THE NORTHERN SECTION. 
 
 37 
 
 West Virginia ranks liitfli in the production of coal, 
 petroleum, natural gas, and salt. There are fertile 
 farms in the western lowland valleys. 
 
 Whefliiiij, ill the coal and gas region, manufactures 
 iron aud steel, and glass. 
 
 TOPICS ON THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 I. States. Characteristic products and iDdustries of each state 
 II. Cities. Characteristics of one or more of the leading cities in 
 ea<*ti state. 
 
 The six states of the Northern Section between the 
 A])palacliian Mountains and the Mississippi River lie 
 partly or wholly in the Ohio and St. Lawrence basins. 
 They are sometimes called the East Central States. 
 In the uortii, east, and south of this grcmp there are 
 extensive forests; but the central part is mostly an 
 open prairie, which is the very heart of the food-pro- 
 ducing region of our country. 
 
 OHIO. What states and waters border Ohio? What river flows 
 into Lake Erie ; into the Ohio I Name and locate the capital. Name 
 two cities in the southwest ; two on I^ake Erie. 
 
 Ohio ranks high in agriculture, manufacturing, 
 and wool-growing. Besides the great food in'oducts, 
 there is a large yield of tobacco, fruit, and dairy 
 products. There is an abundance of coal, petroleum, 
 and natural gas ; and iron ore is cheaply obtained 
 from Lake Superior. Iron and steel, machinery, 
 Hour, lunil)cr, licjuors, tobacco, and packed meat are 
 important manufactures. 
 
 Clevehntd, the largest city, and Cincitiiiati are both 
 
 Stock yards in Chicago. 
 
 very active commercial and manufacturing cities. 
 Cleveland manufactures iron and steel, machinerv, 
 clothing, packed meat, kerosene, and .ships; and Cin- 
 cinnati, clothing, ma<-hincry, liijuors, packed meat, 
 shoes, and tobacco. Tohilo is an important lake port. 
 (Jolumbus and iMijton manufacture machinei'v. 
 
 INDIANA What states and waters border Indiana f What river 
 crosses it ' Name and locate the capital. What city is in the south- 
 west ; in the west ; in the northeast '. 
 
 Indiana is noted, not only for its agricnltui'al prod- 
 ucts, but also for meat packing, and the manufacture 
 of flour, lumber, iron, cars, ma('hinery, and litjuors. 
 
 liidiatiiipolis is a great railroad center. Eraiisville 
 and Tn-re Uaidf are in tlui coal region. Fort Mai/ne, 
 near the lumber region, manufactures wagons, cars, 
 and agricultural implements. 
 
 ILLINOIS. What states and waters border Illinois ! What three 
 rivers traverse the state i Name, and locate the capital. What threat 
 city is on Lake Michi^n I What city is on the Illinois north of the 
 capital f What city is on the Mississippi west of the capital '. 
 
 Illinois is often called the Prairie State, and is one 
 of the greatest food-producing states in the Union. 
 It ranks third in population and manufactures. It 
 mines much coal. 
 
 Chicago, the largest city on the continent, after New 
 York, is the greatest railroad center and meat and 
 grain market in the world. It has immense stock 
 yards, meat-packing establishments, and grain eleva- 
 tors, and many clothing factories. The city is near the 
 coal fields of the state, and iron ore and lumber are 
 brought here by lake to be manufactured. The Uni- 
 versity of Chicago is <me of the largest in the country. 
 
 Peoria has great distilleries, stock yards, aud meat- 
 packing liouses. ^ast St. Louik, a railroad center, 
 has meat-packing houses and iron and steel works. 
 Springfield is an important coal-mining center. 
 
 KENTUCKY. Name the states, waters, and mountain range 
 that liorder Keiitiu'ky. What four rivers flow through the state f 
 Name and locate the capital. What city is west of Frankfort I 
 What city is north of Frankfort ? 
 
 Kentucky produces about one third of the to- 
 I)acco grown in this countr}-, besides much corn. 
 Wheat, hay, and hemp are also important prod- 
 ucts. The i)rincipal manufactures are liquors, 
 llour, lumber, tobacco, machinery, and iron and 
 steel. It is noted for its " blue-grass " pastures 
 and its fine live stock. Mammoth Cave, on 
 Green River, is the largest cavern known. 
 
 Louisville, at the falls of the (^hio, is a great 
 market and manufacturing center for tobacco. 
 It also manufactures distilled litjuors, machinery, 
 flour, packed meat, and clothing. Covini/ton and 
 Newport are on the Ohio River opposite Cincinnati. 
 These cities manufacture tobacco, machinery, iron 
 and steel, and beer. Lerini/ton is an important 
 stock-raising center in the blue-grass region. 
 
r-^^/ 
 
 ^^u:|,-lUL^x-^ X.. u . 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 Indians once roamed over the land now known as 
 Kentucky. They did not live here, but this was 
 their hunting ground, to which they came every 
 year for wild game. When white men began to 
 settle it, the Indians were determined not to give it 
 up. The settlers, who came mostly from Pennsyl- 
 vania, Virginia, and North Carolina, had never before 
 seen such an abundance of game nor a more beau- 
 tiful country. They therefore determined to make 
 their home here and stay in spite of tlie Indians. 
 
 Among the early 
 
 pioneers was Daniel 
 Boone. He brought 
 his family and a 
 number of his 
 friends across the 
 mountains from 
 North Carolina to 
 a point on the 
 Kentucky River in 
 what is now Madi- 
 son county, directly 
 north of tlie present 
 site of Richmond. 
 This settlement was 
 known as Boones- 
 boro. On their ar- 
 rival, they saw many buffaloes that had come to 
 the lick for salt. Tlie forest was also full of elk, 
 deer, and wild fowl. These supplied them with 
 sufficient food until corn and vegetables could be 
 grown. 
 
 Influenced by stories of this wonderful land, 
 others had crossed the Cumberland Mountains or 
 had sailed down the Ohio to find homes along its 
 banks or beside the beautiful streams that flowed 
 into it from the soutli. Harrodsburg was settled a 
 year before Boonesboro ; and settlements at Lexing- 
 ton, Louisville, Frankfort, and Limestone (now 
 Maysville) were soon made. All the larger settle- 
 ments were made west of the mountains. Here the 
 
 Copyright, 1909, IOII4, hij American Book Company. 
 
 The New State Capitol, Frankfort. 
 
 land was very fertile, and the rich soil brought forth 
 abundant crops. 
 
 The people found that there were many things 
 needed in common. Rrotection from the Indians, 
 good roads, to connect these widely separated settle- 
 ments, bridges across the large streams, laws to 
 punish people who did wrong, and officers to attend 
 to these and other affairs of connnon interest that 
 would benefit all alike. No one settlement could 
 afford to have all these things ; so, as the older 
 states had done, a state government was organized 
 and a constitution adopted. Until this time this 
 
 territory was a part 
 of Virginia, but in 
 1792, by authority 
 of the Congress of 
 the United States, 
 il l)ecame the state 
 of Kentucky. Al- 
 though it had been 
 but 18 years since 
 the first settlement 
 was made, at Har- 
 rodsburg, there 
 were more than 
 75,000 inhabitants 
 when Kentucky be- 
 came a state of the 
 Union. Even then 
 
 there was not a railroad in America, and travel was 
 exceedingly slow and tedious, for there were no 
 good wagon roads, nor even steamboats on the 
 rivers. In 1910 there were 2,290,000 people living 
 in Kentucky. 
 
 Government. Wlien Kentucky became a state, 
 men were elected to make the laws for the whole 
 state. The men chosen for this purpose were called 
 senators and representatives ; both together made 
 up the general assembly. The constitution, or 
 supreme law of the state, also provided for courts 
 and judges to interpret or explain the laws, aiid for 
 a Governor and other officers to enforce or carry the 
 0C1A374542 
 
 JUN20lbh 
 
 ^^/ 
 
(iKOCRAl'lIV OK KKNITCKY 
 
 The State University of Kentucky, Lexington. 
 
 laws into effect. As the state grew, it was found 
 that the first constitution and early laws did not 
 altogether suit ; so, from time to time, other consti- 
 tutions somewhat different were adopted by the peo- 
 ple of the state. The present constitution was 
 adopted in 1891. 
 
 There are many matters which do not concern 
 the state as a whole. For this reason, it is divided 
 into counties, each having officers to look after its 
 own affairs. The chief county officer is the county 
 judge. Some of the other officers are the sheriff, 
 cf)unty attorney, assessor, clerk, jailer, coroner, 
 and the sujjerin- 
 tendent of schools. 
 Now there are 120 
 counties in all. 
 
 In many of the 
 counties are cities 
 which also have 
 their own govern- 
 ment. Tiiere are 
 a numljer of officers 
 in each city who are 
 connected with its 
 government. The 
 mayor is the chief of 
 these city officials. 
 
 wliites and one for blacks, and a state university. 
 Any child may now go from the lowest to the high- 
 est schools with free tuition. When a pupil com- 
 pletes the common scliool course, he ma}' attend the 
 county high school, and after that the State Univer- 
 sity, at Lexington, wliich is the head of the public 
 school system of the state. Here he may acijuire a 
 college education in almost any branches of study 
 he may wish to pursue. Those who desire to be- 
 come teachers are allowed free instruction in either 
 of the State Normal Schools, one of whii'li is located 
 at Bowling Green, the other at Richmond. Colored 
 students are given free tuition 
 in the Normal and Industrial In- 
 stitute at Frankfort. There are 
 also many excellent private 
 schools and colleges in the state, 
 the oldest of which is Transylva- 
 nia L'niversity at Lexington. 
 
 Western Sl.itr Nuini.il SlIi 
 Bowling Green. 
 
 Education. At first, strange to say, no provision 
 was made in Kentucky for public education, but 
 nnw a vast sum of money is spent for both white 
 and colored schools. The public school .system of 
 Kentucky now includes the common schools, county 
 and city high schools, two normal schools for 
 
 Eastern State Normal School, Richmond 
 
QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 
 
 What two great rivers form part of the natural 
 boundaries of Kentucky? Wliat smaller river and 
 what two mountains also form natural boundaries 
 of the state'/ Wliat two important rivers cross the 
 western part of the state ? Name several otiier 
 rivers which flow into the Ohio River. Mention 
 several counties in the central part of tiie Mountain 
 region (^see the map of natural regions'). Locate 
 
 Cumberland Mountain and Cumberland Gap. Name 
 several counties crossed by the Knobs. IMention sev- 
 eral counties of the Blue (irass region. What two 
 important rivers flow through this region? What 
 hill forms its southern and western boundary ? Name 
 several cities of the Blue Grass region. Where is the 
 region known as the Western Coal Fields ? What 
 river divides it into two nearly equal parts? AVhat 
 two important cities are in this region on the Oliio? 
 

 «< / Vj H^ 
 
 BiB/O W nT" 
 
 O T O 
 
 1 
 
 'VtrVlniootMrVv ■. BRACKiiNj 
 
 fs 
 
 ity a.. .- C * w R Dn c E J/5 
 
 aCmimtt mLoiT^ ^XurT- • 'nK3P'° lolL-S.tJU ^-fSiNbyolk / . r-'^irTf^.JM^I 'i ^^aP^V^^lr n' I ' ' l> 
 
 
 In wliiit part of the state is the Jackson Purcliaso ? 
 W'liat river forms its eastern lioiimlary ? Wluit city 
 of tiiis region is on the Oiii(j ilivcr at tl>e nioiilli of 
 tlie Tennessee? In what part of Kentucky do you 
 live? In wliat county? In what natural region or 
 regions is it situated? Describe the houmlaries of 
 this county. Locate Booneshoro. Wiio made a 
 settlement here? Locate Ilarroilshurg, Maysvillc, 
 Louisville, Frankfort, and Lexington. Which nf 
 
 these is the largest city of the state? Which is the 
 capital? With the scale of miles iind out how far 
 these ncighl)oring settlements were apart. Is it 
 likely they were well acrpiainted with one another? 
 What two cities are on the Ohio at the mouth of 
 the Licking River? Locale Howling (ireen, IIop- 
 kinsville, Ashland, Bellevue, Dayton, Winchester, 
 llichmond, and Paris. In what county is the Mam- 
 moth Cave ? 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 SURFACE AND DRAINAGE. 
 
 Turn to tlie map. Find Hickman. It is in the 
 southwestern corner of the state. It is 500 feet 
 above sea level. Locate the Cumberland Mountain 
 range. Its crest is 2000 feet above sea level. 
 Some of these mountains are even higher 
 tlian that, but to the north and west they 
 gradually get lower and lower until they are 
 but hills. The crest of Cumberland Moun- 
 tain is how many times as high as Hickman 
 above sea level ? The larger part of Ken- 
 tucky is a great plain furrowed by i-ivers. 
 Its northern boundary is the Ohio River, which 
 separates it from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 
 
 that of the state of Tennessee, Virginia, or Ohio, 
 and a little greater than that of Indiana. 
 
 In the mountains the rivers are rapid, with many 
 falls ; but where they flow through the long, gradual 
 slope they can be easily traversed by boats. ]Much 
 of Kentucky has 
 easy water com- 
 munication with the 
 Ohio River. Begin 
 at the northeastern 
 corner of the state 
 and name in order 
 seven rivers which 
 flow into the Ohio. 
 Which of these riv- 
 ers drain the most 
 land '/ Wliat river 
 drains all of Ken- 
 tucky ? Through 
 what stream do the 
 waters from Ken- 
 tucky reach the 
 ocean ? Trace the 
 waters in the stream 
 near your home to the 
 Mississippi River. 
 The surface of the state has a gen- 
 eral slope from the Appalachian Plateau 
 in the southeast to the Ohio River on 
 the northwest. Thus the principal 
 streams of Kentucky flow northwest 
 
 A Coal Mine, 
 Mountain Region. 
 
 Cumberland Falls. 
 
 Its western boundary is the 
 Mississippi River, which 
 separates it from Missouri. 
 Its eastern boundary is Cum- 
 berland Mountain, Pine 
 Mountain, and Big Sandy 
 River in the Appalachian 
 Highland. These separate 
 it from Virginia and West 
 Virginia. The southern 
 boundary, which separates 
 Kentucky from Tennessee, 
 differs from all the others, 
 as it is composed of nearly 
 
 straight lines marked out by man, and does not 
 follow any one river valley or mountain ridge or 
 other natural feature. 
 
 The length of the state is about 380 miles, and 
 its greatest width is about 170 miles. Its area is 
 about 40,000 square miles, being almost as great as 
 
 The Ohio River near the Mouth of the Kentucky. 
 
 and are tributaries 6f the Ohio. Among these 
 streams are the Big Sand3% Licking, Kentucky, 
 Rolling Fork, Green, Tradewater, Cumberland, 
 and Tennessee rivers. The Cumberland rises in 
 southeastern Kentucky and the Tennessee still fur- 
 ther east in Virginia, and both of these streams 
 
GEOGRAI'HY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 flow through Tennessee in great bends before they 
 cross western Kentucky to join the Ohio. 
 
 Altliough the general sh)pe is to tiie northwest, 
 the state may be divided into several regions by well- 
 marked differences in the character of the surface. 
 These natural regions are six in nuinlicr: the Moun- 
 tain Re(/ion, the Knohg. tiie Bhie (rraxx /iii/ion. the 
 
 and although some of the valleys contain fertile 
 soil, the region as a whole is not well adapted for 
 farming. It contains, however, rich stores of coal 
 and iron and is covered with valuable forests. The 
 western edge of the upland forms an irregular line 
 of hills called tiic Knobs. 
 
 The Knobs Region extends across the state from 
 Lewis county on the Ohio to Allen 
 county on the Tennessee boundary, and 
 from Uncoln county a prong circles to- 
 ward the northwest, to the Ohio Kiver 
 near Louisville. This prong of the 
 Knobs is a range of wooded hills known 
 as Muldraughs Hill. The Knobs, thougii 
 poor soil, is a splendid fruit region. 
 The numerous small valleys are quite 
 product ivc. 
 
 The Blue Grass Region lies west of the 
 Knolis and north of .Muldrauehs Ilill. 
 
 Souttidown Sbeep, Blue Grass Region. 
 
 t'avcriioKK Limcittone Rri/ion. tlie Wfnti'i-)! 
 Cold Fill,], and tlic Joi-/cho)i J*>t)-i-/iitse. 
 
 The Mountain Region. On the map 
 of Kentucky linil (ircenup county, on 
 the Oliio Tiiver. Then Knd Wayne and 
 Clinton counties on the Tennessee line. 
 Draw a line with your pencil from the 
 northern point of 
 (ireennp county to 
 the point on the 
 Tennessee line where 
 Wayne and Clinton 
 counties join. The 
 part of Kentucky 
 east of this line is 
 commonly called the 
 Mountains. This is 
 about one fourth of 
 the state, and con- 
 sists of an upland 
 1000 to 2000 feet 
 high, whiv^li has been 
 
 The Largest Loose-leaf Tobacco Warehouse in the World 
 Lexington. 
 
 ilivided by the deepsteei)-sided valleys of the streams 
 into a great mimlx-rof small plateaus and ranges of 
 high hills which render the sui'fa(;e very rough anil 
 rugged. In the extreme southeast, near the \'ir- 
 ginia boumlary, arc the high, i-vcn-toppcd ridges of 
 Cumiierland .Mountain and I'itie .Mountain. The 
 surface rock of this upland is generally sandstone. 
 
 "trrirm&imri: 
 
 Eenlucky Uuiscs. 
 
 It is an undulating limestone 
 country with a deep and fertile 
 soil, well adapted to farming and 
 to the growth of the beautiful vel- 
 vety blue grass. The Kentucky 
 and Licking rivers flow through 
 this region in deep, steep-sided val- 
 leys, but away from these streams 
 the surface is comparatively level 
 or rolling, and forms one of the 
 finest farming and stock-breed- 
 ing regions of the world. 
 The Western Coal Field. The region about the 
 lower com. sc of (ireen Uiver, including the counties 
 from Hancock to Union and as far south as Muh- 
 lenberg and Mutler, is rough and hill)' and much like 
 the .Mountain region, but not so elevated. Like 
 that region, too, it contains valuable beds of coal 
 and much excellent timber. Hut most of the coal 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Echo River. Mammoth C.ive. 
 
 in western Kentucky lies below the beds of the 
 streams, and must be broug'lit to the surface by means 
 of shafts dug down to the seams of coal. In the 
 mountains, the coal seams are in the mountain sides, 
 above the streams, and are mined by "drifting," or 
 tunneling into the sides of the mountains. 
 
 Cavernous Limestone Region. Extending from 
 ]\Iul(lraugli.s Hill and The Knoljs to the Tennessee 
 River, and surrounding the Western Coal Field on 
 the east, south, and west, is a low limestone plateau 
 whose surface is pitted with numerous sink-holes 
 or depressions through which the surface 
 water finds its wa}'' into underground pas- 
 sages. The water, by dissolving the lime- 
 stone rocks, enlarges many of these passages 
 into great caves or caverns, of which Mam- 
 moth Cave in Edmonson coLinty is the most 
 famous. Some of these caves are several 
 
 miles in length, and some 
 of them now form the course 
 of underground rivers. 
 
 The Jackson Purchase em- 
 braces the portion of the 
 state west of the Tennessee 
 River. It Wius purchased 
 from the Chickasaw Indians 
 in 1820. It is a low-lying 
 region composed of clay, 
 loam, and gravel, and in 
 places is exceedingly fer- 
 tile. 
 
 Climate. The climate of 
 Kentucky is pleasant and 
 healthful, with warm sum- 
 mers and moderately cold 
 winters, and an ample rain- 
 fall very nearly distributed through the year. It 
 is sqmewhat warmer on the lowlands along the 
 Mississipi)i River than on Cumberland Mountain in 
 the southeast, and the rainfall is somewhat greater 
 in the soutliern than in the northern part of the 
 
 state. 
 
 RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Minerals. Coal is the most valuable mineral of 
 Kentucky. It is mined in many localities in both 
 the Mountain resrion and the Western Coal Field. 
 
 Breaking Hemp, Bourbon County. 
 
 A Kentucky Tobacco Field. 
 
 Excellent iron ore is mined in both these 
 regions, especially in Bath county. Petro- 
 leum is also obtained, particularly in the 
 southern counties from Wayne to Allen ; 
 and natural gas in Meade county. Marble, 
 onyx, au<l stone for nuiking hydraulic ce- 
 nu'Ut arc quarried in various parts of the 
 mountainous regions. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF KHXTL'CKY 
 
 Louisville Free Public Libra^. 
 
 Agriculture gives eniplovinent to a greater num- 
 ber of [leople in Kentucky than any other industry. 
 Tuhaeco is grown chiefly in the limestone regions 
 and in the Jackson Purchase, and the annual crop 
 is much greater than in any other state in the Union. 
 Corn and wheat are raised in all sections. Hemp is 
 extensively raised in the P>luc (Jrassregion, and this 
 crop is greater in Kentucky than in any other state. 
 Fine fruit is raised in the Oliio River counties of 
 the lilue Grass region and along ]\Iuldrauglis Hill 
 and the Knobs. The breeding of fine cattle and 
 fast horses is a leading industry in the Blue Grass 
 counties. 
 
 Lumbering is a leading industry in the Mountain 
 Region, where great quantities of yellow poplar 
 lumber are obtained. The logs are cut in the for- 
 ests near the head waters of the larger streams and 
 are floated down singly or in rafts to tiie sawmills 
 far below. 
 
 Manufacturing. Among the manufacturing in- 
 dustiies the making of chewing and smoking tobacco 
 and tlie distilling of li(iuors are very important, as 
 are also tlie milling of flour and cornnieal, saw mill- 
 ing, tlie making of iron and steel, meat packing, 
 and the manufacture of macliinery, cottonseed oil, 
 cars, carriages and wagons, leather, and clotliing. 
 Louisville is by far the most important numufac- 
 turing center in the state. 
 
 Commercial Facilities. Kentucky is traversed by 
 a niiiiil)er of iiu|)()rtaul trunk lines f)f railway, in- 
 cluding tlie Chesapeake and Oliio ; Louisville and 
 Nasliville ; Illinois Central ; Cincinnati, New < )rlcans, 
 and Texas I'acilic ; and other important systems, 
 wliicii togellier iiave a trackage of more tliau :5r)0() 
 miles. These roads afford access to nearly all parts 
 of the state, and, witli other connections, give ample 
 communication witii all sections of tlie Union. 
 
 Much of the commerce of the state is 
 transported over its navigable water- 
 ways, particularly by means of the 
 Ohio and Mississippi rivers ; while tlie 
 Tennessee, Cumberland, Green, Ken- 
 tuek}-. Licking, Big Sandy, an<l other 
 rivers are largel}- utilized for this pur- 
 pose. 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 Louisville, tlie metropolis of the 
 stale and the county seat of Jeffer.son 
 county, is located on tlie Oliio River 
 at the falls, which here furnisli excel- 
 lent water power. A canal has been 
 constructed around the falls, so that 
 they interfere but little with the navigation of the 
 river. Owing to the commercial and manufactur- 
 ing facilities afforded by its location, Louisville has 
 grown rapidly in prosperity. 
 
 The transportation facilities of Louisville by 
 both rail and water are excellent. The various 
 railroads which enter the city give communication 
 with nearly every part of the state, and bridges 
 across the Ohio connect these roads with various 
 sections of the Union. An extensive traflic is car- 
 ried on by means of steamboat navigation on the 
 Ohio River and the other navigable rivers of the 
 state. 
 
 Louisville is an important market for the sale of 
 leaf tobacco, and mueii of this product is here manu- 
 factured into chewing, smoking, and other forms of 
 tobacco. Distilled and malt liquors, cottonseed 
 oil, and leather are produced in large quantities. 
 Other manufacturing industries include slaughter- 
 ing and meat jiacking, flour milling, and tlie making 
 of wagons, farm implements, machinery, cars, and 
 clothing. The po])ulation in 1910 was about :2l'4,Oi)0. 
 
 Scene in Central Park, Louisville. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Covington is in Kenton county on the Ohio 
 River. The Ohio and various railroads provide 
 a ready means of communication, and bridges 
 across the Ohio River connect Covington witli 
 Cincinnati. Its manufactories include tobacco fac- 
 tories, foundries, machine shops, and breweries. 
 
 Newport, on the Ohio opposite Cincinnati, in 
 Campbell county, is separated from Covington by 
 
 Courthouse and Public Square, Lexington. 
 
 the Licking River. Macliinery, clotliing, and lum- 
 ber are among its various manufactures. 
 
 Lexington, tlie county seat of Fayette county, 
 is a flourishing city. This city, often called the 
 Belle of the Blue Grass, was founded in 1776, and 
 was the home of Henry Clay. It is noted for its 
 sales of fine horses, which bring 
 buyers from all parts of the 
 country, and also as being the 
 chief hempmarketof the United 
 States, and one of the largest 
 tobacco markets in the world. 
 The State University, the East- 
 ern State Hospital for insane 
 persons, Transylvania Univer- 
 sity, and a number of private 
 colleges are located here. 
 
 Paducah, the county seat of 
 MeC'raekeu county, is located 
 at the point where the Tennes- 
 see River enters the Ohio- The city has extensive 
 shipping interests, and is an important tobacco mar- 
 ket, besides maintaining a large number of manu- 
 facturing industries. 
 
 Owensboro, the county seat of Daviess county, was 
 
 first settled in 1798. It is situated fin the Oliio River, 
 and has excellent facilities for trade and manufac- 
 ture. Its chief manufactures include tobacco, flour, 
 lumber, machinery, wagons, buggies, and cellulose. 
 Henderson, the county seat of Henderson county, 
 is situated on the Ohio River. The city is one of 
 much wealth, and is an important tobacco market. 
 Its manufactures include tobacco, cotton and woolen 
 goods, distilled liquors, and flour. 
 
 Frankfort, the capital of tlie state, is 
 situated in Franklin county on the Ken- 
 tucky River, which is here navigable for 
 Ohio River steamers. The city is situated 
 within the limits of the Blue (irass region, 
 and is an important commercial and manu- 
 I, I, facturing center. The State Reformatory, 
 
 J^ the institution for educating feeble- 
 minded children, and the state normal 
 and industrial school for blacks are located 
 here. 
 
 Hopkinsville is the county seat of Chris- 
 tian county, which is noted for its agricul- 
 tural resources. These contribute in a 
 large measure to the growth and commer- 
 cial importance of the cit}'. It has a large 
 trade in flour and tobacco. 
 
 Bowling Green, the county seat of War- 
 ren count}-, is located on the Barren River 
 in the center of a very rich agricultural and 
 stock raising section ; besides, it possesses a 
 number of manufacturing industries. Here are 
 located Ogden College, the Western Kentucky 
 State Normal School, and other imijortant educa- 
 tional institutions. 
 
 Transylvania University, Lexington. 
 
 Ashland is in Boyd county on the Ohio River. 
 It has large interests in coal and iron mining, and 
 in the manufacture of iron and steel and their vari- 
 ous products. The city is also in a rich lumber 
 region and has many lumber mills. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF KENTUCKY 
 
 Middlesboro< in Bell county, is in the southeast- 
 ern corner of the state in an important coal and 
 iron mining region, and has extensive iron and 
 steel furnaces and coke ovens. 
 
 Winchester, the county seat of Clark county, is 
 a flourisliing city in tl;e Blue (irass region. The 
 chief interests of the city are those connected with 
 stock raising, manufacturing, and lumbering. Ken- 
 tucky Wfsleyan CoUfge is located here. 
 
 Bellevue and Dayton, in Camivbell county, and 
 Ludlow, in Kenton county, are suburban places 
 among the group of cities on the Ohio opposite 
 CiiiciMuati. 
 
 Maysville, the county seat of Mason county, was 
 settled in 1787, and was formerly called Limestone. 
 It is situated on the Ohio at the Zanesville and 
 Lexington turnpike crossing, wliich wafe, in the 
 early history of the state, an important thorough- 
 fare for commercial traffic. ' 
 
 Ma3rfield. the county seat of Graves county, is in 
 the western part of the state in the Jackson Pur- 
 chase region. The city has a large and growing 
 trade in the products of a ricli agricultural section. 
 
 Paris, the county seat of Bourbon county, has an 
 important trade in live stock, tobacco, and distilled 
 liquors. 
 
 Danville, the county seat of Boyle county, is in 
 the soutlicrn part of the Blue Grass region, and is 
 chiefly noted for its agricultural products and live 
 stock. Here is located the Central University of 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Richmond, the county seat of Madison county, is 
 on the eastern border of the Blue Grass region. 
 The Eastern Kentucky State Normal School is 
 
 located liere. Richnmnd is noted for extensive 
 shipments of tine iiorses, mules, and cattle. 
 
 Madisonville. the county seat of IIo])kins county, 
 is in the Western Coal Field. Besides the adjacent 
 coal mines, it has various manufactories. 
 
 Georgetown, the county seat of Scott county, is in 
 tlie Hlui' (irass region, and has an important trade 
 in tile products of this part of the state. Here are 
 located Georgetown College and several seminaries. 
 
 Somerset, in Pulaski county, is a mining city, 
 with I'ailroad sliops, excellent sidiools, a good public 
 library, and numerous banks, wliolesale houses, and 
 factories. 
 
 Mt. Sterling, the county seat of Montgomery 
 coiuity, is situated on the dividing line between the 
 Blue Grass and the Knobs regions. Lumber and 
 its products are among its chief manufactures. 
 
 The following places are the county seats of their 
 respective counties, and the chief interests of each 
 are briefly mentioned: Cynthiana, llanison county, 
 agriculture and manufacturing. Catlettsburg. Boyd 
 county, stock raising and coal mining. Lebanon, 
 Marion county, agriculture, stock raising, and dis- 
 tilling. Shelbyville, Shelby county, tobacco, grain, 
 and live stoek. 
 
 Among otlier places of importance may be men- 
 tioned : Earlington, Hopkins county. Harrodsburg, 
 Mercer county. Hickman and Fulton. Fulion 
 county. Morganfield. rnioii county. Russellville, 
 Logan county. Princeton, Caldwell count \. Nich- 
 olasville. Jessamine county. Versailles. Woodford 
 county. ■ Franklin, Simpson county. Corbin, Whit- 
 ley county. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE COUNTIES OF KENTUCKY, 1910. 
 
 Adair 10. 
 
 Alien 14. 
 
 Anderson 10. 
 
 Ballard 12, 
 
 Barren 2-'). 
 
 Math 1:!. 
 
 Hell 28. 
 
 lioone !•. 
 
 liourbon 17, 
 
 H.ivd 23. 
 
 Uoyle 14, 
 
 lliacken 10. 
 
 Hieathitt 1". 
 
 Itreckinridge 21, 
 
 I'.iillitt 9. 
 
 Hnller l.'i, 
 
 Caldwell 14, 
 
 falloway 10, 
 
 Canipbell .Ml 
 
 ('arli.sle !• 
 
 Carrrill H, 
 
 Carter 21. 
 
 < 'iisey 15, 
 
 Cliri.stian 38. 
 
 .50.3 
 882 
 14t! 
 tJ'.H) 
 2H3 
 088 
 
 420 
 4(i2 
 444 
 
 ,fili8 
 
 ;'.08 
 
 .'>40 
 
 ,o:)4 
 
 ,487 
 ,80r, 
 
 ,o<i:? 
 ,8r,7 
 .:!<iit 
 048 
 no 
 
 4711 
 84.-, 
 
 Clark 17, 
 
 Clay 17. 
 
 Clinton 8. 
 
 Crittenden 13, 
 
 ( 'uniberland 9. 
 
 I)avies.s 41. 
 
 Kdmonson 10. 
 
 Klliott 9. 
 
 Kslill 12, 
 
 Fayeue 47, 
 
 Kleming 10, 
 
 Klovd 18. 
 
 Franklin 21, 
 
 Fulton 14, 
 
 (lallatin 4, 
 
 < iarrard 11. 
 
 (irant 10, 
 
 (iraves IB. 
 
 Grayson l!i. 
 
 (ireen II. 
 
 (ireenup 18, 
 
 Hancock 8, 
 
 Hardin 22. 
 
 Harlan 10. 
 
 '.tS7 
 
 ,789 
 
 163 
 
 2«« 
 
 840 
 
 ,020 
 
 ,4(i!l 
 
 814 
 
 ,273 
 
 ,71.5 
 
 OtIO 
 
 023 ' 
 
 13o 1 
 
 114 
 
 097 
 
 894 
 
 681 
 
 r>:r.t 
 
 96S 
 871 
 ,476 
 .■>12 
 090 
 
 mi 
 
 Ilarri.sou 1(),H73 
 
 Hart 18,173 
 
 Henderson 29,352 
 
 Henry 1.3,710 
 
 Hickman 11,7.50 
 
 Hopkins 34.291 
 
 .Jackson 10,734 
 
 .Jefferson 2t!2,!»20 
 
 .Je.ssainine 12,013 
 
 .Jolinsim 17,482 
 
 Kenton 70,355 
 
 Knott 10,791 
 
 Knox 22,110 
 
 Larue 10.701 
 
 Laurel 19,872 
 
 Lawrence 20,007 
 
 Lee 9..531 
 
 Leslie 8,970 
 
 Letclier 10,023 
 
 Lewis 10.887 
 
 Lincoln 17,897 
 
 LivinKsUin 10.027 
 
 Lofian 24,977 
 
 Lyon 9,423 
 
 • Population estimated. 
 
 McCr.ackcn. . . 
 
 ...35,004 
 
 XlcCreary 
 
 ..•12,000 
 
 McLean 
 
 ....13,241 
 
 .Madi.son 
 
 ...20.961 
 
 Miisortin 
 
 . . . 13,054 
 
 Marion 
 
 ...10,330 
 
 
 .. .15,771 
 
 Martin 
 
 ... 7.291 
 
 
 ...18,011 
 
 Meade 
 
 ... 9,783 
 
 Menifee 
 
 ... 0,153 
 
 .Mercer 
 
 ...14,003 
 
 .Metcalfe 
 
 . .10,4.53 
 
 Monroe 
 
 ...l3,oo:! 
 
 Montgomery. . 
 
 . . . 12,808 
 
 Morgan 
 
 ...10,2.59 
 
 Muhlenberg . . 
 
 . . .28,698 
 
 Nelson 
 
 . . . lti.830 
 
 Xi.liolas 
 
 .. .10.001 
 
 Ollin 
 
 ...27,li42 
 
 Oldham 
 
 . . . 7,248 
 
 ( )wen 
 
 . ..14.248 
 
 Owsley 
 
 . . 7.979 
 
 I'endlelon 
 
 ...11,986 
 
 Perrv 11, 
 
 I'ike 31, 
 
 Powell «. 
 
 Pula.ski •30, 
 
 Kobertson 4, 
 
 HockcjLstle 14, 
 
 Kiiwaii 9, 
 
 Kussell 10, 
 
 Scott 10, 
 
 .Shelby 18, 
 
 Simpson 11, 
 
 Spencer 7, 
 
 Taylor II 
 
 Tddd Hi. 
 
 Trigg 14, 
 
 Trimble (!. 
 
 Inion 19. 
 
 Warren 30. 
 
 Washington 13, 
 
 Wavne •IS. 
 
 Webster 20. 
 
 Whitley '28 
 
 Wolfe 9. 
 
 Woodford 12, 
 
 265 
 079 
 208 
 000 
 121 
 473 
 4:!8 
 SOI 
 950 
 041 
 4»!0 
 
 940 
 ,000 
 ,974 
 ,(MK) 
 ,804 
 .571 
 
38 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The seven states of the Northern Section west of the 
 Mississippi River lie wholly or partly in the Missouri 
 basin. In the northeast and southeast are extensive 
 forests, and tlie Black Hills, in tlie west, are forest clad. 
 The rest of the group is mostly treeless, except along the 
 streams. In the extreme western part of this group 
 agriculture is of less importance than stock raising, for 
 droughts are not infrequent. 
 
 Grain elevator. 
 
 MICHIGAN. What states and waters border Miclii- 
 gan ? AV'hat lake and strait separate it into two parts ' 
 What two rivers traverse the southern peninsula' 
 What range of hills is in the northern 
 peninsula? What and where is the 
 capital? What city is east of it 
 west of it; north of it? 
 
 Tlie southern part is 
 noted for its proiluc- 
 tion of wheat, dairy 
 products, apples, and 
 wool ; the central 
 part, for lumber and 
 salt ; the northern 
 part, for iron ore, co}) 
 per, and lumber. 
 
 Detroit has unrivaled 
 commercial facilities, and 
 manufactures automobiles, ma 
 chinery, packed meat, tobacco, and Corn, 
 
 drugs. Grand Rapids manufactures fur- 
 niture ; Saginaw, beet sugar, lumber, and machinery. 
 
 WISCONSIN. What states and waters border Wisconsin ? What 
 two rivers traverse it? What lake and bay are in the east? What 
 and where is the capital ? What two cities are on Lake Michigan ? 
 ■\Vliat city is on Lake Superior? 
 
 Oats, barley, and tobacco are important crops in 
 the southern lialf of the state. In the north are 
 valuable pine forests and rich mines of iron ore. 
 
 Milwaukee is a shipping point for grain and lum- 
 ber, and has extensive breweries, tanneries, foun- 
 dries, and flour mills. Superior ships wheat, lumber, 
 and iron ore, and has large shijjyards. Racine 
 manufactures automobiles, agricultural implements, 
 and carriages and wagons. 
 
 TOPICS ON THE EAST CENTRAL STATES. 
 I. St.\tk.s. Charaiteristic piodncts ami industries of each state. 
 II. CiTiKs. Characteristics of one or more leading cities in each state. 
 
 Harvesting wheat. 
 
 MINNESOTA. What country, states, and waters 
 border Minnesota? What rivers traverse it? Name 
 three of its lakes. Name and locate the capital. 
 What city is near it ? What city is in the northeast ? 
 
 Minnesota is one of the great wheat- 
 producing states of the Union. Lumbering 
 is a great industry in the northeast and 
 southeast. The iron ore mines in the north- 
 east are t!ie most extensive in the world. 
 Minneapolis is the world's greatest flour-milling 
 city and a great lumber center. St. Paul is a com- 
 mercial city at the head of navigation on the Missis- 
 sippi. Dif/wf/i ships wheat, flour, lumber, and iron ore. 
 
 IOWA. What states and waters border Iowa ? What rivers cross 
 it? Locate the capital; two cities in the east; one in the northwest. 
 
 Iowa is a great corn- and hog-producing state, and 
 is noted also for its cattle, dairy products, and coal. 
 
 Des Moines is in the mining region, and has a large 
 trade. Dubuque and Davenport manufacture machin 
 ery and food products. Sioux City packs much meat, 
 
 MISSOURI. Wiat states and waters border Missouri? What 
 rivers cinss it? What mountains are in the south? Locate the 
 capital. What city is in the east? What two cities are in the west? 
 
 In northern Missouri farming, and in the south 
 fruit and wool growing and lumbering, are leading 
 industries. Much coal, lead, and zinc are mined. 
 
 St. Louis, the largest city in the Mississippi basin, 
 has a great trade by rail and river. It manufactures 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 <lllllilin!l|i|!l<l!1!IIIIWlil!ll 
 
 014 511 418