.0" , w o 3^ oV^^n^-- ^^^^^ ^,m^^\ '^^^y which means the trip to the mountain .can be made in forty-five minutes. The mountain has been greatly improved, and is today one of the most desirable resorts for the enfeebled, the overworked or the pleasure seeker upon this continent. Lookout Inn is perhaps the most magnificent hotel upon a mountain in this country; it was erected at a cost of $250,000, contains nearly 500 guest chambers; it is elaborately and richly furnished throughout; equipped with all modern conveniences, heated by steam, lighted by electricity and gas, supplied with running water and is furnished with every com- fort and attraction that modern ingenuity and generous hospitality can devise. Broad, well built boulevards traverse the mountain plateau for miles; the streets are underlaid with water and gas mains; tele- phone and electric wires are strung to the scores of ornate cottages that line the shaded streets and roadways, and everywhere there are all the comforts and conveniences of city life. The most beautiful spots upon the brow of the mountain have been preserved for parks; it is quite likely that the United States Government will purchase the chief reservation at "The Point" of Lookout Mountain to make it a fitting completion of the mag- nificent plan of the Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park. Among the mountains called of battle, Lookout deserves the first place in any history of the Southern Appalachians. Before the first Anglo-Saxon saw its wooded talus and graj^-green cliffs from the opposite crest of Waldeu's Ridge, it was the battle-ground of the red men. The warlike Chorokees and their kinsmen, the Chicka- maugas, dwelt in the valleys 'round about, and on its slopes their war parties made good against their tribal enemies their claim to the ownership of the "Far-Look" mountain. The precipitous cliff 18 at its northern extremity was their signal height. The smoke of tlie alarm fire rising from its summit was the warriors' call to arms. In the early settlement of Tennessee the cliff-crowned mountain at the toe of the moccasin became the battlefield of the races. De- feated in the great valley of East Tennessee, the Indians retreated to their fastness on Lookout; and on the western slope of the mountain within sight of a greater future battlefield, was fought the last decisive conflict with the allied tribes. John Sevier won it and broke the organized strength of the red men, but for many years afterward the pioneers, drifting down the Tennessee from the older settlements on its headwaters, to the fertile valleys beyond the Cumberlands, watched furtively for the first glimpse of the sentinel mountain standing grim and silent at the portal of the ninety-mile gauntlet through the gorges. If the sky line was clear, all went well, but if a column of smoke was hanging above the signal height, the hardy adventurers looked to their arms, refilled the priming pans of their rifles, and made bulwarks of the cargo to protect the women and children during the running fight which would begin at the overhanging bluffs of the great mountain. A peaceful half century followed the dying out of tlie last Indian signal fire on the Point Rock, and then the distant murmur of a fiercer tide of conflict echoed from the cliffs of Lookout. One lambent autumn day tlie tide of civil war poured over the passes of the Raccoon to submerge the fields in Will's Valley and to rise in billows of blue on the slopes of the historic mountain until the marching thousands of Rosecrans' left wing caught their first glimpse of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge from its wooded summit. The tide flowed onward, and a few days afterward the eastern pallisades of Lookout flung back the thunders of Chickamauga to Chattanooga A^alley. Then the tide surged backward, and when the lines of circumvallation had been drawn about the beleaguered city in the great bend of the river, the bosom of the old moun- tain was scarred and furrowed with the intrenchments of the besieging army, and from summit and half-way height the bat- teries hurled their messengers of death down upon the armed hosts in the valley. The final act in the historic mountain's tragic drama was played on that November day when the mists of the valley thickened into sweating clouds on the wooded slopes, and Lookout hid its face as if to shut out the sight of carnage. All the world knows liow 19 "the battle above the clouds" was lost and won, what deeds of hero- ism and brilliant courage were there enacted, and many a curious pilgrim has since stood upon the time-worn signal cliff to gaze down upon the scene of the mountain's final conflict. The scars are healed now. The breastworks have become grassy mounds, and the sightseer has to be guided to the redoubts from which the bellowing cannon played upon the city, spread out in the valley below. But after the spring rains have washed away the litter of the year, the children, gathering arbutus and the fragile wind flowers on the slopes of the ancient mountain, find broken arrow-heads bedded in the mellow earth side by side with battered minie-balls and fragments of shattered shells; relics of the earlier and later struggles whose din has been re-echoed by the gray cliffs of old Lookout. What pen can portray the matchless beauties that are unfolded from the mountain heights? At every spot upon the brow, a bewildering panorama of landscape stretches forth. There are loftier mountains, more sublime stretches of precipice and beetling cliffs, taller peaks and deeper gorges, but there is no spot on this western world where beauty is so charmingly united to sub- limity, or where one's soul is so thrilled without being awed by appalling surroundings; where the limpid lyrics of nature are so interwoven with her epics, where the melting hazes of purpling landscape dissolve into majestic stretches of towering peaks; where nature frowns and smiles, and wooes the enchanted beholder, thrilled by the glories and the majesty of God's handiwork. 20 Chattanooga's Thermopylae. LOOKOUT MOUxXTAIN INCLINE RAILWAY. SUNSET ROCK — LOOKOUT MOUiN T.U.N. 'rti iv^ Tlie Chattanooga Campaign Chattanooga early heard the tread of feet hurrying to war, and in the spring of 1862 the city was occupied by the Confederates. But its inhabitants did not foresee the magnificent battle-play which was to be staged in the woods, valleys and heights nearby in 1863 when Eosecrans followed Bragg from Middle Tennessee. Like the impatient clamor of a waiting audience came the sound of Wilder's shells from Stringer's Eidge into the city on the 21st of August, leading up to that 9th of September when the last trooper in gray rode out and the men in blue came in, and the stars and stripes went up on the old Crutchfield House. On Saturday and Sunday, September 19th and 20th, 1863, the opening scenes of the first act were played on the field of Chicka- mauga, nine miles away, beyond Missionary Eidge, in Georgia. From the lines of Eosecrans and Bragg, extending some three miles north and south to struggle for the LaFayette Eoad, and engaged through so much of their length, came at intervals the swelling and subsiding roar as the battle shifted, waxed and waned, through Saturday, the scene opening with the first clash of arms in the morning as Croxton's brigade and Forrest's cavalry met in the woods, the curtain falling with the firing in the dusk at the flashes of each others' guns when Cleburne dashed at the breast- works in his attack on Baird and Johnson. Then came the sad intermission through the night, unlit by camp fires, so close were the lines, but broken by the sound of Eose- crans' axes busy on defenses for the morrow, while the wounded groaned near the bodies of the dead, and soldiers of both armies felt how great was their chance of soon joining their mangled comrades. Sunday morning Breckinridge opened the second scene of the act on the Confederate right at the north, and as the command "forward" went down the line Bragg's divisions moved in swift succession to the attack, grappling and struggling as on the former day, till before noon came the breaking of the Union center, the forcing back of the Union right and that tide of disaster which swept so much of the Federal army in the wreck before it, till 21 Thomas at Snodgrass Hill saved defeat from becoming utter rout. Longstreet's veterans in overwhelming numbers charged the men in blue, only to be beaten back in that bloody, stubborn fighting which has passed into history. Thomas' men were at last about to be driven before the crushing weight of superior numbers, when unex- pected aid from Granger and Steedman and reinforcements from the hard-fought region of the Kelly Field came to help them make good the defense. Then, the coming of night, the withdrawal of the last of the Union troops, and the curtain descends on the last scene of the first act, closing a two days' struggle whose ghastly record of killed and Avounded throws into shade some of the blood- iest battles of the old world. And now came the long and anxious intermission between the acts, the Union army remaining shut up in Chattanooga, while from Lookout Tkfountain and Missionary Ridge the besieging Con- federates watched the beleaguered Federals hemmed in by hostile cannon and a jjrey to threatened famine. Two months of waiting, and the curtain is ready to rise on the first of the three-day scenes of the second act, staged so grandly before Chattanooga. Bragg's army holds its strong positions, but its brave ranks are Aveakened by sending some of its men elsewhere. The Union army. Grant now in command, is rested, reinforced, confident and eager. The first scene closes with the men in gray driven from Orchard Knob. The second, on the next day, that famous struggle so often called the "Battle above the Clouds," sees Hooker on rugged Lookout Mountain pushing Walthall up the side and over the slope at the Cravens House. The third scene comes on the following day, that memorable Wednesday, 35 Novem- ber, 1863, opening with Sherman thundering at the north end of Missionary Ridge, but held back by Cleburne's stubborn defense. Later Hooker reaches Rossville Gap and sweeps northward, driving before him this weak part of Bragg's Missionary Ridge line, and Grant on Orchard Knob gives the order for Thomas' troops to take the foot of the Ridge, and then comes that historic charge where the men in blue after storming the foot of the Ridge swept on to the crest, breaking the line in six places and taking the Ridge in an hour from the order to take the foot. The valor of the Ameri- can soldier is the glory of the American people, be the uniform what it may. The same pride we feel in Thomas, Granger and Steedman, Brannan and Van Derveer, and all the brave men, whether bearing swords or bayonets, who saved the day from utter 22 disaster at Snodgrass Hill, is ours at thought of Bate rallying the retreating fragments of the beaten army and sternly standing at bay, grappling with Sheridan; of Stewart fighting front, left and rear, and only retreating before being entirely surrounded as dark- ness was coming on; of Walthall, the day hopelessly lost, still strug- gling on the crest till night stopped the battle. But despite all valor the retreat streamed into Georgia; by bedtime Bragg's army was beyond the Chickamauga, and the cur- tain had run down on Chattanooga's great battle-drama. 23 Hamilton County Products of the County Hamlton count)^ contains an area of about five hundred square miles, and is almost bisected by the Tennessee river; it is well watered by innumerable creeks that flow toward the river at every point in the county. The difference in altitude between the table lands of Walden's Ridge and the alluvial river bottoms is about one thousand five hundred feet; this is equivalent to four degrees of latitude, giving to the elevated ground the climate of Southern Ohio, along the hillsides that of Kentucky. The soil formations are of very great variety, beginning at the river bottoms, changing into the various alluvial formations, the chocolate and red clay soils, and these again joined and mixed with another variety of flinty gravel or magnesium limestone soil. The soil holds moisture to a surprising degree, and is uniformly valuable for tillage, though varying materially in appearance and character. As a whole it may be classed as undulating land, hilly land, mountain land and bottom. Much of it is well timbered, but may be easily and profitably cleared. The ridges and hills about Chattanooga are peculiarly well adapted to the growth of strawberries and other small fruits, as well as vegetables. The mountain lands are well adapted to the growth of apples, pears and also potatoes, especially for winter use. Pears, plums, cherries, apricots and quinces all grow successfully and bear well. Clover, timothy and herd grass are produced on the river bottoms very successfully and a considerable amount is marketed. Millet, red top, timothy and clover are successfully raised in the county. Sugar cane, sowed thickly yields largely, and three crops may be cut from one season's sowing, making an excellent feed. Another excellent feed article known as keifer corn, grows very successfully; it has a slender stalk and leaf, but resembles corn, with top seeds, and is exceptionally fine for poultry. Stock raising is becoming more general than formerly in the county. Mules, horses and cattle average well. Good results are being had in sheep raising, especially on the high and hilly land. 24 ><' fT- i^dl£^Ui_ The county is well adapted to poultry raising, and the business has been very successfully prosecuted. Chickens, turkeys, guineas, peafowls, geese and ducks thrive, are free from disease, yielding a large egg product. Roads and Bridges of Hamilton County That part of Hamilton county lying north of the Tennessee river is divided by a natural topographical division into two nearly equal parts. This dividing line does not trend exactly north and south, but about twenty degrees east of north, and is the east- ern escarpraent of Walden's Kidge, that magnificent table land of the East Cumberland, which rises grandly between the valleys of the Sequatchie and the Tennessee. That part of Hamilton county lying south of the Tennessee, having the same general character- istics as the north, is especially distinguished by Lookout Moun- tain, standing like a mighty sentinel over the fertile Lookout Valley on its left and Chattanooga Valley on its right. To the east, across the broad and open Chattanooga Valley, cradling its busy city of over seventy thousand people, we have the historic Missionary Eidge. To the east of Missionary Ridge we have the undulating plain of the South' Chickamauga. Thus we do not only have on the north side of the Tennessee the Cum- berland tableland, with its peculiar adaptability to llic raising of orchard fruits, but the alluvial river bottoms as well, stretching along thirty miles of river front and yielding its immense harvests of corn, oats and wheat. On the south side of the river we have all the varieties of soil, from the rich limestone wheat producing soil of the Lookout Valley, to the mulatto soil of the chert formation (which is pro- nounced the best anywhere for the production of strawberries and small fruits), to the red lands east of Missionary' Eidge, which for general farming purposes cannot be excelled. Hamilton, county, Tennessee, being endowed with this generous variety of arable soils, capable of supporting the great city which Chattanooga, by reason of her geographical situation is destined to become, the question of accessibility— of roads making accessi- ble this territory for the diversified interests of a people and enabling capital and enterprise to develop the natural wealth lying within our borders, becomes one of paramount importance. The subject of better roads for Hamilton county was first effect- ively agitated in 1S76, at which time the present system of mac- 25 adamized roadways, which now radiate from the county seat, was begun. Today one hundred and fifty miles of macadamized and graveled thoroughfares stand as a monument to the enterprise of the citizens of Hamilton county, costing in the neighborhood of $375,000. The Kossville Pike, the first essay in permanent road building attempted by the county, extends south from Chattanooga to Eossville, ^ust beyond the Georgia state line. This road, con- necting with the principal thoroughfare to the Chickamauga and Chattanooga ^"ational Military Park at Eossville, Ga., is a favorite with cyclists, the destination being the above mentioned park, where the National Government has already spent a million of dollars laying the foundation of the greatest military park on the continent. To the east, two broad thoroughfares, Montgomery and McCallie avenues, connect the city with the Government Boulevard, eight miles in length, on the crest of Missionary Ridge, and continue on by easy grades to the southeastern and eastern limits of the county, respectively, about ten miles distant. Thirteen miles northeast is situated the town of Harrison, noted as having been the county seat from 1840 to 1870. The Harrison Pike was one of the earliest of permanent roadways, and renders accessible an immense section of fine farming lands, skirting the east side of the Tennessee river. To the north, crossing the Ten- nessee river is Washington road, which has been completed to the town of Sale Creek, a distance of twenty-eight miles. This thor- oughfare, connecting the thrifty towns of Daisy, Soddy, Eetro and Sale Creek, represents, including the subsidiary roads built in connection with it, an expenditure of about $43,000. Leaving this road to the east soon after crossing the river, we have the Dallas road, which has been completed to a point beyond Hixson, and will ultimately connect with Dallas. To the left we have the Anderson Pike, leaving the Washington road at Mountain Creek. The An- derson Pike ascends Walden's Ridge by easy grades, amid scenery of ever increasing grandeur until, surmounting the cliffs at the summit, one beholds the broad Tennessee Valley below him with its tracery of stream and road and checker work of cultivated fields. Should the beholder possess a practical mind he cannot help remarking the wisdom and liberality of a policy which has thus rendered accessible the many acres of mountain land to the seeker of healthful homes, as well as to the far seeing investor of capital. Still further north another road leaves the Washington road at 36 Daisy. This road ascends by the side of the ridge at a grade of seven feet in one h\mdred, taking the place of the old road at this place, which ascends by tlie most prohibitory grades of eighteen to twenty-seven feet per hundred, and hence constitutes an object lesson, illustrating the old and new systems of road construction. To the west and southM^est of the county seat we have a network of roadways that are the admiration of the visitor to our pictur- esque environment. Lookout Mountain offers its graveled boulevard, rivaling the famous shell roads of Mobile and JSTew Orleans, to the tourist who would explore the wonders of Eock City, or visit tlie sylvan shades of Lula Lake. Missionary Kidge with its magnificent boulevard, built by the United States government, traverses the crest of the ridge from Rossville Gap on the south (where it connects with LaFayette road, also built by the government) to Sherman Heights on the north. The views from along this boulevard, taking in as it does both sides of Missionary Ridge, cannot be excelled for historical interest of national importance. Two observation towers, seventy feet in height, occupy commanding situations, and permit a study of the fields of the great struggle of November, 1863. The Minerals The coal, iron ore and limestones of the Southern mineral region lie close together, intermixed and co-terminous, in an area of ap- proximately twenty-four thousand square miles; ten thousand five hundred square miles of this area is in commercial reach of Chat- tanooga. Her furnaces have profitably used coke from the Pocahontas mines and ovens in Southwest Virginia. The ores in this neigh- borhood have been used for mixing by the furnacemen in the Birmingham district of Alabama. In the region penetrated by Chattanooga railroads and the Tennessee river, there is a supply of coal greater than Great Britain had before her measures were touched by a miner's pick, and more iron ore, limestone and marble than was ever in the United Kingdom", and three times as much as the German supply. There are now mined in the area that is tributary to the city of Chattanooga, annually about two million long tons of coal, and six hundred thousand to one million tons of iron ore. In one-third this area Germany mines sixty-five mil- lion tons annually; Pennsylvania with an area not one-fourth 27 larger, produced one hundred million tons of bituminous and an- thracite last year. These figures will convey an idea of the possi- blities of this district in the production of coal. The coal is bituminous of every grade, chiefly of good quality, most of it excellent. High quality gas coals are in great abund- ance. In Scott, Eoane and other counties, one hundred miles or so north of Chattanooga, and convenient to the Cincinnati Southern Railway, there is an abundance of coking coal and a very fine quality of coke is being made at the different mines in Hamilton county ; there is some cannel coal in upper East Tennessee. In the Chattanooga district there are ten coke blast furnaces., which produce annually nearly three hundred thousand tons of pig iron. The annual amount of coal mined in Hamilton county is about three hundred thousand tons; in Marion county, two hun- dred and twenty-five thousand tons; in Rhea county, two hundred and twenty-five thousand tons; the total amount in the state, three million tons. The Chattanooga district produces about two hundred thousand tons of coke per annum. The coals in Walden's Ridge, which is the main spur of the Cumberland Mountains, underlie that eleva- tion for an average of ten miles wide and one hundred and twenty miles long. These coals vary in kind and quality from the free- burning and lighter varieties foimd in the Coal Creek region, to the heavy and hard coals foimd in the Sale Creek, Soddy and North Chickamauga. There is enough fuel in that one mountain to sup- ply a million people with fuel, for all possible uses, for several thou- sand years, and the poorest of it is better than the best German coal. Great beds of this coal are within four miles of Chat- tanooga. The fixed carbon in coals in this immediate locality varies from 84 to 94 per cent., and sulphur from 1 per cent., to as low as 1-10 of 1 per cent. The iron ore of this region covers a great stretch of territory, and is of two varieties, red and brown hematite. The brown ores lie in immense beds in the western part of McMinn and Monroe counties; some of them are of high quality, but mostly high in phosphorus and metallic iron. There are also large beds of this ore in upper East Tennessee, and great quantities about Carters- ville, Georgia. The Georgia ore has served to make excellent open hearth or bessemer steel. 28 FALLS OF LULA LAKE— LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. The red ores are everywhere in the Tennessee Valley; in the foot ridges of the Cumberland range, in Lookout and Chattanooga Valleys, south of the city of Chattanooga, across the Tennessee, within two miles of the city, and several hundred tons were dug out some years ago in the city limits. Down the Chattanooga Southern Eailway in Walker and Catoosa counties, Georgia, are millions of tons of high quality of red ore that are being very cheaply mined. At Inman, Marion county, near the furnace plant of South Pitts- burg, Tennessee, are large ore operations, whence many hundred thousand tons have been taken. These red ores are at many points along the river or railroads, can be put on cars or in barges at a cost ranging from 25 to 30 cents a ton. The ore supply of the district has barely been scratched here and there, not developed by any means. A fine grade of manganese ore is abundant in this locality, and it is very extensively mined within seventy miles of the city. The limestones and marbles of this district are among the most valuable of its resources. There are millions of yards of pure dolaraite, other millions of beautiful blue limestones, that make very handsome trimmings and walls, and wear like iron when crushed and used for road finish. Limestones are found in un- limited quantity up the Tennessee river, which are pronounced by the highest authorities to be the best quality of stones for bridges, abutments and other structures requiring high crushing and resist- ing strength. The marbles extend from Pickens county, Georgia, sixty miles below the city, to the upper counties of East Tennessee. They are of every quality of the variegated grades, gray, red, amber, brown, black and white. Some very beautiful monumental stones have been developed. The capacity of the East Tennessee quarries alone is in excess of twenty-five thousand cubic yards per month. Great quantities of the variegated marble are shipped to all parts of the WK)rld for furniture and other interior uses, from all parts of East Tennessee and other points tributary to Chattanooga. This interest has only been slightly developed. The occurrence of mica is quite frequent in this section ; a total of seven hundred and fifty-six thousand pounds was produced in North Carolina in 1896, most of which was produced within one hundred miles of Chattanooga. Slate of a very high quality has been developed on the Little Tennessee river in Blount county, East Tennessee, and other points 29 in this region. The bed is one of the largest and best in the world; the slate can be barged to Chattanooga at a nominal cost of freight. There are eight copper mines in Polk county, within sixty miles of Chattanooga, all of which are now producing ore, with several smelters in operation. These ores are copper pyrites and carry about 5 per cent, of copper. At different points in East Tennessee zinc and lead operations are being carried on. At Clinton, in East Tennessee, there is a smelter with a capacity of one hundred and six pounds metallic zinc per day. Two thousand pounds of lead are daily produced in Bradley county, within forty miles of the city. Oil has long been known to exist in commercial quantities in Fentress, Morgan, Overton and other counties, within one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles of Chattanooga. It is now being developed rapidly, and the district promises to become highly profitable, the oil being in large supply and of high quality. The clay and kaolin deposits in this immediate section are of very great importance. Besides the coarser sorts there are fine stoneware clays which burn to a hard body of a good color, and there is a deposit of good ball clay; fire clays of high quality are very abundant. There are in the city of Chattanooga two very large sewer pipe works, which use the clay of this immediate section very exten- sively and produce probably a larger amount of sewer pipe than any other city south of the Ohio river; the product is shipped to all parts of the country. Stoneware clays are also being utilized in this county, and several potteries are in successful operation, turning out a very large product. Silica sand is very abundant, and large glass works are in opera- tion here. The sands of this section possess a very high grade of silica and the glass industry is very successfully prosecuted. The production of mineral paint is a large industry at Chatta- nooga. Ochre is mined extensively near Cartersville, Georgia, and a fine quality of red and brown oxide exists in practically unlimited quantities in this region and makes a very superior paint. The extensive deposits of asbestos, fibrous talc and soapstone which are found in our neighboring state of North Carolina, within seventy-five miles of Chattanooga, are utilized in two large local industries making gas tips and the other various articles into which those minerals are manufactured. 30 f-ALLING WATER — WALDEN's RIDGE. The Iron Industry The iron industry of Chattanooga is more varied and extensive than that of any other city in the South, and it ia steadily growing in importance. There are in the city and suburljs thirteen iron foundries, two cast iron pipe foundries (one of which is, perhaps, the largest iron pipe foundry in tlie world), two blast furnaces, besides other import- ant iron making industries which embrace everything in the line of foundry job work, specialties in the way of cast iron pipe, malleable iron castings, stoves and hollowware, stationary engines, saw mills, cars, agricultural implements, cane mills, evaporators, architectural material, mantels and grates, boilers, tanks, stand-pipes, builders' hardware, etc., etc. • The Chattanooga foundries consumed during the year 1905, in the manufacture of their product, over 100,000 tons of pig iron, besides a large variety of other forms of iron and steel, repre- senting a larger consumption of raw material for conversion into finished product than is reported from any other city in the South- ern States. The foundries of Chattanooga are prepared to pour the largest castings and produce the heaviest forgings that can be manufactured in the South. Chattanooga, by reason of its location on the Tennessee river, which is navigable almost the year round to connections with the Ohio and Mississippi ports, having rival railway lines in every direction, is an ideal place for the assembling and distribution of materials. Beds of coal and iron ore are found along the lines of all these railways and also on the river, within easy reach of Chattanooga, the iron ore cropping out within the city limits and coal of a very high grade existing in abundant quantities within six miles ; an abundant supply of limestone of excellent quality also lies about the city. The Juxtaposition of these raw materials within such close reach of the city gives unsurpassed facilities for the manufacture of pig iron of almost any required analysis, at an ex- ceedingly moderate cost. The product of the Chattanooga iron fur- naces commands a high price in all the markets of the country, and one of the Chattanooga furnaces sells most of its material to the higher grade of hardware manufacturers in the East, on account of its superior quality. The cast iron pipe works of the U. S. Cast Iron Pipe and Foundry Company, which was erected a few years ago at a cost of nearly one-third of a million dollars, is one of the most elaborately equipped pipe works in the world, being furnished throughout with 31 the most improved electric appliances, the pits, cranes, and, in fact, all the manipulation in the mamifacture of cast iron pipe being entirely new and having been erected in the light of modern elec- trical achievements. The capacity of this plan is nearly 300 tons of cast iron pipe per day. Chattanooga's iron industries are destined to become of great importance for emphatic and obvious reasons, which briefly are: 1st. Abundance, excellence and cheapness of raw materials for the production of both iron and steel. 2nd. Exceptionally good transportation facilities by rail and river. 3rd. Central location in a large territory which she can reason- ably hope to supply against all competition. 4th. Physical, climatic and artificial attractions that mate the place inviting both to the citizen and to the visitor, insuring an enlightened and reliable class of labor. The Timbers of this Section The annual cut of timber in Chattanooga from the log is over twenty million feet, and the total amount of timber annually han- dled in this city for manufacturing purposes is over fifty million feet. This is exclusive of the lumber sold from this city in an unmanufactured state. The chief wood in this locality is oak — white, red, Spanish, over- cup and chestnut, or tan bark. This wood in some localities runs fifteen thousand feet to the acre, the trees varying from twelve inches to four feet in diameter. About five million feet come annually to the city by water, in logs. It is used very extensively here in the manufacture of furniture and for building material. Chattanooga is a large buyer of tanbark, and nearly fifteen thousand cords are annually sold, a considerable portion coming by wagon. Poplar also grows very extensively throughout the country, and is a strictly first-class wood, the trees varying from twelve inches to two feet in diameter, often running as high as thirty thousand feet to the acre. It is very accessible, and from twelve to fourteen million feet annually come to this city in logs. It is used largely for building purposes, and also used in wood products. Pine, yellow and white, is found extensively throughout this locality, on the ridges and mountains; the trees run from eight to thirty inches in diameter, grow in clusters, and vary from four to five thousand feet in each clump. About a million feet of yellow pine comes to the city annually in logs. Sweet gum is largely used in this city for furniture, butter dishes and baskets, about three-fourths of a million feet annually arriving here in rafts. Maple is used in the manufacture of furniture and pulleys, about one-fourth of a million feet per annum coming to the city, the trees varying from twelve to twenty-four inches in diameter, and in some localities there are from ten to twelve thousand feet to the acre. From one-third to one-half a million feet of basswood are annu- ally brought to the city by river; it is used in the manufacture of coffins and furniture. A good quality of ash grows in this locality, the annual receipts by river being in the neighborhood of one hun- dred thousand feet. Beech is very abundant and also chestnut; cherry and cedar or juniper are found in many localities in this immediate section. Among the hard woods that are procurable in this locality are boxwood, hickory, laurel, hackberry and black locust. The forests of oak, pine and poplar are very extensive and show scarcely any appreciable diminution in supply. County Government The total assessed valuation of all property in Hamilton county for years 1903. 1904 and 1905 is, in round numbers, $67,000,000.00, on a basis of about 70 per cent., making the actual valuation $87,- 000,000.00, not including railroads. The tax rate in the years named was as follows : $1.55 on the hundred dollars, $1.65 on the hundred dollars, $1.50 on the hundred dollars. • The expenses of the county for the years 1903 and 1904 were as follows: 1903. 1904. Work House $ 33,292 87 $ 31,154 77 Poor House 28,332 25 17,375 35 Interest on bonds 22,000 00 22,000 00 Schools 113,000 00 131,000 00 Eoads 24,000 00 20,000 00 Other expense? 34,000 00 18,000 GO Total 253,625 12 $239,530 12 33 Industrial Chattanooga Modest beginnings by pluckj' pioneers show growth, for three decades, followed by rapid recent advance, proximity to best raw materials, exceptionable transportation facilities, favorable climate, good labor conditions, general co-operation among manufacturers, with a determination to build a modern industrial city, remarkable diversity of products, nearness to great growing markets, a pros- perous present and brilliant future prospects, in some measure epitomize "Industrial Chattanooga." In 1860 there were twenty-two industries in Chattanooga, with $209,300 capital. The 1870 census showed $850,000 invested in fifty-eight concerns. The following figures, compiled in the office of the Chattanooga Manufacturers' Association, give an idea of the growth since 1880 : 1880 — ISTuniber of industries, 77; hands employed, 3,123; capi- tal, $2,000,000; wages, $568,508; value of product, $5,975,500. 1890 — Number of industries, 110; hands employed, 4,800; capi- tal, $6,000,000; wages, $2,019,416; value of product, $8,975,500. 1897 — Number of factories, 161; number of hands employed, «,182; capital, $7,546,300; wages, $2,497,100; value of product, $11,802,600. 1905 — Number of factories, 278; number of hands employed, 10,980; capita], $21,680,500; wages, $5,476,500; value of product, :$30,995,000. An analysis of the plants shows great diversity in character, iron and steel taken together leading. This class has sixty-five active concerns, $4,980,000 capital and 3,500 men employed. Here are blast furnaces, foundries, boiler works, machine shops, engine, saw and bridge plants, tool steel, mill and other iron and steel working establishments. There are forty cast and wrought iron foundries making 300 articles, ranging from the crudest builders' castings to the finest finished enameled bath tubs and lavatories, and inclading sewer and drain pipes, cars and car wheels, stoves and ranges, cane and saw mills, store fronts, grates, mantels, stairs, pumps, beds, brake-shoes, frogs, switches, tanks, etc. Five concerns make high grade boilers, Chattanooga ranking as one of the great 34 bailer markets of the country, similar rank being maintained on foundry products. The machine shops make many specialties notable examples being cross arm, insulating, shingle, key-setting' dyeing and acetylene gas machines. A second large babbit metal concern has just come here from Richmond, Va. Iron, steel and galvanized roofing, siding and ceiling is made by two leading concerns. Furniture and other wood working plants employ over $2,000,- 000 capital and show very rapid development. Thirty kinds of furniture are produced, supplying especially complete equipment for the kitchen, bed room and dining room. Coffins and caskets curtain poles, barrels, packing cases, sash, doors and blinds, hard- wood floors and finish, bowls, pulleys and plumbers' wood supplies are also made in quantities. For the combination of iron and lumber into plows, wagons, buggies, carriages, refrigerators, coffins, beds and bed springs, eleva- tors, wheelbarrows, show cases, hay presses, etc., Chattanooga's nearness to iron ore and valuable timber gives special advantages. Thirty-five such concerns have $1,500,000 cash capital. Of these plants ten are capitalized at over $50,000 and three at over $200,- 000. The hosiery mills lead in the textile class. The consolidated Richmond Mills have begun the erection of a spinning mill to supply their own yarn. Besides a complete line of hosiery, yarns of different kinds, twines, bags, wool and merino shoddies, bat- ting, skeins, underwear and clothing are produced, $1,500,000 capital being required in these lines. Chattanooga's flouring mills have long had an enviable reputa- tion. They have recently been supplemented by a large cracker factory, which has quickly developed an extensive business. Baking powder, confections, flavoring extracts and grocers' sundries are also made by leading firms. Proprietary remedies and pharmaceuticals rank as leaders here in volume of business, sixteen laboratories being required for their production. The statistics show about $1,500,000 capital in this business, and the extent of their territory is very large. This figure does not include soaps or toilet articles or such specialties as Coca-Cola or Stainoff. The United States Leather Company has some of its largest tanneries and extract works in the Chattanooga district, and the Scholze interests are also very extensive, including harness and 35 saddle making. Trunks., sample cases and other leather products are made largely. Clay pipe, terra cotta, pressed brick, glass bottles, pottery, lime, cement, concrete, tile, crayons and slate pencils are among the numerous products of the clays, sands and rocks of the Chattanooga territory. Marble is cut here in quantity. For ice making, cold storage, cotton oil mills, packing houses, fertilizer factories, engraving and electrotyping, cigars, paper boxes, breweries and distilleries, large additions have recently been built. These facts suggest the extent of Chattanooga's present manu- facturing interests and show the trend of her industrial develop- ment. Tliere are certain indications that this will continue at a still more rapid rate in the future. Chattanooga made goods have obtained a wide reputation. Chattanoogans themselves are coming to recognize that equal opportunities for profitable manufacturing exist here as in Pittsburg twenty-five years ago. The critical experimental stage has passed with our leading lines, and we have entered as a real contestant in the great race for commercial supremacy. Among Cliattanooga's superior advantages which have made her development possible, and will make her industrial future secure, is perhaps most important of all, her location. Few places have such proximity to both raw materials and markets for their finished products as this mountain city, situated so nearly in the center of the broad territory bounded by the Atlantic ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi and the Ohio and Potomac rivers. Ten railroads center here. The great Southern system, with its more than 7,000 miles of track, has four lines to Chattanooga, and is now engaged in a series of improvements, extensions and betterments which are attracting wide attention and will result favorably for Chattanooga manufacturers. The Queen and Cres- cent system gives us a direct line to Cincinnati, where our goods may be entered into the northern markets, and to New Orleans, the traffic center of the southwestern states, and the port through which is handled most of the business with South America. The Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis, and the Louisville and Nashville system of nearly 5,000 miles offers competitive ser- vice for southern and western business, while the Central of Georgia and the Chattanooga Southern are independent lines running through rich agricultural and mineral lands. For expori; business the manufacturer finds the ports of Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, 36 Brunswick, Pensacola, Mobile and N"ew Orleans about equi-distant, so that with excellent transportation facilities to all of these cities^ he has a most inviting field in which to operate. The Chattanooga Union, or "Belt" Railway, connects with all lines entering the city and reaches nearly all the factories with its direct lines. We find all of these railroads greatly interested in manufacturing in Chat- tanooga, co-operating with generally equitable commodity rates to secure a widening of our markets. The Chattanooga Manufact- urers' Association maintains a well equipped freight bureau under the management of an experienced railroad official, which is of great practical service to manufacturers and their customers. But Chattanooga's favored location gives her one other means of transportation for her products. She is situated on a river of like length, depth and volume of water with the Ohio, and in some essentials the superior of that waterway. The banks and bottom of the Tennessee are more permanent, its supply of water is more uniform and less affected by droughts or floods. The Tennessee never freezes and seldom has it had a destructive overflow. The length of the main river from Knoxville to Paducah is about 675 miles, with a fall of 518 feet. The period of successful navigation is being steadily lengthened by government improvements in the channel, the lock and dam in the mountain section below Chatta- nooga and the nearly completed work at Colbert Shoals, near Flor- ence, promising a nearly all the year river. Chattanooga business men have recently incorporated the Chat- tanooga Packet Company to secure the continued operation of the independent Chattanooga-Paducah line of boats. A loaded boat recently made the through trip from Chattanooga to St. Louis in four days. In few places on the American continent can such a combina- tion of valuable ore deposits be found as in the Chattanooga district. To this wealth of coal, iron and limestone, the great timber supply of her forests and the proximity of the cotton fields Chattanooga is largely indebted for her industrial position. The late Col. J. E. MacGowan, for many years editor-in-chief of the Chattanooga Times, once said: "The greatest natural advantage Chattanooga enjoys, in a material sense, is the proximity of the city to coal and iron ore, and the resulting cheapness of the production of iron in all forms in the city and ricinity. There are unlimited quantities of these materials on all sides of the town; within five miles of the corporate limits enough ore and coal are hid by the ridges 37 apd mountains to supply a score of furnaces for a century, and furnish fuel for a quarter of a million people." Both steam and domestic coal are bought in Chattanooga cheaper than in any competing city. The nearest coal to Chattanooga that is being mined on an extensive scale is the Etna mine, twelve miles away, near Whiteside, Tenn., where superior blacksmith coal is found. The Durham mines, seventeen miles east of the city, are now turning out a daily output of nearly 900 tons. Other large nearby mines are at Soddy, Graysville, Ketro and Sale Creek, at Dade, near Shellmoiind, and other points in the Sequatchie valley and isTorth Georgia coal fields. No combination of mine operators could ever prevent Chattanooga manufacturers from securing the cheap coal so abundant at their very doors. It is confidently predicted that the present low coal rate into the city will be materially reduced at an early day. The iron ore in this district is found mainly in the Cumberland plateau, passing entirely through the state of Tennessee and ex- tending into northern Georgia and Alabama. The deposits are of three varieties — -hematite or red iron ore; limonite, or brown ore; magnetite, or magnetic iron ore. The red and brown ores are of a high grade, and are found in exhaustless quantities. A vein of red ore is found inside our city limits, in Cameron hill, and mines have been opened up across the river, in Hill City. Large quanti- ties of ore are being mined along the Chattanooga Southern Rail- way. Some of the principal mines not far distant from the city are located at Estelle, Broncho, Cedartown, Prior's Station, Rising Fawn, Sulphur Springs, Eureka, Fort Payne, Crudup, Attalla, Cartersville and other nearby points. Bauxite, copper, zinc, barytes, marble, gold, clay, talc, phosphate rock and other minerals and valuable soil materials are also found in quantities in the Chattanooga district. Proximity to cheap raw material opens two other profitable fields of industry for Chattanooga — lumber and textile interests. It is on the northern border of the pine belt and is favorably located by both rail and water to reach the best oak and poplar sections east of the Mississippi and south of the Ohio. Nearly 30,000,000 feet of logs are floated down the Tennessee river and sawed by local mills annually. As a furniture making city Chattanooga is making rapid headway, and goods made here are being sold through- out the country. New planing mills are being started up con- 38 stantly, and the comparative cheapness and good quality of lumber is enabling local wagon and plow companies, as well as carriage and car factories, to compete with the established centers in those lines of industry. The rapidly failing forests of Michigan has alarmed northern manufacturers, and as a result hundreds of thousands of dollars were spent for timber lands in this section last year. The best authorities insist there is no more favorable location than Chattanooga for large textile plants. They say that the necessary' advantages of a good textile city are location near the cotton crop and near the market, climate, labor, cheap fuel and power, good water and where living is cheap. Perhaps the most important is the nearness to the cotton fields. Chattanooga's loca- tion in this respect is worth $5 per bale to her over New England mills, and with labor, fuel and living all cheaper here than in the northeastern states, it would appear that textile manufacturing will certainly attain to a very large proportion. The City Government The municipality of Chattanooga is administered by the Board of Mayor and Aldermen, consisting of the Mayor and sixteen Aldermen, two from each ward ; the Board of Public Works, a body of three (elected by the Board of Aldermen), which has control of the streets; the Board of Public Safety, also a body of three (elected by the Board of Aldermen), which has control of the police department. All other legislative and executive functions are within the control of the Board of Mayor and Aldermen. The Mayor is the president of the Board of Aldermen, appoints the standing committees and has general supervision of the city affairs. The present city officials are : Mayor — Wra. L. Frierson. City Judge — William Cummings. Attorney — G. W. Chamlee. Auditor — Jack O'Donohue. Physician — Dr. P. D. Sims. Collector and Treasurer— T. J. Gillespie. Clerk to City Judge— Wm. Stafford. The city of Chattanooga is at present very economically gov- erned. Basing the population within the restricted corporate limits at 50,000, the net cost of conducting the city during the current year, including the annual interest charge on bonds, will 39 be about $9.38 per capita. The average expense of American cities per capita, including interest charges, is in excess of $15. The folloAving table shows the aggregate city expenses in the past six years, including the annual interest charges : 1891 $354,237 55 1892 334,953 23 1893 322,435 11 1894 275,595 48 1895 282,102 84 1896 256,179 34 1897 331,356 28 1898 301,809 60 1899 320,386 08 1900 382,504 21 1901 334,455 77 1902 306,288 88 1903 352,489 28 1904 467,307 69 The following table shows the actual expense of each department of the past year, and from this an idea is conveyed of the general management and expense of the city government : Actual 1904 Expenses. Schools $ 53,264 66 Health and Hospitals 11,429 83 General Miscellany 5,600 00 School Buildings 95,707 73 Board of Public Works 87,041 93 1 Police and Prisons 48,544 75 Fire Department 48,535 81 Claims 38,727 10 Water 7,701 23 Salaries 14,402 76 Judgments and Costs 6,845 55 Interest 49,506 34 Total $467,307 69 The financial condition of the city at present is very healthy. The city has no floating debt, and it has a sufficient cash balance in the treasury to meet all obligations during the current fiscal 40 year and has no bills payable. The valuation on all property aggre- gates $8,700,000; on a basis of about 60 per cent., the actual value of real estate and personality within the corporate limits being $14,500,000. The net bonded indebtedness of the city, less the sinking fund, is $1,200,000. Tax levy of the city in the past seventeen years has been as follows : Tax levy, 1889 $1.80 Tax levy, 1890 1.75 Tax levy, 1891 1.80 Tax levy, 1892 1.60 Tax levy, 1893 1.30 Tax levy, 1894 1.30 Tax levy, 1895 1.25 Tax levy, 1896 1.65 Tax levy, 1897 1.50 Tax levy, 1898 1.40 Tax levy, 1899 1.65 Tax levy, 1900 1.65 Tax levy, 1901 1.45 Tax levy, 1902 1.45 Tax levy, 1903 1.45 Tax levy, 1904 1.45 Tax lew, 1905 1.65 on ^ 5100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 on 100 41 THe Power Plant AVhile now enjoying comparatively cheap fuel for the generation of power, Chattanooga is to see a further reduction in this charge. The following pages contain a description of the great power plant being erected at Hale's Bar, in the Tennessee river, for the pur- pose of supplying electric power to Chattanooga industries. No event has ever made such a contribution to Chattanooga's indus- trial supremacy as the inauguration of this feasible project in which the United States government and two enterprising Chat- tanooga business men, Messrs. C. E. James and J. C. Guild, are mutually interested. The Chattanooga and Tennessee Eiver Power Company, who are the successors of Messrs, James and Guild, have contracted with the Oliver-Stewart Contracting Company, of Knox- ville, Tenn., for the construction of the dam, lock and power house, and work is now progressing rapidly. The officers of the Chatta- nooga and Tennessee Eiver Power Company are E. H, Williams, president; N. F. Brady, vice-president; George B. Lancaster, sec- retary; John Bogart, C. E., consulting engineer; J. C. Guild, C. E., chief engineer. 42 Note.— This paper is sent to you that you may ]irepare any discussion of it wliich you may wish to present. It is issued to the membership in confidence, and with the distinct understanding that it is not to be given to the press or to tlie public until after it has been ]M-esented at the meeting. The Society as a body is not responsible for the statements of fact or opinion advanced in papers or discussion. (C55. of the Constitution.) BRING THIS COPY WITH YOU TO THE MEETING. {S>ibjecf to Revision.) ]\o. 097.* THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER AND POWER INSTALLATION OF THE CHAT- TANOOGA AND TENNESSEE RIVER POWER COM- PANY AT HALE'S BAR, TENN. BT THOMAS E. MURRAY (Member of the Society.) The Tennessee Eiver is six hundred and fifty-two (G52) miles long. It is formed by the junction, four and one-half (4|-) miles above Knoxville and one hundred and eighty-eight (18S) miles above Chattanooga, of the French Broad Kiver which rises in the western part of North Carolina and the Holston River which rises in the southwestern part of the State of Tennessee. Thus formed, the Tennessee River flows in a southwesterly direction across the State of Tennessee and through the C.'ity of Chattanooga. Its general course is parallel to the eastern slope of the Cumberland plateau, and it receives on the way a number of important tributaries. At Chattanooga the river inclines more to the westward and breaks through the range of the Cumberland Mountains. After passing the mountains it crosses the northern part of the State of Alabama, flows past the northeast corner of Mississippi, and turning to the north crosses the States of Ten- nessee and Kentucky, finally emptying into the Ohio River at Paducah, a course of 464 miles. Together with its principal tribu- taries, it forms a system of internal waterways capable of being- navigated by steamboats more than thirteen hundred (1,300) * Presented at the Chattanooga meeting (May, 1906) of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and forming part of Volume XXVII. of the Transactions. i:\rrR0VEMENT of the texxessee eiver. 3 miles. In addition to this, its tributaries are still further navio-able by rafts and flatboats, for a distance of more than one thousand (1,000) miles, making a system of navigable waters of about two thousand three hundred (2,300) miles in len^h, with a drainage area of about forty-four thousand (4-l-,000) square milo?. Tbo t- uj M Bt- • cMomwo N — sl" £10 ai_rlcg- >«:^ SO 00'*0 U) OtoCOoj jooo-om O«Oi0^ O--I0 2 < J f 0")io*Oro s *s tz«i----' ^ -1 o 3o 3 " ~l I < o y (0 1 «" 0. (fl le a ? £ H Q Id 0< o > -^S z Lja u Z D-l S a QU>. < - ENNESSE RENCH B LINCH lAWASSE OLSTON ITTLE TE io_i£. 1* V..^ .-i^i. °^....^^ -•;^:. 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