, Annual Reports, Bonus Pamphlets, 
 and Agency Forms to be obtained of Charles. W. Roe. 
 
 Manager. 
 
 N.B. Agents appointed in all unrepresented Districts, upon 
 liberal and usual terms. Applications are invited. 
 
 Price Is. 
 
 A SEASON IN BATH; 
 
 OR, 
 
 fitters from t\t §nm Jwtttj to %it Jfnwfos 
 
 A SATIRICAL POEM. 
 
 BATH: 
 R. E. PEACH, 8, BRIDGE STREET. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Price 5s. 
 
 RAMBLES ABOUT BATH. 
 
 BY JAMES TUNSTALL, M.D. 
 With Map and Illustrations. 
 
 Cloth, red edges, price 3s. 
 ON THE 
 
 CONNECTION OF BATH WITH THE! 
 LITERATURE & SCIENCE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 BY THE EEV. J. HUNTEE. 
 2 Vols., cloth, red edges,, price 6s. 
 
 €\t %x tetet unit tiitnil 
 
 OF BATH. 
 
 BY GEORGE MONKLAND, ESQ. 
 
 BATH : 
 E. E. PEACH, 8, BEIDGE STBEET. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Small 8vo., cloth, price Is. 
 THE 
 
 BATH MINERAL WATERS 
 
 IN CASES OF 
 
 RHEUMATISM, SCIATICA, GOUT, 
 
 ETC., ETC. 
 BY 
 
 EANDLE WILBKAHAM* FALCONEK, M.D., 
 
 MEM. ROY. COL. PHYS., LOND., 
 
 Physician to the Bath General & Bath United Hospitals, 
 
 EEL. ROY. MED. CHAR. SOC, LOND., ETC. 
 
 Small Svo. t cloth, price Is. 
 
 THE BATHS 
 
 AND 
 
 MINERAL WATERS 
 
 OF BATH. 
 
 BY 
 
 RANDLE WILBRAHAM FALCONER, M.D., 
 
 MEM. ROY. COL. PHYS , LOND., 
 
 Physician to the Bath General & Bath United Hospitals, 
 
 FEL. ROY. MED. CHAR. SOC, LOND., »TC., 
 
 BATH: 
 R. E. PEACH, 8, BRIDGE STREET. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Small 8vo., cloth, price Is. Qd. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR PRAYER. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN OF 
 
 PRELATE VON KAPFF, iD.D., 
 Of Stuttgard, 1861. 
 
 WITH PREFACE 
 BY THE REV. J. H, OROWDER, 
 
 MINISTER OF THE OCTAGON CHAPEL, BATH. 
 
 Fcap. 8w., price 4s. 6d. 
 
 SELECT READINGS 
 
 FROM. 
 
 %ty fwts &nfr Jwae Wtiim sf tkx% €fm\dt%. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 REV. JAMES FLEMING, M.A., 
 
 MINISTER OF ALL SAINTS' CHAPEL, BATH. 
 
 In preparation.— Second Series of the aboye. 
 Small 8vo. t cloth, price Is. 6d. 
 
 LIGHT ON DARK DAYS 
 
 OR, 
 
 MEDITATIONS FOR LENT. 
 BY SOPHIA MAY ECKLEY, 
 
 Authoress of " The Oldest of the Old World," 
 
 BATH: 
 R. E. PEACH, 8, BRIDGE STREET. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 WOKES LATELY PUBLISHED. 
 
 BY THE VEEY EEVEEEND 
 
 WILLIAM C. MAGEE, D.D. 
 
 DEAN OF COEK. 
 
 Fourth Edition, 2s. 
 
 THE YOLUNTAEY SYSTEM: 
 
 CAN IT SUPPLY THE PLACE 
 OF THE ESTABLISHED CHUECH? 
 
 Post 8vo., price 7s. 6d. 
 
 REMAINS AND MEMOIR 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 REV. E. TOTTENHAM, B.D., 
 
 Prebendary of Wells, & Minister of Laura Chapel, Bath, 
 
 BATH: 
 E. E. PEACH, 8, BRIDGE STREET. 
 
ADVEETISEMENTS. 
 
 Second Edition, Foolscap 8vo.j cloth, 5s^ 
 
 SERMONS 
 
 PEEAGHED AT 
 
 ST. SAVIOUR'S CHURCH, 
 
 BATH. 
 Second Edition, Foolscap 8vo. 9 cloth, 6s. 
 
 SERMONS 
 
 PEEACHED AT 
 
 THE OCTAGON CHAPEL, 
 
 BATH. 
 
 2 Vols., lis. 
 
 LIGHTS OF THE MORNING; 
 
 OE, 
 
 MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE ECCLESIASTICAL YEAR. 
 
 Feom the Geeman of FREDERICK ARNDT. 
 
 WITH A PEEFACE BT 
 THE VERY REV. W. C. MAGEE, D.D., 
 
 DEAN OF CORK. 
 
 BATH: 
 R. E. PEACH, 8, BRIDGE STREET. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Demy 8vo., price 8d. 
 
 CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM: 
 
 A CHARITY SERMON. 
 
 Foolscap 8vo., price 6d. 
 
 SERMON: 
 
 BLESSING OF THE PURE IN HEAET. 
 
 Price 3d. 
 
 SPEECH 
 
 ON 
 
 THE SABBATH QUESTION 
 
 In Reply to the Advocates of the Sunday League. 
 
 BATH: 
 E. E. PEACH, 8, BEIDGE STEEET. 
 
ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 MR. E. SMITH, 
 
 ■ PORTRAIT & COMPOSITION 
 
 ffl** § 
 
 8, OLD BOND STEEET, 
 BATH. 
 
 ME. E. SMITH has the honour to announce 
 that he is prepared to undertake to arrange 
 
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 AS COMPOSITION SUBJECTS ; 
 
 HISTORIC, DRAMATIC, RUSTIC, 
 
 ETC., 
 
 From the smallest size to Gallery Pictures, 
 6 ft. by 4 ft. 
 
 Specimens of Life-size Portraits may be seen at 
 
 STUDIO OF PHOTOGRAPHY, 
 
 8, OLD BOND STREET. 
 
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 LIBRARY 
 
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